lJ*v!Ln t. #RODE 

DNA 6017F 

SHOTS 

ANNIE TO RAY 

The First Five Tests of the 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series 

17 MARCH - II APRIL 1953 

United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests 

Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

Prepared by the Defense Nuclear Agency as Executive Agency 

for the Department of Defense 
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JZ'NA 6017F 

1. TITLE (ad Subtftfe) 

SHOTS MJIE TO RAY 

5. TYPE OF REPORT 6 PERIOD COVERED 

The First Five Tests of the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Series, 17 March - 11 April 1953 

7. AUTHOR(a) 

Technical Report 

6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 

JRB 2-816-03-423-00 

6. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(a) 

Jeannie Massie, Carl Maag, Stephen Rohrer, 

Robert Shepanek DNA 001-79-C-0473 

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JRB Associates 

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Director 14 January 1982 

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lg. KEY WORD5 (Continue on rever.. mIda If nec.e*ary and fdentlfy by block number) 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Ionizing Radiation 

ANNIE NANCY Exercise Desert Rock V 

RUTH DIXIE Nevada Proving Ground 

RAY AFSWC Radiological Safety 

AFSWP Military Effects Group 

10, A&SRlACT- Bmw~eidwff na.z.swac, rrd fdeutlf~ by block numbor) 

This report describes the activities of DOD personnel, both civilian and 

military, in Shots ANNIE, NANCY, RUTH, DIXIE, and RAY, the first five tests 

of the UPSHOT-RNOTHOLE atmospheric nuclear weapons test series. These tests 

were conducted from 17 March to 11 April 1953 and involved participants from 

Exercise Desert Rock V, AFSWP, AFSWC, AEC nuclear weapons design laboratories, 

and the Civil Effects Group. This volume also describes the radiological 

safety activities at each of these shots. 

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18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (continued) 

The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Lt. Col. H. L. Reese, under 

whom this work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research and editing 

contribution of the numerous reviewers in the Military Services and 

other organizations in addition to those writers listed in block 7. 

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEVIWI Data EnreredJ 
PREFACE 

Between 1945 and 1962, the United States Government, through 

the Manhattan Engineer District and its successor agency, the 

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), conducted 235 atmospheric nuclear 

weapons tests at sites in the southwestern United States and in 

the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 

Department of Defense participants, both military and civilian, 

were present at the tests. Of these, approximately 90,000 

participated at the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests conducted 

at the Nevada Proving Ground (NPG)* northwest of Las Vegas, 

Nevada. 

In 1977, 15 years after the last above-ground nuclear 

weapons test, the Center for Disease Control+ noted a possible 

leukemia cluster among a small group of soldiers present at Shot 

SMOKY, one test of Operation PLUMBBOB, the series of atmospheric 

nuclear weapons tests conducted in 1957. Since that initial 

report by the Center for Disease Control, the Veterans 

Administration has received a number of claims for medical 

benefits from former military personnel who believe their health 

may have been affected by their participation in atmospheric 

nuclear weapons tests. 

In late 1977, the Department of Defense (DOD) began a study 

which provided data to both the Center for Disease Control and 

the Veterans Administration on potential exposures to ionizing 

*Renamed the Nevada Test Site in 1955. 

+The Center for Disease Control is part of the U.S. Department 

of Health, Education, and Welfare (now the U.S. Department of 

Health and Human Services). 

1 
radiation among the military and civilian personnel who participated in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. DOD organized 

an effort to: 

0 Identify DOD personnel who had taken part in the 

atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 

0 Determine the extent of the participants' exposure 

to ionizing radiation 

0 Provide public disclosure of information concerning 

participation by DOD personnel in the atmospheric 

nuclear weapons tests. 

This report, which concerns the first five tests of Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Shots ANNIE, NANCY, RUTH, DIXIE, and RAY, is 

based on the military and technical documents associated with the 

atmospheric nuclear weapons test events. 

METHODS AND SOURCES USED TO PREPARE THIS DOCUMENT 

Many of the documents pertaining specifically to DOD 

involvement during the first five shots of Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE were found in the Defense Nuclear Agency 

Technical Library, the National Federal Archives Record Center, 

the Department of Energy Nevada Operations Office, the Los Alamos 

National Laboratory,* and the Modern Military Branch of the 

National Archives. 

In most cases, the surviving historical documentation of 

activities conducted at Shots ANNIE, NANCY, RUTH, DIXIE, and RAY 

addresses test specifications and technical information, rather 

than the personnel data critical to the study undertaken by the 

Department of Defense. The available historical documentation 

sometimes has inconsistencies in vital facts. Efforts have been 

made to resolve these inconsistencies wherever possible or to 

bring them to the attention of the reader. 

*Formerly Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) 

2 
To facilitate the use of references, this report uses 

weapons test report titles for each project. All yield 

information presented in this report is taken from the Department 

of Energy, Announced United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 

through 1979 (NVO-209). Other data on the tests, concerning 

fallout patterns, meteorological conditions, and cloud dimensions, are taken from DNA 1251-1, Compilation of Local Fallout 

Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962, volume 1, except in 

instances where more specific information is available elsewhere. 

For several of the Exercise Desert Rock and test organization projects discussed in this volume, the only documents 

available that give participation information are the Sixth Army 

Desert Rock operation orders and the Test Director's Schedule of 

Events from "Operation Order l-53." These sources detail the 

plans developed by DOD and AEC personnel before Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE. Although some of the after-action documents, such as 

the weapons test reports for AFSWP, summarize the projects 

performed during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, they do not always 

supply shot-specific information. In the absence of shotspecific after-action reports, projects are described according 

to the way they were planned. The references indicate whether 

the description of activities is based on the schedule of events, 

operation orders, or after-action reports. 

ORGANIZATION OF OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE REPORTS 

This volume details participation by DOD personnel in the 

first five events of the Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE atmospheric 

nuclear weapons testing series conducted at the NPG. Four other 

publications address DOD activities during the operation: 

0 Series volume: Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons 

Tests, 1953 

l Shot volume: Shot BADGER 

l Shot volume: Shot SIMON 
a Shot volume: Shots ENCORE to CLIMAX, the 

Final UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Tests. 

The volumes addressing the test events of Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE have been designed to complement one another. The 

series volume describes those dimensions of Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE that transcend specific events, such as historical 

background, organizational relationships, and radiological safety 

procedures. In addition, it discusses the overall objectives of 

the operation, describes the geographic layout of the NPG, and 

contains a bibliography of works consulted in the preparation of 

all five Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE reports. The shot volumes, on 

the other hand, contain none of this general information on 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. 

The single-shot volumes describe DOD participation in Shots 

BADGER and SIMON, and the multi-shot volumes combine shotspecific descriptions for the other nuclear events in Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. Descriptions of activities concerning any 

particular shot in Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, whether the shot is 

addressed in a single-shot volume or in a multi-shot volume, may 

be supplemented by the general organizational and radiological 

safety information contained in the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE volume. 

Chapter 1 of this volume describes the physical setting and 

general characteristics of the early UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE test events 

and briefly introduces the Desert Rock maneuvers and those JTO 

diagnostic and scientific activities in which DOD personnel 

participated. The remaining five chapters of this report address 

each of the early UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE tests in turn. Each of these 

chapters describes the specific setting and characteristics of 

one detonation, details DOD personnel activities in the scientific, diagnostic, and technical projects sponsored by JTO and 

Exercise Desert Rock V, and describes the steps taken to minimize 

exposures to ionizing radiation. Details of the overall 

radiation protection program at Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE are 

provided in the series volume. 

4 
The information in this report is supplemented by the 

Reference Manual: Background Materials for the CONUS Volumes. 

This report summarizes basic radiation physics, radiological 

health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement techniques, 

as well as listing acronyms and terms used in the DOD reports for 

test events in the continental United States. 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PAGE 

PREFACE........................... 1 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

CHAPTER 

1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 

1.1 Department of Defense Participation at 

the First Five UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Events. . . . . . . . 15 

1.2 Radiation Protection Procedures During 

the First Five UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Events. . . . . . . . 17 

ShotANNIESynopsis..................... 19 

2 SHOT ANNIE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

2.1 Exercise Desert Rock V Operations at 

Shot ANNIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

2.1.1 Camp Desert Rock Personnel. ......... 22 

2.1.2 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination .... 25 

2.1.3 Tactical Troop Maneuvers. .......... 27 

2.1.4 Operational Helicopter Tests ........ 31 

2.1.5 Damage Effects Evaluation .......... 32 

2.2 Department of Defense Participation in Joint 

Test Organization Operations at Shot ANNIE . . . . . 33 

2.2.1 Military Effects Group Projects ....... 36 

2.2.2 Weapons Development Group Projects. ..... 46 

2.2.3 Civil Effects Group Projects. ........ 47 

2.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Activities .................. 48 

2.3 Radiation Protection at Shot ANNIE . . . . . . . . . 52 

2.3.1 Desert Rock Radiation 

Protection Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 

2.3.2 Joint Test Organization 

Radiation Protection Activities . . . . . . . 54 

ShotNANCYSynopsis................ . . . . . 58 

3 SHOT NANCY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 

6 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

CHAPTER 

3.1 Exercise Desert Rock V Operations at 

ShotNANCY..................... 

3.1.1 Camp Desert Rock Personnel. . . . . . . . . . 

3.1.2 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination. . . . . 

3.1.3 Volunteer Officer Observers . . . . . . . . . 

3.1.4 Tactical Troop Maneuvers. . . . . . . . . . . 

3.1.5 Operational Helicopter Tests. . . . . . . . . 

3.1.6 Damage Effects Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . 

3.2 Department of Defense Participation in Joint Test 

Organization Operations at Shot NANCY. . . . . . . . 

3.2.1 Military Effects Group Projects . . . . . . . 

3.2.2 Weapons Development Group Projects. . . . . . 

3.2.3 Civil Effects Group Projects. . . . . . . . . 

3.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons 

Center Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

3.3 Radiation Protection at Shot NANCY . . . . . . . . . 

3.3.1 Desert Rock Radiation Protection 

Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

3.3.2 Joint Test Organization 

Radiation Protection Activities . . . . . . . 

Shot RUTH Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4 SHOT 

4.1 

4.2 

RUTH ........................ 

Department of Defense Participation in Joint 

Test Organization Operations at Shot RUTH. ..... 

4.1.1 Military Effects Group Projects ....... 

4.1.2 Weapons Development Group Projects. ..... 

4.1.3 Civil Effects Group Projects. ........ 

4.1.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Activities. ................. 

Radiation Protection at Shot RUTH. ......... 

Shot DIXIE Synopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

5 SHOTDIXIE........................ 

5.1 Exercise Desert Rock V Operations at 

ShotDIXIE..................... 

PAGE 

60 

61 

63 

65 

66 

70 

73 

74 

74 

85 

87 

88 

91 

92 

95 

101 

102 

103 

103 

112 

113 

115 

119 

123 

124 

125 

7 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

CHAPTER PAGE 

5.1.1 Orientation and Indoctrination. ....... 125 

5.1.2 Operational Helicopter Tests. ........ 126 

5.2 Department of Defense Participation in Joint Test 

Organization Operations at Shot DIXIE. . . . . . . . 127 

5.2.1 Military Effects Group Projects ....... 129 

5.2.2 Weapons Development Group Projects. ..... 141 

5.2.3 Civil Effects Group Projects. ........ 142 

5.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Activities. ................. 144 

5.3 Radiation Protection at Shot DIXIE . . . . . . . . . 148 

5.3.1 Desert Rock Radiation Protection 

Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 

5.3.2 Joint Test Organization 

Radiation Protection Activities . . . . . . . 149 

Shot RAY Synopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 

6 SHOTRAY......................... 153 

6.1 Exercise Desert Rock V Operations 

atShotRAY..................... 154 

6.1.1 Orientation and Indoctrination. ....... 155 

6.1.2 Operational Helicopter Tests. ........ 155 

6.2 Department of Defense Participation in Joint Test 

Organization Operations at Shot RAY. . . . . . . . . 158 

6.2.1 Military Effects Group Projects ....... 158 

6.2.2 Weapons Development Group Projects. ..... 164 

6.2.3 Civil Effects Group Pro.ject ......... 165 

6.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Activities. ................. 166 

6.3 Radiation Protection at Shot RAY . . . . . . . . . . 169 

6.3.1 Desert Rock Radiation Protection 

Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 

6.3.2 Joint Test Organization 

Radiation Protection Activities . . . . . . . 170 

REFERENCE LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 

8 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

FIGURE PAGE 

l-l 

2-l 

2-2 

2-3 

2-4 

2-5 

3-l 

3-2 

3-3 

3-4 

4-l 

4-2 

5-l 

5-2 

6-1 

6-2 

6-3 

Nevada Proving Ground Showing Ground Zeros for 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE ............... 

Shot ANNIE Troop Maneuver, Observer Trenches, 

Display Area. ..................... 

Rehearsal of Troop Maneuver for Shot ANNIE, 

14 March 1953 ..................... 

Troops Awaiting Countdown for Shot ANNIE. ....... 

Initial Survey for Shot ANNIE, 17 March 1953, 

0550 to 0650 Hours. .................. 

Subsequent Surveys for Shot ANNIE ........... 

Shot NANCY Troop Maneuver, Observer Trenches, 

Displav Area. ..................... 

Operational Helicopter Tests at Shot NANCY. ...... 

Initial Survey for Shot NANCY, 24 March 1953, 

0545 to 0830 Hours. .................. 

Subsequent Surveys for Shot NANCY ........... 

Initial Survey for Shot RUTH, 31 March 1953, 

0522 to 0711 Hours. .................. 

Subsequent Surveys for Shot RUTH. ........... 

Operational Helicopter Tests at Shot DIXIE. ...... 

Initial Survey for Shot DIXIE, 6 April 1953, 

0805 to 0900 Hours. .................. 

Operational Helicopter Tests at Shot RAY. ....... 

Initial Survey for Shot RAY, 11 April 1953, 

0515 to 0630 Hours. .................. 

Subsequent Surveys for Shot RAY ............ 

14 

26 

29 

30 

55 

56 

64 

71 

99 

100 

121 

122 

128 

151 

157 

172 

173 

9 
LIST OF TABLES 

TABLE PAGE 

l-l Summary of the First Five Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Events (1953) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

2-l 

2-2 

Exercise Desert Rock V Activities at Shot ANNIE . . . . 

Test Group Projects with Department of Defense 

Participation, Shot ANNIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

3-1 

3-2 

Exercise Desert Rock V Activities at Shot NANCY . . . . 

Test Group Projects with Department of Defense 

Participation, Shot NANCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4-1 

5-l 

5-2 

Test Group Projects with Department of Defense 

Participation, Shot RUTH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Exercise Desert Rock V Activities at Shot DIXIE . . . . 

Test Group Projects with Department of Defense 

Participation, Shot DIXIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

6-l Exercise Desert Rock V Activities at Shot RAY . . . . . 

6-2 Test Group Projects with Department of Defense 

Participation, Shot RAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

13 

22 

34 

61 

75 

104 

125 

130 

154 

159 

10 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 

The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in this volume: 

AEC 

AFB 

AFSWC 

AFSWP 

BCT 

BJY 

DOD 

EG&G 

FCDA 

HumRRO 

IBDA 

JTO 

LASL 

NPG 

REECo 

R/h 

SAC 

TAC 

UCRL 

USAF 

UTM 

2d MCPAEB 

Atomic Energy Commission 

Air Force Base 

Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project 

Battalion Combat Team 

BUSTER-JANGLE "Y" 

Department of Defense 

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Incorporated 

Federal Civil Defense Administration 

Human Resources Research Office 

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment 

Joint Test Organization 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

Nevada Proving Ground 

Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company 

Roentgen per hour 

Strategic Air Command 

Tactical Air Command 

University of California Radiation Laboratory 

United- States Air Force 

Universal Transverse Mercator 

2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade 

11 
CHAPTER 1 

INTRODUCTION 

Shots ANNIE, NANCY, RUTH, DIXIE, and RAY were tests of 

nuclear devices conducted from 17 March through 11 April 1953 at 

the Nevada Proving Ground. They were the first five detonations 

of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, a series of atmospheric nuclear 

weapons tests performed from 17 March through 4 June 1953. 

Table l-l presents a summary of Shots ANNIE through RAY, 

including dates of detonation, the UTM* coordinates of the points 

of detonation, the modes of delivery, the heights of burst, and 

the explosive yields. Figure l-l displays a map of the NPG in 

1953, with the positions of each of the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE tests 

(23).+ 

The nuclear devices for Shots ANNIE through RAY were 

developed for the Atomic Energy Commission by either the Los 

Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) or the University of 

California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL), two AEC nuclear weapons 

development laboratories. The primary objective of the tests was 

to evaluate the design of the devices by using the blast, 

thermal, and radiation phenomena produced by developmental 

weapons designs for diagnostic experiments. 

*Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in this 

report. The first three digits refer to a point on an east-west 

axis, and the second three refer to a point on a north-south 

axis. The point so designated is the southwest corner of an 

area 100 meters square. 

+A11 sources cited in the text are listed alphabetically and 

numbered in the Reference List, appended to this volume. The 

number given in the text is the number of the source document in 

the Reference List. 

12 
Table l-l: SUMMARY OF THE FIRST FIVE OPERATION 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE EVENTS (19531 

Sponsor 

Planned Date 

Actual Date 

Local Time 

N PG Location 

UTM Coordinates 

Type 

Height of Burst 

(Feet)* 

Yield (Kiloton) 

LASL LASL 

17 March 24 March 

17 March 24 March 

0520 0510 

Area 3 Area 4 

871004 797056 

Tower Tower 

300 300 

16 24 

UCRL 

31 March 

31 March 

0500 

Area 7 

868042 

Tower 

300 

0.2 

LASL 

6 April 

6 April 

0730 

Area 7 

871045 

Airdrop 

6020 

11 

UCRL 

18 April 

11 April 

0445 

Area 4 

806060 

Tower 

100 

0.2 

*Altitudes are measured from mean sea level, while heights are measured from the ground. 

All vertical distances are given in feet. 

13 
r 

--- 

1 

-- I’ 101 

BADGER - 

v-- 

----I--@ t 

-- --i 

I 

RAY _ 

NANCY - 

c2_____ __k 

I 1 GP I 

%, 

I 

’ 4 71 

~---z” -----I 

SIMON - 

I 

News Nob 

0 

I I 

Kilometers 

% Ground Zero 

Frenchman 

Lake 

P 

North 

-CLIMAX 

- DIXIE 

-RUTH 

-ANNIE 

-HARRY 

ENCORE 

GRABLE 

Camp Mercury 

Figure l-l: NEVADA PROVING GROUND SHOWING GROUND ZEROS 

FOR OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

14 
1.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION AT THE FIRST FIVE 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE EVENTS 

Department of Defense personnel took part in three types of 

activity at the first five UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE events: scientific 

experiments, military technical and training projects, and 

support services. The Weapons Development Group, the Military 

Effects Group, and the Civil Effects Group conducted the 

scientific experiments. The militarv technical and training 

projects, known as Exercise Desert Rock V, were conducted by 

various armed services personnel on temporary assignment from 

stations throughout the country. Camp Desert Rock troops, 

elements of the Joint Test Organization (JTO), and personnel from 

the Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) provided support 

services (7; 23-25; 34; 45). 

The Weapons Development Group was composed of scientists 

from the Sandia Corporation, LASL, and UCRL. This test group 

performed experiments to measure the characteristics of each 

detonation. Other scientific projects were conducted by the 

Military Effects Group, sponsored by the Armed Forces Special 

Weapons Project (AFSWP), which evaluated the five nuclear devices 

for military applications. The Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) Civil Effects Group also conducted scientific 

projects to assess the effects of nuclear detonations on civilian 

structures, products, and food supplies, as well as to evaluate 

emergency preparedness plans. 

Participants in test group projects were scientists and 

technicians with a knowledge of radiation effects. They 

generally remained at Camp Mercury and conducted experiments 

during several shots of the series. Personnel fielded datacollection instruments around ground zero in the days and weeks 

preceding each scheduled detonation. Much of the work required 

15 
for these projects was completed before the first detonation of 

the series by AEC construction contractors. Such pre-series work 

included building and modifying structures and trenches that 

would be tested for blast pressure effects, placing instrumentation in the ground, and establishing recording shelters. 

Once the basic project instrumentation was set up, project 

personnel spent minimal time in the shot areas. They returned to 

recover equipment or data after the detonation, usually after 

recovery hour, when the Test Director had determined that the 

radiological environment in the area of the experiments would 

permit limited access. Certain time-sensitive projects required 

personnel to enter an area very soon after a shot. Other 

projects required that individuals remain at stations within 

areas closed to all other personnel during a detonation. Safety 

precautions were taken in these situations. Personnel were 

required to wear protective clothing, survey the areas they 

entered, and have reliable vehicles and communication equipment. 

In addition to the test group projects, the armed services 

took advantage of the conditions and phenomena produced by the 

nuclear weapons tests to conduct military training activities. 

These Exercise Desert Rock V activities were used to evaluate 

military tactics and equipment and to train selected personnel in 

the special tasks associated with tactical nuclear warfare (64). 

The majority of the DOD personnel involved in Shots ANNIE, NANCY, 

DIXIE, and RAY were participants in Exercise Desert Rock V. 

During these events, an estimated 4,600 DOD personnel took part 

in five Exercise Desert Rock activities: an orientation and 

indoctrination program, damage effects tests, a volunteer officer 

observer program, troop maneuver programs, and operational 

helicopter test programs. These Desert Rock programs accounted 

for the largest number of DOD participants during these four 

events. There were no Desert Rock activities at Shot RUTH (45). 

16 
Approximately 2,000 soldiers from various Army units maintained and operated Camp Desert Rock, an installation of the 

Sixth U.S. Army. These personnel administered Exercise Desert 

Rock V activities and performed various services. Support troops 

worked in the forward areas of the NPG to construct observer 

trenches, lay communication lines, provide transportation and 

security, and assist in other preparations for Desert Rock 

activities. Soldiers of the 50th Chemical Service Platoon served 

as radiological safety monitors for Exercise Desert Rock participants during the nuclear tests (45). 

The Air Force Special Weapons Center provided air support to 

the Test Manager, the Test Director, and various test group projects. Based at Kirtland Air Force Base (AFB) in Albuquerque, New 

Mexico, AFSWC personnel performed cloud-sampling missions for 

test group projects, as well as air-drop missions, aerial surveys, cloud-tracking missions, and courier services (23-24; 39). 

During the first five UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE events, as at all 

shots in the operation, the Joint Test Organization coordinated 

all activities. Comprising personnel from the AEC, DOD, and 

FCDA, the JTO was administered by the Test Manager, assisted by a 

Test Director. The UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series volume contains a 

detailed description of their duties, as well as the functions of 

the Joint Test Organization (23). 

1.2 R4DIATION PROTECTION PROCEDURES DURING THE FIRST FIVE 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE EVENTS 

In carrying out their tasks, DOD participants followed the 

radiation protection procedures established to minimize exposure 

to ionizing radiation while still allowing participants to 

accomplish their missions. 

17 
The AEC Division of Biology and Medicine established 

exposure limits for JTO participants, including test group and 

AFSWP personnel. Test group participants were to receive no more 

than 3.9 roentgens of radiation exposure per lY-week period, or 

for the test series. To help implement this criterion, radiological safety personnel controlled access to contaminated areas and 

accompanied project personnel recovering test instruments from 

radiation areas. The monitors, who continuously monitored the 

radiation intensity in the recovery area, kept the participants 

informed of the radiological environment. The 9778th Radiological Safety Support Unit issued film badges for project 

personnel to wear at all times in the test area. These film 

badges were collected, developed, and evaluated regularly, and 

any individual whose accumulated dose exceeded the established 

limits was barred from further participation in project 

activities in the forward area. Although evacuation was not 

required during UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, emergency evacuation procedures 

were prepared for all test events (26). 

The radiation protection procedures authorized for AFSWC by 

the Test Manager included the same exposure limit of 3.9 roentgens of gamma radiation for air and ground crews as that established for the test group personnel. Complete decontamination, 

including showers and exchanges of clothing in the event of 

clothing contamination, was required of all air crew members 

following each project mission. Aircraft were either decontaminated by washing or were isolated until radiation intensities 

decayed to predetermined levels (26). 

Radiation protection procedures for Exercise Desert Rock V 

participants, like those of the test groups and AFSWC, were 

designed to minimize potential exposure to ionizing radiation. 

Camp Desert Rock personnel and exercise participants were limited 

to no more than 6.0 roentgens of whole-body gamma radiation 

during any six-month period (45). 

18 
SHOT ANNIE SYNOPSIS 

AEC Objective: 

AEC TEST SERIES: UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock V 

DATE/TIME: 17 March 1953, 0520 hours 

YIELD: 16 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 300 feet (tower shot) 

To evaluate the nuclear yield, blast, thermal, 

and radiological phenomena produced by this 

experimental device. 

DOD Objectives: To evaluate military equipment, tactics, and 

doctrine; to evaluate the military applications 

of the device; and to train troops in the 

tactical use of nuclear weapons. 

Weather: At shot-time, the winds at surface level were 

light and variable. At all levels above 10,000 

feet, the wind was out of the west: 25 knots at 

10,000 feet, 54 knots at 20,000 feet, 68 knots 

at 30,000 feet, and 89 knots at 40,000 feet. 

The temperature was 2.7OC, the relative humidity 

was 43 percent, and the pressure was 876 

millibars. 

Radiation Data: Onsite fallout occurred mostly east and slightly 

southeast of ground zero. In other directions, 

intensities greater than 0.01 R/h* were confined 

within about 1.5 kilometers of ground zero. 

Intensities greater than 1.0 R/h were detected 

about 0.5 kilometer from ground zero. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock V participants, Armed 

Forces Special Weapons Project, Air Force 

Special Weapons Center, Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory, Federal Civil Defense Administration, contractors. 

*roentgens per hour 

19 
CHAPTER 2 

SHOT ANNIE 

Shot ANNIE, the first nuclear test of Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, was detonated on 17 March 1953, at 0520 hours Pacific 

Standard Time in Yucca Flat,* Area 3 of the Nevada Proving 

Ground, at UTM coordinates 871004. ANNIE, a developmental device 

from the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, was detonated on a 

300-foot tower and had a yield of 16 kilotons. 

The top of the cloud created by the detonation climbed to an 

altitude of 41,000 feet. The winds, which were all from the 

west, rapidly carried the cloud eastward. The fallout pattern 

extended into southwestern Utah, where it was confined to a 

narrow band (38). 

The Military Effects Group, the Weapons Development Group, 

and the Civil Effects Group fielded projects involving DOD 

participants. The Air Force Special Weapons Center provided 

operational control of all aircraft and air support, including 

aerial surveys and cloud-sampling, cloud-tracking, and courier 

missions. Participants in Exercise Desert Rock V conducted four 

programs at the ANNIE event: 

0 505 DOD personnel observed the shot as part of 

the orientation and indoctrination program 

0 1,181 Camp Desert Rock personnel took part in 

the tactical troop maneuver program 

l About ten Marines participated in operational 

helicopter tests 

l Two evaluation teams surveyed vehicle and equipment 

damage after the shot. 

*Yucca Flat is 4,000 feet above mean sea level. 

20 
In addition, Camp Desert Rock and JTO staff and support personnel 

participated in operation support and control (40; 44-45). 

The AEC designated ANNIE an "open shot." This was the 

second time in the CONUS tests that members of the news media 

were permitted onsite to observe a shot. In addition to the 

hundreds of reporters who viewed the shot from News Nob, 12 kilometers* from ground zero, 20 reporters were selected to accompany 

the troops viewing the shot from trenches 3.2 kilometers from the 

point of detonation (35). 

Because civil defense had a large part in the .justification, 

planning, and conduct of "open" shots, the Civil Effects Group 

played an active role in Shot ANNIE. As part of the Civil 

Effects Group program, the Director of FCDA and his assistant 

were present in the forward trenches, 3.2 kilometers from the 

detonation (45). 

2.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V OPERATIONS AT SHOT ANNIE 

Almost 1,700 Camp Desert Rock personnel participated in 

Desert Rock V programs. Approximately 70 percent of these 

personnel, or 1,181 individuals, participated in a tactical 

maneuver. Unlike the maneuver troops at other UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

events, the troops at Shot ANNIE were from Camp Desert Rock. 

Personnel from Army Field Forces Human Research Office Unit No. 2 

of the Human Resources Research Office (HumRRO) were present at 

Shot ANNIE to investigate the psychological reactions of the 

troops to the detonation. These research personnel were to be 

present at all shots attended by provisional Battalion Combat 

Teams (BCTs). At ANNIE, it is likely that the HumRRO personnel 

*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metric 

units. The metric conversion factors include: 1 meter = 3.28 

feet; 1 meter = 1.09 yards; and 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles. 

21 
restricted their activities to observing troops before and after 

the shot. Other Camp Desert Rock support personnel provided 

radiological safety, transportation, communications, and control 

functions for the exercises in the forward area. A total of 505 

troops from various services participated in the orientation and 

indoctrination program, which consisted of instruction on nuclear 

weapons, observation of the detonation, and a postshot tour of 

the display areas. Approximately ten Marines from the Helicopter 

Atomic Test Unit, 2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise 

Brigade, participated in operational helicopter tests. Table 2-l 

lists the number of DOD participants in each Desert Rock program 

at Shot ANNIE, the nature of the activity, and the service of the 

units involved (45; 83). 

Table 2-1: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V ACTIVITIES AT SHOT ANNIE 

Program Participating Service 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

Troop Orientation and Indoctrination 

(Observers) 

Army 303 

Navy 152 

Air Force 41 

Marine Corps 9 

Tactical Troop Maneuver Army (Camp Desert 

Rock Troops) 

1,181 

Operational Helicopter Tests Marine Corps 10 

Damage Effects Evaluation I Army I 

* 

l Unknown 

2.1.1 Camp Desert Rock Personnel 

The Camp Desert Rock support troops participating in Desert 

Rock V programs at ANNIE provided logistical, operational, and 

administrative support to the exercise troops. In performing 

22 
these duties, support troops sometimes entered the forward area. 

The Control Group accompanied troops into the shot area to ensure 

that all personnel remained together and followed instructions. 

This group comprised officers and enlisted men from the 

Operations Section (G-3) and included a medical officer, the 

Radiological Safety Section, the Instructor Group, and elements 

of the Aviation Section (45-46). 

The Radiological Safety Section, supported by the 50th 

Chemical Service Platoon, enforced radiological safety procedures 

and conducted radiological surveys. After ANNIE was detonated, 

two radiological safety teams surveyed the shot area. Each team 

consisted of a radiological monitor and a driver from the 50th 

Chemical Service Platoon and one radio operator. 

A radiological safety team, consisting of a driver from the 

50th Chemical Service Platoon, a radio operator from the 505th 

Signal Service Group , and a monitor from the Radiological Safety 

Section, accompanied each of the Battalion Combat Teams into the 

forward area. Another radiological safety team operated on the 

ground zero flank of the attack line. Members of the combat 

teams, who accompanied their battalions into the shot area, 

provided additional radiological monitoring. 

The Instructor Group consisted of four Army officers, an Air 

Force officer, a Navy officer, and an Army medical officer from 

the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project. After the detonation 

on shot-day, the instructors advised observers and later the 

maneuver units during their tours of the display area to view the 

damage caused by the burst (45). 

Several other Desert Rock support elements engaged in activities at ANNIE. Before the shot, the 412th Engineer Construction 

Battalion spent seven to ten days preparing the equipment display 

area. The 26th Transportation Battalion (-)* used approximately 

*Some subordinate units were not present. 

23 
110 vehicles to carry military personnel to and from the forward 

area. At shot-time, these vehicles were parked about 15 kilometers south of ground zero (45). 

The 505th Signal Service Group (Composite Company) established wire and radio communications within the forward area, as 

well as at Camp Desert Rock. It was planned that 505th Signal 

personnel would operate the two mobile public address systems in 

the display area after the shot to assist the Instructor Group in 

its presentations. In addition, members of this unit entered the 

forward area on shot-day as part of the radiological safety 

teams. The 505th Signal contributed one man to each of the 

radiological safety teams (47). 

The 371st Evacuation Hospital (-) provided medical support 

in the forward area and at Camp Desert Rock. Plans for ANNIE 

specified that the surgeon was to accompany the Control Group to 

the forward area and remain at the forward Command Post throughout the maneuvers. Because ANNIE was an open shot, involving 

many newsmen and civil defense personnel, and because Camp Desert 

Rock personnel formed the two participating BCTs, medical support 

involved more personnel than at other shots. Four company aidmen 

were assigned to each BCT and two were assigned to the observer 

group. Each march unit was assigned an ambulance for use in 

evacuation. Two more ambulances were equipped as aid stations; 

one was assigned to the Control Group and one to the news and 

civil defense personnel. A medical officer was present at each 

of the aid stations. The aid station for the Control Group, 

originally established at the parking area, was moved forward to 

the vicinity of the control trench immediately after the shot. 

The aid station for the civilians was at News Nob throughout the 

exercise (45; 47). 

A helicopter for litter evacuation also was available at the 

helicopter strip. Radio and telephone communication was available for its dispatch (45; 47). 

24 
2.1.2 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination 

Service observers were assigned to Camp Desert Rock to 

participate in the orientation and indoctrination program. As 

shown in table 2-1, a total of 505 troops from the Army, Navy, 

Marine Corps, and Air Force arrived at Camp Desert Rock on 13 

March to prepare for participation in the shot (23). 

Although the observers in the orientation and indoctrination 

program were from different services, they took part in this 

program as a group. The observers were scheduled to witness Shot 

ANNIE from trenches 3,200 meters from ground zero. The Camp 

Desert Rock Instructor Group conducted preshot classroom 

instruction, covering such subjects as basic atomic theory, 

characteristics of nuclear weapons, radiological protection 

measures, tactical use of nuclear weapons, and the plan for 

day operations. The rehearsal of shot-day activities on 

shot14 March consisted of visiting the trenches, practicing procedures for the detonation, and viewing the preshot condition of 

equipment placed in the display area. This wedge-shaped area 

extended south from ground zero, as illustrated in figure 2-l 

(51). 

On shot-day, 17 March, the observers arrived at the trench 

area by 0400 hours, one hour and 20 minutes before the shot. The 

Camp Desert Rock vehicles used to transport the observers were 

parked eight kilometers south of ground zero. From 0420 to 0510 

hours, the observers were again briefed on the nature of nuclear 

detonations and safety procedures. Ten minutes before the shot, 

the observers were instructed to enter the trenches. Two minutes 

before the detonation, the observers crouched in the trenches. 

Personnel in the vehicle park were also ordered to crouch at this 

time. ANNIE was detonated on schedule at 0520 hours. After the 

shock wave passed, the observers were allowed to rise to view the 

fireball (45). 

25 
83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 

BCT 

BAKER 

TactIcal 

ObJectwe 

ANNIE 

Ground Zero 

a (871004) 

----- .B. -. _-. - 

N 

Area 

Troop and Observer 

Trenches 

Yucca Flat 

Test Area 3 

I I 

0 1 

Kilometer 

ParkIng Area Y 

m (UTM 848927) 

Figure 2-l: SHOT ANNIE TROOP MANEUVER, OBSERVER 

TRENCHES, DISPLAY AREA 

26 
At about 0540 hours, 20 minutes after the detonation, the 

observers left the trenches to begin their tour through the 

display area. The Control Group from Camp Desert Rock and 

members of the Camp Desert Rock Instructor Group conducted the 

tour and explained the effects of the detonation upon equipment 

and field fortifications. Radiological safety monitors preceded 

the observer group in order to locate the 2.5 R/h radiation 

intensity line. This line, located about 640 meters from ground 

zero on the left of the display and about 460 meters from ground 

zero on the right, was the limit of the observers' advance. The 

observers boarded trucks at 910 meters from ground zero for the 

return trip to Camp Desert Rock at 0800 hours. All units arrived 

at the camp by 1040 hours (39; 45; 47). 

2.1.3 Tactical Troop Maneuvers 

During the ANNIE event, 1,181 men from Camp Desert Rock 

conducted a tactical maneuver as part of Exercise Desert Rock V. 

The participating units included the 412th Engineer Construction 

Battalion, transportation units, and other support units assigned 

to Camp Desert Rock for Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. These Army 

units were divided into two BCTs for the tactical exercise. 

The purpose of the tactical exercise was to provide military 

personnel with instruction and training in the battlefield use of 

nuclear weapons. The operation also gave the Army a chance to 

test its tactical doctrine and battlefield procedures for the use 

of nuclear weapons (16; 45; 47; 71). 

The tactical maneuver at Shot ANNIE consisted of four 

phases: 

0 Preshot orientation 

0 Observation of the shot 

0 Tactical maneuver 

0 Postshot tour of the display area. 

27 
The troops rehearsed shot-day activities in the ANNIE shot 

area on 14 March. The troops listened to a simulated countdown 

of the ANNIE detonation from their protective trenches. They 

then practiced the attack phase of their operations, as shown in 

figure 2-2, advancing approximately 900 meters from the trenches. 

The troops then viewed the preshot condition of military equipment and fortifications, which had been placed in the display 

area to demonstrate the detonation effects. 

At about 0145 hours on shot-day, the participants began 

mustering and boarding the vehicles for the trip from Camp Desert 

Rock. The convoy was divided into four march units. The Camp 

Desert Rock Control Group was followed by BCTs ABLE and BAKER and 

the observer group. BCT ABLE left Camp Desert Rock at approximately 0210 hours, and BCT BAKER departed ten minutes later. 

The first trucks transporting BCT ABLE arrived at the same 

trenches used by the observers, UTM coordinates 865969, at 0335 

hours. BCT BAKER personnel arrived at 0345 hours. The drivers 

then moved the vehicles to a parking area eight kilometers south 

of ground zero (47). From 0420 to 0510 hours, the troops were 

briefed on the nature of nuclear detonations and safety procedures. Figure 2-3 shows troops awaiting the countdown for Shot 

ANNIE. Ten minutes before detonation, the troops were instructed 

to enter the trenches. Two minutes before the shot, the troops 

were instructed to crouch in the trenches. Personnel in the 

vehicle park were also ordered to crouch at this time. ANNIE was 

detonated on schedule at 0520 hours (45). 

The tactical maneuver at Shot ANNIE was designed to reach an 

objective near UTM coordinates 862004, located about one kilometer west of the ANNIE ground zero (UTM coordinates 871004). 

As shown in figure 2-1, the path of the two BCTs' attack'extended 

three kilometers northward from the trenches. Both BCTs had the 

same general objective, to be reached through parallel routes of 

28 


attack. ABLE's course, due east of BAKER's route, was closer to 

the ANNIE ground zero (47). 

At 0535 hours, when the BCTs began their attack, the air was 

still dust-filled from the blast. Moving north from the 

trenches, the troops covered a distance of three kilometers 

before reaching their objective at 0700 hours. During the operation, a radiological safety monitor preceded each BCT. At one 

point, dust in the area caused the monitor to lose sight of the 

attacking force for about ten minutes (45). 

Once they reached their objective, the troops returned to 

the display area and viewed the postshot condition of materiel, 

as was standard procedure for maneuver operations. The Instructor Group led the troops up to the 2.5 R/h line. Both BCTs 

departed for Camp Desert Rock by 0800 hours, after spending about 

four hours in the shot area (45). 

2.1.4 Operational Helicopter Tests 

Marine Corps personnel from the Helicopter Atomic Test Unit, 

2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade, conducted 

operational helicopter tests at ANNIE. These tests were designed 

to investigate factors that might affect the use of helicopter 

assaults after a battlefield nuclear detonation, but overpressure 

was the only effect studied at Shot ANNIE (44). 

Three Marine HRS helicopters and approximately ten Marines 

were involved in these tests at Shot ANNIE. The helicopters were 

parked on the reverse slope of a hill, 17 kilometers from ground 

zero at the time of the detonation. Although not tied down, they 

suffered no noticeable effects. About 45 minutes after the shot, 

the helicopters proceeded to the rear of the trench area. At 

that point, the Marines boarded the helicopters, which transported them to a location two kilometers south of ground zero 

31 
within the display area. The airlifted Marines presumably 

rejoined their respective units in the display area. As time did 

not permit the Helicopter Atomic Test Unit to submit an 

operations plan, the exact paths of the helicopters are unknown 

(43-45). 

2.1.5 Damage Effects Evaluation 

Before the ANNIE detonation, Desert Rock personnel established a display area extending south from ground zero for a 

distance of 3,200 meters (see figure 2-l). The display was 

designed primarily to add realism to the orientation of troops, 

who reviewed the display before and after the shot. The 412th 

Engineer Construction Battalion constructed barbed wire obstacles 

at go-meter intervals out to approximately 460 meters. Thereafter, at 460-meter intervals, they constructed trenches, 

bunkers, and foxholes. The 3623rd Ordnance Company placed 

equipment in the display, beginning with a landing vehicle at 

ground zero. Other items included tents, machine guns, flame 

throwers, mortars, trucks, rifles and carbines, an artillery 

aiming circle, howitzers, and communications equipment. After 

the shot, an engineer team and an ordnance team returned to the 

display area to assess the damage to the fortifications and 

equipment (45). 

In conjunction with the damage effects evaluation, Desert 

Rock personnel conducted shielding experiments using the display 

as the location for dosimetry instruments. A chemical team, 

probably part of the 50th Chemical Service Platoon, placed film 

badges on stakes in the open and in the trenches, foxholes, and 

bunkers. After the shot, the chemical team retrieved the badges 

to process them and record their readings (45). 

32 
2.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN JOINT TEST 

ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT ANNIE 

Department of Defense personnel took part in projects 

sponsored by the Military Effects Group, the Weapons Development 

Group, and the Civil Effects Group (2). Table 2-2 lists the test 

group projects by number and title and identifies the participating groups (33). 

In the days and weeks before the shot, project personnel and 

construction contractors constructed a blast line, modified 

underground shelters used in earlier test series, and placed 

radar equipment, cameras, instruments, and other experiments 

around ground zero. Gauges that measured weapons effects 

characteristics were connected to cables that transmitted the 

measurements to recording equipment located in the underground 

shelters. 

From several days up to three hours before the ANNIE 

detonation, personnel were entering the test area to place 

experiments, calibrate instruments, and turn on generators. 

Personnel for several projects traveled to stations that they 

would man during the shot and checked communications with the 

Control Point. The Aircraft Participation Unit positioned 23 

aircraft that conducted missions for five projects and one 

aircraft that performed a photography mission for the Air Force 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory. Within minutes after the detonation, eight AFSWC aircraft began a cloud-sampling mission for two 

projects. Later, a C-47 conducted an offsite aerial survey, and 

two B-29s and one B-25 conducted cloud-tracking missions for the 

Test Manager. Thirty minutes after the detonation, an initial 

radiological safety party began surveying the test area to 

determine the radiological environment. An L-20 aircraft 

assisted ground personnel by taking radiation measurements above 

the ground. They completed the survey 90 minutes after the shot, 

and the Test Director declared that recovery activities could 

begin at 0715 hours, almost two hours after the detonation. 

33 
Table 2-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT ANNIE 

Title 

Military Effects Group 

Participants 

1 .la/l 2 Arr Blast Measurements Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

l.lc-1 Arr Shock Pressure-trme versus Distance for a Sandia Corporatron 

Tower Shot 

14 Free-field Measurements of Earth Stress, Strarn, and Sandia Corporation 

Ground Motion 

45 Ocular Effects of Thermal Radiation from Atomic 

Detonation 

Air Force School of Aviation Medicine 

5.1 Atomic Weapon Effects on AD Type Aircraft 

in Flrght 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics 

62 

6.3 

6.7 

lndrrect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDA) Phenomena 

and Technrques 

lntenm IBDA Capabilities of Strategic Air Command 

Measurements and Analysrs of Electromagnetic 

Radiation from Nuclear Detonations 

Wright Air Development Center, Vrtro 

Corporation 

Strategic Arr Command 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

6.8 Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; Bureau 

of Ships 

6.8a 

6.9 

610 

Initial Gamma Exposure versus Distance 

Evaluation of Naval Arrborne Radrac Equrpment 

Evaluation of Rapid Aerial Radiologrcal Survey 

Techniques 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

6.12 Determrnatron of Height of Burst and Ground Zero Signal Corps Engineenng Laboratories; Army 

Field Forces Board Xl 

7.1 

7.3 

Electromagnetrc Effects from Nuclear Explosions 

Detection of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from 

Nuclear Explosrons 

Headquarters, Air Force * 

Headquarters, Air Force * 

74 

7.5 

8.1 b 

Seismic Measurements 

Calibration and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb Debris 

Additional Data on the Vulnerability of Parked 

Aircraft to Atomic Bombs 

Headquarters, Air Force 

Headquarters, Air Force; AFSWC 

Wright Air Development Center 

w Other participating agencies are listed in the text 

34 
Table 2-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT ANNIE (Continued) 

Project Title 

I 

Participants 

Military Effects Group (Continued) 

8.2 Measurement of Thermal Radiation wrth a Vacuuum 

Mrcrophone 

Arr Force Cambndge Research Center 

9.1 Technical Photography EG&G; Signal Corps Prctorial Center; Air Force 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

Weapons Development Group 

13.1 Radiochemistry Sampkng 

18.1 Total Thermal and Arr Attenuatron 

18.2 Power versus Time 

18.3 Spectroscopy 

184 Light Absorption 

186 Surface-brightness lnvestigatrons 

AFSWC 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Civil Effects Group 

23.1 

23.2 

Biological Effectiveness of Ionizing Radratron wrthrn 

Shelters 

Bacteriological Studies on Animals Exposed to 

Neutron Radiation 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; 

Naval Medical Research Institute 

Naval Radiologrcal Defense Laboratory 

23 3 Long-term Studies on Dogs Exposed to Primarily 

Neutron Irradiation in Shelters 

Naval RadIological Defense Laboratory 

23.17 Neutron Flux Measurements in AEC Group Shelters 

and Lead Hemispheres 

Naval Radrological Defense Laboratory 

35 
Project personnel received access permits at the Control 

Point and then were briefed by radiological safety personnel on 

the radiation areas. This sequence caused some problems; one 

recovery party entered the test area before it had been briefed. 

A decision was made to brief personnel before giving them access 

permits at future detonations. Personnel retrieved experiments 

and returned to the Control Point or Camp Mercury after being 

monitored and decontaminated (26; 33). 

2.2.1 Military Effects Group Projects 

The Military Effects Group of AFSWP Field Command performed 

the projects shown in table 2-2 (32; 36). The following 

descriptions discuss the activities of participants before, 

during, and after the detonation. In many cases, the source 

documents do not indicate exactly what the participants did. 

Most of the projects were not time-sensitive, so personnel did 

not need to enter the radiation areas until after recovery hour 

was announced at 0715 hours. 

Project l.la/1.2, Air Blast Measurements, was fielded to 

measure blast pressures from the nuclear detonation in free air. 

The day before the shot, project personnel placed 13 rocket 

launchers southwest of ground zero. Personnel placed the 

launchers at 120-meter intervals along a line between 910 and 

2,370 meters from ground zero. Project 9.1 personnel set up 

cameras about five kilometers northeast of ground zero. Immediately before the shot, the smoke rockets were ignited from the 

Control Point. High-speed cameras equipped with a timing 

apparatus photographed the smoke trails through the fireball, 

recording broken and hooked patterns in the trails to indicate 

motion in the air produced by the shock front. Personnel 

returned later to remove the cameras (62). 

36 
Projects l.lc-1 and 1.4 were conducted by the Sandia 

Corporation to measure air blast pressures and earth stress, 

strain, and acceleration during a detonation. Although each 

project had a separate objective, similar instrumentation and 

recording equipment were required. The Reynolds Electrical and 

Engineering Company (REECo) constructed instrument mounts, 

modified instrument shelters used in previous series, placed 

cables and underground instruments, and installed some of the 

gauges. The gauges were placed underground and above ground 

along a blast line that extended north-northwest of the ANNIE 

ground zero. Underground cables connected to the gauges ran to 

underground recording stations located at intervals along the 

blast line. Personnel calibrated gauges and turned on recording 

equipment before the shot and reentered after recovery hour to 

collect data and recalibrate the above-ground gauges (73). 

Project l.lc-1, Air Shock Pressure-time versus Distance for 

a Tower Shot, was conducted to record pressure-time histories 

for use in predicting these parameters at Shot SIMON. Before the 

detonation, personnel placed 26 gauges along the ground and 12 

gauges on towers about ten feet high along the blast line from 

210 to 2,380 meters north-northwest of ground zero. Personnel 

calibrated the gauges in the field before and after the 

detonation. After the shot, personnel retrieved recorded data 

from shelters located along the blast line (76). 

Project 1.4, Free-field Measurements of Earth Stress, 

Strain, and Ground Motion, was conducted to test instruments for 

measuring forces generated by a nuclear detonation and transmitted through the earth. Before the shot, personnel placed 

earth stress and strain gauges in the ground at a location 440 

meters from ground zero. The gauges were connected to a cable 

that ran to an amplifier in an underground recording shelter. 

Personnel retrieved records after recovery hour (67; 73). 

37 
Project 4.5, Ocular Effects of Thermal Radiation from Atomic 

Detonation, was conducted to determine to what degree the flash 

of a nuclear detonation impairs night vision. This project 

consisted of two parts. In the first part, 12 officers from 

Nellis AFB watched the nuclear detonation from a darkened trailer 

located approximately 12 kilometers from ground zero. The 

subjects viewed the flash through experimental filters that 

blocked out a large portion of the visible and infrared portion 

of the spectrum. Afterwards, they remained in the trailer for 

about an hour to perform visual tasks. 

In the second part of the project, rabbits were used as test 

subjects to determine the distance at which retinal burns would 

occur. Two five-man parties placed 100 rabbits at 11 stations 

located three to 19 kilometers from ground zero about 12 hours 

before the shot. At recovery hour, two parties, each consisting 

of six men, recovered the rabbits (8a-8b; 18). 

Project 5.1, Atomic Weapon Effects on AD Type Aircraft in 

Flight, was designed to obtain test data that verified or 

redefined the safe operational limits of the AD-2 aircraft. In 

addition, the blast and thermal effects of nuclear weapons on the 

aircraft were studied. Five aircraft participated: one AD-2 

aircraft, two F8F aircraft, and two AD-4 aircraft. The AD-2 

aircraft was configured to be a drone, but because this was the 

first drone test of the series, a safety pilot manned the aircraft. One F8F aircraft controlled the drone, and the second was 

a backup. The two AD-4 aircraft accompanied the AD-2 over the 

test site. 

The five aircraft took off from Indian Springs AFB at about 

0414 hours and entered the test site air space six minutes later. 

Thev flew over the area for about one hour before shot-time at an 

altitude of 17,200 feet. At shot-time, the aircraft were 

approximately 13,000 feet above the burst. They returned to 

Indian Springs AFB by 0559 hours. 

38 
In related ground activities, pro.ject personnel were at 

station 5.lb, located at UTM coordinates 861877, to guide the 

AD-2 pilot to the correct position during the detonation. Four 

hours before the detonation, four personnel left station 5.lb by 

vehicle to light flare pots as marker beacons at UTM coordinates 

787140. This activity took about one hour. Station 5.la was 

located at UTM coordinates 874804, but no activities at this 

station have been documented (8a-8b; 33-34; 72). 

Project 6.2, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDA) Phenomena and Techniques, was performed to confirm that a radar 

return could be obtained from a nuclear explosion to determine 

ground zero. Three B-29 aircraft with IBDA equipment took off 

from Kirtland AFB at 0045 hours on shot-day, entering the test 

area at approximately 0340 hours. They orbited eight kilometers 

south, 11 kilometers east, and eight kilometers north of ground 

zero, respectively. The aircraft left the area around 0540 hours 

and landed at Kirtland AFB at about 0740 hours (34). 

This project was also scheduled to use a ground radar 

transmitter and receivers to investigate whether the fireball 

significantly changed the direction of a radar beam. Two men 

were scheduled to man a station at UTM coordinates 830880 

beginning two hours and 30 minutes before the shot. Two men were 

also to man each of the two stations located at IJTM coordinates 

875880 and 870880, beginning three hours and 30 minutes before 

the shot. Personnel were to remain at all three stations until 

one hour after the shot. Except for one man who was to retrieve 

film, personnel then were to return to Camp Mercury. Although 

the radar transmitter and 15 receivers had been placed in the 

area before the ANNIE detonation, this part of the project was 

not completed due to equipment failure (8a-8b; 46; 61). 

In other related ground activities, two Project 6.2 

personnel were to drive to UTM coordinates 860160, at the north 

39 
end of Yucca Flat, in two vehicles to set up an equipment station 

at 0045 hours on shot-day. They were to stay there for 45 minutes before returning to the Control Point. Two hours after 

recovery hour, two men in one vehicle were to go to this 

equipment station and spend five hours moving the station to a 

location 10.5 kilometers north of the NANCY shot-tower, if 

radiation levels permitted (8a-8b). 

Project 6.3, Interim IBDA Capabilities of Strategic Air 

Command (SAC), was a corollary to Project 6.2. This project 

evaluated the latest IBDA systems, which were installed in SAC 

aircraft flying simulated strike and support missions. These 

aircraft recorded data essential for determining the three IBDA 

parameters: yield, burst height, and ground zero. 

The 9th Bombardment Wing (Medium), based at Travis AFB, 

California, sent 13 B-29 aircraft to participate. The bombers 

reached the area at 0308 hours flying at 25,000 feet. The 

aircraft flew in formation over the test area for 90 minutes to 

simulate strike and support activities and then returned to 

Travis AFB. A total of 132 personnel were in the B-29s (33-34; 

56). 

Project 6.7, Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic 

Radiation from Nuclear Detonations, detected and measured electromagnetic signals emitted before and during a nuclear detonation. At 1920 hours the evening before shot-day, three personnel 

were to travel in two vehicles to an equipment station at UTM 

coordinates 830900, 11 kilometers from ground zero. They were to 

remain there until two hours after the shot. Thirty minutes 

after recovery hour was announced, personnel were to leave the 

station to deliver film to the Control Point for processing 

(8a-8b; 27; 32). 

40 
Projects 6.8, Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment, and 

6.8a, Initial Gamma Exposure versus Distance, were fielded by the 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories and the Bureau of Ships, 

assisted by Air Force students and Navy personnel. Project 6.8 

was designed to test newly developed dosimeters and radiac 

instruments in initial and residual radiation fields produced by 

a nuclear detonation. Project 6.8a provided reliable National 

Bureau of Standards film dosimeters as a basis for the evaluation 

of the dosimeters tested by Project 6.8. 

Project personnel placed experimental dosimeters and 

National Bureau of Standards film badges at 18 stations located 

1,190 to 2,740 meters west-northwest of ground zero. These 

portable stations were fitted with aluminum thermal and blast 

shields. Two or three hours after the detonation, two parties of 

four men each, including monitors, traveled by vehicle to recover 

the film and dosimeters. The estimated time of their mission was 

three hours. Afterward, the experimental dosimeters were 

compared to the film exposed in National Bureau of Standards film 

holders (8a-8b; 54; 59). 

Four hours after recovery hour, two parties, each consisting 

of five men and one monitor, traveled to an area approximately 

three kilometers from ground zero. They performed a radiological 

safety survey using experimental radiac instruments. The crews 

recorded data and observed and recorded any instrument malfunctions (8a-8b; 54). 

Project 6.9, Evaluation of Naval Airborne Radiac Equipment, 

evaluated aerial ground survey equipment, automatic recording 

dosimeters, and droppable telemetering equipment. The equipment 

was tested to determine its accuracy at high altitudes compared 

to its accuracy at ground level. The equipment was being tested 

for possible use by special carrier-based aircraft to warn 

assault troops if they were entering a radiation area. 

41 
A P2V aircraft from Kirtland AFB, equipped with test instruments and carrying a crew of three, circled approximately 19 

kilometers southwest of the shot area at an altitude of 12,000 

feet from one hour before the shot until one hour after the shot. 

The radiac equipment had been turned on before shot-time to allow 

for a one-hour warm-up period before the aircraft entered the 

shot area. 

About one hour after the shot, the Aircraft Participation 

Unit cleared the P2V to begin runs in a cloverleaf pattern over 

the radiation area. The patterns were flown at an initial height 

of some 6,000 feet above the terrain, with subsequent patterns 

flown at heights decreasing by 500 feet each run, the lowest 

height being 1,000 feet. The P2V dropped gamma dosimeters with 

telemeters into the area and monitored them. After recovery 

hour, three project personnel accompanied by a monitor traveled 

by vehicle to photograph the P2V as it dropped the telemetering 

units. The aircraft was in the air a total of three hours and 

30 minutes and landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0806 hours. The 

P2V took off from Indian Springs AFB at 1241 hours on the afternoon of shot-day to conduct the same tests. It flew cloverleaf 

patterns over the area for 35 minutes and landed at Indian 

Springs AFB at 1355. The next morning, the P2V left from Indian 

Springs to repeat the tests, but landed seven minutes later due 

to engine failure (33-34; 81). 

Project 6.10, Evaluation of Rapid Aerial Radiological Survey 

Techniques, was fielded to improve the radiological aerial survey 

procedures used during Operations BUSTER-JANGLE and TUMBLERSNAPPER. In addition, the effect of the aircraft on radiac 

instrument readings taken inside the aircraft was studied. Film 

badges were placed at various locations opposite one another on 

the interior and exterior of the aircraft used in the project. 

42 
A C-45 aircraft took off from Indian Springs AFB at 0705 

hours on shot-day and reached the area at 0724 hours. It circled 

at a distance of eight kilometers from ground zero and at a 

height of about 500 feet. The crew selected a landmark at or 

near ground zero as a reference point and then flew a cloverleaf 

pattern centered over the reference point at three different 

altitudes. The first leg of the cloverleaf pattern passed over 

the point in the direction of maximum fallout. Airspeed, 

direction, and altitude were kept constant on each leg of the 

pattern. Monitors in the aircraft obtained data by using a 

mechanical recording system and by writing intensity readings on 

a data sheet every five seconds. The C-45 was in the area for 

about one hour and landed at Indian Springs AFB by 0831 hours 

(34; 68). 

Project 6.12, Determination of Height of Burst and Ground 

Zero, was fielded to evaluate methods available to a field army 

for locating ground zero and determining height of burst. Three 

methods were tested: sound ranging, seismic, and flash ranging. 

Sound-ranging microphone arrays and meteorological stations were 

established to the south, southwest, and southeast of Camp Desert 

Rock, a distance of about 50 to 60 kilometers from ground zero. 

Flash-ranging cameras and seismic geophones used for seismic 

height of burst determination were located in the southeast 

corner of Yucca Lake about 13 kilometers from ground zero. Three 

hours before the shot, ten men in four vehicles were scheduled to 

turn on the generators to power the equipment at two flashranging and seismic stations. They then went to station 6.12b, 

located between the two stations, and remained there through 

shot-time (8a-8b; 82). 

Project 7.1, Electromagnetic Effects from Nuclear Explosions, was conducted to obtain information on the electromagnetic 

radiation produced by nuclear detonations. Personnel from the 

National Bureau of Standards, the Air Force Security Service, the 

43 
Air Force Cambridge Research Center, and the Air Weather Service 

manned one station at Yucca Lake, UTM coordinates 861877, and 11 

stations offsite. Five hours before the shot, 17 personnel 

traveled by jeep and truck to the onsite station. They remained 

there until two hours after the shot (65). 

Project 7.3, Detection of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from 

Nuclear Explosions, was designed to compare low frequency sound 

produced by nuclear detonations at various remote field stations. 

These stations were located across the United States and around 

the world. Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories personnel operated 

stations in Alaska, Hawaii, Greenland, Japan, and Germany. Personnel from the Navy Electronics Laboratory, the Signal Corps 

Engineering Laboratories, and the National Bureau of Standards 

operated the nine stations in the continental United States (66). 

Project 7.4, Seismic Measurements, was to record the seismic 

waves produced by the shot for comparison with those produced by 

shots of other series and by other shots of Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE. Seismic stations were manned in Arizona, Montana, 

South Dakota, Oklahoma, Alabama, Alaska, and Wyoming. Another 

station was onsite, at UTM coordinates 843094, about ten 

kilometers from ground zero. It was not manned at shot-time. 

Two project personnel and a radiological safety monitor traveled 

to the seismic station one hour after recovery hour to turn off 

equipment and recover records. Personnel remained at the station 

for about one hour (8a-8b; 28; 77). 

Project 7.5, Calibration and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb 

Debris, was performed to analyze samples of the Shot ANNIE cloud 

to evaluate various parameters of the nuclear device. An F-84G 

aircraft took gaseous and particulate samples of the cloud. 

Because the cloud sampling was performed by AFSWC personnel, it 

is discussed in section 2.2.4 (77). 

44 
Project 8.lb, Additional Data on the Vulnerability of Parked 

Aircraft to Atomic Bombs, was fielded to determine the thermal 

and blast effects of nuclear detonations on parked aircraft. A 

B-29 was situated approximately 2,350 meters from ground zero. 

The day before the shot, it was instrumented for peak temperature 

readings. Personnel recovered data and inspected the damage 

after the detonation (36-37). 

Project 8.2, Measurement of Thermal Radiation with a Vacuum 

Microphone, evaluated a device used to measure the thermal 

radiation produced by a nuclear detonation. Before the shot, 

project personnel traveled to a van located about 11 kilometers 

southwest of ground zero and remained there through the test 

(14). 

Project 9.1, Technical Photography, filmed technical aspects 

of various Military Effects Group projects. Personnel from 

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Crier, Inc. (EG&G), with assistance 

from 23 officers and enlisted men from the Army Signal Corps 

Pictorial Center and five enlisted men from the Air Force, 

performed this project. 

Personnel used four remote-control cameras in trailers to 

photograph the fireball. In addition, photographers placed a 

camera about five kilometers northeast of ground zero to take 

high-speed motion pictures of smoke rocket trails for Project 

l.la/1.2. After all camera stations were installed for a shot, 

a complete dry run was held. Cameras were then covered with 

plastic bags to protect them from dust. Before the shot, 

personnel removed the plastic bags and loaded the cameras with 

film. The same project personnel who installed the film 

recovered it on shot-day after the declaration of recovery hour. 

EGLG processed the film in either Las Vegas or Los Angeles (40). 

45 
In addition to the Project 9.1 photography, documentary 

photographs were taken by personnel from the Air Force Lookout 

Mountain Laboratory. A C-47 aircraft left Indian Springs AFB at 

about 0420 hours to photograph the ANNIE detonation. The C-47 

entered the ANNIE shot area at about 0440 hours and was in 

position at shot-time. The photography crew photographed the 

cloud and left the area by 0535 hours. The aircraft landed at 

Indian Springs AFB at about 0548 hours (34). 

2.2.2 Weapons Development Group Projects 

The Weapons Development Group performed 21 projects at Shot 

ANNIE, only six of which involved DOD personnel. Table 2-2 lists 

the Weapons Development Group projects that had DOD participants. 

Project 13.1, Radiochemistry Sampling, was performed by 

sampling pilots from the AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) 

for LASL. This project is discussed under AFSWC participation in 

section 2.2.4. 

Project 18.1, Total Thermal and Air Attenuation, Project 

18.2, Power Versus Time, Project 18.4, Light Absorption, and 

Project 18.6, Surface-brightness Investigations, were conducted 

at ANNIE by the Naval Research Laboratory. No detailed 

information is available. 

Project 18.3, Spectroscopy, was conducted to obtain information on spectral characteristics of light emitted from nuclear 

detonations. This was accomplished by using spectrometers, which 

recorded the wavelength of light with time. The spectrometers 

used in this experiment were housed in Building 400, located near 

the Control Point at Yucca Pass. Project personnel manned 

Building 400 on shot-day, operating the instruments manually. At 

Shot ANNIE, the distance between ground zero and Building 400 was 

about 13 kilometers. Three other spectrometers were located 

46 
about two kilometers from ground zero in Station 413, a 

reinforced semitrailer, which served as a mobile instrument station. The spectrometers in Station 413 were not used at ANNIE 

(19; 29). 

2.2.3 Civil Effects Group Projects 

The Civil Effects Group conducted 29 projects at Shot ANNIE. 

Only four projects involved DOD participants. The Naval 

Radiological Defense Laboratory conducted these projects; in 

general, the same personnel participated in all four projects. 

No information is available for Project 23.3, Long-term Studies 

on Dogs Exposed to Primarily Neutron Irradiation in Shelters. 

Project 23.1, Biological Effectiveness of Ionizing Radiation 

within Shelters, used dogs and mice as test subjects to measure 

directly the biological hazard from radiation within two earthprotected AEC communal shelters located 460 meters from ground 

zero. Personnel transported the animals to the shelters eight 

hours before the shot. Recovery operations were to begin one 

hour after recovery hour. Six project participants and three 

monitors were scheduled to spend 45 minutes recovering the 

animals (8a-8b; 15). 

Project 23.2, Bacteriological Studies on Animals Exposed to 

Neutron Radiation, collected data on the role played by postirradiation infection in deaths caused by radiation exposure. 

Project participants placed 153 animals, mostly mice and dogs, in 

the same shelters used for Project 23.1. The animals were 

retrieved from one to two hours after recovery hour, in 

conjunction with Project 23.1 recovery operations (85). 

Project 23.17, Neutron Flux Measurements in AEC Group 

Shelters and Lead Hemispheres, investigated neutron radiation 

inside and outside lead hemispheres and shelters and measured the 

47 
neutron dose received by animals in those shelters. Project 

personnel placed hemispheres containing gold and sulfur neutron 

detectors at distances of 220 to 1,580 meters from the shottower. They also placed animals in the same shelters used for 

Projects 23.1 and 23.2. Thirty minutes after recovery hour, two 

parties of four personnel and three monitors each were to travel 

to the shelters and spend 30 minutes working there. One hour 

after recovery hour, another party of three persons and one 

monitor were to spend 15 minutes picking up the neutron detectors 

(21a; 86). 

2.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC exercised operational control of all air activities 

through its Air Operations Center, which coordinated military 

flights over the NPG. In addition, AFSWC conducted cloud 

sampling, sample courier missions, cloud tracking, and aerial 

surveys for the Test Manager and test groups. . 

Cloud sampling, which was conducted for LASL Project 13.1, 

Radiochemistry Sampling, and AFSWP Project 7.5, Calibration and 

Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb Debris, enabled AEC and DOD 

scientists to obtain and analyze samples of the Shot ANNIE cloud. 

AFSWC sample couriers transported the samples to the AEC and DOD 

laboratories. Cloud tracking not only allowed the Test Manager 

to plot the course of the cloud, but also helped the Civil Aeronautics Administration to divert commercial aircraft from the 

cloud path. Aerial surveys of the terrain enabled the Test 

Manager to monitor areas exposed to fallout more quickly than he 

could with ground surveys. 

With the exception of the B-29 cloud-tracking aircraft, 

which staged out of Kirtland AFB, AFSWC aircraft originated at 

Indian Springs AFB. The types and numbers of aircraft and esti48 
mated numbers of AFSWC aircrew personnel involved at Shot ANNIE 

follow (34). 

TYPE OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF 

TITLE AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Sampling 

Sampler F-84G 7 7 

Sampler Control B-50 1 9 

Sample Courier 

Missions B-25 

c-47 ; : 

Cloud Tracking B-29 2 20 

B-25 1 5 

Aerial Surveys L-20 

c-47 ; z 

Cloud Sampling 

In conjunction with Projects 13.1 and 7.5, seven F-84G aircraft performed cloud sampling and one B-50 served as the sampler 

control aircraft. One of the F-84G samplers acted as "snooper" 

before sampling began. The operation was routine for the most 

part, although a tire of one sampler aircraft blew out upon 

landing at Indian Springs AFB. No damage to the aircraft 

resulted. 

During the mission, the F-84G aircraft collected samples at 

altitudes from 25,000 to 40,000 feet. The B-50 sampler control 

aircraft and the snooper F-84G aircraft surveyed the cloud before 

the actual sampling sorties began. The snooper landed and then 

took off about 55 minutes later to collect samples. The B-50 

remained in the air throughout the sampling missions. The first 

sampler began cloud penetration one hour after the detonation, 

and the last began two hours and 28 minutes after the shot. The 

peak intensity encountered by the samplers was 9.0 R/h. Each 

49 
F-84G had only a pilot, while the B-50 had a crew of nine. The 

following listing summarizes the sampling missions. Aircraft are 

listed according to the sequence in which they flew the sampling 

missions (34). 

AIRCRAFT 

(F-84G) 

TOTAL TIME TOTAL TIME 

NUMBER OF IN CLOUD IN CLOUD AREA 

PENETRATIONS (seconds) (minutes) 

Tiger Blue 3 2 120 49 

Tiger White 3 2 180 47 

Tiger White 2 1 35 31 

Tiger Blue 1 1 70 39 

Tiger Blue 2 1 4 39 

Tiger Red 1 1 70 41 

Tiger Red 2 2 142 70 

After the sampling missions were completed, all aircraft 

returned to Indian Springs AFB and parked in designated areas. 

Engines were shut down, and the canopies remained closed until 

the samples were removed from the aircraft. The pilots remained 

on full oxygen while they waited. The 4926th Test Squadron 

sample-removing team used long-handled tools to remove the 

samples from each aircraft and place them in shielded containers. 

They then loaded the sample containers onto courier aircraft for 

delivery to laboratories for analysis. 

After the samples from each aircraft were removed and 

stored, the pilots shut down their oxygen, opened the canopies, 

and stepped onto platforms held by a forklift so they would not 

touch the exterior of the aircraft. The pilots were then taken 

in pickup trucks to the decontamination station where they were 

monitored and decontaminated as necessary (80). 

50 
Sample Courier Missions 

Following the ANNIE event, four AFSWC aircraft transported 

samples and experiments for test group projects, including 

Projects 7.5 and 13.1, to agencies and laboratories throughout 

the United States. Two B-25s and two C-47 aircraft were used. 

The B-25s were flown by crews of four; each C-47 had three crew 

members. 

Cloud Tracking 

Three cloud-trackers participated in Shot ANNIE: two Air 

Weather Service B-29s, each with a crew of ten from Kirtland AFB, 

and a B-25 with a crew of five from Indian Springs AFB. The 

B-25, which began its mission 15 minutes after the detonation, 

was instructed to track the cloud at 12,000 feet. Although the 

pilot's instructions were to track the leading edge of the cloud 

as measured by radiation survey meters onboard, he followed the 

cloud visually instead. Consequently, no data were obtained from 

this air mission (26). 

The two B-29s were to track the cloud at 18,000 and 22,000 

feet, respectively. They left Kirtland AFB on time. However, 

after arriving at their designated orbit point, they received no 

further directions until 0830 hours. Consequently, no early data 

were collected at these levels (26; 34). 

At 0830 hours, the Radiological Safety Control Officer 

requested that the two aircraft check contamination along airways 

surrounding the test site from 14,000 to 18,000 feet and from 

18,000 to 22,000 feet. During the next three hours, the B-29 

aircraft determined that these airways were clear and then 

returned to Kirtland AFB (26). 

51 
Aerial Surveys 

Aerial surveys at Shot ANNIE consisted of both onsite and 

offsite missions. An L-20 aircraft conducted the onsite surveys; 

a C-47 flew the offsite surveys. 

The L-20, probably with a crew of three, conducted two 

onsite surveys. During one sortie of about 40 minutes, which 

began about 30 minutes after the detonation, the crew measured 

fallout intensities within a radius of about three kilometers 

of ground zero. On another sortie, which took about one hour and 

45 minutes and began about three hours after shot-time, the L-20 

crew surveyed Area 4, then traveled to the north of Yucca Flat, 

down the east side of Frenchman Flat, and back to Indian Springs 

AFB on a route east of the NPG. 

The same L-20 that performed the onsite terrain survey also 

conducted a radiological survey within 32 kilometers of ground 

zero. Because of the mountainous terrain, communications were 

unsatisfactory throughout the flight. Data from this survey were 

not available until the end of the flight. 

The C-47 conducted two offsite survey sorties, each about 

four hours in length, in an area extending 320 kilometers from 

ground zero. During one of the sorties, the C-47 had trouble 

with communications (26; 34). 

2.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT ANNIE 

For Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Exercise Desert Rock V, the 

test groups, and AFSWC developed radiation protection procedures 

to keep individual exposure to ionizing radiation to a minimum 

while still allowing participants to accomplish their missions. 

Information on radiological safety procedures at Shot ANNIE 

includes descriptions of some Desert Rock radiation protection 

activities, JTO film badge data, data on radiological safety 

52 
equipment, survey results and records, isointensitv plots, and 

decontamination records. 

2.3.1 Desert Rock Radiation Protection Activities 

Information concerning Desert Rock radiation protection 

activities has been obtained from the annex for ANNIE of the 

Exercise Desert Rock V Final Report (45-46) and from the 

operations order for the shot (47). A general discussion of 

radiological safety procedures for Desert Rock participants 

appears in chapter 5 of the Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE volume. 

At ANNIE, the two BCTs and the observer group witnessed the 

detonation from trenches located 3,200 meters from ground zero. 

As soon as the blast wave passed, the monitoring parties began 

their survey of the test area. Two teams surveyed the display 

area and identified and marked the 2.5 R/h line, which was about 

640 meters from ground zero on the left of the display and about 

460 meters from ground zero on the right of the display. The 

teams also identified and marked the 5.0 R/h line, which was 

about 90 meters beyond the 2.5 R/h line. The 2.5 R/h line was 

the forward limit for all individuals on foot. Members of the 

Instructor Group advised observers and the BCTs during a tour of 

the display up to the 2.5 R/h line (45). 

Desert Rock participants in the forward area were required 

to wear film badges. In addition, for Desert Rock shielding 

studies, film badges were positioned at various ranges from 

ground zero to record the immediate radiation exposures that 

personnel either in the open or in trenches would have received 

at these locations. Film badge readings above ground and in 

trenches indicate that the radiation exposure on a film badge 

3,200 meters from ground zero was 0.3 roentgen. This exposure 

was similar to what a soldier in the open would have received at 

this location. The film badges placed within a trench 3,200 

meters from ground zero indicated a negligible exposure (45; 49). 

53 
2.3.2 Joint Test Organization Radiation Protection Activities 

Information available on JTO radiation protection activities 

at Shot ANNIE includes data on dosimetry, logistics, monitoring, 

plotting and briefing, and decontamination. 

Dosimetry 

During the period 16 March to 22 March 1953, which covers 

the 17 March detonation of Shot ANNIE, the Dosimetry and Records 

Section issued about 1,500 film badges. Eleven JTO personnel at 

ANNIE received gamma exposures greater than 2.0 roentgens. Of 

these 11, ten were involved in recovery activities and one was 

the Radiological Safety Control Officer, who took a reading at 

ground zero three days after the detonation. The highest 

exposure reported for this period was 3.38 roentgens (26). 

Logistics and Supply 

For the period covering Shot ANNIE, 16 March to 22 March, 

the Supply Section issued the following items (26): 

951 coveralls 

1,058 pairs of high-density goggles 

190 respirators 

834 protective caps 

824 pairs of cotton gloves 

1,958 shoe covers. 

Monitoring 

The initial ground survey party consisted of four two-man 

teams. The party began its survey at 0550 hours and completed 

its readings at 0656 hours. The isointensity plot resulting from 

the initial survey is shown in figure 2-4. The teams made additional surveys through 7 April. Figure 2-5 presents maps drawn 

from the resurveys. 

54 
Stake Lmes 

I . . . . . l 001 Rlh 

Kilometer - - - - -0.1 R/h 

1 

l -.-•- lOR/h 

10 0 R/h 

0 Ground Zero 

Figure 2-4: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT ANNIE, 

17 MARCH 1953,055O TO 0650 HOURS 

55 
Kdometer 

I I 

0 1 

18 March 1953, 0600 to 1100 Hours 

Kdometer 

I I 

0 1 

20 March 1953, Completed 0630 Hours 

.I 

Figure 2-5: SUBSEQUENT 

Kdometer 

1 1 

0 1 

19 March 1953, Completed 0630 Hours 

Kdometer 

L 1 

0 1 

7 April 1953 

Stake Lines 

. . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

- - - - l 0.1 R/h 

--•-- - l 1.0 R/h 

10. R/h 

@ Ground Zero 

SURVEYS FOR SHOT ANNIE 

56 
One L-20 performed the onsite aerial survey. The highest 

intensity, converted to a ground reading, was 0.18 R/h. In 

addition, the same L-20 surveyed up to 32 kilometers from ground 

zero, and a C-47 surveyed up to 320 kilometers offsite. The 

maximum intensity encountered on this extended survey, converted 

to a ground reading, was 0.08 R/h (26). 

Four DOD personnel were involved in offsite surveying to the 

east of the Nevada Proving Ground, in areas around St. George, 

Utah. The offsite monitors detected a maximum of 0.6 R/h along 

the fallout path. In the town of St. George, the maximum gamma 

intensity encountered inside a building was 0.004 R/h, while the 

maximum reading outside was 0.026 R/h. The film badge worn by 

the monitor surveying in this area showed an exposure of 0.14 

roentgens (26). 

The Plotting and Briefing Section cleared 113 parties for 

entry into the test area during the period of 16 March to 

22 March. On shot-day, parties received area access permits 

before the announcement of recovery hour although they had not 

been briefed or cleared for entrance into test area. Because 

this practice led to some loss of control, it was decided that 

for all future operations, access permits would be issued only in 

conjunction with the briefings (26). 

Decontamination 

During the period of Shot ANNIE, the Vehicle and Equipment 

Decontamination Section decontaminated 50 vehicles and placed 

two vehicles in the "hot" park to allow decay of the radiation 

level (26). 

57 
SHOT NANCY SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock V 

DATE/TIME: 24 March 1953, 0510 hours 

YIELD: 24 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 300 feet (tower shot) 

AEC Objective: To evaluate the nuclear yield, blast, thermal, 

and radiological phenomena produced by this 

experimental device. 

DOD Objective: To evaluate military equipment, tactics, and 

doctrine; to measure effects characteristics and 

evaluate the military applications of the 

device; and to indoctrinate troops in the 

tactical uses of a nuclear weapon. 

Weather: At shot-time, the weather was clear, with light 

surface winds at two knots from the northwest. 

Winds were south-southeast at 12 knots at 10,000 

feet. Above 10,000 feet, the winds were from 

the southwest at 20 knots at 20,000 feet and 32 

knots at 30,000 and 40,000 feet. The 

temperature was lO"C, the relative humidity was 

39 percent, and the pressure was 870 millibars. 

Radiation Data: Fallout occurred west and northwest of ground 

zero, heavily contaminating Area 2 to the north 

of ground zero. The initial radiological survey 

teams found that radiation intensities exceeded 

10.0 R/h in that direction; from northeast 

clockwise through southwest, intensities greater 

than 0.1 R/h were confined to within about 1.5 

kilometers from ground zero. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock V participants, Armed 

Forces Special Weapons Project, Air Force 

Special Weapons Center, Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory, Federal Civil Defense Administration, contractors. 

58 
CHAPTER 3 

SHOT NANCY 

NANCY, the second shot of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, was 

detonated on 24 March 1953 at 0510 hours in Area 4 of Yucca Flat, 

UTM coordinates 797056. NANCY was a developmental device of the 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, detonated on a 300-foot tower, 

with a yield of 24 kilotons. The top of the cloud resulting 

from the detonation eventually climbed to 41,500 feet and moved 

northeast from the shot area. 

Fallout within 30 kilometers of ground zero was greater than 

expected because high altitude winds were lighter than forecast. 

The lower altitude winds caused an actual fallout pattern west of 

the predicted path. NANCY heavily contaminated Area 2 to the 

north, which eventually led to the decision to postpone the 

firing date for BADGER. The south and east portions of the 

target area were readily accessible, but the northwest and north 

portions could not be monitored by radiological survey teams on 

shot-day because most of that area was contaminated at a level 

greater than 10.0 R/h. Offsite fallout occurred near Lincoln 

Mine, Nevada (38). 

At Shot NANCY, 2,861 military personnel participated 

in Desert Rock exercises, the third largest contingent of DOD 

personnel active during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. These Desert 

Rock exercises included five programs: 

0 Orientation and indoctrination (observers) 

0 Volunteer officer observers 

0 Tactical troop maneuver 

0 Operational helicopter test 

a Damage effects evaluation. 

59 
The largest Desert Rock activity was the tactical troop 

maneuver, which involved 2,349 DOD participants. Personnel from 

Army Field Forces Human Research Unit No. 2 from HumRRO were 

present at Shot NANCY to investigate the psychological reactions 

of these troops to the detonation. These research personnel were 

to be present for all shots attended by provisional Battalion 

Combat Teams. The HumRRO unit administered a questionnaire to 

the troops before and after the shot since the BCTs at NANCY 

represented a substantial study population (45; 83). An 

additional 490 DOD personnel observed the shot as part of the 

troop orientation and indoctrination program. Also observing the 

shot were nine participants in the volunteer officer observer 

program. In addition, approximately 13 members of the Marine 

Corps Helicopter Atomic Test Unit, 2d Marine Corps Provisional 

Atomic Exercise Brigade, conducted operational helicopter tests 

at Shot NANCY (45). 

DOD personnel participated in 18 weapons effects projects as 

part of the Military Effects Group. In addition, the Weapons 

Development Group conducted 21 experiments and the Civil Effects 

Group conducted five. DOD personnel were active in five of the 

Weapons Development Group projects and one of the Civil Effects 

Group projects. The Air Force Special Weapons Center provided 

air support to some test group projects and to the Test Manager. 

Missions included cloud sampling, courier missions, cloud tracking, and aerial surveys. 

3.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V OPERATIONS AT SHOT NANCY 

The purpose of Desert Rock V exercises conducted at Shot 

NANCY was to indoctrinate troops in the methods of tactical 

nuclear weapons employment and in the effects of the nuclear 

weapons themselves and to test equipment for its use on the 

nuclear battlefield. Table 3-1 lists the number and service of 

DOD personnel participating in each Desert Rock activity. 

60 
Table 3-l: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V ACTIVITIES AT 

SHOT NANCY 

Program I I Estimated 

DOD 

Participating Service Personnel 

Troop Orientation and Indoctrination 

(Observers) 

Army 308 

Navy 86 

Air Force 79 

Marine Corps 17 

Volunteer Officer Observers 

Tactical Troop Maneuvers 

Army 

Navy 

Air Force 

Army 

4 

4 

1 

2,349 

Operational Helicopter Tests Marine Corps 9 

Damage Effects Evaluation Army t 

it Unknown 

3.1.1 Camp Desert Rock Personnel 

The support troops participating in Desert Rock V programs 

at NANCY provided logistical, operational, and administrative 

support to the exercise troops. In performing these duties, 

support troops sometimes entered the forward area. The Control 

Group accompanied troops into the shot area to ensure that all 

personnel remained together and followed instructions. This 

group consisted of officers and enlisted men from the Operations 

Section (G-3) and included the Radiological Safety Section, the 

Instructor Group, and elements of the Aviation Section (45). 

The Radiological Safety Section, supported by the 50th 

Chemical Service Platoon, enforced radiological safety criteria 

and conducted radiological surveys. After NANCY was detonated, 

two radiological safety teams surveyed the shot area. Each team 

consisted of a radiological safety monitor, a driver from the 

50th Chemical Service Platoon, and a radio operator. 

61 
A radiological safetv team, also consisting of a radiological safety monitor and a driver from the 50th Chemical 

Service Platoon and a radio operator from the 505th Signal 

Service Group, accompanied each of the BCTs into the forward 

area. Another radiological safety team operated on the ground 

zero flank. Members of the BCTs, who accompanied their 

respective battalions into the shot area, provided additional 

radiological monitoring (45). 

The Instructor Group consisted of four Army officers, who 

were assisted by an Air Force officer, a Navy officer, and an 

Army medical officer from the Armed Forces Special Weapons 

Pro.ject. After the detonation, the instructors advised observers 

and later the maneuver units during their tours of the display 

area to view the effects of the burst (45). 

Several other Desert Rock support elements also engaged in 

activities at NANCY. Before the shot, personnel from the 412th 

Engineer Construction Battalion spent an estimated seven to ten 

days preparing the damage effects display area. The 26th Transportation Battalion transported military personnel to and from 

the forward area. At shot-time, their vehicles were parked about 

14 kilometers from ground zero (45). 

The 505th Signal Service Group (Composite Company) established wire and radio communications within the forward area, as 

well as at Camp Desert Rock. It was planned that these personnel 

would operate the two mobile public address systems in the 

display area to assist the Instructor Group in its postshot 

presentations. In addition, the 505th Signal Service Group 

contributed one radio operator to each of the radiological safety 

teams that entered the forward area on shot-day (45; 48). 

The 371st Evacuation Hospital provided medical support for 

NANCY in the forward area and at Camp Desert Rock, including 

62 
ambulances, a mobile aid station, and two company aid men for the 

observers. A helicopter was also provided in the event that an 

evacuation was necessary. The helicopter and the aid station 

were moved to the vicinity of the control trench immediately 

after the shot (45). 

3.1.2 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination 

Military personnel were assigned to Camp Desert Rock for a 

few days as observers, as indicated in table 3-l. These 

observers took part in the orientation and indoctrination 

activities as a single group. Before the shot, the observers 

spent one day rehearsing shot-day activities and another day in 

classroom instruction. Rehearsal of shot-day activities, on 22 

March, included visiting the trench area, practicing procedures 

for the detonation, and viewing the preshot condition of items 

placed in the damage effects display area. The display area was 

a wedge-shaped sector extending south-southwest of ground zero, 

as shown in figure 3-l. Later, the observers toured the ANNIE 

display area to view the damage to equipment from that detonation 

(45; 48; 51). 

BY 0340 hours on shot-day, 24 March, the observers arrived 

at the trench area, located 3,660 meters south-southwest of 

ground zero. The vehicles that had transported the observers 

were then driven to the parking area 14 kilometers from ground 

zero. From 0410 to 0500 hours, the observers were briefed again 

on the nature of nuclear detonations and safety procedures. Ten 

minutes before NANCY was detonated, the observers were instructed 

to enter the trenches, and two minutes before the blast, they 

were told to crouch. NANCY was detonated on schedule at 0510 

hours. When the shock wave had passed, the observers were 

allowed to rise to view the fireball. 

At 0531 hours, about 20 minutes after the detonation, the 

observers left the trenches to begin their display area tour, 

63 
Objective 2 Objective 1 

00 NANCY 06 

Ground Zero 

(7970561 

BCT BCT 

BAKER ABLE 

Ii” 

r-7 05 

./+ Equtpment Display Area 

/ * 

. 

I 

. 04 

. 

I 

Volunteer Observer 

\ Trench 

. 

(_ fl 

. 

. 03 

. J 

Troop and Observer 

Trenches BJY 

02 

hGGa Flat 

Test Area 4 

t t 

0 1 

KIlometer 

76 77 78 79 60 al a2 

07 

01 

Figure 3-1: SHOT NANCY TROOP MANEUVER, OBSERVER 

TRENCHES, DISPLAY AREA 

64 
which was conducted by the Instructor Group. These instructors 

explained the effects of the detonation on the equipment, field 

fortifications, and sheep placed in the display area. 

The observer group was preceded by radiological safety 

monitors from Camp Desert Rock, who established the location of 

the 2.5 R/h radiation intensity line. This line, located 780 

meters from ground zero on the east boundary of the display area 

and 1,140 meters on the west boundary of the display area, was 

the forward limit of the observers' advance. The observers 

inspected some of the display items 910 meters from ground zero. 

After returning to the trench area, the observers boarded trucks 

for the return to the camp. All units arrived at Camp Desert 

Rock by 1032 hours (23; 45). 

3.1.3 Volunteer Officer Observers 

Nine officers participated in the volunteer officer observer 

program at Shot NANCY. The program was designed to evaluate the 

ability of trained staff officers to estimate and calculate 

minimum safe distances for observing a nuclear detonation from a 

trench. The volunteers were from the Army, Navy, and Air Force 

and were specially trained in the effects of nuclear detonations. 

The officers chose to position themselves in a 1.2-meter-wide 

trench 2,300 meters south-southwest of ground zero, on the basis 

of calculations that indicated they would receive no more than 

five roentgens of prompt whole-body exposure, eight pounds per 

square inch maximum overpressure, and one calorie per square 

centimeter of thermal radiation. To assist in their calculations, they used the TM 23-200 Capabilities of Atomic Weapons, 

dated October 1952. These officers were the first participants 

in this program, which was a new feature of the Desert Rock 

exercises in 1953 (31). 

65 
The volunteer officer observers arrived at the main trench 

area for Shot NANCY, 3,660 meters from ground zero, by 0340 hours 

on shot-day. They had traveled from Camp Desert Rock by truck 

along with the other shot participants. The volunteer officer 

observers were then taken to their trench 1,370 meters north of 

the main trench area. At the time of the detonation, they were 

positioned in a heavily revetted and sandbagged six-foot-deep 

trench. 

Volunteers noted that the light from the detonation produced a 

white flash, changing to orange and then brown. A rolling motion 

of the ground followed by a "distinct bump" knocked the observers 

forward in the trench but did not knock anyone down. When they 

stood up, they were able to see the fireball for only a few seconds. Dust obscured everything for about one minute, and then the 

observers were able to see the cloud. The nine officers decided to 

evacuate their trenches after a shift in the wind caused a portion 

of the cloud stem to approach their position and after they 

observed a reading of 0.09 R/h on their radiac instruments. After 

walking 460 meters toward the main trench area, the volunteers were 

met by a vehicle. At this point, they observed a reading of 0.02 

R/h. After returning to the main trenches, the volunteer officer 

observers were interviewed by HumRRO investigators (45). 

3.1.4 Tactical Troop Maneuvers 

Army service personnel began arriving at Camp Desert Rock on 

20 March 1953 to form two specially composed BCTs and to participate in the tactical troop maneuver planned for Shot NANCY. The 

two BCTs, ABLE and BAKER, had a total planned strength of 2,400. 

The BCTs actually totaled 2,349 servicemen drawn from the Second, 

Third, Fifth, and Sixth Armies. The following table illustrates 

the distribution of the participants from the Second, Third, and 

Sixth Army areas. The home stations for these troops, shown by 

their BCT assignments at Shot NANCY, were: 

66 
HOME STATIONS OF TROOPS PARTICIPATING 

IN SHOT NANCY MANEUVERS 

Battalion Combat Team ABLE Battalion Combat Team BAKER 

Second Army Area Third Army Area 

Fort Meade, MD 

Fort Monroe, VA 

Camp Pickett, VA 

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 

Military District 

of Washington 

Fort Myer, VA 

Fort Benning, GA 

Fort McPherson, GA 

Fort McClellan, AL 

Camp Rucker, AL 

Camp Campbell, KY 

Fort Bragg, NC 

Fort Jackson, SC 

Sixth Army Area 

Camp Roberts, CA 

Fort Ord, CA 

Presidio of San Francisco, CA 

The press release that supplied the above information did not 

include home stations for Fifth Army personnel (45; 52; 55). 

BCTs ABLE and BAKER represented a type of unit under 

development by the Armed Forces at that time. These units were 

designed to increase the flexibility and independence of small 

units performing military missions. Flexibility and independent 

action were the characteristics considered crucial for success 

under the conditions anticipated on a nuclear battlefield (45). 

The purpose of the troop maneuver at Shot NANCY was to 

provide a realistic training exercise to familiarize the BCTs 

67 
with the effects of nuclear weapons. The armed services also 

wan-ted to determine whether troops acquainted with the characteristics of nuclear weapons would be able to operate in a 

nuclear combat environment. A hypothetical situation was 

developed around Shot NANCY, with maneuvers involving enemy 

forces entrenched in strongly protected defensive positions. To 

prepare for an offensive breakthrough against these positions, a 

barrage of nuclear weapons was to be used. The actual test 

detonation of Shot NANCY represented one shot of this barrage, 

and the attack by the two BCTs represented one element of the 

maneuver (48). 

Following a standard schedule of activities for exercise 

troops assigned to Camp Desert Rock, the two BCTs began classroom 

orientation on 21 March. On the following day, they took part in 

a full dress rehearsal at the actual test site in Area 4 and 

conducted a short simulation of the attack, advancing 1,400 meters 

beyond the trench area. The troops were then taken on a preshot 

tour of the damage effects display area, located between the 

trenches and the NANCY ground zero. Here they viewed the equipment and field fortifications placed at various distances from 

ground zero to illustrate the preshot condition and layout of the 

display items. 

At approximately 0045 hours on shot-day, personnel began 

departing from Camp Desert Rock. The personnel (Control Group, 

maneuver units, and observers) were divided into six march units, 

four of which were the combat teams. The first element of BCT 

BAKER left Camp Desert Rock at approximately 0100 hours, with the 

second element following shortly thereafter. BCT ABLE's units 

were enroute to the test area at 0110 and 0115 hours. All 

participating troop units had arrived at the trenches in the 

vicinity of UTM coordinates 780024 bv about 0330 hours. The 

participants were in their designated trench areas by 0410 hours 

(48). The vehicles that transported them were moved to a truck 

park about 14 kilometers from ground zero. 

68 
While awaiting the detonation, military personnel listened 

to a preshot briefing delivered over the public address system 

from 0410 to 0500 hours. At 0500 hours, ten minutes before the 

shot, troops were ordered into the trenches, where they crouched 

for the final countdown. At the detonation, the troops experienced a small ground shock. After the shock wave passed, they 

observed the fireball, which was soon obscured by dust in the 

trench area. Soon after the blast, the wind direction shifted, 

causing radiation to blow over the trenches. 

At 0533 hours, the BCTs left their trenches and began to 

advance toward their objectives to the north. Several radiological survey teams preceded the advancing units. One team from 

the 50th Chemical Service Platoon was positioned about 140 meters 

east and slightly ahead of the right flank of BCT ABLE, and each 

BCT was preceded by its own monitors (45; 48). 

A considerable amount of fallout occurred in the area west 

of ground zero. This was noted in a draw that lay between the 

attacking troops and their objectives. As BCT ABLE encountered 

radiation levels approaching 2.0 R/h, the unit began to "sideslip 

to the west." Neither unit was able to advance closer than 460 

to 640 meters to its objective before being halted by monitors. 

At that point, the radiation intensity was 14.0 R/h for one of 

the BCTs, considerably above the pre-established limit of 2.5 

R/h. Apparently, the monitors assigned to the BCTs had not kept 

their commanders informed of the radiation environment (45). 

The BCT commanders experienced some difficulty in withdrawing their men from the radiation area; however, "little time 

was spent in the area" (45). After the troops were withdrawn 

from the area, the maneuver was terminated and the troops began 

their march to the diplay area to observe the effects of the 

shot. While in the display area, troops approached to within 640 

meters of ground zero at 0640 hours (45; 50). 

69 
After touring the display area, the troops returned to the 

trench area, where they boarded vehicles for the return trip to 

Camp Desert Rock. At about 0800 hours, the units began the 

return trip, and all had returned to Camp Desert Rock by 

1032 hours. 

3.1.5 Operational Helicopter Tests 

At Shot NANCY, Marine Corps personnel from the Helicopter 

Atomic Test Unit, 2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise 

Brigade, conducted operational helicopter tests to investigate 

factors that might affect the use of helicopter assaults after a 

battlefield nuclear detonation. At Shot NANCY, the factors 

studied included overpressure, ground and airborne radiation 

levels, and flash blindness (44). 

Four Marine helicopters and nine personnel took part in the 

test. A pilot and a co-pilot operated each helicopter. In 

addition, at least one monitor was present, probably in helicopter A, which was scheduled to land upwind of the detonation so 

that the monitor could disembark to take ground radiation 

readings and determine the feasibility of troop entry at that 

time. At shot-time, helicopters A, B, and C were positioned 

about 18 kilometers from the NANCY ground zero and near the 

Yucca Lake Airstrip. Because this was the first time airborne 

helicopters were to be subjected to a nuclear detonation, an 

extra 3.7 kilometers of distance from ground zero was added for 

safety. To allow internal pressure equalization, windows, doors, 

and access holes to the tail cone were left open until after the 

passage of the shock wave. Helicopter D was parked to face the 

blast about 15 kilometers southeast of ground zero, near UTM 

coordinates 840880. Figure 3-2 displays the positions of all 

four helicopters at the time of detonation and routes taken 

afterwards (44). 

70 
Hehcopter A - 

Heltcopter B - - - 

Hellcopter C -. - * 

71 72 73 74 76 76 77 78 79 60 61 62 63 64 85 66 a7 

t 

I 

t 

I 

t 

t 

1; 

t 

t 

I: 

1 

Helicopter D 

3 

7 

6 

5 

4 

3 

‘2 

11 

K) 

I9 

I6 

)7 

)6 

35 

34 

33 

32 

91 

90 

69 

66 

87 

Figure 3-2: OPERATIONAL HELICOPTER TESTS AT SHOT NANCY 

71 
One minute before the detonation, helicopters A, B, and C 

brought their rotors to liftoff speed, while some crew members 

put on high-density goggles to shield their eyes from the flash 

of Shot NANCY. Crew members without goggles were instructed to 

look away from the shot. One, however, accidentally looked at 

the detonation. He experienced almost total loss of vision for 

60 to 90 seconds, before regaining his normal vision (44). 

At the time of detonation, helicopter A was facin~g the 

blast, helicopter B was port-side to the blast, and helicopter C 

was facing away from the blast. Ten seconds after the detonation, 

helicopters A, B, and C became airborne to experience the shock 

wave, and all three headed in the direction they were facing when 

parked. Helicopter A proceeded directly toward ground zero to 

attempt a landing for a radiological check of the vicinity west 

of the detonation. Helicopter B, which circled nearby, was to 

keep helicopter A within sight as a safety precaution and to 

render any assistance necessary. Helicopter A attempted to land 

near ground zero several times, approaching the area from different directions. The thick dust and radiation intensities 

prevented any landing, however. During this time, helicopter C 

had flown directly south to the decontamination station at UTM 

coordinates 840880 near Yucca Lake. There, it was checked and 

cleared by Camp Desert Rock radiological safety personnel. 

Helicopters A and B soon joined helicopter C at the decontamination station. After their radiological clearance, all 

helicopters proceeded to Camp Desert Rock (44). 

Planning and after-action documents indicate that helicopter 

D did not become airborne during the detonation and did not 

approach ground zero. However, reports do indicate that 

helicopter D joined the other three helicopters for decontamination before proceeding to Camp Desert Rock (44-45). 

72 
3.1.6 Damage Effects Evaluation 

Before the detonation, Desert Rock personnel established a 

display area southwest of ground zero (see figure 3-l). The 

display was designed to familiarize troops with the effects of 

a nuclear detonation and add realism to their orientation. 

The 412th Engineer Construction Battalion constructed a bunker 

and a fence at 365 meters; trenches, bunkers, and a foxhole at 

550 meters; and trenches, bunkers, and foxholes at 460-meter 

intervals to a distance of 2,740 meters from ground zero (48). 

The 3623rd Ordnance Company placed equipment in the display, 

beginning with a tank mounted with a 75mm gun at ground zero. 

Other items in the display included tanks, machine guns, rifles 

and carbines, mortars, trucks, howitzers, and an aiming circle. 

After the shot, an engineer team and an ordnance team returned to 

the display area to assess the damage to fortifications and 

equipment (45). 

In conjunction with the damage effects evaluation, Desert 

Rock personnel also conducted medical and shielding experiments, 

using the display area as the location for placing test animals 

and dosimetry instruments. 

For the medical evaluation, which was the responsibility of 

the veterinary officer, personnel placed 43 sheep at various 

distances from ground zero on the day before Shot NANCY. Two 

sheep were placed in bunkers at go-meter intervals from 90 to 360 

meters from ground zero. Beginning at 460 meters and continuing 

at 460-meter intervals out to 2,740 meters, one sheep was placed 

in the open, two in trenches, and two in bunkers (45). 

On shot-day, the veterinary officer and two enlisted men 

accompanied the Control Group into the forward area. Immediately 

73 
after the shot, they moved by truck to the display area to evaluate the sheep. Those sheep that were still alive were moved to 

the animal pens in Frenchman Flat (45). 

For the shielding evaluation, a chemical team placed film 

badges on stakes in the open and in trenches, foxholes, and 

bunkers. After the shot, the chemical team retrieved the badges 

to process them and record their readings (45). 

3.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN JOINT TEST 

ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT NANCY 

In addition to the Desert Rock activities described in the 

previous section, DOD personnel performed a variety of tasks that 

required them to enter the forward area before, during, and after 

the shot. DOD personnel participated in projects sponsored by 

the Military Effects Group, the Weapons Development Group, and 

the Civil Effects Group. In addition, AFSWC supported the test 

groups and the Test Manager. Table 3-2 lists the test group 

projects by numbers and titles and identifies the participating 

organizations. 

3.2.1 Military Effects Group Projects 

The Military Effects Group of AFSWP Field Command performed 

18 projects at Shot NANCY. These projects were intended to evaluate military effects for specific applications against a variety 

of military targets (32-33). 

In the days and weeks before NANCY, project and construction 

personnel placed radar units, recording equipment, and measurement instruments in the areas around ground zero. From several 

days until about three hours before the shot, personnel calibrated instruments, checked equipment, turned on generators, and 

74 
Table 3-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT NANCY 

Project Title 

I 

Military Effects Group 

Participants 

22a Gamma Radiatron Spectrum of Aesrdual Contamrnation Signal Corps Engineering Laboratones 

45 Ocular Effects of Thermal Radiatron from Atomrc Air Force School of Aviation Medrcine 

Detonation 

5.1 Atomic Weapon Effects on AD Type 

Aircraft in Flight 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics 

6.2 

6.3 

67 

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDA) Phenomena 

and Techniques 

Interim IBDA Capabrlrties of Strategic Air Command 

Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic 

Radiation from Nuclear Detonations 

Wright Air Development Center; Vitro 

Corporation 

Strategic Air Command 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

68 Evaluahon of Military Radiac Equipment Signal Corps Engineering Laboratones, 

Bureau of Ships 

6.8a 

6.9 

6.10 

Initial Gamma Exposure versus Distance 

Evaluation of Airborne Radrac Equipment 

Evaluation of Rapid Aerial Radiological Survey 

Techniques 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratones 

612 Determination of Height of Burst and Ground Zero Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; 

Army Field Forces Board Xl 

7.1 

73 

Electromagnetrc Effects from Nuclear Explosrons 

Detection of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from 

Nuclear Explosions 

Headquarters, Air Force )c 

Headquarters, Air Force + 

7.4 

75 

82 

Sersmrc Measurements 

Calrbratron and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb Debris 

Measurement of Thermal Radiation with a Vacuum 

Microphone 

Headquarters, Air Force 

Headquarters, Air Force; AFSWC 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center 

8.5 

9.1 

Thermal Radlahon Protection Afforded Test Animals 

by Fabnc Assemblies 

Technrcal Photography 

Quartermaster Research and Development 

Laboratones; Walter Reed Army Medical Center 

EGEtG; Signal Corps Prctonal Center; Air Force 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

* Other partrcrpating agencies are listed in the text. 

75 
Table 3-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT NANCY (Continued) 

131 

18 1 

182 

Title 

Radrochemrstry Samplrng 

Total Thermal and Arr Attenuatron 

Power versus Trme 

Participants 

Weapons Development Group 

AFSWC 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

183 

I 

Spectroscopy 

I 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Surface-brrghtness lnvestrgatrons Naval Research Laboratory 

Civil Effects Group 

27 1 Drstnbutron and Charactenstrcs of Fallout at Distances 

Greater than Ten Miles 

School of Medrcrne. UCLA, Navy 

placed animals in the areas. Several projects required that 

personnel man stations in the area that was closed to other 

personnel. The closest manned station was about eight kilometers 

from ground zero. Aircraft orbited outside the shot area, 

waiting for clearance from the Air Participation Unit to conduct 

their missions. Other project personnel remained at the Control 

Point during the detonation. The initial radiological monitoring 

team entered the area and radioed information to the Control 

Point, where radiation isointensity maps were drawn. After the 

Test Director declared recovery hour at 0710 hours, two hours 

after the shot, the recovery personnel entered the area through 

designated checkpoints to retrieve experiments. 

Project 2.2a, Gamma Radiation Spectrum of Residual Contamination, studied the residual gamma radiation resulting from both 

tower and air shots. At Shot NANCY, the project was conducted 

primarily to familiarize personnel with instruments and techniques and to allow for modifications of experimental designs for 

use in shots later in the series. 

76 
About three hours after the shot, three project personnel 

and two monitors took measurements with radiac meters at locations 1,100 and 910 meters from ground zero, where the radiation 

intensities were 0.085 R/h and 0.228 R/h, respectively. 

Personnel also made radiac measurements the next day at the 

same two locations, where the radiation intensity had decreased 

to 0.01 R/h and 0.02 R/h (13). 

Project 4.5, Ocular Effects of Thermal Radiation from Atomic 

Detonation, determined to what degree the flash of a nuclear 

detonation impairs night vision. In the first part of this 

project, 12 officers from Nellis AFB witnessed the detonation 

from a darkened trailer located about 18 kilometers from ground 

zero. They viewed the detonation through experimental filters 

that blocked out much of the visible and infrared portion of the 

spectrum. Afterwards, they remained in the trailer for about an 

hour to perform visual tasks. In the second part of this 

project, rabbits were used to determine the distance at which 

retinal burns would occur. Ten project personnel positioned 

130 rabbits at 12 locations ranging from five to 23 kilometers 

from ground zero before the detonation. Twenty minutes after 

the shot, 12 men recovered the animals, approaching as close as 

five kilometers to ground zero (9; 18). 

Project 5.1, Atomic Weapon Effects on AD Type Aircraft in 

Flight, was designed to study the blast and thermal effects of 

nuclear weapons on AD type aircraft in flight. Activities 

included both ground and air operations. Five hours before the 

detonation, four project personnel traveled in two vehicles to 

UTM coordinates 787140 to light flare pots which were used as 

marker beacons for the aircraft. After lighting the flares, 

personnel returned to the radar control station at UTM 

coordinates 861877. They remained there through shot-time to 

control the drone aircraft before and after the detonation and 

direct the FSF control aircraft during the detonation (9). 

77 
Five aircraft were involved in air operations: one AD-Z, 

two F8Fs, and two AD-4s. The AD-2 aircraft was a drone positioned tail-on to the blast by one of the F8F control aircraft, 

using instructions provided by ground control radar. The other 

F8F provided backup support. The two AD-4 aircraft were armed 

escorts that were to shoot down the drone in case the F8F lost 

control of it. The four manned aircraft took off from Indian 

Springs AFB at 0325 hours and reached the test area by 0410 

hours. They remained in the area for 30 minutes and returned to 

base by 0535 hours (34; 72). 

Project 6.2, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDA) 

Phenomena and Techniques, was performed to confirm indications 

that the radar return from a nuclear explosion could be used to 

determine ground zero, height of burst, and yield. This project 

also used ground-based radar transmitters to investigate whether 

the fireball refracted a radar beam. 

Three B-29 aircraft, carrying IBDA equipment, took off from 

Kirtland AFB at about 0025 hours on shot-day. Ninety minutes 

later, one B-29 aborted the mission due to an oil leak in one of 

its engines. The other two aircraft arrived at the test area at 

about 0250 hours. One B-29 orbited eight kilometers south of 

ground zero, and the other orbited 11 kilometers east of ground 

zero. Both aircraft left the area at about 0530 hours and landed 

at Kirtland AFB by 0755 hours. 

To investigate whether the fireball significantly refracted 

a radar beam, a radar transmitter was aimed past ground zero at a 

line of 16 receivers. An additional manned radar set was positioned west of the Control Point. Generally, the manned receiver 

stations were at least 11 kilometers from ground zero, and the 

transmitter was at least nine kilometers from ground zero. 

At 2200 hours on the night before the detonation, project 

personnel traveled to three sites. Two men traveled to the 

78 
remote transmitter station about ten kilometers north-northwest 

of ground zero (UTM coordinates 754150) to turn on generators. 

Three participants traveled to a receiver station (UTM coordinates 

874906) at Yucca Lake. A third group of two men traveled to 

another receiver station (UTM coordinates 880908) at Yucca Lake. 

About five hours before the detonation, the first group traveled 

to the radar station near the Control Point to man the main radar 

set. They remained there through shot-time. The remaining two 

groups stayed at the receiver stations through shot-time. Three 

men were scheduled to travel to the remote transmitter station to 

turn off generators three hours after recovery hour. However, 

this probably was done at a later time, since the transmitter was 

located in the radiation area north-northwest of ground zero (9; 

34; 53; 61). 

Project 6.3, Interim IBDA Capabilities of Strategic Air 

Command, was a corollary to Project 6.2. This project evaluated 

the latest IBDA systems, which were installed in SAC aircraft 

flying simulated strike and support missions. These aircraft 

recorded data essential for determining the three IBDA parameters: yield, burst height, and ground zero. 

Twelve B-36 aircraft of the 19th Air Division from Carswell 

AFB, Texas, reached the test area at 0436 hours at an altitude of 

30,000 feet. The aircraft flew in formation over the test site 

for about one hour. A total of 204 aircrew members were involved 

(34; 56). 

Pro,ject 6.7, Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic 

Radiation from Nuclear Detonations, measured electromagnetic 

signals emitted before and during a nuclear detonation. Two or 

three hours before the shot, personnel traveled to an equipment 

station about two kilometers north of the Control Point to turn 

on generators. They returned after recovery hour to turn off 

power and retrieve film (9; 27). 

79 
Projects 6.8, Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment, and 

6.8a, Initial Gamma Exposure versus Distance, were fielded by the 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories and the Bureau of Ships, 

assisted by Air Force and Navy personnel. Project 6.8 was 

designed to test experimental dosimeters and radiac instruments 

in the initial and residual radiation fields produced by a 

nuclear detonation. Project 6.8a provided reliable National 

Bureau of Standards film dosimeters as a basis for the evaluation 

of other dosimeters tested by Project 6.8. 

Personnel placed experimental and standard dosimeters at 

16 stations located 1,280 to 2,650 meters from ground zero. 

These portable stations were fitted with aluminum thermal and 

blast shields. Two or three hours after recovery hour, two 

seven-man parties, including monitors, traveled in vehicles to 

recover dosimeters. The estimated time of the mission was three 

hours (9; 54; 59). 

Three hours after recovery hour, two parties of six men each 

performed a radiological survey to evaluate and test radiation 

survey equipment. The crew, consisting of Air Force and Navy 

personnel, recorded data and checked instrument malfunctions (9; 

34; 54; 59). 

Project 6.9, Evaluation of Airborne Radiac Equipment, was 

designed to evaluate aerial ground survey equipment, automatic 

recording dosimeters, and gamma telemetering equipment dropped by 

aircraft. Equipment was evaluated to determine its accuracy at 

high altitudes compared to its accuracy at ground level. The 

equipment was designed for use by special carrier-based aircraft 

to warn assault troops if they were entering radiation areas. 

A P2V aircraft with a crew of three and equipped with 

instruments took off from Kirtland AFB at 0055 on the morning of 

shot-day. It entered the test area at 0320 and circled 

80 
approximately 20 kilometers southwest of ground zero at an 

altitude of about 12,000 feet until about one hour after the 

detonation. The radiac equipment was turned on before shot-time 

to allow a one-hour warm-up period before the aircraft entered 

the shot area. 

About one hour after the shot, the Aircraft Participation 

Unit cleared the aircraft to begin runs over the radiation area. 

The aircraft flew cloverleaf patterns at an initial height of 

some 6,000 feet above the terrain. It flew subsequent patterns 

at lower heights, decreasing by 500 feet each run until it was at 

its lowest height, 1,000 feet. The aircraft landed at Indian 

Springs AFB at 0629 hours. Identical missions were conducted in 

the evening of shot-day and on the day after. Gamma dosimeters 

with telemetering units were dropped from the aircraft the 

morning after the shot. The aircraft then returned to Kirtland 

AFB (4; 9; 34; 81). 

Project 6.10, Evaluation of Rapid Aerial Radiological Survey 

Techniques, was designed to improve the procedures for radiological aerial surveys used during Operations BUSTER-JANGLE and 

TUMBLER-SNAPPER. In addition, the effect of the aircraft on 

radiac instrument readings taken inside the aircraft was studied. 

Film badges were placed at various locations opposite one another 

on the interior and exterior of the aircraft used in the project. 

A C-45 aircraft took off from Indian Springs AFB at 0716 

hours on shot-day and reached the test area at 0720 hours. It 

entered the radiation area flying at about 500 feet and circled 

ground zero at a distance of one kilometer. The crew selected a 

landmark at or near ground zero as a reference point and then 

flew a cloverleaf pattern centered over the reference point at 

three different altitudes. The first leg passed over the point 

in the direction of maximum fallout. Airspeed, direction, and 

altitude were kept constant on each leg of the pattern. Monitors 

81 
in the C-45 obtained data by using a mechanical recording system 

and by writing intensity readings on a data sheet every five 

seconds. The aircraft was in the area for about one hour and 

landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0859 hours (9; 34; 68). 

Project 6.12, Determination of Height of Burst and Ground 

Zero, evaluated various equipment and techniques for locating 

ground zero and determining height of burst. Three methods were 

tested: sound ranging, seismic, and flash ranging. Soundranging microphones were located south, southwest, and southeast 

of Camp Desert Rock, at about 55 to 60 kilometers from ground 

zero. Flash-ranging cameras and seismic geophones were located 

in the southeast corner of Yucca Lake about 15 kilometers 

from ground zero. One of the stations was manned during the 

detonation. 

Three hours before the detonation, ten men in three vehicles 

were scheduled to turn on equipment in seven of the stations. 

They were then to go to a central station where they would 

operate equipment through shot-time (9; 82). 

Project 7.1, Electromagnetic Effects from Nuclear Explosions, was conducted to obtain information on the electromagnetic 

radiation produced by nuclear detonations. Project personnel 

were from the National Bureau of Standards, the Air Force 

Security Service, the Air Force Cambridge Research Center, and 

the Air Weather Service. They mdnned an onsite station just 

south of Yucca Flat, about 22 kilometers from ground zero, and 

several locations offsite. Four hours before the shot, 18 personnel traveled to the onsite location and remained there through 

the detonation (65). 

Project 7.3, Detection of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from 

Nuclear Explosions, was designed to compare low frequency sounds 

produced by nuclear detonations at various remote field stations. 

82 
These stations were located across the United States and around 

the world. Personnel from the Naval Electronics Laboratory, the 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, and the National Bureau of 

Standards manned these stations (36; 66). 

Project 7.4, Seismic Measurements, was conducted to record 

the seismic waves produced by the shot for comparison with those 

produced by shots of other series and with other shots of 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. Seismic stations were manned in 

Arizona, Montana, South Dakota, Oklahoma, Alabama, Alaska, and 

Wyoming. One unmanned station was onsite, about six kilometers 

from ground zero at UTM coordinates 843094. Two project 

personnel and a radiological safety monitor drove in one vehicle 

to the onsite station to turn off the equipment and recover the 

records two hours after recovery hour (9; 28). 

Project 7.5, Calibration and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb 

Debris, was conducted to analyze samples of the Shot NANCY cloud 

to evaluate various parameters of the nuclear device. A B-29 

aircraft manned by a crew of six took gaseous and particulate 

samples of the cloud. This project required cloud sampling, as 

did Weapons Development Group Project 13.1, Radiochemistry 

Sampling. Because the cloud sampling was conducted by AFSWC, it 

is discussed in section 3.2.4 (77). 

Project 8.2, Measurement of Thermal Radiation with a Vacuum 

Microphone, was conducted to evaluate a device used to measure 

the thermal radiation produced by a nuclear detonation. Personnel placed sensing equipment two to three kilometers from the 

shot-tower. Signals generated in the microphones by the pressure 

of the radiant energy were amplified electronically, fed to an 

oscilloscope, and recorded on magnetic tape. The equipment was 

contained in two vans located 16 kilometers from ground zero and 

within view of the detonation. Personnel also placed a microphone station about three kilometers from ground zero. Before 

83 
the detonation, personnel traveled to the equipment vans and 

remained there until two hours after the shot (14). 

Project 8.5, Thermal Radiation Protection Afforded Test 

Animals by Fabric Assemblies, was fielded to evaluate the skin 

burn protection afforded by service and experimental clothing. 

Animals wrapped in fabrics of standard or experimental armed 

services uniforms were exposed to the thermal pulse and ensuing 

blast wave. 

Personnel conducted a small-scale trial run using eight pigs 

at Shot NANCY. This test demonstrated that the equipment and 

procedures planned for the main tests, at Shots ENCORE and 

GRABLE, were generally satisfactory. Seven hours before the 

shot, six project personnel placed anesthetized pigs with various 

types of clothing at eight locations from 880 to 1,700 meters 

from ground zero. At recovery hour, ten men and three monitors 

recovered the test animals. Recovery operations were scheduled 

to take one hour (9; 63). 

Project 9.1, Technical Photography, provided both still and 

motion picture photography of various Military Effects Group 

projects. This included photographing the construction sequence, 

as well as the postshot test results. EG&G personnel, with 

assistance from 23 officers and enlisted men from the Army Signal 

Corps Pictorial Center and five enlisted men from the Air Force, 

performed this project. 

Project participants placed cameras near the rabbits in 

Project 4.5 and near the pigs in Project 8.5. Although they did 

not photograph the fireball, Project 9.1 personnel did place a 

17-foot camera tower 260 meters from ground zero to determine the 

stability of the tower at that location. Technical photographs 

were taken by remote control (4; 40). 

84 
In addition to Project 9.1 photography, documentary photographs were taken by ten personnel from the Air Force Lookout 

Mountain Laboratory. They occupied five camera stations during 

th shot. The station locations and number of personnel were as 

follows: 

NUMBER OF 

UTM COORDINATES 

894982 

900928 2 

830900 2 

780958 2 

843878 (Control Point) 2 

All personnel were to be at their camera stations about two hours 

before the shot and remain in the area photographing the burst 

and the subsequent cloud formation. Following the shot, the 

photographers dismantled their equipment and returned to Camp 

Mercury with the film. 

In addition to the ten Air Force personnel on the ground, 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory personnel photographed the detonation 

from a C-47 aircraft. The C-47 left Indian Springs AFB at 0410 

hours and arrived over the test area at 0425 hours. The crew 

photographed the burst and resulting cloud and left the area for 

its return to Indian Springs AFB by 0540 hours. The aircraft 

landed at 0550 hours (9; 34). 

3.2.2 Weapons Development Group Projects 

The Weapons Development Group performed 21 projects at Shot 

NANCY. Of these, only five involved DOD personnel. Table 3-2 

lists the Weapons Development Group projects that had DOD 

participants. 

85 
Project 13.1, Radiochemistry Sampling, was performed by 

sampling pilots from the AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) 

and is discussed under AFSWC participation in section 3.2.4. 

Project 18.1, Total Thermal and Air Attenuation, Project 

18.2, Power versus Time, and Project 18.6, Surface-brightness 

Investigations, were conducted by the Naval Research Laboratory. 

Documentation concerning project participation is not available. 

The objective of Project 18.3, Spectroscopy, also conducted 

by the Naval Research Laboratory, was to obtain information on 

spectral characteristics of light emitted from nuclear detonations. Spectrometers were used to record on film the wavelength 

of light as it varied with time. 

Two spectrometers were housed in Building 400, near the 

Control Point at Yucca Pass. On shot-day, the building was 

manned by project personnel who operated the instruments. At 

Shot NANCY, the distance between ground zero and Building 400 was 

about 18 kilometers. Three other spectrometers were located in 

Station 413, a reinforced semitrailer, which served as a mobile 

instrument station. Station 413 was located about three kilometers southeast of the Shot NANCY ground zero at UTM coordinates 

823037. The day before the test, ten personnel occupied Station 

413 until three hours before the shot. Project personnel loaded 

film into the spectrometers and set the instruments for remotecontrol operation. They then secured the trailer and left the 

area until after the shot. Five men and a monitor from the 

9778th Radiological Safety Support Unit entered the test area 

about 15 minutes after recovery hour to retrieve film and 

recorder charts from Station 413 for processing and analysis. 

The estimated working time in this area was 15 minutes (19; 29). 

86 
3.2.3 Civil Effects Group Projects 

The Civil Effects Group conducted five projects at Shot 

NANCY. One project involved DOD personnel, as listed in table 

3-2. 

Project 27.1, Distribution and Characteristics of Fallout at 

Distances Greater than Ten Miles, involved detailed studies of 

fallout to determine the possible associated hazards. Thirty-one 

Navy personnel participated in a mobile field group. Project 

personnel established numerous collection stations in the area of 

the predicted fallout pattern. 

Because the fallout pattern depended on weather conditions, 

the field group remained at previously assigned rendezvous points 

until after the final weather briefing the night before the shot. 

After they received the fallout pattern prediction, the personnel 

established 17 stations in an array covering about 30 degrees on 

each side of the estimated midline of the fallout at shot-time. 

About four hours were allowed for the mobile field group to 

establish stations and return safely to the rendezvous points. 

The closest stations were established six, eight, and 13 kilometers northeast of ground zero. Other stations were located as 

far as about 70 kilometers from ground zero. Although the 

stations had been placed in the predicted fallout path, a wind 

shift moved the fallout away from the stations. To gather the 

necessary data, the field group left their rendezvous points and 

began monitoring in the area of actual fallout 12 hours after the 

detonation (69). 

Due to the lack of radio communications, 13 project participants were exposed to radiation. The maximum dosimeter readings 

were 0.6 to 0.7 roentgens. The men had set up their mobile 

station 64 kilometers due north of ground zero. As soon as their 

87 
instruments registered the presence of fallout, they reestablished the station on the north shore of Groom Lake. However, 

because of insufficient radio contact, the project participants 

were unable to plan a route that would have lessened their 

radiation exposure. It is not known whether any DOD personnel 

were among the men exposed (22a; 69). 

3.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC support to the Test Manager, the Test Director, and 

test groups consisted of operational control of aircraft, cloud 

sampling, sample courier missions, cloud tracking, and aerial 

terrain surveys. With the exception of the B-50 cloud-tracking 

aircraft, which was staged out of Kirtland AFB, AFSWC aircraft 

originated at Indian Springs AFB. The following listing indicates 

the types and numbers of aircraft and estimated numbers of AFSWC 

aircrew personnel involved in air missions at Shot NANCY (34). 

TITLE 

ESTIMATED 

TYPE OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF 

AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Sampling 

Sampler 

Sampler 

Sampler Control 

Sample Courier 

Missions 

Cloud Tracking 

Aerial Surveys 

F-84G 

B-29 

B-50 

B-25 

c-47 

B-29 

B-25 

H-5 

L-20 

c-47 

9 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

9 

9 

9 

6 

5 

20 

5 

2 

3 

4 

88 
Cloud Sampling 

Ten aircraft collected particulate and gaseous samples of 

the Shot NANCY cloud. Nine of these aircraft collected samples 

for Project 13.1. These were F-84G samplers, code-named Tiger, 

flown by pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron. The tenth aircraft 

was a B-29 sampler that collected gaseous samples for AFSWP 

Project 7.5. A B-50 sampler control aircraft with a crew of nine 

and one of the F-84G samplers acting as a "snooper" surveyed the 

cloud before the actual sampling sorties. Nine minutes after the 

detonation, the F-84G reported the top and base height of the 

cloud and returned to Indian Springs. It left for a sampling 

mission about 75 minutes later, at 0700 hours. The B-50 took off 

from Indian Springs at 0455 and remained in the air throughout 

the sampling missions, landing at 1211 hours (34). 

The first cloud penetration occurred two hours and 50 minutes 

after the detonation. The highest gamma intensity measured 

during the sampling missions was 10.0 R/h. The following listing 

details the activities of each sampler aircraft. Aircraft are 

listed according to the sequence in which they flew the sampling 

mission (34). 

AIRCRAFT 

TOTAL TIME TOTAL TIME 

NUMBER OF IN CLOUD IN CLOUD AREA 

PENETRATIONS (seconds) (minutes) 

Tiger Red l* 4 

Tiger Red 2 4 

Tiger Red 3 5 

Tiger Red 4 3 

Tiger White 1 3 

Tiger White 2 4 

Tiger White 3 7 

Tiger Blue 1 5 

Tiger Blue 2 2 

Catnip B-29 0 

112 

450 

532 

219 

185 

235 

30 

0 

140 

91 

82 

126 

118 

123 

148 

145 

132 

260 

*Also acted as "snooper" 

89 
After the sampling missions were completed, all aircraft 

returned to Indian Springs AFB and parked in designated areas. 

Engines were shut down, and the canopies remained closed and 

sealed until the samples were removed from the aircraft. The 

pilots remained on full oxygen while they waited. The 4926th 

sample-removing team and radiological safety monitors used longhandled tools to remove the filter papers from each aircraft 

and place them in shielded containers. Members of the sampleremoving team loaded the sample containers onto courier aircraft 

for delivery to laboratories for analysis (34). 

After the samples from each aircraft were removed and 

stored, the pilot shut down his oxygen and opened his canopy. 

The pilots in F-84G aircraft stepped onto a platform held by a 

forklift so they would not touch the exterior of the aircraft. 

The B-29 sampler crew left the airplane from the rear side door. 

The crews were then taken in a pickup truck to the decontamination station, where they were monitored and decontaminated as 

necessary (80). 

Sample Courier Missions 

After Shot NANCY, three AFSWC aircraft transported samples 

for AFSWP Project 7.5, LASL Project 13.1, and other test group 

projects to laboratories throughout the United States for 

analysis. Two B-25s and one C-47 aircraft flew these missions 

(34). 

Cloud Tracking 

After the NANCY detonation, two B-29s with nine or ten 

crewmen each from Kirtland AFB and a B-25 with five crewmen from 

Indian Springs AFB flew cloud-tracking missions. The purpose of 

these missions was to determine the direction of the cloud and to 

assist the Test Manager in keeping the airways clear of any aircraft other than test aircraft that might encounter the cloud. 

90 
One B-29 tracked the cloud for almost six hours, the other B-29 

for about five hours, and the B-25 for about three hours and 

20 minutes. 

The B-29s tracked the cloud at 22,000 and 18,000 feet, 

respectively, and the B-25 flew at 12,000 feet. Maximum 

radiation intensities encountered were 1.5 R/h for the B-29 at 

22,000 feet, 8.0 R/h for the B-29 at 18,000 feet, and 1.8 R/h for 

the B-25. On completion of this mission, the three aircraft 

returned to their staging bases (26; 34). 

Aerial Surveys 

As directed by the Test Manager and the Test Director, one 

H-5 helicopter, one L-20, and one C-47 flew radiological safety 

and aerial surveys after the shot to record radiation 

intensities. 

The H-5 helicopter began the initial onsite radiological 

safety survey about one hour and 40 minutes after the detonation. 

It flew for about one hour and 45 minutes at heights ranging from 

50 to 500 feet (26). 

The L-20 and C-47 began extended aerial surveys at 0640 and 

0730 hours, respectively. Both aircraft flew about 500 feet 

above the ground, taking radiation intensity readings. The L-20 

surveyed primarily onsite for 90 minutes, while the C-47 surveyed 

offsite for about four hours and 30 minutes (26; 34). 

3.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT NANCY 

Exercise Desert Rock V, the test groups, and AFSWC each 

developed radiation protection procedures for the entire UPSHOTKNOTHOLE Series. The procedures were designed to keep individual 

exposures to ionizing radiation to a minimum, while still 

91 
allowing participants to accomplish their activities. Some of 

the procedures described in chapter 5 of the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Series volume resulted in the production of records or activity 

logs that enabled these organizations to evaluate the effectiveness of their radiation protection programs. Records indicating 

the procedures performed at Shot NANCY are available for some of 

the activities in which test group and Exercise Desert Rock 

members participated. 

3.3.1 Desert Rock Radiation Protection Activities 

Information concerning radiation protection activities has 

been obtained primarily from the Exercise Desert Rock V Final 

Report (45). In addition, the report of the Deputy Test Director 

lists the range of exposures for the nine volunteer officer 

observers (23). 

When they returned to the trench area and before they 

boarded vehicles for the return to Camp Desert Rock, all ground 

troops underwent field decontamination. The standard decontamination procedures, which consisted of sweeping off clothing and 

subsequent monitoring, reduced contamination levels below 

established limits, and no individuals required additional 

decontamination. 

For NANCY, each individual was issued a film badge, and some 

were issued pocket dosimeters. Members of the 505th Signal 

Service Group 

50th Chemical 

badges (45). 

processed these film badges. Two members of the 

Service Platoon were assigned to help process the 

Battalion Combat Teams 

Two BCTs witnessed the detonation from trenches 3,660 meters 

from ground zero. Soon after the blast, the wind direction 

92 
changed, causing part of the cloud stem to pass over the troops 

in the trenches. A monitor in one of the trenches noted a peak 

radiation intensity at that time of 0.018 R/h (45). 

As described in section 3.1.4, the BCTs, preceded by Desert 

Rock radiological safety monitors, began to advance toward their 

objective shortly after the detonation. BCT ABLE changed its 

direction of march when intensities of 2.0 R/h were reached. It 

was not until BCT monitors noted gamma intensities of 40 R/h that 

the troops of one BCT, probably BAKER, were halted and withdrawn 

from an area of 14 R/h. After the maneuver, the BCTs toured the 

portions of the display area where the intensity was less than 

2.5 R/h. They then returned to the trench area and boarded trucks 

that took them to Camp Desert Rock. The highest exposure reading 

from the pocket dosimeters was 3.0 roentgens. The estimated 

average radiation exposure for the troops was 2.5 roentgens. 

These pocket dosimeter readings are somewhat at odds with the 

limited film badge data available for BCT BAKER. The film badge 

readings cluster around 0.9, 1.3, and 2.2 roentgens, with a high 

reading of 2.8 roentgens. These data suggest that only the lead 

company of BCT BAKER was reflected in the pocket dosimeter average 

(45; 50; 84). 

Orientation and Indoctrination 

After witnessing the detonation, observers left the trenches 

to tour the display area. Twenty-one minutes after the shot, 

members of the Instructor Group led the observers on this tour. 

As mentioned above, the forward limit for all individuals on foot 

in the display area was 2.5 R/h. The observers were also able to 

view part of the 910-meter display area (45). The mean reconstructed dose for the observers is 0.35 roentgen (39). 

93 
Volunteer Officer Observers 

A volunteer observer group, consisting of four Army 

officers, four Navy officers, and an Air Force officer, viewed 

the detonation from a six-foot-deep trench 2,300 meters from 

ground zero. The officers had all received training in nuclear 

weapons effects. Based upon this knowledge and using the Army 

publication TM-23-200, Capabilities of Atomic Weapons, they 

calculated the distance from which they could safely view the 

detonation. 

When the volunteer officer observers read their meters 

after the detonation, they noted a radiation intensity of 1.0 to 

2.0 R/h on the floor of the trench and 4.5 R/h at shoulder height 

in the entrance to the trench. Film badges, placed on the floor 

of the trench and recovered within an hour after the shot, 

recorded a total exposure of 0.4 roentgen. Individual film badge 

readings were between 0.3 and 0.545 roentgen. However, research 

of film badge data indicates that one of the volunteer officer 

observers received 0.787 roentgen (30; 45). 

The wind that developed at shot-time caused part of the 

NANCY cloud stem to move toward the volunteers' trench. As the 

cloud stem approached their trench, the volunteers noted readings 

on their survey meters of 0.09 roentgen and decided to evacuate 

the trench to the rear. By the time the volunteers had gone 

460 meters, a vehicle sent from the control trench picked them 

up. At this location, radiac meters registered an intensity of 

0.02 R/h. Reconstructed doses of the volunteer observers 

indicate a mean exposure of 0.64 roentgen (23; 39; 45). 

Operational Helicopter Test 

As described in section 3.1.5, four HRS Marine Corps helicopters participated in this test. Marine Corps safety regulations for this project specified that the helicopters were not to 

94 
operate either in the cloud or in areas with radiation intensities greater than 10.0 R/h. One of the aircraft flew toward 

ground zero after the blast wave passed. The helicopter was to 

land as close as possible to ground zero to take radiation 

readings. Excessive dust and radiation intensities in excess of 

10.0 R/h prevented the crew from landing, however. One other 

helicopter approached within four kilometers of ground zero. 

These two aircraft, and the other two that did not approach 

ground zero, were monitored for radioactivity at the decontamination station (43-45). 

3.3.2 Joint Test Organization Radiation Protection Activities 

Records describing the radiation protection activities performed by JTO personnel were obtained from the Radiological 

Safety Operations Report (26). Logistical data on film badges 

and protective equipment issued, survey records and isointensity 

plots, and decontamination records are available. In addition, 

Form 102R exposure records describe the activities surrounding 

some cases of overexposure. 

Dosimetry 

Between 23 and 29 March 1953, the Dosimetry and Records 

Section processed about 1,880 film badges. The average exposure 

for personnel of the Monitoring Section, through 29 March, was 

0.65 roentgen. Also during this period, three monitors received 

more than 3.0 roentgens of exposure, and 18 received more than 

1.0 roentgen. In addition, two individuals from Project 6.8 

exceeded the 3.9 roentgen limit (26). 

Two personnel who may have been involved with Project 6.8 

had total exposures exceeding 3.9 roentgens as a result of their 

activities at Shot NANCY. An individual from Wright Patterson 

AFB had a total exposure of 6.4 roentgens by 24 March, while one 

person from Lowry AFB had an exposure of 8.7 roentgens (lb). 

95 
During the time of Shot NANCY, two initial survey monitors 

from the Radiological Safety Support Unit, Fort McClellan, 

Alabama, had accumulated exposures of 16.1 and 16.8 roentgens. 

These exposures occurred because the monitors did not turn on 

their survey meter until they had reached their initial planned 

survey point, where they found that the intensity was greater 

than 50 R/h. The following description of the incident is given 

on their Forms 102R: The exposures occurred while they were 

"making initial survey of shot area. Crew entered area with 

AN/PDR-TlB turned off. When instrument was turned on, it went 

off scale . . ..Left the area immediately" (la-lb). 

One of the DOD monitors working offsite at Lincoln Mine had 

a film badge reading of 1.22 roentgens for the period beginning 

one hour before the shot and ending 29 hours after the shot. 

This individual was indoors about half of that time. The highest 

film badge reading, 1.825 roentgens, was for a U.S. Public Health 

Service monitor who was outdoors during the period of fallout 

(26). 

Logistics and Supply 

For the period covering Shot NANCY, the Supply Section 

issued the following items: 

0 97 pairs of booties 

0 118 caps 

0 131 coveralls 

0 122 pairs of gloves 

0 296 protective goggles 

0 113 respirators. 

In addition, the Instrument Repair and Supply Section issued 

139 radiation survey instruments (26). 

96 
Monitoring 

Monitors began the initial ground survey 35 minutes after 

the detonation and completed it by OS30 hours. Poor radio reception in the area prevented one monitoring team from reporting any 

reading by radio. The south and east portions of the target area 

were readily accessible, but the north and northwest portions 

could not be surveyed because most of that area had radiation 

intensities greater than 10.0 R/h (26). 

One H-5 helicopter performed the initial onsite aerial 

survey. The highest radiation intensity measured was 20.0 R/h, 

500 feet above ground zero. In addition, one L-20 and one C-47 

performed aerial surveys up to 320 kilometers offsite. The 

highest intensities, converted to ground readings, were 0.4 R/h 

and 0.004 R/h, respectively. The day after the detonation, the 

C-47 resurveyed the area around the NPG and found no readings 

above background level (26). 

Two hours after the shot, the Test Director declared 

recovery hour. Before this time, the Test Director allowed four 

teams into the area to recover data, including one non-DOD team 

to proceed forward of the 10.0 R/h line (26). 

An officer of the Monitoring Section checked all access 

roads leading to radiation areas and posted signs within those 

areas, thus reducing the requirement for multiple checkpoints. 

Based on winds at shot-time, the fallout was expected to 

occur near to and north of Lincoln Mine. In fact, the maximum 

fallout activity measured offsite was in the immediate vicinity 

of Lincoln Mine. In addition to the mobile ground monitors, a 

two-man monitoring station was established at Lincoln Mine the 

day before the shot. The cloud from NANCY passed directly over 

Lincoln Mine about one hour after the detonation. A peak gamma 

97 
intensity of 0.58 R/h from fallout was measured at this location 

about two hours after the detonation. By ten hours after the 

shot, the radiation levels had decreased to 0.045 R/h (26). 

Plotting and Briefing 

Figure 3-3 shows the isointensitg plot resulting from the 

initial survey. The test area was resurveyed on 25, 26, 27, 28, 

and 30 March and on 1, 4, and 7 April 1953. Figure 3-4 shows the 

survey results for 25, 26, 27 March and 7 April (26). 

In addition to its other activities, the Plotting and 

Briefing Section cleared 93 parties (353 individuals) for entry 

into the test area during the period 23 to 29 March 1953. 

Individuals were required to go first to the plotting and 

briefing room and then to the operations office for final clearance. This procedure reduced the time required to process a 

party. 

Decontamination 

During the period of Shot NANCY, 52 vehicles were decontaminated and one was placed in the "hot" park. On the nights of 

25 and 26 March, monitors surveyed all motor pools and found 

three contaminated vehicles parked in the AEC motor pool at the 

Control Point. These vehicles were decontaminated on 26 March. 

Following this incident, the vehicle checkpoint located on 

Mercury Highway was moved north of the access road to the Control 

Point (26). 

98 
. . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

- - - - l 0.1 R/h 

--•-- - l 1.0 R/h 

10.0 R/h 

OD Ground Zero 

Figure 3-3: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT NANCY, 

24 MARCH 1953,0645 TO 0830 HOURS 

99 
0 1 

25 March 1953, Completed 0730 Hours 

Kkmeter 

I 1 

0 1 

27 March 1953, Completed 0630 Hours 

L 

Kdometer 

0 1 

26 March 1953, Completed 0630 Hours 

7 April 1953, Completed 1200 Hours 

Figure 3-4: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT 

100 

Stake Lines 

.o... 

. 0.01 R/h 

- - - - l 0.1 R/h 

-*-•-•- 1.0 R/h 

10.0 R/h 

0 Ground Zero 

NANCY 
SHOT RUTH SYNOPSIS 

AEC Objective: 

DOD Objective: 

Weather: 

AEC TEST SERIES: UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

DOD EXERCISE: None 

DATE/TIME: 31 March 1953, 0500 hours 

YIELD: 0.2 kiloton 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 300 feet (tower shot) 

To evaluate the nuclear yield, blast, thermal, 

and radiological phenomena produced by this 

experimental device. 

To measure the effects of the detonation and 

evaluate the military applications of the 

device. 

At shot-time, the surface wind was from the 

north at four knots. The winds at 10,000 feet 

were from the northwest at 18 knots. The 

temperature was 4.4OC, the relative humidity was 

48 percent, and the pressure was 873 millibars. 

Radiation Data: The nuclear yield was lower than expected and 

onsite fallout was minimal; intensities exceeding 0.1 and 0.01 R/h were found as far as four 

kilometers from ground zero in a narrow band to 

the south. 

Participants: Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Air Force 

Special Weapons Center, Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory, Federal Civil Defense Administration, University of California Radiation 

Laboratory, contractors. 

101 
CHAPTER 4 

SHOT RUTH 

Shot RUTH, one of the smaller detonations of Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, was conducted as scheduled on 31 March 1953 at 

0500 hours, Pacific Standard Time. The device, developed by the 

University of California Radiation Laboratory, was detonated from 

a 300-foot tower in Area 7 of Yucca Flat, UTM coordinates 868042. 

It produced a yield of 0.2 kiloton, which was much less than 

expected. The top of the cloud resulting from the detonation 

reached an altitude of 13,600 feet, and the cloud moved southeast 

from the shot area. 

The temperature at shot-time was 4.4 degrees Celsius, and 

the surface winds were from the north at four knots. The winds 

at 10,000 feet were from the northwest at 18 knots. Because of 

the unexpectedly small yield, onsite fallout was minimal, marked 

only by a small pattern south of ground zero (38). 

Before the shot, the Bureau of Aeronautics grounded the four 

helicopters that were to be used for the Marine Corps Operational 

Helicopter Tests. No other Exercise Desert Rock V activities 

were planned because of the small yield expected. The Military 

Effects Group, the Weapons Development Group, and the Civil 

Effects Group fielded projects with DOD participation. In 

addition, the Air Force Special Weapons Center provided aircraft 

operational control and air support to one Military Effects Group 

project, one Weapons Development Group project, and the Test 

Manager. 

102 
4.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN JOINT TEST 

ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT RUTH 

Department of Defense participation at Shot RUTH was 

primarily in the areas of experiment preparation and data 

recovery for the three test groups. These activities required 

DOD personnel to enter the forward area before, during, and after 

the shot. DOD personnel conducted the 16 projects sponsored by 

the Military Effects Group. Other projects involving DOD 

participation were five of the 22 projects conducted by the 

Weapons Development Group and five of the ten Civil Effects Group 

projects. Table 4-l lists the test group projects by number and 

title. 

4.1.1 Military Effects Group Projects 

At Shot RUTH, the Military Effects Group of AFSWP Field 

Command performed the projects listed in table 4-l. The Test 

Director allowed recovery operations to begin at 0615 hours. 

Project l.lb, Air Pressure and Ground Shock Measurements, 

was fielded to obtain data on blast phenomena. Personnel placed 

air pressure gauges at 11 locations from 330 meters to 3,700 

meters southeast of ground zero before the shot. This was the 

blast line for Shot DIXIE. A station, probably located along 

this blast line, was instrumented with equipment to record gauge 

data. Two hours after recovery hour, an estimated four men with 

one radiological safety monitor traveled to the station to 

recover instrument records (6; lOa-lob; 78). 

Project 2.2a, Gamma Radiation Spectrum of Residual 

Contamination, was fielded to characterize the gamma radiation 

resulting from the detonation. At Shot RUTH, the main goal of 

the project was to familiarize personnel with instruments and 

techniques and to test the design of the experiment for later 

shots in the series. Data were obtained using two types of 

103 
Table 4-1: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT RUTH 

Project Title Participants 

1 lb 

2.2a 

Air Pressure and Ground Shock Measurements Stanford Research lnstrtute 

Gamma Radratron Spectrum of Resrdual 

Contamrnatron 

62 Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDA) Phenomena Wright Arr Development Center, 

and Techniques Vitro Corporation 

67 Measurements and Analysrs of Electromagnetrc 

Radiation from Nuclear Detonattons 

68a lmtial Gamma Exposure versus Drstance 

6.9 Evaluatron of Naval Airborne Radrac Equipment 

6.12 Determrnatron of Height of Burst and Ground Zero 

7.1 

73 

Electromagnetrc Effects from Nuclear Explosrons 

Detectron of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from 

Nuclear Explosions 

7.4 

7.5 

8.la 

Sersmrc Measurements 

Calibration and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb Debris 

Effects of Thermal and Blast Forces from Nuclear 

Detonations on Basic Aircraft Structures and 

Components 

8.lb Addrtronal Data on the Vulnerabrlrty of Parked 

Aircraft to Atomic Bombs 

8.2 Measurement of Thermal Radiatton with a Vacuum 

Microphone 

810 Physical Charactenstics of Thermal Radiation from 

an Atomic Bomb Detonation 

91 Technical Photography 

Military Effects Group 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, 

Army Field Forces Board #l 

Headquarters, Arr Force* 

Headquarters, Air Force* 

Headquarters, Air Force 

Headquarters, Air Force; AFSWC 

Wright Air Development Center, Division 

of Research, University of Dayton 

Wright Air Development Center 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

EGBG, Signal Corps Pictorial Center; 

Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

‘Other participating agencies are listed in the text. 

104 
Table 4-1: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT RUTH (CONTINUED) 

Project Title 

I 

Participants 

Weapons Development Test Group 

13.1 Radiochemrstry Sampling 

18.1 Total Thermal and Arr Attenuation 

18.2 Power versus Time 

183 Spectroscopy 

18.6 Surface-bnghtness lnvestrgations 

AFSWC 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Civil Effects Test Group 

23.1 

23.2 

Brological Effectiveness of lonrzing Radratron 

within Shelters 

Bacteriologrcal Studies on Anrmals Exposed to 

Neutron Radratron 

Naval Radrological Defense Laboratory; 

Naval Medical Research lnstrtute 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

23.3 Long-term Studies on Dogs Exposed to Pnmanly 

Neutron lrradratron in Shelters 

Naval Radiologrcal Defense Laboratory 

2317 Neutron Flux Measurements in AEC Group Shelters Naval Radiologrcal Defense Laboratory 

and Lead Hemispheres 

27 1 Drstributron and Charactenstics of Fallout at Drstances 

Greater than Ten Mtles 

School of Medrcrne, UCLA; Navy 

105 
instrumentation. Personnel took measurements one hour and two 

days after the detonation. On shot-day, radiation measurements 

were 0.187 R/h to 0.312 R/h at points 90 and 270 meters from 

ground zero, respectively. Two days later, the radiation intensity was 0.204 R/h at 30 meters from ground zero (lOa-lob; 13). 

Project 6.2, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDA) 

Phenomena and Techniques, was conducted to confirm indications 

that a radar return from a nuclear explosion could be used to 

determine ground zero, height of burst, and yield. This project 

used aircraft, a ground-based radar transmitter, and several 

receivers to investigate whether the fireball significantly 

changed the direction of a radar beam. 

Two B-29 and one B-50 aircraft carrying IBDA equipment took 

off from Kirtland AFB by 0035 hours on shot-day, entering the 

test area at about 0300 hours. One aircraft was in a holding 

pattern south of ground zero, another in a pattern east of ground 

zero, and the third in a pattern north of ground zero. The aircraft left the area soon after the shot and landed at Kirtland 

AFB around 0700 hours (6; 34; 53; 61). 

Several hours before the detonation, six participants 

traveled to ground stations. Two participants traveled by 

vehicle to a receiver station on the east side of Yucca Lake, and 

two traveled to a second receiver station on Yucca Lake. These 

two-man teams remained at the stations through the shot. The 

other two-man team traveled to a mobile radar transmitter unit at 

UTM coordinates 845206. Four hours and 30 minutes before the 

shot, these two men left the mobile radar unit for the Control 

Point. One hour later, two personnel in two vehicles traveled to 

a radar station located west of the Control Point, UTM coordinates 830880, and stayed through the detonation. Concurrently, 

the two men arrived at the Control Point from the mobile radar 

unit. Three hours after recovery hour, the two men left the 

106 
Control Point and returned to the mobile radar unit to turn off 

power generators (6; 34; 53; 61). 

Project 6.7, Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic 

Radiation from Nuclear Detonations, measured amplitude, duration, 

and polarization of the pulse of the electromagnetic radiation. 

Two or three hours before the shot, personnel traveled to an 

equipment station located between 15 and 20 kilometers from 

ground zero to turn on generators. They returned after the shot 

to turn off equipment and retrieve film (lOa-lob; 27). 

Project 6.8a, Initial Gamma Exposure versus Distance, 

documented initial gamma radiation exposure data for the RUTH 

device. Before the shot, National Bureau of Standards film 

dosimeters were placed at 18 stations located 370 to 2,010 meters 

from ground zero. These stations were fitted with aluminum 

thermal and blast shields. Two hours after recovery hour, three 

parties of five men each, plus monitors, traveled by vehicle to 

recover the film and dosimeters. The estimated time of the 

recovery mission was three hours (lOa-lob; 59). 

Project 6.9, Evaluation of Naval Airborne Radiac Equipment, 

was designed to evaluate aerial ground survey equipment and 

automatic recording dosimeters. The equipment was evaluated to 

determine its accuracy at high altitudes compared to its accuracy 

at ground level. 

A P2V aircraft equipped with test equipment took off from 

Kirtland AFB three to four hours before shot-time. At shot-time, 

the aircraft was orbiting approximately 19 kilometers southwest 

of the shot area at an altitude of about 12,000 feet. The radiac 

equipment was turned on before shot-time to allow a one-hour 

warm-up period before the aircraft entered the shot area. 

107 
About one hour after the shot, the Aircraft Participation 

Unit cleared the aircraft to begin runs in a cloverleaf pattern 

over the radiation area, The patterns were flown at an initial 

height of some 6,000 feet above the terrain, with subsequent 

patterns flown at heights decreasing by 500 feet each run. The 

lowest pattern was at 1,500 feet. The P2V was over the area for 

about one hour and landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0705 (34; 81). 

Project 6.12, Determination of Height of Burst and Ground 

Zero, evaluated various methods available to a field army for 

locating ground zero and determining height of burst. Soundranging stations were located in the area around Camp Desert 

Rock, a distance of 50 to 60 kilometers from ground zero. Flashranging cameras and seismic geophones were located in the southeast corner of Yucca Lake about 14 kilometers from ground zero. 

At 1930 hours on the day before the detonation, three men in 

one vehicle were scheduled to go to one of the camera and 

geophone stations on Yucca Lake and man the station through 

shot-time. Three hours before the detonation, ten men in three 

vehicles were scheduled to travel to a second station on Yucca 

Lake and remain there through shot-time (lOa-lob; 82). 

Project 7.1, Electromagnetic Effects from Nuclear Explosions, was conducted to obtain information on the electromagnetic 

radiation produced by nuclear detonations. The project was 

conducted by Headquarters, Air Force, with assistance from the 

National Bureau of Standards, the Air Force Security Service, the 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center, and the Air Weather Service. 

Personnel manned 13 stations across the United States. Two 

onsite stations were also used during Shot RUTH. One station 20 

kilometers from ground zero was manned by 18 men who remained 

there through shot-time. The other station, more than 40 

108 
kilometers from ground zero, was unmanned during the detonation 

(lOa-lob; 65). 

Project 7.3, Detection of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from 

Nuclear Explosions, compared low-frequency sounds produced by 

nuclear detonations at various field stations located across the 

United States and around the world. Personnel from the Signal 

Corps Engineering Laboratories manned stations in Alaska, Hawaii, 

Greenland, Japan, and Germany. The Naval Electronics Laboratory, 

the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, and the National 

Bureau of Standards manned nine stations throughout the 

continental United States (66). 

Project 7.4, Seismic Measurements, was conducted to record 

the seismic waves produced by the shot for comparison with these 

produced by shots of other series and with other shots of 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. Seismic stations were manned in 

Arizona, Montana, South Dakota, Oklahoma, Alabama, Alaska, and 

Wyoming. The one onsite station, at UTM coordinates 843094, was 

not manned at shot-time. Two project personnel and a radiological safety monitor in one vehicle drove to the onsite seismic 

station and spent one to two hours turning off equipment and 

recovering records two hours after recovery hour (lOa-lob; 28). 

Project 7.5, Calibration and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb 

Debris, analyzed samples of the Shot RUTH cloud to evaluate 

various parameters of the nuclear device. Two B-29 aircraft, 

each with six crew members, took gaseous and particulate samples 

of the cloud. Because AFSWC conducted the cloud sampling, the 

project is discussed more fully in section 4.1.4, which describes 

AFSWC activities (77). 

Project 8.la, Effects of Thermal and Blast Forces from 

Nuclear Detonations on Basic Aircraft Structures and Components, 

was developed to increase knowledge of the capabilities of 

109 
weapons delivery aircraft. Project personnel instrumented a 

blast shield from an aircraft and placed it approximately 800 

meters from ground zero. They returned about one hour after 

recovery hour to inspect the damage and collect data (75). 

Project 8.lb, Additional Data on the Vulnerability of Parked 

Aircraft to Atomic Bombs, was fielded to determine the thermal 

and blast effects of nuclear detonations on parked aircraft. 

Project personnel placed instrumentation on a B-29 aircraft 

located 2,350 meters from ground zero before the shot. One hour 

after recovery hour, seven men and one monitor inspected the 

damage and recovered data. These were the same personnel who 

inspected damage to the blast shield for Project 8.la. Estimated 

time of the recovery mission was three hours (lOa-lob; 37). 

Project 8.2, Measurement of Thermal Radiation with a Vacuum 

Microphone, was fielded to evaluate a device used to measure the 

thermal radiation produced by a nuclear detonation. Personnel 

placed sensing equipment at two locations, approximately two and 

15 kilometers from ground zero. The 15-kilometer site was also 

the location of equipment vans, which were manned during the 

detonation. Signals generated in the microphones by the pressure 

of the radiant energy were amplified electronically, fed to 

oscilloscopes located in the vans, and recorded on magnetic tape 

(6; 14). 

Preshot project activities began three days before the shot, 

when personnel checked the sensing elements for electrical operation. The next day, personnel calibrated the sensing elements 

and checked other procedures to ensure that the equipment was in 

working order. One day before the detonation, they repeated 

these steps. Four hours before the shot, six project personnel 

traveled to the equipment vans and remained there through the 

test. Five hours after the shot, personnel retrieved equipment 

from the close-in station (lOa-lob; 14). 

110 
Project 8.10, Physical Characteristics of Thermal Radiation 

from an Atomic Bomb Detonation, was designed to obtain data on 

the basic thermal radiation characteristics of nuclear devices. 

The night before the shot, three personnel instrumented two 

ground stations, consisting of seven-meter towers and instrument 

shelters. These two stations were 850 and 1,590 meters from 

ground zero. Three hours after the detonation, three 

participants and one radiation safety monitor recovered the data. 

The estimated time of the recovery mission was 90 minutes (6; 

lOa-lob; 41). 

Project 9.1, Technical Photography, provided both still and 

motion picture photography of the technical aspects of Military 

Effects Group projects. EG&G personnel conducted Project 9.1, 

along with 23 officers and enlisted men from the Army Signal 

Corps Pictorial Center and five enlisted men from the Air Force. 

The cameras that had been installed to photograph smoke 

rocket trails for Shot DIXIE, the next shot of the series, were 

instrumented and loaded to take motion pictures of the RUTH 

detonation. These cameras were mounted on top of steel 

photo-towers approximately four kilometers from the RUTH ground 

zero. Personnel covered the cameras with plastic bags before the 

shot to keep dust from damaging them. A dry run was held before 

the shot. Then the plastic bags were removed and all cameras 

were loaded with film. After the shot, the film was recovered by 

the same project personnel who installed it. Participants 

recovered the film on shot-day, following the Test Director's 

declaration of recovery hour. EGBG processed the film in Las 

Vegas or Los Angeles (40). 

In addition to Project 9.1 photography, Air Force Lookout 

Mountain Laboratory personnel occupied five camera stations to 

111 
photograph the detonation for historical purposes. The camera 

stations were located as follows (lOa-lob): 

LOCATION 

STATION (UTM) PERSONNEL 

1 894982 2 

2 829900 2 

3 781958 2 

4 786002 2 

5* 843878 2 

Project personnel probably remained at their stations through 

shot-time in order to photograph the burst. 

Lookout Mountain personnel also used a C-47 aircraft for 

documentary photography. The C-47 left Indian Springs AFB at 

about 0400 hours. At shot-time, the aircraft was in a holding 

pattern 16 kilometers south of ground zero at an altitude of 

10,000 feet. Personnel onboard photographed the blast and 

resulting cloud formation until about 0505 hours, when the C-47 

left the area to return to Indian Springs AFB. It landed at 

Indian Springs at about 0515 hours (lOa-lob; 34). 

4.1.2 Weapons Development Group Projects 

The Weapons Development Group performed 22 projects at Shot 

RUTH, five of which involved DOD personnel. Table 4-l lists the 

Weapons Development Group projects in which DOD personnel 

participated. 

_~~~ Project 13.1, Radiochemistry Sampling, was performed by 

sampling pilots from the AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) 

and is discussed under AFSWC participation in section 4.1.4. 

*Station 5 was at the Control Point. 

112 
Project 18.1, Total Thermal and Air Attenuation, Project 

18.2, Power versus Time, and Project 18.6, Surface-brightness 

Investigations, were conducted by the Naval Research Laboratory. 

No further information is available concerning these projects. 

Project 18.3, Spectroscopy, was also conducted by the Naval 

Research Laboratory. The objective was to obtain information on 

spectral characteristics of light emitted from nuclear detonations. Spectrometers were used to record on film the wavelength 

of light as it varied with time. 

Two spectrometers were in Building 400, located near the 

Control Point at Yucca Pass. On shot-day, project personnel 

operated the instruments in Building 400 manually. At Shot RUTH, 

the distance between ground zero and Building 400 was about 17 

kilometers. 

Three other spectrometers were located in Station 413, a 

reinforced semitrailer which served as a mobile instrument station. The trailer, was located about three kilometers from 

ground zero. On the night before the test, 11 men occupied 

Station 413 until about four hours before shot-time. The 

participants entered Station 413 to load film into the spectrometers and set the instruments for remote control operation. They 

then secured the trailer and left the area until after the shot. 

Five personnel plus a radiation safety monitor went to the 

station after recovery hour to recover film and recorder charts 

for processing and analysis. They spent about 15 minutes working 

in this area (lOa-lob; 19; 29). 

4.1.3 Civil Effects Group Projects 

The Civil Effects Group performed ten separate projects at 

Shot RUTH. Five projects involved DOD participants, as shown in 

table 4-l. The same Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

113 
personnel usually conducted all of the Program 23 projects. 

Detailed information is not available on Project 23.3, Long-term 

Studies on Dogs Exposed to Primarily Neutron Irradiation in 

Shelters. 

Project 23.1, Biological Effectiveness of Ionizing Radiation 

within Shelters, involved the direct biological measurements of 

the total radiation hazard within earth-protected communal 

shelters built by the AEC. Mice were used as test subjects. 

Project participants transported the animals to the shelters, 

which were 90 meters from ground zero, eight hours before the 

detonation and retrieved the animals one hour after recovery hour 

was announced. Radiation intensities were 0.1 R/h outside the 

shelter and 0.05 R/h inside the shelter (15; 22b). 

Project 23.2, Bacteriological Studies on Animals Exposed to 

Neutron Radiation, collected data on the role played by postirradiation infection in deaths caused by radiation exposure. 

Project participants placed 153 animals, mostly mice and dogs, in 

the same shelters used for Project 23.1. Recovery operations 

probably began one hour after recovery hour (85). 

Project 23.17, Neutron Flux Measurements in AEC Group 

Shelters and Lead Hemispheres, investigated neutron radiation 

inside and outside lead hemispheres and shelters and measured the 

neutron dose received by animals in those structures. At Shot 

RUTH, the only project activities involved placing animals in the 

shelters used by Projects 23.1 and 23.2 and retrieving them after 

recovery hour (86). 

Project 27.1, Distribution and Characteristics of Fallout at 

Distances Greater than Ten Miles, involved detailed studies to 

determine the hazards from fallout. The field group for this 

project included about 32 Navy enlisted men. They were 

responsible for placing and collecting samples and reporting 

field observations. 

114 
The operational plan called for setting up stations consisting of various experiments along roads and trails selected on the 

basis of predicted fallout patterns. Because the primary 

objective was to study fallout at distances 16 kilometers or 

more from ground zero, four stations were placed directly in the 

path of the cloud on arcs from 16 to 130 kilometers from ground 

zero. 

To maximize the data to be collected, the field group 

remained at previously assigned rendezvous points until after the 

final weather briefing. The Air Weather Service predicted the 

fallout pattern one day before the shot. The prediction was then 

relayed to the field group via telephone or radio. The field 

group established stations in a pattern covering approximately 30 

degrees on each side of the estimated midline of the fallout at 

shot-time. About four hours were allowed for the field group to 

establish stations and return safely to the rendezvous points. 

About 12 hours after the detonation, the teams collected samples. 

The group continued to work at the stations until one day after 

the shot when they dismantled the stations and returned to Camp 

Mercury (69). 

4.1.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC support to the Test Manager and test groups during 

Shot RUTH consisted of aircraft control, cloud sampling, sample 

courier missions, cloud tracking, and aerial surveys. With the 

exception of the B-29 cloud-tracking aircraft that flew from 

Kirtland AFB, AFSWC aircraft originated at Indian Springs AFB. 

The types and numbers of aircraft and estimated numbers of AFSWC 

aircrew involved in air missions at Shot RUTH follow (34). 

115 
TITLE 

TYPE OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF 

AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Sampling 

Sampler 

Sampler 

Sampler Control 

Snooper 

Sample Courier B-25 

Missions c-47 

Cloud Tracking 

Aerial Surveying 

F-84G 

B-29 

B-50 

F-84G 

B-29 

B-25 

H-5 1 2 

c-47 1 4 

L-20 2 6 

9 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

9 

12 

9 

1 

10 

3 

20 

5 

Cloud Sampling 

At Shot RUTH, 11 aircraft collected particulate and gaseous 

samples. Nine of the eleven aircraft were F-84G samplers, codenamed tiger, flown by pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron for LASL 

Project 13.1. The other two aircraft were B-29 samplers that 

collected samples for AFSWP Project 7.5. A B-50 sampler control 

aircraft with a crew of nine and an F-84G aircraft, called a 

"snooper," surveyed the cloud before the actual sampling sorties 

began. After conducting the "snooper" mission, the F-84G took 

off at 0733 hours to conduct a sampling mission, but landed 

13 minutes later because of a malfunction in one of the tiptank 

sampling devices. The first cloud penetration occurred 

35 minutes after the shot. The following listing details the 

activities of each sampler aircraft. Aircraft are listed 

according to the sequence in which they flew the sampling 

mission (34). 

116 
AIRCRAFT 

TOTAL TIME TOTAL TIME 

NUMBER OF IN CLOUD IN CLOUD AREA 

PENETRATIONS (seconds) (minutes) 

Tiger Red 2 

Tiger Red 3 

Tiger Red 4 

Tiger White 1 

Tiger White 3 

Tiger White 4 

Tiger Blue 2 

Tiger Blue 3 

Tiger Blue 4 

Catnip (B-29) 

Catnip (B-29) 

106 46 

88 - 

50 

171 72 

25 

62 

55 

73 

80 

135 

132 

After the sampling missions were completed, the aircraft 

landed at Indian Springs AFB and parked in designated areas. 

Engines were shut down, and the canopies remained closed and 

sealed until the samples were removed from the aircraft. The 

pilots remained on full oxygen while they waited. The 4926th 

sample-removing team and radiological safety monitors used longhandled tools to remove the filter papers from each aircraft and 

place them in shielded containers. Members of the sampleremoving team then loaded the sample containers onto courier 

aircraft for delivery to AEC and DOD laboratories for analysis. 

After the samples from each aircraft were removed and 

stored, the pilot shut down his oxygen and opened his canopy. 

The pilots in F-84G aircraft stepped onto a platform held by a 

117 
forklift, so they would not touch the exterior of the aircraft. 

The B-29 pilots exited through the rear side door. The pilots 

were then taken in a pickup truck to the decontamination station, 

where they were monitored and decontaminated as necessary (80). 

Sample Courier Missions 

After Shot RUTH, two B-25 and one C-47 aircraft flew courier 

missions for AFSWP Project 7.5, LASL Project 13.1, and other test 

group projects (33). 

Cloud Tracking 

Immediately after the detonation, two B-29s with crews of 

ten each and one B-25 with a crew of five left from Indian 

Springs AFB and flew cloud-tracking missions over and beyond the 

NPG. The purpose of these missions was to determine the 

direction of the cloud and to assist the Test Manager in keeping 

the airways clear of any private or commercial aircraft that 

might encounter contaminated clouds. The two B-29s, which had 

been assigned to track the cloud near an altitude of 20,000 feet, 

returned to the base after tracking the cloud for only 34 

minutes, because the cloud reached a maximum height of only 

14,300 feet. The B-25 spent four hours tracking the cloud at 

12,000 feet, encountering a maximum intensity of 0.1 R/h. On 

completion of the mission, the aircraft returned to the staging 

base (34). 

Aerial Surveys 

As directed by the Test Manager and the Test Director, an 

H-5 helicopter, a C-47 aircraft, and two L-20 aircraft flew 

radiological safety and aerial surveys following the RUTH detonation to record radiation intensities. 

The initial onsite aerial survey, using the H-5 helicopter, 

continued for 80 minutes after the detonation at heights ranging 

118 
from five to 50 feet above the ground. The C-47 surveyed as far 

as 320 kilometers offsite at heights ranging from 500 to 800 

feet. The two L-20 aircraft conducted missions for 128 minutes 

and 54 minutes, respectively (26). 

4.2 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT RUTH 

For Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, the test groups and AFSWC 

developed radiation protection procedures to keep individual 

exposures to ionizing radiation to a minimum, while still 

allowing participants to accomplish their activities. For Shot 

RUTH, logistical data on radiological safety equipment, survey 

results and records, isointensity plots, and decontamination 

records are available. 

Dosimetry 

During the period of 30 March to 5 April 1953, which covers 

the 31 March detonation of Shot RUTH, the Dosimetry and Records 

Section of the JTO processed approximately 1,200 film badges 

(26). No information is available concerning radiation exposures 

received by participants at Shot RUTH. 

Logistics and Supply 

For the period covering Shot RUTH, the Supply Section issued 

the following items: 

0 80 respirators 

0 95 protective caps 

0 105 pairs of gloves 

0 131 pairs of shoe covers 

0 153 coveralls. 

In addition, the Supply Section issued 55 radiation survey 

instruments (26). 

119 
Monitoring 

The initial ground survey party began its survey 22 minutes 

after the detonation and completed the assignment at 0711 hours. 

Resurveys were conducted on the afternoon of shot-day and on 1, 

2, and 3 April 1953. Monitors also conducted a general survey of 

Yucca Flat on 2 April. Communication during the initial survey 

was poor. Although personnel in the Plotting and Briefing room 

could hear the survey teams, transmissions to the survey teams 

were mostly inaudible. On subsequent days, communications ranged 

from satisfactory to poor. 

One H-5 helicopter performed the initial onsite aerial 

survey for 80 minutes following the detonation. The highest 

radiation intensity, 1.0 R/h at a height of ten feet above the 

ground, was measured near ground zero. In addition, two L-20s 

and a C-47 performed aerial surveys up to 320 kilometers offsite. 

These aircraft found negligible amounts of radiation (26). 

Plotting and Briefing 

Figure 4-1 presents the plot resulting from the initial 

ground survey, and figure 4-2 shows the results of the resurveys 

on 31 March and 1, 2, and 3 April. 

In addition to its other activities, the Plotting and 

Briefing Section briefed 297 personnel in 73 parties for entry 

into the test area during the period 30 March to 5 April (26). 

Decontamination 

During the period of Shot RUTH, the Vehicle and Equipment 

Decontamination Section decontaminated 152 vehicles (26). 

120 
9. 

. 

L_zzzl 

0 1 

Radiation Intensity around 

Ground Zero 10.0 R/h 

Stake Lmes 

. . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

---- l Ol R/h 

.-.-.w. lOR/h 

0 Ground Zero 

Figure 4-l: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT RUTH, 

31 MARCH 1953,0522 TO 0711 HOURS 

121 
Meters 

u 

0 100 * . ..- 

1 April 1953, Completed 0600 Hours 

Meters 

I 

0 100 I 

2 April 1953, Completed 0700 Hours 

60 Ground Zero 

Figure 4-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT RUTH - 

Meters 

1 

0 100 

3 April 1953, Completed 0600 Hours 

Stake Lines 

. . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

------ 0.1 R/h 

-. - .-. - l.OR/h 

22 
SHOT DIXIE SYNOPSIS 

AEC Objective: 

DOD Objective: 

Weather: 

AEC TEST SERIES: UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock V 

DATE/TIME: 6 April 1953, 0730 hours 

YIELD: 11 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 6,020 feet (airdrop) 

To evaluate the nuclear yield, blast, thermal, 

and radiological phenomena produced by this 

experimental device. 

To evaluate military equipment, tactics, and 

doctrine; to measure effects characteristics and 

evaluate the military applications of the 

device; and to indoctrinate DOD personnel in the 

tactical uses of nuclear weapons. 

At shot-time, surface winds were from the 

north-northeast at seven knots. At 10,000 feet, 

winds were from the west at 28 knots. At all 

altitudes above 10,000 feet, the winds were from 

the west-northwest: 72 knots at 20,000 feet, 92 

knots at 30,000 feet, and 122 knots at 40,000 

feet. The surface temperature was 15.5'C, the 

relative humidity was 25 percent, and the 

pressure was 861 millibars. 

Radiation Data: Very little ground contamination occurred 

because the burst was so high. Radiation 

intensities around ground zero were 0.0015 R/h 

about one hour after the shot. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock V participants, Armed 

Forces Special Weapons Project, Air Force 

Special Weapons Center, Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory, Federal Civil Defense Administration, contractors. 

123 
CHAPTER 5 

SHOT DIXIE 

Shot DIXIE was the first of three airdrops performed at 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. This shot took place on 6 April 1953 

at 0730 hours Pacific Standard Time. The device, dropped from a 

B-50 aircraft flying at an altitude of 33,190 feet, was detonated 

6,020 feet above Area 7 of Yucca Flat,* at UTM coordinates 

871045. The shot was one of the more spectacular bursts in the 

series and had a yield of 11 kilotons. 

The top of the cloud resulting from Shot DIXIE reached an 

altitude of 43,000 feet, and the cloud moved to the south. Winds 

were so great at the higher altitudes that the cloud was reported 

past the 320-kilometer zone three hours after detonation. There 

was very little ground contamination--at one hour after detonation, the radiation intensity was 0.0015 R/h at ground zero. 

Localized fallout was absent because the height of burst 

prevented soil particles from being swept into the cloud. No 

offsite fallout was detected, except at St. George, Utah, where a 

light, brief rain shower contained some weapon debris (26; 38). 

The Military Effects Group, the Weapons Development Group, 

and the Civil Effects Group fielded 28 projects with DOD participation. The two Exercise Desert Rock V activities conducted at 

Shot DIXIE involved 135 DOD personnel who witnessed the shot as 

part of an orientation and indoctrination program and 11 Marine 

Corps personnel who conducted operational helicopter tests. The 

Air Force Special Weapons Center airdropped the DIXIE device, 

*Yucca Flat is approximately 4,000 feet above mean sea level. 

124 
provided aircraft operational control, and provided air support 

to one Military Effects Group project, one Weapons Development 

Group project, and to the Test Manager. 

5.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V OPERATIONS AT SHOT DIXIE 

Only two Desert Rock projects were performed at Shot DIXIE. 

Table 5-l lists Desert Rock V activities at DIXIE and the number 

and units of the personnel involved. 

Table 5-1: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V ACTIVITIES AT SHOT DIXIE 

Program 

Troop Orientation and lndoctrinatlon 

(Observers) 

Participating Service 

Marine Corps 

Army (Camp Desert Rock 

Troops) 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

75 

60 

Operational Helicopter Tests Marine Corps 11 

, 

5.1.1 Orientation and Indoctrination 

The standard orientation and indoctrination program of 

Exercise Desert Rock V was not used at Shot DIXIE. There was no 

classroom instruction, and no display area was prepared for the 

detonation. However, 75 Marine Corps officers and enlisted 

personnel from Camp Pendleton, California, an advance party of 

the 2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade (2d 

MCPAEB) witnessed the event. These personnel were joined by 60 

observers from Camp Desert Rock. The entire group witnessed the 

detonation from News Nob, 16 kilometers from the DIXIE ground 

zero. 

125 
The observer group arrived at News Nob, UTM coordinates 

848888, at 0630 hours on shot-day. From 0645 to 0715 hours, a 

member of the Camp Desert Rock Instructor Group conducted a preshot orientation covering the nature of the device to be detonated and its mode of delivery. 

Shot DIXIE detonated on schedule at 0730 hours. Although 

the observers were 16 kilometers from the burst, they felt the 

blast wave and thermal effects. The radiac instruments at News 

Nob did not record any radiation. Because of the height of the 

detonation, dust conditions were negligible. The observer group 

left News Nob at 0800 hours and arrived at Camp Desert Rock at 

0845 hours (45). 

5.1.2 Operational Helicopter Tests 

Marine Corps personnel from the Helicopter Atomic Test Unit, 

2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade, conducted 

operational tests with four Marine HRS helicopters at Shot DIXIE. 

A pilot and co-pilot operated each helicopter. Monitors were 

aboard three helicopters. These tests were designed to 

investigate factors that might affect the use of helicopter 

assaults after a battlefield nuclear detonation. At Shot DIXIE, 

the results included findings on overpressure and ground and 

airborne radiation intensities (44). 

At the time of the detonation, helicopters A, B, C, and D 

were located at the extreme south of Yucca Lake, 18 kilometers 

from ground zero, at UTM coordinates 878865. The helicopters 

were on the ground, port-side to the shot. About 30 seconds 

after the shot, all four helicopters hovered about ten feet above 

the ground and turned toward the shot to experience the shock 

wave. All helicopters then proceeded toward ground zero. 

Helicopter A was to approach ground zero and land at an upwind 

126 
position, where radiation intensity did not exceed 0.05 R/h. 

There it was intended that a radiological monitor would disembark 

to determine the feasibility of troop entry at this point. The 

monitor was not to approach ground zero closer than the 10.0 R/h 

intensity line. Since no landing points were indicated for Shot 

DIXIE and since the yield was low, it is unlikely that the aircraft landed or that the monitors took readings (44). 

While helicopter A was to proceed as close to ground zero as 

possible, helicopter B was to hover no closer than 1,600 meters 

from ground zero and near UTM coordinates 868031 to maintain 

visual contact with helicopter A and render any assistance 

necessary. 

Helicopters C and D also proceeded to within 1,600 meters of 

ground zero with the intention of landing approximately 1,600 

meters north of the DIXIE ground zero. The after-action reports 

on this operation do not specify whether either of these helicopters actually landed there. After about 25 minutes, all helicopters were to return to the Yucca Lake Airstrip and land at 

UTM coordinates 854891 for radiological decontamination and 

clearance. Figure 5-l shows the flight patterns of the 

helicopters (44). 

5.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN JOINT TEST 

ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT DIXIE 

In addition to Desert Rock activities, DOD personnel 

performed a variety of tasks that required them to enter the 

forward area before, during, and after the shot. The Military 

Effects Group sponsored 20 projects at Shot DIXIE. DOD personnel 

also participated in five of the 15 projects conducted by the 

Weapons Development Group and six of ten projects performed by 

the Civil Effects Group. The Air Force Special Weapons Center 

supported several test group projects and the Test Manager. 

127 
09 

79 80 81 82 83 84 85 85 87 88 83 90 91 32 33 94 35 

BJY 

I 

Hellcopter A -* -* 

Hellcopter B - 

Hehcopters C - - 

and D 

Decontamlnatlc 

I I 

0 1 

KIlometer 

DIXIE 

Ground Zero 

(871045) 

t 

t t 

I i 

t 

t t 

I i 

t 

t 

t 

I ; 

tt 

t 

I ’ I’ 

I 1 

)c ‘\ 

(Rad Clearance) 

08 

07 

05 

05 

04 

03 

02 

01 

00 

99 

98 

97 

96 

35 

34 

)3 

#2 

)l 

WI 

S3 

Sa 

37 

Figure 5-1: OPERATIONAL HELICOPTER TESTS 

AT SHOT DIXIE 

1?1! 
These AFSWC support activities included aircraft operational 

control, airdrop of the nuclear device, cloud sampling, cloud 

tracking, and courier missions. Table 5-2 lists the test group 

projects by number and title and identifies the fielding 

organizations. 

5.2.1 Military Effects Group Projects 

At Shot DIXIE, the Military Effects Group of AFSWP Field 

Command performed the projects shown in table 5-2. The Test 

Director declared recovery hour at 0812 hours, 42 minutes after 

the detonation. 

Project l.la/1.2, Air Blast Measurements, was fielded to 

detect overpressures in free air. Smoke rocket photography was 

used to obtain measurements. Personnel placed 15 rockets in a 

line located about 910 meters northwest of ground zero. A camera 

station was situated about five kilometers southwest of ground 

zero. Immediately before the shot, the smoke rockets were 

ignited from a switch at the Control Point. The camera was timed 

to begin photographing when the rocket trails ignited. Two of 

the rockets did not fire. At recovery hour, two men and a 

monitor traveled to the rocket line and removed the rocket 

hazards. Personnel retrieved film at the camera station 

(lla-llb; 17; 62). 

Project l.lb, Air Pressure and Ground Shock Measurements, 

was fielded to obtain additional data on blast phenomena. Before 

the shot, personnel placed 24 air pressure gauges in the field at 

locations 185 to 4,030 meters west and south of ground zero. The 

gauges were connected to cables that went to a shelter about 

1,800 meters from ground zero where recording instruments were 

placed. Two hours after recovery hour, four men and a radiological safety monitor traveled to the recording shelter to 

recover the records. Estimated time for the mission was 30 

minutes (lla-llb; 62). 

129 
Table 5-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT DIXIE 

Project Title Participants 

Military Effects Group 

l.la/l 2 Atr Blast Measurements Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

1 lb Air Pressure and Ground Shock Measurements Stanford Research Institute 

13 

21 

4.1 

Free-atr Atomtc Blast Pressure Measurements 

RadIoactIve Parttcle Studies Inside an Aircraft 

The Radiation Hazard to Personnel wtthtn an Atomic 

Cloud 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center 

Chemical and Radiological Laboratones 

Atr Force Cambridge Research Center, 

Air Force School of Avration Medicine* 

5.2 Atomic Weapon Effects on B-50 Type Aircraft 

In Flight 

Wright Air Development Center 

62 lndtrect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDA) Phenomena 

and Techniques 

63 

67 

Interim IBDA Capabilities of Strategic Air Command 

Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic 

Radiation from Nuclear Detonations 

Wright Air Development Center; 

Vitro Corporation 

Strategic Air Command 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

68 Evaluation of Mtlttary Radtac Equipment Signal Corps Engineering Laboratones; 

Bureau of Ships 

611 

612 

lndoctnnatlon of Tactical Air Command Air Crews m 

the Delivery and Effects of Atomic Weapons 

Determmatlon of Height of Burst and Ground Zero 

71 

7.3 

Electromagnettc Effects from Nuclear Explosions 

Detection of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from 

Nuclear Explosions 

Tactical Air Command, Air Research 

and Development Command 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, 

Army Field Forces Board #l 

Headquarters, Air Force+ 

Headquarters, Air Force+ 

74 

75 

82 

Seismic Measurements 

Caltbratlon and Analysts of Close-in A-Bomb Debris 

Measurement of Thermal Radiation with a Vacuum 

Mlcrophone 

Headquarters, Air Force 

Headquarters, Air Force, AFSWC 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center 

810 Physical Characteristics of Thermal Radiation from 

an Atomic Bomb Detonation 

Naval Radiologtcal Defense Laboratory 

I& Other participating agencies are listed in the text. 

130 
Table 5-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT DIXIE (Continued) 

Project Title Participants 

Military Effects Group (Continued) 

811b 

91 

lgnrtron and Persrstent Frres Resultrng from Atomrc 

Explosrons-Extenor Kindkng Fuels 

Technrcal Photography 

Forest Service, Drvrsion of Fire Research 

EG&G, Signal Corps Pictorial Center; Air Force 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

13.1 

181 

18.2 

183 

186 

23 1 

23 2 

23.3 

23.17 

27 1 

29 1 

Weapons Development Group 

Radiochemistry Sampling 

Total Thermal and Air Attenuation 

Power versus Time 

Spectroscopy 

Surface-brightness lnvestrgatrons 

AFSWC 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Civil Effects Group 

Brologrcal Effectiveness of lonmng Radration Naval Radrologrcal Defense Laboratory, 

within Shelters Naval Medical Research lnstrtute 

Bacteriologrcal Studies on Anrmals Exposed to 

Neutron Radratron 

Naval Radrologrcal Defense Laboratory 

Long-term Studies on Dogs Exposed to Pnmanly 

Neutron Irradiation in Shelters 

Naval Radrologrcal Defense Laboratory 

Neutron Flux Measurements in AEC Group Shelters 

and Lead Hemispheres 

Naval Radrologrcal Defense Laboratory 

Distribution and Characteristics of Fallout at Distances 

Greater than Ten Miles 

School of Medicine, UCLA; Navy 

Comparison and Evaluation of Dosrmetry Methods 

Applicable to Gamma Radratron 

Atomic Energy Project, UCLA+ 

+ Other particrpatrng agencies are listed In the text 

131 
Project 1.3, Free-air Atomic Blast Pressure Measurements, 

was designed to obtain data on the peak overpressure of the 

free-air shock wave before the arrival of the reflected ground 

wave. Two B-29 aircraft, flying in close formation, made four 

practice runs between 40 and 12 minutes before the detonation. 

Two minutes before the DIXIE detonation, the two aircraft, flying 

upwind at 20,000 feet at a speed of 175 knots, began to drop 14 

parachute-borne canisters. The canisters contained pressure 

altimeters, differential pressure transducers, and a radio 

transmitter unit. The final canister was dropped 20 seconds 

before the detonation. 

Ground project activities began about four hours before 

shot-time. Fourteen project personnel went to a station east of 

Yucca Lake more than 2,700 meters from ground zero, and another 

group of 14 went to a second station about 1,600 meters north of 

the Control Point to record data transmitted from the canisters. 

They remained at these stations through shot-time. Concurrently, 

two men traveled to a radar beacon station 2,740 meters south of 

ground zero to check instruments and turn on the power. They 

left the station about two hours and 30 minutes before the 

detonation. Personnel retrieved the canisters several days after 

the shot (lla-llb; 42). 

Project 2.1, Radioactive Particle Studies inside an Aircraft, was to evaluate the inhalation hazard to aircraft crews 

flying through the clouds formed by detonations. Two QF-80 drone 

aircraft were instrumented for Project 4.1, as described in the 

next paragraph. Project 2.1 personnel installed additional 

instruments in the drones to measure the inhalation of radioactive particulates (20). 

Project 4.1, Radiation Hazard to Personnel within a Nuclear 

Cloud, was conducted to evaluate the radiation hazards to 

aircrews in a modern military aircraft flying through the cloud 

132 
resulting from a detonation. Two QF-80 drone aircraft were used 

for both this project and Project 2.1 to measure both internal 

and external radiation hazards. Personnel from the 3205th Drone 

Group from Eglin AFB, Florida, provided, maintained, and operated 

the drones. 

Animals were placed onboard each drone aircraft to be flown 

through the cloud. In addition, personnel placed temperature and 

pressure gauges and radiation instruments inside and outside the 

aircraft. Each drone also carried wing-tip chambers with filter 

papers to collect particulate samples of the cloud. The aircraft 

passed through the cloud once. The highest drone aircraft passed 

through the bottom of the cloud at 30,000 feet, four and one-half 

minutes after shot-time. The ratemeter showed a maximum radiation dose rate of 2.1 roentgens per second and an integrated dose 

of 11.3 roentgens. The lowest drone, flying at 28,000 feet, 

missed the cloud, but penetrated the radiation field under the 

cloud. After the pass, the drones were landed at the Yucca Flat 

Airstrip. The samples and animals were taken to the Los Alamos 

Scientific Laboratory, where autopsies were performed on the 

animals. 

In addition, a B-50 and a B-47 aircraft each dropped five 

instrumented canisters. The AFSWC 4925th Test Group provided the 

aircraft and crews. The B-50 flew at 35,000 feet and dropped the 

canisters at 150-meter intervals beginning about one minute after 

the shot. It remained in the air after the canister drop to act 

as the sample control aircraft during the cloud-sampling mission 

for Projects 7.5 and 13.1. The B-47, flying at 45,000 feet, 

released the canisters at 200-meter intervals beginning about 

eight minutes after the detonation. The canisters contained 

telemetering equipment. As they dropped through the cloud, a 

telemetering station located seven kilometers from ground zero 

recorded their radiation data. Four project participants manned 

133 
the station through shot-time. The canisters were recovered the 

day after the shot (34; 58; 82). 

Project 5.2, Atomic Weapon Effects on B-50 Type Aircraft in 

Flight, was designed to determine the minimum safe altitude for 

dropping nuclear weapons from medium bombardment aircraft. Three 

B-50 aircraft operated by Wright Air Development Center and 

SAC aircrews were instrumented for pressure and thermal radiation. One B-50 withdrew an hour after takeoff due to engine 

failure. A flight pattern was established so that the B-50s were 

in formation with the bomb-drop aircraft. The two aircraft, one 

with a crew of nine and the other with eight, flew at 30,000 

feet, 3,000 feet behind and 3,000 feet below the drop aircraft. 

The slant range to the burst for the closest aircraft was 5,940 

meters (3; 34; 60). 

Project 6.2, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDA) 

Phenomena and Techniques, was conducted to confirm indications 

that a radar return from a nuclear explosion could determine 

ground zero, height of burst, and yield. A B-29 aircraft took 

off from Kirtland AFB at 0400 hours on shot-day, entering the 

test area at about 0704 hours. It orbited eight kilometers south 

of ground zero. The aircraft left the area at 0838 hours and 

landed at Kirtland AFB at 1046 hours. In addition to the air 

operation, a ground operation was conducted with a radar set 

connected to an oscilloscope and camera used to record the 

returns. Two hours before the shot, four project personnel in 

two vehicles were scheduled to go to a radar station 800 meters 

west of the Control Point and remain there through the detonation 

(lla-llb; 33-34; 53; ,61). 

Project 6.3, Interim IBDA Capabilities of Strategic Air 

Command, was a corollary to Project 6.2. This project evaluated 

the latest IBDA systems, which were installed in SAC aircraft 

134 
flying simulated strike and support missions. These aircraft 

recorded data essential for determining the three IBDA 

parameters: yield, burst height, and ground zero. 

Eleven or 12 B-47 aircraft of the 6th Air Division from 

McDill AFB, Florida, reached the test area at 0655 hours at an 

altitude of 37,000 feet. The aircraft flew in formation over the 

test site for approximately 50 minutes. Thirty-three aircrew 

personnel participated (3; lla-lib; 33-34; 56). 

Project 6.7, Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic 

Radiation from Nuclear Detonations, was designed to detect and 

measure amplitude, duration, and polarization of the pulse of the 

electromagnetic radiation emitted from a nuclear detonation and 

to record any electromagnetic signals that might be emitted in 

the instant before the nuclear detonation. 

Before the shot, three project participants in two vehicles 

drove to two stations, about three kilometers south of ground 

zero, to turn on equipment. They then traveled to a station 

about two kilometers north of the Control Point, where they 

remained through shot-time. One hour after recovery hour, these 

men, accompanied by a monitor, proceeded to the two stations to 

turn off equipment and pick up the data. Estimated time in the 

area was about two hours (lla-llb; 27). 

Project 6.8, Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment, was 

fielded by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, assisted by 

Air Force and Navy personnel. This project was designed to test 

dosimeters and radiac instruments in initial and residual radiation fields produced by a nuclear detonation. Personnel placed 

dosimeters at 12 to 14 stations located 460 meters to 2,740 

meters from ground zero. These portable stations were fitted 

with aluminum thermal and blast shields. 

135 
Two hours after recovery hour, one party of six men accompanied by a monitor traveled by vehicle to recover the dosimeters. Estimated time of the mission was three hours. Due to 

low levels of residual radiation, other activities planned for 

Project 6.8 were canceled (lla-llb; 54). 

Project 6.11, Indoctrination of Tactical Air Command Air 

Crews in the Delivery and Effects of Atomic Weapons, was fielded 

by the Air Research and Development Command and the Tactical Air 

Command (TAC). The project was designed to provide realistic 

operational training for TAC aircrews in the effects of blast, 

thermal, and nuclear radiation that might be encountered in the 

delivery of nuclear weapons. The project also provided data on 

the temperature of aircraft skin while in flight. 

Seven TAC T-33 aircraft, each with a crew of two, were 

fitted with test gear at Indian Springs AFB. After take-off, the 

seven aircraft joined the B-50 drop aircraft about 40 minutes 

before the shot. The T-33s accompanied the aircraft through 

three dry runs and the actual drop mission at 33,192 feet. The 

seven aircraft were in groups of four and three, from right to 

left respectively, flying a stepped-down modified pattern away 

from the B-50. 

At bomb release plus 10 seconds, the right flank of aircraft 

rolled into a go-degree bank, extended dive brakes, applied 100 

percent power, and began a 2.5 g* diving turn to the right. At 

bomb release plus 13 seconds, the left flank performed a similar 

maneuver falling into the trail of the right flank. They pulled 

out at 22,000 feet on a heading of about 120 degrees. At 

shot-time, all aircraft were in a 20-degree climb outward from 

the point of detonation. Approximately 10 seconds after the 

shot, dive brakes were retracted, normal fighter formation was 

*Force equal to 2.5 times normal gravity. 

136 
resumed, and the aircraft proceeded directly to George AFB, 

California, for decontamination and debriefing (33-34; 70). 

Project 6.12, Determination of Height of Burst and Ground 

Zero, evaluated various equipment and techniques for locating 

ground zero and determining height of burst. Sound-ranging 

stations were located in the area around Camp Desert Rock, 50 to 

60 kilometers from ground zero. The system consisted of three 

separate microphone arrays several kilometers apart along a line 

perpendicular to the line from the center of the array to the 

burst point. Flash-ranging cameras and seismic geophones were 

operated at stations in the southeast corner of Yucca Lake 

approximately 13 to 16 kilometers from ground zero. The night 

before the shot, three men in one vehicle went to the control 

station, which was located centrally to the other stations, and 

remained there through the detonation. Three hours before the 

shot, ten men in three vehicles turned on equipment at the other 

stations and returned to the central station where they remained 

through shot-time (lla-llb; 82). 

Project 7.1, Electromagnetic Effects from Nuclear Explosions, was designed to obtain additional information on the 

electromagnetic radiation produced by nuclear detonations. This 

project continued similar investigations conducted at Operations 

BUSTER-JANGLE and TUMBLER-SNAPPER. Personnel from the National 

Bureau of Standards, the Air Force Security Service, the Air 

Force Cambridge Research Center, and the Air Weather Service 

manned one station onsite and several stations in the United 

States and in Bermuda. The manned onsite station was just south 

of Yucca Flat, about 20 kilometers from ground zero. Sixteen 

project personnel traveled there about four hours before the shot 

and remained through shot-time (65). 

Project 7.3, Detection of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from 

Nuclear Explosions, was designed to compare low frequency sounds 

137 
produced by nuclear detonations at various remote field stations. 

These stations were located across the United States and around 

the world. The Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories operated 

stations in Alaska, Hawaii, Greenland, Japan, and Germany. The 

Naval Electronics Laboratory, the Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories, and the National Bureau of Standards operated nine 

stations in the continental United States (66). 

Project 7.4, Seismic Measurements, was conducted to record 

the seismic waves produced by the shot for comparison with those 

produced by shots of other series and by other shots of Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. Ten seismic stations were manned in Arizona, 

Montana, South Dakota, Oklahoma, Alabama, Alaska, and Wyoming. 

The one onsite station, at UTM coordinates 843094, was not manned 

during the shot. Two project personnel and a radiological safety 

monitor in one vehicle proceeded to this station to turn off the 

equipment and recover the records about two hours after recovery 

hour (lla-llb; 28). 

Project 7.5, Calibration and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb 

Debris, was designed to analyze samples of the Shot DIXIE cloud 

to evaluate various parameters of the nuclear device. A B-29 

with a crew of seven took gaseous and particulate samples of the 

cloud. Because AFSWC conducted the cloud sampling, it is discussed more fully in the AFSWC section, 5.2.4 (77). 

Project 8.2, Measurement of Thermal Radiation with a Vacuum 

Microphone, evaluated a device used to measure the thermal 

radiation produced by a nuclear detonation. Personnel placed 

sensing equipment three and 15 kilometers from the detonation 

location. Signals generated in the microphones by the pressure 

of the radiant energy were amplified electronically, fed to an 

oscilloscope, and recorded on magnetic tape. The equipment was 

contained in two vans manned and located about 15 kilometers from 

ground zero near the more distant microphone station. 

138 
Preshot project activities began three days before the detonation when personnel checked the sensing elements. The next day, 

project personnel calibrated the sensing elements and checked to 

ensure that all the equipment was working. One day before the 

detonation, they repeated these steps. Four hours before the shot, 

six project personnel traveled to the equipment vans and remained 

there through the test. After the detonation, personnel retrieved 

equipment from the close-in station (lla-llb; 14). 

Project 8.10, Physical Characteristics of Thermal Radiation 

from an Atomic Bomb Detonation, was designed to supply additional 

data on the basic thermal radiation characteristics of nuclear 

devices. In order to obtain the necessary field data for 

checking theoretical approaches to the problem of calculating 

scattered radiation, ground stations were instrumented so that 

certain physical characteristics of the thermal radiation could 

be closely monitored. 

Where low thermal flux was anticipated, the instruments were 

placed about three meters above ground level. Before shot-time, 

three project personnel instrumented two stations consisting of 

17-meter towers and instrument shelters. These two stations were 

2,070 and 2,620 meters south of the DIXIE ground zero. One hour 

after recovery hour, three personnel plus a radiation safety 

monitor recovered the data. The estimated time of the recovery 

mission was one hour. 

In addition to the instruments at the ground stations, two 

Strategic Air Command B-50 aircraft and one B-50 that operated 

for Project 5.2 were instrumented to obtain thermal measurements 

for this project. The aircraft flew in formation with the drop 

aircraft at 30,000 feet (33-34; 41). 

Project 8.11b, Ignition and Persistent Fires Resulting from 

Atomic Explosions --Exterior Kindling Fuels, studied exterior 

139 
kindling fuels found in urban areas. Before the shot, project 

participants placed newspaper bundles, rags, and mops at 

locations 1,500 to 3,000 meters from ground zero. One hour after 

recovery hour, three men and a radiological safety monitor 

inspected the damage (3; lla-lib; 74). 

Project 9.1, Technical Photography, provided both still and 

motion picture photography of the shock front at Shot DIXIE. 

EG&G personnel, 23 officers and enlisted men from the Army Signal 

Corps Pictorial Center, and five Air Force enlisted men performed 

this project. 

The shock front was photographed by cameras mounted in two 

photography trailers at an unknown distance from ground zero. 

After the shot, project personnel recovered the film. EG&G 

processed the film in Las Vegas or Los Angeles (40). 

In addition to Project 9.1 technical photography, a documentary photography mission was performed by personnel from the Air 

Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory. Ten personnel established 

five camera stations at the following locations (lla-lib): 

Station 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5* 

Location Number of Distance from Ground 

(BTM) Personnel Zero (kilometers) 

900928 2 12 

830910 2 14 

829900 2 15 

781958 2 13 

843878 2 17 

They remained in the area to photograph the burst and resulting 

cloud. 

*Station 5 was at the Control Point. 

140 
Lookout Mountain Laboratory personnel also took documentary 

photographs from a C-47 aircraft. The aircraft left Indian 

Springs AFB at 0630 hours and established a holding pattern 16 

kilometers south of ground zero at 10,000 feet. Personnel 

photographed the DIXIE burst, and the C-47 left the area at 0733 

hours. It landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0746 hours (34; 40). 

5.2.2 Weapons Development Group Projects 

The Weapons Development Group performed 15 projects at Shot 

DIXIE, only five of which involved DOD personnel. Table 5-2 

lists DOD participation in the Weapons Development Group. 

Project 13.1, Radiochemistry Sampling, was performed by 

sampling pilots from the AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) 

and is discussed under AFSWC participation in section 5.2.4. 

Projects 18.1, Total Thermal and Air Attenuation, 18.2, 

Power versus Time, and 18.6, Surface-brightness Investigations, 

were performed for the Weapons Development Group by the Naval 

Research Laboratory of Washington, D.C. No further information 

is available concerning these projects. 

Project 18.3, Spectroscopy, was conducted by the Naval 

Research Laboratory to obtain information on spectral characteristics of light emitted from nuclear detonations. Spectrometers 

were used to record on film the changes in the wavelength of 

light with time. Two spectrometers used in this experiment were 

in Building 400, located near the Control Point at Yucca Pass. 

Project personnel manned Building 400 on shot-day to operate the 

instruments. At Shot DIXIE, the distance between ground zero and 

Building 400 was about 17.4 kilometers. 

141 
Three other spectrometers were located in Station 413, a 

reinforced semitrailer, which served as a mobile instrument station. On the day of the test, 11 people occupied Station 413, 

3,000 meters from ground zero, until four hours before shot-time. 

Project personnel loaded film into the spectrometers and set the 

instruments for remote-control operation. They then secured the 

trailer and left the area until after the test. Four men plus a 

radiological safety monitor entered the DIXIE test area after 

recovery hour was declared to recover film and recorder charts 

from Station 413 for processing and analysis. The estimated 

working time in this area was about 15 minutes (19; 29). 

5.2.3 Civil Effects Group Projects 

The six Civil Effects Group projects listed in table 5-2 

involved DOD participants. The same Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory personnel usually conducted all of the Program 23 

projects. No information is available on Project 23.3, Long-term 

Studies on Dogs Exposed to Primarily Neutron Irradiation in 

Shelters. 

Project 23.1, Biological Effectiveness of Ionizing Radiation 

within Shelters, involved the direct biological measurements of 

the total radiation hazard within earth-protected AEC communal 

shelters, using mice as test subjects. Project participants 

transported the animals to the shelters eight hours before the 

shot. One hour after recovery hour, they retrieved the animals 

from the AEC shelters located at a slant range of 2,570 meters 

from the burst point (15; 21b). 

Project 23.2, Bacteriological Studies on Animals Exposed to 

Neutron Radiation, collected data on the role played by postirradiation infection in deaths caused by radiation exposure. 

Project participants placed 153 animals, mostly mice and dogs, in 

the same shelters used for Project 23.1. Recovery operations are 

142 
not documented, but probably took place one hour after recovery 

hour (85). 

Project 23.17, Neutron Flux Measurements in AEC Group 

Shelters and Lead Hemispheres, investigated neutron radiation 

inside and outside lead hemispheres and shelters and measured the 

neutron dose received by animals in those shelters. At Shot 

DIXIE, the only activities involved placing animals in the 

shelters used in Project 23.1 and retrieving them after recovery 

hour (86). 

Project 27.1, Distribution and Characteristics of Fallout at 

Distances Greater than Ten Miles, involved detailed studies of 

the physical phenomena of fallout in order to provide information 

for use in evaluating possible hazards from fallout. 

The field group for this project, consisting of about 32 

Navy enlisted men, was responsible for placing equipment, 

collecting samples, monitoring, and reporting field observations. 

The operational plan called for setting up 42 air-sampling 

stations consisting of various experiments along roads and trails 

selected on the basis of predicted fallout patterns. To maximize 

the data to be collected, the field group remained at previously 

assigned rendezvous points until after the Air Weather Service 

predicted the fallout pattern, one day before the shot. These 

predictions were relayed to the field group via telephone or 

radio. Approximately four hours were allowed for the field group 

to establish stations and return to the rendezvous points. 

Sixteen stations were located at ten-kilometer intervals 

starting northeast of Las Vegas on Route 91. Thirteen stations were located at ten-kilometer intervals starting northeast 

of Kingman, Arizona, on Route 66. The remaining 13 stations were 

at 16-kilometer intervals starting at Quartz, Arizona, on Highway 

60 to Highway 71 through Congress Junction on Highway 89 through 

143 
Prescott, Arizona. The teams were to collect the samples three 

days after the shot. Actual fallout from DIXIE was very limited, 

but it is not known how this affected project plans (21b; 69). 

Project 29.1, Comparison and Evaluation of Dosimetry Methods 

Applicable to Gamma Radiation, was conducted by the Atomic Energy 

Project, University of California at Los Angeles. Evans Signal 

Laboratory, part of the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, 

fielded the experiment with assistance from the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, the Federal Civil Defense Administration, the Naval Medical Research Laboratory, and the Army 

Chemical Corps. The project compared and evaluated the accuracy 

and practicality of chemical and film methods for measuring 

initial and residual gamma radiation. At DIXIE, 26 project 

participants placed 105 dosimeters in the shot area to measure 

residual gamma radiation. Thirty of the dosimeters were exposed 

in the test stations belonging to AFSWP Project 6.8. The other 

75 dosimeters were placed at slant ranges of 1,830 to 2,590 

meters from the burst point (21b; 79). 

5.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC support to the test groups and Test Manager during 

Shot DIXIE consisted of operational control of all aircraft, 

airdropping the device, cloud sampling, sample courier missions, 

cloud tracking, and aerial surveys. DIXIE was the first airdrop 

of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. Nine F-84G aircraft and one B-29 

aircraft flew cloud-sampling missions in support of LASL Project 

13.1, Radiochemistry Sampling, and AFSWP Project 7.5, Calibration 

and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb Debris. The B-47 and B-50 that 

dropped canisters for Project 4.1 were also AFSWC aircraft. The 

B-50 also acted as sample control aircraft. Canister drop 

activities are described under Project 4.1 (34). 

144 
With the exception of the B-50 delivery aircraft, which flew 

from Kirtland AFB, AFSWC aircraft originated at Indian Springs 

AFB. The types and numbers of aircraft and estimated numbers of 

AFSWC aircrew personnel involved in air missions at Shot DIXIE 

are shown in the following listing (34). 

TITLE 

ESTIMATED 

TYPE OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF 

AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Delivery 

Sampling 

Sampler 

Sampler 

Sampler Control* 

Sample Courier 

Missions 

Cloud Tracking 

Aerial Surveys 

Canister Drop 

B-50 

F-84G 

B-29 

B-50 

c-47 

B-25 

TBM 

B-29 

B-25 

H-5 1 2 

c-47 1 4 

L-20 2 6 

B-47 1 3 

11 

9 

9 

9 

12 

5 

3 

20 

5 

*Also participated in Project 4.1 

Cloud Sampling 

Ten aircraft collected particulate and gaseous samples of 

the Shot DIXIE cloud. Nine of the ten aircraft were F-84G 

samplers, code-named Tiger, flown by pilots of the 4926th Test 

Squadron for Project 13.1. The other aircraft was a B-29 that 

collected samples for AFSWP Project 7.5. A B-50 sampler control 

aircraft, with a crew of nine including a scientific advisor from 

LASL, and one of the F-84G sampler aircraft, which acted as a 

llsnooper," surveyed the DIXIE cloud before the actual sampling 

145 
sorties began. The snooper landed after determining cloud heig 

and then left again to conduct a sampling mission. The first 

cloud penetration occurred one hour and 15 minutes after the 

shot. The listing that follows summarizes sampling aircraft 

activities. Aircraft are listed in the sequence in which they 

conducted the sampling (34). 

ht 

AIRCRAFT 

TOTAL TIME TOTAL TIME IN 

NUMBER OF IN CLOUD CLOUD AREA 

PENETRATIONS (seconds) (minutes) 

Tiger Red 1 

Tiger Red 2 

Tiger Red 3 

Tiger Red 4 

Tiger White 1 

Tiger White 4 

Tiger Blue 2 

Tiger Blue 3 

Tiger Blue 4 

Catnip (B-29) 

2 

35 

130 

144 

120 

12 

2 

180 

10 

- 

71 

40 

59 

80 

22 

30 

100 

63 

109 

135 

The peak intensity encountered ranged from 0.15 to 10.0 R/h. 

Sampling was very difficult at Shot DIXIE. The cloud rose to a 

height of 43,000 feet and forced the F-84G samplers to perform at 

altitudes approaching the aircraft's limits (34). 

After the sampling mission was completed, the aircraft 

landed at Indian Springs AFB and parked in designated areas. 

Engines were shut down, and the canopies remained closed and 

sealed until the samples were removed from the aircraft. The 

146 
pilots remained on full oxygen while they waited. The 4926th 

sample-removal team and radiological safety monitors used 

long-handled tools to take samples from each aircraft and place 

them in shielded containers. Members of the sample-removal team 

then loaded the sample containers on courier aircraft for 

delivery to AEC and DOD laboratories for analysis. 

After the samples from each aircraft were removed and 

stored, the pilot shut down his oxygen and opened his canopy. 

The pilots in F-84G aircraft stepped onto a platform held by a 

forklift, so they would not touch the exterior of the aircraft. 

The B-29 crew exited through the rear side door. The crews were 

taken in a pickup truck to the decontamination station, where 

they were monitored and decontaminated as necessary (80). 

Sample Courier Missions 

Following Shot DIXIE, six AFSWC aircraft flew courier 

missions for test group projects, including Projects 7.5 and 

13.1. Four C-47s, one B-25, and one TBM aircraft were used. 

AFSWC personnel piloted all of the aircraft (33). 

Cloud Tracking 

After the detonation, two Air Weather Service B-29s, each 

with a crew of ten, and one B-25 with a crew of five left from 

Indian Springs AFB on cloud-tracking missions over and beyond the 

NPG. The purpose of these missions was to determine the 

direction of the Shot DIXIE cloud and to assist the Test Manager 

in keeping the airways clear of any private or commercial aircraft that might encounter the cloud. 

One B-29 aircraft tracked the cloud for 65 minutes; the 

other B-29 followed the cloud for 115 minutes. The B-25 flew for 

96 minutes in the cloud area. The cloud-tracking aircraft found 

no radiation at the assigned altitudes of 22,000, 18,000 and 

147 
12,000 feet, respectively. On completion of this mission, the 

three aircraft returned to their respective staging bases (26; 

34). 

Aerial Surveys 

As directed by the Test Manager and the Test Director, an 

AFSWC H-5 helicopter, a C-47, and two AFSWC L-20 aircraft flew 

radiological safety and aerial surveys of the terrain following 

the DIXIE detonation. 

The H-5 helicopter began the initial onsite radiological 

safety survey 15 minutes after the detonation and finished it 25 

minutes later. The C-47 and L-20 aircraft flew extensive radiological survey missions. The L-20 missions lasted 178 minutes 

and 54 minutes respectively. The C-47 aircraft conducted an 

offsite survey for 105 minutes. This mission was curtailed 

because there was little fallout and radiation readings were low 

(26; 34). 

5.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT DIXIE 

For Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Exercise Desert Rock V, the 

test groups, and AFSWC developed radiation protection procedures 

to keep individual exposure to ionizing radiation to a minimum 

while still allowing participants to accomplish their missions. 

Some of the procedures described in chapter 5 of the Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE volume resulted in the production of records that 

enabled these organizations to evaluate the effectiveness of 

their radiation protection programs. Information from these 

records is presented below. 

148 
5.3.1 Desert Rock Radiation Protection Activities 

Radiation protection activities were limited at DIXIE, since 

there was no troop maneuver and no equipment display area. A 

group of observers viewed the blast from News Nob, 16 kilometers 

from ground zero. Radiation survey meters located at News Nob 

showed no radiation above background levels following the detonation (45). 

5.3.2 Joint Test Organization Radiation Protection Activities 

Records of the JTO radiation protection activities were 

obtained from the radiological safety report of operations. The 

information in that report includes data on film badges and 

safety equipment issued, survey records, isointensity plots, and 

decontamination records (26). 

Dosimetry 

During the period of 5 April to 9 April 1953, which covers 

the 6 April detonation of Shot DIXIE, the Dosimetry and Records 

Section of the JTO processed 1,100 film badges. No information 

is available concerning exposures received by DOD participants at 

DIXIE, but gamma intensities were so low when surveyed that no 

recovery personnel would have received a dose measurable on a 

film badge (26). 

Logistics and Supply 

From 5 April to 9 April, the Supply Section issued the 

following items: 

0 51 respirators 

0 73 protective caps 

a 83 coveralls 

0 113 pairs of gloves 

0 132 pairs of shoe covers 

0 268 pairs of goggles. 

149 
In addition, the Supply Section issued 41 radiation survey 

instruments (26). 

Monitoring 

The initial survey team completed its readings at 0900 

hours. The team, consisting of eight men, detected only low 

levels of radioactivity. The highest gamma intensity encountered 

at the DIXIE ground zero was 0.0015 R/h. Because the onsite 

helicopter survey was completed by 0810 hours, the Test Director 

announced the test area opened for recovery operations at 0812 

hours, before the ground survey was completed. One day after 

the shot, monitors conducted a general survey of Yucca Flat to 

determine and map areas of radiation from previous detonations. 

The only residual radiation found in Area 7 was from Shot RUTH, 

which had been detonated one week earlier (26). 

Five of the 18 offsite monitors were DOD personnel. The 

offsite monitors detected no ground-level radiation from DIXIE. 

Plotting and Briefing 

Figure 5-2 shows the isointensity plot resulting from the 

initial survey. The test area was not resurveyed since the 

initial survey team had found only low levels of radiation. 

In addition to its other activities, the Plotting and 

Briefing Section briefed 60 parties, totaling 179 personnel, for 

entry into the test area during the period of 5 April to 9 April 

(26). 

Decontamination; 

During the period of Shot DIXIE, the Vehicle and Equipment 

Decontamination Section decontaminated six vehicles, apparently 

from operations in areas with residual radiation areas (26). 

150 
Meters 

I J 

0 100 

Radiation Intensity around 

Ground Zero 0.1 R/h 

Ground Zero 

Shot Dixie 

(0.0015 R/h) 

Stake Lines 

. . . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

63 Ground Zero 

Figure 5-2: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT DIXIE, 

6 APRIL 1963,0606 TO OWO HOURS 

151 
SHOT RAY SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock V 

DATE/TIME: 11 April 1953, 0445 hours 

YIELD: 0.2 kiloton 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 100 feet (tower shot) 

AEC Objective: To evaluate the nuclear yield, blast, thermal, 

and radiological phenomena produced by this 

device. 

DOD Objective: To evaluate military equipment, tactics, and 

doctrine; to measure effects characteristics and 

evaluate the military applications of the 

device; and to orientate military personnel in 

the tactical uses of nuclear weapons. 

Weather: At shot-time, surface winds were from the 

northeast at five knots. Winds were from the 

north at 15 knots at 5,000 feet and 31 knots at 

10,000 feet. The temperature was -0.3"C, the 

relative humidity was 43 percent, and the 

pressure was 869 millibars. 

Radiation Data: Radiation intensities of 10.0 R/h from the RAY 

detonation were detected south of ground zero 

during the initial survey about one hour after 

the shot. From Shot NANCY, which had been 

detonated on 24 March about one kilometer from 

the RAY ground zero, residual radiation intensities in excess of 0.01 R/h extended northward. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock V participants, Armed 

Forces Special Weapons Project, Air Force 

Special Weapons Center, University of California 

Radiation Laboratory, Federal Civil Defense 

Administration, contractors. 

152 
CHAPTER 6 

SHOT RAY 

Shot RAY, the final shot treated in this volume and the 

fifth of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, was detonated on 11 April 

1953 at 0445 hours Pacific Standard Time. The detonation 

occurred on the date originally scheduled for Shot BADGER and its 

Marine Corps exercise. Because the area to be used for Shot 

BADGER, Area 2, had been contaminated by the NANCY detonation on 

24 March, preparations for BADGER were delayed. To maintain the 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE schedule, the shot days for RAY and BADGER were 

switched. The RAY detonation took place in Area 4 of Yucca Flat, 

at UTM coordinates 806060, on a lOO-foot tower. Sponsored by the 

University of California Radiation Laboratory, RAY was one of the 

smallest detonations of the series, with a yield of 0.2 kiloton. 

The top of the cloud resulting from Shot RAY attained an 

altitude of 12,800 feet, and the cloud moved south from ground 

zero. The predicted wind direction posed the possibility that 

fallout might occur at the Control Point. The actual fallout 

came close but passed to the west. The fallout pattern was a 

narrow band extending offsite south into the California desert. 

Moderate offsite fallout was detected by ground survey teams 

along the following roads: 

0 U.S. Highway 95, west of Mercury 

0 A desert road about 30 kilometers south of 

Mercury 

0 Nevada Highway 52 between Pahrump, Nevada, and Shoshone, 

California 

0 The road east of Tecopa, California (38). 

153 
The Military Effects Group, the Weapons Development Group, 

and the Civil Effects Group conducted 17 scientific, diagnostic, 

and technical projects with DOD participation. Exercise Desert 

Rock V activities were not extensive at Shot RAY. DOD personnel 

participated in only two Desert Rock V programs. As part of the 

Exercise Desert Rock V orientation and indoctrination program, 63 

DOD personnel witnessed the shot. Another 11 Marine Corps 

personnel conducted operational helicopter tests. The Air Force 

Special Weapons Center provided aircraft operational control and 

air support to two test group projects and to the Test Manager. 

AFSWC missions included aerial surveys and cloud-sampling, 

cloud-tracking, and courier missions. 

6.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V OPERATIONS AT SHOT RAY 

As noted above, only two Desert Rock activities were 

performed at this shot: the orientation and indoctrination 

program and the Marine Corps operational helicopter tests. Table 

6-l displays Desert Rock V activities and the numbers and units 

of personnel involved at Shot RAY: 

Table 6-l: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V ACTIVITIES AT SHOT RAY 

Program Participating Service 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

Troop Ortentation and lndoctrinatlon 

(Observers) 

Army (Camp Desert Rock 

Troops) 

Marine Corps 

Air Force 

Navy 

33 

25 

4 

1 

Operational Helicopter Tests Marine Corps 8 

154 
6.1.1 Orientation and Indoctrination 

The standard orientation and indoctrination program of 

Exercise Desert Rock V was not used at Shot RAY. There was no 

classroom instruction, and no display area was prepared for the 

detonation. However, 63 DOD observers witnessed the shot. These 

observers included 33 Army Corps personnel, 25 Marine Corps 

officers from the 2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise 

Brigade, four Air Force personnel, and one Navy participant (45). 

The observers witnessed the RAY detonation from News Nob, 

UTM coordinates 848888, approximately 18 kilometers from ground 

zero. The observers arrived at News Nob at 0412 hours on shotday. No shelter was required because of the distance from ground 

zero and the small size of the detonation. However, personnel 

were required to face away from the shot-tower immediately before 

the detonation. The observers heard the blast but did not feel 

the shock wave. The observers returned to Camp Desert Rock by 

0540 hours. No measurable radiation was noted at the observation 

point, and no assistance from radiological safety personnel was 

required at any time during the operation (45). 

6.1.2 Operational Helicopter Tests 

At Shot RAY, Marine Corps personnel from the Helicopter 

Atomic Test Unit, 2d MCPAEB, conducted operational tests with 

four Marine HRS helicopters. These tests were designed to 

investigate a number of factors that might affect the use of 

helicopter assaults under the conditions following a battlefield 

nuclear detonation. The factors studied at Shot RAY included 

flash blindness, overpressure, and ground and airborne 

radioactivity. 

Although four HRS helicopters were scheduled for this 

operation, only three (A, C, and D) were used. Helicopter C was 

to follow the operating plan for helicopter B after passage of 

155 
the shock wave. Each helicopter was to be operated by a pilot 

and copilot. A monitor was probably also aboard helicopters A 

and C since helicopter A was scheduled to land about 1.6 

kilometers upwind of ground zero so that ground readings could be 

taken. Helicopter C was to provide assistance as necessary (44). 

The helicopters left Yucca Lake airstrip and proceeded to 

positions south-southeast of ground zero. Helicopter A proceeded 

to an orbiting point at UTM coordinates 856982, about 14 kilometers from ground zero. Helicopters C and D assumed their 

positions near UTM coordinates 846016, about 5,940 meters from 

ground zero. Figure 6-l illustrates the helicopter movements. 

About one minute before the shot, helicopter A proceeded at 

a height of 400 feet on a course designed to place it 8.5 kilometers from the shot, port-side of the blast, at the time of 

detonation. At about the same time, helicopters C and D were 

about six kilometers from ground zero hovering about ten feet off 

the ground, facing the blast. At the time of detonation, helicopter A was about nine kilometers from ground zero, while helicopters C and D maintained their preshot positions. 

Immediately after the shot, helicopter A turned and 

proceeded toward ground zero. With the arrival of the shock 

wave, helicopter C left its position to accompany helicopter A, 

and helicopter D returned to the Yucca Lake airstrip. 

In the meantime, helicopter A continued toward ground zero, 

and helicopter C maintained visual contact as a safety precaution. Helicopter A landed about 1.6 kilometers east of ground 

zero, where a radiological safety monitor disembarked to record 

early radiation levels. About 35 minutes after the shot, the 

monitor was scheduled to reboard helicopter A. Helicopters A 

156 
I, 

Hellcopter A - 

H&copter B _--- 

Hehcopter C -.-.-. 

Hellcopter D . . . . . . . 

\ 

Decontammatlor 

0 

‘-; 

KIlometer 

I 

I 

1 

t t I 

I 

t 

I 

t 

t 

I h 

Yucca 

Lake 

Detonation 

1 ? 

. 

. 8 . 

4 A 

I : * . 

Helicopters C and D 

on Ground at Time of 

bb. Detonation 

‘\. ** 

\\ 

\: ***. 

\ 

\ 

‘\ 

Hellcopters A and B 

at Time of 

Figure 6-l: OPERATIONAL HELICOPTER TESTS 

AT SHOT RAY 

157 

07 

06 

05 

04 

03 

02 

01 

00 

99 

98 

97 

96 

95 

94 

92 

8 

81 

8 
and C returned to Yucca Lake airstrip for radiological safety 

clearance. All helicopters then returned to Camp Desert Rock 

(44). 

6.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN JOINT TEST 

ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT RAY 

The Military Effects Group sponsored 11 projects during Shot 

RAY. DOD personnel also took part in five of the projects conducted by the Weapons Development Group and in one of two projects performed by the Civil Effects Group. Table 6-2 lists the 

test group projects by number and title and identifies the 

fielding organizations. In addition, AFSWC personnel provided 

support to test groups and to the Test Manager. 

6.2.1 Military Effects Group Projects 

At Shot RAY, the Military Effects Group of AFSWP Field 

Command performed the projects shown in table 6-2. The Test 

Director allowed recovery operations to begin at 0624 hours. 

Project 6.2, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDA) 

Phenomena and Techniques, was performed to confirm indications 

that a radar return from a nuclear explosion could be used to 

determine ground zero, height of burst, and yield. At 2200 hours 

the night before the shot, two project personnel traveled to a 

receiver station located in the northeast corner of Yucca Lake, 

and three men in one vehicle traveled to a second receiver 

station at the north end of Yucca Lake. These men manned the two 

stations through shot-time. Another group of three in two 

vehicles traveled to a mobile radar transmitter located about 5.5 

kilometers northwest of the Control Point in order to start the 

generator and prepare the station for operations. Soon after 

midnight, these personnel went to the Control Point and then 

traveled to a radar station about 800 meters west of the Control 

158 
Table 6-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT RAY 

Project Title I 

Participants 

Military Effects Group 

6.2 

6.7 

lndlrect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDA) 

Phenomena and Techniques 

Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic 

Radiatron from Nuclear Detonations 

Wright Arr Development Center, 

Vitro Corporatron 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratones 

68a Initial Gamma Exposure versus Distance 

6.12 Determination of Herght of Burst and Ground Zero 

Srgnal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratones; 

Army Field Forces Board #l 

71 

7.3 

Electromagnetic Effects from Nuclear Explosrons 

Detection of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from 

Nuclear Explosions 

Headquarters, As Force + 

Headquarters, Air Force* 

74 Seismic Measurements Headquarters, Air Force 

7.5 Calibration and Analysis of Close-In A-Bomb Debris Headquarters, Arr Force, AFSWC 

81a Effects of Thermal and Blast Forces from Nuclear Wright Air Development Center; Drvrslon 

Detonations on Basic Aircraft Structures of Research, University of Dayton 

and Components 

82 Measurement of Thermal Radiation with a Vacuum Air Force Cambridge Research Center 

Microphone 

91 

131 

18.1 

18.2 

18.3 

186 

29.1 

Technical Photography EG&G, Signal Corps Pictorial Center; Air Force 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

Weapons Development Group 

Radiochemistry Sampling AFSWC 

Total Thermal and Arr Attenuation Naval Research Laboratory 

Power versus Time Naval Research Laboratory 

Spectroscopy Naval Research Laboratory 

Surface-brightness lnvestrgatlons Naval Research Laboratory 

Civil Effects Group 

Comparison and Evaluation of Dostmetry Methods Atomic Energy Project. UCLA+ 

Applicable to Gamma Radiation 

*Other participating agencies are listed in the text 

159 
Point, where they remained during the test. Three hours after 

recovery hour, one project participant and a monitor traveled to 

a transmitter station nine kilometers north of ground zero to 

turn off the generator (12a-12b; 33; 53). 

Project 6.7, Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic 

Radiation from Nuclear Detonations, detected and measured 

amplitude, duration, and polarization of the pulse of the 

electromagnetic radiation emitted from a nuclear detonation and 

anY electromagnetic signals that might be emitted in the instant 

before a detonation. Personnel traveled to the instrument 

stations two or three hours before shot-time to turn on 

generators and allow the equipment to warm up. They left before 

shot-time. One hour after recovery hour was announced, three 

participants, accompanied by a monitor, traveled to stations 

about three kilometers south of ground zero to turn off equipment 

and to pick up data. Estimated time in the area was one hour 

(12a-12b; 27). 

Project 6.8a, Initial Gamma Exposure versus Distance, 

fielded by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, was 

designed to document initial gamma radiation exposure from the 

RAY device. Personnel placed dosimeters at 13 stations located 

180 to 1,080 meters from ground zero. These portable stations 

were fitted with aluminum thermal and blast shields. Two hours 

after recovery hour, one party of six men accompanied by a 

monitor traveled by vehicle to recover film and dosimeters. The 

estimated time of the mission was three hours (12a-12b; 59). 

Project 6.12, Determination of Height of Burst and Ground 

Zero, was to evaluate various equipment and techniques for 

locating ground zero and determining the height of burst. Soundranging stations were located around Camp Desert Rock from 55 to 

60 kilometers from ground zero. The system was composed of three 

160 
separate microphone arrays several kilometers apart along a line 

perpendicular to the line from the center of the array to the 

shot-tower. Flash-ranging cameras and seismic geophones were 

operated at stations in the southeast corner of Yucca Lake. 

Three hours before the shot, 13 men in four vehicles turned on 

equipment at seven stations. After completing their mission, 

they returned to a central station in Yucca Lake, where they 

remained through shot-time (12a-12b; 82). 

Project 7.1, Electromagnetic Effects from Nuclear Explosions, was conducted at all UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE events to obtain 

additional information on the electromagnetic radiation produced 

by nuclear detonations. This project was a continuation of 

similar investigations conducted at both Operations BUSTER-JANGLE 

and TUMBLER-SNAPPER. Personnel from the National Bureau of 

Standards, the Air Force Security Service, the Air Force 

Cambridge Research Center, and the Air Weather Service manned 

monitoring stations onsite and offsite. 

Two onsite locations were used for Shot RAY. Station A was 

just south of Yucca Flat about 20 kilometers from ground zero. 

It was manned by 16 men who remained there through shot-time. 

Station B was more than 50 kilometers from ground zero. It is 

not known if personnel remained at Station B through shot-time 

(12a-12b; 65). 

Project 7.3, Detection of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from 

Nuclear Explosions, was designed to compare low frequency sounds 

produced by nuclear detonations at various field stations. These 

stations were located across the United States and around the 

world. Personnel from the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

manned stations in Alaska, Hawaii, Greenland, Japan, and Germany. 

The Naval Electronics Laboratory, the Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories, and the National Bureau of Standards manned nine 

stations in the continental United States (66). 

161 
Project 7.4, Seismic Measurements, was to record the seismic 

waves produced by the shot for comparison with those produced by 

shots of other series and with other shots of Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE. Manned seismic stations were located in Arizona, 

Montana, South Dakota, Oklahoma, Alabama, Alaska, and Wyoming. 

The one onsite seismic station, at UTM coordinates 843094, was 

not manned at shot-time. Two project personnel and a radiological safety monitor drove in one vehicle to the onsite seismic 

station two hours after recovery hour to turn off equipment and 

recover records. Personnel remained at the station for one hour 

(12a-12b; 28). 

Project 7.5, Calibration and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb 

Debris, was designed to analyze samples of the Shot RAY cloud to 

evaluate various parameters of the nuclear device. Two B-29 

aircraft took gaseous and particulate samples of the cloud. This 

project was similar to Project 13.1, Radiochemistry Sampling, and 

is discussed more fully in the AFSWC section, 6.2.4 (77). 

Project 8.la, Effects of Thermal and Blast Forces from 

Nuclear Detonations on Basic Aircraft Structures and Components, 

was to obtain data on the reaction of aircraft components to the 

thermal and blast effects of nuclear detonations. Project 

personnel placed basic B-36 aircraft structures and components 

170, 240, and 330 meters from ground zero before the shot. The 

components and structures were instrumented to determine the 

maximum temperatures reached. Several hours after recovery hour, 

four project personnel accompanied by a monitor inspected the 

components. The estimated time of the mission was one hour (5; 

12a-12b; 75). 

Project 8.2, Measurement of Thermal Radiation with a Vacuum 

Microphone, evaluated a device used to measure the thermal radiation produced by a nuclear detonation. Personnel placed sensing 

equipment three and 16 kilometers from the point of detonation. 

162 
Signals generated in the microphones by the pressure of the radiant energy were amplified electronically, fed to an oscilloscope, 

and recorded on magnetic tape. The recording equipment was contained in two manned vans located north of the Control Point near 

the farthest microphone station 16 kilometers from ground zero. 

Three days before the shot, personnel checked the sensing 

elements for electrical operation. The next day, they calibrated 

the sensing elements and checked to ensure that the equipment was 

working. On the day before the shot, personnel repeated these 

checks. Four hours before the shot, six project personnel 

traveled to the equipment vans and remained there through shottime. Personnel retrieved the equipment from the close-in 

station sometime after recovery hour (12a-12b; 14). 

Project 9.1, Technical Photography, provided both still and 

motion picture photography of the technical aspects of Military 

Effects Group projects. EG&G personnel, 23 officers and enlisted 

men from the Army Signal Corps Pictorial Center, and five 

enlisted men from the Air Force performed this project. 

There is no documentation indicating that Project 9.1 

photography was conducted at Shot BAY. However, personnel may 

have photographed the fireball during the detonation. This would 

have been done by remote control with cameras on steel phototowers. In the standard procedure for this photography mission, 

camera stations were installed, and a complete dry run was held. 

Before the shot, personnel removed the plastic bags covering the 

cameras to keep out dust and loaded the cameras with film, The 

same project personnel who installed the film recovered it on 

shot-day after recovery hour was announced. EGBG processed all 

film in Las Vegas or Los Angeles (40). 

In addition to the technical film support provided by Project 9.1 personnel, the Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory was 

163 
scheduled to take documentary photographs of the RAY burst and 

subsequent cloud development. Ten personnel from the Lookout 

Mountain Laboratory were to occupy five camera stations about two 

hours before shot-time to photograph the RAY burst. The station 

locations are listed below (12a-12b): 

Number of Distance from 

Station Location (UTM) Personnel Ground Zero (kilometers) 

1 894982 2 13 

2 844962 2 11 

3 800992 2 7 

4 781958 2 10 

5* 843878 2 18 

These personnel probably remained at their stations through shottime to photograph the burst (12b). 

6.2.2 Weapons Development Group Projects 

The Weapons Development Group performed 19 projects at Shot 

RAY. Of these projects, only five involved DOD personnel, as 

shown in table 6-2. 

Project 13.1, Radiochemistry Sampling, was performed by 

sampling pilots from the AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) 

for the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, a member of the Weapons 

Development Group. This project is discussed in the AFSWC 

participation section, 6.2.4. 

Project 18.1, Total Thermal and Air Attenuation, Project 

18.2, Power versus Time, and Project 18.6, Surface-brightness 

Investigations, were conducted at the shot by the Naval Research 

Laboratory. No other information is available concerning these 

projects. 

*Station 5 was at the Control Point. 

164 
Project 18.3, Spectroscopy, was also conducted by the Naval 

Research Laboratory. The objective was to obtain information on 

spectral characteristics of light emitted from nuclear detonations. Spectrometers were used to record on film the wavelength 

of light with time. 

Two spectrometers were in Building 400, located near the 

Control Point at Yucca Pass, about 19 kilometers from the RAY 

ground zero. On shot-day, project personnel operated the 

instruments in this building manually. Three other spectrometers 

were located in Station 413, a reinforced semitrailer, which 

served as a mobile instrument station. This trailer, located 

about 3.2 kilometers from ground zero, was designed to withstand 

blast pressures. On the day before the test, 12 individuals 

occupied Station 413 until four hours before shot-time. Project 

personnel loaded film into the spectrometers and set the 

instruments for remote-control operation. They then secured the 

trailer and left the area until after the shot. Four men and a 

radiological safety monitor went to Station 413 about 15 minutes 

after recovery hour to recover film and recorder charts for 

processing and analysis. They worked at the station about 15 

minutes (19; 29). 

6.2.3 Civil Effects Group Projects 

The Civil Effects Group conducted one project at RAY that 

involved DOD participants. Project 29.1, Comparison and 

Evaluation of Dosimetry Methods Applicable to Gamma Radiation, 

was conducted by the Atomic Energy Project of the University of 

California at Los Angeles. Other agencies, including the Evans 

Signal Laboratory (part of the Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories), supplied gauges. The project evaluated the 

accuracy and practicality of chemical versus film and other 

methods of gamma dosimetry for measuring initial and residual 

radiation. 

165 
For initial radiation measurements, project personnel placed 

dosimeters in the field the night before the shot. Fifteen minutes after recovery hour, three project members and a monitor 

spent one hour recovering dosimeters 90 to 365 meters from ground 

zero. 

In addition, 26 personnel from the Evans Signal Laboratory 

participated as survey teams to check the performance of various 

radiation instruments in newly contaminated areas with gamma 

radiation intensity as high as 10.0 R/h. These personnel 

retrieved the film on the day following the detonation (79). 

6.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC support at Shot RAY consisted of operational control 

of all aircraft, cloud sampling, sample courier missions, and 

aerial surveys. No cloud-tracking missions were conducted at 

Shot RAY due to the small yield of the nuclear device (34). 

The types and numbers of aircraft and estimated numbers of 

AFSWC aircrew personnel involved in air missions at Shot RAY 

follow. These aircraft originated at Indian Springs AFB (34). 

TITLE 

TYPE OF 

AIRCRAFT 

ESTIMATED 

NUMBER OF NUMBER OF 

AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Sampling 

Sampler 

Sampler 

Sampler Control 

F-84G 8 

B-29 2 

B-50 1 

Sample Courier 

Missions 

c-47 

B-25 

Radiological Safety H-5 

and Aerial Surveying L-20 

c-47 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

8 

18 

9 

3 

15 

2 

2 

3 

166 
Cloud Sampling 

Eleven aircraft collected particulate and gaseous samples 

from the Shot RAY cloud. Nine were F-84G samplers, code-named 

Tiger, flown by pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron for LASL 

Project 13.1. The other two aircraft were B-29 samplers 

collecting samples for AFSWP Project 7.5. A B-50 sampler control 

aircraft, manned by a crew of nine including a scientific advisor 

from LASL, and one of the sampler F-84Gs acting as a "snooper" 

surveyed the cloud before the actual sampling sorties. The F-84G 

flew near the cloud immediately after the detonation to determine 

cloud height and then remained in the air to collect samples. 

The first cloud penetration occurred 45 minutes after the detonation. A peak intensity of 40 R/h was detected. The following 

listing summarizes the sampling aircraft activities (34): 

AIRCRAFT 

TOTAL TIME TOTAL TIME IN 

NUMBER OF IN CLOUD CLOUD AREA 

PENETRATIONS (seconds) (minutes) 

Tiger Red 2 4 115 50 

Tiger Red 4 6 33 77 

Tiger White 1 - - - 

Tiger White 2* 2 90 35 

Tiger White 3 4 77 

Tiger White 4 4 68 

Tiger Blue 1 3 20 26 

Tiger Blue 2 3 25 

Tiger Blue 4 2 13 

Catnip (B-29) - 109 

Catnip (B-29) 112 

*Also acted as "snooper" 

167 
After completing the sampling missions, all aircraft 

returned to Indian Springs AFB and parked in designated areas. 

Engines were shut down, and the canopies remained closed and 

sealed until the samples were removed from the aircraft. The 

pilots remained on full oxygen while they waited. The 4926th 

sample-removal team and radiological safety monitors used longhandled tools to remove the samples from each aircraft and place 

them in shielded containers. The sample-removal team then loaded 

the sample containers onto courier aircraft for delivery to AEC 

and DOD laboratories for analysis. 

After the samples from each aircraft were removed and 

stored, the pilot shut down his oxygen and opened his canopy. 

The pilots in F-84G aircraft stepped onto a platform held by a 

forklift so they would not touch the exterior of the aircraft. 

The B-29 crews exited through the rear side door. The crews were 

transported in a pickup truck to the decontamination station, 

where they were monitored and decontaminated as necessary (80). 

Sample Courier Missions 

After Shot BAY, one C-47 and three B-25 AFSWC aircraft flew 

courier missions for Projects 7.5, 13.1, and other test group 

projects to take experiments and samples to laboratories for 

further study (33). 

Aerial Surveys 

As directed by the Test Manager and the Test Director, one 

H-5 helicopter, one L-20 aircraft, and one C-47 aircraft flew 

aerial surveys following the BAY detonation to record radiation 

intensities. The H-5 helicopter began the initial aerial survey 

15 minutes after the detonation and continued for 86 minutes at 

heights ranging from ten to 100 feet. The L-20 flew onsite for 

one hour, detecting fallout in a narrow strip west of the Control 

Point. The C-47 surveyed as far as 320 kilometers offsite at 

heights ranging from 500 to 800 feet (26; 34). 

168 
6.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT RAY 

For Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Exercise Desert Rock V, the 

test groups, and AFSWC developed radiation protection procedures 

to keep individual exposure to ionizing radiation to a minimum 

while still allowing participants to accomplish their missions. 

Some of these procedures, described in chapter 5 of the Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE volume, resulted in the production of records 

that enabled these organizations to evaluate the effectiveness of 

their radiation protection programs. Information from these 

records is presented below. 

6.3.1 Desert Rock Radiation Protection Activities 

Because there was no troop maneuver and no equipment display 

for this shot, little assistance from radiological safety personnel was required. The observers viewed the blast from News Nob, 

16 kilometers from the detonation. Radiation survey meters 

located at the observation point did not record radiation intensities above background levels (45). 

Operational Helicopter Test 

Three HRS helicopters participated in this test. Immediately after the shock wave passed, one of the helicopters 

proceeded toward the shot area and then landed about 150 meters 

east of ground zero. A monitor then disembarked and recorded 

radiation levels at several locations, from 1,000 to 275 meters 

from ground zero. The monitor took readings in the area for 

about ten minutes. The highest radiation intensity recorded was 

10.0 R/h, 510 meters from ground zero. According to the 

operations order for RAY, the monitor was not to proceed into 

areas where the residual radiation intensity was greater than 

10.0 R/h. All recorded intensities except one were less than 

10.0 R/h. The monitor and all personnel aboard the aircraft wore 

anticontamination clothing (26; 45-46). 

169 
6.3.2 Joint Test Organization Radiation Protection Activities 

Records of the JTO radiation protection activities were 

obtained from the radiological safety report of operations. The 

information in that report includes data on film badges and 

safety equipment issued, survey records, isointensity plots, and 

decontamination records (26). 

Dosimetry 

During the period of 10 April to 16 April 1953, which covers 

the 11 April detonation of Shot RAY, the Dosimetry and Records 

Section of JTO processed 1,100 film badges. The final exposure 

report of the Radiological Safety Support Unit indicates that one 

individual, a radiological safety monitor from Fort McClellan, 

had a total exposure of 4.6 roentgens by 14 April, three days 

after the RAY detonation (lb). 

Logistics and Supply 

For the period covering Shot RAY, the Supply Section issued 

the following items: 

0 53 respirators 

0 181 protective caps 

0 166 pairs of cotton gloves 

0 215 pairs of coveralls 

0 209 pairs of goggles 

0 516 pairs of shoe covers. 

In addition, the Supply Section issued 143 radiation survey 

instruments (26). 

Monitoring 

The initial ground survey party completed its readings at 

0630 hours. The party, probably consisting of four teams of two 

men each, had been delayed by communications problems. Monitors 

also conducted resurveys on 12 and 13 April. In addition, they 

170 
surveyed Yucca Flat on 14 April, providing further data 

concerning the radiological conditions resulting from the first 

five UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE events. 

One H-5 helicopter performed an initial aerial survey. 

Within 30 minutes after the shot, the helicopter had established 

the general pattern of the onsite fallout. The maximum intensity 

encountered was 25 R/h, five feet above the ground (24). 

One L-20 aircraft conducted an onsite aerial survey, and a 

C-47 conducted an offsite survey up to 320 kilometers offsite. 

The maximum intensity that either aircraft encountered at 

heights greater than 100 feet was 0.05 R/h (26; 34). 

Three of the 15 offsite monitors were DOD personnel. These 

monitors detected maximum radiation intensities of 0.028 R/h in 

an area south of the Nevada Proving Ground and west of Mercury 

(26). 

Plotting and Briefing 

Figure 6-2 presents the isointensity plot resulting from the 

initial survey, and figure 6-3 shows the plots drawn after the 

resurveys of 12 and 13 April. Shot NANCY contributed the 

radiation field from its ground zero area northward. 

In addition to plotting the survey maps, the Plotting and 

Briefing Section briefed 118 parties, involving a total of 521 

personnel, for entry into the test area during the period of 10 

April to 16 April (26). 

Decontamination 

During the period of Shot RAY, the Vehicle and Equipment 

Decontamination Section decontaminated 66 vehicles (26). 

171 
. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

Shot NANCY 

. 

. 

Stake Lines 

. . . . . 

. 0.01 R/h 

- - - - l O.1 R/h 

.*- l - l - 1.0 R/h 

10.0 R/h 

Figure 6-2: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT RAY, 

11 APRIL 1953, 0515 TO 0630 HOURS 

172 
Shot NANCY 

12 April 1953, Completed 0700 Hours 

0 1 . . 

13 April 1953, Completed 0700 Hours 

Stake Lines 

. . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

- - - - . 0.1 R/h 

--•-*-• l.OR/h 

Figure 6-3: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT RAY 

173 

SHOTS ANNIE THROUGH RAY REFERENCE LIST 

The following list of references represents 

only those documents cited in the ANNIE 

through RAY volume. When a DNA-WT document is 

followed by an EX, the latest version has been 

cited. A complete list of documents reviewed 

during the preparation of the Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE volumes is contained in the 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series volume bibliography. 

175 
AVAILABILITY INFORMATION 

An availability statement has been included at the end of 

the reference citation for those readers who wish to read or 

obtain copies of source documents. Availability statements were 

correct at the time the bibliography was prepared. It is 

anticipated that manv of the documents marked unavailable may 

become available during the declassification review process. The 

Coordination and Information Center (CIC) and the National 

Technical Information Service (NTIS) will be provided future 

DNA-WT documents bearing an EX after the report number. 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of CIC 

may be reviewed at the following address: 

Department of Energy 

Coordination and Information Center 

(Operated by Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Co., Inc.) 

ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley 

2753 S. Highland 

P.O. Box 14100 Phone: (702) 734-3194 

Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of NTIS 

may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service. 

When ordering by mail or phone, please include both the price 

code and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses 

before the NTIS order number. 

National Technical Information Service 

5285 Port Royal Road Phone: (703) 487-4650 

Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office) 

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by 

writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or by calling 

(703) 487-4660. 

176 
SHOTS ANNIE THROUGH RAY REFERENCE LIST 

1. 9778th Radiological Safety Support Unit. 

a. Cumulative Radiological Listing [R102] with Exposure 

Roster and Film Badge Number. Spring 1953 Tests. 

REECo Box 13; Cartridge/Roll 5.**** 

b. "Exposure of DOD Personnel Participating in Spring 

1953 Tests at Nevada Proving Ground." -Mercury, NV.: 

9778th Rad Safe Support Unit. [1953.] 

141 Pages.  

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

AFSWP, Military Effects Group. Memorandum for Test 

Director, Subject: Military Effects Group Shot 

No. 1 [ANNIE], Operational Report. Mercury, NV. 

18 March 1953. 3 Pages.**  

AFSWP, Military Effects Group. Memorandum for Test 

Director, Subject: Military Effects Group Shot 

No. 4 [DIXIE], Operational Report. Mercury, NV. 

7 April 1953. 6 Pages.** 

AFSWP, Military Effects Group. Memorandum for Test 

Director, Subject: Military Effects Group Shot 

No. 2 [NANCY], Operational Report. Mercury, NV. 

25 March 1953. 3 Pages.** 

AFSWP, Military Effects Group. Memorandum for Test 

Director, Subject: Military Effects Group Shot 

No. 5 [RAY], Operational Report. Mercury, NV. 

13 April 1953. 2 Pages. 

AFSWP, Military Effects Group. Memorandum for Test 

Director, Subject: Military Effects Group Shot 

No. 3 [RUTH], Operational Report. Mercury, NV. 

1 April 1953. 3 Pages.** 

Atomic Energy Commission. [Memoranda on Troop 

Participation.] Washington, D.C.: Atomic Energy 

Commission. March 1953. 12 Pages.** 

Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director. 

a. Special Instructions, ANNIE. Annex E to Operation 

Order l-53. Camp Mercury, NV: AEC Test Director's 

Office. 1953. Pages l-3.** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

177 
b. Schedule of Events, Shot ANNIE, Appendix 1 to Annex E 

of Operation Order l-53. Camp Mercury, NV.: AEC 

Test Director's Office. [1953.] 11 Pages.**  

9. Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director. 

Schedule of Events, Shot NANCY, Appendix 1 to Annex F 

of Operation Order l-53. Camp Mercury, NV.: AEC 

Test Director's Office. [1953.] 9 Pages.** 

10. Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director. 

a. Special Instructions, RUTH. Annex G to Operation 

Order l-53. Camp Mercury, NV.: AEC Test Director's 

Office. 1953. 3 Pages.** 

b. Schedule of Events, Shot RUTH, Appendix 1 to Annex G 

of Operation Order l-53. Camp Mercury, NV.: AEC 

Test Director's Office. [1953.] 8 Pages.** 

11. Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director. 

a. Special Instructions, DIXIE. Annex H to Operation 

Order l-53. Camp Mercury, NV.: AEC Test Director's 

Office. 1953. 3 Pages.** 

b. Schedule of Events, Shot DIXIE, Appendix 1 to Annex H 

of Operation Order l-53. Camp Mercury, NV.: AEC 

Test Director's Office. [1953.] 7 Pages.** 

12. Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director. 

a. Special Instructions, RAY. Annex I to Operation 

Order l-53. Camp Mercury, NV.: AEC Test Director's 

Office. 1953. 2 Pages.** 

b. Schedule of Events, Shot RAY, Appendix 1 to Annex I 

of Operation Order l-53. Camp Mercury, NV.: AEC 

Test Director's Office. [1953.] 6 Pages.** 

13. Bass, R. C.; Smith, L. J.; Ungar, S. H. Gamma Radiation 

Spectrum of Residual Contamination, Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 2.2a. Army, Signal Corps 

Engineering Laboratories. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-718. May 1955. 80 Pages. 

(A05) AD 244 415.* 

14. Bohn, J.; Cowie, R.; O'Day, M. "Measurement of Thermal 

Radiation with a Vacuum Microphone, Project 8.2." 

Albuquerque, NM.: Air Force, Cambridge Research 

Center. Field Command, AFSWP. WT-767. 

March 1954. 60 Pages. (A04).* 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

178 
15. 

16. 

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18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

a. 

b. 

Bond, V. P.; Carter, R.; Reed, J.; et al. "Biological 

Effectiveness of Ionizing Radiation within Shelters, 

Project 23.1." San Francisco, CA.: Naval Medical 

Research Institute. Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory. WT-793. September 1953. 66 Pages. 

(A04) AD/A077 505.* 

Borst, Lyle B. "Nevada Weapons Test." Bulletin of the 

Atomic Scientists, Vol. IX, No. 3. April 1953. 

3 Pages. 

Broyles, C. Dynamic Pressure versus Time and Supporting 

Air Blast Measurements, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

Project l.ld. Sandia Corporation. Albuquerque, 

NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-714. 

116 Pages. 

February 

1954. (A06) AD/A076 361.* 

Byrnes, V.; Brown, D.; Rose, H.; et al. "Ocular Effects 

of Thermal Radiation from Atomic Detonation Flashblindness and Chorioretinal Burns, Project 4.5." 

School of Aviation Medicine. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-745. November 1955. 

76 Pages.*** 

Campbell, J. H. "High Dispersion Spectrographic Observations, Part I, Project 18.3." Naval Research 

Laboratory. Albuquerque, NM .: Field Command, AFSWP. 

WT-829. 1961. 76 Pages.*** 

Capasso, N.; Home, W.; Roady, J. "Radioactive Particle 

Civil 

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Radiological Laboratories. Edgewood, MD.: Army 

Chemical Center. WT-717. February 1956. 

40 Pages. (A03) AD 357 979." 

Effects Test Group. 

Memorandum for Test Director, Subject: Preliminary 

Report on Post Test Results, [ANNIE]. Mercury, NV. 

March 19. 1953. 

10 Pages:** 

Memorandum for 

Report on Post 

April 7, 1953. 

6 Pages.** 

Test Director, Subject: Preliminary 

Test Results--DIXIE. Mercury, NV. 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

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22. Civil 

a. 

b. 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

Effects Test Group. 

Memorandum for Test Director, Subject: Preliminary 

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March 26, 1953. 

3 Pages.**  

Memorandum for Test Director, Subject: Preliminary 

Report on Post Test Results, [RUTH]. Mercury, NV. 

April 1, 1953. 3 Pages.** 

Clark, J. "Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Report of the Deputy 

Test Director." Los Alamos, NM.: Atomic Energy 

Commission. WT-816. June 1954. 61 Pages.*** 

Clawson, M. Q. "History of 4901st Support Wing (Atomic) 

Participation in Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, December 

1952 - March 1953." Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. swc 

23529. 1953. 10 Pages.** 

Clawson, M. Q. "History of 4901st Support Wing (Atomic) 

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April 1953." Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. swc 

26034. 1953. 7 Pages.** 

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Radiological Safety Operation. 

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Crenshaw, C.; McAfee, W.; Pressman, W.; et al. "Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic Radiation from 

Nuclear Detonations, Project 6.7." Army, Signal 

Corps Engineering Laboratories. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-754. June 1956. 

34 Pages.*** 

Cracker, J.; Harris, R. A. Seismic Measurements, 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 7.4. 

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Command, AFSWP. WT-764. May 1955. 87 Pages.*** 

Curcio, J. A.; Duncan, C. H.; Drummeter, L. F. 

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Defense Nuclear Agency. Personnel Exposed to Radiation 

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Department of the Army. "Recommendations--Final Report 

for Exercise Desert Rock V." Washington, D.C.: 

Department of the Army. 9 February 1954. 

10 Pages.*** 

Directorate of Weapons Effects Test. Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE Project Summaries. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. 1953. 100 Pages.*** 

Directorate of Weapons Effects Test. Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, Operational Summary. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. August 1953. 104 Pages.*** 

Fackler, P. Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Aircraft Participation. Kirtland AFB, NM.: Air Force Special Weapons 

Center. WT-825. November 1955. 226 Pages.*** 

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E.; James, G.; Briedenbach, L. Additional Data on 

the Vulnerability of Parked Aircraft to Atomic Bombs, 

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Command, AFSWP. WT-809. - Undated. 100 Pages.*** 

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Haskell, N.; Brubaker, R. "Free-Air Atomic Blast Pressure 

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Brigade. "Report of Helicopter Participation in 

Exercise Desert Rock V" (w/6 Annexes, 2 Enclosures). 

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77 Pages.** 

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. Exercise Desert Rock V, 

Final Report. Volume I: "Operations." Camp Desert 

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(A09) AD/A078 559.*/** 

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. Exercise Desert Rock V, 

Final Report. Volume II: "Administration." Camp 

Desert Rock, NV. 1 June 1953. 64 Pages.** 

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. Exercise Desert Rock V, 

Operation Order One. Camp Desert Rock, NV. 

9 March 1953. 50 Pages.** 

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Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. Exercise Desert Rock V, 

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Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. [Message to Commanding 

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(ANNIE).] Camp Desert Rock, NV. 18 March 1953. 

1 Page. AMCDR-DPCO-03162.** 

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. [Message to Commanding 

General Sixth Army, Subject: Firing of Shot V-2 

(NANCY).) Camp Desert Rock, NV. 24 March 1953. 

1 Page. AMCDR-DPCO-03214.** 

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. Training Memo No. 15: 

Observer Orientation Course. Camp Desert Rock, NV. 

8 April 1953. 15 Pages.** 

Headquarters, Sixth Army. [Desert Rock V, Letter of 

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Sixth U.S. Army. 5 January 1953. 26 Pages.** 

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58 Pages.*** 

Johnston, J. M.; Poyet, G. Evaluation of Military Radiac 

Equipment, Project 6.8. Army, Signal Corps 

Engineering Laboratories and Navy, Bureau of Ships. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-755. 

June 1954. 90 Pages. (A05) AD 629 545.* 

Joint AK-DOD Test Information Office. Press Releases 

Numbers 7 - 73. Las Vegas, NV.: JTIO. 1953. 

64 Pages.** 

Keeling, G. "Interim IBDA Capabilities of Strategic Air 

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Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-752. 

January 1955. 56 Pages.*** 

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183 
58. Langham, W.; Crumley, P.; Pinson, E.; et al. "Radiation 

Hazards to Personnel within an Atomic Cloud, 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 4.1." Air Force 

Cambridge Research Center. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-743. December 1953. 

65 Pages.** * 

59. Larrick, R.; Johnson, 0.; Marmiroli, R. "Initial Gamma 

Exposure versus Distance, Project 6.8a.l' Army, 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. Albuquerque, 

NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-756. September 

1955. 38 Pages.*** 

60. Lenz, R.; Miller, G. Atomic Weapon Effects on B-50 Type 

Aircraft in Flight, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

Project 5 2 Wright Air Development Center. 

Albuquerqie: NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-749. 

1953. 130 Pages.*** 

61. Molloy, C. T. IBDA Phenomena and Techniques [Project 

6.21. Vitro Corporation of America. New York, 

NY.: Vitro. KLX-1658. Undated. 242 Pages.*** 

62. Morris. W. E.: Petes. J.: Walthall. E.: et al. Air Blast 

~Measurements, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 

l.la/1.2. Naval Ordnance Laboratory. Albuquerque, 

NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-710. August 1955. 

300 Pages.*** 

63. Oesterling, J.; et al. "Thermal Radiation Protection 

Afforded Test Animals by Fabric Assemblies, Project 

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Laboratories; Army Medical Service Graduate School; 

Walter Reed Army Medical Center; and University of 

Rochester Atomic Energy Project. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-770. July 1955. 

64 Pages. (A04) AD/B951 673.* 

64. Office, Chief of Army Field Forces. Letter to Commandant, 

Command and General Staff College, Subject: Troop 

Participation Exercise DESERT ROCK VI [and DESERT 

ROCK V]. Fort Monroe, VA.: OCAFF. ATTNG-43. 

354 (c). 12 May 1953. 5 Pages.** 

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Oleson, M. H. Electromagnetic Effects from Nuclear 

Explosions, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 7.1. 

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Command, AFSWP. WT-762. June 1955. 

299 Pages.** * 

Olmsted, G.; Wowak, E. "Detection of Airborne Low 

Frequency Sound from Nuclear Explosions, Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 7.3." Headquarters, USAF. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-763. 

February 1954. 43 Pages.*** 

Perret, W.; Gentry, V. Free Field Measurements of Earth 

Stress, Strain, and Ground Motion, Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, Project 1.4. Sandia Corporation. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-716. 

February 1955. 108 Pages.*** 

Price, J. "Evaluation of Rapid Aerial Radiological Survey 

Techniques, Project 6.10." Army, Signal Corps 

Engineering Laboratories. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-758. May 1954. 26 Pages. 

(A03) AD/A073 473.* 

Rainey, C. T.; et al. Distribution and Characteristics of 

Fall-out at Distances Greater than 10 Miles from 

Ground Zero, March and April 1953. Los Angeles, 

CA.: UCLA School of Medicine. WT-811. February 

1954. 98 Pages. (A05) AD 417 093.* 

Rawlings, J. "Indoctrination of Tactical Air Command Air 

Crews in the Delivery and Effects of Atomic Weapons, 

Project 6.11." Tactical Air Command. Albuquerque, 

NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-759. April 1954. 

46 Pages.*** 

Reinhardt, G. C., COL., USA (Ret'd.), Kintner, W. R., LTC, 

USA (Ret'd.). Atomic Weapons in Land Combat. 

Harrisburg, PA.: Military Service Publ. Co. 1953. 

251 Pages. 

Rogin, L.; DuPont, A.; Weeber, C. Atomic Weapon Effects 

on AD Type Aircraft in Flight, Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, Project 5.1. Naval Air Material Center. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command. AFSWP. WT-748. 

March 1954. 198 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

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Rollosson, G. W. Test Procedures and Instrumentation for 

Projects l.lc, l.ld, 1.4a, and 1.4b. Sandia 

Corporation. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, 

AFSWP. WT-787. June 1954. 97 Pages.** * 

Sauer, F.; Arnold, K.; Fons, W. "Ignition and Persistent 

Fires Resulting from Atomic Explosions Exterior 

Kindling Fuels, Project 8.11b.: US Forest Service, 

Division of Fire Research. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-775. December 1953. 

50 Pages.*** 

Schlei, E. J.; James, G. T.; Breidenbach, L.; et al. 

Effects of Thermal and Blast Forces from Nuclear 

Detonations on Basic Aircraft Structures and 

Components, Project 8.la. Wright Air Development 

Center. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 

WT-766. March 1954. 298 Pages.*** 

Shreve, J. D., Jr. "Air Shock Pressure-Time versus 

Distance for a Tower Shot, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

Project l.lc-1." Sandia Corporation. Albuquerque, 

NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-712. April 1955. 

60 Pages.*** 

Singlevich, Walter; Reed, C. K. "Calibration Analysis of 

Close-in A-Bomb Debris, Project 7.5." Headquarters, 

USAF. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 

WT-765. September 1955. 61 Pages.*** 

Swift, L. M.; Sachs, D. Air Pressure and Ground Shock 

Measurements, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 

l.lb. Stanford Research Institute, Albuquerque, 

NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-711. January 1955. 

222 Pages.*** 

Taplin, G. V.; Sanford, C.; et al. "Comparison and 

Evaluation of Dosimetry Methods Applicable to Gamma 

Radiation, Project 29.1." Los Angeles, CA.: UCLA 

School of Medicine. WT-802. September 1953. 

74 Pages.*** 

Taylor, L. B. History of the Air Force Atomic Cloud 

Sampling, Volume 1: "Narrative," Volume 2: 

"Appendix." Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. January 

1963. 330 Pages. K242.04-8.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

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186 
81. Terry, J. H. "Evaluation of Naval Airborne Radiac 

Equipment, Project 6.9." Navy, Bureau of 

Aeronautics. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, 

AFSWP. WT-757. March 1956. 44 Pages.** * 

82. Tiede, R. V., LTC., USA; Kelly, D. F.; Burger, K. C. 

"Determination of Height of Burst and Ground Zero, 

Project 6.12." Army Field Forces, Board #1 and 

Army, Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-760. 

May 1955. 68 Pages.*** 

83. Winograd, B. "Gain in Information in the Desert Rock 

A-Bomb Maneuvers." Washington, D.C.: GWU, HumRRO. 

March 1954. 19 Pages. (A02) AD 482 184.*/** 

84. Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. Memorandum to 

Distribution. Subject: Dosimetric Records, 

AMCDR-MED 313. w/l encl: Roster of EM and Home 

Station. Las Vegas, NV. circa 9 April 1953. 

3 Pages.**** 

85. Silverman, Myron S.; Bond, Victor P. "Bacteriological 

Studies on Animals Exposure to Neutron Radiation, 

Project 23.2." Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory. San Francisco, CA.: NRDL. WT-794. 

July 1953. 22 Pages. AD 611 226.* 

86. Tochilin, E.; Ross, S. W.; Shumway, B. W.; et al. 

"Neutron-Flux Measurements in AEC Group Shelters and 

Lead Hemispheres, Project 23.17." Naval 

Radiological Defense Laboratory. San Francisco, 

CA.: NRDL. WT-795. September 1953. 64 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

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Culver City Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Unlverslty of North Carolina at Asheville 

ATTN: Librn 

Dallas County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dallas Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Dalton Junior College 

ATTN: Librn 

Dartmouth College 

ATTN: Librn 

Library 

Davenport Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

DavidsoffTT;ollege 

: Llbrn 

Dayton & Montgomery City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Dayton 

ATTN: Librn 

Decatur Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dekalb Comnunity College So Cpus 

ATTN: Librn 

Delaware Pauw University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Delaware 

ATTN: Librn 

Delta College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Delta State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Denison University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Denver PublicDk;;r;;; (Reg) 

ATTN: 

Dept of Library & Archives (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

Detroit Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Burlington Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Dickinson State College 

ATTN. Librn 

Alabama Agricultural Mechanical University & Co11 

ATTN: Librn 

Drake University 

ATTN: Cowles Library 

Drew University 

ATTN: Librn 

Duke University 

ATTN: Pub Dots Dept 

Duluth Public Library 

ATTN. Dots Set 

East Carolina University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept 

East Central University 

ATTN: Librn 

East Is11p Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

195 
DTHER (Continued1 

East Orange Public Library 

ATTN: U.S. Gov't Depository 

East Tennessee State University Sherrod Library 

ATTN: DOCS Dept 

East Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

Monmouth County Library Eastern Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Kentucky University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Eastern Michigan University Library 

ATTN. LlbrarY 

Eastern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Eastern New Mexico University 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Oregon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Washington University 

ATTN: Librn 

El Paso Public Library 

ATTN: Dots & Geneology Dept 

Elko County Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Elmira College 

ATTN: Librn 

Elon College Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Enoch Pratt F;t-EsLdFE"ry 

ATTN: 

Emory University 

ATTN: Librn 

Evansville & Vanderburgh Cty Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Everett Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Fairleigh Dickinson Universlty 

ATTN: Depository Dept 

Florida A 8 M University 

ATTN: Librn 

Florida Atlantic University Library 

ATTN: Div of Pub Dots 

OTHER (Continued) 

Florid;T+$stitute of Technology 

: Library 

Florida International University Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Florida State Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Florida State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Florida 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Fond Du Lac Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ft Hays State University 

Ft Hays Kansas State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Ft Worth PubliLCbk;brary 

ATTN: ’ 

Free Public Library of Elizabeth 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Free P;&ic Library 

: Llbrn 

Freeport Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Fresno Cty Free Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Gadsden Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Garden Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Gardner Webb College 

ATTN: Dots Library 

Gary P;:L&;; L:i~-;npy 

Geauga Cty Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgetown University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Room 

Georgi;T+;stitute of Technology 

: Llbrn 

Georgia Southern College 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgia Southwestern College 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

GeorgiiT:;te University Library 

: Librn 

196 
DTHER (Continued) 

University of Georgia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Glassboro State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Gleeson Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Graceland College 

ATTN: Librn 

Grand Forks Public City-County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Grand Rapids Public Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

Greenville County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Guam RFK Memorial University Library 

ATTN: Fed Depository Co11 

University of Guam 

ATTN: Librn 

Gustavus Adolyhus College 

ATTN: Librn 

South Dakota University 

ATTN: Librn 

Hardin-Simmons University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hartford Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Serials Ret Div 

University of Hawaii Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11 

Hawaii State Library 

ATTN: Fed Dots Unit 

University of Hawaii at Monoa 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Hawaii 

Hilo Campus Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Haydon Burns Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hennepin County Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

Henry Ford Community College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

DTHER (Continued) 

Herbert H. Lehman College 

ATTN: Lib Dots Div 

Hofstra University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Hollins College 

ATTN: Librn 

Hopkinsville Cotmiunity College 

ATTN: Librn 

Wagner College 

ATTN: Librn 

Univers;$ of Houston Library 

: Dots Div 

Houston Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Tulane University 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Hoyt Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

humboldt State College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Huntington Park Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hutchinson Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho Public Library & Information Center 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho ;:;:e University Library 

: Dots Dept 

University of Idaho 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Illinois Library 

ATTN: Oocs Set 

Illino;&;tate Library (Reg) 

: Gov Dots Br 

Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign 

ATTN: P. Watson Dots Lib 

Illinois Valley Conwiunity College 

ATTN: Library 

Illinois State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Indiana State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Serial Set 

Indiana State University 

ATTN: Dots Library 

197 
_OTHER (Continued) 9THER (Continued) 

Kent State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Kentucky Dept of Library & Archives 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Kentucky 

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg) 

Kenyon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lake Forest College 

ATTN: Librn 

Lake Sumter Community College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lakeland Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Lancaster Regional Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Lawrence University 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Dots & Map Set 

Lewis University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Library and Statutory Dist & Svc 

2 cy ATTN: Librn 

Indiana University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Indianapolis Marion County Public Library 

ATTN: Social Science DIV 

Iowa State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Iowa University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Butler University 

ATTN: Librn 

Isaac Delchdo College 

ATTN: Librn 

James Madison University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Jefferson County Public Library 

Lakewood Regional Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Jersey City State College 

ATTN: F. A. Irwin Llbrarv Periodicals 

Dot Set 

Johns Hopkins University 

ATTN: Dots Library 

La Roche College 

ATTN: Librn 

Johnson Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kalamazoo Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kansas City Public Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Kansas State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kansas State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Kansas 

ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg) 

University of Texas 

ATTN: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public 

Affairs Library 

Maine Maritime Academy 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Maine 

ATTN: Librn 

Earlham College 

ATTN. Librn 

Little Rock Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Long Beach Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Los Angeles Public Library 

ATTN: Serials Div U.S. Dots 

Louisiana State University 

ATTN: Gov Dot Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Louisville Free Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Louisville University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hoover Institution 

ATTN: J. Bingham 

198 
OTHER (Continued) DTHER (Continued) 

Manchester City Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Mankato State College 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

University of Maine at Farmington 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Marathon County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Principia College 

ATTN. Librn 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: McKeldin Library Dots Div 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Massachusetts 

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11 

Maui Public Library 

Kahului Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

McNeese State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library & 

Information Center 

ATTN: Librn 

Memphis State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Mercer University 

ATTN: Librn 

Mesa County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Miami Dade Consnunity College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Miami Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

Miami Public Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Miami University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Santa Clara 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Michigan State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Michig;yT;tate University Library 

: Librn 

MurrayA;;;te University Library 

; Lib 

Michigan Tech University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept 

University of Michigan 

ATTN: Acq Set Dots Unit 

Middlebuiy College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Millersville State College 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

Milwaukee Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Minneapolis Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Minnesota 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Minot State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Mississippi State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Univers;g of Mississippi 

: Dir of Libraries 

Missouri University at Kansas City General 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Missouri Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

M.I.T. Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Mobile Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Info Div 

Midwestern University 

ATTN: Librn 

Montana State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Montana State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Montana 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Montebello Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Moorhead State College 

ATTN: Library 

Mt Prospect Public Library 

ATTN: Gov't Info Ctr 

199 
DTHER (Continued) _OTHER (Continued) 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Librn 

New York State University 

ATTN. Oocs Ctr 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

New York University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Newark Free Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Newark Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Niagara Falls Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Nicholls State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Nassau Library System 

ATTN: Librn 

Natrona County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Nebraska Library Community 

Nebraska Public Clearinghouse 

ATTN. Librn 

University of Nebraska at Omaha 

ATTN: Univ Lib Dots 

Nebraska Western College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Nebraska 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Nebraska Library 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

University of Nevada Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

University of Nevada at Las Vegas 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

New 

New 

New 

New 

Hampshire University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hanover County Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Mexico State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Mexico State University 

ATTN: Lib Dots DIV 

University of New Mexico 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of New Orleans Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots DIV 

New Orleans Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New York PublTc Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New York State Library 

ATTN: Dots Control Cultural Ed Ctr 

State University of New York at Stony Brook 

ATTN: Maln Lib Dots Set 

State University of New York Co1 Memorial Lib 

at Cortland 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Lib Dots Set 

North Texas State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Norfolk Public Library 

ATTN: R. Parker 

North Carolina Agncultural & Tech State 

University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Charlotte 

ATTN: Atkins Lib Dot Dept 

University Library of North Carolina at Greensboro 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Wilmington 

ATTN: Librn 

North Carolina Central University 

ATTN: Librn 

North Carolina State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina 

ATTN: BA SS Div Dots 

North Dakota State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

University of North Dakota 

ATTN: Librn 

North Georgia College 

ATTN: Librn 

Minnesota Div cf Emergency Svcs 

ATTN: Librn 

200 
_OTHER (Continued) 

Northeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern Oklahoma State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern University 

ATTN: Dodge Library 

Northern Arizona University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Northern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northern Michigan University 

ATTN: Dots 

Northern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern Michigan College 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern State University Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Northwestern University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Norwalk Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Notre Dame 

ATTN: bc Ctr 

Oakland Community College 

ATTN: Librn 

Oaklan;T;;blic Library 

: Librn 

Oberlin College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ocean County College 

ATTN: Librn 

Ohio State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ohio State University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Div 

Ohio University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Oklahoma City University 

ATTN: Librn 

Oklahoma City University 

ATTN: Librn 

Library 

Library 

OTHER (Continued) 

Oklahoma Department of Libraries 

ATTN: U.S. Gov Dots 

University of Oklahoma 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Old Dominion University 

ATTN: Dot Dept Univ Lib 

Olivet College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Omaha Public Library Clark Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

Onondaga County Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Set 

Oregon State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Oregon 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Ouachita Baptist University 

ATTN: Librn 

Pan American University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Passaic Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

QueensA;;;lege 

: Dots Dept 

Pennsylvania State Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Set 

Pennsylvania State University 

ATTN: Lib Dot Set 

University of Pennsylvania 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Denver 

ATTN: Penrose Library 

Peoria Public Library 

ATTN: Business, Science & Tech Dept 

Free Library of Philadelphia 

ATTN: Gav Pubs Dept 

Philipsburg Free Public Library 

ATTN: Library 

Phoenix Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Univer;;;; of Pittsburgh 

: Dots Office, GB 

Plainfield Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

201 
OTHER (Continued) 

Popular Creek Public Library District 

ATTN: Librn 

Associ;;+;n of Portland Library 

: Librn 

Portland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Portland State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Pratt Institute Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Louisiana Tech University 

ATTN: Librn 

Princeton University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Providence College 

ATTN: Librn 

Providence Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library Cincinnati & Hamilton County 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Dot & Maps Room 

Purdue University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Quinebaug Valley Corrmunity College 

ATTN: Librn 

Auburn University 

ATTN: Microforms & DOCS kept 

Rapid City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Reading Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Reed College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Augusta College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Rhode Island Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Oft 

University of Rhode Island 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Rice University 

ATTN: Dir of 

Louisiana College 

ATTN: Librn 

Libraries 

OTHER (Continued) 

Richland County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Riverside Pub:;;r;ibrary 

ATTN: . 

University of Rochester Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Rutgers Camden Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of Rutgers 

ATTN: Librn 

Rutgers University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Rutgers University Law Library 

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept 

Salem College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Samford University 

San 

San 

San 

San 

San 

San 

San 

San 

ATTN: Lib6 

Antonio Public Library 

ATTN: Bus Science & Tech Dept 

Diego County Library 

ATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions 

Diego Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Diego State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Francisco Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Francisco State College 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Co11 

Jose State College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Luis Obispo City-County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Savannah Public & Effingham Liberty Regional 

Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Scottsbluff Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Scranton Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Seattle Public Library 

ATTN: Ref Dots Asst 

202 
OTHER (Continued) 

Selby Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Shawnee Library System 

ATTN: Librn 

Shreve Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Silas Bronson Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Sioux City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Skidmore College 

ATTN: Librn 

Slippery Rock State College Library 

ATTN. Librn 

South Carolina State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued)_ 

Southern Oregon College 

ATTN: Library 

Southe;;Triiversity in New Orleans Library 

: Llbrn 

Southern Utah State College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Southwest Missouri State College 

ATTN: Library 

University of Southwestern Louisiana Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Southwestern University 

ATTN. Librn 

Spokane Public Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

South Dakota School of Mines & Technical Library 

ATTN. Librn 

South Dakota State Library 

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept 

University of South Dakota 

ATTN. Dots Librn 

South Florlda University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Southeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Southern Alabama 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern California University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Southern Connecticut State College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Dots Ctr 

Southern Methodist University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Southern Mississippi 

ATTN: Library 

Sprinafield Cltv Librarv 

-ATTN: 002s Set - 

St 

St 

St 

St 

St 

Bonaventure University 

ATTN: Librn 

Joseph Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lawrence University 

ATTN Librn 

Louis Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Paul Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Stanford University Library 

ATTN Gov Dots Dept 

State Historical Sot Library 

ATTN: Dots Serials Set 

State Library of Massachusetts 

ATTN. Librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN. Librn 

Stetson University 

ATTN. Librn 

University of Steubenville 

ATTN: Librn 

Stockton & San Joaquin Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Stockton State College Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Albion College 

ATTN: Gov Dots Librn 

203 
_OTHER (Continued) 

Superior Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Swarthmore College Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

Syracuse University Library 

ATTN: Oocs Dlv 

Tacoma Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hillsborough County Public Library at Tampa 

ATTN: Librn 

Temple University 

ATTN: Librn 

Tennessee Technological University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Tennessee 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

College of Idaho 

ATTN. Librn 

Texas A & M University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Texas at Arlington 

ATTN: Library Dots 

University of Texas at San Antonio 

ATTN: Library 

Texas Christian University 

ATTN: Librn 

Texas State Library 

ATTN: U.S. Dots Set 

Texas Tech University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Texas University at Austin 

ATTN: Dots co11 

University of Toledo Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Toledo Public Library 

ATTN: Social Science Dept 

Torrance Civic Center Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Traverse City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Trenton Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Trinity College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Trinity University Library 

ATTN: Dots Co11 

_OTHER (Continued1 

Tufts University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Tulsa 

ATTN: Librn 

UCLA Research Library 

ATTN: Pub Affairs Svc/U.S. Dots 

Uniformed Services University of the Health 

Sciences 

ATTN: LRC Library 

University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

University of Maine at Oreno 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Northern Iowa 

ATTN: Library 

Upper Iowa College 

ATTN: Dots Co11 

Utah State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Special Collections 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

ATTN: Dept of Pharmacology 

Utica Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Valencia Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Valparaiso University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Vanderbilt University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Set 

University of Vermont 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Virginia Commonwealth University 

ATTN: Librn 

Virginia Military Institute 

ATTN: Librn 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute Library 

ATTN: Oocs Dept 

Virginia State Library 

ATTN. Serials Set 

University of Virginia 

ATTN: Pub Dots 

Volusia County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

204 
OTHER (Continued) DTHER (Continued)_ 

Washington State Library 

ATTN: Oocs Set 

Washington State University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Set 

Washington University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

University of Washington 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Wayne State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wayne State University Law Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Weber State College Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Wesleyan University 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

West Chester State College 

ATTN: Dots Oept 

West Covina Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of West Florida 

ATTH: Librn 

West Hills Community College 

ATTN: Library 

West Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

West Virginia College of Grad 

ATTN: Librn 

University of West Virginia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Westerly Public Library 

ATTN: Libm 

Western Carolina University 

ATTN: Librn 

Studies Library 

(Regl 

Western Illinois University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Washington University 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Wyoming Corenunlty College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Westmoreland City Community College 

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr 

Whitman College 

ATTN: Librn 

Wichita State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Williams & Mary College 

ATTN: Dots oept 

Emporia Kansas State College 

ATTN: Gov Dots Div 

William College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Willimantic Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Winthrop College 

ATTN: oocs Dept 

University of Wisconsin at 

ATTN: Gov Dots Lib 

University of Wisconsin at 

ATTN: Lib Dots 

University of Wisconsin at 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Wisconsin at 

ATTN: Dot Unit Lib 

University of Wisconsin at 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Whitewater 

Milwaukee 

Oshkosh 

Platteville 

Stevens Point 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

Worcester Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wright State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Librn 

Wyoming State Library 

ATTN: Libm 

University of Wyoming 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Yale University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Yeshiva University 

ATTN: Librn 

Yuma City County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Simon Schwab Mem Lib, Columbus Co1 

ATTN: Librn 

205 
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS 

Advanced Research & Applications Corp 

ATTN: H. Lee 

JAYCOR 

ATTN: A. Nelson 

10 cy ATTN: Health & Environment Div 

Kaman Tempo 

ATTN: DASIAC 

ATTN: E. Martin 

Kaman Tempo 

ATTN: R. Miller 

Science Applications, Inc 

JRB Associates Div 

10 cy ATTN: L. Novotney 

4 cy ATTN: J. Massie 

4 cy ATTN: M. Wilkinson 

4 cy ATTN: 5. Rohrer 

4 cy ATTN: R. Shepanek 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued) 

Kaman Tempo 

ATTN: C. Jones 

National Academy of Sciences 

ATTN: C. Robinette 

ATTN: Med Follow-up Agency 

ATTN: Nat Mat Advisory Bd 

Pacific-Sierra Research Corp 

ATTN: H. Brode, Chairman SAGE 

Science Applications, Inc 

ATTN: Tech Lib 

R & D Associates 

ATTN: P. Haas 

206