## Importation of B anana , Musa spp. , as Fresh

, Hard Green Fruit

from t he Philippines to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana

Islands

A Qualitative Pathway

- Initiated Risk A nalysis

January 29, 2013

Version 3

Agency Contact:

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest Risk Assessment for Bananas from the Philippines to U.S. Territories



### V er. 3 January 29, 2013 ii 

## Executive Summary

In this assessment we examined the pest risks associated with the importation of mature hard green bananas ( Musa spp.) from the Philippines into Guam, H awaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands. We developed a list of quarantine pests associated with banana in the Philippines that could be introduced into these areas via this pathway. We considered commercial field production, which includes bagging immatur e fruit with insecticide

- impregnated plastic bags. In addition, standard post

- harvest processing measures include culling, cleaning (removing foreign matter), and washing with high

- pressure spray and chlorinated water

. All quarantine significant

pests were highly unlikely to follow the pathway because they are targeted for inspection

, treatment

, or both and will be excluded or removed from the pathway by standard commercial practices and post

- harvest processing measures.Pest Risk Assessment for Bananas from the Philippines to U.S. Territories



### V er. 3 January 29, 2013 iii 

## Table of Contents

E xecutive Summary

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... ii

1. Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 1 1.1. Background

................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 1 1.2. Market access request information

................................ ................................ ...................... 1 1.3. Standard production and post

- harvest processing

................................ ................................ 2

2. Risk Assessment

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 3 2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

................................ ................................ ........................ 3 2.2. Botanical and Horticultural Background

................................ ................................ ............. 3

2.3. Assessment of the Weediness Potential of Musa spp.

................................ ......................... 5 2.4. Decision History, Current Status, and Pest Interceptions

................................ .................... 6 2.5. Pests reported on banana in the Philippines

................................ ................................ ....... 10

2.6. Conclusion

................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 34

3. Literature Cited

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 35

4. Authors and Reviewers

................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 43

5. Appendices

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 44 Appendix A: Pest mitigation measures built in the production and processing opera tions of Philippine bananas intended for export.

................................ ................................ .................... 44 Appendix B: Banana pest list provided by the Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, the Philippin es and Dole Fruit Company, Philippines

................................ .............. 47Pest Risk Assessment for Bananas from the Philippines to U.S. Territories



### V er. 3 January 29, 2013 1 

## 1. Introduction

1.1. Background

This document was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), in response to a reques t to evaluate the risks associated with the importation of commercially produced mature hard green bananas ( Musa spp.) from the Philippines into Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands

.

The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides guidance for conducting pest risk analyses. The methods used here are consistent with guidelines provided by the IPPC, specifically the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) on ‘Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests, Including Analysis of Environmental Risks and Living Modified Organisms’ (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #11). The use of biological and phytosanitary terms is consistent with the ‘Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms and the Compendium of Phytosanitary Terms’ (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #5).

Three s tages of pest risk analysis are described in international standards: Stage 1, Initiation, Stage 2, Risk Assessment, and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of Stages 1 and 2.

This is a qualitative risk analysis; estimates of risk are expressed in terms of High, Medium, and Low pest risk potentials based on the combined ratings for specified risk elements (PPQ, 2000) related to the probability and consequences of importing mature hard green bananas ( Musa spp.)

from the Phili ppines . For the purposes of this assessment High, Medium, and Low probabilities

will be defined as:

High: More likely to occur than not to occur Medium: As likely to occur as not to occur Low: More likely to not occur than to occur

The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest. Identification of appropriate sanitary and phytosanitary measures to mitigate the risk, if any, for this pest is undertaken as part of Stage 3 (Risk Mana gement). Other than listing possible mitigation options for the pests of concern, we did not discuss risk management in this

document.

1.2. Market access request information

This pest risk assessment was originally prepared for Dole Philippines, Inc., Do le Asia Ltd., Makati, Philippines. A request for market access has been submitted previously by the Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI), Department of Agriculture of the Philippines, to the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). This risk

assessment was submitted by Lealyn A. Ramos, Director/Officer

- in

- Charge, BPI, to APHIS in support of the request for market access.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 2 In this assessment, we examine the risks associated with the importation as mature, green bana na fruits of Musa spp., which include Musa acuminata cultivars and Musa acuminata x Musa

balbisiana hybrids , from the Philippines into Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands

. We use the word “green” herein to mean banana fruit harvested in the matu re (hard) green stage, which is Stage 1 in the banana fruit growth cycle, and packed for export within 24 hours of harvesting. Hard or mature green is equivalent to Stage 1 in the following banana industry

standard (Kader, 2005) :

 Stage 1 = dark green or green

 Stage 2 = green with a trace of yellow around the finger stalk, or light green

 Stage 3 = more green than yellow

 Stages 4

- 7 = more yellow than green, to yellow with brown spots.

We did the assessment on the basis of pests and pathogens of the genus M usa with edible fruits, in general, and M

. acuminata and its hybrids or cultivars in particular (please see Section 2.2 for botanical details). Hereafter, we will refer to the commodity as “ Musa spp.”

1. 3 . Standard production and post

- harvest processing

The BPI of the Philippines has submitted a very thorough description of the pest mitigation measures that are applied to banana fruit from the Philippines intended for export (Appendix A). These mitigation measures were considered during the construction o f this risk assessment. Pests that were expected to be excluded by these mitigation measures from following the pathway of commercial bananas were not analyzed in this document any further than listing them in the pest list (Table 6) except for a brief dis cussion and summary of the measures expected to remove each pest from the pathway.

The following processes, as described by the exporters (Appendix A), are standard and completed for all exported products. These processes will be subject to verification a nd compliance checks.

In standard banana operations, growers do the following during production:

 Apply insecticides and fungicides as injections and sprays

 C over developing bunches with plastic bags impregnated with insecticides

These measures are mean t to exclude or control thrips, scale insects, mealybugs, aphids, fruit flies, and other external insect pests, as well as bacterial and fungal diseases.

Near maturity of the bananas producers do the following:

 In the field

o I nspect banana bunches (inspection 1) one day before harvest and cull infested fruit

 At the packing plant

o S pray fruit bunches with high

- pressure water

o E xamine and cull fruit again (inspection 2) for pest infestations or other damage

o S eparate the bunches into “hands”

— smaller ind ividual bunches of bananas

o T horoughly clean hands of bananas with soapy, chlorinated water

o I nspect yet again for pest infestation (inspection 3)Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 3 Packing plant activities all happen within three hours of harvest. Lastly, they p ack fruit into clean

boxes , pl ace on pallets, and load pallets into shipping vessels or cold storage

.



## 2. Risk Assessment

2.1

. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

This assessment is commodity

- based, and therefore is “pathway

- initiated.” The original

assessment was completed by Robert P. Kahn and Philip Lima, Consultants in Plant Protection and Quarantine, in a contract (dated September 20, 2004) with Dole Food Company, represented by James Prideaux, Director, Dole, Philippines, Inc., to assess the potential risk of importing into Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands commercial shipments of mature hard green

bananas of Musa acuminata cultivars and M

. acuminata x M. balbisiana and other hybrids. The importation of the fresh fruit of species or hybrids of Musa is a potential pathway for the introduction of plant pests of quarantine significance. The regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Marianas may be found in the Code of Federal Regulations (7 CFR § 319.56, 2005).

2.2

. Botanical and Horticultural Background

Bananas are classified under two genera, Musa and Ensete, in the family Musaceae and o rder Zingiberales. In this document we did not assess the genus Ensete , which in cludes E.

ventricosum , an African species known as the Abyssinian banana (Jones, 2000a; Wiersema and León, 1999). The genus Musa contains ornamental, fiber, wild, and edible species. We did not

assess M. textilis

, or abaca, which is a species grown commerc ially in the Philippines as a source of fiber known as Manila hemp.

The edible species of the genus Musa that we assessed here include M. acuminata Colla , M.

balbisiana Colla, and M. troglodytarum L., and hybrids such as Musa x 

### paradisiaca or M.

acuminat a x 

### M. balbisiana. Musa acuminata and M. balbisiana are characterized further by their genomes, which are designated as “A” for those derived from M. acuminata sources and “B” for

M. balbisiana. AA and BB are used to denote diploids, AAA and BBB for triplo ids and AAAA, and BBBB for tetraploids (Simmonds, 1966).

Dole is primarily interested in exporting Cavendish bananas; cultivars in this subgroup include Dwarf Cavendish, Giant Cavendish, Grand Nain (AAA), and Williams. Stanfilco, a Division of

Dole Phili ppines, mainly produces the Dwarf Cavendish cultivar, but also produces selections from Giant Cavendish (such as SFC

- 18, also known as Supersweet). Other varieties to be exported in smaller quantities include M. acuminata cultivars Lakatan (AA) and Señorit a (AA)

, M. acuminata x 

### M. balbisiana cultivar Tindok (AAB)

, and M. acuminata cultivars Bungulan and Morado (AAA) (Munez, 2004).

Banana plants are parthenocarpic: fruits develop without pollination (Simmonds, 1966). Triploids and cultivated diploids of M. acuminata are seedless. The plant is a monocotyledonous herbaceous perennial. The plant or mat consists of:

 a fleshy rhizome (sometimes called a corm or head)Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 4  a fibrous root system

 a pseudostem, which arises from the rhizome, consisting of fused petiole bases (i.e., tightly packed leaf sheaths)

 other suckers that arise from the rhizome

 one sucker, retained for continued growth of the mat

, referred to as the “maiden” or “maiden plant” when the main pseudostem is known as the “mother” or “mother plant”

 other suckers for propagation, often referred as “followers” or “seed

, ” but not seed in the

botanical sense

 leaves (also known as sword

- , spear

- , or arrow

- leaves) that emerge from the pseudostem to form a canopy

 a peduncle or stalk upon which bracts, inflo rescences, i.e., separate female and male flowers (sometimes called bells), and fruits are borne

 a bunch, which is a collective term for a series of hands (also referred to as tiers) consisting of fruits known as fingers

 crowns, which are the fleshy part o f a hand, and give rise to pedicels that support fingers

We used many of these terms in the pest list (Table 6). More detailed descriptions of the banana plant morphology are available (Crane and Balerdi, 1998; Jones, 2000a; Karamura and
Karamura, 1995; M orton, 1987; Price, 1995; Robinson, 1993; Simmonds, 1966).

Since thrips are associated with flowers, we present the following description of male and female flowers (Crane and Balerdi, 1998). In Florida, the inflorescence emerges from the center of the

ps eudostem 10

- 15 months after planting, when 26

- 32 leaves are present. The flowers are arranged spirally along the axis of the inflorescence in groups of 10

- 20. A purplish fleshy bract covers each group of flowers and can be shed. The first flowers to emerge are functionally female, and the last are functionally male. In edible cultivars, the ovaries develop parthenocarpically into clusters of fruits (i.e., hands).

Bananas grow best under humid and uniformly warm to hot conditions. Consequently, bananas

are grown in humid tropical climates within latitudes of 30° N and S of the equator, but are most productive within 20° N and S. Most multinational companies produce bananas within 16° N or S latitudes (Watson, 1997). Robinson (1993) states, “The banana is pr imarily a crop of the humid tropical lowlands which are areas characterized by less than 10° N and S latitude, less than 100 meters altitude, not less than 19°C mean minimum temperature, and more than 100 mm of rain each month.” In the Philippines, bananas are grown in similar tropical humid climates.

Tropical areas are also characterized by less fluctuation between high and low temperatures than subtropical areas where there may be an unfavorable range of too high and too low temperatures.

In South Africa , bananas are grown under subtropical rather than tropical conditions. During winter months, cold night temperatures between 12° and 5°C are devastating to the banana crop. Temperatures approach the ideal there only during the summer months, when daily min imum temperatures are above 18°C (Robinson, 1993).

In Florida, the influence of temperature on banana plant growth has been described (Crane and Belerdi, 1998) as follows:

 Shoots grow best at 26

- 28 °C and fruits grow best at 29

- 30 °CPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 5  Plant growth slows be low 16 °C and stops at 10°C

 Symptoms of chilling injury that occur below 16°C but above 0°C include a failure of flower stalk or fruit bunch to emerge, a dull yellow or greenish gray color to ripening fruit, distorted fruit, and an increase in fruit rotting

 Chilling damage and irreversible freeze damage may occur at or below 0°C. Symptoms

include water

- soaking appearance of aboveground parts, desiccation, browning, and death of leaves, pseudostems, and fruit

 Temperature below

- 7 ° C usually kill plants to the ground but new growth may sprout

when warm weather returns

 Temperatures above 37°C may result in leaf scorch and narrowing of newly emerged leaf

blades Banana plant growth is also influenced by humidity, wind, drought, flooding, soil type and moisture, fer tilizer, and shading (Crane and Belerdi, 1998; Simmonds, 1966; Robinson, 1993; and Turner, 1995).

2.3

. Assessment of the Weed iness Potential of Musa spp.

In addition to the referen ces listed in the “Guidelines” for the preparation of Table 1, we also

consulted A Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2002), which is based on over 700 references or databases. This compendium includes Musa x hybrids, M

. acuminata, M. basjoo, M. liukiuensis, M. textilis, M. tikap, an d M. troglodytarum , but no countries considered them to be quarantine, noxious, or sleeper ( posing a potential threat) weeds. Where these species are listed as “weeds,” they are further classified as: [1] weed (economic weeds, i.e. pests of agriculture), [ 2] naturalized (self

- sustaining and spreading without human assistance), [3] introduced (species that have been planted and that may or may not become naturalized; some species are desirable in some locations), [4] casual alien (survive without human assis tance but do not develop persistent populations ) , and [5] cultivation escapes (escaped from cultivated area

– includes some crop or pasture species).

The results of the screening for weediness potential of Musa species did not prompt a pest

initiated risk assessment.

Table 1. Assessing the w eed iness p otential of Musa spp. Commodity: Fresh green banana fruits, Musa spp. (Musaceae).

Phase 1 : Various species of Musa are grown in Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands (Nelson et al.

, 2006).

Phase 2: Is the species listed in:

YES A Geographical Atlas of the World Weeds (Holm et al

. , 1979).

Musa acuminata is listed as “present as a weed (defined as: the species is present and behaves as a weed but its economic importance is unknown)” in Malaysia, a s is M. x paradisiaca in Jamaica. The latter hybrid is listed as part of the flora of Israel but needs evidence confirming that it could behave as a weed.

NO The World’s Worst Weeds (Holm et al

. , 1977).Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 6 NO 1982 Report of the Technical Committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds; Exotic Weeds for the Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and Ritchie, 1982).

NO Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977).

NO Composite List of Weeds (WSSA, 1989).

NO World Weeds (Holm et al

. , 1997).

NO A Global Compend ium of Weeds (Randall, 2002).

NO Do any literature reference s indicat e weediness ( e.g ., AGRICOLA

, CABI, Biological

Abstracts , and AGRIS search on “species name” combined with “weed”) ?

Phase 3: Since we found no indication of weed iness potential, and because v arious species of

Musa are grown in Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands , we have proceeded with the pathway risk assessment.

2.4. Decision History, Current Status, and Pest Interceptions

2.4.1. Decision history Below we summarized the decisions made by a panel of APHIS entomologists and plant pathologists based on assessments of pest data for bananas from the Philippines in “fact sheets” (Table 2).

2.4.2. Current Status of Banana Imports Bananas are currently allowed into the United States from numerous countries (Table 3).

2.4.3. Pest Interception Records for Musa spp. Pests are intercepted on imported articles, including commodities, at U.S.

- authorized ports

- of

entry. Such interceptions indicate that the co mmodity can serve as a pathway for the entry of the pest. Pest interceptions at U.S. ports

- of

- entry (including Hawaii) on banana fruit in baggage from the Philippines (PestID, 2009) are shown below (Table 4). However, the baggage may not have originated in the country listed below: passengers may have been in transit from another country.

Because they are pertinent to the APHIS risk assessments and regulations for bananas exported to the United States, we separately listed interceptions at U. S. ports

- of

- e ntry (including Hawaii) on bananas in baggage from Pacific Ocean islands that have been approved for exportation of green bananas into the United States (including U.S. Territories) (Table 5).

APHIS regulations permitting green bananas from Hawaii to Guam and to the continental U.S. are found in 7 CFR § 318.13

– 4i (2005). Bactrocera dorsalis occurs in Hawaii, but not in Guam or in the Philippines (IIE, 1986). As a result of studies conducted in Hawaii, mature green bananas without precocious ripening and mo rphological aberrations that are grown under certain horticultural conditions are not likely to be hosts of B. dorsalis in nature (Armstrong 1983, 2001). Miller and Chang (1998) analyzed Armstrong’s results and recommended conditions of entry into the cont inental U.S. and the territories.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 7 Table 2. Results from available decision sheets since 1970 concerning recommendations for the entry into the United States of commercial shipments of banana fruit from the Philippines (CPHST, 2008).

Date Ports Requested Decision Rationale

06/07/70 All Approved North Atlantic ports. Subject to ethylene dibromide (EDB) treatment as a condition of entry with a note that EDB treatment may affect flavor

04/11/72 Guam Approved Permit entry subject to phytosanitary conditions at origin and inspection on arrival

06/20/83 Guam Denied No acceptable treatment available for Dacus

dorsalis

09/22/86 Honolulu Denied A complex of Dacus spp. fruit flies for which there

are no known treatments

03/03/88 Guam Denied No acceptable treatment available for Dacus

dorsalis

09/24/93 Hawaii Denied Undetermined species of Bactrocera

Table 3. Imports allowed of banana fruit, flowers, or leaves, and the approved ports ( APHIS,

2004a ). Country Plant Parts Ports

Asia a nd Oceania

American Samoa a 

### Green fruit All b



### Cook Islands (Also see Table 2) Green fruit All
Japan (from specified areas) Fruit, leaves Alaska, Guam, Northern Marianas
Korea, Republic of (South Korea) Fruit Guam, Northern Marianas

Micronesia , Federated States of (from named islands) Fruit Guam, Northern Marianas

Samoa Green fruit All
Tonga Green fruit All

Vanuatu Fruit All

South America
Argentina a 

### Fruit All

Bolivia a 

### Fruit, Leaves All

Brazil a 

### Fruit, Leaves, Stem All

Chile a 

### Fruit, Leaves All

Colombia a 

### Fruit, Leaves All

Ecuador a 

### Flower, Fruit, Leaves All

French Guiana a 

### Fruit, Leaves All
Guyana a 

### Fruit, Leaves All
Paraguay a 

### Fruit, Leaves All

Peru a 

### Fruit, Leaves AllPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 8 Country Plant Parts Ports

Suriname a 

### Fruit, Leaves All
Uruguay a 

### Fruit All

Venezuela a 

### Fruit All
North America Including Central America

Aruba a 

### Fruit All

Barbados Flowers, Fruit, Leaves All

Belize a 

### Flowers In Bracts With Stem, Fruit, Leaves All

Bermuda Fruit, Leaves All

Costa Rica a 

### Fruit, Leaves All
Dominican Republic Flower, Fruit All

El Salvador a 

### Fruit, Leaves All

Guatemala a 

### Fruit, Leaves All

Honduras a 

### Flower, Fruit, Leaves All

Mexico Flower, Fruit, Leaves (Commercial Shipments Only) Fruit (Release Program Protocol) a 

### All

Netherlands Antilles: Curacao Fruit, Leaves All
Nicaragua a 

### Fruit, Leaves All

Panama a 

### Fruit, Leaves All
Trinidad And Tobago a 

### Fruit All

West Indies, All Countries a, c 

### Fruit, Leaves All

Africa
Algeria Fruit, Leaves All
Angola Fruit North Pacific

Benin Fruit, Leaves All

Burkina Faso Fruit, Leaves All

Cameroon Fruit, Leaves All
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Fruit, Leaves All
Congo, Republic of the Fruit, Leaves All

Côte D’Ivoire Fruit, Leaves All
Egypt Fruit, Leaves All

Ghana Fruit, Leaves All
Guinea, Republic of Fruit, Leaves All

Liberia Fruit, Leaves All

Mali Fruit, Leaves All

Mauritania Fruit, Leaves All

Morocco Fruit, Leaves AllPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 9 Country Plant Parts Ports
Niger Fruit, Leaves All
Nigeria Fruit, Leaves All
Senegal Fruit, Leaves All

Sierra Leon Fruit, Leaves All
Togo Fruit, Leaves All

Tunisia Fruit, Leaves All
Europe
Spain: Canary Islands Fruit, leaves All

a No written permits required (APHIS, 2004a)

b “All” means all ports

- of

- entry where PPQ officers are stationed or their areas of coverage, including Guam, Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

c West Indies includes (APHIS, 2004a): Antigua, Bahamas, Barbad os, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Nevis, St. Barthelemy, St. Eustatius, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Martin, St. Vincent, and British Virgin Islands. (Some of these areas are l isted separately.)



### Table 4. Pest interceptions on banana fruit in baggage from the Philippines (PestID, 2009). Organism Interceptions ( N o.) Organism Interceptions (No.)
Aphididae, species of 2 Maconellicoccus hirsutus 1
Aspidiotus sp. 1 Margarodidae, species of 1
Coccidae, species of 3 Phomopsis musicola 1

Coccus sp 1 Phyllosticta musarum 135

Dacus sp. 2 Phyllosticta spp. 2
Diaspididae, species of 2 Pinnaspis musae 1
Dysmicoccus neobrevipes 60 Planococcus lilacinus 6
Dysmicoccus spp. 5 Planococcus minor 6
Flatidae, species of 1 Planococcus sp. 1
Gryllidae, species of 1 Pseudococcidae, species of 52
Guignardia musae 45 Pseudococcus cryptus 1
Icerya pulcher 8 Pseudococcus spp. 3

Icerya sp. 4 Pyralidae, species of 2

Imperata sp. (seed) 1 Thripidae, species of 1
Lepidosaphes similis 2 Tineidae, species of 1
Lymantriidae, species of 1 Uxantis siccifolia 1Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 10 Table 5 . Pest interceptions on banana fruit in baggage from Pacific Ocean islands

. Island group Organism Interceptions (n o.)

American Samoa Aphidae, species of 1

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes 3

Planococcus minor 2
Pseudococcidae, species of 2

Guam Diaspididae, species of 2

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes 3
Hesperidae, species of (leaf) 1
Phyllosticta musarum 1
Pseudaulacaspis sp. 1
Pseudococcidae, species of 3

Samoa Dysmicoccus neobrevipes 1

Pseudococcidae, species of 3
Tonga Planococcus minor 3

Pseudococcus sp. 1
Tephritidae, species of 1

2. 5 . Pests reported on banana in the Philippines

Below we list pests reported in the scientific and regulatory literature to occur on Musa species and cultivars in the Philippines (Table 6). We also include information on the presence of these pests in the Guam, Haw aii, and the Northern Mariana Islands , as well as the quarantine status of the pest, and the parts of the host that are infested or infected by the pest

. In the table below, the “pathway” is defined as commercial hard green mature banana fruits.

The BPI of the Philippines submitted a thorough description of the pest mitigation measures that are applied to banana fruit from the Philippines intended for export ( Section 1. 3 ; Appendix A ). We considered these mitigation measures explicitly while developing this risk assessment. We did not further analyze pests likely to be excluded from following the pathway of commercial bananas by these mitigation measures.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 11 Table 6. Pests associated with Musa spp. (in any country) and presen t in the Philippines (on any host).

Scientific name (taxonomy) Geographic

distribution 1 Plant part

affected 2 Quarantine pest Follow pathway 3 References

GU HI MP

PLANT PATHOGENS
Fungi
Mastigomycotina
Pythium debaryanum Auct.

non R. Hesse (Oomycetes: Peronosporales) PH, WW R, Rh No No No N /A CABI, 2004

Ascomycotina
Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) C. Moreau Telemorph. Syn = Ceratostomella paradoxa Dade (Pyrenomycetes: Ophiostomatales) Anamorph = Charlara paradoxa (De Seynes) Sacc. Syn = Thielaviopsis paradoxa (De Seynes) Honn. (Hyphomycetes) PH, HI, WW F, L, P,

Rh No No No N/A Anon., 1982; BPI/Dole,
2004; CABI, 2004; Farr

et al ., no date; Muirhead and Jones, 2000 ; 

### USGS

- PIERC, 2005

Cochliobolus lunatus

R.R.Nelson & Haasis (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales). Anamorph

= Curvularia lunata (Wakk.) Boedijn (Hyphomycetes) PH, WW L No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Meredith, 1963

Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Ito in Ito &

K.Kimura (Pyrenomycetes: Hypocreales). Anamorph

= Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon (Hyphomycetes)

Also see F. moniliforme PH, GU , HI,

MP B, C, F, L,

Ps No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Ploetz, 1994 ; UGA, 2011

1 PH = Philippines; GU = Guam; HI = Hawaii; MP = Northern Mariana Islands; WW = reported in the literature as world

wide or cosmopolitan.

2 B = bracts, C = crown, F = fruit, Fl = reported as flowers or inflorescences, L = leaves, N/A = not applicable, P = peduncle, Ps = pseudostem (sometimes reported as “stem”), R = roots, Rh = rhizome (sometimes reported as “corm”), S = sucker,

and W = whole plant. When reported as such, S (sucker) is equivalent to Ps. Please see Section 2.2 for a more detailed explanation of these terms.

3 The “pathway” is defined as commercial hard green mature banana fruits (see Section 1.1). They are subjected to the

grow ing

- season pest

- management procedures and also phytosanitary safeguards during harvesting, packing, and shipping,

which a re applied within 24 hours of harvest, as described in Section 1.3

. For non

- quarantine pests, specifying whether or not they would foll ow the pathway is irrelevant. We indicated this using “N/A” = ‘Not applicable’.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 12 Scientific name (taxonomy) Geographic

distribution 1 Plant part

affected 2 Quarantine pest Follow pathway 3 References

GU HI MP
Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. &

H.Schrenk (Pyrenomycetes: Phyllachorales). Anamorph = Collectotricium gloeo

sporiodes (Penz.) Penz. in Sacc. (C oelomycetes) PH, GU , HI,

MP B, F, L, P,

S No No No N/A ARS, 1970; CABI, 2004; Farr et al ., no date; G askal a, 2004 ; UGA, 2011

Guignardia musae Racib. 4 (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) Anamorph = Phyllosticta musarum (Cooke) van der Aa. Syn: Phyllosticina musarum (Cooke) Petr. PH, GU, HI

, MP B, F, L No No No N/A APHIS, 2004b ; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,
2004: Jones, 2000e; Jones and Stover, 2000; Nandwani et al., 2010; PCARRD, 1988 ; UGA,

2011
Phyllosticta sp. (Coelomycetes) PH, GU F No Yes Yes Yes 5 APHIS, 2004b

Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet [black leaf streak or black Sigatoka disease] (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) Anamorph = Pseudocercospora fijiensis (Morelet) Deighton (Hyphomycetes) PH, GU, HI L No No Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Carlier et al

., 2000; Crane and Balerdi, 1998; Farr et
al ., no date; Gaskalla, 2004; Jeger et al ., 1995;

Marin et al ., 2003; PCARRD, 1988; Ploetz, 2001; Stover, 1972; Wardlaw, 1972
Mycosphaerella musicola

J.L.Mulder in J.L.Mulder & Stover [Yellow sigatoka disease] (Loculoascomycetes: Dothideales) Anamorph = Pseudocercospora musae Speg. (Hyphomycetes) PH, GU L No Yes Yes No Alfieri et al

., 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Crane and Balerdi, 1998; Farr et
al ., no date; Gaskalla, 2004; Jeger et al

. , 1995; Jones, 2000a; PCARRD,
1988; Stover, 1972; Wardlaw, 1972

4 Guignardia musae ( teleomorph) and Phyllosticta musarum ( anamorph ) are widespread in South and East Asia and the Pacific islands (including Hawaii), and have been reported in the Caribbean area and Africa (CABI, 2004; Jones, 2000c, Jones and Stover, 2000). These two forms or morphs exhibit different symptoms; therefore, some confusion exists about the taxonomy of the causal agent.

5 The following mitigation measures are highly likely to remove this pest from the pathway: planting clean tissue culture, eliminating alternate hosts (weeds), disinfesting tools, surveying and eradicating diseases, spraying bunches with fungicide, defloweri ng to lessen visits from the vectors of disease, debudding by hand instead of knife, inspecting and culling, and treating with a chlorine and aluminum sulphate mix in the floatation tanks

.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 13 Scientific name (taxonomy) Geographic

distribution 1 Plant part

affected 2 Quarantine pest Follow pathway 3 References

GU HI MP
Basidiomycotina
Corticium rolfsii Curzi Syn = Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C. C. Tu & Kimbrough. (Aphyllophorales ) Anamorph = ( Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (Agronomycetes) PH , GU , HI,

MP R, Rh No No No N/A CABI, 2004 ; UGA,

2011

Marasmiellus inoderma (Berkeley) Singer. Syn = M. semiustus (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Singer; Marasmius

semiustus Berkeley & Curtis (Agaricales) PH , GU L, Ps, R No Yes Yes No Jones and Lomerio,

2000

Uredo musae Cummins (Uredinales) PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; Jones,

2000f

Uromyces musae P. Henn (Uredinales) PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; Jones, 2000f; Weber, 1973

Deuter o mycotina: Hyphomycetes
Aspergillus niger Tiegh. 6 PH , WW F, Ps No No No N/A CABI, 2004
Bipolaris saccharri (E.J. Butler) Shoemaker PH L Yes Yes Yes No CABI, 2004

Cercospora ha yi Calpouzos PH , WW C, F, P No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; Jones and Stover, 2000; Kaiser and Lukezic, 1965, 1966; PCARRD, 1988
Cordana musae ( Zimm.)

Höhne. PH L, P, Ps Yes Yes Yes No Anon., 1982; BPI/Dole,
2004; Farr et al ., 1989; Gaskalla, 2004; Jones, 2000b; PCARRD, 1988
Deightoniella torulosa (Syd.) M. B. Ellis PH , HI, MP F, L, Ps Yes No No No 7 Anon., 1982; BPI/Dole, 2004; CMI, 1983; Farr

et al ., 19 89; Gaskal la, 2004; Jones, 2000c; Jones and Stover, 2000 ; UGA, 2011

6 Aspergillus niger is a storage pathogen found on many hosts inclu ding tropical fruits. The fungus has a worldwide

distribution. Like other storage pathogens, it causes a watery rot of banana (CABI, 2004).

7 Deightoniella torulosa is a saprophyte on dead banana leaves and flowers and causes spots or speckles on leaves an d fruit (Jones and Stover, 2000). Because it does not sporulate on fruit (Jones and Stover, 2000), it is highly unlikely to follow th e pathway of commercial grade green banana.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 14 Scientific name (taxonomy) Geographic

distribution 1 Plant part

affected 2 Quarantine pest Follow pathway 3 References

GU HI MP
Fusarium moniliforme J

. Sheldon (Also see Gibberella fujikuroi) 8 PH , GU , HI

, MP B, C, F

, R,

Rh No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; Gaskalla, 2004; Jones,

and Lomer i o, 2000a; Jones and Stover, 2000; PCARRD, 1988 ; Raabe et al., 1981

Fusarium oxysporium Schlecht. f. sp. cubense (E. F. Smith) W. C. Synder & N. H. Hans. PH, GU, HI,

MP L, P, Ps,

Rh No No No N/A Alfieri et al

., 1994; Anon., 1982; BPI/Dole,
2004; CABI, 2004; Gaskalla, 2004; Jeger, et
al .,1995, PCARRD, 1988; Ploetz et al

. , 1990; Ploetz and Pegg,

2000 ; 

### USGS

- PIERC,

2005

Fusarium pallidoroseum (Cooke) Sacc. PH C, F, P, R,

Rh No 9 No 9 No 9 N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; Farr et
al ., 1989; Jones and
Stover, 2000; PCARRD,

1988

Fusarium roseum Link: Fr. PH

, WW C, F, Rh No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; Farr et
al ., 1989; PCARRD,

1988 ; 

### USGS

- PIERC,

2005

Periconiella musae Stahel

ex Ellis. 10 Syn =

Ramichloridium musae (Stahel ex. E. B. Ellis) De Hoog P H, WW F, L, P No No No N/A Jeger et al ., 1995; Jones, 2000d; PCARRD, 1988

Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc. Teleomoph = Magnaporthe grisea (Herbert) Barr. (Pyrenomycetes: Phyllachorales ) PH, WW L, F, P, Ps No No No N/A Alfieri et al

., 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; Farr et
al ., 1989; Gaskalla, 2004; Jeger et al ., 1995; Jones and Stover, 2000; Stover, 1972

8 Distribution considered c osmopolitan but rare in cooler regions ; the name is not proposed for conservation due to imprecise species concept. Synonym pro parte, also includes F. proliferatum

, F. subglutinans , and mating populations A

- H in Gibberella fujikuroi complex (teleomorph) . (Farr et al., 2011)

9 Fusarium pallidoroseum is listed as a non

- reportable species in PestID (2011). Fusarium spp. are often isolated from fruit spots caused by Cercospora hayi (Jones and Stover, 2000) (see C. hayi in this pest list) and from dead leaves or banana plantation trash. These fungi are fo und in association with other fungi as crown rots (PCARRD, 1988; Jones and Stover, 2000). F usarium pallidoroseum is not considered a quarantine species of concern.

10 Periconiella musae and Veronaea musae are causal agents of the “Tropical Speckle Disease. ” Tropical Speckle is the name of a disease given to two types of leaf symptoms in which these fungi are involved. In the Umlalog variety (AAA , Cavendish subgroup), the fungus affects the ends of fingers

, making the fruit unacceptable for export (Jones, 2 000d). The species have a worldwide distribution.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 15 Scientific name (taxonomy) Geographic

distribution 1 Plant part

affected 2 Quarantine pest Follow pathway 3 References

GU HI MP

Deuter o mycotina: Coelomycetes

Colletotrichum musae (Berk. & M. A. Curt. von

Arx. Syn = Gloeosporium

musarum Cooke and

Massee PH, GU, HI C, F, P, Ps, Rh No No Yes No 11 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Farr et al ., no date; Jones and Stover, 2000; PCARRD, 1988;



### USGS

- PIERC, 2005;
Weber, 1973
Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. Syn= Botryodiplodia

theobromae Pat. PH, GU , HI,

MP C, F, P,

Ps, Rh No No No No 1 1 Alfieri et al

., 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,
2004; CABI/EPPO, 2010; Farr et al ., no date; Jones, 2000; PCARRD, 1988; UGA, 2011; Weber, 1973

BACTERIA

B urkholderiales: Burkholdericeae

Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al

., Race 1, bacterial wilt

disease. Syn = Pseudomonas

solanacearum ; Bulkholderia

solanacearum (Infects diploid bananas) PH, GU , HI B, F, Fw, P, Ps, Rh No No Yes No 12 Alfieri et al

., 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; Bradbury, 1986; CABI,
2004; CABI, 2011; CABI/EPPO, 1999a; BPI/Dole, 2004; Jeger

et al

. , 1995

Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al

., Race 2 Biovar 1 (moko disease). 13 (Infects triploid bananas) PH, GU, HI B, F, Fw, P, Ps, Rh No No Yes Yes 14 BPI/Dole, 2004; Bradbury, 1986; CABI,
2004; CABI/EPPO, 1999b; Jeger et al

. , 1995; PCARRD, 1988;

Thwaites et al ., 2000; Wardlaw, 1972; Weber,

1973

11 Colletotrichum musae and Lasiodiplodia theobromae are commonly saprophytic, and are often associated with rotting parts of the banana plant (CABI, 2004). Like other storage pathogens, they may cause a wat ery rot of banana. The hard, green bananas exported would not be hosts of these pathogens.

12 Ralstonia solanacearum Race 1 is not reported to infect edible banana cultivars (only wild diploids) (Jones, 2000). Inedible banana cultivars are not proposed or a nticipated to be a part of the shipments. Also th e following mitigation measures are highly likely to remove this pest from the pathway: planting clean tissue culture, eliminating alternate hosts (weeds), disinfesting tools, surveying and eradicating disea ses, deflowering to lessen visits from the vectors of disease, bagging the inflorescence at the bending stage, debudding by hand instead of knife, inspecting and culling, and treating with a chlorine and aluminum sulphate mix in the floatation tanks

. 13 Bug tok and Moko diseases are considered to be caused by the same bacterium, Ralstonia solanacearum (Thwaites et al

., 2000). “Although the causal agent Ralstonia solanacearum appears to be identical to that of Moko disease, they are treated here separately as the disease is distinct in terms of symptoms and host range . Bugtok is not recognized in commercially grown dessert bananas, although in many areas of the southern Philippines the disease has become a limiting factor in thePest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 16 Scientific name (taxonomy) Geographic

distribution 1 Plant part

affected 2 Quarantine pest Follow pathway 3 References

GU HI MP

Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al

., 1 3

Race 2 Biovar 1 (bugtok disease of cooking bananas) (Infects triploid bananas) PH B, F, Fw, P, Ps, Rh Yes Yes Yes Yes 1 4 BPI/Dole, 2004; Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2004; Jeger et al

. , 1995; Soguilon, et al ., 1995;

Thwaites et al ., 2000; Wardlaw, 1972

Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae

Erwinia carotovora subsp.

a troseptica (van Hall) Dye PH , HI P, Rh Yes No Yes No CABI, 2004 ; UGA,

2011b

Erwinia caro t ovora subsp.

caro t ovora (Jones) Bergey et al

. PH , HI P, Ps, Rh Yes No Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2004; Jeger et al

. , 1995;

Thwaites et al ., 2000; UGA, 2011b; Weber,

1973
Erwinia chrysanthemi

Burkholder et al

. PH , HI P, Rh Yes No Yes No CABI, 2004; Jeger et
al

. , 1995 ; UGA, 2011b
Erwinia chrysanthemi pv.

z eae (Saet) Victoria et al

. PH P, Rh Yes Yes Yes No CABI, 2004

VIRUSES
Abacá mosaic potyvirus 15
[Also known as the

Abacá mosaic strain of sugarcane mosaic potyvirus] PH W Yes Yes Yes No 16 Bajet and Magnaye, 2002; BPI/Dole, 2004; Diekmann and Putter,
1996; Thomas and Magnaye, 2000

Banana bract mosaic potyvirus PH W Yes Yes Yes No 1 6 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Diekmann and Putter, 1996; Thomas et
al ., 2000

cultivation of cooking bananas. Bugtok and Moko can be controlled by bagging the inflorescence at the bending stage (Soguilon et al

. , 1995 ; Jones, 2000; Hayward, 2006 ), which is included in the planned mitigations.

14 The following mitigation measures are highly likely to remove this pest from the pathway: planting clean tissue culture, eliminating alternate hosts (weeds), disinfesting tools, surveying and eradicating diseases, deflowering to lessen visits fro m the vectors of disease, bagging the inflorescence at the bending stage, debuddi ng by hand instead of knife, inspecting and culling, and treating with a chlorine and aluminum sulphate mix in the floatation tanks

. 15 Abacá mosaic potyvirus (AbMV) is a strain of sugarcane mosaic potyvirus (SCMV

-- Ab) (CABI, 2004; Gambley et al

., 2004). Ab MV has been experimentally transmitted from abacá to banana using aphid vectors (Gambley et al ., 2004).

16 Because bananas are seedless and intended for consumption, viruses are highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercially produced fresh mature har d green banana fruit.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 17 Scientific name (taxonomy) Geographic

distribution 1 Plant part

affected 2 Quarantine pest Follow pathway 3 References

GU HI MP
Banana bunchy top

nanovirus PH, GU, HI,

MP W No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Diekmann and Putter, 1996; Jeger, et
al ., 1995; PPS, 2008 ; Thomas and Iskra

Carauna, 2000; PCARRD, 1988

Banana streak badnavirus PH W Yes Yes Yes No 1 6 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Diekmann and Putter, 1996; Lockhart and Jones, 2000a

Cucumber mosaic

cucumovirus (banana mosaic) PH

, G U , HI W No No Yes No 1 6 Alfieri et al

., 1 994;

BPI / Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Gaskalla, 2004; Lockhart and Jones,

2000 b ; PCARRD, 1988

NEMATODA

Criconematidae

Criconemella sp

. PH R Yes Yes Yes No CABI, 2004

Hemicriconemoides mangiferae Siddiqi PH R Yes Yes Yes No Anon., 1984; CABI,

2004

Heteroderidae
Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood PH R Yes Yes Yes No Anon., 1984; CABI, 2004; De Waele, 2000;
PCARRD, 1988
Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White)

Chitwood PH R Yes Yes Yes No Anon., 1984; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004;
PCARRD, 1988
Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood PH R Yes Yes Yes No Anon., 1984; CABI, 2004; De Waele, 2000
Hoplolaimidea
Helicotylenchus

multicinctus (Cobb)

Golden PH R Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Crane and Balerdi,1998; Gowen, 2000; Ploetz

, 1994
Hopolaimus seinhorsti Luc PH R Yes Yes Yes No Anon., 1984; BPI/Dole,
2004; CABI, 2004
Rotylenchulus reniformis

Linford & Oliveira PH , GU R No Yes Yes No Anon., 1984; CABI, 2004; De Waele, 2000
Longidoridae
Longidorus sp. PH R Yes Yes Yes No Anon., 1984; CABI,

2004Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 18 Scientific name (taxonomy) Geographic

distribution 1 Plant part

affected 2 Quarantine pest Follow pathway 3 References

GU HI MP
Pratylenchidae
Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmermann) Filipjev

& Schuurmans Stekhoven PH R, Rh Yes Yes Yes No Anon., 1984; CABI, 2004; Gowen, 2000; Ploetz, 1994
Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev &

Schuurmans Stekhoven PH R, Rh Yes Yes Yes No Anon., 1984; CABI,
2004; Gowen, 2000

Pratylenchus zeae Graham PH R, Rh Yes Yes Yes No Anon., 1984; CABI,
2004; Gowen, 2000
Radopholus similis (Cobb)

Thorne ) PH, GU, HI R, Rh No No Yes No Anon., 1982; Anon., 1984; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Crane and Balerdi, 1998; PCARRD, 1988; Ploetz, 1994; Sarah, 2000

WEEDS
Imperata cylindrica (L.)

Beauv. PH N/A Yes Yes Yes No 17 CABI, 2004; CFR,
2005; 

### NRCS , 2005

Imperata sp. PH N/A Yes Yes Yes No 1 7 APHIS, 2004b ; CFR,

2005

ARTHROPODS

Acari: Acaridae
Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) PH , HI Stored products Yes No Yes No CABI, 2004 ; HTAC,

2002

Acari: Tenuipalpidae
Brevipalpus californicus (Banks) PH

, HI F, L, Ps Yes No Yes Yes 18 CABI, 2004 ; HTAC,

2002
Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) PH , HI L, Ps, W Yes No Yes Yes 1 8 CABI, 2004 ; HTAC,

2002

Acari: Tetranychidae
Eutetranychus orientalis

Klein PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,

2004
Oligonychus orthius Rimando) PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004

17 Imperata sp . was intercepted once with banana fruit from the Philippines. The true origin of any baggage is unclear since it may have originated in a country previously visited by the passenger. Two species of Imperata

— I. brasiliens is Trin. and I. cylindrica (L.) Raeusch

— are listed and regulated as Federal Noxious Weeds. Bananas carried by passengers usually have been produced for local consumption and not for export. In baggage, the banana skin or any associated plant material (leaf debris, bracts, etc.) could have been contaminated with Imperata seeds. Because of production procedures (e.g., bagging of banana fruit during the growing season) and post

- harvest processing measures ( e.g

. , high

- pressured wash) , commercially produced bana na fruit is highly unlikely to be a pathway for weed seed

. 18 The following mitigation measures are highly likely to remove this pest from the pathway: covering bunches with Chlorpyrifos

- impregnated polyethylene (PE) bags, inspecting and culling bunches for infestations, and washing bunches with high

- pressure water sprays

.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 19 Scientific name (taxonomy) Geographic

distribution 1 Plant part

affected 2 Quarantine pest Follow pathway 3 References

GU HI MP
Oligonychus velascoi (Rimando) PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; Cayme and Gapasin, 1987
Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) PH , GU, HI L No No Yes No BPI/Dole, 20004; CABI,
2004; HTAC, 2002
Tetranychus neocaledonicus

Andre PH, GU, HI L No No Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Gaskala, 2004 ; HTAC, 2002
Tetranychus piercei (McGregor) PH L, Ps Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,

2004
Tetranychus urticae (Koch) PH , HI L Yes No Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004 ; HTAC,

2002
Coleoptera: Anthribidae
Araecerus coffeae (Fabricius) = A. fasciculatus (De Geer) PH , GU , HI F, Ps, R No No Yes No 19 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,

2004

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae
Sybra alternans Wiedemann PH, HI F, Ps No No No N/A Chen et al ., 2000;
HTAC, 2002; Thomas,

1999
Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae
Hispodonta sp. PH Fl, L, Ps Yes Yes Yes No Cayabyab et al ., 2000
Coleoptera: Curculionidae
Cosmopolites sordidus (Gemar) PH, GU, HI,

MP C, R, Rh,

Ps No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Gaskala, 2004; Gold and Messiaen, 2000; Gold et al ., 2002; HTAC, 2002; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; PCARRD, 1988; Smith, 1995 ; UGCES,

2008
Metamasius hemipterus

Linnaeus PH L, Ps, W Yes Yes Yes Yes 18 CABI, 2004; Gold et al.,

2002
Odoiporus longicollis (Olivier) PH L, Ps Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Capco, 1956;

Gold et al ., 2002
Philicoptus demissus (Heller) PH F l , L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; Stephens, 1984
Philicoptus iliganus (Heller) PH F l , L, R Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; Muniappan and Bjork,
1984; PCARRD, 1988; Stephens, 1984

19 Though this pest attacks coffee berries on the plant, Araecerus coffeae is primarily a pest of stored products and is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercially produced banan as (CABI, 2004).Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 20 Scientific name (taxonomy) Geographic

distribution 1 Plant part

affected 2 Quarantine pest Follow pathway 3 References

GU HI MP
Philicoptus sp. 20 PH F l , L Yes Yes Yes No Stephens, 1984
Philicoptus stringifons (Heller) PH F l , L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; Stephens, 1984
Philicoptus waltoni (Boheman) PH F Yes Yes Yes No 21 El

- Sayed and Suckling, 2004; Hill, 1983
Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae
Oryctes rhinoceros (Linnaeus) PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,

2004
Scapanes australis

Boisduval PH F, L, Ps,

W Yes Yes Yes Yes 22 CABI, 2004

Xylotrupes g ideon (Linnaeus) PH , HI L Yes No Yes No CABI, 2004 ; HTAC,

2002
Diptera: Muscidae
Atherigona orientalis

Schiner PH , GU, HI F, L, Ps,
R, W No No Yes Yes 2 2 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,

2004 ; HTAC, 2002
Diptera: Tephritidae
Bactrocera occipitalis (Bezzi) 23 PH F Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 2 Anon., 2002; BPI/Dole, 2004; Carroll et al

., 2002; Drew and Hancock, 1994; IIE, 1994a; Pacifly, 2002b ; Sengebau, 2001; White

and Elson

- Harris, 1992
Bactrocera philippinensis

Drew and Hancock 2 2 PH F Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 2 Anon., 2002; BPI/Dole, 2004; Carroll et al

., 2002; Drew and Hancock, 1994; IIE, 1994b; Pacifly, 2002c ; Sengebau, 2001; White

and Elson

- Harris, 1992

20 Stephens (1984) discussed two undescribed species within the genus. These species feed on the flowers and leaves of banana in the Philippines, but we did not further analyze them because they have not been identified to the species level.

21 Philicoptus wa ltoni has never been intercepted on Musa spp. (PestID, 2009). We found no other data on its feeding habits, but think it will behave similarly to others in the same genus (e.g., P. demissus

, P. iliganus , and P. stringifons ). These weevils drop from fruit w hen disturbed, and are all relatively large in size (6

- 8 mm) and mobile (Stephens, 1984). Thus, the basic biology of P. waltoni makes it highly unlikely to follow the pathway of banana fruit.

22 The following mitigation measures are highly likely to remove th ese pest s from the pathway: spraying with insecticides, covering bunches with c hlorpyrifos

- impregnated polyethylene (PE) bags, inspecting and culling bunches for insect infestations, and washing bunches with high

- pressure water sprays

. 23 Bactrocera dors alis complex contains 75 species (Clarke et al ., 2004). Fifty

- two species were described by Drew and Hancock (1994)

— forty of these were new species, of which eight are economically important. As a result, Bactrocera

dorsalis was redescribed and its distrib ution redefined. B actrocera dorsalis does not occur in the Philippines (Clarke et al

., 2004; IIE, 1986) , but t wo other members of the complex and significant economic pest occur in the Philippines

. Bactrocera occipitalis and B. philippinensis cause 30 percent damage to bananas in Palau (Anon., 2002).Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 21 Scientific name (taxonomy) Geographic

distribution 1 Plant part

affected 2 Quarantine pest Follow pathway 3 References

GU HI MP

Bactrocera musae (Tryon) 24 PH F Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 2 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Carroll et al

., 2002; Drew et al

., 1982;

Pacif l y, 2002 a ; Smith, 1977; White and Elson

Harris, 1992
Diptera: Stratiomyidae

Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus) PH, HI F Yes No Yes No 25 BPI/Dole, 2004; HTAC,
2002; Stephens, 1975;

Tomberlin and Sheppard, 2001; Woodley, 1989
Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae
Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby PH, GU, HI L, Ps No No Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,

2004 ; HTAC, 2002
Aleurodicus dispersus

Russell PH, GU, HI,

MP L No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,

2004 ; HTAC, 2002
Hemiptera: Aphididae
Aphis gossypii Glover PH , GU, HI,

MP Fl, L, Ps,

W No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,
2004; HTAC, 2002; Muniappan and Bjork,

1984 ; UGCES, 2008
Pentalonia nigronervosa (Coquerel) PH, GU, HI,

MP L, Ps, W No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Gold et al ., 2002;
HTAC, 2002; Mau, et
al ., 1994; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; PCARRD, 1988; Silva and Fancelli, 1998 ; UGCES, 2008
Rhopalosiphum (

Aphis )

maidis (Fitch) PH , GU, HI L, Ps No No Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,

2004 ; HTAC, 2002
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linnaeus) PH , HI L, Ps Yes No Yes No CABI, 2004; Capco,

1956 ; HTAC, 2002
Rhopalosiphum padi

Linnaeus PH , HI Fl, L, Ps,

W Yes No Yes Yes 26 CABI, 2004 ; HTAC,

2002

24 The banana fruit fly, Bactrocera musae , will lay eggs in green, immature

, and ripe bananas and will sting young fruit (Drew et al ., 1982). However, Gold et al . (2002) state that commercial bananas colle cted in the “hard green” stage, (preclimacteric), are not hosts for B. musae and emphasize that harvesting before the fruit becomes susceptible (climacteric) will result in “damage

- free” fruit. There is some question as to the potential for this fruit fly to lay eggs in immature bananas, but even if eggs are deposited and survive the hard, green banana host, the mitigation measures during production and post

- harvest make B. musae highly unlikely to follow the pathway.

25 Females of Hermetia illucens will som etimes oviposit between young banana fingers in Panama, but hatching larvae fall to the ground without penetrating the fruit (Stephen, 1975).Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 22 Scientific name (taxonomy) Geographic

distribution 1 Plant part

affected 2 Quarantine pest Follow pathway 3 References

GU HI MP
Hemiptera: Coccidae
Ceroplastes cirripediformis

Comstock PH, HI F, L, Ps Yes No Yes Yes 2 6 CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005
Ceroplastes rubens Maskell PH, GU, HI F, L, Ps No No Yes Yes 2 6 CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005
Coccus hesperidum

Linnaeus PH , GU, HI,

MP L, Ps No No No N/A CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005; UGCES, 2008
Coccus longulus ( Douglas) PH , GU, HI F, L, Ps No No Yes Yes 2 6 HTAC, 2002; Scalenet,

2005

Coccus sp. PH F, L, Ps Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 APHIS, 2004b

Coccus viridis (Green) PH, GU, HI,

MP F, L, Ps No No No N/A CABI, 2004; Capco, 1956; Hill, 1983; HTAC, 2002; Moore and Tudela, 1999; Nafus, 2000; Scalenet,
2005; UGCES, 2008; USDA, 2000a

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) PH , GU, HI L, Ps No No Yes No CABI, 2004; HTAC,
2002; Scalenet, 2005
Saissetia coffeae (Walker) PH , GU, HI,

MP L, Ps No No No N/A CABI, 2004; HTAC,
2002; Scalenet, 2005 ; UGCES, 2008
Vinsonia stellifera (Westwood) PH, HI L, Ps Yes No No No HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005; Thomas, 1999
Hemiptera: Coreidae
Leptoglossus gonagra (Fabricius)= L

. australis (Fabricius) PH , GU F, Ps No Yes Yes Yes 2 6 CABI, 2004; Baranowski and Slater, 1986; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984
Hemiptera: Diaspididae
Abgrallaspis ( Hemiberlesia ) cynaophylli (Signoret) PH , HI L Yes No Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; HTAC,
2002; Scalenet, 2005; Velasquez, 1971
Abgrallaspis ( Hemiberlesia ) palmae (Cockerell) PH , HI L Yes No Yes No HTAC, 2002;
PCARRD, 1988; Scalenet, 2005

Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) PH , GU, MP F, L, Ps,

W No Yes No Yes 27 CABI, 2004; Scalenet,

2005 ; UGCES, 2008; Velasquez, 1971

26 The following mitigation measures are highly likely to remove the s e pest s from the pathway: spraying pseudostem and bunches with insecticides, covering bunches with c hlorpyrifos

- impregnated polyethylene (PE) bags, inspecting and culling bunches for insect infestations, and washing bunches with high

- pressure water sprays

. 27 Dias pididae , a rmored scale s
, may enter on c ommercial fruit for consumption

, but they are highly unlikely to become established via this pathway. Please see discussion below for a detailed explanation

.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 23 Scientific name (taxonomy) Geographic

distribution 1 Plant part

affected 2 Quarantine pest Follow pathway 3 References

GU HI MP
Aonidiella comperei

McKenzie PH , GU F, L, Ps No Yes Yes Yes 2 7 Scalenet, 2005; Velasquez, 1971

Aonidiella inornata

McKenzie PH, GU, HI,

MP F, L, Ps No No No N/A HTAC, 2002; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; Scalenet, 2005;
UGCES, 2008; Velasquez, 1971

Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) PH, GU F, L, Ps No Yes Yes Yes 2 7 CABI, 2004; Scalenet, 2005; Velasquez, 1971
Aspidiotus coryphae

Cockerell and Robinson PH F, L, Ps Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 7 BPI/Dole, 2004; Scalenet, 2005; Velasquez, 1971
Aspidiotus destructor Signoret PH, GU, HI,

MP F, L, Ps No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,
2004; HTAC, 2002; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; PCARRD, 1988; Scalenet, 200 5 ; UGCES, 2008; Velasquez, 1971
Aspidiotus excisus Green PH, MP F, L, Ps Yes Yes No Yes 2 7 BPI/Dole, 2004; Scalenet, 2005; UGCES, 2008; Velasquez, 1971
Aspidiotus sp. PH F, L, Ps Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 7 APHIS, 2004b
Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus)= C. ficus

Ashmead PH, HI F, L, Ps Yes No Yes Yes 2 7 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; Scalenet, 2005; Velasquez, 1971
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) PH , GU, HI,

MP F, L, Ps No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005;
UGCES, 2008; Velasquez, 1971

Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) PH, GU F, L, Ps No Yes Yes Yes 2 7 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Scalenet, 2005; Velasquez, 1971
Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell) PH, GU F, L, Ps No Yes Yes Yes 2 7 BPI/Dole, 2004; Scalenet, 2005; Velasquez, 1971
Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) PH, HI F, L, Ps Yes No Yes Yes 2 7 BPI/Dole, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005
Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret) PH , GU, HI,

MP F, L, Ps No No No N/A CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 ; UGCES, 2008
Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) PH, GU, HI F, L, Ps No No Yes Yes 2 7 CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005
Lepidosaphes similis Beardsley PH, GU F, L, Ps No Yes Yes Yes 2 7 APHIS, 2004bPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 24 Scientific name (taxonomy) Geographic

distribution 1 Plant part

affected 2 Quarantine pest Follow pathway 3 References

GU HI MP

Mycetaspis personata (Comstock) PH, HI F, L, Ps Yes No Yes Yes 2 7 HTAC, 2002; Scalenet,

2005
Parlatoria proteus (Curtis) PH, GU, HI F, L, Ps No No Yes Yes 2 7 HTAC, 2002; Scalenet,

2005
Pinnaspis aspidistrae aspidistrae (Signoret) PH, GU, HI F, L, Ps No No Yes Yes 2 7 HTAC, 2002; Scalenet,

2005
Pinnaspis buxi (BouchT) PH, GU, HI F, L, Ps No No Yes Yes 2 7 HTAC, 2002; Scalenet,

2004

Pinnaspis musae Takagi PH F, L, Ps Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 7 APHIS, 2004b; BPI/Dole, 2004; Scalenet, 2005
Pinnsaspis strachani (Cooley) PH, GU, HI F, L, Ps,

W No No Yes Yes 2 7 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005
Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley) PH, GU, HI F, L, Ps,

W No No Yes Yes 2 7 BPI/Dole, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005
Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) PH, HI F, L, Ps Yes No Yes Yes 2 7 CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005

Unaspis citri (Comstock) PH, GU, HI F, L, Ps No No Yes Yes 2 7 CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005
Hemiptera: Flatidae
Uxantis siccifolia (Stal) PH L, Ps Yes Yes Yes No APHIS, 2004b
Hemiptera: Margarodidae

Icerya aegyptiaca Douglas PH, GU, MP F, L, Ps,

W No Yes No Yes 2 6 CABI, 2004; Hill, 1983; Muniappan and Bjork,
1984; UGCES, 2008; USDA, 2000a
Icerya pulcher (Leonardi) PH F, L, Ps,

W Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 APHIS, 2004b

Icerya seychella r um (Westwood) PH, GU, HI F, L, Ps,

W No No Yes Yes 2 6 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Hill, 1983; HTAC, 2002

Icerya sp. PH F Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 APHIS, 2004b
Hemiptera: Pentatomidae
Tessaratoma papillosa (Drury) PH F, Fl, Ps Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 CABI, 2004

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae
Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) PH, GU, HI,

MP F, L, Ps,

R, W No No No N/A Ben

- Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002;

Ma r tin Kessing and Mau, 1992; Scalenet,

2005Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 25 Scientific name (taxonomy) Geographic

distribution 1 Plant part

affected 2 Quarantine pest Follow pathway 3 References

GU HI MP

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley PH, GU, HI,

MP F, L, Ps No No No N/A APHIS, 2004b ; Ben

Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Miller and Miller, 2002; PCARRD, 1988; Scalenet, 2005 ; UGCES,

2008

Dysmicoccus sp

. PH F, L, Ps Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 APHIS, 2004b

Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) PH, GU, HI,

MP F, L, Ps No No No N/A Ben

- Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,
2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 ; UGCES,

2008
Geococcus coffeae Green PH, GU, HI F, Fl, L,

Ps No No Yes Yes 2 6 Ben

- Dov, 1994; CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005

Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) PH, GU, HI F, Fl, L,
R, Ps No No Yes Yes 2 6 APHIS, 2004b; Ben

Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Hill, 1983; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005

Planococcus citri (Risso) PH, GU, HI,

MP F, FL, L No No No N/A Ben

- Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,
2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005 ; UGCES,

2008

Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) PH, GU, HI F, Fl, L,
Ps, W No No Yes Yes 2 6 APHIS, 2004b; CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005

Planococcus minor (Maskell) = P. pacificus

Cox PH, GU F, L, Ps No No No N/A APHIS, 2004b; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Scalenet, 2005

Planococcus sp. PH F, L Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 APHIS, 2004b
Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel PH, HI F Yes No Yes Yes 2 6 APHIS, 2004b; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel

and Miller = P. elisae

Borchsenius PH, HI F, L, Ps Yes No Yes Yes 2 6 Ben

- Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,
2004; HTAC, 2002; Scalenet, 2005; Thomas,

1999
Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) PH , Hi F, Fl, L.

Ps Yes No Yes Yes 2 6 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Muiniappan and Bjork,

1984Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 26 Scientific name (taxonomy) Geographic

distribution 1 Plant part

affected 2 Quarantine pest Follow pathway 3 References

GU HI MP

Pseudococcus sp. PH F, Fl, L,
Ps, W Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 APHIS, 2004b; Ben

Dov, 1994; CABI, 2004; Scalenet, 2005

Rastrococcus invadens

Williams PH F, L, Ps Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 Ben

- Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; Scalenet, 2005

Rastrococcus spinosus (Robinson) PH, HI F, L, Ps Yes No Yes Yes 2 6 Ben

- Dov, 1994; BPI/Dole, 2004; HTAC,

2002
Hemiptera: Tingidae
Stephanitis typicus (Distant) PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,
2004; Capco, 1956; Muniappan and Bjork,

1984
Lepidoptera: Hesperidae

Erionota torus Evans PH L Yes Yes Yes No Jong, de and Treadaway, 1993
Erionota (Pilopidas) thrax (Linnaeus) PH, GU, HI,

MP L No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Monty, 1970; Muniappan and Bjork,
1984; PCARRD, 1988; Jong, de and Treadaway, 1993 ; UGCES, 2008

Erionota thrax mindana

Evans PH L Yes Yes Yes No Sands et al ., 1991

Lepidoptera: Limacodidae

Darna diducta Snellen PH L Yes Yes Yes No CABI, 2004
Parasa lepida (Cramer) PH F, L Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 CABI, 2004; Waterhouse, 1993

Thosea sinensis Walker=

Hindothosea cervina

Moore PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984
Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

Olene mendosa Hubner= Dasychira mendosa (Hubner) PH L Yes Yes Yes No CABI, 2004; Waterhouse, 1993

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae
Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) PH , HI F, L, Ps,

W Yes No Yes Yes 2 6 CABI, 2004; HTAC,
2002; Zhang, 1994Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 27 Scientific name (taxonomy) Geographic

distribution 1 Plant part

affected 2 Quarantine pest Follow pathway 3 References

GU HI MP

Eudocima ( Othreis ) fullonia (Clerck) PH, GU, HI,

MP F No No No N/A CABI, 2004; Denton et
al ., 1989, 1999; HTAC, 2002; Martin Kessing and Mau, 1993; Muniappan et al ., 1995;
UGCES, 2008; Zhang,

1994
Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) PH , HI F, Fl, L Yes No Yes Yes 2 6 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,
2004; HTAC, 2002; Zhang, 1994
Spodoptera ( Prodena ) litura (Fabricius) PH, GU, HI,

MP L No No No N/A CABI, 2004 ; HTAC,

2002
Tiracola plagiata (Walker) PH , GU, MP L, Ps No Yes No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,

2004
Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae

Melanitis leda ismene

Cramer PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,

2004
Lepidoptera: Psychidae
Cryptothelea ( Eumeta ) fuscescens (Snellen) PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; Capco,
1956; PCARRD, 1988
Lepidoptera: Pyralidae
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) PH L Yes Yes Yes No CABI, 2004; Zhang,

1994
Diaphania indica (Saunders) PH, GU, MP F, L No Yes No Yes 2 6 CABI, 2004; Zhang,

1994
Pyralidae sp. PH L Yes Yes Yes No APHIS, 2004b
Tirathaba rufivena (Walker) PH Fl Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Zhang, 1994
Lepidoptera: Thyrididae

Rodenura intimalis (Moore) PH L, Ps Yes Yes Yes No Capco, 1956
Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae

Artona catoxantha (Hampson) PH L Yes Yes Yes No BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Zhang, 1994
Orthoptera: Acrididae

Chondracris rosea (DeGeer) PH F, Fl, L,
Ps, W Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,

2004

Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus) PH F, Fl, L,

Ps W Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,

2004

Melicodes tenebrosa

Walker PH F, Fl, L,

Ps Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 6 Capco, 1956

Valanga nigricornis

Burmeister PH, GU, MP F, Fl, L,

Ps No Yes No Yes 2 6 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; UGCES,

2008Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to U.S. Territories



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 28 Scientific name (taxonomy) Geographic

distribution 1 Plant part

affected 2 Quarantine pest Follow pathway 3 References

GU HI MP
Thysanoptera: Thripidae
Chaetanaphothrips signipennis (Bangnall) PH, HI F, L, Ps Yes No Yes Yes 28 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Hara et al

., 2002;
HTAC, 2002; PCARRD, 1988; Silva and Fancelli, 1998
Elixothrips brevisetis (Bangnall) PH, GU, HI Fl, L, Ps No No No N/A BPI/Dole, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Mau and Martin Kessing, 1993; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; Thomas, 1999
Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter) PH, HI F, L Yes No Yes Yes 2 8 CABI, 2004; HTAC, 2002; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; Silva and Fancelli, 1998
Thrips florum Schmutz PH F, Fl Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 8 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI, 2004; Muniappan and Bjork, 1984; PCARRD, 1988; Silva and Fancelli, 1998
Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) = T

. albipes Bangnall PH, GU, HI F, Fl, L No No Yes Yes 2 8 BPI/Dole, 2004; CABI,
2004; HTAC, 2002; Muniappan and Bjork,

1984

MOLLUSCA

Achitinidae
Achatina fulica Bowdich

= Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich) PH , GU, MP F, L, Ps,
R, W No Yes No Yes 29 CABI, 2004

28 Thrips spp. feed on developing fruit and cause a corky sc ab that decreases fruit quality; these bananas would be culled during the harvesting and post

- harvesting procedures (Gold et al., 2002) . Bananas for export receive insecticidal bud injections, which kill flower thrips during production . T herefore, thrips a re highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercially produced bananas.

29 Achatina fulica is a large, normally 5 to 10 cm, external feeder that attacks the entire plant, but prefers cuttings or seedlings (CABI, 2004). Additionally, th e following mitigat ion measures are highly likely to remove this pest from the pathway: covering bunches with bags, inspecting and culling bunches for infestations, and washing bunches with high

- pressure water sprays

.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 29 2. 5 .2. Discussion of pests not further analyzed

We found numerous pests of quarantine significance associated with banana fruit in the Philippines (Table 7)

. Standard production and post

- harvest processing measures used by the Philippines for export ed bananas are highly likely to kill or remove these pests, as summarized

below by the measures and the pests against which they are effective (Table 8)

Diseases . Mitigations that will be effective for fungi include planting clean tissue culture, surveying and eradicating diseases during production, spraying bunches with fungicide, inspecting and culling in packing house, and treating with a chlorine and aluminum sulphate mix

in the floatat ion tanks.

Ralstonia solanacearum Race 2 Biovar 1 (both Bugtok and Moko disease) are bacteria of quarantine concern for parts of the import area , however these pathogens are removed from the pathway due to the use of clean tissue culture, surveying and eradicating diseases during production, inspecting and culling in the packing house as well as eliminating alternate hosts (Heliconia for Moko disease (Eyres et al., 2005) ) , disinfesting tools, deflowering to lessen visits from the vectors of disease, bagg ing the inflorescence with chlorpyrifos

- impregnated polyethylene (PE) bags at the bending stage, and debudding by hand instead of knife. Both

B ugtok and M oko are reported to be insect transmitted; bagging of the inflorescence is a

standard control measure for these disease s ( Hayward, 2006 ; Jones, 2000). Male debudding is also shown to be effective for Moko disease control (Jones, 2000). T here is no concern of seed transmission, as bananas are seedless.

Some other fungi are highly unlikely to follow the pa thway of commercial banana due to their basic biology. Aspergillus niger is a storage pathogen found on many hosts. Deightoniella

torulosa is a saprophyte on dead banana leaves and flowers and does not sporulate on fruit.

Colletotrichum musae and Lasiodiplodia theobromae are commonly saprophytic, and are often associated with rotting parts of the banana plant.

Viruses are removed from the pathway because bananas are seedless and intended for consumption, making it highly unlikely that viruses wil l follow the pathway of commercially produced banana.

Weeds

. Seeds of t he weed Imperata cylindrical are removed from the pathway because of production procedures (e.g., bagging of banana fruit during the growing season) and post

- harvest processing measure s (e.g., high

- pressured wash).

Arthropods . The m ites Brevipalpus californicus and B. phoenicis are highly likely to be removed from the pathway by the following mitigation measures: covering bunches with Chlorpyrifos

- impregnated polyethylene (PE) bags, inspecting and culling bunches for infestations, and washing bunches with high

- pressure water sprays.

The following insects are removed from the pat hway of commercial banana due to their basic biology

. Araecerus coffeae ( Coleoptera: Anthribidae) is primarily a pest of stored products. Philicoptus waltoni (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is large and mobile

, and drops from fruit when

disturbed. Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) sometimes oviposit s between young banana fingers in Panama, but hatching larvae fall to the ground without penetrating the fruit.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 30 Mitigation measures such as spraying bunches with insecticides, covering bunches with chlorp yrifos

- impregnated polyethylene (PE) bags, and inspecting and culling bunches for insect infestations are highly likely to remove the following internal pests from the pathway: Bactrocera occipitalis, B

. philippinensis, and B. musae (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Mitigation measures such as spraying with insecticides, covering bunches with chlorpyrifos

impregnated polyethylene (PE) bags, inspecting and culling bunches for insect infestations, and washing bunches with high

- pressure water sprays are highly likely to remove the following

external pests from the pathway: Metamasius hemipterus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae); Scapanes

australis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae); Atherigona orientalis (Diptera: Muscidae); Rhopalosiphum padi ( Hemiptera: Aphididae); Ceroplastes cir ripediformis, C

. rubens, Coccus longulus (Hemiptera: Coccidae); Leptoglossus gonagra ( Hemiptera: Coreidae), Icerya aegyptiaca

, I. pulcher

, I. seychellarum (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) ; Tessaratoma papillosa ( Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) ; Geococcus coffeae, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Planococcus lilacinus, P. minor, Pseudococcus cryptus, P. jackbeardsleyi, P. longispinus, Rastrococcus invadens, R. spinosus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae); Parasa lepida ( Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) ; Agrotis ipsilon

, Spodoptera exigua ( Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) ; Diaphania indica ( Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ; Chondracris rosea, Locusta migratoria, Melicodes tenebrosa, and Valanga nigricornis ( Orthoptera: Acrididae ); Chaetanaphothrips signipennis, Hercinothrips femoralis, Th rips florum,

and T. hawaiiensis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

.

We did not further analyze any of the 21 armored scales ( Diaspididae ) identified (Table 6), because, although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, they are highly unlikely to establish via this pathway (Miller, 1985; PERAL, 2007). A recent critical review of the literature, APHIS

- PPQ operational data, and expert opinion concludes that, even assuming high quantities of imported fruit infested with armored scale species that could be parthenogenic, highly fecund, polyphagous, invasive, theoretically able to survive in most of the United States, and capable of causing high level consequences, the specific pathway represented by commercially produced fruit shipped without leaves , stems, or contaminants constitutes an extremely low risk (PERAL, 2007). This low risk is explained by poor ability of armored scales to disperse to new host plants from fruits for consumption, and consequently, by their low probability of establishment. The following characteristics of armored scales contribute to their poor dispersal capability:

 Legs and wings are absent in females and in feeding immature forms. Males possess wings but are short

- lived, do not feed, and tend to mate with nearby females.

 Self

- dispersal of armored scales occurs by immature forms, or “crawlers.” They are the most vulnerable life stage, survival of which decreases with long

- distance wind dispersal. Crawlers can be passively dispersed by wind from one plant to another only dur ing a time period of approximately 24 hours. No further dispersal is possible after the crawlers start feeding as they lose their legs during the first molt and the mouth parts are deeply inserted in the host, anchoring them firmly to the substrate.

 Dispersal from fruit discarded in the environment is considered very unlikely because of low wind speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying fruit or fruit peel. There is a low probability of active dispersal of c rawlers by walking from their natal host since they are not capable of rapid movement over bare soil or rough surfaces.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 31 Processing, culling, and inspection of fruit infested with armored scales can further reduce the prevalence and survival of this group of pests.

Molluscs. Achatina fulica is a large; normally 5 to 10 cm, external feed ing snail that attacks the entire plant, but prefers cuttings or seedlings. Additionally, the following mitigation measures are highly likely to remove this pest from the pa thway: covering bunches with bags, inspecting and culling bunches for infestations, and washing bunches with high

- pressure water sprays.

Table 7 . Summary list of quarantine pests associated with banana fruit from the Philippines.
Type Taxonomy Pest
Arthropods Acari: Tenuipalpidae Brevipalpus californicus (Banks)
Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes)
Coleoptera: Anthribidae Araecerus coffeae (Fabricius)
Coleoptera: Curculionidae Metamasius hemipterus Linnaeus
Philicoptus waltoni (Boheman)
Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Scapanes australis Boisduval
Diptera: Muscidae Atherigona orientalis Schiner
Diptera: Tephritidae Bactrocera occipitalis (Bezzi) Bactrocera philippinensis Drew and Hancock

Bactrocera musae (Tryon)
Diptera: Stratiomyidae Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus)
Hemiptera: Aphididae Rhopalosiphum padi Linnaeus
Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Coccus longulus (Douglas)
Hemiptera: Coreidae Leptoglossus gonagra (Fabricius)

Arthropods (contd.) Hemiptera: Diaspididae Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) Aonidiella comperei McKenzie

Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) Aspidiotus coryphae Cockerell and Robinson Aspidiotus excisus Green Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus)

Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell) Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) Lepidosaphes similis Beardsley Mycetaspis personata (Comstock) Parlatoria proteus (Curtis) Pinnaspis aspidistrae aspidistrae (Signoret) Pinnasp is buxi (BouchT) Pinnaspis musae Takagi Pinnsaspis strachani (Cooley)Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 32 Type Taxonomy Pest
Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley) Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) Unaspis citri (Comstock)
Hemiptera: Margarodidae Icerya aegyptiaca Douglas Icerya pulcher (Leonardi) Icerya seychellanum (Westwood)
Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Tessaratoma papillosa (Drury)
Hemiptera:

Pseudococcidae Geococcus coffeae Green

Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green)

Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti)

Rastrococcus invadens Williams Rastrococcus spinosus (Robinson)
Lepidoptera: Limacodidae Parasa lepida (Cramer)
Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) Spodoptera exigua (Hubner)
Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Diaphania indica (Saunders)
Orthoptera: Acrididae Chondracris rosea (DeGeer) Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus)

Melicodes tenebrosa Walker Valanga nigricornis Burmeister
Thysanoptera: Thripidae Chaetanaphothrips signipennis (Bangnall) Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter) Thrips florum Schmutz Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan)

Mollusca Achitinidae Achatina fulica Bowdich

Weed Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.

Bacteria Burkholdericeae Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al

., Race 2,

Biovar 1 (Moko and Bugtok)Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 33 Table 9

. Summary of pest mitigation practices and corresponding targeted pests.

Measures Pests

Plantations

– Insects

1. Use insect

- free tissue culture plantlets (TCPs) in new plantings and all replantings All insects 30

2. Weed management by manual, mechanical, and chemical methods All insects, mollusk
3. Removal of senescent pseudostem All insects, mollusk
4. Removal of developing suckers All insects, mollusk
5. Insecticide injection of male buds Thysanoptera: Thripidae
6. Insecticide spraying of the pseudostem and foliage All insects
7. Disbudding of the male bud after the fruit developed, and removal of female flowers on tip of each fruit at least twice Thysanoptera: Thripidae

8. Spraying in secticide before bagging of bunches All insects
9. Covering bunches with chlorpyrifos

- impregnated polyethylene (PE) bags All insects

10. Wrapping chlorpyrifos

- impregnated PE “strips” around the fruit stalk and folding PE “squares” at the distal end of the last hand All insects

11. Inspecting fruit one day before harvest for faults (including fruits that are precociously ripened, damag ed, have compromised skin integrity, have tip rot or fused fingers) All insects, mollusk

Plantations

– Pathogens

12. Use disease

- free tissue culture plantlets (TCPs) in new plantings and all replantings Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses 31

13. Weed management by manual, mechanical and chemical methods Viruses
14. Disinfecting/disinfesting of tools Bacteria, Fungi
15. Surveying for disease presence in plantation Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses
16. Deflowering of each developing bunch twice befor e bagging Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses
17. Fungicide treatment Fungi
18. Spraying fungicide twice before bagging Fungi
19. Bagging bunches with chlorpyrifos

- impregnated PE bags Bacteria, Viruses (controls insect vectors)
20. Disbudding by hand and not with a knife Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses
21. Inspection of bunches ready for harvest for presence of diseases Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses
22. Inspection of bunch during harvest Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses
Packing House

– Insects
23. Spraying bunches with high

- pressure water External feeders 32

24. Inspection of bunches before de

- handing All insects
25. Inspection of bunches during de

- handing All insects

30 “All insects” includes Arthropod pests except for Acari : Tenuipalpidae (mites). This includes the orders: Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, and Thysanoptera.

31 Because bananas are seedless and intended for consumption, viruses are highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercially pro duced banana fruit. However, these mitigation measures are still in place to control the potential yield loss of banana due to virus infestations.

32 “External feeders” includes Acari (Tenuipalpidae), Coleoptera (Anthribidae, Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae),

H emiptera (Aphididae, Coccidae, Coreidae, Diaspididae, Margarodidae, Pentatomidae, Pseudococcidae), Lepidoptera (Limacodidae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae), Orthoptera (Acrididae), Thysanoptera (Thripidae), and Mollusca (Achitinidae).Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 34 Measures Pests 26. Washing bunches with soap and water after de

- handing, and sprayed again with high

- pressure water External feeders

27. Inspecting individual hands All insects
Packing House

– Pathogens
28. Treating fruits with a mixture of chlorine and aluminum sulphate in

de

- handing and floatation tanks during processing Bacteria, Fungi

Storage and Shipping
29. Utilizing new pallets or those that are cleaned, dried and freed from trash, soil, weed seeds, and other contaminants Weed

30. Eliminating any sources of contamination at the wharf areas Weed, Fungi, Bacteria
31. Loading palletized fruits in boxes into cold storage within three

hours Diptera: Tephritidae

32. Disinfecting vessels before loadings Weed, Fungi, Bacteria



### 2.6

. Conclusion

Or ganisms identified to the genus or higher taxonomic level are not analyzed further, even though individual species within those taxonomic groups are potential pests that may or may not occur within the United States. The IPPC guidelines do not require risk assessment of pests

identified only by genus name (IPPC, 200 9 : ISPM #2 ). By necessity, pest risk assessments focus on those organisms for which adequate biological and taxonomic information is available. Often, there are many species within a genus, and it is not reasonable to assume t hat the biology of all organisms within a genus is identical. Lack of species identification may indicate the limits of the current taxonomic knowledge or the life stage or quality of the specimen submitted for

identification. L ack of identification at the species level does not rule out the possibility that a high risk quarantine pest was intercepted or that the intercepted pest was not a quarantine pest. By developing detailed assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of niches on the parent

comm odity, for example, on the surface of or within the stem or fruit, on the flowers, etc

., effective mitigation measures may be developed to eliminate the known pests, and any similar

unknown ones that inhabit the same niches. Lack of biological information on any given insect or pathogen should not be equated with a low risk.

Other plant pests not chosen for further scrutiny may be detrimental to U.S. ecosystems, but were not subjected to further analysis for a variety of reasons. For example, they were ass ociated mainly with plant parts other than the commodity; may be associated with the commodity, but would not reasonably remain with the commodity during processing; or have been intercepted as biological contaminants of these commodities during U.S. agric ultural port

- of

- entry inspection, but would not be present in commercial shipments.

All pests are highly likely to be excluded by one or more of the risk mitigation measures planned by the Philippines (Appendix A). We found no quarantine pests of Musa sp p. in the Philippines that are likely to follow the pathway of commercial banana fruit.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 35 

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Dev. In Amer. Pacific ADAP 2000

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at : http://crees.org/resources/files/banana%20book%20web.pdf Nelson, S. C., R. C. Ploetz, and A. K. Kepler. 2006. Species profiles for Pacific Island agroforestry : Musa species (banana and plantain)

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online: www.tradionaltree.org . A ugust 2006, version 2.2. NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture, Natu ral Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), The National Plant Data Center. http://plants.usda.gov. (Archived at PERAL) Pacifly. 2002 a

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musae (Tryon)). Pacific fruit fly web (Pacifly)

. Secretariat of the Pacific Community

. http://spc.int/Pacifly/Species_profiles/B

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. Pacifly. 2002b

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. http://www.spc.int/Pacifly/Species_profiles/B_occipitalis.htm

. Pacifly. 2002c

. Bactrocera philippinensis Drew and Hancock. Pacific fruit fly web (Pacifly)

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. PCARRD. 1988. The Philippines Recommends for Banana. Tech. Bull. Series No. 66. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development. Dept. Sci. Tech. Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. PERAL. 2007. Phytosanitary Risks associated with Armored Scales in Commercial shipments of fruit for consumption to the United States, Revision Origi nal. M. Zlotina, and M.K. Hennessey , USDA

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- CPHST, Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL), Raleigh, NC. PestID. 2009. Pest Identification Database (PestID). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspecti on Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. https://mokcs14.aphis.usda.gov/aqas/login.jsp. (Archived at PERAL) Ploetz, R. C. 1994. Part 1. Banana. Pages 2

- 22 In Compendium of Tropical Fruit Diseases

. Ploetz, R. C., Zentmyer, G. A., Nishijima, W. T., Rohrbach, K. G., and Ohr, H. D. (eds). APS Press, St. Paul. Ploetz, R. C. 2001. Banana Black Sigatoka. APSnet Education Center. http://apsnet.org/education/feature/banana

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### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 41 Ploetz, R. C., Herbert, J., Sebasigari, K., Hernandez, Pegg, K. G., Ventura, J. A. , and Mayato, L.

S. 1990. Importance of Fusarium wilt in different banana

- growing regions. Pages 9

- 26 In Fusarium wilt of Bananas, Ploetz, R. C. (ed). APS Press, St. Paul, MN. Ploetz, R. C. and Pe gg, K. G. 2000. Fusarium wilt. Pages 143

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. PPQ. 2000. Guidelines for pathway

- initiated pest risk assessments (Version 5.02). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Riverdale, MD. 30 pp. PPS. 2008. Pacific Islands Pest List Database. Plant Protection Service (PPS), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Suva, Fiji Islands

. http://wwwx.spc.int:8088/pld/index.jsp Price, N. S. 1995. Banana morphology

– Part I: roots and rhizomes. Pages 179

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. 313 pp. Randall, R. P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. R. G. and F. J. Richardson (Publishers) Melbourne. 905 pp. Reed, C. F. 1977. Economically Important Foreign Weeds. Agriculture H andbook No. 498. United States Dept. Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington, DC. 746 pp. Robinson, J. C. (compiler). 1993. Handbook of banana growing in South Africa. Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops. Nelspruit, South Africa. Pp 1

- 17

. Sands, D. P. A., Sands, M. C., and Arura, M. 1991. Banana skipper, Erionota thrax (L.) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in Papua New Guinea: a new pest in the South Pacific Region. Micronesica Supp. 3:93

- 98. Sarah, J. L. 2000. Burrowing Nematode. Pages 295

- 302 In: Diseases of Banana, Abacá, and
Enset, Jones, D. R. (ed.). CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK

. Scalenet. 2005. Systematic Entomology Lab, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville,

MD. www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm

. Sengebau, F. M. 2001. Bactrocera philippinensis and Bactrocera occipitalis recorded in Palau.

Pest Alert No. 23. Plant Protection Service, Sec. Pa cific Community, Suva, Fiji. Silva, S. de O. and Fancelli, M. 1998. Banana Insect Pests. In Sauco, V. G. (Ed.) Proc. Int. Symp. Banana in Subtropics. Acta Hort. 490. ISHS, Tenerife, Spain. Simmonds, N. E. 1966. Bananas. 2 nd 

### edition. Longman, London. 512 pp. Smith, E. 1995. Banana weevil borer control in Southeastern Queensland. Aust. J. Exp.Agric. 35(8):1154

- 1172. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organizatio. East Melbourne, Australia . Smith, E., S., C. 1977. Studies on the biology and com modity control of the banana fruit fly,

Dacus musae (Tryon), in Papua New Guinea. Papua

- New Guinea Agricultural Journal,28(2

- 4):47

- 56. Soguilon, C. E., Magnaye, L. V., and Natural, M. P. 1995. Bugto k Disease of Banana. Musa

Disease Fact Sheet N o 

### 6. Interna tional Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain, Montpellier, France. Stephens, C. S. 1975. Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) as a banana pest in Panama. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad), 52(2):173

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### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 42 Stephens, C. S. 1984. Bionomics of three Philicoptus banana pests (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and notes on other weevils in Mindanao, Philippines. Phil. Agr. 67:243

- 253.
Stover, R. H. 1972. Banana, Plantain and Abaca and Diseases. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surry, Oxon, Walli ngford, UK. 316 pp. Thomas, J. E. and Iskra

- Caruana, M. L. 2000. Bunchy top. Pages 241

- 253 In : Diseases of Banana, Abacá, and Enset, Jones, D. R. (ed.). CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon,

UK. Thomas, J. E., Iskara

- Caruana, M. L. Magnaye, L. V., and Jones, D. R. 2000. Bract Mosaic. Pages 253

- 263 In : Diseases of Banana, Abacá, and Enset, Jones, D. R. (ed.). CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. Thomas, J. E. and Magnaye, J. V. 2000. Abacá mosaic. Pages 279

- 283 In : Diseases of Banana, Abacá, and Ens et, Jones, D. R. (ed.). CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. Thomas, M. C. 1999. The exotic invasion of Florida. A report on arthropod immigration into the

sunshine state. http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/ento/exoticsinflorida.htm

. Thwaites, R., Eden

- Green, S. J., and Black, R. 2000. Diseases caused by bacteria. Pages 213

- 239

In : Diseases of Banana, Abacá, and Enset, Jones, D. R. (ed.). CAB International, Wallingford, O xon, UK. Tomberlin J. K, and Sheppard, C, D. 2001. Lekking behavior of the black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Florida Entomologist 84(4). http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/fe84p729.html

. Turner, D. W. 1995. The Response of the Plant to the Environment. Pages 206

- 229 In : Bananas and Plantains, Gowen, S., (ed.). Chapman & Hall, London. UGA. 2011. Widely Prevalent Fungi of the United States. University of Georgia, Center for Invasive Species and Ecosys tem Health. Accessed June 27, 2011 at: http://www.prevalentfungi.org/index.html

. UGA, 2011b. Widely Prevalent Bacteria of the United States. University of Georiga, Center for Invasive Species and Eco system Health. Accessed June 27, 2011 at: http://www.prevalentbacteria.org/index.html UGCES, 2008. University of Guam Cooperative Extension Service Knowledgebase Wiki. List was originally compiled by Donald Nafus & Ilse Schreiner, University of Guam ; Converted to HTML by Aubrey Moore & Anthony Tudela, Northern Marianas College, Saipan. http://www.guaminsects.net/uogces/kbwi ki/index.php?title=List_of_Insects_and_Mites_ Attacking_Crops_in_Micronesia
USDA, 2003. USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. http://www.ahs.org/publications/usda_hardiness_zone.map.htm

. USGS

- PIERC. 2005. Pathogens of Plants in Hawaii. United States Geological Society

- Pacific Island Ecosystem Research Center. http://www.hear.org/pph/index.html Velasquez, F. J. 1971. Some Philippine armored scale insects of the tribe Aspidiotini (Diapididae , Homoptera). Philippine Entomologist 2(2):89

- 154. Wardlaw, C. W. 1972. Banana Diseases including Plantains and Abaca. Longman Group Ltd.,

London. 878 pp.

Waterhouse

, D. F. 1993. The major arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in Southeast As ia. ACIAR, Canberra. 141 p. Watson, Brian. 1997. Agronomy/Agroclimatology Notes for the Production of Banana. MAAFFA, Australia. Weber, G. F. 1973. Bacterial and Fungal Diseases of Plants in the Tropics. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, FL. Pp. 2 4

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### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 43 White, I. M. and Elson

- Harris, M. M. 1992. Fruit Flies of Economic Significance; Their

Identification and Bionomics. CAB International. Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 601 pp. Wiersema. J. H. and León, B. 1999. World Economic Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 7 47 pp. Woodley, N. E., 1989. Family Stratiomyidae, No. 33. Australiasian/Oceanian Diptera Catalog

Web Version. http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/aocat/strat.html

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- C. 1994. Index of Economically Important Lepidoptera. CAB International. Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 599 pp.



## 4 . Authors and Reviewers

Authors: Robert P. Kahn, Plant Pathologist and Consultant, Columbia, MD 21045 Philip Lima, Entomologist and Consultant, Rockville, MD 20853 Christie Bertone, Entomologist, USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ

- CPH ST

- PERAL

Reviewers of Draft by R. P. Kahn and P. Lima: Jorge Peña, Entom ologist, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) , University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031 R. C. Ploetz, Plant Pathologist, I FAS , University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031 John Lightfield, Middletown, MD 21769

PERAL Reviewers

Nicanor Liquido, Risk Analyst Lawrence Brown, Plant Pathologist Thomas Culliney, Entomologist/Risk AnalystPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 44 

## 5 . Appendices

Appendix A: Pest mitigation measures built in the production and processing operations of Philippine bananas intended for export.

The following measures are standard farm operations and packing station practices that are aimed at preventing or reducing the likelihood of pests such as mealybugs, scale insects, fruit flies, freckle pathogens, or bunchy top disease being present in the exported banana fruits.

A1. Insect Pest Management :

a) Use of tissue culture seedlings in new plantings. b) Weed control to eliminate alternate hosts, thus reducing resident insect pest populations in plantations. c) Pseudostem sanitation to eliminate insect breeding sites. d) Fruit obstruction removal to prevent fruit damage as well as to eliminate bridges that may be utilized by insects to infest fruits. e) Insecticidal bud injection to control the banana flower thrips. f) Insecticidal sprays on the p seudostem to eliminate insect pests, e.g., scale insects, mealybugs, aphids, and other external pests. g) Regular bunch sprays with insecticide(s) to prevent mealybugs, scale insects, and other pests from colonizing the developing fruit bunch. These sprays also kill foraging fruit flies, if

present. h) Chlorpyrifos

- impregnated polyethylene (PE) bags are used to cover the fruit bunches after

the bunch spray to further prevent infestation by mealybugs, scales, other external pests, and fruit flies, if presen t. i) Additional c hlorpyrifos

- impregnated PE material (in a form of “strip” or “square”) is installed on the fruit as additional control against insect pests when needed. j) Bunches for harvest are identified/tagged one day before harvest in a procedure c alled “pre

calibration.” In the process, b unches are inspected for the presence of insect pests. Bunches with mealybugs, scales

, and other insect infestations are discarded during harvest. k) Upon arrival at the packing plant, fruit bunches are sprayed wit h high

- pressure water to eliminate any possible, although highly improbable, mealybug or other external pest

infestation. l) While bunches are waiting to be de

- handed, the “fruit inspector” in the packing plant will check for insect damage, particularly m ealybug infestation, on individual bunches. m) During de

- handing, individual hands are thoroughly inspected by the “de

- hander” for possible mealybug and other surface insect infestations and for any other evidence of insect damage. To remove fruit that m ay have a fruit fly infestation, hands with “faults” are culled during de

- handing. “Faults” include fruits that are precociously ripened, damaged and/or with compromised skin integrity, and with tip rot and fused fingers. n) After de

- handing, individual hands are thoroughly cleaned with soap and water by the fruit selectors and further brushed with high

- pressure water to eliminate possible surface insect

infestation. o) The individual hands are again inspected to confirm freedom from mealybugs and other

s urface insects during weighing and immediately before packing inside the shipping box.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 45 p) Only new pallets and those that are clean, dry

, and free from any trash, soil, weed seeds

, and other contaminants are utilized by the industry. q) Fruits in boxes pac ked in pallets are brought to the wharf, and are loaded into the shipping vessel or into cold storage facility within three hours . Wharf areas are kept clean and situated away from houses and farms. The wharf is cleaned regularly to remove any source of

co ntamination. r) Vessels are cleaned with the recommended disinfectant before loading. Some vessels use

ozone for disinfection between loads.

A2. Diseases

a) Use of disease

- free tissue culture seedlings in new plantings. b) Application of weed management practices to eliminate alternate hosts of diseases and/or

their vectors. c) Strict tools disinfection to prevent spread of diseases like moko (R. solanacearum ) and fruit rot ( E. carotovora pv . carotovora ). d) Disease surveys (i.e., sigatoka, mok o and bunchy top) are done regularly. All plants infected

with moko or bunchy top are eradicated within 24 hours from detection. e) Each fruit bunch receives at least two cycles of bunch spray containing fungicide to control fruit fungal diseases. f) Each developing bunch is deflowered two times before bagging

, thereby making it less likely that insects carry pathogens such as the ones causing moko and bugtok ( Ralstonia

solanacearum Race 2 Biovar 1) will visit the plant

. g) Each developing bunch is treated with insecticide

- fungicide sprays; such insecticide prevents/deters insect vectors from being attracted to the developing bunch and subsequently transmitting diseases. h) Bunches are bagged with chlorpyrifos

- impregnated polybag s that prevents further ins ect vector incursions after bagging. At the time of bagging, bunches have already received at

least two fungicidal bunch sprays. i) Debudding is by hand, not with a knife. Therefore, further fruit infection due to inoculum transmission by insects would be negligible after debudding. Debudding has long been demonstrated by Buddenhagen and Elsasser (1962) and Buddenhagen and Kelman (1964) as an effective measure to prevent occurrence of insect transmission of moko disease ( Ralstonia

solanacearum Race 2 Biova r 1)

. j) Bunches for harvest are identified one day before harvest in a procedure “pre

- calibration.” In the process, b unches are inspected for the presence of diseases. In the case of moko infection, the symptoms clearly manifest in terms of premature ripening, rupture

, and fruit

malformation. The whole mat on which moko

- infected fruit was detected is eradicated immediately following standard eradication procedures, while bunches with fruit rot disease are discarded outright. k) During harvest, the sta lk of the bunch is inspected for the presence of internal disease symptoms (discolored vascular bundles) of moko and discolored vascular bundles at the cut surface of the peduncle. Infected bunches including the whole mat are eradicated immediately. l) Dur ing processing in the packing plant, fruits are treated with a mixture of chlorine and aluminum sulphate in the dehanding and floatation tanks. The aluminum sulphate binds andPest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 46 removes the sap from the solution to keep the desired concentration and efficacy of chlorine. Chlorine is lethal to bacterial and fungal pathogens that adhere on the surface of the fruits.Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 47 Appendix B: Banana pest list provided by the Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, the Philippines and Dole Fruit Company, Philippines Source: Munez, 2004

Scientific Name Common Name Order Family Reference

1 Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (Signoret) Cyanophyllum

scale Hemiptera Diaspididae Sugimoto, 1994; Velasquez

, 1971

2 Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby Citrus whitefly Hemiptera Aleyrodidae Martin, 1999; Mound & Halsey, 1978

3 Aleurodicus dispersus

Russell Spiraling

whitefly Hemiptera Aleyrodidae Lit & Calilung, 1994; Waterhouse, 1993

4 Aphis gossypili Glover Cotton aphid; melon aphid Hemiptera Aphidae Waterhouse, 1993

5 Araecerus coffeae (Fabricius) Syn = Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer) Coffee bean

weevil Coleoptera Anthribidae Mphuru, 1974; Waterhouse, 1993

6 Artona catoxantha (Hampson) Syn = Brachartona

catoxantha (Hampson Coconut leaf

moth Lepidoptera Zygaenidae Merino, 1938

7 Aspidiotus coryphae

Cockerell &

Robinson Hard scale Hemiptera Diaspididae Sugimoto, 1994; Velasquez, 1971

8 Aspidiotus destructor Signoret Transparent

scale; coconut

scale Hemiptera Diaspididae PCARRD, 1988; Sugimoto, 1994; Velasquez, 1971; Waterhouse, 1993

9 Aspidiotus excisus

Green Hard scale Hemiptera Diaspididae Sugimoto, 1994; Velasquez

, 1971

10 Atherigona orientalis Pepper fruit fly Diptera Muscidae CABI, 2002

11 Bactrocera musae Banana fruit fly Diptera Tephritidae CABI, 2002

12 Bactrocera occipitalis (Bezzi) Fruit fly Diptera Tephritidae Drew & Hancock, 1994

13 Bactrocera philippinensis Drew

& Hancock Philippine fruit

fly Diptera Tephritidae Drew & Hancock, 1994

14 Chaetanaphothrips signipennis (Bagnall) Banana rust

thrips; red rust thrips Thysanoptera Thripidae PCARRD, 1988

15 Chondracris rosea Citrus locust Orthoptera Acrididae CABI, 2002

16 Chrysomphalus

aonidum Circular ecale Hemiptera Diaspididae CABI, 2002

17 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Spanish red scale Hemiptera Diaspididae CABI, 2002

18 Coccus hesperidium

Linnaeus Soft brown scale Hemiptera Coccidae Sugimoto, 1994; Swirski et al., 1997Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 48 Scientific Name Common Name Order Family Reference

19 Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) Banana weevil

borer; banana

root weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae Deang et al., 1971;
PCARRD, 1988

20 Cryptothelea fuscescens (Snellen) Bag worm Lepidoptera Psychidae Kalshoven, 1981;
PCARRD, 1988

21 Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) Pineapple

mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Sugimoto, 1994;

22 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley Grey pineapple

mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Ben

- Dov, 1994;
PCARRD, 1988; Sugimoto, 1994

23 Elixothrips brevisetis Bagnall Banana rind

thrips Thysanoptera Thripidae Mau & Kessing, 1993a

24 Erionota thrax (Linnaeus) Syn = Pelopidas thrax (Linnaeus) Banana skipper;

banana leaf

roller Lepidoptera Hesperiidae De Jong & Treadaway 1993; Hoffmann, 1935;
PCARRD, 1988

25 Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) Striped

mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Waterhouse, 1993

26 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) Latania scale Hemiptera Diaspididae CABI, 2002; Velasquez,

1971

27 Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell) Citrus black

scale Hemiptera Diaspididae PCARRD, 1988; Sugimoto, 1994; Velasquez, 1971

28 Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) Greedy scale Hemiptera Diaspididae Sugimoto, 1994;

29 Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus) American soldier

fly Rueda et al., 1990

30 Icerya seychellarum (Westwood) Seychelles scale Hemiptera Margarodidae Sugimoto, 1994;

31 Locusta migratoria Migratory locust Orthoptera Acrididae CABI, 2002

32 Melanitis leda ismene Rice butterfly Lepidoptera Nymphalidae CABI, 2002

33 Odoiporus longicollis

Olivier Banana stem

weevil; banana

stem borer Coleoptera Curculionidae Uichanco, 1936

34 Oryctes rhinoceros Rhinoceros

beetle Coleoptera Scarabaeidae CABI, 2002

35 Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel Banana aphid Hemiptera Aphidae Lomerio & Calilung,
1993; PCARRD, 1988

36 Philicoptus demissus (Heller) Peel

- scarring

weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae Stephens, 1984

37 Philicoptus iliganus (Heller) Peel

- scarring

weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae PCARRD, 1988; Stephens,

1984

38 Philicoptus sp. 1 Peel

- scarring

weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae Stephens, 1984

39 Philicoptus sp. 2 Peel

- scarring

weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae Stephens, 1984

40 Philicoptus stringifrons (Heller) Peel

- scarring

weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae Stephens, 1984

41 Pinnapsis musae Takagi Hard scale Hemiptera Diaspididae Sugimoto, 1994;Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 49 Scientific Name Common Name Order Family Reference

42 Pinnaspis strachani Lesser snow

scale Hemiptera Diaspididae CABI, 2002

43 Planococcus citri (Risso) Citrus mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Waterhouse, 1993

44 Planococcus minor (Maskell) Syn = P. pacificus

Cox Passionvine

mealybug;

Pacific mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Ben

- Dov., 1994

45 Pseudaulacapsis

cockerelli (Cooley) Mango scale;

Oleander scale Hemiptera Diaspididae Sugimoto, 1994;

46 Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel & Miller Syn = P. elisae

Borchsenius Banana

mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Ben

- Dov., 1994; Lit & Calilung, 1994

47 Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) Longtail

mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Lit & Calilung, 1994

48 Rastrococcus spinosus

Robinson Mealybug Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Ben

- Dov., 1994; Williams,

1989

49 Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) Syn = Aphis maidis (Fitch Corn aphid;

maize aphid Hemiptera Aphidae Waterhouse, 1993

50 Spodoptera exigua Beet armyworm Lepidoptera Noctuidae CABI, 2002

51 Stephanitis typica (Distant) Banana lacewing

bug Hoffmann, 1935; Waterhouse, 1993

52 Thosea sinensis (Walker) Cup moth;

Assam nettle;

saddle

- back

nettle Lepidoptera Limacodidae Waterhouse, 1993

53 Thrips florum Schmutz Banana flower thrips; scab thrips Thysanoptera Thripidae Palmer & Wetton, 1987;
PCARRD, 1988

54 Thrips hawaiiensis Hawaiian flower thrips Thysanoptera Thripidae CABI, 2002

55 Tiracola plagiata Plague caterpillar Lepidoptera Noctuidae CABI, 2002

56 Tirathaba rufivena Coconut spike

moth Lepidoptera Pyralidae CABI, 2002

57 Valanga nigricornis

Burmeister Grasshopper Orthoptera Acrididae Waterhouse, 1993

58 Eutetranychus

orientalis Citus brown mite CABI, 2002

59 Oligonychus orthius (Rimando) Spider mite Corpuz

- Raros, 1989; Rimando, 1962

60 Oligonychus velascoi (Rimando) Coconut spider

mite Corpuz

- Raros, 1989; Rimando, 1962

61 Tetranychus

cinnabarinus (Boisduval) Spider mite Corpuz

- Raros, 1989;Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 50 Scientific Name Common Name Order Family Reference

62 Tetranychus

neocaledonicus

Andre Spider mite Corpuz

- Raros, 1989;

63 Tetranychus piercei (McGregor) Red spider mite McGregor, 1950

64 Tetranychus urticae (Koch) Two

- spotted

spider mite Corpuz

- Raros, 1989;

Bacteria:

65 Erwinia carotovora (Jones) Bergy, Harrison, Breed,

Hammer & Huntoon Corm rot Enterobacteriales Enterobacteriaceae Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001;
San Juan, 1980

66 Ralstonia

solanacearum (Smith, 1896) Yabuuchi et al.,

1995 Race 2 Syn = Pseudomonas

solanacearum Moko/Bugtok Burkholderiales Burkholderiaceae Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001;
Jones, 2000a

Fungi:

67 Aspergillus niger Tiegh Collar rot, fruit

rot Mitosporic Fungi Hyphomycetes CABI, 2002

68 Botryodiplodia

theobromae Pat. Anamorph = Lasiodiplodia

theobromae (Pat.) Griff. & Maubl.) Crown rot,

finger rot Mitosporic fungi Coelomycetes PCARRD, 1988; CABI,

2002

69 Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) C. Moreau Anamorph = Charlara paradoxa (DeSeynes) Sac. Syn =Thielaviopsis paradoxa (Der Syanes) Honn. Corm rot , black

end, fingertip rot Ophiostomatales Ophiostomataceae CABI, 2002

Ceratostomella paradoxa Dade (teleomorph);
Ophiostoma paradoxa (Dade) Nannf. (teleomorph);
Sporoschisma paradoxum De Seynes (teleomorph)

70 Cercospora hayi Calpouzos Brown spot,

diamond spot Mitosporic fungi Hyphomycetes PCARRD, 1988; CABI,

2002

71 Colletotrichum musae (Berk. & Curt.) von

Arx Anthracnose,

crown rot Mitosporic fungi Coelomycetes BPI, 2000Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 51 Scientific Name Common Name Order Family Reference
Gloeosporium

musarum Cooke &

Massee PCARRD, 1988

72 Cochliobolus lunatus

R.R. Nelson & Hasis. Anamorph =

Curvularia lunata (Wakk.) Biedjin Loculoascomycetes Dothideales CABI, 2002

73 Cordana musae (Zimm) Hohnel Cordana leaf

spot Mitosporic Fungi Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001;

74 Deightoniella torulosa (Syd.) Ellis Speckle Mitosporic fungi Hyphomycetes Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001;

75 Fusarium oxysporum f.

sp. c ubense (Smith) Sny. & Han. Fusarium wilt,

Panama Disease Ascomycetes

Hypocreales Hypocreaceae Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001;
Jones, 2000a

76 Fusarium moniliforme

Sheldon Teleomorph

= Gibberella fujikuroi (J. Sawada) Wollenw.) Crown rot, fruit

rot Ascomycetes

Hypocreales Hypocreaceae PCARRD, 1988

77 Fusarium pallidoroseum (Cooke) Crown rot, fruit

rot Ascomycetes Hypocreaceae PCARRD, 1988

Sacc. F. semitectum

auct. non Hypocreales

78 Fusarium roseum

Link:Fr. Crown rot, fruit

rot Ascomycetes

Hypocreales Hypocreaceae PCARRD, 1988

79 Guignardia musae

Racib. Freckle Dothideales Mycosphaerellaceae Jones, 2000a; Conde, 2001

80 Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black sigatoka, Ascomycetes Mycosphaerellaceae Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001;
Jones, 2000a
M. fijiensis var. difformis Mulder &
Stover; Paracercospora fijiensis (Morelet) Deighton; black leaf streak Dothideales

Cercospora fijiensis

Morelet
Pseudocercospora fijiensis (Morelet0

81 Mycosphaerella

musicola J.L.Mulder

& Stover Yellow sigatoka Ascomycetes Mycosphaerellaceae Jones, 2000a

Pseudocercospora

musae (A. Zimmerm.) Deighton Dothideales

82 Pyricularia grisea (Cooke ) Sacc. Syn = Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr.) Pitmark, fruit

pitting disease, Johnson spot Ascomycetes Magnaporthaceae Jones, 2000a; Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001Pest Risk Assessment for Philippine Bananas to Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands



### Ver. 3 January 29 , 201 3 52 Scientific Name Common Name Order Family Reference

83 Remichloridium musae (Stahel ex E.B. Ellis) De Hoog Speckle PCARRD, 1988

Chloridium musae Stahel nom. Inval;

Periconiella musae

Stahel ex M.B. Ellis;

Veronaea musae

Stahel ex M. B. Ellis

84 Uredo musae Cummins Rust Uredinales Pucciniaceae CIE, 1971

85 Uromyces musae Henn. Rust Uredinales Pucciniaceae Teodoro, 1937; PCARRD,

1988

Nematodes:

86 Helicotylenchus

multicinctus Banana spiral

nematode Tylenchida Hoploplaimidae CABI, 2002

87 Hopolaimus seinhorsti

Luc Lance nematode Tylenchida Hoploplaimidae CABI, 2002

88 Meliodogyne arenaria

Neal Root knot

nematode Tylenchida Meloidogynidae Taylor et al., 1982

89 Meliodogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Root knot

nematode Tylenchida Meloidogynidae Timm, 1965

90 Radopholus similes (Cobb) Thorne Burrowing

nematode Tylenchida Pratylenchidae Booth & Stover

, 1974

91 Rotylenchus reniformis

Linford & Oliveira Reniform

nematode Tylenchida Heteroderidae CABI, 2002

Viruses:

92 Abaca mosaic polyvirus Abaca mosaic,

sugarcane mosaic Jones, 2000a

93 Banana bract mosaic potyvirus Banana bract

mosaic virus Jones, 2000a

94 Banana bunchy top

nanavirus Banana bunchy

top Jones, 2000a

95 Banana streak

badnavirus Banana streak Jones, 2000a

96 Cucumber mosaic

cucumovirus Mosaic,

infectious chlorosis, heart

rot, virus sheath

rot Phil. Dept. of Agric, 2001