DNA 

RADIATION DOSE RECONSTRUCTION 

U.S. OCCUPATION FORCES IN HIROSHIMA 

AND NAGASAKI, JAPAN, 1945-1946 

W. 

J. 

Science Applications, Inc. 

1710 Goodridge Drive, P.O. Box 1303 

McLean, Virginia 22102 

6 August 1980 

Final Report for Period March 1980-6 August 1980 

CONTRACT No. DNA 001-80-C-0052 

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; 

UNLIMITED. 

THIS WORK SPONSORED THE DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY 

UNDER RMSS CODE 6325080464 

Prepared for 

Director 

DEFENSE NUCLEAR 

Washington, D. C. 
Destroy this report when it is no longer 

needed. Do not return to sender. 

PLEASE NOTIFY THE DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY, 

ATTN: STTI, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20305, IF 

YOUR ADDRESS IS INCORRECT, IF YOU WISH TO 

BE DELETED FROM THE DISTRIBUTION LIST, OR 

IF THE ADDRESSEE IS NO LONGER EMPLOYED BY 

YOUR ORGANIZATION. 
DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY 

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20305 

13 April 1981 

NATD 

SUBJECT: DNA Report, 'Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces 

in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan 

SEE DISTRIBUTION 

1. The Defense Nuclear Agency , as the Department of Defense (DOD)

executive agency for matters relating to low-level ionizing radiation, 

is conducting an extensive review of radiation exposures to military 

personnel who have participated in all aspects of the United States 

nuclear weapons development programs. This program, termed the Nuclear 

Test Personnel Review (NTPR), was begun in 1977 in response to concern 

over possible health risks as a result of very low level radiation 

exposures. 

2. Similar concerns have been expressed with regard to U. S. veterans 

who were involved in the occupation of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 

Japan. DNA has expended a large research effort to recover from records 

and historical documents all available data pertaining to the occupation 

of these cities and the possible radiation exposures of these troops. 

3. The enclosed report by Science Applications Inc., written under 

contract to DNA, provides estimates of upper limits of the radiation 

doses that would have been possible for members of the occupation forces 

to have received. These dose reconstructions are based upon: 

patterns of residual activity measured, documented and published shortly 

after the bombings, by both U. S. and Japanese investigators, (2) extensive 

review and analysis of this residual activation in the ensuing decades, 

(3) the documented history of the occupation, including arrival and 

departure dates for each Army and Marine Corps unit which operated 

in the vicinity of the cities, and (4) current dose calculation methodologies. 

4. DNA believes this report accurately represents a conservative 

approach to dose estimation, that the upper limits estimated are 

reasonable and appropriate. Your review of this report is invited. 

1 Enclosure A. GRIFFITH

as Lieutentant General, USA 

Director 

DISTRIBUTION 

(See Page 2) 
NATD 

SUBJECT: DNA Report, "Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces in 

Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan 1945-1946" 

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SUBJECT: DNA Report, "Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces in 

Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan 

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1945-1946” 

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DNA Report, "Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces in SUBJECT: 

Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan 1945-1946” 

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SUBJECT: DNA Report, Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces in 

Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan 1945-1946" 

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Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan 1945-1946" 

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Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan 1945-1946" 

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Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan 19451946” 

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SUBJECT: DNA Report, "Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces in 

Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan 

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1 
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Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan 1945-1946” 

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SUBJECT: DNA Report, "Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces in 

Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan 1945-1946" 

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TITLE (end Subtitle) TYPE OF REPORT PERIOD COVERED 

RADIATION DOSE RECONSTRUCTION U.S. OCCUPATION Final Report for Period

1 Mar 80-6 Aug 80 FORCES IN HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI, JAPAN, 

1945-1946 6 PERFORMING ORG REPORT NUMBER 

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SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

This work sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under RDT&E RMSS 

Code B325080464 

KEY WORDS on reverse necessary and by number) 

Hiroshima Radiation Exposure Internal Dose 

Nagasaki Fallout 

U.S. Occupation of Japan Induced Activity 

ABSTRACT on and by block number) 

Upper limit dose estimates (internal and external) are determined for those 

units of the U.S. occupation forces assigned to Hiroshima or Nagasaki following the detonations of atomic weapons in those two cities. In the absence 

of specific maneuver and patrol data, these dose estimates are based on the 

maximum recorded activity levels with exposure over the entire stay period 

for each unit. The upper limit external dose is rem for Hiroshima and 

rem for Nagasaki. For the Nishiyama area, the upper limit is 0.63 rem. The 

dose from internal emitters (inhalation and ingestion) is considerably less. 

DD 1473 EDITION OF NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE UNCLASSIFIED 

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF PAGE (When Date Entered) 
 

UNCLASSIFIED 

CLASSIFICATION OF THIS Entered) 

ABSTRACT (Continued) 

'here is no basis for assuming that any individual in the occupation units 

these upper limit doses. 

UNCLASSIFIED 

CLASSIFICATION OF THIS 
-

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Section 

List of Illustrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

1 Introduction and Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

2 

2 Bomb Damage and Residual Radiation Environment. . . . . . 4 

2.1 Bomb Damage ................... 4 

2.2 Radiological Surveys ................ 4 

2.3 Analysis of Survey Results .............. 9 

3 Occupation History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 

3.1 Occupation Mission ................. 12 

3.2 Initial Entry Radiological Survey. .......... 15 

3.3 Occupation Scenario. ................ 16 

3.3.1 Nagasaki ................... 16 

3.3.2 Hiroshima. .................. 29 

4 Dose Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 

4.1 Exposure Scenario. ................. 32 

4.2 Calculations .................... 32 

4.2.1 Inhalation Dose ................ 33 

4.2.2 Ingestion Dose. ................ 34 

4.3 Upper Limit Results. ................ 34 

Appendices 

E Calculation of Dose from Internal Emitters (Ingested 

Fission Products and Unfissioned Plutonium in 

5 Discussion and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 

References . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 

A Calculation of Dose from External Emitters (Induced 

Activity), Hiroshima and Nagasaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 

B Calculation of Dose from External Emitters (Fission 

Products), Hiroshima and Nagasaki/Nishiyama . . . . . . . . 49 

C Calculation of Dose from Internal Emitters (Inhaled 

Induced Activity), Hiroshima and Nagasaki . . . . . . . . . 53 

D Calculation of Dose from Internal Emitters (Inhaled Fission 

Products and Unfissioned Plutonium), Nagasaki/Nishiyama . . . 57 

Drinking Water) Nagasaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

1 
-

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

Figures Page 

Results of Manhattan District Radiation Survey of Nagasaki . . 5 

2 Results of Manhattan District Radiation Survey of Hiroshima . 6 

3 Results of Naval Medical Research Institute Radiation 

Survey of Nagasaki. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 

4 Results of Naval Medical Research Institute Radiation 

Survey of Hiroshima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

Southern Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 

6 Nagasaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 

7 Hiroshima. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table Page 

1 Task Organization of Marine Division 1945) . . . . 19 

3 Task Organization of Marine Division Nov 1945) . . . . . 27 

2 Unit Strength (Marines Only) Marine Division 

Nagasaki, Japan 1945-1946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

4 Limit Dose Fstimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 

2 
1.1 

1.2 

Section 1 

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 

INTRODUCTION 

The detonation of atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan 

brought World War II to a rapid conclusion. After the Japanese surrender, U.S. 

military forces occupied these cities and may have been exposed to the residual 

radioactive contamination produced by the nuclear detonations. The purpose of 

this report is to present estimates of the radiation doses received by these U.S. 

occupation forces. The dose estimates include the contribution from radioactive material that may have been inhaled or ingested (drinking water) during 

the occupation period. These estimates are based on historical documents 

prepared by U.S. military organizations and technical information published in 

the scientific literature. Since the historical documents pertain to unit rather 

than individual activities and do not contain extensive specific regarding 

operations within the contaminated areas, these estimates represent reasonable 

upper limits derived from a “worst case” scenario. 

BACKGROUND 

Atomic bombs were detonated over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan on 

6 August and 9 August, 1945, respectively. Both weapons were detonated high 

above the ground (1670 ft at Hiroshima; 1640 ft at Nagasaki) resulting in 

massive destruction but relatively small areas of significant residual radioactive contamination. The two weapons differed considerably in design and 

yield. The Hiroshima weapon was a gun-assembly type which employed U-235 

as the fissionable material and had a yield of approximately 13 kilotons 

The Nagasaki weapon was a Pu-239 implosion device with a yield of approximately 23 
2.1 

2.2 

Section 2 

BOMB DAMAGE AND RESIDUAL RADIATION ENVIRONMENT 

BOMB 

In both Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the blast from the bombs destroyed 

practically everything within a radius of mile from the point directly under 

the explosions, or Ground Zero The only surviving objects were the 

frames of a small number of reinforced concrete buildings; most of these 

buildings suffered extensive damage from interior fires, had their windows, 

doors, and partitions knocked out, and had all other fixtures which were not 

integral parts of the reinforced frames burned or blown away. In Hiroshima 

fires sprang up all over the wide, flat, central portion of the city; these fires 

soon combined into an immense “fire storm” which burned out almost everything that had not already been destroyed by the blast in a roughly circular area 

of about 4.4 square miles centered at GZ. Similar fires broke out in Nagasaki, 

but no devastating fire storm resulted as in Hiroshima because of the irregular 

shape of the city. However, the badly burned area included the entire northern 

portion of the city and extended more than two miles south from GZ. Figures 

l-4 illustrate the perimeter of virtually complete destruction resulting from 

blast and fire. 

RADIOLOGICAL SURVEYS” 

The residual radiation levels in Hiroshima and Nagasaki about the time 

of occupation troop arrival are fairly well-documented. As discussed more 

detail subsequently in Section 3, a scientific group organized by the Manhattan 

Engineer District conducted radiological surveys in Nagasaki from 20 September to 6 October 1945, and in Hiroshima from 3 to 7 October 1945. Later 

surveys were conducted in Nagasaki (15-27 October 1945) and Hiroshima 

November 1945) by a team from the Naval Medical Research Institute 

The NMRI surveys were supplemented by measurements made by Japanese 

scientists at even later dates. 

For the survey at Hiroshima, the Manhattan Engineer District survey 

team used two Lauritzen-Wollan electroscopes and two portable counters (type 

unspecified) developed by the University of Chicago, and manufactured by the 

Victoreen Instrument Company. At Nagasaki all measurements were made with 

4 
I 

NISHIYAMA 

I I 

i 

BARRACKS 

LEGEND 

and damage 

--- to structures within 

area of 

scale yards 

Figure I. 

RESULTS OF MANHATTAN DISTRICT SURVEY 

READINGS IN AS OF 21 SEPT-4 OCT 1945 

5 

 --- -- --- --

-
LEGEND 

Built-up area of city 

scale in yards 

--- Severe blast and 

damage to 

structures within 

Fi ure 

RESULTS OF TAN DISTRICT SURVEY 

READINGS IN AS OF 3-7 OCT 

6 
0.13 

BARRACKS 

LEGEND 

Severe blast and fire 

--- damage to within 

Built-up area of city 

Figure 3.

RESULTS OF NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE 

READINGS IN AS OF 15-27 OCT 

7 
HIROSHIMA 

points ranging 

from 0.025 

LEGEND 

Built-up area of city 

2090 

blast and 

damage to 

structures 

RESULTS OF NAVAL INSTITUTE SURVEY 

READINGS IN AS OF 1-2 NOV 1945 

8 
two portable Geiger counters made by the Victoreen Instrument Company. All instruments were calibrated against a standard radium source and the 

measurements were made with the instrument held 2 inches centimeters) 

above the ground. 

The Naval Medical Research Institute survey team used a 

Geiger-Muller type instrument constructed “in-house” for their measurements. 

The NMRI Instrument was also calibrated against a radium standard source; 

however, most of their measurements were made at a height of one meter 

above the ground. The NMRI team observed that readings in the area around 

ground zero not change as instrument height above the ground was varied 

from 5 centimeters to 1 meter; however, in the downwind contaminated areas 

readings taken at 5 centimeters above the ground were approximately double 

those taken at 1 meter above the ground. They attributed the difference to an 

increased ratio of detectable beta activity in the downwind areas. The results 

of these surveys are shown as follows: 

Figure 1: Manhattan District survey of Nagasaki’ 

Figure 2: Manhattan District survey of Hiroshima9 

Figure 3: NMRI survey of Nagasaki

Figure 4: NMRI survey of Hiroshima 10 

2.3 ANALYSIS OF SURVEY RESULTS 

the two surveys were conducted by different groups using 

different instrumentation and survey techniques (measurement height above the 

ground) and since there were changes in the environment (weathering, clearing 

of rubble the ground zero area by the Japanese, etc.) between surveys, it is 

difficult to arrive at consistent conclusions based on a comparison of the survey 

results. For example, a comparison of the two surveys at Hiroshima (Figures 2 

and 4) clearly indicates a decay in the radiation Intensity around the ground 

zero area the month between surveys. A similar comparison of the 

Nagasaki surveys (Figures 1 and 3) does not reveal such a clear pattern. 

Perhaps this is due to the fact the Nagasaki surveys took longer to conduct and 

there was a shorter time interval between them. Nevertheless, two Important 

facts are evident from these surveys: 

Both surveys identified two distinct areas of contamination--one 

centered around and the other some distance downwind. 

9 
Both surveys indicated very low residual radiation levels (in 

general, much less than one milliroentgen per hour 

The fact that there were two distinct areas of contamination in each 

city provides an important clue relative to the nature of the radiation sources. 

According to the maximum height above the ground at which a 

nuclear detonation will normally produce significant local fallout is related to 

weapon yield by the following equation: 

H 

where H height of detonation in feet 

W = weapon yield in kilotons 

Using this equation, the maximum detonation heights at which the Hiroshima 

and Nagasaki weapons would produce significant fallout are approximately 500 

and 630 feet, respectively. Since both weapons were detonated above 1600 feet, 

fallout in the immediate area around would be extremely unlikely. Therefore, the contamination in the area resulted primarily from activation of 

the soil and building materials by the neutrons released at the instant of the 

nuclear detonation rather than by fallout (including unfissioned plutonium/ 

uranium). Evidence that supports this conclusion includes the following: 

The maps (Figures 1-4) portraying the residual radiation intensity in the area of each city, particularly those recorded by 

the NMRI team, show approximately circular patterns of equal 

intensity around GZ. Roughly circular patterns are typical of 

neutron-induced activity fields produced by high altitude nuclear 

weapons test shots at the Nevada Test Site during the 

An analysis of the NMRI survey data (residual radiation intensity 

as a function of distance from by Pace and Smith in 1959 

was consistent with the assumption that the residual radiation 

around resulted from neutron-induced activity. 10 

Laboratory neutron-activation of soil and building materials 

(concrete, brick, and roof tiles) taken from Hiroshima and 

1 5 saki by Hashizume and revealed that the only 

radioisotopes of significance that would remain after 42 days 
(starting date of Manhattan District Survey) were Scandium-46 

(half-life 84 days) and Cobalt-60 (half-life 5.2 years). The 

calculated radiological decay of the mixture of Co-60 and SC-46 

determined by Hashizume and Arakawa compares favorably with 

the late time measurements made by the Japanese scientists 

that supplemented the NMRI survey. 

Both cities reported that rain fell in the downwind contaminated areas approximately 30 minutes after the bomb detonation. This is 

indicative of precipitation scavenging of the nuclear cloud, or “rainout”; 

therefore, the downwind contaminated areas almost certainly resulted from 

deposition of fission products. Evidence that supports this conclusion includes 

the following: 

The contaminated area around the Nishiyama Reservoir a mile 

or more downwind from the burst) was shielded by Mt. Kompira 

from direct neutron exposure. In addition, the contours show a 

decreasing intensity toward the burst. Both of these aspects 

imply that the contamination could not result from neutron 

activation. 

The maximum radiation levels detected around the Nishiyama 

Reservoir were 1.0 to 1.8 on 26 September 

According to Reference 10, measurements in the same general 

area on 12 November 1945, exhibited a mean of 0.7 mR/hr. This 

-1.2 decay is consistent with the rule” established for fission 

products (fallout) for the first 6 months after detonation’. 

11 
Section 3 

OCCUPATION HISTORY 

The occupation of western Honshu, Japan’s main island where Hiroshima IS located, and the southern islands of Shikoku and Kyushu, where 

Nagasaki is located, was assigned to the U.S. Army. These areas are 

depicted in Figure 5. Major forces assigned to the Sixth Army for the 

occupation were the I Corps, X Corps, and the V Amphibious Corps (VAC) 

which, together with supporting units, totaled some 240,000 

3.1 OCCUPATION MISSION 

The mission of the occupation troops was to establish control of the 

area, insure compliance with surrender terms, and demilitarize the Japanese 

war machine. The infantry regiment was the basic organization used to 

accomplish this mission, and occupation plans were based upon the presence of 

such regiments in all prefectures (like U.S. counties) within Japan. The 

following summary extracted from Reference 3 IS a description of the operations of a typical regiment: 

The outline of occupation duties was fairly well standardized 

throughout the Sixth Army zone. The division of responsibility was 

based upon the lines of Japanese prefectures so as to utilize the 

governmental structure that lay within the area. Sixth Army assigned 

a number of prefectures to each corps proportionate to the number of 

troops available. The corps in turn assigned a specific number of 

prefectures to a division. Regimental zones of responsibility were 

usually a single prefecture except where more than three prefectures 

lay within the division zone, in which case a regiment was to assume 

responsibility for more than one prefecture. This exception occurred 

in lightly populated prefectures which contained limited industrial or 

military potentialities. 

An infantry regiment moved into a prefecture with the mission 

of supervising the execution of the Japanese surrender terms within its 

zone of responsibility. The regimental commander was particularly 

12 

responsible for seizing all Japanese Armed Forces installations and 

disposition of all material therein, security of all enemy stores not 

subject to disposition, and supervision of of 

Japanese Armed Forces when their services were no longer required 

for maintenance of captured arms and material. A zone commander 

effected by an order to the Japanese commander at the 

garrison or post that had been seized. 

The mechanics of carrying out the regimental mission followed a 

ple pattern. Initially the regiment moved into a bivouac area 

or near the zone of responsibility. The local Japanese military 

commanders and prefects of police submitted lists of all Japanese 

and Inventories of material within the area for 

and survey by the commander. Shortly thereafter, 

patrols of an officer and a rifle squad 

patrolled sectors of the area to verify these inventories and also 

search for any unreported or caches of material. 

this the regimental commander was able to divide the 

regimental zone into battalion zones of responsibility and the battalion 

commanders sub-divided areas into company zones of 

bility. 

The infantry company then became the working unit which 

actually accomplished the or consignment of material, or 

the demobilization of Japanese Armed Forces that within 

the company zones. The company commander was empowered to seize 

his zone and, with the use of available Japanese 

army personnel not yet and laborers obtained through the 

Japanese Home representative his area, destroy or 

turn over to the Japanese Home all material within the 

U.S. Army personnel were used only to supervise this 

work and to see that complete destruction was accomplished. 

The company commander disposed of material in accordance 

procedures outlined in the Ordnance Technical Division of the 

Supreme Commander of Allied Powers All material fell into 

the following categories: that to be destroyed or scrapped (explosives 

14 
3.2 -

and armament not needed for souvenirs or training purposes were chief 

items); that to be used for our operation (telephones, radios, and 

vehicles); that to be returned to the Japanese Home Ministry (fuel, 

lumber, etc.); that to be issued our forces as trophies; or that to be 

shipped to the U.S. for training purposes or as war trophies. Material 

not marked for destruction was separated and shipped to designated 

warehouses or dumps. Material marked for destruction was disposed 

of by prescribed methods. Japanese labor hauled explosives aboard 

Japanese trucks to approved burning areas, or if the installation was 

located near a deep sea waterway the explosives were dumped at sea--

the safest and therefore preferable method. Unneeded metal items 

were made ineffective and turned over to the Japanese for scrap. 

Physical control of the zone of responsibility proved remarkably 

easy, for the Japanese were compliant and cooperative. Any disorders 

among the Japanese themselves came within the authority of the 

prefectural police, but any disorder involving action by the Japanese 

against the Allied troops led to apprehension of the offenders by the 

military police and the imposition of a penalty prescribed by the area 

commander. 

INITIAL ENTRY RADIOLOGICAL SURVEY 

It was recognized that entry into the atomic-bombed cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki might expose the occupation troops to residual radiation 

resulting from the nuclear detonations. Therefore, with the concurrence of 

General George Marshall, Chief of Staff, and General Douglas MacArthur, 

Theater Commander, a special scientific group was organized by the Manhattan 

Engineer District. The primary objective of this group was to insure that 

occupation troops would not be subjected to any possible effects. The 

group consisted principally of medical personnel headed by Col. Stafford L. 

Warren (U.S. Army Medical Corps) and civil and electrical engineers. In order 

to survey these areas as quickly as possible, the group was split. One-half of 

the group was in Nagasaki from 20 September to 6 October; the other half was 

in Hiroshima from 3 to 7 October 1945. The group reported that the radiation 

levels in both cities were very low and that these levels would not present a 

hazard to the occupation 

15 
3.3 OCCUPATION SCENARIO 

The presence of pressure mines dropped by U.S. aircraft into major 

Japanese harbors played a significant role in the deployment of occupation 

forces. Studies by the Navy indicated that no difficulties would be encountered 

in the Nagasaki harbor, but the harbor at Hiroshima would be inaccessible for 

an indefinite Therefore, occupation troops arrived at Nagasaki well 

advance of troops in Hiroshima. For the same reason, Nagasaki was chosen to 

be a primary staging area for the deployment of occupation troops throughout 

the surrounding area; Hiroshima was not. Details regarding the occupation of 

each city follow (see Figures 5-7 for locations of areas mentioned): 

3.3.1 

Prior to the arrival of occupation troops, a POW recovery team landed 

at Nagasaki (Figure 6) on September 1945. The team was accompanied by a 

detachment of Marine guards from the USS and the USS Wichita. During 

the period 11-23 September, approximately 10,000 U.S. and allied POW’s that 

had been captive on the island of Kyushu were processed through Nagasaki for 

evacuation to hospital ships awaiting in Nagasaki Harbor. While in Nagasaki, 

the group operated from a POW Processing Center located near Dejima Wharf. 

The location of their billets is unknown, but it IS logical to assume that they 

were near- by. The Marine guards were relieved on 23 September when the 2d 

Marine Division landed. Records indicate that the POW recovery team’s 

mission was complete by 23 September; therefore, it IS assumed that they also 

departed on or about that date. 

The occupation of the Nagasaki area was assigned to the 2d Marine 

Division, 5th Amphibious Corps of the Sixth U.S. Army. The occupation 

began with the arrival of a small advance party on 16 September. The advance 

party consisted of three officers from the Division Headquarters, one officer 

from each of the Division Regimental Combat Teams, and several officers from 

the VAC, making a total of approximately twelve members. The party 

established liaison with Japanese authorities, located areas for troop billets, 

and made preparations for the landing of the occupation troops. These 

indicate that most of the advance party activities were conducted 

16 
••Built-up area of city 

Figure 6. Nagasaki 
the southern portion of the city where bomb damage was least. The team 

joined the remainder of the 2d Division when they landed 23-28 September 

1945. 

The 2d Marine Division (reinforced) had an assigned strength of 21,469 

(includes 791 Army and 1328 Navy personnel) as of 26 September 1945, and was 

organized as follows (see Table for Task Organization details): 

Support Group 

- - Division Troops 

- - Service Troops 

- - Engineer Group 

Regimental Combat Team 2 (RCT-2) 

Regimental Combat Team 6 (RCT-6) 

• Regimental Combat Team 8 (RCT-8) 

Artillery Group (basically the 10th Marine Regiment) 

2d Tank Battalion 

Marine Observation Squadron (VMO-2) 

The number of U.S. occupation troops in Nagasaki steadily decreased from the 

peak in September 1945, until the end of the 2d Marine Division occupation 

period in July 1946. This decrease is illustrated by the 2d Marine Division 

[Muster Roll records shown in Table 2. The Second Marine Division Muster Roll 

records are on file at the Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington, D.C. 

Note that Table 2 includes only U.S. Marine Corps personnel and cannot be 

compared directly with the assigned strength figures shown in Tables 1 and 3 

which include Army and Navy personnel. Also, Table 2 indicates that the 10th 

Marine Regiment stayed in Nagasaki for the duration of the 2d Division 

occupation period while historical records show that the 10th Regiment moved 

to Isahaya shortly after debarkation in Nagasaki. Perhaps the inconsistency 

results from variations in the interpretation of reporting criteria. 

Most units assigned to the 2d Marine Division experienced a large 

turnover of personnel during the occupation period. Every effort was made to 

allow eligible personnel to return to the United States as soon as possible after 

the war. For example, when the 5th Marine Division that occupied the Sasebo 

area was released from its assignment on 1 December 1945, for return to the 

18 
-

-

-

-

-

-

TABLE 1 

TASK ORGANIZATION 

2d MARINE DIVISION, REINFORCED 

(As of 11 October 1945 Operation Order 59) 

DIVISION TROOPS (Assigned strength see note) 

Division Headquarters Battalion (less detachments) 

Company D, 3d MP Battalion (Prov) 

2d War Dog Platoon 

54th CIC, Detachment (Area) 

498th CIC, B3 Detachment (Combat)

93d Headquarters Headquarters Detachment, Military Government Group 

SERVICE TROOPS (Assigned strength see note) 

2d Service Battalion (less detachments) 

2d Medical Battalion* (less detachments) 

2d Motor Transportation (MT) Battalion (less detachments) 

4th Separate Laundry Platoon 

3d Platoon, 4th Salvage Repair Company 

3656th QM Truck Company (USA) 

ENGINEER GROUP (Assigned strength see note) 

2d Engineer Battalion (less detachments) 

2d Pioneer Battalion (less detachments) 

43d Naval Construction Battalion 

1298th Combat Engineer Battalion (USA) 

Platoon, Bomb Disposal Company, H&S Battalion, VAC 

ARTILLERY GROUP (Assigned strength 3083) 

10th Marine Regiment 

2d Amphibious Truck Company 

Company A, 20th Amphibious Truck Battalion 

SP Corn Party 

Detachment, Division Company 

REGIMENTAL COMBAT TEAM-2 (Assigned strength 4075) 

2d Marine Regiment (less detachment) 

Company C, 2d MT Battalion 

Company B, 2d Med. Battalion* 

Company A, 2d Engr. Battalion 

1st Platoon, Ordnance Company, 2d Service Bn

1st Platoon, Service Company, 2d Service Bn 

1st Platoon, Automotive Repair Company, 2d MT Bn 

*Majority were Navy Hospital Corpsmen 

NOTE: The combined assigned strength of the Division Troops, Service Troops, and 

the Engineer Group was 5695 personnel. 

19 
-

-

-

TABLE 1 (Continued) 

REGIMENTAL COMBAT TEAM-6 (Assigned strength 4037) 

6th Marine Regiment 

Company A, 2d MT Battalion 

Company A, 2d Med. Battalion* 

Company B, 2d Engr. Battalion 

3d Platoon, Ordnance Company, 2d Service Bn 

2d Platoon, Service Company, 2d Service Bn 

2d Platoon, Supply Company, 2d Service Bn

2d Platoon, Automotive Repair Company, 2d MT Bn 

1 SP Corn Party 

REGIMENTAL COMBAT TEAM-8 (Assigned strength 3914) 

8th Marine Regiment 

Company B, 2d MT Battalion 

Company E, 2d Med. Battalion* 

Company C, 2d Engr. Battalion 

2d Platoon, Ordnance Company, 2d Service Bn

3d Platoon, Service Company, Service Bn 

3d Platoon, Automotive Repair Company, 2d MT Bn 

Detachment, 2d Marine 

Division Group (less detachment) 

TANK BATTALION (Assigned strength 615) 

OBSERVATION SQUADRON 

*Majority were Navy Hospital Corpsmen 

20 
 

 

-

- -

’

TABLE 2 

UNIT STRENGTH (MARINES ONLY) 

2D MARINE DIVISION NAGASAKI, JAPAN 

1945-1946 

Arrival 

Date SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN 

1. Hq (23 Sep 45) 1737 1705 1430 1378 1454 (7 Jan 46) 

2. 2d Engineer Bn (23 Sep 888 716 711 706 791 827 691 798 658 649 395 Jul 

3. 2d War Dog Plt (23 Sep 45) 66 (30 Sep 

4. 2dMed (23 Sep 163 157 144 83 232 128 128 101 121 120 (1 Jun 46) 

5. 2d Motor Yrans Bn (24 Sep 45) 705 656 541 293 741 882 779 920 770 770 (1 Jun 46) 

6. 2d Pioneer Bn (24 Sep 708 703 640 658 (28 45) 

7. 2d Amphib Truck Co (24 Sep 45) 194 197 193 65 

8. 2d Serv Bn (23 Sep 754 732 341 374 683 Jan 46) 

9. 2d Tank Bn (23 Sep 45) 620 621 496 243 (27 45) 

10. H&S&W Co 2d Marines (23 Sep 45) 441 414 404 228 461 449 445 455 377 306 (13 Jun 46) 

1st Bn 2d Marines (23 Sep 45) 984 958 458 913 923 (1 Feb 

12. 2d Bn 2d Marines (23 Sep 45) 967 968 (26 45) 

13. 3d Bn 2d Marines (23 Sep 45) 976 965 904 (3 Nov 45) 

14. H&S&W Co 6th Marines (23 45) 508 418 465 284 (1 45 Weapons 6 45 H&S 

15. 1st Bn 6th Marines (23 45) 935 941 889 . 

16. 2d Bn 6th Marines (23 Sep 931 942 891 (24 Nov 45) 

17. 3d Bn 6th Marines (23 Sep 938 944 904 446 

18. H&S&W Co 8th Marines Sep 45) 461 507 45) 

19. 1st Bn 8th Marines (23 Sep 45) 957 942 45) 

20. 2d Bn 8th Marines (23 Sep 45) 979 (25 Sep 45) 

21. 3d Bn 8th Marines (24 Sep 969 (27 Sep 

22. H&S Battery 10th Marines (23 Sep 45) 260 250 226 113 229 289 263 295 223 218 (21 Jun 46) 

23. 1st Bn 10th Marines Sep 45) 591 560 513 300 646 618 476 478 375 334 (21 June 46) 

24. 2d Bn 10th Marines (23 Sep 583 569 515 202 485 479 394 417 326 342 (21 Jun 46) 

25. 3d Bn 10th Marines (23 Sep 585 570 497 299 501 546 374 484 378 364 (26 Jun 46) 

26. 4th Bn 10th Marines (23 Sep 610 609 555 197 45) 329 250 (21 Jun 46) 

27. MD USS (18 Sep 45) 43 (23 Sep 

28. MD USS Wichita (11 Sep 46 46 (5 45) 

29. Adv party (16 Sep 45) 12 Sep 

MONTHLY TOTALS 18,611 16,090 12,166 6,788 7,136 5,141 3,550 3,948 3,557 3,353 395 

NOTE: Dates parentheses indicate departure dates. 
 

U.S., a large number of 2d Division troops, eligible for return, 

transferred to the 5th Division. These personnel were replaced by troops from 

the 5th who were not for return to the states. Therefore it is 

extremely unlikely that many 2d Division personnel in the Nagasaki 

area for the duration of the occupation period. 

Division Troops. The Division Troops arrived in 23-28 September 1945, and established a Command Post in the Customs House on 

Wharf 2 miles south of The exact of troop IS 

unknown; however, they were likely scattered the same general area. Most 

of these troops were assigned to or staff positions the 

Headquarters Battalion. The Troops remained in until the 

Headquarters moved to Sasebo during the first week of January 1946. 

Service Troops. The Troops also in Nagasaki during 

the 23-28 September 1945, time period. The Service Troops Command Post was 

established near the Mitsubishi Company on the east of the harbor 

south of the Dejima Wharf (over 2.5 south of CZ). billet 

locations are unknown; however, it IS logical that these troops would be 

quartered in the same general area. The was located about 

1000 feet further south. Most of the Service Troops 

sub-elements to the Combat Teams, and these personnel were 

deployed The primary mission of the Troops in 

Nagasaki was to support the Regimental Combat Teams in the The 

Battalion operated a supply depot, the Motor Transport Battalion 

a motor pool and vehicle and the Medical Battalion was 

to the Hospital. The Battalion transferred to Sasebo 

along the Headquarters Battalion on 5 Jan, 1946, the Motor 

Transport Battalion and the Battalion remained until

 June 1946. 

neer Group. Elements of the Group also arrived in 

during the 23-28 September period. The 2d Engineer Battalion, 

organized a Headquarters and Service (H&S) Company, and three “letter” 

landed on 26 September. As soon as unloading was complete, each 

letter company joined its respective RCT, while the H&S Company 

with the Division headquarters and formed the nucleus of the Engineer Group 

22 

1
with a Command Post approximately half a mile southeast of Dejima Wharf 

(approximately 2.5 miles south of It is assumed that these troops were 

billeted near-by. Second Marine Division Muster Roll records indicate that 

these troops were the last of the Marine Division to depart Nagasaki. They 

left on 1 July 1946. 

The 2d Pioneer Battalion landed on 23 September and engaged in the 

division unloading operations until 2 October 1945, when they became a part of 

the Engineer Group. Then, their primary responsibility became the rehabilitation and maintenance of roads south of Division Headquarters to the area 

occupied by the 2d Tank Battalion. The Battalion was also used to clear open 

storage areas for use by the Division Quartermaster and to rehabilitate two 

athletic fields in the “bombed” area of the city. While in Nagasaki, the 

Battalion was billeted at the Middle School. According to Muster Roll 

records, the 2d Pioneer Battalion departed Nagasaki on 28 December 1945. 

The 43d Naval Construction Battalion (NCB) landed on 23-24 September and established a Command Post in a warehouse south of Dry Dock No. 3 in 

the Mitsubishi Dockyard on the west side of Nagasaki Harbor (about 2.5 miles 

south of The 43d NCB also worked with the Shore Party unloading the 2d 

Division until 29 September, when they joined the Engineer Group. During the 

time the battalion was in Nagasaki, the troops were first billeted in a large 

warehouse near Dry dock No. 3, then they moved to a larger building near Dry 

Dock No. 1. Both areas were more than 2.5 miles south of GZ. NCB projects 

included the following: 

Rehabilitation of Dejima Wharf 

Improvement of ship landing area south of Dejima Wharf 

Repair Commissary Warehouse 

• Repair warehouse for Division Quartermaster 

Repair and maintain road on west side of Nagasaki Harbor 

Rehabilitation of petroleum tanks in harbor area 

Construction of quarters for Strategic Bomb Survey Group 

Construction of athletic fields for 6th Marines near Mitsubishi 

Electric Company (west side of harbor, 1.7 miles south of 

Construction of Armed Forces Radio Station at Omura 

Extension of “Atomic Field’ landing strip. 

23 
-

The 43d NCB remained in Nagasaki until the unit was deactivated on 5 December 1945. 

The 1298th Engineer Combat Battalion (U.S. Army) arrived in Nagasaki on 26-27 September, 1945, and immediately joined the Engineer Group. 

The troops were housed at the School about 2.6 miles southeast of GZ. 

The battalion’s primary mission was to repair and maintain main roads and 

bridges from northern Nagasaki to southern Nagasaki. They also constructed an 

airstrip (“Atomic Field’) for liaison aircraft about 800-1000 feet southwest of 

GZ. This operation required one platoon of “A” Company and took 12 days to 

complete (30 September- 11 October). On 31 October, the battalion began 

operation of a quarry near the airstrip. 

Japanese labor was used as much as possible for projects accomplished 

by the Engineer Group. For example, some 350 Japanese laborers were used in 

the construction of the airstrip by the 1298th Combat Engineers. At least 150 

Japanese laborers per day were employed by this group for other projects. 

Regimental Combat Team 2 (RCT-2). Regimental Combat Team 2 

landed the of the Wharf on the eastern side of Nagasaki 

Harbor on 23 September 1945. The principal elements of RCT-2 were three 

Battalion Landing Teams Company of Battalion Landing Team 1 

was designated the regimental Police Company and 

ately relieved the Marine security guards for the POW recovery operation. 

Late that afternoon the RCT proceeded to their billets at the Barracks. 

They also established a Command Post at that location (about 4.5 miles south of 

The RCT-2 zone of occupation responsibility included all of the city of 

Nagasaki on the east side of Nagasaki Harbor and the Urakami River and the 

general area east, northeast, and southeast of the (See Figure 6). Note 

that this area includes the Nishiyama Reservoir. Initially, operations were 

limited to insuring that all large-caliber defense guns the areas were 

inoperable. On 28 September, the RCT began sending patrols (on foot or by 

jeep) throughout their area of responsibility to locate Japanese military 

installations and supply areas, and to check on the observance of surrender 

terms. RCT-2 operated in this area until the following moves took place: 

24 
On 30 October, 1945, BLT-2 moved to Kanoya, approximately 

115 miles from Nagasaki 

On 6 November, 1945, BLT-3 and the RCT-2 Command Post 

moved to Miyakonojo, approximately 100 miles from Nagasaki 

On 12 November, 1945, BLT-1 moved to 

110 miles from Nagasaki. 

approximately 

Regimental Combat Team-6 (RCT-6). Regimental Combat Team 6 

also landed on 23 September, but on the west side of Nagasaki Harbor, in the 

Mitsubishi Shipyard Area (about 2.5 miles south of A temporary command 

post was established at the Tategami Wharf, and the RCT immediately began 

inspection of Japanese military coastal installations on the west side of the 

harbor. The RCT-6 was billeted in barracks about 1.5 miles west of Nagasaki 

at A permanent Command Post was established in the Mitsubishi 

Shipyard. The RCT-6 zone of responsibility included portions of Nagasaki west 

of the Harbor and the Urakami River and the general area west, northwest, and 

southwest of the city (see Figure 6). Their mission was identical to that of 

RCT-2, and they remained in the area until 25 November 1945 when BLT-2 

moved to Saga, and BLT- 1 and the RCT-6 Command Post moved to Sasebo. By 

6 December 1945, all RCT-6 personnel had departed the Nagasaki area. 

Regimental Combat Team-8 (RCT-8). These troops debarked at Nagasaki near the Dejima Wharf on 24 September. On the same day the entire 

RCT, with the exception of a few work parties unloading supplies, moved to 

Isahaya, about 10 miles northeast of Nagasaki. RCT-8 remained at Isahaya 

until 8 October when they moved to Kumamoto. Other than passing through on 

day of arrival, RCT-8 had no involvement in the occupation of Nagasaki. 

Artillery Group (Primarily the 10th Marine Regiment). The 10th 

Marine Regiment landed at Nagasaki on 24 September and proceeded directly to 

Isahaya where they established their command post and billets. The 10th 

Marine area of responsibility included the area around Isahaya and the 

Peninsula. Their area of responsibility was expanded on 2 November 1945 

when they were assigned the area in the vicinity of Nagasaki vacated by the 

move of RCT-2 to southern Kyushu. On 5 November, the 1st Battalion of the 

10th Marines moved to Kamigo Barracks and took over the Military Police 

25 
 for the city of Nagasaki formally assigned to the 1st BLT of 

RCT-2. With the departure of RCT-6 (25 November-6 December, and 

the major elements of the 2d Division Headquarters during the week of 

January 1946, the 10th plus a cadre of medical, service and 

troops inherited sole responsibility for the occupation of Nagasakr. 

Second Marine Division Muster Rolls show the last of the 10th 

Regiment departed Nagasakr on 21-26 June 1946. 

Second Tank Battalion. The 2d Tank Battalion debarked at the 

aminami Shipyard just north of the village of Fukahori, about 9 miles southeast 

of Nagasaki. Unloading were completed on 25 September 1945, and 

a command post and billets were established in the Due to the nature 

of the terrain, tanks could not be easily operated in the area; therefore the 2d 

Tank Battalion remained headquartered in Fukahori throughout their occupation 

period. Fukahori was located in the RCT-2 zone of responsibility, and on 1 

October the Tank Battalion was formally assigned to the RCT. From 

17 October to 7 November 1945, the battalion furnished a guard detachment of 

36 enlisted men and 2 officers to RCT-2 for Police duty in the of 

Nagasaki. On 8 November 1945 the Tank Battalion was reassigned to the 

Artillery Group (10th Marines) as they had replaced RCT-2. Every other day 

beginning 8 November, the Battalion furnished 76 men to the 10th Marines for 

guard duty in On 28 November 1945, the battalion was a 

section of the for full-time guard duty. This assignment required 60 men 

per day. Muster Rolls Indicate that the 2d Tank Battalion departed the 

Nagasakr area on 27 December 1945. 

Marine Observation Squadron 2 (VMO-2). The squadron debarked at 

Nagasaki on 23 September and went directly to Isahaya Airfield, over 10 

northeast of Nagasakr. From there, the squadron conducted reconnaissance, 

passenger, evacuation, and DDT spray flights. Some of these 

flights probably brought them to the “Atomic strip in 

which opened on 11 October 1945. 

Other Units. The above summary outlines the of the major 

units initially assigned to the 2d Marine Division for the of the 

Nagasaki area. Certainly some other units moved into the area; for example, 

the 2d Task Organization as of 8 November 1945 (Table 3) shows an 

26 
 

-

-

-

-

-

TABLE 3 

TASK ORGANIZATION 

2d MARINE DIVISION, REINFORCED 

(As of 8 November 1945 Operation Order 63) 

DIVISION TROOPS (Assigned strength see note) 

Division Headquarters Battalion (less detachments) 

54th CIC Detachment (Area)

498th CIC Detachment (Combat) 

498th CIC Detachment 

93d Headquarters Headquarters Detachment, Military Govern- ment Group 

94th Material Control Detachment 

1st Platoon 2d Amphibious Truck Company 

SERVICE TROOPS (Assigned strength see note) 

2d Service Battalion (less detachments) 

4th Separate Laundry Platoon 

2d Medical Battalion* (less detachments) 

2d Motor Battalion (less detachments) 

3656th Truck Company (USA) 

Corps Evacuation Hospital A3 

Company 264th Medical Battalion 

Company 264th Medical Battalion 

73d Field Hospital 

ENGINEER GROUP (Assigned strength see note) 

2d Engineer Battalion (less Companies “A”, and 

43d NCB (less Company “A”) 

1298th Engineer Battalion (USA)

2d Pioneer Battalion 

2d Platoon, Bomb Disposal Company VAC 

ARTILLERY GROUP (Assigned strength 2950) 

10th Marine Regiment 

Company “A” 43d 

2d Amphibious Truck Company (less 1st Platoon)

Company “A” 20th Amphibious Truck Battalion 

Detachment, Division Company 

2d Truck Battalion 

Tracked Vehicle Platoon, Ordnance Company 

27 
-

-

-

TABLE 3 (Continued) 

REGIMENTAL COMBAT TEAM-2 (Assigned strength 3615) 

2d Marine Regiment 

Company C, 2d MT Battalion 

Company B, 2d Medical Battalion* 

Company C, 2d Medical Battalion 

Company A, 2d Engineer Battalion 

1st Platoon Ordnance Company, 2d Service Battalion 

1st Platoon Service Company, 2d Service Battalion 

1st Platoon Automotive Repair Company, 2d MT Battalion 

Detachment Recon Unit 

Detachment A, Division Signal Company 

Detachment B, Division Signal Company 

415th Malaria Survey Detachment 

Detachment VAC Military Government Team: 

MIYAZAKI 

REGIMENTAL COMBAT TEAM-6 (Assigned strength 3690) 

6th Marine Regiment 

Company A, 2d MT Battalion 

Company A, 2d Medical Battalion* 

Company B, 2d Engineer Battalion 

3d Platoon Ordnance Company, 2d Service Battalion 

2d Platoon Service Company, 2d Service Battalion 

2d Platoon Automotive Repair Company, 2d MT Battalion 

REGIMENTAL COMBAT TEAM-8 (Assigned strength 3738) 

8th Marine Regiment 

Company B, 2d MT Battalion 

Company E, 2d Medical Battalion* 

Company C, 2d Engineer Battalion 

Platoon Ordnance Company, 2d Service Battalion 

3d Platoon Service Company, 2d Service Battalion 

3d Platoon Automotive Repair Company, 2d MT Battalion 

Division Recon Company (less detachment) 

Detachment C, Division Signal Company 

Detachment D, Division Signal Company 

OBSERVATION SQUADRON (VMO-2) 

HARBOR GROUP 

1st Sep Headquarters and Supply Company 

124th Port Company, USA 

24th Depot Company 

*Majority were Navy Hospital Corpsmen 

28 
-

-

-

-

influx of some Army units (e.g., the 73d Field Hospital and two companies from 

the 264th Medical Battalion). 

3.3.2 

As stated earlier, Hiroshima (Figure 7) was not chosen to be a port of 

debarkation or the Headquarters for occupation troops in western Honshu. 

Therefore, the occupation of Hiroshima involved considerably fewer troops than 

were located at Nagasaki and required few, if any, troop billets within the city 

limits. 

The occupation of western Honshu was assigned to the I and X Corps 

of the Sixth Army. Responsibility for the Kure-Hiroshima area was initially 

assigned to the Division of the X Corps, and the occupation began with the 

landing of the 1st Battalion of the 162d Infantry Regiment Division) at 

Hiro on 6 October, 1945. Hiro is located approximately 15 miles southeast of 

Hiroshima. Soon after landing the 162d Infantry secured the Kure Naval Yard. 

On 7 October, the remainder of the 162d Infantry landed and moved into the 

Kure Submarine Base (Kure is approximately 11 miles southeast of Hiroshima). 

On the same day (7 October 1945) the 186th Infantry Regiment debarked and 

bivouacked at Kaidaichi, a suburb of Hiroshima, about 5 miles southeast of the 

center of the city. 

The 186th Infantry immediately began improvements to their camp 

and initiated reconnaissance patrols into their area of responsibility, which 

included the City of Hiroshima. The 186th Regiment remained in Kaidachi until 

the inactivation of the 41st Division in December 1945. Typical operations 

within the city of Hiroshima are not well documented; however, the following 

events are recorded: 

22 October 1945 Checked Japanese supply dumps 

26 October 1945 Checked Japanese supply dumps 

2 November 1945 Sent reconnaissance party to Mits

Industrial Corp. in Hiroshima to 

heavy smelters were operational. 

ubishi 

determine 

Heavy 

if 

19 November 1945 Burned black powder on Hiros

Grounds. 

hima Parade 

29 
HIROSHIMA 

LEGEND 

Built-up area of 

7. 

, , 
-

-

27 November 1945 Sent Patrol to Mitsubishi Heavy Industrial 

Corp. to check and inventory equipment. Destroyed Japanese equipment at demolition 

point in Hiroshima. 

29 November 1945 Burned guncotton on Hiroshima Parade 

Grounds. 

The fact that these specific events are recorded in Reference 5 seems 

to indicate that daily operations in the city were not common. 

Upon the deactivation of the 41st Division in December, the 24th 

Infantry Division, headquartered in Matsuyama, assumed control of Hiroshima 

Prefecture. The 34th Infantry regiment (24th Division) replaced the 186th and 

162d Regiments of the 41st Division in the Hiroshima, Kaidachi, Kure, Hiro 

area on December 1945 (approximate), when they established their headquarters at Hiro. The 34th Regiment was scattered over a very large area. The 

only unit in the immediate vicinity of Hiroshima was company (approximately 160 men) of the 2d Battalion. G Company was quartered in Ujina, a 

small island in the delta area just south of Hiroshima. 

The 34th Regiment moved its headquarters from Hiro to on 2 

March 1946. On 6 March 1946, the 2d Battalion of the 34th Regiment including 

G Company that was stationed at Ujina was relieved of its responsibilities by 

the 67th Australian Infantry Battalion of the 34th Australian Infantry Brigade 

of the British Commonwealth Occupation Forces. Thus ended U.S. occupation 

in the Hiroshima area. 

31 
4.1 

4.2 

Section 4 

DOSE ESTIMATES 

EXPOSURE SCENARIO 

Section 3 outlined the general activities of the occupation troops, 

dates that major units were assigned in the Nagasaki and Hiroshima areas, and 

provided some details relative to specific locations of work areas and living 

quarters (billets). It is important to note that all known locations for 

headquarters, command posts, and billets were outside the radiologically 

contaminated areas. Since the contaminated areas within the built-up portions 

of each city fell well inside the outer perimeter of the area of near-total 

destruction (see Figures it seems reasonable to assume that virtually all 

such facilities were located outside the contaminated areas and that exposure 

to radiation occurred only during periodic trips into these areas (official or 

unofficial). An exception would be the possible exposure resulting from the 

consumption of contaminated drinking water. Since details regarding specific 

activities and time spent within the contaminated areas are rare, the dose 

estimates are reasonable upper limits derived from a “worst case” scenario. 

The “worst case” scenario assumes that a hypothetical serviceman remains with 

his unit for the duration of the unit’s entire occupation period, and during that 

time period, he spends 8 hours per day within the small area defined by the 

highest radiation intensity contour. 

CALCULATIONS 

Two distinct and separate contaminated areas are associated with 

each therefore, each contaminated area IS considered separately, Obviously the results are not additive since the hypothetical serviceman cannot be 

present each location at the same time. Since the fallout in Hiroshima was 

insignificant compared to that near Nagasaki and the Hiroshima occupation 

troops arrived later and stayed for a shorter time, ingestion and inhalation 

doses from the fallout field are calculated for only. The comparable 

doses at Hiroshima would be much smaller. 

32 
 

The methodology used for the calculations is straightforward. The 

dose received from exposure to the radiation sources outside the body (external 

emitters) is simply the time integral of the dose rate (which varies with 

radiological decay) over the exposure period. Calculation of the dose received 

from radionuclides inhaled or ingested is somewhat more complex. 

4.2.1 Inhalation Dose 

Since there were no air samples taken during troop in the 

contaminated areas, the inhalation dose is calculated indirectly from 

of the amount of contamination in the soil at the time of troop 

arrival. For the fallout the surface activity is calculated from 

the gamma Intensity measured 1 meter above the ground using a ratio 

per mR/hr) determined in Reference 25 for conditions after a 

nuclear weapon test shot at the Nevada Test Site. The plutonium content of 

the soil around the Nishiyama Reservoir outside Nagasaki is from soil 

sample data. 20 For the induced activity fields, the surface activity determined 

by Hashizume 15 and IS used. Once the surface 

activity is known, and corrected for radiological decay, the airborne 

is calculated by the of a resuspension factor, which is the ratio 

of the amount of the air to that which is on the ground immediately 

below per Numerous experiments have been conducted to 

study the resuspension of radioactive materials deposited on the ground under 

conditions. Stewart 16 has tabulated resuspension factors that range 

from x to -11 depending on the conditions and the type of 

material studied. For this study, a high factor of 1 x is 

selected for application in the Induced activity fields around there is 

evidence of some mechanical dust-producing in these areas (e.g., 

clearing debris, construction of an airstrip). A value of 1 x is chosen 

for the fallout fields. The amount of material inhaled IS calculated 

by multiplying the airborne concentration by the breathing rate 

of a “standard and integrating over the duration of exposure (hr). 

From the amount of inhaled, the 50 year dose-equivalent 

commitment (rem) to the body organ of interest is calculated by the application 

33 
of an appropriate “dose conversion factor” (rem/ Ci inhaled). The dose 

conversion factors, taken from references 22 and 23, are based on the latest 

lung model and metabolic data developed by the International Commission on 

Radiological Protection. 

4.2.2 Ingestion Dose (Drinking Water) 

The fallout field at Nagasaki centered around the Nishiyama Reservoir, one of four reservoirs that served the city. However, for this “worst case” 

calculation, it is assumed that only the Nishiyama Reservoir is used. The 

Xl-year dose-equivalent commitment resulting from ingestion of water from 

the reservoir is calculated as follows: First, the concentration of radionuclide in 

the reservoir is calculated by multiplying the surface activity as 

determined for the inhalation dose, by the surface area of the reservoir 

and dividing by its capacity Because the runoff from the surrounding 

contaminated land area would have increased the concentration, this effect is 

considered by the application of an adlustment factor based on the size of the 

catchment area and a runoff coefficient. Assuming complete mixing (homogeneous mixture), the quantity of radioactive material ingested is calculated by 

integrating the product of the concentration and the average water 

intake of a “standard man” over the duration of exposure (days). The 

dose to the organ of interest is then determined by the application of 

the appropriate “dose conversion factor” ingested), as done for the 

inhalation dose calculations. The dose conversion factors for the ingestion 

calculation are also taken from references 22 and 23. See Appendix E. 

4.3 UPPER LIMIT RESULTS 

The NMRI survey was chosen as the basis for the calculations since the 

measurements were made at meter above the ground and should be more 

representative of whole body exposure. The maximum recorded radiation 

intensities are used in the calculations. 

The following exposure durations, taken from information in Section 3, 

are used in the calculations: 

34 
-

-

-

Nagasaki: 

2d Marine Division 16 Sept 1945 to 

2 July 1946 

Nishiyama: 

2d Marine Division (RCT-2) 24 Sept 1945 to 

12 Nov 45 

2d Marine Division (Artillery Group) 2 Nov 1945 to 

26 June 46 

Hiroshima (all portions): 

41st (186th Regiment) 7 1945 to 

1 45 

24th (34th Regiment) 1 1945 to 

2 Mar 46 

The upper limit dose estimates are given in Table 4. See Appendices 

A-E for details regarding each calculation. 

35 
TABLE 4 

UPPER LIMIT DOSE ESTIMATES 

External Dose 

Inhalation Dose* 

Bone 

Whole Body 

Ingestion Dose* 

Bone 

Whole Body 

HIROSHIMA 

GROUND ZERO FALLOUT AREA 

 

-

-- --

-- --

-- --

-- --

-- --

-- --

-

-- --

-- --

-- --

GROUND ZERO 

41st DIV 24th 41st DIV 24th DIV 2d DIV 

0.030 rem 0.030 rem 0.019 rem 0.014 rem 0.081 rem 

0.004 rem 0.004 rem 0.018 rem 

0.003 rem 0.003 rem 0.014 rem 

0.09 rem 

0.05 rem 

0.03 rem 

NAGASAKI 

NISHIYAMA AREA 

2d DIV (RCT-2) 2d DIV (ARTY GROUP) 

0.47 rem 

0.14 rem 

0.033 rem 

0.017 rem 

0.02 rem 

0.01 rem 

0.01 rem 

0.63 rem 

0.58 rem 

0.13 rem 

0.068 rem 

0.07 rem 

0.04 rem 

0.02 rem 

dose equivalent commitment 

Red Bone Marrow 

***RBM dose factor for SC-46 not available. RBM dose should be less than bone dose, but greater than whole body dose. 
 

Section 5 

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 

Whenever possible, a conservative approach leading to a “high-side” 

result was used in the calculations discussed in Section 4. For example, when 

compared to the wide range of resuspension factors reported by Stewart 16 , the 

values chosen for the inhalation dose calculations = for the induced 

activity; K 1x10 -5 for the fallout) are from the high end of the spectrum. 

The larger value was chosen for the induced activity fields around ground zero 

since there is evidence of some dust producing activities in these areas. For 

example, Reference 8 states that an air strip was constructed at Nagasaki 

approximately 900 feet from That operation (delayed by rain which would 

keep the dust down) took 12 days. A lower value was selected for the fallout 

field around the Nishiyama Reservoir near Nagasaki since the area is a 

watershed (normally moist) and no dust producing activity by the occupation 

troops was reported. In both cases, the resuspension factor used is considered 

to be conservative since they compare with high values observed in desert 

Certainly southern Japan cannot be compared with desert terrain. 

For example, about 1.2 meters of rain fell in Nagasaki, during September and 

October, Furthermore, the same resuspension factor was assumed to 

apply for the entire duration of occupation troop exposure. Several authors 

have reported rapid decay of resuspension factors with time after the contaminating event due to “weathering” processes . 

The inhalation dose factors used in the internal dose calculations 

assume a resuspended particle site distribution having an activity median 

aerodynamic diameter of I micron. It is doubtful that contaminated dust resuspended by construction operations would be that small. Therefore, the dose 

factor used in these calculations should produce a conservative result. 

Most of the assumptions made in the dose estimate for the ingestion of 

drinking water should also result in a conservative result. No attempt was 

made to separate the fission products into water soluble/insoluble fractions and 

eliminate the insoluble portion through sedimentation or filtration processes 

that likely took place. Also, the calculations do not take into account that 

37 
there were at least 3 other reservoirs in the area and that local water was not 

declared safe for (probably for bacteriological reasons) until 3 

weeks after the troops arrived.* Drinking water was imported during the 

interim period. 

relative to the neutron-induced fields are based 

on and Hashizume’s15 determinations of the significant 

nuclides present and quantity. In each case, their findings were based on 

an estimate of the neutron fluence at ground level from the weapon (order of 

neutrons/cm’), and laboratory neutron of actual soil and 

materials taken from Nagasaki and Quantitatively, their 

depend on indirect of the neutron fluence based on the 

activity of Co-60 measured in various iron materials that were exposed 

to the neutrons from each weapon. their findings were determined directly by gamma-ray spectroscopy of the laboratory neutron-activated 

samples. In Appendix A, only SC-46 and Co-60 were considered to be 

significant for the external dose calculation. Other radionuclides (Na-24, 

and Cs- 134) were identified by Arakawa and however, they 

were not in the calculation due to short half life (Na-24 and Mn-56) 

or small relative quantity (Cs-134). In Appendix C, the same two radionuclides 

(SC-46 and Co-60) were considered in the inhalation dose calculation. A 

radiochemical separation of the samples showed small 

amounts of Fe-59, Zn-65, and K-40 that were masked by and counted as Na-24, 

Co-60 or SC-46 during the gamma-ray spectroscopy analysis mentioned above. 

Since the dose factors for Fe-59 and Zn-65 are similar to those of 

Co-60 and SC-46, presence would not affect the overall result. The low 

decay rate and small amount of K-40 make it The small relative 

abundance of Cs-134 (and dose factor) makes this insignificant 

Pure beta emitters such as Ca-45 and P-32 that would not have been 

detected by gamma spectroscopy were also considered as potential contributors 

to the internal dose. None were present in sufficient quantity to affect the 

internal dose to the level of significance reported. 

it must ‘be emphasized that the dose estimates presented in 

Section 4 apply to an individual who stayed in an area of maximum 

tion for eight hours per day for a long period (2-10 months). In each case, 

38 
-

these areas of maximum radiation intensity were quite small 

0.1 and the contamination fell off rapidly with distance outward. Considering the results of the earliest survey (Manhattan District Survey, Figures 1 

and 2) and the of the built-up areas of each city12 , the extent of the 

contamination is shown below: 

Contaminated Area 

Built-up Area Measurable 

Hiroshima 17.9 (50%) 

Nagasaki 10.4 (14%) (1%) 

Note that the fallout field at Nagasaki was outside the major built-up portion 

of the city. 

As the above table indicates, the section of either city with a 

level greater than 0.1 (at the time of the surveys near the of 

the occupation period) consisted of no more than 1 percent of the entire 

built-up area. Measurable contamination was recorded over only 50 percent of 

the built-up area and 14 percent of Thus, the upper 

estimates for the doses from induced activity given in Section 4.3 are high by at 

least a factor of two assuming random movement throughout the city. 

respect to the Nishiyama area, there is no record or rationale for 

stationing occupation units the area of peak (which includes the 

reservoir itself) over the entire period assumed in the upper limit dose 

calculation. This area was mountainous, sparsely populated, and had few roads; 

therefore, would have been of little interest other than for 

Patrols were probably conducted but with not nearly the exposure duration that 

has been assumed and almost certainly not with the same on each 

patrol. In addition, as stated in Section 3.3.1, the of RCT-2, and 

later the Artillery Group, encompassed an area much larger (by at least an 

order of magnitude) than the area of contamination at All of these 

aspects suggest that the upper limit estimates for RCT-2 and the 

Group given in Section 4.3 are probably too high by at least a factor of 10. 

39 
REFERENCES 

1. Glasstone, S., “The Effects of Nuclear Weapons,” published by the U.S. 

Department of Defense and Department of Energy, 3rd edition, 1977. 

2. “Radiology in World War II,” Medical Dept., U.S. Army, Office of the 

Surgeon General, Col. Arnold Ahnfeldt, 1966. 

3. Sixth U.S. Army, “Report of the Occupation of Japan,” 22 September 

1945-30 November 1945. 

4. 24th Infantry Division Historical “The 24th Infantry Division: 

A Brief History,” Kokura, Japan, 1947. 

5. Unpublished Unit Histories and After-Action Reports of the and 24th 

Infantry Divisions, U.S. Army. 

6. Frank, B.M. and H.I. Shaw, “History of the U.S. Marine Corps Operations 

World War II, Volume V, Victory and Occupation,” Historical Branch, 

G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1968. 

7. Historical Branch, G-3 Division Hq. U.S.M.C., Washignton, D.C., 

United States Marines in the Occupation of Japan”, Marine Corps 

Reference Pamphlet , Reprinted 1969. 

8. Second Marine Division, “Report on the Occupation of Japan,” 1 1945. 

9. Tybout, C.E., Report of of the Manhattan District Atomic 

Bomb Investigating Groups, at Hiroshima and Nagasaki,” Part B, Memorandum to Col. Stafford L. Warren from Capt. H.L. Barnett, 19 April 

1946. 

10. Pace, N. and R. E. Smith, “Measurement of the Residual Radiation 

Intensity at the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Sites,” Technical 

Report 26-59, Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, 1959. 

11. W “Target Report-Atomic bombs, Hiroshima and Nagasaki,” Article 

Medical Effects, Report of U.S. Naval Mission to Japan, 

X-28-1. 

12. U.S. Strategic Survey, “The Effects of Atomic Bombs on 

Hiroshima and Nagasaki,” Chairman’s Office, 30 June 1946. 

13. U.S. Strategic Survey, Effects of the Atomic Bomb on 

Nagasaki, Japan. Volumes I and II, June 1947. 

14. Arakawa, E.T., “Residual Radiation in Hiroshima and Nagasaki,” Technical 

Report 02-62, Atomic b Casualty Commission, 1962. 

40 
15. Hashizume, T., et al., “Estimation of Gamma-Ray Dose from Neutron 

Induced in Hiroshima and Nagasaki,” Health Physics, Vol. 

17, 1969. 

16. Stewart, K., “The Resuspension of Particulate Material from Surface,” 

Proceedings of a Symposium on Surface Contamination, Gatlinburg, 

Tennessee, June 1964. Edited by B.R. Fish, Pergamon Press. 

17. Anspaugh, L.R., et al., “Evaluation of the Resuspension Pathway Toward 

Protective Guidelines for Soil Contaminated with Radioactivity,” in

Proceedings of a Seminar, Protoroz, 20-24 May 1974, organized by the 

IAEE and WHO with support from UNEP. 

18. Anspaugh, L.R., et al., “Resuspension and Redistribution of Plutonium in 

Soils,” Health Physics, Vol. 29 (October 1955). 

19. Okajima, S., “Radioactive Fallout Effects of Nagasaki Atomic Bomb,” 

Health Physics, Vol. 34, June 

20. Masonobu Sakanoue and Taeko “Plutonium Content of Soil at 

Nagasaki,” Nature, Vol. 234, Nov. 1971, pp. 92-93. 

21. Hoenes, G.R. and J.K. “Age-Specific Radiation Dose Commitment 

Factors for a One-Year Chronic Intake,” U.S.N.R.C. NUREG O-172, Nov. 

1977. 

22. Killough, G.G., et al., “Estimates of Internal Dose Equivalent to 22 Target 

Organs for Occurring in Routine Releases from Nuclear 

Fuel-Cycle Facilities,” Volume I, June 1978. 

23. Dunning, D.E., et al., “Estimates of Internal Dose Equivalent to 22 

Target Organs for Radionuclides Occurring in Routine Releases from 

Nuclear Fuel-Cycle Facilities,” Volume II, 

Nov. 1979. 

24. Isotope Generation and Depletion Code-Matrix Exponential 

Method,” CC-217, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 

June 1977. 

25. Goetz, J.L., et al., “Analysis of Radiation Exposure for Task Force BIG 

BANG, Shot GALILEO, Exercise Desert Rock VII-VIII, Operation 

bob, DNA 9 April 1980. 

26. K “Residual Radiation from the Atomic Bomb at Hiroshima”’ 

Hiroshima University, RINMB (1972). 

41 

APPENDIX A 

CALCULATION OF DOSE FROM EXTERNAL EMITTERS 

(INDUCED ACTIVITY) 

HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI 

Hiroshima: 

Considering the weapon height of burst and the radiation 

patterns determined by measurements taken on l-2 November 1945 (see Fig. 

it can be safely assumed that the gamma radiation detected around resulted 

from neutron-induced activity in the soil and building materials. In an effort to 

estimate the external dose to Hiroshima and Nagasaki residents from this 

induced activity, Hashizume, et al., made calculations based on data determined 

experimentally 1 5. Samples of soil, roof-tile, brick, asphalt, concrete, and wood 

were collected from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and analyzed by neutron activation. Using this analysis, Hashizume concluded that only Na-24, Mn-56, SC-46, 

Co-60, and Cs- 134 need be considered in his dose estimate. 

Due to the short half-lives of Na-24 (15 hours) and Mn-56 (2.57 hours), 

these two isotopes become insignificant at the time of occupation troop arrival 

at Hiroshima and Nagasaki Therefore, only the longer lived 

isotopes of SC-46 (84 days), Co-60 (5.2 years) and Cs-134 years) need be 

considered in this dose estimate for the occupation units. 

Using the Hiroshima soil composition data obtained from the neutron 

activation analysis mentioned above and estimates of the thermal neutron 

fluence on the ground surface at Hiroshima resulting from the bomb, Hashizume 

determined the specific activities of the soil and various building 

materials (immediately after detonation) shown below: 

Soil 

Roof-tile 

Brick 

Concrete 

Average 

S C -46 

5 x 

11 x 

9 x 

10.5 x 

Co-60 

0.5 x 

1.3 x 

1.1 x 

0.8 x 

0.92 x 

cs- 134 

2 x 

5 x 

2 x 

4 x 

3.25 x 

43 
 

 

=

=

=

=

=

= =

= =

= =

=

=

From the data presented above, it is evident that and Co-60 were the 

major contributors to the gamma radiation measurements made in the ground 

zero area at Hiroshima on 1-2 November 1945. Since SC-46, and Co-60 both 

emit 2 gamma rays per disintegration with approximately the same average 

energy (Co-60 slightly higher), it can be assumed that the gamma intensity 

measured in air from each isotope follows the same ratio as their relative specific activities in the soil and building materials. Using the average specific activities, the ratio of SC-46 to Co-60 at time would be: 

10.5 x = 11.4 1 or 92% k-46; 8% Co-60

0.92 x 

For each significant radionuclide, the intensity at any time can be calculated from the following expression: 

where Intensity at time t 

Intensity at time t = 0 

decay constant = in hours 

t time (hours). 

From Figure 4, the highest intensity contour in the neutron-activation field 

around was 0.069 on November 1946, The 

contribution to this intensity from SC-46 and Co-60 would be: 

A + B 0.069 

where = decay constant for SC-46 hr 0.0003438 hr -1 

= decay constant for Co-60 hr 0.0000152 

A fraction* of SC-46 

B fraction* of Co-60 

44 
 

 

 

 

 

= -

-

_

+(e-X2ti -

_

= =

Therefore: 

= 

A + B 

0.069

= 

+ . 

0.13 

Assuming that exposure to 1 roentgen results in a dose of 1 rem, the dose (D) 

received from each significant radionuclide from time to time can be 

calculated from the following expression: 

D= 

Therefore, at the dose received by a hypothetical serviceman from 

the 41st from SC-46 over the period 7 October 1945 to 

1 December 1945 IS calculated as follows: 

= 0.0003438 

• 76 mrem 0.076 rem 

The dose from Co-60 would be: 

BR 

D= 

13 mrem 0.013 rem 

45 
 

 

 

 

-

_

=

_

=

=

-

-

1

 an 8 hour per day exposure, the total dose would be: 

13 30 mrem or 0.03 rem 3 

The dose received by a hypothetical serviceman from the 24th from

 December 1945 to 2 March 1946 would be: 

From SC-46: 

I 

e-(0.0003438)(4992)) 

= 0.0003438 

70 mrem 

From Co-60: 

D= 

)(,- (0.0000

= 0.0000 152

 21 mrem 

Assuming an 8 hour per day exposure, the total dose would be: 

30 mrem or 0.03 rem 3 

Nagasaki: 

a similar approach, Arakawa 14 the of SC-46 

and Co-60 (at time of burst) the Nagasaki soil to be: 

SC-46 16.7 x (average) 

Co-60 1.1 x 

46 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

=

-

= _

-

_

=

= -

 the same methodology used in the Hiroshima calculation and the 

measurements made at Nagasaki (0.069 on 21 October or 

the of the NMRI Survey): 

= 

0.069 

+ 512) . 

= 0.11 

Therefore, at Nagasaki, the dose received from SC-46 over the period 16 

September 1945 to 2 July, 1946 is calculated as follows: 

AR 

0.0003438 

= 199 mrem 

The dose from Co-60 over the same period: 

BR 

= 0.0000152

 44 mrem 

The total dose considering an 8 hour/day exposure: 

= 81 mrem or 0.081 rem 3 

47 
48 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

=

=

= -

tf

- ’

APPENDIX B 

CALCULATION OF DOSE FROM EXTERNAL EMITTERS 

(FISSION PRODUCTS) 

HIROSHIMA AND 

According to the gamma intensity from early fallout decays 

with time after the detonation (up to 4000 hours) according to t

-1.2 , where t 

equals the time after detonation in hours. Between 4000 hours and 7700 hours 

(extent of time of interest for this study), the decay is approximately 

Therefore, the intensity in at any time (t) in hours can be calculated 

from the following expression: 

t 4000 

= t 4000 

where Reference time intensity 

Since exposure to 1 roentgen of gamma radiation results in a dose of 1 rem, the 

dose (D) in rems resulting from an exposure from time to a later time 

can be calculated by integrating the above expression as follows: 

dt for 4000 

4000 

+ 

4000 

+ , . 1 

In order to reflect an 8 hour per day exposure during the period, the above 

equation is divided by or 3. 

49 
 

 

 

 

 

 

=

= -

=

= - -

-

 Calculation: 

From Figure 4, the maximum in the downwind fallout 

field (west of River) was 0.042 on 1 November 1945 

Therefore: 

0.042 Rl = 405 

The dose received by a hypothetical serviceman from the 41st Division (186th 

Regiment) from 7 October 1945 to 1 December 1945 

would be: 

3 

19 mrem or 0.019 rem 

The dose by a hypothetical serviceman from the 24th Division (34th 

Regiment) from 1 December 1945 to 2 [March 1946 

would be: 

+ 

14 mrem or 0.014 rem 

Nagasaki/Nishiyama Calculation: 

From Figure 3, the highest intensity in the downwind fallout field around 

the Reservoir was 1.080 on 21 October 1945 (mid-time of 

survey; H+ 1752). 

1.080 8427 

The dose received by a hypothetical serviceman from the 2d Marine Division 

(RCT-2) from 24 September 1945 to 12 November 1945 

would be: 

50 
 

 

= -

- -

3 

470 mrem or 0.47 rem 

The dose received by a hypothetical serviceman from the 2d Marine Division 

(Artillery Croup) from 2 November 1945 to 26 June, 1946 

would be: 

+ 3 . 1 

630 mrem or 0.63 rem 

51 

 

APPENDIX C 

CALCULATION OF DOSE FROM INTERNAL EMITTERS 

(INHALED INDUCED ACTIVITY) 

HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI 

In Appendix A it was determined that SC-46 and Co-60 were the only 

isotopes of significance remaining in the Gi! area at the time of occupation 

troop entry into Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Average specific activities 

for soil and building materials determined by Arakawa 14 and Hashizume, 

at time zero (immediately after detonation) are shown below: 

SC-46 Co-60 

Hiroshima 10.5 x 0.92 x 

Nagasaki* 16.7 x 1.1 x 

Assuming a composite (soil and building materials) density of 2.0 grams 

per cubic centimeter, the concentration of these materials are 

shown below 

SC-46 Co-60 

Hiroshima 21.0 x 1.84 x 

Nagasaki 33.4 x 2.2 x 

Assuming that the top centimeter of soil and/or crushed building material 

is available for resuspension, a conservative value for a resuspension 

factor and a breathing rate of 1.3 the quantity of each 

inhaled during the entire occupation period is calculated as follows: 

*Soil only 

53 
 

=

=

=

=

=

 x K x BR 

Q= 

x K x BR 

3x 

where Q = Quantity inhaled 

= Surface activity at time zero 

K Resuspension factor 

BR Breathing Rate 

= Time of entry (hr) 

= Time of departure 

= Decay constant 

3 = Exposure Factor (8 hour/day exposure) 

Results: 

For Hiroshima: 41st Division 24th 

Q Q 

SC-46 = 0.058 Ci SC-46 = 0.053 Ci 

Co-60 = 0.010 Ci Co-60 = 0.017 

For Nagasaki: 

SC-46 0.28 

Co-60 0.062 

50-year dose commitment factors from references 21 and 22, the dose 

to the bone and to the whole body is calculated as follows: 

D Q x DF (for organ of interest) 

where D 50-year dose commitment (rem) 

Q Inhaled 

DF = Dose Factor (rem/u Ci Inhaled) 

54 
= =

=

=

=

For Hiroshima Division) 

From SC-46: 

Whole body dose 0.058 x 3.11 x 1.8 x 

Bone dose = 0.058 x 5.51 x 3.2 x rem 

From Co-60: 

Whole body dose 0.010 x 8.20 x 0.8 x rem 

Bone dose = 0.010 x 5.06 x = 0.5 x rem 

Totals: 

Whole body dose = 2.6 x rem 

Bone dose 3.7 x rem 

For Hiroshima (24th Division) 

From SC-46: 

Whole body dose = 1.7 x rem 

Bone dose 2.9 x 10-3 

rem 

From Co-60: 

Whole body dose = 1.4 x rem 

Bone dose 0.9 x 10 -3 rem 

Totals: 

Whole body dose = 3.1 x rem 

Bone dose = 3.8 x 

For Nagasaki 

From SC-46: 

Whole body dose = 0.9 x rem 

Bone dose = 1.5 x rem 

From Co-60: 

Whole body dose = 5.1 x rem 

Bone dose = 3.1 x rem 

Totals: 

Whole body dose = 1.4 x rem 

Bone dose 1.8 x rem 

55 
56 
 

APPENDIX D 

CALCULATION OF DOSE FROM INTERNAL EMITTERS 

(INHALED FISSION PRODUCTS AND UNFISSIONED PLUTONIUM) 

NAGASAKI 

FISSION PRODUCTS: 

In Figure 3, the maximum radiation intensity recorded in the fallout 

field around the Nishiyama Reservoir was 1.080 on 21 October, 1945, 

of the NMRI survey). Assuming the intensity decays according to 

1.2 , this level would be approximately 1.9 on 24 September, 1945, the

earliest date that RCT-2 could send patrols into the area. 

The gamma radiation intensity measured at one meter above the 

ground was related to the surface activity for the fallout from three 

nuclear weapons test shots at the Nevada Test Site. For Shot Diablo, the 

ratio of the surface activity to the gamma intensity was 179 

to I, forty-nine days after the detonation. Since the Diablo device and the 

Nagasaki weapon both used plutonium as the fissionable material and the time 

interval after the detonation is nearly the same (49 days vs. 46 days), this ratio 

can be used to estimate the surface activity at Nishiyama on 24 September 

1945, as follows: 

1.9 x 179 340 

Using activity fractions of the fission product inventory at 1100 hours 

obtained from the surface activity of each significant isotope at 

the earliest time of troop entry (24 September 1945, hours) is 

calculated below: 

= x 

where = Surface activity of isotope i 

= Total surface activity (340 

= Activity fraction of isotope 

57 
 

 

=

(u Ci/m2) ISOTOPE f 

Sr-89 0.0358 12.22 

Sr-90 0.0004 0.13 

Y-90 0.0004 0.13 

Y-91 0.0466 15.89 

Zr-95 0.0840 28.66 

Nb-95 0.062 1 21.19 

Ru- 103 0.1433 48.89 

Ru- 106 0.0212 7.23 

Rh- 103m 0.1433 48.89 

Rh- 106 0.0212 7.23 

Te- 127m 0.0012 0.41 

Te- 127 0.0012 0.41 

Te- 0.0078 2.66 

Te- 129 0.0049 1.67 

I-131 0.0185 6.31 

Cs- 136 0.0019 0.64 

cs- 137 0.00 11 0.37 

Ba- 0.00 10 0.35 

Ba- 140 0.0653 22.29 

La- 140 0.0749 25.55 

Ce- 141 0.1219 41.59 

Ce- 144 0.0216 7.37 

Pr- 143 0.0648 22.11 

Pr- 144 0.0216 7.37 

Nd- 147 0.0197 6.72 

The amount of each significant radionuclide inhaled during the occupation 

period IS calculated using the following expression: 

x K x BR J Q= e dt 3 

x K x BR 

3x 

when: Q = Amount inhaled 

Surface activity at time zero 

K Resuspension Factor 

BR = Breathing Rate 

= Time of entry 

= Time of departure 

= Radiological Decay Constant 

3 = Exposure Factor (8 hours/day exposure) 

58 
Using this equation, the amount of each isotope inhaled during the occupation 

period is shown below: 

Ci inhaled) 

ISOTOPE RCT-2 Artillery Group 

Sr-90 

Y-90 

Y-91 

Zr-95 

Nb-95 

Ru- 103 1 

Ru- 106 

Rh- 103m 

Rh- 106 

Sn- 123 

Sn- 125 

Te- 127m 

Te- 127 

Te- 129m 

Te- 129 

I- 131 

Cs- 136 

cs- 137 

BaBa- 140 

La- 140 

Ce- 141 

Ce- 144 1 

Pr- 143 

Pr- 144 

Nd- 147 

The 50-year dose-equivalent commitment to the bone, red bone marrow 

and the whole body resulting from the inhalation of these isotopes is 

calculated as follows: 

= Q x DF (for organ of interest) 

where: = Dose (rem) 

Q = Quantity inhaled 

Dose Conversion factor (rem/ Ci inhaled) 

*Dose factors from References 22 and 23. 

59 
FOR RCT-2: 

DF D 

ISOTOPE (bone) (bone) Body) 

Sr-89 

Sr-90 3.00 1.10 0.24 

Y-90 * * * 

Y-91 

Nb-95 O.llE-03 

Ru-103 

Ru-106 

Rh-103m * 

Rh-106 * 

Te-127m 

Te-127 

Te-129m * * 

Te-129 * * 

I-131 

cs-137 O.lOE-03 

Ba-137m * * 

Ba-140 

La-140 

Ce-141 

Ce-144 0.91 0.35 0.17 

Pr-143 l.lOE-02 

Pr-144 * * 

Nd-147 O.llE-03 

Totals 

or or or 

0.043 rem 0.017 rem 0.009 rem 

*Less than 

NOTE: Read as 4.59 x 

60 
*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

FOR THE ARTILLERY GROUP: 

DF D 

ISOTOPE Q (bone) (bone) Body) Body) 

Sr-89 

Sr-90 3.00 1.10 3.51 E-03 0.24 

Y-90 * 

Y-91 8.51 E-03 

Zr-95 

Nb-95 1 

Ru- 103 1 

Ru- 106 

RhRh- 106 * 

Te- 127m * 

Te- 127 * 

TeTe- 129 * 

I-131 

Cs- 136 

cs- 137 4.91 E-02 

Ba- 3.21 E-07 

Ba- 140 O.OlE-03 

La- 140 5.91 E-03 8.00 E-04 

Ce- 141 

Ce- 144 0.91 0.35 0.17 

Pr 143 l.lOE-02 O.OlE-03 

Pr- 144 1 

Nd- 147 * 

Totals 

or or or 

0.132 rem 0.052 rem 0.026 rem 

*Less than 

61 
 

 

PLUTONIUM-239: 

The weapon dropped on Nagasaki was a Pu-239 device; therefore some 

unfissioned plutonium would be expected in the fallout around the Nishiyama 

Reservoir, and above-background levels of Pu-239 have been detected in that 

area. Soil samples cm deep) taken in relatively undisturbed areas (grasslands 

and graveyards) in 1969, expressed in terms of surface activity, ranged from 

0.015 to 0.038 with an average of 0.024 . These 

samples were taken in the general area of the maximum radiation intensity 

recorded in Figures 1 and 3 . Soil samples taken in nearby areas that were not 

contaminated by fallout from the bomb ranged from 0.001 to 0.006 

with an average of 0.004 Using the latter results as a background 

level, the residual Pu-239 surface contamination from the bomb (24 years later) 

2 was about 0.02 in the area of maximum fallout contamination. Due to 

the extremely long radiological half life of Pu-239 (24,000 years), radiological 

decay since 1945 would be insignificant; therefore any difference in the surface 

contamination between 1945 and 1969 would result from environmental factors. 

Plutonium-oxide, the most likely chemical form of the unfissioned plutonium, 

has been shown to be persistent in soil. 

Soil samples cm deep) taken in the same general area in 1970 and 

analyzed for Cs-137, averaged 0.8 while similar background samples 

2 averaged 0.5 . Subtracting background and back-calculating for 

radiological decay results in a level of 0.53 in 1945. This agrees fairly 

well with the calculated value of 0.37 especially since the exact 

location of these samples relative to the location of the maximum radiation 

intensity (1.08 used to calculate the surface activity is unknown. Such 

agreement implies that the Cs-137 contamination in undisturbed soils has not 

been significantly altered by environmental factors. Therefore, assuming 

Cs-137 and Pu-239 behave similarly, the Pu-239 soil sample data mentioned 

above can be used (unadjusted) to estimate the inhalation dose as follows: 

62 
=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

 = SA x K x BR x T x 

where 50 year dose-equivalent commitment for organ i 

Surface Activity (uCi/m*) 

K = Resuspension factor 

BR = Breathing rate 

T = Duration of exposure 

Dose Conversion Factor (rem/ Ci Inhaled) for organ i 

For the RCT-2: 1104 hours; = 2280 hours) 

Bone Dose = 0.02 x x 1.3 x x 9.12 x = 0.093 rem 

RBM Dose = 0.02 x x 1.3 x x 1.54 x = 0.016 rem 

Whole Body Dose 0.02 x x 1.3 x x 86 = 0.008 rem 

For the Artillery Group: 2040 hours; = 7704 hours) 

Bone Dose = 0.02 x x 1.3 x x 9.12 x = 0.447 rem 

RBM Dose 0.02 x x 1.3 x x 1.54 x = 0.076 rem 

Whole Body Dose = 0.02 x x 1.3 x x 86 = 0.042 rem 

TOTALS (Fission Products + Pu-239) 

For RCT-2: 

Bone Dose = 0.043 + 0.093 = 0.136 rem 

RBM Dose 0.017 + 0.016 = 0.033 rem 

Whole Body Dose 0.009 + 0.008 = 0.017 rem 

For the Group: 

Bone Dose = 0.132 + 0.447 = 

RBM Dose 0.052 + 0.076 0.128 rem 

Whole Body Dose = 0.026 + 0.042 0.068 rem 

*Radiological decay is insignificant during occupation period. 

63 
64 
 

APPENDIX E 

CALCULATION OF DOSE FROM INTERNAL EMITTERS 

(INGESTED FISSION PRODUCTS AND PLUTONIUM IN 

DRINKING WATER) 

NAGASAKI 

The maximum fallout measured in the Nagasaki area centered around the 

Nishiyama reservoir, one of four reservoirs that served the city. In Appendix D, 

the surface activity of each significant radionuclide at the point of 

maximum intensity in the fallout field was calculated for the time of 

occupation troop arrival. Assuming the same surface activity on the reservoir 

and subsequently mixed uniformly throughout (no settling or filtration of 

insoluble components) the concentration of each radionuclide in the 

reservoir would be: 

x Surface Area of Reservoir Co(p Ci/m3) = 

Capacity of Reservoir 

According to reference 13, the surface area of the reservoir (full) is 1.39 x 

and its effective capacity is 3.88 x gal or 1.47 x 

In order to consider the contribution from the surface activity that may 

have washed into the reservoir from the adjacent watershed, the concentration 

is adjusted by the ratio of the size of the catchment area (4.59 x to 

that of surface area of the reservoir and the use of runoff coefficient for 

similar terrain (0.35). Since the size of the catchment area is slightly larger 

than that defined by the 0.555 contour in Figure 3, which is approximately half the activity level assumed above for direct deposition on the 

reservoir, the adjustment factor (A) is divided by 2 as follows: 

65 
=

=

=

••

A Catchment Area x 0.35 

Area of Reservoir x 2 

4.59 x x 0.35 

1.39 x x 2 

5.78 

Assuming a water consumption rate of 2 liters (2 x per day, the 

activity of each radionuclide ingested during the occupation period is calculated 

from the following expression: 

J DR 

0 

where Q = Activity ingested Ci) 

DR = Drinking rate 

A = Adjustment factor 

Activity concentration at time of arrival 

Radiological Decay Constant (days-

= Duration of exposure (days) 

After the quantity of each radionuclide ingested has been determined, t 

dose commitment therefrom is calculated as follows: 

D = Q x DF (organ of interest) 

where: D = dose (rem) 

Q Quantity ingested Ci) 

DF = Dose Factor (rem/ Ci ingested) 
 = -

*

_____ 

For the 2d 327 38 • 289 days): 

hole e 

ISOTOPE SA Body) Body) 

- -

Sr-89 12.22 1.16 9.64 

Sr-90 0.13 0.012 1.2 0.43 

Y-90 * 0.13 0.012 1.61 E-06 

Y-91 15.89 1.50 1.42 

Zr-95 28.66 2.71 2.82 

Nb-95 21.19 2.00 2.08 

Ru- 103 48.89 4.62 3.05 0.11 E-02 

Ru- 106 7.23 0.68 1.75 

Rh- 103m 48.89 4.62 3.04 *

Rh- 106 * 7.23 0.68 1.75 

Te- 0.41 0.039 O.OlE-02 

Te- 127 0.41 0.039 

Te- 2.66 0.25 

Te- 129 1.67 0.16 * 

I-131 6.31 0.60 

Cs- 136 0.64 0.06 0.01 E-02 

cs- 137 0.035 

Ba- 137m * 0.35 0.033 

Da- 140 22.29 2.11 

La- 140 25.55 2.42 

Ce- 141 41.59 3.93 2.14 

Ce- 144 7.37 0.70 1.66 

Pr- 143 22.11 2.09 * 

Pr- 144 7.37 0.70 1.66 

Nd-147 6.72 0.64 * 

Pu- 239 0.02 0.002 

Totals rem SO.05 rern SO.03 rem 

*Less than 

67 
 

 

 

-

-

 for the other major units of exposure, the 

doses are as follows: 

For the RCT-2 95 46 49 days): 

D 

(Bone) (Who: Body) 

rem rem rem 

For the Artillery Group tf 321 85 = 236 days): 

D 

(Bone) 

0.07 rem rem rem 

68 
 

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69 
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J. 

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University of Southern California 

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Southern Illinois University 

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University of Tennessee 

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University of Vermont 

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University of Virginia 

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78