DNA 6000F

United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests

Nuclear Test Personnel Review --

$&g&Y&

Prepared by the Defense Nuclear Agency as Executive Agency

for-the ~Derqwtmernt of Defense

This book belongs to I-- -..--~_~

DAStAC

Do not remove this book from D~IAC
Destroy this report when it is no longer

needed. Do not return to sender.

PLEASE NOTIFY THE DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY,

AJJN : SJJI, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20305, IF

YOUR ADDRESS IS INCORRECT, IF YOU WISH JO

BE DELETED FROM THE DISTRIBUTION LIST, OR

IF THE ADDRESSEE IS NO LONGER EMPLOYED BY

YOUR ORGANIZATION.
UNCLASSIFIED

sECURITY CLASSI FICAT ION OF THIS PAGE (when Data .ent~red)

REPORTDOCUMENTATIONPAGE READ INSTRUCTIONS

BEFORE COMPLETING FORM

I. REPORT NUMBER 12. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT’S CATALOG NUMBER

DNA 6000F

I. TITLE (and Sobtttle)

OPERATION WIGWAM (SERIES VOLUME)

5. TYPE OF REPORT 6 PERIOD COVERED

Technical Repxt, Supercede:

FIRST EDITION. 30 Mav 1980

6 PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

12087-79-02

1. AUTk40f2f.d 16. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBERfs)

S.E. Weary, W-J. Ozeroff, J.L. Sperling,

_

B . Collins, C.W. Lowery, S.K. Obermiller DNA 001-78-C-0311

1. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK

JAYCOR AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS

205 S. Whiting St, Suite 607 Subtask U99QAXMK506-04

Alexandria, VA 22304

I. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 1 12. REPORT DATE

Director 1 September 1981

Defense Nuclear Agency 13. NUMBER OF PAGES

Washington, D.C. 20305 262

14. M ONITO R ING AGENC Y NAME e A00RES~ff dfffsrant from C0tetolffndoffice) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of thta rapor?)

UNCLASSIFIED

1% OECLASSlFICATION/OOWNGRAO1NG

SCHEDULE N/A

6 DlSTRl0UTlON STATEMENT (of thfa Report)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

7. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract atered in Block 20, If differant from Report)

0. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

This work sponsored by DNA under RDT&E RMSS code B350078464

U99QAXMK50604 H2590D. For sale by the National Technical

Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.

). KEY WORDS (Continue on ~ever.e aIda If nec...uy md tdsntlfy by block number)

WIGWAM Radioactivity AFSWC Rad-Safe

SMOKY Ionizing Radiation Fallout Oceanic

4FSWP AEC Decontamination

\JTPR Radiation Exposure Atmospheric Nuclear Tests

(-lzme ID r9v.r” at* N I)Iccllfy rrd tdentff~ by block number)

~h???t$~ort describes the activities of DOD participation in the

atmospheric nuclear test series, Operation WIGWAM, which involved

znly one deep underwater shot in the Pacific, approximately 500

niles southwest of San Diego, CA. WIGWAM was essentially a single

service operation with minimal AEC contractor participation. The

Jarious levels at which DOD personnel participated within the Joint

'?ask Group 7 are identified. The Naval Ocean Systems Command is

acknowledged for their analysis and assessment of the reliability

im I’,=\ 1473 EmnoN OF I HOV 65 IS 0t350~E~~ UNCLASSIFIED

SECURITY CLASSfFICATlON OF THfS PAGE (Wtmn Dets Entered)
UNCLASSIFIED

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEfWhm Dmta Rnferod)

18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (Cont.)

The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Major H. L. REESE, USAF,

under whom this work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research

and editing contribution of numerous reviewers in the military

services and other organizations in addition to those writers listed in block 7.

20. ABSTRACT (Cont.)

of radiological exposure records and data (Appendix J). Tech Reps,

Inc., under separate DNA contract, is acknowledged for their contributions to :hanter 3 and Appendix I. The AEC and DOD criteria

and procedures for Rad-Sare are included. Those projects related

to DOD mission activities are described as to purpose, agency,

operations, and Rad-Safe aspects.

UNCLASSIFIED

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEfWhen Data Entered)
CONTENTS

CHAPTER

FACT SHEET/PREFACE l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l l l l

1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-l

l-l PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT ................... l-l

1-2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND .................... l-3

l-3 PURPOSE OF OPERATION WIGWAM ................. 1-5

l-4 AUTHORITY .......................... 1-5

1-5 ORGANIZATION ........................ l-6

l-6 SETTING ........................... 1-11

2 RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY AT OPERATION WIGWAM . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2-l INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-l

2-1.1 Rad-Safe On-Site Plans ................... 2-2

2-1.2 Rad-Safe Off-Site Plans ................... 2-2

2-2 RADIATION SAFETY STANDARDS ................. 2-3

2-3 ORGANIZATION ........................ 2-3

2-4 RAD-SAFE PROCEDURES AND OPERATIONS ............. 2-4

2-4.1 Rad-Safe Education and Training ............... 2-6

2-4.2 Contamination Control .................... 2-6

2-4.3 Personnel Movement Control ................. 2-7

2-4.4 Dose Control and Measurement by Film Badge ......... 2-9

2-5 OVERALL RESULTS OF WIGWAM RAD-SAFE PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . 2-9

3 OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

PAGE

9

3-1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-l
CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

3-2 TECHNICAL PROJECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-l

3-2.1 Program I - Free-Field Measurements ............. 3-2

3-2.2 Program II - Radiological and Oceanographic ......... 3-2

3-2.3 Program III - Target Response ................ 3-8

3-3 SUPPORT PROJECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8

3-3.1 Program IV - Weapon Characteristics ............. 3-8

3-3.2 Program V - Timing and Firing ................ 3-8

3-3.3 Program VI - Photographic Services for Operation WIGWAM ... 3-9

3-3.4 Program VII - Radiological Support Element .......... 3-9

3-3.5 Program VIII - Oceanographic Support Element ......... 3-9

4 PERSONNEL EXPOSURES AT WIGWAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4-l INTRODUCTION ......................... 4-l

4-2 BEFORE THE DETONATION .................... 4-l

4-3 AT DETONATION TIME ...................... 4-l

4-4 AFTER THE DETONATION ..................... 4-l

4-4.1 Upwind Units ......................... 4-l

4-4.2 Downwind Units ........................ 4-2

4-4.2.1 Ships Exposed to Downwind Fallout .............. 4-2

4-4.2.2 Ships Exposed to Contaminated Seawater ............ 4-2

4-5 STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION OF RADIOLOGICAL EXPOSURES ...... 4-3

4-6 INTERNAL INHALATION RADIATION DOSES ............. 4-6

5 PERSONNEL DATA BASE . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-l

5-1 INTRODUCTION ......................... 5-l

5-2 DESCRIPTION OF NTPR ROSTER OF DOD PARTICIPANTS ........ 5-l

5-3 DATA SOURCES ......................... 5-4

5-4 REPORTED PERSONNEL PARTICIPATION AT WIGWAM .......... 5-9

5-5 SUMMARIES OF PERSONNEL EXPOSURE DATA ............. 5-9

2
CONTENTS

APPENDIX PAGE

A MEMORANDUM FOR THE DIRECTOR, DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY. ..... A-l

B WIGWAM SHIPS, AIR UNITS AND STAFF ELEMENTS .......... B-l

C CONCEPTS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION ...... C-l

C-l INTRODUCTION ......................... C-l

c-2 TYPES OF RADIATION ...................... C-l

c-3 RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS IN UNDERWATER NUCLEAR TESTS .... C-6

c-4 UNITS AND QUANTITIES IN RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY ......... C-9

c-5 RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY STANDARDS ................ c-13

D WIGWAM RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-l

D-l INTRODUCTION ......................... D-l

D-2 AIRBORNE ACTIVITY ...................... D-2

D-3 FALLOUT ........................... D-3

D-4 WATER CONTAMINATION ..................... D-6

D-5 RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ON SHIPS .............. D-21

E RADIOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-l

E-l YAG-39 AND YAG-40 ...................... E-l

E-2 AERIAL SURVEY ........................ E-6

E-3 PROJECT 2.6 ......................... E-6

F MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LIMITS (MPLs) .............. F-l

G RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY PLAN ................... G-l

H DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES ............... H-l

I OPERATIONS PROJECTS ..................... I-l

J NAVY ENLISTED CLASSIFICATIONS TABLES ............. J-l

K GLOSSARY........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-l

K-l TERMS ............................. K-l

K-2 ACRONYMS ........................... K-5

K-3 MEASUREMENTS ......................... K-B

L REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-l

3
ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE PAGE

l-l

l-2

l-3

l-4

l-5

WIGWAM shot location in the Pacific and configuration

of task force vessels at shot time . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Joint Task Force Organization for Operation WIGWAM . . . . . .

Organization of Task Group 7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Planned and actual target array for Operation WIGWAM . . . . .

Ship stations at H-hour, Operation WIGWAM . . . . . . . . . .

1-4

l-7

l-8

1-12

1-14

2-l Organization on D-day, Project 0.17, Rad-Safe for

2-5

2-2

2-3

2-4

WIGWAM............................

Form used to record WIGWAM and previous radiological dosage

record of personnel . . . d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Distribution of operational badge doses. . . . . . . . . . . .

Distribution of daily badge doses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-10

2-12

2-13

4-l

4-2

Exposure distribution, Oceanic Testing (1946-1962),

compared to WIGWAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Exposure distribution, Continental Testing (1945-1962),

compared to WIGWAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4-4

4-5

D-l

D-2

D-3

D-4

D-5

D-6

D-7

D-8

D-9

D-10

Gross size distribution for all classes of active particles . D-4

Ocean octagonal organisms for class D active particles . . . . D-5

Estimated radiation intensity of the contaminated water patch. D-8

Average radiation intensity 3-feet above the surface . . . . . D-9

Radioactivity versus time, 18 May 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . D-12

Track of YAG-39 relative to surface contaminated area, D-day . D-13

Track of YAG-40 relative to surface contaminated area, D-day . D-14

D-11

D-12

D-13

Track of YAG-39 relative to surface contaminated area, D+l . . D-15

Track of YAG-40 relative to surface contaminated area, D+l . . D-16

Track of YAG-40 relative to surface contaminated area, D+l

(second pass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-17

Track of YAG-40 relative to surface contaminated area, D+2 . . D-18

Track of YAG-40 relative to surface contaminated area, D+3 . . D-19

Plans and side view showing special facilities on YAG-39

andYAG-40.......................... D-22

4
ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE

E-l Comparison of altitude correction factors on D+l .......

PAGE

E-7

I-l

I-2

I-3

I-4

I-5

Arrangement of weapon array .................

Station zero cable bundle ..................

Early time surface effects ..................

Late time surface effects ..................

Survey-aircraft flight plan for Able series passes across

surface zero ........................

I-3

I-4

I-6

I-7

I-10

I-6 Radiation contours ..................... .1-14-I-15

I-7 Launching of SQUAW ...................... I-23

I-8 YFNB-12 ............................ I-25

I-9 Suspension and towing arrangements for SQUAW ......... I-28

I-10 Model of YFNB barge ..................... I-29

5
TABLES

TABLE

l-l

3-l Operation WIGWAM technical projects . . . , . . . . . . . . . 3-3

4-l WIGWAM Exposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

5-1 NTPRrosterdataelements .................. 5-2

5-2 Data sources in NTPR roster of DOD participants ....... 5-8

5-3 WIGWAM participants ..................... 5-9

C-l

c-2

D-I

D-2

D-3

D-4

D-5

D-6

D-7

E-l Fixed gamma intensity-time recorders ............ E-2

E-2 Detector range and response ................. E-5

J-l Dosage distribution for airborne units ............ J-2

J-2 Dosage distribution for technical personnel ......... J-3

J-3 Dosage distribution for shipboard personnel ......... J-4

J-4 Dosage distribution for miscellaneous units ......... J-6

J-5 Dose (mR) vs. job category .................. J-7

PAGE

WIGWAM participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-10

Recommended levels of permissible exposure to ionizing

radiation - for radiation workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-16

Recommended levels of permissible exposure to ionizing

radiation - for members of the public . . . . . . . . . . . . C-16

Classes of active particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-3

Principal aerial survey results (radiation intensity at

3-foot altitude) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-7

Area of surface activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-8

Maximum surface intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-10

Maximum thickness of surface layer activity . . . . . . . . . D-11

Results of radiological survey on YAG-39 after arrival at San

Francisco Naval Shipyard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-23

Results of radiological survey on YAG-40 after arrival at

San Francisco Naval Shipyard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-24
TABLES

TABLE PAGE

J-6 List of units/organizations whose personnel received zero dose J-9

J-6A Air support units ...................... J-9

J-6B Technical organizations ................... J-9

J-6C Ships ............................ J-10

J-6D Miscellaneous observer/participant .............. J-11

7

Fact dm

Sheet hf8fIS8 Nuclear Ag8nCy

Public Affatrs Office

Washington, D C 20305

Operation WIGWAM

Operation WIGWAM was a deep underwater nuclear test conducted as

part of the 1945-1962 United States series of atmospheric nuclear

tests. It took place in May 1955 in the Pacific Ocean approximately

500 miles southwest of San Diego, California, under the joint administration of the Atomic Energy Commission and the Department of

Defense (DOD). The purpose of the operation was to determine the

radiation and pressure phenomenology associated with nuclear detonations at great depths and to ascertain the effects such explosions

would have on submerged and surface vessels. Approximately 6544

personnel and 30 ships took part in this operation under the Commander, Joint Task Force Seven.

Test Array

A single, 30-kiloton nuclear device was suspended by cable from a

towed unmanned barge to a depth of 2000 feet in water that was 16,000

feet deep. Located at varying distances along the approximately

six-mile (30,000 feet) long towline between this barge and the fleet

tug, USS TAWASA (ATF-92), were a variety of pressure-measuring instruments, unmanned and specially prepared submerged submarinelike

hulls (called squaws) as well as instrumented and also unmanned surface boats. The ships and personnel conducting the test were positioned five miles upwind from the surface detonation point with the

exception of USS GEORGE EASTMAN (YAG-39) and USS GRANVILLE S. HALL

(YAG-40). These two extensively reconfigured ships, equipped with

special radiological shielding, were stationed five miles downwind

of the surface detonation point. With all the ships at their

assigned stations and all personnel accounted for, the device was

detonated at 1:00 P.M. Pacific Daylight Time on May 14, 1955.

Radiation Contamination

WIGWAM resulted in three sources of radiological contamination:

airborne activity, residual fallout and water contamination. During

the first three seconds after the detonation, the radioactive debris

was primarily contained within an initial bubble formed by the interaction of thermal energy with the water. Then, beginning at approximately H + 10 seconds (ten seconds after the detonation) these

gaseous products began to reach the water surface, forming spikes

and plumes reaching maximum heights of 900 to 1,450 feet and emerging from an area roughly 3,100 feet in diameter. As the plumes fell

9
back into the water, a large cloud of mist was formed. This was the

base surge which at H + 90 seconds, had a radius of 4,600 feet and a

maximum height of 1,900 feet. The visible surge persisted to H + 4

minutes. At H + 13 minutes, a foam ring appeared with a 10,400 foot

diameter. The area within this ring probably approximated the extent of the contaminated water. While the surface water initially

showed significant contamination levels, the water dispersed and radiation decayed rapidly, so that by May 18 the maximum radiation

reading found over an 80 square mile area was on the order of one

milliroentgen per hour (mR/hr) at 3 feet above the surface. Contaminated water was found at several depths during the weeks following the test and tended to be in layers a few feet thick.

Radiation Safety Procedures

Radiological safety was a paramount consideration of the operation

and overall was the responsibility of the US Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL). Radiation Safety (Rad-safe) procedures included measures to minimize exposures to personnel, to measure and

evaluate radiological hazards and contaminated areas, to control exposures to personnel and the spread of radioactive contamination

from samples, equipment and other materials, and the documentation

of levels of exposure and contamination. For the duration of the

operation, an exposure limitation of 3.9 roentgen (R) was set. In

addition, levels were specifically established for radioactive contamination of clothing and personal equipment, food, water, air,

ships’ surfaces, equipment and materials.

An important part of the Rad-safe procedures was the personnel dosimetry program. Nearly all individuals involved in the operation

were issued a film badge to measure any exposure received during the

operation. Personnel whose duties were such that exposure to radiation was possible (such as sampling water, recovering equipment or

instruments) were issued additional film badges on a daily basis.

One of the vessels, the USS WRIGHT, contained a film processing center where badges were read and personnel exposures were recorded.

Over the period of the operation, approximately 10,000 film badges

were issued. There included operational, daily, calibration, and

scientific project badging.

Personnel Exposures

The rad-safe procedures established for the operation were highly

effective in keeping personnel exposures to a minimum. The following table summarizes the recorded personnel radiation exposures at

WIGWAM based upon a 1979 review of dosimetry:

1 0
WIGWAM EXPOSURES

Exposures expressed in

roentgen (R)

Total Dosimetry Zero loo-

:165

200-

:280

315-

Issued Unavailable Exposure - - :385 .425

-6,732 229 - -329 19 - P13 -If

% in each 100% 3.4% 91.2% 4.9% 0.3% 0.2% 0.01%

group

*The highest exposure was received by a member (an air sampler

pilot) of the aviation support provided through Naval Air Station,

San Diego.

The average exposure for the 362 WIGWAM individuals with non-zero

exposures was 0.129 R, which is about the average annual exposure to

naturally occurring background radiation in the United States.

Data compiled at the time of the test indicated that operational

badges showed 350 positive recorded gamma exposures with a maximum

reading of 0.425 R. This earlier compilation indicated that the

average exposure for these 350 badges was 0.132 R. Although the

results of the two data reviews differ slightly, they both confirm

that more than 90 percent of all doses at WIGWAM were zero and that

recorded exposures at WIGWAM ranged from 0.100 R to 0.425 R.

The two vessels (YAG-39 and YAG-40) stationed downwind of the detonation point were subjected to contamination by water droplets of

the base surge. None of the YAG personnel received significant exposures. Both of these vessels had been specially configured and

shielded for the purpose of crossing contaminated areas although

only YAG-39 had a seawater washdown system. The deck surface radiation reading on YAG-39 reached levels in excess of 400 R/hr about 17

minutes after the detonation. The washdown system that had been installed to decontaminate the surfaces reduced this level to 0.040 R

per hour 30 minutes after the detonation. Recorded shipboard levels

were less aboard YAG-40. Both of these vessels had 48 assigned personnel. However, at the time of detonation only about 12 crewmembers and project personnel were aboard each YAG. Six crewmembers

aboard YAG-39 and one c'rewmember aboard YAG-40 received recorded exposures other than zero. In each instance, recorded film badge

readings for crewmembers did not exceed 0.130 R. One unidentified,

non-crewmember aboard YAG-40 received an exposure of 0.200 R.

11
SYNOPSIS OF WIGWAM

AEC Test Series: WIGWAM

Test Name: WIGWAM

Date/Time: 1300 Hrs PDT, 14 May 1955

Yield: 30 KT

Depth of Burst: 2000 ft. beneath surface, Pacific Ocean

AEC Objectives: Weapon Development, output measurements

DOD Objectives: Determine lethal distances for nuclear effects vs.

submerged submarine hulls. Evaluate tactics for

delivery of nuclear weapons against deep-submerged

submarines.

Weather: Wind from north about 18 knots, 7/8 cloud cover

with ceiling below 5000 ft.

Military Units: Joint Task Group 7.3, 30 ships including target

array and ships from Scripps Institution of

Oceanography.

Number of DOD Participants: Personnel listings from ships and agencies

involved total 6,544 participants. Approximately

200 were non-DOD, therefore it is estimated that

6,344 DOD personnel were present.

Radiation Exposure History: All personnel were on ships located at least 5

miles from the surface point above the detonation

(surface zero). All prompt radiation was absorbed

by sea water. Bubble reached surface with some

airborne contamination. About 91% of participants

received no radiation exposure. Highest radiation

exposure for any individual: 0.425 R.

1 2
PREFACE

From 1945 to 1962, approximately 2 3 5 air, surface, underground, and

underwater nuclear weapons test were executed under the auspices of the Atomic

Energy Commission (AEC), now incorporated within the Department of Energy (DOE)

and the Department of Defense (DOD). The primary purposes of these tests were to

verify the principles of nuclear weapons design and to determine the effects of

nuclear weapons on both military and civilian targets. In all, an estimated

220,000 Department of Defense participants, both military and civilian, were present at the tests.

In 1977, the Center for Disease Control (CDC)* identified a possible

leukemia cluster among DOD participants in a nuclear test (SMOKY) conducted in

1957 at the Nevada Test Site. As a result of this discovery and renewed concern

over the health effects of low-level ionizing radiation, the Department of Defense

began a study which provided data to both the CDC and the Veterans Administration

(VA) on potential exposures to ionizing radiation among the military and civilian

personnel who participated in the atmospheric testing 15 to 30 years earlier. DOD

study effort was extended to:

o Identify DOD personnel who had taken part in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests.

o Develop a history of each atmospheric nuclear event involving DOD personnel.

o Identify the radiation monitoring control policies, procedures and requirements which were in effect.

o Determine the extent of the participants’ exposure to ionizing radiation.

o Provide public disclosure of information concerning participation by DOD personnel in the atmospheric nuclear weapons

tests.

*The Center for Disease Control is part of the U.S. Department of Health and

Human Services (formerly the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare).

13
The National Academy of Science (NAS) and the CDC will then analyze this

information to determine if there is a higher-than-normal incidence of disease

among the test participants, and, if so, if it might be related to exposure to

low-level ionizing radiation.

This report on Operation WIGWAM is based on the military and technical

documents associated with that atmospheric nuclear weapon test. It provides a

public record of the activities and associated exposure risks of DOD personnel for

use in ongoing public health research and policy analysis.

Many of the documents pertaining specifically to DOD involvement during

WIGWAM were found in the Modern Military Branch of the National Archives, the

Defense Nuclear Agency Technical Library, and Air Force Weapons Laboratory

Technical Library. Frequently , the Surviving historical documentation of

activities conducted during Operation WIGWAM addresses test specifications and

technical information rather than the personnel data critical to the study

undertaken by the Department of Defense. Moreover, instances have arisen in which

available historical documentation has revealed inconsistencies in vital factual

data. These inconsistencies in data usually occur between two or more documents,

but occasionally appear within the same document. Efforts have been made to

resolve these data inconsistencies wherever possible, or to otherwise bring them

to the attention of the reader.

Gathering data for this volume presented a variety of challenges. Teams

of historians , health physicists, radiation specialists, and information analysts

canvessed document repositories known to contain material on atmospheric nuclear

weapons tests conducted at sites in the United States and in the Atlantic and

Pacific Oceans. The teams examined classified and unclassified documents

containing information on DOD participation in Operation WIGWAM. Many different

military and civilian organizations were involved in developing and storing

records related to Operation WIGWAM. Each branch of the Armed Services and each

civilian organization had its own system of recording information. Some records

14
have been lost or destroyed over the years. Other records have been transferred

from one repository to another, and accounts of the transfer of documents are not

always available.

The documents available provided the information necessary to complete

this volume.

15

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

l-l PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT.

The discussions in this report are specifically designed to describe the

participation of Department of Defense (DOD) personnel in the underwater nuclear

weapons test WIGWAM, the only shot in the WIGWAM series. These discussions are

arranged in the following manner. The historical background provides the

underlying factors which established the need for conducting the test. Personnel

involvement, with respect to organizational position or sponsoring agency, is

described in the section on the organization of Operation WIGWAM. The Radiation

Safety chapter focuses on both the organization and the procedures used to limit

personnel exposure to ionizing radiation throughout the operation. The various

activities of the participating agencies which may have exposed personnel to

ionizing radiation are delineated in the Operations chapter. The Personnel

Exposures chapter identifies the units which had the opportunity for exposures at

WIGWAM and those which did not. This chapter also evaluates the extent to which

the units were exposed. The Personnel Data Base chapter describes how personnel

identification and exposure information are collected for inclusion in a

separately published list of nuclear weapons tests participants.

The interest in DOD personnel involvement at nuclear weapons tests began

in 1977, when the Center for Disease Control (CDC) identified a possible leukemia

cluster among DOD participants in a nuclear weapons test conducted by the Atomic

Energy Commission (AEC) at the Nevada Test Site during 1957. In response to this

discovery, the DOD initiated the Nuclear Test Personnel Review (NTPR) program,

with the Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) acting as the executive agency.

l-l
In a memo to the Director of DNA, the Assistant Secretary of Defense*

listed some of the tasks necessary to implement the NTPR program.+ Based on

this memo, DNA has taken the following responsibilities.

o Develop a history of every atmospheric nuclear event that

involved DOD personnel

o Identify the radiation monitoring control policies, procedures, and requirements that were in effect for DOD

personnel

o Assemble a census of DOD personnel at each event/series

o Determine a measured or estimated exposure for each DOD

participant identified.

To fulfill the first two tasks, the DNA plans to produce reports of two

types: series reports which will describe an entire series of nuclear test shots;

and shot reports which will be devoted to one or a few especially interesting

shots in a series. This volume is organized as a series report. However, since

there was only one nuclear detonation in the operation, this report also serves as

a shot report. The last two tasks require the development of a data base, which

is described in Chapter 5. This is being published in a companion volume. The

two products will be complementary, with the reports providing background

information for the statistical analysis of the data base.

This dual effort is described more fully in a letter written by the

Director of DNA:5

"Currently, I visualize the final product of the NTPR

effort to be a series of volumes covering all atmospheric

nuclear tests. Although many reports and documents

addressing these tests have already been written, they

were oriented variously to test description, to the

performance of the nuclear device itself, to nuclear

effects on material, to troop maneuvers, etc. Few, if

any, of these reports were concerned primarily with

exposures of participating individuals to the effects of

*For Manpower, Reserve Affairs, and Logistics.

+This memo is reprinted in Appendix A.

§This letter was addressed to the CDC and to the National Academy of Sciences.

1-2
low-level ionizing radiation. The final NTPR report

will be principally personnel-oriented (although it

will contain appropriate background information on

the shot itself), and I plan to make it available to

CDC and other organizations to conduct follow-up

studies."

In addition to its use as an instrument in scientific research, this

report may also serve individual veterans, various government agencies, and the

public as a historical account of Operation WIGWAM. As such, it can be used as an

unclassified reference by anyone who wishes to learn more about that nuclear test.

This volume is as complete as it can be made through an extensive research effort.

l-2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.

Throughout the years 1945-1962, the United States conducted nine nuclear

weapons tests series in oceanic areas. Bikini and Enewetak Atolls, Johnston

Island, and Christmas Island are well-known sites of such tests. During 1955, the

first deep underwater nuclear weapons test, Operation WIGWAM, was conducted in an

area of the Pacific Ocean situated approximately 500 miles southwest of San Diego,

California. Figure l-l shows the approximate area of the test point and a diagram

of the array of ships assembled for the test.

Prior to WIGWAM, nuclear weapons had been tested in the atmosphere,

on the surface of the earth or water, or at a shallow underwater depth. A great

deal of interest had developed, particularly within the U.S. Navy, in detonating

a weapon at a sufficient depth to contain all the initial energy of the nuclear

explosion in the water, to investigate deep underwater effects.

The Navy was interested in learning how such a deep underwater shot

would affect naval forces. The two leading questions were: (1) what are the

characteristics and lethal ranges of the resulting underwater shock wave, and (2)

what are the effects of the radioactivity, following the explosion, on naval

tactical operations? For example, could a surface vessel use a nuclear depth

l-3
r

s

-0

c

-I

r

l-4
charge to destroy submerged enemy submarines without endangering itself? Specific

answers to these questions were needed in order to plan possible naval use of

these weapons.

l-3 PURPOSE OF OPERATION WIGWAM.

Operation WIGWAM was a single shot nuclear weapons test carried out at

1300 PDT on 14 May 1955 at 126" 16' W and 28" 44' N about 500 miles SW of San

Diego, California. (See Figure l-l.) Operation WIGWAM included the following

objectives:

o To determine the fatal range of a deeply detonated nuclear

weapon for a typical well-designed, modern submarine

o To determine the pressure-time field in water and in air

resulting from such an explosion

o To determine the safe range for a surface ship in the

vicinity of this detonation

o To determine the fallout and contamination problems

resulting from the explosion

o To determine the characteristics of any additional

phenomena which may occur as a result of the explosion.

l-4 AUTHORITY.

The initial studies and planning for a deep underwater shot were

conducted over several years prior to Operation WIGWAM. Planning culminated on 8

December 1954 in a joint AEC/DoD request to the President seeking approval to

expend the fissionable material in the device to be tested during Operation

WIGWAM. Presidential approval was granted on 9 December 1954 (Reference 1). The

AEC and DOD jointly passed the authority to conduct the exercise through

organizational channels to a joint task group, which is discussed below in

detail.

l-5
l-5 ORGANIZATION.

Operation WIGWAM was administered jointly by the AEC and the DOD. The

organization for this particular event, however, differed from the organization of

many former nuclear tests in that the DOD--and not the AEC--played the major role

of command and execution. The AEC provided the nuclear device, the specialized

personnel to fire the device, experimentation to measure outputs, and other

services as required.

All nuclear testing in the Pacific was conducted by a joint task

organization, Joint Task Force Seven (JTF7). Figure l-2 depicts the command

relationships for the Joint Task Force Organization as they existed for Operation

WIGWAM. The DOD line of command extended from the Joint Chiefs of Staff and

Service Chief, to the Commander, JTF7 (CJTF7). The Commander of the Navy element,

Task Group 7.3 (CTG 7.3), was given authority to execute Operation WIGWAM within

the guidelines established by the AEC.

The Commander in Chief, Pacific (CINCPAC), provided all movement,

control, and logistics support, as well as general security of the WIGWAM test

area for the Task Force. The Chief of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project

(AFSWP) was responsible for the technical direction of the weapons' effects tests,

which were of primary concern to the Armed Forces at atomic tests.

The AEC had two major concerns at Operation WIGWAM: control possible

radiation hazards to off-test-site populations, and to ensure the safety,

security, and reliable detonation of the nuclear device.

The detailed plan for Operation WIGWAM (Reference 2) was published by

Task Group 7.3 on 25 March 1955. This plan outlined the responsibilities and

relationships for the DOD and the AEC, as shown in Figure l-2.

The Task Units (TU) formed to provide the separate functions of the Task

Group are also portrayed in Figure l-2. A more detailed description of the Task

Unit Organization is shown in Figure 1-3, Organization of Task Group 7.3. Where

appropriate, each Task Unit was divided into Task Elements (TE). Figure l-3 lists

1-6
LEGEND

-OPERATIONAL CONTROL

----- LIAISON ; I I II I --- AEC POLICY

i

CHIEF OF STAFF CHIEF OF

NAVAL OPERATIONS CHIEF OF STAFF CINCPAC=COMMANDER IN CHIEF PACIFIC

OPERATIONS U.S. ARMY (EXECUTIVE AGENT) U.S AIR FORCE

i I

I L,--------------,,-

COMMANDER

:- -- -- - - - - -- - -- ---- - - - - - --- -- -- TASK GROUP 7.3

Figure 1-2. Joint Task Force Orsanization for

Operation WIGWAM.
I

TU730

(FLAGSHIP)

I

TU731

kXIENTIFlC)

COMMANDER*

TASK GROUP 7.3

I

I I I 1

TU 7.3.2

(CARRIER AIR TU 7.3.3 TU 7.3.4 TU 7.3.5

SUPPORT) (SURFACE PATROL) (SURFACE SUPPORT) (LAND BASED

Al R SUPPORT)

I I

I I

TE731 1

FREE-FIELD

MEASUREMENTS

TE 7 3.1 2

RADIOLOGICAL &

OCEANOGRAPHIC

TE 7 3.1.3

TARGET RESPONSE -

WRIGHT (CVL-49) 1

7 HRS-3

6 AF-2S

3 AD-5N

RADIOLOGICAL

YAG-39, YAG-40

I TE 7.3.1.8

*Includes Project 0.17, whch

proMod Rad-Safe support

for the entlre TG7.3.

OCEANOGRAPHIC

SUPPORT

R/V HORIZON

R/v BAIRD

R/V PAOLINA-T

fDeetroyer Squadron

T:BOAT

I

DES RON 13+

BLUE (DD-744)

CUNNINGHAM (DD-7521

EVANS (DD-754)

McKEAN (DDR-784)

WALKE (DD-723)

O’BRIEN (DD-725)

HUBBARD (DD-748)

SMALL (DD-838) CREE (ATFS4)

MOCTOBI (ATF-105)

HITCHITI (ATF-103)

TAWASA (ATF-92)

RECLAIMER (ARS-42)

BOLSTER (ARS-38)

CHANTICLEER (ASR-7)

BUTTERNUT (AN-91

I J I

1’ TE 7.3.5.3 1

TE 7.35.4

HYDROGRAPHIC

SURVEY

3 P4Y-2

Figure l-3. Organization of Task Group 7.3.
the ships (predominantly Navy) in each task element. These ships are further

represented in Appendix B. All the ships shown in TE 7.3.1.8 were those of the

Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO).

The Scientific Task Unit, TU 7.3.1, performed the weapon test activities

during Operation WIGWAM. This TU not only fired the device, but also did

the experimentation necessary to meet the objectives listed in Section l-3 of this

Chapter. The eight Task Elements shown under the Scientific Task Unit (Figure

l-3) represent eight separate programs which are described further in Chapter 3

and Appendix I (Reference 3):

0 Program I, Free-Field Measurements

o Program II, Radiological and Oceanographic Measurements

o Program III, Target Response

o Program IV, Weapon Characteristics

o Program V, Timing and Firing

o Program VI, Photography

o Program VII, Radiological Support

o Program VIII, Oceanographic Support.

Although each Task Unit was principally staffed with Naval personnel,

the Scientific Task Unit (TU 7.3.1) was comprised of many civilian employees from

both military and civilian laboratories. These personnel were specialists in one

or more of the many technical areas involved in the Operation. The participating

laboratories are included in Table l-l.

In addition to the Task Units shown in Figure l-3, TG 7.3 had a

Radiological Safety (Rad-Safe) Group, Project 0.17, which provided Rad-Safe

support for TG 7.3 during Operation WIGWAM. This group, composed of 46 personnel

(38 civilian, 8 USN military), is discussed further in Chapter 2 on Radiological

Safety.

l-9
Table l-l. WIGWAM participants.*

Estimated

No. of

Participants

Office of Naval Research (Project 1.6)

Sandia Corporation (AEC Contractor)

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (AEC Contractor)

University of California Research Laboratory

(AEC Contractor)

Armour Research Foundation (AEC Contractor)

Edgerton, Germeshausen and Grier (AEC Contractor)

David Taylor Model Basin

Long Beach Naval Shipyard

Lookout Mountain Laboratory

Norfolk Naval Shipyard (Project 0.06)

U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory

U.S. Navy Ordnance Laboratory

U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station

U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory

U.S. Naval Research Laboratory

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

ONR 17

SC (AEC) 2 3

LASL (AEC) 1

UCRL (AEC) 3

ARF (AEC) 8

EG&G (AEC) 13

DTMB 11

LBNS 27

LML 14

NNS 1

NEL 126

NOL 3 1

NOTS 9

NRDL 54

NRL 11

SIO 41

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Project 0.13) WHO1

Oak Ridge National Laboratory ORNL

Official Visitors and Miscellaneous Observers

3

3

5 1

447

*Scientific Task Unit personnel only, does not include ships' crews (shown in

Appendix B).

l-10
l-6 SETTING.

The exact location of the shot was chosen after careful surveys and

deliberation. At DOD request, Scripps Institution of Oceanography conducted a

thorough survey of various locations in the Pacific, the Caribbean, and the

Atlantic. The site had to be deep enough to contain the detonation, yet away from

undersea or sea bottom perturbations such as sea mounts, ridges, islands, etc.

Migratory fishing areas were to be avoided. The site selected was to have fairly

well-known currents and thermal gradients, a predominance of good weather, and

isolation from shipping lanes. The area selected, approximately 500 miles SW of

San Diego, California, was judged to best fulfill the requirements. Figure l-l

shows the location for the test.

The scenario for the actual test was as follows: A fleet ocean tug

(ATF), on a fixed course, towed a 30,000 foot-long cable slowly on the surface at

a speed such as to maintain the configuration of test objects suspended from the

cable. Attached to the far end of the cable was the zero barge (YC-473, an open

lighter) containing the nuclear device. This nuclear device was lowered to a

ZOOO-foot depth several hours prior to detonation. At various points along

the cable, a variety of instrument vessels, targets, instruments, and sampling

stations were attached. Some were attached directly on the tow or device

suspension cable, some were hanging in the sea on auxiliary lines attached to the

tow cable, and some were suspended by balloons anchored to the tow cable. The

submerged special submarine targets (SQUAWS) were supported by pontoons. The

configuration of the test array as planned and as actually assembled for the test

is shown in Figure 1-4. (The difference between the two arrays shows the effects

of unfavorable weather and seas encountered during the passage to the test site

and during the maneuvers that were required to assemble the 5-mile array.)

Assembly of the test array itself began on 12 May 1955, and was

completed on the morning of 14 May. At this time, the Task Force vessels assumed

the following configuration. The tug towing the test array moved into the wind

slowly (0.5 knots) on a course due north (OOO'T). The zero barge followed,

streaming out to the south at the end of a 30,000 foot cable. The Task Force

vessels, moving on the same course as the zero barge, were arrayed

l-11
PLANNED

SURFACE

Sl

YFNB 29 LCM LCM LCM ATF

A 1 A

u/lllI I ’

I ’

G

GAGES

9 PC E C - BALL CRUSHER

PL - PHOTOELECTRIC

EPT - ELECTRONIC PRESSURE TIME

hwr - MECHANICAL PRESSURE TIME

III III1 I II I

0 1000 2OCCl 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 6000 9c.00 low30

ACTUAL

YC 473 XLCM YFNB 12 YFNE 13 YFNB 29 ATF

SURFACE A A A A.

SOUAW 29

1000

GAGES

2000

SC - BALLCRUSHER

PL - PHOTOELECTRIC

EPT - ELECTRONIC PRESSURE TIME

MPT - MECHANICAL PRESSUR E TIME

I

0

I I I I I I I I I II

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 9000 BOO0 10000 1 1 cm 2Lilooo 29.L 30 b,

Note: All distance units are in feet.

Figure 1-4. Planned and actual target array, Operation WIGWAM.
around it in the pattern shown in Figure l-5. No vessel was closer than 30,000

feet (5 nautical miles) to the zero barge. The tow tug served as a reference for

positioning of all ships. Stationkeeping tolerances were + 2" in bearing and +-

200 yards in range.

Finally, all personnel were accounted for and were on ships clear of the

test array. The ships were on station, as shown in Figure l-5. A few seconds

before 1300 hours, Pacific Daylight Time, on 14 May 1955, with this entire

configuration of ships and the test array holding north into the wind, the first

deep-water nuclear weapons test in history was detonated.

1-13
ATF =

LST =

ARS =

YAG =

YC =

FLEET OCEAN TUG

LANDING SHIP, TANK

SALVAGE CRAFT, TENDER

UTILITY SHIP (CONVERTED LIBERTY SHIP)

UTILITY OPEN LIGHTER (TOWED)

\\\ \\-// II

180

90

SCALE

1 CIRCLE = 1 MILE .%

Figure l-5. Ship stations at H-hour, Operation WIGWAM.

tf

1-14
CHAPTER 2

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY AT OPERATION WIGWAM.

2-l INTRODUCTION.

This chapter describes the Radiological Safety (Rad-Safe) operations

carried out at WIGWAM. For a complete understanding of this chapter, the reader

should be familiar with the concepts involved in protecting personnel from the

hazards of ionizing radiation. For readers not thus familiar, Appendix C provides

brief descriptions of the relevant concepts in nuclear radiation, radiological

exposure and dose, radiological safety guides, etc.

This chapter describes the Rad-Safe programs for Operation WIGWAM as a

whole. Details of personnel activities for specific projects that might have led

to exposure are given in Chapter 3, if such details are available in the reference

materials.

Shot WIGWAM was the first deep underwater nuclear burst; therefore, the

post-shot radiological environment was not fully known in advance. It was known

that the prompt nuclear radiation would not constitute a hazard to personnel,

since the radiation would be completely absorbed in the seawater far below the

surface. However, the gas bubble formed by the burst was expected to reach the

surface in several seconds, and it would spread entrained weapon debris and other

radioactive material on surface waters and in the atmosphere. As a result, the

contaminated surface waters and fallout could pose potential hazards to personnel

conducting post-shot operations in the vicinity of surface zero. Chapter 3

describes one of the main research programs in Operation WIGWAM, Program II, which

was devoted exclusively to this subject: the study of local contamination and

fallout accompanying a deep water burst, and their significance to naval

operations. These studies.and their results are further described in Appendix D,

"WIGWAM Radiological Environment." Most of the material that follows on WIGWAM

Rad-Safe is taken from Reference 4.

2-1
2-1.1 Rad-Safe On-Site Plans.

The general plan for Rad-Safe operations consisted of four main

elements. First, an education and training program was implemented to inform all

participants of potential radiological hazards and of the means available to

avoid them. Second, all sources of contamination were to be identified and

clearly marked so that they would be easily recognizable. Access to them was to

be controlled by physical means such as exclusion zones on ships, monitors, etc.

As part of this latter activity, routine surveys of ships were to be made to

ensure that the participants could identify all inadvertent sources of

contamination. Third, all personnel movements in recovery operations were to be

monitored and controlled as to their proximity to, and time spent in, contaminated

water areas. Radiological instrumentation for ships expected to enter

contaminated areas is shown in Appendix E. Fourth, the dose received by each

participant was controlled and measured by a two-badge photodosimetry system. The

details of how all these tasks were organized and performed, as well as the

reported overall results of the Rad-Safe programs, are the concerns of this

chapter.

2-1.2 Rad-Safe Off-Site Plans.

In addition to the Rad-Safe program for the participants in Operation

WIGWAM, a Rad-Safe program was implemented for off-site areas. This off-site

program consisted first of selecting a suitable site in the ocean. The site

selected ensured that due to the pattern of the water currents, waters which might

be contaminated had to travel thousands of miles before reaching a shoreline, and

that the fish population was too sparse to be commercially interesting.

Oceanographic and sea-life surveys after the shot showed that contamination levels

in the water became insignificant in a few days. No effects were found on sea

life. Monitoring of fish canneries found no evidence of fish contaminated by

WIGWAM. Inasmuch as the responsibility for area monitoring fell within the scope

of Project 0.17, preparations were made to measure fallout activities in the

coastal areas of California. Existing fallout measurement stations were used in

San Francisco and Los Angeles. A fallout monitoring station was established in

San Diego and operated from 1 May to 15 June 1955. During 18-25 May, positive

readings were obtained at the San Diego site. However, these were still a factor

2-2
of 100 below the AEC allowable concentrations. The small amount of airborne

radioactive material associated with WIGWAM, and prevailing wind directions away

from San Diego, make it questionable that this increase was due to WIGWAM.

2-2 RADIATION SAFETY STANDARDS.

The safety criteria for WIGWAM were set by Task Group 7.3 following

guidance from the AEC. These criteria are reproduced in full in Appendix F. The

basic limit for radiation exposure was that whole body dose was not to exceed 3.9

roentgen (R) for the duration of the operation. This was based on the

then-accepted (1949-1956) value of 15R per year or 0.3R per week. (It was assumed

that WIGWAM participants could receive the dose corresponding to one quarter year,

i.e., 13 weeks.) Associated with this overall dose were specific Maximum

Permissible Limits (MPLs) for the parts of the body, clothing and personal

effects, food, water, air, equipment, and materials. Given this list of MPLs, the

Rad-Safe function can be most simply described as monitoring the environment and

each person for the quantities specified by the various MPLs and using the

readings to control personnel activities so as to not exceed the standards.

2-3 ORGANIZATION.

The Commander, Task Group 7.3, was responsible for Radiological Safety,

which was administered through command channels. The Rad-Safe organization,

designated as Project 0.17, was set up to protect personnel from whatever actual

radiological hazards might occur. The mission for this project was defined as

the following:

o Effective training of personnel

o Protection of personnel and equipment

o Evaluation of th$ effectiveness of Rad-Safe training and

radiac equipment .

*See Appendix G where Annex G of the Operation Plan, Commander, Task Group 7.3,

No. l-55, is reproduced in full. Annex G described the Rad-Safe Plan.

2-3
The Task Group Commander assigned basic responsibility for Project 0.17 to the

U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL), whose Health Physics Division

conducted the project. Since personnel requirements for the project far exceeded

those available at NRDL, military and civilian support was requested and

obtained from the Armed Services and from the AEC.*

A Rad-Safe section was established aboard the USS WRIGHT (CVL-49) to

support the operation. Various substations were set up on other ships

to provide direct support for the scientific equipment.

The organization of Project 0.17 personnel is shown in Figure 2-l.

There were four main groups:

o Rad-Safe training

0 Personnel protection

0 Instrumentation

o Dosimetry.

The Personnel Protection Group was further subdivided into three units

that performed Rad-Safe services for several operating units of the Task Group:

o The main Rad-Safe Center for general support

o Rad-Safe services for Programs I and III

o Rad-Safe for Program II.

2-4 RAD-SAFE PROCEDURES AND OPERATIONS.

This section outlines how the essential on-site Rad-Safe functions were

conducted: personnel education, identification of contamination sources, control

of personnel movements, and exposure control by film badge. The source for the

*A roster of the personnel in Project 0.17, taken from Reference 4, is contained

in the separate list of participants.

2-4
d

.

2-5
material summarized below is the report "Radiological Safety for Operation

WIGWAM", Reference 4.

2-4.1 Rad-Safe Education and Training.

In preparation for Operation WIGWAM, Rad-Safe personnel were trained and

indoctrinated. Three courses of instruction were given to selected groups of

personnel as follows:

0 Course I - A 4-week course for training of civilian

shipyard personnel as Rad-Safe monitors

0 Course II - A 3 l/2-day course for indoctrination of

scientific personnel in Rad-Safe principles.

0 Course III - A 5-day course to indoctrinate personnel

from Navy support ships in Rad-Safe principles.

Descriptions of the material covered in these courses, taken from Reference 4, are

given in Appendix H.

In addition to this training, a 182-page training manual,* "Radiation

and Contamination Control," was prepared and distributed to personnel.

2-4.2 Contamination Control.

The nature of the recovery operations was such that it was not feasible

to establish radiation exclusion areas by a prior general monitoring of the area.

A zone system of contamination control was used in cases where practicable. Where

a portion of a deck area of a ship was contaminated, boundaries were set up

surrounding the location and controls established over personnel and equipment

entering and leaving the area. General contamination control measures included

tagging or marking with hazard warning signs, on-the-spot decontamination, or

immediate disposal of contaminated materials.

* This manual has not yet been located.

2-6
On D-day and on subsequent days, aerial surveys showed the general

location and size of the contaminated water area and the radiation levels. These

surveys gave the recovery parties a general idea of the location of the

contaminated water.

The depth of detonation resulted in very little airborne contamination

and, with the prevailing wind blowing away from the task force, only a few

experimental ships were exposed. Continuous and spot air sampling was done from

H-hour to H + 10 to monitor for possible fallout. No traces of fallout were

detected at the air sampling stations aboard the various Task Group support units.

2-4.3 Personnel Movement Control.

Since contamination areas could not be marked except on board ships,

Rad-Safe monitors accompanied work parties and continuously monitored their

activities. This activity is illustrated in a quotation from Reference 4

concerning the Rad-Safe operations on a vessel, the USS CHANTICLEER (ASR-7). In

the quotation, the YFNB units mentioned were covered lighters used in the target

array. One of these, YFNB-13, was positioned at approximately 7,800 feet up the

towline from surface zero, supporting the submerged test vessel, the SQUAW-13,

which simulated a submarine hull.

"Both continuous and spot air sampling was done from

H-hour to H + 10 hr to monitor for possible fallout. No

traces of fallout were detected at the air-sampling stations

aboard the various Task Group support units.

Following the initial helicopter survey which reported

negative readings on all YFNB units of the array, at H + 1 hr

the ASR-7 approached the YFNB-13 and placed a working party

aboard. A Rad-Safe survey confirmed the negative readings

obtained on the helicopter survey. The ASR-7 encountered an

area of contaminated water at about H + 16 hr, when readings

of 95 mrep/hr, including 75 mr/hr* of gamma radiation (20

mrep/hr beta plus 75 mrep/hr gamma), were obtained at a

distance of 6 ft from the water surface. At H t 23 hr the

ship returned to a clean area, and a complete ship monitoring

survey was made.

*The Defense Nuclear Agency now abbreviates mr/hr as mR/h (See "Standards for DNA

Scientific and Technical Reports").

2-7
"The survey disclosed a general background in the engine

room of 15 mr/hr as a result of contamination of the hull and

engine cooling-water space. The engine cooling water

discharge line was contaminated to 120 mr/hr at contact, and

the main deck and topside spaces were contaminated from 2,500

to 25,000 c/m* as a result of the ship's work in a

contaminated water area.

A briefing on the activity levels present, clearance

levels desired, and decontamination methods was given to the

ships' crew by the Project 0.17 representative.

Ship decontamination procedures were initiated by the

ship's crew, with the advice of Rad-Safe personnel, starting

with a salt-water washdown which resulted in a 60 percent

reduction in activity levels. Hand scrubbing with fresh water

and detergent was quite effective in reducing the remaining

deck and horizontal surface contamination to levels less than

100 c/m. Hose, canvas, and wood surfaces which remained

contaminated to levels of 1,000 to 20,000 c/m were segregated

for further natural decay to safe levels.

An activity level of 4,000 c/m average in the interior

spaces was decontaminated to less than 1,000 c/m by means of

fresh water and detergent.

By H + 31 hr the general background in the engine room

had dropped to 4 mr/hr, and the cooling-water discharge line

had dropped to 60 mr/hr at near contact.

During the decontamination operations, a station for the

decontamination of personnel was set up in the crew's head.

All decontamination crews were processed through this station.

All personnel decontamination measures were effective except

for three stubborn cases of hand contamination, maximum level

remaining, 1,200 c/m.+

The ship's captain was advised of the radiological status

of the ship, operating precautions were recommended, and

*c/m = counts per minute, normally abbreviated CPM. The relationship between CPM

and mR/h depends upon the type of radiation and the energy of the radioactive

particle or photon.

+As noted in Appendix F, the maximum permissible activity on the skin was 1,000

CPM. The hand contamination was slightly higher and allowed to decay

naturally.

2-a
Rad-Safe personnel were withdrawn from the ship at H + 55

hr."

2-4.4 Dose Control and Measurement by Film Badge.

A two-badge photodosimetry system was used during Operation WIGWAM. One

badge, known as the operational badge, served as the legally required record for

exposure during the entire period of personnel participation in Operation WIGWAM.

One operational badge was issued to each member of Task Group 7.3. The other

badge, the daily badge, was used for dosage control purposes and was issued each

day to all members of the Task Group who were engaged in sample or equipment

recovery work, or who were otherwise likely to receive any radiation exposure.

Readings of daily badges from the previous day were available so that a decision

could be reached on whether or not an individual could receive any further

exposure.

Rosters of all personnel participating in Operation WIGWAM were prepared

on special forms (Figure 2-2). These forms were used to record the exposures

received during Operation WIGWAM, and also carried information as to the radiation

dose an individual received during the previous calendar year, 1954. The Rad-Safe

section aboard the USS WRIGHT (CVL-49) supported and coordinated the dosimetry

program. Copies of these forms, containing the exposures of WIGWAM participants,

have been located by the Navy NTPR team.

The film used was DuPont film packet 559, which consisted of two

dosimetric films: emulsion No. 502 and emulsion No. 606, which provide

overlapping dose responses ensuring coverage between 0.1 and 600 R.

Operational badges were issued through the administration of each Task

Group ship unit on day D-2. Daily badges were issued to those personnel involved

in post-shot operations.

2-5 OVERALL RESULTS OF WIGWAM RAD-SAFE PROGRAM.

After completing Operation WIGWAM, Task Group 0.17 analyzed the

personnel exposure records from the two sets of badges, operational and daily.

2-9
Date :

From. Commanding Officer,

To: Commanding Officer, U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory

Sub] : Roster of Ships Officers and Men and Radiological Dosages Received.

NAME

Last First M.I.

Rank

or

Rate

Service

Number

Dosage MR

Received

in 1954

lperation

Dosages

1954 and

lperatlon

Dosages

Figure 2-2. Form used to record WIGWAM and previous

radiological dosage record of Dersonnel.

2-10
The results of their analyses are described in the following quotation from

Reference 4.

"The dosages received were much lower than had been

anticipated due to the low levels of contamination which

occurred during the Operation.

Operational badge results indicated 350 positive gamma

exposures (100 mr or greater), average 132 mr and with a maximum of 425 mr [Figure 2-3 shows the distribution of operational badge dosages]. Film-data were read to the nearest

scale utit on a densitometer and were then converted to dosage

values.

Daily badge results indicated 74 positive gamma exposures

(100 mr [gamma] or greater), averaging 159 mr and with a

maximum of 350 mr. [The distribution of daily badge dosages

is plotted in Figure 2-4.1

A total of 318 personnel wore one or more daily film

badges in addition to their operational film badges. A large

portion of these daily badges showed zero indicated exposure,

whereas 288 individuals who did not wear daily badges received

dosages on their operational badges.

No detailed study was made of beta exposures. The

maximum individual beta exposure indicated was of the order of

1,600 mrep. Badge-indicated beta-to-gamma ratios range from

1:l to 3:l. The low contamination experienced during the

operation precluded extensive beta exposures."

References 1 and 4 state that Project 0.17 was eminently successful in

carrying out its mission for Operation WIGWAM. Of the badges issued, only 362

received positive gamma exposures (100 mR or greater) and of those, the maximum

exposure was 425 mR, equal to about one-ninth of the 3.9 R safe limit.

*This procedure provided a capability to measure dose with a resolution of + 40 -

mr, and a threshold of 100 mr.

2-11
200

180

160

140

4 0

2 0

0

130 165 200 240 280 315 350 385 425

DOSE (ml%

Figure 2-3. Distribution of operational film badge doses, WIGWAM.

2-12
200

180

160

8 0

6 0

40

2c

C

I

100 130 165 200 240 280 315 350

DOSE (mR)

Figure 2-4. Distribution of daily film badge doses, WIGWAM.

2-13
2-14
CHAPTER 3

OPERATIONS

3-l INTRODUCTION.

As was pointed out in Chapter 1, Task Unit 7.3.1 was responsible for the

scientific and support programs of Operation WIGWAM. Programs I-III were the

technical projects. Programs IV-VIII were the support projects necessary to

Programs I-III. The primary objectives of Programs I, II and III were:

o To determine the fatal range of a deeply detonated nuclear weapon for

a typical, well-designed, modern submarine

o To determine the pressure-time field in water and in air resulting

from such an explosion

o To determine the safe range for a surface ship in the vicinity of

this detonation

o To determine the fallout and contamination problems resulting from

the explosion.

o To determine the characteristics of any additional phenomena.

This chapter presents a detailed scenario of personnel activities,

project by project, for eventual use in identifying the activities of those DOD

personnel who may have been exposed to radiation. To this end, participation by

scientific personnel is described for each DOD-sponsored project. Where details

of personnel participation are limited, it is because the references are largely

technical reports which, by their nature, do not describe such details.

3-2 TECHNICAL PROJECTS.

The Chief of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project planned an

integrated program of military effects tests, based on continuing study of the

needs of the Armed Forces for data on the effects of nuclear weapons. All these

3-1
DOD programs were closely related through the overall DOD objective of improving

nuclear warfare capabilities. Table 3-l lists the Operation WIGWAM Technical

Projects and the section of Chapter 3 in which the project is described. More

detailed summaries of them are provided in Appendix I. The Support Projects are

briefly described in Section 3-3.

3-2.1 Program I - Free-Field Measurements.

The free-field measurement program investigated water shock wave and

surface pressure phenomena associated with a deep-water nuclear burst. The

program included projects conducted by the U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL)

examining underwater explosion phenomena (Project l.l), underwater free-field

pressures in the immediate target area (Project 1.2), phenomena associated with

the explosion bubble (Project 1.4), and photographic measurements of surface

phenomena (Project 1.5). The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), the Navy

Electronics Laboratory (NEL), and the Office of Naval Research (ONR) investigated

free-field pressures at station zero (Project 1.2.1), underwater free-field

pressures (Project 1.3), and underwater optical phenomena (Project 1.6),

respectively.

3-2.2 Program II - Radiological and Oceanographic.

Program II studied the radioactive products of the nuclear burst, the

distribution and movement of such products in water and air, and determined the

hazards to personnel aboard vessels traversing the contaminated area. The Scripps

Institution of Oceanography (SIO) made radiochemical analyses and yield

determinations of early water samples (Project 2.1), studied the effects of the

nuclear detonation on marine life (Project 2.5), the mechanism and extent of the

dispersion of radioactive products in water (Project 2.6, Parts 1 and 2), the

radiological techniques and instruments used for the WIGWAM oceanographic survey

(Project 2.6, Part 3), the subsurface configuration of the array (Project 2.8,

Part l), the physical oceanography of the test area (Project 2.8, Part 2), and

water wave secondary effects (Project 2.9). The Naval Research Laboratory

conducted a radiochemical analysis of WIGWAM debris (Project 2.2). The U.S. Naval

3-2
Projects

Project 1.1

Project 1.2

Project 1.2.1

Project 1.3

Project 1.4

Project 1.5

Project 1.6

Table 3-l. Operation WIGWAM Technical Projects.

Program I: Free-Field Measurements

Title

Predictions of Underwater

Explosion Phenomena

Underwater Free-Field

Pressures to Just Beyond

Target Locations

Free-Field Pressures,

Station Zero

Underwater Free-Field

Pressure Measurements

Bubble Phenomena

Photographic Measurements

of Surface Phenomena

Underwater Optical

Measurements

Sponsor

NOL

NOL

NRL

NEL

NOL

NOL

ONR

Section

3-2.1

3-2.1

3-2.1

3-2.1

3-2.1

3-2.1

3-2.1

3-3
Projects

Project 2.1

Project 2.2

Project 2.3

Project 2.4

Project 2.5

Project 2.6

(Part 1)

WIGWAM Technical Projects

(Continued)

Program I I: Radiological and Oceanographic

Title Sponsor Section

Co1 lection of Early

Water Samples for

Radiochemical

Analysis and Yield

Determination

Radiochemical Analysis

of WIGWAM Debris

Radiochemical and Physical

Chemical Properties of

Products of a Deep Underwater Nuclear Detonation

Determination of

Radiological Hazard

to Personnel

Effects of Nuclear

Explosion on Marine

Biology

Mechanism and Extent of

the Early Dispersion of

Radioactive Products in

Water

SIO 3-2.2

NRL 3-2.2

NRDL 3-2.2

NRDL

SIO

SIO

3-2.2

3-2.2

3-2.2

3-4
Projects

Project 2.6

(Part 2)

Project 2.6

(Part 3)

Project 2.7

Project 2.8 Subsurface Configuration SIO

(Part 1) of the Array

Project 2.8

(Part 2)

Project 2.9

Title

Mechan ism and Extent

of the Dispersion of

Fission Products by

Oceanographic Processes,

and Locating and Measuring

Surface and Underwater

Contamination

WIGWAM Technical Projects

(Continued)

Sponsor

SIO

Radiological Techniques SIO

and Instruments Used for

the Oceanographic Survey on

Operation WIGWAM

Fallout and Airborne

Activity in Operation

WIGWAM, with Notes on

Surface Effects

NRDL

Physical Oceanography of

the Test Area

SIO

Measurement of Secondary

Effects: Water Waves

SIO

Section

3-2.2

3-2.2

3-2.2

3-2.2

3-2.2

3-2.2

3-5
Projects

Project 3.1

Project 3.2

(Part 1)

Project 3.4

Project 3.6

WIGWAM Technical Projects

(Continued)

Program III: Target Response

Title Sponsor

Lethal Range of WIGWAM

Targets Based on Hull

Response and Applied

Pressure Measurements

Hull Response and Shock

Motion--Background,

Instrumentation, and

Test Results

Project 3.2

(Part 2)

Hull Response and Shock

Motion--Discussion and

Analysis

Project 3.2.1 Shock Motion of YFNB

Targets

Project 3.3 Vibration Characteristics

of Certain Items on SQUAW29, YFNB-29, and PAPOOSE C

Response of SQUAW Targets

from High-Speed Motion

Pictures of Interior

Depth, Trim, Heading, and

Flooding of WIGWAM Targets

DTMB 3-2.3

DTMB 3-2.3

DTMB 3-2.3

NRL 3-2.3

DTMB 3-2.3

DTMB 3-2.3

DTMB 3-2.3

Section

3-6
Projects

Project 3.8

Project 3.9

WIGWAM Technical Projects

(Continued)

Title Sponsor

Design and Construction of LBNS

WIGWAM Targets

Modification and Outfitting of Instrument

Barges

NEL

Section

3-2.3

3-2.3

3-7
Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL) investigated radiochemical and physical

chemical properties of products of a deep underwater nuclear explosion, (Project

2.3), the potential radiological hazard to personnel (Project 2.4), and fallout

and airborne activity (Project 2.7).

3-2.3 Program III - Target Response.

This program examined the effects of the shock wave on submerged targets

and on instrument barges. The David Taylor Model Basin (DTMB) was responsible for

the majority of target response projects. DTMB experiments were designed to study

the lethal range of WIGWAM targets (Project 3.1), hull response and shock motion

(Project 3.2, Parts 1 and 2), vibration characteristics of certain items on

various targets and instrument barges (Project 3.3), the response of submerged

targets (Project 3.4), and the depth, trim, heading, and flooding of WIGWAM

targets (Project 3.6). An NRL project (Project 3.2.1) measured the shock motion

of target barges. The Long Beach Naval Shipyard (LBNS) designed and built the

WIGWAM targets (Project 3.8), and NEL supervised the modification and outfitting

of instrument barges (Project 3.9).

3-3 SUPPORT PROJECTS.

3-3.1 Program IV - Weapon Characteristics.

Program IV consisted of 5 projects; 4.1 through 4.5. In summary, the

objectives of Program IV were: to provide a bomb case and support suitable for

the intended underwater use; to procure, assemble, and arm the required weapon; to

make measurements of bomb yield by radiochemical and shock wave measurements; and,

finally, to measure air pressures caused by the underwater explosion at the

surface and at altitudes of a few thousand feet. A description of each project is

included in Appendix I.

3-3.2 Program V - Timing and Firing (Reference 8)

Program V consisted of a single project which was to provide, install,

and operate a timing and firing system for the weapon and for the various

scientific experiments.

3-8
The system worked well in all functions. All users reported 100 percent

reception of time signals.

No recovery operations were required in this program.

3-3.3 Program VI - Photographic Services for Operation WIGWAM (Reference 9)

This program provided photographic support for the Operation.

Activities included filming subject matter of operational, documentary,

historical, and technical or scientific interest. Films and scripts were

prepared, as required, by the various groups which used the program.

3-3.4 Program VII - Radiological Support Element (References 2 and 3)

This program is described in the planning documents for WIGWAM as being

the transit of the surface zero area shortly after shot time with suitably

equipped, remotely controlled survey ships. These ships were intended to measure

the contamination as to amount and extent at the earliest times. The plans for

remote control of the ships were not used. Instead, the ships (the YAGs

39 and 40) were equipped with well-shielded control rooms for the crew. The

operations of these manned YAGs are described in Appendix D. The requisite

contamination data were obtained in these YAG operations.

3-3.5 Program VIII - Oceanographic Support Element (References 2 and 3)

Program VIII’s purpose was to conduct oceanographic investigations prior

to, during, and subsequent to Operation WIGWAM. In the planning phases of

Operation WIGWAM, four possible sites were investigated prior to selection of the

area about 500 miles southwest of San Diego. Aspects of this area which made it

favorable for a deep underwater shot were mainly that ocean currents were such

that contaminated water would travel thousands of miles before touching a

shoreline, the fish population was too sparse to be commercially interesting, and

shipping was sparse.

After the shot, surveillance of contaminated water and study of sea life

continued. This work is reported as part of Program II (see Section 3-2.2).

3-9
3-10
CHAPTER 4

PERSONNEL EXPOSURES AT WIGWAM

4-l INTRODUCTION.

The preceding chapters describe the participants, operations, and

radiological safety activities at Operation WIGWAM. This chapter will, first of

all, identify the principal units which had opportunity -- and those that did not

have the opportunity -- for exposure to ionizing radiation. This chapter will

also evaluate the extent to which these units were exposed.

4-2 BEFORE THE DETONATION.

Prior to the detonation of the nuclear device, no joint task force

personnel were exposed to ionizing radiation. The area selected for the test was

located away from previous test areas in the Pacific Ocean, and there was no

opportunity for predetonation exposure. By contrast, testing at the Nevada Test

Site, Enewetak and Bikini generally involved test preparation activity requiring

some proximity to old and decayed contaminated areas.

4-3 AT DETONATION TIME.

At detonation time, all units were deployed as shown in Figure 1-5. The

entire task force was heading north, into the wind. The closest ships were 5

miles from the point of detonation. Due to the depth of the detonation point and

the short ranges of prompt neutrons and gamma rays in water (on the order of a

meter or less) there was no prompt radiation exposure to personnel during WIGWAM.

4-4 AFTER THE DETONATION.

4-4.1 Upwind Units.

Most ships were upwind of the detonation and remained there during the

post-detonation phase. These ships had no opportunity for exposure to ionizing

radiation.

4-1
4-4.2 Downwind Units.

Some few ships involved with experimental programs did have opportunity

for small exposures subsequent to the detonation, either from downwind fallout or

from contaminated seawater.

4-4.2.1 Ships Exposed to Downwind Fallout.

The ships located downwind, as shown in Figure 1-5, were the YAG-39 and

YAG-40. These converted liberty ships were originally to be remotely controlled.

However, at WIGWAM, well-shielded control rooms were provided for the crews.

These ships were exposed to the airborne radiological environment as described in

Appendix D, WIGWAM Radiological Environment. At H-hour the operating crews and

project personnel were assembled on the flight deck. After the surface phenomena

were observed, and before the arrival of the fallout, all personnel moved to the

shielded control rooms. Automatic, remotely controlled decontamination systems

reduced deck contamination to acceptable levels before selected personnel resumed

duties on deck. A detailed description of YAG-39 and YAG-40 activities, including

their tracks through the contaminated water areas, are found in Appendix D. Due

to damage to its boiler system from the immediate shock wave, the YAG-39 remained

outside the contaminated area from approximately H + 45 minutes until H + 5 3/4

hours. Because of the shielding afforded operating personnel in the Secondary

Control Room and because of the Rad-Safe procedures employed, the dosage received

by personnel on YAG-39 and YAG-40 during the entire operation was very low

(Reference 6).

4-4.2.2 Ships Exposed to Contaminated Seawater.

In order to track and measure the pool of contaminated water, some ships

were operated in the area during a lo-day period after detonation. It can be seen

from the ships' tracks in Appendix D that YAG-39 traversed the contaminated area

on both D-Day and D+l while YAG-40 traversed the contaminated area from D-Day to

D+3; however, the principal tracking vessels were from Scripps Institution of

Oceanography: M/V Horizon, M/V Baird, and T-Boat. Baird was principally sampling

organisms and T-Boat had only a limited capability. Therefore, the burden for the

4-2
radiological survey fell upon M/V Horizon. Results of these activities are shown

in Appendix D. Navy craft in the boat pool and the towing and salvage task

element also entered radioactive water to recover experimentation and to salvage

portions of the test array.

4-5 STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION OF RADIOLOGICAL EXPOSURES.

Research and records indicate that all WIGWAM participants were issued

film badges and those whose activities might bring them into radiation exposure

areas wore additional "daily" badges. Approximately 3.4 percent of the badge data

were not recovered, principally because of damaged or lost film badges. Exposures

less than O.lOOR* were considered to be zero because the WIGWAM Rad-Safe Team used

this as a detection threshold to allow for the uncertainties involved in measurements of exposure by photographic film under field conditions. Table 4-l displays

the exposure distribution of the combined WIGWAM participants and also participants on selected ships of interest: YAG-39, YAG-40, M/V Horizon, Boat Pool,

ships from the towing and salvage task element, and the USS WRIGHT (Rad-Safe

section). The Horizon listing includes operating personnel and SIO personnel

participating in experimentation. Exposures for all personnel at WIGWAM are

summarized by category in Appendix J.

TABLE 4-l WIGWAM Exoosures

Exposure Category (R)

Number of Dos1metry Zero

Badges ___-Unavailable Exposure .lO'l-.165 280 .200- .315-.385 425

All WIr,WAI*I 6,732 229 6,141 329 19 1 3 1t

YAG-39 49 1 42 6 0 0 0

YAG-40 48 0 47 1 0 0 0

M/V Horlzon/SlO 59 10 18 27 2 2 0

Boat Pool 230 18 181 30 1 0 0

USS CHANTICLEER(ARS-7) 96 0 15 80 1 0 0

USS TAWASA(ATF-92) 73 0 35 36 2 0 0

USS BOLSTER(ARS-38) 91 0 65 24 1 0 0

USS WRIGHT(CVL-49) 974 45 839 36 0 0 0

* The data in this chapter are extracted from records of the Naval Radlologlcal Defense

Laboratory, NRDL (now a dlsestabllshed facility).

and therefore are expressed in roentgen (R).

These records are exposure data

To express these data as dose, the

radlatlon-unit relation discussed In Appendix C must be used.

t The highest exposure was received by a member of the awation support provided by

NAS, San Dlego

4-3
The information presented in Figures 4-l and 4-2 compares WIGWAM exposures with

participant exposures at all oceanic testing sites (1946-1962) and all tests in

the continental U.S. (1945-1962).

OCEANIC TESTING

(1946-1962)

over 5

EXPOSURE RANGE (R)

WIGWAM

no exposures over .425 R

EXPOSURE RANGE (RI

Figure A-1. Exposure distribution, Oceanic Testlna (1946-1962)

comoared to NIGWAEI.

4-4
CONTINENTAL TESTING

(1945-1962)

Zero over 5

EXPOSURE RANGE (RI

WIGWAM

no exposures over .425 R

Zero o-1

EXPOSURE RANGE (RI

Fiqure 4-2. Exposure distribution, Continental Testing, (1945-1962)

compared to VIGVAM.

These few statistical comparisons graphically illustrate that WIGWAM exposures

were considerably below those experienced elsewhere in the testing program. The

average exposure for the 362 WIGWAM individuals with non-zero exposures was 0.129

R, which is about the average annual exposure to naturally occurring background

radiation in the United States.

4-5
4-6. INTERNAL INHALATION RADIATION DOSES.

Because of the Rad-Safe organization and protective systems, the

probability of the participants receiving an internal radiation exposure was

limited to two instances. These instances occurred in the downwind direction on

the YAG-40 and the M/V Horizon.

From Reference 4 it appears that the maximum level of beta and gamma

airborne contamination recorded, 3~10~~ microcuries per cubic centimeter

(CKi/cm3), was measured by the YAG-40 between H and H + 1 hour and at roughly

the same time the Horizon recorded a value of 2x10'8 pCi/cm3.

Because WIGWAM was a deep underwater shot, the activity was extremely

fractionated and its downwind distribution was limited to the base surge. It was

estimated that most of the activity remained in the water patch and only a small

amount of activity was entrained in the base surge. This amount of activity was

composed mainly of the gaseous fission products of which iodine is the most

abundant element and 1131 is one radioisotope. Therefore, to be conservative in our estimate of inhalation hazard, the Maximum Permissible Concentration

(MPC) of 1131 for inhalation will be used in the calculations. The MPC air

for 1131 based on continuous occupational exposure is 4x10-9 @i/ml.*

Other factors for consideration are the maximum l-hour cloud passage over (stay

timej the ships in the base surge (Reference 12) and the degree of protection

afforded the participants. In the case of the YAG-40, all participants were in a

shielded compartment with a filtered air supply. Therefore, the inhalation

concentration activity would have been considerably below the maximum reported

value of 3x10-8@i/cm3 because of filter efficiency, and even at this value,

the inhaled activity would have been, at most, comparable to the allowable daily

8-hour occupational exposure.

* Reference ERDA MC 0524.

4-6
The estimated maximum value of inhaled activity is:

Max Activity = B x At x C = .025 PCi

where B = breathing rate of standard man

= 8.3 x lo5 cm3/hr (ref H)

At = 1 hr (ref 12)

C = 3 x 10m8 pCi/cm3 (ref 4)

MPBB* 1131 - 0.7 lcCi/body

This is a factor of 100 higher than could have been received. When

factors such as retention are considered, it can be seen that the inhalation

hazard was below the MPBB.

*MPBB = Maximum Permissible Body Burden, per ICRP recommendations.

4-7
4-8
CHAPTER 5

PERSONNEL DATA BASE

5-l INTRODUCTION.

The Director of the Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) was tasked in an

Assistant Secretary of Defense memorandum dated 28 January 1978 to compile a

census of individuals who participated in atmospheric nuclear weapons tests

between 1945-1962 and their corresponding exposures. Specifically, one of the

tasks was to "assemble a census of personnel . . . identify their location,

movements, protection, and radiation dose exposure." (Appendix A)

Radiological safety and activities are discussed by unit in Chapters 2

and 3, respectively. A separate volume, the Operation WIGWAM Roster of DOD

Participants, contains information on individuals and may be released only under

the provisions of the Privacy Act. This chapter discusses the format of the

Nuclear Test Personnel Review (NTPR) Roster of DOD Participants and describes both

the sources of information and the methodology used during data collection.

5-2 DESCRIPTION OF NTPR ROSTER OF DOD PARTICIPANTS.

The NTPR Roster of DOD Participants is designed to meet the needs of

individual participants, the scientific community, DOD, and other Government

organizations. Corrections or changes to the Roster are maintained by DNA

Headquarters. The Roster contains, to the extent obtainable, a census of

participants and their associated radiation exposure data which have been verified

by the military department or agency responsible for that participation. The data

may be periodically extended as new information is discovered.

The personnel identification elements and radiation exposure elements of

the Roster, developed by numerous Government organizations after extensive review,

are indicated in Table 5-l. In order to provide a thorough, coherent effort,

provision was made for many data elements, though not all elements were assured an

input. Some data elements are self-explanatory, but others are necessary to

5-l
Table 5-l. NTPR Roster Data Elements.*

NTPR ROSTER DATA ELEMENTS*

IDENTIFICATION DATA

LAST NAME

FIRST NAME

MIDDLE NAME

SOCIAL SECURITY NO.(S)

DATE OF BIRTH

SERVICE SERIAL NO.(S)

PARTICIPATION DATA

SERIES

EVENT

SERVICE (OR OTHER AFFILIATION)

RANK

UNIT

MULTIPLE SERIES DESIGNATION

RADIATION DATA

DATE OF ARRIVAL AT TEST SITE

DATE OF DEPARTURE FROM TEST SITE

GAMMA EXPOSURE

BETA EXPOSURE

FAST NEUTRON EXPOSURE

THERMAL NEUTRON EXPOSURE

B I OASSAY DATA

NARRATIVE

SOURCE DATA

FOR EACH DATA ELEMENT

*These elements WIII be Included as avallable.

5-2
accommodate specific circumstances. The major categories of the elements can be

generally described as follows:

o Identification data which include a complete spelling of surname,

first and middle names when known, date of birth, room for two social

security numbers in the case of conflicting numbers which cannot be

resolved, and room for up to four service serial numbers in event of

change in status, etc.

o Participation data which contain information on the individual's

service or other affiliations, unit and rank at the time of test

series, event, and a key to denote participation in more than one

series. (Those individuals participating in more than one series

have a complete record for each of the series.)

o Radiation data which contain the radiation exposure received along

with information regarding the period of exposure, and any bioassay

data including comments and narrative data as well as various assay

results. Radiation dose includes gamma, beta, fast neutron, and

thermal neutron dose information. (See Appendix C for radiation

type, description, and the units of measurement.)

o Source data which describe in code the sources of information for

each data element appearing in the above three categories of the

record. In the case of radiation data, these codes also include a

notation to indicate exposures which are estimated or calculated

rather than measured by film badge, etc. These sources are described

in Section 5-3.

Using the data elements described above, the structure of the Roster

incorporates the following four methods of data organization which have been

organized according to the expected condition of data available.

0 Series - The series record tape reflects accumulated radiation data

covering the individual's entire involvement in that series.

o Shot - The shot record reflects the radiation data when it was

possible to determine an individual's participation in a shot and to

associate a discrete exposure to that shot.

o Exposure Reading - The exposure reading record reflected the most

discrete exposure information available by research. In some cases,

the reading may contain a series summary as reported by REECo while

other records may reflect individual badge readings. The sum of

individually recorded exposures should equal the exposure reported in

the summary record for the series; it may not, however, if all

individual exposures have not been recorded.

5-3
o Bioassay - This record indicates sources of radiation exposure other

than external. If bioassay studies were conducted, the sources were

reflected in urine or blood analysis and fall into generic or

specific categories.

If bioassay data existed for a participant, a bioassay record was

created.

Each participant is represented by all available data. Thus, representation begins with series summary data and is followed by event, exposure, and

bioassay data, if any. If an individual participated in more than one series,

there are indicators directing the researcher to a new series record. Individuals

who participated sometime during a series, but who could not be identified with a

specific event or for whom an event exposure could not be determined, have a

series record without any associated event record.

5-3 DATA SOURCES.

Basically, the NTPR Roster of DOD Participants maintains information

which pertains to:

o Identification data

o Exposure data.

To develop this Roster, the Services obtained information from a number of

sources. Primary sources of data input follow:

1. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory.

NRDL was located in San Francisco. NRDL processed and stored film badge

records, and was a principal source of dosimetry data. When NRDL was disestablished in 1969, records were sent to the GSA repository in San Bruno, California.

2. Reynolds E lectr ical and Engineering Company.

REECo in Las Vegas maintains a master file of dosimetry data for the

Department of Energy. Most of these data are either on microfilm, or on yearly

5-4
summarized computer tapes which are indexed for retrieval, or REECo has

incorporated NRDL's dose records into the master file.

3. General Public.

Information from the general public contributed to the identification of

participants. Starting in February 1978, the public was invited, via repeated

media announcements, to call in by toll-free telephone to the Defense Nuclear

Agency describing their participation in nuclear tests. Over 40,000 responses

have been received. The public has provided identification information but not

exposure data.

4 . The General Services Administration.

Medical records and personnel records maintained in storage by GSA have

been used as a source for identification of individuals and for dose information.

GSA operates the National Personnel Records Center (NPRC), located in St. Louis,

Missouri, which is the main repository for medical and personnel records of

individuals separated from the Armed Services. The determination of exposure and

dose information from Army medical records was hampered by the fact that, in July

1973, a fire at NPRC destroyed some 13 to 17 million records - about 80 percent of

the medical records for Army personnel discharged between 1 November 1912 and 31

December 1959, and for Army Air Corps/Air Force personnel discharged between 31

December 1947 and 31 December 1963. The GSA also operates records storage

facilities which provided some operational data, principally supporting

identification information with only limited dose information. A few of these

repositories are listed below:

o Laguna Niguel, California

o San Bruno, California

o Suitland, Maryland.

5. The Veteran's Administration.

The VA is a source of some exposure or dose information, in that it

maintains on file copies or originals of medical and/or personnel records for

5-5
personnel separated from the Services. These records are required to substantiate

an individual's eligibility for medical or dental care, as well as any disability

compensation claims and other authorized veteran benefits. The VA gets its files

from the NPRC in St. Louis and only retains an individual's file while a case is

under consideration. However, the VA does maintain a master computer file, BIRLS,

which can provide information on cases previously considered.

6. DOD Nuclear Information and Analysis Center.

DASIAC (formerly Defense Atomic Support Information and Analysis Center)

provided information relative to identification of individuals and military units

by identifying and reviewing a large body of reports available or listed in a

bibliographic data base.

7. Official Reports.

Some personnel identification and exposure information is contained in

the following official reports written relative to Operation WIGWAM.

0 Scientific Director‘s Summary Report provides some

generalized information on the number of participants, but

no specific data relative to exposure

o Commander, Test Group 7.3, "Operation Plan l-55" provided

operation data and some generalized exposure data but no

delineation of exposure by individual.

o The NRDL Rad-Safe Report provides some exposure information

but no individual identification of exposure data. The

source includes ocean contours, residual radiation

measurements, and some non-specific identification data.

o Weapon Test reports (WT's) provide detailed information

about the radiological hazards to personnel on board ships

traversing a zone of water contaminated by a subsurface

nuclear detonation. The information was developed through

consideration of the size, shape, location, and radiat i

characteristics of the contaminated areas as a function

time. The reports include some exposure data, but prov

no specific identification information.

i

o n

o f

de

o The AFSWP Operational report provides summaries wh i c h

highlight AFSWP participation. Some exposure data are

included but no specific identification information is

available.

5-6
The sources described above provide information of general applicability

to the DOD participants in Operation WIGWAM. In addition, the Armed Services have

specific sources, applicable to their particular branch:

Morning reports, unit diaries, muster rolls, and daily

ships' deck logs. Those sources provide identification

data on personnel assigned to participating units, absent

from their home unit, or in transient status for the

purpose of participating in a nuclear weapons test.

I

Official travel or reassignment orders provide further

identification information relative to transient or

assigned personnel participating in the nuclear weapons

tests.

Discharge records are maintained by all services and aid in

identification.

Military personnel records for individuals still on active

duty provide information relative to those individuals'

assignments to participating units or attendance in

transient status at the nuclear weapons test.

Medical records for active duty personnel provide exposure

or dose information in some cases.

Each service also has Adjutant General personnel concerned

not only with the administration of the services but also

with the maintenance of records and the preservation of

unit histories for units throughout that service.

After action reports, security rosters, and vehicle loading

rosters related to the military exercises provide

identification information on participants.

The Services reserve personnel activities provide both

identification information on participants, who may still

be carried on active or inactive reserve roles, and

exposure or dose information from medical records of those

individuals.

Table 5-2 summarizes NTPR data sources which relate to the identification of personnel and the determination of dose.

5-7
Table 5-2. Data Sources in NTPR Roster of DOD Participants.

SOURCE IDENTIFICATION DATA

NRDL X

REECo X

Public X

GSA Repositories

-Personnel Records (Separated) X

DOSE DATA

X

X

-Medical Records (Separated)

VA

DASIAC

Armed Services

X

-Morning Reports, Diaries, Muster X

Rolls,-Deck Logs

-Orders

-Discharge Records

-Personnel Records (Active duty)

-Medical Records (Active duty)

-Administrative Service

-Weapons Test Reports, Rosters

-Reserve Affairs

Other Sources

-Internal Revenue Service

-Federal Bureau of Investigation

-Department of Energy

X

X

X

X

5-8
5-4 REPORTED PERSONNEL PARTICIPATION AT WIGWAM.

Participation of DOD military and civilian personnel in Operation WIGWAM

is summarized in Table 5-3. The listing of personnel by assigned unit contains

the names of persons as reflected by records originally maintained by NRDL.

5-5 SUMMARIES OF PERSONNEL EXPOSURE DATA.

Appropriate statistical summaries of the WIGWAM census personnel

exposure data are being published in a supplemental volume.

Table 5-3. WIGWAM participants.

TASK NUMBER OF

UNIT FUNCTION PERSONNEL

7.3.0 FLAGSHIP

7.3.1 SCIENTIFIC

7.3.2 CARRIER AIR

SUPPORT

7.3.3 SURFACE

PATROL

7.3.4 SURFACE

SUPPORT

7.3.5 LAND BASED

AIR SUPPORT

Command and Control; Visitors/Observers

Weapon preparation, detonation, effects

measurement; environmental surveys;

radiological safety.

Air search and rescue; antisubmarine

patrol; control of air space in operational area; sampling, survey, helicopter lift, as required.

Surface search and rescue; escort duty;

antisubmarine patrols.

Transport, towing; wire recovery;

rigging and salvage; small boat pool

Air patrol; photography, sample

collection; surveys.

1,171

622

1,067

2,128

1,539

1 7

TOTAL* 6,544

*Includes 447 participants associated with various agencies (Table l-l) plus 6,097

participants operating the ships as listed in Appendix B.

5-9
5-10
APPENDIX A

28 January 1978

MEMORANDUM FOR THE DIRECTOR, DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY

SUBJECT: DOD Personnel Participation in Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Testing

The Defense Nuclear Agency is designated as the DOD executive agency for all

matters pertaining to the participation of DOD personnel in the atmospheric

nuclear weapons test program.

As the executive agency, you are responsible for accomplishing the following

specific tasks and for any others that may develop:

--Develop a history of every atmospheric nuclear event that involved DOD

personnel

--Identify the radiation monitoring control policies, procedures, and

requirements that were in effect

--Assemble a census of personnel at each event. Identify their location,

movements, protection, and radiation dose exposure

--Make this information available for scientific review and appraisal

--Handle public affairs matters in cooperation with the office of the

Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs)

--Handle Congressional Affairs matters in coordination with the Office of

the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Legislative Affairs

For matters pertaining to this assignment you are authorized to:

--Conduct direct liaison with other government departments and agencies

--Task the Military Departments and other elements and components of the

DOD

Please provide this office progress reports on a monthly or more frequent basis.

Assistant Secretary of Defense

Manpower, Reserve Affairs and Logistics A-3

A-l
A-2
APPENDIX B

WIGWAM SHIPS, AIR UNITS AND STAFF ELEMENTS

Number of

Participants

Flagship Unit

USS MT. MCKINLEY (AGC-7) Amphibious Force Flagship

USS CURTISS (AV-4) Seaplane Tender

Scientific Unit

USS GEORGE EASTMAN (YAG-39) Converted Liberty Ship

USS GRANVILLE S. HALL (YAG-40) Converted Liberty Ship

USS MOLALA (ATF-106) Fleet Ocean Tug

M/V Horizon (Converted ATF) Ocean Tug (Scripps)

M/V Spencer F. Baird (Scripps)

M/V Paolina-T (Converted ATA) Auxiliary Ocean Tug (Scripps)

M/V T-Boat (Scripps)

Surface Patrol Unit

USS BLUE (DD-744) Destroyer 266

USS ALFRED A. CUNNINGHAM (DD-752) Destroyer 268

USS FRANK E. EVANS (DD-754) Destroyer 269

USS MCKEAN (DDR-784) Radar Picket Destroyer 256

USS WALKE (DD-723) Destroyer 261

USS O'BRIEN (DD-725) Destroyer 285

USS HARRY E. HUBBARD (DD-748) Destroyer 258

USS ERNEST G. SMALL (DDR-838) Radar Picket Destroyer 265

Carrier Air Support Unit

USS WRIGHT (CVL-49) Small Aircraft Carrier

Air Units: HMR-362 (Marine HRS-3 Helicopters)

VS-21 (AF-2S Aircraft)

VC-35 (AD-5N Aircraft)

552

573

1,125

48

48

7 6

1 8

16

5

1 0

221

2,128

974

49

2 6

1 8

1,067

B-l
APPENDIX B

WIGWAM SHIPS, AIR UNITS AND STAFF ELEMENTS

(Continued)

Number of

Participants

Surface Support Unit

USS MOCTOBI (ATF-105) Fleet Ocean Tug

USS CHANTICLEER (ASR-7) Submarine Rescue Ship

YFNB-13, SQUAW-13. YFNB-Large Covered Lighter

USS HITCHITI (ATF-103) Fleet Ocean Tug

USS BOLSTER (ARS-38) Submarine Rescue Ship

YFNB-12, SQUAW-12. YFNB-see above

USS TAWASA (ATF-92) Fleet Ocean Tug

YC-473 (Open Lighter, Weapons Barge)

USS CREE (ATF-84) Fleet Ocean Tug

USS RECLAIMER (ARS-42) Submarine Rescue Ship

YFNB-29, SQUAW 29. YFNB-see above

USS FT. MARION (LSD-22) Landing Ship, Dock

USS COMSTOCK (LSD-19) Landing Ship, Dock

USS MARION COUNTY (LST-975) Landing Ship, Tank

USS MORGAN COUNTY (LST-1048) Landing Ship, Tank

USS BUTTERNUT (AN-g) Net Laying Ship

25-LCM's Landing Craft, Mechanized

4-XLCM's Landing Craft, Mechanized

Land-Based Air Support

FASRON-110 (P4Y Aircraft)

137th Mapping and Charting Squadron (USAF) (RB-50 Aircraft)

4901 Air Base Wing (USAF) (C-54 Aircraft)

Staff Elements

Commander Destroyer Squadron 13 and Staff

Commander Tug Squadron ONE and Staff

6 9

9 6

Unmanned

7 6

91

Unmanned

7 3

Unmanned

6 8

7 8

Unmanned

279

241

100

9 6

42

230 (total)

1,539

2

1 5

17

Included in surface patrol unit

Included in surface support unit

*Does not include personnel in Table l-l.

OVERALL TOTAL* 6,097

B-2
APPENDIX C

CONCEPTS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION

C-l INTRODUCTION.

This appendix reviews the basic facts about nuclear radioactivity and

radiation, and their production by nuclear weapons. In addition, it notes the

biological effects of these radiations and outlines briefly the development of

radiation safety criteria which have been set up to protect humans from the

hazards of radiation. Thus, this appendix serves as an introduction to Chapter 2,

which describes the specific radiological safety (Rad-Safe) activities,

procedures, safety criteria, etc., that were implemented in Operation WIGWAM for

the protection of all participants.

c-2 TYPES OF RADIATION.

It is well known that all matter in its great variety of forms is

composed of various proportions of a relatively small number of basic

constituents known as the elements.* The smallest part of an element that can

exist while retaining the characteristics of that element is called an atom.

In the simplest model, all atoms are composed of combinations of only

three types of elementary particles: the proton, the neutron, and the electron.

The proton and neutron are about the same mass, which is some 2,000 times greater

than the mass of the electron. The proton has a positive unit electrical charge,

the electron a negative unit electrical charge, and the neutron, as its name

implies, is electrically neutral. The protons and neutrons, collectively referred

to as the nucleons, make up what is called the nucleus of the atom. The nucleus is

the small central core where most of the mass of the atom is concentrated. The

*For more detail than the brief summary given here, see any text on elementary

nuclear physics such as Reference 11.

C-l
APPENDIX C

CONCEPTS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION

(Continued)

electrons move around this core. Hydrogen, element 1 and the lightest of the

naturally occurring elements, has one proton as its nucleus and one electron

revolves around it. Like all atoms, this atom as a whole is electrically neutral.

If a neutron is added to the hydrogen nucleus, the outcome is an atom of deuterium,

or "heavy hydrogen." Deuterium is an "isotope" of hydrogen; that is, its nucleus

has the same number of protons as the nucleus of hydrogen, but a different number

of neutrons. By adding more protons and neutrons to the nucleus and more electrons

in orbits, heavier and heavier atoms are built. Eventually, the last naturally

occurring element (uranium, element 92) is reached. It has a nucleus of 92 protons

and 146 neutrons, and 92 electrons circulating in a cloud of orbits around the

nucleus. In effect, the resulting array of different kinds of atoms is a concise

picture of all the different elements. It has several interesting properties.

The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (symbol

Z) of that nucleus or element. The number of protons, Z, plus the number of

neutrons, N, is called the atomic weight* (symbol A). Thus Z + N = A. The number

of elements corresponds to the number of different values for Z; that is, the

series 1, 2, 3, . . ., 92. For a particular value of Z only one or a few values

of N give stable nuclei that occur in nature. Thus, for Z = 1 (one proton,

hydrogen), only two values of N (no neutron or only one neutron) are naturally

stable. Thus, another combination, Z = 1 and N = 2, is not naturally stable. It

is a form of hydrogen called tritium which is unstable; that is, it is radioactive.

This means that it gradually decays (half-life about 12.5 years+) by converting

*Also referred to as the number of nucleons.

tThe half-life of a given radioactive isotope is the time in which the activity

of the isotope is reduced by one half.

c-2
APPENDIX C

CONCEPTS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION

(Continued)

one of its neutrons into a proton and emitting an electron. In this instance, the

electron is called a beta particle or a beta ray to differentiate it from the

orbital electrons. It flies away from the atom with relatively high energy. The

beta particle leaves behind a nucleus with an atomic number of 2, one neutron, and

an atomic weight of 3 (Z + N = A). The outcome is helium 3, a stable isotope of

helium.

Most of the naturally occurring elements have several stable isotopes.

At the heavy end of the series of the 9.2 elements, it has been found that beyond

bismuth (Z = 83) there are no stable isotopes; all are naturally radioactive.

Uranium (Z = 92) occurs naturally - mainly as the radioactive isotope with an

atomic weight of 238. The reason uranium -238 is observed at all is that the

half-life is very long. Its half-life of four and one half billion years, is

comparable to the age of the earth. Uranium-238 decays by emitting an alpha

particle. The alpha particle is a closely bound group of four nucleons, 2 protons,

and 2 neutrons. It is, therefore, a helium nucleus. Inasmuch as both Z and N have

been reduced by two, there is left behind a nucleus of a different element called

thorium. This type of radioactive decay is called alpha decay and it is typical of

the heavy elements.

Thus far, two types of nuclear radiation have been discussed: alpha

radiation from alpha decay, and beta radiation from beta decay. In addition,

there is a third type called gamma radiation. Many radioactive nuclei emit

radiation known as gamma rays. Alpha and beta radiations are particles and their

emission results in the transformation of the decaying element into another

element. Gamma radiation is in the form of electromagnetic energy similar to radio

waves, X-rays, and light waves. Gamma radiation is one way a nucleus can radiate

energy without transforming into another type of nucleus. However, garnna radiation

usually is emitted during nuclear transformations along with beta particles.

c-3
APPENDIX C

CONCEPTS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION

(Continued)

Two more topics from nuclear physics must be briefly mentioned before

explaining the origin of the radiological hazards of nuclear weapons. The first

topic is the nuclear reaction known as fission. In this reaction, a neutron enters

a heavy nucleus and the resulting excitation causes the nucleus to split into two

more or less equal fragments; that is, to fission. In addition to the two nuclear

fragments, two or three neutrons and gamma rays are also emitted. The fission

process occurs in only a few heavy isotopes. The predominant isotopes are

uranium-235, an isotope occurring naturally in uranium ores, and plutonium-239, a

man-made isotope produced from uranium-238 in nuclear reactors.*

The significant feature of the fission process is the production of more

neutrons. Under suitable conditions, the production of more neutrons induces more

fissions and more neutrons, etc., in a continuing sequence of successive

generations known as the nuclear chain reaction. This is what makes fission

nuclear weapons possible. For further details on the chain reaction, see Reference

11.

The second topic from nuclear physics is the nuclear reaction known as

fusion. If a mixture of certain light isotopes are combined at very high

temperatures and pressures, the nuclei fuse together. Examples of this are

deuterium (heavy hydrogen) and tritium. The products of fusion are isotopes of

helium and hydrogen, high-speed neutrons and energy. The intense temperatures

(tens of millions of degrees) and pressures (thousands of atmospheres) required for

the fusion reaction are usually provided by the fission reaction. The resulting

weapons, called thermonuclear weapons, utilize both the fission and fusion

reactions.

*All the elements beyond 92 (uranium), the so-called transuranics, are man-made

and all are radioactive.

c-4
APPENDIX C

CONCEPTS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION

(Continued)

The aspect of fission which leads to radiological hazards is the

production of two fission fragments for each fission event. The fission products,

or fragments, are highly radioactive. They decay to stable isotopes by emitting

beta particles and gamma radiation. There are about 40 different ways in which a

nucleus can split in fission. Most of the resulting 80 types of fragments are

radioactive and decay through about three steps before reaching a stable nucleus.

Half-lives can vary from a few tenths or hundredths of a second to many hundreds

or even thousands of years. Some 200 different radioactive isotopes of 36 light

elements, from zinc to terbium, have been identified among the fission products.

Fusion reactions, on the other hand, do not produce the copious amounts

of radioactive products that fission reactions do. The fusion reaction has been

operating most efficiently in our sun for millions of years and the products of

this reaction have been radiating our environment for millennia. Naturally

radioactive materials are present all over the surface of the earth and contribute

to the background levels which are found everywhere in varying degrees.

This brief sketch of nuclear physics is concluded by listing the types

of nuclear ionizing radiations and giving some of their properties. Once

established in the environment, these ionizing radiations are the agents

responsible for radiological hazards.

o Alpha Radiation - Alpha radiation consists of nuclear particles

(helium nuclei) which have very short ranges in matter; e.g.,

they will not penetrate human skin, or a piece of paper. These

particles are emitted by heavy isotopes such as uranium and

plutonium. Alpha particles are relatively massive, are

electrically charged, and have large amounts of kinetic energy.

They deposit energy in the matter they traverse by ionization.

o Beta Radiation - As is the case with alpha radiation, beta

radiation is particle (electron) radiation. These can be

C-5
c-3

APPENDIX C

CONCEPTS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION

(Continued)

either positively or negatively charged electrons with small

mass but high kinetic energy. Beta rays have a longer range

than alpha rays. They can penetrate to a depth of a centimeter

in human body tissue. Beta radiation is emitted copiously by

the fission products of a nuclear weapon and by solar radiation

products interacting with our environment. Beta particles

produce ionization in matter.

o Neutron Radiation - Neutrons are uncharged nuclear particles

produced in natural solar processes and emitted in nuclear

fusion and fission reactions. Neutron radiation produces

ionization in its passage through matter. Neutrons emitted by

exploding nuclear weapons have long ranges. Once released, the

neutrons travel several hundred yards in air and penetrate a

few feet in soil.

o Gamma Radiation - Gamma radiation is comprised of electromagnetic waves, not particles. It ionizes matter and is very

penetrating. In this respect, it is very similar to neutron

radiation. Gamma radiation is emitted by the nuclear weapon

and by the fission products in fallout.

RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS IN UNDERWATER NUCLEAR TESTS.

A nominal nuclear fission weapon has an explosive yield equivalent to 20

kilotons of TNT. This corresponds to the consumption, via fission, of about 1.1

kilograms of uranium or plutonium, depending on which isotope is used. It results

in the production of somewhat less than 1.1 kilograms of fission products. (The

difference in mass is what has been converted into the energy of the explosion

according to Einstein's equation, E = mc*.)

In a subsurface burst, most of the shock energy of the explosion appears

as underwater shock, but a certain proportion, which is less the greater the depth

of the burst, escapes and produces air blast. Much of the thermal radiation and

the initial nuclear radiation will be absorbed within a short distance of the

explosion. The energy of the absorbed radiations will merely contribute to the

C-6
APPENDIX C

CONCEPTS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION

(Continued)

heating of the body of water. Depending upon the depth of the explosion, some of

the thermal and nuclear radiations will escape, but the intensities will generally

be less than for an air burst. However, the radiation emitted after the first

minute is of considerable significance since large quantities of water in the

vicinity of the explosion will be contaminated with radioactive fission products.

Certain characteristic phenomena are associated with an underwater

nuclear explosion, but the details vary with the energy yield of the weapon, the

distance below the surface at which the detonation occurs, and the depth and area

of the body of water. A brief description of these phenomena follows. For a more

complete description see Reference 12.

In an underwater explosion, the hot gas bubble produced a few seconds

after detonation initiates a shock wave. The intersection of the shock wave with

the water surface produces the effect of an expanding ring of darkened water

called a "slick." Following closely behind the dark region is a white circular

patch known as the "crack", most likely caused by reflection of the water shock

wave at the surface.

Immediately following the appearance of the crack, and prior to the

formation of the condensation or "Wilson" cloud, a column of broken water and

spray, called the "spray dome," is thrown up over the point of burst. The total

time of rise and the maximum height depend upon its depth below the surface.

If the depth of burst is not too great, the hot gas bubble remains essentially

intact until it rises to the surface of the water. Part of the shock wave passes

through the surface into the air, where due to the high humidity, a condensation

cloud is formed. As the pressure of the bubble is released, water rushes into the

cavity and is thrown up as a hollow cylinder of spray called the "plume." The

radioactive contents of the bubble are vented through this hollow column and may

form a cauliflower-shaped cloud at the top.

c-7
APPENDIX C

CONCEPTS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION

(Continued)

Once the plume of water and spray falls back into the water, a large

doughnut-shaped cloud, moving rapidly outward from the column, develops. This is

called the base surge. The importance of the base surge lies in the fact that it

is likely to be highly radioactive because of the fission (and other) residues

present, either at its inception or dropped into it from the radioactive cloud.

The length of time the base surge remains radioactive depends upon the energy yield

of the explosion, the burst depth, and the nearness of the sea bottom to the point

of burst.

In Shot WIGWAM, the first deep-water nuclear detonation, the bubble that

was created with the 30 KT detonation (2,000 feet below the surface of the Pacific

Ocean) continued to pulsate and rise for three complete cycles; then enough steam

condensed to make additional pulsations unlikely. During the pulsation and upward

motion of the bubble, the water surrounding the bubble acquired considerable

momentum and eventually broke through the surface with a velocity which was

estimated at 200 miles per hour. This created a large spray dome that turned into

a plume and formed the base surge.

Thus, the sources for the radiological env

were the following:

ironments of Operat

o Airborne activity

o Residual Fallout

ion WIGWAM

0 Water contamination - Because the ranges of prompt neutrons and

gamma rays are a meter or less in water, there was no prompt

radiation exposure to personnel during WIGWAM. Indirectly,

however, prompt neutrons acted as a potential cause of

radiation exposure by activating ambient materials in the water

(e.g., sodium and chlorine).

C-S
APPENDIX C

CONCEPTS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION

(Continued)

The source of radiation causes certain levels of radiation to exist in

the space around it. A sufficient amount of exposure to this radiation is known to

have biological effects. Since some of these effects are known to be harmful to

humans, it is necessary to control an individual's exposure in any activity

involving proximity to radioactive sources. Before discussing the potentially

harmful effects further, it is necessary to define the quantities involved and the

units used in measuring these quantities.

c-4 UNITS AND QUANTITIES IN RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY.

The three important quantities or concepts in radiological safety are

activity, exposure, and dose. These are technical terms and are defined below. For

the sake of clarity in this report we have used the basic units (e.g., roentgen and

rep) which were in common use at the time of Operation WIGWAM, rather than

converting them to the presently used rad or rem units. (The conversion would not

change quantities by more than 12 to 15 percent since 1 rep = 0.88 rads.) After

the definitions, their use is illustrated in a simple example typical of the

Rad-Safe operations at WIGWAM.

The activity of a source is the number of nuclear disintegrations

occurring per unit time. It is measured in curies,* one curie (symbol Ci) being

the disintegration of 3.7 x 1010 nuclei per second. At the time of its

definition, the curie was believed to be the disintegration rate of one gram of

radium.

Each disintegration produces one or more types of radiation (alpha, beta,

neutron, gamma) which travel away from the source. Thus, there will be a certain

*After Marie Curie, the discoverer of radium.

c-9
APPENDIX C

CONCEPTS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION

(Continued)

number of particles or rays traversing a small volume per unit time located in the

vicinity of the source. The source establishes a radiation field around it.

The exposure rate is defined as the strength or intensity of this

radiation field at the specified location. It is measured in a unit known as the

roentgen*, and is used for beta and gamma radiations. The intensity of a radiation

field of beta or gamma radiation is thus said to be so many roentgens per second or

other unit of time. For alpha particles or neutrons, a different measure is often

used. A measure is taken of the number of particles crossing a unit area per unit

time at the specified location. This is called the flux. The exposure rate is

then said to be so many roentgens per unit time (for beta and gamma radiation), or

so many particles per unit area per unit time (for neutrons and alpha radiation).

If a piece of matter is placed in a radiation field, the radiation

traverses it and deposits energy by the process of ionization. (Ionization

consists of tearing off one or more electrons of the atoms which compose the matter

traversed.) The amount of energy deposited per unit mass of matter is called the

absorbed dose, or simply dose. It is measured in units called rads; one rad is the

absorption of 100 ergs of energy per gram of matter. An exposure to one roentgen

of gamma rays will, as noted, deposit about 1 rad of dose in human tissue.

As radiation sources become more numerous and with the development of the

controlled fission process leading to weapons, reactors, and radioactive isotope

production, the units of dose commonly used become totally inadequate in equating

*After W. Roentgen, discoverer of X-rays. A technical definition of the roentgen

is: "that quantity of X- or gamma radiation such that the associated corpuscular

emission per 0.001293 grams of air, dry, 0" C, 760 mm of Hg, produces in air, ions

carrying one electrostatic unit of quantity of electricity of either sign."

(Reference 13)

c-10
APPENDIX C

CONCEPTS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION

(Continued)

cause and effect, not only in biological materials, but in any material. Since it

could be postulated that the effect of a radiation was probably proportional to the

amount of energy deposited in the irradiated object, the unit roentgen-equivalent

physical (rep) was introduced. It was based on the known fact that the energy

absorption in one gram of air irradiated by one roentgen of X- or gamma rays is 83

ergs. Thus, one rep was defined as the dose of any radiation that deposits 83 ergs

in one cubic centimeter of tissue. Other physical units of dose were proposed and

were used by various investigators, but the rep proved to be the most popular in

the biological regime. Although based on the energy absorbed in -one gram of air

exposed to ionizing radiation, the rep is not equal to the energy absorbed per gram

or tissue exposed to ionizing radiation. Tissue absorption depends on tissue

composition, type of radiation, and the energy of the radiation. For instance, one

R dose of gamma rays will result in the deposition of 93 ergs per gram of soft

tissue and for corpuscular radiation, the dose is 1.1 rep. Since this phenomenon

involves no time of delivery factor, the physical dose term, 1 rep, does not take

into account any response that is time dependent.

Another factor considered in establishing units of dose was that the

effect could not be solely dependent on the total energy absorbed; instead, it was

probably also dependent on the rate of delivery of the energy and the distribution

of the energy deposition in the tissue under consideration. Therefore, a new unit

of true biological dose was introduced: the roentgen equivalent man (mammal) or

rem. This was defined as that quantity of any type of ionizing radiation which,

when absorbed in a human body (or a mammal's body), produces an effect equivalent

to the absorption of one roentgen of X-radiation or gamma radiation at energies in

excess of approximately 50 KeV. This unit is practical because it removes the

uncertainties of the effect of radiation energy deposition and the time rate of

energy deposition (if the rates are the same for both radiations). Instead, it

uses an observable biological end point response. Thus, rem is alloted to physical

dose (rep) by the equivalence rem = (RBE) rep. RBE may be called the relative

biological effectiveness. The rem can be defined as either rem = rad X RBE or

rem = rad X (QF + DF) where QF = a quality factor and DF = a distribution factor.

c-11
APPENDIX C

CONCEPTS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION

(Continued)

The usefulness of the introduction of the rem as a unit of biological

dose was certainly efficacious in the radiation research field as long as it was

used in its proper context in comparing biological effects. The extension of the

use of the term into general use (where neither the time dependence of the

biological end point effect is known for either the baseline X- or gamma radiation

or the radiation being compared, nor is the energy deposition spectrum for either

radiation known), does nothing but compound the error. Thus, the path from cause

to effect is fraught with uncertainties introduced through the translation of a

physical measurement to the concept of biological dose.

Even the most meticulous laboratory determinations of radiation cause and

effect show wide variations in comparative studies. For instance, RBE values may

vary by a factor of at least ten using the same two compared radiations at exactly

the same dose rate depending on the mammal being studied and/or the biological end

point selected.

In summary, and for purposes of radiological safety, radiation

environments are characterized by the following three quantities:

o Activity of its sources - measured in curies

o Exposure - measured in roentgens

o Dose - measured in rads or rems

Techniques and instruments have been developed to measure the quantities

discussed above. These techniques and instruments depend on the fact that the

radiations deposit energy in their passage through matter. Essentially all energy

deposition takes place through the process of ionization, that is, the removal or

tearing off of the outer most electrons from the atoms composing the matter

c-12
APPENDIX C

CONCEPTS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION

(Continued)

traversed. (This is why these radiations are referred to as "ionizing

radiations.")

The quantity usually measured is the exposure, or exposure rate. The

instruments are called radiacmeters or dosimeters. They measure the electric

current produced by the ionization and are graduated to indicate exposure rate

directly on the dial (as the amount of mR/h, for example). Dosimeters integrate

the current and indicate exposure rather than exposure rate.

Special films have been developed to measure exposure. These are worn by

personnel in a special holder. After use, the film is developed and the degree of

darkening is measured. This indicates the exposure by means of a calibration curve

reading directly in roentgens. Films and special holders have been developed to

measure X-rays, beta rays, and neutrons.

The activity and the dose are not measured directly but are usually

deduced from the exposure measurements.

c-5 RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY STANDARDS.

The damaging effects of radiation on human tissue were observed almost

coincidentally with the discovery of radioactivity and of X-rays in the late 1800's.

Becquerel, the discoverer of radioactivity in uranium, for example, noticed an

erythema on his chest as a result of carrying a small radium-bearing sample in his

vest pocket. Madame Curie developed radiation burns on her hands from handling a

small tube of radium. These effects were reported in 1901 (Reference 14). Since

that time, an increasingly extensive body of research has been and continues to be

devoted to the investigation of the biological effects of radiation. Among the

purposes of these research efforts are the elucidation of the role of radiation

both as a causative and as a therapeutic agent in many forms of cancer in humans.

c-13
APPENDIX C

CONCEPTS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION

(Continued)

Except for the following brief remarks, a description of these researches is not

given. For a description of the relation of radiation and cancer, the reader is

referred to text books on the subject (e.g., Reference 15 and the references

contained therein).

Extensive experimentation with animals has demonstrated the reality of

cancer induction by radiation. With humans, experimentation is not possible.

However, many observations of human experience with radiation have been reported.

At one extreme, anyone living on the earth is subject to a natural background of

radiation which has existed through the ages. This background radiation is due to

cosmic rays from outer space and to the radioactivity of naturally occurring

isotopes (mainly potassium-40, uranium-238, and thorium-232) in the terrestrial

environment. On the average, a person receives a dose of about 100 millirem (=O.l

rem) per year from natural sources. Inclusion of other sources such as medical

exposure results in an estimate of 180 mrem/year average annual whole-body dose in

the United States. This dose can vary by a factor of two or more, depending on

location, altitude, and the nature of the terrain. It has yet to be established

whether this low background dose rate is harmful, or whether, in fact, it is

beneficial to man. Further, since the discovery of X-rays, medical use of

radiation for diagnostic purposes has added to the radiological dose which the

average person receives (i.e., chest X-rays and other man-made sources). It is

estimated (Reference 15) that these man-made sources amount to a dose rate of about

80 millirem per year; thus, the man-made contribution nearly equals the natural.

At the other extreme, there have been reported incidents (Reference 15)

where individuals have been accidentally exposed to very large doses - over a

thousand rads. Such large doses are lethal, survival times being only a few hours

or days after the event.

It is believed that between these two extremes, radiological exposure

levels can be defined which, on the one hand, are higher than the natural

background and thus permit the use of man-made sources for the benefit of mankind,

c-14
APPENDIX C

CONCEPTS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION

(Continued)

and, on the other, are low enough to constitute an exceedingly small risk of cancer

induction or other harmful effects, The task of defining safe radiation standards

has been carried out by several international and national organizations, primarily

the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), which was formed in

1928, and in the United States, the National Council on Radiation Protection

(NCRP), which was constituted in 1929 (Reference 15). In a general way, the

activities of these bodies consist of reviewing the results of the extensive

investigations in the medical area and in radiological physics, assessing these

results, and arriving at a consensus on a standard. A short summary of the levels

recommended for permissible exposure to ionizing radiation is given in Table C-l

(Reference 15). The values in this table are for radiation workers. For members

of the general public, considerably lower values are recommended, which are shown

in Table C-2 (Reference 16).

The levels of permissible exposure for radiation workers shown in Table

C-l apply to whole body exposure. Usually such exposure arises from external

sources of radiation. But exposure to internal sources of radiation, such as

radioactive material inhaled or ingested accidentally, is also possible.

Specifying permissible levels for internal exposure is more complex than for

external exposure. This is because the activity inhaled or ingested may lodge in

different organs of the body, depending on its chemical composition. In addition,

the activity may be retained in the body for varying periods of time, and the dose

delivered depends on the type of activity (alpha, beta, gamma) that is involved.

Thus, while levels for external exposure can in practice be controlled by

controlling time spent in measured external radiation fields, levels for internal

exposure are controlled by specifying maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of

various radioactive isotopes in air, water, and food that can be inhaled or

ingested*.

*MPCs are specified in

Press, New York.

1 CRP Publications No. 2 (1959) and 6 (1962 ) Pergamon

c-15
APPENDIX C

CONCEPTS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION

(Continued)

Table C-l. Recommended levels of permissible exposure to

ionizing radiation - for radiation workers.

Recommended Values

0.1 erythema dose/

(lR/wk for 200 kV x -ray)

0.1 R/day (or 0.5 R/wk 1

0.3 rem/wk

5 rem/y

3 rem/quarter

(R = roentgen)

Table C-2 .

Recommended Values

0.03 rem/wk

0.5 rem/y

5 rem/30 y

25 mrem/y

5 mrem/y

52 R/Y

36 R/Y

15 rem/y

5 rem/y

5 rem/y

Comments

1925: Recommended by A. Mutscheller and

R. M. Sievant

1934: Recommended by ICRP and used worldwide until 1950

1934: Recommended by NCRP

1949: Recommended b

1950: Recommended i

NCRP

y ICRP for total body

exposure

1956: Recommended b ICRP

1957: Recommended II y NCRP for total body

ex osure

ER A1 Manual, Chapter 0524

Recommended levels of permissible exposure to

ionizing radiation - for members of the public.

Comments

1.5 rem/y 1952: Suggested by NCRP for any body organ

0.5 rem/y 1958: Suggested by NCRP

1959: Suggested by ICRP for gonads or total

body

0.17 rem/y 1958: Suggested by ICRP for gonads or total

body

0.025 rem/y 1977: Suggested by EPA for any body organ

except thyroid*

0.005 rem/y 1974: Suggested by ERDA for persons living

near a nuclear power plantt

*EPA = Environmental Protection Agency. See EPA, "Rules and Regulations," Federal

Register, January 13, 1977 (Reference 17).

tERDA, now the Department of Energy, DOE. This is the present radiation protection guide of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

C-16
APPENDIX C

CONCEPTS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION

(Continued)

It is important to understand the meaning and significance of these

recommended levels, which were not based on a comprehensive scientific

understanding of the carcinogenic effects of radiation. Such an understanding did

not exist then and does not exist now. If it did, standards could have been

extracted directly from scientific facts. What has occurred thus far, however,

was that a representative body of informed professionals in medical and relevant

scientific areas, such as the ICRP and the NCRP, provided guidance. These bodies

reviewed the scientific evidence and then arrived at a recommended value. This

was accomplished by somehow balancing the risks due to the lack of complete

knowledge against benefits to be gained. These recommended values have been

called by various names through the years, such as "tolerance dose," "maximum

permissible exposure," and, at present, "radiation protection guide." They are by

no means absolute standards in the sense that adherence to them guarantees zero

risk or violation of them guarantees harmful effects.

Table C-l shows how the maximum permissible levels have been reduced

through the years. It would be wrong to think that the reductions are based on

positive evidence that a previous level was too high. Rather, a statement by the

NCRP* explains how the changes come about:

The changes in the accumulated MPD (maximum permissible dose) are

not the result of positive evidence of damage due to use of the

earlier permissible dose levels, but rather are based on the

desire to bring the MPD into accord with trends in scientific

opinion; it is recognized that there are still many uncertainties

in the available data and information. Consideration has been

given also to the probability of a large future increase in

radiation uses.

*"Maximum Permissible Radiation Exposures to Man," Supp 1. Math. Bur. Std.

Handbook 59 (1958), quoted in Reference 18.

(US)

c-17
APPENDIX C

CONCEPTS OF RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION

(Continued)

Thus, the use and interpretation of these values in radiation work

require prudent judgment. If possible, exposure to radiation should be kept to a

minimum and well below the recommended value. Yet, in the case of particularly

valuable benefit to be gained (such as the saving of another's life), a responsible

individual may well decide that an added risk is justified, and therefore increase

his exposure beyond the standard.

This concludes the discussion of radiation safety standards. In 1955, at

the time of Operation WIGWAM, the permissible level was 15 rem per year (see Table

C-l). This equals 0.3 rem per week or 3.9 rem for a 13-week period. The AEC

accepted this level and instructed its Test Manager to implement it for all

participants in the tests. The specific actions and procedures that were taken are

the subjects of Chapter 2.

C-18
APPENDIX D

WIGWAM RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

D-l INTRODUCTION.

A major goal of Operation WIGWAM was to determ

conditions resulting from a nuclear detonation in a

ine the rad iological

deep-water extended

environment distant from all land surfaces. The need for this type of shot is

indicated by the following history. In 1954, Shot BRAVO of Operation CASTLE, a

surface shot, showed the extent to which a nuclear detonation on or slightly above

a land or water surface could contaminate the environment. Another data point,

Shot BAKER of Operation CROSSROADS, a shallow underwater shot, showed the

contamination caused when a large amount of bottom material interacted with the

explosion. In both of these, much of the contamination resulted from interaction

with soil or sea bottom.

Because the ranges of prompt neutrons and gamma rays are of the order of

a meter or less in water, the prompt neutrons and gamma rays did not directly act

as a radiological exposure source to personnel during WIGWAM. Indirectly,

however, prompt neutrons acted as a potential cause of radiation exposure by

activating ambient materials in the water (e.g., sodium and chlorine).

During the first three seconds after detonation, the radioactive debris

were primarily contained within an initial bubble formed by the interaction of

thermal energy with the water (Reference 1).

Then, beginning at approximately H + 10 seconds, these gaseous products

began to reach the water surface, forming spikes and plumes reaching maximum

heights of 900 to 1,450 feet and emerging from an area roughly 3,100 feet in

diameter. As the plumes fell back into the water, a large cloud of mist was

formed. This was the base surge, at H + 90 seconds, which had a radius of 4,600

feet and a maximum height of 1,900 feet. The visible surge persisted to H + 4

minutes. At H + 13 minutes, a foam ring appeared with a 10,400-foot diameter.

The area within this ring probably approximated the extent of the contaminated

water.

D-l
APPENDIX D

WIGWAM RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

(Continued)

The complex fluid dynamics produced by WIGWAM resulted in three sources

of radiological contamination which are discussed separately in the following

sections of this Appendix. Section D-Z describes the airborne activity; Section

D-3. discusses the residual fallout; while Section D-4 describes water

contamination. These descriptions are followed by Section D-5 which explains the

radiological environment on the ships, particularly YAG-39 and YAG-40.

Radiological instrumentation for the YAGs and survey aircraft are described in

Appendix E.

D-2 AIRBORNE ACTIVITY (Reference 5).

Airborne activity was measured in Project 2.7 aboard the YAG-39,

approximately 5 miles downwind from surface zero, by a gamma detector system. At

H + 13 minutes, a measurement of 400 R/h was recorded. At H + 21 minutes the

radiation level fell to 140 R/h.

Based on a wind velocity of 18 knots, the downwind cloud length was

estimated to be 11,000 feet. Given that the cloud rose to the inversion layer at

3,400 feet, and that the turbulent crosswind dispersion equalled the downwind

dispersion, the active cloud volume was computed as 3.3 x 1011 cubic feet. If

this volume was combined with an air sample collected during the high activity

period, it was calculated that, at H + 10 days, cloud material activity totalled

0.25 megacuries. An empirical extrapolation using the t-l** decay law

also predicted that the total activity produced by the device would equal roughly

27 megacuries at H + 10 days. Thus the cloud was assumed to contain a maximum of

one percent of the total activity.

The physical qualities of the airborne samples, as characterized by both

shape and physical form, are shown in Table D-l.

9-2
APPENDIX D

WIGWAM RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Tab ive particles.

A Discrete,

B Irregular

le D-l. Classes of act

irregular and opaque

opaque aggregates

41.4% by weight

8.2%

C Distributed areas, opaque to trans- 27.5%

parent, diffuse boundaries

D Oceanographic organisms, octagonal 20.5%

transparent, sometimes with inclusions

E Organic threads (40-200 microns long) 02.4%

(Continued)

Based on the categorization of particle types in Table D-l, plots are shown of the

gross size distribution of all particles and the octagonal organisms in Figures

D-l and D-2, respectively. The color of the particles ranged from yellow through

orange, and red to black.

A spectrochemical analysis of the airborne material, irrespective of

activity, was made after most of the salt was removed. This analysis indicated

the presence of very strong lines of iron and silicon, as well as strong lines of

calcium, chronium, magnesium, sodium, and tin. Smaller amounts of silver,

aluminum, boron, barium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead, strontium, titanium, and

zinc were also observed. It was thought that the large amount of silicon observed

in the airborne material was derived primarily from the concrete in the zero barge

YC-473 (Reference 5).

D-3 FALLOUT (Reference 5).

As indicated in the previous section, only one percent of the bomb activity

was airborne and hence had the potential to be fallout*. Efforts by Project 2.7

*This value for the fallout is in sharp contrast to nuclear air and surface

bursts, in which almost all of the radioactive debris could become airborne and

contribute to local fallout.

D-3
8

D-4
100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

.Ol

I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

MEDIAN = 10.6~

og = 1.45

N = 50

1

I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I

.05 .l .2 .5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95

PER CENT LESSTHAN INDICATED SIZE

98 99 99.5 99.899.9 99.99

Figure D-Z. Ocean octagonal organisms for class D active particles.
APPENDIX D

WIGWAM RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

(Continued)

direct ly contaminated water area.

D-4 WATER CONTAMINATION (References 6 and 7).

to measure the fallout from WIGWAM were impeded because of sinking of the floating

platforms on which sOme instrumentation was placed, and because of the failure of

additional instrumentation. Consequently, little late fallout data were obtained.

Although it is possible that airborne activity and fallout could have contributed

to the contamination of personnel and equipment, as well as added to the water

contamination, estimates in Reference 6 indicate that the radioactivity of the

water due to fallout was a factor of 100 or more less than that due to the

A detailed description of the water contamination is provided by

References 6 and 7 which estimate the total water-borne contamination to be 85

megacuries* at H + 120 hours, with 72 percent below the thermocline (>lOOm) and 28

percent in and above the 60 to 100 meter thermocline.

Figure D-3 from Reference 6 shows an example of the radiation intensity

3 feet above the water surface for a single pass over the contaminated water

patch. This contour was produced by aerial survey no. 1, pass A-3, for which data

are included in Table D-2. The data in Table D-2 exhibit the combined diffusion

and radioactive decay, which is plotted in Figure D-4. The areas of the surface

activity contours shown in Table D-3, was obtained from aircraft and Scripps

Institution of Oceanography ships during the period D + 5 to D + 8 days. The

maximum intensity of the radiation field 3 feet above the water surface is shown

in Table D-4. These figures and tables indicate that radioactive contamination

*The total activity of 85 megacuries at H + 120 hours is in poor agreement with

the 63 megacuries obtained from the 27 megacuries H + 240 hour estimate (French

1955) using the t-I.2 decay model. This is in part attributable to the

difficulty in converting mR/h readings to curies and in integrating over a complex

three-dimensional volume.

3-6
Table D-2. Principal aerial survey results.*

(radiation intensity at 3-ft. altitude)

SURVEY 1 (NR-82) SURVEY 2 (NR-921

LENGTH LENGTH

STARTING AVERAGE, MAXIMUM, OF PASS AVERAGE, OF PASS

PASS TIME, hrt

MAXIMUM,

mR/h mR/h MILES mR/h mR/h MILES

A-l

A-2

A-3

0 33

0 45

0 55

B-1

B-2

B-3

1 39

1 51

1 57

C-l 1 73

c-2 1.87

c-3 1 96

D-l 2 16

E-2 4.81

E-6 5.09

E-8 5 21

E-l 0 5 34

E-3 4 87

E-4 4.97

E-5 5 02

F-2 5 48

F-3 5 57

F-8 5 87

F-9 5 97

G-l 19.47

G-2 1952

G-13 20 47

G-l 4 20.57

H-O 25 22

H-3 25 53

H-7 25 87

H-9 26 03

I-O 44 45

t-3 44 95

l-6 45 17

l-9 45 49

I-l 1 45 67

l-12 45 78

J-l 45 88

J-2 45 97

J-6 46.31

J-7 46 38

J-8 46.46

J-l 2 46 81

32,100

23,200

12,700

2,600

750

1,400

1,300

400

48,200

48,200

34.700

4.400

2,500

3,190

2,600

840

2.5

2 4

2.2

2 0

1 7

2 2

2 4

1 7

79 154 1 0

172 258 2.2

6 0 16 2.8

1.1 5.0 2.7

1 4 4.5 2.5

108 179 1 7

112 162 2 7

34 69 3.5

57 128 2 6

47 98 3.3

45 112 3.8

35 72 5 3

50 92 3 4

8 2 16 3 1

3 7 7.0 2 9

3 6 7 4 3 5

4 4 7 8 3 1

3 6 7.0 3 5

3.6 7 0 5.8

24,000 70,000

15,000 67,200

5,800 31,400

2,050 3,810

3,530

1,200 2,580

1,150

275

2,300

1,570

896

1.060 2 8

238 336

224 314

217 297

PROBABLY FALLOUT

155 263

104 129

98 151

36 66

42 95

38 102

15 40

16 40

19 40

2 8 4 8 3 6

2 0 4 1 3 2

1 .8 3 6 3 2

2 7 4 8 3 0

2 5 4 4 1.6

2 2 4.4 5 9

2.5

3 0

2 5

2 2

2.2

2.5

11

2 4

2.3

2 3

1 7

1 0

1 4

2.5

3.6

3 6

4 1

4 4

3 5

*DATA FROM ONLY THREE PASSES PER SERIES ARE INCLUDED, PASSES ARE THOSE THAT HAVE

THE LARGEST “AVERAGE INTENSITY” DURING THE SERIES

tTHETIME AFTER DETONATION AT WHICH THE RADIATION FIELD WAS INTERCEPTED

D-7
APPENDIX D

WIGWAM RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

(Continued)

30. W

2

I:

2

DATA CORRECTED FOR ALTITUDE

AND DECAY TO H+19 MIN

9 60 - (TIME OF START OF SERIES1

9

<

t DATA FROM AIRCRAFT RECORDER

m= TAPE CORRECTED FOR ALTITUDE .

> = 40

+(e c5 AVERAGE

5

INTENSITY

5

OF SHADED

AREA

I

2 2 MILES

-I

Figure D-3. Estimated radiation intensity of the contaminated

water patch. Pass A-3, Survey No. 1 (See Table D-2).

of the ocean resulted in a relatively low-level radiological hazard above the water

surface within a few hours.

Table D-3.

Time (D+)

0.5 hour

1 day

1.7 days

2.7 days

4 days

5.5 days

7.5 days

Area of surface activity.

Source Area

(Sq. mi.)

Aircraft 5.5

Aircraft 13.1

Aircraft 19.0

Aircraft 25.4

Aircraft 80.3*

Horizon 53.2

Horizon 189.0

*This result was not heavily weighted. The low maximum intensity measured at that

time (see Table D-4) makes the available data questionable.

D-8
100,000 I

0 DATA FROM NR-82

A DATA FROM NR-92

SCOPE = -1.8

0

:

A

:

0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0

TIME AFTER DETONATION (HR)

Figure D-4. Average radiation intensity 3-ft.

above the surface.

D-9
APPENDIX D

WIGWAM RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

(Continued)

In the surface layer of water, the reduction in the maximum radiation is

approximately R,,, = 130 tm2 where Rmax is in mR/h and t is in days

The data basis for this equation is presented in Table D-4 adapted from Reference

7 . The reduction in surface activity was a consequence of lateral and vertical

mixing as well as radioactive decay. There were indications that mixing had slowed

by 0 + 10 days, possibly because more of the activity reached the stable structure

at the thermocline. The thickness of the surface layer of contamination was quite

variable. In places, mixing had extended to the thermocline by H + 25 hours. The

maximum depth to which the surface layer had penetrated at various times is shown

in Table D-5 (Reference 7).

Table D-4. Maxlmum surface lntenslty (Reference 7).

Time Source R max*

D+ mR/h

27 minutes Aircraft

33 minutes Aircraft

130 m7 nutes Aircraft

173 minutes Horizon deck

5.2 hours Aircraft

9 hours Horizon deck

9.9 hours Horizon sonde

20 hours

24 hours

25.1 hours

28.5 hours

28.3 hours

38.9 hours

44 hours

Horizon deck

Aircraft

T-boat sonde

T-boat sonde

T-boat sonde

Horizon sonde

Aircraft

46.7 hours

52.5 hours

168 hours

171 hours

198 hours

Horizon sonde

T-boat mode

Alrcraft

T-boat sonde

Aircraft

113 hours

119.8 hours

121.5 hours

225.2 hours

163 hours

169 hours

208 hours

228 hours

Horizon sonde 1.0x101

Horizon sonde 1.1x101

Horizon sonde 1.1x101

Horizon 8.0

Horizon deck 1.6

Horizon sonde 1.0

Horizon sonde 5.0

Baird sonde 0.6

5.5x103

2.3x103

8.0x103

6.0~10~

3.2~103

1.8~10~

1.8~10~

3.2~102

1.3x101

4.0x101

9.4x101

4.3x101

1.5x101

1.8~101

9.0x101

1.0x10*

1;::

<2.0

*Aircraft results, reduced to 3 feet, above water, have arbitrarily been

multiplied by 2 and over-the-side measurements on deck have been multiplied by 4

to roughly reduce these measurements to the in situ measurements of the probe.

D-10
APPENDIX D

WIGWAM RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

(Continued)

Table D-5. Maximum thickness of surface

layer activity (Reference 7).*

Time

D+

Surface

Maximum Depth

of Penetration

meters

9.9 hours Horizon sonde 3 2

12.0 hours Horizon sonde 80

25.1 hours T-boat sonde 110

46.7 hours Horizon sonde 6 7

120 hours Horizon sonde

168 hours Horizon horizontal

209 hours Horizon sonde

216 hours Baird sonde

164

80

>lOO <

128

80

The first evidence of submerged activity just below the top of the

thermocline was detected by H + 12 hours, but the principal bodies of contaminated

water were not found for several days. Laminae of activity were found unevenly

distributed in the water to all depths up to 500 meters (1,640 feet). In general,

thin laminae were found to be adjacent to regions of high stability. The thin

laminae were thought to have been formed in the stable regions as a result of

lower turbulence and higher shear (Reference 7). Figure D-5 illustrates the

complexity of phenomena below the thermocline.

Figures D-6 through D-12 show the tracks of YAG-39 and YAG-40 which were

known to have made multiple traverses of the contaminated water patch.

*A series of shallow laminae of varying thickness.

D-11
200

230

240

250

65

a

i+ 260

zi

= 270

ii

n

280

290

310

320

.....

....... -‘-‘p-+f~

.. .-.- .

2400 0100

TIME (24 HOUR CLOCK)

Figure D-5. Radioactivity versus time, 18 May 1955.
4MILES 3 2

I I I 1 I I

FALLOUT

YAG 39 TRACK D-DAY

APPROXIMATE LO;ATtON OF YAG-30 AT DETONATIOW

Figure D-6. Track of YAG-39 relative to surface contaminated area,

D-Day.

D-13
SURFACE coNrAhmAnoN AS 2

DETERMHED BY AERWL SURVEY

1423 TO 1811 HF)S. HAY

\

I

I

4MlLES 3 2 \l sz

I I I I I

r I i

2

r

11

\

--z-d’

/’

. 2

3

ti

PLANNED LOCATION FOf? YAG-40

AT DETONATION. (1300 HRB)

4

SURFACE READINGS

YAG 40 TRACK D-DAY

Figure D-7. Track of YAG-40 relative to surface contaminated

area, D-day.

D-14

- - ---- -
4

3

2

SURFACE CONTAMMATK)N I -\

AS DETERdINED BY \

AERIAL SURVEY \

0820 TO 1012 HRS \

!

0925

6 7 8 9

I I I I

I / I I I I 1

r- YAG 39 TRACK D+l DAY

Fiqure D-8. Track of YAG-39 relative to surface contaminated area, D+l.
d

/’ 2MlLES 1

t

/

I -

I

I

/

SURFACE SURFACE CONTAMINATION CONTAMHATK)N \

4sS OETERMH0 OETERMHO BY AERIAL SURVEY AERIAL SURVEY h ‘\

0828 TO 1012 TO 1012 HRS. HRS. 0+1 \

I \ \

I

/?

YAG 40 TRACK D+l my

Figure D-g.Track of YAG-40 relative to surface contaminated area, D+l,
3

T

2

t 1526 SURFACE WNTAMINATION

YAG 40 TRACK D+l DAY

Figure D-10. Track of YAG-40 relative to surface contaminated

area, D+l (second pass).

D-17

a a- ---_--a
4

3

2

1

3MILES 2 1 s.?!

I I I 1 1 I

1

2

3

4

E

6

I --

i --

, --

/

/’

0

,Y’ /

0’ /

,‘GJRFAcE CoNTAMNAmAS DETmMM3

0 ,BYAERiMSlM#?EY .0927TO 1208MS.D2

ITEM JIG

D+2

YAG 40 TRACK D+2 DAY

Fisure D-11. Track of YAG-40 relative to surface contaminated

area, D+Z.

9-18
6

8

1 MILE 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

I I I I I I I I I

1 I I 1 I 1 I I I

YAG 40 TRACK D+3 DAY

SURFACE coNTAMNATwm AS DETORMNED

BY AERIAL SURVEY. 0906 TO1 142 -.0+8

NI

L

\

;

\

f,llOO I

1139 1 \

I

(

1T

I

\

I

\

1119

;

I

I

i

i

Figure D-12. Track of YAG-40 relative to surface

contaminated area, D+3.

D-19
APPENDIX D

WIGWAM RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

(Continued)

The M/V Horizon also made multiple traverses of the contaminated water.

Approaching the northeast perimeter of the area, using navigational and radiac

equipment to guide her, the Horizon first encountered radioactivity at D + 90

minutes at a 35-meter depth and approximately 6,000 yards from surface zero. This

distant intrusive layer apparently had moved along the bottom of the upper mixed

layer at 1 l/2 knots. After this finding, the approach to the detonation point

was continued with increased care, but no further submerged activity was found.

Water with 1.5 R/h surface activity was encountered at H + 173 minutes.

Just north of this point, a deep cast was taken, and no radioactivity was

encountered to 700 meters. This unexpected result actually was due to the

coincident unanticipated shift of ocean surface currents at this time, but as this

shift was then unknown, it misled the party into believing that no deep

radioactivity existed.

At H-hour the shock caused a minor breakage in a pipeline on the

Horizon, incapacitating her at this critical time, and because she was upwind of

the contaminated area, she was set down into it by the wind. This resulted in

some technical contamination that necessitated what would otherwise have been

unnecessary precautions in all further work. When power was finally restored, the

Horizon sailed out of the area a mile or two and was washed down and repaired.

The Horizon, T-boat, and later the M/V Baird re-entered the area of

surface activity as its intensity became lower. Surveys of, and casts through,

this activity were taken on 14 to 17, 19 to 20, and 21 to 22 May. The Horizon's

principal task was to discover and measure the deep contamination. This search

was greatly impeded by the aforementioned unanticipated shift in shear.* Thus,

*Whereas earlier studies of the area had indicated that the surface water always

moved south or southeast relative to the deeper waters, it was later found that

this condition had reversed approximately at shot time.

D-20
APPENDIX D

WIGWAM RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

(Continued)

considerable time was spent searching the wrong area under the impression that the

deep drogues in the shot area had not survived some strong turbulence (Reference

7). On D + 4 days, however, these deep drogues were found by a Task Force element

some miles to the south. On the first cast the Horizon took in the area of these

drogues, the deep activity was discovered. It was subsequently surveyed

satisfactorily and its total content of radioactive material was ascertained. In

all some 500 vertical casts were made by the Scripps vessels to D + 10 days.

D-5 RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ON SHIPS (Reference 6).

Two of the ships which encountered regions of high radioactivity were

YAGs-39 and -40. The profile and plan of the ships are shown in Figure D-13.

Airborne activity, moving downwind, reached the YAG-39. AtH + 3

minutes, the radiation level on the deck was 400 R/h. This reading persisted

about 6 minutes during passage of the cloud. Interior spaces protected by one

layer of ship skin were exposed to about 6 to 12 R during the same period. Other

spaces had significantly lower readings. The radiation level on deck had

decreased to about 9 mR/h at H + 1 hour, and about 1 mR/h at H + 19 hours.

Although washdown with contaminated water increased the radiation level to 500

mR/h on D + 1 day, dosage was not increased materially.

The radiation levels upon the ship's arrival at the San Francisco Naval

Shipyard are given in Table D-6. After returning to port, YAG-39 was granted an

operational clearance following a spot decontamination. Operational clearance

indicates that all normal operations, repairs and maintenance can be carried out

without radiological hazard, provided the applicable precautions for handling

contaminated materials are observed. This is the clearance required for the

normal operation of active ships. Final clearance, on the other hand, is the

D-21
“A” F

SPRING ACCUMULATOR’

MAIN DECK

+B~AT DECK + MAIN DECK FWD A REA

T V CAMERA

:RAME’ WINCH’

\ \

OIL DRUM

RELEASE RACK”

NO. 2 HOLD

NO. 4 HOL/D ENGYNE /

/

LOW BACKdROUND’ \

HOLD

SHIELDED

RECORDER ROOM BOILER CONTROL INSTRUMENT ROOM TROUGHS’

ROOM

‘FACILITIESON YAG 400NLY

Figure D-13. Plans and side view showing special facilities

on YAG-39 and YAG-40.
APPENDIX D

WIGWAM RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

(Continued)

clearance required of all ships prior to inactivation or disposal. It is

desirable that all ships satisfy the requirements for final clearance as early as

practicable. The final clearance gamma-radiation level for YAG-39 was defined as

1.5 mR/h, corresponding to a meter reading of 4500 CPM, closed window (CW).

Final-clearance beta-radiation fixed level corresponded to a meter reading of

22,500 CPM, open window (OW).

Table D-6. Results of radiological survey on YAG-39 after

arrival at San Francisco Naval Shipyard (Reference 6).

Radiation level, * counts/min

Item Open window Closed window

Washdown sprinkler heads

Portside of hatch 4

Top of deckhouse (4 heads)

Jack-staff base

Lifeboat supports (boat deck)

Lifeboat davits (boat deck)

Scuppers: boat deck, port, forward

Wrapped wire line, starboard, aft

lifeboat rigging

Washdown diesel No. 2: intake

manifold

Removable (wipe count taken on

manifold that had been removed)

50,000

20,000-50,000

50,000

25,000

15,000-50,000

20,000-50,000

50,000

20,000

4,000

3.000

'500-6,000

10,000

2,000-4,000

1,500-4000

500-2,000

2,000

1,000

YAG-40 entered the contaminated surface area at H + 46 minutes and

remained there for 2.5 hours during the first 24 hours after detonation. The

resulting weather-deck dosage was of 1.6 R, and the dosage in the internal spaces

was less than one-tenth of this. Hull and piping system contamination was

insignificant. The radiation levels of YAG-40 upon arrival at San Francisco are

*The survey was performed with two Berkeley survey meters, Model 2750-l. The

instrument indication was in counts per minute and necessarily required a

calibration in order to correlate readings with final-clearance level.

D-23
APPENDIX D

WIGWAM RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

(Continued)

shown in Table D-7. YAG-40 was granted a "limited" operational clearance after

spot decontamination.

Table D-7. Results of radiological survey on YAG-40

after arrival at San Francisco Naval Shipyard

(Reference 6).

Radiation level, * counts/min

Item Open window Closed window

Fire sprinkler

Starboard, approximately frame 82

Removable from inside

Contamination inside valve

Hangar-deck tie-down channels

Roller checks

50,000 3,500

2,500 600

15,000 2,500

50,000 2,000

Port, approximately frame 5

Removable

Starboard, approximately frame 5

Removable

Hatch wedges (on hatch 2)

3-in. gun mounts

Port

Starboard

50,000

4,000

50,000

None

50,000

Life raft cover (temporarily located

starboard, approximately frame 55)

Air scoop (port, frame 115, main deck)

Diesel intake stack (frame 136)

Void vents (starboard, frame 90), patches

Lifeboat davit handles (forward, starboard)

Hand railing and posts (boat deck,

50,000 25,000

20,000-40,000 l,OOO-40,000

40,000 4,000

50,000

50,000

50,000

50,000

50,000

starboard)

Deck at after corners of pilot house 50,000

Davit (aft, starboard corner of top of 40,000

deckhouse)

Stay brace for galley stack, patches

Signal halyard hooks

Cleat (port, top of deckhouse)

Door to deckhouse (starboard, frame 70)

50,000

30,000

50,000

50,000

20,000

20,000

3,000

3,000

7,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

25,000

7,000

20.000

1,000

20,000

2,000

*The survey was performed with two Berkeley survey meters, Model 2750-l. The

instrument indication was in counts per minute and necessarily required a

calibration in order to correlate readings with final-clearance level.

D-24
APPENDIX E

RADIOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTATION

E-l YAG-39 AND YAG-40 (Reference 6).

The responsibility for radiological instrumentation on YAG-39 and YAG-40

during Operation WIGWAM was undertaken by the U.S. Naval Radiological Defense

Laboratory. The instrumentation was placed aboard both YAGs at stations as listed

in Table E-l. These stations measured the continuous gamma intensity recorders as

a function of time. The stations operated on the principle that radiation flux,

incident on an ionization chamber, discharged preset automatic- recharging

capacitors. Two to four detectors, as well as dosimetry film, were also placed on

each station aboard the two YAGs. Detector ranges are illustrated in Table E-Z.

Survey teams on the YAG-39 and YAG-40 used Army Navy/Portable Detector

Radiacs (AN/PDR) to supplement the continuous gamma recorders. The weather-deck

measurements were taken 3 feet above the deck surface and the hold measurements

were taken in contact with the hull. However, because the ship decontamination

procedure studies were cancelled, YAG-40 was given only one complete survey, and

YAG-39 was cursorily surveyed.* The reason for cancellation of the studies is not

given in Reference 6.

Beta radiation

Defense Laboratory (NRDL)

intensities were measured using Naval Radiological

RBI-12 beta probes equipped with an extra "hi-lo"

switch. These probes superimposed air ion chambers with opposing circuitry in

order to eliminate the gamma ionizing effect. All measurements were made with the

probe held against pre-specified surface locations.

Although fallout detectors were placed aboard the two YAGs under the

supervision of Project 2.7, fielded by NRDL, the equipment failed, so that no

fallout data were recorded on either YAG, on the two LCMs, or on the YFNB-12.

*While in area of operations. Both were completely surveyed upon arrival in San

Francisco after the operation.

E-l
9 39,40 Am, Bm, Cm

1 3 39 Am, Bm, Cm Over Hold 2, ma in deck,

starboard; deck contamination and shie lding

studies

1 3 40 Bm, Dm Over Hold 2, main deck,

starboard; deck contamination and shielding

studies

1 4 39,40 Bm, Dm Over Hold 2, main deck,

port; deck contamination

and shielding studies

1 5 39 Bm, Cm, Dm Over Hold 2, Main deck,

center; deck contamination and shielding

studies

1 5 40 Am, Bm, Cm Over Hold 2, main deck,

center; deck contamination and shielding

studies

1 7 3 9 Am, Bm, Cm Over Hold 2, hatch cover,

main deck; shielding

studies

Table E-l. Fixed gamma intensity-time recorders (Reference 6).

Station Ship Detectors* Location and Purpose

2 40 Am, Bm, Cm, Dm, Em Keel, forward; sea

contamination evaluation

7 40 Am, Bm, Cm, Hold 1, manifold space;

radiation level and

entry+

Forward Kingpost; washdown evaluation and

radiation evaluation from

distance

*See Table E-2 for definition.

+Used to determine times for safe entry and staying times, regarding

operational radiological safety.

E-2
Table E-l. Fixed gamma intensity-time recorders (Reference 6).

(Continued)

Station Ship Detectors Location and Purpose

19

20

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

3 9

3 9

39

39

39

39,40

39,40 Bm, Cm, Dm

39,40 Bm, Cm, Dm

39,40 Bm, Cm, Dm

Bm, Cm, Dm

Am, Bm, Cm

Bm, Cm, Dm

Am, Bm, Cm

Bm, Cm, Dm

Bm, Cm, Dm

Over Hold 2, hatch cover,

main deck

shielding studies

Over Hold 2, hatch

cover, main deck;

shielding studies

Over Hold 2, hatch

cover, main deck;

shielding studies

Over Hold 2, hatch

cover, main deck;

shielding studies

Over Hold 2, hatch

cover, main deck;

shielding studies

3-ft below Hold 2, hatch

cover, center; space

dose and shielding

studies

1-ft above second deck,

Hold 2, center; space

dose and shielding

studies

Hold 2, 11-ft below

second deck, center;

space dose and shielding

studies

Hold 2, 22-ft below

second deck, center;

space dose and shielding

E-3
Table E-l. Fixed gamma intensity-time recorders (Reference 6).

(Continued)

Station Ship Detectors Location and Purpose

32 39 Am, Bm, Cm, Dm Main deck, forward of

superstructure, port,

deck contamination

studies

39

57

58

64

64

67

68

39, 40 Am, Bm, Dm Wheelhouse; space

radiation level and

entry

40 Bm, Dm

39,40 Bm, Cm, Dm

39 Bm, Dm

40 Bm, Cm, Dm

39,40 Bm, Cm, Dm

39,40 Bm, Cm, Dm

Engine room aft; space

radiation level and

entry

Engine room, firing

aisle; space radiation

level and entry

Recorder room; space

radiation level and

entry

Recorder room; space

radiation level and

entry

Over Hold 4, hatch cover,

main deck, starboard;

deck contamination

studies

Over Hold 4, hatch cover,

main deck, port; deck

contamination studies

E-4
Table E-Z. Detector range and response (Reference 6).

Field, R/h Am

Response in set*

Bm Cm Dm Em

0.001 3,600

0.002 1,800

0.005 720

0.010 360 3,600

0.020 180 1,800

0.036 100 1,000

0.050 72 720

0.100 36 360 3,600

0.200 18 180 1,800

0.360 10 100 1,000

0.500 7.2 72 720

1.00 36 360 3,600

2.00 18 180 1,800

3.60 10 100 1,000

5.00 7.2

10.0 ;:

720

360 3,600

20.0 18 180 1,800

36.0 10 100 1,000

50.0 7.2 72 720

100 36 360

200 18 180

360 10 100

500 7.2 72

1,000 36

2,000 18

3,600 10

5,000 7.2

Note: Am, Bm, Cm, Dm, and Em are designations for continuous gamma recorders,

each set for different ranges as shown above.

*"Response in seconds" is the time lapse between each recorder pulse mark on a

continuous roll of data paper.

E-5
E-2 AERIAL SURVEY (Reference 6).

APPENDIX E

RADIOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTATION

(Continued)

The gamma detector used in the aerial surveys employed both gamma

radiation sensitive plastic phosphors and photomultiplier tubes. The total range

was divided into four scales with ranges from 0.005 to 1.0 mR/h, 0.1 to 100 mR/h,

0.01 to 10 R/h, and 1.0 to 1000 R/h, respectively. The results of the survey

flights were extrapolated to an altitude of 3 feet as shown in Figure E-l. It is

suggested in Reference 6 that the radiation intensities reported for the 3-foot

altitude on D-Day, for the survey flights at 500 feet, may have been too high by

approximately 50 percent. The subsequent readings made from the 200-foot altitude

may then be 25 percent too large.

E-3 PROJECT 2.6 (Reference 7).

Project 2.6, fielded by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, used

the ship Horizon as a platform for studies on the dispersion of radioactive

material in the ocean. Deep drogues, samplers, and Geiger counters in sondes

provided much of the experimental material and data pertaining to the radiological

contamination of the ocean for the Project. Gamma spectra analyses were conducted

on the Baird (also a Scripps ship) using a scintillation counter.

E-6
4 0

3 0

20

E

4 1 0

L 9

ci a

k- 7

E 6

8 5

Lu

z 4

5 3

a

2

1

I I I I I

0 GEORGE NR-82

-A GEORGE NA-92

l HOW NR-82

0 HOW NR-92

- A HELICOPTER

I I

AVERAGE OF PREVIOUS DATA WAS

USED FOR THIS OPERATION

I I I /I

T

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

ALTITUDE (FT)

Figure E-l. Comparison of altitude

correction factors on

D+l .

E-7
E-8
1.

2.

APPENDIX F

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LIMITS (MPLs)

(Extract from Reference 4 pp. 63, 64)

Maximum Permissible Exposures (MPEs) for Personnel

Radiation Exposure

Gamma, R Beta, rep

Whole Body 3.9 1 0

Hands and Feet 20 20

Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPCs)

a . MPCs for personnel

Skin contamination: fixed beta-gamma, 1,000 c/m*

(max)

Airborne activity: respiratory devices are required

if the airborne fission-product concentration is in

excess of the following:+

Concentration

Days After (beta-gamma ,

b

Total Permissible

Detonation pc/cc of air Period of Exposure

0.1 2.7 x 1O-5 1

1 10-7

day

1.7 x 1 day

2 1.2 x 10-7 1 day

4 9.9 x 10-B 1 day

7 7.9 x 10-B 1

10-8

day

1 4 to 28 1.0 x 2 weeks

*c/m = CPM

+From the proposed revision of Rad-Safe regulations, NavMed P-1325,

October 1954.

§pc/cc = pCi/cm3

F-l
APPENDIX F

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LIMITS (MPLs)

(Extract from Reference 4 pp. 63, 64)

(Continued)

Exposure to airborne alpha contamination shall not exceed 1O-lI

c/cc* of air.

3. Food and drinking water: food and water contamination

with fission-product material in excess of the following value shall not

be consumed.

Days Following

Contamination

(beta-gamma),

c/cc of water

Detonation - or c/g of food

0.1 7 x 10-f

1 4.8 x 1O-3

2 2.1 x 10-3

4 9.2 x 10-4

7 4.7 x 10-4

14 to 28 1.0 x 10-4

Maximum

Permissible

Period of

Ingestion

1 day

1 day

1 day

1 day

1 day

1 week

Food and water should not be ingested if alpha contamination is present

in excess of low7 c/g or c/cc.

b. MPCs for clothing

Personal

General clothing, 1,000 c/m fixed beta-gamma

Shoes, 5,000 c/m fixed beta-gamma

Rad-Safe clothing

Re-issue

Coveralls, etc., 5,000 c/m fixed beta-gamma

Gloves, shoes, etc., 25 mrep/hr, 50,000 c/m fixed

beta-gamma

Controlled use

Coveralls, 50,000 c/m

Gloves, shoes, 25 mrep/hr

*

c/cc = Ci/cm3

F-2
APPENDIX F

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LIMITS (MPLs)

(Extract from Reference 4 pp. 63, 64)

(Continued)

c. MPCs for equipment

Final clearance (no further Rad-Safe control)

Fixed beta-gamma, 5,000 c/m

Operation clearance (Rad-Safe Control continues)

Fixed beta-gamma, 50,000 c/m

Removable beta, 5,000 c/m/12 sq. in.

d. Sample shipments (packaging requirements)

Radiation level (exterior of container), f r/hr

Removable contamination, 500 c/m/12 sq. in.

F-3

COPY

1 . General

APPENDIX G

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY PLAN

(These extracts from the Task Group 7.3 Operation

Plan l-55 describe the plan adopted for Rad-Safe.)

Extract from Annex G, TG 7.3 Operation Plan l-55

a. Radiological safety of task group military and civilian personnel is

a command responsibility and radiological safety activities will be performed

through normal command channels.

b . Radiological Safety (Rad-Safe) operations is a general term which

denotes the means by which a unit attempts to prevent the occurrence of hazards to

personnel and equipment resulting from the spread of radioactive material. With

this end in view it includes such measures as training, organization and

distribution of certain personnel ; development of techniques and procedures for

use of radiological detection equipment; protection or removal of exposed

personnel; and decontamination of personnel, structures and equipment.

c. Following the detonation there will be areas of surface radiological

contamination and, possibly, limited areas of aerial radiological contamination.

ide

2. Mission

The purpose of the radiological safety organization is to prov

a. Protection of personnel and equipment

b. Effective training of personnel

C. Evaluation of the effectiveness of radiological safety

training and radiac equipment

G-l
COPY

APPENDIX G

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY PLAN

(Continued)

3.

4 .

a. Preshot phase

b . Shot phase

C . Rollup phase

Preshot Phase General Requirements

a. The preshot phase will be utilized by all subordinate commands in:

1) Developing operational efficiency to carry out all phases

of Rad-Safe through training.

2) Filling of operation equipment allowances.

3) Maintenance and calibration of radiac equipment

4 ) Establishment of personnel decontamination facilities

b. Deve loping operational efficiency.

1) Rad-Safe training of certain individuals.

2) Rad-Safe training of crews.

This training will be accomplished in conformance with

applicable instructions from administrative commanders.

Phases

To carry out its mission, the radiological safety operations of Task

Group 7.3 during Operation WIGWAM are divided into three phases:

c. Maintenance and calibration of radiac equipment.

Each ship will require its entire allowance of radiac equipment in good

operating condition. Units of Task Group 7.3 are responsible for the maintenance

G-2
COPY

APPENDIX G

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY PLAN

(Continued)

of their own radiac equipment. For calibration and repairs beyond the capacity of

ship's force, assistance can be obtained from the Radiac Repair Facility, San

Diego (corner Vesta and Main Streets, telephone Belmont 2-6911, Ext. 1118) when

in port and from the Task Group Rad-Safe Project Officer on board the USS WRIGHT

(CVL-49) at other times. Failure report cards and equipment history cards shall

be used with all radiac instruments. Each unit shall depart for the forward area

with not less than 100 % spare batteries for radiac instruments. These batteries

should be ordered as early as practicable, as some are in short supply.

d. Personnel Decontamination Facilities

Decontamination stations as described in NWIP 50-1, NavPers 10886, and

applicable instructions from administrative commanders shall be in operating

condition on each ship to permit showering and monitoring exposed personnel.

Fabrication of these facilities is considered to be within the capability of

ship's force.

5. Shot Phase General Requirements

a. If ships of the task group are contaminated by personnel or material

coming on board, every effort shall be made to localize the contamination.

Standard decontamination procedures as outlined in NWIP 50-1, Nav Pers 10886 and

Appendix II of this annex shall be used to remove contamination.

b . Decontamination of personnel and disposal of contaminated material

shall be as provided in Pacific Fleet Instructions, NWIP 50-1, NavPers 10886, and

Appendix D-II to this annex.

G-3
COPY

6.

APPENDIX G

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY PLAN

(Continued)

Rollup Phase General Requirements

a . All subordinate commands in TG 7.3 shall make the following reports

by letter to CTG 7.3 and mail these reports in the first port entered after the

operation, not later than 3 working days after entering port.

1) Instances of contamination of either personnel or

equipment covering the following: time after shot when first

noticed, intensity, type of radioactivity encountered, estimated

initial time of contamination, methods of decontamination,

effectiveness thereof, and final disposition of contaminated

items.

2) Radiac equipment performance, adequacy of spares, etc.

Such reports should include operational difficulties in use of

equipment and an estimate of the adequacy of personnel training

methods.

3) That all radiac instruments borrowed from the Rad-Safe

Project Officer have been returned, or exception, if any.

G-4
COPY

APPENDIX G

(Extracts from Appendix I to Annex G, TG 7.3

Operation Plan l-55)

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY REGULATIONS

1. General

The Maximum Permissible Exposures (MPEs) and Max imum Permissible

Concentrations (MPCs) as stated herein are applicable to a field experimental test

of a nuclear device in peacetime wherein numbers of personnel engaged in these

tests have been previously exposed or may be continuously exposed to potential

radiation hazards. The regulations set forth herein are considered to be

reasonable and safe. They are designed to minimize personnel exposures with due '

regard to the importance of the test and the cost aspects of operational delay

occasioned by excessive radiological precautions. Special instances may arise

such as in the case of air-sea rescue, or in the case of a tactical situation, in

which operations will be carried out without regard to the MPEs and MPCs

prescribed herein. For such emergency or tactical operations the criteria

prescribed below for tactical situations will be used as a guide. Film badges

will be carried and Rad-Safe monitors will accompany such operations to determine

the extent of the actual radiation hazard experienced in order that appropriate

medical action may be initiated.

2. Maximum Permissible Exposure

a. The MPE for personnel involved in this operation is 3.9 roentgens

(gamma only). This exposure may be acquired at any time during the operation, and

may be acquired without regard to the individual's past radiation history unless

there has been previous over-exposure requiring continuing compensation.

b . A special MPE of 20 roentgens (gamma only) is authorized for the

duration of the operation for personnel engaged in collection and handling of

critical water samples necessary for yield determination. These personnel will

number approximately ten, and will be designated by CTG 7.3 prior to the

operational period.

G-5
COPY

APPENDIX G

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY REGULATIONS

(Continued)

C. Beta radiation exposure to the hands should not exceed 30.0 rep for

the operational period.

d. The MPEs are subject to revision by waiver from the Task Group

Commander in individually designated cases when circumstances indicate a need and

justification therefor.

e. All exposure to film badges worn on the body torso will be regarded

as total body irradiation.

3 . Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPCs)

Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPCs) are not to be confused with

MPE's (see paragraph 2 above) or with Final and Operational Clearances (see

paragraph 5 below). MPCs listed herein are to be regarded only as advisory limits

for control under average conditions, and may be exceeded by a task unit commander

when in his opinion this action is justified. Task unit commanders must use their

judgment to "get the job done" and also stay within the MPE specified in Paragraph

2a above. Contamination should be reduced and maintained as low as practicable

consistent with "getting the job done."

a. Personnel and clothing MPCs are as follows:

1) Contamination on the skin should be removed by

thorough scrubbing until skin readings are as low as

practicable. In general, it is not considered profitable to

abrade the skin or scalp in an attempt to reduce stubborn

contamination below 1 mr/hr (gamma only). In cases where

skin contamination cannot be readily reduced to 1 mr/hr

(!I amma only) by bathing, the ship's Rad-Safe Officer should

be contacted for guidance.

G-6
COPY

APPENDIX G

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY REGULATIONS

(Continued)

2) Contamination on underclothing and body equipment

such as the internal surface of respirators should be reduced

as low as practicable, and to a value lower than 2 mr/hr

(gamma only).

3) Contamination on outer clothing should be reduced

as low as practicable, and to a value lower than 7 mr/hr

(gamma only).

b. Ship, Boat and Aircraft MPCs

1) It is desired to point out that the employment of

the ships and units in TG 7.3, insofar as radiological safety

i s concerned, is not considered routine usage within the

purview of NavMed P-1325 , "Radiological Safety Regulations."

For WIGWAM, naval personnel are operating under regulations

set forth by the Task Group Commander as approved by the

Chief of Naval Operations.

2) Ships, boats, and aircraft operating in or over

waters near the shot point after shot time may become

contaminated. Monitors shall be aboard all such craft

operating after shot time, either as passengers or members of

the crew, until such time as radiological restrictions are

lifted.

3) Task unit commanders shall take necessary action to

ensure that personnel of ships, boats, and aircraft are not

over-exposed to radiation and that ships, boats, and aircraft

are not contaminated excessively. The criterion is that,

except in emergencies or tactical operations, no personnel

G-7
COPY

APPENDIX G

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY REGULATIONS

(Continued)

shall be over-exposed as defined by Paragraph 2 above, and no

ship, boat or aircraft shall be contaminated to the degree

that personnel aboard them receive more than 0.3 roentgens

(gamma only) per week after the operational period.

4 ) For ships, boats, and aircraft operating in or over

contaminated waters, reasonable allowances shall be made to

differentiate between the relative contribution to the total

flux from fixed contamination and that due to "shine" from

contaminated waters.

5) Alpha contamination is not expected to be a problem. If it is, special instructions will be promulgated.

6) Contamination on ships, boats, and aircraft shall

be reduced as much as practicable, and except in unusual

cases to a value lower than 7 mr/hr (gamma only). A surface

is not decontaminated sufficiently when two square inches of

filter paper rubbed lightly over twelve square inches of the

contaminated surface and then held one-half inch from the

open window of an AN/PDR-27 type instrument read more than

0.5 mr/hr above background. Advice can be obtained from the

staff of CTG 7.3.

7) When a ship or boat is in contaminated water for an

appreciable period of time, some of the contamination becomes

attached to the hull and interior of the salt-water systems.

There is only a very slight probability that this problem

will be serious on any ship except the YAG. This type of

G-8
COPY

4 .

APPENDIX G

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY REGULATIONS

(Continued)

contamination entails no internal, beta, or alpha hazard to

people aboard, but only an external gamma hazard. In general, decontamination of this type of contamination will not be

practicable or necessary during Operation WIGWAM. This type

of contamination can be minimized by keeping vessels in contaminated water only as long as necessary for the accomplishment of their missions. After the detonation, each ship

other than the YAG's shall be monitored for radioactivity

every 4 hours, or oftener if considered advisable by the commanding officer, until leaving the vicinity of the detonation, with special attention to evaporators and condensers.

Commanding officers shall notify CTG 7.3 promptly of any

cases where it appears that contamination of this type may

result in exposure of personnel to more than 1 roentgen during the operation. Estimates of exposure should be realistic; for example, if an engineering space has an intensity of

50 mr/hr one inch from a condenser, and 2 mr/hr at a place 10

feet from the condenser where a man stands watch 8 hours per

day, the estimated exposure of this man is 2 x 8 = 16 mrlday

and not 50 x 8 = 400 mrlday.

Tactical Situations*

In tactical situations the OTC must make the decision regarding

allowable exposures, and the MPEs described above do not apply. As military

personnel are normally subject to only random exposure, health hazards are a

* NTPR Note: This paragraph applies not to normal WIGWAM operations but to

"tactical" (nuclear war) operations and "emergency" (rescue) operations (such as

helicopter crash in highly contaminated water).

6-9
COPY

APPENDIX G

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY REGULATIONS

(Continued)

minimum. Current Department of Defense information on exposure to gamma radiation

in tactical situations is indicated below:

a. Uniform acute (immediate) exposure of 50 roentgens to a group of

Armed Forces personnel will not affect their efficiency as a fighting unit.

b. Uniform acute exposure of 100 roentgens will produce occasional

nausea and vomiting in individuals, but not to an extent that will render Armed

Forces personnel ineffective as fighting units. Personnel receiving acute

radiation exposure of 100 or more roentgens should be given a period of rest and

individual evaluation as soon as possible.

l c . Uniform acute exposure of approximately 150 roentgens or greater

can be expected to render Armed Forces personnel ineffective as troops within a

few hours through a substantial incidence of nausea, vomiting, weakness and

prostration. Mortality produced by an acute exposure of 150 roentgens will be

very low and eventual recovery of physical fitness may be expected.

d. Operational commanders should, therefore, assume that if substantial numbers of their men receive acute radiation exposures substantially above

100 roentgens there is a grave risk that their commands will rapidly become ineffective as a fighting unit.

e. Internal hazards following a contaminating underwater explosion may

be avoided if ordinary sanitary precautions are taken, such as washing the face

and hands before eating. Only under unusual circumstances will there be internal

hazard from residual contamination.

f. The aircraft controller in a tactical situation shall make every

effort to keep planes clear of aerial contamination to the maximum extent allowed

by the tactical situation.

G-10
COPY

5.

APPENDIX G

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY REGULATIONS

(Continued)

Final and Operational Clearance

At the conclusion of the operation, final clearances will be granted by

the Task Group Commander, or by commanding officers if so ordered, to those ships,

boats, and planes showing no point of contamination greater than 15 mr/day (beta

and gamma) and no detectable alpha. Other craft will be granted operational

clearances by the Task Group Commander, or by commanding officers if so ordered.

An operational clearance implies that contamination exists and that special

procedures as necessary are instituted on board ship.

6 . Duties of Monitors

Rad-Safe monitors assigned during recovery operations shall act in an

advisory capacity to keep the persons in charge of recovery operations informed of

radiation intensities at all times. The persons in charge shall accept this

advice and act accordingly. It is the responsibility of the person in charge to

adhere to the limits established in these regulations. The Rad-Safe monitor shall

limit his activities to monitoring and will not engage in actual recovery

operations.

7. Film Badges

a. Film badges shall be worn by all personnel. A film badge shall be

issued to each individual to be worn during the entire operation. Each of these

badges will be processed at the conclusion of the operation to give the official

integrated radiation dosage for the legal-medical records. In addition, personnel

expected to receive significant radiation will be issued additional film badges to

be processed on a daily basis so that immediate checks can be made on the rate of

dosage accumulation and the possibility of over-exposures minimized.

G-11
COPY

APPENDIX G

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY REGULATIONS

(Continued)

b. All personnel shall be cautioned to wear their film badges at all

times, to avoid losing them, and to avoid ruining them by laundering or other

methods.

C . Additional film badges, dosimeters and protective clothing

(coveralls, booties, caps, gloves, etc.) as deemed necessary shall be issued to

personnel expected to receive significant radiation and/or contamination by

appropriate task group Rad-Safe supply sections. All personnel dosage film badges

shall be procured from and returned to representatives of the laboratory on board

the WRIGHT where all processing and recording will be accomplished. No other

personnel dosage film badges shall be used during this operation.

d. Detailed instructions for issue and return of film badges will be

promulgated separately.

8. Exposure Records

The Rad-Safe Project Officer will maintain standard type film badge

records of radiation exposures, for all task group personnel. Records will

indicate full name, rank or rate, serial or service number, if applicable,

organization, home station or laboratory, date of exposure, and remarks such as

limitations on assignment because of exposure. Upon completion of the operation,

disposition of these records will be as follows:

a. A consolidated list of exposures listing military personnel (and

civilian personnel under military control) by full name, rank or rate, serial or

service number (if applicable), organization, home station or laboratory and

exposure in milliroentgens together with exposed film badges and control film

badges will be forwarded to the Chief, AFSWP.

G-12
COPY

APPENDIX G

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY REGULATIONS

(Continued)

b. A consolidated list of personnel and exposures will be forwarded to

the Director, Division of Biology and Medicine, AEC.

C. Individual records of Navy military and civilian personnel will be

forwarded to their unit of assignment for inclusion in the individual's health

record (Medical History Sheets and NavMed H-8). Military personnel who have received an average of more than 0.3 roentgen (gamma only) per week since 1 January

1955 will be advised that they should not be exposed to further nuclear radiation

until sufficient time has elapsed to bring their average radiation dose subsequent

to 1 January 1955 down to 0.3 roentgen (gamma only) per week. Civilian personnel

in this category will be informed that limitations on further radiation exposure

will be as determined by the laboratory or agency having administrative jurisdiction over such personnel.

d. Upon completion of the above, letter reports from the Rad-Safe

Project Officer will be submitted through channels to the Chief, Bureau of

Medicine and Surgery, and the Director, Division of Biology and Medicine, AEC,

indicating, in general, the action taken to dispose of individual dose records,

comments on over-exposures, and any pertinent remarks considered of interest to

the above offices.

9 . Analysis of Drinking Water for Radioactivity

It has been found in a previous operation that distilled water from

evaporators is uncontaminated even though the evaporators become contaminated to a

level of 20 mr/hr one inch from the evaporators. The explanation is that

contamination does not distill with the water, but part of it goes overboard with

the brine and the remainder becomes attached to the scale and condenser.

Nevertheless, any commanding officer may at his discretion send samples of

drinking water to the Rad-Safe Project Officer on board the USS WRIGHT for an

analysis for radioactivity.

G-13
COPY

APPENDIX G

DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES

(Extracts from Appendix II to Annex, G,

TG 7.3 Operation Plan l-55)

1 . General

Radioactive contamination will probably at some time during Operation

WIGWAM render an essential area or piece of equipment temporarily unusable. In

such a situation, the reduction of such radioactive contamination may be mandatory

to successful accomplishment of the operation. Decontamination of units and

personnel shall be accomplished on the site to reduce the hazard to operational

levels. It should be remembered that radioactive fission products decay as time

passes, the most rapid decay taking place within the first few hours after

detonation. To compute dosages, see "Radiological Defense," Vol. II pp 223-229.

2 . Reagents

In most of the decontamination operations which might be required of

Task Group 7.3, uncontaminated fresh or salt water sprayed under pressure shall be

used for gross decontamination. Ordinarily, salt water should not be used on

aircraft. Other reagents which are used where water is inappropriate or

inadequate are: soaps, detergents, standard cleaner USN C-152 or 147, 5-101

sodium citrate solution of USAF cleaning compound Spec. 20015 (gunk), kerosene and

soap powders. Cleaners with an oil carrier are especially suitable for aircraft

decontamination.

3. General Aircraft Decontamination Procedures

a. If it has been determined through monitoring that decontamination is

necessary, aircraft will be decontaminated at a shore facility or on board the

WRIGHT, as circumstances indicate.

G-14
COPY

APPENDIX G

DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES

(Continued)

1) Decontamination operations on board a carrier

(general criteria).

In decontaminating aircraft on board a carrier,

the following factors should be stressed:

a> Area should be well isolated from

personnel living spaces, ventilator intakes, etc.

b) A clear watershed to the sea should be

provided, if practicable, to prevent contamination

of the vessel.

c> Air circulation.

2) Decontamination operations aboard a carrier

(specific)

a> Decontamination personnel shall be in

decontamination suits. Decontamination suits shall

ordinarily include the following:

NOMENCLATURE STOCK NO.

Coveralls 637-G-2570 (or equivalent)

Gloves

Overshoes, Rubber N-l

Cap, Marine Utility

637-G-2295 '

U37-o-69150

73-C-59100 through 59104 (or

equivalent)

This decontamination suit provides protection from contamination, and, for

avoiding heat prostration, is much more satisfactory than a waterproof suit. The

Marine utility cap is preferred to the Navy utility cap N-l, because more adequate

head coverage is provided.

G-15
COPY

APPENDIX G

DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES

(Continued)

b) Decontamination personnel shall be restricted to the immediate

area surrounding the contaminated aircraft. Support personnel are in the "clean"

background area to'manipulate equipment to the decontamination team.

d The decontamination area should be clearly marked and roped

off in some manner.

4 Every effort shall be made to prevent the contamination of the

ship in the decontamination area.

e) Provisions should be made for disposal of contaminated items

in the decontamination area (GI cans may be used for small objects).

monitored.

f> All material leaving the decontamination area shall be

9) Decontamination operations shall be interrupted intermittently

for monitoring of aircraft to determine effectiveness. Work periods should be

calculated after intensity levels are measured.

h) Decontamination operations should continue until the level of

intensity drops below 7 mr/hr (gamma only). If this level cannot be readily

attained using the methods indicated herein, the Rad-Safe Officer TG 7.3 should be

contacted for instructions.

i> Where metal parts are contaminated and there is danger of

damaging adjacent items of porous material, such as fabric, scrubbing with

cleaning solution is effective.

G-16
COPY

APPENDIX G

DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES

(Continued)

j) If initial contamination is driven into paint, apply a

solution containing 5 pounds lye, 5 pounds boiler compound, 1 pound starch and 10

gallons of water and scrub with wire brush or scrape to remove all paint. APPLY

cleaning solution and flush thoroughly with water. REMONITOR.

4 . General Ship Decontamination Procedures

a. Spraying of the topside with nonradioactive water following an

unavoidable exposure of ship to radioactive fallout will probably minimize the

necessity for further decontamination. The interior of the ship is preserved in

its 'clean" status by setting of the appropriate damage control condition of

readiness to seal the ship's envelope.

b. Should the above method fail to prevent contamination,

decontamination suits shall be worn to protect the damage control parties who must

work on the contaminated sections of the ship. In the use of water after the ship

has been exposed to contamination, special techniques are required to control the

contaminating spray resulting from hosing operations. If possible, the hosing of

an object should be carried on from the upwind side so that the spray will not

drift back on the operators. The most satisfactory operating position is from 15

to 20 feet from the surface. On vertical surfaces, the water should be directed

to strike the surface at an angle of 30 to 45 degrees. The complication of a

brisk wind partially offset by using a wind-break. For hosing down large

contaminated areas, a decontamination rate of approximately 4 square feet of

surface area per minute should be used. Special attention must be given to the

drainage from these operations to allow direct flow to disposal points over the

side.

c. Hosing is not the complete answer to decontamination; scrubbing

techniques may have to be used.

G-17
COPY

APPENDIX G

DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES

(Continued)

d. Wooden surfaces, if contaminated, can be decontaminated as outlined

below under General Boat Decontamination Procedures.

5 . General Boat Decontamination Procedures

a. If the boat exterior, i.e., painted surface, is contaminated from

passage through contaminated water, hosing down and scrubbing if necessary should

be sufficient to reduce any contamination to well below prescribed tolerances. If

boat is water-borne, drainage from hosing down should present no problem.

Dispersal of radioactive products in the sea is anticipated to be sufficient to

prevent recontamination of other boats. If interior of boat is contaminated,

hosing down and pumping out over the side should suffice. However, repeated use

of this method can concentrate some contamination in the bilge pump system which

is not desirable, and this pump should be especially monitored.

b . Contamination can be introduced into boats by contaminated

passengers, radioactive "fallout," or seepage of contaminated water into bilges.

It is considered most likely that any major contamination in the boats will come

from contamination on passengers and equipment brought on board. Unpainted wood

will not be as readily decontaminable as described above. Any contamination

should be relatively light. If relatively light and too resistent to normal

hosing down, scrubbing and scraping, a coating of shellac, varnish or paint will

usually effectively shield out alpha and beta radiation and seal it in until

radioactive decay completes the process of removal of any health hazard. It is

planned that all boat decontamination will be done in an open sea area where water

disposal from low order of contamination and drainage is no problem.

6 . General Personnel Decontamination Procedures

a. At the completion of decontamination operations on shipboard,

personnel concerned should be monitored on the spot--then shed outer (protective)

G-18
COPY

APPENDIX G

DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES

(Continued)

clothing, gloves, booties, etc., disposing of same into covered containers.

Personnel then are monitored and if necessary sent to a personnel decontamination

center. (See Appendix I of this Annex, Paragraph 3a.)

b. Personnel upon completion of their duties in a contaminated area

will be required to utilize the facilities within a "change house" and, if

necessary, those within the decontamination head. They should be organized and

operated in such a way that the following is insured:

1) Monitoring of suspected contaminated personnel at "change house"

ENTRANCE.

2) Advising each person as to degree of contamination and spots more

highly contaminated than others, paying special attention to soles of shoes, hands

and hair.

3) Instruction of incoming personnel contaminated clothing should be

disposed. This clothing may require laundering or, as a result of decay of

radioactive contamination, it may be possible to re-use it after a period of time

without laundering.

4) Monitoring of personnel with and without clothing when clothing is

contaminated.

5) Collection of dosimeters worn by persons entering decontamination

centers.

6) Shower facilities where personnel will scrub thoroughly with

particular attention to hair and hands when contaminated.

G-19
COPY

APPENDIX G

DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES

(Continued)

7) Second monitoring after shower and release of personnel if skin

count is less than 1 mr/hr (gamma only). Washing should continue as necessary

subject to the provisions of Paragraph 3a(l) of Appendix I to this Annex.

7. Disposition of Contaminated Items

Contaminated items which are impossible or impractical to decontaminate

may be surveyed or kept in a space, such as a void, where they will not be

hazardous to personnel until natural radioactive decay renders them harmless.

Advice on disposition of contaminated items may be obtained from CTG 7.3.

Contaminated items which will float shall not be thrown overboard except by

permission of CTG 7.3.

G-20
COPY

1 . General

APPENDIX G

RADIOLOGICAL SURVEY, AIR DROP AND SAMPLE RETURN PLAN

(Extracts from Appendix III to Annex G, TG 7.3

Operation Plan l-55)

a . Radiological/Temperature Survey and Air Drop Missions are

independent missions. However, because of time and aircraft availability

considerations these missions will be consolidated and conducted by AD-5N aircraft

of Carrier Air Support Unit 7.3.2.

b. These missions are to be conducted on D-Day subsequent to H-hour, as

contained in air schedules, Appendix I to this annex. Two aircraft will be on

station to execute these missions. Each aircraft will have a duplicating mission

should the other plane fail to execute its assignment.

2. Control

a. AD-5N and AF-2S aircraft will report to LAZARUS on the TATC

(Tactical Air Traffic Control) Net (339.4 MCS) for control. Be prepared to

operate on TAD (Tactical Air Direction) Nets as contained in Communications and

Electronics Plan, Annex C. TAD #l - 236.2 MCS, TAD #2 - 349.0 MCS.

Radiological/Temperature Survey

a. This mission is to be conducted subsequent to H-Hour and is for the

purpose of determining and forecasting the radiological and hydrographic

conditions in the test area. Instruments capable of detecting and measuring the

radiological conditions (aerial survey and bolometer gear), and two technicians

and one observer to observe and interpret these instruments will be placed aboard

each survey plane. Survey missions are planned for daylight hours only.

G-21
COPY

APPENDIX G

RADIOLOGICAL SURVEY, AIR DROP

AND SAMPLE RETURN PLAN

(Continued)

b. Survey aircraft No. 1 and No. 2 will take position 045" upwind on

the starboard side of the ZERO BARGE at a distance of 5 miles and an altitude of

1,500 feet (or below the overcast), and be prepared to commence run-in at H+5

minutes or when the radiological situation permits. The time specified for the

initial run-in (H+5 min.) may be delayed; however, the initial run-in point and

flight pattern for drops will remain constant.

c. The initial run will be approximately parallel to the array towards

the SHOT ZONE to a point at which a starboard turn will permit the track to cross

the array one thousand (1,000) feet upwind of the SHOT ZONE at 2 minutes after

start of run-in. This preliminary survey run wi 11 be conducted at an altitude of

1,500 feet until past the SHOT ZONE area at which time altitude will be decreased

to 500 feet in preparation for dropping runs. Survey plane No. 1 will be the lead

plane throughout drop and survey missions, and survey plane No. 2 will follow at a

distance of 2,000 yards. Upon completion of the preliminary survey run, survey

planes will execute two (possibly three) runs for the dropping of water sample

collectors and radiac instruments.

d. Upon completion of the drop runs, a survey pattern will be

initiated. This pattern will be largely determined by the size of the water area

to be covered; the larger the area the more detailed a pattern can be flown.

Should the area remain small, the pattern will consist of runs across the SHOT

ZONE. Pattern determinations will be made on the basis of information received by

program directors. In the event that it becomes necessary for survey planes to

delay or suspend operations and maintain an orbit about a reference position, this

point will be the initial run-in point (subsequent to H-Hour this will be off port

bow of the MT MCKINLEY (AGC-7).

G-22
COPY

APPENDIX G

RADIOLOGICAL SURVEY, AIR DROP

AND SAMPLE RETURN PLAN

(Continued)

e. Survey mission on D-Day will be scheduled from H+60 minutes to H+3

hours, and H+4 hours to H+6 hours, or as daylight hours permit. Survey missions

subsequent to D-Day will be tentatively planned as a one-plane 2-hour flight in

the early morning and a one-plane, 2-hour flight in the later afternoon.

4 . Air Drops

a. Survey plane No. 1 will drop five USQ-1 telemeters from an altitude

of 500 feet during the first run through the SHOT ZONE. Survey plane No. 2 will

drop ten water sample collectors from an altitude of 500 feet during the first run

through the SHOT ZONE.

b . During the second run through the SHOT ZONE, Survey Plane No. 1

will drop ten water sample collectors and Survey Plane No. 2 will drop five USQ-1

telemeters.

c. Upon completion of the second run, both survey plane No. 1 and

survey plane No. 2 will have two water sample collectors and five radiac USQ-1

instruments remaining. These may be dropped on a third run, either immediately

following the second run or when considered necessary by CTG 7.3.

d. It is desired that the first drop be conducted perpendicular to the

tow array through the center of the SHOT ZONE and to give a coverage of 50 percent

on each side of the ZONE which is estimated to be 1,000 feet in diameter. The

second drop will be made parallel to the array through the center of the ZONE with

the same coverage desired. Runs parallel to the array will maintain a 200-yard

separation from the array units until aft of balloons at which time a turn into

the SHOT ZONE may be made.

G-23
COPY

APPENDIX G

RADIOLOGICAL SURVEY, AIR DROP

AND SAMPLE RETURN PLAN

(Continued)

e. Survey plane No. 1 will indicate IFF mode 1, and survey plane No. 2

will indicate IFF mode 2 throughout the survey and drop mission. Radar tracking

will be used on these aircraft to obtain detailed flight path/time information

which will be utilized for scientific computations.

f . See Tab A - Maneuvering Plan for Drop and Survey Aircraft.

5 . Sample Return

a. AF-2S type aircraft based aboard USS WRIGHT will be utilized to

return radioactive samples from the carrier to NAS, North Island. At North Island

the samples will then be readied for further shipment and transferred to Military

Air Transport Service (MATS) aircraft for delivery to interested laboratories.

The necessity for early sample delivery requires efficient and accurate

coordination on the part of the aircraft units concerned.

b. Sample return missions will commence as soon as possible on D+l Day

subsequent to recovery and processing of water samples. Estimated requirements

indicate that two planes will return to North Island on D+l Day and two planes

will return on D+2 Day. Subsequent return missions may be scheduled if necessary.

No scheduled night carrier operations are contemplated, however, night landings at

NAS North Island are to be expected.

C . In the event NAS North Island goes below safe weather minimums for

carrier aircraft, sample return aircraft can expect to be sent to NAS Miramar as

alternative number one or NAS El Centro as alternate number two. AF and AD type

pilots are to be advised of this possibility and be sufficiently prepared for this

situation. MATS aircraft awaiting samples for delivery to the interior will be

aware of weather complications and will be prepared to effect rendezvous with

G-24
COPY

APPENDIX G

RADIOLOGICAL SURVEY, AIR DROP

AND SAMPLE RETURN PLAN

(Continued)

carrier sample delivery planes at alternate base one or two as specified. CTU

7.3.5 (VP-2) will coordinate this sample transfer rendezvous as necessary.

G-25
G-26
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES (Extract from Reference 4)

Brochure of Course Material,

Course I (Four Weeks)

DAY TITLE HOURS DESCRIPTION

1 Registration and 1 Discussion of rules and regulations;

Administration clearance check; course materials are

issued; student aid is given to those

who need it

1 Introduction to the 1 Glossary of terms introduced; various

Effects of Nuclear types of bursts are discussed as well

Weapons as an overview of effects;

orientation is directed to the

student's possible participation in

a field operation

1 Blast Effects of

Nuclear Radiation

3

1 Review of Basic Math 1

2 Blast Effects; 2

and Damage Criteria

2 Thermal Radiation 2

Effects of Nuclear

Explosions; "Fireball

Phenomena"

2 An Introduction to 1

Nuclear Radiation

2 Review of Basic 1

Math

3 Examination, Discussion 1

and Critique

This class provides an overview of

nuclear blasts and the blast-effectaccording to the type of

burst (such as damage to structures,

ships, materials); problems of

scaling and damage criteria are

considered

The fundamentals of basic

mathematics, requisite to the course

are reviewed

The problems pertaining to blast

scaling and damage criteria are

discussed and solutions are evolved

by actual calculations

The class discusses the effects of

heat on ships, structures, and

material; a comparison is made

between thermal and total hazard of

nuclear detonation

This film-lecture discusses the basic

structure of the atom and its

relation to nuclear radiation

Second session reviewing the

fundamentals of basic mathematics

An examination on blast and thermal

effects, followed by a discussion

of the exam material

H-l
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course I (Four Weeks)

(Continued)

DAY TITLE HOURS DESCRIPTION

3 Introduction to 1 The 2nd introductory lecture on the

3

4

4

4

Nut lear Rad i

Nuclear Radiation

Effects I and II

2 The types and physical characteristics of nuclear radiations are

discussed relative to their

importance to types of nuclear

detonations

Nuclear Radiation, 2

Scaling of Effects,

I and II

Fission Products and 1

their Decay

Detection of Radiation 1

Basic Instruments

Dosage Devices

ation, II elementary structure of the atom and

on nuclear radiation so that the

student has a general idea of nuclear

weapons and radiac instruments and a

basic understanding of the need for

radiological safety

The problems involved in scaling

and shielding of nuclear radiation

are presented and solution are

evolved by calculation

The problems concerning the decay of

fission products are presented as

well as a discussion on fissionproduct monitoring

Students are introduced to the use of

radiacs and are shown the application

of radiation characteristics to such

detecting radiation detection methods

as ionization and scintillation

The basic radiac instruments and

general operating principles are

presented along with basic instrument

theory and simple concepts of

electronic detection circuits

The student is shown film and chamber

dosimeters used for recording

radiation doses, and how to use and

care for them

Introduction to

Lab Exercises

"Introduction to

Radiac Instruments"

Students are shown laboratory

procedures; a film on radiac

instruments is shown

H-2
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course I (Four Weeks)

(Continued)

DAY TITLE HOURS DESCRIPTION

4 Individual Naval 1 A discussion and demonstration of the

Radiac Instruments;

Calibration of

Instruments

operation calibration and formulas,

maintenance and limitations of the

radiation measuring instruments used

by the Navy for routine and/or

special operations (AN/PDR-TIB,

AN/PDR-27 C, and AN/PDR-18A)

4 Calibration of an

Ion Chamber

5 Examination,

Discussion and

Critique

5 Fission Product

Decay and Dosage

2

1

1

5 Problems in Fission 1 The student is asked to solve

Product Decay and fission-product decay and dosage

Dosage problems using available information

5 Measurements and 2

Evaluation of

Radiological Hazards,

I and II "Radiological

Survey'

Students learn the use of an

ionization type radiac by taking

readings with and calibrating an

AN/PDR-TIB. Students are shown how

to determine operational characteristics through the means of calibration

curves

The exam includes material studied

on nuclear radiation effects such as

initial gamma scaling, attenuation,

and shielding, followed by a critique

of the exam

A discussion on the problems involved

in the decay of fission products, and

on the needs and possible ways of

interpreting estimated dosage is

held

A discussion of the need for radiological survey, types of survey,

marking of areas and equipment,

control operations, as well techniques used in making an evaluation

of a radiological hazard is held,

highlighted by a film

H-3
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course I (Four Weeks)

(Continued)

DAY TITLE HOURS DESCRIPTION

5 Area Monitoring 2 Students practice the procedures

Survey to be used in operational conditions,

as a simulated survey takes place onboard a model vessel; survey readings

are taken using radiacs, and reports

are then sent to control centers for

evaluation

6 Contamination

6

7

7

7

Exam, Discussion

and Critique

1

Problems of Dosage 3

Calculation, Decay,

and Stay Time Re:

FP Contamination

Shielding

Decontamination I and 2

II; "Industrial

Decontamination of

Ships"

Medical Aspects of 2

Nuclear Weapons:

Radiological Hazards

"Effects of Radiation

on the Body"

Thumb Rules 2

This exam covers material on fission

products, decay and dosage

Dosage and stay-time problems for

residual contamination from nuclear

weapons are calculated by graphical

means

The sources, implications and hazards

of radiological contamination, as

well as definition of terms, are

covered

This laboratory practical exercise

deals with the materials used for

shielding radiation and the factors

in shielding problems

This film-lecture discusses the

fundamental principles of decontaminating radioactive surfaces;

procedures used in removal; compares

the efficiency of various techniques

for routine and emergency

decontamination; and operational and

final clearances

Radiological hazards from a medical

standpoint are presented as well as

the biological effects of ionization,

radiation symptoms and sickness,

followed by a training film

Practical rules to apply while

working with radioactivity are

discussed

H-4
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course I (Four Weeks)

(Continued)

DAY TITLE HOURS DESCRIPTION

7 Thumb Rule 1 A group discussion on how to apply

Applications "rules of thumb" to radiological

situations. Emphasis is placed on

the constant application of

radiological safety principles for

personnel protection

8 Exam, Discussion

and Critique

8 Monitoring Survey,

Afloat

8 Monitoring Survey

Ashore

3

8 Interrelation of 1

Effects (Classified

Film)

9 Radiological Recovery 3

I, II, and III

This exam covers material presented

the previous two class days

The student, using radiac

instruments, takes part in a field

exercise aboard the USS BUTTERNUT, a

full-size model of a naval vessel.

In this exercise a simulated

contaminating event is staged and the

monitor evaluates hazards, using

monitoring procedures, and recommends

Rad-Safe procedures to higher

authority based on survey

This field exercise stages a simulated contaminating event on land.

Using radiac equipment, the monitor

identifies and marks contaminated

areas; evaluates radiological

hazards to personnel; and forms

monitoring reports and isointensity

line charts

This discussion correlates the

interrelation of thermal, blast, and

radiation effects as they apply to

different types of nuclear

detonations

The aspects of radiological recovery,

following a contaminating event, are

covered, as well as the most

effective measures necessary to

return a land area or ship to use.

The "Radiological Recovery Manual" is

referenced

H-5
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course I (Four Weeks)

(Continued)

DAY

9

TITLE

San Francisco

Problem

HOURS

3

DESCRIPTION

In this oractical exercise. the

student is asked to estimate blast,

thermal, and nuclear radiation

damages and dangers produced by two

nuclear detonations in San Francisco.

The student plots the extent of

radioactive contamination, gamma

fluxes, and personnel doses, using

available information

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

10

1 0

1 1

Examination, 1 This examination includes all

Discussion and material covered in the previous

Critique two days of the course

The Harbor Attack 1 Classified

Thermonuclear 1

Reactions

Individual Survival 1 This film-lecture demonstrates

in a Nuclear Attack methods of survival and freedom

"Survival Under from hazard during a nuclear weapon

Atomic Attack" attack

Field Operations 1

(Operation Ivy)

Review and

Discussion

Meteorology: "Weather 1

In Operation

Sandstone"

Classified

A classified film on a recent Armed

Forces field operation at the site of

a nuclear detonation is shown to

further orient the student to field

operations.

A review and discussion of the first

two weeks' material; all important

points are highlighted and any

necessary additional information is

added

Meteorological data showing the

effect of weather on field conditions

and its consequent effect on hazard

magnitudes are discussed

H-6
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course I (Four Weeks)

(Continued)

DAY TITLE HOURS

11 The Shio Contamination 1

DESCRIPTION

This class examines the nature of

Complex: Fallout and

Fallout Problems

radioactive fallout in detail;

chemical and physical factors

influencing the nature of resultant

contamination on board naval vessels

are discussed; the variety and

magnitude of contamination problems

as a result of fallout are

enumerated, in addition to

operational and industrial

implications

1 1

1 1

1 1

"Operation Ivy"

"Operation Doorstep"

Evaluation,

Delineation, and

Control of Radioactive Contamination

Operation of a

Geiger Counter

(Count-rate meter);

Geometry Factor in

Counting

3

Visual aids serve the monitor in his

further orientation to the conditions

of operations in the field. Films

portraying security, hazards,

mission, magnitudes, and radiological

safety are shown

This discussion augments the material

presented during the first two weeks

and includes the principles of hazard

detection, evaluation, and control of

radioactive contaminated areas;

step-by-step-procedures for setting

up and/or recognizing hazard

controls; warning tags and signs; MPE

and stay-time calculations

In the laboratory, the student learns

how to operate a count-rate meter and

to take measurements with it; the

applications of the count-rate meter

for wipe sampling analysis, low-level

contamination,survey, and continuous

background monitoring in the field

are explained; a laboratory exercise

stressing the importance of the

geometry factor in taking radiation

measurements is held

H-7
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course I (Four Weeks)

(Continued)

DAY

1 2

TITLE HOURS

Change House Exercise; 4

Personnel Monitoring

Instrumentation;

Personnel Decontamination

Techniques

DESCRIPTION

A change house exercise provides

training in the use of protective

clothing, dress-out and undress

personnel procedures, principles of

personnel decontamination, and the

instrumentation used for personnel

monitoring are presented

1 2

1 3

Radiological Safety 3 A tour, showing the following types

Facilities of facilities for radiological safety

is taken at NRDL; isotope storage,

shielding, liquid waste disposal

tanks and equipment, decontamination

facilities, radiation sources, safety

controls and interlocks, hand and

foot counters, emergency decontamination showers, a typical change house,

and waste disposal storage and

handling

Radioactive Waste

Disposal Problems

for Field Operations

1 3 Area Survey and

Monitoring Techniques;

Aerial Survey

1

1

The problems associated with disposal

of radioactive wastes, particularly

for field operations, are considered;

the basis of the decision for

decontamination, storage, or disposal

as waste is presented; the problems

of handling, packaging, storage,

movement, records, legal factors,

monitoring, and proper labeling are

also considered

Previous material on the various

techniques for area survey, as

conditioned by types of radiation

being measured and types of surface

or material, is reviewed; the

techniques for gamma survey, using

low-flying aircraft, are also

presented; Cutie Pie and side-window

G-M tube instruments are discussed

H-8
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course I (Four Weeks)

(Continued)

DAY

1 3

TITLE HOURS

Concepts of Radiation 1

Dosimetry

DESCRIPTION

The basic conceots used in measuring

an integrated dose of radiation

received by personnel are introduced;

use of film badges, use and reading

of dosimeters, and safe handling of

film supplies are demonstrated

13 Air and Water

Sampling, and

Analysis

1 3 Recording and

Documentation of

Radiation

Measurements

1 3 Safe Handling of

Radioactive

Material

1

1

1

1 4 "Industrial Radiologi- 1

cal Decontamination of

Ships, Contaminated

Ships Handling";

Decontamination of

Radioactive Surfaces

The techniques of obtaining and

analyzing samples of air and water

for the determination of

contamination are evolved; a

demonstration of counting methods is

made using an electronic scaler;

analysis is then made by calculation

of the results of counting

The methods for recording the various

types of radiation measurements are

covered as well as forms used,

transmittal of records and

information, legal records, and BuMed

requirements

By applying the principles of

radiological safety, the student

learns standard techniques and work

practices for the handling of

radioactive material, including use

of sources, contaminated objects, and

radioactive materials in the

laboratory; remote handling tools and

the factors of time and distance are

also discussed in relation to safe

handling

The material presented during the

first two weeks is now augmented by

further material on decontamination;

this section refers specifically to

ships and includes removal

techniques, evaluation, tolerances,

and clearances as applied to field

operations

H-9
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course I (Four Weeks)

(Continued)

DAY

1 4

TITLE HOURS

Techniques for Sample 3

Counting, Air

Sampling Techniques

DESCRIPTION

The techniques and instruments used

for counting radioactive samples,

preparation of samples for counting,

scaler operation, use of standards,

and background problems are explained

and demonstrated; an air sample is

taken by the student, and the sample

is then counted with a scaler

14

1 5

1 5

1 5

Decontamination of 3

Surfaces, Wipe

Sampling Techniques

Study, Review and

Critique of Course

Material

2

Shipboard Training 2

Manual

Students are given a demonstration

showing decontamination techniques on

such commonly used shipboard

materials as paint, clean and rusty

steel, wood, and glass; the student

engages in a training exercise in the

techniques of sampling for the

presence of removable radioactive

contamination by wipe sampling; the

progress of a decontamination

procedure is checked by the use of

wipe samples to determine the extent

of removal

The class instructor will hold a

review and discussion of highlights

in the material covered during the

course's third week; a film detailing

a field operation will be shown

The group will study and discuss the

"Shipboard Training Manual," and

suggestions will be made for its

application and use in carrying over

to other personnel the principles of

radiological safety in the

organizations where they are

regularly assigned

Monitoring Survey 2 A training exercise is held using

(localized radiacs, determining the location and

contamination) extent of localized contamination

levels; the monitoring and marking of

areas and the evaluation of personnel

hazards are stressed

H-10
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course I (Four Weeks)

(Continued)

DAY TITLE HOURS DESCRIPTION

1 5 Survey Evaluation 1 Evaluation of the above survey is

made by the group by discussion and

critique; the monitoring reports are

evaluated, and conclusions for action

or recommendation to others are made;

assembly and charting of data are

discussed

1 6

1 6

1 6

1 6

1 7

17

Examination

Discussion

and Critique

Absorption of Beta

Radiation;

Absorption of

Gamma Radiation

2

"Radiological Survey"; 1

"Radioactive

Contamination"

Monitoring Survey

Discussion and

Critique; 'Practice

of Rad-Safety"

3

This exam will cover basic principles

in the course material covered during

third week

The exam given in the previous period

will be discussed by the group, and a

critique will be held on the

material

Two laboratory exercises, showing

the student the relative range and

penetrating power of beta and gamma

radiations, are given; data are

collected and graphs of half-value

layers are made

Further visual aids on the subjects

of monitoring and contamination are

given, along with appropriate

commentary by the instructor

Further training in the use of

radiacs and in survey techniques is

given; particular attention is paid

to correction of weak points

discovered in previous exercises;

isointensity lines, dosage problems,

stay-time calculations, and thumb

rules are considered

The monitoring survey is evaluated by

the group, as was done on day 15 for

a previous survey; discussion of any

further weak points takes place; a

film on principles is shown and

discussed by the group

H-11
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course I (Four Weeks)

(Continued)

DAY TITLE HOURS DESCRIPTION

1 8 Monitoring on USS 4 A second session on monitorina is

1 9

1 9

BUTTERNUT1 8 Survey Evaluation

1 8 "Atomic Bomb Test,

Bikini" "Principles of

Radiological Safety,

Part V"

Scattering of Beta

Radiation

Instrument Test;

"Trouble Shooting"

1 9

2 0

20

20

Monitoring of Equip- 3

ment and Personnel

Final Examination

Summary of Training The course will be summarized by the

Course Training Officer

Orientation

(on Operation X)

held aboard the BUTTERNUT; further

training is held on shipboard survey

2 An evaluation of the above survey is

made by group discussion and

critique

1 Supplementary visual aids are

presented by the instructor on underwater nuclear weapon detonation and

on radiological safety principles,

followed by comment

A laboratory exercise demonstrates

the characteristics of beta

scattering and its effect on

beta-radiation measurements

The common causes of instrument

failure are investigated, and

corrective measures are given;

symptoms identifying possible

troubles are listed, and simple

adjustments that may be made in the

field to keep radiacs operating are

presented

A practical exercise demonstrates the

instruments and techniques used for

monitoring equipment and personnel,

followed by a discussion and

critique

This exam will cover all material

presented in the course

Confidential

H-12
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course I (Four Weeks)

(Continued)

DAY

20

TITLE HOURS

Assignment to Project 1

Duties

DESCRIPTION

Assignment to project duties is made

by the field-operation Rad-Safe

officer

20 Return of Course 1 All materials loaned and signed for

Materials; Student by students are returned; graduation

Aid; Graduation session is held; administrative

matters on check-out are handled

20 Check-out

H-13
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course II (Three and one-half days)

DAY TITLE HOURS DESCRIPTION

1 Registration and 1 Class roster is assembled; school

Administration rules and regulations are discussed,

security of classified information is

discussed; administrative matters

pertaining to course enrollment are

handled; student aid is given those

in need of it

1

1

1

1

Introduction

"Survival Under

Atomic Attack";

"Effects of Atomic

Bomb Explosions"

Nomenclature of the

Radiation Sciences

and of Bomb

Phenomenology

The Characteristics of 1

Radiation, Ionization

and Contamination

The scope of the sources is discussed

by the Training Officer; orientation

is directed to the student's possible

participation in a field operation;

an introduction to the principles of

radiological safety is provided

Films and commentary outline the most

effective measures to be taken by

personnel in the event of a nuclear

detonation; blast, heat, and

radiation effects are considered

Terms used in dealing with

radioactivity are defined;

definitions of bomb "language" and

field-operation terminology are

given; this will serve as an

introduction to the presentation, in

the next lecture, of the basic

physics of nuclear structure

Students are presented with a review

of the basic physics of the nuclear

structure; discussion is held on the

fundamental concepts of radiation,

interaction of radiation with matter,

the meaning of radioactive

contamination, and definitions of

isotopes and half life and decay;

this is to provide the student with

enough theory and physics terminology

to give him a general concept of how

nuclear weapons and radiac

instruments operate, and a basic

understanding of the importance of

radiological safety

H-14
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course II (Three and one-half days)

(Continued)

DAY TITLE HOURS DESCRIPTION

1 "Self-Preservation 1 Effective countermeasures used to

under Atomic Attack, reduce the possibility of biological

Pt. 1"; "Medical damage, the effects of radiation on

Aspects of Nuclear personnel, and protective measures

Radiation" are discussed

1

2

2

2

Hazards Associated 1 Blast and thermal hazards are treated

with Nuclear Weapons briefly; radiation hazards and and

Associated Field biological effects are stressed;

Operations introduction to the types and extent

of destruction associated with

nuclear blast will dismiss any

misconceptions concerning the unique

type of energy we are dealing with

during field operations

"Radiac Instruments" 1

(film); Introduction

to the Use of Radiation

Measurement Instruments

and Demonstration

(lecture)

Why Efforts are

Expended for Radiological Safety

(lecture); "Radiological Safety (Operation

Crossroads)" (film)

Use of Radiacs for

Field Work

Use of radiac instruments for

monitoring is presented along with

enough basic instrument theory to

provide the student with an understanding of the mechanics of

operation followed by a demonstration

of all radiacs shown in the film and

referred to in the lecture

The reasons for expending efforts for

Rad-Safe are given, and the basic

principles of Rad-Safe are

introduced; Task Group safety and

effectiveness are stressed; a film

showing Rad-Safe measures on a field

operation is presented, along with

commentary on important points

This includes actual participation in

an exercise introducing radiac

instruments; the operation, care, and

use of portable radiacs, ion

chambers, G-M counters, scintillation

counters, and count-rate meters used

for field work are demonstrated and

discussed; their applications for

area survey, equipment survey, and

personnel monitoring are

demonstrated

H-15
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course II (Three and one-half days)

(Continued)

DAY TITLE HOURS DESCRIPTION

2 Radiation Exposure 1 The basic concepts of maximum

Tolerance Levels for permissible exposures and

Field Operations, concentrations are given, as well as

MPE's and MPC's reasons for setting them at certain

levels for routine and special use;

discussion is held on total dose and

dose rates allowed; BuMed

requirements and task force needs are

integrated; the uses of dosimeters

and sampling equipment for dose

determinations received by personnel

are mentioned

2

2

Safe Handling of 1

Radioactive Materials

Evaluation, Control

and Delineation of

Radioactive Contamination

The principles of radiological safety

are further amplified here giving

consideration to methods of handling

(both removable activity and sealed

sources); shielding, distance, and

stay-time factors; handling of tools

and equipment; relative hazards of

isotopes and radiations; warning tags

and safeguards; shipping procedures

and their rules and regulations

Consideration is given to the

principles of hazard detection,

evaluation, and control and a

correlation is drawn with the

principles of radiological safety

previously discussed; step-by-step

procedures for setting up and/or

recognizing hazard controls are

also discussed; the uses of warning

tags and signs are given, and

representative samples used by the

Navy and the AEC are displayed; MPE

and safe stay-time calculations are

given and discussed

H-16
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course II (Three and one-half days)

(Continued)

DAY TITLE HOURS

2 Introduction to the 1

Principles of

Radiation Dosimetry;

BuMed Requirements,

Task Group Needs,

Personnel Exposure

Records

3

3

Biological Effects

of Radiation

1

Personnel Monitoring 3

and Instrumentation

and Field Exercise

DESCRIPTION

The student is introduced to the

basic concepts of radiation

dosimetry including pocket

dosimeters, film dosimeters,

instruments used to charge and read

pocket dosimeters, and densitometers;

using his knowledge of basic physics

of radiation, he begins to understand

how each one operates; the

requirements of BuMed for radiation

exposure for various types of

operations are given, integrating

Task Group needs with these

requirements; the importance of

accurate personnel exposure records

(and how they are made) is stressed

The student learns of the medical

aspects attendant to nuclear

detonations and the specific types of

radiation; consideration is given to

the effect of radiation on the human

body, the dose that will cause death,

sickness, or have no effect at all;

RBE of radiations; tissue ionization;

radiosensitivity; total dose vs. time

received; external and internal

effects; medical symptoms and

treatment; biochemical reactions;

maximum permissible dose (basis for);

fission-product effects

The principles of monitoring the body

and clothing for the presence of

radioactive contamination are

discussed, as well as the instruments

and use of protective clothing; the

student then participates in an

actual change house procedure,

performing dress-out and undress,

personnel monitoring, and the

standard washing and skin

decontamination procedure; the

principles of personnel

decontamination are demonstrated

H-17
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course II (Three and one-half days)

(Continued)

DAY TITLE HOURS DESCRIPTION

3 "Operation Ivy"; 1 Films of recent field operations are

Operation Doorstep" shown to orient the student to field

conditions and his possible

participation in Rad-Safe

responsibilities

Discussion of BuMed 1 Once the student has knowledge of the

Radiological Safety basic radiological safety principles,

Regulations he is ready to discuss his

understanding of how they may be

applied during operations involving

the use of radioactive materials; a

perusal is made of pertinent parts of

NavMed P-1325, the Radiological

Safety Regulations for the U.S.

Navy; a health physicist will lead an

informal group discussion to

interpret application of Naval

regulations as they apply to the use

of radioactive materials in relation

to anticipated operational functions;

distinction between routine and

special operations, as well as

attendant differences in routines,

values, etc., will be stressed

3 Interaction Between the 1

Scientific Group and

the Rad-Safe Group

of Operation X

Orientation for participation in a

possible field operation from the

viewpoint of interaction and

cooperation between the Scientific

Group and the Rad-Safe Group of

Operation X is presented; ways to

attain this objective are suggested

and discussed; the parallel

philosophies of accomplishment of

mission and consistent good practice

of radiological safety are stressed

H-18
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course II (Three and one-half days)

(Continued)

DAY TITLE HOURS DESCRIPTION

4 Purpose and Use of 1 The purpose and use of the manual by

the Project 0.17 project personnel will be discussed

Operational Manual giving special consideration to the

possible ways in which this document

will help the Scientific Group

accomplish their mission, and at the

same time, effect the maximum degree

of radiological safety; presentation

will be made of Rad-Safe operating

basis and organization, the role of

Rad-Safe group in a Task Group

organization, and its liaison with

other Task Group elements

4

4

Review and Discussion of Course

Work

Summary of Course

A recapitulation of all course work

is held; the highlights of course

material will be reviewed along with

any additional information suggested

by the students and/or instructors;

this is the time to bring up and iron

out any weak points of information on

any part of the course

A summary of the indoctrination

course will be given by the Rad-Safe

Training Officer; all important

points will be emphasized; the

principles of radiological safety and

their practical application to the

successful accomplishment of a

mission involving contaminating

events, will be stressed

H-19
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course III (Five Days)

1AY TITLE HOURS DESCRIPTION

1 Resistration and 1 Class roster is assembled: rules and

Administration regulations of the school'are

discussed; security of classified

information is discussed;

administrative matters pertaining to

course enrollment are handled;

student aid is given to those who

need it

1

1

1

1

Orientation (on

Operation X)

Introduction to the

Structure of Matter;

"Basic Physics of an

Atomic Bomb"

Comparison of HE and 2

Nuclear Explosions

Nuclear Radiation 1

and Radiation Units,

Ionization

The scope of the course is discussed

by the Training Officer; orientation

is directed to the student's possible

participation in a field operation;

an introduction to the principles of

radiological safety is given

The basic structure of atoms is

introduced; the parts or building

blocks of atoms are presented, and

the groundwork for an understanding

of radiation, weapons, and

instruments is laid down

This class compares ordinary HE

weapons with nuclear weapons;

considerable time is devoted to the

various types of bursts and their

implications; the session is

concluded with a glossary of terms

The fundamentals of nuclear radiation

and its units as well as a discussion

of ionization are presented; an

introduction to the meaning of

radioactivity is given

H-20
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course III (Five Days)

(Continued)

DAY TITLE HOURS DESCRIPTION

1 Dosimeters 1 The devices used to measure radiation

dose are presented; a brief

explanation is given of their use and

procedures for their intelligent care

are demonstrated

2 Medical Aspects of 3

Nuclear Weapons;

"Medical Effects of

Atomic Bomb"; Medical

Aspects of Nuclear

Radiation"

2 Introduction to Radiac 2

Instruments, "An

Introduction to

Radiation Detection

Instruments"

2 Instrument Trouble

Shooting

2 Calibration of

Instruments

1

2

Lectures and films on the medical

aspects of nuclear weapons are

presented in layman's terms; the

effects of radiation on personnel are

given; material is divided into the

classical parts of blast, thermal,

and nuclear radiation; the first two

are treated briefly and coordinated

with HE weapons and the various types

of nuclear bursts; emphasis is placed

upon effects of radiation on the

body considered from both the

internal and external aspects;

technical terms are used sparingly

and explained thoroughly

The need for radiac instruments and

the methods for using them are

discussed; principles of the various

types of radiac field instruments are

presented, followed by a film on

instruments

The common causes of instrument

failure and corrective measures, as

well as symptoms that identify

possible troubles, are listed; simple

adjustments that may be made in the

field to keep radiacs operating are

presented

Radiac instruments are handled by the

student for the first time; using

radioactive sources, instruments are

used to take readings and are

calibrated against known sources

H-21
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course III (Five Days)

(Continued)

DAY TITLE HOURS DESCRIPTION

3 Personnel 4 Now that the student has a basic

Contamination and

Decontamination

knowledge of radioactivity and

contamination, he receives a

practical exercise in the procedures

involving the contamination and

decontamination of personnel; change

house procedure is discussed, the

techniques of personnel

decontamination are presented and

standard rules are given for this

situation; protective clothing used

in contaminated areas is discussed

and demonstrated; the importance of

personnel monitoring is stressed

3 Area Survey

4

4

Measurement and

Evaluation of

Radiological

Hazards

Area Contamination, 3

Decontamination

By actual participation in an

exercise using radiac instruments, an

area survey is conducted, and

practical use is made of areas and

objects; G-M and ionization type

radiacs are used and discussed (also,

their care and field application are

discussed)

Using the student's knowledge of

radiological safety as background, a

discussion is held on techniques for

measurement and evaluation of

radiological hazards; this includes

the application of side-window G-M

radiacs, Cutie Pies, air samplers,

and wipe sampling; principles of

radiological safety and application,

concepts of MPE, and the implications

or radioactive fallout are presented

The events following a contaminating

event and the application of the

principles of radiological safety by

personnel are presented; further

discussion on Rad-Safe applications,

MPE, and fallout is held; basic

measures for the effective initial

decontamination of an area are

described

H-22
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course III (Five Days)

(Continued)

DAY TITLE HOURS DESCRIPTION

4 Shipboard Monitoring 4 Students experience actual shipboard

(USS BUTTERNUT) monitoring conditions by

participating in a 4-hour exercise

which provides training in the

shipboard use of instruments; a

discussion is held on the evaluation

of the hazard data collected

5 Self-protection;

"Self-preservation

in an Atomic Bomb

Attack"

Self-protection, 3

Mask Drill and

Exercise

Personnel Monitoring 1

Final Examination

Critique

Lecture, film, and commentary outline

the most effective measures to be

taken by personnel in the event of a

nuclear blast; the principles and

applications of good Rad-Safe

practices are stressed, and emphasis

is placed on the fact that these

measures are effective

A practical exercise takes students

through a change station and into a

gas chamber with use of a protective

mask

The principles of monitoring the body

for the presence of radioactive

contamination are discussed, as well

as the use of protective clothing and

instruments

A final examination, covering all

previous course work, is given

A group discussion and critique on

the examination and the entire course

led by the Training Officer is held;

an opportunity is given for a

recapitulation of all course work;

the highlights of course information

will be reviewed, and any additional

information needed will be added;

this is the time to bring up and iron

out any weak points of information on

any part of the course

H-23
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course III (Five Days)

(Continued)

DAY TITLE HOURS DESCRIPTION

5 Turn in Equipment 1 All materials loaned and signed for

on Loan; Graduation; by students are returned; graduation

Check-out session is held; administrative

matters on check-out are handled

H-24
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course III-A (Two Days)

DAY

1

TITLE

Registration and

DESCRIPTION

Class roster is assembled and

Administration administrative matters pertaining to

mechanics of the course are handled

1 Orientation The scope of the course is outlined

by the Training Officer; orientation

will be directed to the student's

possible participation in a field

operation; introduction to the

principles of radiological safety is

given

1

1

1

Comparison of HE

and Atomic Explosions

Nuclear Radiation and

Radiation Units,

Ionization, Movie,

MA-7004

Introduction of Radiac

Instruments; Movie, Introduction to Radiation

Detection Instruments,

MA-7630 A

HE weapons are compared to nuclear

weapons; considerable time is devoted

to the various types of bursts and

their implications; a glossary of

terms is included

The fundamentals of nuclear radiation

and its units and a discussion of

ion ization are presented; students

are provided with an introduction to

rad ioactivity

The need for instruments is

demonstrated as well as the methods

of using them; principles of the

various types of radiac field

instruments are touched upon such as

operational use, calibrations, and

simple care; a film on instruments is

included with the lecture material;

various types of field instruments

will be made available for the

student to use

H-25
DAY TITLE

1 Measurement and

Evaluation of

Radiation Hazards

1

1

2

COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Materials,

Course III-A (Two Days)

(Continued)

DESCRIPTION

A discussion is held on techniques

for measurement and evaluation 'of

radiological hazards including the

application of side-window G-M

radiacs, Cutie Pies, air samplers,

and wipe samplers; principles of

radiological safety and application,

concepts of MPE, and the implications

of radioactive fallout are presented;

simple instructions and

demonstrations of instrument

calibrations are also included

Dosimetry

Area Survey

Medical Aspects of

Nuclear Weapons

The devices used to measure radiation

dose are presented; a brief

explanation is given on how to use

and take care of them; the various

types are displayed and demonstrated

By actual participation in an

exercise using radiac instruments, an

area survey is conducted and

practical use is made of areas and

objects; G-M and ionization type

radiacs are used and discussed (also,

their care and field application are

presented)

Lectures and a film on the medical

aspects of nuclear weapons are

presented in layman's terms; the

effects of radiation on personnel are

given; material is divided into the

classical parts of blast, thermal,

and nuclear radiation; the first two

are treated briefly and coordinated

with the HE weapons and the various

types of nuclear bursts;

amplification of information on

radiological safety application, MPE,

and fallout is made; emphasis is

placed upon effects of radiation on

the body, considered from both the

internal and external aspects;

technical terms are used sparingly

and explained thoroughly

H-26
COPY

APPENDIX H

DESCRIPTION OF RAD-SAFE COURSES

Brochure of Course Material,

Course III-A (Two Days)

(Continued)

DAY TITLE HOURS DESCRIPTION

2 Personnel Using his basic knowledge of

Contamination and radioactivity and contamination, the

Decontamination student receives a practical exercise

in the procedures involving

contamination and decontamination of

personnel; change house procedures

are discussed; the techniques of

personnel decontamination are

presented, and standard rules are

given; the protective clothing used

in contaminated areas and the

importance of personnel monitoring

are stressed

2

2

2

Area Contamination

and Decontamination

Self-protection, film

NM-9116

Critique

The pattern of events following a

contaminating event and the

application of the principles of

radiological safety are presented;

basic measures for the effective

initial decontamination of an area

are discussed; a practical exercise

involving participation of the

students will be conducted

Additional information regarding

change station procedures,

fundamental principles of

radiological safety as applied to

actions in the field, and basic "do's

and don't's" are outlined

The Training Officer leads a

discussion and critique on the entire

course; an opportunity is given for a

recapitulation of all course work;

the highlights of course information

will be reviewed, this is the time to

bring up and iron out any weak points

of information on any part of the

course

H-27
H-28
APPENDIX I

OPERATIONS PROJECTS

TECHNICAL PROJECTS.

PROGRAM I - FREE-FIELD MEASUREMENTS.

Project 1.1 Predictions of Underwater Explosion Phenomena (Reference 19).

The objective of Project 1.1, fielded by the U.S. Naval Ordnance

Laboratory, was to determine the principal underwater explosion phenomena from the

detonation of an atomic device, at a depth of 2000 feet in deep (15,000-foot)

water, in order to:

o Increase the knowledge of such phenomena

o Enable the proper location of the targets and instrumentation

during the operation

o Further develop methods for predicting underwater explosion

phenomena for other yields and firing geometries.

This was a survey of various calculations that gave predictions that

were used to help determine the experimental configuration. Comparisons of the

predictions were made to the actual measurements.

Project 12 Underwater Free-Field Pressures to Just Beyond Target Locations

(Reference 20).

The U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory fielded Project 1.2. The purpose of

this project was to measure underwater pressures in the region from a range of

approximately 1500 feet to 12,000 feet from surface zero. In addition,

measurements were to be made from depths of 25 to 2000 feet, including the region

where large, scaled models of submarines were located as targets.

I-l
APPENDIX I

OPERATIONS PROJECTS

(Continued)

Recovery commenced on the night of D-day with the withdrawal of the two

NOL gage strings on the YFNB-13 (approximately 8000 feet from surface zero). The

remaining YFNB strings were recovered during the morning of D + 1. It was not

until the afternoon of D + 1 that recovery work was begun on the equipment which

had been attached to the towline. The search was done by two helicopter surveys,

with two helicopters for each survey, and by the USS TAWASA (ATF-92). By evening,

the latter had recovered the O-l buoy, both spar gage lines and two of the

ball-crusher-gage buoys from which the gate strings had been lost. The O-2 buoy

was recovered the next day, and two of the ball-crusher-gage lines and buoys were

never seen.

Project 1.2.1 Free-Field Pressures, Station Zero (Reference 21).

The objective of this project by the Naval Research Laboratory was to

measure the characteristics of the shock wave in water from close-in to 2,500

feet. Figure I-l shows the physical arrangement of the weapon array which

concerns Project 1.2.1. At station zero, 30 gages were assembled in a bundle as

shown in Figure I-2.

Project 1.3 Underwater Free-Field Pressure Measurements (Reference 22).

The Navy Electronics Laboratory fielded Project 1.3. The objective of

this project was to determine free-field pressures as a function of time, depth,

and range at distances greater than 5000 feet from a deep underwater atomic bomb

burst, and to study the influence of refraction conditions and surface and bottom

reflections on these pressures. Free-field pressure measurements were made from

the barges YFNB-12, YFNB-13, YFNB-29 and the LCM at horizontal ranges of 5505,

7943, 10,923 and 10,923 ft, respectively. The pressure-time gages were located at

a depth of 20, 40, 60, 100, 150, 250, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 feet.

I-2
CAN \

STATION ZERO STATION O-l

TELEMETERING TELEMETERING

: \ ANTENNA

NOL INSTRUMENT’: I , INSTRUMENT

2z4dizL

YC 473 LCM

DEVICE

CANISTER

APPROX.

Figure I-l. Arrangement of weapon array.

I-3
1 21

2 5 0

3 100

4 200

5 500

6 750

7 1000

8 1200.

13006

ME

c 4 GAGES 104

i 5 GAGES 208

3 GAGES 516

GAGES 780

;AGES

IGES

1040

1248

SSENGER

2 6

Figure I-2. Station zero cable bundle.

I-4
APPENDIX I

OPERATIONS PROJECTS

(Continued)

Project 1.4 Bubble Phenomena (Reference 23).

The first objective of this project fielded by the U.S. Naval Ordnance

Laboratory was to measure the energy of the radial flow of water associated with

the explosion bubble by a determination of the maximum water displacement and to

measure the period and maximum radius of the bubble. The second objective was to

determine the degree of similarity between the bubble effects from a high

explosive and an atomic explosion.

At the YFNB-12, a fouled winch could not be cleared due to bad weather.

At YFNB-13 rough seas caused damage which prohibited the lowering of the

instruments. No useful data were obtained.

Project 1.5 Photographic Measurements of Surface Phenomena (Reference 24).

This U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory project was established to determine

the characteristics of the visible surface phenomena of a deep underwater nuclear

burst.

By means of timed photography, the slicks, spray domes, plumes, base

surge, and residual cloud were studied. See Figures I-3 and I-4.

Project 1.6 Underwater Optical Measurements (Reference 25).

The Office of Naval Research measured the time duration and magnitude of

the underwater light pulse in order to:

o Document the history of the underwater fireball

o Attempt to utilize the data obtained for calculating the yield

of the weapon

I-5


APPENDIX I

OPERATIONS PROJECTS

(Continued)

o Estimate the usefulness of this technique for determining the

yield of future detonations

o Attempt, by working back from the intensity and duration data,

to calculate the temperatures of the shock wave (a close-in

condition).

On D + 1 at 1000, PDT, the project officer boarded the YFNB-12 and

recovered the magnetic tape record. Damage inside the transportainer was fairly

extensive. No useful records were obtained from this project.

PROGRAM II - RADIOLOGICAL AND OCEANOGRAPHIC.

Project 2.1 Collection of Early Water Samples for Radiochemical Analysis and Yield

Determination (Reference 26).

The objectives of Project 2.1, fielded by the Scripps Institution of

Oceanography, were to:

o Supply other agencies with seawater samples from the surface

and just below the thermocline (400 feet) taken as early as

possible post-shot

o Make an airborne water-surface temperature survey in

conjunction with an airborne radiological survey by Project 2.4

to make an early forecast of hydrodynamic and radiological

conditions

o Establish a floating range of drogue buoys across the shot

site

o Cooperate with Scripps Institution of Oceanography surface

vessels in a long-term (3 to 4 days) survey of the distribution

of radioactivity in the water.

I-8
APPENDIX I

OPERATIONS PROJECTS

(Continued)

Two survey aircraft flew in formation a prearranged pattern during the

first 40 minutes post-shot, as shown in Figure I-5.

The following observations of the shot phenomenology were noted from

memory, on the morning of D + 4, by the Project 2.1 observer in the ADS-N survey

aircraft NR-92 (after it was found that the plane's wire recorder had failed to

function during the initial survey flight). They are included due to the lack of

photographic documentation for this period.

Visual impressions of the shot:

H-20 minutes. Weather 50 percent clear. Clouds cumulostratus,

elevation 1800 to 2000 feet. Very large clearing over array 10 minutes prior to

shot, but shot site in shadow at shot time. Flew east across array at H-10

minutes (just north of YC). Noted large kink in tow aft of YFNB-29. Could see

(four ships) and tow clearly. Also could see the YAGs to the south. Could not

see the moored skiffs.

H-hour. Pushed stopwatch and elapsed-time clock on radio UHF tone.

First visible sign was the spray dome 150 feet by 1 mile, with 3 visible shock

fronts traveling over water. No evidence of the shock was felt in the aircraft.

H + 4.2 seconds. Cone-shaped plume rising to 600 feet and falling back.

Timed with a stopwatch.

H + 12 seconds. Large burst, fountain-shaped and symmetrical, 1500 feet

high and 1500 feet in diameter.

I-9
TOW AXIS

; 1 ? ; MILES

SCALE . TUG

j-+10/

0 AGC

ALL TIMES IN MINUTES

REFERRED TO H TIME

. __

DIRECTION

END

START

A/

1 0

Figure I-5. Survey-aircraft flight plan for Able series

passes across surface zero.
APPENDIX I

OPERATIONS PROJECTS

(Continued)

H + 30 seconds. Bulk of water had fallen back, leaving clouds of mist

which blew off downwind. Surface trace consisted of perfect ring of pale-yellow

foam 10 yards wide and l-l/Z miles in diameter with relatively clean slick surface

inside, speckled with a spider web of foam filaments aligned with the wind. Most

of the debris was collected in the foam ring by approximately 10 o'clock. The

green dye originally aboard the YC was about equally divided into two patches near

the east and west extreme within the ring. The impression was that of a very

strong convergence at the ring edge with a divergence at the center.

H + 4 minutes. All visible airborne material gone. Clouds closed in

solidly over shot site.

H + 13 minutes. Approached from east to west on pass A-O going exactly

over the north edge of ring on a tangent course. Tow rope was crumpled up as far

as YNFB-13, with three M-boats upside down. Foam ring still intact and expanding.

Debris at west edge includes about ten or twelve 50-gallon drums, several orange

or yellow towing floats, and two rubber drums. A pair of SQUAW pontoons floating

3 miles east of floating surface zero.

H + 20 minutes, A-l pass. Ring intact, though ragged in south extreme.

Dropped 11 samples (six shallow) at l-second intervals, starting at 3 o'clock at

the ring edge going east, speed 150 knots and altitude 500 feet.

H + 27 minutes, A-2 pass. All samples dropped on A-l pass have drifted

out to ring edge. Dye is moving east with respect to ring.

H + 33 minutes, A-3 pass. Saw YAG-40 steam north, distance two miles

from ring. YAG-39 not moving. Survey 1 dropped 11 samples well distributed

across foam ring.

I-11
APPENDIX I

OPERATIONS PROJECTS

(Continued)

H + 40 to H + 55 minutes.- Orbited, awaiting permission for Baker

series. Ring has now expanded, crumpling array northward until YFNBs 12 and 13

lie close together and wire joining them streams out in a bight to the east.

YAG-40 has altered course to east, cutting off only a small sector of the ring at

about 5 o'clock. Only one drogue float is visible in her wake. M/V Horizon is

still 5 miles away at 2 o'clock. Foam ring is now showing wide gaps and has

become sinuous. Radioactivity is still associated with the two green dye spots

which are now decidedly upwind of 'the foam ring.

H + 55 minutes to H + 2 hours. Carried out B and C series surveys at an

altitude of 500 feet and a speed of 150 knots. A helicopter has surveyed the

array, and now M-boats are approaching the YFNBs. Ring has largely disappeared,

but dye remains. M/V Horizon is now closer (estimated distance, 2 miles). YAG-40

going back across area from southeast to northwest.

H + 2-l/2 hours. End of first survey flights.

Project 2.2 Radiochemical Analysis of WIGWAM Debris (Reference 27).

Project 2.2 was fielded by the Naval Research Laboratory. The objective

of this project was to determine the effect of high pressures and the confining

environment of a deep underwater explosion of an atomic device on such factors

as yield, efficiency, induced activities, fission-yield ratios, fractionation,

etc.

The shot WIGWAM underwater detonation caused no unexpected effects on

the relative fission yields of the various isotopes or on other elements in its

environment.

I-12
APPENDIX I

OPERATIONS PROJECTS

(Continued)

Project 2.3 Radiochemical and Physical Chemical Properties of Products of a Deep

Underwater Nuclear Detonation (Reference 28).

The U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory attempted to make the

following determinations from samples of surface water, deep water, and airborne

material:

o Total beta and gamma activity and distribution of radioactivity

o Radiochemical composition and gross beta-ray decay rates

o Valence state of selected radionuclides.

Radiation contours are shown for H + 0.33 hours, H + 1.4 hours, H + 20.4

hours and H + 26 hours in Figure I-6.

Project 2.4 Determination of Radiological Hazard to Personnel (Reference 6).

The objective of Project 2.4, fielded by the U.S. Naval Radiological

Defense Laboratory, was to obtain information pertinent to the determination of

the radiological hazard to personnel on board ships traversing a zone of water

contaminated by a subsurface atomic weapon burst.

The objectives were attained by means of the following measurements:

o The size, shape, location and radiation characteristics of the

radioactivity-contaminated area as a function of time

o The gamma-radiation intensity at specific stations throughout a

ship, during and subsequent to traverses through the area

o The extent of residual contamination on the hull and exposed

surfaces of the ships, the performance of the washdown system,

and the effectiveness of various contamination countermeasures.

I-13
t

2 MI

t

2MI

H + 0.33 hr H + 1.4 Hr

-t

2 MI

r

/

0 05-R/h

I

This is the locatior

of the ship at

1 sample collection

1/ time.

V 2 MI

- -

\

1436

t

2 MI

Figure I-6. Radiation Contours. The heavy stippled line (right)

indicates the times at which the YAG-40's detection

system sensed radioactivity in the water.
t

2 MI

H + 20.4 Hr. H + 26 Hr.

Figure I-6. (Continued). The heavy stippled lines indicate the

times at which the YAG-40's detection system sensed

radioactivity in the water. The open circles indicate

the locations of the ship at sample collection time.
APPENDIX I

OPERATIONS PROJECTS

(Continued)

The principal ships used to support this project were the YAG-39,

YAG-40, and ATF-106. A Navy TACRON unit, which was located on AGC-7, provided the

necessary radar control for the survey aircraft.

Sections D-4 and D-5 of Appendix D of this report discuss the data

obtained from this project. The radiological situations actually encountered by

YAG-39 and YAG-40 cannot be considered tactically serious unless similar

situations were to be encountered frequently. The extrapolated situation at early

times may be of tactical significance. The radiological situation changed

extremely rapidly, and the hazard decreased accordingly.

Project 2.5 Effects of Nuclear Explosion on Marine Biology (Reference 29).

The Scripps Institution of Oceanography fielded Project 2.5. The

objectives of this project were to:

o Conduct studies of the distribution of marine organisms in or

near the proposed area to provide information which would make

possible the selection of a test site such that the hazard to

the fisheries would be minimal

o Conduct laboratory studies on the uptake of fission products by

fish and other marine organisms in order to have more knowledge

of the ingestion of such products from seawater and their

retention and excretion by the organisms

o Participate in field studies following the test to investigate

the ingestion of resulting fission products by marine

organisms.

I-16
APPENDIX I

OPERATIONS PROJECTS

(Continued)

It was shown that, except in the portions of the area immediately

adjacent to the coast, the region is low in phytoplankton, zooplankton, forage

fish, and large pelagic fish. The north-western part of the region of study, in

the vicinity of 123"W, 28"N, was particularly barren.

Long-line fishing in the vicinity of the test site, immediately pre- and

post-test confirmed the absence of a significant number of tuna or other large

pelagic commercial fish in the area at the time of the test.

Studies of ingestion, retention, excretion, and sites of deposition of

SrgO in a representatiave pelagic food fish, the Pacific mackerel (Pneumatophorus diego), were undertaken by feeding it with this isotope and studying the

total activity and its distribution in various organs after various periods of

time (up to 235 days). It was found that 95 percent of the activity was excreted

in 24 hours but that the remaining 5 percent remained fixed in the body for the

duration of the experiment.

Project 2.6 (Part 1) Mechanism and Extent of the Early Dispersion of Radioactive

Products in Water (Reference 7).

The Scripps Institution of Oceanography fielded Project 2.6. This

project measured the radioactivity and temperature of the seawater from three

oceanographic vessels and several aircraft. The circulation of the water at

various depths was determined by drogues referred to moored instrument stations.

Measurements of the radioactivity at the surface and the surface water

temperature were obtained by the survey aircraft.

The aircraft surveys were particularly valuable in the determination of:

(1) surface activity at early times, and (2) the area of the radioactive surface

layer.

I-17
APPENDIX I

OPERATIONS PROJECTS

(Continued)

Section D-4, Appendix D of this report contains the results of this

project.

Project 2.6 (Part 2) Mechanism and Extent of the Dispersion of Fission Products

by Oceanographic Processes and Locating and Measuring Surface and Underwater

Radioactive Contamination (Reference 30).

Three weeks after the detonation, the ship M/V Baird, under the auspices

of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, surveyed the water mass contaminated

by the WIGWAM event; it was larger and less active than anticipated.

Project 2.6 (Part 3) Radiological Techniques and Instruments Used for the

Oceanographic Survey on Operation WIGWAM (Reference 31).

descr

water

This report by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography gives

iption of the instruments and measuring techniques used in survey

influenced by the Shot WIGWAM detonation.

a brief

ing the

Project 2.7 Fallout and Airborne Activity in Operation WIGWAM, with notes on

Surface Effects (Reference 5).

The U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory fielded Project 2.7. The

principal objective of this project was to gather and correlate information

bearing on the fallout from Operation WIGWAM. Secondary objectives included (1)

zero-point dosage measurement and (2) dye-marking of surface zero.

Fallout-collecting and gamma-recording equipment was placed aboard the

YAG-39 and YAG-40. Then fallout stations were situated on two converted LCM's and

the YFNB-12 which were in tow with the shot barge. Ten floats containing

instruments for ascertaining zero-point dosage were placed aboard the shot barge

to be released at H - 1 minutes.

I-18
APPENDIX I

OPERATIONS PROJECTS

(Continued)

The WIGWAM test showed that if deep underwater bursts are employed in

wartime situations, it is possible for significant doses to be received from

airborne activity by exposed personnel directly downwind of surface zero and

within a few miles of it. Risk of this exposure from airborne activity exists

only during passage of the base surge or fallout cloud. Such risk can be reduced

tactically by any of several measures (e.g., by keeping ship/aircraft off the

downwind axis, by keeping personnel off topside areas, by buttoning up

ship/aircraft, by moving units farther downwind, etc.)

Likewise, the WIGWAM test showed that if deep underwater bursts are

employed in wartime situations, it is possible for significant doses to be

received from contaminated water near surface zero. Risk of this exposure

decreases rapidly with time. For example, Figure I-6 shows that 20 minutes after

the detonation there were small patterns (less than a mile in diameter) with

exposure rates of 60 R/h, while 20 hours after the detonation the highest exposure

rate was a very small area of 0.125 R/h. See also Appendix D. These risks can be

reduced tactically simply by avoidance of these small areas immediately after the

detonation.

Project 2.8 (Part 1) Subsurface Configuration of the Array (Reference 32).

In January 1955, four months before the WIGWAM shot, towing trials were

conducted by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography off San Clemente Island,

California, to verify the applicability of calculating the underwater profile of a

suspended instrumentation string. As a result of these trials, towing speeds were

suggested between the limits defined by the scientific agencies as well as by

consideration of seamanship.

I-19
APPENDIX I

OPERATIONS PROJECTS

(Continued)

Project 2.8 (Part 2) Physical Oceanography of the Test Area (Reference 33).

The Scripps Institution of Oceanography fielded Project 2.8, Part 2.

The objectives of this project were to assist in the selection of a test site, to

provide information for predictions of phenomenology, and to document

environmental information concerning Operation WIGWAM.

Oceanographic and experimental fishing cruises were made during 1954

over a large open sea area southwest of San Diego, California, to select the site

for the Operation WIGWAM.

Results of post-shot surveys concluded that:

o Contaminated waters moved westward from the test site at an

average speed of about 0.1 knot (away from shore and fishing

grounds)

o Dispersion of radioactivity at a given level was relatively

slow during the first 10 days, but current shear augmented its

spreading

o Depth of radioactivity measured at various times after the

event appeared intimately associated with stability or vertical

density gradient in the water

o At zero hour the array and most ships of the task force were

over relatively flat sea bottom, but a ridge 0.75 mile high

existed about 5 miles south of surface zero. The low current

speeds and movement of water away from land and ocean fishing

grounds at the test area were desirable conditions.

Project 2.9 Measurement of Secondary Effects: Water Waves (Reference 34).

Project 2.9 was fielded by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. It

had three objectives:

I-20
APPENDIX I

OPERATIONS OPERATIONS

(Continued)

o To assist in obtaining data about the post-shot submergence

and distribution of radioactivity

o To measure and study the resultant water waves, and

o To place moored surface buoys near surface zero for

navigational aids

The project developed and used instrumentation and techniques that

permitted the horizontal search and survey of radioactivity at depths of 500 feet

and speeds up to 6 knots.

Project instrumentation for water-wave measurement was inoperative at

shot time, and subsurface pressure-time measurements were not obtained.

Photographic data have yielded sufficient surface elevation-time data for a study

of the resultant water waves.

Surface moorings as navigational aids were positioned near surface zero.

A sufficient number were successful to relate post-shot activities with

geographical surface zero.

Program III - TARGET RESPONSE

Project 3.1 Lethal Range of WIGWAM Targets Based on Hull Response and Applied

Pressure Measurements (Reference 35).

A major objective of the Operation WIGWAM was to determine the lethal

range for an atomic depth charge against a typical submarine target. This

knowledge was of military importance as a guide to proper tactics in using the

weapon against enemy submarines and also in protecting the United States ships

against such attack.

I-21
APPENDIX I

OPERATIONS PROJECTS

(Continued)

Under Project 3.1, measurements were made by the David Taylor Model

Basin of the response of the pressure hulls of three submarine targets to the

attack. Primarily the measurements were intended as one basis for lethal-range

estimates. For this purpose it was planned that the measurements would supplement

(1) a detailed examination of the damage after the test and (2) high-speed

photographs of the damage taken during the test. In addition, the plan was that

the measurements would verify, or perhaps elaborate, the theoretical concepts of

the damage mechanism which had been formulated previously. Some knowledge of this

damage mechanism was necessary in order to extrapolate any single measurement of

the lethal range to other targets or other conditions of attack.

The external pressures applied to the three SQUAW targets (see

Figure I-7) in Operation WIGWAM were measured with pressure gages, and the

deformations of the hull were measured with strain and displacement gages.

The results indicate that SQUAW-12 was destroyed, probably within 10

msec. The hull of SQUAW-13 was severely damaged and was near collapse but it did

not rupture. The lethal range of a SQUAW target was estimated for the Shot WIGWAM

test conditions and a general formula proposed which gave conditions for a lethal

attack by an atomic depth charge against a full-scale submarine.

Project 3.2 (Parts 1 and 2) Hull Response and Shock Motion--Background, Instrumentation, and Test Results--Discussion and Analysis (References 36 and 37).

The David Taylor Model Basin fielded Project 3.2. The objectives of

this project were to provide instrumentation and make measurements on SQUAW and

YFNBs necessary to determine:

I-22

APPENDIX I

OPERATIONS PROJECTS

(Continued)

o The rigid body motion of the hull as a function of time

o The motion of the hull at representative locations as a

function of time

o The motion of simulated items of ship's heavy machinery as

a function of time

o Shock spectra at representative locations on the vessels

o Analyze and interpret the results obtained.

One hundred forty velocity meters, 12 accelerometers, 132 shock-spectrum

records, and 72 mechanical displacement gages were installed on three SQUAWS and

three YFNBs (see Figure I-8) for the measurement of hull response and shock

motions.

Project 3.2.1 Shock Motion of YFNB Targets (Reference 38).

Reed gages were placed by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory on the YFNB

targets to measure the severity of shock motions. These data were expected to be

helpful in working out a prediction of the shock damage to surface ships caused by

a deep atomic explosion.

Project 3.3 Vibration Characteristics of Certain Items on SQUAW-29, YFNB-20, and

PAPOOSE C (Reference 39).

The objective of this project, fielded by the David Taylor Model Basin,

was to obtain the vibration characteristics of the SQUAW, YFNB, and PAPOOSE C (a

l/5.33-scale model of the SQUAW) targets.

I-24

APPENDIX I

OPERATIONS PROJECTS

(Continued)

These tests were conducted in 1954 in preparation for the Operation

WIGWAM.

Project 3.4 Response to SQUAW Targets from High-Speed Motion Pictures of Interior

(Reference 40).

Project 3.4 was fielded by the David Taylor Model Basin. The objective

of this project was to obtain high-speed motion pictures of critical portions of

the hull and the simulated equipment in the test compartments of each SQUAW

target.

Film records were recovered from SQUAW-29. The SQUAW-12 cameras and

film sank with the ship immediately after the explosion. The camera and film from

SQUAW-13 were lost when SQUAW-13 sank during tow from the test area to the salvage

area.

Project 3.6 Depth, Trim, Heading and Flooding of WIGWAM Targets (Reference 41).

The David Taylor Model Basin fielded Project 3.6. The objective of this

project was to determine at zero time, the angles of roll and pitch, the heading,

and the occurrence of flooding in all of the SQUAW target compartments.

Project 3.8 Design and Construction of WIGWAM Targets (Reference 42).

Three simplified submersible submarine-type hulls were designed and

constructed by the Long Beach Naval Shipyard. All three were nearly identical.

These vessels were required to be towed on the surface, then to be submerged to a

250-foot depth, to be towed submerged, and then to be raised to the surface.

The raising and lowering of each SQUAW was done by means of compressed

air supplied from a YFNB that also served as the instrument barge for the

recording devices installed on the SQUAWS by the David Taylor Model Basin.

I-26
APPENDIX I

OPERATIONS PROJECTS

(Continued)

Each SQUAW, when submerged, was supported by a group of eight 80-ton

salvage pontoons, as shown in Figure I-9.

Towing was from the YFNB. Two tow wires were directed from winches on

the stern of the YFNB--one to a towing pad at the forward end of the SQUAW and the

other passing over the SQUAW to the pontoons.

In addition to the five salvage hoses leading from the SQUAWS to the

YFNBs, there were three instrumentation cables. The distance from the nose of a

SQUAW to a YFNB was 600 feet.

Project 3.9 Modification and Outfitting of Instrumentation Barges (Reference 43).

This project, fielded by the Navy Electronics Laboratory, was

nonexperimental in nature and was primarily intended to support the scientific

effort planned for the barge locations in the array. Main objectives of the

project were:

o To mod ify and equ ip three YFNB barges (see Figure I-10) as surface control stations for the three submersible targets

(SQUAWS) constructed under Project 3.8.

o To provide facilities aboard the three YFNBs to support the remote recording instrumentation associated with these submarine

targets under Program III (primarily the responsibility of the

David Taylor Model Basin).

o To support the instrumentation of other scientific projects

concerned with experimental work in the vicinity at the barge

locations.

I-27
‘I

cnI c( I

I-28

APPENDIX I

OPERATIONS PROJECTS

(Continued)

SUPPORT PROJECTS.

PROGRAM IV - WEAPON CHARACTERISTICS.

Project 4.1 - Weapon Placement at Operation WIGWAM (Reference 44).

The purposes of this project were to specify the type of barge to

support the weapon, and to provide the bomb case, electrical system, and bomb

handling equipment.

The zero barge was towed to the site and final arming preparations were

commenced at H-9 hours, and completed at H-3 hours with submergence of the unit

to the 2,000-foot depth. There were no recovery operations.

Project 4.2 Weapons Assembly (Reference 45).

The objective was to procure, assemble and arm the required weapon in

the watertight case provided by Project 4.1 and to supervise its placement at a

depth of 2,000 feet.

The weapon detonated as planned. There were no recovery operations.

Project 4.3 - Radiochemical Determination of Yield

This project attempted to determine the fission yield of the weapon by

radiochemical analyses of water samples.

The results gave a yield of 32 + 1 KT. No recovery operations were

involved since the required water samples were provided by another project

(Project 2.1).

I-3Q
APPENDIX I

OPERATIONS PROJECTS

(Continued)

Project 4.4 - Close-in Time of Arrival of Underwater Shock Wave (Reference 46).

In this project, the objective was to determine several hydrodynamic

variables of the shock wave from measurements of time of arrival at c

distances where the shock was sufficiently strong to be supersonic.

The measurements were successful and agreed well with theory. W

knowledge of the hydrodynamic variables, it was possible to deduce a yield

weapon. This was 31.7 + 1.2 KT. -

No recovery operations were required.

Project 4.5 - Air Pressures from a Deep Underwater Burst (Reference 47).

This project was to investigate pressures in the air produced by

ose-in

th the

of the

a deep

underwater burst. Because of the bad weather, only a small portion of the desired

data was obtained.

I-31
I-32
APPENDIX J

NAVY ENLISTED CLASSIFICATIONS TABLES

J-l
APPENDIX J

NAVY ENLISTED CLASSIFICATIONS TABLES

Table J-l. Dosage distrlbutlon for airborne units.

UNIT/ORGANIZATION TOTAL NUMBER ZERO DOSAGE CATEGORY (mR)

PERSONNEL DOSIMETRY DOSE

MEAN & STD. DEV.,

OF NON-ZERO DOSES

UNAVAILABLE NUMBER 100 130 165 200 240 280 315 425 (mR)

AIR UNIT PERSONNEL

::

3 .

4.

5.

CA 6.

vc-35

MAG 36/HMR 362

HU-1

VP-46

VC-61

VP-2

USAF

VU-J

vs-21

18

49

5

1

;

142

15

2

2 6

16

3 7

0"

1

131

1

0

17

0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0

3 0 0 0

1 0 0 0

:

0 0 0

0 0 0

9 0 0 0

1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

1 0

i

1

0 0"

0 0

1 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

352 + 73

151 5 8 5

130

130

130

124 + 56

119 + 15

115 i 15

100

SUBTOTAL 260 14 203 19 19 0 0 0 3 1 1 138 + 69

PERCENT 100% 5.4 78.1 7.3 7.3 0 0 0 1.2 0.4 0.4

AIR PASSENGERS

10. VP-2 3 3 1 21 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 296 +- 1 8

PERCENT 100% 3.0 63.6 0 0 0 0 0 18.2 15.2 0

TOTAL 293 15 224 19 19 0 0 0 9 6 1 214 + 23

PERCENT 100 5.1 76.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 3.1 2.0 0.3
APPENDIX J

NAVY ENLISTED CLASSIFICATIONS TABLES

(Continued)

Table J-2. Dosage distribution for technical personnel.

UNIT/ORGANIZATION TOTAL NUMBER ZERO DOSAGE CATEGORY (mR) MEAN & STD. DEV.

PERSONNEL DOSIMETRY DOSES OF NON-ZERO

UNAVAILABLE 100 130 165 200 240 280 315 350 385 GROUP (mR)

1 . Lookout MTN Lab 14

(USAF)

Oak Ridge Nat Lab 3

(AEC)

NRDL (NAVY) 54

Scripps Inst. of 41

Oceanography (Navy)

NEL (Navy) 126

Hydrographic 1

Office (Navy)

Bu Ships (Navy) 6

Shipyards (Navy) 27

NOL (Navy) 31

0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 315 -+

2.

c

24 3.

4.

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 222 + 92

181 + 105 -

167 + 77 -

1

7

4 3

17

120

0

5 0 2 0 0 1 0 2 0

2 8 4 0 1 0 1 0 1

1 1

0 1

0 1

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

143 + 51 -

130 +

5.

6.

3

0

130 +-

121 2 15

100 -+

7.

8.

9.

5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

20 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

26 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 303 12 244 14 1 7 6 1 1 1 4 2 1 163 + 82 -

PERCENT 100 4.0 80.5 4.6 5.6 2.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.3 0.3 0.3
APPENDIX J

NAVY ENLISTED CLASSIFICATIONS TABLES

(Continued)

SHIP/UNIT

Table J-3. Dosage distribution for shipboard personnel.

ZERO DOSAGE CATEGORY (mR) MEAN & STD. DEV.,

TOTAL DOSIMETRY DOSES ON NON-ZERO DOSES

ABOARD UNAVAILABLE NUMBER 100 130 165 200 240 280 315 350 (mR)

1 . M/V Horizon (SIO) 18 4 0 8

2. USS CHANTICLEER (ARS-7) 9 6 0 15 3 4

3. USS TAWASA (ATF-92)

c

b

4. USS BOLSTER (ARS-38)

5 . Amphibious Base

Coronada (Boat Pool)

73 0 35 26

9 1 0 6 5 22

230 la 181 28

6. USS GE0 EASTMAN

(YAG-39)

4 8 1 4 1 2

7. USS FRANK E. EVANS

(DD-754)

269 27 241 1

a. USS WRIGHT (CVL-49)

9. M/V Spencer F. Baird

(SIO)

974 839 25

16

4 5

0 15 1

10. USS ALFRED A.

CUNNINGHAM (DD-752)

268 12 252 3

11. USS CURTISS (AV-4) 573 17 551 4

5

39

10

2

2

4

0

9

0

1

1

0

7

0

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

118 +-

123 +-

114 +

106 +-

108 +-

0 120 t0 100 -+

0 111 -+

0 100 t0 108 -+

0 106 +

28

23

29

2 1

33

15

19

15

13
APPENDIX J

NAVY ENLISTED CLASSIFICATIONS TABLES

(Continued)

Table J-3. Dosage distribution for shipboard personnel.

ZERO DOSAGE CATEGORY (mR) MEAN & STD. DEV.,

SHIP/UNIT TOTAL DOSIMETRY DOSES OF NON-ZERO DOSES

ABOARD UNAV4ILABLE NUMBER 100 130 165 200 240 280 315 350 (mR)

12. USS MCKEAN (DDR-784) 256 3 248 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 126 + 4 3

13. USS MCKINLEY (AGC-7) 552 9 538 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 106 f 1 3

14. USS MOCTOBI (ATF-105) 6 9 0 67 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 +

15. USS GRANVILLE HALL 4 8 0 47 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 130 +

c

CL

(YAG-40)

16. USS HITCHITI (ATF-103) 76 0 75 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 +

------ - - - -

TOTAL 3,567 137 3,264 164 76 9 5 1 1 0 0 114 + 25 -

PERCENT 100 3.7% 89.3% 4.5 2.1 .2 .l .03 .03 0 0
APPENDIX J

NAVY ENLISTED CLASSIFICATIONS TABLES

(Continued)

Table J-4. Dosage distribution for miscellaneous units.

ZERO DOSAGE CATEGORY (mR) MEAN & STD. DEV.,

TOTAL DOSIMETRY DOSES OF NON-ZERO DOSES

UNIT/ORGANIZATION PERSONNEL UNAVAILABLE NUMBER 100 130 165 200 240 280 315 (mR)

1 . NAS Pearl Harbor 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 +

2 . FAW-1 Okinawa 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 130 +

3. FAS-110 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 130 +

4. TUGRON- 17 0 15 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 +

- - - - - - - - - - -

TOTAL 2 1 0 16 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 112 + 16

PERCENT 100 0 76.2 14.3 9.5 0 0 0 0 0
RATING GROUP

AVIATION

AA Apprentice

AB Boatswains

AD Machinists

AE Electrician

AK Storekeeper

AL Electronicsman

AN Airman

AT Electronics Tech

TOTAL 100 130 165 200 240 280

1 1 0 0

i 0 i 0

0

i : i i z

1 0

: : A 00 00

0

00

5 3 : i

iTi

0 i

6 3 2 0

I

0 1

AVIATION TOTAL

% OF ENLISTED EXPOSURES

DECK CREWS

CHBOSN Chief Boatswain

BM Boatswain

SN Seaman

SA Seaman Apprentice

2 19 114.6 z.8 00 00 00 A.4

TOTAL 100 130 165 200 240 280

3 1: 2 0 1 0 0

3 0

5) 12 6 22 3 0 : :,

DECK TOTAL

% OF ENLISTED EXPOSURES

FIREMEN

% ;Lz :i 37 : A.4 0”

TOTAL 100 130 165 200 240 280

FN Fireman

FA Fireman Apprentice 294 2 14 08 ii 0 0 :

FIREMEN TOTAL

% OF ENLISTED EXPOSURES

ENGINE SPACES TOTAL 100 130 165 200 240 280

CHMACH Chief Machinist

MN Machinist

MR Machinist Repairman

EN Engineman

BT Boilerman

3

9”

17

1

0 0

53 00

: ii

0 0 0

0" 00 i

A 00 00

ENGINE TOTAL 35 19 14 0 0

% OF ENLISTED EXPOSURES 15 8.0 5.9

i.4 i.4

0 0

APPENDIX J

NAVY ENLISTED CLASSIFICATIONS TABLES

(Continued)

Table J-5. Dose (mR) vs Job Category.

(Total Enlisted Exposure-237)

J-7
APPENDIX J

NAVY ENLISTED CLASSIFICATIONS TABLES

(Continued)

Table J-5. Dose (mR) vs Job Category.

(Total Enlisted Exposure--237)

RATING GROUP

ALL OTHERS

Aerographic

Construction Apprentice

Commissary

ll;l;z;! Controlman

Electricianman

Electrician Technician

Fire Control Technician

Hospital Corps.

Photographer

Quartermaster

Radarman

Steward

Storekeeper

ssEa'2"

Steward Apprentice

YN Yeoman

CHGUN Chief Gunner

OTHERS TOTAL

% OF ENLISTED EXPOSURES

46 17 18 k.4 0 0 0

1 9 11.4 7.6 0 0 0

J-8
APPENDIX J

NAVY ENLISTED CLASSIFICATIONS TABLES

(Continued)

Table J-6.

List of Units/Organizations

Whose Personnel Received Zero Dose.

Tab1 e J-6A. - Air Support Units.

UNIT/ORGANIZATION TOTAL PERSONNEL NO. W/O RECORDS*

VC-11 NAS North Island 1 mil 0

VR-3 NAS Moffett Field 3 mil 0

TOTAL AIR SUPPORT PERSONNEL 4 mil 0 w/o records

Tab1 e J-6B. - Technical Organizations.

UNIT/ORGANIZATION TOTAL PERSONNEL NO. W/O RECORDS*

DTMB 11 civ 0

NAVORD Test Station 9 civ 5

Pasadena

NRL, Wash., D.C. 11 civ 0

EGG, Las Vegas 9 civ 1

EGG, Boston 4 civ 0

Sandia Corp 23 civ 0

Armour Research Foundation 8 civ 0

TOTAL TECHNICAL PERSONNEL 75 civ 6 w/o records

* Included in the Total column.

J-9
APPENDIX J

NAVY ENLISTED CLASSIFICATIONS TABLES

(Continued)

Table J-6.

List of Units/ Organization

Whose Personnel Received Zero Dose.

Table J-6C. - Ships.

UNIT

uss BLUE (DD 744)

USS ERNEST G SMALL (DD 838)

USS HARRY E HUBBARD (DD748)

USS O'BRIEN (DO 725)

USS WALKE (DD 723)

USS FORT MARION (LSD 22)

USS COMSTOCK (LSD 19)

uss CREE (ATF 84)

USS MOLALA (ATF 106)

USS RECLAIMER (ARS 42)

USS LST 975

USS LST 1048

USS BUTTERNUT (AN-g)

T-Boat (Scripps)

M/V Paolina - T (Scripps)

TOTAL CREW 2315 mil + 15 civ = 2330 57 w/o records

TOTAL PERSONNEL NO. W/O RECORDS*

266 mil

265 mil

258 mil

285 mil

261 mil

279 mil

241 mil

68 mil

7 6 mil

78 mil

100 mil

96 mil

42 mil

5 civ

1 0 civ

5

2

9

4

3

2

11

0

9

2

1

4

1

4

0

* Included in the Total column.

J-10
APPENDIX J

NAVY ENLISTED CLASSIFICATIONS TABLES

(Continued)

Table J-6.

List of Units/ Organization

Whose Personnel Received Zero Dose.

Table J-60. - Miscellaneous Observer/Participant.

UNIT/ORGANIZATION

SHIPYARDS

TOTAL PERSONNEL NO. W/O RECORDS*

Charleston 2 civ

Pearl Harbor 2 civ 0"

Portsmouth 2 civ

Puget Sound 2 civ 0"

Naval Air Stations/Naval Stations

NS Midway Island

SWV PAC NAS North Island

NAVAL STAFF/OBSERVERS

2 mil

1 mil t

CNO (OP 363)

COMFIRSTFLT STAFF

COMSUBDIV 52

;?l$SKFORCESEVEN

BU OR0

COMNAVAI R PAC

USS HANCOCK (CVA 19)

USS BURTON ISLAND

USS PT CRUZ

6

I

AGB-1)

CVS 1 9)

uss NORTON s UND

CSO Brooklyn NY

(AVM-I)

DSDS Wash., D.C.

NAV Powder Factor

g

Indian Head 1 civ

NAV Biological La

Depot

Oakland Supply 1 mil

NAVGUN FAC D.C. 1 mil

OASD (R&D) 1 civ

Wright Air Dev 1 civ

REC STAT NAVY #128 1 mil

ARMY OBSERVERS

II t fA

Abe!rdgen /??ving Grounds

Army Chemical Center

* Included in the Total column.

: zil’

1 civ

J-11
APPENDIX J

NAVY ENLISTED CLASSIFICATIONS TABLES

(Continued)

Table J-6.

List of Units/ Organization

Whose Personnel Received Zero Dose.

TABLE J-6D. - Miscellaneous Observer/Participant.

UNIT/ORGANIZATION TOTAL PERSONNEL NO. W/O RECORDS*

AEC ACTIVITIES

NY Operations Office

Santa Fe Operations Office

Wash., D.C. Operations Office

Los Alamos Scientific Lab

UC Rad Lab Livermore

OTHER RESEARCH ORG.

APL Univ. of Wash.

William Miller Inst.

TOTAL MISC. OBSERVERS

TOTAL ZERO DOSE UNITS

1 civ

1 civ

2 civ

1 civ

3 civ

1 civ

1 civ

26 mil + 23 civ

2345 mil + 113 civ = 2458 65 w/o records

* Included in the Total column.

J-12
APPENDIX K

GLOSSARY

K-l TERMS

Alpha particles (radiat

nucleus.

ion): The emission of alpha partic les (he1 ium nuclei) by a

AN/PDR radiac: Army/Navy Portable Dose Rate radiac. The military specification

for a portable radiac meter.

Base surge: A cloud which rolls outward from the bottom of the column produced by

a subsurface explosion. For underwater bursts, the visible surge is,

in effect, a cloud of liquid (water) droplets with the property of

flowing almost as if it were a homogeneous fluid. After the water

evaporates, an invisible base surge of small radioactive particles may

persist.

Beta particles (radiation): Small charged particles of very small mass emitted

spontaneously from the nuclei of certain radioactive elements

(isotopes). Most of the direct fission products emit negative beta

particles. Radioactive isotopes, which emit beta radiation, give off

particles moving at high velocity (about 170,000 miles per second)

equal to electrons in mass, but charged either positively (positrons)

or negatively (negatrons).

Bolometer gear: An instrument that measures the energy of electromagnetic

radiation in certain wavelength regions by utilizing the change in

resistance of a thin conductor caused by the heating effect of the

radiation.

Condensation cloud (or Wilson cloud): A mist or fog of minute water droplets

which temporarily surrounds the fireball following a nuclear

detonation in a comparatively humid atmosphere. The expansion of the

air in the negative phase of the blast wave from the explosion results

in a lowering of the temperature, so that condensation of water vapor,

present in the air, occurs and a cloud forms. The cloud is soon

dispelled when the pressure returns to normal and the air warms up

again.

t-le2 Decay Law: Describes the standard decay of mixed fission products. It

can be described as R t = Rlt-l.2

Deep drogue: A sea anchor - a funnel or cone-shaped device towed behind a vessel;

in this case, one towed deep beneath the surface. A drag, usually a

canvas-covered conical frame, floating behind a vessel to prevent

drifting or to maintain a heading into the wind.

Dosage control: Dose rate is the amount of radiation which an individual or

material receives per unit of time. Through the use of film badges,

the amount of radiation that an individual receives over a period of

time can be measured and therefore controlled and, when necessary,

K-l
APPENDIX K

GLOSSARY

(Continued)

personnel may be restricted from further participation in test

programs.

Dose: A measure of the energy absorbed in tissue by the action of ionizing

radiation on tissue. As used in radiation protection, definitive

practice requires that the term be used in such combining forms as

radiation dose, absorbed dose, whole body dose, and partial body dose.

Dosimeter: A device which measures the exposure to radiation over a period of

time.

Enewetak: A Pacific test site, formerly spelled Eniwetok.

Fallout: The fallout to the earth's surface of particles contaminated with

radioactive material from a radioactive cloud. The term is also

applied in a collective sense to the contaminated particulate matter

itself. The early (or local) fallout is defined, somewhat arbitrarily, as those particles which reach the earth within 24 hours

after a nuclear explosion. The delayed (or worldwide) fallout

consists of the smaller particles which ascend into the upper

troposphere and into the stratosphere and are carried by the winds to

all parts of the earth. The delayed fallout is brought to earth,

mainly by rain and snow, over extended periods ranging from months to

years.

Film badge: A compact packet, worn on the person, containing film emulsions which,

with appropriate screening, development, and evaluation, indicate the

dose of ionizing radiation to which the wearer was exposed.

Fireball: A luminous sphere of hot gases which forms a few microseconds after a

nuclear explosion as the result of the surrounding medium absorbing

energy emitted by the weapon.

Fixed Gamma Intensity-Time Recorders (GITR): Permanently mounted electronic

systems employing ionization chambers to provide continous data of

gamma intensity vs. time (so named to distinguish them from the

portable radiac instruments).

Gamma rays (radiation): Electromagnetic radiations originating in atomic nuclei

and accompanying many nuclear reactions. Gamma rays are generated

from processes within the nucleus, such as fissioning, decaying

processes, and interaction with particles.

H-hour: The time of day (e.g., 5:30 a.m.) at which a device is detonated.

Inversion Layer: Strata of the atmosphere where an inversion of the normal

temperature gradient take place; the air increases in temperature with

increasing altitude.

K-2
APPENDIX K

GLOSSARY

(Continued)

Ionization: A process by which a neutral atom or molecule loses or gains

electrons, thereby acquiring a net charge and becoming an ion; may be

caused by ionizing radiation such as alpha, beta, and gamma.

Ionizing radiation: Particles or photons that have sufficient energy to produce

ionization directly in their passage through a substance. Particles

that are capable of atomic interactions in which sufficient energy is

released to produce ionization.

Kingpost-location: At the approximate location of the foremast on the YAGs.

Laminae: Thin plates, sheets, or, as used in this report, a description of the

various submerged layers of seawater.

Neutron-induced activity: Radioactivity induced in an element due to absorption

of neutrons. Neutron-induced radioactivity is usually found near the

surface ground zero or surface zero of a nuclear air burst.

Nuclear depth charge: A projectile, using nuclear energy for its explosive

charge, to be detonated underwater against submarine or other

underwater targets.

Overpressure: The pressure in excess of the normal, atmospheric value usually

associated with passage of a shock front.

Photomultiplier tube: A phototube with one or more dynodes between its

photocathode and the output electrode; the electron stream from the

photocathode is reflected off each dynode in turn, with secondary

emission adding electrons to the stream at each reflection (also known

as electron-multiplier phototube; photoelectric electron-multiplier

tube; photomultiplier).

Plume (or column): A hollow cylinder of water and spray thrown up from an

underwater burst of a nuclear weapon, through which the hot, highpressure gases formed in the explosion are vented to the atmosphere.

Prompt radiation: Radiation emitted within a few tenths of a microsecond by a

nuclear burst. It consists of gamma rays and fission neutrons.

Rad-Safe (radiological safety): By means of these operations, a unit attempts to

prevent the occurrence of hazards to personnel and equipment resulting

from ionizing radiation of all forms.

Reagents: Any substance used in a chemical reaction to detect, measure, examine,

or produce other substances.

Roll-up phase: Activities associated with bringing an operation to a conclusion.

Sample assay: A physical determination of the components of a sample.

K-3
APPENDIX K

GLOSSARY

(Continued)

Scintillation counter: A device in which the scintillations (i.e., light flashes)

produced in a fluorescent material by an ionizing radiation are

detected and counted by a multiplier phototube and associated

circuits. (Also known as scintillation detector; scintillometer.)

Shear: As used in this report, describes a deformation of a solid body in

which a plane in the body is displaced, parallel to itself, relative

to parallel planes in the body; quantitatively, it is displacement of

any plane relative to a second plane, divided by the perpendicular

distance between planes.

Shine: Reflecting or scattering of radiation up from the surface of the

water or air.

Ship skin: The outer hull of a vessel.

Slick: The trace of an advancing shock seen on a calm water surface as a

circle of dark water rapidly increasing in diameter.

Sonde: An electronic sensor towed behind a vessel.

Spectrochemical analysis: The chemical analysis of a mixture of substances, or of

a complex substance, by a study of spectra.

Spray dome: The mound of water spray thrown up when a shock wave from an

underwater nuclear burst reaches the surface.

SQUAW: Specially designed and constructed submarine targets.

Surface zero: The point on the land or ocean surface (as distinguished from

ground zero) vertically below or above the center of the burst of a

nuclear weapon.

Telemeter: The complete measuring, transmitting, and receiving apparatus for

indicating or recording the value of a quantity at a distance.

Test array (Target array): For WIGWAM, it consisted of a fleet ocean tug, on a

fixed course, towing a 30,000-foot cable on the surface with the zero

barge, containing the nuclear device, attached at the other end. The

nuclear device was suspended on a 2,000-foot cable below the zero

barge. A variety of instrument vessels, targets, instruments, and

sampling stations were attached at various points along both cables.

Thermocline: A temperature gradient (particularly in a body of water), especially

one making a sharp change. A layer of water in a thermally stratified

lake or other body of water separating an upper, warmer, lighter,

oxygen-rich zone from a lower, colder, heavier, oxygen-poor zone.

Specifically, a stratum in which temperature declines at least one

degree centigrade with each meter increase in depth.

K-4
APPENDIX K

GLOSSARY

(Continued)

USNRDL RBI-12 Beta Probes: Instruments used to measure beta-radiation intensity

near contaminated surfaces. These instruments were modified to

provide an extra "hi-lo" range switch and overall physical

strengthening of the instrument.

Zero barge: (YC 473, an open lighter) A barge to which an underwater nuclear

device is attached. The device hangs from a cable suspended beneath

the barge.

K-2 ACRONYMS

AD:

AEC:

AF:

AFSWP:

AGC:

ARF:

ARS:

ASR-7:

ATF:

AN:

AN/PDR:

AV:

BEIR:

BIRLS:

CDC:

CINCPAC:

CVL:

cw:

Type of aircraft (attack, propeller-driven, manufactured by Douglas)

Atomic Energy Commission

Type of aircraft (Navy) (anti-submarine warfare, propeller-driven,

manufactured by Grumman)

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project

Amphibious Force Flagship

Armour Research Foundation

Salvage Craft, Tender

Attack Air Squadron

Fleet Ocean Tug

Net-Laying Ship

Army/Navy/Portable Detector Radiac

Seaplane Tender

Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation

Beneficiary Identification Records Locator Subsystem

Center for Disease Control

Commander in Chief, Pacific

Small Aircraft Carrier

Closed Window

K-5
DASIAC:

DD:

DDR:

DNA:

DOD:

DTMB:

EG&G:

HE:

HRS:

JCS :

JTF7:

KT:

LASL:

LBNS:

LCM:

LML:

LSD:

LST:

MATS:

MPBB:

MPC:

MPD:

MPE:

MPL:

APPENDIX K

GLOSSARY

(Continued)

DOD Nuclear Information and Analysis Center (formerly the Defense

Atomic Support Information and Analysis Center)

Destroyer

Radar Picket Destroyer

Defense Nuclear Agency

Department of Defense

David Taylor Model Basin

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier

High Explosive

Helicopter Recovery Squadron

Joint Chiefs of Staff

Joint Task Force Seven

Kiloton

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

Long Beach Naval Shipyard

Landing Craft, Mechanized

Lookout Mountain Laboratory

Landing Ship, Dock

Landing Ship, Tank

Military Air Transport System

Maximum Permissible Body Burden

Maximum Permissible Concentration

Maximum Permissible Dose

Maximum Permissible Exposure

Maximum Permissible Limit

K-6
APPENDIX K

GLOSSARY

(Continued)

NAS:

NAS:

NEL:

NOL:

NOSC :

NOTS:

NPRC:

NRDL:

NRL:

NTPR:

NTS:

OTC:

ow:

PDT:

RB:

RBE:

SC:

SIO:

TAD:

TATC:

TE:

TG:

TU:

XLCM:

National Academy of Sciences

Naval Air Station

U.S. Naval Electronics Laboratory

U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory

Naval Ocean Systems Center

U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station

National Personnel Records Center

U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory

U.S. Naval Research Laboratory

Nuclear Test Personnel Review

Nevada Test Site

Officer in Tactical Command

Open Window

Pacific Daylight Time

Rubber Boat

Relative Biological Effectiveness

Sandia Corporation

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Tactical Air Direction

Tactical Air Traffic Control

Task Element

Task Group

Task Unit

Landing Craft, Mechanized

K-7
APPENDIX K

GLOSSARY

(Continued)

YAG: Utility Ship (converted Liberty ship)

YC: Utility Open Lighter (towed)

YFNB: Instrumented barge - large covered lighter (non-self-propelled)

K-3 MEASUREMENTS

Ci/cm3

c/g

CPM

Ci

MCi

micron

mR

PR

mR/h

mrep/hr

pCi/cm3

psi

R

rad

rem

curies per cubic centimeter

counts per gram

counts per minute

curie. A measure of the act

a rad ioactive substance.

ivity (rate of disintegration or decay) of

One curie equals 3.7 b y lOlO nuclear

disintegrations per second, or 2.2 by lo12 per minute.

megacurie = one million curies. A fission yield of 10 megatons

creates approximately 1 megacurie of strontium-90.

unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a column of mercury

one micrometer high, having a density of 13.5951 grams per cubic

centimeter, under the standard acceleration of gravity.

milliroentgen = 10m3R

microroentgen = 10m6 R

milliroentgen per hour

milliroentgen/equivalent/physical per hour

picocuries per cubic centimeter

pounds per square inch

roentgen

unit of absorbed dose, 1 rad = absorption of 100 ergs of energy in one

gram of any medium.

roentgen/equivalent/man. A unit of dose whose biological effect is

equal to that of absorption of one roentgen of gamma radiation. The

rem can be defined as rem = rad X RBE or rem = rad X (QF X DF).

K-8
APPENDIX K

GLOSSARY

(Continued)

roentgen/equivalent/physical. A unit formerly used for similar

purposes as the rad, but defined for any type of radiation in terms of

the energy absorbed in biological tissue equivalent to that which is

absorbed by one roentgen of gamma radiation. (One rep has had various

definitions, ranging from 84 ergs per cubic centimeter to 93 ergs per

gram of tissue.)

K-9
K-10
APPENDIX L

REFERENCES

1 . Focke, A.B., “Scientific Director’s Summary Report, Operation WIGWAM, ” W T

1003 EX-1980. (AD No. 995030).*

2 . “Operation Plan l-55, Operation WIGWAM,” CTG ‘7.3, 25 March 1955. Available

at NTIS (AD NO. 78579).*

3. “Operational Concept, Operation WIGWAM, ” AFSWP, EX-1980, (AD No. 995022).*

4. Baietti, A.L., et al., “Radiological Safety for Operation WIGWAM, ” WT 1001,

US Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, San Francisco, CA, January 1957.

Available at NTIS (AD No. 337571).*

5 . French, F.A., “Fallout and Airborne Activity in Operation WIGWAM, with notes

on Surface Effects, Project 2.7,” WT 1017, Naval Radiological Defense

Laboratory, San Francisco, CA, May 1955. Available at NTIS (AD No.

617135) .*

6. Hawkins, M.B., “Determination of Radiological Hazard to Personnel, Operation

WIGWAM, Project 2.4,” WT 1012, Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, San

Francisco, CA, May 1957. Available at NTIS (AD No. 465308).*

7 . Isaacs, J.D., “Mechanism and Extent of the Early Dispersion of Radioactive

Products in Water, ” WT 1014, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University

of California, La Jolla, CA, May 1955. Available at NTIS (AD No. 445669).*

8. Warchol, M.F. and D.O. Cochrane, “Operation WIGWAM ,” WT 1036, Edgerton,

Germeshausen, & Grier, Inc., Boston, MA and Las Vegas, NV. (AD No.

361831) .*

9. Albert, H., “Operation WIGWAM, ” WT 1037, Lookout Mountain Laboratory, Los

Angeles, CA. (AD No. B951719) .*

10. Barnett, M.H., “The Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation: An Overview, ”

M.P.H. (from U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare), October

1976 .***

11. Evans, R.D., The Atomic Nucleus, McGraw Hill Publishing Co., NY, 3 October

1955, Reprinted 1972 .***

12. Glasstone, S . D . , The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, 3rd Edition, U.S. Department

of Defense and U.S. Department of Energy, 1977 .***

13. Lapp, Ralph E. and Howard L. Andrews, Nuclear Radiation Physics, 4th Edition,

Englewood CLiffs, NJ, 1972 .***

14. Becquerel, H. and P. Curie, Comp. Rend. 132, p. 1289, 1901.***

15. Morgan, K.Z., Principles of Radiation Protection, R .E. Krieger Publishing

co., NY, 1973.***

L-l
APPENDIX L

REFERENCES

(Continued)

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

Morgan, K.Z., “Cancer and Low Level Ionizing Radiation,” Bulletin of Atomic

Scientists, September 1978 .**

“Rules and Regulations, ” Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Register,

13 January 1977.**

“Maximum Permissible Radiation Exposures to Man, ” Suppl. Math. Bur. Std. (US)

Handbook 59, 1958 .**

Snay, H.G., et al., “Predictions of Underwater Explosion Phenomena, ” WT 1004,

24 January 1957. Available at NTIS (AD No. 338338).*

Aranson, C.I., et al., “Underwater Free-Field Pressures to Just Beyond Target

Locations, ” WT 1005, 27 May 1957. Available at NTIS (AD No. 338339).*

Cunningham, C .B., “Free-Field Pressures, Station Zero, ” WT 1006, May 1955.

Available at NTIS (AD No. 339495).*

McMillian , T . , “Underwater Free-Field Pressure Measurements, ” W t 1007, May

1955. Available at NTIS (AD No. 338544).*

Hamilton, G.R., et al. ,“Bubble Phenomena,” WT 1008, May 1955. (AD No.

338012) .*

Young, G.A., et al., “Photographic Measurements of Surface Phenomena, ” WT

1009, May 1955. Available at NTIS (AD No. 361918).*

Thaler, W .J., “Underwater Optical Measurements, ” ITR 1086, May 1955. (AD/B

951591) .*

Van Dorn, W.G., “Collection of Early Water Samples for Radiochemical Analysis and Yield Determination,” WT 1039, 27 March 1957. Available at NTIS (AD

No. 361921) .*

Lockhart, L. B., Jr., et al., “Radiochemical Analysis of WIGWAM Debris, ” W T

1010, EX-1980, (AD/B951748) .*

Ballow, N.E., “Radiochemical and Physical Chemical Properties of Products of

a Deep Underwater Nuclear Detonation, ” WT 1011, EX-1980. (AD/A 995018).*

Holmes, R.W., et al., “Effects of Nuclear Explosion on Marine Biology,” WT

1013, 31 May 1957. Available at NTIS (AD No. 613617).*

Folsom, T.R., “Mechanism and Extent of the Dispersion of Fission Products by

Oceanographic Processes and Locating and Measuring Surfaces and Underwater

Radioactive Contamination,” WT 1015, 17 December 1956. Available at NTIS (AD

No. 465309) .*

Folsom, T.R., “Radiological Techniques and Instruments Used for the

Oceanographic Survey on Operation WIGWAM, ” WT 1016, 30 January 1958. Available at NTIS (AD No. 460279).*

L-2
32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

APPENDIX L

REFERENCES

(Continued)

Horrer, P.L., “Subsurface Configuration of the Array,” WT 1018, May 1955.

(AD No. 224418).*

Horrer, P.L., “Physical Oceanography of the Test Area, ” WT 1019, May 1955.

Available at NTIS (AD No. 611252).*

Kidd, L.W., “Measurement of Secondary Effects: Water Waves,” WT 1020, 31

July 1959. Available at NTIS (AD No. 361917).*

Chertock, C., et al., “Lethal Range of WIGWAM Targets Based on Hull Response

and Applied Pressure Measurements, ” WT 1021, 10 July 1957. (AD 361916).*

Rich, H.L., et al., “Hull Response and Shock Motion--Background

Instrumentation, and Test Results, ” WT 1023, 15 April 1957. (AD 361915).*

Rich, H.L., et al., “Hull Response and Shock Motion--Discussion and

Analysis, ” WT 1024, 18 March 1957. (AD 338555).*

Blake, R.E., “Shock Motion of YFNB Targets,” WT 1025, May 1955. (AD

338005) .*

Paladine, A.R., “Vibration Characteristics of Certain Items on SQUAW -29,

YFNB-29 and PAPOOSE C, ” WT 1026, May 1955.(AD 361914).*

Atchison, C.M., “Response of SQUAW Targets from High-Speed Motion Pictures of

Interior,” WT 1027, May 1955. (AD 361913).*

Converse, R.E., Jr., “Depth, Trim, Heading, and Flooding of WIGWAM Targets,”

WT 1030, May 1955. (AD 361920).*

Ross, W.J., “Design and Construction of WIGWAM Targets,” WT 1031. (AD No.

361912) .*

Shellabarger, J.N., et al., “Modification and Outfitting of Instrumentation

Barges, ” WT 1032, May 1955. (AD 465 310).*

Billmeyer, A.K., “Operation WIGWAM , ” WT 1033, U.S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Pasadena, CA. EX-1980. (AD/B951738).*

North, H.S., “Operation WIGWAM , ” WT 1040, Sandia Corp., Albuquerque, NM

EX-1980. (AD/B 951739) .*

Porzel, F.B., “Operation WIGWAM , ” WT 1034, Armour Research Foundation.

(AD 361 919).*

Merritt, M.L., “Operation WIGWAM,” WT 1035, Sandia Corp., Albuquerque,

NM. (AD 338 541).*

L-3
AVAILABILITY INFORMATION

An availability statement has been included at the end of the

reference citation for those readers who wish to read or obtain

copies of source documents. The following addresses are being

provided for that purpose.

Source documents, bearing an availability statement of DOE CIC,

may be reviewed at the following address:

Deparment of Energy

Coordination and Information Center

(Operated by Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Co., Inc.)

ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley

2753 S. Highland

P.O. Box 14100 Phone: (702) 734-3194

Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194

Source documents, bearing an availability statement of NTIS, may

be purchased from the National Technical Information Service.

When ordering by mail O K phone, please include the NTIS number.

National Technical Information Serivce

5285 Port Royal Road Phone: (703) 487-4650

Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office)

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained

by writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service or calling

(703) 487-4660.

REFERENCES (CODES USED)

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

**Available at DOE CIC.

***Not Available.

When a DASA WT document is followed by an EX, the latest version

has been cited as available from NTIS.

L-4
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Armed Forces Staff College

ATTN: Library

Assistant Secretary of Defense, Public Affairs

ATTN: PA0

Defense Nuclear Agency

ATTN. PA0

ATTN: GC

ATTN: BA

5 cy ATTN: NTPR

25 cy ATTN: TITL

Defense Technical Information Center

12 cy ATTN: DO

Field Command

Defense Nuclear Agency

ATTN: FCLS

ATTN: FCTMO

Interservice Nuclear Weapons School

ATTN. TTV

National Defense University

ATTN: ICAF Tech Library

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

Army Library

ATTN: Military Dot Set

Army Nuclear Test Personnel Review

ATTN: DAAG-AMR-S TAG0

U.S. Army Center of Military History

ATTN: DAMH

U.S. Army Chemical School

ATTN: ATZN-CM-CS

ATTN: ATZN-CM-AL

U.S. Army Comd & General Staff College

ATTN: Library

U.S. Army Nuclear & Chemical Agency

ATTN: Library

U.S. Army War College

ATTN: Library

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

Aviation History Unit

Department of the Navy

ATTN: Library

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Department of the Navy

ATTN: Asst for Med Surgery

Engineering Duty Officer School

Department of the Navy

ATTN: Library

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY (Continued)

James Carson Breckinridge Library

Department of the Navy

ATTN: Library Div

Marine Corps Nuclear Test Personnel Review

ATTN: Code MSRB-60

Merchant Marine Academy

ATTN: Director of Libraries

Naval Aviation School Command

ATTN: Library

Naval Hospital Corps School

ATTN: Library

Naval

Naval

Naval

Naval

Naval

Naval

Naval

Naval

Naval

Naval

Naval

Naval

Ocean Systems Center

ATTN: Library

Oceanographic Office

ATTN: Code 025, Historian

Postgraduate School

ATTN. Code 1424, Library

Research Laboratory

ATTN: Library

School

Construction Battalion Center

ATTN: Commanding Officer

School of Health Sciences

ATTN: Library

Sea Systems Comnand

ATTN: Nuclear Technology Div

Surface Weapons Center

ATTN: Library

War College

ATTN: Professor 8 Libraries

Weapons Center

ATTN: Code 233, Tech Library

Weapons Evaluation Facility

ATTN: library

Navy Dept Library

ATTN: Librn

Navy Nuclear Power School

ATTN: Library

Navy Nuclear Test Personnel Review

2 cy ATTN. W. Loeffler

U.S. Naval Academy

Nimitz Library

ATTN: Documents & Reports Dept

Did-1
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY (Continued)

Office of the Judge Adv Gen

Department of the Navy

ATTN: Code 73

U.S. Marine Corps Cmd & Staff College

ATTN: Library

U.S. Merchant Marine Academy

ATTN: Librn

U S. Naval Air Station Library

Department of the Navy

ATTN: Library

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE --_c

Academy Library DFSELD

U S. Air Force Academy

ATTN: Library

Aerospace Defense Command

ATTN: Historian

Air Force Conrnunlcations Service

ATTN. Historian

Air Force Institute of Technology

ATTN Library

Air Force Logistics Command

ATTN: Historian

Air Force Nuclear Test Personnel Review

ATTN: HQ IJSAF/SGES

Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine

ATTN. Strughold Library

Air Force Systems Command

ATTN. Historian

Air Force Technical Applications Center

ATTN: Historian

Air Force Weapons Laboratory

Air Force Systems Command

ATTN. Tech Library

Air National Guard

ATTN: Historian

Air Training Command

ATTN: Historian

Air University Library

Department of the Air Force

ATTN: AUL-LSE

Military Air Lift Command

ATTN: Historian

Conrnander-in-Chief

Pacific Air Forces

ATTN: Historian

Strategic Air Command

Department of the Air Force

ATTN: NRI-STINFO Library

ATTN: Historian

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE (Continued)

Tactical Air Command

Deoartment of the Air Force

ATTN: Historian

U.S. Air Force Occupational & Env Health Lab

ATTN: NTPR

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Department of Energy

ATTN. OMA

Department of Energy

Nevada Operations Office

ATTN: Health Physics Dlv

2 cy ATTN. R. Nutley

Department of Energy

Human Health & Assessments Division

ATTN: EV-31

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

Centers for Disease Control

U.S. Public Health Service

ATTN: G. Caldwell

Central Intelligence Agency

ATTN: Offlce of Medical Services

Department of Health & Human Svcs

ATTN: Office of General Counsel

Exec Oft of The President

Management E Budget Off Lib

ATTN: Llbrn

Library of Congress

ATTN: Library Service Division

ATTN: Science E Technology Div

ATTN: Serial & Govt Publication

National Atomic Museum

ATTN: Historian

Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

ATTN: Llbrn

National Technical Information Service

12 cy ATTN. Customer Services

Occupational Safety E Health Admin

ATTN: C. Wright

Office of Health E Disability (ASPER)

ATTN: R. Copeland

Oft of Workers Compensation Program

Department of Labor

ATTN. R. Larson

U.S. Coast Guard Academy Library

ATTN: Librn

U.S. House of Representatives

ATTN: Committee on Armed SVCS

Did-2
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued)

U.S. House of Representatives

Committee on Interstate & Foreign Commerce

ATTN: Subcomnittee on Health & Envir

U.S. Military Academy

ATTN: Director of Libraries

U.S. Senate

Committee on Armed Services

ATTN: Cormnittee on Veterans Affairs

U.S. Senate

ATTN: Committee on Veterans Affairs

Veterans Administration-R0

Providence, RI

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Montgomery, AL

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Juneau, AK

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Anchorage, AK

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Phoenix, AZ

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Little Rock, AR

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Los Angeles, CA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

San Francisco, CA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Denver, CO

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Hartford, CT

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Wilmington, DE

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-CO

Washington, D. C.

ATTN: Dept Veterans Benefit, Central Oft

ATTN: Director

ATTN: Board of Veteran Appeal

Veterans Administration-R0

St. Petersburg, FL

ATTN: Director

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued)

Veterans Administration-R0

Atlanta, GA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Honolulu, HI

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Chicago, IL

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Seattle, WA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Indianapolis, IN

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Des Moines, IA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Wichita, KS

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Louisville, KY

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

New Orleans, LA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Togus, ME

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Baltimore, MD

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Boston, MA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

St. Paul, MN

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Jackson, MS

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Huntington, WV

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

St. Louis, MO

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Ft. Harrison, MT

ATTN: Director

Dist-3
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued)

Veterans Administration-R0

Lincoln, NE

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Reno, NV

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Manchester, NH

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Newark, NJ

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Milwaukee, WI

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-RO

Albuquerque, NM

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Buffalo, NY

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

New York, NY

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Winston-Salem, NC

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-RO

Fargo, ND

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Cleveland, OH

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Muskogee, OK

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Portland, OR

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Pittsburgh, PA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Philadelphia, PA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

San Francisco, CA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

San Juan, Puerto Rico

ATTN: Director

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued)

Veterans Administration-R0

Columbla, SC

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Sioux Falls, SD

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Houston, TX

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Waco, TX

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Salt Lake City, UT

ATTN: Director

Veterans Admlnistraiton-RO

White River Junction, VT

ATTN: Director

Veterans Admlnistratlon-RO

Roanoke, VA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Cheyenne, WY

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

San Diego, CA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Boise, ID

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Detroit, MI

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Nashville, TN

ATTN: Director

The White House

ATTN: Domestic Policy Staff

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTORS

Lawrence Livermore National Lab

ATTN: Tech Info Dept Library

Los Alamos National Scientific Lab

ATTN: Library

ATTN: MS 195

Sandia National Lab

ATTN: W. Hereford

ATTN: Central Library

Reynolds Electrical & Engr Co., Inc

ATTN: CIC

ATTN: W. Brady

Dist-4
OTHER

Adams State College

ATTN: Librn

Akron Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Alabama State Dept of Archives & History

ATTN: Military Records Div

University of Alabama

ATTN: Reference Dept, Dralier 3

ATTN: Director of Libraries (Reg)

University of Alaska Library at Anchorage

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

University of Alaska

ATTN: Librn

Albany Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Alexander City State Jr College

ATTN: Librn

Allegheny College

ATTN: Librn

Allen County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Altoona Area Public Library

ATTN: Librn

American Statistics Index

Congressional Info Service, Inc

ATTN: Cathy Jarvey

Anaheim Public Library

ATTN: Librn

College of Wooster

ATTN: Gov Dots

Angelo State University Library

ATTN: Llbrn

Angelo Icoboni Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Anoka County Library

ATTN: Librn

Appalachian State University

ATTN: Library Dots

Arizona State University Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Arizona

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Arkansas College Library

ATTN: Library

Brooklyn College

ATTN: Dot Div

DTHER (Continued)

Arkansas Library Comm

ATTN: Library

Arkansas State University

ATTN: Library

University of Arkansas

ATTN: Gov Dots Div

Austin College

ATTN: Librn

Atlanta Public Library

ATTN: Ivan Allen Dept

Atlanta University

ATTN: Librn

AuburnAyqniyer;ignLibrary at Mongomery (Reg)

C. W. Post Ctr Long Island University

ATTN: Librn

Bangor Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Bates College Library

ATTN: Librn

Baylor University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Beloit College Libraries

ATTN: Serials Oocs Dept

Bemidji State College

ATTN: Library

State University College

ATTN: Gov Dots

Akron University

ATTN: Gov Dots

BostonA;;llic Library (Reg)

: Dots Dept

Bowdoin College

ATTN: Librn

Bowling Green State University

ATTN: Lib Gov Dots Services

Bradley University

ATTN: Librn

Brandeis University Library

ATTN: Dots Section

Brigham Young University

ATTN: Librn

Brigham Young University

ATTN: Dots Collection

Brookhaven National Laboratory

ATTN: Tech Library

Dist-5
UTHER (Continued)

Broward County Library Sys

ATTN: Librn

Brown University

ATTN: Librn

Bucknell University

ATTN: Reference Dept

Buffalo & Erie Co Public Library

ATTN: Librn

State University Library of California at Fresno

ATTN: Library

University Library of California at Los Angeles

ATTN: Pub Affairs Serv U.S. Dots

University of California at San Diego

ATTN: Dots Dept

State College L-ibrary of California at Stanislaus

ATTN: Library

California State Polytechnic University Library

ATTN: Librn

California State University at Northridge

ATTN: Gov Dot

California State Library (Reg)

ATTN: Llbrn

California State University at Long Beach Library

ATTN: Librn

California State University

ATTN: Librn

California State University

ATTN: Librn

California University Library

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept

California University Library

ATTN: Librn

California University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

California University Library

ATTN: Dots Set

University of California

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Calvin College Library

ATTN: Librn

Kearney State College

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Cambria County Library Sys

ATTN: Librn

Carleton College Library

ATTN: Librn

DTHER (Continued)

Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh

ATTN: Librn

Carnegie Mellon University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Carson Regional Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Unit

Case Western Reserve University

ATTN: Librn

Casper College

ATTN: Librn

University of Central Florida

ATTN: Library Dots Dept

Central Michigan University

ATTN: Library Dots Set

Central Montana State College

ATTN: Gov Dots

Central State University

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept

Central Washington University

ATTN: Lib Dots Set

Central Wyoming College Library

ATTN: Librn

Charleston County Library

ATTN: Librn

Charlotte & Mechlenburg County Public Library

ATTN: E. Correll

Chatta;rt;;a H;;b;;on County, Bicentennial Library

Chesapeake Public Library System

ATTN: Librn

Chicago Public Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

State University of Chicago

ATTN: Librn

Chicago University Library

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

ATTN: Dots Processing

Cincinnati University Library

ATTN: Librn

Citadel, Daniel Library

ATTN: Llbrn

Claremont Colleges Libraries

ATTN: Dot Collection

Clemson University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Dist-6
OTHER (Continued)

Cleveland Public Library

AJJN: Dots Collection

Cleveland State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Coe Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Colgate University Library

ATTN: Ref Lib

Colorado State University Libraries

ATTN: Librn

University of Colorado Libraries

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Columbia University Library

ATTN: Dots Svc Ctr

Columbus & Franklin Cty Public Library

ATTN: Gen Ret Div

Compton Library

ATTN: Librn

Connec;it.;t S:;;;nLibrary (Reg)

University of Connecticut

AJTN: Gov't of Connecticut

University of Connecticut

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Cornell University Library

ATTN: Librn

Corpus Christi State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Culver City Library

AJJN: Librn

Curry College Library

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at Asheville

ATTN: Librn

Dallas County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Dallas Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Dalton Junior College Library

ATTN: Librn

Dartmouth College

ATTN: Librn

Davenport Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Davidson College

ATTN: L;brn

OTHER (Continued)

Dayton & Montgomery City Public Library

AJTN: Librn

University of Dayton

ATTN: Librn

Decatur Public Library

ATJN: Librn

Dekalb Community College SO CPUS

ATTN: Librn

Delaware Pauw University

ATTN: Librn

University of Delaware

ATTN: Librn

Delta College Library

ATTN: Librn

Delta State University

ATTN: Librn

Denison University Library

ATTN: Librn

Denver Public Library (Reg)

ATTN: Dots Div

Dept of Library & Archives (Reg)

ATJN: Librn

Detroit Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Dickinson College Library

ATTN: Librn

Dickinson State College

ATTN: Librn

Alabama Agricultural Mechanical University & Co11

AJJN : Librn

Drake University

ATTN: Cowles Library

Drew University

ATTN: Librn

Duke University

ATTN: Pub Dots Dept

Duluth Public Library

ATTN: Dots Set

East Carolina University

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept

East Central University

ATTN: Librn

East Islip Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Dist-7
OTHER (Continued)

East Orange Public Library

ATTN: U.S. Gov't Depository

East Tennessee State University Sherrod Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

East Texas State University

ATTN: Library

Monmouth County Library Eastern Branch

ATTN: Librn

Eastern Illinois University

ATTN: Librn

Eastern Kentucky University

ATTN: Librn

Eastern Michigan University Library

ATTN: Library

Eastern Montana College Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Eastern New Mexico University

ATTN: Librn

Eastern Oregon College Library

ATTN: Librn

Eastern Washington University

ATTN: Llbrn

El Paso Public Library

ATTN: Dots & Genealogy Dept

Elko County Library

ATTN: Llbrn

Elmire College

ATTN: Librn

Elon College Library

ATTN: Librn

Enoch Pratt Free Library

ATTN: Dots Oft

Enory University

ATTN: Librn

Evansville & Vanderburgh Cty Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Everett Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Fairleigh Dickinson University

ATTN: Depository Dept

Florida A & M University

ATTN: Librn

Florida Atlantic University Library

ATTN: Div of Pub Dots

OTHER (Continued)

Florida Institute of Technology

ATTN: Library

Florida International University Library

ATTN: Dots Set

Florida State Library

ATTN: Dots Set

Florida State University

ATTN: Librn

University of Florida

ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg)

ATTN: Dots Dept

Fond Du Lac Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Ft Hays State University

Ft Hays Kansas State College

ATTN: Librn

Ft Worth Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Free Public Library of Elizabeth

ATTN: Librn

Free Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Freeport Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Fresno Cty Free Library

ATTN: Librn

Gadsden Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Garden Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Gardner Webb College

ATTN: Dots Library

Gary Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Geauga Cty Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Georgetown University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Room

Georgi;T:;;ti:;;;nof Technology

Georgia Southern College

ATTN: Librn

Georgia Southwestern College

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Georgia State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Dist-8
GTHER (Continued)

University of Georgia

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Glassboro State College

ATTN: Librn

Gleeson Library

ATTN: Librn

Graceland College

ATTN: Librn

Grand Forks Public City-County Library

ATTN: Librn

Grand Rapids Public Library

ATTN: Dir of Lib

Greenville County Library

ATTN: Librn

Grinnell College Library

ATTN: Librn

Guam RFK Memorial University Library

ATTN: Fed Depository Co11

University of Guam

ATTN: Librn

Gustavus Adolphus College

ATTN: Librn

South Dakota University

ATTN: Librn

Hardin-Simons University Library

ATTN: Librn

Hartford Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Harvard College Library

ATTN: Dir of Lib

Harvard College Library

ATTN: Serials Ret Div

University of Hawaii Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11

Hawaii State Library

ATTN: Fed Dots Unit

University of Hawaii at Monoa

ATTN: Dif of Libraries (Reg)

University of Hawaii

Hilo Campus Library

ATTN: Librn

Haydon Burns Library

ATTN: Librn

Hennepin County Library

ATTN: Gov Dots

Henry Ford Community College Library

ATTN: Librn

_OTHER (Continued)

Herbert H. Lehman College

ATTN: Lib Dots Div

Hofstra University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Hollins College

ATTN: Librn

Hopkinsville Conmnity College

ATTN: Librn

Wagner College

ATTN: Librn

University of Houston Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Houston Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Tulane University

ATTN: Dots Dept

Hoyt Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Humboldt State College Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Huntington Park Library

ATTN: Librn

Hutchinson Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Idaho Public Library & Information Center

ATTN: Librn

Idaho State Library

ATTN: Librn

Idaho State University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Idaho

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Illinois Library

ATTN: Dots Set

Illinois State Library (Reg)

ATTN: Gov Dots Br

Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign

ATTN: P. Watson Dots Lib

Illinois Valley Community College

ATTN: Library

Illinois State University

ATTN: Librn

Indiana State Library (Reg)

ATTN: Serial Set

Indiana State University

ATTN: Dots Library

Dist-9
-__

OTHER (Continued)

Indiana University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Indianapolis Marion County Public Library

ATTN: Social Science Div

Iowa State University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Iowa University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Butler University

ATTN: Librn

Isaac Delchdo College

ATTN: Librn

DTHER (Continued)

James Madison University

ATTN: Librn

Jefferson County Public Library

Lakewood Regional Library

ATTN: Librn

Jersey City State College

ATTN: F. A. Irwin Library Periodicals

Dot Set

John Hopkins University

ATTN: Dots Library

La Roche College

ATTN: Librn

Johnson Free Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Kalamazoo Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Kansas City Public Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Kansas State Library

ATTN: Librn

Kansas State University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Kansas

ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg)

University of Texas

ATTN: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public

Affairs Library

Maine Maritime Academy

ATTN: Librn

University of Maine

ATTN: Librn

Kent State University Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Kentucky Dept of Library & Archives

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Kentucky

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept

ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg)

Kenyon College Library

ATTN: Librn

Lake Forest College

ATTN: Librn

Lake Sumter Community College Library

ATTN: Librn

Lakeland Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Lancaster Regional Library

ATTN: Librn

Lawrence University

ATTN: Dots Dept

Brigham Young University

ATTN: Dots & Map Set

Lewis University Library

ATTN: Librn

Library and Statutory Dist & Svc

2 cy ATTN: Librn

Earlham College

ATTN. Librn

Little Rock Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Long Beach Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Los Angeles Public Library

ATTN: Serials Div U.S. Dots

Louisiana State University

ATTN: Gov Dot Dept

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Louisville Free Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Louisville University Library

ATTN: Librn

Dist-10
OTHER (Continued) gTHER (Continued)

Michigan Tech University

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept

University of Michigan

ATTN: Acq Set Dots Unit

Middlebury College Library

ATTN: Librn

Manchester City Library

ATTN: Librn

Mankato State College

ATTN: Gov Pubs

University of Maine at Farmington

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Marathon County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Principia College

ATTN: Librn

University of Maryland

ATTN: McKeldin Library Dots Div

University of Maryland

ATTN: Librn

University of Massachusetts

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11

Maui Public Library

Kahului Branch

ATTN: Librn

McNeese State University

ATTN: Librn

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library &

Information Center

ATTN: Librn

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library &

Information Center

ATTN: Llbrn

Memphis State University

ATTN: Librn

Mercer University

ATTN: Librn

Mesa County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Miami Dade Community College

ATTN: Librn

University of Miami Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs

Miami Public Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Miami University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Santa Clara

ATTN: Dots Div

Michigan State Library

ATTN: Librn

Michigan State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Millersville State College

ATTN: Librn

State University of New York

ATTN: Dots Librn

Milwaukee Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Minneapolis Public Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Minnesota

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Minot State College

ATTN: Librn

Mississippi State University

ATTN: Librn

University of Mississippi

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Missouri University at Kansas City General

ATTN: Librn

University of Missouri Library

ATTN: Gov Dots

M.I.T. Libraries

ATTN: Librn

Mobile Public Library

ATTN: Gov Info Div

Midwestern University

ATTN: Librn

Montana State Library

ATTN: Librn

Montana State University Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Montana

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Montebello Library

ATTN: Librn

Morhead State College

ATTN: Library

Mt Prospect Public Library

ATTN: Cov't Info Ctr

Murray State University Library

ATTN: Lib

Dist-11
gTHER (Continued)

Nassau Library System

ATTN: Librn

Natrona County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Nebraska Library Community

Nebraska Public Clearinghouse

ATTN: Llbrn

University of Nebraska at Omaha

ATTN: Univ Lib Dots

GTHER (Continued)

Nebraska Western College Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Nebraska

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

University of Nebraska Library

ATTN: Acquisitions Oept

University of Nevada Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

University of Nevada at Las Vegas

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

New Hampshire University Library

ATTN: Librn

New Hanover County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

New Mexico State Library

ATTN: Librn

New Mexico State University

ATTN: Lib Dots Div

University of New Mexico

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

University of New Orleans Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Div

New Orleans Public Library

ATTN: Librn

New York Public Library

ATTN: Libtn

New York State Library

ATTN: Dots Control Cultural Ed Ctr

State University of New York at Stony Brook

ATTN: Main Lib Dots Set

State University of New York Co1 Memorial Lib

at Cortland

ATTN: Librn

State University of New York

ATTN: Lib Dots Set

North Texas State University Library

ATTN: Librn

State University af New York

ATTN: Librn

New York State University

ATTN: Dots Ctr

State University of New York

ATTN: Dots Oept

New York University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Newark Free Library

ATTN: Librn

Newark Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Niagara Falls Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Nicholls State University Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library

ATTN: Librn

Norfolk Public Library

ATTN: R. Parker

North Carolina Agricultural & Tech State

University

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at Charlotte

ATTN: Atkins Lib Dot Dept

University Library of North Carolina at Greensboro

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at Wilmington

ATTN: Librn

North Carolina Central University

ATTN: Librn

North Carolina State University

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at Wilmington

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina

ATTN: BA SS Div Dots

North Dakota State University Library

ATTN: Dots Librn

University of North Dakota

ATTN: Librn

University of North Dakota

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

North Georgia College

ATTN: Llbrn

Dist-12
DTHER (Continued)

Northeast Missouri State Univeristy

ATTN: Librn

Northeastern Oklahoma State University

ATTN: Librn

Northeastern University

ATTN: Dodge Library

Northern Arizona University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Northern Illinois University

ATTN: Librn

Northern Michigan University

ATTN: Dots

Northern Montana College Library

ATTN: Llbrn

Northwestern Michigan College

ATTN: Librn

Northwestern State University

ATTN: Librn

Northwestern State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Northwestern University Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

Norwalk Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Northeastern Illinois University

ATTN: Library

University of Notre Dame

ATTN: Dot Ctr

Oakland Community College

ATTN: Librn

Oakland Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Oberlin Colle;Tbk;brary

ATTN:

Ocean County College

ATTN: Librn

Ohio State Library

ATTN: Librn

Ohio State University

ATTN: Lib Dots Div

Ohio University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Oklahoma City University Library

ATTN: Llbrn

Oklahoma City University Library

ATTN: Librn

OTHER (Continued)

Oklahoma Department of Libraries

ATTN: U.S. Gov Dots

University of Oklahoma

ATTN: Dots Div

Old Dominion University

ATTN: Dot Dept Univ Lib

Olivet College Library

ATTN: Librn

Omaha Public Library Clark Branch

ATTN: Librn

Onondaga County Public Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Set

Oregon State Library

ATTN: Llbrn

University of Oregon

ATTN: Dots Set

Ouachita Baptist University

ATTN: Librn

Pan American University Library

ATTN: Librn

Passaic Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Queens College

ATTN: Dots Dept

Pennsylvania State Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Set

Pennsylvania State University

ATTN: Lib Dot Set

University of Pennsylvania

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

University of Denver

ATTN: Penrose Library

Peoria Public Library

ATTN: Business, Science & Tech Dept

Free Library of Philadelphia

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

Philipsburg Free Public Library

ATTN: Library

Phoenix Public Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Pittsburgh

ATTN: Dots Office, 68

Plainfield Public Library

ATTN: Llbrn

Di St-13
OTHER (Continued)

Popular Creek Public Library District

ATTN: Librn

Association of Portland Library

ATTN: Librn

Portland Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Portland State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Pratt Institute Library

ATTN: Librn

Louisiana Tech University

ATTN: Librn

Princeton University Library

ATTN: Dots DIV

Providence College

ATTN: L?brn

Providence Public Library

ATTN: Llbrn

Public Library Cincinnati & Hamllton County

ATTN: Librn

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County

ATTN: Librn

University of Puerto Rico

ATTN: Dot & Maps Room

Purdue University Library

ATTN: Librn

Qulnebaug Valley Community College

ATTN: Librn

Auburn University

ATTN: Microforms & Dots Dept

Rapid City Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Reading Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Reed College Library

ATTN: Librn

Augusta College

ATTN: Librn

University of Rhode Island Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Oft

University of Rhode Island

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Rice University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Louisiana College

ATTN: Librn

OTHER (Continued)

Rlchland County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

RiversIde Public Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Rochester Library

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Rutgers Camden Library

ATTN: Librn

State University of Rutgers

ATTN: Librn

Rutgers University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Rutgers University Law Library

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept

Salem College Library

ATTN: Librn

Samford University

San

San

San

San

San

San

San

San

ATTN: Librn

Antonio Public Library

ATTN: Bus Science & Tech Dept

Diego County Library

ATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions

Diego Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Diego State University Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

Francisco Public Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Francisco State College

ATTN: Gov Pubs Co11

Jose State College Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

LUIS Obispo City-County Library

ATTN: Librn

Savannah Public & Effingham Liberty Regional

Library

ATTN: Librn

Scottsbluff Public Llbrarv

ATTN: Librn

Scranton Public Llbrarv

ATTN: Librn

Seattle Public Librarv

ATTN: Ref Dots Asst

Dist-14
OTHER (Continued)

Selby Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Shawnee Library System

ATTN: Librn

Shreve Memorial Library

ATTN: Librn

Silas Bronson Public Library

ATTN: Llbrn

Sioux City Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Skidmore College

ATTN: Librn

Slippery Rock State College Library

ATTN: Librn

South Carolina State Library

ATTN: Llbrn

University of South Carolina

ATTN: Librn

University of South Carolina

ATTN: Gov Dots

South Dakota School of Mines & Technical Library

ATTN: Librn

South Dakota State Library

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept

University of South Dakota

ATTN: Dots Librn

South Florida University Library

ATTN: Librn

Southeast Missouri State University

ATTN: Librn

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Southern Alabama

ATTN: Librn

Southern California University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Southern Connecticut State College

ATTN: Library

Southern Illinois University

ATTN: Librn

Southern Illinois University

ATTN: Dots Ctr

Southern Methodist University

ATTN: Librn

University of Southern Mississippi

ATTN: Library

OTHER (Continued)

Southern Oregon College

ATTN: Library

Southern University in New Orleans Library

ATTN: Librn

Southern Utah State College Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Southwest Missouri State College

ATTN: Library

University of Southwestern Louisiana Libraries

ATTN: Librn

Southwestern University

ATTN: Librn

Spokane Public Library

ATTN: Ref Dept

Springfield City Library

ATTN: Dots Set

St Bonaventure University

ATTN: Librn

St Johns River Junior College

ATTN: Library

St Joseph Public Library

ATTN: Librn

St Lawrence University

ATTN: Librn

St Louis Public Library

ATTN: Librn

St Paul Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Stanford University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

State Historical Sot Library

ATTN: Dots Serials Set

State Library of Massachusetts

ATTN: Librn

State University of New York

ATTN: Librn

Stetson University

ATTN: Librn

University of Steubenville

ATTN: Librn

Stockton & San Joaquin Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Stockton State College Library

ATTN: Llbrn

Albion College

ATTN: Gov Dots Llbrn
DTHER (Continued)

Superior Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Swarthmore College Library

ATTN: Ref Oept

Syracuse University Library

ATTN: bcs Div

Tacoma Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Hillsborough County Public Library at Tampa

ATTN: Librn

Temple University

ATTN: Librn

Tennessee Technological University

ATTN: Librn

University of Tennessee

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

College of Idaho

ATTN: Librn

Texas A & M University Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Texas at Arlington

ATTN: Library Dots

University of Texas at San Antonio

ATTN: Library

Texas Christian University

ATTN. Librn

Texas State Library

ATTN: U.S. Dots Set

Texas Tech University Library

ATTN: Gov Oocs Dept

Texas University at Austin

ATTN: oocs co11

University of Toledo Library

ATTN: Librn

Toledo Public Library

ATTN: Social Science Dept

Torrance Civic Center Library

ATTN: Librn

Traverse City Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Trenton Free Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Trinity College Library

ATTN: Librn

Trinity University Library

ATTN: Dots Co11

_OTHER (Continued)

Tufts University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Tulsa

ATTN: Llbrn

UCLA Research Library

ATTN: Pub Affairs Svc/U.S. Dots

Uniformed Services University of the Health

Sciences

ATTN: LRC Library

University Libraries

ATTN: Dir of Lib

University of Maine at Oreno

ATTN: Librn

University of Northern Iowa

ATTN: Library

Upper Iowa College

ATTN: Dots Co11

Utah State University

ATTN: Librn

University of Utah

ATTN: Special Collections

University of Utah

ATTN: Dir of Library

Utica Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Valencia Library

ATTN: Librn

Valparaiso University

ATTN: Librn

Vanderbilt University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Set

University of Vermont

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Virginia Commonwealth University

ATTN: Librn

Virginia Military Institute

ATTN: Librn

Virginia Polytechnic Institute Library

ATTN: Oocs Dept

Virginia State Library

ATTN: Serials Set

University of Virginia

ATTN: Pub Dots

Volusia County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Dist-16
OTHER (Continued)

Washington State Library

ATTN: Dots Set

Washington State University

ATTN: Lib Dots Set

Washington University Libraries

ATTN: Dir of Lib

University of Washington

ATTN: Dots Div

Wayne State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Wayne State University Law Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Weber State College Library

ATTN: Librn

Wesleyan University

ATTN: Dots Librn

West Chester State College

ATTN: Dots Dent

West Covina Library

ATTN: Librn

Univeristy of West Florida

ATTN: Librn

West Georgia College

ATTN: Librn

West Hills Comnunity College

ATTN: Library

West Texas State University

ATTN: Library

West Virginia College of Grad Studies Library

ATTN: Librn

University of West Virginia

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Westerly Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Western Carolina University

ATTN: Librn

Western Illinois University Library

ATTN: Librn

4

Western Washington University

ATTN: Librn

Western Wyoming Community College Library

ATTN: Librn

Westmoreland City Community College

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr

DTHER (Continued)

Whitman College

ATTN: Librn

Wichita State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Williams & Mary College

ATTN: Dots Dept

Emporia Kansas State College

ATTN: Gov Dots Div

William College Library

ATTN: Librn

Williamantic Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Winthrop College

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Wisconsin at Whitewater

ATTN: Gov Dots Lib

University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee

ATTN: Lib Dots

University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh

ATTN: Librn

University of Wisconsin at Platteville

ATTN: Dot Unit Lib

University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Wisconsin

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

University of Wisconsin

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept

Worcester Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Wright State University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Librn

Wyoming State Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Wyoming

ATTN: Dots Div

Yale University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Yeshiva University

ATTN: Librn

Yuma City County Library

ATTN: Librn

Simon Schwab Mem Lib, Columbus Co1

ATTN: Librn

Dist-17
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS

Advanced Research & Applications Corp

ATTN: H. Lee

JAYCOR

ATTN: A. Nelson

10 cy ATTN: Health & Environment Div

JRB Associates

10 cy ATTN: L. Novotney

Kaman Tempo

ATTN: DASIAC

ATTN: E. Martin

Kaman Tempo

ATTN. R. Miller

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Kaman Tempo

ATTN: C. Jones

Natlonal Academy of Sciences

ATTN: C. Robinette

ATTN: Med Follow-up Agency

ATTN: Nat Mat Advisory Bd

Pacific-Sierra Research Corp

ATTN: H. Brode

Science Applications, Inc

ATTN: Tech Lib

R & 0 Associates

ATTN: P. Haas

Dist-18

.