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SHOTS 

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*’ L-FThe First Five Tests of the 

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United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests 

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6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 22 October - 5 November 1951 

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IS. KEY wOROS (Continue on mverae aida If naceswy and identIty by block number) 

Operation BUSTER-JANGLE Special Weapons Command Exercise Desert Rock I 

ABLE DOG Weapons Effects Test Unit Radiation Exposure

BAKER EASY Weapons Development Nevada Proving Ground 

CHARLIE Test Unit 

Nuclear Tests 

This report describes the activities of DOD military and civilian personnel in 

the first five events of Operation BUSTER-JANGLE, Shots ABLE through EASY, 

conducted from 22 October through 5 November 1951. DOD personnel participated 

in the scientific projects conducted by the test units and, at Shot DOG, in 

Exercise Desert Rock I. Radiological safety criteria and procedures were 

established and implemented during Operation BUSTER-JANGLE to minimize 

participants' exposure to radiation. 

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editing contribution of numerous reviewers in the military services and 

other organizations in addition to those writers listed in block 7. 

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PREFACE 

Between 1945 and 1962, the U.S. Government, through the 

Manhattan Engineer District and its successor, the Atomic Energy 

Commission (AEC), conducted 235 atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 

at sites in the United States and in the Atlantic and Pacific 

Oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 Department of Defense (DOD) 

participants, both military and civilian, were present at the 

tests. Of these, approximately 90,000 participated in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests conducted at the Nevada Proving 

Ground (NPG),* northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada. 

In 1977, 15 years after the last above-ground nuclear 

weapons test, the Center for Disease Control** noted a possible 

leukemia cluster among a small group of soldiers present at Shot 

SMOKY, a test of Operation PLUMBBOB, the Nevada test series 

conducted in 1957. Since that initial report by the Center for 

Disease Control, the Veterans Administration has received a 

number of claims for medical benefits from former military 

personnel who believe their health may have been affected by 

their participation in the weapons testing program. 

In late 1977, DOD began a study to provide data to both the 

Center for Disease Control and the Veterans Administration on 

potential exposures to ionizing radiation among the military and 

civilian participants in atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. 

DOD organized an effort to: 

0 Identify DOD personnel who had taken part in the 

atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 

*Renamed the Nevada Test Site in 1955. Some of the documents 

written during Operation BUSTER-JANGLE, however, refer to the 

area as the NTS. 

**The Center for Disease Control is part of the U.S. Department 

of Health and Human Services (formerly the U.S. Department of 

Health, Education, and Welfare). 

1 
0 Determine the extent of the participants' exposure to 

ionizing radiation 

Provide public disclosure of information concerning 

participation by DOD personnel in the atmospheric nuclear 

weapons tests. 

0 

METHODS AND SOURCES USED TO PREPARE THIS VOLUME 

This report on Operation BUSTER-JANGLE is based on the 

military and technical documents associated with these atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. Many of the documents pertaining 

specifically to DOD participation at Shots ABLE, BAKER, CHARLIE, 

DOG, and EASY were found in the National Archives, the Defense 

Nuclear Agency Technical Library, and the Office of Air Force 

History. 

In most cases, the surviving historical documentation of 

activities conducted at Shots ABLE, BAKER, CHARLIE, DOG, and EASY 

addresses test specifications and technical information, rather 

than personnel data. Moreover, the available documents sometimes 

have inconsistencies in vital facts, such as the number of DOD 

participants in a certain project at a given shot or their 

locations and assignments at a given time. When the documents 

indicate two different personnel numbers, the higher figure was 

used. 

For several of the Desert Rock exercises and test organization projects discussed in this volume, the only source 

documents available are the Sixth Army Desert Rock operation 

orders and the Test Director's schedule of events from "Operation 

Order l-51." These sources detail the plans developed by DOD and 

AEC personnel prior to Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. It is not known 

if all the projects addressed in the planning documents were 

conducted exactly as planned. Although some of the after-action 

documents summarize the projects performed during the series, 

they do not always supply shot-specific information. In the 

absence of shot-specific after-action reports, projects are 

2 
described according to the way they were planned. The references 

indicate whether the description of activities is based on the 

schedule of events, operation orders, or after-action reports. 

This volume uses the project titles and agency designations 

listed in "Operation BUSTER, Final Report." Information on dates 

and yields of the detonations, fallout patterns, meteorological 

conditions, and nuclear cloud dimensions is taken from General 

Electric Company-TEMPO's Compilation of Local Fallout Data from 

Test Detonations 1945-1962, Extracted from DASA 1251, Volume 1, 

except in instances where more specific information is available 

elsewhere. 

ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT OF BUSTER-JANGLE SERIES REPORTS 

This volume details participation by DOD personnel in the 

first five events of Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. Two other publications address DOD activities during the series: 

0 Series volume: Operation BUSTER-JANGLE, 1951 

0 Multi-shot volume: Shots SUGAR and UNCLE, the Final 

Tests of the BUSTER-JANGLE 

Series. 

The volumes addressing the test events of Operation BUSTER-JANGLE 

are designed for use with one another. The series volume 

provides general information, such as a discussion of the 

historical background, organizational relationships, and 

radiological safety procedures. In addition, it addresses the 

overall objectives of the operation, describes the layout of the 

NPG, and contains a bibliography of all works consulted in the 

preparation of the three BUSTER-JANGLE reports. The multi-shot 

volumes combine shot-specific descriptions for the seven BUSTERJANGLE nuclear events. These volumes contain bibliographies only 

of the sources referenced in each of the two texts. Descriptions 

of activities concerning any particular BUSTER-JANGLE shot may be 

supplemented by the general radiological safety and organizational information contained in the series volume. 

3 
Chapter 1 of this volume describes the physical setting and 

general characteristics of Shots ABLE, BAKER, CHARLIE, DOG, and 

EASY and briefly introduces the Desert Rock exercises and the 

scientific activities in which DOD personnel participated. The 

remaining five chapters of this report address the five shots in 

turn. Each of these chapters describes the specific setting and 

characteristics of one detonation and details DOD personnel 

activities in the scientific projects conducted by the test 

units. In the chapter dealing with Shot DOG, the training 

activities associated with Exercise Desert Rock I are also 

described. The chapters conclude by discussing the radiological 

protection procedures used to minimize exposure to ionizing 

radiation. 

The information in this report is supplemented by the 

Reference Manual: Background Materials for the CONUS Volumes. 

This manual summarizes information on radiation physics, 

radiation health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement 

techniques. It also contains a list of acronyms and a glossary 

of terms used in the reports addressing test events in the 

continental United States. 

4 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PAGE 

PREFACE.......................... 1 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 

CHAPTER 

1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 

1.1 Department of Defense Participation in the First 

Five BUSTER-JANGLE Events. . . . . . . . . . . 11 

1.2 Test Organization Activities at the First Fivi 

BUSTER-JANGLE Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 

1.3 Exercise Desert Rock I Activities at the First 

Five BUSTER-JANGLE Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

Shot ABLE Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 

2 SHOTABLE.............. . . . . . . . . 19 

2.1 Department of Defense Participation in Scientific 

and Support Activities at Shot ABLE. . . . . . . . 19 

2.1.1 Weapons Effects Tests . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

2.1.2 Weapons Development Tests . . . . . . . . . 22 

2.1.3 Special Weapons Command Activities. . . . . 22 

2.2 Radiological Protection at Shot ABLE . . . . . . . 23 

Shot BAKER Synopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

3 SHOTBAKER....................... 26 

3.1 Exercise Desert Rock Operations at Shot BAKER. . . 26 

3.2 Department of Defense Participation in 

Scientific and Support Activities at Shot BAKER. . 27 

3.2.1 Weapons Effects Tests . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

3.2.2 Weapons Development Tests . . . . . . . . . 36 

3.2.3 Special Weapons Command Activities. . . . . 36 

3.3 Radiological Protection at Shot BAKER. . . . . . . 39 

Shot CHARLIE Synopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 

4 SHOT CHARLIE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 

4.1 Department of Defense Participation in Scientific 

and Support Activities at Shot CHARLIE . . . . . . 44 

5 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

CHAPTER PAGE 

4.1.1 Weapons Effects Tests ........... 44 

4.1.2 Weapons Development Tests ......... 51 

4.1.3 Special Weapons Command Activities. .... 52 

4.2 Radiological Protection at Shot CHARLIE. ..... 55 

Shot DOG Synopsis. .................... 59 

5 SHOTDOG ........................ 60 

5.1 Exercise Desert Rock Operations. ......... 60 

5.1.1 Camp Desert Rock Personnel. ........ 62 

5.1.2 Observer Activities ............ 66 

5.1.3 Troop Maneuver. .............. 69 

5.1.4 Damage Effects Tests. ........... 73 

5.2 Department of Defense Participation in Scientific 

and Support Activities at Shot DOG ........ 74 

5.2.1 Weapons Effects Tests ........... 77 

5.2.2 Weapons Development Tests ......... 86 

5.2.3 Special Weapons Command Activities. .... 86 

5.3 Radiological Protection at Shot DOG. ....... 89 

5.3.1 Desert Rock Radiological Protection 

Activities. ................ 90 

5.3.2 Test Organization Radiological

Protection Activities ........... 93 

Shot EASY Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 

6 SHOTEASY....................... 98 

6.1 Department of Defense Participation in Scientific 

and Support Activities at Shot EASY. . . . . . . . 98 

6.1.1 Weapons Effects Tests . . . . . . . . . . . 100 

6.1.2 Weapons Development Tests . . . . . . . . . 106 

6.1.3 Special Weapons Command Activities. . . . . 106 

6.2 Radiological Protection at Shot EASY . . . . . . . 110 

REFERENCE LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 

6 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

FIGURE PAGE 

l-l Nevada Proving Ground Showing Ground Zeros for 

Operation BUSTER-JANGLE Shots . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 

3-l Isointensity Map for Shot BAKER, 28 October 1951, 

Calculated for One Hour after Detonation. . . . . . . 41 

3-2 Survey for Shot BAKER, 28 October 1951, 

1820 hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 

4-1 Isointensity Map for Shot CHARLIE, 30 October 1951, 

Calculated for One Hour after Detonation. . . . . . . 57 

4-2 Survey for Shot CHARLIE, 30 October 1951, 

1600 Hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 

5-l Shot DOG, Detonated at 0730 Hours on 

1 November 1951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 

5-2 Display Areas, Parking Area, Battalion Combat Team 

Objective, and Tactical Defensive Position for 

Exercise Desert Rock I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 

5-3 Troops at the Observation Point Watching Shot DOG . . 72 

5-4 Isointensity Map for Shot DOG, 2 November 1951, 

Calculated for One Hour after Detonation. . . . . . . 95 

5-5 Survey for Shot DOG, 2 November 1951, 

0900 hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 

6-l Resurvey for Shot EASY, 6 November 1951, 

0830 hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 

LIST OF TABLES 

TABLE PAGE 

l-l Summary of the Five Operation BUSTER Events (1951). . 12 

2-l Test Unit Projects, Shot ABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

3-l Test Unit Pro,iects, Shot BAKER. . . . . . . . . . . . 28 

4-l Test Unit Projects, Shot CHARLIE. . . . . . . . . . . 45 

5-l Support Units Attached to Camp Desert Rock, 

Exercise Desert Rock I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 

TABLE PAGE 

5-2 Test Unit Projects, Shot DOG. . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 

6-l Test Unit Projects, Shot EASY . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 

8 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 

The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in this volume: 

AEC 

AFB 

AFSWP 

BCT 

BJY 

DOD 

EG&G 

FCDA 

HumRRO 

IBDA 

LASL 

NPG 

R 

R/h 

swc 

UTM 

Atomic Energy Commission 

Air Force Base 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project

Battalion Combat Team 

BUSTER-JANGLE Y 

Department of Defense 

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Inc. 

Federal Civil Defense Administration 

Human Resources Research Office 

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

Nevada Proving Ground 

Roentgens

Roentgens per hour 

Special Weapons Command 

Universal Transverse Mercator 

9 
CHAPTER 1 

INTRODUCTION 

Shots ABLE, BAKER, CHARLIE, DOG, and EASY were tests of 

nuclear devices conducted from 22 October to 5 November 1951 at 

the Nevada Proving Ground, the continental test site northwest of 

Las Vegas. The shots were the first five detonations of 

Operation BUSTER-JANGLE, the atmospheric nuclear weapons test 

series performed from 22 October to 29 November 1951. 

The five nuclear devices were developed and built for the 

Atomic Energy Commission by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

(LASL). As weapons development tests, the detonations were part 

of the BUSTER phase of Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. The objectives 

of the BUSTER tests were to evaluate new devices developed by 

LASL and to obtain data on the basic phenomena associated with 

these devices (18).* 

To fulfill the primary objectives, two test units, the 

Weapons Effects Test Unit and the Weapons Development Test Unit, 

conducted scientific experiments at the five shots. The Weapons 

Effects Test Unit, supervised by the Air Force Special Weapons 

Command (SWC), fielded projects to evaluate the utility of the 

five nuclear devices for military application. The Weapons 

Development Test Unit, composed of scientists from the Los Alamos 

Scientific Laboratory, from Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, 

Inc. (EG8G); and from the Sandia Corporation, performed 

diagnostic tests of the nuclear devices. 

The Special Weapons Command, located at Kirtland Air Force 

Base (AFB) in Albuquerque, New Mexico, supported the BAKER, 

*All sources cited in the text are listed alphabetically and 

numbered in the Reference List at the end of this volume. 

10 
CHARLIE, DOG, and EASY tests with bomb-drop missions. It also 

provided cloud-sampling missions and courier flights for all five 

BUSTER events. SWC conducted cloud tracking and aerial surveys 

at all BUSTER shots except ABLE. 

Table l-l summarizes the BUSTER shots, including such information as the UTM* coordinates of the points of detonation and 

the heights of burst. Figure l-l displays a 1951 map of the 

Nevada Proving Ground, showing the positions of each of the 

BUSTER-JANGLE tests. 

1.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN THE FIRST FIVE 

BUSTER-JANGLE EVENTS 

The test organization was established to plan, coordinate, 

and conduct atmospheric nuclear weapons tests during Operation 

BUSTER-JANGLE. Consisting of personnel from the Atomic Energy 

Commission and the Department of Defense, the test organization 

also included representatives of the Special Weapons Command and 

various contractors. The numerous scientific and diagnostic 

projects conducted at the first five BUSTER-JANGLE events were 

fielded by the two test units and coordinated by the test 

organization. Other activities were conducted as part of the 

military training programs associated with Exercise Desert Rock 

I. These activities, planned and conducted by the armed 

services, were reviewed and approved by the Test Manager to 

ensure coordination with the test organization. 

Department of Defense personnel present at the Nevada . 

Proving Ground during Operation BUSTER-JANGLE participated in 

*Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in 

this report. The first three digits refer to a point on an 

east-west axis, and the second three refer to a point on a 

north-south axis. The point so designated is the southwest 

corner of an area 100 meters square. 

11 
Table l-l: SUMMARY OF THE FIVE OPERATION BUSTER EVENTS (1951) 

Y

: c 

Y 

s 

z 

2 8 

a 

t;

3 

Sponsor LASL LASL LASL IASL LASL 

Pbned Date 19october POctobar 26October 29 October 1 Nownber 

Actual Date 22 October 28October 30 October 1 November 5 November 

Local Time cm0 07m o700 0730 0830 

NPG Location Area 7 Area7 Area7 Area7 Area7 

UTM Coordiites 871044 

Type ToWer Airdrop Airdrop Airdrop Airdrop 

Height of Burst (feet) 100 1,118 1,132 1,417 1,314 

Yield (kilotons) <O.l 3.5 14 21 31 

12 
-UNCLE 

P 

-SUGAR N 

- EASY 

BAKER, 

-CHARLIE, DOG 

-ABLE 

Yucca Flat 

Control 

Point )I 

FrenchmarI 

Lake 

‘Camp Mercury

0

d 

Kilometers Rock 

Figure 1-1: NEVADA PROVING GROUND SHOWING GROUND ZEROS 

FOR OPERATION BUSTER-JANGLE SHOTS 

13 
three general types of activities: military training programs, 

support and staff duties, and test assistance and involvement. 

Training activities involving DOD personnel were conducted 

through the Exercise Desert Rock I programs at Shot DOG. The 

activities, which involved the greatest number of DOD participants at the shot, included an orientation and indoctrination 

program, highlighted by the observation of the nuclear burst. 

Desert Rock activities at DOG also included a troop maneuver and 

damage effects tests. 

In the area of staff and support involvement, some DOD 

personnel provided support to the test organization. Others were 

assigned to the Camp Desert Rock support elements. Soldiers of 

the III Corps Radiological Safety Unit, along with test organization personnel, served as radiological safety monitors for 

Exercise Desert Rock I participants at Shot DOG. Approximately 

2,500 soldiers from various Army units maintained and operated 

Camp Desert Rock, an installation of the Sixth Army. These 

soldiers provided essential support, such as food service and 

housing, as well as transportation, communications, construction, 

and security services. Some of these Desert Rock support troops 

worked in the forward areas of the Nevada Proving Ground to 

construct observer trenches, lay communication lines, provide 

transportation and traffic control, and assist in the preparations for Desert Rock activities. Many of the Camp Desert Rock 

personnel observed at least one detonation during Operation 

BUSTER-JANGLE, and some were called upon to perform support or 

staff duties in the test areas during the nuclear detonations. 

In the area of test assistance and participation, personnel 

from DOD agencies and all four armed services fielded the 

military effects projects conducted by the Weapons Effects Test 

Unit and supported projects performed by the Weapons Development 

Test Unit. Participants in test unit projects generally placed 

14 
data-collection instruments around the intended ground zero 

during the weeks before the scheduled detonation. They returned 

to recover the equipment after the detonation, when the Test 

Manager had determined that the radiological environment in the 

shot area would permit limited access. During a nuclear detonation, project personnel were generally positioned at designated 

observer locations or were operating equipment or aircraft. 

About 300 DOD personnel from units and groups of the test 

organization participated in or supported field operations at 

Shots ABLE, BAKER, CHARLIE, DOG, and EASY. 

An estimated 500 SWC personnel provided air support to the 

Test Manager and various test unit projects. During Operation 

BUSTER-JANGLE, SWC consisted of units of the 4925th Test Group 

(Atomic) and the 4901st Support Wing (Atomic). The 4925th Test 

Group operated out of Indian Springs AFB, 30 kilometers* east of 

Camp Mercury, while the 4901st Support Wing operated out of 

Kirtland AFB. 

1.2 TEST ORGANIZATION ACTIVITIES AT THE FIRST FIVE 

BUSTER-JANGLE EVENTS 

The Weapons Effects Test Unit and the Weapons Development 

Test Unit conducted scientific and diagnostic projects at Shots 

ABLE, BAKER, CHARLIE, DOG, and EASY. Department of Defense 

participants followed radiological protection procedures 

established by the test organization and SWC. These procedures, 

described in the BUSTER-JANGLE Series volume, were designed to 

minimize exposure to ionizing radiation. Except for SWC sampling 

pilots, participants were to receive no more than 3 roentgens 

during the entire series. Sampling pilots were authorized to 

*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metric 

units. The metric conversion factors include: 1 foot = 0.30 

meters; 1 yard = 0.91 meters; 1 mile = 1.6 kilometers. Altitudes and other vertical heights are given in feet. 

15 
receive up to 3.9 roentgens during the series. To implement 

these criteria, the test organization Radiological Health and 

Safety Group controlled access to radiation areas, and project 

personnel recovering test instruments from these areas were 

accompanied by radiological safety monitors. The monitors, who 

measured radiation intensities in the recovery area, recommended 

that recovery operations cease if intensities were too great or 

the length of time spent by participants in the areas was too 

long. To monitor cumulative exposures, most project personnel 

were issued film badges and pocket dosimeters. These film badges 

and dosimeters were collected, developed, and evaluated at 

regular intervals, and any individual whose cumulative exposure 

exceeded the established limits was barred from further 

participation in project activities in the forward area. 

Personnel decontamination procedures were implemented, and 

emergency evacuation plans were prepared for all test events (29; 

31; 37; 46). 

Complete decontamination, including showers and changes into 

clean clothing, was required of cloud-sampling personnel 

following each project mission, regardless of the exposure 

received on the flight. Other aircrew members underwent 

decontamination procedures as necessary. Aircraft were either 

decontaminated by washing or were isolated until radiation 

intensities decayed to predetermined levels (17). 

1.3 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK I ACTIVITIES AT THE FIRST FIVE 

BUSTER-JANGLE EVENTS 

Exercise Desert Rock I was the first program conducted 

during a continental nuclear weapons test series to train 

personnel in the use and effects of nuclear weapons and to test 

battlefield doctrine and tactics. During the BUSTER'shots, 

Desert Rock activities were performed only at Shot DOG. The 

16 
majority of DOD personnel at the event were participants in these 

activities (26). 

The three Desert Rock I programs involved 3,739 DOD 

personnel (21): 

0 2,796 personnel participated in observer activities, 

which involved watching the nuclear detonation. 

• 883 personnel took part in a troop maneuver after 

they had witnessed the detonation. 

0 60 DOD personnel participated in damage effects 

tests, which were studies of military equipment and 

field fortifications. 

The 2,500 Camp Desert Rock troops provided support, including 

radiological safety monitoring, for these activities (21; 30). 

Radiation protection procedures of Exercise Desert Rock I, 

like those of the test organization, are detailed in the 

BUSTER-JANGLE Series volume. Camp Desert Rock personnel and 

exercise participants were limited to no more than 1 roentgen of 

exposure during Exercise Desert Rock I. The radiation protection 

procedures of Exercise Desert Rock I included provisions for: 

• Maintaining minimum safe distances from the nuclear 

detonation 

0 Controlling access to radiation areas 

0 Film-badging Desert Rock personnel 

0 Monitoring individuals working in radiation areas 

• Monitoring the cumulative doses of Desert Rock 

personnel 

0 Decontaminating personnel and equipment

0 Establishing emergency evacuation plans. 

These procedures were intended to minimize exposure while still 

allowing Desert Rock personnel to accomplish their missions 

(36; 37; 46). 

17 
SHOT ABLE SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: BUSTER-JANGLE 

DOD EXERCISE: None 

DATE/TIME: 22 October 1951, 0600 hours 

YIELD: Less than 0.1 kiloton 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 100 feet (tower shot) 

Purpose of Test: (1) Field-test a new device developed by the 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

(2) Obtain data on the basic phenomena 

associated with this device. . 

DOD Objective: To evaluate the utility of the nuclear device 

for military application. 

Weather: At shot-time, the temperature at the surface 

was 5.8OC, the relative humidity was 22 

percent, and the pressure was 874 millibars. 

The wind was five knots from the northwest at 

surface level, nine knots from the westnorthwest at 5,000 feet, and 17 knots from the 

west-northwest at 10,000 feet. 

Radiation Data: Gamma radiation levels were negligible.

Alpha-emitting debris, however, was scattered 

downwind of ground zero within about a 640-

meter radius. 

Participants: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; Special 

Weapons Command; Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory; Naval Ordnance Laboratory; Air 

Weather Service; Headquarters, Air Force; 

contractors. 

18 
I 

CHAPTER 2 

SHOT ABLE 

Shot ABLE, the first detonation of Operation BUSTER-JANGLE, 

was fired at 0600 hours Pacific Standard Time on 22 October 1951. 

The detonation occurred on top of a 100-foot tower in Area 7 of 

Yucca Flat, at UTM coordinates 868042. The shot was originally 

scheduled for 19 October 1951 but was postponed because of 

operational difficulties. Rescheduled for 0600 hours on 22 

October 1951, the ABLE device partially misfired. It had a yield 

of less than 0.1 kiloton. The top of the cloud resulting from 

the detonation reached an altitude of 8,000 feet* and moved 

southeast. Onsite gamma radiation intensities were insignificant, but alpha-producing debris was spread downwind of ground 

zero (16). 

2.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND 

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT ABLE 

Department of Defense personnel took part in scientific 

experiments conducted by the Weapons Effects Test Unit. The DOD 

was also involved in a project fielded by the Weapons Development 

Test Unit. Table 2-1 lists the test unit projects by number and 

title and identifies the participating agencies. 

In addition to test unit participation, the DOD provided 

support to the test units and the Test Manager. These activities 

involved about 50 DOD project personnel, 100 SWC air and ground 

personnel, and perhaps an additional 25 DOD personnel working for 

various units coordinated by the test organization. 

*Throughout this report, altitudes are measured from mean sea 

level, unless otherwise noted. Yucca Flat, where the BUSTERJANGLE tests were conducted, is approximately 4,000 feet above 

mean sea level. 

19 
Table 2-1: TEST UNIT PROJECTS, SHOT ABLE 

Project Tit10 Participants 

Weapons Effects Tests 

2.4-t Basic Thermal Radiation Measurements Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

7.3 Radiochemical, Chemical, and Physical Analysis of Headquarters, Air Force; 4925th Test Group 

Atomic Bomb Debris 

7.5 Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a 1009th Special Weapons Squadron; Naval Ordnance 

Land Mass Laboratory; Wright Air Development Center; Coast 

and Geodetic Survey 

8.2 Air Weather Service Participation 2059th Air Weather Wing; 2059th Mobile Weather 

in Operation BUSTER Squadron 

Weapons Development Tests 

Radiochemical Results Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

2.1.1 Weapons Effects Tests 

The Weapons Effects Test Unit planned to conduct more pro,jects than those listed in table 2-l. However, because ABLE's 

yield was less than 0.1 kiloton rather than the 0.25 kilotons 

expected, the AEC aborted many of the planned projects (18). 

Project 2.4-1, Basic Thermal Radiation Measurements, was 

performed by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The 

objective was to take thermal measurements at distances from a 

nuclear detonation where significant thermal damage was expected. 

Project personnel used thermal detectors and samples to detect 

and record the thermal pulse. They placed samples of cloth, 

wood, and paint 500 meters from ground zero. Fifteen hours 

before the detonation, five project personnel finished checking 

thermal detectors in the shot area. Three hours after the 

detonation, three participants, accompanied by a monitor, left 

the Control Point to recover the samples and the data from the 

thermal detectors (4; 31). 

20 
Project 7.3, Radiochemical, Chemical, and Physical Analysis 

of Atomic Bomb Debris, was conducted by Headquarters, Air Force, 

and the 4925th Test Group (Atomic) in conjunction with cloudsampling operations. Project personnel analyzed debris obtained 

during the cloud-sampling missions. These missions are discussed 

in section 2.1.3 (38). 

Project 7.5, Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a 

Land Mass, was conducted by the 1009th Special Weapons Squadron, 

the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, the Acoustics Research Division of 

the Wright Air Development Center, and the Coast and Geodetic 

Survey. The objective was to study the propagation of seismic 

waves by a nuclear detonation. Five project stations were 

positioned ten to 20 kilometers south of ground zero, and other 

stations were located offsite. Fifteen hours before the detonation, two project personnel finished installing seismic 

recorders at the onsite stations. Six hours after the detonation, two participants and a monitor left the Control Point to 

recover seismic records from these stations (10; 31). 

Project 8.2, Air Weather Service Participation in Operation 

BUSTER, was conducted by the 2059th Air Weather Wing and one of 

its subordinate units, the 2060th Mobile Weather Squadron, from 

Tinker AFB, Oklahoma. The objective was to gather and report 

information before the detonation regarding such weather factors 

as wind conditions, temperature, and humidity. Weather forecasts 

included estimates of the anticipated cloud cover, winds at the 

surface and up to 45,000 feet, and the precipitation projected 

within a radius of 500 kilometers of the target area. The 90 

project participants worked from a weather station at the Control 

Point and from outlying stations at Tonopah, Warm Springs, 

Currant, Pioche, and Alamo, Nevada, and at St. George, Utah. 

Senior weather personnel gave briefings at the Control Point at 

0800, 2000, and 2400 hours on the day preceding the detonation 

and a final summary just before shot-time (23; 31). 

21 
2.1.2 Weapons Development Tests 

The Weapons Development Test Unit conducted several projects 

at Shot ABLE. Only one project, however, involved DOD participants: Project 10.4, Radiochemical Results. LASL conducted 

this project, the objective of which was to determine the 

particle makeup of the Shot ABLE cloud. The 4925th Test Group 

(Atomic) conducted cloud sampling for the project (39). This 

activity is discussed in the next section. 

2.1.3 Special Weapons Command Activities 

The Special Weapons Command provided personnel to control 

air activities through the Air Operations Center, which coordinated air traffic over the Nevada Proving Ground. SWC personnel 

conducted cloud-sampling and sample courier missions for the test 

units and the Test Manager. Cloud-tracking missions and aerial 

surveys scheduled for the shot were canceled because of the 

relatively small yield of the detonation (14). 

Cloud Sampling 

Two B-29 aircraft were originally scheduled to collect 

particulate samples of the cloud for Project 7.3, Radiochemical, 

Chemical, and Physical Analysis of Atomic Bomb Debris, and 

Project 10.4, Radiochemical Results. Because of the relatively 

small yield of the shot, only one B-29 took part in the sampling. 

This aircraft, with a crew of ten, flew at altitudes of 5,300 to 

7,500 feet, made nine penetrations of the cloud, and spent a 

total of 39 seconds in the cloud (14). 

Upon completion of its mission, the sampler returned to 

Indian Springs AFB and parked in the aircraft decontamination 

area. Pilots then shut down the engines. The aircrew disembarked from the aircraft through the nose-wheel door. Personnel 

from the sample-removing team used long-handled tools to remove 

22 
the filter papers from each wing pod and place them in shielded 

containers. They then loaded the sample containers onto courier 

aircraft for delivery to laboratories for analysis (13; 14; 38; 

39). 

Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions had been completed, two C-45 

aircraft and a B-25 or a C-47 left Indian Springs AFB on shot-day 

to transport filter papers and equipment to various laboratories, 

primarily AEC and DOD facilities, for analysis. The 4901st 

Support Wing (Atomic) conducted these courier missions (31). 

Each aircraft had a crew of five (13). 

2.2 RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION AT SHOT ABLE 

The primary purpose of the radiological protection procedures was to keep individual exposures to ionizing radiation to a 

minimum, while still allowing participants to accomplish their 

missions. The radiological safety information related to Shot 

ABLE consists of data on onsite and offsite monitoring procedures 

and decontamination operations coordinated by the test 

organization. 

Monitoring 

A helicopter survey of the shot area was conducted soon 

after the detonation. The helicopter team surveyed Area 7, 

including the roads leading into the shot area. The radiological 

safety monitor who accompanied the helicopter survey team 

remained in Area 7 to control vehicles entering the shot area. 

The gamma radiation detected by the helicopter survey was 

negligible, and isointensity plots of gamma radiation levels in 

the shot area were not prepared. However, alpha-emitting debris 

from the misfire of the device was scattered around ground zero. 

23 
Within a loo-meter radius of ground zero, alpha activity was 300 

to 400 counts per minute, with readings of more than 20,000 

counts per minute on some pieces of debris in the shot area. 

Other alpha contamination was spread within an area about 700 

meters east to south of ground zero (16; 37). 

Based on data obtained from the initial survey, the Test 

Manager decided to open the shot area for limited recovery 

operations about two hours after the detonation. Recovery 

activities began at about 0800 and were completed by 1200 hours. 

Each recovery team was accompanied by at least one radiological 

safety monitor. 

Five survey teams, each consisting of two persons, monitored 

offsite areas. The teams did not detect gamma or alpha radiation 

in any of these areas (37). 

Decontamination 

Seven land vehicles and the B-29 cloud sampler were 

decontaminated during the period that includes Shot ABLE (37). 

24 
SHOT BAKER SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: BUSTER-JANGLE 

DOD EXERCISE: None 

DATE/TIME: 28 October 1951, 0720 

YIELD: 3.5 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 1,118 feet (airdrop) 

Purpose of Test: (1) Evaluate a new weapons design. 

(2) Document the basic phenomena produced by

the nuclear device. 

DOD Objective: To evaluate the utility of the nuclear device 

for military application. 

Weather: At shot-time the temperature was 11.4OC, the 

relative humidity was 28 percent, and the 

pressure was 877 millibars. The winds were 

nine knots from the northwest at surface 

level, 15 knots from the east-northeast at 

10,000 feet, and 43 knots from the eastnortheast at 30,000 feet. 

Radiation Data: Onsite radiation consisted of neutron-induced 

activity around ground zero. One hour after 

the shot, radiation intensities ranged from 

6 R/h* to 0.6 R/h in the area 250 to 650 

meters from ground zero. 

Participants: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; Special 

Weapons Command; Headquarters, Air Force; 

Naval Material Laboratory; Office of the 

Quartermaster General; Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory; Naval Medical Research 

Institute; Air Research and Development 

Command; Engineer Research and Development

Laboratories; Office of the Surgeon General; 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; Bureau 

of Ships; Bureau of Aeronautics; Wright Air 

Development Center; Naval Electronics 

Laboratory; 1009th Special Weapons Squadron; 

Air Weather Service; contractors. 

*Roentgens per hour 

25 
CHAPTER 3 

SHOT BAKER 

Shot BAKER, an airdropped nuclear device, was detonated with 

a yield of 3.5 kilotons at 0720 hours Pacific Standard Time on 28 

October 1951. This second nuclear test of Operation BUSTERJANGLE was originally planned for 23 October but was rescheduled 

because of adverse weather conditions. A B-50 aircraft dropped 

the nuclear device, which had been developed by the Los Alamos 

Scientific Laboratory. The BAKER device was detonated 1,118 feet 

above Area 7 of Yucca Flat, over UTM coordinates 870045. The top 

of the Shot BAKER cloud reached an altitude of 31,700 feet and 

moved southwest. Onsite radiation was in the form of neutroninduced activity around ground zero (16). 

3.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK OPERATIONS AT SHOT BAKER 

According to the AEC operation order for BUSTER-JANGLE, 

dated 25 August 1951, a rehearsal of the Exercise Desert Rock I 

troop maneuver and observer program was scheduled for Shot BAKER. 

In a schedule of events issued in October 1951, the Exercise 

Director announced that this rehearsal would take place on 21 

October, two days before BAKER's scheduled detonation, and a 

second rehearsal would occur on 27 October, two days before Shot 

DOG's scheduled detonation on 29 October. According to the 

AEC operation order, the troops were to move into the forward 

area the day before each detonation to rehearse their maneuver 

and were to return to Yucca Lake 45 minutes before each shot. 

Although neither BAKER nor DOG was detonated on the scheduled 

day, it is likely that the rehearsals took place as planned since 

the shot would have been postponed after the rehearsals had 

begun. The Exercise Desert Rock I final report, however, does 

not state whether the rehearsals were actually held (21; 31). 

26 
3.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND 

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT BAKER 

Department of Defense personnel took part in scientific 

experiments conducted at Shot BAKER by the Weapons Effects Test 

Unit and the Weapons Development Test Unit. Table 3-l lists 

these by number and title and identifies the participating 

organizations. 

In addition to test unit participation, the DOD provided 

support to the test units and the Test Manager. These activities 

involved about 250 DOD project personnel, 300 SWC air and ground 

personnel, and perhaps an additional 50 DOD personnel working for 

various units coordinated by the test organization. 

3.2.1 Weapons Effects Tests 

In conducting the Weapons Effects Test Unit projects, 

participants spent several weeks before the detonation placing 

and calibrating various types of instruments and gauges (18). 

Project 2.2, Thermal and Blast Effects on Idealized Forest 

Fuels, was conducted by the Division of Fire Research of the 

Forest Service. The objective was to study the effects of a 

nuclear detonation on forests. Project personnel arranged trays 

of.pine needles, hardwood leaves, and grass at six stations 650 

to 3,700 meters from ground zero. 

Fifteen hours before the detonation, project personnel 

finished checking and photographing the specimens in the shot 

area. At the same time, four persons completed surveying the 

condition of the natural vegetation of the area. About 11 hours 

before the detonation, three participants spent two hours setting 

timers on t.heir cameras at stations 2,130 and 2,740 meters from 

ground zero. Five participants, accompanied by a monitor, left 

the Control Point four hours after the detonation to inspect, 

photograph, and recover the trays of forest specimens (6; 31). 

27 
Table 31: TEST UNIT PROJECTS, SHOT BAKER 

Title 

Weapon6 

2.2 Thermal and Blast Effects on Idealized Forest Fuels 

2.3 Effects of Geometry on Flash Thermal Damage 

2.4a Protective Value and Ignition Hazards of Textile 

Materials Exposed to Thermal Radiation 

2.4b Thermal Radiation Effects on Paints, Plastics, and 

Coated Fabrics 

2.4-l Basic Thermal Radiation Measurements 

2.4-2 The Effect of Thermal Radiation on Materials 

2.6 Protective Effects of Field Fortifications against 

Neutron and Gamma Ray Flux 

3.5 Minefield Clearance 

4.1 Radiation Dosimetry 

4.2 Thermal Effects on Animals /Dogs) 

4.2a Thermal Effects on Animals (Rats) 

4.3 Flash Blindness 

6.1 b Evaluation of Dosimetric Materials 

6.4 Airborne Radiac Evaluation 

7.1 Transport of Radiation Debris 

7.2 Long-range Light Measurements 

7.3 Radiochemical. Chemical, and Physical Analysis of 

Atomic Bomb Debris 

7.5 Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a Land 

Mass 

7.6 Airborne Low-frequency Sound from the Atomic 

Explosions during Operations BUSTER and JANGLE 

8.2 Air Weather Service Participation in Operation BUSTER 

9.la FCDA Family Shelter Evaluation 

9.lb AEC Communal Shelter Evaluation 

I Perticipante 

Effects Tests 

Division of Fire Research, Forest Service 

Naval Material Laboratory 

Office of the Quartermaster General; Quartermaster 

Board; Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Naval Material Laboratory 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories 

Naval Medical Research Institute 

Medical College of Virginia; Office of the Surgeon 

General 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Air Force School of Aviation Medicine 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; Bureau 

of Ships 

Bureau of Aeronautics; Wright Air Development 

Center; Air Research and Development Command 

Headquarters, Air Force; Air Weather Service 

4925th Test Group; EGbG 

Headquarters, Air Force; 4925th Test Group 

1009th Special Weapons Squadron; Naval Ordnance 

Laboratory; Wright Air Development Center; Coast and 

Geodetic Survey 

Naval Electronics Laboratory; Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories; National Bureau of Standards 

2059th Air Weather Wing; 2060th Mobile Weather 

Squadron 

Federal Civil Defense Administration 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

Weapons Development Tests 

Radiochemical Results Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 
Project 2.3, Effects of Geometry on Flash Thermal Damage, 

was conducted by the Naval Material Laboratory. The objective 

was to determine the effect of a target's size, shape, and 

thermal properties on the thermal damage resulting from a nuclear 

detonation. Project personnel placed wooden materials at three 

stations 610 to 1,520 meters from ground zero. Five project 

participants finished checking the materials 15 hours before the 

detonation. Four hours after the detonation, five participants 

and a monitor left the Control Point to inspect and recover the 

wooden materials (31; 34). 

Project 2.4a, Protective Value and Ignition Hazards of 

Textile Materials Exposed to Thermal Radiation, was conducted by 

the Office of the Quartermaster General, the Quartermaster Board, 

and the Engineer Research and Development Laboratories. This 

project evaluated the protective value of clothing materials 

exposed to thermal radiation. Fifteen hours before the 

detonation, five project personnel finished placing and checking 

clothing materials and thermal detectors 650 to 2,180 meters from 

ground zero. Four hours after the detonation, five participants, 

accompanied by a monitor, left the Control Point. They proceeded 

to the shot area, where they inspected, photographed, and 

recovered the materials and detectors (12; 31). 

Project 2.4b, Thermal Radiation Effects on Paints, 

Plastics, and Coated Fabrics, was conducted by the Engineer 

Research and Development Laboratories. Fifteen hours before the 

detonation, five project participants finished placing and 

checking specimens at four stations 610 to 2,130 meters from 

ground zero. Five participants, accompanied by a monitor, left 

the Control Point four hours after the detonation to inspect, 

photograph, and recover the specimens (27; 31). 

Project 2.4-1, Basic Thermal Radiation Measurements, was 

performed by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The 

29 
objective was to take thermal measurements at distances from a 

nuclear detonation where significant thermal damage was expected. 

Project personnel used thermal detectors to detect and record the 

thermal pulse. They placed samples of cloth, wood, and paint at 

distances ranging from 500 to 3,660 meters from ground zero. 

Fifteen hours before the detonation, five project participants finished checking thermal detectors in the shot area. 

Four hours after the detonation, five participants, with a 

monitor, left the Control Point to inspect and retrieve the 

samples and the data from the thermal detectors. At 0700 hours 

the next day, eight project personnel and a monitor left the 

Control Point to adjust the thermal detectors for use at the next 

shot, CHARLIE (4; 31). 

Project 2.4-2, The Effect of Thermal Radiation on Materials, 

was conducted by the Naval Material Laboratory. The objective 

was to study the physical characteristics of thermal radiation 

and its effects on various materials. Fifteen hours before the 

detonation, five project personnel finished checking and placing 

thermal detectors and panels of materials, such as wood, paper, 

and fabrics, 610 to 1,520 meters from ground zero. Four hours 

after the detonation, five participants, accompanied by a 

monitor, left the Control Point to inspect and recover samples 

and the data from the thermal detectors. Eight participants and 

a monitor left the Control Point at 0700 hours the next day to 

adjust thermal detectors for use at Shot DOG (28; 31). 

Project 2.6, Protective Effects of Field Fortifications 

against Neutron and Gamma Ray Flux, was conducted by the Engineer 

Research and Development Laboratories. The objective was to 

evaluate the protection afforded by field fortifications against 

the radiation from a nuclear detonation. Fifteen hours before 

the detonation, 12 project personnel and a photographer finished 

placing film badges inside field fortifications 90 to 2,000 

30 
meters southwest of ground zero. Nine project participants and 

two monitors left the Control Point two hours after the 

detonation to recover the badges (31; 45). 

Project 3.5, Minefield Clearance, was conducted by the 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories. The objective 

was to determine the effects of a nuclear airburst on antitank 

mines placed in an area beginning 400 meters south of ground 

zero and extending 1,830 meters eastward. Fifteen hours before 

the detonation, nine project personnel completed placing mines 

and blast gauges in the shot area. Six hours after the 

detonation, nine project personnel, a monitor, and a photographer 

recovered some fuses and placed new fuses in mines 90 to 1,820 

meters from ground zero. According to the AEC operations order, 

at 1300 hours on the next day, nine participants, accompanied by 

a monitor and a photographer, finished recovering and replacing 

fuses in the mines for the next test (31; 44). 

Project 4.1, Radiation Dosimetry, was conducted by the Naval 

Medical Research Institute. The objectives were to: 

0 Measure the ionization produced by gamma 

radiation at various depths in the ground 

0 Correlate laboratory measurements with field 

measurements. 

Five project personnel finished placing radiation detectors 610 

to 2,290 meters from ground zero 15 hours before the detonation. 

Three hours after the detonation, five participants and a monitor 

left the Control Point to recover the detectors (18; 31). 

Project 4.2, Thermal Effects on Animals (Dogs), was 

conducted by the Medical College of Virginia and the Office of 

the Surgeon General. The primary objective was to determine the 

biological.relationship between burns produced on dogs in the 

laboratory and those caused by a nuclear detonation. The 

31 
secondary objective was to determine the protection afforded 

against burns by fabrics used by the military. 

Six and one-half hours before the detonation, five project 

personnel began anesthetizing two dogs, clothing them in canvas 

jackets, and placing them 1,220 meters from ground zero. 

Personnel left the shot area four hours before the shot. Two 

hours after the detonation, eight project personnel and a monitor 

left the Control Point to recover the animals (5; 31). 

Project 4.2a, Thermal Effects on Animals (Rats), was 

conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The 

objective was to investigate burn damage to rat skin as a 

function of the thermal energy delivered from a nuclear 

detonation. Ten hours before the detonation, five project 

personnel began placing rats in cages 640 to 3,660 meters from 

ground zero. This activity took about four hours. Eight project 

personnel and a monitor left the Control Point two hours after 

the detonation to recover the animals (31; 35). 

Project 4.3, Flash Blindness, was conducted by the Air Force 

School of Aviation Medicine. The project evaluated the: 

0 Visual handicap that might be expected if 

military personnel were exposed to the flash of 

a nuclear detonation 

0 Effectiveness of goggles developed to protect 

the eyes during exposure to a nuclear flash. 

Four hours before the detonation, a C-54 aircraft carrying 17 

volunteers flew from Kirtland AFB to be about 15 kilometers south 

of the target at shot-time. Immediately after the detonation, 

participants who had viewed the flash of the nuclear detonation 

performed a number of visual tasks. The aircraft then returned 

to Kirtland AFB (7; 31). 

32 
Project 6.lb, Evaluation of Dosimetric Materials, was 

conducted by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories and the 

Bureau of Ships. The objective was to field-test several personnel dosimeters. Six project participants finished installing 

dosimeters inside aluminum shelters 830 to 2,100 meters from 

ground zero approximately 15 hours before the detonation. Three 

hours after the detonation, five project personnel and a monitor 

left the Control Point to recover the dosimeters (11; 31). 

Project 6.4, Airborne Radiac Evaluation, was conducted by 

the Bureau of Aeronautics, Wright Air Development Center, and Air 

Research and Development Command. The objective was to evaluate 

the ability of airborne radiation detection equipment to detect a 

radioactive cloud and to indicate its position relative to the 

monitoring aircraft. Four and one-half hours before the 

detonation, an Air Force B-17 and a Navy P2V-2 aircraft left 

Kirtland AFB to be about 30 kilometers southwest of the target at 

shot-time (31; 43). 

Project 7.1, Transport of Radiation Debris, was conducted by 

Headquarters, Air Force, and the Air Weather Service. The 

objective was to determine the distribution of airborne debris 

from a nuclear detonation. The Air Weather Service tracked the 

debris at various distances from the NPG (1). Cloud tra-eking is 

described in section 3.2.3 of this chapter, which discusses Air 

Force support missions during Shot BAKER. 

Project 7.2, Long-range Light Measurements, was conducted by 

the 4925th Test Group (Atomic) and by EC&G. The objectives were 

to study light transmission from a nuclear detonation and to 

obtain data for the design of long-range detection systems. 

During shot-time, project participants monitored cameras at 

several offsite stations in Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico (8). 

33 
Project 7.3, Radiochemical, Chemical, and Physical Analysis 

of Atomic Bomb Debris, was performed by Headquarters, Air Force, 

in conjunction with sampling operations conducted by the 4925th 

Test Group (Atomic). Project personnel made radiochemical 

analyses of nuclear bomb debris obtained close to the test site 

(38). Sampling operations are discussed in section 3.2.3 of this 

chapter. 

Project 7.5, Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a 

Land Mass, was conducted by the 1009th Special Weapons Squadron, 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Acoustics Research Division of the 

Wright Air Development Center, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey. 

The objective was to study the propagation of seismic waves 

by a nuclear detonation. Five project stations were positioned 

ten to 20 kilometers south of ground zero, and other stations 

were located offsite. Thirteen and one-half hours before the 

detonation, 14 project personnel finished installing seismic 

recorders at the onsite stations. Fourteen participants left the 

Control Point three hours after the detonation to recover seismic 

records from these stations (10; 31). 

Project 7.6, Airborne Low-frequency Sound from the Atomic 

Explosions during Operations BUSTER and JANGLE, was conducted by 

the Naval Electronics Laboratory, Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories, and National Bureau of Standards. The objective 

was to determine the range and reliability of acoustic detection 

equipment for nuclear detonations of various yields. Project 

personnel worked at stations in Alaska, California, Florida, 

Hawaii, Kentucky, New Jersey, Texas, Washington, and Washington, 

D.C. (32). 

Project 8.2, Air Weather Service Participation in Operation 

BUSTER, was conducted by the 2059th Air Weather Wing and one of 

its subordinate units, the 2060th Mobile Weather Squadron, from 

Tinker AFB. The objective was to gather and report information 

34 
before the detonation regarding such weather factors as wind 

conditions, temperature, and humidity. Weather forecasts 

included estimates of the anticipated cloud cover, winds at the 

surface and up to 45,000 feet, and the precipitation projected 

within a radius of 500 kilometers of the shot area. 

The 90 project participants worked from a weather station at 

the Control Point and from outlying stations at Tonopah, Warm 

Springs, Currant, Pioche, and Alamo, Nevada, and at St. George, 

Utah. Senior weather personnel gave briefings at the Control 

Point at 0800, 2000, and 2400 hours on the day preceding the 

detonation and a final summary just before shot-time (23; 31). 

Project 9.la, FCDA Family Shelter Evaluation, was performed 

by the Federal Civil Defense Administration. The project evaluated the effects of nuclear blasts on small shelters for family 

use. Before the shot, project personnel assembled 29 prefabricated shelters made of metal, wood, and brick at ten-meter intervals along an arc 370 meters east of ground zero. Fifteen hours 

before the detonation, ten project participants finished 

instrumenting the shelters. Two project participants inspected 

the shelters six hours after the detonation. At 0700 hours on 

the day after the detonation, ten participants continued the 

study of the shelters (15; 31). 

Project 9.lb, AEC Communal Shelter Evaluation, was conducted 

by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. The objective was to 

determine the effects of nuclear detonations on a prototype 

shelter constructed of conventional materials and buried under 

several feet of earth. Fifteen hours before the detonation, ten 

project personnel finished placing dosimeters inside the shelter, 

located about 250 meters southeast of ground zero. Six hours 

after the detonation, two participants inspected the shelter. At 

0700 hours on the day after the detonation, ten participants 

recovered the dosimeters from the shelter (9; 31). 

35 
3.2.2 Weapons Development Tests 

The Weapons Development Test Unit conducted several projects 

at Shot BAKER. Only one project, however, involved DOD participants: Project 10.4, Radiochemical Results. Conducted by LASL, 

this activity was designed to determine the particle makeup of 

the Shot BAKER cloud. The 4925th Test Group (Atomic) conducted 

cloud sampling for the project (39). This activity is discussed 

in the next section. 

3.2.3 Special Weapons Command Activities 

The Special Weapons Command provided personnel to control 

air activities through the Air Operations Center, which coordinated air traffic over the Nevada Proving Ground. SWC personnel 

airdropped the BAKER device. In addition, they conducted cloudsampling, sample courier, and cloud-tracking missions and aerial 

surveys for the test units and the Test Manager (17; 20; 41). 

The following list indicates the types and numbers of aircraft and the estimated numbers of DOD aircrew personnel involved 

in SWC missions at Shot BAKER (13; 14): 

TYPE OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF 

ACTIVITY AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Airdrop Mission B-50 1 9 

Disaster Mission c-47 1 14 

Sampling 

Sampler B-29 16 

Sampler T-33 2 

Sample Courier B-25 or C-47* 5 

Missions B-25 5 

Cloud Tracking B-29 1 10 

Aerial Surveys c-47 2 10 

*It is not known whether a B-25 or C-47 aircraft conducted this 

mission. 

36 
Airdrop and Disaster Missions 

The B-50 drop aircraft, with a crew from the 4925th Test 

Group (Atomic), left Kirtland AFB at 0235 hours, four hours and 

45 minutes before shot-time. Climbing to a height of 19,000 feet 

above Yucca Flat, the aircraft entered a bombing pattern. The 

B-50, flying a straight and level course, released the BAKER 

device, which was detonated at 0720 hours. Soon after, the aircraft left the shot area and returned to Kirtland AFB. 

The C-47 disaster aircraft, with a crew from the 4901st 

Support Wing (Atomic) and security, radiological safety, and 

salvage personnel onboard, left Kirtland AFB at about 0205 hours 

and orbited southeast of the NPG during the detonation. After 

the detonation, the aircraft returned to Kirtland AFB (14). 

Cloud Sampling 

Two B-29s and one T-33 collected particulate samples of the 

cloud resulting from the detonation for Project 7.3, Radiochemical, Chemical, and Physical Analysis of Atomic Bomb Debris, 

and Project 10.4, Radiochemical Results. The samplers were 

stationed at Indian Springs AFB. The samplers flew at altitudes 

of 17,000 to 24,500 feet and made up to seven penetrations of the 

cloud. The following presents details of their sampling 

missions: 

TOTAL TIME PEAK DOSIMETER 

AIRCRAFT TYPE IN CLOUD INTENSITY READING 

AND SERIAL NUMBER (seconds) (R/h) (roentgens) 

B-29 (285) 390 30 1.20 

B-29 (599) 92 50 1.20 

T-33 (951) NR* 39** 0.48 

*NR indicates not reported. 

**39 is an estimated reading. 

37 
The dosimeter readings given in the preceding list indicate the 

cumulative exposures recorded by instruments, such as film badges 

and pocket dosimeters, within the aircraft. 

Upon completing their mission, the samplers returned to 

Indian Springs AFB and parked in the aircraft decontamination 

area. The procedures upon landing were the same as those 

described for Shot ABLE, except that the T-33 crew disembarked by 

stepping onto a removable ladder attached to the side of the 

aircraft (14; 38; 39). 

Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions had been completed, several aircraft left Indian Springs AFB on shot-day to transport filter 

papers and equipment to various laboratories, primarily AEC and 

DOD facilities, for analysis. The 4901st Support Wing (Atomic) 

conducted these courier missions (31). 

Cloud Tracking 

One B-29 from Indian Springs AFB flew a cloud-tracking 

mission over and beyond the Nevada Proving Ground for the test 

organization and Project 7.1. The B-29 left Indian Springs AFB 

at 0515 hours, tracked the cloud at an altitude of 20,000 feet, 

and returned to base at 1825 hours (14). 

Aerial Surveys 

After the detonation, two C-47 aircraft, based at Indian 

Springs AFB, conducted onsite and offsite survey missions to 

record radiation intensities. They began their surveys at 1100 

and completed their missions at 1600 hours. One C-47 flew at 

heights of 500 to 2,300 feet above the terrain (14). Further 

details of the two aircraft's flight patterns are not known. 

38 
3.3 RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION AT SHOT BAKER 

The primary purpose of the radiological protection procedures was to keep individual exposures to ionizing radiation to a 

minimum, while still allowing participants to accomplish their 

missions. The radiological safety information found concerning 

Shot BAKER includes data on onsite and offsite monitoring procedures, isointensity maps, and vehicle decontamination operations 

coordinated by the test organization (29; 37). 

Monitoring 

The initial ground survey began shortly after the detonation. The party made additional surveys of the shot area within 

the next 24 hours (37). In addition to the ground survey team, a 

helicopter team conducted an aerial survey of Area 7, including 

the roads leading into the shot area. This survey began about 20 

minutes after the shot. 

On the basis of data obtained from the initial onsite 

surve'y,the Test Manager opened the shot area for limited 

recovery operations about two hours after the detonation. 

Recovery activities began at about 0920 and were completed for 

the day by 1500 hours. Each recovery team was accompanied by at 

least one radiological safety monitor (31; 37). 

The two C-47 aerial survey aircraft provided onsite and 

offsite monitoring. The maximum onsite surface gamma intensity 

outside the immediate shot area was 0.0006 R/h. In all offsite 

areas surveyed, aerial survey teams detected maximum surface 

gamma intensities lower than 0.0002 R/h (31; 37). 

39 
Plotting 

Ground monitoring teams provided survey data used in 

plotting isointensity contours. Figure 3-l shows the isointensity lines around ground zero one hour after the detonation. 

This map is based on calculations applying the decay curve for 

neutron-induced activity in Nevada soil to the results of a 

survey conducted 11 hours after the detonation. Figure 3-2 

presents the results of the actual survey done at 1820 hours 

(16; 37). 

Decontamination 

Six ground vehicles, two B-29s, and one T-33 aircraft 

required decontamination. In these cases, radiation levels were 

reduced to less than 0.002 R/h by repeated washings with 

detergent and water (17; 29; 37). 

40 
N 

\ 

\ 

\ 

.-

/ \ 

\ 

I 

I I/: . Ground I 

\ \ Zero I I .

. . I \ I \ \ .. ‘\’ /

/ 

M 

/ 

-m- 0.6 R/h 

0 100 -_..-..- 3 R/h 

1 I -e-e- 6 R/h

Meters 

Figure 3-1: ISOINTENSITY MAP FOR SHOT BAKER, 28 OCTOBER 1951, 

CALCULATED FOR ONE HOUR AFTER DETONATION 

41 
- - - - 0.1 R/h 

- . • -0 . 0.5 R/h 0 

I.-.-. 1 R/h I 

Meters 

Figure 3-2: SURVEY FOR SHOT BAKER, 28 OCTOBER 1951,182O HOURS 

42 
Purpose of Test: 

DOD Objective: 

Weather: 

Radiation Data: 

Participants: 

SHOT CHARLIE SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: BUSTER-JANGLE 

DOD EXERCISE: None 

DATE/TIME: 30 October 1951, 0700 hours 

YIELD: 14 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 1,132 feet (airdrop) 

(1) Evaluate a new weapon design. 

(2) Document basic phenomena produced by the 

device. 

To evaluate the utility of the nuclear device 

for military applications. 

At shot-time the temperature was 5.3OC, the 

relative humidity was 14 percent, and the 

pressure was 872 millibars. The winds were 

five knots from the north at surface level, 

21 knots from the east-northeast at 20,000 

feet, 30 knots from the northwest at 30,000 

feet, and 35 knots from the southwest at 

40,000 feet. 

Onsite radiation consisted of neutron-induced 

activity around ground zero. One hour after 

the shot, radiation intensities ranged from 

5 R/h to 0.5 R/h in the area 350 to 580 meters 

from ground zero. 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; Special

Weapons Command; Headquarters, Air Force; 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; Naval 

Medical Research Institute; School of Aviation 

Medicine; Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; Naval Electronics Laboratory; Air 

Weather Service; Engineer Research and 

Development Laboratories; Bureau of Ships;

Bureau of Aeronautics; Wright Air Development 

Center; Air Research and Development Command; 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory; 1009th Special

Weapons Squadron; Air Weather Service; 

contractors. 

43 
CHAPTER 4 

SHOT CHARLIE 

Shot CHARLIE, an airdropped nuclear device, was detonated 

with a yield of 14 kilotons at 0700 hours Pacific Standard Time 

on 30 October 1951. A B-50 aircraft delivered the nuclear 

device, which had been developed by the Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory. CHARLIE was detonated at a height of 1,132 feet 

above Area 7, over UTM coordinates 870045. The bottom of the 

Shot CHARLIE cloud reached an altitude of 27,000 feet, while the 

top attained an altitude of 41,000 feet. The cloud drifted 

southwest from the point of detonation. Onsite radiation 

consisted of neutron-induced activity around ground zero (16). 

4.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND 

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT CHARLIE 

Department of Defense personnel took part in projects 

conducted at Shot CHARLIE by the Weapons Effects Test Unit and 

the Weapons Development Test Unit. Table 4-l lists these 

projects by number and title and identifies the participating 

organizations. 

In addition to participating directly in test unit projects, 

DOD personnel provided support to the test units and the Test 

Manager. These activities involved about 200 DOD project 

personnel, 300 SWC air and ground personnel, and perhaps an 

additional 50 DOD personnel working for various units coordinated 

by the test organization. 

4.1.1 Weapons Effects Tests 

Project participants spent several weeks before the detonation preparing for the Weapons Effects Test Unit experiments 

44 
Table 4-l: TEST UNIT PROJECTS, SHOT CHARLIE 

Project Title Participants 

I 

Weapons Effects Teats 

2.2 Thermal and Blast Effects on Idealized Forest Fuels Division of Fire Research, Forest Service 

2.4-1 Basic Thermal Radiation Measurements Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

2.6 Protective Effects of Field Fortifications against Engineer Research and Development Laboratories 

Neutron and Gamma Ray Flux 

3.5 Minefield Clearance Engineer Research and Development Laboratories 

4.1 Radiation Dosimetry Naval Medical Research Institute 

4.3 Flash Blindness Air Force School of Aviation Medicine 

6.lb Evaluation of Dosimetric Materials Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; Bureau 

of Ships 

6.4 Airborne Radiac Evaluation Bureau of Aeronautics; Wright Air Development 

Center; Air Research and Development Command 

6.9 Effects of Atomic Detonations on Radio Propagation Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

7.1 Transport of Radiation Debris Headquarters, Air Force; Air Weather Service 

7.2 Long-range Light Measurements 4925th Test Group; EGErG 

7.3 Radiochemical, Chemical, and Physical Analysis of Headquarters, Air Force; 4925th Test Group 

Atomic Bomb Debris 

7.5 Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a Land 1009th Special Weapons Squadron; Naval Ordnance 

Mass Laboratory; Wright Air Development Center; Coast and 

Geodetic Survey 

7.6 Airborne Low-frequency Sound from the Atomic Naval Electronics Laboratory; Signal Corps Engineering 

Explosions during Operations BUSTER and JANGLE Laboratories; National Bureau of Standards 

8.2 Air Weather Service Participation in Operation BUSTER 2859th Air Weather Wing; 2866th Mobile Weather 

Squadron 

S.la FCDA Family Shelter Evaluation Federal Civil Defense Administration 

S.lb AEC Communal Shelter Evaluation Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

Weapons Development Teats 

Radiochemical Results Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

45 
listed in table 4-l. During these weeks, they placed and 

calibrated various types of instruments and gauges (18). 

Project 2.2, Thermal and Blast Effects on Idealized Forest 

Fuels, was conducted by the Division of Fire Research of the 

Forest Service. The objective was to study the effects of a 

nuclear detonation on forests. Project personnel arranged and 

photographed trays of pine needles, hardwood leaves, and grass at 

six stations 660 to 3,700 meters from ground zero. Fifteen hours 

before the detonation, four project personnel finished surveying 

the natural vegetation of the shot area. Eleven hours before the 

detonation, three participants began setting timers on cameras at 

stations 2,130 and 2,740 meters from ground zero. This task took 

about two hours. Shot-day recovery operations were not planned 

for this activity (6; 31). 

Project 2.4-1, Basic Thermal Radiation Measurements, was 

performed by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The 

objective was to take thermal measurements at distances from a 

nuclear detonation where significant thermal damage was expected. 

Project personnel used thermal detectors to detect and record the 

thermal pulse. They placed samples of cloth, wood, and paint at 

distances of 500 to 3,660 meters from ground zero. 

Four project participants finished checking thermal detectors in the shot area 15 hours before the detonation. Four hours 

after the detonation, six participants, accompanied by a monitor, 

left the Control Point to inspect and recover the samples and the 

data from the thermal detectors. At 0700 hours on the day after 

the detonation, six project personnel and a monitor left the 

Control Point to adjust the thermal detectors for use at the next 

shot, DOG (4; 31). 

46 
Project 2.6, Protective Effects of Field Fortifications 

against Neutron and Gamma Ray Flux, was conducted by the Engineer 

Research and Development Laboratories. The objective was to 

evaluate the protection afforded by field fortifications against 

the radiation from a nuclear detonation. Fifteen hours before 

the detonation, nine project personnel and a photographer 

finished placing film badges inside field fortifications 90 to 

2,000 meters southwest of ground zero and left the shot area. 

Nine project participants and two monitors left the Control Point 

two hours after the detonation to recover the badges (31; 45). 

Project 3.5, Minefield Clearance, was conducted by the 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories. The objective 

was to determine the effects of a nuclear airburst on antitank 

mines placed in an area beginning 400 meters south of ground zero 

and extending 1,830 meters eastward. Fifteen hours before the 

detonation, nine project personnel completed placing mines and 

blast gauges in the shot area. Six hours after the detonation, 

nine project personnel, a monitor, and a photographer recovered 

some fuses and placed new fuses in mines 90 to 1,820 meters from 

ground zero. According to the AEC operations order, at 0800 

hours on the next day, nine participants, accompanied by a 

monitor and a photographer, finished recovering and replacing 

fuses in the mines for the next test (31; 44). 

Project 4.1, Radiation Dosimetry, was conducted by the Naval 

Medical Research Institute. The objectives were to: 

• Measure the ionization produced by gamma

radiation at various depths in the ground 

• Correlate laboratory measurements with field 

measurements. 

Fifteen hours before the detonation, five project personnel 

finished placing radiation detectors 610 to 2,290 meters from 

ground zero. Five participants and a monitor left the Control 

47 
Point three hours after the detonation to recover the detectors 

(18; 31). 

Project 4.3, Flash Blindness, was conducted by the Air Force 

School of Aviation Medicine. The objectives were to evaluate 

the: 

• Visual handicap that might be expected if 

military personnel were exposed to the flash of 

a nuclear detonation 

0 Effectiveness of goggles developed to protect 

the eyes during exposure to a nuclear flash. 

Four hours before the detonation, a C-54 aircraft carrying 

17 volunteers flew from Kirtland AFB to be about 15 kilometers 

south of the target at shot-time. Immediately after the 

detonation, the volunteers who had viewed the flash of the 

nuclear detonation performed a number of visual tasks. The 

aircraft then returned to Kirtland AFB (7; 31). 

Project 6.lb, Evaluation of Dosimetric Materials, was 

conducted by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories and the 

Bureau of Ships. The objective was to field-test several personnel dosimeters. Fifteen hours before the detonation, six project 

participants finished placing dosimeters inside aluminum shelters 

1,190 to 2,100 meters from ground zero. Three hours after the 

detonation, five project personnel and a monitor left the Control 

Point to recover dosimeters (11; 31). 

Project 6.4, Airborne Radiac Evaluation, was conducted by 

the Bureau of Aeronautics, Wright Air Development Center, and Air 

Research and Development Command. The objective was to evaluate 

the ability of airborne radiation detection equipment to detect a 

radioactive cloud and to indicate its position relative to the 

monitoring aircraft. Four and one-half hours before the 

detonation, an Air Force B-17 and a Navy P2V-2 aircraft left 

48 
Kirtland AFB to be about 30 kilometers southwest of the target at 

shot-time (31; 43). 

Project 6.9, Effects of Atomic Detonations on Radio Propagation, was conducted by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. The objective was to determine the effects of a nuclear 

detonation on radio communications at various frequencies. 

Project personnel made measurements at the Nevada Proving Ground 

and at Alamo and Beatty, Nevada. The onsite station was 2.4 

kilometers from the Control Point and about 11 kilometers from 

ground zero. This station was not manned, and no shot-day 

recoveries were required (18; 31). 

Project 7.1, Transport of Radiation Debris, was conducted by 

Headquarters, Air Force, and the Air Weather Service. The objective was to determine the distribution of airborne debris from a 

nuclear detonation. The Air Weather Service tracked the debris 

at various distances from the Nevada Proving Ground (1). Cloud 

tracking is described in section 4.1.3 of this chapter, which 

discusses Air Force support missions during Shot CHARLIE. 

Project 7.2, Long-range Light Measurements, was conducted by 

the 4925th Test Group and by EGBG. The objective was to study 

light transmission from a nuclear detonation and to obtain data 

for the design of long-range detection systems. During 

shot-time, project participants monitored cameras at several 

offsite stations in Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico (8). 

Project 7.3, Radiochemical, Chemical, and Physical Analysis 

of Atomic Bomb Debris, was performed by Headquarters, Air Force, 

in conjunction with sampling operations conducted by the 4925th 

Test Group (Atomic). Project personnel made radiochemical 

analyses of nuclear bomb debris obtained close to the Nevada 

Proving Ground (38). Sampling operations are discussed in 

section 4.1.3 of this chapter. 

49 
Project 7.5, Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a 

Land Mass, was conducted by the 1009th Special Weapons Squadron, 

the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, the Acoustics Research Division of 

the Wright Air Development Center, and the Coast and Geodetic 

Survey. The objective was to study the seismic waves propagated 

by a nuclear detonation. Five project stations were positioned 

ten to 20 kilometers south of ground zero, and other stations 

were located offsite. Thirteen and one half hours before the 

detonation, 14 project personnel finished installing seismic 

recorders at the onsite stations. Fourteen participants left the 

Control Point to recover seismic records from these stations 

three hours after the detonation (10; 31). 

Project 7.6, Airborne Low-frequency Sound from the Atomic 

Explosions during Operations BUSTER and JANGLE, was conducted by 

the Naval Electronics Laboratory, Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories, and National Bureau of Standards. The objective 

was to determine the range and reliability of acoustic detection 

equipment for nuclear detonations of various yields. Project 

personnel worked at stations in Alaska, California, Florida, 

Hawaii, Kentucky, New Jersey, Texas, Washington, and Washington, 

D.C. (32). 

Project 8.2, Air Weather Service Participation in Operation 

BUSTER, was conducted by the 2059th Air Weather Wing and its 

subordinate unit, the 2060th Mobile Weather Squadron, based at 

Tinker AFB. The objective was to gather and report information 

before the detonation regarding such weather factors as wind 

conditions, temperature, and humidity. Forecasts included estimates of winds at the surface and up to 45,000 feet, the anticipated cloud cover, and the precipitation projected within a 

radius of 500 kilometers of the target area. 

The 73 project participants worked from a weather station at 

the Control Point and from outlying stations at Tonopah, Warm 

50 
Springs, Currant, Pioche, and Alamo, Nevada, and at St. George, 

Utah. Senior weather personnel gave briefings at the Control 

Point at 0800, 2000, and 2400 hours on the day preceding the 

detonation and a final summary just before shot-time (23; 31). 

Project 9.la, FCDA Family Shelter Evaluation, was performed 

by the Federal Civil Defense Administration. The project 

evaluated the effects of nuclear blasts on small shelters for 

family use. Before the shot, project personnel assembled 29 

prefabricated shelters made of metal, wood, and brick at 

ten-meter intervals along an arc 370 meters east of ground zero. 

Ten project participants finished instrumenting the shelters 15 

hours before the detonation. At 0700 hours on the day after the 

shot, ten participants inspected the shelters (15; 31). 

Project 9.lb, AEC Communal Shelter Evaluation, was conducted 

by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. The objective was to 

determine the effects of a nuclear detonation on a shelter constructed of conventional materials and buried under several feet 

of earth. Fifteen hours before the detonation, ten project 

personnel finished placing dosimeters inside the shelter, about 

250 meters southeast of ground zero. Ten participants recovered 

dosimeters from the shelter at 0700 hours on the day after the 

detonation (9; 31). 

4.1.2 Weapons Development Tests 

The Weapons Development Test Unit conducted several projects 

at Shot CHARLIE. Only one project, however, involved DOD participants: Project 10.4, Radiochemical Results. LASL conducted 

this activity, the objective of which was to determine the 

particle makeup of the cloud formed by the detonation. The 

project required cloud sampling, performed by the 4925th Test 

Group (Atomic) (39). This activity is discussed in the next 

section. 

51 
4.1.3 Special Weapons Command Activities 

The Special Weapons Command provided personnel to control 

air activities through the Air Operations Center, which coordinated air traffic over the Nevada Proving Ground. SWC personnel 

airdropped the CHARLIE device. In addition, they conducted 

cloud-sampling, sample courier, and cloud-tracking missions and 

aerial surveys for the test units and the Test Manager (20): 

The following indicates the types and numbers of aircraft 

and the estimated numbers of DOD aircrew personnel involved in 

SWC missions at Shot CHARLIE (13; 14): 

TYPE OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF 

ACTIVITY AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Airdrop Mission B-50 1 9 

Disaster Mission c-47 1 14 

Sampling

Sampler

Sampler 

B-29 

T-33 

3 

2 

24 

4 

Sample Courier 

Missions 

B-25 or C-47* 

B-25 

1 

1 

5 

5 

Cloud Tracking B-29 2 20 

Aerial Surveys c-47 3 15 

*It is not known whether a B-25 or C-47 aircraft conducted this 

mission. 

Airdrop and Disaster Missions 

The B-50 drop aircraft, with a crew from the 4925th Test 

Group (Atomic), left Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, at 0215 hours, 

which was four hours and 45 minutes before shot-time. Climbing 

to an altitude of 19,000 feet above the ground, the aircraft 

entered a bombing pattern over Yucca Flat. The B-50, flying a 

52 
straight and level course, released the CHARLIE device, which was 

detonated at 0700 hours. Shortly thereafter, the aircraft left 

the shot area and returned to Kirtland AFB. 

The C-47 disaster aircraft, with a crew from the 4901st 

Support Wing (Atomic) and security, radiological safety, and 

salvage personnel, left Kirtland AFB at 0130 hours and orbited 

southeast of the NPG during the detonation. At about 0705 hours, 

the aircraft began its return to Kirtland AFB (14). 

Cloud Sampling 

Three B-29s and two T-33s were scheduled to collect 

particulate samples of the cloud for Project 7.3, Radiochemical, 

Chemical, and Physical Analysis of Atomic Bomb Debris, and 

Project 10.4, Radiochemical Results. The B-29s left Indian 

Springs AFB about one hour before shot-time and orbited near Las 

Vegas until the detonation. The two T-33s left Indian Springs 

about 20 minutes after the detonation. The samplers flew at 

altitudes of 13,000 to 29,000 feet, made up to seven penetrations 

of the cloud, and traveled as far as 177 kilometers in a 

northeasterly direction from ground zero. The following listing 

presents additional information on four of the samplers; the 

fifth sampler, a T-33, made no contact with the cloud. 

TOTAL TIME PEAK DOSIMETER 

AIRCRAFT TYPE IN CLOUD INTENSITY READING 

AND SERIAL NUMBER (seconds) (R/h) (roentgens) 

B-29 (285) 150 8.0 0.600 

B-29 (599) NR* 0.16 0.025 

B-29 (386) NR 0.80 0.120 

T-33 (920) NR 3.40 0.080 

*NR indicates not reported. 

53 
The dosimeter readings in the preceding listing indicate the 

cumulative exposures recorded by instruments, such as film badges 

and pocket dosimeters, within the aircraft. 

Upon completion of their mission, the samplers returned to 

Indian Springs AFB and parked in the aircraft decontamination 

area. The procedures upon landing were the same as those 

described for Shot BAKER (14; 38; 39). 

Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions had been completed, several 

aircraft left Indian Springs AFB or the Yucca Flat airstrip on 

shot-day to transport filter papers and equipment to various 

laboratories, primarily AEC and DOE facilities, for analysis. 

The 4901st Support Wing (Atomic) conducted these courier missions 

(31). 

Cloud Tracking 

Two B-29s from Indian Springs AFB flew cloud-tracking 

missions over and beyond the Nevada Proving Ground for the test 

organization and Project 7.1. One B-29 left Indian Springs AFB 

at 0400 hours. It tracked the cloud at altitudes ranging from 

20,000 to 24,000 feet, before returning to base at 1300 hours. 

The other B-29 departed at 0835 hours and tracked the cloud at an 

altitude of 20,000 feet. About four hours after the detonation, 

the second B-29 made contact with the cloud, which it tracked for 

about four and one-half hours. While attempting to circle the 

cloud, the B-29 encountered debris and became contaminated to the 

degree that the instruments read offscale. The aircraft was 

recalled to base and landed at Indian Springs at 1755 hours (14; 

17; 41). 

54 
Aerial Surveys 

After the detonation, three C-47 aircraft, all based at 

Indian Springs AFB, conducted onsite survey missions to record 

radiation intensities. One C-47 flew 500 to 3,000 feet above the 

terrain from 1150 to 1630 hours. Another C-47, flying 500 to 

1,000 feet above the terrain, conducted its survey from 1053 to 

1553 hours. The last C-47 flew 500 to 2,000 feet above the 

terrain from 1040 to 1420 hours (14; 17; 41). 

4.2 RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION AT SHOT CHARLIE 

The primary purpose of the radiological protection procedures was to keep individual exposures to ionizing radiation to a 

minimum, while still allowing participants to accomplish their 

missions. The radiological safety information related to Shot 

CHARLIE includes data on onsite and offsite monitoring procedures, isointensity maps, and decontamination operations 

coordinated by the test organization. 

Monitoring 

The initial ground survey began shortly after the detonation. The party made additional surveys of the shot area within 

the next 24 hours (37). 

In addition to the ground survey teams, a helicopter team 

conducted an aerial survey of Area 7, including the roads leading 

into the shot area. This survey began about one hour after the 

detonation. 

Based on data obtained from the initial onsite survey, the 

Test Manager decided to open the shot area for limited recovery 

operations about two hours after the detonation. Recovery 

activities began at about 0900 and were completed for the day by 

1500 hours. At least one radiological safety monitor accompanied 

each recovery team (31; 37). 

55 
The three C-47 terrain survey aircraft provided onsite and 

offsite monitoring. In all offsite areas surveyed, they detected 

maximum gamma intensities lower than 0.0008 R/h (31; 37). 

Plotting 

Ground monitoring teams provided survey data used in plotting isointensity contours. Figure 4-l shows the isointensity 

lines around ground zero one hour after the detonation. This map 

is based on calculations applying the decay curve for neutroninduced activity in Nevada soil to the results of a survey taken 

nine hours after the shot. Figure 4-2 presents the results of 

the actual survey conducted at 1600 hours (16; 37). 

Decontamination 

Eighteen ground vehicles, three B-29 aircraft, and one T-33 

aircraft required decontamination. In these cases, radiation 

levels were reduced to less than 0.002 R/h by repeated washings 

with detergent and water (17; 29; 37; 41). 

56 
. 

N 

P . w _ 

I / 

: .

/ -v\ 

. 

\ 

: . 

. I .

/ I \ \

. 

\ I .

I 1 I 

Ground I i,. Zero . : I 

\ 

. . 

1\ /I 

\ .

i 

I I I \ . . \. I 

\ ‘ : 

•

I \ ‘.\‘\.\ // I \ •_ . . I 

-m- 0.5 R/h 

0 m..w..- 3 R/h 

L-Y -.-•- 5 R/h 

Meters 

Figure 4-1: ISOINTENSITY MAP FOR SHOT CHARLIE, 31 OCTOBER 1951, 

CALCULATED FOR ONE HOUR AFTER DETONATION 

57 
•••• ••

“. \ \ : / / ’ ‘. . \ . / \-\ \ 

I /i 

/ / ‘!_••i \ I •

\i 1

I 

!

: 

! I 69 iI . I \ \. Ground Zero \

\ ••. \

\ ‘\ \ \ ‘*, ‘\, 

---- 0.1 R/h 

0L? - . . - . • 0.5 R/h 

-. -.-. 1 R/h 

Meters 

Figure 4-2: SURVEY FOR SHOT CHARLIE, 30 OCTOBER 1951, 1600 HOURS 
Purpose of Test: 

DOD Objectives: 

Weather: 

Radiation Data: 

Participants: 

SHOT DOG SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: BUSTER-JANGLE 

DOD EXERCISE: DESERT ROCK I 

DATE/TIME:

YIELD: 

1 November 1951, 0730 hours 

21 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 1,417 feet (airdrop) 

(1) Evaluate a new weapon design

(2) Document basic phenomena produced by the 

device. 

To evaluate the utility of the nuclear device 

for military application, to train a Battalion 

Combat Team in the tactical use of a nuclear 

weapon, and to instruct DOD personnel in the 

effects of a nuclear weapon. 

At shot-time, the temperature was 15.5OC, the 

relative humidity was 43 percent, and the 

pressure was 876 millibars. The winds were 

two knots from the north-northwest at surface 

level, 32 knots from the northwest at 10,000 

feet, 55 knots from the northwest at 20,000 

feet, 64 knots from the northwest at 30,000 

feet, and 70 knots from the northwest at 

40,000 feet. 

Onsite radiation consisted of neutron-induced 

activity around ground zero. One hour after 

the shot, radiation intensities ranged from 

20 R/h to 2 R/h in the area 290 to 650 meters 

from ground zero. 

Exercise Desert Rock I troops; Special Weapons

Command; Headquarters, Air Force; Bureau of 

Aeronautics; Air Research and Development 

Command; Naval Materials Laboratory; Office of 

the Quartermaster General; Engineer Research 

and Development Laboratories; Naval Medical 

Research Institute; Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory; Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; Bureau of Ships; 1009th Special 

Weapons Squadron; Naval Ordnance Laboratory;

Naval Electronics Laboratory; Lookout Mountain 

Laboratory; Wright Air Development Center; 

Office of the Surgeon General; Air Weather 

Service; Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; 

contractors. 

59 
CHAPTER 5 

SHOT DOG 

Shot DOG, an airdropped nuclear device developed by the LOS 

Alamos Scientific Laboratory, was detonated with a yield of 21 

kilotons at 0730 hours Pacific Standard Time on 1 November 1951. 

Figure 5-l shows the detonation of this fourth nuclear test of 

Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. The nuclear device was dropped from a 

B-50 aircraft flying at 235 knots. Shot DOG detonated at a 

height of 1,417 feet over Area 7, UTM coordinates 871944. The 

bottom of the Shot DOG cloud reached an altitude of 31,000 feet, 

while the top attained an altitude of 46,000 feet. The cloud 

drifted southeast from the point of detonation over southeastern 

Nevada and northwestern Arizona. Onsite radiation was in the 

form of neutron-induced activity around ground zero (16). 

5.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK OPERATIONS 

Exercise Desert Rock I operations involved about 3,700 

observers and exercise troops at Shot DOG. An additional 2,500 

Camp Desert Rock troops, whose activities are discussed in the 

first part of this section, provided radiological safety, 

instruction, transportation, communications, and medical 

services for the exercise in the forward area. Approximately 

2,800 personnel from various services took part in the observer 

activities at Shot DOG. The troop maneuver engaged 883 

personnel. Six evaluation teams, each involving an estimated ten 

participants, took part in tests of military equipment and field 

fortifications at Shot DOG (2; 21; 26; 30). 

60 

5.1.1 Camp Desert Rock Personnel 

Table 5-1 identifies the service units of Camp Desert Rock 

troops (21). A minus (-) in a designation indicates that the 

unit was not fully represented. A plus (+) indicates that the 

unit was augmented with personnel from other units. 

Camp Desert Rock personnel participating in Desert Rock activities at DOG gave administrative, logistical, and operational assistance to the exercise troops. In performing these duties, troops 

sometimes entered the forward area. Three units particularly involved 

in shot-day operations were the Control Group, the Radiological Safety 

Unit, and the Advisory Group. 

The Control Group, composed of members of the Camp Desert Rock 

staff sections, along with military police and signal personnel, 

accompanied the troops into the forward area. Its duties were to 

supervise Desert Rock operations and to maintain contact'with the 

Exercise Director. 

The Radiological Safety Unit enforced radiological safety 

criteria and conducted radiation surveys. Its duties included (24; 

36): 

• Issuing and collecting film badges to be submitted 

to Signal Corps personnel for processing 

0 Providing radiological safety monitors to assist AEC 

monitors 

0 Conducting radiological surveys after the initial 

AEC survey 

a Accompanying observers, exercise troops, and 

evaluation teams on their postshot inspections of 

the equipment displays 

0 Establishing decontamination stations and 

procedures. 

62 
Table 5-l: SUPPORT UNITS ATTACHED TO CAMP DESERT ROCK, 

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK I 

UNIT HOME STATION 

HEADQUARTERS 

Headquarters and Headquarters Camp Roberts, California 

Company, III Corps 

Headquarters and Headquarters Fort Lewis, Washington 

Battery, III Corps Artillery 

ENGINEER 

231st Engineer Combat Battalion Fort Lewis 

359th Engineer Utility Detachment Camp Cooke, California 

90th Engineer Water Supply Company Fort Lewis 

Detachment, 597th Engineer Fort Huachuca, Arizona 

Light Equipment Company 

Detachment, 705th Engineer Fort Huachuca 

Field Maintenance Company 

TRANSPORTATION 

4th Transportation Truck Company Camp Stoneman, California 

92nd Transportation Car Company Camp Roberts 

562nd Transportation Camp Stoneman 

Staging Area Company 

MILITARY POLICE 

Company "A," 505th Military Police Camp Roberts 

Battalion (-) 

Company "C," 505th Military Police Camp Roberts 

Battalion 

63 
Table 5-l: SUPPORT UNITS ATTACHED TO CAMP DESERT ROCK, 

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK I (Continued) 

UNIT 

SIGNAL 

Detachment, Headquarters and 

Headquarters Company, 303rd 

Signal Service Battalion (+) 

Detachment, Headquarters and 

Headquarters Company, Company 

" B , ” 314th Signal Service 

Battalion 

Detachment, 504th Signal Base 

Maintenance Company 

MEDICAL 

Detachment "A," 374th 

Convalescent Center 

Detachment "B," 374th 

Convalescent Center 

94th Veterinary Food Inspection

Detachment 

ORDNANCE 

393rd Ordnance Battalion 

161st Ordnance Depot Company (-) 

3623rd Ordnance Company 

QUARTERMASTER 

Detachment, Headquarters and 

Headquarters Company, 53rd 

Quartermaster Base Depot

Company 

Detachment, 523rd Quartermaster 

Subsistence Depot Company (-) 

HOME STATION 

Camp Cooke 

Camp Cooke 

Sacramento Signal 

Depot, California 

Fort Lewis 

Fort Lewis 

Fort Lewis 

Camp Cooke 

Camp Cooke 

Camp Cooke 

Utah General Depot 

Utah General Depot 

64 
Table 5-l: SUPPORT UNITS ATTACHED TO CAMP DESERT ROCK, 

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK I (Continued) 

UNIT HOME STATION 

539th Quartermaster Laundry Company Fort Lewis 

621st Quartermaster Service Company Fort Lewis 

ADJUTANT GENERAL 

806th Army Postal Unit Fort Lewis 

The Advisory Group, consisting of three officers from the 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), was assigned to 

Camp Desert Rock on a temporary basis to provide technical 

assistance and advice to Desert Rock personnel. Before the shot, 

the group instructed observers and maneuver troops in nuclear 

weapons and their effects. After the detonation, these officers 

briefed the participants as they toured the equipment displays. 

In addition, they assisted the evaluation teams in assessing data 

and preparing reports concerning the effects of the detonation on 

the displays. 

Besides the Control Group, the Radiological Safety Unit, and 

the Advisory Group, several other Desert Rock support elements 

engaged in activities before shot-day*and on the day of the 

detonation. 

Prior to the shot, the 231st Engineer Combat Battalion spent 

up to five days constructing field fortifications in the display 

areas. On shot-day, transportation personnel conveyed observers 

to a location 11 kilometers south of ground zero, where they 

witnessed the detonation. After the announcement of recovery 

hour, transportation personnel conveyed observers, exercise 

troops, and evaluation teams into the shot area (21). 

65 
Military police provided traffic control in Camp Desert Rock 

and at the Nevada Proving Ground during rehearsals and for shot 

activities. Approximately 160 of thse troops acted as traffic 

monitors at road junctions and parking areas (21). 

Signal Corps personnel established wire and radio communications within the forward area, as well as at Camp Desert Rock. 

They also processed the film badges worn by participants in 

Desert Rock activities (21). 

The 374th Convalescent Center provided medical support in 

the forward area and at Camp Desert Rock. During shot-day 

operations, a medical aid station was established at the 

observation point, 11 kilometers south of ground zero. Three 

ambulances remained there until the detonation. After the 

detonation, two of the ambulances moved forward to Parking Area A 

at UTM coordinates 845010, shown in figure 5-2 (21). 

5.1.2 Observer Activities 

Approximately 2,800 personnel from the armed services 

participated in observer activities at Shot DOG. The participants came from the six continental Army commands; Office, Chief 

of Army Field Forces; Air Force; Marine Corps; Navy; AFSWP; and 

various military schools. The largest contingent of observers, 

2,300, was from the Army (2; 21; 26). 

All observers took part in the same orientation and training 

activities for the event. In the days immediately preceding the 

detonation, instructors from the Advisory Group used films and 

lectures to brief observers on the characteristics of a nuclear 

detonation and the procedures to follow during a nuclear test. 

The orientation also involved a rehearsal of shot-day activities, 

including an inspection of the equipment displays. 

66 
83 84 85 86 87 88 89 9l-l 91 

Ground Zero (871044) 

Display Position 1 

Display Position 3 

Display Position 4 

5 

!zAZ 

.F 

I 

5 0 Display Position 5 

f 

Shot Observation Point 

11 km South of Ground Zero, 

(855934) 

hGzz3 II J 

08 

05 

04 

03 

02 

01 

00 

99 

98 

97 

96 

Figure 5-2: DISPLAY AREAS, PARKING AREA, BAlTALION COMBAT TEAM 

OBJECTIVE, AND TACTICAL DEFENSIVE POSITION FOR 

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK I 67 
At approximately 0530 hours on 1 November, the observers 

left Camp Desert Rock in a vehicle convoy for a location 11 

kilometers south of ground zero, where they would witness the 

detonation. They arrived at the observation point, indicated in 

figure 5-2, at about 0615 hours. Advisory Group instructors then 

conducted a brief preshot orientation. Shortly before the shot, 

the instructors directed the observers to sit on the ground with 

their backs toward ground zero. After the initial flash of light 

from the detonation, which occurred at 0730 hours, the instructors directed observers to turn and view the fireball and 

resulting cloud. 

After the detonation, test organization monitors made 

helicopter and ground surveys of the display positions. One 

radiological safety monitor at each of the display positions 

surveyed the ground and test items before the exercise and 

observer troops arrived at these positions. 

At about 0800 hours, after the forward area was cleared for 

recovery operations, the observers and Advisory Group, accompanied by radiation monitors, began traveling in a vehicle convoy 

toward the equipment displays, shown in figure 5-2. They first 

reached display position 5, 6.4 kilometers south-southwest of 

ground zero. After leaving the vehicles, the observers then 

walked through the display with the instructors, who explained 

the effects of the detonation on the equipment, fortifications, 

and animals. 

The observers and instructors, with the radiation monitors, 

then proceeded in the vehicles to a parking area designated Point 

Green, approximately 1,500 meters south-southwest of ground zero, 

as shown in figure 5-2. Leaving the vehicles, they walked to 

display position 2, located 1,350 meters south-southwest of 

ground zero. They then divided into three groups, each of which 

spent about 15 minutes inspecting the equipment, fortifications, 

68 
and animals. Their instructions were to limit their advance to 

1,300 meters from ground zero and thus not to proceed north of 

display position 2. Records indicate that some observers went 

closer to the site of detonation. Information is not available, 

however, on their specific movements in the forward area. Data 

on their exposures, which were only slightly higher than those of 

other Desert Rock participants, are presented in section 5.3 of 

this chapter, on radiological protection at DOG. 

The observers then proceeded to display positions 3 and 4, 

located approximately 2,300 meters south-southwest of ground 

zero. After a briefing at this location, they walked through the 

combat team defensive position, shown in figure 5-2. They then 

went to Parking Area A, where they gave their film badges to 

Chemical Section personnel and entered the trucks for the return 

to Camp Desert Rock. 

One cameraman attached to Camp Desert Rock photographed 

observer activities for the public information office. The 

Nellis AFB Photography Laboratory in Nevada processed these 

photographs (21). 

5.1.3 Troop Maneuver 

The Army developed the troop maneuver according to the 

following scenario. An aggressor with overwhelming forces 

invaded the western United States and pushed friendly forces into 

retreat. The aggressor then established a line of strong 

defensive positions that resisted breakthrough by friendly forces 

using conventional weapons. To gain the offensive and penetrate 

enemy lines, friendlv forces counterattacked with Shot DOG. 

After the detonation, they advanced to capture the enemy 

objective. 

69 
The maneuver at Shot DOG involved 883 troops from four units 

(21): 

0 1st Battalion, 188th Airborne Infantry Regiment, 

11th Airborne Division, Camp Campbell, Kentucky 

0 3rd Medical Platoon, 188th Airborne Medical Company, 

Camp Campbell 

0 Platoon, Company A, 127th Engineer Battalion, Camp 

Campbell 

• Battery C, 546th Field Artillery Battalion, Fort 

Lewis, Washington. 

Participating troops were organized for the maneuver into a 

Battalion Combat Team (BCT). 

Troops began arriving at Camp Desert Rock on 12 October. 

From 16 to 19 October, they developed the defensive position, an 

area 2,300 meters wide and 1,400 meters deep located southwest of 

ground zero. Figure 5-2 shows the location of the defensive 

position. Troops did not witness the detonation from this 

position, which included foxholes, observation posts, and 

military equipment. The defensive position was to be used to 

determine the effects of a nuclear detonation on standard field 

fortifications. 

On 16 and 17 October, radiological safety monitors from the 

Chemical Section trained some BCT personnel as monitors. On 20 

October, instructors from the Advisory Group presented an 

orientation lecture to the troops. Participants rehearsed shotday activities on 20, 21, and 27 October. As indicated in 

chapter 3, there is some evidence that troops may have also 

rehearsed the Shot DOG maneuver at Shot BAKER, on 28 October. 

On 31 October, the BCT moved in a convoy of 46 vehicles to 

the tactical defensive position and placed film badges and 

individual equipment in locations where troops could be 

positioned during a nuclear attack. By 1600 hours, most of the 

70 
team had left the forward area and begun the return to Camp 

Desert Rock. By 0230 hours on shot-day, three officers and ten 

enlisted men who remained to guard the defensive position had 

also left the area. 

Between 0445 and 0500 hours on shot-day, troops received 

film badges from Chemical Section personnel and boarded trucks 

for movement to the observation point, 11 kilometers south of 

ground zero. After reaching the observation point, which they 

shared with the observers, they received a briefing from the 

instructors. At shot-time, participants were seated and facing 

south, away from ground zero. After the detonation, they were 

directed by instructors to turn and view the fireball and cloud. 

Figure 5-3 shows troops at the observation point watching the 

shot. 

Within an hour after the detonation, radiological safety 

monitors from the Chemical Section surveyed the forward area, 

including the defensive position prepared by the BCT. The 

monitors determined that the 1 R/h area was 320 meters from 

ground zero. After receiving the monitors' report, the troops 

proceeded by truck to Parking Area A, where they were briefed by 

instructors. 

The troops then walked through the defensive position, where 

they retrieved the film badges and equipment positioned during 

the previous day. At about 1100 hours, they began their attack. 

They moved in 15 columns, each accompanied by three BCT 

radiological safety monitors and preceded by an AFSWP monitor. 

During their march toward Objective "A," the troops viewed the 

effects of the nuclear detonation on animals and-equipment at 

some of the display positions. By approximately' 1200 hours, they 

had reached their objective, which was 460 meters southwest of 

ground zero at its closest point. Each column then turned to the 

right and proceeded south to display position 1, which was 

71 

900 meters south of ground zero. After inspecting the equipment, 

they went to position 2, about 1,350 meters south of ground zero. 

They toured the display and then proceeded to Point Green, where 

they gave their film badges to Chemical Section personnel. They 

then boarded trucks, which traveled in a convoy to display 

position 5, over six kilometers from ground zero. After 

inspecting display position 5, BCT troops returned to Camp Desert 

Rock. There is no indication that the troops visited display 

positions 3 and 4. 

The maneuver at Shot DOG also involved an experiment 

conducted by the Human Resources Research Office (HumRRO), a 

civilian agency under contract to the Department of the Army. 

HumRRO investigators studied the psychological reactions of the 

troops. Investigators were particularly interested in observing 

troop behavior during the maneuver and measuring the changes in 

troop attitudes about nuclear weapons before and after participation in the activities. In addition, HumRRO assessed factors 

governing the amount of information on nuclear testing communicated to home station troops by participants after they returned 

to their bases. To gain data, HumRRO personnel accompanied one 

of the attacking columns to the tactical objective (3; 21). 

5.1.4 Damage Effects Tests 

Six evaluation teams studied the'effects of the DOG detonation on military equipment and field fortifications. One team 

came from each of the following Camp Desert Rock sections: 

Chemical, Signal, Engineer, Medical, Ordnance, and Quartermaster. 

Each team was responsible for constructing equipment displays at 

the five display areas shown in figure 5-2, for recovering test 

equipment after the detonation, and for preparing a report of its 

findings. 

From one to five days before the detonation, the teams 

constructed their displays, with the assistance of the 231st 

73 
Engineer Combat Battalion. In addition, they instrumented the 

field fortifications with film badges to indicate the radiation 

exposure that personnel could have received had they been in 

those positions during the detonation (21;. 48). 

On shot-day after the announcement of recovery hour, the 

teams proceeded to the display areas to evaluate the damage. A 

radiological monitor accompanied each team to prevent personnel 

from entering any area with a radiological intensity exceeding 

1 R/h. On 3 November, the teams reentered the forward area to 

retrieve test equipment. The 231st Engineer Combat Battalion, 

which had constructed the fortifications, recovered materials and 

equipment used in the fortifications. Recovery personnel were 

restricted to areas with a radiological intensity of not more 

than 0.5 R/h. 

In preparing their reports, the teams received technical 

information from the Advisory Group. The LASL Graphic Arts 

Group provided them with photographs of the weapons effects tests 

for the reports (21). 

5.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND 

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT DOG 

Department of Defense personnel took part in several 

scientific projects conducted at Shot DOG by the Weapons Effects 

Test Unit. They also participated in one project fielded by the 

Weapons Development Test Unit. Table 5-2 lists the test unit 

projects by number and title and identifies the participating 

agencies. 

In addition to test unit participation, the DOD provided 

support to the test units and the Test Manager. These activities 

involved about 300 DOD project personnel, 300 SWC air and ground 

personnel, and perhaps an additional 75 DOD personnel working for 

various units coordinated by the test organization. 

74 
Table 5-2: TEST UNIT PROJECTS, SHOT DOG 

Project Title 

Weapons 

2.2 Thermal and Blast Effects on Idealized Forest Fuels 

2.3 Effects of Geometry on Flash Thermal Damage 

2.4a Protective Value and Ignition Hazards of Textile 

Materials Exposed to Thermal Radiation 

2.4b Thermal Radiation Effects on Paints, Plastics, and 

Coated Fabrics 

2.4-l Basic Thermal Radiation Measurements 

2.4-2 The Effect of Thermal Radiation on Materials 

2.6 Protective Effects of Field Fortifications against 

Neutron and Gamma Ray Flux 

3.5 Minefield Clearance 

3.8 Effects of an Atomic Detonation on Aircraft Structures 

on the Ground 

4.1 Radiation Dosimetry 

4.2 Thermal Effects on Animals (Dogs) 

4.2a Thermal Effects on Animals (Rats) 

4.3 Flash Blindness 

6.lb Evaluation of Dosimetric Materials 

6.4 Airborne Radiac Evaluation 

6.5 Operational Tests of Techniques for Accomplishing 

IBDA 

6.9 Effects of Atomic Detonations on Radio Propagation 

Participants 

Effects Tests 

Division of Fire Research, Forest Service 

Naval Material Laboratory 

Office of the Quartermaster General; Quartermaster 

Board; Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Naval Material Laboratory 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories 

Wright Air Development Center 

Naval Medical Research Institute 

Medical College of Virginia; Office of the Surgeon 

General 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Air Force School of Aviation Medicine 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; Bureau 

of Ships 

Bureau of Aeronautics; Wright Air Development 

Center; Air Research and Development Command 

Wright Air Development Center 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

75 
Table 5-2: TEST UNIT PROJECTS, 

Project Title 

I 

Weapons Effects 

7.1 Transport of Radiation Debris 

7.2 Long-range Light Measurements 

7.3 Radiochemical, Chemical, and Physical Analysis of 

Atomic Bomb Debris 

7.5 Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a Land 

Mass 

7.6 Airborne Low-frequency Sound from the Atomic 

Explosions during Operations BUSTER and JANGLE 

8.2 Air Weather Service Participation in Operation BUSTER 

a.4 Technical Photography for IBDA Project 

9.la FCDA Family Shelter Evaluation 

9.lb AEC Communal Shelter Evaluation 

SHOT DOG (CONTINUED) 

Participants 

Tests IContinued) 

Headquarters, Air Force; Air Weather Service 

4925th Test Group; EG&G 

Headquarters Air Force; 4925th Test Group 

1009th Special Weapons Squadron; Naval Ordnance 

Laboratory; Wright Air Development Center; Coast and 

Geodetic Survey 

Naval Electronics Laboratory; Signal Corps Engineer 

Laboratory; Naticnal Bureau of Standards 

2059th Air Weather Wing; 2060th Mobile Weather 

Squadron 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

Federal Civil Defense Administration 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

Weapons Development Tests 

Radiochemical Results Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 
5.2.1 Weapons Effects Tests 

Project personnel spent several weeks before the detonation 

preparing for the Weapons Effects Test Unit projects. During 

these weeks, they placed and calibrated various types of 

instruments and gauges (18). 

Project 2.2, Thermal and Blast Effects on Idealized Forest 

Fuels, was conducted by the Division of Fire Research of the 

Forest Service. The objective was to study the effects of a 

nuclear detonation on forests. Project personnel arranged trays 

of pine needles, hardwood leaves, and grass at six stations 630 

to 3,670 meters from ground zero. 

Project personnel finished checking and photographing the 

specimen trays in the shot area 15 hours before the detonation. 

At the same time, four participants completed a survey of natural 

vegetation in the area. Eleven hours before the detonation, 

three personnel began setting timers on cameras at stations 2,130 

and 2,740 meters from ground zero, a task that took about two 

hours. 

Four hours after the detonation, five participants, accompanied by a monitor, left the Control Point to inspect and 

photograph the trays of forest materials. At 0700 hours on the 

day after the detonation, ten participants began recovering trays 

from the area (6; 31). 

Project 2.3, Effects of Geometry on Flash Thermal Damage, 

was conducted by the Naval Material Laboratory. The objective 

was to determine the effect of a target's size, shape, and 

thermal properties on the thermal damage resulting from a nuclear 

detonation. Project personnel placed wooden materials at three 

stations ranging 1,220 to 1,830 meters from ground zero. Fifteen 

hours before the detonation, five project participants finished 

checking the materials in the shot area. Five participants, 

77 
accompanied by a monitor, left the Control Point four hours after 

the detonation to inspect and recover the materials. Three 

participants began removing experimental equipment from the area 

at 0700 hours on the day following the detonation (31; 34). 

Project 2.4a, Protective Value and Ignition Hazards of 

Textile Materials Exposed to Thermal Radiation, was conducted by 

the Office of the Quartermaster General, the Quartermaster Board, 

and the Engineer Research and Development Laboratories. This 

project evaluated the protective value of clothing materials 

exposed to thermal radiation. Fifteen hours before the 

detonation, five project personnel finished checking and placing 

clothing materials and thermal detectors 1,240 to 2,150 meters 

from ground zero. Four hours after the detonation, five 

participants and a monitor left the Control Point to inspect, 

photograph, and retrieve the materials (12; 31). 

Project 2.4b, Thermal Radiation Effects on Paints, Plastics, 

and Coated Fabrics, was conducted by the Engineer Research and 

Development Laboratories. About 15 hours before the detonation, 

five project personnel finished checking and placing painted 

materials, plastics, and fabrics at five positions 610 to 3,660 

meters from ground zero. Five participants, accompanied by a 

monitor, left the Control Point four hours after the detonation 

to inspect, photograph, and recover the specimens (27; 31). 

Project 2.4-1, Basic Thermal Radiation Measurements, was 

performed by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The 

objective was to take thermal measurements at distances from a 

nuclear detonation where significant thermal damage was expected. 

Project personnel used thermal detectors to detect and record the 

thermal pulse. They placed samples of cloth, wood, and paint at 

distances of 500 to 3,660 meters from ground zero. 

78 
Fifteen hours before the detonation, five project participants finished checking thermal detectors in the shot area. 

Accompanied bv a monitor, five project personnel left the Control 

Point four hours after the detonation to inspect and recover the 

samples and the data from the thermal detectors. Six project 

personnel and a monitor left the Control Point at 0700 hours on 

the day after the detonation to adjust the thermal detectors for 

use at the next shot (4; 31). 

Project 2.4-2, The Effect of Thermal Radiation on Materials, 

was conducted by the Naval Material Laboratory. The objective 

was to study the physical characteristics of thermal radiation 

and its effects on various materials. Fifteen hours before the 

detonation, five pro,ject personnel finished checking thermal 

detectors and wood, paper, and fabric samples 1,220 to 2,130 

meters from ground zero. Four hours after the detonation, five 

project participants and a monitor left the Control Point to 

inspect and recover samples and the data from the thermal 

detectors (28; 31). 

Project 2.6, Protective Effects of Field Fortifications 

against Neutron and Gamma Ray Flux, was conducted by the Engineer 

Research and Development Laboratories. The objective kas to 

evaluate the protection afforded by field fortifications against 

the radiation from a nuclear detonation. Approximately 15 hours 

before the detonation, 12 project personnel and a photographer 

finished placing film badges inside field fortifications 90 to 

2,000 meters southwest of ground zero. Two hours after the 

detonation, 12 project participants and two monitors left the 

Control Point to recover the film badges (31; 45). 

Project 3.5, Minefield Clearance, was conducted by the 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories. The objective 

was to determine the effects of a nuclear airburst on antitank 

mines placed in an area beginning 400 meters south of ground zero 

79 
and extending 1,830 meters eastward. Fifteen hours before the 

detonation, nine project personnel finished placing mines and 

blast gauges in the shot area. Six hours after the detonation, 

nine project personnel, a monitor, and a photographer recovered 

some fuses and placed new fuses in mines 90 to 1,820 meters from 

ground zero. According to the AEC operations order, nine 

participants, accompanied by a monitor and a photographer, 

completed recovery of fuses at 0800 hours on the next day (30; 

43). 

Project 3.8, Effects of an Atomic Detonation on Aircraft 

Structures on the Ground, was conducted by the Wright Air 

Development Center. The objective was to determine the 

structural damage to parked aircraft from the thermal and blast 

energy of a nuclear detonation. Project personnel tested one 

B-17 and one F-47 aircraft, which were instrumented with 

oscillograph recorders. They placed the B-17 1,920 meters south 

and the F-47 1,300 meters northeast of ground zero (33). 

Project 4.1, Radiation Dosimetry, was conducted by the Naval 

Medical Research Institute. The objectives were to: 

0 Measure the ionization produced by gamma

radiation at various depths in the ground 

0 Correlate laboratory measurements with field 

measurements. 

Fifteen hours before the detonation, five project personnel 

finished placing radiation detectors 610 to 2,280 meters from 

ground zero. Five participants and a monitor left the Control 

Point three hours after the detonation to recover the detectors 

(18; 31). 

Project 4.2, Thermal Effects on Animals (Dogs), was 

conducted by the Medical College of Virginia and the Office of 

the Surgeon General. The primary objective was to determine the 

80 
biological relationship between burns produced on dogs in the 

laboratory and burns caused by a nuclear detonation. The 

secondary objective was to determine the protection afforded 

against burns by fabrics used by the military. 

Four and one-half hours before the detonation, eight project 

personnel began anesthetizing six dogs, clothing them in canvas 

jackets, and placing them in the shot area, 2,130 and 2,740 

meters from ground zero. They left the shot area within two and 

one-half hours. Seven project personnel and a monitor left the 

Control Point 90 minutes after the detonation to recover the 

animals (5; 31). 

Project 4.2a, Thermal Effects on Animals (Rats), was 

conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The 

objective was to investigate burn damage to rat skin as a 

function of the thermal energy delivered from a nuclear 

detonation. Ten hours before the detonation, four project 

personnel began placing rats in cages positioned 640 to 3,660 

meters from ground zero. This activity took about four hours. 

Six project personnel and a monitor left the Control Point two 

hours after the shot to recover the animals (31; 35). 

Project 4.3, Flash Blindness, was conducted by the Air Force 

School of Aviation Medicine. The project evaluated the: 

0 Visual handicap that might be'expected if 

military personnel were exposed to the flash of 

a nuclear detonation 

a Effectiveness of goggles developed to protect 

the eyes during exposure to a nuclear flash. 

A C-54 aircraft carrying an estimated 17 volunteers flew from 

Kirtland AFB four hours before the detonation to be about 15 

kilometers south of the target at shot-time. Immediately after 

the detonation, participants who had viewed the flash of the 

81 
nuclear detonation performed a number of visual tasks. The 

aircraft then returned to Kirtland AFB (7; 31). 

Project 6.lb, Evaluation of Dosimetric Materials, was 

conducted by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories and the 

Bureau of Ships. The objective was to field-test several personnel dosimeters. Fifteen hours before the detonation, six project 

participants finished installing dosimeters inside aluminum 

shelters 1,280 to 2,270 meters from ground zero. Three hours 

after the detonation, five project personnel and a monitor left 

the Control Point to recover the dosimeters (11; 31). 

Project 6.4, Airborne Radiac Evaluation, was conducted by 

the Bureau of Aeronautics, Wright Air Development Center, and Air 

Research and Development Command. The objective was to evaluate 

the ability of airborne radiation detection equipment to detect a 

radioactive cloud and to indicate its position relative to the 

monitoring aircraft. An Air Force B-17 and a Navy P2V-2 aircraft 

left Kirtland AFB four and one-half hours before the detonation 

to be about 30 kilometers southwest of the target at shot-time 

(31; 43). 

Project 6.5, Operational Tests of Techniques for Accomplishing Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, was conducted by the 

Wright Air Development Center. The objective was to test, under 

operational conditions, radar and photographic equipment as a 

means of determining ground zero, height-of-burst, and yield of a 

nuclear detonation. Four and one-half hours before the detonation, one B-29 and two B-50 aircraft, instrumented with radar 

equipment and cameras, left Kirtland AFB to be in position to 

accompany the strike aircraft on its bombing run. One B-50 was 

2,000 feet above and 60 meters behind the strike aircraft; the 

other B-50 was 2,000 feet above and 11 kilometers behind the 

strike aircraft. The B-29 was 1,000 feet below the strike 

aircraft at a point eight kilometers due south of ground zero at 

82 
shot-time. Following the detonation, project participants in the 

B-29 and the B-50s took photographs and recorded data (22; 31). 

Project 6.9, Effects of Atomic Detonations on Radio Propagation, was conducted by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. The objective was to determine the effects of a nuclear 

detonation on radio communications at various frequencies. 

Project personnel made measurements at the Nevada Proving Ground 

and at Alamo and Beatty, Nevada. The onsite station was 2.4 

kilometers from the Control Point and about 11 kilometers from 

ground zero. This station was not manned, and no shot-day 

recoveries were required (40). 

Project 7.1, Transport of Radiation Debris, was conducted by 

Headquarters, Air Force, and the Air Weather Service. The objective was to determine the distribution of airborne debris from a 

nuclear detonation. The Air Weather Service tracked the debris 

at various distances from the Nevada Proving Ground (1). Cloud 

tracking is described in section 5.2.3 of this chapter, which 

discusses Air Force support missions during Shot DOG. 

Project 7.2, Long-range Light Measurements, was conducted by 

the 4925th Test Group (Atomic) and by EG&G. The objective was to 

study light transmission from a nuclear detonation and to obtain 

data for the design of long-range detection systems. During 

shot-time, project participants monitored cameras at several 

offsite stations in Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico (8). 

Project 7.3, Radiochemical, Chemical, and Physical Analysis 

of Atomic Bomb Debris, was performed by Headquarters, Air Force, 

in conjunction with sampling operations conducted by the 4925th 

Test Group (Atomic). Project personnel made radiochemical 

analyses of nuclear bomb debris obtained close to the Nevada 

Proving Ground (38). Sampling operations are discussed in 

section 5.2.3 of this chapter. 

83 
Project 7.5, Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a 

Land Mass, was conducted by the 1009th Special Weapons Squadron, 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Acoustics Research Division of the 

Wright Air Development Center, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey. 

The objective was to study the seismic waves propagated by a 

nuclear blast. Five stations were positioned ten to 20 kilometers south of ground zero, and other stations were located 

offsite. Thirteen and one-half hours before the detonation, 14 

project personnel finished installing seismic recorders at the 

onsite stations. Fourteen participants left the Control Point 

three hours after the detonation to recover seismic records from 

these stations (10; 31). 

Project 7.6, Airborne Low-frequency Sound from the Atomic 

Explosions during Operation BUSTER and JANGLE, was conducted by 

the Naval Electronics Laboratory, Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories, and National Bureau of Standards. The objective 

was to determine the range and reliability of acoustic detection 

equipment for nuclear detonations of various yields. Project 

personnel worked at stations in Alaska, California, Florida, 

Hawaii, Kentucky, New Jersey, Texas, Washington, and Washington, 

D.C. (32). 

Project 8.2, Air Weather Service Participation in Operation 

BUSTER, was conducted by the 2059th Air Weather Wing and one of 

its subordinate units, the 2060th Mobile Weather Squadron, from 

Tinker AFB. The objective was to gather and report information 

before each detonation regarding such weather factors as wind 

conditions, temperature, and humidity. Weather forecasts 

included estimates of the anticipated cloud cover, winds at the 

surface and up to 45,000 feet, and the precipitation projected 

within a radius of 500 kilometers of the target area. 

The 73 project participants worRed from a weather station at 

the Control Point and from outlying stations at Tonopah, Warm 

84 
Springs, Currant, Pioche, and Alamo, Nevada, and at St. George, 

Utah. Senior weather personnel gave briefings at the Control 

Point at 0800, 2000, and 2400 hours on the day preceding the 

detonation and a final summary just before shot-time (23; 31). 

Project 8.4, Technical Photography for IBDA Project, was 

conducted by the Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory. The 

purpose was to provide technical and documentary photography for 

Project 6.5, Operational Tests of Techniques for Accomplishing 

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment. Two B-50 aircraft accompanied 

the bomb delivery aircraft throughout the drop operation. One 

was 2,000 feet above and 60 meters behind the bomb delivery 

aircraft, while the other was 2,000 feet above and 11 kilometers 

behind the delivery aircraft. The 4925th Test Group (Atomic) 

probably operated the B-50s. A B-29 was positioned eight 

kilometers due south of ground zero at the time of the 

detonation. Personnel from the Armament Test Division of Eglin 

AFB, Florida, operated the B-29. All three aircraft staged out 

of Kirtland AFB (20; 22). 

Project 9.la, FCDA Family Shelter Evaluation, was performed 

by the Federal Civil Defense Administration. The project 

evaluated the effects of a nuclear detonation on small shelters 

for family use. Before the first shot of the series, project 

personnel assembled 29 prefabricated shelters made of metal, 

wood, and brick at ten-meter intervals along an arc 370 meters 

east of ground zero. Fifteen hours before the detonation, ten 

project participants finished instrumenting the shelters. Ten 

participants inspected the shelters at 0700 hours on the next day 

(15; 31). 

Project 9.lb, AEC Communal Shelter Evaluation, was conducted 

by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. The objective was to 

determine the effects of a nuclear detonation on a shelter 

constructed of conventional materials and buried under several 

85 
feet of earth. Fifteen hours before the detonation, ten project 

personnel finished placing dosimeters inside the shelter, located 

about 250 meters southeast of ground zero, and left the area. 

Ten participants recovered the dosimeters from the shelter at 

about 0700 hours the next day (9; 31). 

5.2.2 Weapons Development Tests 

The Weapons Development Test Unit conducted several projects 

at Shot DOG. The only project with DOD participants was Project 

10.4, Radiochemical Results. This experiment, conducted by LASL, 

was to determine the particle makeup of the cloud resulting from 

the detonation (39). The project required cloud sampling, 

conducted by the 4925th Test Group (Atomic), and is discussed in 

the next section. 

5.2.3 Special Weapons Command Activities 

The Special Weapons Command provided personnel to control 

air activities through the Air Operations Center, which coordinated air traffic over the Nevada Proving Ground. SWC personnel 

airdropped the DOG device. In addition, they conducted cloudsampling, sample courier, and cloud-tracking missions and aerial 

surveys for the test units and the Test Manager (20). 

The following information indicates the types and numbers of 

aircraft and the estimated numbers of DOD aircrew personnel 

involved in SWC missions at Shot DOG (13; 14): 

86 
ESTIMATED 

TYPE OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF 

ACTIVITY AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Airdrop Mission B-50 1 9 

Disaster Mission c-47 1 14 

Sampling

Sampler B-29 2 16 

Sampler T-33 2 4 

Sample Courier B-25 2 10 

Mission c-45 1 5 

c-47 1 5 

Cloud Tracking B-29 2 20 

Aerial Surveys c-47 3 15 

Airdrop and Disaster Missions 

The B-50 drop aircraft, with a crew from the 4925th Test 

Group (Atomic), left Kirtland AFB at 0215 hours, five hours and 

15 minutes before shot-time. Climbing to a height of 19,000 feet 

above the target area, the aircraft began a bombing pattern over 

Yucca Flat. The B-50, flying a straight and level course, 

released the DOG device, which detonated at 0730 hours. Soon 

after, the aircraft left the shot area and returned to Kirtland 

AFB. 

The C-47 disaster aircraft, with a crew from the 4901st 

Support Wing (Atomic) and security, radiological safety, and 

salvage personnel onboard, flew from Kirtland AFB. It orbited 

southeast of the NPG until after the detonation, when it returned 

to Kirtland AFB (14). 

Cloud Sampling 

Two B-29s and two T-33s collected particulate samples of the 

Shot DOG cloud for Project 7.3, Radiochemical, Chemical, and 

87 
Physical Analysis of Atomic Bomb Debris, and Project 10.4, 

Radiochemical Results. The B-29s left Indian Springs AFB about 

one hour before the shot and orbited near Las Vegas until the 

detonation. The two T-33s left Indian Springs about 20 minutes 

after the detonation. The samplers flew at altitudes of 27,000 

to 41,000 feet, made up to nine penetrations of the cloud, and 

traveled up to 230 kilometers in a southeasterly direction from 

ground zero. The following gives further details of their 

sampling mission (14; 17; 41): 

TOTAL TIME DOSIMETER 

AIRCRAFT TYPE IN CLOUD PEAK INTENSITY READING 

AND SERIAL NUMBER (seconds) (R/h) (roentgens) 

B-29 (285) 680 16 0.65 

B-29 (599) NR* 20 0.95 

T-33 (920) NR 22 1.00 

T-33 (950) 325 15 0.85 

*NR indicates not reported. 

The dosimeter readings in the preceding listing indicate the 

cumulative exposures recorded by instruments, such as film badges 

and pocket dosimeters, within the aircraft. 

Upon completion of their mission, the samplers returned to 

Indian Springs AFB and parked in the aircraft decontamination 

area. The procedures upon landing were the same as those 

described for Shot BAKER (14; 38; 39). 

Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions had been completed, two B-25s, 

one C-45, and one C-47 aircraft left Indian Springs AFB on shotday to transport filter papers and equipment to various 

88 
laboratories, primarily AEC and DOD iacilities, for analysis. 

The 4901st Support Wing (Atomic) conducted these courier missions 

(31). 

Cloud Tracking 

After the detonation, two B-29s from Indian Springs AFB flew 

cloud-tracking missions over and beyond the Nevada Proving Ground 

for the test organization and Project 7.1, Transport of Radiation 

Debris. One B-29 took off at 0530 hours, tracked the cloud at 

altitudes ranging from 17,000 to 20,000 feet, and returned to 

base at 1800 hours. The other B-29 departed at 1000 hours, 

tracked the cloud (primarily at an altitude of 20,000 feet), and 

landed at Indian Springs at 1730 hours (14). 

Aerial Surveys 

After the detonation, three C-47 aircraft, all based at 

Indian Springs AFB, conducted onsite survey missions to record 

radiation intensities. One C-47 flew 500 to 1,000 feet above the 

ground from 1100 to 1340 hours. Another C-47, flying 600 to 800 

feet above the terrain, surveyed the area from 1103 to 1422 

hours. The last C-47 flew at 350 to 1,200 feet above the ground 

from 1107 to 1407 hours (14). 

5.3 RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION AT SHOT DOG 

The primary purpose of the radiological protection procedures developed for members of Exercise Desert Rock, the test 

units, and SWC for Operation BUSTER-JANGLE was to keep individual 

exposures to ionizing radiation to a minimum, while still 

allowing participants to accomplish their missions. The 

radiological safety information that has been found includes 

aggregate film badge data for Exercise Desert Rock I participants 

and film badge readings for some of the test organization 

personnel at Shot DOG. 

89 
5.3.1 Desert Rock Radiological Protection Activities 

For the maneuver conducted by members of the 11th Airborne 

Division and the observers, the Army planned and supplied 

personnel for radiation protection activities. AFSWP personnel 

assisted the Army in these activities (24; 36). 

Dosimetry 

The Radiological Safety Unit issued film badges to maneuver 

troops, observers, and Desert Rock personnel entering the area 

forward of the Control Point at Yucca Pass. Section personnel 

distributed badges to maneuver troops and observers on 31 

October, the day before the detonation. After the maneuver, 

section personnel collected badges in the forward area before 

troops and observers boarded trucks for the return to camp. 

There was no central point for issuing badges to Desert Rock 

personnel. While some badges were distributed the day before the 

shot, others were issued in the forward area on shot-day. 

Section personnel collected the film badges after participants 

returned to camp. The following table from the Exercise Desert 

Rock I Final Report shows the number of badges worn and the 

radiation levels indicated (21): 

Maneuver Troops 

Badges worn: 883 

Badges reported: 863 

Percentage reported: 97.7% 

Maximum reading: 0.20 roentgens (R)

Minimum reading: 0.02 R 

Average reading: 0.059 R 

Observers 

Badges worn: 2,796 

Badges reported: 2,714 

Percentage reported: 97.2% 

Maximum reading: 0.32 R 

Minimum reading: less than 0.02 R 

Average reading: 0.031 R (includes only those readings 

of at least 0.02 R, which accounted 

for 87.2% of the observers' readings) 

90 
Desert Rock Personnel 

Badges worn: 1,587 

Badges reported: 1,523 

Percentage reported: 96.6% 

Maximum reading: 0.225 R 

Minimum reading: less than 0.02 R 

Average reading: Not computed because Desert Rock 

personnel had diverse 

responsibilities. 

A Signal Corps mobile laboratory processed the film badges (21). 

Monitoring 

On 16 October 1951, three officers and 12 enlisted radiological safety monitors reported to Camp Desert Rock from the 

Chemical Corps School, Fort McClellan, Alabama. In the days 

preceding the detonation, these personnel trained 45 monitors 

from the 1st Battalion, 188th Airborne Infantry Regiment, and 15 

monitors from the service units attached to Camp Desert Rock and 

participating in the exercise. 

On shot-day, after the detonation, test organization 

monitors first surveyed the shot area from a helicopter. Then 

the newly trained monitors surveyed the shot area to evaluate the 

residual radiation and to determine safe routes of advance for 

the troops. Participants in the Desert Rock activities were not 

to enter areas with radiation intensities exceeding 1 R/h. 

Monitors operating from l/4-ton trucks then conducted two ground 

surveys. Within an hour after the detonation, the survey parties 

took the following readings (21): 

91 
DISTANCE FROM 

GROUND ZERO ONE HOUR AFTER THREE HOURS AFTER 

(meters) DETONATION DETONATION 

1,350 0.01 R/h NR* 

(display area' 2) 

900 0.03 R/h 0.02 R/h 

(display area 1) 

675 0.14 R/h 0.09 R/h 

450 0.80 R/h 0.39 R/h 

320 1.00 R/h NR 

225 NR 1.00 R/h 

*NR indicates not reported. 

After the initial readings were taken, the monitors 

accompanied troops on their maneuver in the forward area and 

surveyed the area repeatedly. One monitor from the service 

sections attached to Camp Desert Rock monitored the ground and 

all items at the display areas (21). 

Decontamination 

On 15 October 1951, an officer proficient in decontamination 

procedures reported to Camp Desert Rock from the Chemical 

Section, Headquarters Sixth Army. The officer trained eight 

individuals in personnel and equipment monitoring and in 

decontamination procedures. These eight individuals then 

established and operated a decontamination station near the 

exercise location. Immediately after the exercise, the decontamination personnel monitored at the station all participants 

who had gone closer to ground zero than display area 2, 1,350 

meters from ground zero. They found that none of these 

participants had a reading exceeding the limit of 0.02 R/h (21). 

92 
5.3.2 Test Organization Radiological Protection Activities 

The Radiological Health and Safety Group, consisting of 

personnel from LASL, from the armed services, and from various 

other civilian groups, developed and conducted radiation 

protection activities at Shot DOG. 

Dosimetry 

Two Air Force personnel from the 4925th Test Group received 

cumulative gamma exposures over 3.9 roentgens. These personnel 

were involved with cloud-sampling activities and may have been 

pilots or crew members of the sampling aircraft. They had gamma 

exposures of 4 and 4.4 roentgens (47). 

Monitoring 

Radiological safety teams began the initial ground survey 

shortly after the detonation (37). This survey preceded the 

surveys done by Desert Rock monitors. 

In addition to the ground survey teams, a team in one 

helicopter conducted an aerial survey of the shot area. This 

survey began about 20 minutes after the detonation. Approximately 40 minutes later, a second helicopter with one radiological safety monitor aboard made another survey of the shot 

area, including all roads leading into Area 7. 

After the teams completed the initial ground and aerial 

surveys, the Test Manager opened the shot area for limited 

recovery operations. Recovery parties, each of which was 

accompanied by a radiological safety monitor, began their 

operations at about 0930 and completed their work by 1330 hours. 

The three C-47 aerial survey aircraft provided offsite 

monitoring. The gamma intensities measured by the aerial survey 

teams in offsite areas were all lower than 0.0003 R/h (31; 37). 

93 
Plotting 

Ground monitoring teams provided survey data used in 

plotting isointensity contours. Figure 5-4 shows the 

isointensity lines around ground zero one hour after the 

detonation. This map is based on calculations applying the decay 

curve for neutron-induced activity in Nevada soil to the results 

of a survey taken 25 and one-half hours after the shot. Figure 

5-5 presents the results of that survey (16; 37). 

Decontamination 

Five ground vehicles and four aircraft, two B-29s and two 

T-33s, required decontamination. In these cases, radiation 

levels were reduced to less than 0.002 R/h by repeated washings 

with detergent and water (17; 29; 37; 41). 

94 
\ . \ . ‘\ . 

\ 

\ 

N

P

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I . I 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/

0 

--D 2 R/h 

0 100 -..-..a IO R/h 

I I 

Meters -*-•-• 20 Rlh 

Figure 5-4: ISOINTENSITY MAP FOR SHOT DOG, 2 NOVEMBER 1951, 

CALCULATED FOR ONE HOUR AFTER DETONATION 

95 
N 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

. I 

I . . I .

I \ 

. i 

. 

I . I . I \ 

• . I .

. \ . 

Ground Zero 

. \ i . . 

• I . I 

\ \ 

\ I . \ . ‘\ I 

. ‘N, I \ \ 

\ •\ - /

\ ••*\. / 

-\ / 

---- 0.1 R/h 

0 - • • - • . 0.5 R/h 

I -mm.-. 1 R/h 

Meters 

Figure 5-5: SURVEY FOR SHOT DOG, 2 NOVEMBER 1951,090O HOURS 
SHOT EASY SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: BUSTER-JANGLE 

DOD EXERCISE: None 

DATE/TIME: 5 November 1951, 0830 hours 

YIELD: 31 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 1,314 feet (airdrop) 

Purpose of Test: (1) Evaluate a new weapon design 

(2) Document basic phenomena produced by the 

device. 

DOD Objective: To evaluate the utility of the nuclear device 

for military application. 

Weather: At shot-time the temperature was 11.3OC, the 

relative humidity was 17 percent, and the 

pressure was 878 millibars. The winds were 13 

knots from the north-northeast at the surface, 

19 knots from the northwest at 20,000 feet, 27 

knots from the north at 30,000 feet, and 45 

knots from the north-northwest at 40,000 feet. 

Radiation Data: Onsite radiation consisted of neutron-induced 

activity around ground zero. Twenty-four 

hours after the shot, radiation intensities 

ranged from 1 R/h to'O.1 R/h in the area 440 

to 810 meters from ground zero. 

Participants: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; Special 

Weapons Command; Headquarters, Air Force; 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; 

Engineer Research and Development

Laboratories; Bureau of Aeronautics; Air 

Research and Development Command; Signal Corps

Engineering Laboratories; 1009th Special 

Weapons Squadron; *Naval Electronics 

Laboratory; Air Weather Service; Wright Air 

Development Center; Lookout Mountain 

Laboratory; contractors. 

97 
CHAPTER 6 

SHOT EASY 

Shot EASY, the last airdropped nuclear device of Operation 

BUSTER-JANGLE, was detonated with a yield of 31 kilotons at 0830 

hours Pacific Standard Time on 5 November 1951. Developed by the 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, the nuclear device was dropped 

from a B-45 aircraft. Shot EASY detonated 1,314 feet above Area 

7, UTM coordinates 867053. The bottom of the Shot EASY cloud 

reached an altitude of 35,000 feet, while the top attained an 

altitude of 50,000 feet. The cloud drifted south-southeast from 

the point of detonation. Onsite radiation consisted of 

neutron-induced activity around ground zero (16). 

6.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND 

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT EASY 

Department of Defense personnel took part in scientific 

projects conducted by the Weapons Effects Test Unit, discussed in 

the first part of this section. They also participated in one 

study conducted by the Weapons Development Test Unit. Table 6-l 

lists the test unit projects by number and title and identifies 

the participating organizations. 

In addition to test unit participation, the DOD provided 

support to the test units and the Test Manager. The activities 

discussed in this section involved about 200 DOD project 

personnel, 300 SWC air and ground personnel, and perhaps an 

additional 50 DOD personnel working for various units coordinated 

by the test.organization. 

98 
Table 6-1: TEST UNIT PROJECTS, SHOT EASY 

Project Title Participants I 

Weapons Effects Tests 

2.2 Thermal and Blast Effects on idealized Forest Fuels Division of Fire Research, Forest Service 

2.4-l Basic Thermal Radiation Measurements Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

3.5 Minefield Clearance Engineer Research and Development Laboratories 

3.8 Effects of an Atomic Detonation on Aircraft Structures Wright Air Development Center 

on the Ground 

3.9 Effects on Selected Water Supply Equipment Engineer Research and Development Laboratories 

4.1 Radiation Dosimetry Naval Medical Research Institute 

6.4 Airborne Radiac Evaluation Bureau of Aeronautics; Wright Air Development 

Center; Air Research and Development Command 

6.5 Operational Tests of Techniques for Accomplishing Wright Air Development Center 

IBDA 

6.9 Effects of Atomic Detonations on Radio Propagation Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

7.1 Transport of Radiation Debris Headquarters Air Force; Air Weather Service 

7.2 Long-range Light Measurements 4925th Test Group: EG&G 

7.3 Radiochemical, Chemical, and Physical Analysis of Headquarters, Air Force; 4925th Test Group 

Atomic Bomb Debris 

7.5 Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a Land 1009th Special Weapons Squadron; Naval Ordnance 

Mass Laboratory; Wright Air Development Center; Coast and 

Geodetic Survey 

7.6 Airborne Low-frequercy Sound from the Atomic Naval Electronics Laboratory; Signal Corps Engineering 

Explosions during Operations BUSTER and JANGLE Laboratories; National Bureau of Standards 

8.2 Air Weather Service Participation in Operation BUSTER 2059th Air Weather Wing; 2060th Mobile Weather 

Squadron 

8.4 Technical Photography for IBDA Project Lookout Mountain Laboraory 

9.lb AEC Communal Shelter Evaluation Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

Weapons Development Tests 

Radiochemical Results Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

99 
6.1.1 Weapons Effects Tests 

As table 6-l indicates, the Weapons Effects Test Unit 

conducted a number of projects at Shot EASY. Project 

participants spent several weeks before the detonation 

positioning and checking various types of instruments and gauges 

(18). 

Project 2.2, Thermal and Blast Effects on Idealized Forest 

Fuels, was conducted by the Division of Fire Research of the 

Forest Service. The objective was to study the effects of a 

nuclear detonation on forests. Project personnel arranged and 

photographed trays of pine needles, hardwood leaves, and grass at 

six stations 1,420 to 4,400 meters from ground zero. Fifteen 

hours before the detonation, four project participants finished 

surveying the natural vegetation of the shot area. Four 

participants, accompanied by a monitor, left the Control Point 

six hours after the detonation to inspect, photograph, and 

recover the trays of forest materials (6; 31). 

Project 2.4-1, Basic Thermal Radiation Measurements, was 

performed by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The 

objective was to take thermal measurements at distances from a 

nuclear detonation where significant thermal damage was expected. 

Project personnel used thermal detectors to detect and record the 

thermal pulse. They placed samples of cloth, wood, and paint at 

distances ranging from 500 to 3,660 meters from ground zero. Six 

project participants finished checking thermal instruments in the 

shot area 15 hours before the detonation. Four hours after the 

detonation, five participants, accompanied by a monitor, left the 

Control Point to recover the samples and the data from the 

thermal detectors (4; 31). 

Project 3.5, Minefield Clearance, was conducted by the 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories. The objective 

100 
was to determine the effects of a nuclear airburst on antitank 

mines placed in an area beginning about 900 meters southeast of 

ground zero and extending 1,830 meters eastward. Fifteen hours 

before the detonation, nine project personnel finished placing 

the mines and blast gauges in the shot area. Six hours after the 

detonation, nine project personnel, a monitor, and a photographer 

began recovering fuses and placing new fuses in mines 90 to 1,820 

meters from ground zero. According to the AEC operations order, 

at 0800 hours on the next day, nine participants, accompanied by 

a monitor and a photographer, completed recovering fuses and 

placing new fuses in the mines (31; 44). 

Project 3.8, Effects of an Atomic Detonation on Aircraft 

Structures on the Ground, was conducted by the Wright Air Development Center. The objective was to determine the structural 

damage to parked aircraft from the thermal and blast energy of a 

nuclear detonation. Project personnel tested one B-17 and one 

F-47 aircraft, which were instrumented with oscillograph 

recorders. They placed the B-17 1,780 meters southeast and the 

F-47 820 meters east of ground zero. Project participants 

recovered the instruments after the detonation (33). 

Project 3.9, Effects on Selected Water Supply Equipment, was 

performed by the Engineer Research and Development Laboratories. 

The project determined the: 

0 Blast and thermal damage to 3;000-gallon tanks 

filled with water 

0 Radioactivity of water in the tanks 

0 Amount of induced radioactivity in canned samples of 

sea water in various dilutions and in bottles of 

assorted fresh water. 

Fifteen hours before the detonation, six project participants 

completed filling the water tanks positioned 460 to 3,930 meters 

southwest of ground zero. Three hours after the detonation, six 

101 
participants, a monitor, and a photographer inspected and 

photographed the tanks (25; 31). 

Project 4.1, Radiation Dosimetry, was conducted by the Naval 

Medical Research Institute. The objectives were to: 

0 Measure the ionization produced by gamma 

radiation at various depths in the ground 

• Correlate laboratory measurements with field 

measurements. 

Fifteen hours before the detonation, five project personnel 

finished placing radiation detectors 610 to 2,290 meters from 

ground zero. Three hours after the detonation, five participants 

and a monitor left the Control Point to recover the detectors 

(18; 31). 

Project 6.4, Airborne Radiac Evaluation, was conducted by 

the Bureau of Aeronautics, Wright Air Development Center, and Air 

Research and Development Command. The objective was to evaluate 

the ability of airborne radiation detection equipment to detect a 

radioactive cloud and to indicate its position relative to the 

monitoring aircraft. Four and one-half hours before the 

detonation, an Air Force B-17 and a Navy P2V-2 aircraft left 

Kirtland AFB to be about 30 kilometers southwest of the target at 

shot-time (31; 43). 

Project 6.5, Operational Tests of Techniques for Accomplishing Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, was conducted by the 

Wright Air Development Center. The objective was to test, under 

operational conditions, radar and photographic equipment as a 

means of determining ground zero, height-of-burst, and yield of a 

nuclear detonation. With measurements gathered by strike aircraft, it would then be possible to assess the effect of the 

nuclear detonation on enemy installations. 

102 
Four and one-half hours before the detonation, one B-29 and 

two B-50 aircraft, instrumented with radar equipment and cameras, 

left Kirtland AFB to be in position to accompany the strike aircraft on its bombing run. One B-50 was 2,000 feet above and 60 

meters behind the strike aircraft; the other was 2,000 feet above 

and 11 kilometers behind the strike aircraft. The B-29 was 1,000 

feet below the strike aircraft at a point eight kilometers due 

south of ground zero at shot-time. Following the detonation, 

project participants in the B-29 and the B-50s took photographs 

and recorded data (22; 31). 

Project 6.9, Effects of Atomic Detonations on Radio Propagation, was conducted by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. The objective was to determine the effects of a nuclear 

detonation on radio communications at various frequencies. 

Project personnel made measurements at the Nevada Proving Ground 

and at Alamo and Beatty, Nevada. The onsite station was 2.4 

kilometers from the Control Point and about 11 kilometers from 

ground zero. This station was not manned, and no shot-day 

recoveries were required (18; 31). 

Project 7.1, Transport of Radiation Debris, was conducted by 

Headquarters, Air Force, and the Air Weather Service. The objective was to determine the distribution of airborne debris from a 

nuclear detonation. The Air Weather Service tracked the debris 

at various distances from the Nevada Proving Ground. In 

addition, project personnel conducted surface sampling at 

50 offsite stations (1). Cloud tracking is described in section 

6.1.3 of this chapter, which discusses Air Force support missions 

during Shot EASY. 

Project 7.2, Long-range Light Measurements, was conducted by 

the 4925th Test Group (Atomic) and by EGLG. The objective was to 

study light transmission from a nuclear detonation and to obtain 

data for the design of long-range detection systems. During 

103 
shot-time, project participants monitored cameras at several 

offsite stations in Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico (8). 

Project 7.3, Radiochemical, Chemical, and Physical Analysis 

of Atomic Bomb Debris, was performed by Headquarters, Air Force, 

in conjunction with sampling operations conducted by the 4925th 

Test Group (Atomic). Project personnel made radiochemical 

analyses of nuclear bomb debris obtained near the Nevada Proving 

Ground. Sampling operations are discussed in section 6.1.3 (38). 

Project 7.5, Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a 

Land Mass, was conducted by the 1009th Special Weapons Squadron, 

the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, the Acoustics Research Division of 

the Wright Air Development Center, and the Coast and Geodetic 

Survey. The objective was to study the propagation of seismic 

waves by a nuclear detonation. Five project stations were 

positioned ten to 20 kilometers south of ground zero, and other 

stations were located offsite. 

Thirteen and one-half hours before the detonation, 14 

project personnel finished installing seismic recorders at the 

onsite stations. Fourteen participants left the Control Point 

three hours after the detonation to recover seismic records from 

these stations (10; 31). 

Project 7.6, Airborne Low-frequency Sound from the Atomic 

Explosions during Operations BUSTER and JANGLE, was conducted by 

the Naval Electronics Laboratory, Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories, and National Bureau of Standards. The objective 

was to determine the range and reliability of acoustic detection 

equipment for nuclear explosions of various yields. Project 

personnel worked at stations in Alaska, California, Florida, 

Hawaii, Kentucky, New Jersey, Texas, Washington, and Washington, 

D.C. (32). 

104 
Project 8.2, Air Weather Service Participation in Operation 

BUSTER, was conducted by the 2059th Air Weather Wing and one of 

its subordinate units, the 2060th Mobile Weather Squadron, from 

Tinker AFB. The objective was to gather and report information 

before the detonation regarding such weather factors as wind 

conditions, temperature, and humidity. Weather forecasts 

included estimates of the anticipated cloud cover, winds at the 

surface and up to 45,000 feet, and the precipitation projected 

within a radius of 500 kilometers of the shot area. 

The 73 project participants worked from a weather station at 

the Control Point and from outlying stations at Tonopah, Warm 

Springs, Currant, Pioche, and Alamo, Nevada, and at St. George, 

Utah. Senior weather personnel gave briefings at the Control 

Point at 0800, 2000, and 2400 hours on the day preceding the 

detonation and a final summary just before shot-time (23; 31). 

Project 8.4, Technical Photography for IBDA Project, was 

conducted by the Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory. The 

purpose was to provide technical and documentary photography for 

Project 6.5, Operational Tests of Techniques for Accomplishing 

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment. Two B-50 aircraft, probably 

operated by the 4925th Test Group (Atomic), accompanied the bomb 

delivery aircraft throughout the drop operation. One was 2,000 

feet above and 60 meters behind the bomb delivery aircraft, while 

the other was 2,000 feet above and 11 kilometers behind. A B-29 

was positioned eight kilometers due south of ground zero at the 

time of detonation. The B-29 was manned by personnel from the 

Armament Test Division of Eglin AFB, Florida. All three aircraft 

staged out of Kirtland AFB (20; 22). 

Project 9.lb, AEC Communal Shelter Evaluation, was conducted 

by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. The objective was to 

determine the effects of a nuclear detonation on a shelter constructed of conventional materials and buried under about three 

105 
feet of earth. Fifteen hours before the detonation, ten project 

personnel finished placing dosimeters inside the shelter, located 

about 250 meters southeast of ground zero. At 0700 hours on the 

next day, ten participants began recovering the dosimeters from 

the shelter (9; 31). 

6.1.2 Weapons Development Tests 

The Weapons Development Test Unit conducted several projects 

at Shot EASY. Only one project, however, involved DOD participants: Project 10.4, Radiochemical Results. LASL conducted this 

activity, the objective of which was to determine the particle 

makeup of the cloud resulting from Shot EASY. The project 

required cloud sampling, conducted by the 4925th Test Group 

(Atomic) (39). This activity is discussed in the next section. 

6.1.3 Special Weapons Command Activities 

The Special Weapons Command provided personnel to control 

air activities through the Air Operations Center, which coordinated air traffic over the Nevada Proving Ground. SWC personnel 

airdropped the EASY device. In addition, they conducted cloudsampling, sample courier, and cloud-tracking missions and aerial 

surveys for the test units and the Test Manager (20). 

The following listing indicates the types and numbers of 

aircraft and the estimated numbers of DOD aircrew personnel 

involved in SWC missions at Shot EASY (13; 14): 

106 
_--. 

TYPE OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF 

ACTIVITY AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Airdrop Mission B-45 1 4 

Disaster Mission c-47 1 14 

Sampling 

Sampler B-29 2 16 

Sampler T-33 3 6 

Sample Courier B-25 or C-47* 1 5 

Mission B-25 1 5 

Cloud Tracking B-29 3 30 

Aerial Surveys c-47 3 15 

*It is not known whether a B-25 or C-47 aircraft conducted this 

mission. 

Airdrop and Disaster Missions 

The B-45 drop aircraft, with a crew from the 4925th Test 

Group (Atomic) and security, radiological safety, and salvage 

personnel onboard, left Kirtland AFB at 0600 hours, two hours and 

30 minutes before shot-time. Climbing to 24,000 feet above the 

target area, the aircraft began a bombing pattern over Yucca 

Flat. The B-45, flying a straight and level course, released the 

EASY device, which detonated at 0830 hours. Soon after, the 

aircraft left the shot area and returned to Kirtland AFB. 

The C-47 disaster aircraft, also with a crew from the 4901st 

Support Wing (Atomic), left Kirtland AFB at 0315 and orbited 

southeast of the NPG during the detonation. At 0835 hours, the 

aircraft began its return to Kirtland AFB (14). 

Cloud Sampling 

Two B-29s and three T-33s collected particulate samples of 

the cloud for Project 7.3, Radiochemical, Chemical, and Physical 

107 
Analysis of Atomic Bomb Debris, and Project 10.4, Radiochemical 

Results. The B-29s left Indian Springs AFB about one hour before 

the shot and orbited near Las Vegas until the detonation. The 

T-33s left Indian Springs about 20 minutes after the detonation. 

The samplers flew at altitudes of 30,000 to 40,000 feet, made up 

to four penetrations of the cloud, and traveled up to 177 

kilometers in a southeasterly direction from ground zero. The 

following listing gives further details of the sampling mission 

(14; 17; 41): 

TOTAL TIME PEAK DOSIMETER 

AIRCRAFT TYPE IN CLOUD INTENSITY READING 

AND SERIAL NUMBER (seconds) (R/H) (roentgens) 

B-29 (285) 300 1.2 0.03 

B-29 (386) 300 40 0.50 

T-33 (920) NR* 32 1.40 

T-33 (950) 270 40 0.68 

T-33 (951) 60 20 0.88 

*NR indicates not reported. 

The dosimeter readings noted above indicate the cumulative 

exposures recorded by instruments, such as film badges and pocket 

dosimeters, within the aircraft. 

Both B-29s experienced difficulties in their flights. One 

developed engine trouble and could not fly above 31,500 feet. It 

could not, therefore, obtain good samples of the cloud. The 

radiological monitor aboard the second B-29 misread the 

instruments after the aircraft made a sampling pass through the 

cloud. He reported a reading of 4.5 R/h, rather than the correct 

reading of 0.45 R/h, to the Control Point. Because the error was 

not discovered until later, the Control Point instructed the B-29 

to return immediately to Indian Springs AFB. 

108 
Upon completion of their mission, the samplers returned to 

Indian Springs AFB and parked in the aircraft decontamination 

area. The procedures upon landing were the same as those 

described for Shot BAKER (14; 38; 39). 

Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions had been completed, several 

aircraft left Indian Springs AFB on shot-day to transport 

filter papers and equipment to various laboratories, primarly AEC 

and DOD facilities, for analysis. The 4901st Support Wing 

(Atomic) conducted these courier missions (31). 

Cloud Tracking 

After the detonation, three B-29s from Indian Springs AFB 

flew cloud-tracking missions over and beyond the Nevada Proving 

Ground for the test organization and Project 7.1, Transport of 

Radiation Debris. One B-29 took off at 0530 hours, tracked the 

cloud at altitudes ranging from 18,000 to 25,000 feet, and 

returned to base at 1530 hours. The second B-29 left the base at 

0945 hours, tracked the cloud at an altitude of 20,000 feet, and 

returned at 1835 hours. The third B-29 took off at 1145 hours, 

tracked the cloud at an altitude of 20,000 feet, and landed at 

Indian Springs at 1920 hours (14). 

Aerial Surveys 

After the detonation, three C-47 aircraft, all based at 

Indian Springs AFB, conducted onsite survey missions to record 

radiation intensities. One C-47 flew 500 to 1,100 feet above the 

terrain from 1130 to 1543 hours. Another C-47, flying 600 to 800 

feet above the terrain, surveyed the area from 1112 to 1551 

hours. The last C-47 flew 500 to 2,800 feet above the terrain 

from 1157 to 1617 hours (14). 

109 
6.2 RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION AT SHOT EASY 

The primary purpose of the radiological protection procedures was to keep individual exposures to ionizing radiation to a 

minimum, while still allowing participants to accomplish their 

missions. The radiological safety information found concerning 

Shot EASY includes data on onsite and offsite monitoring 

procedures, isointensity maps, decontamination operations 

coordinated by the test organization, and film badge readings for 

some of the test organization personnel at Shot EASY. 

Dosimetrv 

Film badge records indicate that one individual from the 

3200th Target Drone Squadron had a total gamma exposure of 3.1 

roentgens after his participation at Shot EASY (47). His 

activities are not known. 

Monitoring 

The initial ground survey began shortly after the detonation. The teams made additional surveys of the shot area during 

the next several days (31; 37). 

In addition to the ground survey teams, a helicopter team 

conducted an aerial survey of Area 7, including the roads leading 

into the shot area. This survey began about 20 minutes after the 

detonation. 

Based on data obtained from the initial onsite surveys, the 

Test Manager decided to open the shot area for limited recovery 

operations about two hours after the detonation. Recovery 

activities began at about 1030 and were completed by 1400 hours. 

Each recovery team was accompanied by at least one radiological 

safety monitor. 

110 
The three C-47 aerial survey aircraft provided additional 

offsite monitoring. The aerial survey teams encountered gamma 

intensities of no more than 0.0017 R/h in all areas surveyed 

(31; 37). 

Plotting 

Ground monitoring teams provided survey data used in 

plotting isointensity contours. Figure 6-l presents an 

isointensity plot showing the results of a survey conducted 24 

hours after the detonation (37). 

Decontamination 

Thirty-seven ground vehicles and five aircraft required 

decontamination. In these cases, radiation levels were reduced 

to less than 0.002 R/h by repeated washings of the aircraft with 

detergent and water (17; 29; 37). 

111 
••

••

• •

N 

P

\ 

\ 

‘ 

. 

•

I 

•

\

\

\

\ .lI 

•

\ I

. 

. I . . . 

I 0 . 

I . . I Ground Zero I

I I ii 

••. I 

- - - - 0.1 R/h 

- . . -0. 0.5R/h 0 

O.O.W. 1 R/h I 

Meters 

Figure 6-1: SURVEY FOR SHOT EASY, 6 NOVEMBER 1951,063O HOURS 

112 
REFERENCE LIST 

The following list of references represents 

only those documents consulted in the ABLE 

through EASY volume. When a DASA-WT or 

DNA-WT document is followed by an EX, the 

latest version has been cited. The 

bibliography of documents consulted during 

the preparation of all three BUSTER-JANGLE 

reports is contained in the Operation

BUSTER-JANGLE volume. 

113 
AVAILABILITY INFORMATION 

An availability statement has been included at the end of 

the reference citation for those readers who wish to read or 

obtain copies of source documents. Availability statements were 

correct at the time the bibliography was prepared. It is 

anticipated that many of the documents marked unavailable may 

become available during the declassification review process. The 

Coordination and Information Center (CIC) and the National 

Technical Information Service (NTIS) will be provided future 

DNA-WT documents bearing an EX after the report number. 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of CIC 

may be reviewed at the following address: 

Department of Energy 

Coordination and Information Center 

(Operated by Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Co., Inc.) 

ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley 

2753 S. Highland 

P.O. Box 14100 Phone: (702,) 734-3194 

Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of NTIS 

may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service. 

When ordering by mail or phone, please include both the price 

code and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses 

before the NTIS order number. 

National Technical Information Service 

5285 Port Royal Road Phone: (703) 487-4650 

Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office) 

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by 

writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or by calling 

(703) 487-4660. 

114 
OPERATION BUSTER-JANGLE 

SHOTS ABLE THROUGH EASY REFERENCE LIST 

1. Allen, P. W.; et al. Transport of Radioactive Debris from 

Operation BUSTER and JANGLE, Project 7.1. 

Headquarters, Air Force. Washington, D. C.: DNA. 

WT-308-EX. October 1979. 187 Pages. (A09)

AD/B951 736.* 

2. Atomic Energy Commission, Director of Military 

Applications. [Correspondence File, Subject: Troop 

Participation in Atomic Exercises, July - November 

1951.1 Washington, D. C. 1951. 9 Pages.** 

3. Bordes, P. A.; Finan, J. L.; Hochstim, J. R.; et al. 

Desert Rock I: A Psychological Study of Troop 

Reactions to an Atomic Explosion. George Washington 

Univ., Human Resources Research Office. Washington, 

D. C.: HumRRO. TR-1. 1953. 152 Pages. (A081

AD 006 092.* 

4. Broido, A.; et al. Basic Thermal Radiation Measurements, 

BUSTER Project 2.4-l. Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-409. 

June 1952. 100 Pages.*** 

5. Brooks, J. W.; et al. Thermal Effects on Animals (Dogs), 

BUSTER Project 4.2. Medical College of Virginia and 

Office of the Surgeon General. Washington, 

D. C.: AFSWP. WT-362. June 1952. 81 Pages.*** 

6. Brown, A. A.; et al. "Thermal and Blast Effects on 

Idealized Forest Fuels, BUSTER Project 2.2." Forest 

Service. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-309. 

April 1952. 51 Pages. (A04).* 

7. Byrnes, V. A. "Flash Blindness, BUSTER Project 4.3." 

School of Aviation Medicine. Washington, D. C.: 

AFSWP. WT-341. March 1952. 22 Pages.*** 

8. Colson, E. A.; Grier, H. E. "Long-Range Light 

Measurements, BUSTER Project 7.2." Edgerton, 

Germeshausen and Grier. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. 

WT-379. January 1952. 65 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

115 
9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

Corsbie, R. L. AEC Communal Shelter Evaluation, BUSTER 

Project 9.lb. Atomic Energy Commission. 

Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-360. March 1952. 

83 Pages. (A05) PB 163 429.* 

Cracker, J. A. Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over 

a Land Mass, BUSTER Project 7.5, JANGLE Project 7.2. 

Headauarters. Air Force. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. 

WT-321. March 1952. 123 Pages: (AO~).* 

Cryden, J.; Gibson, F. P. "Evaluation of Dosimetric 

Materials, BUSTER Project 6.lb." Signal Corps 

Engineering Laboratories and Navy, Bureau of Ships. 

Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-317. March 1952. 

42 Pages. (A03) AD/A077 496.* 

Davis, J. M.; Parthum, A. H. Protective Value and 

Ignition Hazards of Textile Materials Exposed to 

Thermal Radiation, BUSTER Pro.ject 2.4a. Office of 

the Quartermaster General. Washington, D. C.: 

AFSWP. WT-312. June 1952. 96 Pages. (A05)

AD/A995 133.* 

Fackler, P. H. Interview with Col. Paul H. Fackler, USAF 

(Ret.), Subject: CONUS Tests. McLean, VA. April 

22, 1981.*** 

Fackler, P. H., Lt. Col., USAF. Technical Air Operations. 

Air Force Special Weapons Command. Kirtland AFB, 

NM. : swc. WT-422. January 1952. 87 Pages.*** 

Flynn, A. P. "FCDA Family Shelter Evaluation, BUSTER 

Project 9.la.f' Federal Civil Defense 

Administration. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. 

WT-359. March 1952.*** 

General Electric Company--TEMPO. Compilation of Local 

Fallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962. 

Vol. 1: "Continental US Tests." Washington, D. C.: 

Defense Nuclear Agency. DNA 1251-l(EX.). 1979. 

612 Pages. (A99) AD/A079 309.* 

Gerster, Max. The Special Weapons Center and Atomic 

Testing. Air Force Special Weapons Center. 

Kirtland AFB, 

305 Pages.*** 

NM.: AFSWC. K242.04. January 1957. 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

116 
18. Gilbert, H. K.; Wilson, R. 9. "Operation BUSTER, Final 

Report." Armed Forces Special Weapons Project.

Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-412. July 1952. 

33 Pages.** * 

19. Harlan, W. E. "Aerial Survey of Distant Contaminated 

Terrain, JANGLE Project 2.lC-1." (In: Operation

JANGLE, Gamma Radiation Measurements, WT-370, 

339 pages.) Headquarters, Air Force. Washington,

D. C.: AFSWP. WT-330. June 1952. 27 Pages.

(A15) AD/A078 575.* 

20. Hatlem, J. C., Lt. Col., USAF. Special Weapons Command 

Participation in Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. Air 

Force, Special Weapons Command. Kirtland AFB, NM.: 

swc. 1951. 139 Pages.*** 

21. Headquarters, III Corps. Exercise Desert Rock I. Sixth 

U. S. Army. Fort MacArthur, CA.: HQS III Corps. 

26 June 1952. 125 Pages. (A06) AD/A078 556.* 

22. James, F. E. "Operational Tests of Techniques for 

Accomplishing Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, BUSTER 

Project 6.5, JANGLE Project 6.4." Wright Air 

Development Center. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. 

WT-344. March 1952. 56 Pages. (A04)

AD/A995 164.* 

23. Karstens, E. H. Air Weather Service Participation in 

Operation BUSTER, BUSTER Project 8 2 Air Weather 

Service. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP: WT-342. 

December 1951. 263 Pages. (A12) AD/995 159.* 

24. Kean, W. B., MGEN., USA; Tyler, C. L., Manager, SFOO. 

Memo of Agreement: Agreement Reached between General 

Kean and C. L. Tyler at a Conference Held at Camp 

Desert Rock, Nevada, 16 October 1951. III US Corps 

and AEC. [Camp Desert Rock, NV.: HQS., Camp Desert 

Rock.] 16 October 1951: 2 Pages.** 

25. Lindsten, D. C.; Hansen, C. E. "Effects on Selected Water 

Supply Equipment, BUSTER Project 3.9." Engineer

Research and Development Laboratories. Washington, 

D. C.: AFSWP. WT-314. April 1952. 36 Pages. 

(A03) AD 482 983.* 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

117 
26. Military Liaison Committee. Memorandum for the Chairman, 

Atomic Energy Committee, Subject: Attendance of 

Military Personnel at Atomic Weapons Tests. 

Washington, D. C. MLC 31.4. 16 July 1951. 

2 Pages.**  

27. Miller, H. Thermal Radiation Effects on Paints, Plastics, 

and Coated Fabrics, BUSTER Project 2.4b. Engineer 

Research and Development Laboratories. Washington, 

D. C.: AFSWP. WT-407. July 1952. ii8 Pages.*** 

28. Monahan, T. I. The Effect of Thermal Radiation on 

Materials, BUSTER Project 2.4-2. New York Naval 

Shipyard. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-311. 

1951. 110 Pages. (~06) AD 483 460.* 

29. Nadler, M. R., Capt., USAF. "Report of Radiological 

Safety, Indian Springs AFB, Nevada, Project 

BUSTER/JANGLE." Air Force, Special Weapons Command. 

Kirtland AFB, NM: swc. 5 December 1951. 

52 Pages.*** 

30. Office, Chief of Army Field Forces. [Ltr., OCAFF, 

ATTNG-43, 12 May 1953, Subject: Troop Participation, 

Exercise Desert Rock VI, to: CMDT CTGSC. wo/incl.] 

U. S. Army, OCAFF. Fort Monroe, VA. ATTNG-43 

354(C). 12 May 1953. 5 Pages.** 

31. Office of the Test Director, J-Division. Operation Order 

No. l-51 (BUSTER-JANGLE). Los Alamos, NM.: LASL. 

J-8000. August 1951. 223 Pages.** 

32. Olmst ed, G. B. Detection_ of Airborne Low-Fre tquency Sound 

from th.e Atomic Explosions of Operations BUSTER and 

JANGLE, BUSTER Project 7.6, JANGLE Project 7.3. 

Headquarters, Air Force. Washing-to1n. D. C.: AFSWP. 

WT-322. March 1952. 147 Pages. (A07) 

AD/A995 156.* 

33. Peters, R. E. Effects of an Atomic Detonation on Aircraft 

Structures on the Ground, BUSTER Project 3.8. 

Wright Air Development Center. Washington, D. C.: 

AFSWP. WT-384. January 1952. 101 Pages.*** 

34. Robertson, A. F. "Effects of Geometry on Flash Thermal 

Damage, BUSTER Project 2.3." National Bureau of 

Standards. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-310. 

March 1952. 33 Pages. (A03).* 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

ii8 
35. Sheline, G. E.; et al. "Thermal Effects on Animals 

(Rats), BUSTER Project 4.2a.l' Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. 

WT-316. February 1952. 53 Pages. (AO4)

AD/A995 134.* 

36. Shipman, Thomas, M.D., Rad Safe and Health Director. 

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: Policy and 

Procedure for Rad Safe Organization in Conjunction 

with Operation Desert Rock. AEC, Rad Safe and 

Health Unit. Las Vegas, NV. October 4, 1951. 

2 Pages.** 

37. Shipman, Thomas, M.D. "Radiological Safety, Operation 

BUSTER-JANGLE." Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.

Los Alamos, NM.: LASL. WT-425-EX. October 1979. 

64 Pages. (A04) AD/B951 743.* 

38. Singlevich, W.; Douthett, E. M. "Radiochemical, Chemical 

and Physical Analysis of Atomic Bomb Debris, BUSTER 

Project 7.3, JANGLE Project 7.1." Headquarters, Air 

Force. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-320-EX. 

January 1979. 23 Pages. (A02) AD/A995 009.* 

39. Spence, R. W.; Knight, J. D. "Radiochemical Results, 

BUSTER-JANGLE Project 10.4." Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-413. 

February 1952. 42 Pages.*** 

40. Stanford, L. H. "Effects of Atomic Detonations on Radio 

Propagation, BUSTER Project 6.9." Signal Corps 

Engineering Laboratories. Washington, D. C.: 

AFSWP. WT-319. February 1952. 71 Pages. 

(A04).* 

41. Taylor, L. B. History of the Air Force Atomic Cloud 

Sampling. Vol. 1: "Narrative"; Vol. 2: 

"Appendix." Air Force Special Weapons Center. 

Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 61-142-1. 

January 1963. 330 Pages.*** 

42. Terry, J. H.; Robertson, G. D. "Aerial Survey of Local 

Contaminated Terrain, JANGLE Project 2.lc-2." (In: 

Operation JANGLE, Gamma Radiation Measurements, 

WT-370, 339 pages.) Navy, Bureau of Aeronautics, 

and Wright Air Development Center. Washington, 

D. C.: AFSWP. WT-351. 1951. 59 Pages. 

(A15) AD/A078 575.* 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

119 
43. Terry, J. H.; Robertson, G. D. "Airborne Radiac 

Evaluation, BUSTER Project 6.4." Bureau of 

Aeronautics. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-318. 

May 1952. 32 Pages. (A03) AD/A077 497.* 

44. Thurston, R. D.; Bardeen, T. Minefield Clearance, BUSTER 

Project 3.5. Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-313. 

March 1952. 101 Pages. (A06) AD 374 623.* 

45. Walsh, T. G. The Protective Effects of Field 

Fortifications against Neutron and Gamma Ray Flux, 

BUSTER Project 2 6 Engineer Research and 

Development Laboiaiories. Washington, D. C.: 

AFSWP. WT-383. May 1952. 77 Pages. (AG5)

AD 370 259.* 

46. Warren, Shields, M. D., Director, Div. of Biology and 

Medicine. Memorandum for Carroll Tyler, Manager 

SFOO, Subject: Permissible Levels of Radiation 

Exposure for Test Personnel. AEC. Washington, 

D. C. October 11, 1951. 2 Pages.** 

47. Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company, Inc. 

Exposure Data Master File--BUSTER-JANGLE. Mercury, 

NV. REECo. Report 838-00. February 1981. 

Computer Printout.**** 

48. [Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock.] Report of Test 

Exercises Desert Rock II and III. [Sixth Army.] 

Camp Desert Rock, NV.: HQS. Camp Desert Rock. 

15 December 1951. 274 Pages. (A12) AD/B951 583.* 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests subject,to Privacy Act restrictions. 

120 
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OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

U.S. House of Representatives 

Committee on Interstate & Foreign Connierce 

ATTN: Subcommittee on Health & Envir 

U.S. Military Academy 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

U.S. Senate 

Committee on Armed Services 

ATTN: Committee on Veterans Affairs 

U.S. Senate 

ATTN: Committee on Veterans Affairs 

Veterans Administration-RD 

Providence, RI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Montgomery, AL 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Anchorage, AK 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Phoenix, AZ 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Little Rock, AR 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Los Angeles, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

San Francisco, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Denver, CO 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Hartford, CT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Wilmington, DE 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-OFC Central 

Washington, D. C. 

ATTN: Dept Veterans Benefit, Central OfC 

ATTN: Director 

ATTN: Board of Veteran Appeal 

Veterans Administration-R0 

St. Petersburg, FL 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Atlanta, GA 

ATTN: Director 

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Honolulu, HI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Chicago, IL 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Seattle, WA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Indianapolis, IN 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Des Moines, IA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Wichita, KS 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Louisville, KY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

New Orleans, LA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Togus, ME 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Baltimore, MD 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Boston, MA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

St. Paul. MN 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Jackson, MS 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Huntington, WV 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

St. Louis, MO 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Ft. Harrison, MT 

ATTN: Director 

National Archives 

ATTN: Librn 

123 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Lincoln, NE 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Reno. NV 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Manchester, NH 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Newark, NJ 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Milwaukee, WI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Albuquerque, NM 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Buffalo, NY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

New York, NY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Winston-Salem, NC 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Fargo, ND 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Cleveland, OH 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Muskogee, OK 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RD 

Portland, OR 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Pittsburgh, PA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Philadelphia, PA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

San Francisco, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RD 

San Juan, Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Columbia, SC 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Sioux Falls, SD 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Houston, TX 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Waco, TX 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Salt Lake City, UT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administraiton-RO 

White River Junction, VT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Roanoke, VA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Cheyenne, WY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

San Diego, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Boise, ID 

ATTN: Oirector 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Detroit, MI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Nashville, TN 

ATTN: Director 

The White House 

ATTN: Domestic Policy Staff 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTORS 

Lawrence Livermore National Lab 

ATTN: Tech Info Dept Library 

Los Alamos National Lab 

ATTN: Library 

2 CY ATTN: ADPA MMS 195 

Sandia National Lab 

ATTN: W. Hereford 

ATTN: Central Library 

Reynolds Electrical & Engr Co., Ire 

ATTN: CIC 

ATTN: W. Brady 

124 
OTHER 

Adams State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Akron Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Alabama State Dept of Archives & History 

ATTN: Military Records Div 

University of Alabama 

ATTN: Reference DeptlDocuments 

University of Alaska Library at Anchorage 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Alaska 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Albany Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Alexander City State Jr College 

ATTN: Librn 

Allegheny College 

ATTN: Librn 

Allen County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Altoona Area Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

American Statistics Index 

Congressional Info Service, Inc 

ATTN: Cathy Jarvey 

Anaheim Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

College of Wooster 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

Angelo State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Angelo Iacoboni Public Library 

ATT"!: Librn 

Anoka County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Appalachian State University 

ATTN: Library Dots 

Arizona State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Arizona 

ATTN: Gov Dot Dept/C. Bower 

Arkansas College Library 

ATTN: Library 

Brooklyn College 

ATTN: Dot Eiv 

QTHER (Continued) 

Arkansas Library Comm 

ATTN: Library 

Arkansas State University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Arkansas 

ATTN: Gov Dots Div 

Austin College 

ATTN: Librn 

Atlanta Public Library 

ATTN: Ivan Allen Dept 

Atlanta University 

ATTN: Librn 

Auburn University Library et Mongomery (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

C. W. Post Ctr Long Island University 

ATTN: Librn 

Bangor Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Bates College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Baylor University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Beloit College Libraries 

ATTN: Serials Dots Dept 

Bemidji State College 

ATTN: Library 

State University College 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

Akron University 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

Boston Public Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Bowdoin College 

ATTN: Librn 

Bowling Green State University 

ATTN: Lib Gov Dots Services 

Bradley University 

ATTN: Librn 

Brandeis University Library 

ATTN: Dots Section 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Librn 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Dots Collection 

Brookhaven National Laboratory 

ATTN: Tech Library 

125 
OTHER(Continued1 --- 

Broward County Library Sys 

ATTN: Librn 

Brown University 

ATTN: Librn 

Bucknell University 

ATTN: Reference Dept 

Buffalo & Erie Co Public Library 

.ATTN: Librn 

State University Library of California at Ft-esno 

ATTN: Library 

University Library of California at Los Angeles 

ATTN: Pub Affairs Serv U.S. Dots 

University of California at San Diego 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

State College Library of California at Stanislaus 

ATTN: Library 

California State Polytechnic University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University at Northridge 

ATTN: Gov Dot 

California State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University at Long Beach Library 

ATTIC: Librn 

California State University 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University 

ATTN: Librn 

California University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept 

California University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

California University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

California University Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of California 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Calvin College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kearney State College 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Carleton College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Librn 

Carnegie Mellon University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Carson Regional Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Unit 

Case Western Reserve University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Central Florida 

ATTN: Library Dots Dept 

Central Michigan University 

ATTN: Library Dots Set 

Central Missouri State Univ 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

Central State University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept 

Central Washington University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Set 

Central Wyoming College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Charleston County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Charlotte & Hechlenburg County Public Library 

ATTN: E. Correll 

Chattanooga Hamilton County, Bicentennial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Chesapeake Public Library System 

ATTN: Librn 

Chicago Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

State University of Chicago 

ATTN: Librn 

Chicago University Library 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

ATTN: Dots Processing 

Cincinnati University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Claremont Colleges Libraries 

ATTN: Dot Collection 

Clemson University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

126 
OTHER (Continued] -

Cleveland Public Library 

ATTN: Dots Collection 

Cleveland State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Coe Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Colgate University Library 

ATTN: Ref Lib 

Colorado State University Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Colorado Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Columbia University Library 

ATTN: Dots Svc Ctr 

Columbus & Franklin Cty Public Library 

ATTN: Gen Ret Div 

Compton Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Connecticut State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Gov't of Connecticut 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Cornell University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Corpus Christi State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Culver City Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Curry College Library

ATTN: Librn 

Dallas County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dallas Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dalton Junior College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dartmouth College 

ATTN: Librn 

Davenport Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Davidson College 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Dayton & Montgomery City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Dayton 

ATTN: Librn 

Decatur Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dekalb Community College So Cpus 

ATTN: Librn 

Delaware Pauw University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Delaware 

ATTN: Librn 

Delta College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Delta State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Denison University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Denver Public Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Dept of Library & Archives (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

Detroit Public Library 

ATTN- Librn 

Burlington Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Dickinson State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Alabama Agricultural Mechanical University & Co11 

ATTN: Librn 

Drake University 

ATTN: Cowles Library 

Drew University 

ATTN: Librn 

Duke University 

ATTN: Pub Dots Dept 

Duluth Public Library 

ATTN: Dots SW 

East Carolina University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept 

East Central University 

ATTN: Librn 

East Islip Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

127 
GE(Continued) 

East Orange Public Library 

ATTN: U.S. Gov't Depository 

East Tennessee State University Sherrod Library 

ATTN: Oocs Oept 

East Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

Monmouth County Library Eastern Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Kentucky University 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Michigan University Library 

ATTN: Library 

Eastern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Eastern New Mexico University 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Oregon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Washington University 

ATTN: Librn 

El Paso Public Library 

ATTN: Dots & Geneology Dept 

Elko County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Elmira College 

ATTN: Librn 

Elon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Enoch Pratt Free Library 

ATTN: Dots Oft 

Emory University 

ATT'!: Librn 

Evansville & Vanderburgh Cty Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Everett Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Fairleigh Dickinson University 

ATTN: Depository Dept 

Florida A & M University 

ATTN: Librn 

Florida Atlantic University Library 

ATTN: Div of Pub DocS 

OTHER (Continued) 

Florida Institute of Technology 

ATTN: Library 

Florida International University Library 

ATTN: Oocs Set 

Florida State Library 

ATTN: Oocs Set 

Florida State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Florida 

ATTN: Dots Dent 

Fond DU Lac Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ft Hays State University 

Ft Hays Kansas State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Ft Worth Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Free Public Library of Elizabeth 

ATTN: Librn 

Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Freeport Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Fresno Cty Free Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Gadsden Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Garden Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Gardner Webb College 

ATTN: Dots Library 

Gary Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgetown University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Room 

Georgia Institute of Technology 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgia Southern College 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgia Southwestern College 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Georgia State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

128 
OTHER (Continued) 

University of Georgia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Glassboro State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Gleeson Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Graceland College 

ATTN: Librn 

Grand Forks Public City-County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Grand Rapids Public Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

Greenville County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Guam RFK Memorial University Library 

ATTN: Fed Depository Co11 

University of Guam 

ATTN: Librn 

Gustavus Adolphus College 

ATTN: Librn 

South Dakota University 

ATTN: Librn 

Hardin-Simmons University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hartford Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Serials Ret Div 

University of Hawaii Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11 

Hawaii State Library 

ATTN: Fed Dots Unit 

University of Hawaii at Monoa 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Hawaii 

Hilo Campus Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Haydon Burns Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hennepin County Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

Henry Ford Community College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Herbert H. Lehman College 

ATTN: Lib Dots Div 

Hofstra University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Hollins College 

ATTN: Librn 

Hopkinsville Coninunity College 

ATTN: Librn 

Wagner College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Houston Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Houston Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Tulane University 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Hoyt Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Humboldt State College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Huntington Park Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hutchinson Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho Public Library & Information Center 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Idaho 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Illinois Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Illino;;T;tate Library (Reg) 

: Gov Dots Br 

Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign 

ATTN: P. Watson Dots Lib 

Illinois Valley Community College 

ATTN: Library 

Illinois State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Indiana State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Serial Set 

Indiana State University 

ATTN: Dots Library 

129 
~____ __ OTHER (Continued) 

Indiana University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Indianapolis Marion County Public Library 

ATTN: Social Science Div 

Iowa State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Iowa University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Butler University 

ATTN: Librn 

Isaac Delchdo College 

ATTN: Librn 

James Madison University 

ATTN: Librn 

Jefferson County Public Library 

Lakewood Regional Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Jersey City State College 

ATTN: F. A. Irwin Library Periodicals 

Dot Set 

Johns Hopkins University 

ATTN: Dots Library 

La Roche College 

ATTN: Librn 

Johnson Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kalamazoo Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kansas City Public Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Kansas State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kansas State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Kansas 

ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg) 

University of Texas 

ATTN: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public 

Affairs Library 

Maine Maritime Academy 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Maine 

ATTN: Librn 

DTHER (Continued) 

Kent State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Kentucky Dept of Library & Archives 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Kentucky 

ATTN: tiov Pub Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg) 

Kenyon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lake Forest College 

ATTN: Librn 

Lake Sumter Community College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lakeland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lancaster Regional Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lawrence University 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Dots & Map Set 

Library and Statutory Dist & Svc 

2 cy ATTN: Librn 

Earlham College 

ATTN: Librn 

Little Rock Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Long Beach Ptiblic Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Los Angeles Public Library 

ATTN: Serials Div U.S. Dots 

Louisiana State University 

ATTN: Gov Dot Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Louisville Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Louisville University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hoover Institution 

ATTN: J. Bingham 

130 
OTHER (Continued) 

Manchester City Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Mankato State College 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

University of Maine at Farmington 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Marathon County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Principia College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: McKeldin Library Dots Div 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Massachusetts 

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11 

Maui Public Library 

Kahului Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

McNeese State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library E 

Information Center 

ATTN: Librn 

Memphis State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Mercer University 

ATTN: Librn 

Mesa County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Miami Dade Community College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Miami Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

Miami Public Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Miami University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Santa Clara 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Michigan State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Michig;.aTitate University Library 

: Librn 

Murray State Univers ity Library 

ATTN: Lib 

DTHER (Continued1 

Michigan Tech University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept 

University of Michigan 

ATTN: Acq Set Dots Unit 

Middlebury College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Millersville State College 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

Milwaukee Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Minneapolis Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Minnesota 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Minot State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Mississippi State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Mississippi 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Missouri University at Kansas City General 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Missouri Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

M.I.T. Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Mobile Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Info Div 

Midwestern Vniversity 

ATTN: Librn 

Montana State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Montana State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Montana 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Montebello Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Moorhead State College 

ATTN: Library 

Mt Prospect Public Library 

ATTN: Gov't Info Ctr 

131 
OTHER (Continued) 

Nassau Library System 

ATTN: Librn 

Natrona County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Nebraska Library Community 

Nebraska Public Clearinghouse 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Nebraska at Omaha 

ATTN: Univ Lib Oocs 

Nebraska Western College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Nebraska 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Nebraska Library 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

University of Nevada Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

University of Nevada at Las Vegas 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

New Hampshire University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New Hanover County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New Mexico State Library 

ATTN: I.ibrn 

New Mexico State University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Div 

University of New Mexico 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of New Orleans Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Div 

New Orleans Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New York Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New York State Library 

ATTN: Dots Control Cultural Ed Ctr 

State University of New York at Stony Brook 

ATTN: Main Lib Dots Set 

State University of New York Co1 Memorial Lib 

at Cortland 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Lib Dots Set 

North Texas State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

_4% (Continued) 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Librn 

New York State University 

ATTN: Dots Ctr 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Dots Oept 

New York University Library 

ATTN: Oocs Dept 

Newark Free Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Newark Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Niagara Falls Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Nicholls State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Norfolk Public Library 

ATTN: R. Parker 

North Carolina Agricultural & Tech State 

University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Charlotte 

ATTN: Atkins Lib Dot Dept 

University Library of North Carolina at Greensboro 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Wilmington 

ATTN: Librn 

North Carolina Central University 

ATTN: Librn 

North Carolina State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina 

ATTU: BA SS Div Dots 

North Dakota State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

University of rlorth Dakota 

ATT!!: Librn 

North Ceornia College 

ATTN: Librn 

Minnesota Div cf Emergency svcs 

ATTN: Librn 

132 
OTHER (Continued) 

Northeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern Oklahoma State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern University 

ATTN: Dodge Library 

Northern Arizona University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Northern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northern Michigan University 

ATTN: Oocs 

Norther-n Montana College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern Michigan College 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Norwalk Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Notre Dame 

ATTN: Dot Ctr 

Oakland Community College 

ATTN: Librn 

Oakland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Oberlin College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ocean County College 

ATTN: Librn 

Ohio State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ohio State University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Div 

Ohio University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Oklahoma City University Library 

GTTN: Librn 

Oklahoma City University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Oklahoma Department of Libraries 

ATTN: U.S. Gov Dots 

University of Oklahoma 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Old Dominion University 

ATTN: Dot Dept Univ Lib 

Olivet College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Omaha Public Library Clark Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

Dnondaga County Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Set 

Oregon State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Oregon 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Ouachita Baptist University 

ATTN: Librn 

Pan American University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Passaic Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Queens College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Pennsylvania State Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Set 

Pennsylvania State University 

ATTN: Lib Dot Set 

University of Pennsylvania 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Denver 

ATTN: Penrose Library 

Peoria Public Library 

ATTN: Business, Science & Tech Dept 

Free Library of Philadelphia 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Philipsburg Free Public Library 

ATTN: Library 

Phoenix Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Dots Office, GB 

Plainfield Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

133 
OTHER (Continued) 

Popular Creek Public Library District 

ATTN: Librn 

Association of Portland Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Portland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Portland State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Pratt Institute Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Louisiana Tech University 

ATTN: Librn 

Princeton University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Providence College 

ATTN: Librn 

Providence Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library Cincinnati & Hamilton County 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Dot & Maps Room 

Purdue University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Quinebaug Valley Community College 

ATTN: Librn 

Auburn University 

ATTN: Microforms & Dots Dept 

Rapid City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Reading Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Reed College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Augusta College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Rhode Island Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Oft 

University cf Rhode Island 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Rice University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Louisiana College 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Richland County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Riverside Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Rochester Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Rutgers Camden Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of Rutgers 

ATTN: Librn 

Rutgers University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Rutgers University Law Library 

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept 

Salem College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Samford University 

ATTN: Librn 

San Antonio Public Library 

ATTN: Bus Science & Tech Dept 

San Giego County Library 

ATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions 

San Diego Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

San Diego State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

San Francisco Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

San Francisco State College 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Co11 

San Jose State College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

San Luis Obispo City-County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Savannah Public & Effingham Liberty Regional 

Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Scottsbluff Public Librarv 

ATTN: Librn 

Scranton Public Librarv 

ATTN: Librn 

Seattle Public Librarv 

ATTN: Ref Dots Asst 

134 
OTHERContinued 

Selby Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Shawnee Library System 

ATTN: Librn 

Shreve Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Silas Bronson Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Sioux City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Skidmore College 

ATTN: Librn 

Slippery Rock State College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

South Carolina State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Librn 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

South Dakota School of Mines & Technical Library 

ATTN: Librn 

South Dakota State Library 

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept 

University of South Dakota 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

South Florida University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Southeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Southern Alabama 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern California University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Southern Connecticut State College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Dots Ctr 

Southern Methodist University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Southern Mississippi 

ATTN: Library 

OTHER (Continued) 

Southern Oregon College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern University in New Orleans Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Utah State College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Southwest Missouri State College 

ATTN: Library 

University of Southwestern Louisiana Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Southwestern University 

ATTN: Librn 

Spokane Public Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

Springfield City Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

St Bonaventure University 

ATTN: Librn 

St Joseph Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

St Lawrence University 

ATTN. Librn 

St Louis Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

St Paul Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Stanford University Library 

ATTN, Gov Dots Dept 

State Historical Sot Library 

ATTN: Dots Serials Set 

State Library of Massachusetts 

ATTN. Librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Librn 

Stetson University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Steubenville 

ATTN: Librn 

Stockton & San Joaquin Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Stockton State College Library 

ATTN. Librn 

135 
GTHER (ContinuedA 

Superior Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Swarthmore College Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

Syracuse University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Tacoma Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hillsborough County Public Library at Tampa 

ATTN': Librn 

Temple University 

ATTN: Librn 

Tennessee Technological University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Tennessee 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

College of Idaho 

ATTN: Librn 

Texas A & M University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Texas at Arlington 

ATTN: Library Dots 

University of Texas at San Antonio 

ATTN: Library 

Texas Christian University 

ATTN: Librn 

Texas State Library 

ATTN: U.S. DOCS Set 

Texas Tech University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Texas University at Austin 

ATTN: Dots Call 

University of Toledo Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Toledo Public Library 

ATTN: Social Science Dept 

Torrance Civic Center Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Traverse City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Trenton Tree Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Trinity College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Trinity University Library 

ATTN: DOCS co11 

OTHER (Continued) 

Tufts University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Tulsa 

ATTN: Librn 

UCLA Research Library 

ATTN: Pub Affairs Svc/U.S. Dots 

Uniformed Services University of the Health 

Sciences 

ATTN: LRC Library 

University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

University of Maine at Oreno 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Northern Iowa 

ATTN: Library 

Upper Iowa College 

ATTN: Dots Co11 

Utah State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Special Collections 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

ATTN: Dept of Pharmacology 

University of Richmond 

ATTN: Library 

Valencia Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wanderbilt University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Set 

University of Vermont 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Virginia Commonwealth University 

ATTN: Librn 

Virginia Military Institute 

ATTN: Librn 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Virginia State Library 

ATTN: Serials Set 

University of Virginia 

ATTN: Pub Dots 

Volusia County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

136 
OTHER (Continued) 

Washington State Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Washington State University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Set 

Washington University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

University of Washington 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Wayne State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wayne State University Law Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Weber State College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wesleyan University 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

West Chester State College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

West Covina Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of West Florida 

ATT:]: Librn 

West Hills Cormnunity College 

ATTN: Library 

West Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

West Virginia College of Grad Studies Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of West Virginia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Westerly Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Carolina University 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Illinois University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Washington University 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Wyoming Comnunity College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Westmoreland City Community College 

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr 

GTHER (Continued) 

Whitman College 

ATTN: Librn 

Wichita State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

William & Mary College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Emporia Kansas State College 

ATTN: Gov Dots Div 

William College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wlllimantic Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Winthrop College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Wisconsin at Whitewater 

ATTN: Gov Dots Lib 

University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee 

ATTN: Lib Dots 

University of Wisconsin at Dshkosh 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Wisconsin at Platteville 

ATTN: Dot Unit Lib 

University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

Worcester Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wright State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Librn 

Wyoming State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Wyoming 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Yale University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Yeshiva University 

ATTN: Librn 

Yuma City County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Simon Schwab Mem Lib, Columbus Co1 

ATTN: Librn 

137 
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRA'CTORS (Continued) 

Ad,Janced Research & Applications Corp Kaman Tempo 

ATTN: H. Lee ATTN: C. Jones 

JkvCOR National Academy of Sciences 

ATTN: A. Nelson ATTN: C. Robinette 

10 cy ATTN: Health & Environment Div ATTN: Med Follow-up Agency 

ATTN: Nat Mat Advisory Bd 

Kaluan Tempo 

ATTN: DASIAC Pacific-Sierra Research Corp 

ATTN: E. Martin ATTN: H. Erode, Chairman SAGE 

tiaman Telupo Science Applications, Inc 

ATTN: R. Mil'ler ATTN: Tech Lib 

Science Applications, Inc R & D Associates 

JKB Associates Div ATTN: P. Haas 

10 cy ATTN: L. Novotney 

138