DNA 6015F 

SHOT 

BADGER 

A Test of the 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series 

18 APRIL 1953 

United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests 

Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

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REPORTDOCUMENTATIONPAGE 

I. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO 

DNA 6015F 

L. TITLE (and Subtitle) 

SHOT BADGER 

A Test of the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series 

18 April 1953 

1. AUTHOR(a) 

Jeannie Massie, Carl Maag, Stephen Rohrer, 

Robert Shepanek 

3. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 

JRB Associates 

8400 Westpark Drive 

McLean. Virginia 22102 

I I. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 

Director 

Defense Nuclear Agency 

Washington. D.C. 70305 

14. uDNltORlNG AGENCY NAME 6 ADDRESS(If diftorrrt from Contwllin~ Oftice) 

16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thte Report) 

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 

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5 TYPE OF REPORT 6 PERIOD COVERED 

Technical Report 

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JRB 2-816-03-423-00 

8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(m) 

DNA 001-79-C-0473 

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12. REPORT DATE 

12 January 1982 

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16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

For sale by National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 

This work was sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under RDT&E RMSS Code 

B350079464 U99QAXMK50608 H2590D. 

,g KEY WORDS (Canthue on ,.ver.e anda If n.c...uy md tdenttfy bu block n-t-r) 

BADGER Nevada Proving Ground 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 2d Marine Corps Provisional 

Ionizing Radiation Atomic Exercise Brigade 

Exercise Desert Rock 

Joint Test Organization 

20. ABSTRACT w mfW-&H_ d tdmtffr by block nunbrr) 

This report describes the activities of DOD personnel in Shot BADGER, the sixth 

nuclear test in the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE atmospheric nuclear weapons testing series. 

The test, conducted on 18 April 1953, involved military personnel in Exercise 

Desert Rock V, AFSWP, AFSWC, and AEC test activities. The largest activity was 

the 2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade maneuver involving 

2,167 Marines. 

Do ,‘,“,“x 1473 EDlTlON OF I WOW 6S tS 08SOLETE 

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SECURITY CLISSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (m Data Entered) 
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18. SUPPLMENTARY NOTES (continued) 

The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Lt. Cal. H. L. Reese, USAF, under whom 

this work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research and editing contribution 

of numerous reviewers in the Military Services and other organizations in 

addition to those listed in block 7. 
PREFACE 

Between 1945 and 1962, the U.S. Government, through the 

Manhattan Engineer District and its successor agency, the Atomic 

Energy Commission (AEC), conducted 235 atmospheric nuclear 

weapons tests at sites in the southwestern United States and in 

the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 

Department of Defense (DOD) participants, both military and 

civilian, were present at the tests. Of these, approximately 

90,000 were present at the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 

conducted at the Nevada Proving Ground (NPG),* northwest of Las 

Vegas, Nevada. 

In 1977, 15 years 

the Center for Disease 

among a small group of 

of Operation PLUMBBOB, 

after the last above-ground weapons test, 

Control+ noted a possible leukemia cluster 

soldiers present at Shot SMOKY, one test 

the series of atmospheric nuclear weapons 

tests conducted in 1957. Since the initial report by the Center 

for Disease Control, the Veterans Administration has received a 

number of claims for medical benefits from former military 

personnel who believe their health may have been affected by 

their participation in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. 

In late 1977, DOD began a study to provide data to both the 

Center for Disease Control and the Veterans Administration on 

potential exposures to ionizing radiation among its military and 

civilian personnel who participated in the atmospheric nuclear 

weapons tests. DOD organized an effort to: 

0 Identify DOD personnel who had taken part in 

the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 

*Renamed the Nevada Test Site in 1955. 

+The Center for Disease Control is part of the U.S. Department of 

Health, Education, and Welfare (now the U.S. Department of 

Health and Human Services). 
l Determine the extent of the participants' 

exposure to ionizing radiation 

0 Provide public disclosure of information 

concerning participation by DOD personnel in 

the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. 

This report on Shot BADGER is based on the military and technical 

documents associated with the atmospheric nuclear weapons test 

event. 

METHODS AND SOURCES USED TO PREPARE THIS VOLUME 

Many of the documents pertaining specifically to DOD 

involvement during Shot BADGER, the sixth event of the UPSHOTKNOTHOLE Series, were found in the Defense Nuclear Agency 

Technical Library, the National Federal Archives Record Center, 

the Department of Energy Nevada Operations Office, the Los Alamos 

National Laboratory,* and the Modern Military Branch of the 

National Archives. 

In most cases, the surviving historical documentation of 

activities conducted at Shot BADGER addresses test specifications 

and technical information, rather than personnel data. The 

available historical documentation sometimes has inconsistencies 

in vital facts. Efforts have been made to resolve the 

inconsistencies wherever possible, or otherwise to bring them to 

the attention of the reader. 

For several of the Exercise Desert Rock and test organization projects discussed in this volume, the only documents 

available are the Sixth Army Desert Rock operation orders and the 

Test Director's Schedule of Events from "Operation Order l-53." 

These sources detail the plans developed bv DOD and AEC personnel 

prior to the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series. It is not known if all of 

*Formerly Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) 

2 
the projects addressed in these planning documents were conducted 

exactly as planned. Although some of the after-action documents, 

such as the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project weapons test 

reports, summarize the projects performed during the UPSHOTKNOTHOLE Series, they do not always supply shot-specific 

information. In the absence of shot-specific after-action 

reports, projects are described according to the way they were 

planned. The references indicate whether the description of 

activities is based on the schedule of events, operation orders, 

or after-action reports. 

To facilitate use of references, this volume uses weapons 

test report titles for each project. All yield information 

presented in this report is taken from the Department of Energy, 

Announced United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 through 1979 

(NVO-209). Other data on the test, concerning fallout patterns, 

meteorological conditions, and cloud dimensions, are taken from 

DNA 1251-1, Compilation of Local Fallout Data from Test 

Detonations 1945-1962, volume 1, except in instances where more 

specific information is available elsewhere. 

ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT OF UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE SERIES REPORTS 

This volume details participation by DOD personnel in Shot 

BADGER, the sixth detonation of the Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

atmospheric nuclear weapons testing series. Four other publications address DOD activities during the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series: 

0 Series Volume: Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons 

Tests, 1953 

0 Shot Volume: Shots ANNIE to RAY, the First 

Five UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Tests 

0 Shot Volume: Shot SIMON 

0 Shot Volume: Shots ENCORE to CLIMAX, the 

Final Four UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Tests. 

3 
The volumes addressing the test events of Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE have been designed to complement one another. The 

series volume describes those dimensions of Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE that apply to the series as a whole, such as historical 

background, organizational relationships, and radiological safety 

procedures. In addition, that volume discusses the overall 

objectives of the operation, describes the geographic layout of 

the NPG, and contains a bibliography of works consulted in the 

preparation of all five Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE reports. 

The single-shot volumes describe DOD participation in Shots 

BADGER and SIMON, and each multi-shot volume combines shotspecific descriptions for the other nuclear events of the UPSHOTKNOTHOLE Series. The shot and multi-shot volumes list only the 

sources referenced in each text. Descriptions of activities 

concerning any particular shot in the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series, 

whether the shot is addressed in a single-shot volume or in a 

multi-shot volume, should be supplemented by the general 

organizational and radiological safety information contained in 

the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series volume. 

This volume is divided into four chapters: an introduction, 

two chapters on DOD activities, and a final chapter on radiation 

protection. It examines the activities of DOD personnel before, 

during, and after the BADGER event, focusing on their movements 

relative to the radiological environment. The procedures 

designed to ensure personnel safety, including exposure records 

indicating the effectiveness of those procedures, are included in 

chapter 4 whenever that information is available. 

The information in this report is supplemented by the Reference Manual: Background Materials for the CONUS Volumes. The 

Reference Manual summarizes the basics of radiation physics, radiation health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement techniques, as well as listing acronyms and terms used in the reports 

documenting nuclear test events in the continental United States. 

4 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PAGE 

PREFACE. . . . . . . . . . . e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. ........... 

LIST OF TABLES ............... 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . . . . . 

SHOT SYNOPSIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

CHAPTEH 

1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 

1.1 Department of Defense Participation ........ 12 

1.2 Radiation Protection Procedures. . . ........ 15 

2 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V OPERATIONS AT SHOT BADGER. . . . . 17 

........ 6 

........ 7 

........ 

........ 

2.1 Camp Desert Rock Personnel ............. 

2.2 Orientation and Indoctrination ........... 

2.3 Volunteer Officer Observers. ............ 

2.4 Marine Maneuvers .................. 

2.5 Operational Helicopter Test Program. ........ 

2.6 Damage Effects Evaluation. ............. 

3 TEST 

3.1 

3.2 

3.3 

3.4 

ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT BADGER ....... 

Military Effects Group Projects. .......... 39 

Weapons Development Group Pro.jects ......... 51 

Civil Effects Group Pro,jects ............ 53 

Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities. .... 55 

17 

18 

%! 

32 

35 

39 

3.4.1 Cloud Sampling. ............... 55 

3.4.2 Sample Courier Missions ........... 58 

3.4.3 Cloud Tracking. ............... 58 

3.4.4 Aerial Surveys. ............... 59 

4 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT BADGER . . . . . . . . . . . 

4.1 Desert Rock Radiation Protection Procedures . . . . 

4.1.1 Radiation Protection for Troop Maneuvers. . . 

4.1.2 Kadiation Protection for Volunteer 

Observers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4.1.3 Radiation Protection for the Operational 

Helicopter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

8 

9 

60 

61 

61 

64 

65 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

CHAPTER 

4.1.4 Radiation Protection 

(Continued) 

for Observers in 

Orientation and Indoctrination. . . . . . . . 65 

4.2 Results of the AEC-DOD Joint Test Organization 

Radiation Protection Activities. . . . . . . . . . . 

4.2.1 Onsite Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4.2.2 Offsite Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4.2.3 Air Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4.3 Radiological Safetv for AFSWC Units Based 

at Kirtland AFB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

66 

66 

68 

71 

REFERENCE LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

71 

73 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

Figure Page 

l-l 

2-l 

2-2 

2-3 

2-4 

2-5 Operational Helicopter Test Project at Shot BADGER . . . 

4-l Initial Survey for Shot BADGER, 18 April 1953, 

0730Hours....................... 

4-2 

4-3 

Location of Shot BADGER in the Nevada 

Proving Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Marines Move through Display Area during 

BADGER Rehearsal, 16 April 1953. . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Position of Exercise Desert Rock Participants at 

Shot-time, Shot BADGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Marine Corps Troops at 16 April 1953 Rehearsal 

for the BADGER Detonation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

E Company Being Airlifted to Its Objective after the 

BADGER Detonation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Resurvey for Shot BADGER, 19 April 1953, 

0630Hours....................... 

Resurvey for Shot BADGER, 20 April 1953, 

0730Hours....................... 

11 

26 

27 

29 

31 

33 

67 

69 

70 

6 
LIST OF TABLES 

Table Page 

2-l Exercise Desert Rock V Activities at Shot BADGER . . . . 17 

3-l AFSWP Field Command Military Effects Group 

Projects, Shot BADGER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 

3-2 Weapons Development Group Proejects and Civil Effects 

Group Projects with DOD Personnel Involvement, 

Shot BADGER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 

3-3 AFSWC Air Mission Support, Shot BADGER . . . . . . . . . 56 

7 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 

The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in this volume: 

AEC 

AFB 

AFSWC 

AFSWP 

BJY 

DOD 

EGRrG 

FCDA 

IBDA 

JTO 

LASL 

NPG 

R/h 

SAC 

UTM 

2d MCPAEB 

Atomic Energy Commission 

Air Force Base 

Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project 

BUSTER-JANGLE Y 

Department of Defense 

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Incorporated 

Federal Civil Defense Administration 

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment 

Joint Test Organization 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

Nevada Proving Ground 

Roentgen per hour 

Strategic Air Command 

Universal Transverse Mercator 

2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise 

Brigade 

8 
BADGER 

SHOT SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock V 

DATE/TIME: 18 April 1953, 0435 hours 

YIELD: 23 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 300 feet (tower shot) 

AEC Objective: To investigate the possibility of increasing 

yield of a standard fission-type weapon by 

varying the composition; to evaluate blast, 

thermal, and radiation phenomena produced by 

this device. 

DOD Objective: To evaluate troop maneuvers, military equipment, 

and tactics. 

Weather: At shot-time, recorded temperature at ground 

zero was 7.7' C. The relative humidity was 40 

percent, and the air pressure was 862 millibars. 

Surface winds were from the north at nine knots. 

At 10,000 feet, the winds were 17 knots from the 

west; at 40,000 feet, the winds were 68 knots 

from the northwest. 

Radiation Data: Onsite fallout occurred mostly to the southeast 

of ground zero. During the initial survey, 

which was completed at 0730 hours, radiation 

intensities greater than 0.1 R/h were measured 

within three kilometers north, east, and west of 

ground zero. 

Participants: 2d Marine Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade, 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Los Alamos 

Scientific Laboratory, Federal Civil Defense 

Administration, Air Force Special Weapons 

Center, University of California Radiation 

Laboratory, contractors. 
CHAPTER 1 

INTRODUCTION 

Shot BADGER was conducted at 0435 hours Pacific Standard 

Time on 18 April 1953 at the Nevada Proving Ground, the Atomic 

Energy Commission continental nuclear test site located northwest 

of Las Vegas. BADGER was the sixth nuclear test of Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, a series of 11 atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 

performed at the NPG from 17 March through 4 June 1953. The 

detonation was originally scheduled for 11 April, but residual 

radioactivitv from the second shot of the series, NANCY, delayed 

preparations. To ensure careful preparation and the success of 

the shot, the dates for Shots BADGER and RAY were reversed (10; 

20).* 

The BADGER device was fired on a 300-foot steel tower in 

Area 2 of Yucca Flat, UTM coordinates 784104.+ Figure l-l shows 

the location of the detonation in relation to the other ten 

detonations of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. Although the BADGER 

device was expected to vield 40 kilotons of energy, its yield was 

onlv 23 kilotons. Nevertheless, the blast illuminated Las Vegas 

like davlight and was evident 500 kilometers** to the southwest 

in Los Angeles (20). 

* All sources cited in the text are listed alphabetically and 

numbered in the Reference List, appended to this volume. The 

number in the text is the number of the source document in the 

Reference List. 

+ Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in 

this report. The first three digits refer to a point on an 

east-west axis, and the second three refer to a point on a 

north-south axis. The point so designated is the southwest 

corner of an area 100 meters square. 

**Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metric 

units. The metric conversion factors include: 1 meter = 3.28 

feet; 1 meter = 1.09 yards; and 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles. 

10 
BADGER - 

RAY - 

NANCY - 

SIMON - 

0 I0 

KIlometers 

-----k-m 

12 

k.-.-__- 

- 

I t4_ - - B 

‘a * 

I 

I1 Yucc 

I_.___--- 

News NC rb 

x) 

I 

---- 

1 

I 

/- --..-_-.- I 

I 10 I 

-- --i 

--- TL 

(g+ 

Lz!YT---?j 

:a Flat I 

31 ------A 

\ 

)- 

. 

I 

@ Ground Zero 

Frenchman 

Lake 

-CLIMAX 

- DIXIE 

- RUTH 

-ANNIE 

-HARRY 

ENCORE 

GRABLE 

Camp Mercury 

North 

Figure l-l: LOCATION OF SHOT BADGER IN THE NEVADA PROVING GROUND 

11 
The top of the cloud formed by Shot BADGEH rose to an 

altitude of 36,000 feet and the bottom reached 23,000 feet.* 

Winds blew the BADGER cloud to the southeast. Onsite fallout was 

in Areas 2, 3, and 7. The main access road was contaminated, 

causing delavs in various projects. Within the Desert Rock area, 

significant fallout occurred in the southeastern portion of the 

equipment displays, as well as near ground zero (20). 

The BADGER device was designed and built for the Atomic 

Energv Commission by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, one of 

two AEC nuclear weapons development laboratories. The primary 

objective of the event was to investigate the possibility of 

increasing the yield of a standard fission-type weapon bv varying 

the composition of the device. Other important objectives 

included evaluating the blast, thermal, and radiation phenomena 

produced bv this nuclear detonation and conducting a simulated 

air and amphibious assault under nuclear battlefield conditions 

(10; 24). 

1.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION 

Department of Defense personnel took part in three types of 

activitv at Shot BADGER, as at other shots in the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

'Series: scientific experiments, military technical and training 

projects, and support services. The Weapons Development Group, 

the Military Effects Group, and the Civil Effects Group conducted 

the scientific experiments. Various armed services personnel on 

temporarv assignment from stations throughout the country conducted the military technical and training projects, known as 

Exercise Desert Rock V. Camp Desert Rock troops, elements of the 

Joint Test Organization (JTO), and Air Force Special Weapons 

Center (AFSWC) personnel provided support services. 

*Altitudes are measured from mean sea level, while heights are 

measured from the ground. All vertical distances are given in 

feet. 

12 
In the area of scientific experimentation, the two AEC 

weapons development laboratories, the Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory and the University of California Radiation Laboratorv, 

teamed up to form the Weapons Development Group. This test group 

studied the characteristics of the various UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

detonations in an effort to develop more sophisticated nuclear 

weapons. At Shot BADGER, the Weapons Development Group conducted 

18 experiments to study the effects of the detonation. DOD 

personnel assisted in five of these experiments. The Militarv 

Effects Group, sponsored bv Field Command, Armed Forces Special 

Weapons Project (AFSWP), conducted military effects experiments 

during Shot BADGER. DOD personnel conducted 19 experiments to 

determine specific applications of the nuclear devices against a 

variety of targets (15). The Federal Civil Defense 

Administration (FCDA) also conducted experiments at the shot. 

The FCDA Civil Effects Group conducted six experiments that dealt 

with civil defense shelter durability and the effects of 

radiation on living organisms and drugs. DOD personnel assisted 

in two of these experiments. Participants in test group pro;jects 

generallv fielded data-collection instruments at various 

distances around ground zero in the davs and weeks preceding the 

scheduled detonation. They returned and recovered the equipment 

some time after the detonation, when the Test Director had 

determined that the radiological environment in the test area 

would permit limited access. 

Exercise Desert Rock V technical and training projects at 

Shot BADGER included orientation, a volunteer officer observer 

program, damage effects tests, operational helicopter tests, and 

a large Marine Corps maneuver. Exercise Desert Rock V programs 

generally accounted for the largest numbers of DOD participants 

during UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE tests, and Shot BADGER was no exception. 

In contrast to the various scientific experiments, which probably 

involved no more than 500 DOD personnel, the number of Exercise 

Desert Rock V participants is estimated at about 2,800 personnel. 

13 
Most of these individuals participated in BADGER only, unlike 

members of the test groups, who may have been active at the test 

site throughout Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. 

A variety of support services were required by Desert Rock 

and test group personnel, as well as by the Test Manager, who was 

responsible for the execution of the tests. Approximately 2,000 

soldiers from various Army units maintained and operated Camp 

Desert Rock, an installation of the U.S. Sixth Army. These 

personnel administered Exercise Desert Rock V activities and 

performed various services. Support troops worked in the forward 

areas of the NPG to construct observer trenches, lay communication lines, provide transportation and securitv, and assist in 

other preparations for Desert Rock activities. Soldiers of the 

50th Chemical Service Platoon served as radiological safetv 

monitors for Exercise Desert Rock participants during the nuclear 

tests (2X). 

JTO support elements included AEC construction contractors 

and radiological safety personnel. The construction contractors 

assisted test group personnel in building structures used in the 

projects. The radiological safety unit conducted an initial 

radiological survey of the project instrumentation areas immediatelv after the detonation, briefed personnel on radiological 

conditions, issued access permits to recovery personnel, established checkpoints for personnel entering the areas, provided 

extra monitors to recoverv parties, and monitored and, if 

necessary, decontaminated personnel and vehicles as they left the 

forward area. 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory personnel were available to 

provide documentary photographv for various pro.jects. 

The Air Force Special Weapons Center also performed a number 

of support tasks. Based at Kirtland Air Force Base (AFB) in 

14 
Albuquerque, New Mexico, AFSWC personnel performed cloud-sampling 

missions for two test group projects, as well as aerial survevs 

and cloud-tracking missions for the Test Manager. 

At Shot BADGER, as at all shots in Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, the Joint Test Organization coordinated all activities. 

Consisting of personnel from the AEC, DOD, and FCDA, the JTO was 

administered by the Test Manager, assisted by a Test Director. 

The series volume contains a detailed description of their duties 

and the functions of the JTO. 

1.2 RADIATION PROTECTION PROCEDURES 

In carrying out their tasks, DOD participants followed the 

radiation protection procedures established to minimize exposure 

to ionizing radiation while still allowing participants to 

accomplish their missions. 

The AEC Division of Biology and Medicine established exposure 

limits for JTO participants. Test Group participants were to 

receive no more than 3.9 roentgens of radiation exposure per 

13-week period, or for the entire operation. To help implement 

this criterion, radiological safety personnel controlled access to 

contaminated areas. In addition, radiological safety monitors 

accompanied pro;iect personnel recovering test instruments from 

highly radioactive areas. The monitors kept the participants 

informed of the radiological environment in the recovery area. 

The 9778th Radiological Safety Support Unit issued film badges for 

project personnel to wear at all times in the test area. These 

film badges were collected, developed, and evaluated at regular 

intervals, and any individual whose accumulated dose exceeded the 

established limits was barred from further participation in project activities in the forward area. Although evacuation was not 

required during UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, emergency evacuation procedures 

were prepared for all test events (13). 

15 
The radiation protection procedures authorized for AFSWC by 

the Test Manager included the same exposure limit of 3.9 

roentgens of gamma radiation for air and ground crews as that 

established for the test group personnel. Complete decontamination, including showers and exchanges of clothing, was required 

of all aircrew members following each project mission, regardless 

of the exposure received on the flight. Aircraft were either 

decontaminated bv washing or were isolated until radiation 

intensities decayed to predetermined levels. 

Radiation protection procedures for Exercise Desert Rock V 

participants, like those of the test groups and AFSWC, were 

designed to minimize potential exposure to ionizing radiation. 

Camp Desert Rock personnel and exercise participants, with the 

exception of the 12 volunteer officer observers, were limited to 

no more than 6.0 roentgens of whole-bodv gamma radiation during 

any six-month period. The volunteer officer observers were limited to 10.0 roentgens per test, with no more than 25 roentgens 

for the series. With the approval of the AX, the Office, Chief 

of Army Field Forces, established these limits (13; 27). 

16 
CHAPTER 2 

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V OPERATIONS AT SHOT BADGER 

Department of Defense personnel participated in five 

Exercise Desert Rock V programs at Shot BADGER. In all, about 

2,800 individuals took part in the Desert Rock exercises at 

BADGER. Approximately three-fourths of these participated in a 

single project, the maneuvers of the 2d Marine Corps Provisional 

Atomic Exercise Brigade (2d MCPAEB). Table 2-1 lists the Desert 

Rock programs and includes the estimated number of DOD participants in each program. 

Table 2-l: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V ACTIVITIES AT SHOT BADGER 

Program 

Volunteer Officer Observers 

Troop Orientation and lndoctrinatlon 

Tactlcal Troop Maneuvers 

Damage Effects Evaluation 

Operational Helicopter Tests 

‘Unknown 

Participating Service 

Army 

Marine Corps 

Army 

Navy 

Manne Corps 

Air Force 

Marine Corps 

Army 

Marines 

Marine Corps 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

6 

6 

260 

122 

106 

101 

2,167 

* 

* 

11 

2.1 CAMP DESERT ROCK PERSONNEL 

Camp Desert Rock personnel played an active role at Shot 

BADGER by providing support services for the exercise troops. 

17 
The Control Group accompanied Desert Rock personnel, with the 

exception of Marines, into the shot area to ensure that all 

personnel remained together and followed safetv and tactical 

instructions. This group comprised officers and enlisted men 

from the Operations Section (G-3) and included the Instructor 

Group, the Radiological Safety Section, and the Aviation Section 

(27). In addition, the following units were represented at 

BADGER: 

0 Company C, 505th Military Police Battalion, 

provided direction and control of military 

vehicles. 

l The 505th Signal Service Group (Composite 

Company) operated the public address system 

in the trench and parking areas and the mobile 

system, composed of two jeeps outfitted with 

speakers. They also were responsible for the 

radio system used by the radiological safety 

monitors and Control Group. 

0 The 37lst Evacuation Hospital (-) established 

an aid station in Parking Area B (UTM coordinates 755031) before the shot. After the shot, 

they relocated forward to the vicinity of the 

Command Post. They also provided an aid team 

for the observers. 

0 The 26th Transportation Truck Battalion (-) 

transported exercise troops from Camp Desert 

Rock to the forward area and back to Camp 

Desert Rock. 

0 The 50th Chemical Service Platoon was 

responsible for all radiological safety 

operations. 

0 The 412th Engineer Construction Battalion 

constructed the display area, a wedge-shaped sector 

ranging about 460 meters to 3,200 meters from ground 

zero (27). 

2.2 ORIENTATION AND INDOCTRINATION 

The military observers who witnessed BADGER included 260 

from the Army, 122 from the Navy, 106 from the Marine Corps, and 

18 
101 from the Air Force. Sixty of the Army observers had 

witnessed a previous nuclear detonation (10; 18; 27). 

The observers participated in the 16 April field rehearsal, 

which included all Desert Rock participants. An officer of the 

Instructor Group from Camp Desert Rock conducted a preshot 

orientation for the observers and other personnel taking part in 

the exercise. The orientation was given in the trench area, 

3,660 meters from ground zero. This 25-minute orientation 

described the terrain surrounding the shot, procedures to be 

followed, safety precautions, the phenomena associated with the 

burst, and Air Force activity in the shot area, such as cloud 

sampling and air photography. The troop orientation also 

included a rehearsal of the countdown to shot-time by the 

instructor and a simulation of the passage of the shock wave over 

the trench. After the orientation and countdown, the instructor 

escorted members of the observer group through the display area. 

In addition to militarv equipment, the displav area included 37 

sheep placed at various distances from ground zero by participants in the Desert Rock damage effects project (see section 

2.6.). During this tour, the instructor pointed out the expected 

conditions of the equipment and sheep after the detonation. 

After the rehearsal, instructors escorted the observers through 

the Shot NANCY displav area, allowing them to examine the effects 

of blast and heat on the material from a previous shot (27). 

A full eight-hour orientation for observers was conducted on 

17 April. The course covered the doctrine and employment of 

nuclear weapons, medical aspects of nuclear detonations, individual and collective protective measures, and the use of radiac 

instruments. The observers also viewed films of previous Desert 

Rock activities (31). 

Observers who arrived too late on 17 April to attend the 

eight-hour orientation were briefed at 1930 hours by a Marine 

19 
Corps officer assisted by a member of the Camp Desert Rock 

Instructor Group. This instructor provided technical aid to the 

briefing officer and answered questions not specifically related 

to the field maneuver of the Marine units (27). 

On shot-day, the observers were in the trenches ten minutes 

before shot-time to observe the detonation. After the shot, 

observers remained in the trenches while the Marines began their 

maneuver. The observers then moved forward on foot and inspected 

the equipment and animals at 910 to 1,000 meters, 1,550to 1,580 

meters, and 2,380 meters from ground zero. The observers were 

escorted through the display area by two Camp Desert Rock 

instructors using sound trucks for voice amplification (27; 38). 

2.3 VOLUNTEER OFFICER OBSERVERS 

Twelve officers had volunteered to occupy a trench forward 

of the main trench area at Shot BADGER. Each participant 

calculated the minimum distance from ground zero at which he 

would receive no more than 5.0 roentgens of prompt whole-body 

radiation exposure, eight pounds per square inch maximum 

overpressure, and one calorie per square centimeter of thermal 

radiation. To assist in their calculations, they used data from 

TM 23-200, Capabilities of Atomic Weapons, published in October 

1952. Trenches were prepared for the volunteers 1,370, 1,830, 

and 2,060 meters from ground zero. The officers agreed to occupy 

the trench 1,830 meters from ground zero. The trench, which was 

six feet deep and nearly four feet (1.2 meters) wide, was dug in 

soil consisting of rocks and fine silt. The participants decided 

not to have the trench reinforced, but two rows of sandbags were 

placed on the forward ridge of the trench (26-27). 

The volunteer officer observers probablv left Camp Desert 

Rock just before midnight for the forward area. Thev arrived at 

the trench area about 0300 on the morning of 18 April (22). Each 

20 
of the volunteers wore a utility uniform and helmet. As thev 

awaited the detonation, they wore protective masks and crouched 

at the bottom of the trench. 

What happened immediately after detonation is best described 

by one of the participants: 

. . . I was leaning against the forward wall of the 

trench holding an AN/PDH 32 dose rate meter with 

both hands for the purpose of observing the 

intensity of initial radiation. The white light 

was so intense that I was blinded bg absolute 

whiteness. This apparently lasted for several 

seconds. There was a vague recollection of a 

slight crackling sound at this time. It is 

believed that this sound may have been the 

result of intense ionization which takes place 

in the atmosphere. I felt no rise in 

temperature nor anv thermal effects, but it is 

noted that the only part of my body not covered 

was mv hands. 

The next sensation was that of earth shock which 

was very pronounced. The earth seemed to shift 

back and forth very stronglv a number of 

times... 

Again regaining mv sight, estimated to be about 

three to four seconds after the detonation, I 

noticed that the indicator of my meter was off 

the dial on the high side which read to 500 

R/hr.* 

The blast wave then hit with a high-pitched 

crack and general increase in the ambient 

pressure was noticed. I was enveloped in dust 

and had the sensation of a heavy windstorm 

blowing over my head. I was not tossed about in 

the trench. The wind subsided and I climbed 

from the trench to observe the atomic cloud. 

This was not seen due to the very heavy dust 

which enveloped the position... (38). 

A reading of 500 R/h from the initial radiation was 

registered for 15 to 20 seconds in the trench. Reccause of this 

*Roentgens per hour 

21 
high intensity, the officers decided to evacuate the trench. 

About seven minutes later, they started walking toward a road 

about 180 meters west of the trenches. By this time, gamma 

intensities had decreased to about 30 to 50 R/h. The radiation 

intensity continued to drop as the men walked toward the road, 

decreasing to 1.0 R/h when they reached the road two minutes 

later (22; 24; 38). 

The observers waited at this road for a few minutes until 

transportation arrived to take them to the main trench area, 

about 1,830 meters to the south. Between 20 and 35 minutes 

later, the men reached the main trenches, where thev were interviewed by Army Field Forces Human Research Unit No. 2 from the 

Human Resources Research Office. They were then transported to 

the decontamination station (21-22; 24; 38; 51). 

Chapter 4 contains more information about the radiation 

intensities, dosimeter readings, and exposures for the volunteer 

officer observers. 

2.4 MARINE MANEUVERS 

Developments in tactical warfare in the early 1950s included 

the use of nuclear weapons and the growing importance of the 

helicopter. The development of the helicopter as a troop carrier 

presented the ideal device to exploit and expand a break in enemy 

lines produced bv nuclear weapons. The tactic of rapidly 

deploying troops via air transport is known as vertical envelopment. The concept involved the joint deployment of ground and 

airborne troops (24). 

Exercise Desert Rock V provided the Marine Corps with an 

opportunity to develop and test vertical envelopment tactics in 

conjunction with the use of nuclear weapons. Basic objectives 

were to (24): 

0 Familiarize personnel with the effects of 

nuclear weapons 

22 
a Test and further develop tactics and techniques 

for getting helicopter-borne forces to objectives immediately after a nuclear detonation 

l Give commanders and staffs realistic training 

in planning and conducting operations supported 

bv nuclear weapons 

0 Provide field training in radiological survey 

operations 

0 Familiarize personnel with individual and 

collective protection against nuclear weapon 

effects. 

The 2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade, 

which conducted the largest DOD activity at Shot BADGER, was 

activated on 2 March 1953 at Camp Pendleton, California. The 2d 

MCPAEB consisted of four ma.jor units (24): 

0 Brigade Headquarters - 152 personnel 

a 1st Battalion (-) (Reinforced), 8th Marine Regiment, 

2d Marine Division (hereafter referred to as the 1st 

Battalion, 8th Marines) - 862 personnel 

0 2d Battalion (-) (Reinforced), 3d Marine Regiment, 

3d Marine Division (hereafter referred to as the 

2d Battalion, 3d Marines) - 907 personnel 

0 Marine Helicopter Transport Group 16 (MAG (HR) 16) 

(Reinforced), Aircraft Fleet Marine Force, Pacific - 

220 personnel. 

The two battalions were reinforced by personnel from the 

following unidentified units (24): 

0 A 105mm howitzer battery 

0 A tank platoon 

0 An engineer platoon 

0 An ordnance maintenance platoon 

0 A regimental tactical air control party 

0 A battalion tactical air control party 

23 
0 A battalion naval gunfire liaison party 

0 An aviation detachment. 

The equipment of these units was not used in the maneuvers. 

The Brigade Headquarters included representatives from the 

Marine Corps Public Information Office and special and technical 

advisors from Headquarters, Marine Corps, Washington, D.C. (24). 

The 2d Battalion, 3d Marines, was from Fleet Marine Force, 

Pacific, based at Camp Pendleton, California. At Desert Rock V, 

the 2d Battalion included: 

a Headquarters and Service Company 

0 Company D 

l Company E (airborne assault troops) 

l Company F. 

The 200 E Company personnel were airlifted in the airborne 

assault part of the maneuver. 

The 1st Battalion, 8th Mar ines, was from F leet Marine Force, 

Atlantic, based at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. The battalion 

included the following companies: 

0 Headquarters and Service Company 

0 Company A 

0 Company B 

0 Company C. 

Headquarters and Service Company included personnel from the 

Headquarters Company Force Troops and from the 2d Marine Aircraft 

Wing, Headquarters 2d Engineer Company. 

MAG (HR) 16, from the Aircraft Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, 

consisted of personnel from Marine Helicopter Transport Squadrons 

162, 163, 361, 362, and 363. The MAG (HR) 16 unit was based at 

Santa Ana, California (24). 

24 
Preliminary planning for the exercise was initiated 

immediately upon activation of the 2d MCPAEB on 2 March 1953. On 

4 March, the 2d MCPAEB commanding general and key staff officers 

visited Camp Desert Rock for briefing and joint planning 

conferences with the Exercise Director (24). 

Before proceeding to Camp Desert Rock, the 2d MCPAEB 

drilled, studied films of previous Desert Rock exercises, and 

attended lectures on a variety of subjects, including atomic 

weapons effects, nuclear radiation and detection instruments, 

individual protection measures, and decontamination. On 30 Marc1 

1953, a rehearsal for the air assault phase was conducted in the 

San Mateo Canyon Maneuver Area at Camp Pendleton. The MAG (HR) 

16 and the 2d Battalion, 3d Marines, participated in this 

rehearsal (24). 

By 14 April, the entire brigade had arrived at Camp Desert 

Rock. On 16 April, a full dress rehearsal was conducted at the 

actual site of the test. The rehearsal included the orientation 

described earlier in the discussion of observer activities (27). 

After the orientation and rehearsal countdown, the Marines 

practiced the maneuver, attacking north of their trenches. After 

advancing 180 meters, they moved through the display area, as 

shown in figure 2-l. Meanwhile, E Company boarded MAG (HR) 16 

HRS helicopters that had landed immediately to the rear of the 

trenches and headed for an objective located 1,830 meters 

southwest of ground zero, as shown in figure 2-2. From there, 

they joined the ground forces to tour the display area. The 

Marines returned to Camp Desert Rock by truck upon completing the 

walk-through (24). 

On the day before the shot, 17 April, final preparations for 

the exercise were made. Two film badges were issued per platoon 

and two pocket dosimeters per company (24). 

25 

63 Ground Zero 

m - Displays 

-- 

s 5 - Trenches 

/-* 

f c _ ,’ ObjectIves 

AB 

CDE - 

F - 

GHi - 

Control Group 

2d En., 3d Marine Regiment 

Headquarters, 2d MCPAEB 

1st Bn , 8th Marine Regiment 

Observers 

Volunteer Officer Observers Trench 

E Co Objectwe 

2d Bn., 3d Marine Regiment Objective 

1st Bn , 8th Marine Regiment Objective 

O, 

Meters 

Figure 2-2: POSITION OF EXERCISE DESERT ROCK PARTICIPANTS AT 

SHOT-TIME, SHOT BADGER 

27 
The actual exercise began at 1700 hours on 17 April, when 

MAG (HR) 16 flew its 39 HRS helicopters from Camp Desert Rock to 

the staging area at Yucca Airstrip, 20 kilometers from ground 

zero. The crews remained there overnight (24). 

At 2317 hours on 17 April, the 2d MCPAEB, including the 

ground echelon of MAG (HR) 16, began leaving Camp Desert Rock by 

truck. The first elements arrived at the trenches by 0135 hours 

on 1% April, with the last arriving at about 0225. The Test 

Manager and the Exercise Director required this early arrival to 

allow ample time for mustering and final instructions by unit 

commanders before shot-time. In addition, personnel were briefed 

further on instrumentation, thermal and other effects of the 

detonation, and aircraft participation. Officers accompanying 

the Camp Desert Rock staff presented the briefing over a public 

address system (24; 29). 

Ten minutes before the detonation, all personnel were 

ordered into their trenches. Figure 2-2 shows the various unit 

positions before the shot. Two minutes before the detonation, 

the Marines knelt and braced themselves against the ground zero 

side of the trench, as shown in figure 2-3 (24; 37). 

The detonation occurred at 0435 hours. After the shock wave 

passed, the Marines left the trenches, formed up, and moved out 

in attack formation toward the objectives to the north. Though 

the dust raised by the shock wave was thick, the cloud formed by 

BADGER was visible to the Marines as they moved forward to their 

objectives. They were preceded by a 2d MCPAEB Radiological 

Safety Officer in a jeep who assessed radiation conditions before 

the participants entered the area. Despite this precaution, 

however, a northeasterly surface wind of about ten to 15 knots, 

blowing across the right flank of the Marines and from the 

direction of ground zero, exposed the 1st Battalion, 8th Marines, 

"to an unprecedented and unanticipated radiation fallout 

28 

immediately after H-hour" (24). After proceeding less than 460 

meters, the battalion had dosimeter readings exceeding 3.0 

roentgens and was required to move out of contaminated areas. 

Unable to proceed toward the assigned objective, the battalion 

withdrew to the trench area and was not permitted to continue the 

maneuver or to tour the display area. During the withdrawal from 

the trench area, some elements of the battalion exceeded the 

allowable dose of 6.0 roentgens, with film badge readings as high 

as 7.1 roentgens (22; 24). 

Meanwhile, 11 minutes after the detonation, two pathfinder 

helicopters from the Yucca Airstrip arrived at an embarkation 

area immediately behind the trenches. At that point, radiological monitoring teams boarded. Four minutes later, the two 

helicopters landed at the E Company objective. The remaining 37 

helicopters arrived at the embarkation area, where they loaded 

half of E Company. Upon receiving clearance from the pathfinder 

teams, the helicopters flew to the objective, about two kilometers from ground zero, and landed 50 minutes after the detonation. After the troops disembarked, the helicopters returned to 

the embarkation area to load the remainder of E Company. Figure 

2-4 shows the helicopters transporting the second wave of Marines 

as the first wave stands bv. After the second trip, the helicopters returned to the embarkation area and were shut down. The 

pilots and crews then toured the display area by bus (24). 

The 2d Battalion, 3d Marines, advanced to its objective 

without incident about 90 minutes after the shot. Headquarters, 

2d MCPAEB, were probably at the forward part of the 2d Battalion, 

3d Marines, and walked to the display area with E Company, which 

had ,joined them at the objective. The 2d Battalion, 3d Marines, 

viewed the displays as far forward as the 910-meter display, as 

did the observers (see section 2.2). Because participants in the 

maneuver were allowed exposure to the higher radiation intensity 

of 5.0 R/h, as opposed to the observers' limit of 2.5 R/h, it is 

possible that the Marines viewed the display located 460 to 600 

30 

meters from ground zero. They traveled up the west side of the 

display area toward ground zero and then south, away from ground 

zero. At 2,000 to 2,500 meters south of ground zero, they would 

have moved to the west because of radiation levels encountered, 

before again turing to the south to reach the embarkation area 

behind the trenches (24). By 0850 hours, all participants in the 

maneuver had left the forward area and by 1103 hours had arrived 

at Camp Desert Rock (24). 

2.5 OPERATIONAL HELICOPTER TEST PROGRAM 

Personnel from the Provisional Helicopter Atomic Test Unit, 

2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade, conducted a 

program to observe the effects of a nuclear blast on four helicopters in flight. Radiological safety monitors were on board 

three of the helicopters (A, B, and C) to check early radiation 

levels at designated landing points to determine the feasibility 

of troop entry. The crews, consisting of one pilot and co-pilot 

in each helicopter, were instructed not to fly into areas where 

the radiation intensity exceeded 10.0 R/h and not to land in 

areas where the radiation intensity was greater than .05 R/h 

(27). Figure 2-5 traces the routes taken by the four helicopters. 

The helicopters were to leave the Camp Desert Rock Airstrip 

for the forward area about one hour and 20 minutes before the 

shot. The helicopters proceeded in pairs. Helicopters A and B 

landed at Yucca Airstrip, 20 kilometers south-southeast of ground 

zero. Helicopters C and D landed at a point 13 kilometers 

southeast of ground zero at UTM coordinates 854995 (25). 

Four minutes before the detonation, helicopters A and B left 

Yucca Airstrip. They proceeded toward the shot area at a height 

of 400 feet and a speed of 60 knots and arrived at a point 14 

kilometers southeast of ground zero at the time of the detonation. When the shock wave passed, helicopters A and B were about 

32 
. L \ 

\ 

i 

\ 

\ 

\ 

: \ 

1 i 

. . 

: ‘. 

t ’ : 

. 

. 

. 

. 

1 

\ 

\ 

Departure Pomt 

Helicopters A, B 

Hekopler A 

Helmpfer B - - - - - 

Hehcopter C -__.-._ 

Hehcopter D . . . . . . . . . . 

Figure 2-5: OPERATIONAL HELICOPTER TEST PROJECT 

AT SHOT BADGER 

33 
13 kilometers from ground zero. They continued toward ground 

zero. Because of the contaminated dust cloud drifting southward 

and the operational restrictions presented by the helicopters 

associated with the 2d MCPAEB exercise, helicopter A landed about 

six kilometers southeast of ground zero.* 

Helicopter B, which was to accompany helicopter A, lost 

visual contact with that helicopter and could not continue its 

mission. It flew around the north side of ground zero to a clear 

area northeast of ground zero (25). Since the general wind 

direction was from the northwest, the entire area directly north 

of ground zero was clear. Helicopter B proceeded into this clear 

area and encountered minimal radiation. It headed east of ground 

zero until it encountered radiation from fallout. The helicopter 

turned back and retraced its route north of ground zero and then 

to the west of ground zero where the radiation level was considerably lower than it was east of ground zero. Helicopter B 

proceeded from there to Yucca Airstrip and landed (25; 27). 

Unlike helicopters A and B, helicopters C and D stayed at 

their initial landing point, 13 kilometers southeast of ground 

zero during the detonation. Fifteen minutes before the shot, the 

pilots of helicopters C and D started the engines and brought the 

aircraft ten feet off the ground. They hovered facing the direction of the expected blast until the shock wave passed and then 

proceeded toward the shot area. They were forced to land 

approximately seven kilometers southeast of ground zero instead 

of the planned two kilometers north of ground zero because of the 

approach of the cloud stem, which increased radiation intensities 

above the 10.0 R/h maximum level permitted for the helicopters (25). 

*The Exercise Desert Rock Final Report places the landing point 

for helicopter A at 6,000 yards, or about 5.4 kilometers, from 

ground zero (26). 

34 
Probably about 20 to 30 minutes after the shot, the helicopters 

encountered levels greater than 50 R/h and possibly as high as 

200 R/h before landing. 

Safety precautions for the project called for the pilots in 

all four helicopters to look at their instrument panels at the 

time of detonation. The pilots were also to pull the visors of 

their caps down to block their view of the initial direct light 

from the fireball. All pilots reported that their loss of vision 

did not last more than two or three seconds after the fireball 

was at its brightest. They also reported that their control of 

the aircraft was not adversely affected. The co-pilots wore 

high-density protective goggles at the time of detonation and 

were prepared to take the controls in case the pilot was 

incapacitated. Other personnel not equipped with protective 

goggles were instructed to face away from the blast (27). 

2.6 DAMAGE EFFECTS EVALUATION 

Before the shot, Sixth Army and Marine Corps personnel 

established displays at various distances from ground zero to 

study the blast and radiation effects of the detonation. The 

Sixth Army display consisted of animals and various emplacements, 

and the Marine Corps display consisted of field equipment and 

uniformed mannequins (27). The displays were designed primarilv 

to add realism to the orientation and indoctrination of troops, 

who were to view the displays before and after the shot. 

Before the shot, Sixth Army personnel placed stakes and 

constructed bunkers, trenches, and foxholes at 460-meter intervals extending 460 to 3,200 meters from ground zero. After the 

shot, one engineer team evaluated the displays visually to compare predicted with actual damage (27). In conjunction with the 

damage effects evaluation, Sixth Army personnel conducted medical 

35 
and shielding evaluations using the bunkers, trenches, and 

foxholes as the locations for test animals and film badges (27). 

For the medical evaluation, 37 sheep were positioned in 

bunkers and in the open, beginning 90 to 460 meters from ground 

zero at go-meter intervals and extending 3,200 meters from ground 

zero at 460-meter intervals. After the shot, a medical technician, accompanied by a monitor, moved forward by truck to observe 

the sheep. Sheep were also placed in two of the trenches that 

had been prepared for the volunteer officer observers. These 

trenches were 1,370 and 2,060 meters from ground zero. Later in 

the morning of shot-day, the veterinary officer accompanied the 

loading party to begin evaluation of the blast and radiation 

effects incurred bv the sheep. The sheep not seriously in.jured 

or killed were moved as soon as possible to an area where they 

could be observed for delayed radiation effects (27). 

To evaluate the shielding afforded by the various fortifications in the display, a chemical team took radiation measurements by placing film badges inside and outside the trenches and 

other dugouts. Film badges were also placed on the collars of 

the sheep and in six-foot-deep trenches 1,370, 1,830, and 2,060 

meters from ground zero. The volunteer officer observers 

.occupied the trench 1,830 meters from ground zero (27; 31). 

The Marine Corps display area was established southwest of 

ground zero before shot-day to study the effects of a nuclear 

detonation and to demonstrate those effects to the participants 

at Shot BADGER. The display consisted of Marine Corps equipment 

and clothing placed in various attitudes with respect to ground 

zero and with various types of protection in the form of foxholes 

and emplacements. The items were arrayed in three main positions, as shown in figure 2-2. To facilitate examination of the 

36 
display by observers and maneuver participants, items in these 

positions were split so that about half the items were on either 

side of the display sector. In general, and as far as equipment 

available would allow, similar items, in similar dispositions, 

were displayed in all positions to contrast the effects on 

equipment placed at different distances (27). 

The three positions were Position #l, 460 to 600 meters from 

ground zero; Position #2, 910 to 1,000 meters from ground zero; 

and Position #3, 1,550 to 1,580 meters from ground zero. Equipment placed at these positions included howitzers, tanks, rifles 

and carbines, machine guns, mortars, landing vehicles, trucks, 

radar vans, communications equipment, gasoline supply dumps, 

rocket launchers, flame throwers, and stacked cases of "C" 

rations. In addition to the three primary positions, two special 

positions were situated 1,530 and 2,380 meters from ground zero. 

Each of these positions contained three mannequins, two standing 

and one prone, clad in different combat uniforms (27). 

After the shot, observers and elements of the 2d MCPAEB 

viewed the display area, as described in section 2.4. Sometime 

thereafter, Marine Corps damage effects evaluation personnel went 

into the area to assess the effects of the blast on the display 

items. At Position #l, they found that all items were severely 

damaged or totally destroved. Vehicles that were dug in were in 

noticeably better condition, although they too were heavily 

damaged. At Position #2, the damage was considerably lighter. 

Heavy vehicles, such as the tank, the M7 motor carriage, and the 

landing vehicle, suffered comparatively little damage at this 

position. Small, light equipment, such as radios and switchboards, suffered moderate to severe damage if exposed, but little 

to no damage if dug in. At Position #3, about 1.6 kilometers 

from ground zero, all items except the trucks and the exposed 

mannequin received slight damage. The truck was damaged by both 

blast and thermal radiation, and the mannequin was burned. It 

37 
was estimated that, had the mannequin been in even a shallow 

foxhole, it would have escaped all effects of the weapon. At the 

two special mannequin positions, all standing mannequins were 

burned to some extent, while those in the prone position were 

relatively unharmed (24; 27). 

38 
CHAPTER 3 

TEST ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT BADGER 

AT Shot BADGER, Department of Defense personnel participated 

in a variety of diagnostic and military effects projects, as well 

as in support activities. The Armed Forces Special Weapons 

Project Field Command Military Effects Group sponsored 19 

projects during the BADGER event. DOD personnel were also 

involved in five of the 18 projects performed by the Weapons 

Development Group and two of the six projects conducted by the 

Federal Civil Defense Administration Civil Effects Group. These 

activities required DOD personnel to enter the forward areas 

before, during, and after the shot. The Test Manager declared 

the area safe for recovery operations at 0710 hours, two hours 

and 35 minutes after the shot. In addition to the test group 

activities, the Air Force Special Weapons Center flew 

cloud-sampling missions for two projects, courier missions for 

four projects, and cloud-tracking and aerial survey missions for 

the Test Manager. 

3.1 MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS 

The Military Effects Group of AFSWP Field Command performed 

19 projects at Shot BADGER, as shown in table 3-l. 

Project 2.2a, Gamma Radiation Spectrum of Residual 

Contamination, was fielded to characterize the residual radiation 

resulting from the shot. Three men and a monitor spent three 

hours taking spectral measurements in the radiation field of the 

shot area. They had been instructed to limit their time in areas 

with radiation intensities greater than 0.1 R/h. Personnel took 

more spectral measurements two days after the shot at 300 and 400 

meters from ground zero, where intensities were 0.2 R/h and 

39 
Table 3-1: AFSWP FIELD COMMAND MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS, 

SHOT BADGER 

Project 

2 2a 

Title 

Gamma Radratron Spectrum of Resrdual 

Contammation 

Participants 

Srgnal Corps Engrneermg Laboratones 

22b Resrdual Ionizing Radiation Depth Dose Measurements Naval Medical Research lnstrtute 

rn Unrt-density Material 

45 Ocular Effects of Thermal Radiation from Atomrc As Force School of Avratron Medrcine 

Detonation 

51 Atomic Weapons Effects on AD Type Aircraft rn Flight Navy Bureau of Aeronautics 

62 IBDA Phenomena and Techniques Wright Air Development Center; Vitro 

Corporatron 

63 

67 

Interim IBDA Capabrlrtres of Strategic Air Command 

Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetrc 

Radiation from Nuclear Detonatrons 

Strategic Air Command 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

68 Evaluation of Mrlrtary Radrac Equipment Signal Corps Engmeermg Laboratories; 

Bureau of Ships 

6Ba lnrtral Gamma Exposure versus Distance Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

6.9 Evaluation of Naval Airborne Radrac Equipment Navy Bureau of Aeronautics 

610 Evaluation of Rapid Aerial Radiologrcal Survey Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Techniques 

612 Determination of Herght of Burst and Ground Zero Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, 

Army Field Forces Board #l 

71 

7.3 

Electromagnetic Effects from Nuclear Explosrons 

Detection of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from 

Nuclear Explosions 

Headquarters, Arr Force * 

Headquarters, Air Force 3t 

74 Sersmrc Measurements Headquarters, Air Force 

75 Calrbratron and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb Debris Headquarters, Arr Force, AFSWC 

a.la Effects of Thermal and Blast Forces from Nuclear Wright Air Development Center; Division 

Detonations on Basic Aircraft Structures of Research, Unrversity of Dayton 

and Components 

82 Measurement of Thermal Radratton with a Vacuum 

Microphone 

Arr Force Cambridge Research Center 

91 Technical Photography EG&G, Signal Corps Prctonal Center, Arr Force 

Lookout Mountam Laboratory 

* Other partrcrpating agencies are listed in the text 

40 
0.08 R/h, respectively. Four days after the shot, personnel made 

the final spectral measurements at ground zero, where the 

radiation intensity was 0.09 R/h (3-4). 

Project 2.2b, Residual Ionizing Radiation Depth Dose 

Measurements in Unit-density Material, evaluated the biological 

effects of residual beta and gamma radiation fields. At recovery 

hour, six men in three vehicles were scheduled to begin placing 

test chambers in various radiation fields on Mercury Highway 

about 5.6 kilometers from ground zero. They were to spend 90 

minutes in the field. These personnel worked in areas with 

radiation intensities ranging from 10 K/h to 2.5 K/h. The dav 

after the shot, they returned to the same areas to gather more 

data (3; 8). 

Project 4.5, Ocular Effects of Thermal Radiation from Atomic 

Detonation, was to determine to what degree the flash of a 

nuclear detonation impairs night vision. In the first part of 

this project, 12 officers from Nellis AFB witnessed the nuclear 

detonation in a trailer located about 23 kilometers from ground 

zero, just north of the Control Point. They peered through 

experimental filters that selectively obscured much of the 

visible and infrared portion of the spectrum. Afterward, the 

officers performed a number of visual tasks. 

In the second part of the project, rabbits were placed at 

various distances from ground zero to determine the distance at 

which retinal burns could be produced. Two five-man parties 

placed 130 rabbits 4.8 to 27.4 kilometers from ground zero. They 

were to begin this activity at 2200 hours on the night before the 

shot and to leave the area three hours and 15 minutes before the 

shot. Beginning 20 minutes after the shot, two parties, each 

consisting of six project personnel and a monitor, were to spend 

one hour retrieving the rabbits. Seven hours after the detonation, two B-25 aircraft transported project personnel and the 

rabbits from Indian Springs AFB to Randolph AFB, Texas (3; 6). 

41 
Project 5.1, Atomic Weapon Effects on AD Type Aircraft in 

Flight, was designed to study blast and thermal effects of a 

nuclear detonation on AD-type aircraft in a simulated escape 

configuration after a bombing mission. An AD-2 drone aircraft 

was scheduled to be tested. However, due to control difficulties 

in both the drone and the back-up drone, the flight was canceled. 

Since the F8F drone control, the F8F drone control back-up, and 

three AD-2 fighter escort aircraft were already in the air when 

the mission was aborted, the five aircraft were assigned an orbit 

position and altitude for timing practices during actual shot 

conditions. Thev remained in the area from 20 minutes before 

until seven minutes after shot-time. They landed at Indian 

Springs AFB at about 0500 (19; 44). 

In addition to the Project 5.1 air operations, 23 project 

personnel manned a ground station on the west side of Yucca Flat, 

at UTM coordinates 861877. They went to the station three hours 

and 30 minutes before the detonation and stayed there through 

shot-time (2-3). 

Project 6.2, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDA) 

Phenomena and Techniques, was intended to confirm indications 

that a radar return obtained from a nuclear detonation could be 

used to determine ground zero and to indicate gross errors in 

estimating height of burst and yield. This project involved both 

air and ground operations. 

Two B-29 aircraft took off from Kirtland AFB at 0150 and 

0200 hours on shot-day. One entered the test area at 

approximately 0350 hours, but the other had to turn back because 

of mechanical difficulties. The remaining aircraft, with an 

estimated nine crew members, flew a holding pattern about eight 

kilometers south of ground zero. The aircraft left the area 

around 0445 hours and landed at Kirtland AFB around 0640 hours 

(19; 32). 

42 
Two hours before the detonation, two project personnel went 

to Station 6.2a, located west of the Control Point, and manned 

the station through shot-time. At the same time, two project 

personnel went to Station 6.2b, located northwest of the first 

station, and stayed through shot-time. The two stations were 

about 20 kilometers south of ground zero in Yucca Flat (3; 19; 

32; 36; 39). 

Project 6.3, Interim IBDA Capabilities of Strategic Air 

Command, was a corollary to Project 6.2. An interim IBDA system, 

installed in operational Strategic Air Command (SAC) aircraft, 

was evaluated under field conditions. SAC aircraft, equipped 

with the latest available IBDA systems, flew simulated strike and 

support formations over a target. These aircraft recorded data 

essential for determination of the three IBDA parameters: yield, 

burst height, and ground zero. 

Twelve B-50 aircraft of the 93rd Medium Bomber Wing from 

Castle AFB, California, reached the test area at 0414 hours at an 

altitude of 25,000 feet. From 0414 hours until about five 

minutes after the shot, the aircraft flew in formation over the 

test site to simulate strike and support activities. At the time 

of detonation, the aircraft were short of the assigned position 

by about 800 meters. While over the test site, the crews tested 

IBDA equipment and familiarized themselves with operations 

pertaining to nuclear warfare. Approximately 132 personnel were 

involved. 

Preceding the bomber formation was a B-50 weather reconnaissance aircraft from the 5th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. 

About ten personnel were aboard the aircraft. The crew radioed 

weather and cloud conditions to the trailing bombers (18-19; 34). 

Project 6.7, Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic 

Radiation from Nuclear Detonations, consisted of two parts. Part 

43 
I measured amplitude, duration, and polarization of the pulse of 

the electromagnetic radiation. Part II detected and recorded 

electromagnetic signals emitted by nuclear devices before the 

nuclear detonation. The stations used for this project were 

located close to ground zero and were unmanned during the shot. 

At 2300 hours the night before the shot, three project 

personnel and a monitor traveled in two vehicles to two stations 

2,740 meters south of ground zero to turn on equipment. They 

then traveled to Station 6.7a, near the Control Point, where they 

remained through shot-time. One hour after recoverv activities 

were permitted, the three men and the monitor returned to the 

equipment stations and recovered film. Estimated time in the 

area was 30 minutes (2-3; 14). 

Project 6.8, Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment, and 

Project 6.8a, Initial Gamma Exposure versus Distance, were 

coordinated and fielded by the Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories and the Bureau of Ships. Air Force students and 

Navy personnel assisted. Project 6.8 was designed to test 

dosimeters and radiac instruments in initial and residual 

radiation fields produced by a nuclear detonation. Project 6.8a 

provided reliable National Bureau of Standards dosimeters as a 

basis for evaluating the newer dosimeters tested in Project 6.8. 

Personnel placed experimental dosimeters and reliable 

National Bureau of Standards film dosimeters at 21 stations 

located from 825 to 2,650 meters from ground zero. These 

portable stations were protected with aluminum thermal and blast 

shields. 

One minute after the detonation, two project personnel and a 

monitor were scheduled to travel to the 5.0 R/h line to evaluate 

portable air-sampling equipment. Two to three hours after 

recovery hour, two parties of six men each and a monitor 

44 
recovered the dosimeters. They spent about three hours in the 

field. The experimental dosimeters were later compared to the 

film exposed in the National Bureau of Standards film holders (3; 

33; 35). 

At least three hours after recovery hour, four parties, each 

with six project personnel, traveled to the shot area to conduct 

radiological safety surveys with experimental radiac instruments. 

The personnel observed and reported the performance of the 

instruments. Participants included project personnel, Air Force 

students, and Navy personnel. Estimated time for this part of 

the experiment was three hours (3; 33). 

Pro.ject 6.9, Evaluation of Naval Airborne Radiac Equipment, 

was designed to evaluate airborne radiac equipment, such as 

aerial ground survey equipment, automatic recording dosimeters, 

and telemetering and flare units. Equipment was evaluated to 

compare its accuracy at various altitudes with its accuracy at 

ground level. The equipment was designed for ultimate use by 

special carrier-based aircraft to warn assault troops that they 

might be entering contaminated areas. 

A P2V-2 aircraft, carrying the test equipment and a crew of 

three, took off from Kirtland AFB three to four hours before the 

shot. At shot-time, the aircraft was in a holding pattern about 

19 kilometers southwest of the shot area at an altitude of about 

12,000 feet. The radiac equipment was turned on shortly before 

shot-time to allow for a one-hour warm-up period before the 

aircraft entered the radiation area. 

Soon after the shot, the aircraft approached the area and 

orbited within several kilometers while it waited for the dust 

cloud over the area to dissipate. About one hour after the 

detonation, the Aircraft Participation Unit cleared the aircraft 

to enter the test area. It then began runs over the radiation 

45 
area in the form of a cloverleaf. The patterns were initially 

flown at a height of some 6,000 feet above the ground, with 

subsequent patterns flown at heights decreasing by 500 feet each 

run. The lowest height was 1,000 feet. Project personnel had 

placed six prototype flashing units on the ground, and the crew 

attempted to detect them from the aircraft. The aircraft was 

over the area for three hours and landed at Indian Springs AFB at 

about 0848 hours. The P2V-2 conducted similar missions on the 

evening of shot-day and at sunrise the following day (19; 49). 

Also for Project 6.9, three men and a monitor were scheduled 

to photograph the telemetering units dropped by the P2V-2. They 

were to spend about an hour on this task, beginning ten hours 

after shot-time (3). 

Project 6.10, Evaluation of Rapid Aerial Radiological Survey 

Techniques, was fielded to improve the aerial radiological survev 

procedures used during Operations BUSTER-JANGLE and TUMBLER-SNAPPER 

and to determine the effect of the aircraft on radiac instrument 

readings taken inside. Before takeoff, film badges were placed 

at various locations opposite one another on the interior and 

exterior of the HRS-2 helicopter used in the project. 

The helicopter took off from Yucca Airstrip at 0655 hours on 

shot-day and reached the test area at 0700 hours. Flying at a 

height of about 500 feet, the HRS-2 circled ground zero at a 

distance of roughly one kilometer. The crew selected a landmark 

at or near ground zero as a reference point to ascertain the 

direction of maximum fallout. The crew determined approximate 

radiation levels and decided on the altitude of operation. 

The helicopter then flew a cloverleaf pattern centered over 

the reference point at three different altitudes. The first leg 

of the cloverleaf pattern passed over the reference point in the 

direction of maximum fallout. Airspeed, direction, and altitude 

46 
were kept constant on each leg of the pattern. Monitors in the 

aircraft obtained data by using the mechanical recording system 

and by writing intensity readings on a data sheet every five 

seconds. A notation was made on the data sheet as the aircraft 

passed over the reference point. The aircraft was in the area 

for 30 minutes and landed by 0800 hours (18-19; 42). 

Project 6.12, Determination of Height of Burst and Ground 

Zero, was fielded bv the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, 

with assistance from Army Field Forces Board Number 1. The 

ob;jective was to evaluate artillery sound-ranging equipment for 

location of ground zero, seismic wave velocity for determination 

of height of burst, and flash-ranging equipment for location of 

ground zero and determination of height of burst. 

Sound-ranging stations were located up to 60 kilometers from 

ground zero. The svstem comprised three separate microphone 

arrays several kilometers apart along a line perpendicular to the 

line from the center of the array to the burst point. Seismic 

geophones and flash-ranging cameras were located on a line 

roughly perpendicular to the lines of sight to ground zero at a 

range of 13 to 17 kilometers (50). 

Three hours before the shot, ten men in three vehicles were 

scheduled to turn on power in seven outpost stations within two 

kilometers of Station 6.12b in the southeast corner of Yucca 

Lake. After completing that mission, the men manned Station 

6.12b at UTM coordinates 885875 through shot-time (3). 

Pro,ject 7.1, Electromagnetic Effects from Nuclear Explosions, was intended to obtain additional information on the 

electromagnetic radiation produced by nuclear detonations. 

Headquarters, Air Force, with assistance from the National Bureau 

of Standards, the Air Force Security Service, Air Force Cambridge 

Research Center, and the Air Weather Service, conducted this 

47 
project. Personnel manned monitoring stations onsite and 

offsite. Four hours before the shot, 16 persons went to Station 

7.la, at UTM coordinates 885875, on high ground in the southeast 

corner of Yucca Lake (3; 40). 

Project 7.3, Detection of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from 

Nuclear Explosions, was designed to compare low-frequency sounds 

produced by nuclear detonations at various remote field stations. 

These stations were located across the United States and around 

the world. Personnel from the following organizations manned the 

remote field stations (41): 

ORGANIZATION MANNING THE STATION STATION LOCATION 

Naval Electronics Laboratory Los Angeles 

San Diego 

Arizona #l 

Arizona #2 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories Washington 

Texas 

Louisiana 

New Jersey 

Alaska 

Hawaii 

Greenland 

Japan 

Germany 

National Bureau of Standards Washington, 

Project 7.4, Seismic Measurements, recorded the 

waves produced by the shot for comparison with those 

other shots of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE and earlier 

State 

D.C. 

seismic 

produced by 

operations. 

For this project, ten offsite stations were manned throughout the 

midwestern and western United States. These seismic stations 

were in Arizona, Montana, South Dakota, Oklahoma, Alabama, 

Alaska, Wyoming, and Nevada. Wyoming had three stations. Two of 

48 
the stations were temporary: the Homestake Mine Station near 

Lead, South Dakota, and the station at Mercury, Nevada. One 

onsite station was located at UTM coordinates 843094. 

Two hours after recovery hour, two project personnel and a 

radiation monitor in one vehicle went to the onsite seismic 

station for one to two hours to turn off the equipment and 

recover the records (3; 15). 

Project 7.5, Calibration and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb 

Debris, involved the analysis of samples of the Shot BADGER cloud 

to evaluate various parameters of the nuclear device. A B-29 

aircraft with a crew of six took gaseous and particulate samples 

of the cloud. This project was similar to Project 13.1, Radiochemistry Sampling. AFSWC support of both pro,jects is discussed 

in section 3.4 (46). 

Project 8.la, Effects of Thermal and Blast Forces from 

Nuclear Detonations on Basic Aircraft Structures and Components, 

was fielded to obtain data on the response of aircraft components 

to the thermal and blast effects of nuclear detonations. Pro,ject 

personnel placed aircraft structures and components at various 

distances from ground zero. A major effort was directed toward 

obtaining the time-history temperature and strain responses of 

these specimens. 

About seven hours and 30 minutes after the detonation, four 

project personnel accompanied by a monitor inspected blast panels 

at three stations located 330 meters to 670 meters from ground 

zero. The estimated time of the mission was one hour (3; 45). 

Project 8.2, Measurement of Thermal Radiation with a Vacuum 

Microphone, was conducted by the Air Force Cambridge Research 

Center. The objective was to evaluate a device used to measure 

thermal radiation produced by a nuclear detonation. Project 

49 
personnel placed the microphones 3,220 meters from ground zero 

several days before the detonation. Signals from the microphones 

were electronically transmitted to recording equipment located in 

two vans north of the Control Point. Four hours before the 

detonation, six project personnel traveled to these vans to man 

equipment through shot-time (3; 5). 

Project 9.1, Technical Photography, was conducted bv 

personnel from Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Incorporated 

(EG&G), and photographers from the Army Signal Corps Pictorial 

Center and the Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory. Twentythree Signal Corps personnel and five Air Force enlisted 

personnel were assigned to work directly with EG&G, a civilian 

contractor. 

Two types of technical photography were required for this 

project: blast and shock photography and effects photography. 

Some technical photographv was done by remote control from steel 

towers located between 350 and 4,570 meters from ground zero. 

The cameras were mounted on top of these steel photo towers, 

which ranged in height from six to 25 feet. 

After all camera stations were installed for the shot, a 

complete dry run was held. Once installed, all cameras were 

covered with plastic bags to keep dust from the camera. Refore 

the shot, the plastic bags were removed and all cameras were 

loaded with film. After the declaration of recovery hour, the 

same project personnel who loaded the cameras recovered the film. 

EG&G processed all film at Las Vegas or Los Angeles (23). 

In addition to the Project 9.1 technical photography, Air 

Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory personnel photographed the 

detonation and test group activities for historical purposes. 

50 
Two hours before shot-time, ten Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

personnel were scheduled to occupy the following stations: 

DISTANCE FROM 

NUMBER OF GROUND ZERO 

STATION UTM COORDINATES PERSONNEL (kilometers) 

1 894982 2 17 

2 900928 2 21 

3 804988 2 12 

4 781958 2 15 

5* 843878 2 23 

The photographers remained at these stations to photograph the 

BADGER detonation. After the shot, they removed film from 

cameras and dismantled equipment before returning to Camp 

Mercury. 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory personnel also conducted an 

aerial photography mission. A C-47 aircraft with three crew 

members and Lookout Mountain Laboratory personnel onboard left 

Indian Springs AFB at 0337 hours to be in the BADGER test area by 

shot-time. The C-47 entered the test area bv 0350 hours and 

established a holding pattern 16 kilometers south of ground zero 

at an altitude of 10,000 feet. At shot-time, the crew 

photographed the burst and resulting cloud development and left 

the area by 0440 hours. The C-47 landed at Indian Springs at 

0456 hours (3; 19). 

3.2 WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT GROUP PROJECTS 

The Weapons Development Group performed 18 projects at Shot 

BADGER. Of these, only the five listed in table 3-2 involved DOD 

participants. Pro,ject 13.1, Radiochemistrv Sampling, which was 

performed by sampling pilots from AFSWC, 4926th Test Squadron 

(Sampling), is discussed under AFSWC participation in section 3.4 

of this chapter. Little is known about Pro.ject 18.1, Total 

*Station 5 was at the Control Point. 

51 
Thermal and Air Attenuation, Pro.ject 18.2, Power versus Time, and 

Project 18.6, Surface-brightness Investigation, except that they 

were conducted bv personnel from the Naval Research Laboratory. 

Table 3-2: WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT GROUP PROJECTS AND CIVIL EFFECTS 

GROUP PROJECTS WITH DOD PERSONNEL INVOLVEMENT, SHOT BADGER 

Project 

13.1 

181 

18.2 

183 

186 

27 1 

Title 

Radrochemtstry Samplrng 

Total Thermal and Air Attenuatron 

Power versus Trme 

Spectroscopy 

Surface-bnghtness lnvestrgattons 

Dtstnbutron and Charactenstrcs 

of Fallout at Drstances Greater 

than Ten Miles. March and 

Apnl 1953 

Participating 

Agency 

4926th Test Squadron, 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

School of Medrcrne, 

UCLA, Navy 

29 1 Comparison and Evaluatron of 

Dosrmetry Methods Applrcable to 

Gamma Radratron 

Atomrc Energy Project, 

UCLA * 

+ Other partrcrpatrng agencres are listed In the text 

Project 18.3, Spectroscopy, was also conducted by personnel 

from the Naval Research Laboratory. The ob,jective was to obtain 

information on spectral characteristics of light emitted from 

nuclear detonations. Spectrometers were used to record on film 

the wavelength of light with time. Two spectrometers were 

located in Building 400, a permanent building located on a hill 

near the Control Point at Yucca Pass. Project personnel operated 

these instruments on shot-day. Three other spectrometers were 

located in station 413, a reinforced semitrailer which served as 

a mobile instrument station. The trailer was located about three 

kilometers from the BADGER ground zero. Five people occupied 

52 
station 413 from the day before the scheduled test until four 

hours before shot-time. Project personnel loaded film into the 

spectrometers and put the instruments into remote-control 

operation. They then secured the trailer and left the area. 

Four personnel plus a monitor from the radiological safety unit 

entered the BADGER test area about 15 minutes after recovery hour 

to retrieve film and recorder charts from station 413 for 

processing and analysis. The estimated working time in this area 

was 15 minutes (3; 7; 16). 

3.3 CIVIL EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS 

The Federal Civil Defense Administration Civil Effects Group 

performed six separate projects at Shot BADGER, with DOD 

participants in two (9). Table 3-2 lists the Civil Effects Group 

projects that had DOD participants. 

Project 27.1, Distribution and Characteristics of Fallout at 

Distances Greater than Ten Miles from Ground Zero, March and 

April 1953, was to study the fallout from a nuclear detonation 

and the possible associated hazards. The field group had 32 Navy 

enlisted men. This group, organized into 13 teams, was responsible for placing and collecting samples, monitoring, and making 

field observations. 

The operational plan involved setting up various experiments 

along roads and trails chosen on the basis of the predicted 

fallout patterns. The field group remained at previously 

assigned rendezvous points until after a final weather briefing 

was given at 2100 hours on the day before the shot. After 

learning the predicted fallout pattern, the teams established 12 

stations onsite and offsite from about 16 to 140 kilometers from 

ground zero in a pattern that covered 30 degrees on each side of 

the estimated midline of the fallout. Thev were allowed four 

hours to complete the job and return to their respective 

53 
rendezvous points before the shot. The teams recovered the 

samples on 19 April, one dav after the shot (43). 

Approximately ten hours after the detonation, the teams 

collected samples and continued to work at the stations until 24 

hours after shot-time. At that time, the group dismantled the 

stations and returned to Camp Mercury. The highest concentrations of radioactivity were found at (43): 

0 Nve Canyon, 32 kilometers from ground zero: 1.3 R/h 

0 Indian Springs Valley, 50 kilometers from ground 

zero: 0.7 R/h 

l Sheep Canyon, 85 kilometers from ground zero: 

0.4 R/h 

a South of Glendale, 145 kilometers from ground zero: 

0.1 R/h. 

Project 29.1, Comparison and Evaluation of Dosimetry Methods 

Applicable to Gamma Radiation, dealt with the accuracy and 

practicality of chemical versus film and other methods of gamma 

dosimetry. Radiation-detecting instruments were to be tested 

under several types of radiation conditions: 

0 Either prompt- or residual-gamma exposures or 

mixtures of both 

0 Only residual-gamma radiations, either neutroninduced or from fission-product fallout 

0 Mixed neutron-gamma radiation plus correlation 

with biological effects. 

Twenty-six members of the Evans Signal Laboratory, part of 

the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, made up survey teams 

to check the performance of various radiation instruments in 

fresh fallout areas. One duty was to calibrate film using an 

88-curie cobalt-60 source. 

54 
The Evans Signal Laboratory personnel also arranged 4,200 

chemical dosimeters and 250 film badges at 13 posts prior to 

shot-day. The posts were located 690 to 2,400 meters from ground 

zero. These dosimeters and film badges were probably recovered 

the day after shot-day (47). 

Beginning 15 minutes after recovery hour, one project 

participant and a monitor were scheduled to place dosimeters in 

areas with intensities ranging from 25 to 50 R/h. These men had 

instructions not to stay in the areas longer than three minutes. 

Personnel were to retrieve the dosimeters 12, 24, and 36 hours 

after recoverv hour (3). 

Another partv, made up of six project participants and a 

monitor, were to begin placing radiation-recording devices about 

730 meters from ground zero 15 minutes after recovery hour. They 

were scheduled to spend 15 minutes in this activity (3). 

3.4 AIR FORCE SPECIAL WEAPONS CENTER ACTIVITIES 

AFSWC support to the test groups and to the Test Manager 

during Shot BADGER consisted of aircraft operational control, 

cloud sampling, sample courier missions, cloud tracking, security 

sweeps, and aerial surveys. Cloud sampling was conducted for 

LASL Project 13.1, Radiochemistry Sampling, and AFSWP Project 

7.5, Calibration and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb Debris. Table 

3-3 details DOD participation in AFSWC projects, including the 

number and type of aircraft used (19). 

3.4.1 Cloud Sampling 

Ten aircraft collected particulate and gaseous samples of 

the Shot BADGER cloud for LASL Project 13.1 and AFSWP Pro,ject 

7.5. Nine of the aircraft were F-84G samplers, code-named 

"Tiger," each flown by one pilot of the 4926th Test Squadron. 

55 
The other aircraft was a B-29 sampler, with a crew of ten, that 

collected samples for Project 7.5. A B-50 sampler control aircraft, which carried an AFSWC crew of nine including a 

scientific advisor from LASL, and one of the F-84G sampler aircraft, surveved the cloud before the actual sampling sorties. 

The F-84G, called a snooper, remained in the cloud area for 18 

minutes to report the top and base altitude of the cloud. It 

landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0506, and took off again three 

hours and 20 minutes later to replace one of the sampler aircraft 

that could not fly the mission because of engine failure (19; 48). 

Table 3-3: AFSWC AIR MISSION SUPPORT, SHOT BADGER 

Mission 

Cloud Sampling 

Estimated 

Type of Aircraft Number of Aircraft DOD Personnel 

Sampler Control B-50 1 9 

Sampler F-84 G 9 9 

Sampler B-29 1 10 

Sample Courier B-25 11 55 

c-47 2 8 

Cloud Tracking B-29 2 20 

B-25 1 5 

Aerial Surveys H-5 1 3 

L-20 1 3 

c47 1 4 

56 
The first cloud penetration occurred at 0542 hours, 67 minutes 

after the detonation. The following listing details the activities 

of each sampler aircraft: 

AIRCRAFT 

NUMBER OF 

PENETRATIONS 

TOTAL TIME TOTAL TIME 

IN CLOUD IN CLOUD AREA 

(seconds) (minutes) 

Tiger Red 1 

Tiger Red 3 

Tiger Red 4 

Tiger White 1 

Tiger White 2 

Tiger White 3 

Tiger White 4 

Tiger Blue 1 

Tiger Blue 3 

Catnip 1 (B-29) 

480 

464 

405 

535 

205 

145 

70 

220 

70 

112 

60 

80 

56 

34 

78 

13 

58 

183 

The highest intensity recorded during the sampling missions 

was 100 R/h, and the highest pilot exposure was 1.42 roentgens 

(19). 

After the sampling missions were completed, the aircraft 

landed at Indian Springs AFB and parked in designated areas. 

Engines were shut down, and the canopies remained closed and 

sealed until the samples were removed from the F-84G aircraft. 

The pilots remained on full oxygen while they waited. Personnel 

from the 4926th sample-removal team and radiological safety 

monitors removed the samples from each aircraft and placed them 

in shielded boxes. For the B-29 aircraft, the crew remained 

aboard while the sample-removal team removed the sample from the 

polyethylene bag and transferred it to a steel cylinder using a 

diaphragm-type pump (48). 

57 
After the samples from each aircraft were removed and 

stored, the pilots of the F-84G aircraft shut down their oxygen 

and opened their canopies. The pilots stepped onto a platform 

held by a forklift, so they would not touch the exterior of the 

aircraft. The B-29 crew exited through the rear side door. The 

pilots and crew of all aircraft were taken by pickup truck to the 

decontamination station, where they were monitored and decontaminated as necessary (48). 

3.4.2 Sample Courier Missions 

Within 24 hours after Shot BADGER, two C-47s and 11 B-25s 

flown by AFSWC crews took film, filter and gas samples, and 

threshold detectors to laboratories for analysis for the test 

group projects, including Projects 7.5 and 13.1. The air routes 

taken by the courier aircraft precluded flying over the NPG (18). 

3.4.3 Cloud Tracking 

Immediately after the BADGER detonation, two B-29s from 

Kirtland AFB, each with a crew of ten, and one B-25 from Indian 

Springs AFB, with a crew of five, flew cloud-tracking missions 

over and beyond the NPG. The purpose of this mission was to 

determine the direction in which the cloud was traveling so that 

the Test Manager could keep the airways clear of any private or 

commercial aircraft that might encounter the cloud. One B-29 

tracked the cloud at 22,000 feet and was in the air for four 

hours and 54 minutes. The other B-29 followed the cloud at 

18,000 feet for four hours. The B-25, flying at 12,000 feet, 

tracked the cloud for three hours and eight minutes. On 

completing this mission, the three aircraft returned to their 

staging bases (13; 19). 

58 
3.4.4 Aerial Surveys 

As directed by the Test Manager and Test Director, one H-5, 

one H-18, one C-47, and one L-20 flew radiological safety and 

aerial surveys after the BADGER detonation to assess detonation 

damage and record radiation intensities. 

The H-5 helicopter flew the initial onsite radiological 

safety survey. It began 12 minutes after the detonation and 

continued for one hour at heights ranging from ten to 100 feet 

above the ground. Three hours after the detonation, the H-18 

surveyed 30 feet above the ground for about 15 minutes. The L-20 

aircraft surveyed offsite and onsite for two hours and 23 

minutes, beginning about two hours after the shot, at a height of 

500 feet. Three hours after the shot, the C-47 began surveying 

and continued for about three hours as far as 320 kilometers 

offsite, at heights ranging from 500 to 800 feet. The C-47 flew 

the dav after the shot for one hour and 15 minutes at 400 to 

2,000 feet above the ground (13; 19). 

59 
CHAPTER 4 

RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT BADGER 

Exercise Desert Rock V, the Joint Test Organization, and the 

Air Force Special Weapons Center each developed procedures to 

protect participants from the radiation resulting from the 

nuclear detonation. The JTO and AFSWC based their proc-edures on 

criteria developed by the AEC Division of Biology and Medicine. 

The Office, Chief of Army Field Forces, established the radiological safety criteria and procedures for Desert Rock participants. 

The safety criteria and procedures, as well as the organizations 

developed to implement them, are described in chapter 5 of the 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE volume. 

The primary purpose of the radiation protection procedures 

established at Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE was to avoid unnecessary 

exposure to ionizing radiation while still allowing participants 

to accomplish their missions. Records of some of the procedures 

described in the Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE volume enabled 

Exercise Desert Rock V, the JTO test groups, or AFSWC to evaluate 

'the effectiveness of the radiation protection programs. Complete 

records of the radiation protection programs at Shot BADGER were 

found only for the test groups. Although Desert Rock film badge 

records are incomplete, some information is available in final 

operations reports. 

Data that indicate the results of the test groups' radiation 

protection activities are available from two sources: the onsite 

radiological safety report and the final dose report. The onsite 

report summarizes the activities that took place at each shot 

during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, including monitoring, plotting 

and briefing, personnel dosimetry, issue of protective equipment, 

60 
and decontamination. The final exposure report contains a 

listing of total gamma doses for all DOD personnel in the JTO who 

received film badges at Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. Although this 

report contains individual names, units, total doses, and dates 

of exposure, some of the exposure periods cover more than one 

shot. The final exposure report cannot, therefore, be used to 

determine all personnel exposures that occurred at Shot BADGER. 

A more detailed description of these sources is contained in the 

series volume. 

The after-action report for the Marine Corps maneuver at 

Shot BADGER contains some details of the radiation protection 

activities (24). In addition, the operation orders for Shot 

BADGER and for the Marine Corps maneuver list planned activities 

(29-30). 

4.1 DESEKT ROCK RADIATION PROTECTION PROCEDURES 

The project that distinguished Shot BADGER from the rest of 

the shots in Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE was the comprehensive 

exercise performed by the 2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic 

Exercise Brigade. This section describes the radiation 

protection procedures at this exercise and at two other Desert 

Rock programs, the volunteer observer program and the operational 

helicopter test. In cases where additional information was 

available, this section discusses radiation protection procedures 

for the other Desert Rock participants. 

4.1.1 Radiation Protection for Troop Maneuvers 

Representative Marine Corps personnel involved in the 2d 

MCPAEB at Shot BADGEH were issued film badges and pocket 

dosimeters before 1800 hours on the dav before the shot. 

Although it had been planned that each participant would receive 

a film badge, film badges and pocket dosimeters were actually 

61 
issued on the basis of two badges per platoon and two pocket 

dosimeters per company. The 2d MCPAEB Radiological Safety 

Officer and the Desert Rock Radiological Safety Section 

supervised the issue of film badges and recording of film badge 

information. Individuals carried protective masks, to be worn to 

avoid inhalation of radioactive particles if the test area were 

evacuated. After the detonation, Marines returned their film 

badges either before 1800 hours on shot-day or immediatelv upon 

return to Camp Desert Rock (24). 

The Marines witnessed the detonation from trenches about 

3,660 meters from ground zero. Immediately after the shock wave 

passed, the Marines left the trenches and moved out in attack 

formations. An experienced 2d MCPAEB Radiological Safety Officer 

preceded the Marines via jeep to measure radiation intensities as 

the Marines moved closer to ground zero. In addition, two Marine 

Corps monitors accompanied each platoon. One monitor preceded 

each maneuvering platoon, checking and recording radiation 

intensities with an AN/PDR-39 survey meter. Readings were taken 

with the instruments held at waist height. The other monitor, 

carrying an AN/PDR-27C meter, remained with the platoon. The 

data recorded by the monitors were not reported to the Marine 

units but were recorded for later study (24). 

As reported in chapter 2, personnel of the 1st Battalion, 

8th Marines, were exposed to radiation exceeding the 6.0 roentgen 

limit during their maneuver. Readings of up to 7.5 roentgens 

were registered on the pocket dosimeters 36 minutes after the 

detonation, so the maneuver was terminated, and the troops were 

not permitted to tour the display area. It was later determined 

from pocket dosimeter readings that the average total exposure of 

the 1st Battalion was 4.8 roentgens. Film badge records are 

available for 24 personnel of the 1st Battalion, 8th Marines. 

These film badges represent about half of the badges issued to 

the 1st Battalion. The exposure range was from less than 0.1 up 

62 
to 7.5 roentgens, with an average film badge exposure of 3.0 

roentgens. Only two of these readings, 6.2 and 7.1 roentgens, 

were greater than the 6.0 roentgen limit. The Marines were 

probably on the right flank of the maneuver, where the radiation 

was most intense (17; 24). 

The 2d Battalion, 3d Marines, and Brigade Headquarters 

advanced as planned and were able to tour the display area. 

According to exposures registered on pocket dosimeters, the 2d 

Battalion received an average exposure of 2.3 roentgens, and 

Brigade Headquarters personnel received about a 2.0 roentgen 

exposure (24). 

Film badge records are available for 44 personnel from the 

2d Battalion, 3d Marines, and four personnel from Headquarters, 

2d Marine Carp Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade, who had film 

badge data specific to Shot BADGER. The 44 film badge records of 

the 2d Battalion probably represent the majority of film badges 

issued. The total number of badges issued to the Headquarters 

Brigade is not known. For the 2d Battalion, the range of gamma 

exposures was from less than 0.1 to 5.2 roentgens, with an 

average film badge exposure of 3.0 roentgens. For Headquarters 

Brigade, the range of exposures was from 3.42 to 5.7 roentgens, 

with an average of 4.1 roentgens. The highest may have been for 

personnel who also evaluated the Marine equipment displays (17). 

Eleven minutes after the shot, two pathfinder helicopters 

from MAG-16 arrived behind the entrenchments to carry the Marine 

radiological monitor teams to the maneuver area, where they 

assessed the radiological situation. The radiological monitor 

teams reached the area 15 minutes after detonation. No film 

badge data are available for the MAG-16 personnel. However, 

pocket dosimetry indicated 0.5 roentgen for those who were bused 

through the display area (24). 

63 
4.1.2 Radiation Protection for Volunteer Observers 

Twelve volunteer officers, six Marine Corps and six Army 

officers, observed Shot BADGER from a trench 1,830 meters from 

ground zero. These volunteers were outfitted with the following 

dosimetric devices (24): 

0 One film badge each, provided by the JTO 

l One pocket dosimeter each, provided bv the Army 

l Three film badges each, also furnished by the 

Armv, one in the top of the helmet liner, one 

in the breast pocket, and one taped to the back 

of the jacket 

l Six film badges each, provided by the Marine 

Corps and located in the top of the helmet 

liner, in the breast pocket, in the left hip 

pocket, in the right front pocket, and in the 

top of each boot. 

The JTO provided 12 additional film badge packs for the 

project. Two were placed on top of the trench, two in the middle 

of the trench, and two in the bottom of the trench. Selected 

individuals carried the others (24). 

As described in chapter 2, the observers evacuated the 

trenches when the instruments indicated an initial radiation 

'reading of 500 R/h. As the officers left the trenches, the 

radiation level dropped to between 30 to 50 R/h. As thev walked 

to the road west of the trenches, the radiation levels decreased 

to about 1.0 R/h (27). Upon reaching the junction of the 

1,830-meter road and the display area access road, the officers 

obtained an intensity reading of 0.95 R/h. As they moved away 

from ground zero, the officers obtained readings of 0.5 R/h and 

less on the access road. 

The film badges furnished by the AEC Radiological Safetv 

Officer indicated exposures of from 5.2 to 9.5 roentgens. A set 

furnished by the Army ranged from 6.8 to 14.9 roentgens. Pocket 

64 
dosimeters recorded readings from 5.25 to 9.5, which agreed with 

the film badges furnished by the JTO. The higher readings 

indicated on the Army film badges were judged to have resulted 

from inaccurate response of the film in the range of 5 to 25 

roentgens (27). 

The volunteer officer observers were also exposed to prompt 

neutron radiation. Film badges worn by the observers did not 

measure neutron radiation, but dose reconstruction indicates that 

the volunteers received a neutron dose of about 2.5 roentgens. 

In addition, the dose reconstruction estimates the average total 

gamma dose for the volunteers to be about 7.2 roentgens (22). 

4.1.3 Radiation Protection for the Operational Helicopter Test 

The objectives and description of the helicopter test 

mission are presented in chapter 2. During this mission, pilots 

were instructed to avoid areas where the radiation intensity was 

greater than 10.0 R/h. They were not to land their aircraft in 

areas where the radiation intensitv at ground level was greater 

than 0.05 R/h. Radiological safety monitors were scheduled to be 

aboard three of the four helicopters (25). Information is available regarding radiation levels encountered by these monitors. 

Such film badge data that have been found for the helicopter 

personnel cannot be related specifically to BADGER. 

4.1.4 Radiation Protection for Observers in Orientation and 

Indoctrination 

The observers left the trench area about 35 minutes after 

the shot. They toured the display areas as close as 910 meters 

to ground zero and returned to the trenches within about three 

hours. Although no film badge records have been located for 

these observers at BADGER, a dose reconstruction indicates that 

these troops received a gamma dose of 1.3 roentgens and that 

65 
their neutron dose was negligible (less than 0.001 roentgen). 

The gamma dose was higher than for most observers at other shots 

because of the amount of time that the observers spent near the 

forward radiological safety limit of 2.5 R/h (22). 

4.2 RESULTS OF THE AEC-DOD JOINT TEST ORGANIZATION RADIATION 

PROTECTION ACTIVITIES 

The initial onsite radiation survey at Shot BADGER began 15 

minutes after the shot, at 0450 hours, and was completed at 0730 

hours. The survey took longer than usual because some teams had 

difficulty in traveling over the rough terrain west of ground 

zero. Normal access routes to the north and northeast of ground 

zero were blocked by radiation fields in excess of 50 R/h 

crossing Mercury Highway. Recovery hour was not declared until 

0710 hours (13). 

Twelve JTO participants at Shot BADGER received exposures 

greater than 3.9 roentgens. Nine monitors from Fort McClellan, 

Alabama, assigned to the Radiological Safety Support Unit had 

total exposures ranging from 4.3 to 7.1 roentgens. These 

personnel performed a variety of monitoring and surveying 

activities. An Air Force participant from the Wright Air 

Development Center was assigned to Project 8.la and received a 

total exposure of 7.4 roentgens. In other BADGER activities, a 

civilian employee of the Naval Research Laboratory assigned to 

Program 18 received an exposure of 4.5 roentgens. Also, an 

AFSWC monitor from Walker AFB, New Mexico, turned in a film badge 

that indicated an exposure of 17.5 roentgens (la; lb). 

4.2.1 Onsite Operations 

Because fallout occurred to the southeast of ground zero, 

across Mercury Highway, survey teams had to enter the shot area 

from the west in order to survey the northern areas. Figure 4-l 

66 
N 

69 Ground Zero 

Kilometer 

Roads 

. . . . . . . l 0.01 R/h 

- - - - - 0.1 R/h 

-*-•--- 1.0 R/h 

10.0 R/h 

Figure 4-l: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT BADGER, 18 APRIL 1953, 0730 HOURS 

67 
shows the plot resulting from the initial survev. Resurveys were 

conducted on 19 April, 20 April, and 23 April. Figures 4-2 and 

4-3 present the results of the 19 and 20 April resurveys (13). 

Generally, recovery parties were not permitted to enter 

areas with radiation levels of 10.0 R/h. For this shot, however, 

the Test Director permitted some parties in vehicles to use 

Mercury Highway to reach recovery areas, even though fallout in 

some areas along the highway measured greater than 50 R/h. This 

exception led some parties to believe that they could-also 

recover test data in areas with radiation levels greater than 

10.0 R/h without the specific permission of the Test Director. 

An unknown number of overexposures resulted from this misunderstanding. Because of these overexposures, the Onsite 

Radiological Safety Operations Officer initiated a special 

training program for monitors. 

During the period 17 to 23 April, 133 recovery parties, 

consisting of 396 people, were briefed and processed for entry 

into radiation areas. Approximately 1,600 film badges were 

issued, and 92 vehicles were decontaminated. From 17 through 23 

April 1953, including the 18 April detonation of BADGER, the 

Supply Section issued 238 protective caps, 274 pairs of shoe 

covers, 261 pairs of coveralls, 117 respirators, 133 pairs of 

cotton gloves, and 527 pairs of high-density goggles (13). 

4.2.2 Offsite Operations 

Areas east-southeast of the Nevada Proving Ground received 

some fallout from Shot BADGER. A wide path ranging from Kingman, 

Arizona, in the south, to north of Lake Mead, Nevada, had 

radiation intensities of at least 0.0002 R/h about ten hours 

after the detonation. Within that range was a narrow band of 

intensity up to 0.30 R/h that extended to the northern shores of 

Lake Mead. Radiation from BADGER was detected as far east as 

68 
Radiation Intensity around 

Ground Zero 10.0 R/h 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

l * 0. 

. . 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. -L . 

l . 

. 

dp 

. . . . . . . 

me--- 

Ktlometer 

I I 

0 1 

.-.-.-• 

N 

Ground Zero 

Roads 

001 R/h 

0 1 R/h 

1.0 R/h 

Figure 4-2: RESURVEY FOR SHOT BADGER, 19 APRIL 1953, 0630 HOURS 

69 
. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

Kilometer 

I I 

0 1 

Radiation lntensitv around 

Ground Zero lO.O’R/h 

N 

w 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

l . 

l _ -4 

- . 

63) Ground Zero 

Roads 

. . . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

- - - - - 0.1 R/h 

l -•- 0-0 1.0 R/h 

Figure 4-3: RESURVEY FOR SHOT BADGER, 20 APRIL 1953, 0730 HOURS 

70 
Arizona Highway 64 between Williams, Arizona, and the southern 

rim of the Grand Canyon (13). 

Twelve monitors, four of whom were DOD personnel, performed 

offsite radiological surveys. Two DOD monitors surveyed extensively around Glendale Junction, Nevada, and Arizona Highway 40, 

two areas that received fallout from BADGEH. The highest radiation intensity encountered by the DOD monitors was 0.2 R/h (13). 

4.2.3 Air Participation 

Four aircraft flown by AFSWC personnel conducted aerial 

surveys after the shot: two helicopters, a C-47, and an L-20. 

Section 3.4.4 has more information on this mission. The 

helicopters surveyed the terrain close to ground zero. Both the 

pilots and the monitors received exposures in excess of 3.9 

roentgens due to the monitors' decision to enter areas with gamma 

intensities exceeding 10.0 R/h. The helicopters returned to the 

landing pad east of Control Point Building 2. The helicopters 

and crews were monitored and decontaminated (13). 

The L-20 and C-47 performed the offsite aerial survey. 

Because communications were never established with the L-20, a 

late change in pattern, necessary because the cloud was not 

following the path predicted, was never effected. The C-47, 

however, did fly the alternate patterns ordered bv the Test 

Director. The C-47 also surveyed on the day after detonation 

(19). 

4.3 RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY FOR AFSWC UNITS BASED AT KIRTLAND AFB 

The Radiological Warfare Defense Unit, as part of the 4910th 

Air Base Group, handled radiological activities at Kirtland AFB 

for AFSWC personnel. Two monitoring teams were required for the 

71 
BADGER test and were on duty from 0700 to 2400 hours, 18 April. 

No contamination was found on Kirtland-based aircraft participating in the BADGER test (11-12). Additional information 

regarding AFSWC radiological safety procedures and results at 

BADGER is not available. 

72 
SHOT BADGER REFERENCE LIST 

The following list of references represents 

only those documents cited in the BADGER 

volume. When a DNA-WT document is followed by 

an EX, the latest version has been cited. A 

complete list of documents reviewed during the 

preparation of the Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

volumes is contained in the Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE volume Bibliography. 

73 
AVAILABILITY INFORMATION 

An availability statement has been included at the end of 

the reference citation for those readers who wish to read or 

obtain copies of source documents. Availability statements were 

correct at the time the bibliography was prepared. It is 

anticipated that many of the documents marked unavailable may 

become available during the declassification review process. The 

Coordination and Information Center (CIC) and the National 

Technical Information Service (NTIS) will be provided future 

DNA-WT documents bearing an EX after the report number. 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of CIC 

may be reviewed at the following address: 

Department of Energy 

Coordination and Information Center 

(Operated bv Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Co., Inc.) 

ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley 

2753 S. Highland 

P.O. Box 14100 Phone: (702) 734-3194 

Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of NTIS 

may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service. 

When ordering by mail or phone, please include both the price 

code and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses 

before the NTIS order number. 

National Technical Information Service 

5285 Port Royal Road Phone: (703) 487-4650 

Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office) 

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by 

writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or by calling 

(703) 487-4660. 

74 
SHOT BADGER REFERENCE LIST 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

9778th 

a. 

b. 

Atomic 

Atomic 

Radiological Safety Support Unit. 

Cumulative Radiological Listing rR1021 with Exposure 

Roster and Film Badge Number. Spring 1953 Tests. 

REECo Box 1:3; Cartridge/Roll 5.**** 

"Exposure of DOD Personnel Participating in Spring 

1953 Tests at Nevada Proving Ground." Mercury, NV.: 

9778th Rad Safe Support Unit. (1953.1 

141 Pages.  

Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director. 

[Correspondence File, Subject: Manned Station 

Personnel for Individual Shots, 9 Januarv - 3 June 

1953.1 Mercury, NV. 1953. 42 Pages.**  

Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director. 

Schedule of Events, Shot BADGER, Appendix 1 to Annex 

J of Operation Order l-53. Camp Mercury, NV.: AEC 

Test Director's Office. [April 1953.1 8 Pages.** 

Bass, R. C.; Smith, L. J.; Ungar, S. H. Gamma Radiation 

Spectrum of Residual Contamination, Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 2.2a. Armv, Signal Corps 

Engineering Laboratories. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-718. May 1955. 80 Pages. 

(A05) AD 244 415.* 

Bohn, J.; Cowie, R.; O'Day, M. "Measurement of Thermal 

Radiation with a Vacuum Microphone, Project 8.2." 

Albuquerque, NM.: Air Force, Cambridge Research 

Center. Field Command, AFSWP. WT-767. 

March 1954. 60 Pages. (A04).* 

Byrnes, V.; Brown, D.; Rose, H.; et al. "Ocular Effects of 

Thermal Radiation from Atomic Detonation Flashblindness and Chorioretinal Burns, Project 4.5." 

School of Aviation Medicine. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-745. November 1955. 

76 Pages.*** 

Campbell, J. H. "High Dispersion Spectrographic Observations, Part I, Project 18.3." Naval Research 

Laboratory. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 

WT-829. 1961. 76 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests sub,ject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

75 
8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

Chambers, F. W.; Sharp, R.; Duckwork, J. W.; et al. 

"Residual Ionizing Radiation Depth Dose Measurements 

in Unit Density Material, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

Project 2.2b." Naval Medical Research Institute. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-719. 

February 1957. 44 Pages.** * 

Civil Effects Test Group. Memorandum for Test Director, 

Subject: Preliminary Report on Post Test Results, 

[BADGER]. Mercury, NV. April 19, 1953. 

4 Pages.**** 

Clark, J. "Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Report of the Deputy 

Test Director." Los Alamos, NM.: Atomic Energy 

Commission. WT-816. June 1954. 61 Pages.*** 

Clawson, M. 9. "History of 4901st Support Wing (Atomic) 

Participation in Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, l-30 

April 1953." Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. swc 

26034. 1953. 7 Pages.** 

Clawson, M. Q. "Historv of 4901st Support Wing (Atomic) 

Participation in Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 1 May - 

13 June 1953." Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. KAFB 

7920. 1953. 13 Pages.** 

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Radiological Safety Operation. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 

WT-702(REF). June 1953. 451 Pages. (A20).* 

Crenshaw, C.; McAfee, W.; Pressman, W.; et al. "Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic Radiation from 

Nuclear Detonations, Project 6.7." Army, Signal 

Corps Engineering Laboratories. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-754. June 1956. 

34 Pages.*** 

Cracker, J.; Harris, R. A. Seismic Measurements, Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 7.4. Headquarters, USAF. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-764. 

May 1955. 87 Pages.*** 

Curcio, J. A.; Duncan, C. H.; Drummeter, L. F. 

Low-Resolution Spectroscopy, Part 2, Project 18.3. 

Washington, D.C.: Naval Research Laboratory. 

WT-828. September 1955. 116 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

76 
17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

23. 

24. 

25. 

Defense Nuclear Agency. Personnel Exposed to Radiation 

from Atmospheric Nuclear Tests (File C). Computer 

Magnetic Tape for Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. 

Washington, D.C.: DNA. HDNA 609-03. 19.!32.** ** 

Directorate of Weapons Effects Test. Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, Operational Summary. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. August 1953. 104 Pages.*** 

Fackler, P. Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Aircraft Participation. Kirtland AFB, NM.: Air Force Special Weapons 

Center. WT-825. November 1955. 226 Pages.*** 

General Electric Company - TEMPO. Compilation of Local 

Fallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962. 

Volume 1: "Continental U S . 

1979. 

T ests." Washington, 

D.C.: DNA-1251-l-EX. 619 Pages. 

(A99) AD/A079 309." 

George Washington University, Human Resources Research 

Office. "Relation between Information Gain and 

Attitude Change: A Study of Participants in Exercise 

DESEHT ROCK V." Washington, D.C.: HumRRO. 1954. 

35 Pages. (A03).*/** 

Goetz, J.; Jones, S.; Kaul, D.; et al. Analysis of 

Radiation Exposures for Troop Observers, Exercise 

Desert Rock V, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Washington, D.C.: 

Science 

Applications, Inc. befense 

Nuclear Agency. DNA 5742F. April 1981. 

111 Pages. (A06).* 

Greer, W. H.; Dukes, E. F. Technical Photography, Project 

9.1. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 

WT-779. January 1954. 142 Pages. (AG7) 

AD/B951 672.* 

Headquarters, 2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise 

Brigade. Desert Rock V, w/10 encls. Camp 

Pendleton, CA.: , MmEB. 19 May 1953. 

113 Pages.** 

Headquarters, 2d Marine Corp Provisional Atomic Exercise 

Brigade. "Report of Helicopter Participation in 

Exercise Desert Rock V" (w/6 Annexes, 2 Enclosures). 

Camp Desert Rock, NV.: 2d MCPAEB. 18 June 1953. 

77 Pages.** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

77 
26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 

31. 

32. 

33. 

34 . 

35. 

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. [Computations of Volunteer 

Observers - Blank Form.] Camp Desert Rock, NV.: 

U.S. Armv. April 1953. 2 Pages.**  

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. Exercise Desert Rock V, 

Final Report. Volume I: "Operations." Camp Desert 

Rock, NV. 24 June 1953. 198 Pages. 

(A09) AD/A078 559.*/** 

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. Exercise Desert Rock V, 

Final Report. Volume II: "Administration." Camp 

Desert Rock, NV. 1 June 1953. 64 Pages.** 

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. Exercise Desert Rock V, 

Operation Order Three. Camp Desert Rock, NV. 14 

April 1953. 70 Pages.** 

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. Exercise Desert Rock V, 

Operation Order Six. Camp Desert Rock, NV. 11 May 

1953. 100 Pages. ** 

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. Training Memo No. 15: 

Observer Orientation Course. Camp Desert Rock, NV. 

8 April 1953. 15 Pages.** 

James, F. "IBDA Phenomena and Techniques, Project 6.2." 

Wright Air Development Center. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-751. September 1955. 

58 Pages.*** 

Johnston, J. M.; Poyet, G. Evaluation of Military Radiac 

Equipment, Project 6.8. Army, Signal Corps 

Engineering Laboratories and Navy, Bureau of Ships. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-755. 

June 1954. 90 Pages. (A05) AD 629 545.* 

Keeling, G. "Interim IBDA Capabilities of Strategic Air 

Command, Project 6.3." Strategic Air Command. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-752. 

January 1955. 56 Pages.*** 

Larrick, R.; Johnson, 0.; Marmiroli, R. "Initial Gamma 

Exposure versus Distance, Project 6.8a." Army, 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. Albuquerque, 

NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-756. September 

1955. 38 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

78 
36. 

37. 

38. 

39. 

40. 

41. 

42. 

43. 

44. 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, J-6. Memorandum to 

Distribution, Sub,ject: Instrument Chart. Los 

Alamos, NM. 13 March 1953. 21 Pages.**  

Marine Corps. Atomic Assault, Photograph. Camp Desert 

Rock, NV.: U.S. Marine Corps. 18 April 1953. 

[Photograph.] Included in BADGER Volume, Chapter 2. 

Marine Corps Educational Center. Appendix 7: "Special 

Report bv Col. W.F. Lantz as an Observer at a 

Volunteer Position in Desert Rock Five, Marine 

Exercise." Quantico, VA.: MCEC. April 1953. 

4 Pages.** 

Molloy, C. T. IBDA Phenomena and Techniques [Pro,ject 

6.21. Vitro Corporation of America. New York 

NY.: Vitro. KLX-1658. Undated. 242 Pages.;** 

Oleson, M. H. Electromagnetic Effects from Nuclear 

Explosions, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 7.1. 

Headquarters, USAF. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-762. June 1955. 

299 Pages.*** 

Olmsted, G.; Wowak, E. "Detection of Airborne Low 

Frequency Sound from Nuclear Explosions, Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 7.3." Headquarters, USAF. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-763. 

February 1954. 43 Pages.*** 

Price, J. "Evaluation of Rapid Aerial Radiological Survey 

Techniques, Project 6.10." Army, Signal Corps 

Engineering Laboratories. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-758. May 1954. 26 Pages. 

(A03) AD/A073 473.* 

Rainey, C. T.; et al. Distribution and Characteristics of 

Fall-out at Distances Greater than 10 Miles from 

Ground Zero, March and April 1953. Los Angeles, 

CA.: UCLA School of Medicine. WT-811. February 

1954. 98 Pages. (AO5) AD 417 O93.* 

Rogin, L.; DuPont, A.; Weeber, C. Atomic Weapon Effects on 

AD Type Aircraft in Flight, Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, Pro;iect 5.1. Naval Air Material Center. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-748. 

March 1954. 198 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

79 
45. Schlei, E. J.; James, G. T.; Breidenbach, L.; et al. 

Effects of Thermal and Blast Forces from Nuclear 

Detonations on Basic Aircraft Structures and 

Components, Project 8.la. Wright Air Development 

Center. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 

WT-766. March 1954. 298 Pages.** * 

46. Singlevich, Walter; Reed, C. K. "Calibration Analysis of 

Close-in A-Bomb Debris, Pro,ject 7.5." Headquarters, 

USAF. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 

WT-765. September 1955. 61 Pages.*** 

47. Taplin, G. V.; Sanford, C.; et al. "Comparison and 

Evaluation of Dosimetry Methods Applicable to Gamma 

Radiation, Project 29.1." Los Angeles, CA.: UCLA 

School of Medicine. WT-802. September 1953. 

74 Pages.*** 

48. Taylor, L. B. History of the Air Force Atomic Cloud 

Sampling, Volume 1: "Narrative," Volume 2: 

"Appendix." Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. January 

1963. 330 Pages. K242.04-8.*** 

49. Terry, J. H. "Evaluation of Naval Airborne Radiac 

Equipment, Project 6.9." Navy, Bureau of 

Aeronautics. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, 

AFSWP. WT-757. March 1956. 44 Pages.*** 

50. Tiede, R. V., LTC., USA; Kelly, D. F.; Burger, K. C. 

"Determination of Height of Burst and Ground Zero, 

Project 6.12." Army Field Forces, Board #1 and 

Army, Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-760. 

May 1955. 68 Pages.*** 

51. Winograd, B. "Gain in Information in the Desert Rock 

A-Bomb Maneuvers." Washington, D.C.: GWU, HumRRO. 

March 1954. 19 Pages. (A02) AD 482 184.*/** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

80 
DISTRIBUTION LIST 

DEPPRTMENT OF THE NAVY (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

Armed Forces Staff College 

ATTN: Library 

Assistant Secretary of Defense, Public Affairs 

ATTN: PA0 

Defense Nuclear Agency 

ATTN: PA0 

ATTN: GC 

ATTN: BA 

5 cy ATTN. NTPR 

25 cy ATTN TITL 

Defense Technical Information Center 

12 cy ATTN. DD 

Field Command 

Defense Nuclear Agency 

ATTN FCLS 

ATTN. FCTT, W Summa 

ATTN FCLS, MaJ 0. Norton 

ATTN FCTT, G. Ganong 

Interservice Nuclear Weapons School 

ATTN TTV 

National Defense University 

ATTN: ICAF Tech Library 

Assistant to the Secretary of Defense 

Atomic Energy 

ATTN. Military Applications 

ATTN. Executive Assistant 

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY 

Army Library 

ATTN: Military Dot Set 

Army Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

2 cy ATTN DAAG-AMR-R TAG0 

U.S. Army Center of Military History 

ATTN DAMH-HSO 

U 5. Army Chemical School 

ATTN: ATZN-CM-CS 

ATTN. ATZN-CM-AL 

U S Army Comd & General Staff College 

ATTN Library 

U.S. Army War College 

ATTN Library 

U.S Army Nuclear & Chemical Agency 

ATTN: Library 

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY 

Aviation History Unit 

Department of the Navy 

ATTN: Library 

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 

Department of the Navy 

ATTN: Asst for Med Surgery 

James Carson Breckinridge Library 

Department of the Navy 

ATT;i: Library Dlv 

Marine Corps Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

ATTN: Code MSRB-6C 

Merchant Marine Academy 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Aviation School Connnand 

ATTN: Library 

Hospital Corps School 

ATTN: Library 

Ocean Systems Center 

ATTN: Library 

Oceanographic Office 

ATTN: Code 025, Historian 

Postgraduate School 

ATTN: Code 1424, Library 

Research Laboratory 

ATTN: Library 

School 

Construction Battalion Center 

ATTN: Commanding Officer 

School of Health Sciences 

ATTN: Library 

Sea Systems Cormnand 

ATTN. Nuclear Technology Div 

Surface Weapons Center 

ATTN: Library 

War College 

ATTN: Professor 8 Libraries 

Weapons Center 

ATTN: Code 233 

Weapons Evaluation Facility 

ATTN. Library 

Navy Dept Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Navy Nuclear Power School 

ATTN: Library 

Navy Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

2 cy ATTN. W. Loeffler 

U.S Naval Academy 

Nimitz Library 

ATTN. Documents & Reports Dept 

Marine Corps Base 

ATTN Document Custodian 

81 
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY (Continued) 

Office of the Judoe Adv Gen 

Department of the-Navy 

ATTN. Code 73 

Marine Corps Historical Center 

2 cy ATTN. Code HDH-2 

U.S. Merchant Marine Academy 

ATTN: Librn 

U.S. Naval Air Station Library 

Department of the Navy 

ATTN. Library, 

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE - 

Academy Library DFSELD 

U.S. Air Force Academy 

ATTN. Library 

Aerospace Defense Command 

ATTN. Historian 

Air Force Communications Connnand 

ATTN. Historian 

Air Fo;;rcNInstitute of Technology 

. Library 

Air Force Logistics Command 

ATTN: Historian 

Air Force Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

ATTN: HQ USAF/SGES 

Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine 

ATTN: Strughold Library 

Air Force Systems Command 

ATTN: Historian 

Air Force TechnIcal Applications Center 

ATTN: Historian 

Air Force Weapons Laboratory 

Air Force Systems Command 

ATTN: Tech Library 

Air National Guard 

ATTN: Historian 

Air Training Command 

ATTN. Historian 

Air University Library 

Department of the Air Force 

ATTN: AUL-LSE 

Military Air Lift Command 

ATTN: Historian 

Comrrander-in-Chief 

Pacific Air Forces 

ATTN: Historian 

Tactical Air Command 

Department of the Air Force 

ATTN: Historian 

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE (Continued) 

Strategic Air Coronand 

Department of the Air Force 

ATTN: NRI-STINFO Library 

ATTN: Historian 

U.S. Air Force Occupational & Env Health Lab 

ATTN: NTPR 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

Department of Energy 

ATTN. OMA 

Department of Energy 

Nevada Operations Office 

ATTN. Health Physics Div 

2 cy ATTN R. Nutley 

Department of Energy 

Human Health & Assessments Division 

ATTN: EV-31 

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 

Centers for Disease Control 

U S Public Health Service 

ATTN: G. Caldwell 

Central Intelligence Agency 

ATTN: Office of Medical Services 

Department of Health & Human Svcs 

ATTN: Office of General Counsel 

Exec Oft of The President 

Management & Budget Off Lib 

ATTN: Librn 

Library of Congress 

ATTN. Library Service Division 

ATTN: Science & Technology Div 

ATTN: Serial & Govt Publication 

National Atomic Museum 

ATTN: Historian 

Department of Commerce 

National Bureau of Standards 

ATTN: Librn 

National Technical Information Service 

12 cy ATTN: Customer Services 

Occupational Safety & Health Admin 

ATTN. C. Wright 

Office of Health & Disability (ASPER) 

ATTN: R. Copeland 

Oft of Workers Compensation Program 

Department of Labor 

ATTN: R. Larson 

U.S. Coast Guard Academy Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

U.S. House of Representatives 

ATTN: Committee on Armed Svcs 

82 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

U.S. House of Representatives 

Committee on Interstate & Foreign Comnerce 

ATTN: Subcommittee on Health & Envir 

U.S. Military Academy 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

U.S. Senate 

Committee on 

ATTN: 

U.S. Senate 

ATTN: 

Armed Services 

Cormnittee on Veterans Affairs 

Committee on Veterans Affairs 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Providence, RI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Montgomery, AL 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Anchorage, AK 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Phoenix, AZ 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Little Rock, AR 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Los Angeles, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

San Francisco, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Denver, CO 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Hartford, CT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Wilmington. DE 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-OFC Central 

Washington, 0. C. 

ATTN: Dept Veterans Benefit, Central Dfc 

ATTN: Director 

ATTN: Board of Veteran Appeal 

Veterans Administration-R0 

St. Petersburg, FL 

ATTN. Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Atlanta, GA 

ATTN. Director 

OTHER GDVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Honolulu, HI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Chicago, IL 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Seattle, WA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Indianapolis, IN 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Des Moines, IA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Wichita, KS 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Louisville, KY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

New Orleans, LA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Togus, ME 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Baltimore, MD 

ATTN. Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Boston, MA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

St. Paul, MN 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Jackson, MS 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Huntington, WV 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

St. Louis. MO 

ATTN: Direct0 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Ft. Harrison, MT 

ATTN: Director 

National Archives 

ATTN: Librn 

83 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Lincoln, NE 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Adminlstration-RO 

Reno, NV 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RD 

Manchester, NH 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Newark, NJ 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Milwaukee, WI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Albuquerque, NM 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Buffalo, NY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

New York, NY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Winston-Salem, NC 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Fargo, ND 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Cleveland, OH 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Muskogee, OK 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Portland, OR 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Pittsburgh, PA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Philadelphia, PA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

San Francisco, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

San Juan, Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Director 

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Columbia, SC 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Adminlstration-RO 

Sioux Falls, SD 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Houston, TX 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Waco, TX 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RD 

Salt Lake City, UT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administraiton-RO 

White River Junction, VT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Roanoke, VA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Cheyenne, WY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RD 

San Diego, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Boise, ID 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Detroit. MI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Nashville, TN 

ATTN: Director 

The White House 

ATTN: Domestic Policy Staff 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTORS 

Lawrence Livermore National Lab 

ATTN: Tech Info Dept Library 

Los Alamos National Lab 

ATTN: Library 

ATTN: ADPA MMS 195 

Sandia National Lab 

ATTN: W. Hereford 

ATTN: Central Library 

Reynolds Electrical & Engr Co., Inc 

ATTN: CIC 

ATTN: W. Brady 

84 
OTHER 

Adams State College 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Akron Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Alabama State Dept of Archives & History 

ATTN: Military Records Div 

University of Alabama 

ATTN: Reference Dept/Docs 

University of Alaska Library at Anchorage 

ATTN: Librn 

Unlverslty of Alaska 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Albany Public Library 

ATTN Llbrn 

Alexander City State Jr College 

ATTN. Librn 

Allegheny College 

ATTN: Librn 

Allen County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Altoona Area Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

American Statistics Index 

Congressional Info Service, 

ATTN: Cathy Jarvey 

Anaheim Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

College of Wooster 

ATTN. Gov Dots 

Inc 

Angelo State University Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Angelo Iacoboni Public Library 

ATT"': Librn 

Anoka County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Appalachian State University 

ATTN Library Dots 

Arizona State Unlverslty Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Arizona 

ATTN: Gov Dot Dept/C. Bower 

Arkansas College Library 

ATTN: Library 

Brooklyn College 

ATTN: Dot DIV 

DTHER (Continued) 

Arkansas Library Comm 

ATTN: Library 

Arkansas State University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Arkansas 

ATTN: Gov Dots Div 

AustinA;;Llege 

: Librn 

Atlanta Public Library 

ATTN: Ivan Allen Dept 

Atlanta University 

ATTN: Librn 

Auburn University Library rt Mongomery (Reg) 

ATTN. Librn 

C. W. Post Ctr Long Island University 

ATTN. Librn 

Bangor Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Bates College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

BaylorAy;;ersity Library 

: Dots Dept 

Beloit College Libraries 

ATTN: Serials Dots Dept 

BemidJi State College 

ATTN: Library 

State University College 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

Akron University 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

Boston Public Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Bowdoin College 

ATTN: Librn 

Bowling Green State University 

ATTN: Lib Gov Dots Services 

Bradley University 

ATTN: Librn 

Branders University Library 

ATTN: Dots Section 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Librn 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Dots Collection 

Brookhaven National Laboratory 

ATTN: Tech Library 

85 
OTHER (Continued) _OTHER (Continued) 

Broward County Library Sys 

ATTN. Librn 

Brown University 

ATTN. Librn 

Bucknell University 

ATTN: Reference Dept 

Buffalo & Erie Co Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State University Library of California at Fresno 

ATTN: Library 

University Library of California at Los Angeles 

ATTN: Pub Affairs Serv U S. Dots 

University of California at San Diego 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

State College Library of California at Stanislaus 

ATTN: Library 

California State Polytechnic University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University at Northridge 

ATTN: Gov Dot 

California State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

Callforn>a State University at Long Beach Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

California State University 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University 

ATTN. Librn 

California University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept 

California University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

California University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

California Unlverslty Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of California 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Calvin College Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Kearney State College 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Librn 

Carnegie Mellon University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Carson Regional Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Unit 

Case Western Reserve University 

ATTN: Librn 

Casper College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Central Florida 

ATTN: Library Dots Dept 

Central Michigan University 

ATTN: Library Dots Set 

Central Missouri State Univ 

ATTN. Gov Dots 

Central State Unlverslty 

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept 

Central Washington University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Set 

Central Wyoming College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Charleston County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Charlotte & Mechlenburg County Public Library 

ATTN: E. Correll 

Chattanooga Hamilton County, Bicentennial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Chesapeake Public Library System 

ATTN: Librn 

Chicago Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

State University of Chicago 

ATTN: Librn 

Chicago University Library 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

ATTN: Dots Processing 

Cincinnati University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Claremont Colleges Libraries 

ATTN: Dot Collection 

Clemson University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Cambna County Library Sys 

ATTN: Librn 

Carleton College Library 

ATTN. Librn 

86 
OTHER (Continued1 OTHER (Continued) 

Dayton & Montgomery City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Dayton 

ATTN: Librn 

Decatur Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Oekalb Cotnnunity College So Cpus 

ATTN: Librn 

Delaware Pauw University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Delaware 

ATTN: Librn 

Delta College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Delta State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Denison University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Denver Public Library (Reg) 

ATTN. Dots Div 

Dept of Library & Archives (Reg) 

ATTN. Librn 

Detroit Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Cleveland Public Library 

ATTN: Dots Collection 

Cleveland State University Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Coe Library 

ATTN. Dots Div 

Colgate University Library 

ATTN: Ref Lib 

Colorado State University Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Colorado Libraries 

ATTN. Dir of Libraries 

Columbia University Library 

ATTN: Dots Svc Ctr 

Columbus & Franklin Cty Public Library 

ATTN. Gen Ret Div 

Compton Library 

ATTN Librn 

Connecticut State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Gov't of Connecticut 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Cornell University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

CorpusAF:;isti State University Library 

: Librn 

Culver City Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Curry College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Asheville 

ATTN: Librn 

Dallas County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

DallasA;;ilic Library 

: Librn 

Dalton Junior College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dartmouth College 

ATTN: Librn 

Davenport Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Burlington Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Dickinson State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Alabama Agricultural Mechanical University & Co11 

ATTN: Librn 

Drake University 

ATTN: Cowles Library 

Drew University 

ATTN: Librn 

Duke University 

ATTN. Pub Dots Dept 

Duluth Public Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

East Carolina University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept 

East Central University 

ATTN: Librn 

East Islip Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Davidson College 

ATTN: Librn 

87 
OTHER (Continued) 

Florida Institute of Technology 

ATTN: Library 

Florida International University Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Florida State Library 

ATTN. Dots Set 

GTHER (Continued) 

East Orange Public Library 

ATTN: U.S. Gov't Depository 

East Tennessee State University Sherrod Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

East Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

Monmouth County Library Eastern Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Kentucky University 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Michigan University Library 

ATTN: Library 

Eastern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Eastern New Mexico University 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Oregon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Washington University 

ATTN: Librn 

El Paso Public Library 

ATTN: Dots & Geneology DePt 

Elko County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Elmira College 

ATTN: Librn 

Elon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Enoch Pratt F;;resL;;.ary 

ATTN: 

Emory University 

ATTN. Librn 

Evansville & Vanderburgh Cty Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Everett Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Fairleigh Dickinson University 

ATTN: Depository Dept 

Florida A & M University 

ATTN: Librn 

Florida Atlantic University Library 

ATTN: Div of Pub Dots 

University of Florida 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Fond Du Lac Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ft Hays State University 

Ft Hays Kansas State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Ft Worth Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Free Public Library of Elizabeth 

ATTN: Librn 

Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Freeport Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

FresnoA:$ Free Library 

: Librn 

Gadsden Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Garden Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Gardner Webb College 

ATTN: Dots Library 

Gary P;;IJ; Library 

: Librn 

Geauga Cty Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

George;;; University Library 

: Gov Dots Room 

Georgia Institute of Technology 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgia Southern College 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgi;T:;uthwestern College 

: Dir of Libraries 

GeorgiiT:;te University Library 

: Librn 

88 
DTHER (Continued) 

University of Georgia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Glassboro State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Gleeson Library 

ATTN: Libt-n 

Graceland College 

ATTN: Librn 

Grand Forks Pu,~JJ:c, City-County Library 

ATTN: 

Grand Raplds Public Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

Greenville County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Guam RFK Memorial University Library 

ATTN: Fed Depository Co11 

University of Guam 

ATTN: Librn 

Gustavus Adolphus College 

ATTN: Librn 

South Dakota University 

ATTN: Librn 

Hardin-Simmons University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hartford Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Serials Ret Dlv 

University of Hawaii Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11 

Hawaii State Library 

ATTN: Fed Dots Unit 

Un;versity of Hawaii at Monoa 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Hawaii 

Hilo Campus Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Haydon Burns Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hennepin County Library 

ATTN: Gov DOCS 

Henry Ford Community College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

gTHER (Continued) 

Herbert H. Lehman College 

ATTN: Lib Dots Div 

Hofstra University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Hollins College 

ATTN. Librn 

Hopkinsville Cornnunity College 

ATTN: Librn 

Wagner College 

ATTN. Librn 

University of Houston Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Houston Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Tulane University 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Hoyt Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

humboldt State College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Library 

Hunting;;; Park Library 

: Librn 

Hutchinson Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho Public Library & Information Center 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho %f:e Library 

: Librn 

Idaho State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Idaho 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Illinois Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Illino~~;tate Library (Reg) 

: Gov Dots Br 

1llino;;Tniversity at Urbana-Champaign 

: P. Watson Dots Lib 

Illinois Valley Canunity College 

ATTN: Library 

Illino;qT;tate University 

: Librn 

Indian;T;;te Library (Reg) 

: Serial Set 

Indiana State University 

Al-TN: Dots Library 

89 
DTHER (Continued) DTHER (Continued) 

Kent State University Library 

ATTN: Dots DIV 

Kentucky Dept of Library & Archives 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Indiana University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Indianapolis Marion County Public Library 

ATTN: Social Science Div 

Iowa State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Iowa University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Butler University 

ATTN: Librn 

Isaac Delchdo College 

ATTN. Librn 

James Madison University 

ATTN. Librn 

Jefferson County Public Library 

Lakewood Regional Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Jersey City State College 

ATTN. F. A. Irwin Library Periodicals 

Dot Set 

Johns Hopkins University 

ATTN: Dots Library 

La Roche College 

ATTN. Librn 

Johnson Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kalamazoo Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Kansas City Public Library 

ATTN: Dots Dlv 

Kansas State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kansas State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Kansas 

ATTN. Dir of Library (Reg) 

University of Texas 

ATTN: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public 

Affairs Library 

Maine Maritime Academy 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Maine 

ATTN. Librn 

University of Kentucky 

ATTN. Gov Pub Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg) 

Kenyon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lake Forest College 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Lake Sumter Community College Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Lakeland Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Lancaste+ Regional Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lawrence University 

ATTN. Dots Dept 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Dots & Map Set 

Lewis University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Library and Statutory Dist & Svc 

2 cy ATTN. Librn 

Earlham College 

ATTN. Librn 

Little Rock Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Long Beach Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Los Angeles Public Library 

ATTN: Serials Div U.S. Dots 

Louisiana State University 

ATTN: Gov Dot Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Louisville Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Louisville University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hoover Institution 

ATTN: J. Bingham 

90 
OTHER (Continued) 

Manchester City Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Mankato State College 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

University of Maine at Farmington 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Marathon County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Principia College 

ATTN: Llbrn 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: McKeldin Library Dots Div 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Massachusetts 

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11 

Maui Public Library 

Kahului Branch 

ATTN: Llbrn 

McNeese State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library & 

Information Center 

ATTN: Librn 

Memphis State University 

ATTN: Librn 

MercerA;;Aversity 

: Librn 

Mesa C;;c~&y Public Library 

: Librn 

Miami Dade Carmunity College 

ATTN: Librn 

Univer;;$ of Miami Library 

: Gov Pubs 

Miami Public Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Miami University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Santa Clara 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Michig;;T;fat;,b;irary 

Michigan State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

MurrayA:;;te University Library 

; Lib 

QTHER (Continued) 

Michigan Tech University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept 

University of Michigan 

ATTN: Acq Set Dots Unit 

Middlebury College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Millersville State College 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Dots Llbrn 

Milwaukee Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Minneapolis Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Minnesota 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Minot State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Mississippi State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Mississippi 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Missouri University at Kansas City General 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Missouri Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

M.I.J. Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Mobile Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Info 

Midwestern University 

ATTN: Librn 

Montana State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Div 

Montana State University Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

University of Montana 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Montebello Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Moorhead State College 

Al-JN: Library 

Mt Prospect Public Library 

ATTN: Gov't Info Ctr 

91 
GTHER (Continued) 

Nassau Library System 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Natrona County Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Nebraska Library Community 

Nebraska Public Clearinghouse 

ATTN. Llbrn 

University of Nebraska at Omaha 

ATTN: Univ Lib Dots 

Nebraska Western College Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

University of Nebraska 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Unlverslty of Nebraska Library 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

University of Nevada Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

University of Nevada at Las Vegas 

ATTN: Dir of Llbrarles 

New Hampshire University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New Hanover County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New Mexico State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New Mexico State University 

ATTN. Lib Dots Div 

University of New Mexico 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Unlverslty of New Orleans Library 

ATTN. Gov Dots DIV 

New Orleans Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New York Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New York State Library 

ATTN: Dots Control Cultural Ed Ctr 

State University of New York at Stony Brook 

ATTN. Main Lib Dots Set 

State University of New York Co1 Memorial Lib 

at Cortland 

ATTN: Llbrn 

State Unlverslty of New York 

ATTN: Lib Dots Set 

North Texas State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

DTHER (Continued) 

State Un?verslty of New York 

ATTN: Librn 

New York State University 

ATTN. Dots Ctr 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

New York University Library 

ATTN. Dots Dept 

Newark Free Library 

ATTN Librn 

Newark Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Niagara Falls Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Nicholls State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Norfolk Public Library 

ATTN. R. Parker 

North Carolina Agricultural & Tech State 

University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Charlotte 

ATTN: Atkins Lib Dot Dept 

University Library of North Carolina at Greensboro 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Wilmington 

ATTN. Librn 

North Carolina Central University 

ATTN: Librn 

North Carolina State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina 

ATTN: DA SS Div Dots 

North Dakota State University Ltbrary 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

University of North Dakota 

ATTN: L~brn 

North Georgia College 

ATTN: Librn 

Minnesota Div cf Emergency 

ATTN: Librn 

svcs 

92 
gTHER (Continued) 

Northeast Missouri State UnlversltY 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern Oklahoma State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern University 

ATTN: Dodge Library 

Northern Arizona University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Northern Illinois University 

ATTN. Librn 

Northern Michigan University 

ATTN. Dots 

Northern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Northwestern Michigan College 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern State University 

ATTN. Librn 

Northwestern State University Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Northwestern University Library 

ATTN. Gov Pubs Dept 

Norwalk Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Notre Dame 

ATTN: Dot Ctr 

Oakland Community College 

ATIN: Librn 

Oakland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Oberlin College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ocean County College 

ATTN: Librn 

Ohio State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ohio State University 

ATTN. Lob Dots Olv 

Ohio University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Oklahoma City Unlverslty 

GTTN: Librn 

Oklahoma City University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Library 

Library 

OTHER (Continued) 

Oklahoma Department of Libraries 

ATTN: U.S. Gov Dots 

University of Oklahoma 

ATTN. Dots Div 

Old Dominion University 

ATTN. Dot Dept Univ Lib 

Ollvet College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Omaha Public Library Clark Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

Onondaga County Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Set 

Oregon State Library 

ATTN: l_ibrn 

University of Oregon 

ATTN. Dots Set 

Ouachita Baptist University 

ATTN: Librn 

Pan American University Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Passaic Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Queens College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Pennsylvania State Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Set 

Pennsylvania State University 

ATTN: Lib Dot Set 

UnTversity of Pennsylvania 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Denver 

ATTN: Penrose Library 

Peoria Public Library 

ATTN: Business, Science & Tech Dept 

Free Library of Philadelphia 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Phi~lpsburg Free Public Library 

ATTN: Library 

Phoenix Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

University of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Dots Office, 68 

Plainfield Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

93 
OTHER (Continued) 

Popular Creek Public Library District 

ATTN: Librn 

Association of Portland Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Portland Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Portland State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Pratt Institute Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Louisiana Tech University 

ATTN: Librn 

Princeton University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Providence College 

ATTN: Librn 

Providence Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Public Library Cincinnati & Hamilton County 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Dot & Maps Room 

Purdue University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Quinebaug Valley Community College 

ATTN: Librn 

Auburn University 

ATTN: Microforms & Dots Dept 

Rapid City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Reading Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Reed College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Augusta College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Rhode Island Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Oft 

University of Rhode Island 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Rice University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

OTHER (Continued) 

Richland County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Riverside Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Rochester Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Rutgers Camden Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

State University of Rutgers 

ATTN: Librn 

Rutgers University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Rutgers University Law Library 

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept 

Salem College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Samford University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

San Antonio Public Library 

ATTN: Bus Science & Tech Dept 

San Di;q;NCounty Library 

: C. Jones, Acquisitions 

San Diego Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

San Dir;;TNState University Library 

: Gov Pubs Dept 

San Francisco Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

San Francisco State College 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Co11 

San Jose State College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

San Luis Obispo City-County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Savannah Public & Effingham Liberty Regional 

Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Scottsbluff Public Librarv 

ATTN: Librn 

Scranton Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Seattle Public Librarv 

ATTN: Ref Dots Asst 

Louisiana College 

ATTN: Librn 

94 
OTHER (Continued) 

Selby Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Shawnee Library System 

ATTN. Librn 

Shreve Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Silas Bronson Public Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Sioux City Public Library 

ATTN Librn 

Skidmore College 

ATTN: Librn 

Slippery Rock State College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

South Carolina State Library 

ATTN. Librn 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Librn 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

South Dakota School of Mines & Technical Library 

ATTN: Librn 

South Dakota State Library 

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept 

University of South Dakota 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

South Florida University Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Southeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Southern Alabama 

ATTN. Librn 

Southern California University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Southern Connecticut State College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN. Dots Ctr 

Southern Methodist University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Southern Mississippi 

ATTN: Library 

OTHER (Continued) 

Southern Oregon College 

ATTN. Library 

Southern University In New Orleans Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Utah State College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Southwest Missouri State College 

ATTN: Library 

University of Southwestern Louisiana Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Southwestern University 

ATTN: Librn 

Spokane Public Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

SpringAf;;;d City Library 

: Dots Set 

St Bonaventure University 

ATTN: Librn 

St Joseph Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

St Lawrence University 

ATTN. Librn 

St Louis Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

St Paul Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Stanford University Library 

ATTN Gov Oocs Dept 

State Historical Sot Library 

ATTN. Dots Serials Set 

State Library of Massachusetts 

ATTN. Librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Librn 

Stetson University 

ATTN. Librn 

University of Steubenville 

ATTN: Librn 

Stockton & San Joaquin Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Stockton State College Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Albion College 

ATTN: Gov Dots Librn 

95 
_OTHER (Continued) DTHER (Continued) 

Tufts University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Tulsa 

ATTN: Librn 

UCLA Research Library 

ATTN: Pub Affairs Svc/U.S. Dots 

Uniformed Services University of the Health 

Sciences 

ATTN: LRC Library 

University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

University of Maine at Dreno 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Northern Iowa 

ATTN. Library 

Superior Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Swarthmore College Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

Syracuse University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Tacoma Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hillsborough County Public Library at Tampa 

ATTN': Librn 

Temple University 

ATTN: Librn 

Tennessee Technological University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Tennessee 

ATTN. Dir of Libraries 

College of Idaho 

ATTN: Librn 

Texas A & M University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Texas at Arlington 

ATTN: Library Dots 

University of Texas at San Antonio 

ATTN. Library 

Texas 

Texas 

Texas 

Texas 

Christian University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

State Library 

ATTN: U.S. Dots Set 

Tech University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Unlverslty at Austin 

ATTN: Dots Co11 

University of Toledo Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Toledo Public Library 

ATTN: Social Science Dept 

Torrance Civic Center Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Traverse City Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Trenton Free Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Trinity College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Trinity University Library 

ATTN: Dots Co11 

Upper Iowa College 

ATTN: Dots Co11 

Utah State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Special Collections 

University of Utah 

ATTN. Dir of Libraries 

ATTN. Dept of Pharmacology 

Utica Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Valencia Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Valparaiso University 

ATTN: Librn 

Vanderbilt University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Set 

University of Vermont 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Virginia Commonwealth University 

ATTN: Librn 

Virginia Military Institute 

ATTN: Librn 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute Library 

ATTN. Dots Dept. 

Virginia State Library 

ATTN: Serials Set 

University of Virginia 

ATTN: Pub Dots 

Volusia County Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 
OTHER (Continued) DTHER (Continued) 

Washington State Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Washington State University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Set 

Washington University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

University of Washington 

ATTN: Dots DIV 

Wayne State University Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Wayne State University Law Library 

ATTN. Dots Dept 

Weber State College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wesleyan University 

ATTN: bcs Librn 

West Chester State College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

West Covlna Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

University of West Florida 

ATT!I: Librn 

West Hills Community College 

ATTN: Library 

West Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

West Virginia College of Grad Studies Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

University of West Virginia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Westerly Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Western Carolina University 

ATTN. Librn 

Western Illinois University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Washington University 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Wyoming Cotmnunity College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Westmoreland City Ccnnmunity College 

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr 

Whitman College 

ATTN: Librn 

Wichita State University Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Williams & Mary College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Emporia Kansas State College 

ATTN: Gov Dots DIV 

William College Library 

ATTN. Libm 

Willimantic Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Winthrop College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Wisconsin at 

ATTN: Gov Dots Lib 

University of Wisconsin at 

ATTN. Lib Dots 

University of Wisconsin at 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Wisconsin at 

ATTN: Dot Unit Lib 

University of Wisconsin at 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Whitewater 

Milwaukee 

Oshkosh 

Platteville 

Stevens Point 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

Worcester Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wright State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Librn 

Wyoming State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Wyoming 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Yale University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Yeshiva University 

ATTN: Librn 

Yuma City County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Simon Schwab Mem Lib, Columbus Co1 

ATTN: Librn 

97 
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS 

Advanced Research & Applications Corp 

ATTN: H. Lee 

JAYCOR 

ATTN: A. Nelson 

10 cy ATTN: Health & Environment Div 

Kaman Tempo 

ATTN: DASIAC 

ATTN: E. Martin 

Kaman Tempo 

ATTN: R. Miller 

Science Applications, Inc 

JRB Associates Div 

10 cy ATTN: L. Novotney 

4 cy ATTN: J. Massie 

4 cy ATTN: M. Wilkinson 

4 cy ATTN: S. Rohrer 

4 cy ATTN: R. Shepanek 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued) 

Kaman Tempo 

ATTN: C. Jones 

National Academy of Sciences 

ATTN: C. Robinette 

ATTN: Med Follow-up Agency 

ATTN: Nat Mat Advisory Bd 

Pacific-Sierra Research Corp 

ATTN: H. Brode, Chairman SAGE 

Science Applications. Inc 

ATTN: Tech Lib 

R & D ;+;;ciates 

: P. Haas 

98