IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2006-IA-00455-SCT

O. TUCK ADAMS, INDIVIDUALLY, AND AS

ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF MARY

JANE ADAMS, DECEASED

v.

BAPTIST MEMORIAL HOSPITAL-DESOTO, INC.,

MICHAEL A. DORRITY, M.D., JOLEE

RUTHERFORD, M.D., MANDALAY RESORT

GROUP f/k/a CIRCUS CIRCUS ENTERPRISES,

INC., AND CIRCUS CIRCUS MISSISSIPPI, INC.

d/b/a GOLD STRIKE CASINO RESORT

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 02/22/2006

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. KENNETH L. THOMAS

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: TUNICA COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: SARA BAILEY RUSSO 

RALPH EDWIN CHAPMAN 

DANA J. SWAN

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES: WALTER ALAN DAVIS 

BRADLEY KEITH OVERCASH 

L. CARL HAGWOOD 

EUGENIA G. McGOWN

JOHN RAMSEY McCARROLL, III

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - OTHER

DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 08/16/2007

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

BEFORE WALLER, P.J., DICKINSON AND RANDOLPH, JJ.

RANDOLPH, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
These defendants collectively will be referred to as the “medical defendants.” 1

2

FACTS AND STATEMENT OF THE CASE

¶1. On November 12, 2004, Mary Jane Adams (“Mary Jane”), a resident of Richmond,

Virginia, fell at the Goldstrike Casino (“Goldstrike”) in Tunica County, Mississippi, and

sustained a neck injury, severe chest wall pains, and multiple rib fractures. Mary Jane was

transported to Baptist Memorial Hospital-DeSoto, (“Baptist Memorial”) in DeSoto County,

Mississippi. Mary Jane informed personnel at Baptist Memorial she was on Coumadin

therapy, and she also was wearing a medic alert bracelet to indicate such. While at Baptist

Memorial she was treated by Doctors Michael Dorrity (“Dr. Dorrity”) and Jolee Rutherford

(“Dr. Rutherford”). 

¶2. Mary Jane was released the next day and given permission by her physicians to fly

home to Richmond. The following morning, her husband attempted to rouse her, but he was

unable to do so. On Mary Jane’s death record, the cause of death is listed as blunt trauma to

the chest suffered as the result of her fall at the Goldstrike. 

¶3. This interlocutory appeal stems from a Complaint filed by Tuck Adams (“Adams”),

Mary Jane’s husband, against Baptist Memorial Hospital-DeSoto, Inc.; Dr. Dorrity; Dr.

Rutherford; Mandalay Resort Group f/k/a Circus Circus Enterprises, Inc.; and Circus Circus 1

Mississippi, Inc. The Complaint was filed in Tunica County. The Complaint charged

Mandalay Resort Group f/k/a Circus Circus and Circus Circus Mississippi with negligence

in the maintenance of their casino, the Goldstrike, in Tunica, Mississippi. The Complaint

charged the medical defendants with negligence in the treatment and care of Mary Jane.
In its Answer, Goldstrike denied that Mandalay Resort Group does business in 2

Tunica County as the Goldstrike Casino and denied that the Circuit Court of Tunica County

had jurisdiction over Mandalay Resort Group. This issue is not addressed by the Circuit

Court, and in all of its pleadings, Circus Circus, Inc. refers to itself as Circus Circus, Inc.

d/b/a Goldstrike. 

3

¶4. Circus Circus Mississippi d/b/a Goldstrike Casino filed its Answer. Baptist Memorial 2

filed a separate Answer claiming, inter alia, that venue in Tunica County was not proper as

to it, and that venue was proper only in DeSoto County, where Baptist Memorial is located.

Baptist Memorial later filed a separate Motion to Transfer Venue, citing Miss. Code Ann.

Sect. 11-11-3(3) (Rev. 2004), and averring the acts of alleged medical negligence by the

medical defendants all occurred only in DeSoto County. Drs. Dorrity and Rutherford filed

a separate Answer, as well as a Motion to Transfer Venue to DeSoto County.

¶5. Goldstrike filed a Response to and Joinder in the Motion to Transfer Venue filed by

Baptist Memorial. Goldstrike asserted a forum non conveniens argument that it is located

adjacent to DeSoto County, that many of its employees who would be witnesses in the case

were residents of DeSoto County, and that venue as to the majority of the defendants was

proper in DeSoto County.

¶6. In Response to the Motions to Transfer, Adams argued that pursuant to Miss. Code

Ann. Sect. 11-11-3(1)(a)(i), the action could be brought in Tunica County, where “a

substantial event that caused the injury occurred.” See Miss. Code Ann. § 11-11-3(1)(a)(I)

(Rev. 2004). Adams asserted Goldstrike’s failure to maintain reasonably safe premises

precipitated the injury and ultimate death of his wife. Adams further argues that if other, non-
4

medical defendants were being sued, subsection 1 of Miss. Code Ann. Sect. 11-11-3 would

apply. 

¶7. A hearing was held on the medical defendants’ Motion to Transfer Venue, as well as

Goldstrike’s Motion for Joinder in Baptist Memorial’s Motion to Transfer Venue. The trial

court correctly granted the Motion to Transfer as to the medical defendants and ordered that

the action against the medical defendants be transferred to DeSoto County. However, the

trial judge denied Goldstrike’s Motion. Before the trial court entered its Order, Adams filed

a Motion to Reconsider and to Stay Entry of Order. Adams argued that this is a wrongful

death case and that the case could not be severed pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. Sect. 11-7-13,

which states, in pertinent part, “[T]here shall be but one suit for the same death which shall

ensue for the benefit of all parties concerned. . . .” Adams cited Mississippi Rule of Civil

Procedure 82(c) and this Court’s decision in Long v. McKinney, 897 So. 2d 160 (Miss.

2004). 

¶8. In its Response, Baptist Memorial pleaded the facts sub judice were distinguishable

from McKinney and further argued that if Adams’s contention that the claims against the

defendants should not be severed was correct, then pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. Sect. 11-11-

3(3), the only permissible venue for the one suit was DeSoto County. 

¶9. The trial court affirmed its earlier decision by granting the Motion to Transfer to

DeSoto County as to the medical defendants only. The trial judge again denied the joinder

request of Goldstrike. The trial court “[was] cognizant that this order will in effect constitute

a severance of the claims presented against the Defendants in this case.”
5

¶10. Adams filed a second Motion to Reconsider, which was denied by the trial court.

Adams appeals from this denial and Order Granting Transfer of Venue as to the three

medical defendants. Adams presents the following issues on interlocutory appeal: 

I. Whether the trial erred in severing the case? 

II. Whether the trial court erred in granting the Motions to Transfer Venue?

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶11. The resolution of this case requires the Court to employ separate standards of review.

“In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to change venue, this Court

applies the abuse of discretion standard”. . . . A trial judge’s ruling on such an

application “will not be disturbed on appeal unless it clearly appears that there

has been an abuse of discretion or that the discretion has not been justly or

properly exercised under the circumstances of the case.”

Wayne General Hospital v. Hayes, 868 So. 2d 997, 1001 (Miss. 2004) (citing Guice v. Miss.

Life Ins. Co., 836 So. 2d 756, 758 (Miss. 2003)). 

¶12. Additionally, the Court must interpret a statute, and “statutory interpretation is a

matter of law which this Court reviews de novo.” Franklin Collection Serv., Inc. v. Kyle,

2007 Miss. LEXIS 11, *5 (Miss. 2007) (citations omitted). 

ANALYSIS

I. Whether the trial court erred in severing the case? 

¶13. Adams argues there is no legal basis to sever, relying on Miss. Code Ann. Sect.11-7-

13 and Long v. McKinney, 897 So. 2d 160 (Miss. 2004). The medical defendants, as well as

Goldstrike, agree the case should not be severed pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. Sect. 11-7-13.

All parties are correct. An action for wrongful death cannot be severed pursuant to Miss.

Code Ann. Sect. 11-7-13 and this Court’s holding in Long. Severance of this case is
6

violative of Miss. Code Ann. Sect. 11-7-13 and would certainly not promote judicial

efficiency. See M.R.C.P. 1. 

¶14. Severance of this action is also inconsistent with Miss. Code Ann. Sect. 85-5-7 (Rev.

1999), which addresses the limitation of joint and several liability for damages caused by two

or more persons; contribution between joint tortfeasors; and determination of percentage of

fault. Adams correctly asserts in his brief that separate trials would create, and almost

certainly would result in, inconsistent holdings, including apportionment of fault. This

analysis is applicable not only in wrongful death actions, but in other suits as well, because

splitting the cause of action is prohibited by prior decisions of this Court and most certainly

would lead to inconsistent verdicts by the separate juries. Miss. Code Ann. Sect.11-7-13 and

85-5-7 dispassionately eliminate this conundrum. See Alexander v. Elzie, 621 So. 2d 909,

910 (Miss. 1992) (Mississippi is among the majority of states which do not allow splitting

a cause of action).

¶15. For these reasons, the trial court erred in severing this wrongful death case.

II. Whether the trial court erred in granting the Motions to Transfer Venue?

¶16. Adams asserts that while DeSoto County may also be a proper venue for this action,

the action was properly brought in Tunica County and should not be transferred. The medical

defendants and Goldstrike counter that the only permissible venue for all defendants is

DeSoto County, pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. Sect. 11-11-3(3). The pertinent portions of

Miss. Code Ann. Sect. 11-11-3 state: 

(1) (a) (i) Civil actions of which the circuit court has original jurisdiction shall

be commenced in the county where the defendant resides, or, if a corporation,

in the county of its principal place of business, or in the county where a
7

substantial alleged act or omission occurred or where a substantial event that

caused the injury occurred. . . .

(3) Notwithstanding subsection (1) of this section, any action against a

licensed physician, osteopath, dentist, nurse, nurse-practitioner, physician

assistant, psychologist, pharmacist, podiatrist, optometrist, chiropractor,

institution for the aged or infirm, hospital or licensed pharmacy, including any

legal entity which may be liable for their acts or omissions, for malpractice,

negligence, error, omission, mistake, breach of standard of care or the

unauthorized rendering of professional services shall be brought only in the

county in which the alleged act or omission occurred. . . .

¶17. The medical defendants suggest that the meaning of the word “notwithstanding” is

clear and therefore, subsection (3) is to control regardless of the language of subsection (1).

The medical defendants further argue that since Adams concedes the alleged acts of medical

negligence took place wholly in DeSoto County, utilizing “a straightforward application of

Miss. Code Ann. Sect. 11-11-3(3), the only appropriate venue for claims against the medical

defendants is DeSoto County.”

¶18. Initially, Adams argued venue was proper in Tunica County pursuant to M.R.C.P.

82(c) and Miss. Code Ann. Sect. 11-11-3(1)(a)(i), as an action shall be commenced where

a substantial event that caused the injury occurred. See Miss. Code Ann. § 11-11-3(1)(a)(I)

(Rev. 2004)(emphasis added). Adams asserts the injury would not have occurred and

necessitated medical care but for the fall at the casino in Tunica County.

¶19. Adams and the medical defendants argue there is a conflict between Miss. Code Ann.

Sect. 11-11-3(1)(a)(i) and 11-11-3(3). However, the Legislature has furnished guidance

through its “notwithstanding” language contained in Miss. Code Ann. Sect. 11-11-3(3). 

¶20. Miss. Code Ann. Sect. 11-11-3(3) states, “Notwithstanding subsection (1),” and this

“notwithstanding” language is quite telling in determining venue for medical providers.
8

“Notwithstanding” is defined by Webster’s Dictionary as “(1) In spite of; (2) Nevertheless;

(3) In spite of the fact that.” See Webster’s II New College Dictionary 749 (3d 2001). 

¶21. “When construing the meaning of a statute, we must look at the words of the statute.”

Pinkton v. State, 481 So. 2d 306, 309 (Miss. 1985). Further, “[o]ur duty is to carefully

review statutory language and apply its most reasonable interpretation and meaning to the

facts of a particular case.” Pope v. Brock, 912 So. 2d 935, 937 (Miss. 2005). 

¶22. The “notwithstanding” language is clear. Regardless of Goldstrike’s joinder as a

defendant, the only proper venue for a suit against medical providers is the county in which

the alleged act or omission occurred. This Court addressed the issue of when medical

providers are not found in the same county in its recent decision in Rose v. Bologna, 942 So.

2d 1287 (Miss. 2006). 

¶23. The dissent incorrectly concludes that this Court, by following the mandate of Miss.

Code Ann. Sect. 11-11-3, is “creating a special class of medical defendants.” The contentions

advanced by the dissent reveal an aversion to the legislative act and are better suited for

debate before the Legislature. 

¶24. Enacting venue statutes referencing only certain groups of defendants is not novel to

this State. We have noted:

The first statute dealing with venue was contained in the 1807 Statutes of the

Mississippi Territory. This statute provided that all civil cases shall be

commenced in the circuit court of the county in which the defendant may be

found or if a real action, action of ejectment, or trespass quare clausum fregit,

then in the county where the cause of action arose. In addition, no free-holder

of the territory could be sued out of the county of his permanent residence

unless it be one of the actions for which the statute made an exception. The

venue statute found in Hutchinson's Code of 1848, one of the first codes
See Randolph, J., specially concurring in Caldwell v. North Miss. Med. Ctr., Inc., 3

956 So. 2d 888, *21(Miss. 2007). 

Including the present case and Caldwell, 956 So. 2d at *25 (Randolph, J., specially 4

concurring); see also Coleman v. A-Bex Corp., 943 So. 2d 697, 702 (Miss. 2006)

(Randolph, J., not participating); Cleveland v. Mann, 942 So. 2d 108, 121 (Miss. 2006)

(Randolph, J., joining the dissent in part). 

9

following statehood, contains almost the identical language as that of the 1807

statute.

Clark v. Luvel Dairy Prods., Inc., 731 So. 2d 1098, 1105 (Miss. 1998) (emphasis added).

Venue regarding specific classes of defendants was long recognized by our previous venue

statutes. Separate venue statutes were enacted for railroad, express, steamboat, power,

superpower, telephone and insurance companies, executors, nonresident motorists and state

boards. See Hemingway’s 1917, § 487 (1930); Miss. Code Ann. §§ 11-11-5, -7, -13 (repealed

2002); see also Miss. Code Ann. §§ 11-11-9, -15 (Rev. 2004). 

¶25. The dissenting opinion is structured loosely around a perceived constitutional

violation which has no application to the case sub judice and was not raised by either party.3

“This Court ‘may not act upon or consider matters which do not appear in the record and

must confine itself to what actually does appear in the record.’” Shelton v. Kindred, 279 So.

2d 642, 644 (Miss. 1973). 

¶26. Contrary to the language of the dissent, this Court firmly recognizes and accepts the

responsibility of ensuring the preservation of every citizen’s constitutional rights. The author

of the dissent has a penchant for the repetitious citation of the same provisions of the

Constitution, as evidenced by recent dissents in civil matters, wherein Miss. Const. Art. 3,

Sections 24 and 25 have been cited. The dissent fails to demonstrate injury to the plaintiff’s

4
10

case, as it is still pending in a court of competent jurisdiction. The plaintiff still “has a

remedy by due course of the law” and has not been “debarred from prosecuting any civil

cause for him[self]. . . .” See Miss. Const. art. 3, § 24; see also Miss. Const. art. 3, § 25. 

¶27. Adams additionally argues there is a conflict between Miss. Code Ann. Sect. 11-11-

3(3) and Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 82(c), which states in pertinent part, “Where

several claims or parties have been properly joined, the suit may be brought in any county

in which any one of the claims could properly have been brought. . . .” M.R.C.P. 82(c). 

¶28. However, before applying M.R.C.P. 82(c), one must examine M.R.C.P. 82(b), which

states, “Except as provided by this rule, venue of all actions shall be as provided by statute.”

Therefore, a determination as to where the action could properly have been brought

circuitously leads us to the venue statute, Miss. Code Ann. Sect. 11-11-3 (Rev. 2004). The

presence of medical providers in this action renders subsection (1) inapplicable, as the

“notwithstanding” language of subsection (3) negates the language of subsection (1).

Therefore, as subsection (3) is applicable, the only proper venue for this action is DeSoto

County. Adams’s claim that M.R.C.P. 82(c) is in conflict with the venue statute is

unfounded. 

CONCLUSION

¶29. According to Miss. Code Ann. Sect. 11-7-13, and consistent with this Court’s holding

in Long, the trial judge erred in severing this wrongful death action.

¶30. The trial judge did not err in transferring the medical defendants to DeSoto County.

However, it was error not to order Goldstrike to DeSoto County along with the medical

defendants. Therefore, we reverse the trial court’s severance order and its denial of
11

reconsideration, and we remand this case to the trial court with directions to transfer the

entire case to the Circuit Court of DeSoto County for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion. 

¶31. REVERSED AND REMANDED.

SMITH, C.J., WALLER, P.J., EASLEY, CARLSON, DICKINSON AND

LAMAR, JJ., CONCUR. DICKINSON, J., CONCURS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN

OPINION JOINED BY SMITH, C.J., WALLER, P.J., EASLEY, CARLSON,

RANDOLPH AND LAMAR, JJ. DIAZ, P.J., CONCURS IN PART AND DISSENTS

IN PART WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED IN PART BY GRAVES,

J. 

DICKINSON, JUSTICE, CONCURRING:

¶32. Although I fully concur with Justice Randolph’s majority opinion, I write separately

to address two issues raised by Presiding Justice Diaz in his dissenting opinion.

¶33. First, the dissent incorrectly finds that “the majority today enforces the creation of a

special class of defendants . . . .” It is the Legislature, not this Court, who enacted Section

11-7-13, which provides that there shall be but one wrongful death suit. And it was the

Legislature – not this Court – who decided that a suit against a medical provider “shall be

brought only in the county in which the alleged act or omission occurred.” Miss. Code Ann.

§ 11-11-3(3)(Rev. 2004) 

¶34. As members of the judiciary, we are required to follow the law as it is written – even

when the written law conflicts with our personal view. I am pleased that a majority of the

current Court leaves legislating to the Legislature.

¶35. Second, the dissent completely misstates the law regarding this Court’s review of

constitutional issues. Mississippi Rule of Appellate Procedure 44, which applies to appeals
The dissent’s reliance on the exception to the rule for “urgent action” on “patently 5

invalid” statutes is itself so patently invalid, that it justifies little more than a parenthetical

footnote response. If these statutory provisions – born among the recent “tort reform”

statutes – are indeed patently invalid and unconstitutional, one wonders how and why the

lawyers in this case (and every other case to come before this Court in the past few years)

missed the issue and failed to brief it, relying instead on one of this Court’s Justices to raise

the issue sua sponte – without benefit of proper briefing by the parties or notification to the

Attorney General.

No Justice on this Court, to my knowledge, questions the validity of the 6

constitutional provisions cited by the dissent. However, they simply have nothing to do with

venue.

12

before this Court, clearly requires notice to the Attorney General as a prerequisite to any

challenge of a statute on constitutional grounds. It is inconceivable that an attack on the 5

constitutionality of a statute enacted by our Legislature should be defended by a private

lawyer representing the partisan interests of a party in litigation, rather than the Attorney

General of the State, whose duty it is to represent the State and defend its statutes. See

Capitol Stages, Inc. v. State, 157 Miss. 576, 128 So. 759 (1930).

¶36. The dissent cites several cases for the proposition that this Court has, on occasion,

found plain constitutional error which was not raised in the trial court. While this assertion

is true, it is irrelevant. The cases in which this Court found plain error did not relate to any

statute challenged on constitutional grounds and, therefore, there was no requirement of (or

need for) notification to the Attorney General.

¶37. Finally, I find it both interesting and instructive that the dissent – after having much

to say about the constitutional right of citizens to bring lawsuits – provides no constitutional 6

analysis whatsoever which supports the untenable theory that the statutes in question are

unconstitutional as written or as applied. After pointing us to authority which indeed
13

establishes the preeminence of constitutional provisions over statutes, the dissent fails to take

the next crucial step of informing us how the particular statutes in question violate the

constitution, and why they should be declared unconstitutional.

¶38. Stated another way, the dissent boldly states that these statutes are unconstitutional,

and we have the power to declare statutes unconstitutional, even where a constitutional issue

is not raised by the parties. The dissent fails, however, to provide any analysis which

demonstrates why these particular statutes are unconstitutional.

¶39. In conclusion, we are left with the reality that the parties neither raised nor briefed the

constitutional issue; the Attorney General was not notified and has taken no position on the

issue; and the dissent provides us no constitutional analysis. Under such circumstances, I

follow the law which, in my view, has been properly set forth by the majority.

SMITH, C.J., WALLER, P.J., EASLEY, CARLSON, RANDOLPH AND

LAMAR, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION.

DIAZ, PRESIDING JUSTICE, CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING

IN PART:

¶40. I agree with the majority that this case should not have been severed. However,

because the majority today enforces the creation of a special class of defendants in violation

of precedent and due process, I must respectfully dissent. In addition, I believe that fealty

to the Constitution compels us to address the constitutional issues inherent in this case.

I. The Special Class of Defendants.

¶41. We have previously held that “venue is a valuable right possessed by both plaintiff

and defendant.” Forrest County Gen. Hosp. v. Conway, 700 So. 2d 324, 326 (Miss. 1997)

(emphasis added). In the case at hand, the injury first occurred and the cause of action first
14

accrued in Tunica County. But for the injury which was the cause of death, there would be

no wrongful death action, nor would there have been any necessity for medical care.

¶42. Yet the majority, based upon a dictionary entry, creates a special class of medical

defendants. This special class is judicially endowed with greater rights created solely by this

Court, greater rights which are neither available to other persons or professions nor

authorized by our state constitution. The special class of defendants has a “venue veto

power” regardless of the nature of the action, the surrounding facts and circumstances, the

extent to which the events in question actually occurred within a certain venue, or the degree

of alleged culpability of the special class defendants versus other defendants. The majority

reaches this conclusion regardless that the Bill of Rights of our Constitution of 1890

guarantees that “[a]ll courts shall be open; and every person for an injury done him in his

lands, goods, person, or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law, and right and

justice shall be administered without sale, denial, or delay.” Miss. Const., art. 3, § 24.

Further, “[n]o person shall be debarred from prosecuting or defending any civil cause for or

against him or herself, before any tribunal in the state, by him or herself, or counsel, or

both.” Miss. Const. of 1890, art. III, § 25 (emphasis added). 

¶43. The arguments proposed in the majority opinion reveal an aversion to these

Constitutional rights and bedrock protections guaranteed to the citizens of the State of

Mississippi, and are better suited for a political stump speech at the Neshoba County Fair.

Despite repeated citations to the same provisions of the Constitution by the author of the

dissent, the author of the majority opinion continues to ignore the Constitutional questions

that are implicated by this case, which must be resolved. “While the legislature generally has
15

the power to enact any law it sees fit, nevertheless, it is restricted in its enactment of laws by

the provisions of our State Constitution and cannot by statutory enactment alter or nullify a

clear, unambiguous mandate of the Constitution,” because “[s]uch a statute would be

unconstitutional.” Saxon v. Harvey, 223 So. 2d 620, 624 (Miss. 1969). Ultimately, no

matter the rhetoric of the majority, “[t]he wisdom of the drafters of our Constitution is not

subject to question by this Court, and is to be modified or altered by amendment only.” Id.

at 624. “If there exists an irreconcilable conflict . . . then the constitutional provisions must

prevail.” Id.; see also Board of Trustees of State Institutions of Higher Learning v. Ray,

809 So. 2d 627, 636 (Miss. 2002) (“The general principle followed when considering a

possible conflict between the constitution and a statute is that the constitutional provision

prevails”). The approach should be no different in today’s case.

¶44. While in this case the “primary” defendant, Goldstrike Casino, later supported the

transfer of venue to DeSoto County, one may easily imagine a scenario where a primary

defendant wishes to take advantage of the venue statutes that provide suit must be filed in its

county of residence. Let us imagine a person is injured in Rankin County while hunting on

private property, and that they are airlifted to Hinds County for treatment of injuries. While

under treatment, the person receives a minute but compensable injury as a result of medical

treatment. If this hypothetical plaintiff files suit against the Rankin County property owner,

under the majority’s rule, the suit must be transferred to Hinds County, regardless of the

Rankin County property owner’s wishes, and regardless of the fact that 95% of the injury

occurred and accrued in Rankin County. This is a perverse result.
16

¶45. I certainly acknowledge that because of the ambiguity created by these statutes we

must proceed to “to discern and give effect to the legislative intent.” City of Natchez, Miss.

v. Sullivan, 612 So. 2d 1087, 1089 (Miss. 1992). I further agree with the majority that

lawmakers intended to ensure that cases that primarily center upon medical malpractice

claims would only be brought in the county in which the alleged act or omission occurred.

Yet I remain far from convinced that in a case that does not primarily center on a medical

malpractice claim the Legislature intended to achieve so harsh a result as the denial of venue

rights to one group of defendants in favor of another. 

¶46. Notwithstanding the majority’s analysis, and in lack of a clear guidance from the

Legislature, I would advance a test that would ascertain where the bulk of the action accrued

or occurred. This approach to venue would balance the competing interests of venue with

the intention of the Legislature. 

II. The Constitution Must Be Obeyed.

¶47. The majority winces at any mention of the Constitution in this case. However, it

provides no citation beyond Shelton for its blanket assertion that we cannot address the

constitutionality of the statute of our own accord. Shelton itself provides no citation for that

assertion, either, because that case involved a judgment for a creditor; on appeal, the record

was missing “a sworn itemized statement of appellant’s account.” Shelton v. Kindred, 279

So. 2d 642, 644 (Miss. 1973). Shelton has nothing to do with whether this Court can address

constitutional issues sua sponte, but rather deals with the instances when a record is

complete. Id. Additionally, we have noted that Shelton is no longer good law for the

proposition its stands for, as it was “decided prior to the adoption of the Mississippi Rules
17

of Appellate Procedure in 1995 . . . .” Norwood v. Extension of Boundaries of City of Itta

Bena, 788 So. 2d 747, 752 (Miss. 2001).

¶48. Moreover, when circumstances warrant, this Court has knowingly gone outside the

record. See Samuels v. Mladineo, 608 So. 2d 1170, 1182 (Miss. 1992). On motion for

rehearing in Samuels, we acknowledged that we had gone outside the record and declared

that we would do so again should circumstances warrant; indeed, we noted that “[a]dditional

authorities support our conclusion that what was done was neither novel nor beyond the

scope of judicial function.” Id. at 1186. 

¶49. Beyond the mere black and white pages of the record, our own rules allow for the

contemplation of other issues. Despite the majority’s protests to the contrary, it is well

established that this Court may review issues on its own motion when “plain error” is noted,

since “the court may, at its option, notice a plain error not identified or distinctly separate.”

M.R.A.P. 28(a)(3); see Gray v. State, 549 So. 2d 1316, 1321 (Miss. 1989) (citing Johnson

v. State, 452 So. 2d 850, 853 (Miss. 1984); House v. State, 445 So. 2d 815, 820 (Miss.

1984); Hooten v. State, 427 So. 2d 1388 (Miss. 1983); Fondren v. State, 253 Miss. 241, 175

So. 2d 628 (1965)). “Plain error” is an error which affects the substantive rights of the

parties, in this case the constitutional right of access to court and equality between all parties.

See Bryant v. State, 844 So. 2d 1153, 1156 (Miss. 2003) (citing Grubb v. State, 584 So. 2d

786, 789 (Miss. 1991)). This rule is used “to prevent the manifest miscarriage of justice,

despite failure to preserve the error.” Id. (citing Johnson v. Fargo, 604 So. 2d 306, 311

(Miss. 1992)). 
18

¶50. The concurrence discusses M.R.A.P. 44(c), arguing that notification to the Attorney

General is required or a constitutional challenge must fail. However, the language of the rule

itself and the Comment to that rule make it clear that this Court has the inherent power to

address such a case, since “Subsection (c) permits action to proceed in the case without

notice by special order if the court determines that urgent action is necessary or that the

challenged statute, order, or directive is so patently invalid that no response need be

required from the affected body.” Comment, M.R.A.P. 44 (italics added). In my view, this

is a arrow in the quiver of the Court which has been wholly abandoned, resulting in injustice

to the parties and the citizenry of the State. Indeed, the issue of constitutionality of a statute

is exactly the sort of “jurisdiction as properly belongs to a court of appeals.” Miss. Const.

of 1890, art. 6, § 146.

¶51. It is imperative that we remain committed to the ideal that “Constitutional provisions

are generally construed to be mandatory or compulsory,” and “will not be considered

advisory or directory merely unless it is plainly apparent that the adopters or framers so

intended it.” George H. Ethridge, Mississippi Constitutions, at 48 (1928). The inclusion of

the rights of access to court in our Bill of Rights signifies that the framers of the Constitution

of 1890 did not mean for those safeguards to be treated as callously as the majority does

today. The Bill of Rights in our Constitution precedes the sections creating the authority of

the Legislature; the body of the executive; or the powers of the judiciary, and as we have

long held, these rights are more important than any statute. See Saxon, supra.
19

¶52. The Constitution is always in force and always applicable in the law. If a statute

plainly clashes with a constitutional provision, we should not hesitate to invalidate it in order

to safeguard the Constitution and the rights it vests in our citizenry. 

¶53. Because I cannot join the majority’s creation of a special class of defendants with

special rights superior to those of other Mississippians, an act which is in direct contradiction

with our state constitution, I must respectfully dissent. 

GRAVES, J., JOINS THIS OPINION IN PART.