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ANALYSIS OF RADIATION EXPOSURE FOR

NAVAL UNITS OF OPERATION CROSSROADS

Volume I-Basic Report

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ANALYSIS OF RADIATION EXPOSURE FOR NAVAL

UNITS OF OPERATION CROSSROADS

Volume I-Basic Report

Technical Report

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D. KEY WORDS (Camtlnm on rowor a11 If n.c..y md t&Ml& by block nwkrj

Operation CROSSROADS Nuclear Test Personnel Review (NTPR)

Joint Task Force One Ship Contamination

Oceanic Nuclear Test

Radiation Exposure Assessment

L ABSTRACT cbchr -#W-d&II - & ldw?llt h block mmba)

External radiation doses are reconstructed for crews of support and target

ships of Joint Task Force One at Operation CROSSROADS, 1946. Volume I

describes the reconstruction methodology, which consists of modeling the

radiation environment, to include the radioactivity of lagoon water, target

ships, and support ship contamination; retracing ship paths through this

environment; and calculating the doses to shipboard personnel. The USS

RECLAIMER, a support ship, is selected as a representative ship to demonstrate

im

Io(r m

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UNCLASSIFIED

SECURITY SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PACtFha PACtFha Data Data hf.~.U) ~-.dJ

I

I

20. ABSTRACT (Continued)

this methodology. Doses for all other ships are summarized. Volume II

(Appendix A) details the results for target ship personnel. Volume III

(Appendix B) details the results for support ship personnel. Calculated

doses for more than 36,000 personnel aboard support ships while at Bikini

range from zero to 1.7 rem. Of those, approximately 34,000 are less than

0.5 rem. From the models.provided, doses due to target ship reboarding

and doses accrued after departure from Bikini can be calculated, based on

the individual circumstances of exposure.

this methodology. Doses for all other ships are summarized. Volume II

(Appendix A) details the results for target ship personnel. Volume III

(Appendix B) details the results for support ship personnel. Calculated

doses for more than 36,000 personnel aboard support ships while at Bikini

range from zero to 1.7 rem. Of those, approximately 34,000 are less than

0.5 rem. From the models.provided, doses due to target ship reboarding

and doses accrued after departure from Bikini can be calculated, based on

the individual circumstances of exposure.

UNCLASSIFIED

SECURITY CLASSJFICATION OF THIS PAGEW.” Dam en-r-‘)
TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION

List of Illustrations ...................... 2

List of Tables ........................ 3

1 INTRODUCTION ....................... 5

1.1 Joint Task Force One Organization ............. 5

1.2 Shot Data ........................ 7

1.3 Target Ship Arrays .................... 7

I.4 Support Ships ...................... 7

1.5 Navy Personnel Summary ................. 15

1.6 Dose Reconstruction Methodology ............. 15

2 RADIATION ENVIRONMENT .................. 19

2.1 Shot ABLE Water Intensity ................ 19

2.2 Shot ABLE Target Ship Intensity .............. 24

2.3 Shot BAKER Water Intensity. ............... 34

2.4 Shot BAKER Target Ship Intensity ............. 41

2.5 Shot BAKER Support Ship Contamination .......... 43

3 NAVAL OPERATIONS ..................... 55

3.1 Pre-shot Evacuation ................... 55

3.2 Post-shot Maneuvers ................... 55

3.3 Boarding Party Operations ................ 63

4 DOSE RECONSTRUCTION ................... 65

4.1 Computerized Methodology ................ 67

4.2 Program Descriptions/Listings ............... 69

5 USS RECLAIMER OPERATIONS ................. 129

5.1 USS RECLAIMER Dose Reconstruction ........... 129

5.2 USS RECLAIFAER Boarding Parties ............. 137

5.3 Comparison with Film Badge Data ............. 139

6 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS .................. 141

6.1 Uncertainty of Shot ABLE Water Doses ........... 141

6.2 Uncertainty of Shot ABLE Target Ship Doses ........ 142

6.3 Uncertainty of Shot BAKER Water Doses .......... 143

6.4 Uncertainty of Shot BAKER Target Ship Doses ........ 144

6.5 Uncertainty of Ship Contamination Doses .......... 144

6.6 Total Uncertainty .................... 147

7 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE PAGE

l-l Joint Task Force One Staff Organization. ............. 6

1-2 Summary of Shot ABLE Target Array ............... 10

1-3 Summary of Shot BAKER Target Array .............. 11

1-4 Shot ABLE Target Ship Locations ................. 12

l-5 Shot BAKER Target Ship Locations ................ 13

1-6 Dose Reconstruction Methodology. ................ 17

2-1 Decay of Shot ABLE Water Samples. ............... 20

2-2 Theoretical Model of Shot ABLE Water Intensity .......... 25

2-3 ABLE Day Red and Blue Lines .................. 26

2-4 Shot ABLE Ship Intensities Relative to Intensity at 24 Hours ..... 29

2-5 Shot BAKER Water Activity ................... 36

2-6 Red and Blue Lines after Shot BAKER ............... 37

2-7 USS PENSACOLA Post-BAKER Ship Contamination ......... 42

2-8 Ship Contamination Model Parametric Curves ........... 49

2-9 Support Ship Contamination Model ................ 51

2-10 Interior Intensity Distribution for a Destroyer ........... 52

3-l C JTF- 1 Sector Chart ...................... 56

3-2 Group Locations at BAKER Detonation .............. 57

3-3 Post-BAKER Reentry ...................... 59

3-4 PGM OperationPlan ...................... 60

4-l Ship Position Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

7-1 Distribution of Calculated Doses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

1-l Operation CROSSROADS Detonations .............. 3

l-2 Naval Vessel Types at Operation CROSSROADS .......... 9

l-3 Summary of Support Ships ................... 14

l-4 Summary of Naval Personnel .................. 16

2-1

2-2

2-3

2-4

Shot ABLE Water Intensity Data. ................

Elemental Compositions of Various Vessel Types ..........

Shot ABLE Target Ship Intensities ................

Calculated Average Exterior Ship Intensities at 24 Iiours

after Shot ABLE. ......................

Summary of Shot BAKER Water Contamination Data ........

Contamination Model Data Base ..................

Ship Apportionment Factors ..................

23

27

32

2-5

2-6

2-7

33

39

46

53

3-l

3-2

58

62

4-1

4-2

4-3

4-4

4-5

4-6

4-7

4-8

4-9

4-10

4-11

4-12

71

76

81

88

92

98

104

110

116

120

123

127

5-l

5-2

5-3

5-4

5-5

PCM Patrol Assignments ....................

Dosimetry Summary for LCPL Crews ..............

Input Path ..........................

Input Passing Ship Dose. ....................

Water Intensity ........................

Late Water. .........................

Target Intensity ........................

Ship Contamination ......................

Radiation Report .......................

Update. ...........................

Update Target Ships ......................

Update Passing Ship Dose. ...................

Path Report. .........................

Update Ship Contamination ...................

Support Ship Information Summary ................

RECLAIMER Path Report. ...................

RECLAIMER Radiation Report .................

Boarding Team Dose Reconstruction, USS RECLAIMER .......

Comparison of RECLAIMER Calculated Doses with Dosimetry ....

Sources of Uncertainity for Ship Contamination Doses .......

Film Badge Dose Summary for Support Ship Crews ........

Summarv of Calculated Doses for Target ShiD Crkw’s : .......

130

131

136

138

140

6-1

7-1

7-2

145

150

153

Section 1

INTRODUCTION

This report provides a description of the lnethodology and the results of the

reconstruction of radiation doses received by test participants aboard the various support

and target ships of Joint Task Force One at Operation CROSSROADS frorn 1 July 1946

until departure from Bikini Lagoon. The report consists of three volumes. Volume I,

Methodology, contains the description of the dose reconstruction methodology, with

supporting calculations. TFle methodology consists of modeling the radiation environment, determining the ship paths through this environment, and calculating the doses to

personnel. The support ship USS RECLAIMER is selected to demonstr.ate the application

of this methodology for a representative ship. This vessel is chosen because her

:novcments were extensively documented, and because she was the flagship of the

Director of Ship Material and therefore participated in nearly every rnaneuver and

operation of radiological significance. The doses calculated for RECLAIMER personnel

are compared with existing film badge data to gauge the accuracy of the results. Volume

II (Appendix A, Target Ships) contains the results of target ship analyses. The data in this

volume allow the calculation of doses received while aboard the target vessels. Volume

111 (Appendix 9, Support Ships) contains the results of dose reconstructions for personnel

aboard support ships dlJring Operation CROSSROADS.

1.1 Joint Task Force One Organization

Joint Task Force One was established by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to conduct

Operation CROSSROADS, the first nuclear test series following the World War II

bombings of I-liroshirna and Nagasaki. The task force staff organization is shown in Figure

1 -I. ,Much of the documentation on which these dose reconstructions are based emanated

fro:n the offices of the Technical Director and Director of Ship Material. Joint Task

Force One was dissolved 1 !Yovember 1946 and was succeeded by the Joint CROSSROADS

Cornmit.tee. This co:nmittee was disbanded 10 June 1947 after publication of the final

CROSSROADS reports.

5
I JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF

- -~--

EVACUATION BOARD _ !JA!sw~ _

TASK FORCE COMMANDER

.---

VICE ADM W tt P BLANUY. USN

I I

I

GROWD FORCE DEPUTY TASK FORCE DEPUTY TASK FORCE

ADVISOR COMMANDER COMMANDER FOR

FOR AVIATION TECHNICAL DIRECTION

MAJ GEN A C i.kAU.IFFE. USA MAJ GEN W E KLPrfA. A C. USA R ADM W S F?ARSONS. USN

4 \

I , w

CHIEF OF STAFF

ANO AIDES -j=jf=j+i [ Rbt.y+A(YiL”w 1

c.c+.+3 , A YlACKENLxRG. USN

EL;?**

J-4

ASS’T CHEF OF STAFF FOR ASS’T CHIEF O F STAFC FCG

OPERATIONS LOGISTICS

C4PT c I, LIMAN, USN BHG GM 0 H BLAXEL~USA

CF...%-“,. El,.&,.-,..,, 31

1:igurr l-1 .Joint Task Force One Staff Organization
1.2 Shot Data

Operation CROSSROADS consisted of two nuclear detonations, Shots ABLE and

BAKER, at Bikini Atoll in July 1946. The details of these shots are given in Table l-l.

Both nuclear devices were similar to that detonated over Nagasaki the previous year.

Shot ABLE was a low air-burst, Shot BAKER a shallow underwater detonation.

1.3 Target Ship Arrays

Since Operation CROSSROADS was primarily a Navy test, a large assortment of

naval vessels was present in the lagoon during the operation. These various types of

target and support vessels are listed for reference in Table l-2.

Extensive arrays of target vessels were positioned in the lagoon of Bikini Atoll for

both shots. Figures l-2 and l-3 outline the number and types of target vessels utilized for

Shots ABLE and BAKER, respectively, while Figures l-4 and l-5 display the approximate

target ship locations for each shot. The exact locations and orientations of most target

vessels relative to surface zero are provided in Reference 1 (Chapters 10 and 20). While

References 2 and 3 contain fairly complete listings of target vessels for Operation

CROSSROADS, no single source has been found that contains a complete listing.

Reconstructions of the target arrays reveal that there were 88 target vessels for each

shot, of which 70 were anchored and 18 were beached. Between Shots ABLE and BAKER,

some ships were removed from the target array and new ones added. In all, 95 naval units

have been identified as target vessels during Operation CROSSROADS. A number of

these were small non-commissioned or unmanned craft, some of which served as beached

targets. The final count of target vessels for purposes of this analysis is 84; radiological

data for these vessels are included in Appendix A, Target Ships. The recnaining 11 vessels

were either too small to be tracked or were sunk as a result of the tests.

1.4 Support Ships

A large number of support vessels were required to conduct the operation. The

number and types of such vessels are summarized in Table l-3 from data taken primarily

fro.m Reference 3. Of the 154 non-target support ships, it was possible to extract

positional data from the deck logs of 121 ships in order to reconstruct their movements.
Table 1-I

Operation CROSSROADS Detonations

0 SHOT ABLE

Time: 0900 hrs, 1 July 1946

Place: Bikini Lagoon

Type Weapon: Plutonium Implosion

Yield: 23 KT

Type Burst: Airburst (520 ft) over water

0 SHOT BAKER

Time: 0835 hrs, 25 July 1946

Place: Bikini Lagoon

Type Weapon: Plutonium Implosion

Yield: 23 KT

Type Burst: Shallow Underwater (90 f t depth)

8
Table 1-2

Naval Vessel Types at Operation CROSSROADS

AD....Destroyer Tender

AG....Auxiliary Miscellaneous

AGC....Communication

AGS....Surveying

AY....Hospital

AKA....Attack Cargo Transport

AKT....Cargo Transport, General Stores

AN....Net Laying

AO....Oiler

AOG....Gasoline Tanker

AOW....Oiler/Water

AP..,.Troop Transport

APA....Attack Troop Transport

APB....Barracks Ship

APD....Troop Transport, High-Speed

APH....Hospital

APL....Troop Transport, Labor

AR....Repair

ARB....Battle Damage Repair

ARD....Dry Dock Repair

ARDC....Dry Dock

ARG....Engine Repair

‘ARL . . ..Landing Craft Repair

ARS....Salvage

ARSD....5afvage Lifting Ship

AR5T....Salvage Craft Tender

AS....5ubmarine Tender

ASR....Sublnarine Rescue

ATA....Auxiliary Ocean Tug

ATF....Fleet Ocean Tug

ATR....Ocean Rescue Tug

AV....Seaplane Tender

AVP....Seaplane Tender, Small

AW . . . .Water Distilling

BB....Battleship

CA....Heavy Cruiser

CL....Light Cruiser

CV....Aircraft Carrier

CVE....Aircraft Carrier, Escort

CVL.... Aircraft Carrier, Light

DD....Destroyer

IX....lJnclassified Miscellaneous

LCI....Landing Craft, Infantry

LCM....Landing Craft, Mechanized

LCPL....Landing Craft, Personnel, Large

LCT....Landing Craft, Tank

LCVP....Landing Craft, Vehicle/Personnel

LSD....Landing Ship, Dock

LSM....Landing Ship

LST....Landing Ship, Tank

PGM....Motor Gunboat

SS....5ubmarine

WAGL....Coast Guard 4uxiliary

YF....Covered Lighter

Y MS....Mine Sweeper

YO....Fleet Oil Barge

YOG....Gasoline Barge

YOW . . ..Oil/Water Barge

Y P....Y ard Patrol

YW....Water Barge

9
FLOATING TARGETS

I -

O

COMBATANTS 31

APA 1 9

LST 4

LCI 4

LCT 8

LCM 1

BARGES

*

SUNK (5)

LAMSON (DD-367)

ANDERSON (DD-411)

CILLIA?1 (APA-57)

CART.IST,E (APA-69)

SAKAIJA (Japanese)

S T

BAKER

BEACHED TAKGETS

LST 1

LCI 2

LCT 4

LCM 5

LCVP 6

18

I

SHOT

BAKER

Figure 1-2 Summary of Shot ABLE Target Array
FLOATING TARGETS BEACHED TARGETS

COMBATANTS

APA

LST

LCI

LCT

LCM

BARGES

LSM

29

1 7

5

4

1 0

1

3

1

7 0

SUNK (9) SUNK

ARKANSAS LSM-60

PILOTFISH YO-160

SARATOGA LCT-1114

NAGATO ARDC-13

APOGON

LST 1

LCI 2

LCT 4

LCM 5

LCVP 6

18

LST-125

LCI-620

Figure 1-3 Summary of Shot BAKER Target Array
.

. \

*

l

12
t--‘:‘-

l 0 l 0 l

l

l l 

m

l- l

l

l

l

LCTs

\

l

l

0

2

l

l

Figure l-5 Shot BAKER Target Ship Locations
Table 1-3

Summary of Support Ships

Group/Unit

Flag and Technical Group

(AC, AGC, AH, AP, APA, APD, AV, CA, LCT)

Number

11

Transportation Group

(AGC, ,4KA, APA, LST)

18

Naval Air Group

(AVP, CV, CVE, DD)

7

Surface Patrol Group

(DD)

13

Salvage Group

(AN, ARS, AK~D, AIIST, ASR, ATA, ATF, ATR, LCT ,

24

Service Group 43

(AD, AG, AI<S, AO, AOG, AR, ARR, AKD, ARG, ARL, AS, Al-A, ATF,

AW, IX, LST, YC, YF, YO, YOC, YW)

Dispatch and Roat Pool IJnit

(APB, LCI, LCT, LSD, PGM)

23

5ledical IJnit

(AH)

2

Sut-Jey Unit

(AGS, AKA, WAGL, Y\!S, YP)

II

Evacuation and ?+liscellaneous

(APL, LCT, LST)

14
The results of the dose calculations for these ships are contained in Appendix B. The

other 34 were determined to be either small units with no permanently assigned crew, or

non-commissioned vessels. No deck logs could be located for reconstruction of the

movements of these vessels (types LCT, YO, YOG, YP, YF). The 34 naval units listed by

the official historian as being support ships and participants of Operation CROSSROADS

for which no deck logs have been located are:

LCT-531

LCT-746

LCT-1116

LCT-1130

LCT- 1132

LCT-1155

LCT-1184

LCT-1268

LCT-1341

LCT-1359

LCT-1361

LCT-1377

LCT-1415

LCT-1420

LCT-1461

LIMESTONE (IX-1 58)

YC-1009

YF-385

YF-733

YF-734

Y F-735

Y F-752

Y F-753

Y F-754

Y F-990

Y F-991

YF-992

YO-132

YO-199

YOG-63

YOG-70

Y P-636

YW-92

1.5 Navy Personnel Summary

=)ver 39,000 Navy personnel participated in Operation CROSSROADS. The

distribution of personnel among the various types of support and target vessels is given in

Table l-4.

1.6 Dose Reconstruction Methodology

The methodology developed for dose reconstruction of Operation CROSSROADS

person71el is shown schematically in Figure l-6. The modeling of the radiation

environment is described in detail in Section 2, the identification of relevant ship

operations in Section 3, and the total dose reconstruction in Section 4. The basic

approach used in dose reconstruction is to describe mathe!natically the radiation

environment that existed in the Bikini Lagoon as a function of time and location, and then

to overlay the physical rnovement of the naval unit5. The tirne integral of the radiation

intensity at a vessel’s location as it :noves within the radiation environment determines

the dose attributed to the crew of that vessel. Three major sources of radioactivity are

considered: lagoon water, target ships, and support ship hull and internal (e.g., piping)
Table 1-4

Summary of Naval Personnel

Support Ships:

Flag and Technical Group

Transportation Group

Naval Air Group

Surface Patrol Group

Service’Group

Salvage Group

Dispatch and Boat Pool

Medical Unit

Survey Unit

Evacuation and VI iscellaneous

JTF Staff and Air Units 2762”

Target Ships:

Non-remanned

Remanned

5140

5238

4177

2376

5344

1698

1539

1258

809

23

27,652

7912

1092

9004 **

Total: 39,418

*Doses for these personnel are derived from the support ships to which they were

assigned.

**On transportation ships at time of shot and until radiologically safe to return to

target ship.

16
RADIATION

--t

ENVIRONMENT

NAVAL

OPERATIONS

t

SUPPORT SHIP

CONTAMINATION

TARGET SHIP

ACTIVITY

SUPPORT

- SHIP PATHS

BOARDING

HISTORIES

TOTAL DOSE

t

DOSE ON

TARGET SHIPS

I

DOSIMETRY

RECORDS 1

+REP~RT

* Comparisons made for USS RECLAIMER

to validate methodology

Figure l-6 Dose Reconstruction Methodology
contamination. Suspended and dissolved fission products concentrated in the marine

growth and rust on the hull at and below the waterline and in the internal salt water piping

of support ships which sailed through contaminated water. Ship contalnination is

therefore considered for Shot BAKER only, since no fission products were detected in the

lagoon water after Shot ABLE.

18
Section 2

RADIATION ENVIRONMENT

The radiation environments created at Bikini Atoll by Shots ABLE and BAKER

were quite different--virtually all localized activity from Shot ,4BLE resulted fro;n

neutron activation, while Shot BAKER activity was predominantly from weapon debris.

The magnitude of the radiation hazard after BAKER was much more significant than

that of ABLE, and consequently the BAKER activity was measured and documented in

more detail than was done for Shot ABLE. The measurements made to characterize

the radiation environments were of two types: those taken by scientific personnel

under the Technical Director, usually from samples (e.g., water, rust) collected in the

lagoon and removed to a laboratory for analysis; and those made by radiation monitors

for use by the Director of Ship Material in controlling operations in and around the

radioactive areas. While the documentation on many of these measurements has not

been located, sufficient information has been recovered to allow reconstrtictions of

the environments for both shots. The approach taken here is to develop radiation

intensity models from the best available data, and to use all other relevant documentation to check these models for consistency.

2.1 Shot ABLE Water Intensity

It is well-documented (References 1 (Chapter 17), 4 (Enclosure J), and 5) that

virtually all the radioactivity observed in the lagoon after Shot ABLE was due to

neutron activation, and that little fallout (fission products and unfissioned plutonium)

was deposited locally. A theoretical analysis of neutron-activated seawater was

performed with computer codes ORIGEN (Reference 6) and ANISN (Reference 71,

using the salt concentrations of typical seawater given in Reference 8. The results

indicate that the gamma radiation emitted in sodium-24 (Na-24) decay was the major

contributor to the intensity above the seawater from shortly after detonation until

approximately one week later. This is the period during which all significant

operations took place in the vicinity of the target array following Shot ABLE. These

conclusions are confirmed by analysis of water sample data found in the archives at

Los Alamos National Laboratory. The water samples were taken on 1 July 1946 (ABLE

day), and activities were measured at various intervals through 8 July. The decay

curves, shown in Figure 2-1, clearly demonstrate that the early radioactivity (through
t, = 15 hours

2

25 5 0 7 5 100 125

Time After ABLE Detonation (hours)

150 175

Figure 2-l Decay of Shot ABLE Watkr Samples
the first 100 hours after detonation) was dominated by an isotope with a half life of

approximately 15 hours; this isotope is Na-24. The change in slope evident in these

curves indicates that another isotope (probably bromine-82) became significant after

approximately five days. However, Na-24 would have continued providing the major

contribution to the intensity above the water surface for another few days, due to the

high energy of the Na-24 gamma rays (average energy greater than 2 MeV, compared

to approxirnately 0.8 MeV for bromine-82). Therefore it is necessary to consider only

one isotope, Na-24, in developing a water intensity model.

In determining the intensity from Na-24 in the lagoon water, it is necessary to

specify the initial source distribution, model the time-dependent concentration of this

isotope in the seawater, and develop a relation between waterborne activity and

intensity in air. The initial distribution of radioactive sodium was closely related to

the distribution of thermal neutrons at the water surface in the vicinity of surface

zero (SZ). The approximate nature of the latter distribution is determined with

computer code ATR4 (Reference 9); it appears that this distribution was so sharply

peaked around SZ that, when considering subsequent diffusion, the initial distribution

of Na-24 in the water can be taken as a point source at SZ for computational purposes.

The concentration of Na-24 in the seawater changed with time due to horizontal

diffusion, vertical diffusion, and radiological decay. Horizontal diffusion caused the

radioactive area to spread, with the concentration at radius r and time t after

detonation being approximately proportional to (Reference 8)

t-1 exp [-r2/4Dht],

where Dh = horizontal diffusion coefficient (assumed to be constant in this simplified

model). Due to vertical diffusion, the concentration of Na-24 in the upper layer of

seawater decreased approximately as t-’ (Reference lo), quickly becoming nearly

uniform with depth. Radioactive decay caused a decrease in Na-24 concentration

proportional to e Xt, where X = 0.0462 hr -’ (decay constant for Na-24).

The intensity (measured, for example, in roentgen (R)/hour) above such seawater

is proportional to the activity density of Na-24 in the seawater (e.g., in curies/cm3)

which, in turn, is proportional to the concentration of Na-24. In each decay, a Na-24

nucleus emits two gamma rays with energies of 1.37 and 2.75 MeV, respectively.

21
Calculations performed with the radiation transport code ANISN (Reference 7)

indicate that this decay results in an intensity of 3.51 R/hr at one meter above the

water surface when the activity density of the water is one rnicrocurie of Na-24 per

3

cm . This value decreases only slightly to 3.44 at 2.7 meters and 3.23 at 9.1 meters

above the water surface. Therefore, within at least ten [meters of the water surface,

the distance above the surface is not a significant parameter in determining intensity.

Within this region above the surface, where personnel aboard ships are likely to be

located, the intensity may be expressed as

i(r, t) = tm3j2

2

exp (F) - XttB1 ,

where parameter A depends on the horizontal diffusion coefficient, and B depends on

the horizontal and vertical diffusion coefficients and the total number of neutrons

captured in the water. The values of the diffusion coefficients and number of neutrons

absorbed are largely uncertain; therefore A and B are empirically deterinined by

fitting this expression to the existing measure,ments of intensity at specific times and

locations.

Much of the recorded intensity data is contained in the messages fro:n the

Radiological Safety Control Center, which specify the coordinates of the 0.1 R/day

and 1.0 R/day isointensity contours at frequent time intervals following the ABLE

detonation. These contours, referred to as the “blue line” and “red line”, respectively,

in CROSSROADS literature, have the following significance. The daily dose tolerance

allowed for most personnel during Operation CROSSROADS was 0.1 R/day. Therefore,

a ship theoretically could have operated outside the blue line for an indefinite period

without exceeding this tolerance. Operation between the blue and red lines was

permitted only for certain ships (“red line ships”), and only for durations such that the

daily tolerance was not exceeded. The red line was not to be crossed by any vessel.

The red and blue line contours, although generally not closed due to insufficient

numbers of readings, can be approximated by circles of appropriate radii. These radii

are presented in Table 2-1, together with various other data found in the literature.

The red line was eliminated early on the morning of ABLE +I day (Acl), indicating

that the maximum water intensity fell below 1 R/day during the previous night. The

blue line was eliminated at 1008 hours on A+l. These data (I = 0.1 R/day =

0.0042 R/hr, r = 0, t = 25 hours) are used to evaluate the parameter B, giving

22
Table 2-1

Shot ABLE Water Intensity Data

Time After Reported

Source Radius (m) Detonation (hrs) Intensity (R/hr)

References 5, 11 0 2 1.0

RSCC” 900 4 0.042

Reference 4 810”” 4 0.021 0.081

RSCC 1800 4 0.0042

RSCC 2600 4.75 0.0042

RSCC 1800 6.75 0.0042

RSCC 1500 22.3 0.0042

RSCC 700 24.7 0.0042

Reference 4, RSCC 0 25 0.0042 0.0042

Model

Intensity (R/hr)

0.53

0.068

0.0043

0.0002

0.0077

0.0035

0.0039

*Radiological Safety Control Center

**Inferred from reference, which was not specific.

23
B = 0.503. The ternaining data in Table 2-1 are then used to determine a mean value

of the parameter A to be 4.56 x 10m6* In these calculations, t is in hours, r in meters,

and intensity I in R/hr. It may be noted that the associated value of the horizontal

diffusion coefficient,

1 Oh =4* . = 5 5 x lo4 m*/hr ,

is in excellent agreement with a value of 5.4 x lo4 m*/hr derived by W.H. Munk, et. al.

(Reference 12) fro,n a study of the diffusion of radioactive material deposited in the

lagoon water by Shot BAKER.

The intensities calculated from this model are displayed in Table 2-l for times

and radii corresponding to the available data. With the exception of two outlying data

points, the agreement between the model and observed intensities is generally good.

The intensity equation derived above can be used to predict isointensity contours at

specific times. The radii of the 0.1 R/day and 1.0 R/day contours are plotted in Figure

2-2 as functions of time, and the predicted red and blue contours are compared with

the reported red and blue lines in Figure 2-3 for 1255 hours on ABLE day. It is found

that better agreement between model and measurement can be achieved by allowing

the radially symmetric intensity pattern to drift northward (azimuth 10’) at a speed of

approximately 900 meters per day. This correction is included in all Shot ABLE dose

calculations.

2.2 Shot ABLE Target Ship Intensity

The radioactivity detected on the target ships after Shot ABLE was due almost

entirely to neutron activation of ship materials (Chapter 17 of Reference 1, Enclosure

J of Reference 4). However, since the activity levels were rather low, few

measurements were documented, thus necessitating the calculations which follow.

Listings of the elemental compositions of seven vessel types, representing most

of the ships present in the target array for Shot ABLE, were found in the Operation

CROSSROADS files in the archives at Los Alamos National Laboratory. This

information is presented in Table 2-2. By analyzing the radioactive isotopes produced

by thermal neutron capture in the ship material, and the gamma rays emitted

24
R(t) = 470 Jt 1.503-.0462t-ln(lt"-)J 1

t in hours

1 in R/hr

2 4 6 8 1 0

Blue Line

(I=.1 R/day)

I I I

12 1 4 16 18 20 22 24

Time After ABLE Detonation (hours)

Figure 2-2 Theoretical Model of Shot ABLE b!ater Intensity
, I

2 1

1

L 3

.-----. ?ed Line ,1 R/day,

Blue Line (0.1 R/day)

Red and Blue Lines reported by RSCC at 1255 hours on

AELE Day (open contours); and corresponding contours

predicted b) vodel (circles). The extensions of the

red and blue lines to the west were apparently for

control purposes, and not an actual representation

of the radiological situation.

Figure 2-3 ABLE Day Ked and Blue Lines

26
Table 2-2

Elemental Compositions of Various Vessel Types

(quantities in this table are elemental weights in pounds)

Element Battleship

Iron 4.8+7 *

Aluminum 4.2+5

Magnesium 6.2+3

Copper 2.0+6

Nickel 9.7+5

Chromium 5.9+5

Tungsten 6.2+2

Molybdenum 2.4+4

Vanadium 6.4+3

Zinc 1.5+5

Lead 1.2~5

Tin 7.0+4

Antimony 7.0+3

Manganese 3.3+5

Cadmium 4.9+3

Sulfur 2.2+4

Phosphorus 2.2~4

Silicon 2.2+5

Carbon 1.5+5

Beryllium 6

Cobalt 7.5+2

Titanium 5.4+3

vercury 4.9+2

Heavy

Cruiser

1.9+7

2.4+5

3.6+3

1.3+6

3.8+5

i.o+5

5.1+2

9.6+3

2.6+3

5.0+4

6.9+4

4.6+4

4.6+3

1.3+5

2.0+3

9.0+3

9.0+3

8.8+4

5.8+4

4

7.1~2

3.0+3

3.9+2

Carrier

6.2+7

1.6+6

2.3+4

2.8+6

1.1+6

9.0+5

7.0+2

2.1+4

6.3+3

2.0+5

1.2+5

9.8+4

9.8+3

4.1+5

4.9+3

2.9+4

2.9+4

2.8+5

1.9+5

6

7.0+2

5.5+3

5.2+2

Light

Carrier

2.1+7

6.2+5

9.4+3

1.3+6

4.5+5

2.2+5

5.0+2

9.7+3

2.6+3

6.3+4

6.3+4

4.6+4

4.6+3

1.3+5

2.0+3

9.0+3

9.0+3

9.4+4

6.5+4

4

5.7+2

2.7+3

3.7+2

-------------..;~-------

*Read as 4.8x 10

Source: Los Alamos National Laboratory archives.

Destroyer

2.3+6

1.5+5

2.3+3

3.4+5

4.7+4

2.6+4

1.5+2

1.8+3

4.8+2

2.2+4

I .4+4

1.3+4

1.3+3

1.8+4

3.7+2

l.lc3

1.1+3

1.0+4

6.7+3

2

2.0+2

4.2+2

2.5+2

Submarine

2.5+6

I .6+4

2.3+2

3.0+5

4.0+4

2.3+4

LO+1

1.3+3

3.6+2

2.6+4

4.3+5

1.1+4

1.1+3

9.0+3

2.7+2

1.1+3

1.1+3

1.0+4

7.0+3

2

a

4.8+2

4.7+1

Attack

Troop

Transport

9.6+6

2.6+4

3.9+2

2.5+5

5.4+4

2.3+4

3.9+2

5.2+3

I .4+3

2.0+4

1.3+4

8.8+3

8.8+2

5.8+4

1.1+3

4.5+3

4.5+3

3.6+4

2.9+4

.2

7.4+1

4.X+2

2.3+2

2
therefroln, it is possible to calculate the relative levels of intensity induced by a fixed

neutron fluence in the various types of vessels as a function of time after detonation.

In these calculations, it is assu,med that the ships were homogeneous mixtures of the

materials given in Table 2-2, that all vessels had similar average densities, and that

the contribution to the intensity froin the activation of extraneous rnaterials placed on

or in the target ships (e.g., various types of military equipment placed on deck for

effects testing) was negligible. The relative intensities at 24 hours after detonation,

normalized to the intensity on a destroyer, are presented below.

Ship type

Destroyer(DD)

Submarine (SS)

Heavy Cruiser (CA)

Light Carrier (CVL)

Carrier (07)

Battleship (BB)

Attack troop transport (APA)

Relative intensity at t = 24 hours*

I .ooo

0.737

0.539

0.495

0.379

0.363

0.256

-_--- ----

*For fixed neutron fluence. These values are later designated Mi.

These values are most strongly affected by the fraction of copper present in the ship

material. The time dependence of the intensities for the seven vessel types is shown

in Figure 2-4, where the curves have been normalized to the intensity at 24 hours. The

initinl slope of these curves is due to the decay of copper-64 with a 12.8 hour half-life.

Vessel types LST, LCI, and LCT, for which elernentai composition data are

lacking, were determined to be similar in material composition to a destroyer,

sub,narine, and heavy cruiser, respectively, and hence should display sirnilar intensity

and decay characteristics. These relationships are assu,ned for calculations involving

these three types of ships.

The results of the neutron activation calculation allow an estirnate of relative

intensity levels at arbitrary times for various types of vessels exposed to identical

neutron fluences, i.e., at a fixed range frown SZ. It is necessary to develop a method of

esti,nating intensity level as a function of range. Ideally this range dependence would

28
10.0

5.0

3.0

1.0

.5

.3

-

r/) L

2

c .lO

s

-

r

-+ .05

-

H

. 02

.Ol

. 005

. 00:

.OO'

j3-

1,

\

C Light Carrier, Heavy Cruiser (use for LCT)

D Submarine (use for LCI)

E Destroyer (use for LST)

.

A Attack Troop Transport (use for YO, YOG, ARDC)

B Battleship, Carrier

7

d

Time After AGLE Detonation ,hours:

Figure 2-4 Shot AELE Ship Intensities Relative to Intensity

at 24 Hours

29
be estimated from thermal neutron fluence data, since the absorption of therrnal

neutrons is responsible for most activation interactions. Thermal neutron measurements were made during Shot ABLE, using activation of phosphate pills to determine

the fluences at nuinerous locations on various target ships. The results are presented

in Appendix XIII of Reference 15, a technical report co,npiled shortly after the ABLE

detonation. Unfortunately the experimental technique and analysis of the data appear

to have serious shortcomings (e.g., most activation samples -were placed in shielded

locations which were not well docu,nented); consequently the data are considered

unreliable. A much more sophisticated effort \cras undertaken by Dr. G. A.

Linenberger of Los Alamos to measure fast neutron fluence by activation of sulfur

samples placed on the target ships. These data, contained in Reference 16, are fit

with the expression:

C$ = R-* exp - !!- t B ,

[ 1xf

where Q = fast neutron fluence,

R = slant range,

Xf = fast neutron relaxation length = 209.1 yards,

B = constant.

To develop the Shot ABLE ship activation -nodeI, it is assumed that the range

dependence of ship Activation was approximately the same as that of the fast neutron

f luence. This assumption is valid, since the relaxation length for thermal neutrons is

comparable to that of fast neutrons for typical neutron fission spectra transported in

an air-over-seawater geometry (References 13,14).

The ship activation model is given by the expression

Ii (t) = CMi fi(t) Ri* exp (-Ri/Xf),

where

Ii(t) = activation intensity on target ship i at tirne t,

‘Vi =

intensity of ship i at t =24 hours relative to that of a destroyer,

r+) = intensity of ship i at time t relative to that at t =24 hours

(given in Figure 2-41,

R. =

I

slant range of ship i.

30
Here C is a constant which, ideally, is independent of target ship. A numerical value

for C is determined by fitting the model to exterior ship intensity readings, a summary

of which is given in Table 2-3(a). Data from the YO 160 and ARDC 13 cannot be used

here, since elemental compositions of these vessels are not available. With intensity I

in R/day and range R in yards, a good fit to the remaining data is achieved with C =

1.1 x 107. With this, absolute intensities in R/day at 24 hours after detonation are

calculated for all target vessels except the YO 160, YOC 83, and ARDC 13. All such

intensities greater than 1 mR/day are listed in Table 2-4.

The vessels YO 160, YOG 83, and ARDC 13 were not sirnilar in composition to

other ships in the target array. However, intensity readings on the YO 160 and the

ARDC 13 are available, as given in Table 2-3, so that these vessels may be normalized

separately. It is assumed that the YOG 83 was similar in composition to the YO 160,

and that the time-dependence of the intensity for these three vessels is similar to that

of the attack troop transport. The 24-hour intensities thus derived are included in

Table 2-4.

In summary, the intensity on a ship at time t is estimated by obtaining the 24-

hour intensity from Table 2-4 and using the appropriate curve in Figure 2-4 to

determine the factor which adjusts the 24-hour value to the value at time t. Ships not

listed in Table 2-4 are considered to have had negligible induced intensity (~1 mR/day

at 24 hours after Shot ABLE).

The consistency of these results is tested by comparing them with relevant

statements on ship intensities contained in References 1, 4, 18, 19, and 20, and by

analyzing the radiological reports and boarding times of target vessels documented in

References 21 and 22. Reference 1 states that 13 vessels had intensities greater than

0.1 R/day on ABLE + 1 day; 14 such vessels are predicted by this model, as shown in

Table 2-4. The most radioactive ships after Shot ABLE, as listed in the cited

references, agree well with those predicted by the model. The maximum intensity of 8

R/day reported on the ARKANSAS (A+1 day reading) by Reference 1 was apparently a

local “hot spot”, composed mostly of radioactive sodium in a pool of water on deck.

The reports of the radiological and reboarding status of the target ships, as given in

References 21 and 22, generally agree with model predictions. An apparent exception

is that six vessels (CATRON, SARATOGA, PENNSYLVANIA, LCT 874, LST 661, and

3 1
Table 2-3

Shot ABLE Target Ship Intensities

Vessel

(a) Exterior Readings

CRITTENDEN (APA)

Slant Time of Intensity Measurement oilday)

Range (yds) Reading (hrs) Average Maximum

619-753 2 8 0.3 0.5

INDEPENDENCE (CVL) 586-720 3 0 0.24 0.34

SKATE (SS) 436-513 5 4 0.4-0.8 4.8

-75 0.4 --

NEVADA (BB) 639-811 2 8 -- 0.45

3 2 -- 0.43

ARDC 13 852-973 5.5 0.2 --

25.5 0.2 --

YO 160 550-660 3 0 0.7 --

(b) Interior Readings

SKATE (SS)

APOGON (SS)

PARCHE (SS)

DENTUDA (SS)

TUNA (SS)

436-513 -96 0.03 0.06

951-1051 26.5 0.003 0.006*

1377 24.5 0.3** 0.3**

193% 1956 2 4 0 0

2200-2234 4 8 0 0

*Maximum reading of 0.072 R/day taken around clock and depth gauges in

control room probably due to radium dials.

**Questionable data; see text.

Sources: Exterior data for days At1 and At2 taken from radio messages;

SKATE 75-hour data from Reference 17. Interior data taken

from Commanding Officer letter reports.

3 2
Table 2-4

Calculated Average Exterior Ship Intensities at 24 Hours after Shot ABLE

(Vessels not listed have calculated intensities less than 0.001 R/day)

Ship

ARKANSAS (BB)

NEW YORK (BB)

NEVADA (BB)

PENNSYLVANIA (BB)

NAG AT0 (Japanese battleship)

PENSACOLA (CA)

SALT LAKE CITY (CA)

SAKAWA (Japanese cruiser)

PRINZ EUGEN (German cruiser)

INDEPENDENCE (CVL)

TALBOT (DD)

RHIND (DD)

STACK (DD)

WILSON (DD)

HUGHES (DC%

SKIP JACK (SS)

SKATE (SS)

APOGON (SS)

PARCHE (SS)

LST 52

LCT 816

LCT 818

BANNER (APA)

BARROW (APA)

BRULE (APA)

CRITTENDEN (APA)

DAWSON (APA)

FALLON (APA)

YO 160

YOG 83

ARDC 13

Intensity (R/day)

0.44

0.001

0.43

0.001

0.11

0.31

0.11

2.7

0.011

1.0

0.04

0.11

0.013

0.005

0.18

0.04

6.7

0.12

0.01

0.005

0.009

0.004

0.008

0.003

0.027

0.40

0.073

0.004

3.9

0.10

0.91

33
TUNA) were reported “Geiger Sour” (i.e., having intensities greater than 0.1 R/day) on

ABLE day, whereas the calculated intensities on vessels at these ranges are much

lower. At the times these reports were made, the six vessels were located on or

within the radiological blue line, indicating that the surrounding radioactive water, and

not the ships themselves, was the major source of the intensity. Subsequent reports on

these vessels indicate that they soon became “Geiger Sweet” (having average

intensities less than 0.1 R/day) when the blue line had receded past their positions.

In addition to the exterior ship intensity readings on which this model is based,

interior submarine intensity readings found in Commanding Officers’ reports are

included in Table 2-3(b). The measured interior intensities on the SKATE and

APOGON are significantly smaller than the exterior intensities predicted by the

model; this is consistent, since the interiors of the surfaced submarines were strongly

shielded from the neutron fluence by the surrounding seawater. Both the data and

model give negligible intensities for the DENTUDA and TUNA. The reported 0.3

R/day intensity on the interior of the PARCHE, however, is anomalous. Although the

PARCHE was approximately 300 yards farther from surface zero than the APOGON,

this intensity is two orders of magnitude larger than that measured for the APOGON.

The A+1 PARCHE intensity data consist of sixteen reported readings for various

interior locations, each recorded as “.3”. Such uniformity is inconsistent with readings

on other submarines. Further, the PARCHE was declared “Geiger Sweet” at 0935

hours on 2 July (Reference 211, indicating that the intensity levels at that time were

below 0.1 R/day. Thus, these reported A+1 intensity readings on the PARCHE appear

to be in error.

2.3 Shot BAKER Water Intensity

The radiological environment after Shot BAKER was dominated by fission

products deposited in the water and on the target ships. Extensive measurements of

water activity (e.g., in Curies/liter) were made by scientific personnel under the

Technical Director. Unfortunately, only fragments of this information have been

located. Concurrently, radiological patrols were reporting intensities (in R/day) above

the water to the Radiological Safety Control Center; this information exists in the

form of red (1.0 R/day) and blue (0.1 R/day) line coordinates, used by the Director of

Ship Material to control ship movement in the lagoon. Both sets of data are utilized in

the development of theShot BAKER water intensity model.

3 4
Perhaps the best source of post-BAKER water activity data is Reference 12,

which gives activity contours for one, two, and three days after the BAKER

detonation. These contours, reproduced in Figure 2-5, are labeled in “arbitrary

radiation units”, or aru, which were normalized to a fixed time to correct for decay.

This time normalization was performed so that the effects of diffusion could be

examined. The normalization procedure is not described in the article, so the precise

definition of aru is uncertain. Another valuable source of information is a set of

tables authored by Dr. Kenneth G. Scott, which appeared in an unpublished manuscript

(Reference 23) assembled by Dr. J. 0. Hirschfelder and found in the archives at the

Los Alamos National Laboratory. These tables include information on maximum

radiation intensities and contaminated areas, total radioactivity in lagoon water, and

simultaneous measurements of water activity and intensity. A third significant source

of water activity data is Appendix V of Reference 24, a technical report submitted in

September 1946 covering the BAKER detonation. This docutnent contains tables

giving total radioactivity in lagoon waters and variations in activity with depth for

five days following the BAKER shot, with more detailed information presented on the

water activity distribution on the fifth day after detonation (B+5). Other sources of

water activity data include References 1 (Chapter 271, 4 (Enclosure J), and 21.

The red and blue line coordinates are contained in the transcripts of radio

messages found at the Federal Records Center in Suitland, MD. Red line data are

given for BAKER day through B+2; the red line was eliminated at 1455 hours on B+3.

Blue line data are given through B+4; the blue line was eliminated at 0959 hours on

B+5. Examples of red and blue lines for days B+l, B+2, and B+3 are presented in

Figure 2-6.

The radiological condition of the lagoon water after B+5 is largely unknown.

There is evidence that the water intensity decreased significantly between B+5 and

B+S. Enclosure F of Reference 4 discusses the natural flushing of the lagoon water

between five and eight days after BAKER day, thereby reducing water activity to very

low levels by B+8. This is supported by data appearing in Reference 24, indicating a

rapid decrease in the activity concentration in the lagoon water between these dates.

The only quantitative data available on the water environment beyond B+8 is contained

in a message from the Radiological Safety Officer (COL S.L. Warren) to CJTF-1 on

15 August 1946, in which he states “Lagoon water average 0.02 to 0.03 R per day.”

3 5
(. 6:

36
0145 hrs, B+l

1110 hrs, B+2

Scale - Kilometers

1 4

0 1 2 3

-------. Red Line (1 R/day)

Blue Line (0.1 R/day)

0 Surface Zero

Source: RSCC Pessapes

Figare 2-6 Red anti Elue Lines after Shot BAKER

37
Water of such intensity must have been contained within a relatively small region of

the lagoon, since it is easily demonstrated that the initial inventory of fission products

available from a 23 kt detonation was much too small for intensities of this level to

have existed throughout the lagoon three weeks after the shot. Unfortunately, the

location of the contaminated pool is unspecified in the message.

The BAKER water intensity model is developed to estimate the intensity at any

location in the lagoon at any time after the BAKER detonation. A summary of the

data base utilized in the construction of this model is given in Table 2-5. A general

computer-based calculational methodology based on this model estimates doses for

specific ship paths through BAKER-contaminated water from B+l until final lagoon

departure. Due to the lack of data available for BAKER day, this day is not included

in the generalized methodology. Doses accrued on BAKER day are analyzed

separately, using primarily red/blue line information and data from ship logs. The

development of this model is subsequently discussed.

To develop the model, the intensity distribution throughout the lagoon at a

reference time on each of days B+l through B+5 is approximated from available data.

The graphical activity contours (in units of a;u) provided in Reference 12 for days B+l

through B+3, and the areas within various activity density contours (in microcuries/

liter) given in Reference 24 for B+5, form the basis of the intensity distribution

modeling for this period. It is first necessary to convert these contours to intensity

contours. The most direct method to achieve this conversion is the use of red/blue

line data to calibrate the contours for each of these four days. The advantage of

utilizing the red/blue lines, which were employed at CROSSROADS to control ship

movements, is that those portions of the intensity contours most imp,ortant in

calculating personnel doses are modeled most accurately. The B+4 intensity contours

are developed by using the area-integrated surface activity (in units of square

miles-millicuries per liter, as given in Reference 24) and red/blue line data to

interpolate between the B+3 and B+5 contours. It is assumed that, except for a

contaminated pool that persisted in the vicinity of the target array (and apparently

formed the basis of Warren’s observation), the intensity distribution on B+5 decreased

linearly to zero by 200 hours after the detonation (B+S). The intensity in the vicinity

of a ship is estimated by linearly interpolating in time between the intensities at the

ship location derived from the two reference intensity distributions bracketing the

time of interest.

3 8
Table 2-5

Summary of Shot BAKER Water Contamination Data

Day:

After

B B+l B+2 B+3 B+4 B+5 B+5 - - - - ---

Activity contours (graphical)

(Reference 12)

Activity contours (areas)

(Reference 24)

Integrated surface activity

(Reference 24)

Red/blue lines

(RSCC messages)

X X X

X

X X

Total contaminated area/max x x

i ntensi ty

(References 5, 23)

S.L. Warren message

(dated 15 August 1946)

X

X X X X X

X X X

X X X X X

X

39
The intensity level reported in the Warren message forms the basis for

characterizing the contaminated water environment for the month of August 1946. It

is reasoned that the lagoon intensity levels observed by Warren (0.02-0.03 R/day on

14 August, B+20) were lirnited in spatial extent by the total activity deposited in the

lagoon, which is calculated to have been 5x10’ Curies at I-I+1 hour (Reference 24).

Assuming a t

-1.3 decay (Reference 4) coupled with a 3.2 percent per day depletion by

flushing (Enclosure F of Reference 4), the total activity available in the lagoon is

calculated for each day. This activity is assumed to have been confined to a

.

cylindrical slug of water 150 feet deep (the average depth of the lagoon), having a

vertical distribution such that the surface concentration is about one order of

magnitude higher than the concentration near the lagoon bottom. This distribution is

consistent with the vertical profile data reported in Reference 24 for several days

after detonation. Maintaining this vertical activity gradient throughout the period of

interest, despite its likely dissipation through mixing, high-sides the intensity at the

surface and thus the dose to shipboard personnel.

The radius of the cylinder is determined in the following manner. The intensity

above the surface of the contaminated water, which is assumed uniform throughout

the contaminated region, is modeled as a function of time by fitting a logarithmic

function to the intensity readings of 0.1 R/day on B+5 (when the blue line was

eliminated) and 0.025 R/day on B+20 (Warren’s data). The activity concentration of

the water corresponding to an intensity level as measured above the surface is then

determined from measurements reported by Scott (Table 20.15 of Reference 23),

which indicate that an activity concentration of one microcurie per liter of lagoon

water (in situ) resulted in an intensity of approximately 0.024 R/day above the surface.

This is in general agreement with a measurement taken by USS BURLESON personnel

on B+5 (Reference 2 1, 0.029 R/day/&i/l) and the results of calculations with the

radiation transport code ANISN (Reference 7, 0.013 R/day/pCi/l). The required radius

of the contaminated pool follows from the activity available in the lagoon on the day

of interest, the assumed vertical profile, and the surface concentration on that day.

The radius is approximately 5000 yards from B+8 through B+40. It is assumed that the

decaying pool remained centered on surface zero, encompassing most of the target

array and thereby maximizing potential exposure to this radioactivity. Ship movement

data are then used to determine the periods when each ship was in contaminated water

of the specified intensity.

4 0
2.4 Shot BAKER Target Ship Intensity

The contamination of target vessels from the BAKER detonation was quite

extensive, due prilnarily to the base surge (a cloud of contaminated water droplets

formed by the underwater detonation) and early rainout of fission products. The base

surge extended approximately 1800 yards upwind, 2700 yards crosswind, and 4000 yards

downwind, to the northwest (Reference 25). Target ships within the base surge

generally received significant contamination, while many ships on the outer portions of

the array experienced only light contamination. Detailed documentation of intensity

levels exists for most of the target vessels. Appendix VII of Reference 24 lists

maximum topside, average topside, and average interior readings for virtually every

target vessel for numerous days following the BAKER shot. While these data are often

inconsistent, and individual readings may be questionable, they nevertheless provide

the best available estimates of target ship intensities. Also included in Reference 24

are readings taken alongside many of the target vessels during the period when they

were too radioactive to board. Daily target ship status reports and transcripts of radio

messages (found at the Federal Records Center) also contain detailed target ship

radiological data. In addition, References I (Chapter 27), 4 (Enclosure J), 20, 21, and

22 quote numerous intensity readings for the target ships. Dr. W. E. Strope, in

Reference 25, has evaluated much of this topside intensity data for many target ships.

The target ship intensity model for Shot BAKER is developed by accumulating all

available data on ship intensities and organizing them in graphical form. It had been

observed that the intensities on target ships generally followed a t-1.3 decay law,

exclusive of decontamination (Reference 4). Therefore, the ship intensity data are fit

with such curves except during documented periods of decontamination. When

decontamination is known to have taken place, intensity-time curves based on t

-1.3

decay are fit separately to the data taken before and after decontamination, while the

data taken during decontamination are used to empirically construct a curve

connecting these segments. When data are available, separate curves are constructed

for average topside, amidships (alongside), and below deck readings. An example is

shown in Figure 2-7 for the USS PENSACOLA. For each event involving a target ship

(moored alongside, boarding, etc.), the appropriate ship intensity curve is used to

estimate the radiation environnent. Target ship intensity curves so derived are

presented in Appendix A.

4 1
., :,.

AhrTnCWTPC

-1 --- . . :

._ , ’ :.,

1 I . ’

RI,;,m READ

AJIIDSHIPS 11

A BELOW DECKS

0.1

.Ol

.OOl

1 AUG 1o 1 SEPT 100 1000

Time - Days After BAKER

Figure 2-7 USS PENSACOLA (CA-24) Post-BAKER Ship Contamination

42
2.5 Shot BAKER Support Ship Contamination

During post-YAKER operations it quickly became apparent that support ships,

when operating in contaminated water, accumulated radioactive rnaterials on their

underwater hulls and in salt water lines and evaporators. The resulting interior

intensities were sufficiently large on some early re-entry ships, notably the PGMs, to

require overnight crew evacuation (Reference 33). The intensities in other support

ships were reduced to or maintained at a tolerable level through such decontaminatiorr

processes as “hogging” (scraping the ship hull with rope or chain) or steaming in open

seas. The physical processes responsible for this radioactive accumulation appear to

include assimilation of radionuclides by aquatic organisms (e.g., algae and barnacles)

that were or became attached to the ship, and ion-exchange absorption of the

polyvalent fission products by inert material (e.g., paint or rust) on the ship hull or in

the piping (References 24 and 34). A ship contamination model based on the

microscopic details of these mechanisms is not feasible, due to the colnplexity of

these processes and the uncertainties in the initial conditions of the hulls/piping and

lagoon water contamination composition. The approach taken here is to develop a

rnathernatical model that describes the macroscopic features of the support ship

contamination process in a manner consistent with the observed data and underlying

physics.

Two basic assumptions are :-nade in developing this model. The first is that the

mixture of fission products present in the accumulated radioactive rnaterial on the hull

and in the piping of a support ship decayed radiologically as t

-1.3 . This decay rate was

verified experimentally for fission products deposited in seawater and on the decks of

target ships (Reference 4). It is possible that selective absorption of fission products

took place on the hull and in the piping of the support ships, such that a decay rate

different than t-lo3 could be applied; however, since specific data on this point are

lacking, the referenced decay rate is used. The second assumption is that the rate of

contamination buildup on the hull and interior piping is initially proportional to the

radiation intensity of the water surrounding the ship, but, as buildup progresses, a

lirniting or saturation value of contamination is approached asymptotically. Such a

saturation effect has been observed in the accumulation of radioactive isotopes in

various equatic organisms (References 34 and 40). Saturation is indicated by hull

intensity readings taken on various ships after their departure from the lagoon.

43
Specifically, the amount of foreign matter (i.e., fission products) accumulating on the

hull and piping is assumed to approach saturation, therefore, the radiation intensity of

the saturation level of this material decays as t-1.3. The exterior intensity of the

saturated hull at time t after detonation is therefore assumed to have the mathematical form

Isat = st-la3,

where S is a constant.

With these assumtions, the intensity IO of the contaminated hull of a support ship

at time t may be written

IO(t) = Io(t - At) [+ls3+ C [i - $1 Iw(t) At,

where Iw(t) = intensity of surrounding water at time t,

At = small interval of time,

C = constant.

The first term of the right represents the contribution from previously accumulated

contamination, while the second term is the contribution from the contamination

accumulated between t -Pt and t. The factor

1

IO(t)

- - St-l.3

insures that this contribution vanishes as saturation is approached, that is, as

IO(t) - St -1.3.

By rearranging this equation, taking the limit as At becomes very small, and solving

the resulting differential equation, one obtains

IO(t) = St -le3 [1 - exp I- fDw(tJl] ,

where

Dw(t) =

s

t 13

0

T ’ Iw(‘) dr.

4 4
Note that Iw(t) is determined from the BAKER water intensity model and the ship path

through the contaminated water. It is evident that saturation is approached as the

integral D,(t) becomes large; this occurs as a ship spends sufficient time in

contaminated water.

The constants S and C in the contamination model are evaluated from support

ship intensity data found primarily in messages sent to CJTF-1 by radiological safety

officers at various shipyards. Combined beta-plus-gamma intensities were measured

at points external to the hulls of numerous support ships during post-CROSSROADS

decontamination operations, and were generally reported as port and starboard

average and maximum intensities. Much of these data cannot be used in this analysis,

because readings were taken after the hulls were partially decontaminated (by

scraping) in the shipyard, or because the hulls were wet when readings were taken (the

emission of beta particles from the contaminant material is inhibited when the

material is wet; the intensity appears to be sensitive to the amount of moisture

present). Intensity readings taken on dry, unscraped hulls were reported for nine

support ships. This limited data set was selected for use in evaluation of S and C,

since inclusion of the scraped and/or wet data would introduce a bias toward lower

dose estimates. In addition, various reported intensity readings for three other ships

are considered of similar quality. Reference 27 contains wet unscraped hull readings

for the USS ROCKBRIDGE, with the notations that “readings on hull will be 3-6 times

higher when dry.” A factor of six is thus used to determine an equivalent average dry

hull intensity. Reference 35 gives an exterior hull reading on the USS SAIDOR, while

Reference 36 gives .an interior hull reading for the USS MOUNT MCKINLEY. The

intensity readings for these twelve ships constitute the data base for determining best

estimates of constants S and C. These intensity data are included in Table 2-6.

In performing the evaluation of S and C, the various hull readings are first

converted to exterior hull gamma intensities. Since the beta particles (electrons) were

almost completely attenuated by the hull material, while the gamma intensities

experienced a much smaller attenuation (Reference 26), it is the gamma radiation that

contributes to dose on the interior of the ship. Consequently, the exterior hull gamma

reading is used as an indicator of the level of ship contamination. Contained in the

reported hull intensity data are five sets of gamma and beta-plus-gamma readings,

each set taken concurrently during decontamination operations. These data indicate

45
Ship

QUARTZ (IX)

HESPERIA (AKS)

BRAMBLE (WAGL)

SAIDOR (CVE)

ilOUNT MCKINLEY (AGC)

ROCKBRIDGE (APA)

HUNTINGTON (DD)

SUMNER (DD)

INGRAHAM (DD)

MOALE (DD)

PGM-23

PGM-24

Table 2-6

Contamination Model Data Base

Type

ReadinK

Dry hull,P+r

Dry hull,/3 +Y

Dry hull, fl +Y

Gamma

Interior

Wet hull,@ +Y

Dry hull,0 +Y

Dry hull,P +Y

Dry hull,/3 ty

Dry hull,@ ty

Dry hull, B tY

Dry hu11,p +Y

Date of

Reading

22 Ott 46

6 Nov 46

2 Nov 46

30 Aug 46

19 Aug 46

3 Ott 46

Reported

Intensity

hR/day) (mR-dSay”*3)

22** 1172

21* 1355

23* 1410

7.2 1515

10 1573

12”“” 2820

4 Nov 46 20 1257

4 Nov 46 27 1699

4 Nov 46 29 1524

4 Nov 46 43 2683

2 Nov 46 51 3092

2 Nov 46 27 1624

* Arithmetic average of reported port and starboard average intensities.

** Average of 7 hull readings.

+** Average of 22 hull readings.

46
that the approximate gamma intensity can be derived from a beta-plus-gamma reading

by multiplying the latter quantity by 0.078. The value is consistent with various betagamma ratios measured during the CROSSROADS operation (Reference 38 and 39).

The resulting set of 12 exterior hull gamma intensities indicates that a form of

saturation may have been acting to limit the accumulation of contaminant materials

on the support ships. When these intensities are adjusted (via t-l”) to equivalent

readings taken on the same day, the adjusted intensities are similar in magnitude, even

though the ships’ exposure histories were quite different. Thus, it appears probable

that all ships that spent sufficient time in contaminated water approached a limiting

value of the amount of accumulated contaminant material and that at some later date

these ships all exhibited similar contamination intensities, independent of the details

of their individual exposures to contaminated water.

To evaluate S and C, the exterior hull gamma intensity derived for each of the

12 ships is adjusted to the value that would have existed on the day the support ship

departed Bikini Lagoon. According to statements presented in Reference 2, steaming

in uncontaminated water at full speed for 24 hours reduced the accumulated activity

by 50 percent, but continued steaming did not result in further reduction.

Reference 37 reports that the USS HENRICO experienced “a period of leaching the

first night at sea, bringing her hull down to 0.4 (of departure intensity) and the

auxiliary condenser down 0.6, but effecting the evaporators but little.” In the present

analysis, it is assumed that both hull and pipe intensities were reduced to half of their

departure values during the first day after departure from the lagoon. An assumption

concerning the subsequent radiological and physical decay of the remaining radioactive

material must be made. Data presented in Reference 37 indicates that the decay

during the first few days following departure may have been greater than t-lo3 (due to

continued leaching), but that at later times the decay rate decreased significantly.

Due to lack of definitive data on which to construct reliable post-departure intensitytime curves, the standard t

-1.3 decay rate established for deposited BAKER fission

products is used. The calculated intensity at lagoon departure, I,(t,), for each of the

twelve ships in the data base is determined by increasing the reported intensity by a

factor (tr/tf)1*3, where tr is the time of the intensity reading, and tf is the time of

final lagoon departure; this adjusted value is then multiplied by two (to account for

initial leaching of radioactive material in clear water) to arrive at Io(tf). Substituting

into the previously equation, one arrives at a relation between the constants S and C:

4 7
Thus, for each of the twelve ships, curves of S versus C are constructed. These curves

have the general fern shown in Figure 2-8 for representative ships. While unique

values of S and C cannot be deterrnined from these curves directly, they may be

evaluated with one additional curve constructed from data given in Reference 2:

After re-entry of the non-target vessels to the lagoon, the same tendency

of radioactive materials to adhere to the outer shell below the waterline

was observed. The conditions here were ideal for ion-exchange and

although the water itself showed intensity of radioactivity at and near the

surface of only about .Ol R/day, the active material was absorbed so

efficiently frozn the lagoon waters that within a period of three days

several of the non-target vessels began to show geiger counter readings of

greater tlran 0.1 R/day of gamma radiation inside the hull in the vicinity of

the waterline.

This statement appears to refer to support ships that re-entered the lagoon on BAKER

day, and therfore applies to the first three days after detonation. It is assurned that

the maxirnum hull reading was 0.12 R/day after three days; the S-versus-C curve

described from these values is shown schematically in Figure 2.8. As shown in the

diagram, the latter curve crosses those derived from the support ship intensity data

base in such a manner that unique values of S and C can be assigned to each of the

twelve ships. The values of S thus determined are given in Table 2-6. It is seen that

the individual values of S vary within each group. Part of this variation is undoubtedly

due to the simplicity of the basic inodel, uncertainities in the calculated water

intensities I,(t), and uncertainities in the exterior hull readings due to instrument

inaccuracies and nonstandard measurement techniques. However, much of this spread

may be physical, representin,n variations in the arnount of accumulated contaminaant

material on ship hulls due to differences in type and condition of paint (Reference 2),

cleanliness of the hull while at Bikini, and decontamination actions taken while in the

lagoon.

The values of S used in this analysis are the geometric mean values of S

appearing in the table, grouped by ship type. Specifically, S = 2240, 1800, and

1570 mR-day 0.3 for PCMs, destroyers, and all other ships, respectively. The range in

the derived values of C is small, and the dose calculations are relatively insensitive to

the exact value chosen. An average value of C = 11.0 day-’ is used for all support

ships.

48
Curves for

Representative

Ships

Curve from

Reference 2 -+

Data

Figure 2-8 Ship Contamination Model Parametric Curves

4 9
A method is now developed whereby the exterior hull gamma intensity (the I,

calculated as described above) is used to deterrnine interior ship intensities resulting

from exterior hull contamination and contamination in salt water piping. A contaminated ship is modeled as a three-level structure with vertical sides (hull), as shown in

Figure 2-9. The relevant geometric parameters are indicated in the figure. The hull

contamination is modeled as a number (ten was found to be sufficient) of infinite line

sources on each side of the lower exterior of the structure. The interior piping

consists of two water mains (also taken as line sources) above level 2 in the structure.

The structure is assumed to be symmetric about the centerline. Eight parameters (‘xl,

t-4 hp VI, v2’ tp t2, 3t ) are deterrnined for each ship type from analyses of ship

diagrams. The value of 2 (height above deck) is taken as 4.5 feet, the approxi(matc

height of a chest-worn badge. It is necessary to relate intensities measured in the salt

water mains (1

P

) to the exterior hull gamma intensities (IO), which are assumed to have

been read with the detector held at the norninal water line of the ship and with the

hull exposed (i.e., in dry dock or listed to the other side). Readings available for the

USS SAIDOR (Reference 35) and the USS ROCKBRIDGE (Reference 27) indicate that

1

P

M 1.5 IO. This relationship is assu,med to hold for all ships.

With the sources no-w fixed, the interior ship intensities are calculated. This step

requires the computation of the attenuation and buildup of gamma radiation through

the material interposed between each element of source radiation and the point of

interest, and the sumrnation (integration) of contributions from all source elements.

This is accomplished by rneans of the kernel technique with the Taylor form of the

buildup factor (Section 3.8 of Reference 25). A gamma energy of 0.8 IMeV

(representative of gamrna radiation frorn fallout material) is assumed. The resulting

relative intensity (i.e., relative to exterior hull gamma intensity, lo) distribution for

each of the three levels of a destroyer is displayed in Figure 2-10. The relative

intensity averaged over all three levels is used for contatnination dose calculations in

this report. These averaged relative intensities, referred to as apportionlnent factors,

Fa, are listed in Table 2-7 for all ship types of interest.

Finally, an estirnate is made of the intensity in the engine rooln of a ship. From

the intensity data referenced above for the SAIDOR and ROCKBRIDGE, and froln

values given for the A.M. SUMNER in a radio message transmitted on 25 July 1946, it

50
REPRESENTATIVE SHIP TRANSVERSE CROSS SECTION AMIDSHIPS

w - SHIP BEAM t1 - AVERAGE THICKNESS OF SIDE SHELL PLATING

H - AVERAGE HEADROOM

V. - DISTANCE FROM LEVEL 2

I

t2 -

AVERAGE THICKNESS OF LEVEL 1 PLATING

1

DECK TO WATERLEVEL t, - AVERAGE THICKNESS OF LEVEL 2 PLATING

V2 - VERTICAL DISTANCE OF WATER

MAIN BELOW LEVEL 1 ZJ - REPRESENTATIVE FILM BADGE HEIGHT (4.5 FT)

hl -

HORIZONTAL DISTANCE OF WATER

MAIN FROM OUTER SHELL

I I I

I

I

t

-4 4

H

---------------------

Z

I t LEVEL 1 it2 I I

I)\V i I

h, i

CONTAMINATION

LUNGITUOINAL

PLANE OF SYMMETRY

Figure 2-9 Support Ship Contamination Model
0.8

0.6

Destroyer Parameters

w = 41ft hl = 14 ft t2 = .50"

H = 8ft 2 = 4.5 ft t3 = .20"

VI= 0 tl = .28" N, = 10

VP = .5 ft

8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Distance from Hull (Ft)

Figure 2-10 Interior Intensity Distribution for a Destroyer
Table 2-7

Ship Apportionment Factors

TYPE SHIP DESIGNATION

I

I I

III

IV

VA

VB

v c

VIA

‘JIB

VIC

VIIA Tankers 300’

VIIB Tankers 400’

VIIC Tankers 500’

VIII Tenders & Repair

IXA Landing Craft

IX6 Landing Craft

IXC Landing Craft

X Barges

Destroyer

Cruisers

Carrier, Light

Mine Sweepers

Salvage 5( Rescue

Small Survey

Patrol Boats

300’ Merchant APD-27, AVP-49

400-435’ Merchant

(C2 Types)

465-508’ Merchant

(C3 & C4 Types)

DD

CA-131

CVE

YMS

AN, ARS, ARSD-1, ASR-1, ASR-8

ATA, ATF, ATR, WAGL-392

AGS (5, 10, 13) (not AGS-4)

PCM

Fa+ -

.39

.05

.lO

.55

.39

.55

.67

.29

AC, ACC, AGS-4, AKA-21, AKA-44, .20

AKA-99, AKA-101, AKS-4, AKS-13,

APA 58, 67, 77 APA 228-237

AH-4, 12, 13, AV-5, 14, 17

,4PA-27, .4PA-33, APALSD-5, LSD-25

.I5

AOC(W)-11 .33

AW-2 .28

AOW-6 1, AO-54, AO-69 .24

AD-l%, AS-1 1, AR-6 .15

LCI .57

LCT .43

LST, ARL-24 .33

YO, YOG, YW .57

*The apportionment factor Fa is the average interior ship intensity relative to the

exterior hull gamma intensity. It is calculated by averaging the interior intensity

distribution over the three levels of the ship model.

53
appears that evaporators and associated equipment have average intensities (Ie)

similar to those of pipes, i.e.,

Ie rz 1.5 IO.

Therefore, the engine roorn is estimated to have an average intensity no zreatcr than

this value.

54
Section 3

NAVAL OPERATIONS

Only those portions of the CROSSROADS ship activities before and after tests

ABLE and BAKER that are pertinent to radiological examination are discussed.

Elaborate fleet operation plans were established by CJTF-1 for safety and operational

control purposes. These plans are recorded in Reference 29. The ocean in and around

Bikini Lagoon was sectioned into specific geographic regions. Centered on the Delta

Beacon on Bikini Island, designated Point Auto, concentric circles and radials were

drawn. The resulting annular sectors were assigned various automobile names. The

sector chart, defining the operating areas for the task groups of the Joint Task Force,

is shown in Figure 3-1. A sector axis was drawn through sections Benz and Graham.

Radiological axes based on the local surface wind directions for ABLE and BAKER

were established at azimuths 0500 and 120°, respectively. The sector axis was then

aligned with the radiological axis and the sectors were rotated accordingly. Each ship

was assigned an operating area based on these sectors.

3.1 Pre-Shot Evacuation

On the day before each test, 30 June and 24 July, the crews manning the target

ships, approximately 9,000 personnel, were transferred to various units of the

transportation group. Other transportation units visited the neighboring islands and

took native personnel aboard in case a permanent evacuation might become necessary

as a result of radioactive fallout. The various operating groups took positions as

specified by the CJTF-1 Operation Order 1-46 and the sector chart of Figure 3-1 to

await the test. Figure 3-2 shows the locations of the operating groups prior to the

BAI<ER detonation; the radiological axis for this shot was at 120°, as indicated.

3.2 Post-Shot Maneuvers

Immediately after Shots ABLE and BAKER, the PCMs, salvage units and

technical group reentered the lagoon in that order. The 20 LCPL craft, each normally

manned by a boat officer and a crew of four, were lowered into the lagoon to

accompany the PCMs into the target array to define the radiological environment.

The Director of Ship Material, located on the USS RECLAIMER (ARS-42), supervised

55
\ /
\ \

\ \

‘.\

,“4’

/‘i \\ /X _ -----’

--

J

57
the initial damage survey of the target array and also reported radiological readings of

the water and target ships. The remaining salvage units and the technical group

remained near the lagoon entrance, well outside radioactive waters. Their general

location upon reentry are shown in Figure 3-3.

Little detailed information is available on the actual movements of the PGMs

and LCPLs. Figure 3-4 shows the sector assignments of the PGIVS for a hypothetical

wind of 070°, nearly the actual condition for Shot ABLE. One hour before Shot ABLE,

the sector assignments were shifted one segment clockwise for each PCM patrol and

their attached LCPLs. The assignments of LCPLs and patrol areas for both shots are

given in Table 3-1.

Table 3-1

PG M Patrol Assignments

Metal/

PCM

Steel

32

Nickel

31

Iron

29

Gold

25

Cobalt

24

Brass

23

Assigned

LcPLs*

Assigned Sector:

ABLE BAKER

A4

A5

1318

B20

Greece France

B15

B16

B17

B12

B13

814

B9

B10

911

B6

B7

B8

A 1

A2

A3

B19

France

England

Denmark

Chile

Brazil

England

Denmark

Chile

Brazil

Argentina

*As specified in Operation Plan

58
i

0

k

59
240.

L

X - TARGET SHIP

0

- PGM

- LCPL

;i-;:

“STEEL ”

. . . .;T;;;R... . . . .

UNITS

UNIT

Note: Plan shown is for Shot ABl,IC.

2 For Shot BAKI<R, Sector 1101 land was I 1 deleted and all sectors wc!rcJ rotated

50” clockwise.

0 I

L I

Miles

Figure 3-4 PC?i Operation Plan

60
On ABLE day, the PGMs and attached LCPLs proceeded into the lagoon and to

their assigned sectors. Beginning at the outside of the target array, the patrols

proceeded toward the center of the array, reporting radiological intensi.ties as they

converged. In this manner, the red (1.0 R/day) and blue (0.1 R/day) lines were

specified. The LCPLs then began to circle the target ships in their assigned sectors

and report the radiological status of the water around the ships. On ABLE day plus

one (A+l), the lagoon patrol followed straight grid lines and made east-to-west sweeps

through the target array, allowing early clearance to be given to the center portion of

the array. In the late morning on A+l, the blue line was discontinued. Later that day,

the lagoon patrols searched for and identified remaining radiologically hazardous

areas. By 4+2, most of the target ships had been cleared, and the LCPLs of the lagoon

patrol had become a water taxi service, perforrning various jobs not specified in the

Operation Plan.

The PGMs and assigned LCPLs followed similar radiological reconnaissance

procedures in the lagoon after Shot BAKER. Because of the intensity and size of the

contaminated area, only seven target ships were cleared on BAKER day. During these

patrols, some crews on the PGMs and LCPLs entered radiological “hot” spots and

reached or exceeded their daily tolerance of radiation (0.1 R/day) in a period of

several hours. Patrols were continued on subsequent days and by B+2, the water

around approxirnately half of the target ships had been cleared. By B+5, the blue line

and boating restrictions had been elirninated.

As previously stated, incomplete information exists on the actual movements of

the PG’VIs and LCPLs while they were perforrning their assigned tasks. The PGM deck

logs typically note I’... various courses and various speeds while on radiological

patrol . ..‘I. ‘While not every position and rnaneuver is recorded, sufficient information

is available on the PGMs to reconstr:Jct major movements, fr0.n which dose calculations. can be made. There is insufficient information, however, to accurately

determine the movements of the LCPLs, and thus to reliably reconstrluct doses for the

crews. Fortunately, most of the crew members were issued film badges at the

beginning of each day, and records exist on the dose levels for each crew for the

periods l-3 July 1946, and 25-31 July 1946. Dosimetry for the LCPLs is shown in

Table 3-2. These dose levels represent the radiological data base that exists for the

LCPL crews and can be used for dose determination of crews engaged in lagoon

surveys.

6 1
II II

3 5 2

N ‘E; i; is 000001 I I 00000’0-roooooom 2 2
The 10 salvage units led by the RECLAIMER were the first ships to follow the

PGM radiological patrol. Each ARS except the RECLAIMER was accompanied by a

rescue tug carrying a fire fighting officer and team. The movements of the

RECLAIMER are well documented and are discussed at length in Section 5. Following

Shot BAKER, most other units remained outside the lagoon and did not enter until

after B+4, by which time the water intensity had greatly diminished. FJnits operating

within the lagoon generally anchored for the night in the southeastern corner of the

lagoon. However, on B-t3 some ships were forced to shift their anchorages 4-5 miles to

the west to avoid the advancing radioactive waters.

3.3 Boarding Party aperations

Boarding parties were established to board target ships for purposes of

inspection, damage control, instrument retrieval, and reactivation of target ships. The

organization and mission of the major boarding parties are discussed below.

1) Initial Boarding Teams

There were ten such teams, each composed of seven to eleven people. Key

elements of each team included:

Representative, Director of Ship Material - In charge of team.

Assistant to Representative, Director of Ship Material - Deputy team leader.

Radiological Safety Monitor - Determined radiological conditions of all topside

structures. Advised length of time personnel could remain onboard under

existing conditions. Located and rnarked all unsafe spots.

Medical Safety Officer - Determined possible personnel hazards regarding air

contamination; noted conditions of animals on topside structures, and

served as Damage Control Safety Officer.

Bomb and Ammunition Safety Officer - Determined over-all condition of exposed

ammunition and safety of ammunition in magazines as indicated by results

of previous and existing fires.

Photographer - Obtained photographs of gross damage conditions as directed by

DSM representative.

6 3
Six of the ten Initial Boarding Teams were located aboard salvage ships; four

were aboard LCPLs and later transferred to other salvage units. The function of these

teams was damage control, radiological monitoring and initial inspection and

disposition of the target vessels. Boarding teams were kept together during the

inspection of each ship insofar as practicable. The assignment of individuals to the

various Initial Boarding Teams was made in accordance with the Initial Boarding Plan,

Reference 30. However, the compositions of the teams were tailored to the nature of

each day’s operations.

In addition, salvage and firefighting teams from Task Unit 1.2.7 were embarked

in vessels carrying Initial Boarding Teams.

2) Target Ship Crew Inspection Parties

The crew of each target ship was divided into four teams. Teams A, B, and C

were headed by the commanding officer, engineering officer, and executive officer,

respectively. Team A was to make a complete survey of the ship’s superstructure.

Team 9 would open the interior of the ship and make it habitable if possible. Team C

would reactivate the administration functions, and team D, the remaining ship’s

personnel, would reman the ship. These parties included any Army personnel attached

to the target ships.

3) Boarding Inspection Parties from the DSM Staff

These boarding parties were comprised of technical personnel on the DSM staff,

many of whom were located on the USS WHARTON. These included Army, BuAir,

BuShips, BuOrd, BuMed and BuShips electronics personnel.

6 4
Section 4

DOSE RECONSTRUCTIOf’J

Operations within Bikini Lagoon after the ABLE and BAKER shots were

complicated not only by a complex radiological environment, but also because the

unexpectedly high radiation levels from Shot BAKER necessitated revisions of the

operation plans. The planned ship movements were revised on an ad hoc basis, and

detailed reports are subsequently fragmentary. Central to the reconstruction of the

dose to a crew is the knowledge of the vessel’s path. This path must then be

correlated with the radiological environment, which itself was changing with time due

to radioactive decay and physical transport in the water.

Three sources of radiation are considered significant in this analysis. Each was

present to various degrees after the ABLE and BAKER shots. Sources considered are:

1) Radioactivity in the lagoon water. Analysis of the radioactivity of

neutron-activated seawater after Shot ABLE is described in Section 2.1. Estimation of

the radiation intensities from water contaminated by weapon debris after Shot BAKER

is described in detail in Section 2.3. Occasionally it was reported that various support

ships passed through radioactive “hot” spots. Vast of these hot spots were oil slicks

encountered by destroyers on patrol north of the lagoon, and therefore not included in

the water activity model. Doses from these sources are estimated from measured or

assumed intensities and durations in these locations. In calculating shipboard doses,

the water is treated as an infinite plane, and shielding by the ship structure is assumed

negligible for topside exposures.

2) Radioactivity on target ships. Separate models are constructed for Shots

ABL,E and BAKER. Since there was essentially no local fallout for ABLE, only the

neutron activation of the target ships is considered for this shot. The analysis of this

radiation source is developed in Section 2.2. The residual activity of target ships is

more complex for Shot BAKER, because of the radioactive weapon debris that was

deposited on many of the target ships. Since there is an abundance of radiological

data available for the BAKER target vessels, an empirical, vice

65
theoretical, approach is taken. From reported readings, time-dependent gamma

intensity curves for target ships of interest are developed, as explained in Section 2.4.

Three curves for each target vessel cover most operational situations regarding close

encounters of non-target support ships and crews with target vessels. When available,

the effects of target ship decontamination are shown on the gamma intensity curves.

These curves apply to the following locations:

a) Topside on the target vessel. This curve describes the average topside

intensity that was present on the upper exposed decks of a target vessel. This curve is

applicable to boarding parties working topside on target ships.

b) Below decks on a target vessel. This curve is applicable whenever

personnel were below decks. Its use requires a determination of the time spent below

decks for parties operating aboard.

C) Moored alongside a target vessel while conducting reboarding, damage

control or scientific operations. The amidships curve for the target ship describes the

radiation intensity that existed near (6 feet) the side of a target vessel.

In addition to these encounters with target ships, there were occasional reports

of various support ships passing near (within approximately 100 feet) radioactive

target ships and measuring intensities. noses accrued during such rnaneuvers are

estimated from the reported intensities and an assumed exposure duration of three

minutes.

?> Contamination buildup on ships operating in contaminated water. For

target and non-target ships operating in the lagoon, radioactivity began to accumulate

on those surfaces in contact with the contaminated water. The areas of greatest

concern were the exterior hull at or below the water line, salt water piping, and the

condensers/evaporators of the ships. The method developed to estimate dose

contributions from these sources is described in Section 2.5.

The radiation environments described in Section 2 are free-field intensities. A

conversion factor from free-field dose to film badge dose, 0.7 for a properly worn film

66
badge (Reference 26), is applied to all free-field doses. It is also necessary to consider

personnel activity aboard a ship. A typical sailor will not be fully exposed to all

radiation sources at the same time. Specifically, the water intensity contributed to

the dose of a sailor topside, but the self-shielding of the water and shielding by ship

structural material greatly reduced this contribution below decks. Similarly, the ship

contamination dose contributed significantly to doses accrued below decks, but

probably contributed negligibly topside. In computing total doses, it is assumed that

the average sailor spent 8 hours daily topside, and 16 hours below decks. Therefore,

24-hour water doses are multiplied by l/3, and 24-hour ship contamination doses by

2/3, to determine the total dose for a typical sailor.

4. I Computerized Methodology

The radiation environments described in Section 2 essentially define the gamma

intensity in the lagoon as a function of position and time. The calculation of a ship’s

free-field dose can be obtained by correlating the unit’s maneuver history with the

radiation environment. A computerized methodology has been developed which allows

input of ship path data and calculates the doses accrued by shiphoard personnel from

the previously described radiation sources. Figure 4-l shows the reconstruction of a

hypothetical ship’s movement and the manner in which it is represented in this

computer model. The lagoon is divided into lOOO-yard grid squares, each assigned a

unique number. Each grid square is subdivided into 200-yard squares. This coordinate

system, used during the operation, allows the positioning of a unit to within 200 yards

through the use of a five-digit alpha-numeric code. For example, the surface zeroes

for Shots ARLE and BAKER were 21OlL and 2201K, respectively. Figure 4-l shows

the input positions and four intermediate positions interpolated by computer on a

three-minute basis. Straight-line interpolation between known position points is used,

and incremental doses are calculated from the local radiation intensity and the size of

the time step. The values of gamma intensity in the post-BAKER environment are

stored for each grid square in the lagoon for each of six days (R+l through B+5, and

6+X) following the detonation. Linear interpolation in time between these data sets is

employed. The post-ABLE water environment is described in the computer code by

the mathematical expression developed in Section 2. A computer program calculates

67
Yards 1

Date-Time

0 Input Position

n Interpolated Position

Figure 4-1 Ship Position Calculation

68
water doses through ABLE plus 3 days and BAKER plus 8 days. Doses from target

ships and ship contamination are calculated on a daily basis until departure from the

lagoon.

4.2 Program Descriptions/Listings

A series of programs has been developed to perform these calculations and to

provide various bookkeeping functions. A description of each program and its listing

are included in this section, The following programs are included:

INPUT PATH

INPUT PASSING SHIP DOSE

WATER INTENSITY

LATE WATER

TARGET INTENSITY

SHIP CONTAMINATION

RADIATION REPORT

IJPDATE

UPDATE TARGET SHIPS

UPDATE PASSING SHIP DOSE

PATH REPORT

UPDATE SHIP CONTAMINATION

6 9
Program: INPUT PATH

Program 0 bjecti ve: To create files that define a ship’s location in Bikini Lagoon as

a function of time.

IJescription:

Input:

out put:

The path is input as a set of discrete data points. Each data

point includes a time, a place, and an indicator of the ship’s

proximity to any target ships. The time is input in days, hours,

and minutes, e.g., 031650 is the 3rd of July at 1650. The place

is input using the coordinate system described in Figure 4- 1.

The target ship proximity is indicated by the letters P, A, L, or

N, where P = passing, A = alongside, L = leaving, and N = not

near a target ship. All codes except hJ are then followed by the

name of the target ship. This information is stored in a file

created for each ship.

After this information is input, there is the option of supplying

the doses received when passing radioactive target ships. This

option need not be selected - a separate program can be used to

input the passing numbers at a later time. See INPUT PASSING

SHIP DOSE.

Terminal input of a sequence of values for time, place and

target ship proximity.

File “ship” PATH containing path information

File “ship” PASSES with passing dose information

70
Table 4-l Input Path
i.-

,-.

.c

4

.: . .

Ul ;

ii.

Yr. .-1

.*_. .

.-+.

.

P-4

,-

r-9

zQ%w

*t*

.-

,-

..- I

.:

I/

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ZE: E .

4: .

t-

$1

2.

.N

4 w.

.

Y

h-1

,-.

._a

...

Cl

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-I

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I--

I.41 I

...

I

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,-

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C . 1:

--. ,-

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+-l

0. 

PI

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-!

LJI

2 .

. .

U-J

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- I

.*I

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.-

w

! I

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LA.

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r-‘

XC: 3

G.

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LA,

e,

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/*

u-l

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..? tI---

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ill

XIww

Ii

tth.

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+k

4 Ii.

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XI W

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1 E ;=, p ,

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74
Program: INPUT PASSING SHIP DOSE

Program Objective: To create a file containing information on the radiation dose

received while “passing” radioactive ships.

Description: Program cycles through the PATH file to locate passing code

UPI,

. For each occurence as noted below, the dose received

from passing a target ship is calculated. This dose, along with

the time of occurence and the name of the radioactive ship, is

then inputed and saved in a new data file. This file is

subsequently used as input for the Radiation Report.

Input: File “ship” PATH from INPUT PATH.

Terminal input for dose received from passing ships (in mR).

output: File “ship” PASSES containing passing ship dose information.

Note: This program is used only to create a new file. It need not be used if a file was

created while running INPUT PATH. UPDATE should be used to modify an existing

file. This file is created for every situation where a time and intensity are reported

for a ship passing a radiation source.

75
. .

I

c
iSHIFB(I?!

7 7
Program: WATER INTENSITY

Program Objective: To estimate the doses accrued by support ship personnel from

radioactive water sources during post-ABLE and post-BAKER

operations.

Description: The program first calculates doses from the Shot ABLC water

environment, and then from the BAYER environment.

Shot ABLE

The intensity at time t after detonation and distance r

from surface zero is determined from the equation

I(r,t) = tm312 exp[-4.56x10m6 ($)-.0462 t + 0.5031 ,

where t is in hours, r in meters, and I in R/hr. This pattern

drifts 900 meters per 24 hours on an azimuth of 10’ east of

north. The derivation of this model is discussed in Section 2-l.

Dose increments are calculated every 3 minutes while the

vessel was in water with intensity greater than 0.01 R/day, as

predicted by the water intensity model. The 3-minute time

step can be changed by a single line program change (change

value of SlT in first line of program). To decrease the

execution time, the radius at which the intensity

mathematically becomes less than 0.01 R/day was calculated

for each hour, and is input via data statements. If the ship’s

radius is greater than this radius, no calculation is required.

As the program executes, any time interval for which the

intensity exceeds 0.1 R/day is printed out. The accumulated

dose for each hour is calculated and the first 72 hourly doses

stored in the file “ship” WATER.

7%
$hot RAKE’?

For Shot BAYER, the water intensity 4ata base consists

of the intensities at six different times (28, 50, 78, 100, 129,

and 200 hours after detonation) for each of the thousand-yard

grid squares in the lagoon. The values of intensity in the data

base are in arbitrary units. To convert to R/hr, these values

are divided by the following scale factors, which were derived

Erom the contours in Reference 12 and the red-blue line data

(see Yet tion 2.3).

Time Scale factor

2 8 hrs 1 0

5 0 1 5

7 8 100

100 5 0

120 100

Linear interpolation in time is used to estimate intensities at

other tiTes.

Spatial and time interpolation along a ship path is

performed in three-minute time steps (this can be changed by

changing the value of SRT in the second line of the program).

First, the position of the ship is determined by linear

,interpolation between two data points in the ship’s PATH file.

Then the intensity at the ship’s position is determined by linear

interpolation in time of the intensities of the appropriate grid

square appearing in the RAKER data base.

Any calculated intensities above 0.1 R/day are printed

out. The dose increments are added to determine hourly totals,

and the hourly dose for each of the first 290 hours is written to

the file “ship” ‘VATER.

Vote that this proGram does not include water dose

contributions from 94KER day operations. These must be

calculated and innlIt separately.
Input:

output:

File “ship” PATH

File “ship” WATER

Intensities greater than 0.1 R/day, and the dose for each hour for

both ABLE and BAKER (excluding BAKER day).
Table 4-3 Water Intensity

60 SlT = 3

70 SDT = 3

80 HOME : VTAB 8

100 PRINT “DO YOU WANT TO USE THE PRINTER?“;

110 GET A9: PRINT AB

111 IF A$ = “Y” THEN FRINT “WHAT SLOT IS THE PRINTER IN?“;

: GET F$: FRINT F9

112 IF A$ = “y” AND F$ > “3” OR A$ = “y” AND F$ .< “1” THEN

8 0

120 RR = 0: IF A9 = “Y” THEN RR = 1

130 De = CHRB (13) + CHR$(4): REM CTRL-M + CTRL-D

400 DIM X2(24) ,Y2(24) ,R0(72)

4 10 DIM FLACE8(300) ,TIME$(300)

415 DIM SHIP9 (300)

420 DIM DOSE (300)

450 I NFUT “NAME OF SHIP “;X$:Z9 = X5 + ” FATH”

460 FRINT D9; “OPEN I’; Z$; ” ,D2”

470 FRINT D9; “READ “; Z9

480 INFUT NTIMES

490 FOR I = 0 TO NTIMES - 1

500 INFUT TIME%(I) ,FLACE$(I) ,SHIP8(1)

510 NEXT

520 PRINT D$; “CLOSE I’; Z9

530 IF NTIMES ~1 2 THEN PRINT ” NOT ENOUGH DATA, ONLY “;NTI

MES; ” FO I NTS” : END

1 cm0 REM ***********************

1005 REM * *

1010 REM * ABLE ACTIVATION *

1015 REM * *

1020 REM ****+****************-K-*

1025 CS = - 98481

1026 SI = I17365

1027 DRFT = 1000 / 24

1033 TZERO = 5 1

1040 Al = - 4 s 56 * 1 0 .‘-.. - 6

1050 A2 = - I 0462

1060 A3 = 0.503

1070 DEF FN ACTIT) = EXF (Al * R t R / T + A2 * T + A3) /

(T * SQR (T))

1080 ST = SlT

1085 REM READ IN GROUND ZERO. & TIME FOR ABLE

1090 READ XO,YO,TO

11CKJ DATA 2 120i~,C1400,33

1105 REM READ IN CODES FOR GRID SOUARES

1110 REM READ IN WHAT CODES STAND FOR IN RECTANGLES

1120 FOR I = 0 TO 24: READ X2(1) ,Y2(1): NEXT

1130 DATA (1) , 0 ,200,0,400,0,600,0,8oo,O

1140 DATA i~,2iW,2cm1 200,400, 20~,600,200,800,200
1150 DATA 0,400,200,400,400,400,6OC~, 400,8OC~,400

1160 DATA 0,600,200,600,400,60~,6~~,6C~~,8~~,6~~

1170 DATA 0,800,2C~C~,800,4UO,80~,6~~,800,800

1175 REM READ IN DISTANCE TO ZERO RADIATION

1180 FOR I = 0 TO TZERO: READ HOC I) : NEXT I

ll?O DATA 1344,1771,2067,2298,2487,2646

1200 DATA 2783,2901,3004,3095,31’76,3246

1210 DATA 3308,3362,3408,3448,3481 ,3509

1220 DATA 3531,3547,3558,3564,3565,3565,3562

1230 DATA 3553,3540,3522,3499,3472,3440

1240 DATA 3403,3360,3313,3261,3202,3139

1250 DATA 3069,2992,2908,2817,2718,2610

1260 DATA 249 1,236O ,2215,2054,1871,1660

1270 DATA 1409,1089,601

1290 GOT0 1530

1295 REM SUBROUTINE TO GET TIME

1300 DAY = VAL ( LEFTS (TIMEB(I) ,211

1310 HOUR = VAL t MIDB (TIt’lEB(I) ,3,2))

1320 MINUTE = VAL ( RIGHTS (TIMEBtI) ,2))

1330 MINUTE = ST * INT ((MINUTE + ST / 2) / ST)

1340 T = (24 * DAY + HOUR + MINUTE / 60) - TO

1350 RETURN

1355 REM SUBROUTINE TO GET POSITION FOR ABLE

1360 CODE = ASC ( RIGHT9 (PLACE$(I),l)) - 65

1370 IF CODE > 24 THEN PRINT CODE

1380 X = 1000 * VAL C LEFTS (PLACE8(1),2)) + X2(CODE) - X0

1390 Y = VAL ( MID5 tPLACE9(1) ,3,2))

1400 IF Y > 50 THEN Y = Y - 100

1410 Y = 1000 + Y - YZ(CODE) - YO

1412 REM INCORPORATE DRIFT

1415 X9 = X - SI + DRFT + T

1416 Y9 = Y - CS * DRFT + T

1420 R = SG!R (X9 * X9 + Y9 * Y9)

1430 R = R * -9144

1440 RETURN

1530 IF PR = 1 THEN PRINT D$;“PR#“;P$

1535 PRINT : PRINT

1540 IF PR c: > 1 THEN HOME

1550 PRINT “RUNNING ABLE WATER ACTIVATION”

1560 PRINT ” FOR”

1570 PRINT ”

II j: FLASH : F’RINT Xa: NORMAL

1580 PRINT : POKE 34,4

1590 I = 0

1600 GOSUb 1300

1605 IF T ~1 0 THEN I = I + 1: GOT0 1600

1610 IF T > TZERO THEN GOT0 1980

1614 PRINT “TIME”, “PLACE”

1615 PRINT “HOURS AFTER”, “X-GRIDIYD) I’, “Y-GRID (YD) ‘I, “RADIUS (

ill “, “DOSE RATE (R/HR) ”

1620 GOSUB 1360

8 2
1630 Xl = X:Yl = Y:Rl = R:Tl = T

1640 I = I + 1

1650 GOSUB 1300: GOSUB 1360

1660 PRINT TIMES{1 - l),PLACEB(I - 1)

1665 REM INTERPOLATE BETWEEN DATA POINTS

1670 N = (T - Tl) / (ST i’ 60): IF N < 1 THEN N = 1

1690 11 = INT (Tl):IZ = INT (T)

1740 TX = (X - Xl) / N:TY = (Y - Yl) / N

1750 FORJ=lTON

1760 x = Xl + J + TX

1770 Y = Yl + J * TY

1772 T = Tl + J * ST / 60

1773 REM INCORPORATE DRIFT

1775 X9 = X - SI * DRFT + T

1776 Y9 = Y - CS * DRFT * T

1780 R = SRR (X9 * X9 + Y9 + Y9)

1785 REM CONVERT TO YARDS

1790 R = R * -9144

1810 TI = INT, (T)

1815 IF TI > TZERO THEN 1980

1820 IF R > RO,(TI) THEN 1860

1830 D = FN ACT(T)

1840 DOSE(T1) = DOSEtTI) + D

1850 IF D > m 004 THEN PRINT T,X,Y,R,D

1860 NEXT

1870 IF I = 72 OR I = NTIMES - 1 OR T > TZERO THEN 1980

1880 GOT0 1630

1980 PRINT TIME+-(I) ,PLACEB(I)

1987 IF I = 0 THEN 2020

1989 REM ABLE O-72 ALWAYS

1990 FORL=OTO72

1995 DOSE(L) = DOSE(L) / (60 / ST)

2000 IF PR < > 0 THEN PRINT L,DOSE(L)

2010 NEXT

.2020 PRINT “DONE WITH ABLE ACTIVATION”

4900 REM *********+*************

4910 REM + *

4920 REM * BAKER CONTAMINATION *

4930 REM + *

4940 REM ***********+******+****

5000 ST = SBT

5020 REM BAKER AT 830 JULY 25

5025 REM TSTART IS MIDNIGHT, THE BEGINNING OF THE 26TH OF

JULY

5030 TO = 608.5

5040 TSTART = 624 - TO

5070 TLAST = 208

5075 REM H IS HOURS TO DATA FOR BAKER

5076 REM F IS SCALE FACTOR FOR DATA SET AT TIME H

5080 H(O) = 28:F(cJ) = 1 0

83
5090 H(l) = 5O:Ftl) = 15

5100 H(2) = 78:Ft2) = 100

5110 H(3) = lOO:F(3) = 50

5120 H(4) = 12!0:F(4) = 100

5130 H(5) = 216:FtS) = 0

5140 H8 = H(O):Hl = H8:H9 = H(1)

5150 FRINT D8; “OFEN BAKER,L3,Dl”

5155 REM READ IN SURFACE ZERO

5160 READ XO,YO

5170 DATA 22 91

5180 GOT0 5300

5240 REM SUBROUTINE TO GET FLACE FOR BAKER

5250 x = VAL ( LEFTS (FLACEB(I),2))

52qo IF X 3 50 THEN X = X - 100

5270 Y = VAL ( MIDB (FLACE9(1),3,2))

5280 IF Y > 50 THEN Y = Y - 100

5281 CODE = ASC ( RIGHTS (FLACEB(I),l)) - 65

5282 X = X + XZ(CODE) / 1000.

5283 Y = Y + Y2tCODE)/ 1000.

5290 RETURN

5300 IF FR = 0 THEN HOME

5310 VTAD 1

5320 FRINT “RUNNING BAKER WATER CONTAMINATION”

532 1 PRINT ” FOR”

5322 FRINT ”

II ;: FLASH : PRINT X9: NORMAL

5330 VTAB 5

5334 PRINT “TIME”, “FLACE”

5335 PRINT “HOURS AFTER”, “X-GRID”, “Y-GRID”, “DOSE RATE (R/DAY

1 II

5340 IF I > NTIMES - 1 THEN 5910

5350 GOSUB 1300

5360 IF T > TLAST THEN GOT0 5910

5370 IF T < TSTART THEN I = I + 1: GOT0 5350

5380 GOSUB 5250

5390 Xl = X:Yl = Y:Tl = T

5400 I = I + 1

5410 IF I > NTIMES - 1 THEN 5910

5420 GOSUB 1300: GOSUB 5250

5430 PRINT TIMEB(1 - l),FLACES(I - ,l)

5440N= (T-Tl) / (ST/60): IFN< lTHENN=l

5470 IF FLACE$(I) = FLACEBtI- 1) THEN 5580

5480 TX = (X - Xl) / N:TY = (Y - Yl) / N

5490 FOR J = 1 TO N

5500 X = Xl + J * TX

5510 Y = Yl + J + TY

5520 T = Tl + J * ST / 60

5530 IF T >- TLAST THEN 5910

5550 GOSUB 5650

5560 NEXT

5570 GOT0 5390

84
5580 FOR J = 1 TO N

5590 T = Tl + J * ST / 60

5600 IF T > TLAST THEN 5910

5620 GOSUB 5650

5630 ‘NEXT

5640 GOT0 5390

5645 REM SUBROUTINE TO GET DATA BETWEEN POINTS

5650 X9 = 29 - INT (X1

5660 Y9 = INT (Y + 10)

5670 R = 45 * Y9 + X9

5680 IF T > H8 THEN 5720

5690 IF R = Rl AND K = Kl THEN 5820

5700 GOSUB 5880

5705 D8 = D9

5710 GOT0 5820

5720 IF T < = H9 THEN 5740

5730 Hl = H9:K = K + ,l:H9 = H(K + 1)

5740 R = R + K * 1125

5745 IF T = H8 + ST / 60 THEN Rl = CJ

5750 IF R = Rl AND K = Kl THEN 5810

5760 GOSUB 5880

5770 Dl = D9

5775 R = R + 1125:K = K + 1

5780 GOSUB 5880

5785 R = R - 1125:K = K - 1

5790 A = (D9 - Dl) / (H9 - Hl)

5800 B = D9 - A * H9

5810 D8 = A * T + B

5820 D6 = D8

5830 IF D6 > -0999 THEN PRINT T,X,Y,D6

5840 D7 = D6 / 24

5845 TI = 73 + INT (T)

5850 DOSE(T1) = DOSE(T1) + D7

5860 Rl = R:Kl = K

5870 RETURN

5875 REM SUbROUTINE TO READ DOSE FOR POSITION FROM RANDOM

ACCESS FILES

5880 IF F(K) i > cj THEN 5885

5882 IF SQR ((X - X0) * 2 + (Y - YO) * 2) ? 5.58 THEN D9 =

0: RETURN

5883 D9 = -069

5884 RETURN

5885 PRINT D9;“READ BAKER,R“;R

5890 INPUT D9

5895 D9 = D9 / F(K)

5900 RETURN

5910 PRINT D$; “CLOSE BAKER”

5915 PRINT TIME$(I);PLACE$(I)

5920 Z& = X$ + ” WATER”

5930 FOR I = 73 TO TLAST + 73

8 5
5940

5950

5960

5970

5980

5990

6000

6005

6006

6010

6020

6030

6040

6050

6060

6070

6080

6090

6100

6110

DOSE(I) = DOSE(I) / (60 / ST)

NEXT

PRINT D8; “OPEN “; Z%; ” ,D2”

PRINT DZ; “DELETE “; ZB

PRINT DB;"OPEN 'I; ZB

PRINT D$="WRITE

PRINT TLkT + 72

I'; ZB

REM O-72 ARE FOR BCIKER

REM 73 TO TLAST ARE FOR BBKER

FOR I = 0 TO TLMiT + 72

PRINT DOSE(I)

NEXT

PRINT DB; “CLOSE ‘I; Z%

POKE 34,0

IF PR = 0 THEN 6110

FOR I = 73 TO TLAST + 72

PRINT I - 73,DOSEtI)

NEXT

PRINT D8; “PR#O”

PRINT Db; “RUN MENU,Dl"

3

8 6
Program: LATE WATER

Program Objective: To allow input of manually obtained ship’s late lagoon water

dose; late water dose is that dose received after BAKER + 8.

Description:

Input:

Output:

This program accepts inputs from the keyboard to daily lagoon

water dose received after BAKER + 8. The daily doses, having

been determined in a separate analysis, are input and edited by

this program. The “late water” file created is a continuation of

the “water” file created by program WATER INTENSITY. Both

the WATER and LATE WATER files are read by program SHIP

CONTAMINATION.

From keyboard, daily doses

File “ship” LATE WATER

8 7
Table 4-4 Late Water

100

110

120

125

130

140

150

160

170

180

185

190

200

210

230

240

250

260

300

310

320

330

340

400

405

410

420

430

440

450

460

470

480

490

600

610

611

AS

612

613

614

620

625

630

640

650

660

670

REM THIS PROGRAM CREATES OR EDITS

REM THE LATE WATER DOSE FILE

D4i = CHRB (4)

DIM H30 (100)

HOME

INPUT “EDIT(E) OR CREATE(C) WATER DOSE FILE?“;AB

IF AB = “E” THEN GOT0 400

IF AS = “C” THEN GOT0 190

PRINT “ENTER “E” FOR EDIT OR “C” FOR CREATE”

PRINT

GOT0 140

REM BEGIN CREATE SECTION

HOME : INPUT “NAME OF SHIP? ‘I; XB

INPUT “HOW MANY DAYS TO INPUT? “;NDAYS

FOR I = 1 TO NDAYS

PRINT “ENTRY # “; I; ” B-e”; I + 8; ” = ”

HTAB 13

INPUT H30 (I 1

NEXT

HOME : VTAB 5: HTAB 5

INPUT “DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE ANY VALUES? (Y/N) “;A9

IF A% = “Y” THEN GOT0 600

GOT0 800: REM WRITE OUTPUT FILE

REM INPUT DATA FOR EDITING

INPUT “NAME OF SHIP?; “;X9

PRINT D8; “PR#O”

2% = X8 + ” LATE WATER”

PRINT D9; “OPEN “; Z9; ” ,D2”

PRINT D8-“READ ‘I=

INPUT NDiYS

92%

FOR I = 1 TO NDAYS

INPUT H30 ( I)

NEXT

PRINT D8; “CLOSE ‘I; ZB

REM

REM EDIT PORTION OF PROGRAM

HOME : PRINT “CHANGE OR ADD VALUES?“: INPUT “C OR A

IF AS = “A” THEN GOT0 1400

IF A% = “C” THEN GOT0 620

PRINT “ENTER C OR A”: GOT0 611

HOME : REM FIRST LIST THE VALUES

PRINT “ENTRY”; TAB( 12) ; “VALUE (MREM/DAY 1”

FOR I = 1 TO NDAYS

PRINT I; TAB{ 5);“B+“;I + 8; TAB( 12);“= “;H30(I)

NEXT

PRINT : PRINT “ENTER 0 TO QUIT”

INPUT “WHICH ENTRY TO CHANGE? “;El

8 8
675 IF El = 0 THEN GOT0 1400

680 PRINT “OLD VALUE FOR ENTRY “;El;” = “;H30(El)

690 PRINT

700 INPUT ” INPUT NEW VALUE ” ; H30 (E 1)

710 HOME : INPUT “ANOTHER CHANGE? (Y/N) “;A$

720 IFA$= “N” THEN GOT0 1400

730 IF AB = “Y ” THEN GOT0 620

740 PRINT : PRINT “ANSWER Y OR N”: GOT0 710

800 REM WRITING THE OUTPUT FILE TO DISK

810 Z9 = X8 + ” LATE WATER”

820 PRINT D)J;; “PR#O”

830 PRINT D%; “OPEN I’; Z9; ” ,D2”

840 PRINT D$; “DELETE”; 28

850 PRINT D8; “OPEN “;Z$

860 PRINT D$;“WRITE “;Z9

870 PRINT NDAYS

880 FOR I = 1 TO NDAYS

890 PRINT H3OtI)

900 NEXT

910 PRINT DB;“CLOSE “;Z9

915 PRINT DB; “RUN MENU,Dl”

920 END

1060 REM ROUTINE TO ADD ADDITIONAL DATA ENTRIES I.E. MORE

DAYS

1010 REM

1020 HOME : INPUT “HOW MANY ADDITIONAL DAYS TO BE ENTERED?

” ; N2

1030 N3 = NDAYS + N2

1080 FOR I = NDAYS + 1 TO N3

1090 PRINT “ENTRY # “; I;” B+“; I + 8;” = ”

1100 INPUT H30(1)

1110 NEXT

1120 REM LIST THE INPUTED DATA

1 i30 HOME

1140 VTAB 3: HTAB 10

1150 PRINT “THE NEW VALUES ARE”

1160 PRINT

1200 PRINT “ENTRY”; TAB ( 12) ; “VALUE (MR/DAY) ”

1210 FOR I = NDAYS + 1 TO N3

1220 PRINT I; TAB( 5);“B+“;I + 8;” = “; TAB( 12);H30(1)

1225 PRINT

1230 NEXT : PRINT “ENTER 0 TO QUIT”

1240 INPUT “WHICH ENTRY TO CHANGE?“;El

1250 IF El = 0 THEN GOT0 800

1260 PRINT “OLD VALUE FOR ENTRY”;El;” = “;H30(El)

1270 PRINT

1280 INPUT ” INPUT NEW VALUE ” ; H30 (E 1)

1290 HOME : INPUT “ANOTHER CHANGE? (Y/N) “;A9

1294 IF A$ = “Y” THEN GOT0 1120

1295 NDAYS = N3

89
13iM) IF A$ = "N" THEN GOT0 ,800

1320 FRINT : PRINT "ANSWER Y OR N ": GOT0 1290

140 HOME

1410 I NPLJT “WANT TO ADD ANY ENTRIES? (Y/N)“;&5

14211 IF A$ = “Y” THEN GOT0 1000

1430 IF 199 = “hi” THEN GOT0 800

1440 PRINT “ENTER Y OR N”: GOT0 1410

90
Program: TARGET INTENSITY

Program Objective: To estimate the radiation dose received by support ship

personnel while alongside or passing radioactive target ships--

Shot RAKER only.

Description:

1 .

Input:

<3utput:

2.

As this program progresses through a ship path, two things are

accomplished:

If the file indicates the support ship is alongside a target ship,

the program calculates the radiation dose based upon the length

of time alongside, the time after detonation, and the intensity

of the particular target ship. The alongside target ship

intensity I at one hour after the shot is obtained from the file

TARGET SHIPS. The dose is calculated from:

where t

1

is the time the ship came alongside, and t2 the time it

departed; both times are measured in hours after detonation.

If the file indicates the support ship is passing a target ship, the

dose for this pass from “ship” PASSES is added to the dose

received in that hour.

The output is a file indicating dose for each hour attributable to

contact with radioactive target ships.

File TARGET SHIPS with alongside one-hour intensity for each

target ship.

File “ship” PASSES with dose from passing target ships.

File “ship” PATY with the path of the ship.

File “ship” TARGETS with hourly dose from all target ships.

91
Table 4-5 Target Intensity

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

19

20

30

40

50

60

?O

80

?@

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

100

110

720

2.10

740

L'S0

REM ADOSE 1 ABLE TAFiGET INTENSITY

REM BDOSE x EAKER TARGET INTENSITY

F:EM F'DOSE = F'ASSING SHIP DOSE

REM NTIMES = LENGTH OF PATH

EEM F'TIME -1 TIME F'ASSED TARGET SHIF

REM F'NAME = TARGET SHIF’ F'ASSED AT F'TIME

REM NAME = NAME OF A TARGET SHIP FROM TARGET SH

REM DO q INITIAL RADIATION FROM TAF:GET SHIF

HOME :

'JTAB 8

11% = CHRB (4)

IF F ILE

PRINT D$;'HONPC'

c = 0

F'RINT 'TARGET INTENSITY FK'OGRrrlM':

F'RINT

PAINT 'SEND TO F'RINTER 'i:

GET A8

F'RINT A$

IF A$ = 'Y' THEN

PRINT 'WHAT SLOT IS THE F'KINTER IN?';:

GET F's:

PRINT F'$

IF A$ = 'Y' AND F8 :% '3' OF: AS = 'Y' ANIl F'B /: ‘1’ THEN

HOME :

'JTAE 8:

GOT0 50

DIM ADOSE!25! rFDOSE!300j

DIM PDOSE!300)~FNAMEB(300)

DIM PLACE%(3@0!,TIME6(30O!rSHIFe!300)

DIM NkME$(90)~1~0(90)

TNF'UT 'NAME OF SHIF' 'iY$

F'RINT DCi'OF'EN TARGET SHIF'S~DX"

F'RINT D$i'READ TARGET SHIPS"

INF'UT NSHIF'S

FOR I = 1 TO NSHIF'S

INPUT NAME$(I!~DO!I)

NE:XT I

FF:INT 114; 'CLOSE TARGET SHIF'S'

Z% = X9 t ' F'ATH'

F'RINJ D$i'UF'EN 'iZ$i'yD7'

F'RINT Dli'fi'EAD 'iZB

INF'UT NlIMES

92
260

270

280

2?0

300

310

320

i.30

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

40 1

402

403

404

405

406

410

420

430

440

450

450

470

480

490

500

510

520

524

525

526

530

540

550

560

570

580

590

600

610

620

630

640

FOR I = c! TO NTIMES - 1

INF'UT TIMEe(I)~PLACE${If~SHIF’$!I)

NEXT

PRINT DBI'CLOSE 'iZY

IF NTIMES .': 2 THEN 9Or,O

Z$ = X8 t ' PASSES'

F'RINT ll$!'OPEN 'iZ$i"yD1

F’RINT 113; ‘READ ’ ii.$

INF'UT PASSES

IF PASSES = 0 THEN 35'0

FOR I - 1 TO F'ASSES

INF'UT FTIME$,FNAME$!I),PD~SE!I)

NEXT I

PRINT D$;'CLOSE 'ii?+

IF A$ = 'Y' THEN

FRINT 113; ‘PRt’ ;F’$

REM

REM H = NOT NEAR TAftGET SHIP

REM L = LEAVING FROXIMITY OF TAF:GET SHIF

F:EM P = PASSING A TARGET SHIP

REM A = COMING ALONGSIDE A TARGET SHIF

REM

FOR I ='O TO NTIMES .- :I

T$ = L.EFT$ !SHIP$!Ij~l)

IF T8 = 'N' THEN

GOT0 520

IF T$ = 'L' THEN

GOT0 520

L = LEN (SHIP$!I)) - 1

SHIF'$!I) = F:IGHT$ (SHIP$!IlvLl

GOSUE 3000

IF T$ = 'F" THEN

GOSUB 1000

IF T$ = 'A' THEN

GrJSUB 2000

IF TEST - 0 THEN

GOSUB 40QQ

TEST 17 0

NEXT I

l?EM

EEM FIND LAST TIME RECEIVED IfrJSE FEOM A TAF:GET SHIF

REM

FOR I z 300 TO c! STEP '- I

I F E DO S E ( I ) .:: :y. 0 THEN 5 7 0

NEXT I

PRINT 'NO DATA FOUND FOR BAKEF:"

Z$ = XE t ' TARGETS'

F'EINT D$i'OF'EN ';z$; ' ,[I?"L

FRINT D$i'DELETE 'iZ$

F'RINT D$i'OF'EN 'iZ$

PRINT D8i'WRITE 'ii!%

FOF: J = 0 TO 24

F'RINT ADOSE!Ji

NEXT J

93
650

660

670

4ao

6UO

700

710

720

730

?40

750

1000

1010

1014

1015

1016

1020

1030

1040

1050

1060

1070

1080

1100

1490

1491

1492

ER

1493

1500

1510

1530

1540

1550

1600

1610

S

1620

2000

2010

2020

2025

2030

PRINT I t 1

FOR J = 0 TO I

PRINT EDOSE(J)

NEXT J

F’F:INT D$; 'CLOSE 'iZ$

FRINT D$i'NOMON~C'

F’RINT 119; ‘F’R#O’

F'RINT D%i'RUN MENUID~'

REM

REM SUBROUTINE TO GET DOSE FROM PASSING TARGET SHIFS

REM

FRINT TItlE$iI)i’ F’ASSING ‘iSHIP$(I)i

c=ct1

REM

REM MATCH FATH AND PASSES FILES

REM

IF FNAME$(C) = SHIF$(I) THEN 1500

FRINT 'FILES DO NOT MATCH, NAMES ARE'

PRINT C - lyFNAME$(C - l)vPDOSE(C - 1)

FRINT C~FNAME$(C)rFDOSE(C)

FRINT C t lpFNAMEB(C t l)~FDOSE(C t 1)

FRINT

PRINT 'RUN FROGRAM TO UFDATE SHIFS PASSED

GET A$:

PRINT :

PRINT D$;'RUN MENUID~'

REM

REM D IS DOSE FROM FASSES FILE

REM ADD DOSE TO THE DOSE FOR THE FROFER DAY FOR ABLE OR FAK

REM

D = FDOSE(C!

FOKE 36~32:

PRINT D

IF DAY %: 25 THEN

AIlOSE(DAY - 1) q ADOSE(DAY - 1) t 0:

GOT0 1550

EDOSE(DAY - 25) = EIIOSE(TIAY - 25) t II

TEST q 1:

RETURN

REM

REM SUBROUTINE TO GET DOSE FROM BEING ALONGSIDE TARGET SHIP

REH

IF DAY .c’L 35 THEN

TEST = 1:

F'RINT 'NO ACTIVATION FROM ABLE YET':

RETURN

FRINT TIHE$(I)i' ALONGSIDE 'iSHIF$fI)i

D = 0:

Tl = 0:

T2 = 0

REM MATCH SHIFS

FOR J = 1 TO NSHIFS

94
2040

2050

2060

2065

2067

2070

2080

2090

2100

2110

2120

2124

2125 REM IF SPANS TWO DAYS CALCULATE PART

2126 IF DAY .< > 11 1 Y THEN

2129

2130

2140

2145

2146

2150

2155

2160

2170

2400

2410

2420

2500

2510

2520

2530

2540

255 0

2560

2570

2580

2590

2900

2910

IF SHIP$II) .< 3 NAME$(J) THEN

GOT0 2060

D = DO(J):

J = NSHIF'S

NEXT J

IF D = 0 THEN

PRINT :

PRINT SHIP$(I)i' NOT FOUND';:

TEST = 1:

RETURN

REM FIND OUT HOW LONG WAS ALONGSIDE

Tl - TIME - 608,s

FOR M = I t 1 TO NTIMES - 1

IF LEFTS ~SHIP$(M~,l~ c:: :: 'L' THEN 2120

IF SHIP)(I) i: :> RIGHT$ (SHIP$(M)TL) THEN 2120

GOSUB 3500:

M = NTIMES - 1

NEXT M

IF DCIY > DlY THEN

PRINT DlY;HlR;MlNI:

GOSUB 4000

GOSUE 2500

REM GET DOSE FROM THIS CONTACT

DOSE = (1 / Tl) - 93 - (1 / ‘T?) .-s ,3

DOSE = DOSE S II / 13

DOSE q DOSE # 1000:

REM R TO MR

DOSE = INT (DOSE)

POKE 36732:

PRINT DOSE

REM ADD TO DOSE FOR DAY

BDOSE(DAY - 251 = EDOSE(DAY - 25) t DOSE

TEST = 1:

F:ETURN

REM

REM SUBROUTINE WHEN CONTACT QUEF: MULTIPLE DAYS

REM

T3 = T2

ND = IllY - DAY

FOR J = 1 TO ND

T2 = 24 $ !DAY t 1) - 608$5

GOSUE 2130

Tl - T2:

DAY = DAY t 1

NEXT J

T2 z T3

IF DAY .'.: :. DlY THEN

F'RINT DlY~Hlf?~tlINt

GOSUB 4000

RETURN

REM

REM SUBROUTINE TO GET TIME WHEN CONTACT TARGET SHIP

95

- -
2920

3000

3010

3020

3030

3040

3400

3410

3420

3500

3510

3520

3530

3540

4000

4010

4020

4030

4040

4050

4060

4080

9000

9010

REH

DAY = VAL ( LEFT9 (TIHE%(I)r2))

HOUR = VAL ( MID$ (TIME$(I)~3r2))

HINUTE = VAL ( RIGHTS (TIME$(I)~?))

TIHE = 24 4 DAY t HOUR t MINUTE / 60

RETURN

REH

REH SUBROUTINE TO GET LEAVING TIME

REM

DlY = VAL ( LEFTS (TIHE%(M),ZJ)

HlR = VAL ( HID$ (TIHE$(M)r3v2!)

HlN = VAL ( RIGHTS (TIME$(M),Z))

T2 = 24 f BlY t HlR t HlN / 60 - 608,5

RETURN

PRINT 'ERROR IN F'ATH FILEtNOT NyLrF'yA)'

PRINT TIHE$(I~~PLACE$(I)~SHIP$(I!

F'RINT 'DO YOU WANT TO CONTINUE';

GET A$:

PRINT A%:

IF Al = 'Y' THEN

RETURN

INPUT 'WANT TO GO TO MENU ?'3,1$

IF LEFTS (A$,l) = 'Y' THEN

PRINT D%i'RUN HENUID~'

FRINT 'ERROR TERMINATION, RETURNING TO EASIC’

END

F'RINT 'NOT ENOUGH DATA9 ONLY ';NTIMESi' F'OINTS'

GET A$:

PRINT :

PRINT D9i'RUN HENU7IIl'

96
Program: SHIP CONTAMINATION

Program Objective: To calculate doses to support skip personnel due to ship

contamination.

Description: This program provides daily estimates of doses accrued by

support ship personnel due to ship contamination for the

duration of post-BAKER operations in the lagoon.

Contamination intensities are calculated numerically from the

integral formulation developed in Section 2.5:

-1.3 n

Ic(tn) = 3’53 tn C ti

i=O

ls3 Iwhi),

where I,(t) is the lagoon water intensity at time t after the

BAKER detonation. The dose accrued between times tl and t2

is then calculated from the equation

D(t1 to t2) =.T tl 1 1.3 I ct ) t-.3

c 1 [ 1 -5’1

Output file contains the contamination dose accrued each day

the ship was in the lagoon. In addition, the last element in the

file is the ship contamination factor at the time the ship

departed the lagoon.

Input:

output:

File “ship” WATER

File “ship” PATH

File “ship” LATE WATER

File “ship” SELF

97
Table 4-6 Ship Contamination

1 REM I=DOSE # WHICH STARTS AT 89 TO GO WITH WHERE CREATED

2 REM Hl=STARiING HOUR FOR CURRENT DAY

3 REM H2=HOUR AFTER BAKER WHEN FIRST TOUCH HOT WATER ON A

DAY

4 REM H3=ENDING HOUR FOR DAY IN HOURS AFTER BAKER

5 REM H20=TOTAL DOSE FROM WATER FOR A DAY

6 REM TD=SUM OF DOSE TIMES TIME TO 1.3 POWER

7 REM ITEN=INTENSITY

8 REM SELF=SHIP CONTAMINATION FOR DAY

9 REM HR=ARRAY STORING VALUES OF H2

10 HOME : VTAB 8

11 J-g = ” “:Tl = PEEK ( - 15382):T2 = PEEK ( - 15380) :T3 =

PEEK ( - 15378)

1 2 IF Tl < > 8 OR T2 < > 4 OR T3 < > 2 THEN 20

13 PRINT CHRB (4);“IN#3”

14 PRINT CHR9 (4) ;“PR#3”

15 PRINT CH.R$ (233;;“C”

16 INPUT TB

18 PRINT CHR9 (4);“PR#O”

19 PRINT CHRB (4);“IN#O”

20 ABLE = 3

30 BAKER = 100

35 DIM H30(100)

40 DIM DOSE(300) ,H20(300)

50 DIM HR(300) ,TD(300)

60 DIM SELF(300) ,ITEN(300)

70 Dt = CHRB (4) : REM CTRL-D

80 INPUT “NAME OF SHIP IS ‘7 “;X8

90 PRINT

100 INPUT “SEND OUTPUT TO PRINTER?“;ANSI

110 PRINT

120 IF LEFTS (ANSI,11 < > “Y” THEN 160

130 INPUT “WHAT SLOT IS THE PRINTER IN?“;P8

140 IF P$ > “3” OR P9 < “1” THEN HOME : VTAB 6: PRINT X8:

GOT0 100

150 PRINT

160 INPUT “ENTER TOTAL DOSE ON BAKER DAY (MR) “;BDAY

170 PRINT

180 INPUT “HOW MANY HOURS AFTER BAKER DID IT FIRST ENTER TH

E LAGOON? ” ; HR (0)

184 PRINT

185 INPUT “WHAT IS THE BUILDUP FACTOR FOR THIS RUN?“;B9

186 REM B9 IS THE BUILDUP FACTOR “C” WHICH APPEARS IN THE

EQUATIONS IN THE TEXT

187 REM 19 = SATURATION FACTOR

188 INPUT w WHAT IS THE SATURATION FACTOR FOR THIS RUN? “:I

9

189 B9 = B9 / 24: REM CONVERT UNITS

98
190 Z% = X8 + ” WATER”

200 PRINT

201 19 = 19 + 24 /’ . 3: REM CONVERT UNITS

210 PRINT “READING “;ZQ;

220 PRINT CHR8 (7)

230 PRINT D$; “OPEN ‘I; ZB; ” ,D2”

240 PRINT D8; “READ “;Z8

250 INPUT N

260 FOR I = 0 TO N

270 INPUT DOSE ( I)

280 DOSE ( I ) = 1000 * DOSE(I)

290 NEXT

300 PRINT D8;“CLOSE “;Z$

302 REM CALCULATE VALUES FOR BAKER DAY,

305 H20(0) = BDAY

310 TD(O) = HZO(O) * HR(O) A 1.3

311 REM X7 = EXPONENT IN INTENSITY EQUATION

312 X7 = B9 / 19 + TD(O)

313 REM B9=BUILDUP FACTOR “C”

314 REM 19=SATURATION FCSCTOR

315 ITEN = 19 * HR(O) A ( - 1.3) + (1 - EXP ( - X7))

320 SELF(O) = (1 / -3) + (HR(O) * 1.3) * ITEN * (HR(O) *

( - .3) - 15 A ( - -3))

325 H3 = 15

330 FOR J = 1 TO 8

335 ZR = 0:Sl = o:s2 = 0

340 Hl = H3 + l:H2 = Hl:H3 = H3 + 24

345 FOR K = 1 TO 24

350 I = 73 + 24 * (J - 1) + 15 + K

355 IF DOSE(I) = 0 THEN 395

360 IF ZR = 1 THEN H20tJ) = HZO(J) + DOSE(I): GOT0 395

365 ZR = l:HZO(J) = DOSE(I):H2 = Hl + K - 1

370 IF H2 = Hl THEN 395

372 REM CALCULQTE FOR PORTION OF DAY PRIOR TO HOT WCITER CO

NTACT

374 x7 = B9 / 19 + TD(J - 1)

375 IO = 19 * Hl * ( - 1.3) * (1 - EXP ( - X7))

380 Sl = (1 / .3) * (Hl * 1.3) + IO * (Hl * ( - -3) - (H2 -

1) * ( - -3))

395 IF I = N THEN 405

400 NEXT K

405 IF ZR = 1 THEN 425

406 REM CASE WHEN HAD NO HOT WATER CONTACT FOR WHOLE DCIY

407 TD(J) = TD(J - 1)

409 x7 = B9 / 19 + TD(J - 1)

410 IO = 19 * Hl r; ( - 1.3) + (1 - EXP ( - X7))

415 Sl = (1 / -3) + (Hl * 1.3) + IO * (Hl * ( - -3) - H3 a, (

-

-3))

417 ITEN = IO

420 GOT0 440

99
422 REM CALCULATE FOR PORTION OF DAY AFTER CONTACT WITH HO

T WATER

425 TD(J) = TDtJ - 11 + HZO(J) * H2 .-, 1.3

426 X7 = B9 / 19 * TD(J)

430 ITEN = 19 * H2 .cz ( - 1.3) * (1 - EXP ( - X7))

435 s2 = (1 / -3) * (HZ * 1.3) * ITEN * (HZ A ( - -3) - H

3 ---. ( - .3))

440 SELF(J) = Sl + S2

445 HRtJ) = H2

450 NEXT J

500 B8 = B9 * 24: REM CONVERT BACK TO ORIGINAL UNITS

501 18 = 19 / 24 h . 3: REM CONVERT BACK TO ORIGINAL UNITS

540 PRINT D$;"PR#";PB

542 PRINT : PRINT T9

545 PRINT

546 PRINT 11 ", "SHIP CONTAMINfiTION FOR THE USS “;X8

547 PRINT : PRINT "C FACTOR = ";I38

551 PRINT : PRINT “SATURATION FACTOR = I’; 18

555 PRINT

560 PRINT "DAY","HOUR","WATER","RATE","DOSE"

570 PRINT a)---II, 1*----11,11-----1b, ii----II, I @ ____ I*

580 FOR J = 0 TO 7

590 PRINT J,HR(J) ,HZO(J) ,ITEN(J) ,SELF(J)

620 NEXT J

625 REM CALCULATIONS WHEN NOT IN HOT WATER

630 Z$ = X9 + ” PATH”

640 PRINT D$; “PR#O”

650 PRINT “READING “;Z$

660 PRINT CHR$ (7)

670 PRINT D8; “OPEN “; ZB; ” ,D2”

680 PRINT DB;“READ “;Z9

690 INPUT NTIMES

700 FOR I = 0 TO NTIMES - 1

710 INPUT TIMES,PLKE$,SHIP$

72C~ NEXT

730 PRINT D9; “CLOSE “; ZS

740 PRINT D$; “PR#“; PB

750 DFIY = VAL ( LEFTS (TIME8,2))

760 HOUR = VAL ( MID8 (TIME$,3,2))

770 MINUTE = VAL ( RIGHTS (TIME9,2))

780 T = 24 * DAY + HOUR + MINUTE / 60 - 608.5

790 T = INT ((T + 8.5) / 24)

810 IF T < 8 THEN 990

860 HR(9) = 208

870 J = 8

890 PRINT J,HR(J) ,H20(J) ,ITEN(J),

900 SELF(J) = (1 / .3) * (HR(J) A 1.3) * ITEN * (HR(J) h

( - -3) - HR(J + 1) .*-. ,( - -3))

910 PRINT SELF(J)

915 IF T = 8 THEN 990

100
916 REM READ LATE WClTER DOSES

917 GOSUB 1300

920 FOR J = 9 TO T

940 HR(J + 1) = HR(J) + 24

949 TD(J) = TD(J - 1) + H3OtJ) * HR(J) A 1.3

950 x7 = B9 / 19 * TDtJ)

951 ITEN = 19 + HR(J) A ( - 1.3) * (1 - EXP ( - X7))

955 PRINT J,HR(J),H3O(J),ITEN(J),

960 SELF(J) = (1 / .3) * (HR(J) h 1.3) * ITEN * (HR(J) +.

( - .3) - HR(J + 1) * ( - -3))

970 PRINT SELF(J)

980 NEXT J

981 T8 = 0

982 FOR I = 0 TO T

983 T8 = T8 + SELF(I)

984 NEXT I

985 PRINT : PRINT "TOTAL SELF DOSE = ";T8

990 Zdi = X$ + u SELF"

1000 PRINT D8; “PR#O”

1010 PRINT "WRITING ";ZB

1020 PRINT CHRS (7)

1030 PRINT DZ; “OPEN “; Z$; ” ,D2”

1040 PRINT D9; “DELETE”; Zg

1050 PRINT DB;“OPEN “;Z8

1060 PRINT D9;"WRITE ";Z8

1070 PRINT BDAY

1080 PRINT T

1090 FOR I =OTOT

1100 PRINT SELF(I)

1110 NEXT I

1115 PRINT ITEN

1120 PRINT D9; “CLOSE “; 28

1130 PRINT D9; “PR#O”

1140 HOME

1141 PRINT D9;"RUN tlENU,Dl"

1150 END

1300 REM SUBROUTINE TO INPUT SHIP'S

1310 REM LATE DCIILY WATER DOSE

1320 REM (I.E. GRECITER THAN B+8)

1330 REM

1340 Z$ = X3 + ” LATE WATER”

1350 PRINT D9; “PR#O”

1360 PRINT D9; “OPEN”; ZB; ‘I, D2”

1370 PRINT D9; “READ”; Z9

1380 INPUT NTIMES

1390 FOR I = 1 TO NTIMES

1400 INPUT H30(1 + 8)

1410 NEXT

1420 PRINT D$;“CLOSE “;Z9

1430 PRINT DS; “PR#“; P$

101
1440 RETURN

1

102
Program: RADIATION REPORT

Program Objective: To provide a written report of the radiation dose accrued by

support ship personnel.

>escription: This program reads files “ship” TARGETS, “ship” WATER, and

“ship” SELF and prints a radiation summary report. This report

contains a tabulation of daily film badge dose contributions

from radioactive water and target ship sources for Shots ABLE

and BAKER, and from ship contamination during the postBAKER period. The free-field doses from the WATER,

TARGETS and SELF files are converted to film badge doses via

a conversion factor of 0.7. The water and ship contamination

doses are multiplied by factors (l/3 and 2/3, respectively) to

account for shielding afforded personnel above and below decks,

as discussed in Section 4.

Input:

Output:

File “ship” WATER

File “ship” TARGETS

File “ship” SELF

Date ship leaves lagoon for the last time.

Ship Apportionment Factor (see Table 2-7).

Written report on daily dose contributions.

103
Table 4-7 Radiation Report

1 REM DOSE = HOURLY WATER ACTIVATION

2 REM H2O = DAILY WATER DOSE

-c REM

4” REM

SHIP = DAILY TARGET SHIP DOSE

SELF = DAILY SHIP CONTAMINATION DOSE

5 REM ALL = DAILY TOTAL DOSE

6 REM ABLE = NUMBER OF DAYS FOR ABLE

7 REM BAKER= NUMBER OF DAYS AFTER BAKER ALLOWED

8 REM ITEN = DEPARTING LAGOON INTENSITY

9 REM FRAC = AFFORTIONtlENT FACTOR

10 REM BDAY= BAKER DAY DOSE

11 REM NDAY= NUMBER OF DAYS OF DATA FROM SHIP CONTAMINAT

IOF PROGRAM

19 HOME : VTAB 8

20 ABLE = 4

30 BAKER = 150

40 DIM DOSE(30U) ,H20(300) ,SHIP(300) ,ALLt300) ,SELF(300)

50 D8 = CHRB (4) : REM CTRL-D

60 INPUT “NAME OF SHIF IS ? “;X8

70 PRINT : PRINT

7 9 I NFUT “WHAT SLOT IS THE PRINTER IN?“;F8

80 IF Pa > “3” OR FB < “1” THEN HOME : VTAB 6: PRINT X8: G

OTO 70

8 1 PRINT

8 2 INPUT “USE PREVIOUSLY CREATED REPORT FILE?“;FREFB: IF L

EN (PREPS) = 0 THEN PREP9 = “Y”

83 IF LEN (PREPS) > 1 THEN PREPS = LEFTS (PREP8,l)

8 4 IF PREPS < > “Y” AND PREPS < > “N” THEN PRINT CHR8 (

7) : HOME : GOT0 82

8 5 IF PREPS = “N” THEN 109

86 Z$ = XS + ” REPORT”

8 7 PRINT D9; “OPEN “; ZB; ” ,DZ”

G8 PRINT D9; “READ “;ZB

8 9 INPUT X28: INPUT ITEN: INPUT N: INPUT FRAC

90 PRINT D9; “CLOSE”; Z$

9 1 HOME : IF X8 < > X28 THEN PRINT ” SHIP NAMES DO NOT MA

TCH” : PRINT “FILE NAME WAS “;X28

9 2 PRINT “SHIP NAME IS “; X1: PRINT “‘DEPARTING INTENSITY WAS

“; ITEN: PRINT “APPORTIONMENT FACTOR WAS ‘I; FRAC

9 3 IF N < 7 THEN MM9 = “JUL “:MD = N + 25

9 4 IF N > 6 AND N < 38 THEN Mtl$ = “AUG ” : MD = N - 6

9 5 IF N > 37 THEN MM8 = “SEP “: MD = N - 37

96 PRINT “LEFT LAGOON “;MM8; ” “;tlD

97 PRINT : PRINT

9 8 INPUT “WANT TO USE THESE INPUTS?“;AN%: IF LEN (AN91 = 0

THEN AN8 = “N”

99 IF LEN (AN91 > 1 THEN ANB = LEFTS (ANB,l)

100 IF AN9 = “Y” THEN 181

109 PRINT

104
1 la INPUT “MONTH OF LAST DATA POINT?“; MM$

120 PRINT

130 MMB = LEFTS (MM$,3)

140 MM8 = MM9 + ” ”

150 INPUT “DAY OF MONTH OF LAST POINT?“;MD

160 IF MD ~ 1 1 OR MD > 31 THEN PRINT : GOT0 150

170 PRINT

180 INPUT “HOW IS THE SHIP CONTAMINATION FOR THIS SHIP TO B

E APPORTIONED? (0-l .O) “;FRAC

181 PRINT

185 INPUT “PRINT APPORTIONMENT FACTOR?“; PFRAC8: IF LEN (PF

RAE%) = 0 THEN PFRACB = “Y”

186 IF LEN (PFRACB) > 1 THEN PFRAC$ = LEFT9 (PFRACS;,l)

187 IF PFRACS < > “Y” AND PFRACB ~ 1 > “N” THEN PRINT CHR

9 (7): HOME : GOT0 185

188 PRINT

189 INPUT “PRINT DEPARTING INTENSITY?“;PITEN8: IF LEN (PIT

ENB) = 0 THEN PITENB = “Y”

1.90 IF LEN (PITEN > 1 THEN PITENS = LEFTS (PITENS, 1)

191 IF PITENS ( I:-‘ “Y” AND PITENB i > “N” THEN PRINT CHR

B (7): HOME : GOT0 189

194 PRINT

195 INPUT “WANT TO CREATE A NEW REPORT FILE?“;AN$: IF LEN

(AN31 = 0 THEN AN9 = “N”

196 IF LEN (AN*) 3 1 THEN AN9 = LEFTS (ANB, 1)

199 REM

2i:,t:1 REM READ IN DAILY SHIP CONTAMINATION

20 1 REM

209 Z$ = XB + ” SELF”

2 10 PRINT DB; “OPEN “; ZJ;; “,DZ”

220 PRINT D$; “READ I’; Z$

23-v INPUT BDAY

24(3 INPUT NDAY

250 FOR I = 0 TO NDAY

26~3 INPUT SELF(1 + ABLE + 1)

270 NEXT I

28(3 INPUT ITEN

290 PRINT D9; “CLOSE ‘I; Z9

294 REM

295 REM READ IN DAILY TARGET ACTIVATION

296 REM

3i10 Z9 = XB + ” TARGETS”

3 1 0 F’RINT D8; “OPEN “; Z9; ” ,D2”

32Cl PRINT D$; “READ “; Z$

330 FOR J = 0 TO ABLE: INPUT SH’IP(J): NEXT

34(:, FOR J = AbLE + 1 TO 24: INPUT DUMMY: NEXT

35 0 INPUT K: IF K > BAKER THEN K = BAKER

360 FOR J = ABLE + i TO ABLE + K: INPUT SHIF’(J): NEXT

370 PRINT D9; “CLOSE “; 28

374 REM

105
375 REM RE&D IN HOURLY WATER ACTIVATION

376 REM

380 Z9 = X9 + ” WATER”

390 PRINT D$;"OPEN ";Z9

400 PRINT DI;“READ “;ZB

410 INPUT N

420 FOR I = 0 TO N - 1

430 INPUT DOSE(I)

440 NEXT

450 PRINT D$;"CLOSE ";Z$

454 REM

455 REM CALCULATE DAILY WATER t%XTIVATION

456 REM

460 PRINT

470 PRINT D$; “PR#“;P$

471 PRINT CHRI (9) ; "lOON"

480 FOR I =OTO15

490 H20(0) = H20(0) + DOSE(I)

500 NEXT

510 FOR J = 1 TO 3

520 FOR K = 1 TO 24

530 I = 24 * (J - 1) + 15 + K

540 H2OtJ) = H20(J) + DOSE(I)

550 NEXT

560 NEXT

570 W = ABLE + 1

580 H20 (W) = BDAY / 1000

590 FOR J = 1 TO 8

600 FOR K = 1 TO 24

610 I = 73 + 24 * (J - 1) + 15 + K

620 HZOIW + J) = H20tW + J) + DOSE(I)

624 Fl = 1

630 IF I = N - 1 THEN 651

640 NEXT

650 NEXT

651 REM READ IN LATE WATER DAILY DOSE

652’ 28 = X8 + ” LF\TE WflTER”

653 PRINT D$;"OPEN";Z$

654 PRINT DI;"READ";ZZ

655 INPUT N9

656 FOR I = 14 TO N9 + 13

657 INPUT H20(I):H20(1) = H20tI) / 1000: NEXT

658 PRINT D$;"CLOSE";ZB

660 PRINT CHRB (12)

670 FOR I = 0 TO 1 + ABLE + BCIKER

672 REM *****

673 REM : APPLY FILM BADGE CONVERSION FFICTOR = .7

674 REM : APPLY CREW XTIVITY APPORTIONMENT FACTOR FOR WAT

ER DOSE = .333

675 REM : APPLY CREW ACTIVITY APPORTIONMENT FACTOR FOR SHIP

106
CONTAMINATION = .&67

676 REM *****

680 HZO(I) = HZO(I) * 1000 * .7 * .333

690 HZO(I) = INT (H20(1) 1

700 SHIP(I) = INT l.7 * SHIP(I) + -5)

710 SELF(I) = FRAC + SELF(I)

712 SELF(I) = SELF(I) * Fl * -667

726 SELF(I) = INT t-7 * SELF(I) + -5)

727 REM

728 REM SUM FOR TOTAL DAILY DOSE

729 REM

730 ALL(I) = H20(1) + SHIP(I) + SELF(I)

740 NEXT

750 CUM = 0

755 PRINT CHRB (27) ;“M”

760 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

770 PRINT ” ” ,‘I uss ‘I; X8; ” CALCULATED FILM BADGE DOSE (IN

MREM) ”

780 PRINT

790 PRINT

791 Z6 = 14

792 27 = Z6 + 9

793 Z8 = 27 + 8

794 z9 = 11

800 POKE 36,26: PRINT “DATE”;: POKE 36,27: PRINT “TIME”;: P

OKE 36,28: PRINT “LAGOON”;: POKE 36,Z8 + Z9: PRINT ”

TARGET” ; : POKE 36,Z8 + 2 SC Z9: PRINT “SHIP”;: POKE 36,Z

8 + 3 * Z9 + 5: PRINT “DAILY”;: POKE 36,28 + 4 + Z9 +

5: PRINT “CUM”

810 POKE 36,28: PRINT “WATER”;: POKE 36,28 + Z9: PRINT “SHI

PS” ; : POKE 36,28 + 2 * Z9: PRINT “CONTAMINATION”; : POKE

36,28 + 3 + Z9 + 5: PRINT “TOTAL”;: POKE 36,28 + 4 * Z9

+ 5: PR I NT “TOTAL”

820 POKE 36,Z6: PRINT *)------------------------------------

-----------------------------------~~

830 M$ = “JUL ”

840 J = 0

850 FOR I = 0 TO ABLE - 1

860 J = J + 1

870 CUM = CUM + ALL(I)

880 POKE 36,Z6: PRINT M9; J;: POKE -36,27: PRINT “A+“; I;: POK

E 36,28: PRINT HZO(I);: POKE 36,28 + Z9: PRINT SHIP(

I);: POKE 36,Z8 + 3 * Z9 + 5: PRINT ALL(I);: POKE 36,28

+ 4 + Z9 + 5: PRINT CUM

890 NEXT I

892 CUM = CUM + SHIP(ABLE)

895 POKE 36,Z6: PRINT “JUL 5 THRU 24”;: POKE 36,28: PRINT H

20(ABLE);: POKE 36,Z8 + Z9: PRINT SHIP (ABLE) ; : POKE

36,28 + 4 * Z9 + 5: PRINT CUM

900 PRINT

107
910 J = 24

92CJ FOR I = ABLE + 1 TO 1 + ABLE + BAKER

930 J = J + 1

940 IF J = 32 AND Ma = “JUL ” THEN J = l:M$ = “CIUG ”

950 IF J = 32 AND MB = “AUG ” THEN J = l:H$ = “SEP ”

960 CUM = CUM + ALL(I)

970 POKE 36,26: PRINT MB;J;: POKE 36,Z7: PRINT “B+“; I - (1

+ ABLE);: POKE 36,28: PRINT H20(1);: POKE 36,Z8 + Z9

: PRINT SHIP(I);: POKE 36,Z8 + 2 * Z9: PRINT SELF(I);:

POKE 36,Z8 + 3 * Z9 + 5: PRINT ALL(I);: POKE 36,Z8 +

4 * Z9 + 5: PRINT CUM

980 IF J = MD AND MMS = M2 THEN 1000

990 NEXT I

995 REM

996 REM SCALE DEPARTING INTENSITY

997 REM

1OCm PRINT

1004 ITEN = ITEN * FRAC * -667

1005 ITEN = INT (24 + ITEN + -5)

1010 IF PITENB = “Y” THEN PRINT “SHIP CONTAMINATION DEPART

URE FACTOR = “; ITEN

1015 PRINT

1017 IF PFRAC9 = “Y” THEN PRINT “APPORTIONMENT FACTOR IS ”

; FRAC

1020 PRINT D8; “PR#O”

1037 IF AN$ < > “Y” AND AN8 ~1 :> “N” THEN PRINT CHR8 (7)

: GOT0 1030

1040 IF AN9 = “N” THEN 1200

1044 REM

1045 REM PRINT FILE TO SCSVE FINAL DOSE CALCULATIONS

1046 REM

1050 ZB = XB + ” REPORT”

1060 PRINT D$; “OPEN “; 28; “,DZ”

1070 PRINT D8; “DELETE “; Z9

1080 PRINT DB; “OPEN ‘I; 28

1090 PRINT D9; “WRITE ‘I; 28

1100 PRINT X8

1110 PRINT ITEN

1120 PRINT I - (1 + ABLE)

1130 PRINT FRAC

1140 PRINT I + 1

1.150 FOR 3 = 0 TO I

1160 PRINT cILL(J)

1170 NEXT J

1180 PRINT D8; “CLOSE “;Z8

1190 PRINT

1200 END

1210 REM LATEST VERSION RAD REPflRT 16 NOV 82 WITH MARGIN &

POSITION CORRECTIONS

1220 REM MODIFIED 6 FEB 84 FOR THE EPSON PRINTER

108
Program: IJPDATE

Program Objective: To allow the modification of existing “ship” PATH and “ship”

PASSES files.

Description: This program performs edit functions on the PATH file and

automatically updates the PASSES file if required. Edit

functions are of three types: add, delete, or modify lines of

data. Four types of modifications to a line of data are

supported. The user may choose to modify date-time, location,

or remarks data individually or as a group. As a screen of data

is presented, the user is queried as to the accuracy of the data.

A “yes” response proceeds to the next screen of data. A

response of “no” will produce a question for the type of edit

function: add (A), delete (D), modify (%I). At the program

prompt “ARE THESE OKAY?“, three additional responses are

supported. A return is interpreted as a yes (Y). Control-A is

interpreted to mean the data are correct and there is no need

to view the remainder of the file. An “R” response allows the

starting of the next screen of data at any line desired. At the

end of an edit session, the option is given to the user to save

the modified file.

Input:

output:

Existing files “ship” PATH

“ship” PASSES

IJpdated files “ship” PATH

“ship” PASSES

109
ct. -4

r:, :r

= II; m

. . . z

t-i

9 ‘4

-. i .:I

1 _-.,

(_.

*

1 I’

f .3
111