DNA-TR-85-277 

ANALYSIS OF RADIATION EXPOSURE FOR OBSERVERS 

AND MANEUVER TROOPS 

Exercise Desert Rock IV, Operation Tumbler-Snapper 

Science Applications International Corporation 

P. 0. Box 1303 

McLean, VA 221024303 ,v@ $@+ 

7 1906 

1 August 1985 b& 

,,s\fic 

Technical Report 

CONTRACT No. DNA 001-85-C-0101 

b 

THIS WORK WAS SPONSORED BY THE DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY t 

UNDER RDT&E RMSS CDDE 6350085466 U99QMXMK00112 H2590D. b 

Prepared for 

Director 

DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY 

Washington, DC 203054000 
Destroy this report when It is no longer needed. Do not return 

to sender. 

PLEASE NOTIFY THE DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY, 

ATTN: STTI, WASHINGTON, DC 20305-1000, IF YOUR 

ADDRESS IS INCORRECT, IF YOU WISH IT DELETED 

FROM THE DISTRIBUTION LIST, OR IF THE ADDRESSEE 

IS NO LONGER EMPLOYED BY YOUR ORGANIZATION. 
DISTRIBUTION LIST UPDATE 

This mailer is provided to enable DNA to maintain current distribution lists for reports. We would 

appreciate your providing the requested Information. 

0 Add the individual listed to your distribution list. 

0 Delete the cited organization/individual 

i Change of address. 

NAME: 

ORGANIZATION: 

OLD ADDRESS CURRENT ADDRESS 

TELEPHONE NUMBER: ! ) 

SUBJECT AREA(s) OF INTEREST: 

DNA OR OTHER GOVERNMENT CONTRACT NUMBER: 

CERTIFICATION OF NEED-TO-KNOW BY GOVERNMENT SPONSOR (If other than DNA): 

SPONSORING ORGANIZATION: 

CONTRACTING OFFICER OR REPRESENTATIVE: 

SIGNATURE: 
ooor5oEoz 3a ‘uo@wseM 

Ills :NllV 

k~.1a8ij m3pnN asuapa 

JO~X3Jl(-j 
UNCLASSIFIED ,ECIJRITYCLASSIFICATION OF THIS P4GE I 

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 

,r REPORTSECURITY CLASSIFICATION 1 1 b RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS 

UNCLASSIFIED I 

21 SECURITY CLASSIFICATIONS AUTHORITY 1 3 DISTRIEUTION /AVAILABILITY OF REPORT 

N/A since Unclassified Approved for public release; distribution Zb CIECLASSIFICATION / DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE is unlimited. N/A since Unclassified 

4 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5 MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 

SAIC-85/1715 DNA-TR-85-277 

5a NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b OFFICE SYMBOL 7a NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION

Science Applications c/r applrcrblc) Director

International Corporation Defense Nuclear Agency 

-aDDRESS (Clry, mnd Z/PC&) strre, 7b ADDRESS (Oty, State, and ZIP Code)

P.O. Box 1303 I Washington, DC 20305-1000 McLean, Virginia 22102-1303 

3d. NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORING 8b OFFICE SYMBOL 9 PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IOENTIFICATION NUMBER 

ORGANIZATION (/f applrcabw 

DNA 001-85-C-0101 

3c. ADDRESS (City, Strte, md ZlPCode) 10 SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS 

PROGRAM PROJECT TASK WORK UNIT 

ELEMENT NO NO NO ACCESSION NO 

62715H U99QMXM K DHOO?Ol9 

I1 TITLE (Indude Sccurlty Cfaurf!orron) 

ANALYSIS OF RADIATION EXPOSURE FOR OBSERVERS AND MANEUVER TROOPS, Exercise Desert Rock IV,

Operation Tumbler-SnaDDer 

I2PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) 

Goetz, J.; Klemm, J.; and Ortlieb, E. 

I3a TYPE OF REPORT 13b TIME COVERED 14 DATE OF REPORT (Veer, Month, Ddy) 15 PAGE COUNT 

Technical FROM 850312 ~0850801 

I6 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION 

This work was sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under ROT&E RMSS Code 

6350085466 U99QMXMK00112 H2590D. 

17 COSATI COOES 18 SUBJECT TERMS (Contmue on reverse rf necessary and &em by block number) 

FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP ’ Operaticn Tumbler-Snapper Automated rdose Recons_ructioin 

18 3 ’ Exercise Desert Rock IV Nuclear Test Personnel RevierW

Radiation Exposure Assessment (PITPR) 6 18 

19 48STRACT (Cotwfwe on reverse If neccudry arid ldentrfy by block number) 

The radiation doses to observers and maneuver units for Exercise Desert Rock IV are 

reconstructed for each applicable shot of Operation Tumbler-Snapper (1952). Residual 

radiation doses are calculated by using an automated procedure to couple scenarios for 

troop activities to the radiation environment. Uncertainties are determined for each 

parameter. Possible exposure to initial radiation and internal doses are also assessed. 

The calculated film badge equivalent doses range from 11 mrem (paratroop units, Shot 

Charlie) to 370 mrem (maneuver troops, Shot Dog). Initial doses were negligible for 

all participants at all shots. 

~NCLASSIFIE~~INLIMITED Ix3 SAME AS RPT UNCLASSIFIED 

22a NAME OF RESPONSIBLE 

Betty L. Fox 

30 FORM 1473,84 MAR 

INDIVIDUAL 

83 APR edwon may be used until exhausted 

All other edIttons are obsolete. 

SECURITY CIASSIFICATION 

UNCLASSIFIED 

OF THIS PAGE 

\ 
UNCLASSIFIED 

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE 

UNCLASSIFIED 

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PA@ 

ii 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Section Page 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS iv 

LIST OF TABLES V 

INTRODUCTION 1 

OPERATIONS 5 

2.1 SHOT DATA 5 

2.2 PARTICIPATION 5 

2.3 CONCEPT 7 

2.4 ACTIVITIES 12 

INITIAL RADIATION 26 

RESIDUAL RADIATION 27 

4.1 RESIDUAL GAMMA EXPOSURE 27 

4.2 INTERNAL RADIATION EXPOSURE 31 

4.3 RESIDUAL RADIATION DOSE SUMMARY 34 

UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS AND TOTAL DOSE DETERMINATION 35 

5.1 UNCERTAINTIES IN RESIDUAL RADIATION DOSE 35 

5.2 TOTAL DOSE SUMMARY 39 

FILM BADGE DOSIMETRY 41 

CONCLUSIONS 42 

LIST OF REFERENCES - 43 

AVAILABILITY INFORMATION 46 

iii 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

Figure Page 

1 Shot locations, Operation Tumbler-Snapper 2 

troop routes 

troop routes 

2 Shot Charlie area 14 

3 Shot Dog area 18 

4 Shot Fox area 21 

5 Shot George area 23 

6 Shot Charlie residual radiation and observer and maneuver 29 

Shot Dog residual radiation and maneuver troop routes 30 

Shot Fox residual radiation and observer routes 32 

Shot George residual radiation and observer and maneuver 33 

iv 
LIST OF TABLES 

Table 

1 

2 

3 

4 

Page 

Shot data, Operation Tumbler-Snapper 6 

Observer participation, Exercise Desert Rock IV 8 

Maneuver troop participation, Exercise Desert Rock IV 9 

Dose summary, Operation Tumbler-Snapper 40 

SECTION 1 

INTRODUCTION 

This report is an analysis of the nuclear radiation exposure for military 

participants in the 1952 series of nuclear tests at the Nevada Proving Ground (NPG) 

(presently called the Nevada Test Site). The series was designated Operation TumblerSnapper. 

Operation Tumbler-Snapper consisted of 8 shots (Figure I), detonated over a 

period of nine weeks in the spring of 1952. Exercise Desert Rock IV, conducted in 

conjunction with Operation Tumbler-Snapper, consisted of military activities at four 

of the tests, Charlie, Dog, Fox, and George. 

There were three types of military participation in Exercise Desert Rock IV. 

The first consisted of troop observers, who were military personnel sent to Camp 

Desert Rock for the specific purpose of observing one or more nuclear shots. Troop 

observers participated in Shots Charlie, Dog, Fox, and George. 

The second type of military participation consisted of battalion-size maneuver 

units that moved to Camp Desert Rock for the purpose of engaging in tactical 

exercises to test doctrine and tactics being developed for the nuclear battlefield. Two 

such exercises were conducted: an Army Battalion Combat Team (BCT) and two 

Provisional Air Force Squadrons maneuvered at Shot Charlie and a Marine Corps 

Provisional Exercise Unit maneuvered at Shot Dog. 

Third, there were the personnel assigned to Camp Desert Rock, usually for the 

entire exercise, who planned, supported, and administered the overall exercise. Some 

of these support elements participated in shots as observers or maneuver units, e.g., 

the Army Engineer Amphibious Support Regiment that was assigned to Camp Desert 

Rock also maneuvered at Shot George. Some Camp Desert Rock support personnel 

also witnessed Shots Able, Baker, and Easy, but from a great distance; these activities 

were not part of Exercise Desert Rock IV. 
I 

News Nob 

\r 

Control Point 1 

NEVADA 

PROVING 

GROUND 

0 1.0 

km Mercury 

0 10 

c 4 . L 

mi I es 

Figure 1. Shot locations, Operation Tumbler-Snapper. 

2 
It should be noted that a fourth major category of military participation, not a 

part of Exercise Desert Rock, consisted of projects conducted under the sponsorship of 

Field Command, Armed Forces Special Weapons Project. These efforts, as well as the 

support provided by Department of Defense personnel to other test groups and to the 

overall operation, are to be analyzed as necessary to supplement available film badge 

dosimetry. 

Activities for each of the shots are traced from the pre-shot orientation through 

the shot activities, including any tactical maneuver and post-shot equipment inspection. Time-dependent position information is presented in order that an exposure 

analysis can be performed to determine the integrated dose from all contributing 

sources, principally the external dose due to residual radiation from the shot and 

applicable preceding shots. 

The analysis utilizes an automated procedure, developed previously (Reference 2) 

for determining the external dose due to residual radiation. Radiological survey data 

are fit, in statistical regression analyses, to space-time models of residual radiation 

intensity, from which isointensity contours (isopleths) are then developed. 

As in previous reports, the methodology also considers the effect of soil 

activation in the residual radiation analysis. This is particularly important for Shots 

Charlie and Dog, where the residual contamination of the post-shot times of interest 

was primarily due to the neutron-induced activity of Manganese-56 and Sodium-24. 

For some other shots, the induced contribution was evident near ground zero, but at 

greater distances it was small compared to the contribution from fission products. In 

all cases, the decay model is representative of actual shot conditions, verified by 

correlations with available data. 

Comparison is made between calculated dose and available film badge records. 

The methodology for determining personnel dose is essentially that used in previous 

analyses (References 2, 26, and 271, in which comparisons with dosimetric data 

established a high degree of confidence. The uncertainties in the results are due 

primarily to the uncertainties in both the radiological surveys and the time-position 
descriptions of troop activities. Automation of the dose estimation procedure 

facilitates the determination of confidence levels and aids in subsequent exposure 

analyses of other troop operations in the same radiologically contaminated areas. 

The major finding of this report is that the radiation doses for Exercise Desert 

Rock IV participants ranged from II mrem (Shot Charlie, paratroop unit) to 370 mrem 

(Shot Dog participants). All calculated doses are from residual radiation and are 

significantly less than the 3 rem maximum dose permitted for Exercise Desert Rock 

IV. 

4 
SECTION 2 

OPERATIONS 

2.1 SHOT DATA. 

A summary of the eight test shots of Operation Tumbler-Snapper is contained in 

Table 1. To determine radiation exposure for participants, all shots are considered for 

any residual radiation that might have contributed to total radiation dose. 

2.2 PARTICIPATION. 

Exercise Desert Rock IV maneuver and observer troops consisted of an estimated 

7,700 military personnel who arrived at Camp Desert Rock to participate in testing 

and training programs. These troops, unlike the Camp Desert Rock support troops, 

were assigned to Camp Desert Rock to participate in specific activities associated 

with a particular shot. These activities included the troop observer program and 

tactical troop maneuvers, both of which are treated in this report. 

2.2.1 Observers. 

There were three categories of observer personnel participating in Exercise 

Desert Rock IV. In addition, other military and civilian observers, sponsored by the 

Atomic Energy Commission or the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, witnessed 

shots but generally did not participate in shot activities to the same extent as did 

Exercise Desert Rock personnel. The categories of Desert Rock observers were as 

follows: 

Service Observers. This group consisted of personnel selected from all four 

military services. They were sent to Camp Desert Rock from military bases 

throughout the United States, as well as from some overseas areas, to become 

familiar with nuclear weapons and their effects. They usually observed a shot 

from the same location as maneuver troops (7000 yards from ground zero) and 

inspected the resulting damage to equipment exposed to the shot. The 
Table 1. Shot data, Operation Tumbler-Snapper. 

SHOT DATE 

DESIGNATION Actual 

AEC DESERT (Sched) 

ROCK 

ABLE IV-1 1 April 

( I April) 

BAKER IV-2 15 April 

( 15 April) 

CHARLIE IV-3 22 April 

( 22 April) 

DOG IV-4 1 May 

(29 April) 

EASY IV-5 7 May 

(6 May) 

FOX IV-6 25 May 

(13 May) 

GEORGE IV-8 1 June 

( 20 May) 

HOW IV-7 5 June 

( 27 May) 

*Unless noted as Pacific Standard 

**T = Tower, A = Air Drop 

LOCAL 

TIME 

PDT)* 

0900 

(PST) 

0930 

(PST) 

0930 

(PST) 

0930 

0515 

0500 

0455 

0455 

Time (PST) 

LOCATION 

COORDINATES 

WTM) 

Frenchman Lake 

950729 

Area 7 

872044 

Area 7 

871045 

Area 7 

871044 

Area 1 

798009 

Area 4 

795056 

Area 3 

871004 

Area 2 

784104 

BURST 

HEIGHT** YIELD 

(rt) (KT) 

793 A 1 

1,109 A 1 

3,447 A 31 

1,040 A 19 

300 T 12 

300 T 11 

300 T 15 

300 T 14 

Source: 

References 6, 7, 8 

6 
participation of the service observers is shown in Table 2. It should be noted 

that, due to possible participation in more than one shot, the numbers in each 

category are not necessarily additive. This is explained in Section 2.3. It should 

also be noted that the service observers did not engage in any maneuvers or 

other similar exercises while at Nevada Proving Ground. 

Camp Desert Rock (CDR) Observers. This group consisted of Army personnel 

assigned to Camp Desert Rock as the permanent party--that is, those who 

planned, administered, and supported the maneuvers and programs (including the 

observer program) that comprised Exercise Desert Rock IV. They were 

permitted to observe one or more shots during their stay at Camp Desert Rock, 

but most likely not one of the four shots at which Desert Rock exercises were 

conducted. 

Civilian Observers. These observers were apparently civil service employees 

from the various army areas who were sent to Camp Desert Rock in the same 

manner as other military service observers. Their number is unknown. There 

were many other civilian observers at NPG, not sponsored by Desert Rock, who 

participated in various shot-related activities. 

2.2.2 Maneuver Troops. 

Approximately 4,900 exercise troops took part in the tactical maneuvers 

conducted at Shots Charlie, Dog, and George. Units from the Army, Marine Corps, 

and Air Force traveled to NPC specifically to participate in the maneuvers. In 

addition to.these personnel, Camp Desert Rock support troops were utilized to form 

the maneuver elements for Shot George. Table 3 gives the total number of 

participants in the maneuvers at each shot. 

2.3 CONCEPT. 

The purpose of Exercise Desert Rock IV was to provide indoctrination and 

training in military operations involving tactical employment of nuclear weapons; to 
Table 2. Observer participation, Exercise Desert Rock IV. 

Shot Army Navy 

Marine 

corps Air Force 

Total+ 

Observers 

03 

CHARLIE 

DOG 

FOX 

GEORGE 

300 

1450 

550 (est.) 

50* 300” 

200 500 

350” 

1450 

550 lest) 

*References report a total of 350 personnel from the Navy and Marine 

is an estimate. 

+Does not include an unknown number of DOD personnel who observed 

Rock. 

Corps. The breakdown by individual 

the tests but not as part of Exercise 

Source: References 1, 6, 7, 9 

service 

Desert 
Table 3. Maneuver troop participation, Exercise Desert Rock IV. 

Participating Shot 

Service CHARLIE DOG FOX GEORGE 

Army 700 

Marine Corps 1950 

Air Force 325 

Camp Desert Rock 500 1400 

Support Troops 

(Army) 

Total Participants 1525 1950 1400 

Source: References 4, 7, 9, 10, 11 
demonstrate to participating maneuver troops and observers the effects of nuclear 

explosions on prepared positions and equipment; to determine psychological reactions 

of participating troops; and to determine the type and amount of indoctrination in 

nuclear warfare required for all personnel. 

In general, Exercise Desert Rock IV was a continuation of the military exercises 

conducted in conjunction with Operation Buster-Jangle. For Operation TumblerSnapper, the US Army was given substantial responsibility for radiological safety of 

participating Desert Rock IV personnel. The Desert Rock IV operation plans provided 

for witnessing the shots from closer distances than in previous exercises while allowing 

participants to conduct somewhat realistic military exercises within radiation limits. 

Subject to radiation constraints, troop maneuvers were allowed near ground zero as 

long as there was no interference with instrumentation or other experiments. 

Observers and maneuver troops generally participated together in activities that 

included the following: 

0 Pre-shot classroom instruction. 

Subjects included basic nuclear theory, characteristics and effects of 

nuclear weapons, protective measures to employ against a nuclear attack, 

tactical use of nuclear weapons, and a plan of operation for the upcoming 

shot. Eight hours of instruction were planned. For those observers who did 

not arrive at Camp Desert Rock in time for the instruction, a one-hour 

orientation was conducted on the evening preceding the shot. 

0 Rehearsal of shot day activities. 

Observers visited the trenches, had a “dry run” of the detonation, and then 

viewed the display area established for the shot. In some cases, they were 

taken to the display area of a previous test to see the post-shot effects. 

Maneuver troops rehearsed their activity and then viewed the display area. 

0 Shot observation. 

Approximately one hour before the scheduled shot, observers arrived at the 

trench area, were briefed on what to expect, and were checked for proper 

10 
0 

safety procedures. A few minutes before the shot, they entered the 

trenches and assumed a crouching position. 

Guided tour through display area. 

Under the direction of the Desert Rock control group, observers toured the 

equipment display area to see and have explained the effects of the 

detonation on animals, equipment, and prepared positions. 

In addition, the maneuver troops participated in a tactical maneuver involving an 

attack on an objective in accordance with the exercise plans. The troops were 

accompanied by radiological safety monitors and preceded by radiological survey 

teams who determined the limits of safe advance. After reaching their objective or 

approaching as close as radiation safety standards would permit, the maneuver was 

terminated. Under the direction of the Desert Rock control group, the troops would 

then inspect the display area. After they viewed the display areas, both maneuver 

troops and observer groups returned to Camp Desert Rock. 

For radiological safety purposes, a maximum permissible dose of 3 rem was 

established for the entire exercise (Reference 1). The 500 mr/hr intensity line was the 

limit of advance for the troops unless otherwise authorized by the Commanding 

General, Camp Desert Rock. Standard operating procedures for radiological safety in 

all operations were based on these criteria. 

Film badges were to be issued to all participants the day before the shot and 

collected on shot day. Shortly after the passage of the shock wave, Army rad-safe 

monitors were to precede the troops and survey the contaminated area. Unless 

otherwise noted, observer and maneuver activities in the shot area would begin with 

the completion of the surveys and the declaration of recovery hour (R-hour) by the 

AEC. Before leaving the forward area, participants and vehicles were to be brushed 

with brooms and then monitored (usually at the parking area) to ensure compliance 

with radiation limits. Any person or vehicle with radiation intensity greater than 10 

mr/hr was to be sent to the decontamination station at Yucca Pass. Personnel sent to 

Yucca Pass were to shower and put on clean clothes; all vehicles were to be washed. 

11 
On return to Camp Desert Rock, all personnel were to shower and put on clean 

clothing and were then to be monitored to ensure compliance with limits of 1.5 mr/hr 

for clothing, and 0 mr/hr for skin. All contaminated vehicles were to be decontaminated to background count. (References 1, 12). 

2.4 ACTIVITIES. 

Shot data for Operation Tumbler-Snapper are listed in Table 1. Weather or 

technical difficulties altered the general schedule in several of the shots. For all 

shots, participants departed Camp Desert Rock for the trench area in convoys of buses 

and trucks. All participants occupied the same set of trenches at a given shot. When 

a unit made a post-shot inspection of equipment displays, movement to and through 

the display area was normally accomplished as a single group. Ground zero locations, 

the trench locations, and the display areas are identified on the figures accompanying 

the discussion of each shot. The following paragraphs describe the activities for each 

shot. 

2.4.1 Shot Charlie. 

Observers. Observers for Shot Charlie consisted of approximately 300 Army 

personnel from the six continental armies and military service schools and 

approximately 200 Air Force personnel (Reference 9). Most observers reported for 

duty between 18 and 21 April (Reference 13). Observers were integrated with troop 

units in indoctrination and in witnessing the explosion (Reference 1). 

On 19 April, three days before the shot, observers rehearsed their shot-day 

activities, proceeding into the trenches and inspecting the equipment display areas. 

From 19 to 21 April, the Instructor Group used films and lectures to familiarize the 

observers with the characteristics of a nuclear detonation and safety procedures to 

follow during a nuclear test (Reference 13). 

12 
At about 0500” hours on shot day, observers began leaving Camp Desert Rock by 

motor convoy for the trench area. All observers were in the trench area by 0816 hours 

(References 1, 14). At about an hour before the shot, a Camp Desert Rock instructor 

conducted a final briefing, describing shot time procedures and safety precautions. 

Ten minutes before the shot, all personnel were ordered into the trenches and 

foxholes, 7000 yards south of the intended ground zero (see Figure 2). Two minutes 

before the 0930 shot, the Exercise Director ordered all participants to crouch, cover 

their faces with their hands, and lean against the forward wall of the trenches. Three 

seconds after the flash, the troops were allowed to stand and observe the rising 

fireball. About 15 seconds later, the shock wave reached the trench area, temporarily 

obscuring vision. About 25 minutes later, Army rad-safe monitors moved forward to 

survey the contaminated area (Reference 1). The observers remained in the trench 

area while the survey was conducted (Reference 13). At 1027 hours, recovery hour 

was declared by the AEC (Reference 15), and at 1030 hours observers boarded trucks 

and moved into the shot area (Reference 1). The convoy traveled north on to BJY and 

proceeded to parking area F, stopping to unload the troops about 3500 yards from GZ 

(Reference 13). The observers began their tour of the equipment display area on foot 

at about 1100 hours, advancing to each display and stopping to observe the effects of 

the explosion. The equipment displays were located at 3500, 1700, 900, 550 and 200 

yards from ground zero, as shown in Figure 2 (Reference 1). The observers reached 

the 200-yard display area at approximately 1215 hours. They then returned to the 

vehicle parking area and were monitored for contamination. At approximately 1330 

hours, the observers boarded their vehicles and left for Camp Desert Rock, where they 

arrived at about 1530 hours. 

Maneuver Units. Maneuver units for Shot Charlie consisted of an Army battalion 

combat team (BCT) and two Air Force squadrons, made up of approximately 1525 

troops as follows: 

*All times for Shot Charlie are Pacific Standard Time (PST) 

13 
0 Imo 

-_/-w0 

Ii-- YARDS,” tom 

- NJITEXS IiFigure 2. Shot Charlie area. 

14 
Company F, 504th Regiment, 82d Airborne Division 

Company H, 504th Regiment, 82d Airborne Division 

Company B, 165th Infantry Regiment, 31st Infantry Division 

Company C, 135th Infantry Regiment, 47th Infantry Division 

1 Tank Platoon, 1 lth Armored Cavalry (tanks provided by Camp Irwin) 

1 Engineer Platoon, 369th Engineer Amphibious Support Regiment (EASR) 

1 Medical Detachment, 369th EASR (augmented from Sixth Army) 

Approximately 400 additional troops from the 369th EASR 

(References 10, 11, 13, and 16) 

The two Air Force squadrons were made up as follows: 

187th Provisional Fighter-Bomber Squadron (comprised of personnel from the 

140th Fighter-Bomber Group, the 140th Wing Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, and the 140th Medical Croup). 

140th Provisional Maintenance Squadron (comprised of personnel from the 140th 

Maintenance and Supply Group and the 140th Air Base Group). 

(Reference 17) 

Maneuver elements reported to Camp Desert Rock by 18 April (Reference 13). 

From their arrival at Camp Desert Rock until they reached the 200-yard equipment 

display on their post-shot tour, the maneuver troop activities were the same as the 

observer activities, except for the paratroops (Company F, 504th Airborne Infantry 

Regiment), and tank crews, whose activities are described below. 

Tank crews remained inside their tanks at the trench area (there is no record of 

a tank maneuver). The paratroops, numbering approximately 110-120 (Reference II), 

were with the ground forces in the trench area for the detonation. Immediately after 

the shot, the paratroops loaded onto trucks and proceeded south to the Yucca Flat 

landing strip (Reference 15). They boarded several C-46 aircraft, which took off at 

1050 hours (about 20 minutes after R-hour) for the ground zero area. A C-47 hospital 

aircraft accompanied the C-46 aircraft (References 17, 18). The planes took off to 

15 
the southeast and made a large clockwise circle until they lined up with the drop zone 

northwest of ground zero. (The drop zone had presumably been declared radiologically 

safe for Desert Rock purposes by Army rad-safe monitors who accompanied AEC 

initial rad-safe survey teams.) The paratroops were supposed to begin parachuting at 

about 1115 hours into the drop zone shown in Figure 2 (References 15, 18). However, 

the paratroops in one C-46 jumped four minutes early and landed as far as 10 miles 

from the intended drop area, to the SW of ground zero (References 17, 18). Five 

paratroops were slightly injured on landing. The rest of the paratroops jumped as 

scheduled and, by 1120 hours, were either in descent or just reaching the ground 

(Reference 13). After landing, they proceeded south toward the display area, while 

the other maneuver troops were proceeding to the north along the same line. At about 

1220 hours, approximately 600 yards from ground zero, the two elements would have 

met. They then would have marched back to the display area and from there to 

parking area F, where they would have arrived at about 1320 hours. Before leaving the 

parking area, all personnel were monitored to ensure compliance with radiation limits. 

The observers and maneuver units left by motor convoy for Camp Desert Rock at 

about 1330 hours, arriving by 1530 hours. 

2.4.2 Shot Dog. 

Approximately 350 Navy and Marine Corps personnel were present at Shot Dog 

as observers (Reference 6). Most reported to Camp Desert Rock between 24 April and 

28 April (Reference 13). 

Two Marine Corps provisional battalions, totaling about 1,950 troops, also 

participated at Shot Dog (Reference 9). The 1st Provisional Marine Battalion, from 

Camp Pendleton, California, arrived on 23 April (Reference 13). It was made up as 

follows: 

Provided by 

H&S Co Force Troops 

Medical and Clearing Platoon 3rd Marine Division 

Weapons Co Force Troops 

Rifle Co 3rd Marine Division 

Weapons Co 3rd Marine Division 

Rifle Co AirFMFPac 

Total planned strength: 1000 (estimated) 

(Reference 19) 

16 
The 2nd Provisional Marine Battalion from Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, arrived on 

24 April (Reference 13). It was made up as follows: 

Off EM 

H & S/Co, InfBn (Prov) Force Troops 12 116 

Bn Augmentation FMFLant 

MedSec 2dMarDiv 

Clr Plat, Coll&ClrngCo 2dMarDiv 

Rifle Co (Prov) 2dMarDiv 7 221 

Rifle Co (Prov) 2dMarDiv 7 221 

Rifle Co (-1 Plat)(Prov) Force Troops 6 177 

Rifle Co (-1 Plat)(Prov) AirFMFLant 6 177 

_^X TOTALS 38 YlZ 

(Reference 5) 

The observers, together with the two battalions, were formed into a Marine 

Corps Provisional Exercise Unit for Shot Dog. In the days between their arrival and 

the shot, troops participated in pre-shot orientation, including lectures and a full 

rehearsal of shot-day activities on 27 April (Reference 19). At 0633” hours on shot 

day, the troops left Camp Desert Rock by motor convoy. They arrived in the trench 

area at about 0820 hours (Reference 19). Shortly thereafter, a Camp Desert Rock 

instructor began briefing the troops on shot-time procedures. Ten minutes before the 

shot, the troops entered the trenches and foxholes (Reference 20), 7000 yards south of 

ground zero (see Figure 3). The 1st Provisional Battalion was on the right and the 2nd 

Provisional Battalion was on the left (Reference 21). Observers were likely in the 

center with the control element. Two minutes before the shot, all personnel crouched 

down in the trenches. The shot went off at 0930 hours as scheduled. Three seconds 

after the flash, the troops were permitted to stand in the trenches to observe the 

rising fireball (Reference 20). The reference also states that, with the passage of the 

blast wave, maneuver personnel left their cover and moved forward as if jumping off 

in the attack. This movement did not continue; the major forward movement was by 

truck. Immediately following the shot, the Marine Corps radiological safety party 

accompanied the Camp Desert Rock radiological parties on the initial survey of the 

display area. At 1051 hours, R-hour was declared by the AEC. Thirty minutes later, 

all personnel traveled by truck convoy to parking area F, where they 

*All times for Shot Dog are Pacific Daylight Time. 

17 
__ 

Areas 

/ 7’ 

. 01 

_ 

\ 98 

Figure 3. Shot Dog area. 

18 
arrived about twenty minutes later. At about 1150 hours, the troops began their tour 

of the equipment display areas, located 1700-1750, 900-1000, and 300- 400 yards from 

ground zero (see Figure 3). A “special position” at 1300 yards contained only dummies 

clad in uniforms (Reference 21). The troops advanced to the first two areas and 

stopped at each to view the effects of the explosion on the equipment. Near the YOOyard display, the troops would have reached the 500 mr/hr level, the usual limit for 

forward advance. Evidently, they were permitted to proceed closer to CZ, as 

Reference 20 states that “the radiation intensity at position 1, that nearest ground 

zero, was such that a decision was made not to enter the position but view it from a 

distance of about 100-200 yards.” At this distance from the outermost displays of 

position 1, personnel would have been 500-600 yards from ground zero. 

After halting their advance, the troops returned to the parking area, where they 

arrived at about 1345 hours (References 20, 21). References 20 and 19 state that, 

upon return to the parking area, each individual was monitored and, as all readings 

were well below the prescribed 10 mr/hr, motor serials were dispatched for the return 

to Camp Desert Rock as soon as they were loaded. The troops probably arrived at 

Camp Desert Rock at about 1530 hours (References 20, 21). Film badges were 

collected on return. Troops returned to their home units on 2 May (Reference 19). 

2.4.3 Shot Fox. 

Exercise Desert Rock IV participation at Shot Fox consisted of approximately 

500 observers from the six continental armies and service schools, and approximately 

950 observers from the 701st Armored Infantry Battalion (AIB), First Armored 

Division, Fort Hood, Texas (including Companies A, B, C, and D) (References 1, 6, 9, 

and 22). There was no tactical maneuver at Shot Fox (Reference 23). 

Shot Fox was originally scheduled to be detonated on 13 May, but due to poor 

weather conditions and a 20 May misfire, the detonation did not occur until 25 May. 

The 701st AIB, which was planning to participate in the rescheduled Shot George, 

arrived at Camp Desert Rock on 22 May. On 23 May, the Office of Chief of Army 

Field Forces directed that the 701st AIB participate in Shot Fox instead of the 369th 

19 
Engineer Amphibious Support Regiment, the unit originally scheduled for participation 

at Shot Fox. This was probably done to minimize the time that the 701st spent at 

Camp Desert Rock waiting for a shot. The 369th, being a Camp Desert Rock support 

unit, could conveniently participate in either shot. The 369th EASR participated in 

Shot George instead (Reference 6). 

All observers at Shot Fox participated in the same activities and are treated as a 

single unit. On 23 May, the observers attended four hours of lectures probably 

covering nuclear weapons effects, protective measures, and the plan for the shot. On 

24 May, the observers participated in a rehearsal of shot day activities. They left 

Camp Desert Rock at 1220 hours * and probably arrived in the entrenchment area, 

7000 yards southeast of ground zero, at about 1400 hours (see Figure 4). While in the 

trench area, they were briefed on what to expect on shot day; they then practiced 

entering the trenches and taking protective measures during a simulated burst. At 

about 1530 hours, the troops inspected the equipment display areas to view their preshot condition (Reference 22). 

On shot day, the observers left Camp Desert Rock by motor convoy at 0150 

hours, arriving in the trench area at about 0320 hours. About an hour before the shot, 

Camp Desert Rock instructors briefed the troops. At 0450 hours, the troops entered 

the trenches. Two minutes before the shot, the troops were ordered to crouch and 

lean against the forward trench wall. The detonation occurred at 0500 hours as 

scheduled. Five seconds after the detonation the troops were permitted to stand in 

the trenches and observe the rising nuclear cloud (Reference 22). Twenty seconds 

after the detonation, the shock wave passed over the observer trenches (Reference 

24). The monitors immediately advanced to survey the shot area (Reference 16). 

R-hour was declared at about 0720 hours (Reference 22). 

At 0730 hours, the observers loaded into trucks and traveled in convoy to parking 

area K, where they arrived at about 0805 hours. Their route took them north past 

BJY, then west to the parking area. The observers detrucked at about 0815 hours to 

*All times for Shot Fox are Pacific Daylight Time. 

20 
\I I-: 

\ 

\ 

YARDS 

Figure 4. Shot Fox area. 

21 
begin their inspection of the equipment displays located 3500, 1700, 900, 550, and 200 

yards from ground zero, to the extent consistent with rad-safe criteria (References 1 

and 22). The observers then returned to their vehicles at the parking area, at about 

1020 hours (Reference 1). Before leaving for Camp Desert Rock, all personnel and 

vehicles were monitored for contamination. The troops departed parking area K by 

motor convoy at about 1100 hours, arriving at Camp Desert Rock at about 1300 hours. 

2.4.4 Shot George. 

Observers. Original plans called for Shot George to be detonated in Area 2, but 

residual radioactivity from Shots Easy and Fox delayed preparation of the area. 

Consequently, the Test Manager decided to detonate George in Area 3 and use Area 2 

for Shot How (Reference 24). 

Observers for Shot George consisted of 450-650 personnel from the six 

continental armies and military service schools (References 1, 7). Most observers 

arrived at Camp Desert Rock between 16 and 19 May. All observers took part in the 

same orientation and training activities (Reference 24). 

The week before the detonation, the observers rehearsed their shot-day activities, including an inspection of the equipment display area (Reference 24). On shot 

day, the observers left Camp Desert Rock at 0220 hours* by motor convoy and arrived 

in the trench area 7000 yards south of GZ before 0400 hours (Figure 5). For the next 

hour, Camp Desert Rock instructors briefed the troops on shot-time procedures. Both 

the observers and maneuver troops occupied the same set of trenches (Reference 1). 

Two minutes before the shot, the instructor ordered all personnel to crouch, cover 

their faces with their hands, lean against the forward trench wall, and remain below 

ground level until after the detonation. The shot was detonated on schedule at 0455 

hours. Three seconds after the flash, the troops were allowed to stand and observe the 

*All times for Shot George are Pacific Daylight Time. 

22 
/O GEORGE GZ -',, 

Figure 5. Shot George area. 

23 
rising fireball (Reference 24). About 20 seconds after the shot, the shock wave 

reached the trench area (Reference 24). Immediately after the shot, Army monitors 

moved forward to survey the contaminated area and mark the 500 mr/hr line, the limit 

of advance. Recovery hour was declared at 0705 hours (Reference 15). At 0710 hours, 

the observers left the trench area by motor convoy for parking area P, where they 

arrived about 30 minutes later. They began their walk-through of the equipment 

display areas at about 0750 hours. The equipment displays were located 1700, 900, 

550, and 500 yards from ground zero. Fabric and clothing samples were located 1800 

and 2800 yards from ground zero (Reference 1). The troops stopped at each display 

that they got to and observed the effects of the detonation on the equipment. Due to 

radiation intensities, the 900-yard display area was the closest that troops were able 

to approach to GZ. After viewing this display area, the observers returned to parking 

area P, where all personnel and vehicles were monitored for contamination before 

departure. The observers departed parking area P by motor convoy at about 0940 for 

Camp Desert Rock, where they arrived at 1100. 

Maneuver Units. Maneuver units for Shot George consisted of: 

369th Engineer Amphibious Support Regiment (minus Boat Battalion) 

Headquarters and Service Company 

Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Shore Battalion 

Companies D, E, and F 

31st Transportation Truck Company 

Tank Platoon, First Armored Division 

(References 1, 9, and 10) 

Approximately 1400 troops participated in the maneuver (References 1 and 7). 

In the days preceding the shot, Camp Desert Rock instructors presented an indoctrination of nuclear weapons effects, protective measures, and the plan for shot day. The 

week before the shot, the troops rehearsed their shot day activities. 

On shot day, the maneuver units left Camp Desert Rock by motor convoy at 

about 0155 hours. They arrived in the trench area two hours later (Reference I). 

Until they began their post-shot maneuver, the maneuver troops followed the same 

scenario as the observers, except that tank crews remained inside their tanks, near the 

24 
trenches, for the detonation. Because of the proficiency demonstrated by Army 

radiation monitors at previous shots, Desert Rock commanders were authorized to 

commence maneuvers immediately after the shock wave, with monitors to ensure 

radiological safety, rather than wait for the usual declaration of R-hour by the AEC 

(References 1 and 7). The maneuver units on foot were led by five tanks and followed 

by the vehicles that had brought them to the trench area (Reference 1). The troops 

reached their objective (see Figure 5) and, as radiation levels were low there, 

continued their advance. The tanks, however, are judged to have followed the original 

plan and turned left at the objective to proceed to parking area P. Due to the 

sensitivity of the display and scientific experimental areas, any deviation from the 

planned movement would almost certainly have not been permitted for the tanks. At 

about 0645 hours, the troops reached a radiation intensity of 500 mr/hr, the limit for 

forward advance (References 1 and 7). The troops moved laterally to the 900-yard 

equipment display area, arriving there at about 0655 hours (Reference 20). After 

viewing the effects of the detonation on the equipment, the troops moved to the 1700-

yard equipment display. They then moved to parking area P, where the trucks were 

waiting, arriving there at about 0745. All personnel and vehicles were then monitored. 

The troops departed parking area P at about 0815 by motor convoy, arriving at Camp 

Desert Rock at about 0940. 

25 
SECTION 3 

INITIAL RADIATION 

No military personnel were located closer than 7,000 yards from any detonation. 

Previous calculations have established that, for the type of devices detonated at 

Operation Tumbler-Snapper, there would have been a negligible (less than 0.001 rem) 

initial dose for personnel at this distance, whether in trenches or in the open 

(Reference 25). 

26 
SECTION 4 

RESIDUAL RADIATION 

4.1 RESIDUAL GAMMA EXPOSURE. 

External gamma doses are reconstructed for observers and maneuver troops, 

based on their activities in the fallout and neutron-induced activity fields of Shots 

Charlie, Dog, Fox, and George. A computerized methodology, described in 

Reference 2, determines the radiological environment for each shot of interest. From 

this, doses are calculated based on the scenario of activities. Iso-intensity contours 

with superimposed troop tracks are displayed for each shot. 

The computer-calculated doses do not reflect the presence of the human body in 

the radiological environment. Despite the penetrating ability of gamma rays from 

fission and activation products, the body affords some shielding; hence, the gamma 

dose to any organ depends on the geometry of the radiation source and the body 

position. In order to represent reconstructed film badge readings, gamma doses are 

calculated for the surface of the chest, where a film badge is normally worn. The 

calculated film badge dose rate is related to the free-field gamma intensity through 

the conversion factor developed in Reference 26: I R/hr -0.7 rem/hr. 

Observer dose calculations are categorized by the shot in which each observer 

group participated. Contributions from previous shots to the dose are noted as they 

arise. 

Because of limited data concerning the details of display inspection and the 

timing involved, estimates are required for various parameters. Rates of movement 

are estimated from planned times or the few reported times, the number of displays 

viewed, the calculated or reported position of radiological safety limits, and the 

consequent distance to be traversed. A reasonable and consistent set of parameters is 

50 yds/min walking speed between displays (including the starting and stopping of 

troops), 5 minutes at each display and at the limit of march toward CZ, and 70 yds/min 

on the return. Speeds for motor movements are taken from the operation plans or 

estimated from road conditions and vehicle type. 

27 
4.1.1 Shot Charlie. 

The Charlie residual radiation contours are nearly circular and symmetric, 

typical of the neutron-induced activity of a high air burst. The radiation intensities 

were very low--the closest contour shown in Figure 6 represents the 10 mr/hr level. 

Therefore, rad-safe criteria played no constraining role in post-shot activities. Based 

on the scenario described in Section 2, it is calculated that the ground troops received 

a film badge dose of 19 mrem during their movement through the display areas and to 

the rendezvous point with the paratroops. Because the Charlie cloud drifted out of 

range before the aircraft took off, the paratroops would have received no dose while in 

the aircraft or in descent. During their movement to the rendezvous point, the 

paratroops received a dose of 2 mrem. During their movement together back to the 

parking area, the maneuver troops received a dose of 9 mrem. Therefore, the ground 

troops received a total dose of 28 mrem, and the paratroops a total dose of 11 mrem. 

The observers, moving as described in Section 2, received a dose of 19 mrem. 

4.1.2 Shot Dog. 

As seen in Figure 7, the radiation contour lines are nearly circular and 

symmetric, typical of neutron induced activity of an air burst. The maneuver and 

observer elements advanced together and would have reached the 500 mr/hr line, the 

usual limit for forward advance, at about 900 yards from ground zero. However, 

Reference 20 states that troops advanced to within 100-200 yards of the display area 

nearest ground zero. This would have placed the distance of closest approach at about 

500 yards from ground zero, where the radiation intensity would have been about 

5 R/hr. Available documentation has indicated the possibility of advancing past 0.5 

R/hr if so ordered by the Desert Rock Commanding General (after consulting with radsafe personnel). Moreover, the 0.5 R/hr intensity restriction may not have applied to 

the Marine Corps maneuver. In Operation Upshot-Knothole (19531, the Marine Corps 

maneuver had a limit different from that of other troop activities (Reference 271, but 

no positive indication of a similar limit for this operation exists in available 

documentation. 

28 
_, -, ./ 3 IJwHARLIE Gz/ ’ 

/ ? i 

1 

loo0 2DoD I 

METERS 

Figure 6. Shot Charlie residual radiation (R/hr @ H+l) 

and observer and maneuver troop routes. 

29 
18 

01 

06 

05 

04 

03 

02 

0 1000 2oDD It* ” ’ • ’ YARDS -Nloo0 2000 I 

METERS 

Figure 7. Shot Dog residual radiation (R/hr 8 H+l)

and maneuver troop routes. 

30 
Based on the foregoing scenario, the residual gamma film badge dose for the 

forward elements was 370 mrem. 

4.1.3 Shot Fox. 

Radiation contours for Shot Fox are shown in Figure 8. Calculations show that 

the troops would have reached the 500 mr/hr line about 100 yards before arriving at 

the 550-yard equipment display area. However, the intensity at this display would 

have been less than 800 mr/hr, and it is possible that a decision was made to view the 

display. In order to consider this possibility, it is assumed that the troops did advance 

to the 550-yard display. Based on this scenario, Shot Fox participants received a film 

badge dose of 126 mrem. 

4.1.4 Shot George. 

Radiation contours for Shot George are shown in Figure 9. It is not clear from 

the available records whether the maneuver troops stopped their advance at their 

objective, some 2500 yards south of ground zero, as planned, or continued their 

advance beyond the objective. The radiation intensity at the objective would have 

been less than 10 mr/hr. The maneuver troops could have advanced to the 500 mr/hr 

line, which would have been about 850 yards from CZ, then moved about 500 yards 

laterally along the isopleth to the VOO-yard display area and then the 1700-yard 

display. Based on this scenario, the calculated film badge dose for the maneuver 

troops is 106 mrem. The observers, moving as described in Section 2, received a film 

badge dose of 28 mrem. 

4.2 INTERNAL RADIATION EXPOSURE. 

While operating in residual radiation fields, participants were subject to an 

internal dose commitment from the inhalation of airborne radionuclides. The internal 

dose pathways are resuspension of fresh fallout and suspension of neutron-activated 

soil while marching. Internal dose commitments for maneuver troops and observers, 

investigated and reported in Reference 28, are shown to be 150 mrem or less for a 

50-year bone dose commitment. 

31 
Figure 8. Shot Fox residual radiation (R/hr @ H+l) 

and observer routes. 

32 
‘1 

-1 CI2

01 

I 

00 

Diwlav M 

99 

1 Parking 

‘, Area P -

‘b_ 

-._ 

‘L -1; 

-\ 

95 

91 

,

-

_~ 

0 I 1m

I 

YARDS 

r I 

95 

? lODO 

METERS 

Figure 9. Shot George residual radiation (R/hr @ H+l)

and observer and maneuver-troop routes. 

33 
4.3 RESIDUAL RADIATION DOSE SUMMARY. 

are 

The calculated film 

summarized below: 

badge doses (mrem) to Exercise Desert Rock IV personnel 

Shot 

Observers 

Ground Maneuver 

Paratroops 

Troops 

CHARLIE 

19 

28 

11 

DOG 

370 

370 

FOX 

126 

N/A 

GEORGE 

28 

106 

34 
SECTION 5 

UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS AND TOTAL DOSE DETERMINATION 

The sources of error in the calculation of residual doses are examined in order to 

quantitatively estimate the uncertainty in the dose for each unit. The approach for 

quantifying the uncertainty follows that for previous analyses. References 26 and 27 

give a more comprehensive treatment of the methodology. 

5.1 UNCERTAINTIES IN RESIDUAL RADIATION DOSE. 

The uncertainty in calculated residual radiation doses arises from two basic 

sources: (1) gamma radiation environment, and (2) the space-time scenario of troop 

movements. The 90-percent confidence limits in the gamma intensity, including the 

uncertainty in the decay exponent and the time-space variations in troop scenarios, 

are facilitated through parametric studies using an automated dose determination 

procedure developed in previous analyses (Reference 2). 

In the display areas, the limits of advance were not always reported. When the 

references do not report which equipment display lines were inspected, the assumption 

is made that all of the displays within rad-safe limits were inspected. The dose 

accrued within the display area is usually maximized if the innermost display visited is 

coincident with the rad-safe limit. Within the uncertainty of the radiation field, this 

is often a possibility. 

The timing of the troops’ march is generally based on the planned time of attack, 

time of arrival at the objective, and arrival at the pickup point. Reasonable march 

speeds and display area stay times are assumed, in order to construct a scenario 

consistent with the planned times. The most important influence of timing on the 

uncertainty in dose is the time spent at the position(s) of greatest gamma intensity. 

Uncertainties based on timing are high-sided by coupling stay times (all upper limits 

are considered together) and by ignoring the overall time constraint on the combination of long stay times clr.2 slow march speeds. 

35 
The various sources of error are combined approximately; they cannot be 

combined rigorously due to the disparity of their associated distributions. While some 

distributions are normal as expressed (e.g., a march speed 210 yds/min or a halt point 

2100 yards from GZ), they imply a more lognormal distribution in dose. For each 

source of uncertainty, the limits on dose are interpreted in terms of error factors on 

the best-estimate doses from Section 4. Uncertainties are combined as for lognormal 

distributions. The overall uncertainties permit determination of the mean dose from 

residual radiation for each shot. Only for significantly skewed distributions is the 

mean much different from the best estimate. For multiple exposures, the means may 

be legitimately added to find the mean total dose, which may be compared to film 

badge data or entered as an individual’s assigned gamma dose. Ninety-percent 

confidence limits are estimated for each calculated dose. 

5.1.1 Shot Charlie. 

Paratroops. Uncertainty in the residual radiation dose for Shot Charlie 

Paratroop units stems from two sources: (1) the residual radiation field and (2) marching speeds. The marching speed for the paratroops was taken to be 70 _+ 10 yds/min. 

The calculated film badge doses, with uncertainties, are: 

Source of Uncertainty 

Residual March 

Field Speeds Combined 

11 +2 11 +2 11 +3 -2 -2 -2 

Ground Troops. Uncertainty in the residual radiation dose for Shot Charlie 

maneuver units stems from three sources: (1) the residual radiation field, (2) marching 

speeds, and (3) stay times at the equipment display areas. Marching speeds were taken 

to be 50 210 yds/min while marching between the display areas, and 70 210 yds/min 

while marching to meet the paratroops and on return to the parking area. Stay times 

were taken to be five minutes with a factor of two variation. The calculated film 

badge doses, with uncertainties, are: 

36 
Source of Uncertainty 

Residual March Stay 

Field Speed Times Combined 

28 +7 28 +1° 28 +12 28 +17 -5 -8 -8 -11 

Observers. Uncertainty in residual radiation dose for Shot Charlie observers is 

due to the three same sources as for the maneuver troops. The calculated film badge 

doses, with uncertainties, are: 

+lO 19 +4 19 +2 -3 -2 l9 -6 

5.1.2 Shot Dog. 

The main sources in uncertainty for Shot Dog are (1) the distance of closest 

approach to GZ, (2) marching speeds, and (3) the radiation field intensity. Based on 

available references, the distance of closest approach could be uncertain by as much 

as 100 yards--if the troops reached only 200 yards from the outermost display or 100 

yards from the innermost display of position 1. Therefore, a distance of closest 

approach of 500 +iit yards was used. Marching speeds of 50 $0” ydsfmin and 70 -+:t 

yds/min were used in the calculation. The computer construction provides upper and 

lower limits due to uncertainty in radiation intensities. Since most of the dose was 

accrued near the point of closest approach, stay times had little effect on total 

uncertainty. The calculated film badge doses, with uncertainties, are: 

Source of Uncertainty 

Distance of 

Closest March Residual 

Approach Speeds Field Combined 

+60 +50 370 +240 370 +260 -140 37O -50 370 -50 -150 

37 
5.1.3 Shot Fox. 

Uncertainty in the residual radiation dose for Shot Fox stems from two sources: 

(1) time spent at the display areas, and (2) the reconstructed radiation contours. Stay 

times are assumed to be 5 minutes, with an error factor of 2. Most of the dose was 

accumulated at or near the 550-yard display area; thus march speeds and timing of 

activities contribute negligibly to overall uncertainty. March speeds were assumed to 

be 50 +I0 yds/min during approach to GZ and 70 +lOyds/min during the return to the 

parking area. The calculated film badge doses, with errors, are: 

Source of Uncertainty 

Stay Residual 

Times Field Combined 

126 +47 126 +23 126 +54 -34 -19 -3% 

5.1.4 Shot George. 

Observers. The sources of uncertainty in dose reconstruction for the observers 

are from (1) the residual field intensity and (2) stay time at the YOO-yard equipment 

display area. A stay time of five minutes was used for the computer reconstruction, 

but a stay time of as long as ten minutes is used for the YO-percent confidence limit. 

Uncertainty in other stay times, marching speeds, and activity times contribute 

negligibly to overall uncertainty. The calculated film badge doses, with uncertainties 

are: 

Source of Uncertainty 

Residual Stay 

Field Times Combined 

28 +16 28 +I1 28 +20 -10 -8 - 12 

38 
••

Maneuvers. Sources of uncertainty in the dose reconstruction for the maneuver 

troops are due to: (1) the residual field intensity, (2) stay time at the 900 yard display 

area, and (3) distance moved laterally along the 500 mr/hr line. A stay time of 10 

minutes was used for the VO-percent confidence limit. The distance the troops moved 

laterally along the 500 mr/hr line was given in Section 4 as about 500 yards, but due to 

uncertainty in the exact route of advance towards CZ, this distance could have varied 

by + 100 yards. The calculated film badge doses, with uncertainties, are: 

Source of Uncertainty 

Distance 

Marched along 

Residual Stay 500 mr/hr 

Field Times Line Combined 

+88 106 +85 106 +16 106 +14 -47 -14 -12 lo6 _ 50 

5.2 TOTAL DOSE SUMMARY. 

The reconstructed gamma doses for Exercise Desert Rock IV units are presented 

in Table 4. From the best-estimate doses of Section 4 and the error distributions of 

Section 5, the mean gamma dose for each unit is calculated. These are presented 

along with estimated VO-percent confidence limits. 

39 
Table 4. Dose summary, Operation Tumbler-Snapper. 

Shot Unit 

CHARLIE Paratroops 

Ground troops 

Observers 

DOG Maneuver troops 

FOX Observers 

GEORGE Maneuver troops 

Observers 

Total Dose (rem) 

0.011 +*003 -.002 

0 028 . +*020

- .OlO 

0 019 . +*010

- .006 

0. 370 +*260 -.150 

0 +*050 . 130 -.040 

0.110 -+:;g 

0 028 . +*02’ -.OlO 

40 
SECTION 6 

FILM BADGE DOSIMETRY 

Film badge records for Operation Tumbler-Snapper are available from a film 

badge list for Shots Fox and George. For Shot Dog, the only indication of exposure is a 

statement in Reference 6 that integrated doses were less than 500 mrem for most 

personnel. No other records of exposure are available. 

For Shot Fox, 104 records are available. It is not known to which Shot Fox units 

these records pertain. Aside from six outliers, the badges appear to have a bimodal 

distribution. One group of 10 badges has a mean of 107 mrem and standard deviation 

of 31 mrem, which compares very well with the reconstructed dose of 130 _‘zg mrem. 

The second group consists of 88 badges with a mean of 303 mrem and a standard 

deviation of 51 mrem. The highest reading (isolated) of any Shot Fox film badge was 

840 mrem. It is possible that these badges represent undocumented activities of other 

Shot Fox participants. It is noted that the 104 film badge records available for Shot 

Fox are a very small sample, with unknown representativeness, of the estimated 

1450 observers, and that there are no badges for the largest participating unit, the 

701st AIB. However, all film badges indicated exposures significantly less than the 

maximum permitted dose of 3 rem. 

For Shot George, 238 records are available. The badges have a mean dose of 

156 mrem and a standard deviation of 27 mrem. The highest reading (one of 9 outliers) 

was 300 mrem. The calculated film badge dose of 106 I$; mrem compares well with 

the actual film badge doses, particularly when the distribution of badge readings is 

compared with the confidence range of the calculated doses. Reference 6 indicates 

that the average exposure for this shot was less than 500 mrem. 

41 
SECTION 7 

CONCLUSIONS 

Exercise Desert Rock IV personnel participated in four of the eight test shots of 

Operation Tumbler-Snapper. No personnel were located closer than 7000 yards from 

ground zero at the time of the detonations. Moreover, all personnel were in trenches 

or had similar protection. 

Initial radiation dose was insignificant for all participants, due to the large 

distance from the shot. 

Residual radiation doses were very low, ranging from 0.011 rem (Shot Charlie, 

paratroop unit) to 0.37 rem (Shot Dog participants). 

The 50-year bone dose commitment for inhaled radionuclides was determined in 

Reference 28 to be 0.15 rem or less for all participants. 

Calculated doses for all observers and maneuver troops were far less than the 

maximum allowable dose of 3 rem. 

In general, available film badge data correlates well with the calculated gamma 

doses. 

42 
SECTION 8 

LIST OF REFERENCES 

1. “Exercise Desert Rock IV, April-June 1952,” Sixth Army, 1952. AD/A078 

565*/““. 

2. “Analysis of Radiation Exposure for Troop Observers, Exercise Desert Rock VI, 

Operation Teapot,” DNA 5354F, Defense Nuclear Agency, 28 April 1981. 

AD/A121 701*/**. 

3. Letter from Brig. Gen. Herbert B. Loper, Chief, AFSWP, to Director, Division of 

Military Application, US Atomic Energy Commission, April 3, 1952.“” 

4. Letter from A.R. Luedecke, Deputy Chief, AFSWP, to Director, Division of 

Military Application, US Atomic Energy Commision, March 7, 1952.“” 

5. Annex ABLE to Operation Order 6-52, Headquarters, Fleet Marine Force, 

Atlantic, revision of 14 April 1952.** 

6. “Final Report - Tumbler-Snapper,” Desert Rock Liaison Section, J-3, Test 

Command, AFSWP, June 2, 1953.“” 

7. Desert Rock Participation in Shot No. 8, Letter from BGEN Storke to Carroll L. 

Tyler, Test Manager, US Atomic Energy Commission, 19 May 1952.** 

8. “Operation Snapper, Final Report,” Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, 

WT-564, 1952. AD/B951 764.” 

9. Desert Rock IV - Letter of Instruction No. I, Hq Sixth Army, Presidio of San 

Francisco, CA, 19 March 1952.** 

10. Memo to Commanding General, Sixth Army, Presidio of San Francisco, Subject: 

Desert Rock IV, Office, Chief of Army Field Forces, Fort Monroe, VA., 19 March 

1952.” * 

11. Annex #3 (Personnel and Vehicles) to Operation Order #3, Exercise Desert 

Rock IV, Charlie, Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock, Las Vegas, Nevada, 17 April 

1952.““” 

12. Operation Order W6, Exercise Desert Rock IV, Fox, Hq. Camp Desert Rock, Las 

Vegas, Nevada, 8 May, 1952.** 

13. Shots Able, Baker, Charlie, and Dog, The First Tests of the Tumbler-Snapper 

Series, 1 April-l May 1952, DNA 6020F, June 1982. AD/A122 241*/**. 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page following. 

43 
14. “Report on Exercise Desert Rock IV, 22 April 1952,” US Atomic Energy 

Commission, Memo from LTC R.P. Campbell, Jr., to: Col. G.F. Schlatter, 

USAF, April 24, 1952.** 

15. “Summaries of Shots l-3, 5, and 7” Clark, J.C. Deputy Test Director, 1952.*X 

16. “Reactions of Troops in Atomic Maneuvers - Exercise Desert Rock IV,” Operations Research Office, The Johns Hopkins University, Chevy Chase, MD. OROT-240. July 1953. AD 026 280*. 

17. “Aircraft Participation in Tumbler-Snapper,” Air Force Special Weapons Center, 

SWO, D/F to Adjutant General Command Historian, 9 June 1952.“” 

18. “Technical Air Operations, Operation Tumbler-Snapper,” WT-568, Air Force 

Special Weapons Center, Kirtland AFB, NM. January 1953.*** 

19. “Report of Exercise Desert Rock IV,” Letter from Commanding Officer, First 

Provisional Marine Battalion, to Commanding General, Marine Corps Provisional 

Exercise Unit, Camp Pendleton, 5 May 1952.“” 

20. Memo to Commandant of the Marine Corps, Subject, “Exercise Desert Rock IV -

Marine Corps, report on,” Headquarters, Marine Corps Provisional Exercise Unit, 

Camp Pendleton, CA., 17 May 1952.““” 

21. Operation Plan l-52, Marine Corps Provisional Exercise Unit, Camp Desert 

Rock, Nevada, April 1952.** 

22. “Desert Rock IV - Reactions of an Armored Infantry Battalion to an Atomic 

Bomb Maneuver,” Human Resources Research Office Technical Report 82, 

August 1953. AD 016 451* 

23. Letter from M.W. Boyer, General Manager, AEC, to BGEN H.B. Loper, Chief, 

AFSWP, approving participation of 1500 service troops in Shot 6, May 1952.** 

24. “Shots Easy, Fox, George and How, The Final Tests of the Tumbler-Snapper 

Series, 7 May-5 June 1952,” DNA 6021F, June 1982. AD/A122 240*/**. 

25. “Analysis of Radiation Exposure for Task Force BIG BANG, Shot Galileo, 

Exercise Desert Rock VII-VIII, Operation Plumbbob,” DNA 4772F, Defense 

Nuclear Agency, 9 April 1980. AD/A085 801*/**. 

26. “Analysis of Radiation Exposure for Task Force WARRIOR, Shot Smoky, Exercise 

Desert Rock VII-VIII, Operation Plumbbob,” DNA 4747F, Defense Nuclear 

Agency, 31 May 1979. AD/A070 239*/**. 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page following. 

44 
27. “Analysis of Radiation Exposure, 2nd Marine Provisional Atomic Exercise 

Brigade, Exercise Desert Rock V, Operation Upshot-Knothole,” DNA-TR-82-03, 

5 February 1982. AD/A124 279*/**. 

28. “Low Level Internal Dose Screen, Nuclear Test Personnel Review,” Volume I, 

CONUS Tests, DNA-TR-8%317-Vl, Defense Nuclear Agency, 10 October 1985. 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page following. 

45 
. 

AVAILABILITY INFORMATION 

An availability statement is included at the end of the reference citation for 

those readers who wish to read or obtain copies of source documents. It is anticipated 

that some of the documents marked unavailable may subsequently become available 

during the classification review process. The Coordination and Information Center 

(UC) and the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) will be provided declassified DNA-WT documents bearing an EX after the report number. 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of NTIS may be purchased 

from the National Technical Information Service. When ordering by mail or phone, 

please include both the price code 

parentheses before the NTIS order n

and the 

umber. 

NTIS number. The price code appears in 

National Technical Information Service 

5285 Port Royal Road Phone: 

Springfield, VA 22161 

(703) 487-4650 

(703) 487-4780 

(Sales Office) 

(Identification) 

Source 

reviewed at 

documents bearing an 

the following address: 

availability statement of CIC may be ordered or 

Department of Energy 

Coordination and Information 

3084 S. Highland 

P.O. Box 14400 

Las Vegas, NV 89114-4400 

Center 

Phone: 

FTS: 

(702) 295-0731 

575-0731 

46 
DISTRIBUTION LIST 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

ARMED FORCES RADIOBIOLOGY RSCH INST 

ATTN DEPUTY DIRECTOR 

ATTN DIRECTOR 

ATTN SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR 

ATTN TECHNICAL LIBRARY 

ASST SECY OF DEFENSE PUBLIC AFFAIRS 

ATTN. ASD(PA) 

ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE 

ATTN ASD(HA) 

DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY 

ATTN. RTS-PB 

DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY 

ATTN. GC 

ATTN. PA0 

1OCYS ATTN STBE 

54CYS ATTN STTI-CA 

DEFENSE TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER 

12CYS ATTN. DD 

DEP UNDER SEC OF DEF FOR RSCH 8, ENGRG 

ATTN. DUSDRE RSCH & ADV TECH 

FIELD COMMAND DNA DET 2 

LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LAB 

ATTN FC-1 

FIELD COMMAND DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY 

ATTN. FCL 

2 CYS ATTN. FCLS 

ATTN. FCTT W SUMMA 

ATTN FCTXE 

ATTN FCTXE 

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY 

HARRY DIAMOND LABORATORIES 

ATTN. SLCIS-IM-TL 81100 TECH LIB 

HQ DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY 

5 CYS ATTN DAAG-ESG-N. NTPR 

U S ARMY BALLISTIC RESEARCH LAB 

ATTN. DRDAR-BLV-R J MALONEY 

U S ARMY CTR OF MILITARY HISTORY 

ATTN. LIBRARY 

U S ARMY MEDICAL RSCH & DEV CMD 

ATTN: SGRD-SD 

U S ARMY NUCLEAR &CHEMICAL AGENCY 

ATTN. MONA-ZB C DAVIDSON 

WALTER REED ARMY MEDICAL CENTER 

ATTN. LIBRARY 

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY 

MARINE CORPS HISTORY & MUSEUMS 

ATTN HISTORICAL DIV 

NATIONAL NAVAL MEDICAL CENTER 

ATTN DEPT OF RADIOLOGY 

Al-TN MEDICAL LIBRARY 

NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER 

ATTN. DD ALLARD 

NAVAL MEDICAL COMMAND 

ATTN MEDCOM-2 1 

ATTN NM&S-O0 

ATTN: NM&S-09 

NAVAL OCEAN SYSTEMS CENTER 

ATTN: TECH LIB CODE 9642 

NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND 

ATTN. SEA-08 M MILES 

NAVAL WEAPONS EVALUATION FACILITY 

ATTN: CLASSIFIED LIBRARY 

OFC OF THE DEPUTY CHIEF OF NAVAL OPS 

5 CYS ATTN: NOP0455 

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE 

AEROSPACE MEDICAL DIVISION, AFSC 

ATTN. LIBRARY SCL4 

AIR FORCE HISTORICAL RSCH CTR 

ATTN LIBRARY 

AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 

ATTN. LIBRARY/AFIT/LDEE 

AIR FORCE NUCLEAR TEST REVIEW 

4 CYS ATTN SGPT COL GIBBONS 

47 
DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE (CONTINUED) 

AIR FORCE WEAPONS 

ATTN NT 

ATTN SUL 

LABORATORY, AFSC 

AIR UNIVERSITY 

ATTN 

LIBRARY 

AUL-LSE 

U S AF OCCUPATIONAL & ENV HEALTH LAB 

4CYS ATTN AFNTPR 

ATTN. R2 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

ATTN OMA. DP-22 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

ATTN B CHURCH, HPD 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

ATTN J THIESEN ER-70 

ATTN TECH INFO CTR E-201 

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 

LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LAB 

ATTN L ANSPAUGH 

ATTN L-53 TECH INFO DEPT LIB 

ATTN Y NG 

LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY 

ATTN. F601 T DOWLER 

ATTN IT0 D STILLMAN 

ATTN MS218 P WHALEN 

OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY 

ATTN C RICHMOND 

ATTN G KERR 

OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY 

ATTN T JONES 

REYNOLDS ELECTRICAL AND ENGR CO, INC 

ATTN CIC 

ATTN LST 

ATTN W BRADY 

OTHER GOVERNMENT 

CANCER CENTER, NIH 

ATTN A KNUDSON 

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY 

ATTN OFC OF MED SVCS 

CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION 

ATTN M BLOOM 

ATTN P PRUESS 

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

ATTN C KUYATT 

ATTN 

ATTN 

J HUBBELL 

M EHRLICH 

DEPT OF HEALTH & HUMAN 

ATTN. OFC OF REG 

SERVICES 

REVIEW 

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SVCS 

ATTN- R MURPHY 

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 

ATTN S WEINER 

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 

ATTN H L REIGHARD 

DEPT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES 

ATTN. C SILVERMAN HFX-101 

ATTN: G JOHNSON HFX-4 

ATTN J VILLFORTH HFX-1 

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

ATTN. P MAGNO 

ATTN T THORSLUND 

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

ATTN D ROSENDAUM ANR-458 

ATTN. N NELSON ANR-460 

ATTN W ELLETT ANR-460 

ATTN W MILLS ANR-460 

FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY 

ATTN. C SIEBENTRITT 

ATTN. t-i TOVEY 

ATTN OFC OF RSCH/NP H TOVEY 

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

ATTN SCI & TECH DIV 

NASA HEADQUARTERS 

ATTN M/S SBR-3 P RAMBAUT 

NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE, NIH 

ATTN. B WACHOLZ 

ATTN GBEEBE 

ATTN VZEVE 

NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE, NIH 

ATTN C LAND 

ATTN J FRAUMENI 

ATTN W BLOT 

NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE. NIH 

ATTN: J GART 

NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE, NIH 

ATTN A RABSON 

ATTN D PISTENMAA 

ATTN J WYNGAARDEN 

48 
OTHER GOVERNMENT (CONTINUED) VETERANS ADMINISTRATION 

ATTN: A GRAHAM RADIOLOGY 

NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL ATTN: B POLCARI COMPENSATION 

ATTN. W MURRAY ATTN. D BOSCH BVA 

2 CYS ATTN D STARBUCK 

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH ATTN. L HOBSON 

ATTN LIBRARY ACQ UNIT 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION HOSPITAL 

NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE, NIH ATTN. R YALOW 

ATTN. LIBRARY 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION ATTN DIRECTOR 

ATTN P HARRLMAN 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

NATL HEART, LUNG & BLOOD INSTITUTE, NIH ATTN DIRECTOR 

ATTN. W ZUKEL 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

OFFICE ON SMOKING & HEALTH ATTN. DIRECTOR 

ATTN. J PINNEY 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

SUBCOMMITTEE OF NUCLEAR REGULATORY ATTN. DIRECTOR 

ATTN. J CURTISS 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

U S HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ATTN. DIRECTOR 

ATTN SUBCOMM ON MIL PER & COMP 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

U S HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ATTN DIRECTOR 

ATTN. SUBCOMM ON HEALTH & ENVIR 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

U S HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ATTN: DIRECTOR 

2 CYS ATTN: MAJORITY COUNSEL 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

U S NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION ATTN DIRECTOR 

ATTN R WHIPP FOR F ARSENAULT 

ATTN R WHIPP FOR R MINOGUE VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN R WHIPP FOR W MILLS ATTN DIRECTOR 

U S PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN: LIBRARY ATTN. DIRECTOR 

U S SENATE VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN J MCGOVERN ATTN: DIRECTOR 

U S SENATE VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

3 CYS ATTN MAJORITY COUNSEL ATTN. DIRECTOR 

U S SENATE VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN S ULM SENATE COURT ATTN. DIRECTOR 

VETERANS ADMIN MEDICAL CENTER VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN K LEE ATTN. DIRECTOR 

VETERANS ADMIN MEDICAL CENTER VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN. D MCGREGOR ATTN: DIRECTOR 

VETERANS ADMIN MEDICAL CENTER VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN C TESSMER ATTN. DIRECTOR 

VETERANS ADMIN WADSWORTH HOSPITAL CTR VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN T MAKINODAN ATTN DIRECTOR 

49 
OTHER GOVERNMENT (CONTINUED) VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN. DIRCTOR 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN: DIRECTOR 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN: DIRECTOR VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN: DIRECTOR 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN. DIRECTOR 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN. DIRECTOR VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN. DIRECTOR 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN. DIRECTOR VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN. DIRECCTOR 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN. DIRECTOR VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN. DIRECTOR 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-RO 

ATTN DIRECTOR 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-RP 

ATTN DIRECTOR 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR WHITE HOUSE (THE) 

ATTN OFC OF POLICY DEV (DP) 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 

ATTN DIRECTOR DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 ADVANCED RESEARCH &APPLICATIONS CORP 

ATTN DIRECTOR ATTN R ARMISTEAD 

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION-R0 BDM CORP 

ATTN DIRECTOR ATTN J BRADDOCK 

50 
DEPT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (CONTINUED) EDF - RETN 1 

ATTN LIBRARY 

JAYCOR 

ATTN A NELSON INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RSCH 

ATTN. A TASKAR 

KAMAN TEMPO 

ATTN DASIAC JAPAN-HAWAII CANCER STUDY 

ATTN G GLOBER 

KAMAN TEMPO 

ATTN. DASIAC MAURICE DELPLA 

ATTN M DELPLA 

LOUISIANA UNIV SCH OF MED, SHREVEPORT 

ATTN LIBRARY MCGILL UNIVERSITY 

ATTN R OSEASOHN 

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 

ATTN C ROBINETTE PRESIDENTE UMBERTO COLOMBO 

ATTN S JABLON ATTN: LIBRARY 

NEBRASKA, UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO SCH OF MEDICINE, UNIV OF 

ATTN LIBRARY ATTN: LIBRARY 

NORTHROP CORP UNITED KINGDOM SCIENTIFIC MISSION 

ATTN Z SHANFIELD ATTN MIL LIASION FOR D FAKLEY 

2 CYS ATTN PUBS FOR MRC SO 128 

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 

ATTN LIBRARY DIRECTORY OF OTHER 

PACIFIC-SIERRA RESEARCH CORP AKRON PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN. H BRODE, CHAIRMAN SAGE ATTN: GOVT PUB LIBN 

R & D ASSOCIATES ALABAMA, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN C K B LEE ATTN. DIR OF LIBS REGIONAL 

R & D ASSOCIATES ALASKA, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN A DEVERILL ATTN DIR OF LIBRARIES 

RADIATION RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, INC ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN- N SCHAEFFER ATTN LIBRARIAN 

RAND CORP ANAHEIM PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN P DAVIS ATTN LIBRARIAN 

ATTN TECH LIBRARY 

ARIZONA, UNIVERSITY 

RAND CORP ATTN. LIBRARIAN 

ATTN B BENNETT 

ARKANSAS COLLEGE LIBRARY 

SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTL CORP ATTN. LIBRARY 

ATTN C THOMAS 

2CYS ATTN- EORTLIEB ARKANSAS LIBRARY COMM 

2 CYS ATTN: J GOETZ ATTN. LIBRARY 

2 CYS ATTN J KLEMM 

ATTN. J MCGAHAN ARKANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF 

2 CYS ATTN W DETLEFS ATTN GOVT DOCUMENTS DIV 

SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION SERVICES, INC BEMIDJI STATE COLLEGE 

ATTN: LIBRARY ATTN. LIBRARY 

FOREIGN BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY 

ATTN DOCS COLLECTION 

CANADIAN EMBASSY 

ATTN LIBRARY 

51 
DIRECTORY OF OTHER (CONTINUED) COORDINATION 81 INFORMATION CTR 

ATTN: C/O REECD 

BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY 

ATTN A B BRILL MEDICAL DEPT CORNELL UNIVERSITY 

ATTN. E CRONKITE MEDICAL DEPT ATTN W FEDERER 

ATTN M BENDER MEDICAL DEPT 

ATTN TECHNICAL LIBRARY DALLAS PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN V BOND ATTN LIBRARIAN 

BURLINGTON LIBRARY DAYTON & MONTGOMERY CITY PUB LIB 

ATTN LIBRARIAN ATTN LIBRARIAN 

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 

ATTN E LEWIS 

ATTN R CHRISTY 

DECATUR PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN LIBRARIAN 

CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY 

ATTN LIBRARIAN 

(REGIONAL) 

DELTA STATE UNIVERSITY 

ATTN- LIBRARIAN 

CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY 

ATTN LIBRARIAN 

DETROIT PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN LIBRARIAN 

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY 

ATTN GOVT DOCUMENTS DEPT 

DICKINSON STATE COLLEGE 

ATTN LIBRARIAN 

CALVIN T RYAN LIBRARY 

ATTN. GOVT DOCUMENTS DEPT 

DREW, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN LIBRARY 

CENTRAL FLORIDA UNIV OF 

ATTN LIB DOCS DEPT 

DULUTH PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN DOCUMENTS SECTION 

CENTRAL WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 

ATTN LIB DOCS SECTION 

EAST CAROLINA 

ATTN. 

UNIVERSITY 

LIBRARY DOCS DEPT 

CHARLESTON 

ATTN 

COUNTY LIBRARY 

LIBRARIAN 

EASTERN BRANCH 

ATTN. LIBRARIAN 

CHARLOTTE & MECHLENBURG 

ATTN E CORRELL 

COUNTY PUB LIB 

EL PASO PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN DOCS 8, GENEOLOGY DEPT 

CHATTANOOGA 

ATTN 

HAMILTON 

LIBRARIAN 

CO 

ENOCH PRATT 

ATTN 

FREE LIBRARY 

DOCS OFFICE 

CHICAGO PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN GOVTS PUBS DEPT 

EVANSVILLE & VANDERBURGH 

ATTN LIBRARIAN 

COUNTY PUB LIB 

CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN P MEIER 

FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY 

ATTN DOCUMENTS DEPARTMENT 

COLORADO STATE UNIV LIBS 

ATTN LIBRARIAN 

FOND DU LAC PUBLIC LIB 

ATTN LIBRARIAN 

COLORADO, UNIVERSITY 

ATTN LIBRARY 

OF 

FORT HAYS STATE UNIVERSITY 

ATTN. LIBRARIAN 

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 

ATTN A BLOOM 

FORT WORTH 

ATTN 

PUBLIC LIBRARY 

LIBRARIAN 

ATTN LIBRARY FRESNO COUNTY FREE LIBRARY 

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 

ATTN LIBRARIAN 

ATTN DIV OF BIOSTATISTICS 

52 
DIRECTORY OF OTHER (CONTINUED) KANSAS STATE UNIV LIBRARY 

ATTN: DOCUMENTS DEPT 

GADSEN PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN LIBRARIAN KANSAS UNIV OF AGRI &APPLIED SCIENCE 

ATTN H FRYER 

GEORGIA, MEDICAL COLLEGE OF 

ATTN L STODDARD KENTUCKY DEPT OF LIBRARY &ARCHIVES 

ATTN DOCUMENTS SECTION 

GRAND RAPIDS PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN: DIR OF LIBRARIES KENTUCKY, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN. DIR OF LIBS REGIONAL 

GREENVILLE COUNTY LIBRARY 

ATTN: LIBRARIAN KINGSTON HOSPITAL 

ATTN. K JOHNSON 

GUAM RFK MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY LIB 

ATTN: FED DEPOS COLLECTION LOS ANGELES PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN. SERIALS DIV U S DOCS 

HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 

ATTN: J BAILOR LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY 

ATTN: LIBRARY ATTN. DIR OF LIBS REGIONAL 

ATTN: R REED 

MAINE UNIVERSITY, OF 

HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH ATTN: LIBRARIAN 

ATTN: B MACMAHON 

MANKATO STATE COLLEGE 

HARVARD UNIVERSITY ATTN: GOVT PUBLICATIONS 

ATTN. W COCHRAN 

MANTOR LIBRARY 

HAWAII, UNIVERSITY OF ATTN DIR OF LIBRARIES 

ATTN: Y MATSUMOTO 

MARATHON COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 

HOPKINSVILLE COMM COLL ATTN. LIBRARIAN 

ATTN: LIBRARIAN 

MARYLAND UNIVERSITY OF 

IDAHO STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ATTN MCKELDIN LIBR DOCS DIV 

ATTN DOC DEPARTMENT 

MAUI PUBLIC LIBRARY 

IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF ATTN LIBRARIAN 

ATTN DIR OF LIBRARIES REGIONAL 

MEMORIAL HOSP FOR CANCER &ALLIED DISEASES 

ILLINOIS STATE LIBRARY (REGIONAL) ATTN- P LIEBERMAN 

ATTN GOVT DOCS BR 

MEMORIAL SLOAN-KETTERING CANCER CENTER 

INDIANA STATE LIBRARY (REGIONAL) ATTN J LAUGHLIN 

ATTN SERIAL SECTION ATTN P MARKS 

INDIANA UNIVERSITY MEMPHIS SHELBY COUNTY PUB LIB & INFO CTR 

ATTN. F PUTNAM ATTN. LIBRARIAN 

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY MERCER UNIVERSITY 

ATTN: T BANCROFT ATTN LIBRARIAN 

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY MERCK, SHARP & DOHME INTL 

ATTN A KIMBALL ATTN A BEARN 

ATTN: R SELTSER 

MESA COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 

KANSAS CITY PUBLIC LIBRARY ATTN LIBRARIAN 

ATTN: DOCUMENTS DIV 

MIAMI PUBLIC LIBRARY 

KANSAS STATE LIBRARY ATTN: DOCUMENTS DIV 

ATTN: LIBRARIAN 

53 
DIRECTORY OF OTHER (CONTINUED) NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 

ATTN A UPTON 

MIAMI, UNIVERSITY OF ATTN. B FOSTERNACK 

ATTN P HODES ATTN LIBRARY 

ATTN. M EISENBUD 

MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL, UNIV OF 

ATTN J NEEL NEWARK FREE LIBRARY 

ATTN. LIBRARIAN 

MICHIGAN STATE LIBRARY 

ATTN LIBRARIAN NORTH CAROLINA UNIV AT WILMINGTON 

ATTN. LIBRARIAN 

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN R CORNELL NORTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN B GREENBERG 

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF ATTN. LIBRARY FOR DEAN 

ATTN F MOORE 

NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY LIB 

MINNESOTA DEPT OF HEALTH ATTN. GOVT DOCUMENTS DEPT 

ATTN D LILIENFELD 

NORTHERN IOWA UNIVERSITY 

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF ATTN LIBRARY 

ATTN J BEARMAN 

ATTN L SCHUMAN NORTHERN MICHIGAN UNIV 

ATTN LIBRARY ATTN DOCUMENTS 

MINOT STATE COLLEGE NORTHERN MONTANA COLLEGE LIBRARY 

ATTN LIBRARIAN ATTN. LIBRARIAN 

MISSOURI, UNIVERSITY LIBRARY NORTHWESTERh’ MICHIGAN COLLEGE 

ATTN GOVERNMENT DOCS ATTN LIBRARIAN 

MONTANA STATE LIBRARY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 

ATTN LIBRARIAN ATTN: H CEMBER 

NASSAU LIBRARY SYSTEM OAK RIDGE ASSOCIATED UNIVERSITIES 

ATTN LIBRARIAN ATTN D LUSHBAUGH 

ATTN E TOMPKINS 

NATL COUNCIL ON RADIATION ATTN J TOTTER 

ATTN W SINCLAIR 

OHIO STATE LIBRARY 

NATRONA COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY ATTN LIBRARIAN 

ATTN LIBRARIAN 

OKLAHOMA DEPT OF LIBS 

NEW HAMPSIRE UNIVERSITY LIB ATTN U S GOVT DOCUMENTS 

ATTN LIBRARIAN 

OKLAHOMA, UNIVERSITY OF 

NEW MEXICO, UNIV OF ATTN P ANDERSON 

ATTN C KEY 

ATTN R ANDERSON OREGON STATE LIBRARY 

ATTN LIBRARIAN 

NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN LIBRARIAN OREGON, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN DOCUMENTS SECTION 

NEW YORK STATE LIBRARY 

ATTN DOCS DOCS CONT CULTURAL ED CTR OREGON, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN B PIROFSKY 

NEW YORK STATE UNIV OF 

ATTN LIB DOCS SEC PACIFIC NORTHWEST LABORATORY 

ATTN S MARKS 

NEW YORK UNIV MEDICAL CENTER 

ATTN N NELSON 

54 
DIRECTORY OF OTHER (CONTINUED) 

PENNSYLVANIA STATE LIBRARY 

ATTN: GOVT PUBS SEC 

PENNSYLVANIA UNIV HOSPITAL 

ATTN. S BAUM 

PENNSYLVANIA, UNIV OF 

ATTN P NOWELL 

PEORIA PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN. BUS, SCI &TECH DEPT 

PHILADELPHIA FREE LIB OF 

ATTN GOVT PUBS DEPT 

PITTSBURGH, UNIV OF 

ATTN E RADFORD 

ATTN LIBRARY 

PITTSBURGH, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN: N WALD 

PUBLIC LIB CINCINNATI & HAMILTON COUNTY 

ATTN. LIBRARIAN 

RAPID CITY PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN LIBRARIAN 

READING PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN LIBRARIAN 

RHODE ISLAND LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN. GOVT PUBS OFFICE 

ROCHESTER UNIV MEDICAL CTR 

ATTN C ODOROFF 

ATTN G CASARETT 

ROCHESTER UNIV OF LIB 

ATTN DOCUMENTS SECTION 

ROCHESTER, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN: L HEMPELMANN 

SAINT FRANCIS HOSPITAL 

ATTN: R BLAISDELL 

SAN ANTONIO PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN BUS SCI & TECH DEPT 

SCOTTSBLUFF PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN LIBRARIAN 

SCRANTON PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN LIBRARIAN 

SILAS BRONSON PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN LIBRARIAN 

SIMON SCHWOB MEM LIB 

ATTN. LIBRARIAN 

SIOUX CITY PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN LIBRARIAN 

SOUTH CAROLILNA, MEDICAL UNIV OF 

ATTN PLIU 

SOUTH DAKOTA STATE LIBRARY 

ATTN. FED DOCS DEPT 

SOUTHEASTERN MASSACHUSETTS UNIV LIB 

ATTN. DOCUMENTS SEC 

SOUTHERN ALABAMA, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN. LIBRARIAN 

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, UNIV OF 

ATTN: J BIRREN 

SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY 

ATTN DOCUMENTS CTR 

SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI UNIV OF 

ATTN LIBRARY 

SOUTHERN OREGON COLLEGE 

ATTN LIBRARY 

SOUTHERN UTAH STATE COLLEGE LIBRARY 

ATTN DOCUMENTS DEPT 

SOUTHWEST MISSOURI STATE COLLEGE 

ATTN. LIBRARY 

SPOKANE PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN REFERENCE DEPT 

SPRINGFIELD CITY LIBRARY 

ATTN: DOCUMENTS SECTION 

STANFORD UNIV MEDICAL CENTER 

ATTN J BROWN 

STANFORD UNIVERSITY 

ATTN. L MOSES 

STANFORD UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL 

ATTN: D DORFMAN 

STATE LIBR OF MASS 

ATTN LIBRARIAN 

TACOMA PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN: LIBRARIAN 

TEXAS A & M UNIVERSITY 

ATTN R STONE 

55 
DIRECTORY OF OTHER (CONTINUED) VERMONT, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN DIR OF LIBRARIES 

TEXAS AT AUSTIN, UNIV OF 

ATTN. l-l SUTTON VIRGINIA STATE LIBRARY 

ATTN SERIALS SECTION 

TEXAS STATE LIBRARY 

ATTN US DOCS SECTION VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN. PUBLIC DOCUMENTS 

TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 

ATTN GOVT DOCUMENTS DEPT WASHINGTON STATE LIBRARY 

ATTN DOCUMENTS SECTION 

TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN C S COOK WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN D THOMPSON 

TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN. R STALLONES WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN: A MOTULSKY 

TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN: W SUTOW WEST VIRGINIA COLL OF GRAD STUDIES LIB 

ATTN XXXXX 

TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN G TAYLOR WEST VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN: DIR OF LIE6 REGIONAL 

TOLEDO PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN SOCIAL SCI DEPT WESTERN WYOMING COMMUNITY COLLEGE LIB 

ATTN. XXXXX 

TRENTON FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN LIBRARIAN WISCONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN ACQUISITIONS DEPT 

TULSA UNIVERSITY, OF 

ATTN LIBRARIAN WISCONSIN. UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN: J CROW 

UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY 

ATTN LIBRARIAN WORCESTER PUBLIC LIBRARY 

ATTN LIBRARIAN 

UTAH, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN: LIBRARY YALE UNIVERSITY 

ATTN DIR OF LIBRARIES 

UTAH, UNIVERSITY OF 

ATTN C MAYS YALE UNIVERSITY SCH OF MEDICINE 

ATTN. E WRENN ATTN J MEIGS 

ATTN L LYONS ATTN LIBRARY 

ATTN: LIBRARY 

VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY 

ATTN: R QUINN 

56