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The PLOWSHARE PROGRAM 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUYBER 

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16. SUPPLEYEIITARY NOTES 

This work was sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under RDTGrE RMSS Code 

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ID.KEY WORDS (Cmtlnum on r...,.. alda if nec...q md tdwflb by block number) 

PLOWSHARE Nevada Test Site 

GNOME Car&bad Test Site 

SEDAN Underground nuclear tests 

VELA UNIFORM Nonmilitz.ry applications 

21.AESRtACTW rrrwmaofeunrcmq h fd&f~ by block nutmbm) 

This report describes the activities of DOD personnel and other participants in 

Projects GNOME and SEDAN, the first two nuclear tests of the PLOWSHARE Program. 

The PLOWSHARE nuclear tests were conducted from 1961 to 1973 at the NTS and 

other locations. Activities engaging DOD personnel at GNOME and SEDAN included 

scientific experiments to ::mprove U.S. capabilities in detecting underground 

nuclear explosions and to determine peacetime uses of nuclear explosives. 

_--..

00 ,:“,“\ 1473 EDITlOu OF ( YOV f.S IS Om%LLtE 

UNCLASSIFIED 

SECJRI?~ CLAS~FICATIO~ OF THIS PACE (Whm Dara LntnadJ 
l"?C~ ?.SSTFIED 

S ECURITY CLASSIfICATION OF THfS PAGEMm Dar. 'nf.nd) 

18. SUPPLE?IEIU'TARY KOTES (cant inuedl 

The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Lt. Col. H. L. Reese, USAF, 

under whom this work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research and 

editing contribution of numerous reviewers in the military services and 

other organizations in addition to those writers listed in block 7. 
Fact 

Defense Nuclear Agency 

Public Atfairs Off ice Sheet Washington, D C 20305

Subject: Projects GNOME and SEDAN, The PLOWSHARE Program 

The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) established the PLOWSHARE 

program in June 1957, under the technical direction of the 

Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (LRL).* The program consisted of 

27 nuclear detonations conducted at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) 

and other sites in Colorado and New Mexico from 1961 to 1973. 

The nuclear tests, identified in the first of the accompanying 

tables, were all undergrc,und, either shaft or cratering shots, 

and they had yields of nc more than 200 kilotons. The PLOWSHARE 

nuclear detonations were designed to determine nonmilitary 

applications of nuclear explosives. The primary potential use 

envisioned was in large- scale geographic engineering, in such 

projects as canal, harbor, and dam construction, the stimulation 

of oil and gas wells, ant mining. Considering the peaceful 

objectives of PLOWSHARE, the AEC took the name of the program 

from the Bible: "And they shall beat their swords into 

plowshares" (Isaiah 2:4). 

Projects GNOME and SEDAN, the first two nuclear detonations of 

the PLOWSHARE program, were selected for discussion because they 

were conducted during the period of U.S. atmospheric nuclear 

weapons testing, had documented (although limited) DOD participation, and had sufficient documentation for a discussion of the 

detonations and associated activities. 

Department of Defense Involvement 

The Department of Defense (DOD) did not conduct military exercises during the PLOWSHARE program and had limited involvement in 

the shots. The primary :-ole of the military was to provide 

logistical support. However, technical participation was 

allowed, provided that it did not interfere with AEC activities. 

Summaries of Projects GNOME and SEDAN 

Project GNOME, a shaft detonation, was fired at 1200 hours 

Mountain Standard Time 01 10 December 1961 at a site 40 kilometers southeast of Carlsbad, New Mexico. The first of the 

accompanying figures sho&s the site location. The device was 

buried 1,184 feet underground in bedded rock salt at the end of a 

*Now known as the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. 
1,116-foot hooked and self-sealing tunnel. A shaft 1,216 feet in 

depth and ten feet in diameter ended in a station room connected 

to the tunnel. The detonation, which had a yield of three kilotons, resulted in an underground dome-shaped chamber 60 to SO 

feet high and 160 to 170 feet in diameter. 

Although it had been planned as a contained explosion, GNOME 

vented to the atmosphere. A cloud of steam started to appear at 

the top of the shaft two to three minutes after the detonation. 

Gray smoke and steam, with associated radioactivity, emanated 

from the shaft opening about seven minutes after the detonation. 

Radioactive materials vented to the atmosphere about 340 meters 

southwest of ground zero. The highest measured onsite gamma 

intensity was 1 roentgen per hour (R/h). This intensity was 

recorded 1,300 meters northwest of the shaft opening at 1938 

hours on shot-day. The highest offsite reading was 1.4 R/h, 

encountered 5.5 kilometers west of the Control Point on Highway 

128 one hour after the detonation. Underground recovery operations were delayed, in part because of high radiation levels at 

the shaft opening (for example, 5 R/h at 0908 hours on the day 

after the detonation). Six days after the shot, an initial 

radiological and toxicological survey was conducted to the bottom 

of the shaft. After the survey was completed, underground 

recovery operations were permitted. 

An extensive program of scientific and technical projects was 

conducted to obtain information on the characteristics of a 

nuclear detonation in an underground rock salt formation and to 

explore the feasibility of energy recovery, radioisotope 

recovery, and generated-neutron utilization. To emphasize the 

peaceful aims of Project GNOME, the AEC conducted an observer 

program involving, among others, Government officials, representatives of scientific and industrial groups, and news media 

personnel. 

DOD personnel took part at GNOME in the VELA UNIFORM program, 

conducted by the DOD to develop U.S. capabilities in detecting 

and identifying underground nuclear detonations. The Advanced 

Research Projects Agency of the DOD administered the program, 

which consisted of 19 projects. The Air Force Technical 

Applications Center formulated technical requirements for the 

projects, and the Defense Atomic Support Agency developed and 

directed the activities. DOD personnel also conducted at least 

one other project: Design, Testing, and Field Pumping of Grout 

Mixtures. In addition, the Air Force Special Weapons Center 

(AFSWC) conducted photography, cloud-sampling, and cloud-tracking 

missions at the shot. 

Project SEDAN, a nuclear cratering experiment, was detonated with 

a yield of 104 kilotons at 0900 hours Pacific Standard Time on 

6 July 1962. The shot was fired in Area 10 of the NTS, shown in 

the second of the accompanying figures. The device was buried 

635 feet underground in desert alluvium, and the detonation 

2 

Decontaminating personnel, vehicles, and equipment 

• Maintaining film badge and exposure records to 

determine the exposure of each participant to gamma 

radiation. 

Neutron exposures were to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. 

Such exposures would occur, however, only if personnel were 

0 

positioned close-in at shot-time. Personnel were not permitted 

into areas of 10 R/h or greater unless they had special permission from the AEC. 

U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) personnel conducted offsite 

monitoring. Their activities involved: 

0 Monitoring for offsite radiation 

• Conducting environmental monitoring of air, water, 

and milk 

• Collecting data on fallout patterns. 

USPHS personnel prepared reports, maps, and records describing 

results of the monitoring and data collection. 

Radiation Exposures at Projects GNOME and SEDAN 

Available documentation indicates that two radiation exposures 

exceeded the 3 rem limit. The accompanying table summarizing 

dosimetry information presents film badge exposure data for 

PLOWSHARE participants by service. 

4 
PLOWSHARE EXPERIMENTS 

Event Date 

GNOME 12/10/61 

SEDAN 07/06/62 

ANACOSTIA 11/27/62 

KAWEAH 02/21/63 

TORNILLO 10/11/63 

KLICKITAT 02/20/64 

ACE 06/11/64 

DUB 06/30/64 

PAR 10/09/64 

HANDCAR 11/05/64 

SULKY 12/18/64 

PALANQUIN 04/14/65 

TEMPLAR 03/24/66 

VULCAN 06/25/66 

SAXON 07/28/66 

SIMMS 11/05/66 

SWITCH 06/22/67 

MARVEL 09/21/67 

GASBUGGY 12/10/67 

CABRIOLET 01/26/68 

BUGGY 03/12/68 

STODDARD 09/17/68 

SCHOONER 12/08/68 

1,ocation 

(Zarlsbad, 

NM 

NTS 

NTS 

NTS 

NTS 

NTS 

NTS 

NTS 

NTS 

NTS 

NTS 

NTS 

NTS 

NTS 

NTS 

NTS 

NTS 

NTS 

Farmington,

NM 

NTS 

NTS 

NTS 

NTS 

Type 

Shaft 

Crater 

Shaft 

Shaft 

Shaft 

Shaft 

Shaft 

Shaft 

Shaft 

Shaft 

Shaft 

Crater 

Shaft 

Shaft 

Shaft 

Shaft 

Shaft 

Shaft 

Shaft 

Crater 

Crater 

Shaft 

Crater 

Yield (kilotons) 

3 

104 

less than 20 

less than 20 

less than 20 

20 to 200 

less than 20 

less than 20 

38 

12 

0.092 

4.3 

less than 20 

25 

less than 20 

less than 20 

less than 20 

less than 20 

29 

2.3 

5.4 

20 to 200 

30 
PLOWSHARE EXPERIMENTS (continued) 

Event Date Location Type Yield (kilotons) 

RULISON 09/10/69 Grand Valley, Shaft 40 

co 

FLASK 05/26/70 NTS Shaft 105 

MINIATA 07/08/71 NTS Shaft 83 

RIO BLANC0 05/17/73 Rifle, CO Shaft 33 (for each of 

three devices) 

6 
-----I-----------

New Mexico 

Texas 

0 

I 

Kilometers 

Red Bluff 

Reservoir 

PROJECT GNOME SITE 
I 

16 - J --- 1 

I t I 

I I 0I I I \ Frenchman , 

“\ 

0 5 10 15 

I I I I 

Kilometers 

SEDAN GROUND ZERO WITHIN THE 

NEVADA TEST SITE 
SUMMARY OF DOSIMETRY FOR PLOWSHARE 

PROGRAM AS OF DECEMBER 1982* 

Number of 

Personnel Gamma Exposure lreml Personnel Average Maximum 

Personnel Identified with Gamme Gamma 

Identified by Name and Zero Gamma Exposure Exposure 

Units by Name by Film Badge < 0.1 0.1-1.0 1.0-3.0 3.0-5.0 5.0+ Exposure,r (rem) (rem1 

Armv 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1.295 1.295 

Navy 82 62 a 25 27 1 1 5 1.033 5.790 

Marine Corps 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.330 0.330 

Scientific Personnel, 632 632 M2 0 0 0 0 829 0 0.080 

Contractors, and 

Affiliates 

Air Force (Total) 25 23 14 9 0 0 0 11 0.119 0.670 

SEDAN (Air Force (13) (11) (9) (2) (0) (0) (0) (7) (0.049) (0.255) 

Subtotal) 

GNOME (Air Force 

Subtotal ) 

(12) (12) 6) (7) (0) (0) (0) (4) (0.184) (0.67Ol 

Total 743 719 654 35 28 1 1 645 0.095 

• Data are for SEDAN participants, except as noted. 

••* The number of personnel in this column is also represented in the <O.l gamma exposure column. 
PREFACE 

From 1945 to 1962, the U.S. Government, through the 

Manhattan Engineer District and its successor agency, the Atomic 

Energy Commission (AEC), tested nuclear devices at sites in the 

United States and in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In all, an 

estimated 220,000 Department of Defense (DOD) participants, both 

military and civilian, were present at the tests. 

In 1977, 15 years after the last above-ground nuclear 

weapons test, the Center for Disease Control* noted a possible 

leukemia cluster among a group of soldiers present at Shot SMOKY, 

a test of Operation PLUMBBOB, the Nevada test series conducted in 

1957. Since that initial report by the Center for Disease 

Control, the Veterans Administration has received a number of 

claims for medical benefits from former military personnel who 

believe their health may have been affected by their participation in the weapons testing program. 

In late 1977, the DOD began a study to provide data on the 

potential exposure to ionizing radiation among the DOD military 

and civilian participants in atmospheric nuclear testing. The 

DOD organized an effort to: 

0 Identify DOD personnel who had taken part in atmospheric 

nuclear weapons tests and other nuclear tests 

0 Determine the extent of the participants' exposure to 

ionizing radiation 

0 Provide public disclosure of information concerning 

participation by DOD personnel in the atmospheric nuclear 

weapons tests and other nuclear tests. 

*The Center for Disease Control is part of the U.S. Department of 

Health and Human Services (formerly the U.S. Department of 

Health, Education, and Welfare). 

10 
METHODS AND SOURCES USED TO PREPARE THIS VOLUME 

The Defense Nuclear Agency compiled information for this 

volume from available documents that record scientific and 

technical activities conducted generally during the PLOWSHARE 

program, the series of nuclear tests conducted from 1961 to 1973, 

and specifically during Projects GNOME and SEDAN, the first two 

nuclear detonations of the program. These records, most of which 

were developed by individuals and organizations participating in 

PLOWSHARE, are kept in n-jmerous document repositories throughout 

the United States. In cl>mpiling information for this report, 

teams of historians, health physicists, radiation specialists, 

and information analysts canvassed the document repositories, 

including armed services libraries, Government agency archives 

and libraries, Federal repositories, and libraries of scientific 

and technical laboratories. The teams examined classified and 

unclassified documents containing information on DOD participation in PLOWSHARE activities, recorded relevant information 

concerning the involvement of DOD personnel, and catalogued the 

data sources. Many of the documents pertaining specifically to 

DOD participation were found in the Defense Nuclear Agency 

Technical Library. In most cases, however, the surviving 

historical documentation of activities conducted at Projects 

GNOME and SEDAN addresses test specifications and technical 

information rather than personnel data. 

For several of the activities discussed in this volume, the 

only documents available are the schedules of events for Projects 

GNOME and SEDAN, the "Department of Defense Technical Operational 

Plan for VELA UNIFORM Participation in Project GNOME," and the 

"Technical Director's Operation Plan, Project SEDAN." These 

sources detail the plans developed by AEC and DOD personnel prior 

to GNOME and SEDAN; the documents do not report on the experiments as actually conducted. Plans and operations orders should, 

however, provide a reasonably accurate account of personnel 

11 
activities since accomplishment of Projects GNOME and SEDAN 

objectives required detailed planning and adherence to operations 

orders. The references indicate whether the description is 

according to specifications given in the schedules of events, 

operational plans, or scientific reports. 

ORGANIZATION OF THIS VOLUME 

This volume describes the PLOWSHARE program and discusses 

Projects GNOME and SEDAN. These two shots were selected for 

discussion because they were conducted during the period of U.S. 

atmospheric nuclear weapons testing, had documented (although 

limited) DOD participation, and have been sufficiently documented 

to permit a discussion of the detonations and associated 

activities. 

Chapter 1 of this volume provides background information, 

including summaries of the historical context, objectives, and 

organization of the PLOWSHARE program. Chapter 2 discusses 

Project GNOME, conducted at a location southeast of Carlsbad, New 

Mexico, and chapter 3 discusses Project SEDAN, conducted at the 

Nevada Test Site (NTS). In addition to identifying the 

particular test site, each chapter describes the scientific and 

technical activities conducted by military and DOD civilian 

personnel and the radiological safety criteria and procedures in 

effect at the shots. The two chapters also present the information accessible on DOD personnel dosimetry. 

The information in this report is supplemented by the 

Reference Manual: Background Materials for the CONUS Volumes. 

The manual summarizes information on radiation physics, radiation 

health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement techniques. 

It also lists acronyms and a glossary of terms used in the DOD 

reports addressing test events in the continental United States. 

12 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PAGE 

FACTSHEET ......................... 1 

PREFACE 

CHAPTER 

........................... 10 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. ................... 14 

LIST OF TABLES ....................... 15 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............. 16 

1 INTRODUCTION. ...................... 17 

1.1 Historical Backgj-ound. ............... 18 

1.2 The Peaceful Potential of Nuclear Detonations. ... 23 

1.3 The PLOWSHARE Program. ............... 25 

1.4 PLOWSHARE Program Organization and Department of 

Defense Participation. ............... 29 

PROJECT GNOME SYNOPSIS ................... 31 

2 PROJECT GNOME ...................... 32 

2.1 Objectives of Pr,Dject GNOME. ............ 37 

2.2 Observer Program .................. 39 

2.3 Project GNOME Organization ............. 40 

2.4 Scientific and Technical Projects Conducted 

at Project GNOME .................. 44 

2.4.1 VELA UNIFORM Projects ............ 44 

2.4.2 Other Scientific and Technical Projects ... 54 

2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

at Project GNOME .................. 55 

2.6 Radiation Protection at Project GNOME. ....... 56 

2.6.1 Organization of Radiological 

Safety Program. ............... 56 

2.6.2 Onsite Operations .............. 57 

2.6.3 Offsite Cperations. ............. 67 

PROJECT SEDAN SYNOPSIS ................... 69 

3 PROJECT SEDAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 

3.1 The Nevada Test Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 

3.2 Nevada Test Site Organization for Project SEDAN. . . 75 

3.2.1 Project Manager's Organization. ....... 78 

3.2.2 Technical Organization. ........... 82 

13 
CHAPTER PAGE 

3.3 Department of Defense Participation in Scientific 

and Support Activities at Project SEDAN. . . . . . . 83 

3.3.1 Scientific Tests. .............. 84 

3.3.2 VELA UNIFORM Projects ............ 89 

3.3.3 Air Force Special Weapons 

Center Activities .............. 90 

3.4 Radiation Protection at Project SEDAN. . . . . . . . 92 

3.4.1 Organization of the Radiological 

Safetyprogram................ 92 

3.4.2 Radiation Protection Activities . . . . . . . 93 

REFERENCE LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

FIGURE PAGE 

2-1 Project GNOME Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 

2-2 Project GNOME Detonation Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 

2-3 Federal Government Structure for Project GNOME . . . . 42 

2-4 Project GNOME Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 

2-5 Radiological Safety Organization at Project GNOME. . . 58 

3-1 Project SEDAN, Detonated at 0900 Hours on 

6July1962...................... 71 

3-2 Project SEDAN Base Surge and Cloud . . . . . . . . . . 72 

3-3 Project SEDAN Crater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 

3-4 Location of Nevada Test Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 

3-5 SEDAN Ground Zero within 

the Nevada Test Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 

3-6 Federal Government Structure for Project SEDAN . . . . 79 

3-7 Project Manager's Organization for Project SEDAN . . . 80 

3-8 Project SEDAN Crater Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 

14 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) 

FIGURE PAGE 

3-9 Initial Survey for Project SEDAN, Mid-time 1130 Hours, 

6July1962.... s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 

3-10 Resurvey for Projec-: SEDAN, Mid-time 1525 Hours, 

6July1962................. . . . . . 100 

3-11 Resurvey for Projec-: SEDAN, Mid-time 0800 Hours, 

SJuly1962.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 

LIST OF TABLES 

TABLE PAGE 

l-l PLOWSHARE Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

2-l VELA UNIFORM Technisal Experiments at Project GNOME. . 46 

2-2 Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for 

Air Force Personnel and Affiliates at Project 

GNOME, PLOWSHARE Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 

2-3 Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for 

Scientific Personnel, Contractors, and Affiliates, 

PLOWSHARE Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

3-l Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for 

DOD Personnel and Affiliates at Project SEDAN, 

PLOWSHARE Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 

3-2 Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for 

Scientific Personnel, Contractors, and Affiliates, 

PLOWSHARE Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 

15 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 

AND ACRONYMS 

The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in this 

volume: 

AEC 

AFB 

AFSWC 

AFTAC 

DASA 

DOD 

EGIG 

NRDL 

NTS 

NTSO 

LASL 

LRL 

REECo 

rem 

R/h

USPHS 

Atomic Energy Commission 

Air Force Base 

Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Air Force Technical Applications Center 

Defense Atomic Support 

Department of Defense 

Agency 

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Incorporated 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Nevada Test Site 

Nevada Test Site Organization 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

Lawrence Radiation Laboratory 

Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company 

roentgen equivalent man 

Roentgens per hour 

United States Public Health Service 

16 
CHAPTER 1 

INTRODUCTION 

The involvement of the U.S. Government in nuclear research 

dates from the beginning of World War II. At the outbreak of the 

war, emigre scientists from Europe urged President Franklin D. 

Roosevelt to build a nuclear weapon for use in the conflict 

before the Germans did. The U.S. nuclear weapons test program, 

begun during the war, evclved throughout the 1940s and into the 

1950s. Influenced by its post-World War II relations with the 

Soviet Union and anticipating Soviet advances in nuclear weapons, 

the United States continued to expand its nuclear weapons test 

program and its nuclear arsenal to maintain an advantage over its 

greatest potential adversary (9; 20).* 

Even in the earliest days of nuclear research and nuclear 

weapons testing, however, scientists were aware of the potential 

for peaceful applications of nuclear energy, including nuclear 

detonations. With the fcxunding of the United Nations following 

the Second World War, world leaders established as their goal and 

motto the fulfillment of Isaiah's prophecy, "And they shall beat 

their swords into plowshares." Nuclear power generation research 

was reestablished as an important priority, and nuclear weapons 

researchers again considexred peaceful applications of the energy 

released by a detonation (42). 

The opportunity for American scientists to apply nuclear 

detonations to peacetime problems in large-scale engineering was 

delayed by several factors, including the greater priority of 

developing efficient weapons applications, concern over 

*All sources cited in the text are listed alphabetically and 

numbered in the Reference List at the end of this volume. 

17 
radioactive contamination, political uncertainty, and international suspicion of the intent of the research and the 

applications being considered. Nevertheless, the AEC ultimately 

succeeded in initiating the PLOWSHARE program, designed to 

explore the feasibility of peaceful applications of the explosive 

power released by nuclear detonations. PLOWSHARE was planned in 

the last years of the 1950s and conducted intermittently 

throughout the 1960s and until 1975. The participation of the 

Department of Defense in PLOWSHARE activities was limited, 

involving primarily logistic support to the AEC (12; 44). 

1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 

The peaceful uses of nuclear fission were a low priority for 

the U.S. Government before and during World War II. The rise of 

fascism in Europe and the emigration of European scientists to 

the United States in the mid-1930s encouraged the involvement of 

the U.S. Government in nuclear research. These scientists, who 

were aware of important developments in nuclear physics research 

in Germany, were concerned that Germany might put the atom to 

military use. Their fears deepened when it was revealed in 1938 

that two German scientists had successfully split the uranium 

atom, thus proving that an artificially induced nuclear chain 

reaction was possible. In 1939, the emigre scientists drafted a 

letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Signed by Albert 

Einstein, the letter informed the President about German nuclear 

experiments and the possibilities of a German nuclear weapon. 

The letter, and the extensive planning and preparation that 

followed, led eventually to the creation in 1942 of the Manhattan 

Engineer District. 

Established under the Army Corps of Engineers, the Manhattan 

Engineer District oversaw the Manhattan Project, the American 

Government's effort to construct a nuclear weapon before the 

Germans did. The Manhattan Project proved successful, first with 

18 
the detonation of TRINITY', the world's first nuclear explosive 

device, at Alamogordo, New Mexico, on 16 July 1945, and then with 

the detonation of two nu<:lear weapons over Japan the following 

month, which brought about the end of World War II (20). 

After the war, and having witnessed the destructive power of 

nuclear detonations, scientists and laymen desired to harness 

nuclear energy for peaceful applications. The recognition that 

nuclear energy had both military and peaceful applications became 

U.S. policy in the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, which stated that 

"atomic energy is capable of application for peaceful as well as 

military purposes." The act specified that (1; 2): 

A. The development, use, and control of atomic energy 

shall be directc?d so as to make the maximum 

contribution to the general welfare, subject at all 

times to the pa:-amount objective of making the 

maximum contriblltion to the common defense and 

security.... 

B. The development, use, and control of atomic energy 

shall be directed so as to promote world peace, 

improve the genl?ral welfare, increase the standard 

of living, and strengthen free competition in 

private enterprise. 

The establishment of the Atomic Energy Commission as a civilian 

agency, separate from the Department of Defense, underscored the 

U.S. Government's position that peacetime uses of atomic energy 

would be a major emphasis and that even weapons-related research 

would remain under the control of civilian administrators at all 

times (42). 

In the late 194Os, the mathematician John von Neumann again 

proposed using nuclear explosives for peaceful purposes (42). 

However, at that time the available technology had several drawbacks, including the high cost of fissionable materials, the 

limits on the total yield, and the high level of radioactive 

products. These factors, coupled with the increasing tension 

between the Soviet Union and the West, led the United States to 

19 
continue to direct most of its nuclear research toward weapons 

development and defense (42). 

In the fall of 1952, the United States conducted the first 

thermonuclear or fusion detonation at Enewetak Atoll in the 

Marshall Islands. The achievement of a fusion detonation was 

significant for three reasons (15; 23): 

0 Fusion 

cheaper 

fuels 

than 

are far 

fission 

more abundant 

fuels. 

and, hence, 

0 The radioactivity 

fission yield 

generated by the lower 

is greatly reduced. 

relative 

0 The potential exists for much higher yields. 

These factors were also important considerations for the peaceful 

applications of nuclear detonations. 

In the fall of 1956, Dr. Harold Brown, then director of the 

Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (LRL) in Livermore, California, 

studied the possibility of using nuclear explosives to assist in 

excavating an alternate sea-level canal across Israel (15; 42). 

A second, similar proposal addressed the use of nuclear devices 

to excavate a second canal between the Atlantic and Pacific 

Oceans, either across the Isthmus of Panama or through Nicaragua 

or Colombia (15). Also in 1956, Camille Rougeron, a French 

engineer who had long advocated the use of thermonuclear 

explosives for peaceful purposes, published a book on the 

subject, Les Applications de 1'Explosion Thermonucleaire (42). 

In February 1957, as the construction of the first 

commercial nuclear-powered electrical generator was nearing 

completion in Shippingport, Pennsylvania, Dr. Brown organized a 

symposium involving the joint participation of the Los Alamos 

Scientific Laboratory (LASL), the Sandia Corporation Laboratory, 

and the LRL to discuss peaceful uses of nuclear explosives. 

Under the leadership of Dr. Brown, a group was formed at the LRL 

20 
in the summer of 1957 to explore the range of potential 

engineering uses of nuclear explosives. The symposium and the 

subsequent meetings of this group, together with the inauguration 

of the Shippingport nucltlar power reactor by President Dwight D. 

Eisenhower later in 1957, stimulated scientific and public 

interest in the nonmilit;iry uses of nuclear energy (23). 

In a separate line I>f development that would later prove 

significant and followins the suggestions of several LRL 

scientists, the AEC had .?mbarked upon a program of underground 

nuclear weapons testing. Shot RAINIER, the first contained 

underground nuclear detonation, was fired at the Nevada Test Site 

in September 1957 as part of Operation PLUMBBOB. The successful 

containment of the RAINIER event and some underground tests 

conducted in 1958 added to the speculations concerning 

engineering and other civil applications of contained nuclear 

detonations (15). 

Ideas stimulated by these experiments were first reported at 

the second Atoms for Peace Conference held in Geneva, Switzerland, 

in the fall of 1958. At this conference, however, the Soviet 

Union attacked U.S. proposals to use nuclear detonations for 

industrial and civil purposes and scoffed at the idea of nuclear 

weapons as a peacetime engineering resource (19). 

In late 1958, the nuclear test moratorium caused a 

postponement of the nuclear weapons development program. The 

USSR suggested the moratorium when, in March of 1958, it 

unanimously adopted a resolution calling for the unilateral 

termination of fission and fusion weapons testing by the Soviet 

Union and the initiation of an international conference aimed at 

banning further tests. Even though they had not secured an 

agreement on the moratorium with the Soviets, the United States 

and Great Britain suspended nuclear weapons tests on 31 October 

1958, the opening day of the Geneva Conference on the 

21 
Discontinuance of Nuclear Weapons Tests. The Soviets suspended 

nuclear testing a few days later, after a detonation on 

3 November 1958. During the next six months, the Soviet and 

Western governments conducted negotiations to end nuclear weapons 

testing (9; 19). 

Peaceful applications of nuclear detonations became a 

complicating factor at the nuclear test ban treaty negotiations 

in Geneva. On 30 January 1959, the United States introduced a 

proposal for the development of peacetime applications of nuclear 

explosives under international controls. The Soviets opposed 

this motion and charged the United States with desiring to 

continue fission and fusion weapons tests under the guise of 

exploring the use of nuclear explosives for peaceful purposes 

(9; 19). 

The test ban treaty talks continued intermittently until 

they were suspended in May 1960. Pointing to concerns raised by 

the Berlin crisis, the Soviet Union announced on 31 August 1961 

its unilateral decision to resume nuclear weapons testing, thus 

ending its self-imposed moratorium. The United States resumed 

underground testing at the NTS on 15 September 1961, after the 

Soviet Union had detonated three nuclear weapons above ground. 

The United States resumed atmospheric nuclear weapons tests in 

the Pacific at the end of April 1962 (9; 19). 

On 5 August 1963, two years after the resumption of weapons 

testing, a limited test ban treaty was signed in Moscow. For the 

signatory states, this treaty ended the testing of nuclear 

explosive devices in the atmosphere, on land, and underwater, but 

not underground. Article 1 of the limited test ban treaty reads 

(19): 

(1) Each of the parties to this treaty undertakes to 

prohibit, to prevent, and not to carry out any 

nuclear weapon test explosion, or any other 

22 
nuclear explosion, at any place under its 

jurisdiction or control: 

(a) In the atmosphere; beyond its limits, 

including t>uter space; or underwater, 

including territorial waters or high seas; or 

(b) In any otht?r environment if such explosion 

causes radioactive debris to be present 

outside the territorial limits of the State 

under who+? jurisdiction or control such 

explosion is conducted... 

The Soviet Union insisted on the insertion of the phrase "or any 

other nuclear explosion," which precluded atmospheric nuclear 

detonations for peaceful purposes. In addition, the treaty 

prohibited the use of nuclear explosives for peacetime projects 

at or within the territorial limits of other countries or at 

underwater locations (24; 42). 

1.2 THE PEACEFUL POTENTIAL OF NUCLEAR DETONATIONS 

The primary peaceful potential for nuclear detonations was 

that of large-scale geographic engineering. The AEC conducted 

many experiments with high explosives during the test moratorium, 

from 1958 to 1961, to aid research in this area. To extrapolate 

results to nuclear detonations, scientists studied the relationship of the explosive yield to the depth at which the explosive 

was buried and the dimensions of the resultant craters to the 

kind of rock in the shot area. Thus, considerable data were 

available for the PLOWSHC.RE program when nuclear testing was 

resumed at the end of the moratorium in 1961 (15). 

Another application considered for nuclear explosives was 

the development of water resources. It was thought that nuclear 

explosives might improve fresh water supplies by greatly 

expanding the underground storage of water, by ensuring better 

distribution of surface water, by constructing earthfill dams, 

and by making possible economical water desalinization. Projects 

23 
were proposed for redirecting river courses or diverting one 

river system into another, draining swamps and eliminating salt 

lakes, blasting deep lake basins, building landslide dams and 

creating channels through natural earthfill dams, and creating 

and enhancing underground aquifers (42). 

Nuclear scientists and planners believed that nuclear 

excavation techniques would prove functional in mining, 

particularly in the recovery of lower grade ores. They 

contemplated using nuclear blasting for three kinds of surface 

mining: strip, open pit, and quarry. They thought the use of 

nuclear explosives in surface mining would produce large 

quantities of fragmented ore, thus reducing the number of 

drilling and blasting operations needed to mine the ore. Nuclear 

blasting was considered even more attractive for subsurface 

mining, block caving, and especially in-situ leaching. The 

advantage in block-caving mining was that the nuclear blast would 

shatter ore not otherwise recoverable and would obliterate 

structures detrimental to block caving (42). 

It was hoped that mining techniques using nuclear explosives 

to extract oil from tar sands and shale might provide a solution 

to the long-term petroleum problem. Furthermore, scientists 

envisioned nuclear techniques that would allow the mining of 

large deposits of hard taconite and thus resolve some of the 

difficulties in steel production (42). 

One of the more novel applications suggested for nuclear 

explosives was changing raw materials very deep in the earth to 

chemicals important to science and industry. Scientists also 

eyed PLOWSHARE as a tool for improving seismology, since an 

underground nuclear blast is actually a controlled seismic 

disturbance. There were even considerations of using nuclear 

blasts for weather control. In addition, scientific experiments 

were suggested using nuclear explosives to power vehicles for the 

exploration of deep space (42). 

24 
The research program proposed included plans for more 

specific nuclear projects. Among the projects under consideration were those that would use nuclear explosives to (15): 

• Excavate 

American 

a sea-level canal across 

isthmus either through 

the Central 

Panama or Colombia 

0 Create 

Chotts 

canals to join the Qatara 

Depression in Egypt with 

Depression 

the Red Sea 

and 

0 Excavate harbors along the west 

Australia, and South America, and 

(Project CHARIOT) 

coasts of Africa, 

in northern Alaska 

• Recover 

Canada 

oil from the Athabaska 

(Project CILSAND). 

Tar Sands in Alberta, 

1.3 THE PLOWSHARE PROGRAM 

In the mid-1950s, after nearly 20 years of research, the 

peacetime benefits of the controlled nuclear reaction were being 

demonstrated. U.S. policy-makers and researchers alike were 

eager to apply the massive energy released by a nuclear 

detonation to civil engireering. However, concern was increasing 

over the radioactive fallout produced by nuclear detonations in 

the atmosphere. When the United States successfully contained a 

small nuclear detonation in a sealed tunnel at Shot RAINIER in 

Nevada in late 1957, a srfer alternative means of continuing 

research on both nuclear weapons and civilian applications was 

demonstrated. 

Although the PLOWSHARE program was delayed during the 

nuclear testing moratorium, detailed planning studies were 

conducted for several PLOWSHARE projects. In addition, President 

Eisenhower had authorized the preparation of a site near 

Carlsbad, New Mexico, fo:- conducting a nuclear test deeply buried 

in a bedded salt formation. Among other purposes, the detonation 

was intended to enable studies of power production and isotope 

recovery. In October 1961, President Kennedy authorized the 

25 
first PLOWSHARE project, Shot GNOME, at the Carlsbad site. The 

GNOME event was conducted on 10 December 1961 (42). 

By the end of 1963, after five PLOWSHARE experiments and 

many weapons tests, the program to contain radioactivity had made 

a successful start. Results showed that projected fallout in 

excavation projects would be 100 times less than that forecast at 

the start of the moratorium in 1958 (23). 

After the signing of the limited test ban treaty, another 22 

PLOWSHARE experiments were conducted underground. Table l-l 

lists these experiments and the others within the program. The 

PLOWSHARE program was concluded in 1975, two years after the last 

detonation (8). 

The major goals of the PLOWSHARE experiments conducted after 

the 1963 treaty, as stated at the Third PLOWSHARE Symposium, 

Engineering with Nuclear Explosives, were to make nuclear explosives cleaner and cheaper and to assure their performance and 

reliability in production prototypes. Scientists and planners 

responsible for the program believed that these goals could and 

would be met. They thought that PLOWSHARE presented a new technology that would eventually contribute to the economic growth of 

the United States and of many other nations. 

The ultimate goal of PLOWSHARE, peaceful applications of 

nuclear explosives, was never realized. The 1963 atmospheric 

nuclear test ban treaty caused cancellations of many of the 

plans, such as those for dredging canals and excavating harbors. 

Other factors contributing to the failure of PLOWSHARE to fulfill 

its goal were changes in national priorities, Government and 

industry's disinterest in the program, public concern over the 

health and safety aspects of using nuclear power for civil 

applications, and shortages in funding. Although the program 

remained alive within the Atomic Energy Commission until 1975, it 

26 
Table l-1: PLOWSHARE EXPERIMENTS 

Event Date -

Location Type Yield (kilotons) 

GNOME 12/10/61 Carlsbad, Shaft 3 

NM 

SEDAN 07/06/62 NTS Crater 104 

ANACOSTIA 11/27/62 NTS Shaft less than 20 

KAWEAH 02/21/63 NTS Shaft less than 20 

TORNILLO 10/11/63 NTS Shaft less than 20 

KLICKITAT 02/20/64 NTS Shaft 20 to 200 

ACE 06/11/64 NTS Shaft less than 20 

DUB 06/30/64 NTS Shaft less than 20 

PAR 10/09/64 NTS Shaft 38 

HANDCAR 11/05/64 NTS Shaft 12 

SULKY 12118164 NTS Shaft 0.092 

PALANQUIN 04/14/65 NTS Crater 4.3 

TEMPLAR 03/24/66 NTS Shaft less than 20 

VULCAN 06/25/66 NTS Shaft 25 

SAXON 07/28/66 NTS Shaft less than 20 

SIMMS 11/05/66 NTS Shaft less than 20 

SWITCH 06/22/67 NTS Shaft less than 20 

MARVEL 09/21/67 NTS Shaft less than 20 

GASBUGGY 12/10/67 ?armington Shaft 29 

NM 

CABRIOLET 01/26/68 NTS Crater 2.3 

BUGGY 03112168 NTS Crater 5.4 

STODDARD 09/17/68 NTS Shaft 20 to 200 

SCHOONER 12/08/68 NTS Crater 30 

27 
Table l-l: PLOWSHARE EXPERIMENTS (continued) 

Event Date Location Type Yield (kilotons) 

RULISON 09/10/69 Grand Valley, Shaft 40 

co 

FLASK 05/26/70 NTS Shaft 105 

MINIATA 07/08/71 NTS Shaft 83 

RIO BLANC0 05/17/73 Rifle, CO Shaft 33 (for each of 

three devices) 

28 
was clear that the most practical peaceful applications of 

nuclear energy had been achieved in the further development and 

construction of nuclear power generators during the 1960s and 

1970s. The enormous energy release provided by nuclear detonations remained within the domain of weapons research and national 

defense. 

1.4 PLOWSHARE PROGRAM 0F:GANIZATION AND DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION 

During PLOWSHARE's planning stages and during periods of 

testing, the General Manager of the AEC in Washington, D.C., 

provided overall supervision of the PLOWSHARE program. He was 

aided by his staff office, the Peaceful Nuclear Explosions 

Division. The AEC Nevada Operations Office administered most 

field activities, while t;he AEC Albuquerque Operations Office 

gave support and construction assistance. The AEC San Francisco 

Operations Office was responsible for administration and program 

development, including industrial participation (15; 42). 

The AEC General MantIger reported to the AEC Commissioners, 

who were responsible for policy decisions. The PLOWSHARE 

Advisory Committee, chaired by an AEC Commissioner and composed 

of eminent scientists, industrialists, and other prominent 

individuals, assisted the Commission. 

The LRL, under contract to the AEC, designed and supervised 

the technical aspects of the PLOWSHARE program. For certain 

tasks, such as research and development activities, specialized 

support services, and consultation on the safety or technical 

aspects of the experiments, LRL used the services of other AEC 

laboratories, other contractors, Government agencies, or private 

individuals. Since the PLOWSHARE program spanned a period of 

more than 15 years, the organizational structure for specific 

detonations varied according to the date of the detonation, the 

location of the event, and the participating agencies (15; 42). 

29 
The role of the military in the PLOWSHARE program was 

primarily one of providing logistical support. Technical 

participation was also allowed if the involvement did not 

interfere with AEC activities. The Manager of the San Francisco 

Operations Office specified criteria to be used in determining 

military participation in PLOWSHARE. Among these guidelines were 

(18; 44): 

A. The basic scientific and technical design of each 

PLOWSHARE experiment must be directed to peaceful 

objectives and should constitute a potentially 

useful contribution to the science of peaceful uses 

of nuclear explosives. 

B. Assistance of the military in the area of 

logistical-operational support and the use of 

military equipment solely for this purpose is 

endorsed where economical and where the military is 

willing to furnish such support. 

C. Technical participation of the Department of 

Defense or its contractors, as distinguished from 

support, in any given experiment must be approved 

by DMA (Division of Military Application) on an 

individual basis. 

30 
Purpose of Test: 

Weather: 

Radiation Data: 

Participants: 

PROJECT GNOME 

SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: PLOWSHARE 

DATE/TIME: 10 December 1961, 1200 hours 

YIELD: 3.1 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 1,184 feet underground 

LOCATIClN: Carlsbad, New Mexico 

To obtain information on the characteristics 

of an underground nuclear detonation in a salt 

medium and to explore the feasibility of 

energy recovery, radioisotope recovery, and 

generated-neutron utilization. 

At shot-time, the temperature was 7.4' Celsius, 

and the surface atmospheric pressure was 

909 millibars. Winds were four knots from the 

southeE:st at the surface and 14 knots from the 

southeast at 100 feet. 

Radioactive materials vented to the atmosphere 

about 340 meters southwest of ground zero. On 

shot-day, the highest measured onsite gamma 

intensrty was 1 roentgen per hour (R/h), 

recorded 1,300 meters northwest of the shaft 

opening at 1938 hours. The highest offsite 

reading was 1.4 R/h, measured 5.5 kilometers 

west o:P the Control Point one hour after the 

detona-Zion. Underground recovery operations 

were delayed in part because of high radiation 

levels at the shaft opening (5 R/h at 0908 

hours on the day after the detonation). 

Army E,igineer Waterways Experiment Station; 

Defensl2 Atomic Support Agency; Air Force 

Special Weapons Center; Air Force Tactical 

Applications Center; Lawrence Radiation 

Laboratory; Oak Ridge National Laboratories; 

Sandia Corporation; Stanford Research 

Institute; U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey; 

U.S. Weather Bureau; Holmes and Narver, Inc.; 

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Inc.; U.S. 

Public Health Service; Reynolds Electrical and 

Engineering Company; Federal Aviation Agency; 

U.S. Geological Survey; Space Technology 

Laboratories; Texas Instruments; Geotechnical 

Corporation; other contractors; AEC civilians. 

31 
CHAPTER 2 

PROJECT GNOME 

The Project GNOME detonation at 1200 hours Mountain Standard 

Time on 10 December 1961 was the first nuclear test of the 

PLOWSHARE program. It was also the first continental nuclear 

test conducted outside the Nevada Test Site since TRINITY was 

detonated near Alamogordo, New Mexico, on 16 July 1945. On 

1 July 1958, the Atomic Energy Commission selected an area 

40 kilometers* southeast of Carlsbad, New Mexico, as the location 

for GNOME. The AEC originally scheduled the detonation for 

1 July 1959. The nuclear device, to be emplaced at a depth of 

1,200 feet, was initially planned to have a yield of ten kilotons 

(14; 27). 

In August 1958, the AEC made a public announcement of its 

plans for Project GNOME. Shortly after the announcement, the 

Carlsbad potash industry objected to the plans because of the 

possible effects of the detonation on mines and refineries in the 

area, on gas wells located nearby, on farmlands, on ground water, 

and on the Carlsbad Caverns. In response to these objections, 

the AEC convened a panel of experts recommended by the National 

Academy of Sciences. The experts studied potential health and 

safety issues associated with the use of the projected site for 

GNOME. They reviewed the geology of the region, appraised ground 

water conditions, and evaluated the expected seismic effects. 

They concluded that the area was suitable for the GNOME 

detonation (4; 15; 27; 43). 

In late 1958, the nuclear test moratorium caused a 

postponement of Project GNOME. In anticipation of the eventual 

*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metric 

units. The metric conversion factors include: 1 meter = 3.28 

feet; 1 meter = 1.09 yards; 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles. Altitudes 

and other vertical distances are given in feet. 

32 
end of the moratorium, however, the AEC continued developing 

plans for the detonation. In March 1960, President Eisenhower 

directed the AEC to proceed with design and construction plans. 

The AEC then rescheduled the shot for 1 May 1961 and, later, for 

10 December 1961. It revised its plans for a detonation of ten 

kilotons to one of five kilotons. On 25 October 1961, President 

Kennedy authorized the experiment, describing it as a "further 

example of this country's desire to turn the power of the atom to 

man's welfare rather than his destruction" (42). To prepare for 

GNOME and other PLOWSHARI: experiments, the AEC conducted a highexplosive detonation program from 1958 to 1961 at the NTS and 

other sites, including the Carlsbad location (15; 36; 42). 

Since one of the purposes of GNOME was to obtain information 

on the characteristics 0:: underground detonations in another 

medium--salt-- the device was to be fired in a bedded salt 

formation. In selecting the site, scientists engaged by the AEC 

specified that they wanted a relatively pure salt formation that 

had a low water content, the top of which was less than 800 feet 

below the surface. In addition, they wanted an area of low 

population that was on Government land. Assisted by the U.S. 

Geological Survey, the sl:ientists eventually selected the site 

40 kilometers southeast of Carlsbad, in Eddy County. Figure 2-l 

shows the site location. The site was in the Salado formation of 

the Delaware Basin. This geologic formation consists principally 

of halite (rock salt), with minor traces of anhydrite, polyhalite, silt, and claystone. The top of the salt formation was 

approximately 710 feet below the site surface. The GNOME site 

was about ten kilometers from the nearest oil well, 14 kilometers 

from the nearest underground potash mine in operation, and 

55 kilometers from the nearest edge of the Carlsbad Caverns. 

After this location had been selected, the land surrounding the 

site was withdrawn from the public domain and placed under AEC 

control (12; 15). 

33 
-2 

-----IL- .---3-I--

03fXEIm MaN 
Several contractors began the planning and construction work 

at the Carlsbad site in the summer of 1961. Holmes and Narver, 

Incorporated, prepared the engineering and construction plans, 

for which the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory had developed 

technical specifications. Many companies constructed the shaft 

and the emplacement tunnel that went from the bottom of the shaft 

to the detonation point. The Reynolds Electrical and Engineering 

Company (REECo) and several New Mexico contractors performed 

general support and other construction tasks (15). 

LRL assembled and enplaced the nuclear device, which was 

armed by the Sandia Corpclration. Edgerton, Germeshausen, and 

Grier, Incorporated (EG&C) designed and installed the timing and 

firing equipment. Under the technical direction of LRL, many 

agencies performed research and development experiments. These 

agencies included the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Sandia 

Laboratory, Stanford Research Institute, Oak Ridge National 

Laboratory, the U.S. Bureau of Mines, and the U.S. Coast and 

Geodetic Survey. The LRI, also conducted experiments (15). 

The GNOME device was emplaced 1,184 feet underground in 

bedded rock salt at the end of a 1,116-foot hooked tunnel meant 

to be self-sealing. A shaft I',216 feet deep and ten feet wide 

ended in a station room connected to the tunnel. Figure 2-2 

shows the GNOME detonation site, including ground zero and the 

shaft opening. 

GNOME was detonated with a yield of 3 kilotons. At shottime, the surface temper,%ture was 7.4 degrees Celsius, and the 

surface atmospheric pressure was 906 millibars. Winds were four 

knots from the south-southeast at the surface and 14 knots from 

the southeast at 100 feet. Although it had been planned as a 

contained explosion, GNOME vented to the atmosphere. A cloud of 

steam started to appear at the top of the shaft two to three 

35 
Helicopter Control 

Pad Point 

] Test Director’s 

Barricade II 

w- Main Access Road 

0

r 

Meters 

Figure 2-2: PROJECT GNOME DETONATION SITE 
minutes after the detonation. Gray smoke, steam, and associated 

radioactivity emanated from the shaft opening about seven minutes 

after the detonation. Within 11 minutes after shot-time, both 

the shaft and ventilation lines were issuing large quantities of 

steam. During the next 30 minutes, the large flow continued and 

then began to decrease gradually. The surface radioactivity 

resulting from the escape of steam decayed rapidly. On the following day, a small flow of steam was still detectable (8; 14; 17). 

The detonation produced a nonspherical cavity with a volume 

of about 960,000 cubic feet and melted about 2,400 tons of rock. 

Pressure produced in the surrounding rock imploded about 13,000 

tons of salt rock into tke cavity. The cavity roof and walls 

subsequently collapsed, resulting in an additional 15,000 tons of 

solid rock salt being dumped into the cavity. The chamber was 

then 60 to 80 feet high and 160 to 170 feet wide. The cavity 

floor was at about the level of the original detonation point. 

The material originally melted by the detonation and that which 

fell from the roof and walls of the cavity comprised the lower 

portion of the cavity. Most of the nongaseous radioactive 

residue was trapped in the mixture of rubble and once-molten salt 

that made up the floor o:i the chamber. When workers reentered 

the cavity on 17 May 196:!, they found temperatures around 60 

degrees Celsius but only small amounts of residual radiation. 

The earlier intense radistion had colored the salt of the cavity 

walls various shades of i3lue, green, and violet (15; 17). 

2.1 OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT GNOME 

GNOME was the first nuclear detonation with the objective of 

developing nuclear explosives for peaceful applications. Along 

with expanding data on an underground nuclear detonation in a 

salt medium, the primary objectives were to (12; 15): 

Study the possibility of converting the heat 

produced by a nuclear explosion into steam for the 

production of electric power 

37 

0 
Explore the feasibility of recovering radioisotopes 

for scientific and industrial applications 

0 

Use the high flux of neutrons produced by the 

detonation for a variety of measurements that would 

contribute to scientific knowledge in general and to 

the reactor development program in particular. 

0 

Measurements of an earlier underground detonation, Shot 

RAINIER, had indicated that roughly one-third of the energy was 

deposited in the melted rock at temperatures above 1,090 degrees 

Celsius. This information encouraged hopes that a nuclear 

detonation in a dry medium might cause heat to be stored long 

enough to permit efficient recovery. GNOME was developed with 

the idea that a nuclear detonation in a salt deposit would create 

a large volume of hot melted salt from which heat might be 

extracted. The possibilities to be investigated for the 

production of power were the tapping of the steam created by the 

detonation itself and the generation of high-density, highpressure steam by the circulation of some heat-absorbing fluid, 

like water, over the heated salt. This generated steam would be 

used to drive a steam or hot gas turbine coupled with an electric 

generator (17; 42). 

Because of the widely increased use of radioisotopes in 

scientific experiments, medical diagnosis and therapy, 

agriculture, and industrial production, PLOWSHARE scientists 

sought to find new means for manufacturing and recovering 

radioisotopes. Shot RAINIER had demonstrated that large 

quantities of radionuclides become entrapped in the molten rock 

formed by an underground nuclear explosion. Since recovery is 

difficult when the rock solidifies, a new medium of transport for 

the radionuclides was sought. It was hoped that salt, being 

water soluble, could be processed to recover the radionuclides 

more cheaply and simply than from an insoluble, low-grade ore 

(15; 42). 

38 
Nuclear detonations produce neutrons in such high quantity 

and density that it was thought they would make possible new and 

significant scientific experiments that had been essentially 

impossible with conventional sources. To obtain information on 

the structure and properties of the atomic nucleus, scientists at 

GNOME designed and instal.led equipment in the tunnel so that 

various sample materials would be irradiated by different 

portions of the neutron energy spectrum (15; 42). 

2.2 OBSERVER PROGRAM 

To emphasize the peiiceful aims of the GNOME experiment, the 

AEC welcomed observers from interested countries of the United 

Nations, as well as repr.?sentatives of the press and scientific 

community, and made all information, except that pertaining to 

the design of the nuclear explosive, available to the public. In 

addition, the Commission undertook an extensive information 

program prior to the detonation (11; 15; 42). 

After 

under

ident

Briefings were held in Carlsbad 

the latter briefing, participants 

ground visit to the test site. 

ifies the number of participants 

on 25 and 26 November 

made a surface and 

The following listing 

and their affiliation 

1961. 

(10): 

Briefing Tour 

International observers 16 14 

News media 71 65 

Government 27 26 

Science 

Carlsbad 

and industry 

visitors 

40 

43 

45 

51 

197 201 

United Nations representatives were among the participants. The 

official Carlsbad visitors included representatives from the city 

and county government, the state legislature, the potash industry 

and other local businesses, the Chamber of Commerce, and 

39 
-- 

education and labor groups. News media personnel were from ABC 

and CBS radio and television, Movietone News and Telenews, 

Associated Press and United Press International, Life, Time, 

Business Week, U.S. News and World Report, New York Times, San 

Francisco Chronicle, and the local media (10). 

Another briefing was held on 9 December 1961 in the Carlsbad 

High School auditorium. On 10 December, many scientists and some 

400 other observers saw the GNOME detonation from a site 7.2 

kilometers from ground zero (10; 42). 

2.3 PROJECT GNOME ORGANIZATION 

The AEC established the Project GNOME Organization to plan 

and conduct the detonation. The organization consisted primarily 

of AEC, DOD, and contractor personnel. 

The Director of the Division of Military Application, who 

customarily supervised nuclear test operations from AEC 

headquarters in Washington, D.C., shared responsibility for 

Project GNOME with the Director of the Division of Biology and 

Medicine and the Director of the Division of Peaceful Nuclear 

Explosions. The AEC assigned overall control of GNOME planning 

to the AEC San Francisco Operations Office. The San Francisco 

Office signed an agreement with the AEC Albuquerque Operations 

Office giving the Albuquerque Office responsibility for GNOME 

field operations. The Assistant Manager for Field Operations, 

Albuquerque Operations Office, was the GNOME Project Manager 

(12; 33). 

The principal DOD agencies coordinating military activities 

were the Air Force Technical Applications Center (AFTAC) and the 

Defense Atomic Support Agency (DASA). These two agencies 

participated in the VELA UNIFORM program, developed by DOD to 

improve U.S. capabilities in detecting and identifying 

40 
underground nuclear detonations. AFTAC formulated the technical 

requirements for the VELA UNIFORM program, conducted offsite 

measurements, and developed onsite inspection techniques. 

Working with these requirements, DASA developed and directed the 

projects. The Advanced Research Projects Agency, a DOD office 

administering the VELA UNIFORM program, supervised DASA and AFTAC 

activities (12). Figure 2-3 shows the line of authority from the 

President through the AEC and DOD to the Project GNOME Organization. Figure 2-4 shows the Project GNOME Organization. 

The GNOME Project Manager was in charge of the overall 

planning and conduct of field operations. He was assisted by the 

Military Deputy Project Manager, an officer from Field Command, 

DASA, who was responsible for all VELA UNIFORM matters and DOD 

participation in GNOME. The Scientific Advisor and 8 board of 

consultants from the Government and scientific community aided 

the Project Manager in deciding whether conditions were safe for 

the detonation (12). The Project Manager, Scientific Advisor, 

and consultants based their decision on findings of the Weather 

and Radiation Prediction Unit. The chief meteorologist of the 

U.S. Weather Bureau Station in Las Vegas, Nevada, was director of 

the unit. The Weather Bureau provided personnel and technical 

equipment (49). 

In addition to his other duties, the Project Manager was 

responsible for disseminating information about GNOME. To 

accomplish this, he established the Office of Information in 

Carlsbad. This office issued all press releases to the public 

and oversaw the flow of information through GNOME participants to 

the media (34). 

The Technical Group was responsible for implementing 

experiments at GNOME that were not part of VELA UNIFORM and for 

implementing onsite radiological safety procedures. The 

Technical Group Director, an LRL scientist, headed this 

41 
--------- 

--- 

President 

Military 

Llalson AEC 

Commmee --I Comm6stoners

L 

I 

r AEC 1 

1 I 1 

pjg pgji+ 

I----

l Manager, 

San Francisco 

Operations 

v 

I 

Office 

U

Operations 

Office 

I 

Project 

Manager 

and 

Project GNOME - Command Organization 

Liaison and Coordination 

Secretary 

of 

Defense 

r-l 

Director, 

Advanced 

Research 

Project Agency 

I r I 

Chief, 

Defense Atomic 

Support Agency 

Director, 

Air Force 

Techrucal 

Applications 

Center 

Commander, 

Field Command, 

Defense Atomic 

Support Agency 

-I----- J 

Figure 2-3: FEDERAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE FOR PROJECT GNOME 
Project Manager 

Military Deputy 

Project Manager 

I Office of Scientific 

Information Advisor 

I’.“.:. EGro, ”p Support Group 

I 

I 

Radiological -II 

Safety DASA Program AFTAC Program 

Group Group I I 

_IFigure 2-4: PROJECT GNOME ORGANIZATION 

4 3 
organization. The DOD Test Group, consisting of the DASA Program 

Group and the AFTAC Program Group, conducted the VELA UNIFORM 

experiments. The Support Group, administered by the Support 

Director, provided technical and logistical support to both the 

Technical Group and DOD Test Group. This included the management 

of contractor support, engineer support, construction support, 

and radiological safety activities (12). 

2.4 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PROJECTS CONDUCTED AT PROJECT GNOME 

Extensive scientific and technical experiments were conducted at GNOME. Most of the projects involving DOD participation were part of the VELA UNIFORM program. 

2.4.1 VELA UNIFORM Projects 

Concern over the ability of foreign powers to conduct 

nuclear weapons tests undetected led to the establishment of 

the VELA program, directed toward improving U.S. ability to 

detect and identify underground and high-altitude nuclear 

detonations. VELA UNIFORM was the phase concerned with detecting 

underground detonations. The program consisted of continuing 

research, systems development, and an experimental field program 

conducted by various research agencies. Because VELA UNIFORM had 

no relation to the primary PLOWSHARE goals of GNOME, the program 

was conducted strictly on a noninterference basis. 

The primary VELA UNIFORM objective in GNOME was to determine 

how the signals and effects of a nuclear device of five kilotons 

detonated in bedded salt differed from the signals and effects of 

nuclear detonations of different yields and in different media. 

The specific gcals were to (12): 

0 Study the origin, development, and transmission of 

seismic signals by comparing data from shots of 

various yields and depths and in various media 

44 
against earthqual:e data to determine the differences 

between artificiE.lly and naturally generated signals 

0 Study the characteristics of electromagnetic and 

associated signa3.s to determine their potential use 

in the detection and identification of underground 

nuclear detonations 

0 Study onsite inspection techniques, including 

surveys of the shot area before and after the 

detonation to de-;ermine any change 

0 Identify any other types of data or effects 

potentially useful in the detection and 

identification o-f underground nuclear tests. 

Table 2-1 lists the VELA UNIFORM projects conducted at GNOME. 

Project 1.1, Particle Motion Studies near Source, was 

conducted by the Sandia Corporation. The objectives were to 

observe free-field particle motion in rock from ground zero to 

the region of elastic response and to compare data obtained with 

measurements from other underground shots. An Air Force crew 

manning an H-21 helicopter participated in the project. Ten 

minutes before the detonation, the crew and helicopter were on 

standby at the Control Point, shown in figure 2-2, for recovery 

activities. Five hours after the detonation, the helicopter 

transported six project personnel to the Sandia trailer park, 760 

meters southwest of ground zero. The H-21 then participated in 

the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) radiological safety 

mission, as indicated in section 2.5. The six project personnel 

stayed at the trailer park for the remainder of the day, 

monitoring cavity temperature and pressure, tunnel pressure, and 

cavity collapse. Upon completion of their assignment, they 

returned in a truck to the Control Point (5; 12). 

Project 1.3, Surfac.e Motion Study, was conducted by EG&G. 

The objective was to study vertical surface motion by using a 

camera 1,280 meters sout.heast of ground zero to photograph: 

• Two arrays of targets between 20 and 280 meters from 

ground zero on -;wo radial lines northeast and 

southeast of ground zero 

45 
Table 2-l: VELA UNIFORM TECHNICAL EXPERIMENTS AT PROJECT GNOME 

Project

Number 

1.1 

1.3 

1.7 

1.8 

6.1 

6.2 

6.3 

6.4 

7.3 

7.5 

7.6 

Title 

DASA-SPONSORED PROJECTS 

Particle Motion Studies 

near Source 

Surface Motion Study 

Shock Spectrum Measurements --Reed Gauge 

Incorporated 

Microbarographic Measurements 

AF'TAC-SPONSORED PROJECTS 

Study of Electric and 

Magnetic Effects 

Electromagnetic Waves from 

Underground Detonations 

Subsurface Electromagnetic 

Waves 

Earth Currents from 

Underground Detonations 

Reflectance Studies of 

Vegetation Damage 

Visual and Photographic 

Onsite Inspection 

Seismic Noise Monitoring 

and Surface Subsidence 

Measurement 

Agency 

Sandia Corporation 

Edgerton, Germeshausen, 

and Grier, Incorporated 

Space Technology 

Laboratories, 

Sandia Corporation 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Sandia Corporation 

Edgerton, Germeshausen, 

and Grier, Incorporated 

Space General 

Corporation 

Engineer Research and 

Development 

Laboratories 

(Army) 

Stanford Research 

Institute 

Stanford Research 

Institute 

46 
Table 2-l: VELA UNIFORM TECHNICAL EXPERIMENTS 

AT PFOJECT GNOME (Continued) 

Project 

Number Title Agency 

7.7 Soil Density Studies Engineer Research and 

Laboratories Development Laboratories 

7.8 Geochemical and Radiation Texas Instruments, 

Surveys Incorporated 

7.9 Solid State Changes U.S. Geological Survey 

in Rock 

7.11 Radon Studies Edgerton, Germeshausen, 

and Grier, Incorporated 

7.13 Aeromagnetic and Aero- U.S. Geological Survey 

radiometric Surveys 

7.14 Onsite Resist:.vity and Self Allied Research 

Potential Measurements Associates 

8.1 Intermediate Ilange U.S. Coast and Geodetic 

Seismic Measurements Survey 

8.4 Long Range Se:.smic Geotechnical Corporation 

Measurements 

9.3 [support photography] Lawrence Radiation 

Laboratory 

47 
Three inertial weight target systems about 20, 140, 

and 280 meters northeast of ground zero. 

0 

From about 0900 to 1800 hours on the day before the 

detonation, three personnel rehearsed project activities and 

performed final instrumentation at the inertial weight target 

stations. After the shot, when recovery hour was declared, the 

same three personnel left the Control Point in two vehicles to 

retrieve film from these stations. They spent about 45 minutes 

in recovery activities and then returned to the Control Point. 

Another three participants also left the Control Point after the 

announcement of recovery hour and drove in one vehicle to the 

camera station 1,280 meters southeast of ground zero. They spent 

about 20 minutes recovering film and then returned to the Control 

Point (5; 12). 

Project 1.7, Shock Spectrum Measurements--Reed Gauge, was 

conducted by Space Technology Laboratories, Incorporated, to 

measure the displacement spectra of the ground shock in salt. On 

the day before the detonation, from 0800 to 1200 hours, project 

personnel placed four gauges at two stations in the tunnel floor 

about 280 and 320 meters from the point of detonation. Personnel 

also placed seven more gauges at four surface stations about 30, 

310, 610, and 910 meters north of ground zero. In addition, they 

positioned a gauge underground about 15 kilometers away. At 

about 1415 hours on shot-day, three participants traveled from 

the Control Point to the surface stations, where they spent about 

four hours collecting data and instruments. They then returned 

to the Control Point (5; 12; 13). 

Project 1.8, Microbarographic Measurements, was conducted by 

the Sandia Corporation to study acoustic signals in the 

atmosphere generated by an underground detonation. To obtain 

data, project participants conducted a calibration shot, to be 

fired as close in time and space to the nuclear detonation as 

48 
possible. A calibration shot of 1,090 kilograms of high 

explosives was fired from a tower 2.5 kilometers north-northwest 

of the GNOME ground zero (12). 

At 1300 hours on the day before the detonation, seven 

personnel finished loading high explosives onto the tower and 

rehearsed the detonation, an activity that took about four hours. 

At about 1515 hours on shot-day, the same three participants 

proceeded from the Contrcl Point to the shot-tower to inspect the 

area for small fires and unburned high explosives. They then 

returned to the Control Foint. In addition to these activities, 

participants took measurements of the calibration shot and the 

nuclear detonation from instrumented stations 20, 310, and 760 

meters on a radial line from ground zero and at two stations in 

Big Springs and Abilene, Texas (5). 

Project 6.1, Study of Electric and Magnetic Effects, was 

conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey. The objectives were to 

study fluctuations in electric and magnetic fields caused by an 

underground detonation arld to evaluate these effects to determine 

their potential use in dcstecting nuclear detonations. Measurements were made at stations eight and 19 kilometers north of 

ground zero (12). 

Project 6.2, Electromagnetic Waves from Underground 

Detonations, was conducted by the Sandia Corporation to characterize electromagnetic waves and to determine their mode of 

propagation. On the day before the detonation, two personnel set 

up equipment and conducted a rehearsal of the project in a 

trailer approximately 2.!) kilometers north of ground zero. From 

0400 to 1000 hours on shl3t-day, two personnel made final calibrations of the instruments and hooked them up for remote control. 

At approximately 1315 hoJrs, participants returned to the trailer 

and spent several hours Playing back preliminary data (5; 12). 

49 
Project 6.3, Subsurface Electromagnetic Waves, was conducted 

by EGLG. The objective was to characterize the electromagnetic 

fields generated by an underground nuclear detonation and to 

determine the multipolar character of the source. Two detector 

sites were established: one on the surface about 80 meters from 

ground zero and the other in the horizontal tunnel about 130 

meters from the point of detonation. Signals were recorded at a 

surface station near the elevator shaft. 

From 0800 to 2400 hours on the day before the detonation, 

two personnel calibrated equipment in the surface station and in 

the tunnel. At about 1515 hours on shot-day, three participants, 

including one monitor, traveled in one vehicle from the Control 

Point to a shelter about 410 meters southwest of ground zero, 

where they picked up a second monitor. The four personnel then 

went to the surface station to recover data, a process taking 

about 20 minutes. After collecting the data, the second monitor 

returned to the shelter 410 meters southwest of ground zero, and 

the other three participants returned to the Control Point 

(5; 12). 

Project 6.4, Earth Currents from Underground Detonations, 

was conducted by the Space General Corporation. As for Project 

6.3, the objective was to characterize the electromagnetic waves 

created by an underground nuclear detonation and to determine 

their modes of propagation. At 0800 hours on the day of the 

detonation, four project personnel proceeded to an instrumented 

station 7.2 kilometers southeast of ground zero, where they 

remained during the shot and for several hours after. Also at 

0800 hours on shot-day, another three participants traveled to a 

shelter 410 meters southwest of ground zero to check instruments. 

They left the shelter at 1000 and returned to the Control Point. 

At about 1315 hours, they returned to the shelter to collect 

data, taking about 30 minutes. They then went back to the 

Control Point (5; 12). 

50 
-- 

Project 7.3, Reflectance Studies of Vegetation Damage, was 

conducted by the Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, 

Army. The objective of this project was to obtain in situ 

reflectance data of the vegetation as affected by an underground 

explosion. Participants collected data on vegetation before and 

after the detonation. Personnel also conducted pre- and postshot 

surveys to determine the total displacement of the surface (12). 

Project 7.5, Visual and Photographic Onsite Inspection, was 

conducted by the Stanford Research Institute. The objective was 

to determine the presence of unusual terrain features and 

activity associated with the explosion by conducting aerial 

photography studies and llisual ground inspections of the area 

both before and after the shot. From 0800 to 1200 hours on the 

day preceding the detonation, four project personnel made visual 

inspections of the shot .rrea at a distance of 800 meters from 

ground zero. They also conducted a final inspection of the 

tunnel leading to the point of detonation. At about 1315 hours 

on shot-day, three parti,zipants traveled from the Control Point 

to the ground zero vicinity to observe and photograph the effects 

of the detonation. In addition, in support of both Projects 7.3 

and 7.5, two photographers left the Control Point heliport in a 

security helicopter at about 1345 hours to photograph the ground 

zero area. They completed their mission in approximately one 

hour (5; 12). 

Project 7.6, Seismic Noise Monitoring and Surface Subsidence 

Measurement, was conducted by the Stanford Research Institute. 

The objective was to record the seismic disturbances after the 

detonation so that the feasibility of using such records for 

onsite inspections could be determined. At 0800 hours on the day 

of detonation, four personnel left the Control Point to establish 

a station 800 meters north of ground zero. They returned to the 

Control Point at 1000 hcurs. Five minutes after the detonation, 

the four personnel returned to the station to monitor geophones 

51 
and supply information to the Technical Director. They remained 

at the station throughout the day. About the same number of 

participants manned another station approximately eight 

kilometers northwest of ground zero during the shot (5; 12). 

Project 7.7, Soil Density Studies, was conducted by the 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories. The objective 

was to determine the potential for detecting soil density changes 

caused by an underground nuclear explosion using ground infrared 

equipment. Both pre- and postshot thermal images were taken of 

vegetation and soil at various locations in the test area. 

Project 7.8, Geochemical and Radiation Surveys, was 

conducted by Texas Instruments, Incorporated. The objective was 

to establish the presence of chemical indicators and fission 

products in the soil so as to determine their potential use for 

locating underground nuclear explosions. After the shot, personnel drilled 50-foot holes in a radial pattern centered at ground 

zero (12). 

Project 7.9, Solid State Changes in Rock, was conducted by 

The U.S. Geological Survey, assisted by the Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory. The objective was to determine the potential 

of using thermoluminescence as a detection device for underground 

nuclear explosions. After the shot, participants drilled holes 

of various depths at various distances from ground zero (12). 

Project 7.11, Radon Studies, was conducted by EG&G to 

determine the potential of using radon-sampling procedures to 

detect underground nuclear explosions. Participants drilled 

holes at various distances from ground zero after the shot (12). 

Project 7.13, Aeromagnetic and Aeroradiometric Surveys, was 

conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey. The objective was to 

52 
determine the detectabil:ty of substantial amounts of ferromagnetic material in the area by the use of aerial magnetometer 

surveys and magnetic detecting equipment, specifically a magnetometer and a radiometer, On the day before the detonation, two 

personnel conducted an aerial survey over an area about eight 

kilometers in radius in -;he vicinity of ground zero. After the 

flyover, a ground survey team made a visual inspection of the 

area. At about 1315 hou-YS on shot-day, five personnel in a DC-3 

aircraft surveyed the same area. Subsequent to this flyover, a 

ground survey team made .% visual inspection of the area. The 

inspections took about t.lree hours (5; 12). 

Project 7.14, Onsite Resistivity and Self Potential 

Measurements, was conducted by Allied Research Associates to 

determine differences in potential created by an underground 

nuclear explosion. Personnel buried ceramic probes a few inches 

beneath the surface starting approximately 150 meters from ground 

zero and continuing at 800-meter intervals to a distance of three 

kilometers. They installed three or four probes on a northerly 

line from ground zero and one on a line at right angles to the 

others. All pairs of probes were connected to a central 

recording station near the Control Point. On the day before the 

detonation, from 0800 to 2400 hours, six personnel recorded 

differences in potential at the stations 150 meters to three 

kilometers from ground zero. After 1315 hours on shot-day, 

four personnel spent abcut two hours checking electrodes in the 

ground (5; 12). 

Project 8.1, Internediate Range Seismic Measurements, was 

conducted by the U.S. Ccast and Geodetic Survey. The objective 

was to record seismic data at six locations 30 to 160 kilometers 

from ground zero (12). 

Project 8.4, Long F.ange Seismic Measurements, was conducted 

by the Geotechnical Corporation. The objective was to record and 

53 
analyze long- and short-period seismic signals at distances 

ranging 75 to 4,000 kilometers from ground zero. Approximately 

40 seismic teams fielded this experiment. Volunteers from 

several commercial geophysical companies also participated (12). 

Available documentation indicates that Project 9.3 [support 

photography] was also conducted at GNOME. The LRL conducted the 

project, the objective of which was to photograph the ground zero 

area. Thirty minutes before the detonation, six Air Force 

personnel flew from the Control Point heliport in an H-21 

helicopter. The helicopter orbited at 500 feet about 800 meters 

southwest of ground zero from one minute before to 15 minutes 

after the detonation. After completing the mission, the H-21 

returned to the Control Point heliport (5). 

2.4.2 Other Scientific and Technical Projects 

In addition to the VELA UNIFORM projects, many other 

scientific and technical experiments were conducted at GNOME. 

These experiments were part of four programs developed to meet 

the primary objectives of the detonation. Participants conducted 

a physical effects program to document both dynamic measurements 

and conditions in the ground zero area after the detonation. 

They performed power generation studies to test the theory that 

several times the energy of the detonation would be recovered 

from the hot rock, or from the pressurized steam that was 

generated, or from both. An isotopes program sought to recover 

radioisotopes for use as tracers, as power sources, and as 

verification of the yield of the nuclear explosive. Two physics 

and radiochemistry research programs were included that used the 

high-intensity pulse of neutrons to perform neutron measurement 

experiments. DOD personnel participated in only one of these 

studies, discussed below (12; 15). 

54 
Design, Testing, and Field Pumping of Grout Mixtures was 

conducted by the Army Cor?s of Engineers Waterways Experiment 

Station, which provided a variety of laboratory and field support 

activities at GNOME. The laboratory work consisted of performing 

physical tests on extracted salt cores and developing a variety 

of grout mixtures for use in structural work and for other 

miscellaneous purposes. A consultant assisted in the drilling of 

line-of-sight and instrument holes at the tunnel areas and in 

pumping the grout mixtures in various holes at the site. The 

holes were drilled for embedding scientific instruments and as 

postshot recovery holes. Personnel grouted 25 horizontal and 

vertical instrument holes in the tunnel, nine surface holes, and 

nine holes for special use (31). 

2.5 AIR FORCE SPECIAL WEAPONS CENTER ACTIVITIES AT PROJECT GNOME 

The Air Force conducted several support missions at Shot 

GNOME. Available documents suggest that various Air Force units 

under the operational control of the Air Force Special Weapons 

Center conducted a security sweep, cloud-sampling mission, 

cloud-tracking and radiological safety sweep, and support 

missions. 

Security Sweep 

An Air Force H-21 helicopter with a two-man crew made a 

security sweep of the area in an eight-kilometer radius of ground 

zero. The helicopter began the sweep two hours before the 

detonation and concluded it 90 minutes later. The helicopter 

then moved to a position over New Mexico Highway 128, north of 

the Control Point, to observe traffic and to ensure that no 

unauthorized vehicles were in the shot area. 

55 
Cloud Tracking and Radiological Safety Sweep 

An Air Force H-21 helicopter and crew, likely the same one 

that conducted the security sweep, conducted a cloud-tracking and 

radiological safety sweep beginning one minute after the 

detonation and continuing for two or three hours (3; 30). 

Supnort Missions 

AFSWC provided support to Projects 1.1, 7.3, 7.5, 7.13, and 

9.3, as discussed in section 2.4.1. In addition, the H-21 

helicopter that participated in Project 1.1 also supported the 

U.S. Public Health Service radiological safety mission (5). 

2.6 RADIATION PROTECTION AT PROJECT GNOME 

To minimize the exposures of PLOWSHARE personnel to ionizing 

radiation, the Atomic Energy Commission implemented radiological 

safety procedures. In addition, the AEC recommended an individual exposure limit of 3 rem of gamma and neutron radiation per 

quarter calendar year and not more than 5 rem annually. This was 

the occupational exposure limit recommended for radiation workers 

by the National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurements. The GNOME radiological safety program operated within 

this recommended limit. 

2.6.1 Organization of Radiological Safety Program 

The Project Manager had overall responsibility for the 

radiological safety of participants in Project GNOME. Within his 

organization, he was assisted by the AEC Support Director and the 

Technical Director, from LRL. The Support Director was responsible for the conduct of the radiological safety program. During 

the preparation for and completion of the detonation, beginning 

the day before the detonation and ending when postshot experiments and recovery operations were finished, the Technical 

56 
Director was responsible for implementing radiological safety 

procedures. The Radiological Safety Division of Reynolds 

Electrical and Engineering Company provided all onsite 

radiological support. The Onsite Radiological Safety Officer was 

a REECo Radiological Safety Division supervisor. The USPHS 

provided offsite radiological safety support. An Offsite 

Radiological Safety Officer from the AEC supervised these 

activities (3; 39). Figure 2-5 shows the organization of the 

radiological safety program. 

2.6.2 Onsite Operations 

The onsite radiological safety program was designed to 

provide radiological safe-ty for all test participants within an 

eight-kilometer radius of ground zero. The program was to 

minimize the radiation exposures of participating personnel and 

observers, to prevent the spread of radioactive material to 

uncontrolled areas, to assist in security, to provide health and 

safety support, and to control personnel access into radiation 

areas. In fulfilling its responsibilities, the REECo 

Radiological Safety Division (39): 

0 Trained radiologi.cal safety monitors 

0 Issued anticontamination clothing, radiation 

detection equipment, film badges, and pocket 

dosimeters to al:. personnel entering radiation areas 

0 Collected body f:.uid samples, performed analyses, 

and assigned internal doses 

0 Maintained film badge and exposure records to 

determine the accumulated exposure of each 

participant to gamma radiation 

Took air samples and monitored the test site, 

prepared isointensity contour maps of radiation 

areas, and provided radiation information to 

personnel entering radiation areas 

0 

Decontaminated personnel, vehicles, and equipment as 

needed. 

0 

57 
(Non-detonation Activities) g Detonation Activities) 

I I 

1

I I I 

REECo Radiological Offsite Radiological 

Safety Officer Safety Officer I

I 

I I

I 

Figure 2-5: RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY ORGANIZATION AT PROJECT GNOME 

58 
Protective Equipment and Personnel Dosimetry 

Radiological safety personnel procured, issued, maintained, 

repaired, and stored protective equipment and supplies for 

monitors and personnel entering the GNOME test area. The 

equipment included radiation detection instruments, environmental 

sampling equipment, and anticontamination clothing. This 

clothing was issued to participants as they passed through the 

main Control Point, showr in figure 2-2 (39). 

Each individual ente,ring the test area received a film badge 

and a pocket dosimeter. The film badge was attached to the 

participant's security ba.dge, and both the film badge and pocket 

dosimeter were worn on tIte shirt pocket. Whenever participants 

left the test area, they turned in their pocket dosimeters to 

radiological safety personnel at the Control Point. Film badges 

were exchanged when an exposure of 0.1 rem was suspected and at 

the end of each month. 'l'he film badges were transported by air 

to the NTS for developing and processing. Film badge results 

were then telephoned to radiological safety personnel at the 

Carlsbad site (3; 39). Arrangements for air transportation of 

exposed film were made w:.th Eberline Instrument Corporation of 

Santa Fe, New Mexico, to provide emergency dosimetry processing, 

if necessary (39). 

A list of personnel entering and leaving the test area was 

maintained at the main Control Point. There, radiological safety 

personnel logged dosimetry information for each participant, 

indicating previous accumulated exposure for the year and for the 

quarter. As each person left the radiation area, his pocket 

dosimeter reading was entered in the register. If the dosimeter 

reading was 0.1 rem or more, the person's film badge was 

exchanged. The d0simete.r reading was added to the cumulative 

exposure until the next day's exposure report was received, which 

reflected the actual film badge reading for each participant in 

the new cumulative expos;lre total (39). 

59 
The REECo "Onsite Radiological Safety Report" lists aggregate radiation doses for GNOME personnel. The exposures of six 

participants exceeded 1 rem, ranging up to 2.47 rem. There is no 

indication, however, that any of these participants were DOD 

personnel (39). 

Table 2-2 presents the gamma exposure data available from 

film badge records for Air Force participants in GNOME. Table 

2-3 presents gamma exposure information available from film badge 

records for scientific personnel, contractors, and affiliates who 

took part in the PLOWSHARE Program. The documentation used for 

table 2-3 did not identify the participants according to specific 

PLOWSHARE event. Tables 2-2 and 2-3 indicate the following 

information by unit (7): 

• The number of personnel identified by name 

0 The number of personnel identified by both name and film 

badge 

0 The average gamma exposure in rem 

• The distribution of these exposures. 

Access Control 

Before the detonation, radiological safety personnel cleared 

the test area, closed and barricaded all incoming roads, and 

erected warning signs to prevent entry into the area. They also 

barricaded the main access road and established a check station 

to ensure that personnel entering the test area had the proper 

identification badges and authorization forms. This station, 

called the Test Director's Barricade, was on the access road 

about six kilometers north of ground zero. Besides functioning 

as a check station, the Test Director's Barricade served as the 

base of operations for radiation monitoring teams and as a 

decontamination facility for vehicles and personnel leaving the 

test area. 

60 
Table 2-2: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR AIR FORCE 

PERSONNEL AND AFFILIATES AT PROJECT GNOME, PLOWSHARE PROGRAM 

Personnel 

Personnel 

Identified 

Average 

Gamma Gamma Exposure lreml 

ldertifled by Name and Exposure 

Units by Name by nlm Badge (rem) (0.1 0.1-1.0 1.0-3.0 3.0-6.0 5.0+ 

Aerospace Audiovisual Service 1 1 0.210 0 1 0 0 0 

Air Force Flight Test Center, Headquarters 2 2 0.585 0 2 0 0 0 

Air Force Special Weapons Canter, 2 2 0.110 0 2 0 0 0 

Headquarters 

6580th Air Base Group 3 3 0.203 1 2 0 0 0 

Unit Unknown 4 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 

Total 12 12 0.184 5 7 0 0 0 

61 
Table 2-3: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR SCIENTIFIC 

PERSONNEL, CONTRACTORS, AND AFFILIATES, PLOWSHARE PROGRAM* 

Personnel Average Gamma Exposure (rem) Personnel Identified Gamma 

Identified by Name and Exposure . 

Units by Name by Film Badge Irem) <O.l 0.1-1.0 1.0-3.0 3.0-5.0 5.0 + 

Armour Research Foundation 9 9 0 9 0 0 0 0 

Bendix Aircrafl Corporation 85 85 0 65 0 0 0 0 

Chance Vought 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 

DNA Clarksville Base 16 16 0 16 0 0 0 0 

DNA Lake Meade Base 37 37 0 37 0 0 0 0 

DNA Manzano Base 7 7 0 7 0 0 0 0 

DNA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20 20 0 20 0 0 0 0 

FCDNA Civilians, Kirtland AFB 11 11 0.007 11 0 0 0 0 

FCDNA NTS Detachment 12 12 0.002 12 0 0 0 0 

Marquardt Aircraft 31 31 0 31 0 0 0 0 

Martsat 7 7 0 7 0 0 0 0 

Office of Test Information 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Office of the Secretary of Defense 47 47 0 47 0 0 0 0 

Stanford Research Institute 13 13 0.003 13 0 0 0 0 

Unit Unknown 306 306 0 306 0 0 0 0 

Universities 24 24 0 24 0 0 0 0 

Total 632 632 0 632 0 0 0 0 

‘Information is not available on personnel participation according to specific PLOWSHARE event 

62 
Radiological safety personnel established another check 

station at the Control Pcint. The Control Point housed 

administrative, technical, and security personnel during Project 

GNOME. It was also a checkpoint for recovery parties entering 

the test area in vehicles and helicopters. A helicopter pad was 

across the road from the Control Point, as indicated in figure 

2-2. In addition, the otlservers witnessed the detonation from 

the Control Point. 

After the detonation, Radiological Safety Division personnel 

at the Control Point and the Test Director's Barricade checked 

each group of entering personnel for an access permit. Authorized by the Project ManE.ger, the permit gave such information as 

the names and numbers of those permitted to enter, the purpose of 

their mission, and the estimated time required to complete the 

mission. Radiological safety personnel also checked to ensure 

that each individual was wearing anticontamination clothing, a 

film badge, and a pocket dosimeter (3; 39). 

Monitoring 

Onsite monitoring activities of the Radiological Safety 

Division were limited to an eight-kilometer radius of ground 

zero. These activities included (3; 39): 

0 Performing initi;%l surveys and resurveys of areas 

around ground zero after the detonation 

0 Establishing and operating checkpoints 

0 Marking and estaolishing the radiation exclusion 

areas 

0 Serving as monitors for personnel who were required 

to enter radiation exclusion areas. 

Before the detonation, the Onsite Radiological Safety 

Officer briefed the initial radiation survey team on the pattern 

to be followed. After the detonation, the Project Manager 

delayed this survey because of the unexpected venting of 

63 
radioactive materials from the shaft opening, about 340 meters 

southwest of ground zero. At 1258 hours, a group of men left the 

Test Director's Barricade to begin the initial survey. They 

traveled along the main access road toward ground zero, using 

vehicle odometers to determine how far intensities of 0.01, 0.1, 

and 1 R/h were from previously established reference stakes. 

They then radioed this information to radiological safety 

personnel at the Control Point, where the isointensity lines were 

plotted and mapped. The maps were made available to project 

personnel planning to enter the radiation areas to retrieve 

equipment and data. The team continued the initial survey until 

they reached stake A3, about 1,100 meters north of the shaft 

opening. There, they encountered a gamma intensity of 0.035 R/h. 

At 1315 hours, they returned to the Test Director's Barricade to 

begin monitoring assignments. Gamma intensities were near 

background level at the barricade (39). The map resulting from 

the initial survey has not been found. 

A subsequent survey conducted between about 1500 and 1600 

hours on shot-day found gamma intensities up to 0.12 R/h at stake 

Al, about 300 meters north of the shaft opening. The highest 

gamma intensity found by a later survey was 1 R/h, encountered 

about 1,300 meters northwest of the shaft opening at 1938 hours 

on shot-day. Surveys of the actual shaft opening were not made 

on shot-day. A survey of the shaft opening and the surrounding 

area was performed on 11 December, the day after the detonation. 

The highest gamma reading of 5 R/h was recorded at the shaft 

opening at 0908 hours. Lower gamma intensities (as low as 0.1 

R/h) were encountered about 30 meters west of the shaft opening. 

Radiation readings of less than 0.1 R/h were registered in the 

area around ground zero, which was about 340 meters northeast of 

the shaft opening (39). 

Radiological safety personnel were responsible for monitoring activities after the detonation. A major activity was the 

64 
Radiological Chemistry Core drilling operation. On the day after 

the detonation, personnel positioned two drill rigs at ground 

zero to obtain deep-earth core samples. Drilling began two days 

after the detonation and continued for about seven weeks. 

Radiological safety monitoring for this operation was provided 

continuously (39). 

Another major postshot activity was the survey of the shaft 

and recovery of experimental equipment in the shaft and station 

room. Underground recovery operations were delayed until six 

days after the detonation. At this time, a radiation survey of 

the shaft was performed, and it was determined that it was safe 

for recovery operations to begin (39). 

Each group entering areas with radiation intensities greater 

than 0.1 R/h was accompacied by a radiological safety monitor. 

The Radiological Safety Division supplied the monitors from 

personnel stationed at the Control Point or at the Test 

Director's Barricade (3; 39). 

Decontamination 

The Radiological Safety Division operated a decontamination 

facility at the main Control Point. At this station, they 

monitored personnel, vehj.cles, and equipment leaving the test 

area. Decontamination WL.S required if radioactivity exceeded the 

following limits (3; 39): 

0 Personnel: 0.007 R/h (beta and gamma) or 1,000 counts 

per minute (alpha) on anticontamination 

clothing and shoes 0.001 R/h (gamma) or 

200 counts per minute (alpha) on surface 

of skin or underclothing 

0 Vehicles and 0.007 R/h (gamma) on outer surfaces 

Equipment: 

0.007 R/h (beta and gamma) or 10,000 

counts per minute (alpha) on inner 

sur:faces. 

65 
The first step in decontaminating personnel returning from 

the radiation area was to clean them of surface contamination by 

vacuuming the dust and dirt from their garments. Returning 

personnel then turned in their respirators, film badges, and 

pocket dosimeters. Radiological safety personnel next monitored 

each individual. If the radioactivity reading exceeded the 

limit, the person was required to remove contaminated clothing 

and, if the reading was still too high, take a shower. Radiological safety personnel monitored the individual again after the 

shower. If the radiation reading was less than 0.001 R/h on the 

surface of the skin, the individual received fresh clothing and 

was released (3; 39). 

Vehicles returning from radiation areas were parked in 

designated areas adjacent to the Control Point. Members of the 

Radiological Safety Division monitored the vehicles. If they 

recorded readings of 0.007 R/h or greater, the vehicles had to be 

decontaminated. Radiological safety personnel first vacuumed all 

surfaces, including running boards, floorboards, and the undersides of fenders. They then resurveyed the vehicles and, if the 

vehicles were still contaminated, sprayed and washed them with a 

liquid detergent and rinsed them with water. Once measured gamma 

radiation intensities were less than 0.007 R/h, radiological 

safety personnel returned the vehicles to service (3; 39). 

Buildings and equipment in the shop area adjacent to the 

shaft opening and the drilling equipment used in the Radiological 

Chemistry Core drilling operation were also decontaminated. 

Techniques included removal and burial of contaminated scrap, 

vacuuming, high-pressure water washing with added detergents, and 

washing with solvents (39). 

66 
2.6.3 Offsite Operations 

The Project Manager was responsible for offsite radiological 

safety, but the Offsite Radiological Safety Officer had 

operational control of the program. USPHS personnel provided 

operational support serv:.ces, and REECo provided film badges and 

radiation detection equipment. Offsite operations were in effect 

within a radius of eight to 160 kilometers from ground zero. 

The objectives of the offsite radiological safety program 

were to (30; 32): 

0 Assess the offsite radiation resulting from the 

detonation 

• Collect data on fallout patterns 

0 Conduct environmt?ntal monitoring of air, water, and 

milk 

0 Produce reports, maps, and records describing the 

findings of the ,nonitoring and data collection 

0 Establish and maintain public relations activities. 

Dosimetry 

Offsite monitors conducted a film badge program to obtain 

data on radiation exposures of the civilian population. They 

placed 330 film badges on individuals and structures within a 

160-kilometer radius of the test area. They issued the badges on 

7, 8, and 9 December and collected them 30 days later. The 

highest film badge reading was 0.14 roentgens obtained from a 

resident at Hudson Farm, 29 kilometers north-northwest of ground 

zero. All other film badges had zero readings (30). 

Monitoring 

Before the detonation, 11 monitoring teams in radio-equipped 

vehicles went to offsite areas within 80 kilometers of ground 

zero. These teams were then in position to perform ground 

surveys if the GNOME clcud drifted over their locations. In 

67 
addition, the USPHS performed aerial monitoring in an Air Force 

H-21 helicopter (3; 30). 

Results of the aerial survey indicated that the cloud 

drifted to the northwest toward Artesia, New Mexico. This 

information was reported to the ground survey teams, who began 

reporting radiation readings within 40 minutes of the detonation. 

The teams performed monitoring along all highways and populated 

areas in the path of the cloud. The highest gamma intensity was 

1.4 R/h, registered at 1310 hours on shot-day 5.5 kilometers west 

of the Control Point. By 1335 hours, the intensity at this 

location had decreased to 0.19 R/h; by 1455 hours, it had 

decreased to 0.09 R/h. All other offsite areas surveyed had 

gamma intensities of less than 0.15 R/h. The highest gamma 

intensity recorded in any populated area was 0.08 R/h, 

encountered at 1400 hours on shot-day near Hudson Farm (30). 

Other Activities 

An Army Veterinary Officer assigned to the AEC Office of 

Field Operations, Las Vegas, provided support to the offsite 

radiological program. He assisted in a study of radioactivity 

levels in animal tissue before and after the detonation (30). 

68 
Purpose of Test: 

Weather: 

Radiation Data: 

Participants: 

PROJECT SEDAN 

SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: PLOWSHARE 

DATE/"IME: 6 July 1962, 0900 hours 

YIELD: 104 kilotons 

HEIGH' OF BURST: 635 feet below ground 

To extend knowledge of cratering effects and 

phenomenology to the 100-kiloton range of yields 

and to provide data on the general nature of the 

safet:tr problems created by nuclear cratering 

detonations. 

At sht3t-time, the temperature was 28.5“ Celsius, 

and tne atmospheric pressure was 868 millibars. 

Winds were ten knots from the south-southeast at 

surfase level and 16 knots from the southsouthwest at 10,000 feet. 

The initial ground survey was completed by 

approximately 1130 hours. The 10 R/h line 

extended 3.3 kilometers to the west and 3.1 

kilometers to the south, and the 1 R/h line 

extended 3.5 kilometers to the west and 3.3 

kilometers to the south. These contours were 

not closed to the north and east, the direction 

of the fallout. Two days later, 1 R/h intensities were confined to within 3.2 kilometers of 

ground zero. 

Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station; 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; Army 

Engineer Nuclear Cratering Group; Air Force 

Special Weapons Center; Lawrence Radiation 

Laboratory; Sandia Corporation; Space Technology 

Laboratories, Incorporated; Coast and Geodetic 

Survey; Boeing Company; Geological Survey; 

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Incorporated; 

Brigham Young University; UCLA School of 

Medicine; Public Health Service; Weather Bureau; 

Bureau of Mines; Federal Aviation Agency; 

Reync,lds Electrical and Engineering Company; 

other contractors; AEC civilians. 

69 
CHAPTER 3 

PROJECT SEDAN 

Project SEDAN, a nuclear-cratering experiment, was detonated 

with a yield of 104 kilotons at 0900 hours Pacific Standard Time 

on 6 July 1962. Figure 3-1 shows the detonation (51). The 

project was fired in Area 10 of the Nevada Test Site, described 

in section 3.1. At ground zero, UTM coordinates 847147,* the 

desert alluvium was 1,410 feet deep. The device was placed in a 

cased hole with a diameter of 91 centimeters (36 inches) at a 

depth of 635 feet. The neutron-absorbing mineral colemanite was 

placed around the device, and the rest of the hole was filled to 

the surface with dry sand (28). 

In the first three seconds after the detonation, a roughly 

hemispherical dome of earth 180 to 250 meters in diameter rose to 

a height of about 300 feet. Large quantities of incandescent 

gases were then vented. Earth materials and gases continued to 

rise to about 2,000 feet. The larger particulate earth materials 

then fell back to earth. A base surge was created that expanded 

radially to a distance of approximately four kilometers crosswind 

and 3.2 kilometers upwind. Figure 3-2 shows the base surge and 

the cloud (51). The main cloud, composed of gaseous products and 

fine particulate matter, rose to a height of about 12,000 feet 

above the ground, where there was an inversion in the atmosphere 

(28; 48). This cloud drifted north-northeast from the test site 

(14; 29). 

*Universal Tranverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in this 

report. The first three digits refer to a point on an east-west 

axis, and the second three refer to a point on a north-south 

axis. The point so designated is the southwest corner of an 

area 100 meters square. 

70 


The dust cloud rose higher than had been expected because of 

atmospheric conditions and the large volume of gaseous vapors 

resulting from the moisture content of the alluvium, which was 

higher than had been thought. The cloud deposited nearly five 

times as much fallout on and near the test site than had been 

predicted. Some fallout was deposited in Frenchman Flat and 

occasionally triggered sensitive project instruments emplaced for 

Shot SMALL BOY, detonated on 14 July 1962 as part of Operation 

DOMINIC II (50). Only a small fraction of the radioactivity 

escaped in the cloud. The remainder was retained in the crater. 

The terrain affected the low-level winds and, hence, the lowercloud path and more concentrated fallout pattern (28; 29). 

The AEC PLOWSHARE program for the industrial and civil 

applications of nuclear explosives sponsored Project SEDAN. 

Conducted under the technical direction of the Lawrence Radiation 

Laboratory, SEDAN was planned as the first of a series of nuclear 

tests to develop nuclear excavation techniques applicable to 

canals, harbors, and similar digging projects. The specific 

purposes of the project were to: 

0 Provide safety data related to the release and 

distribution of radioactivity, seismic effects, and 

airblast 

0 Extend knowledge of cratering effects to detonations 

with yields in the range of 100 to 200 kilotons 

0 Determine if scaling models concerning crater depth 

versus yield were valid for detonations with yields 

of 100 to 200 ki:.otons. 

Since previous nuclear cratering experience had been limited to 

detonations of about one kiloton, the validity of using those 

data to predict results of detonations in the 100-to-200 kiloton 

range was uncertain. 

Figure 3-3 shows tha? crater formed by the detonation. This 

crater had a volume of about 6.5 million cubic yards. The crater 

radius was 607 feet and the depth 323 feet. The lip of the 

73 

crater ranged in height from 18 to 95 feet above the preshot 

surface (15). 

3.1 THE NEVADA TEST SITE 

The NTS, originally established by the AEC in December 1950, 

is located in the southeastern part of Nevada, 100 kilometers 

northwest of Las Vegas, E.S shown in figure 3-4. The NTS is in an 

area of high desert and mountain terrain in Nye, Lincoln, and 

Clark Counties. On its eastern, northern, and western boundaries, the NTS adjoins the Nellis Air Force Range, of which it 

was originally a part. "he NTS has been the location for most of 

the nuclear weapons tests conducted within the continental United 

States from 1951 to the present. 

Figure 3-5 shows the location of the SEDAN ground zero. 

Area 10, site of the SEDilN detonation, is part of Yucca Flat, a 

320-square-kilometer desert valley surrounded by mountains in the 

northern part of the NTS. Camp Mercury, situated at the southern 

boundary of the NTS, was the base of the Nevada Test Site 

Organization (NTSO). Carnp Mercury provided office and living 

quarters, as well as laboratory facilities and warehouses, for 

personnel participating in various test activities. 

Indian Springs Air Force Base is 30 kilometers east of Camp 

Mercury. This base served as the principal staging and decontamination area for Air For:e aircraft participating in the 

atmospheric nuclear testing programs. 

3.2 NEVADA TEST SITE OR3ANIZATION FOR PROJECT SEDAN 

The Atomic Energy Commission delegated responsibility to the 

NTSO to plan, manage, and conduct Operation STORAX, the series of 

atmospheric nuclear tests conducted from 1 July 1962 to 30 June 

1963. Since the purposes of the project were essentially 

75 
N 

P

IDAHO 

/ !7/ N? 7r/ 

Nellis 

. Air force I 

a \ ‘/I ILake $ \ 

ARIZONA 

Las Vegas / 

0 

1 1 

Kdometers 

100 

I 

Figure 3-4: LOCATION OF NEVADA TEST SITE 

76 
i

16 

0 5 10 15 

Kilometers 

Figure 3-5: SEDAN GROUND ZERO WITHIN THE NEVADA TEST SITE 

77 
nonmilitary, the Director of the Division of Military Application, who customarily supervised nuclear test operations from AEC 

headquarters in Washington, D.C., shared responsibility for 

Project SEDAN with the Director of the Division of Biology and 

Medicine and the Director of the Division of Peaceful Nuclear 

Explosions. The Manager of the AEC Nevada Operations Office in 

Las Vegas was the Project Manager for SEDAN. He supervised 

activities of the two principal sections of the NTSO, the Project 

Manager's Organization and the Technical Organization, and he 

assigned the chief officials to direct the nuclear test series. 

The principal DOD agency coordinating activities conducted 

by the military at Project SEDAN was the Defense Atomic Support 

Agency. The Chief, DASA, assigned responsibility for the DOD 

test preparations to the Commander, Field Command, DASA, in 

Albuquerque, New Mexico. This responsibility included the 

planning and funding of DOD test activities and the assignment of 

DOD personnel to the NTSO. Figure 3-6 shows the line of authority from the President through the AEC and DOD to the NTSO (22). 

3.2.1 Project Manager's Organization 

The Project Manager's Organization administered Project 

SEDAN and provided support services to the Technical Organization, which conducted the scientific and technical experiments 

associated with the project. The Project Manager was assisted by 

the Military Deputy, an officer from Field Command, DASA, who 

supervised all DOD participants in Project SEDAN. Figure 3-7 

shows the structure of the Project Manager's Organization (22). 

The Project Manager consulted a team of scientific advisors 

and an Advisory Panel for matters relating to the scientific and 

technical aspects of SEDAN. He received advice from the Advisory 

Panel on the scheduling of the detonation. The Advisory Panel 

and the Project Manager received information from the Prediction 

78 
--- 

President 

Director. 

Division 

of Peaceful 

Nuclear 

Explosions 

I 

L---

AEC 

Gerwral 

Manager Cl 

Diret:tor, Director, 

Division of Division 

Military of Biology 

Application and Medicine _lL 

, AEC 

Project 

Manager 

‘ 

I 

Nevada Test 

Site Organization 

- Command 

Liaison and Coordination 

Figure 3-6: FEDERAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE FOR PROJECT SEDAN 

79 
Project Manager 

I I Military Deputy I 

I 

Prediction Scientific Advisory 

Group Advisors Panel 

I

Administrative 

Staff 

I 

Technical 

Support 

Group 

Test 

Information -1 Staff

Coordinator for 

Base Support 

Services 

I 

Engineering 

and 

Construction 

Group 

Figure 3-7: PROJECT MANAGER’S ORGANIZATION FOR PROJECT SEDAN 

30 
Group, who described expec:tations for the weather on the 

scheduled shot-day and the fallout and blast that would result 

from the detonation. The group was staffed by personnel from the 

U.S. Weather Bureau, for weather and fallout prediction, and the 

Sandia Corporation, for blast prediction. 

Four staffs advised the Project Manager: 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Administrative 

Test Information 

Liaison 

Technical. 

The Administrative Staff consisted 

clerical and administrative matters 

of AEC employees 

for the Project 

who handled 

Manager, 

including coordination with the Federal Aviation Administration 

and the U.S. Public Health Service. The Test Information Staff 

informed the public of activities at the Nevada Test Site. The 

Liaison Staff maintained contact between the NTSO and Federal 

agencies, contractors, and the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, the 

developer of the SEDAN nuclear device. This staff included 

personnel from the AEC San Francisco Operations Office and from 

the Divisions of Military Application, Biology and Medicine, and 

Peaceful Nuclear Explosicns. The Technical Staff, consisting of 

AEC and contractor employees, had responsibility for the safety, 

including the onsite radiological safety, of test participants. 

The Project Manager appointed coordinators among the NTSO 

participants for base support services, operations, and 

engineering and construction. The titles of the coordinators, 

with the exception of the Coordinator for Operations, indicate 

their general responsibi:.ities. The Coordinator for Operations 

arranged air support, including the use of Navy aircraft, for 

Project SEDAN. 

The Technical Suppo:-t Group aided the Technical Organization 

in matters relating to weather predictions, radiological safety 

81 
procedures, device assembly and arming, and the timing and firing 

of the device. This group also provided services, such as procedures for offsite radiological safety, for the Project Manager. 

The group was staffed by the following contractors and Government 

agencies (22): 

0 EG&G 

0 REECo 

a Sandia Corporation 

0 U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 

• U.S. Public Health Service 

a U.S. Weather Bureau. 

The Engineering and Construction Group built and assembled 

the facilities and installations necessary for the scientific 

experiments. The Support Group provided transportation, 

communications, medical, and maintenance services. Both groups 

were staffed by AEC and contractors, particularly Holmes and 

Narver, Incorporated, and REECo. 

The Department of Defense did not have any spec ific groups 

within the Project Manager's Organization, except for the 

Military Deputy and his staff. The function of the Military 

Deputy was to coordinate the activities of the DOD participants 

in the various groups and staffs of the NTSO. 

3.2.2 Technical Organization 

The Technical Organization assembled and armed the SEDAN 

nuclear device. In addition, it conducted a number of scientific 

and technical experiments. The group was headed by the Technical 

Director, an LRL scientist. He was assisted by a Deputy 

Technical Director from LRL and two scientific advisors, one from 

82 
LRL and the other from the AEC Division of Biology and Medicine. 

The Technical Director was supported by five sections (22): 

0 Operations 

0 Engineering and Construction 

0 Safety 

0 Assembly and Arming 

0 Timing and Firing. 

The Operations Section coordinated the operational requirements of all Technical Organization participants. The Engineering 

and Construction Section was the chief liaison between the 

Technical Organization ard the Engineering and Construction Group 

of the Project Manager's Organization. The Safety Section was 

responsible for personnel safety, including radiological safety, 

before and after the shot.. Radiological safety responsibilities 

were coordinated with those of the Technical Section, Project 

Manager's Organization. The Assembly and Arming and the Timing 

and Firing Sections prept.red the SEDAN device for detonation. 

With the exception of the Timing and Firing Section, manned by 

EG&G personnel, LRL personnel supervised the support staffs. The 

scientific and technical experiments were conducted by individual 

groups, supervised by the Technical Director and supported by the 

sections of the technical organizations (22). 

3.3 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND 

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES .\T PROJECT SEDAN 

Department of Defense personnel took part in some of the 

scientific and technical experiments conducted at Project SEDAN. 

Most of these experiments were designed to study peaceful applications of nuclear detonations. The other experiments were VELA 

UNIFORM projects, developed to detect underground detonations. 

After the detonation, some project personnel went into the 

shot area to recover equipment and data. Recovery hour probably 

83 
occurred at about 1200, or about three hours after the detonation. The initial survey of the shot area had been completed 

by this time. 

3.3.1 Scientific Tests 

The Technical Organization conducted a number of programs at 

Project SEDAN to document the effects of a nuclear cratering 

detonation. These programs included (17; 29): 

0 F'allout collection and measurement, using fallout 

trays and collectors positioned throughout the 

planned fallout sector 

0 Bio-environmental effects, using materials arranged 

throughout the test area 

0 Ground shock (seismic monitoring) and airblast, both 

onsite and offsite 

• Close-in ground motion and cloud dimensions, using 

high-speed photography and underground pressure 

transducers 

• Total mass distribution, using tarpaulins, trays, 

and measuring rods 

0 Particle trajectory, using radioactive pellets 

emplaced in holes near ground zero. 

According to available documentation, Department of Defense 

personnel participated in four projects, described below, that 

were part of technical programs studying peaceful uses of nuclear 

detonations. In addition, they participated in support 

activities for these studies. 

Stability of Cratered Slopes was conducted by the Soils 

Division of the Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 

Vicksburg, Mississippi. The study was sponsored by the Army 

Engineer Nuclear Cratering Group, Livermore, California, and the 

LHL. The purposes were to determine the effects of the detonation on the properties of the subsurface soil adjacent to the 

84 
crater and the stability Df the resultant crater slopes. Data on 

the effects were needed if nuclear detonations were to be used in 

excavation for such structures as canals, buildings, bridges, 

piers, and docks. The Nuclear Cratering Group provided overall 

technical direction for this study. The Waterways Experiment 

Station supervised the exploratory trenching, conducted 

exploratory drilling, and analyzed the drill samples. The LRL 

performed initial geological mapping, provided continuing 

geological consultation and photography support, and coordinated 

radiological safety activities (16). Preshot field work, 

conducted in June 1962, consisted of field mapping exposed 

geologic units, boring in the vicinity of ground zero, geophysical logging of the drill holes, and laboratory testing (45). 

On 9 January 1963, t.he Test Manager authorized the Nuclear 

Cratering Group to begin postshot explorations of the SEDAN 

crater. He gave authorization with the understanding that 

written permission to enter the SEDAN area would be obtained from 

LRL and that explorations of the area would not interfere with 

other NTS activities (3511. An estimated six personnel from the 

Nuclear Cratering Group and the Waterways Experiment Station were 

in residence at the NTS, starting about 14 January 1963. The 

explorations were concluded in August 1963. These postshot field 

investigations involved mapping the exposed crater and throwout 

surfaces, mapping an inspection trench excavated through the 

crater lip, and making v,%rious other borings, geophysical logs, 

and field density determinations (16; 45). Figure 3-8 shows the 

slope of the SEDAN crater. 

Naval Aerial Photographic Analysis was conducted by the 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL). Because this 

activity was scheduled only a few days before the shot, the 

objectives were not formally stated or documented. It is 

85 

believed, however, that the project participants were to use 

high-performance photography aircraft to (47): 

• Photograph the preshot ground zero area 

• Map the crater 

0 Evaluate the advantages of this type of aerial 

photography for f'uture PLOWSHARE demonstrations. 

At the time of Project SEDAN, NRDL was providing aerial 

photography support for E. number of projects at Operation DOMINIC 

II, also conducted at the? NTS during July 1962. The Military 

Field Operation Office of NRDL, which was responsible for these 

missions, supervised sim:.lar aerial photography coverage of 

SEDAN. NRDL requested aerial photo support for Project SEDAN 

from the Commander, Fleet Air, San Diego, who then authorized the 

Light Photographic Squadl'on Sixty-Three (VFP-63) to provide that 

support. The photo squadron was based at the Naval Air Station 

in Miramar, California. Upon NRDL's request for a squadron 

representative, a Master Chief Petty Officer arrived at the NTS 

on 4 July as the VFP-63 Xiaison officer to the Military Field 

Operation Office. He remained at the NTS for three weeks to 

coordinate the aerial photography missions at SEDAN and other 

shots (47). 

Two F8U-1P aircraft, the photo version of the Pacific 

Fleet's supersonic Crusacier jet aircraft, conducted four 

photography missions at Project SEDAN. The aircraft flew the 

initial two missions 8,730 feet over the immediate ground zero 

area. They began the first mission at 1205 hours on 5 July and 

the second at 1615 hours on 6 July, about seven hours after the 

detonation. During these two flights, the aircrews also took 

preshot photographs of the ground zero areas for two Operation 

DOMINIC II shots, SMALL BOY and JOHNIE BOY. On 7 and 9 July, 

beginning at 1125 and 1020 hours, respectively, the aircraft flew 

two additional sorties to photograph the extensive upwind and 

crosswind base surge deposition area (47). 

87 
Project 2.03, Seismic Effects from a High Yield Nuclear -

Cratering Experiment in Desert Alluvium, was conducted by the 

U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, with assistance from LRL, Field 

Command DASA, and the Air Force Technical Applications Center. 

The objective was to obtain data for improving empirical scaling 

formulas for earth particle motion predictions. The project was 

designed to determine the magnitude and distal attenuation of the 

peak earth particle velocities, accelerations, and displacements 

and to compare the results with those obtained from studies of 

natural earthquake phenomena and underground detonations (26). 

Project personnel obtained data from 11 Project 1.4 and six 

Project 8.1 stations. The Project 1.4 stations ranged from one 

to 27 kilometers from ground zero. Eight of these stations were 

in concrete bunkers and installations constructed for purposes 

other than seismographic studies. The other three stations were 

in seismographic shelters located out of the debris fallout 

range. The Project 8.1 stations were mobile and were located 

offsite, 150 to 1,700 kilometers from ground zero. Three of the 

stations were northeast of ground zero at approximate distances 

of 150, 200, and 250 kilometers. Of the remaining stations, one 

was at Tryon, Oklahoma, and the other two were near Suffield, 

Alberta, Canada (26). Projects 1.4 and 8.1 were VELA UNIFORM 

studies, and they are discussed in section 3.3.2. 

Project 62.90, Some Radiochemical and Physical Measurements 

of Debris from an Underground Nuclear Explosion, was conducted by 

the U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The objectives 

were to collect fallout samples in order to determine mass per 

unit area, mass and activity distribution as a function of 

particle size, ionization decay rate and gamma spectra, and 

radiochemical composition of the fallout. Additional objectives 

were to perform leaching and exchange studies of radioactive 

debris and to measure the release of gaseous iodine fission 

products (21). 

88 
On 4 and 5 July, prcject personnel placed basic collectors 

at 20 stations ranging 790 to 5,850 meters from ground zero. At 

0600 hours on 6 July, they placed an iodine gas sampler at a 

station about 3,000 meters from ground zero and started the 

motor. At 1700 hours on 8 July, participants recovered 

collectors from stations 1,650 to 5,850 meters from ground zero. 

At 1400 hours on 10 July, personnel retrieved collectors from 

stations 1,500 to 5,200 meters from ground zero (21). 

3.3.2 VELA UNIFORM Projects 

Department of Defense personnel participated in several VELA 

UNIFORM projects at SEDAN. The origin and purpose of the VELA 

UNIFORM program are discllssed in chapter 2. 

Project 1.4, Strong Motion Seismic Measurements, was 

conducted by the Defense Atomic Support Agency and the Coast and 

Geodetic Survey. From 1000 to 2300 hours on 5 July, project 

personnel made final adjustments to seismic instruments at 

stations one to 27 kilometers from ground zero. These stations, 

also used for Project 62.90, were in Areas 2, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 

and 15 of the NTS. To m;Lke the adjustments, personnel divided 

into three parties, each of two men. The same parties made final 

adjustments to the instr.iments on shot-day, up to three hours 

before the detonation. \fter the detonation, these parties 

remained at the forward t:heckpoint until the announcement of 

recovery hour, when they proceeded into the shot area to collect 

data (37). 

Project 8.1, Intermediate Range Seismic Measurements, was 

conducted by the Air Force Technical Applications Center and the 

Coast and Geodetic Survey. The objective was to collect data to 

aid in improving methods of detecting and identifying underground 

nuclear explosions. Data obtained from stations 150 to 1,700 

kilometers from ground zero were also used for Project 2.03 (37). 

89 
Project 8.4, Long Range Seismic Measurements, was conducted 

by the Air Force Technical Applications Center and the Coast and 

Geodetic Survey. Its objective was to gather seismic data from 

various offsite locations (37). 

Department of Defense personnel also participated in Project 

9.2 [support photography] and 9.3 [support photography]. The 

objectives of these two projects were to provide photographs for 

participating agencies and for public information purposes (37). 

Seven DASA photo unit personnel operated a station in the 

shot area from 0700 to 1100 hours on shot-day. They took still 

and motion pictures of the detonation. From 15 minutes before to 

45 minutes after the detonation, two additional personnel 

photographed the ground zero area from an H-21 helicopter 

circling upwind from ground zero. Another DASA photo unit 

participant joined an EG&G group at the Control Point. When 

the area was opened for recovery activities, this participant 

went to the ground zero area to take photographs (37). 

3.3.3 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Specific information on AFSWC activities at Project SEDAN is 

limited, primarily because SEDAN was conducted within the period 

of Operation DOMINIC II and participants in SEDAN were also 

involved in DOMINIC II. Documentation does not always distinguish between the activities conducted at SEDAN and those 

conducted at DOMINIC II. It is known, however, that AFSWC and 

other Air Force personnel conducted cloud-sampling, cloudtracking, and support missions during SEDAN. 

Cloud Sampling 

Five B-57 aircraft, each with a crew of two, conducted 

cloud-sampling missions at Project SEDAN. The aircraft staged 

from Indian Springs AFB (37). The first B-57 (serial number 243) 

90 
sampled the SEDAN cloud four minutes after the detonation. This 

aircraft was sandblasted by suspended particulate, causing some 

damage to its skin and frosting its windscreen. After completing 

its mission, the aircraft returned to Indian Springs AFB, landing 

at 1020. 

All crew members aboard the five cloud-sampling aircraft 

wore film badges. The highest film badge reading was 1.445 rem 

(40). Three film badges were taped inside the five aircraft, but 

the readings from these badges are not known. In addition, the 

outsides of the aircraft were monitored. The highest radiation 

intensity found on these aircraft was 8.5 R/h, recorded on the 

left wing of the first sampler (serial number 243) (38). 

Cloud Tracking 

The Offsite Radiological Safety Organization used two Air 

Force aircraft and crews for cloud tracking at SEDAN. One U3A 

flew a high-altitude and the other a low-altitude mission. A 

USPHS radiological safety team, probably of two personnel, 

accompanied the crew of each U3A, estimated at four personnel. 

At 0951, one of the aircraft left Indian Springs AFB for the NTS, 

where it was to orbit over Yucca Lake until cleared by Air 

Control to fly over the shot area. At 1040, this aircraft passed 

over the cloud at 21,500 feet, registering a reading of 0.001 

R/h. The second U3A, which both tracked and penetrated the 

cloud, flew from Indian Springs AFB after the detonation. The 

aircraft made its initial cloud penetration at about 1500 hours. 

At 1700, it flew a west-to-east pass through the cloud to obtain 

an intensity profile. This aircraft ended its mission at 1729 

hours, after the leading edge of the cloud had been located 24 

kilometers south of Ely, Nevada (29; 39). 

A NB-50 aircraft was to perform cloud tracking if the cloud 

rose to an altitude above the range of the U3A aircraft. This 

aircraft flew from Indian Springs AFB at 0930 but apparently was 

not needed for the mission (39). 

91 
Support 

In addition to one H-21 helicopter providing support to 

Projects 9.2 and 9.3, four other helicopters participated in 

support activities. Two of these helicopters remained at the 

Control Point 1 helicopter pad, prepared to perform rescue 

operations in the forward area if needed. The other two 

helicopters were on standby to airlift experimental animals, 

handlers, and samples that were part of a USPHS project (39). 

3.4 RADIATION PROTECTION AT PROJECT SEDAN 

To minimize the exposures of PLOWSHARE personnel to ionizing 

radiation, the Atomic Energy Commission directed the Project 

Manager to implement radiological safety procedures. In 

addition, the AEC recommended an individual exposure limit of 

3 rem of gamma and neutron radiation per quarter calendar year 

and not more than 5 rem annually. The SEDAN radiological safety 

program operated within these exposure guidelines (6). 

3.4.1 Organization of the Radiological Safety Program 

The Project Manager had overall responsibility for the 

radiological safety of participants in Project SEDAN. He was 

advised by the Technical Staff and assisted by the Technical 

Support Group. Working with the Technical Support Group, the 

Radiological Safety Division of REECo provided all onsite 

radiological support. The Onsite Radiological Safety Officer 

headed this division. The USPHS provided offsite radiological 

safety support. The Offsite Radiological Safety Officer 

supervised these activities (29; 40). 

92 
3.4.2 Radiation Protection Activities 

The radiological safety program was designed to minimize the 

radiation exposures of participating personnel and observers, to 

prevent the spread of radioactive contamination to uncontrolled 

areas, and to assist in security and control of personnel access 

into radiation areas. In fulfilling its responsibilities, the 

REECo Radiological Safety Division did the following (40): 

• Issued anticontanination clothing and equipment to 

personnel entering radiation areas 

0 Maintained exposure records to determine the 

accumulated exposure of each participant to gamma 

radiation 

0 Provided radiation detection instruments 

a Issued, exchanged, processed, and evaluated film 

badge dosimeters 

• Took air samples and monitored radiation areas and 

controlled access into these areas 

0 Plotted isointensity contour maps of radiation areas 

and provided radiation information to personnel 

entering radiation areas 

0 Decontaminated personnel, vehicles, and equipment. 

Radiological safety personnel were stationed at the Test 

Director's Forward Control Point, This building served as the 

base operations station for the radiological monitoring teams. 

In addition, the building was used as a check station to ensure 

that personnel entering the test area had proper identification 

badges and authorizatior papers. The Test Director's Forward 

Control Point also functioned as a decontamination facility for 

personnel and vehicles leaving the test area. Another 

radiological safety section at Indian Springs AFB provided 

monitoring and decontamination services for the cloud-sampling 

program (40). 

93 
Protective Equipment and Personnel Dosimetry 

Radiological safety personnel procured, issued, maintained, 

repaired, and stored protective equipment and supplies for 

personnel entering the SEDAN test area. This equipment included 

film badges, radiac instruments, environmental sampling equipment, and anticontamination clothing. With the exception of 

AFSWC participants, NTSO personnel received this equipment and 

clothing as they passed through the Test Director's Forward 

Control Point. AFSWC personnel received the equipment and clothing at the Indian Springs AFB radiological safety facility (40). 

From 6 July through 13 August 1962, 378 personnel entered 

the test area. Each individual received a film badge and a 

self-reading pocket dosimeter. The pocket dosimeters were read 

when the individuals left the test area, and exposures were 

written down and used as a supplemental daily record to the film 

badge records. Two personnel, one from the Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory and the other from the Naval Mobile 

Construct%on Battalion-ELEVEN, exceeded the 3 rem limit. The 

maximum personnel exposure was 5.790 rem, and the average 

exposure was 0.883 rem (40). In addition to the aggregate 

exposure information in the "Onsite Radiological Safety Report," 

table 3-l presents the gamma exposure data available from film 

badge records for DOD participants at SEDAN. Table 3-2 presents 

gamma exposure information available from film badge records for 

scientific personnel, contractors, and affiliates who took part 

in the PLOWSHARE Program. The documentation used for table 3-2 

did not identify the participants according to specific PLOWSHARE 

event (7; 25; 41; 46). 

94 
Table 3-1: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR DOD PERSONNEL 

AND AFFILIATES AT PROJECT SEDAN, PLOWSHARE PROGRAM 

Personnel 

Pamonnel 

ldantlfled 

Average 

Gamma Gamma Exposure [rem) 

ldentif ad by Name and Exposure -

Units by Name by Film Badge (rem) <O.l 0.1-1.0 1.0-3.0 3.0-5.0 5.0+ 

Army 

Unknown 3 1 1.295 0 0 1 0 0 

Total (Army) 3 1 1.295 0 0 1 0 0 

Navy 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project 2 0 -

(sic) 

Construction Battalion Center, 1 1 0.120 0 1 0 0 0 

Port Hueneme, CA 

Director, Weapons Effects Tests 1 0 _ 

Naval Administrative Unit, Sandia Base 7 5 0.044 4 1 0 0 0 

Naval Mobile Construction Battalion - 21 21 1.055 3 6 11 1 0 

ELEVEN 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

University of California Radiation Laboratory 

Unit Unknown 

Total (Navy) 

Marine Corps 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Total (Marine Corps) 

“‘Sic” indicates that the table entry for the organization itppears as it was listed in source documentation 

95 
Table 3-1: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR DOD PERSONNEL 

AND AFFILIATES AT PROJECT SEDAN, PLOWSHARE PROGRAM 

(CONTINUED) 

Personnel 

Personnel 

Identified 

Average 

Gamma Gamma Exposure Irem) 

ldentlfied by Name and Exposure 

Units by Name by Film Badge (remi <O.l Cl-l.0 1.0-3.0 3.0-5.0 5.0+ 

Air Force 

Air Force Flight Test Canter, Headquarters 6 5 0.053 4 1 0 0 0 

Air Force Flight Test Center, Headquarters 1 1 0.075 1 0 0 0 0 

Unknown at This Time 4 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 

1129th U.S. Air Force Special Activities 1 0 

Squadron 

1136th U.S. Air Force Special Activities 1 1 0.200 0 1 0 0 0 

Squadron 

Total (Air Force) 13 11 0.049 9 2 0 0 0 

Total (SEDAN) 99 75 0.663 17 26 26 1 1 

96 
Table 3-2: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR SCIENTIFIC 

PERSONNEL, CONTRACTORS, AND AFFILIATES, PLOWSHARE PROGRAM* 

Personnel 

Pmrsonnsl 

Idantified 

Average 

Gamma 

Gamma Exposure (ram) 

Units 

lden:ifiad 

by hame 

by Name and 

by Film Badge 

Exposure 

(rem1 

’ 

-CO.1 0.1-1.0 1.0-3.0 3.0-5.0 5.0+ 

Armour Research Foundation 9 9 0 9 0 0 0 0 

Bendix Aircraft Corporation 35 85 0 85 0 0 0 0 

Chance Vought 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 

DNA Clarksville Base 16 16 0 16 0 0 0 0 

DNA Lake Meade Base 37 37 0 37 0 0 0 0 

DNA Manzano Base 7 7 0 7 0 0 0 0 

DNA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20 20 0 20 0 0 0 0 

FCDNA Civilians, Kirtland AFB 11 11 0.007 11 0 0 0 0 

FCDNA NTS Detachment 12 12 0.002 12 0 0 0 0 

Marquardt Aircraft 31 31 0 31 0 0 0 0 

Martsat 7 7 0 7 0 0 0 0 

Office of Test Information 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 

Office of the Secretary of Defense 47 47 0 47 0 0 0 0 

Stanford Research Institute 13 13 0.003 13 0 0 0 0 

Unit Unknown :I06 306 0 306 0 0 0 0 

Universities 24 24 0 24 0 0 0 0 

Total Ii32 632 0 632 0 0 0 0 

‘Information is not available on personnel participation according to specific PLOWSHARE event 

97 
Monitoring 

Onsite monitoring activities of the Radiological Safety 

Division included (37; 40): 

Performing initial surveys and resurveys of the test 

area 

Marking and establishing radiation areas within 

isointensity lines 

Establishing and operating monitoring checkpoints 

Serving as monitors for personnel who were required 

to enter radiation areas. 

At 1100 hours, two hours after the detonation, four twoperson monitoring teams in radio-equipped vehicles left the Test 

Director's Forward Control Point to conduct the initial ground 

survey of the shot area. Radiation intensities before this time, 

as recorded by remote monitoring stations, were too high to 

permit entry into this area. The survey teams proceeded along 

predesignated routes into the shot area taking radiation readings 

as they progressed. They radioed the readings to radiological 

safety personnel at the base station, where isointensity maps 

were prepared. The maps were then made available to project 

personnel who entered the shot area to recover equipment and 

data. 

The teams completed the initial survey at 1200 hours. 

Figure 3-9 presents a copy of the radiation isointensity map 

resulting from this survey. Resurveys were performed five hours 

after the detonation and on various days up to 33 days after the 

detonation. Figures 3-10 and 3-11 show copies of radiation 

isointensity maps resulting from surveys conducted five hours and 

two days after the detonation. Radiological surveys were also 

conducted at specific locations in addition to Area 10, including 

Frenchman Flat, Papoose Lake, Control Point Building 1, and Area 

7 (40). 

98 
@D Ground Zero

Roads 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

_._ .-._._ 0.1 Rlh

0 1000 - - - - -- 1 .O R/h I J 

10 R/h Meters 

Figure 3-9: INITIAL SURVEY FOR PROJECT SEDAN, MID-TIME 

1130 HOURS, 6 JULY 1962 
. 

. 

. 

Ground Zero 

Roads 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

0 1000 _.-.-._._ 0.1 R/t-, 

1 I ------ 1.0 Rlh 

Meters 

8 

10 R/h 

Figure 3-10: RESURVEY FOR PROJECT SEDAN, MID-TIME 

1525 HOURS, 6 JULY 1962 

100 
I

/ I I I I I I

\ / 

Ground Zero 

Roads 

0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 Rlh L--r? _.-.-.-.- 0.1 R/h 

Meters ---w-w 1.0 R/h

Figure 3-11: RESlJRVEY FOR PROJECT SEDAN, MID-TIME 

0800 HOURS, 8 JULY 1982 

101 
Offsite monitoring, provided by USPHS personnel, was also 

conducted during the SEDAN event. Before the detonation, 18 

two-person monitoring teams in radio-equipped vehicles went to 

selected offsite areas within about 350 kilometers of ground 

zero. These teams were then in position to conduct ground 

surveys as the SEDAN cloud drifted over their locations. The 

teams monitored along some highways and in populated areas in the 

path of the cloud. The highest gamma intensity they encountered 

on shot-day in unpopulated areas was 1.96 R/h, recorded about 

62 kilometers north of ground zero. The highest gamma intensity 

encountered by teams in a populated area on shot-day was 

0.324 R/h, recorded in Diablo, Nevada. The next highest 

intensity on shot-day was 0.032 R/h at Penoyer, Nevada (29). 

Offsite monitoring teams resurveyed the towns and other 

populated areas each day for four days after the detonation. The 

highest gamma intensity recorded was 0.011 R/h in Diablo the day 

after the detonation (29). 

Decontamination 

Radiological safety personnel operated a decontamination 

facility from the Test Director's Forward Control Point. At this 

station, they monitored personnel, vehicles, and equipment 

leaving the test area. Decontamination was required if radioactivity exceeded the NTS limits of: 

0 Personnel: 0.007 R/h (beta and gamma) or 1,000 

counts per minute (alpha) on 

anticontamination clothing and shoes 

0.001 R/h (gamma) or 200 counts per 

minute (alpha) on surface of skin or 

underclothing 

• Vehicles and 0.007 R/h (gamma) on outer surfaces 

Equipment: 

0.007 R/h (beta and gamma) or 10,000 

counts per minute (alpha) on inner 

surfaces. 

102 
The first step in decontaminating personnel returning from 

the radiation area was to clean them of surface contamination by 

vacuuming the dust and dirt from their garments. Returning 

personnel then turned in their respirators, film badges, and 

pocket dosimeters. Radiological safety personnel next monitored 

each individual. If the radioactivity reading exceeded the 

limit, the person was reql.ired to remove contaminated clothing 

and, if the reading was still too high, take a shower. 

Radiological safety personnel monitored the individual again 

after the shower. If the radiation reading was less than 0.001 

R/h on the surface of the skin, the individual received fresh 

clothing and was released., 

Vehicles returning f::om radiation areas were parked in 

designated areas adjacent to the Control Point. Members of the 

Radiological Safety Division monitored the vehicles. If they 

recorded readings of 0.00'7 R/h or greater, the vehicles had to be 

decontaminated. Radiological safety personnel first vacuumed all 

surfaces, including running boards, floorboards, and the undersides of fenders. They then resurveyed the vehicles and, if the 

vehicles were still contaninated, sprayed and washed them with a 

liquid detergent and rinsed them with water. When measured gamma 

radiation intensities were less than 0.007 R/h, radiological 

safety personnel returned the vehicles to service. 

Radiological safety personnel also operated a decontamination facility at Indian Springs AFB. After completing their 

missions, AFSWC aircraft returned to the base. There, the 

aircraft and crews were monitored for radioactivity and 

decontaminated as necessary (40). 

To allow natural decay of radiation intensities, decontamination crews waited unti.1 1700 hours on shot-day to begin 

decontaminating the five cloud-sampling aircraft. These crews, 

wearing anticontamination clothing, film badges, and pocket 

103 
dosimeters, used a mixture of citric acid, sodium borate, soap, 

and water to decontaminate the aircraft, including the pilot 

areas, the engines, and the sample pods. To decontaminate 

engines, the crews sprayed the running engines with a two-inch 

stream of water from a fire hose (38). 

In addition to decontaminating personnel and vehicles, a 

major decontamination activity during SEDAN was cleaning about 

11 kilometers of the highway leading to Groom Pass. This highway 

had become contaminated with fallout debris from the cloud. By 

11 July, the maximum radiation levels had decayed to about 

1.2 R/h. Radiological safety personnel washed the contaminated 

material from the road with water from high-pressure hoses. They 

used several tanker trucks and fire trucks for this operation. 

After washing, the highway was resurveyed, and the highest 

radiation level was found to be 0.15 R/h. At 1100 hours on 

11 July, the highway was reopened for traffic (40). 

104 
REFERENCE LIST 

The following list of references represents 

only those documents cited in the PLOWSHARE 

Program volume. When a WT document is 

followed by an EX, the latest version has been 

cited. 

Many of the PLOWSHARE Program documents were 

made available for public sale via the Office 

of Technical Services (OTS), the predecessor 

of the National Technical Information Service 

(NTIS). Thus, some of these documents were 

entered into the NTIS automated retrieval 

system not with an AD number but with their 

issuance designation of PNE or TID. The 

documents so identified in this listing are 

preceded by the price code before the order 

number. If "archives copy" appears in 

brackets after the order number, please 

designate as such in a request. 

105 
AVAILABILITY INFORMATION 

An availability statement has been included at the end of 

the reference citation for those readers who wish to read or 

obtain copies of source documents. Availability statements were 

correct at the time the bibliography was prepared. It is 

anticipated that many of the documents marked unavailable may 

become available during the declassification review process. The 

Coordination and Information Center (CIC) and the National 

Technical Information Service (NTIS) will be provided future 

DNA-WT documents bearing an EX after the report number. 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of CIC 

may be reviewed at the following address: 

Department of Energy 

Coordination and Information Center 

(Operated by Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Co., Inc.) 

ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley 

2753 S. Highland 

P.O. Box 14100 Phone: (702) 734-3194 

Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of NTIS 

may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service. 

When ordering by mail or phone, please include both the price 

code and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses 

before the NTIS order number. 

National Technical Information Service 

5285 Port Royal Road Phone: (703) 487-4650 

Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office) 

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by 

writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or by calling 

(703) 487-4660. 

106 
THE PLOWSHARE PROGRAM REFERENCE LIST 

1. 79th Congress of the ‘Jnited States, 2nd Session. Public 

Law 585: Atomi': Energy Act of 1946. Washington, 

D.C.: GPO. A.lgust 1, 1946. 24 Pages. 

2. 83rd Congress of the Jnited States, 2nd Session. Public 

Law 703: Atomi,= Energy Act of 1954. Washington, 

D.C.: GPO. August 30, 1954. 16 Pages. 

3. Atomic Energy Commission. Standard Operating Procedure. 

Chapter 0524: Radiological Safety, DRAFT. 

Washington, D.C.: AEC. PGO 0524-01. June 6, 1961. 

9 Pages.** 

4. Atomic Energy Commission, Albuquerque. TWX (priority) to 

AEC Oakland, Project GNOME. Albuquerque, NM. 

NR 043 25231602. r19591.*** 

5. Atomic Energy Commission, Project GNOME Manager. Memorandum 

to Distribution, Subject: Special Instructions and 

Schedule of Events for Project GNOME, w/2 encls. 

[Carlsbad, NM] AEC. December 7, 1961. 27 pages.** 

6. Atomic Energy Commission, San Francisco Operations Office. 

Appendix F: Radiological Safety Criteria. (In

"PLOWSHARE Program: Technical Reporting Plan, Project 

SEDAN.") [Oakland, CA.] May 1962. 2 Pages.** 

7. Defense Nuclear Agency. Personnel Exposed to Radiation from 

Atmospheric Nuclear Tests (File C). Computer 

Magnetic Tape. Washington, D.C.: DNA. HDNA 

609-03. December 1982.  

8. Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office; Los Alamos 

National Laboratory; Lawrence Livermore National 

Laboratory; ant. Sandia National Laboratories. 

"Announced Unit.ed States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 

through December 1981." [Las Vegas, NV.: DOE/Nevada 

Operations Office.] NVO-209 (Rev. 2). 

January 1982. 68 Pages.**  

9. Divine, Robert A. Hlowing on the Wind; the Nuclear Test 

Ban Debate. ?)xford University Press, NY. 1978. 

393 Pages. index. 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to P::ivacy Act restrictions. 

107 
10. Elliott, Richard, Director, Office of Information, 

Albuquerque Operations. Memorandum for the File, 

Subject: GNOME Reports. Albuquerque, NM. November 

29, 1961. [2 Pages].** * 

11. Fidler, Harold A., Manager, San Francisco Operations Office. 

Memorandum for Richard Elliott, Subject: Information 

Action Recommended for Carlsbad Area. Oakland, CA. 

August 20, 1958. [4 Pages].*** 

12. Field Command, Defense Atomic Support Agency. "Department 

of Defense Technical Operational Plan for VELA UNIFORM 

Participation in Project GNOME." Albuquerque, NM: 

FC DASA. November 1961. 33 Pages.*** 

13. Galbraith, F. W.; Barron, hf. V. "Shock Spectrum 

Measurements, Project 1.7." TRW Space Technology 

Laboratories. Oak Ridge, TN.: AEC TIE. VUF-2401. 

July 1965. 34 Pages. (A03) AD 617 321.* 

14. General Electric Company--TEMPO. Compilation of Local 

Fallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962. 

Vol. I: "Continental U.S. Tests." Washington, D.C.: 

Defense Nuclear Agency. DNA 1251-l-EX. 1979. 

619 Pages. (A99) AD/A079 309.* 

15. Gerber, C. R.; Hamburger, R.; Hull, E. W. S. "PLOWSHARE." 

Atomic Energy Commission. Oak Ridge, TN.: AEC TIE. 

March 1966. 54 Pages.** 

16. Graves, Ernest, Jr., LTC, USA. Letter to James E. Reeves, 

re: Proposal for Exploration of DANNY BOY and SEDAN 

Nuclear Cratering Group. Livermore, CA. [1962]. 

3 Pages.*** 

17. Hagedorn, Zach, Jr., CPT, USA. "Peaceful Uses of Nuclear 

Explosives: Project PLOWSHARE." Field Command, 

Defense Atomic Support Agency. Albuquerque, NM.: 

FC DASA. September 1963. 40 Pages.*** 

18. Hertford, K. F., Manager Albuquerque Operations. 

Memorandum for G. C. Smute, Subject: Military 

Participation--Sponsor Demonstrations. Albuquerque, 

NM. March 30, 1960. 3 Pages.** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

108 
19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

Kessing's Publications, Ltd. [Kessing's Research Report 

on] Disarmament Negotiations and Treaties, 1946-1971. 

New York, NY.: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1972. 

385 Pages. 

Lamont, Lansing. Day of TRINITY. New York, NY.: 

Atheneum. 1965. 331 Pages. 

Lane, W. B. "Some Radiochemical and Physical Measurements 

of Debris from an Underground Nuclear Detonation, 

Project 62.90." Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory and Civil Effects Test Group. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Technical Services. PNE-229P. May

1963. 53 Pages. (A04) PNE-229P [Archives Copy].* 

Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. "Technical Director's 

Operation Plan, Project SEDAN." [Atomic Energy 

Commission.] Livermore, CA.: LRL. June 1962. 

37 Pages.** 

Lawrence Radiation Laboratory and AEC, San Francisco 

Operations Office. Proceedings of the Third 

PLOWSHARE Sympcsium, Engineering with Nuclear 

Explosives, Apr~il 21, 2!3, 1964. Oak Ridge, TN.: 

Division of Technical Information. TID 7695. 

[1965]. 396 E'ages. (A17) TID 7695.* 

McBride, James H. The Test Ban Treaty: Military, 

Technological,- and Political Implications. Chicago, 

IL.: Henry Regnery Co. 1967. 197 Pages. 

Marine Corps Nuclear Test Personnel Review, Project 

Coordinator. Memorandum for JRB Associates, Inc., 

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Washington, D.C. 4 March 1982. 1 Page.** 

Mickey, W. B. "Seismic Effects from a High Yield Nuclear 

Cratering Experiment in Desert Alluvium, Project 

2.03." Coast and Geodetic Survey. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Technical Services. PNE-213F. 

1963. 62 Pages. (A04) PNE-213F.* 

Miller, R. E. [Memorandum for San Francisco Operations 

Office, Subjec-;: GNOME Safety.] Atomic Energy 

Commission. Illbuquerque, NM. July 23, 1958. 

5 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Avitilability Information page. 

****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

109 
28. Nordyke, M. D.; Williamson, M. M. The SEDAN Event. Army 

Corps of Engineers and Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. 

Washington, D.C.: Clearinghouse FSTI. PNE-242F. 

1965. 103 Pages. (A06) PNE-242F.* 

29. Placak, 0. R. Final Off-Site Report of the Project SEDAN 

Event. U.S. Public Health Service. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Technical Services. PNE-200F. 

December 1962. 95 Pages. (A05) AD/A076 367.* 

30. Placak, 0. R. Off-Site Radiological Safety Report, Project 

GNOME. Public Health Service. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Technical Services. PNE-132F. May 1962. 

102 Pages. (A06) PNE-132F.* 

31. Polatty! James M.; Bendinelli, R. A. "Design, Testing, and 

Field Pumping of Grout Mixtures." Army Corps of 

Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station. Washington, 

D.C.: Office of Technical Services. PNE-116F. 

March 1962. 26 Pages. (A03) AD/A081 142.* 

32. Reeves, James E., Assistant Manager for Test Operations. 

Memorandum for 0. H. Roehlk, Subject: GNOME Public 

Safety. [Albuquerque, NM.] February 15, 1961. 

[4 Pages].*** 

33. Reeves, James E., Assistant Manager for Test Operations. 

Memorandum to Distribution, Subject: 

Coordination --Project PLOWSHARE. Atomic Energy 

Commission. Albuquerque, NM. July 17, 1958. 

1 Page.** 

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Public Information Handling. Atomic Energy 

Commission. Albuquerque, NM. July 1, 1959. 

[2 Pages].** 

35. Reeves, James E., Manager, Nevada Operations Office. 

Letter to LTC Ernest Graves, Jr., USA re: Approval of 

Proposal for Exploration of Nuclear Craters. Atomic 

Energy Commission. Las Vegas, NV. January 9, 1963. 

2 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

110 
36. Reeves, James E., Pro;ect Manager. Memorandum to 

Distribution, Subject: Planning Directive 

(PL-1-3-61) --Project GNOME. [Albuquerque, NM.] 

March 24, 1961. 4 Pages.**  

37. Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Co., Inc. "Detailed 

Support Plan: SEDAN Event." [Albuquerque, NM.: 

REECo.] [1962..] 15 Pages.** 

38. Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Company, Inc. Extracts 

from: Indian Springs Report: SEDAN et al. 

Manuscript. [X962]. 7 Pages.*** 

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Washington, D.C.: Office of Technical Services. 

PNE-133F. May 1962. 24 Pages. (A02) PNE-133F.* 

40. Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Co., Inc. "On-site 

Radiological Safety Report, the SEDAN Event." Atomic 

Energy Commission. Washington, D.C.: Office of 

Technical Services. PNE-203F. 1962. 62 Pages. 

(A04) PNE-203F.t 

41. Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Co., Inc. Personnel 

Radiation Exposure Records for SEDAN. July 1962 -

December 1962. Microfilm.**** 

42. Sanders, Ralph. Project PLOWSHARE; The Development of the 

Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Explosions. Washington, 

D.C.: Public Affairs Press. 1962. 206 Pages. 

43. Shute, E. C., Manager, San Francisco Operations Office. 

Memorandum for J. G. Reeves, Subject: Evacuation of 

Potash-Mines --Froject GNOME. Atomic Energy 

Commission. Cakland, CA. June 6, 1961. 

[4 Pages.]*** 

44. Shute, E. C., Manager, San Francisco Operations Office. 

Memorandum to rlistribution, Subject: Military 

Participation in PLOWSHARE. Oakland, CA. 

July 18, 1960. 2 Pages.** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests subject to PI-ivacy Act restrictions. 

111 
45. Strohm, W. E.; Ferguson, J. S., Jr.; Krinitzsky, E. L. 

Stability of Crater Slopes. Army Corps of Engineers, 

Waterways Experiment Station. Washington, D.C.: 

Office of Technical Services. PNE-234F. 1964. 

111 Pages. (A09) AD 606 948.* 

46. Suchan, Robert. Phone Conversation between R. Suchan 

(DAAG-AMR-R) and I. Gravitis (JRB Associates, Inc.). 

May 20, 1982.*** 

47. Vuillemot, F. L., LTCOL, USMC. "Naval Aerial Photographic 

Analysis." Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Technical Services. 

PNE-230F. 1963. 52 Pages. (A04) PNE-230F 

[Archives Copy].* 

48. Weather Bureau Research Station, Las Vegas. "Final Report 

of Weather and Surface Radiation Prediction Activities 

for Project SEDAN." Department of Commerce and 

Atomic Energy Commission. Washington, D.C.: Office 

of Technical Services. PNE-201F. November 1962. 

45 Pages. (A03) PNE-201F.* 

49. Weather Bureau Research Station, Las Vegas. "Weather and 

Surface Radiation Prediction Activities." Department 

of Commerce and Atomic Energy Commission. 

Washington, D.C.: Office of Technical Services. 

PNE-126P. June 1962. 30 Pages. (A03) PNE-126P 

[Archives Copy].* 

50. Caldwell, Paul A. [Interview, Subject: Operation DOMINIC 

II.] McLean, VA. January 27, 1983.*** 

51. Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip, J. The Effects of Nuclear 

Weapons. 3rd Edition. Department of Defense and 

Department of Energy. Washington, D.C.: USGPO. 

1977. 653 Pages. index. 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

112 
IlISTRIBUTION LIST 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

Armed Forces Staff College 

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Asst. Secy of Defense 

Public Affairs 

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Atomic Energy ” 

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Oefense Tech Info Center 

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Field Command 

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113 
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY (Continued) 

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114 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

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Library 

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115 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans Administration - RO 

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Veterans Administration - RO 

Jackson, MS 

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Huntington, WV 

ATTN: Director 

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ATTN: Director 

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Lincoln, NE 

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ATTN: Director 

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ATTN: Director 

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Milwaukee, WI 

ATTN: Director 

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Albuquerque, NM 

ATTN: Director 

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Buffalo, NY 

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Cleveland, OH 

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ATTN: Director 

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

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Portland, OR 

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Pittsburgh, PA 

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Philadelphia, PA 

ATTN: Director 

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Cheyenne, WY 

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116 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

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JAYCOR 

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Science Applications, Inc 

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10 cy ATTN: L. Novotney 

OTHER 

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ATTN: Govt Publication Lit 

Akron Public Library 

ATTN: Govt Publication Lit,rarian 

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ATTN: Military Records Division 

University of Alabama 

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University of Alaska 

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OTHER (Continued) 

Albany Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Alexander City State Jr College 

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Allegheny College 

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Allen County Public Library 

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Altoona Area Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

American Statistics Index 

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Andrews Library, College of Wooster 

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Austin College 

Arthur Hopkins Library 

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Atlanta Public Library 

ATTN: Ivan Allen Dept 

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117 
OTHER (Continued) 

Auburn Univ at Montgomery Lib 

A'TTN: Librarian 

B. Davis Schwartz Mem Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Bangor Public Library 

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Bates College Library 

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Boston Public Library 

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Bowdoin College 

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Bradley University 

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Brooklyn College 

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Brown University 

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Bucknell University 

ATTN: Reference Dept 

OTHER (Continued) 

Buffalo & Erie Co Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Burlinqton Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Cal ifornia at Fresno State Univ Lib 

ATTN: Library 

Cal fornia at San Diego University 

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Carleton College Library 

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Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 

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Carnegie Mellon University 

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118 
OTHER (Continued) OTHER (Continued) 

Carson Regional Library Colgate Univ Library 

ATTN: Gov Publications Unit ATTN: Reference Library 

Case Western Reserve University Colorado State Univ Libs 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

University of Central Florida Colorado University Libraries 

ATTN: Library Oocs Dept ATTN: Director of Libraries 

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ATTN: Library Documents Section ATTN: Documents Service Center 

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ATTN: Government Documents ATTN: Gen Ret Div 

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ATTN: Library Dots Section ATTN: Librarian 

Central Wyoming College Library University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Govt of Connecticut 

Charleston County Library Connecticut University 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Charlotte & Mechlenburg County Pub Lib Cornell University Lib 

ATTN: E. Correll ATTN: Librarian 

Chattanooga Hamilton Co Corpus Christi State University Lib 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Chesapeake Pub Lib System Culver City Library 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Chicago Public Library Curry College Library 

ATTN: Governments Publications Dept ATTN: Librarian 

State University of Chicago Dallas County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Chicago University Library Dallas Public Library 

ATTN: Director of Libraries ATTN: Librarian 

ATTN: Documents Processing 

Dalton Jr College Library 

Cincinnati University Library ATTN: Librarian 

ATTN: Librarian 

Dartmouth College 

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ATTN: Dot Collection 

Davenport Public Library 

Clemson University ATTN: Librarian 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Davidson College 

Cleveland Public Library ATTN: Librarian 

ATTN: Documents Collection 

Dayton & Montgomery City Pub Lib 

Cleveland State Univ Lib ATTN: Librarian 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Dayton 

Coe Library ATTN: Librarian 

ATTN: Documents Division 

119 
OTHER (Continued OTHER (Continued) 

Decatur Public Library East Texas State University 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Library 

Dekalb Comn Co11 So Cpus Eastern Branch 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Delaware Pauw University Eastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

University of Delaware Eastern Kentucky University 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Delta College Library Eastern Michigan University Lib 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Documents Libn 

Delta State University Eastern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Documents Dept 

Denison Univ Library Eastern New Mexico Univ 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Denver Public Library Eastern Oregon College Library 

ATTN: Documents Div ATTN: Librarian 

Dept of Lib & Archives Eastern Washington Univ 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Detroit Public Library El Paso Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Documents & Geneology Dept 

Dickinson State College Elko County Library 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Drake Memorial Learning Resource Ctr Elmira College 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Drake University Elon College Library 

ATTN: Cowles Library ATTN: Librarian 

Drew University Enoch Pratt Free Library 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Documents Office 

Duke University Emory University 

ATTN: Public Dots Dept ATTN: Librarian 

Duluth Public Library Evansville & Vanderburgh County Pub Lib 

ATTN: Documents Section ATTN: Librarian 

Earlham College Everett Public Library 

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East Carolina University Fairleigh Dickinson Univ 

ATTN: Library Dots Dept ATTN: Depository Dept 

East Central University Florida A & M Univ 

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East Islip Public Library Florida Atlantic Univ Lib 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Div of Public Documents 

East Orange Public Lib Florida Institute of Tech Lib 

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East Tennessee State Univ Sherrod Lib Florida Intl Univ Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept ATTN: Dots Section 

120 
OTHER (Continued1 

Florida State Library 

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Florida State University 

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Florida University Libraries 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Fond Du Lac Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Fort Hays State University 

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Fort Worth Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Free Pub Lib of Elizabeth 

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Free Public Library 

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Freeport Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Fresno County Free Library 

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Gadsden Public Library 

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Garden Public Library 

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Gardner Webb College 

ATTN: Documents Librn 

Gary Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Georgetown Univ Library 

ATTN: Govt Dots Room 

Georgia Inst of Tech 

ATTN: Librarian 

Georgia Southern College 

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Georgia Southwestern College 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Georgia State Univ Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Georgia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Glassboro State College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Gleeson Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

Government Publications Library-M 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Graceland College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Grand Forks Public City-County Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Grand Rapids Public Library 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Greenville County Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Guam RFK Memorial University Lib 

ATTN: Fed Depository Collection 

University of Guam 

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Gustavus Adolphus College 

ATTN: Library 

Hardin-Simmons University Library 

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Hartford Public Library 

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Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Hawaii 

ATTN: Government Dots Collection 

Hawaii State Library 

ATTN: Federal Documents Unit 

University of Hawaii at Monoa 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

University of Hawaii 

ATTN: Librarian 

Haydon Burns Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Henry Ford Comm Co1 leqe Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Herbert H. Lehman College 

ATTN: l_ibrary Documents Division 

Hofstra Univ Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Hollins College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Hoover Institution 

ATTN: J. Bingham 

121 
OTHER (Continued) OTHER (Continued) 

Hopkinsville Comm College Butler University, Irwin Library 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

University of Houston, Library Isaac Oelchdo College 

ATTN: Documents Oiv ATTN: Librarian 

Houston Public Library James Madison University 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Hoyt Public Library Jefferson County Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Humboldt State College Library Jersey City State College 

ATTN: Documents Oept ATTN: Librarian 

Huntington Park Library Johns Hopkins University 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Documents Library 

Hutchinson Public Library John J. Wright Library, La Roche College 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Idaho Public Lib & Info Center Johnson Free Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Idaho State Library Kahului Library 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Idaho State University Library Kalamazoo Public Library 

ATTN: Documents Oept ATTN: Librarian 

University of Idaho Kansas City Public Library 

ATTN: Documents Sect ATTN: Documents Div 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Kansas State Library 

University of Illinois, Library ATTN: Librarian 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Kansas State Univ Library 

Illinois State Library ATTN: Documents Dept 

ATTN: Government Documents Branch 

University of Kansas 

Illinois Univ at Urbana Champaign ATTN: Director of Libraries 

ATTN: P. Watson, Documents Library 

Kent State University Library 

Illinois Valley Comm Co11 ATTN: Documents Oiv 

ATTN: Library 

Kentucky Dept of Library & Archives 

Indiana State Library ATTN: Documents Section 

ATTN: Serial Section 

University of Kentucky 

Indiana State University ATTN: Governments Publication Dept 

ATTN: Documents Libraries ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Indiana University Library Kenyon College Library 

ATTN: Documents Department ATTN: Librarian 

Indianapolis Marion Cty Pub Library Lake Forest College 

ATTN: Social Science Div ATTN: Librarian 

Iowa State University Library Lake Sumter Comm Co11 Lib 

ATTN: Govt Documents Dept ATTN: Librarian 

Lakeland Public Library 

ATTN: Government Documents Dept 

Iowa University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

122 
OTHER (Continued) 

Lancaster Regional Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Lawrence University 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Lee Library, Brigham Young Universit.1 

ATTN: Documents & Map Section 

Library & Statutory Distribution & S/c 

2 cy ATTN: Librarian 

Little Rock Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Long Beach Pub1 Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Los Angeles Public Library 

ATTN: Serials Div U.S. Documents 

Louisiana State University 

ATTN: Government Dbc Dept 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Louisville Free Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Louisville Univ Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Lyndon B. Johnson Sch of Pub Affairs Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Maine Maritime Academy 

ATTN: Librarian 

Maine University at Oreno 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Maine 

ATTN: Librarian 

Manchester City Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mankato State College 

ATTN: Govt Publications 

Mantor Library 

Univ of Maine at Farmington 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Marathon County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Marshall Brooks Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: McKeldin Libr Dots Div 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

University of Massachusetts 

ATTN: Government Dots College 

McNeese State Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Memphis Shelby County Pub Lib & Info Ctr 

ATTN: Librarian 

Memphis State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mercer University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mesa County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Miami, Library 

ATTN: Government Publications 

Miami Public Library 

ATTN: Documents Division 

Miami Univ Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Michel Orradre Library 

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ATTN: Documents Div 

Michigan State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Michigan State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Michigan Tech University 

ATTN: Library Documents Dept 

University of Michigan 

ATTN: Acq Set Documents Unit 

Middlebury College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Millersville State Co11 

ATTN: Librarian 

Milne Library 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

Milwaukee Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Minneapolis Public Lib 

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Minnesota Div of Emergency Svcs 

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Mississippi State UniVerSitY 

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123 
OTHER (Continued) 

University of Mississippi 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Missouri Univ at Kansas City Gen 

ATTN: Librarian 

Missouri University Library 

ATTN: Government Documents 

M.I.T. Libraries 

ATTN: Librarian 

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Moffett Library 

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Univ of Nevada at Reno 

ATTN: Governments Pub Dept 

Univ of Nevada at Las Vegas 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

New Hampshire University Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

New Hanover County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Nebraska University 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

OTHER (Continued) 

New Mexico State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

New Mexico State University 

ATTN: Lib Documents Div 

University of New Mexico 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

University of New Orleans Library 

ATTN: Govt Documents Div 

New Orleans Public Lib 

ATTN: Library 

New York Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

New York State Library 

ATTN: Dot Control, Cultural Ed Ctr 

New York State Univ at Stony Brook 

ATTN: Main Lib Dot Sect 

New York State Univ Co1 at Cortland 

ATTN: Librarian 

State Univ of New York 

ATTN: Library Documents Set 

State Univ of New York 

ATTN: Librarian 

New York State University 

ATTN: Documents Center 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

New York University Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Newark Free Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Newark Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Niagara Falls Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Nicholls State Univ Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Nieves M. Flores Memorial Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Norfolk Public Library 

ATTN: R. Parker 

North Carolina Agri & Tech State Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Univ of North Carolina at Charlotte 

ATTN: Atkins Library Documents Dept 

Univ of North Carolina at Greensboro, Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

124 
OTHER (Continued) 

North Carolina Central University 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Carolina State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Carolina University at Wilmington 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of North Carolina 

ATTN: BA SS Division Documents 

North Dakota State University Lib 

ATTN: Dots Librarian 

University of North Dakota 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Georgia College 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Texas State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northeastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Library 

Northeastern Oklahoma State Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northeastern University 

ATTN: Dodge Library 

Northern Arizona University Lib 

ATTN: Government Documents Dc,pt 

Northern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northern Iowa University 

ATTN: Library 

Northern Michigan Univ 

ATTN: Documents 

Northern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northwestern Michigan College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northwestern State Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northwestern State Univ Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northwestern University Library 

ATTN: Govt Publications Dept 

Norwalk Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

University of Notre Dame 

ATTN: Document Center 

Oakland Comm College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oakland Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oberlin College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Ocean County College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Ohio State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Ohio State University 

ATTN: Libraries Documents Division 

Ohio University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Oklahoma City University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oklahoma City University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oklahoma Dept of Libraries 

ATTN: U.S. Govt Documents 

University of Oklahoma 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Old Dominion University 

ATTN: Dot Dept Univ Library 

Olivet College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Omaha Pub Lib Clark Branch 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oregon State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Oregon 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Ouachita Baptist University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Pan American University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Passaic Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Paul Klappcr Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Pennsylvania State Library 

ATTN: Government Publications Section 

125 
-

OTHER (Continued) 

Pennsylvania State University 

ATTN: Library Document Set 

University of Pennsylvania 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Penrose Library 

University of Denver 

ATTN: Penrose Library 

Peoria Public Library 

ATTN: Business, Science & Tech Dept 

Free Library of Philadelphia 

ATTN: Govt Publications Dept 

Philipsburg Free Public Library 

ATTN: Library 

Phoenix Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Pittsburg 

ATTN: Documents Office G 8 

Plainfield Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Popular Creek Public Lib District 

ATTN: Librarian 

Association of Portland Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Portland Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Portland State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Prescott Memorial Lib 

Louisiana Tech Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Princeton University Library 

ATTN: Documents Division 

Providence College 

ATTN: Physics Dept 

Providence Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Cincinnati & Hamilton County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County 

ATTN: Library 

University of Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Dot & Maps Room 

Purdue University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

Quinebaug Valley Community Co1 

ATTN: Librarian 

Ralph Brown Draughon Lib 

Auburn University 

ATTN: Microforms & Documents Dept 

Rapid City Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Reading Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Reed College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Reese Library 

Augusta College 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Rhode Island Library 

ATTN: Govt Publications Office 

University of Rhode Island 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Rice University 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Richard W. Norton Mem Lib 

Louisiana College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Richland County Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Richmond 

ATTN: Library 

Riverside Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Rochester Library 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Rutgers University, Camden Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Rutgers State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Rutgers University 

ATTN: Government Documents Dept 

Rutgers University Law Library 

ATTN: Federal Documents Dept 

Salem College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Samford University 

ATTN: Librarian 

San Antonio Public Library 

ATTN: Bus Science & Tech Dept 

126 
OTHER (Continued) 

San Diego County Library 

ATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions 

San Diego Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

San Diego State University Library 

ATTN: Govt Pubs Dept 

SanFrancisco Public Library 

ATTN: Govt Documents Dept 

San Francisco State College 

ATTN: Govt Pub Collection 

San Jose State College Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

San Luis Obispo City-County Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Savannah Pub & Effingham Libty Reg Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Scottsbluff Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Scranton Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Seattle Public Library 

ATTN: Ref Dot Asst 

Selby Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Shawnee Library System 

ATTN: Librarian 

Shreve Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Silas St-onson Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Simon Schwab Mem Lib 

Columbus College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Sioux City Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Skidmore College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Slippery Rock State College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

South Carolina State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Government Documents 

South Dakota Sch of Mines & Tech 

ATTN: Librarian 

South Dakota State Library 

ATTN: Federal Documents Department 

University of South Dakota 

ATTN: Documents Librarian 

South Florida University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southdale-Hennepin Area Library 

ATTN: Government Documents 

Southeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library 

ATTN: Documents Set 

University of Southern Alabama 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southern California University Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Southern Connecticut State College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Documents Ctr 

Southern Methodist University 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Southern Mississippi 

ATTN: Library 

Southern Oregon College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern University in New Orleans, Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southern Utah State College Library 

ATTN: Documents Department 

Southwest Missouri State College 

ATTN: Library 

Southwestern University of Louisiana, Libraries 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southwestern University School of Law Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

127 
OTHER (Continued) 

Spokane Public Library 

ATTN: Reference Dept 

Springfield City Library 

ATTN: Documents Section 

St. Bonaventure University 

ATTN: Librarian 

St. Joseph Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

St. Lawrence University 

ATTN: Librarian 

St. Louis Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

St. Paul Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Stanford University Library 

ATTN: Govt Documents Dept 

State Historical Sot Lib 

ATTN: Dots Serials Section 

State Library of Massachusetts 

ATTN: Librarian 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Librarian 

Stetson Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Steubenville 

ATTN: Librarian 

Stockton & San Joaquin Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Stockton State College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Superior Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Swarthmore College Lib 

ATTN: Reference Dept 

Syracuse University Library 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Tacoma Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Tampa, Hillsborough County Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Temple University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Tennessee Technological University 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

University of Tennessee 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Terteling Library 

College of Idaho 

ATTN: Librarian 

Texas A & M University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Texas at Arlington 

ATTN: Library Documents 

University of Texas at San Antonio 

ATTN: Library 

Texas Christian University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Texas State Library 

ATTN: U.S. Documents Sect 

Texas Tech University Library 

ATTN: Govt Dots Dept 

Texas University at Austin 

ATTN: Documents Co11 

Texas University at El Paso 

ATTN: Documents and Maps Lib 

University of Toledo Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Toledo Public Library 

ATTN: Social Science Dept 

Torrance Civic Center Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Traverse City Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Trenton Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Trinity College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Trinity University Library 

ATTN: Documents Collection 

Tufts University Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Tulane University 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

University of Tulsa 

ATTN: Librarian 

UCLA Research Library 

ATTN: Public Affa irs svc/usDots 

128 
OTHER (Continued) 

Uniformed Svcs Univ of the Hlth Sci 

ATTN: LRC Library 

University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Upper Iowa College 

ATTN: Documents Collection 

Utah State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Special Collections 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Dept of Pharmacology 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Valencia Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Vanderbilt University Library 

ATTN: Govt Dots Sect 

University of Vermont 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Virginia Commonwealth University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Virginia Military Institute 

ATTN: Librarian 

Virginia Polytechnic Inst Lib 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Virginia State Library 

ATTN: Serials Section 

University of Virginia 

ATTN: Public Documents 

Volusia County Public Libraries 

ATTN: Librarian 

Washington State Library 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Washington State University 

ATTN: Lib Documents Section 

Washington University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Washington 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Wayne State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wayne State University Law Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Weber State College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wagner College 

OTHER (Continued) 

Wesleyan University 

ATTN: Documents Librarian 

West Chester State Co11 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

West Covina Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of West Florida 

ATTN: Librarian 

West Hills Community Co11 

ATTN: Library 

West Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

West Virginia Co11 of Grad Studies Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of West Virginia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Westerly Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Western Carolina University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Western Illinois University Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Western Washington Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Western Wyoming Community College Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Westmoreland Cty Comm Co11 

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr 

Whitman College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wichita State Univ Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

William & Mary College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

William Allen White Library 

Empori;T;;nsas State College 

: Govt Documents Div 

William College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Willimantic Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Winthrop College 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

University of Wisconsin at Whitewater 

ATTN: Governments Documents Library 

ATTN: Librarian 129 
OTHER (Continued) OTHER (Continued) 

Wisconsin Milwaukee Uriversity Yale University 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Wisconsin Oshkosh University Yeshiva University 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Wisconsin Platteville University Yuma City County Library 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Wisconsin University at Stevens Point Wright State Univ Library 

ATTN: Dots Section ATTN: Govts Documents Dept 

University of Wisconsin Wyoming State Library 

ATTN: Govt Pubs Dept ATTN: Librarian 

University of Wisconsin University of Wyoming 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept ATTN: Documents Div 

Worcester Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

130