Destroy this report when it is no longer 

needed. Do not return to sender. 

PLEASE NOTIFY THE DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY, 

ATTN: STTI, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20305, IF 

YOUR ADDRESS IS INCORRECT, IF YOU WISH TO 

BE DELETED FROM THE DISTRIBUTION LIST, OR 

IF THE ADDRESSEE IS NO LONGER EMPLOYED BY 

YOUR ORGANIZATION. 
I LNCJ,ASSIFIED 

Shots LITTLE FELLER II, JOHNIE I&, SMALL BOY, 

Jean Ponton, Carl Maag, Stephen Rohrer, DNA 001-79-C-0473 

“' Robert Shepanek 

JRB Associates 

8400 Westpark Drive 

Director 

UNCLASSIFIED 

16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (at this Report) 

Approved for public release; distrktion unlimited. 

18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

This work was sponsored by the Defer& Nuclear Agency under RDT&E RMSS Code 

B350079464 U99QAXMK50608 H2590D. Fqg sale by National Technical Information 

Service, Springfield, VA 22161. ; 

19. KEY WORDS (Contfnue on I.v.I.. aIda If n.c...ug nd frknlffy by block number) 

DOMINIC II SMALL BOY Exercise IVY FLATS 

LITTLE FELLER II LITTLE FELLER I Atmospheric Nuclear 

JOHNIE BOY SUNBEAM Weapons Tests 

20% ABS~ACT~z*arrrrr"~* Mnrcrrry d~t#ai&tf~ by block numbor) 

This report describes the activitige_Qf an estimated 3,000 DOD personnel, both 

nilitary and civilian, in Operation %MINIc II, the eighth peacetime series of 

nuclear weapons tests, conducted in-Nevada from 7 July through 17 July 1962. 

9ctivities engaging DOD personnel included the Exercise IVY FLATS troop 

naneuver, joint DASA and AEC scient%Zic experiments to evaluate the effects of 

the nuclear devices, and air support: 

_--__ m ,:“,“> I473 EDll-iON OF 9 MOV 61 tS Om 

UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THfS PAGE (Whmm Data Entered) 
ECUPITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEmm D.r. En/.nd) 

18. SUPPLBEKTARY ?;OTES (continued) 

The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Lt. Cal. B. L. Reese, USAF, 

under whom this work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research and 

editing contribution of numerous reviewers in the military services and 

other organizations in addition to those writers listed in block 7. 
Fact emu h 

Defense Nuclear Agency 

.I Public Affairs Office 

Washington, D C. 20305 

Sheet 

Subject: Operation DOMINIC I$_,,= -. 

Operation DOMINIC II was condu&ed by the Atomic Energy Commission 

(AEC) at the Nevada Test Site @ITS) from 7 July through 17 Julv 

1962. The operation consisted 92 four low-vield shots, three of 

which were near-surface detonagfons and one a tower shot. One of 

the near-surface shots was fip@ from a DAVY CROCKETT rocket 

launcher as part of Exercise 1s FLATS, the only military training

exercise conducted at DOMINIC IX. An estimated 3,000 Department

of Defense (DOD) personnel parficipated in Exercise IVY FLATS, 

scientific and diagnostic tests_-, and support activities. The 

series was intended to providq:i&formation on weapons effects and 

to test the effectiveness of &W DAVY CROCKETT weapons system ._I.

under simulated tactical condW.&ons. Also known by the DOD code 

name of Operation SUNBEAM, DO&SIC II was the continental phase of 

DOMINIC I, the nuclear test series conducted at the Pacific 

Proving Ground from April to November 1962. 

Department of Defense Involvemtint 

Approximately 1,000 Sixth Army'Gt-ilitary personnel at Operation ~~I__ DOMINIC II participated in Exezgise IVY FLATS, which was 

sponsored by the Department of the Army and conducted at Shot 

LITTLE FELLER I. The remaining DOD personnel took part in scientific tests, air support activities, or administrative support 

activities for DOMINIC II. 

Among the Sixth Army participants in Exercise IVY FLATS were 

approximately 550 maneuver troops drawn primarily from the 4th 

Infantry Division and approxim&ely 210 Sixth Army personnel who 

provided support services. AZ- present were about 400 military 

and civilian observers. Othen,military participants included 

approximately 80 members of th&~Control, Safety, and Evaluation 

Group. Some of these personnel accompanied the task force on its 

maneuver, while others monitor@ the maneuver from the command 

post. ~~_._ ,__

I_I. 

The scientific tests at DOMIWIC II were supervised by the Defense 

Atomic Support Agency (DASA) !$eepons Effects Test Group. These 

tests were designed to collec~=~~%nformation on weapons effects, 

such as the electromagnetic p$X$e, prompt and residual radiation, 

and thermal radiation. The experiments also tested the effects 

of low-yield detonations on structures and on aircraft in flight. 

1 
Personnel from the following organizations participated in these 

tests: 

0 Air Force Special Weapons Center 

0 Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratories 

0 Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station 

0 Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory 

0 Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories 

0 Ballistic Research Laboratories (Army) 

0 David Taylor Model Basin (Navy) 

• Harry Diamond Laboratories 

0 Naval Missile Center. 

Air support activities at DOMINIC II included cloud sampling, 

courier missions, aerial surveys of terrain, and cloud tracking. 

The Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) provided most of 

these air support services. Specific AFSWC units participating 

were the AFSWC Nuclear Test Directorate, the Special Projects 

Division, and the 4900th Air Base Group. The following other Air 

Force units provided support to AFSWC: 

• The 1211th Test Squadron (Sampling), Military Air 

Transport Service, performed cloud sampling. 

0 The 4520th Combat Crew Training Wing, Tactical Air 

Command, provided support services at Indian Springs Air 

Force Base and Nellis Air Force Base. 

0 The 55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron supplied an 

aircraft and crew for high-altitude cloud tracking. 

• The Aeronautical Systems Division, Air Force Systems 

Command, provided air support for technical projects. 

Most of the air support activities were staged from Indian 

Springs Air Force Base, 30 kilometers east of Camp Mercury, the 

Nevada Test Site base camp. 

Department of Defense personnel also assisted the AEC Test 

Manager in planning, coordinating, and executing the DOMINIC II 

test events. These personnel were responsible for overseeing DOD 

technical and military planning objectives in the operation. 

Summaries of DOMINIC II Nuclear Events 

The four DOMINIC II events are summarized in the accompanying 

table. The accompanying figure shows the ground zeros of the 

four shots. 

2 
The event involving the largest number of DOD participants was 

Shot LITTLE FELLER I, the four$h DOMINIC II test. LITTLE FELLER 

I was a stockpile DAVY CROCKETT tactical weapon, fired as part of 

Exercise IVY FLATS. This training exercise consisted of an 

observer program and a troop maneuver. Observers in bleachers 

about 3.5 kilometers southwest of ground zero wore protective 

goggles while they watched the detonation. Maneuver troops

forward of the observation site were in trenches during the 

detonation. Five personnel from the IVY FLATS maneuver task 

force launched the weapon from a rocket launcher mounted on an 

armored personnel carrier. LITTLE FELLER I detonated on target, 

2,853 meters from the firing position. After the initial 

radiation survevs were completed, the IVY FLATS troops entered 

their vehicles and moved into the shot area, where they spent 

about 50 minutes conducting maneuvers. 

Military personnel at Shot LITTLE FELLER I also participated in 

weapons effects tests, collectfng data on blast, shock, and 

fallout effects, and in air support activities, including cloud 

sampling and cloud tracking. 

The Operation DOMINIC II event Wvolving the largest number of 

DOD projects was Shot SMALL BOY.- Originally scheduled for 31 DOD 

projects, the shot ultimately included 63 DOD pro,iects, as well 

as four Civil Effects and 31 ArrC projects. 

Shot SMALL BOY had initially been planned as the one detonation 

of Operation DOMINIC II. The pyfmary purpose of the detonation 

was to provide information on electromagnetic pulse effects. 

Headquarters, DASA, consequentQ assigned Harry Diamond 

Laboratories, which had collecgti electromagnetic pulse data at 

Operation PLUMBBOB (1957), to provide overall technical direction 

for DOD programs. Program 6, Electromagnetic Effects, was given 

priority over the other programs, which were conducted according 

to strict guidelines designed t& assure noninterference with 

Program 6 ob,iectives. 

Besides participating in the 63 DOD projects, military personnel 

took part in air-support activities. As at the other Operation 

DOMINIC II shots, these activities included cloud-sampling and 

cloud-tracking missions. 

Safety Standards and Procedures 

The Atomic Energy Commission was responsible for onsite and 

offsite radiological safety during Operation DOMINIC II. The AEC 

recommended a gamma exposure limit of 3 rem per 13-week period 

for most participants but authorized the pilots conducting cloudsampling missions to receive u&to 3.9 rem per 13-week period 

because their mission required~them to penetrate the clouds. 
The Test Manager was responsible for implementing the radiological safety procedures for the test organization, which 

included the Weapons Effects Test Group, AFSWC, and, at Shot 

LITTLE FELLER I, the IVY FLATS organization. Personnel from the 

Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company (REECo) performed the 

radiological safety activities onsite and at Indian Springs AFB. 

These activities included: 

0 Monitoring radiation areas and controlling access into 

these areas 

a Plotting isointensity maps of the shot areas 

0 Issuing radiation detection instruments and anticontamination clothing and equipment to personnel

entering radiation areas 

0 Providing film badges and maintaining exposure records 

for all personnel 

0 Decontaminating personnel, vehicles, and equipment. 

At Shot LITTLE FELLER I, personnel from the IVY FLATS Radiological Safety Control Section, working within the REECo 

radiological safety program, conducted similar activities for 

Exercise IVY FLATS participants. 

U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) personnel performed offsite 

monitoring under the supervision of the Offsite Radiological 

Control Officer. Their activities included: 

0 Assessing offsite radiation 

0 Collecting data on fallout patterns 

0 Monitoring air, water, and milk 

0 Preparing reports, maps, and records that described the 

results of the monitoring and data collection. 

In addition to these ground monitoring activities, the USPHS 

conducted aerial surveys of offsite areas. 

Air Force personnel from the 1211th Test Squadron (Sampling) 

assisted REECo in monitoring and, as necessary, decontaminating 

aircrews and aircraft participating in cloud-sampling missions at 

DOMINIC II. These activities took place at Indian Springs AFB. 

Radiation Exbosures 

As of December 1982, the military services had identified 

1,738 participants by name. Available film badge data are shown 

in the table "Summary of Dosimetry for Operation DOMINIC II." 

4 
SUMMARY OF OPERATION DOMINIC II EVENTS (19621 

Sponsor DOD -~ DOD 

Date 7 July ~-. 11 July 

Local Time* 

NTS Location Area 18 7--1 Area 18 

Near 

I 

Type of Detonation 

Surface 

Height of Burst (Feet) -2 

Yield (Kiloton) 0.5 Low Low 

“Pacific Daylight Time 
--- 

__-----

I 1 

I ---- P I I 12 : N 

I 

--------- I 

v-----rL--4 

t--‘“” 

4

8 1 

I 

I 

\ 

I c2--_ A, @ I gL, 

63 I I 

1 I 

I 17 

r--

1 18 t- ----+“---- . t L_---7-1

--I 

JOHNIE BOY / I I I I

LllTLE FELLER I i 31 v----d i 16 

---e--1 I -! 

LITTLE FELLER II - 2 

News NC 

Contr 

Pain, f 

I6 

2 

3 

L 

a, 

I 

SMALL BOY 

Camp Mercury 

0 10 

I 1 1 1 1 I 

Kilometers 

LOCATIONS OF DOMINIC II NUCLEAR TEST EVENTS 

AT THE NEVADA TEST SITE 

G 
Service 

Amv 

NW 

Marine Corps 

Air Force 

Scientific Personnel, 

Contractors, and 

Affiliates 

TOTAL 

* The number of personnel 

Personnel 

Identified 

by Name 

57 

81 

89 

150 

1361 

1738 

in this column 

SUMMARY OF DOSIMETRY FOR OPERATION 

DOMINIC II AS OF DECEMBER 1992 

Personnel 

Identified 

by Name and 

by Film Badge <O.l 

Gamma 

0.1-1.0 

Exposure 

1 .O-3.0 

kern) 

3.0-5.0 5.0 + 

Number 

Personnel 

with 

Zero Gamma 

Exposure* 

of 

5 3 2 0 0 0 1 

8’ ,m 8 P 28 0 1 8 

58 18 24 15 1 0 10 

135 59 69 7 0 0 18 

1361 1272 74 15 0 0 303 

1618 1360 191 65 1 1 337 

is also represented in the <.l Gamma Exposure column. 

Average 

Gamma 

Exposure 

(rem) 

I 

Maximum 

Gamma 

Exposure 

(rem1 

0.093 0.3 

1.ai9 

0.573 

I 

6-6 

4.3 

0.278 1.9 

0.039 2.9 

--G-j--
PREFACE 

Between 1945 and 1962, the U.S. Government, through the 

Manhattan Engineer District and its successor agency, the Atomic 

Energy Commission (AEC), conducted 235 atmospheric nuclear 

weapons tests at sites in the United States and in the Atlantic 

and Pacific Oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 Department of 

Defense (DOD) participants, both military and civilian, were 

present at the tests. Of these, approximately 90,000 participated in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests conducted at the 

Nevada Test Site (NTS), northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada. 

In 1977, 15 years after the last above-ground nuclear 

weapons test, the Center for Disease Control* noted a possible 

leukemia cluster among a small group of soldiers present at Shot 

SMOKY, a test of Operation PLUMBBOB, the series of atmospheric 

nuclear weapons tests conducted in 1957. Since that initial 

report by the Center for Disease Control, the Veterans 

Administration has received a number of claims for medical 

benefits from former military personnel who believe their health 

may have been affected by their participation in the weapons 

testing program. 

In late 1977, DOD began a study to provide data to both the 

Center for Disease Control and the Veterans Administration on 

potential exposures to ionizing radiation among the military and 

civilian participants in atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. 

DOD organized an effort to: 

0 Identify DOD personnel 

atmospheric nuclear w

who 

eapons 

had taken 

tests 

part in the 

0 Determine the extent 

to ionizing radiation 

of the participants' exposure 

*The Center for Disease Control is part of the U.S. Department of 

Health and Human Services (formerly the U.S. Department of 

Health, Education, and Welfare). 

8 
Provide public disclqgure of information concerning 

participation by DOD personnel in the atmospheric 

nuclear weapons tests,-

0 

METHODS AND SOURCES USED TO PREPARE THIS VOLUME 

This report on Operation DOMINIC II is based on the military 

and technical documents associated with the atmospheric nuclear 

weapons tests. These records, most of which were developed by 

individuals and organizations participating in DOMINIC II, are 

kept in over three dozen document repositories throughout the 

United States. In many cases, the documentation addresses test 

specifications and technical Information, rather than personnel 

data. Moreover, the document@-sometimes have inconsistencies in 

vital facts. Efforts have been made to resolve these 

inconsistencies wherever possible or to bring them to the 

attention of the reader. 

For some of the projects discussed in this volume, the only 

records available are various plans and operations orders. These 

sources detail the plans developed by DOD and AEC personnel 

before DOMINIC II; they do not-necessarily describe operations as 

they were actually conducted at the NTS. The project officer 

reports (also called weapons-%&t reports) for the Defense Atomic 

Support Agency (DASA), on th&!-other hand, summarize experiments 

performed by test groups during DOMINIC II, but these reports 

usually do not provide information about personnel activities. 

Because achieving the DOMINIC II objectives required detailed 

planning and adherence to operations orders, plans and operations 

orders should provide a reasonably accurate account of personnel 

activities. 

This volume uses the project titles and agency designations 

that appear in the project officer reports for each project. 

Information on dates and yieJ+ds of the detonations, fallout 

patterns, meteorological conditions, and cloud dimensions is 

taken from volume 1 of the General Electric Company-TEMPO's 

9 
Compilation of Local Fallout Data from Test Detonations 

1945-1962, Extracted from DASA 1251 (35),* except in instances 

where more specific information is available elsewhere. 

ORGANIZATION OF THIS VOLUME 

The following chapters detail DOD participation in Operation 

DOMINIC II. Chapter 1 provides background information about the 

operation, including summaries of the four nuclear test events 

and the activities of DOD participants. Chapter 2 outlines the 

Nevada Test Site Organization and the IVY FLATS organization, the 

two groups with major DOD participation. Chapter 3 describes the 

radiological criteria and procedures in effect for each of the 

DOD groups with significant participation. Chapter 4 discusses 

the results of the radiation protection program during DOMINIC 

11, including an analysis of film badge readings for DOD 

personnel. 

Chapters 5 through 8 address each of the four shots in turn. 

Each chapter describes the specific setting and characteristics 

of the detonation, details DOD personnel activities at the shot, 

and discusses the radiation protection procedures used to 

minimize the potential for unauthorized exposures to ionizing 

radiation. 

The information in this report is supplemented by the 

Reference Manual: Background Materials for the CONUS Volumes. 

The manual summarizes information on radiation physics, radiation 

health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement techniques. 

It also lists acronyms and a glossary of terms used in the DOD 

reports addressing test events in the continental United States. 

*All sources cited in the text are listed alphabetically and 

numbered in the Reference List at the end of this volume. 

10 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PAGE 

FACTSHEET......................... 1 

PREFACE ........................... 8 

LIST OF ILLUSTRA'rIONS. ................... 13 

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

CHAPTER 

1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 

1.1 Historical Background,and the Establishment of 

Operation DOMINIC II • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 

1.2 The Nevada Test Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

1.3 Summary of OperationDOMINIC II Events . . . . . . . 24 

1.4 Department of Defense-Participation at 

Operation DOMINIC II .~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

1.4.1 Nevada Test S&~&e Organization Activities. . . 24 

1.4.2 Air Support Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . 26 

1.4.3 Exercise IVY FLATS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 

2 OPERATION DOMINIC II ORGANIZATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 

2.1 Nevada Test Site Organization. ........... 35 

2.2 Air Force Special Weapons Center Organization. ... 43 

2.3 Exercise IVY FLATS Organization. .......... 45 

3 RADIATION PROTECTION. .................. 51 

3.1 Radiation Protection at Exercise IVY FLATS . . . . . 51 

3.2 Radiation Protection for the Nevada 

Test Site Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 

3.2.1 Onsite OperatiQns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 

3.2.2 Offsite Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 

3.3 Radiation Protection -for the Air Force 

Special Weapons CenteF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 

11 
_ 

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

CHAPTER PAGE 

4 DOSIMETRY FOR DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PERSONNEL 

AT OPERATION DOMINIC II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

4.1 Participation Data ................. 62 

4.2 Sources of Dosimetry Data. ............. 63 

4.3 Dosimetry Data for Operation DOMINIC II. ...... 63 

LITTLE FELLER II SHOT SYNOPSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 

5 SHOTLITTLEFELLERII.................. 73 

5.1 Department of Defense Participation in Scientific 

and Support Activities at Shot LITTLE FELLER II. . . 75 

5.1.1 Weapons Effects Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 

5.1.2 Air Force Special Weapons 

Center Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 

5.2 Radiation Protection at Shot LITTLE FELLER II. . . . 89 

JOHNIE BOY SHOT SYNOPSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 

6 SHOT JOHNIE BOY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 

6.1 Department of Defense Participation in Scientific 

and Support Activities at Shot JOHNIE BOY. . . . . . 94 

6.1.1 Weapons Effects Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 

6.1.2 Air Force Special Weapons 

Center Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 

6.2 Radiation Protection at Shot JOHNIE BOY, . . . . . . 109 

SMALL BOY SHOT SYNOPSIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 

7 SHOT SMALL BOY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 

7.1 Department of Defense Participation in Scientific 

and Support Activities at Shot SMALL BOY . . . . . . 114 

7.1.1 Weapons Effects Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 

7.1.2 Air Force Special Weapons 

Center Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 

7.2 Radiation Protection at Shot SMALL BOY . . . . . . . 149 

12 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

CHAPTER PAGE 

LITTLE FELLER I SHOT SYNOPSIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 

8 SHOT LITTLE FELLER I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 

8.1 Exercise IVY FLATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 

8.2 Department of Defense Participation in Scientific 

and Support Activities at Shot LITTLE FELLER I . . . 167 

8.2.1 Weapons Effects Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 

8.2.2 Air Force Special Weapons 

Center Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 

8.3 Radiation Protection at Shot LITTLE FELLER I . . . . 176 

8.3.1 IVY FLATS Radiation Protection Activities . . 176 

8.3.2 Nevada Test Site Organization Radiation 

Protection Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

FIGURE PAGE 

l-2 Locations of DOMINIC II Nuclear Test Events at the 

REFERENCE LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 

l-l Location of Nevada Test Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

NevadaTestSite.................... 22 

2-l Federal Government Structure for Continental 

Nuclear Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 

2-2 Nevada Test Site Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 

2-3 Continental Test Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 

2-4 IVY FLATS Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 

5-l Shot LITTLE FELLER II Ten Seconds after the 

Detonation, with Pro,ject 1.1 Instrumented 

Balloon to Left of Cloud Top. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 

5-2 Isointensity Map for Shot LITTLE FELLER II about One 

Hour after Detonation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 

6-l Isointensity Map for Shot JOHNIE BOY about One 

Hour after Detonation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 

13 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) 

FIGURE PAGE 

7-1 Isointensity Map for Shot SMALL BOY about One 

Hour after Detonation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 

8-1 Shot LITTLE FELLER I Event, Looking North 

20 Seconds after Detonation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 

8-2 Shot LITTLE FELLER I Event, Looking North 

40 Seconds after Detonation . . . . . . . ....... 158 

8-3 Exercise IVY FLATS Maneuver Area. . . . . ....... 163 

8-4 Company A Personnel after Dismounting and in 

Support of Tank Platoon . . . . . . . . . ....... 165 

8-5 Isointensity Map for Shot LITTLE FELLER I 

Three Hours after Detonation. . . . . . ., . . . . . . . 180 

LIST OF TABLES 

TABLE PAGE 

l-l Summary of Operation DOMINIC II Events (1962) . . . . . 25 

l-2 Weapons Effects Test Group Programs Indicating 

Participation by Shot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

4-l Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for 

Operation DOMINIC II Participants by Affiliation. . . . 65 

4-2 Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for Army 

Personnel and Affiliates, Operation DOMINIC II. . . . . 66 

4-3 Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for Navy 

Personnel and Affiliates, Operation DOMINIC II. . . . . 67 

4-4 Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for 

Marine Corps Personnel and Affiliates, 

Operation DOMINIC II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 

4-5 Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures 

for Air Force Personnel and Affiliates, 

Operation DOMINIC II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 

4-6 Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for 

Scientific Personnel, Contractors, and Observers, 

Operation DOMINIC II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 

14 
LIST OF TAELES (Continued) 

TABLE 

5-l Weapons Effects Test Group Projects with Department 

of Defense Participation, Shot LITTLE FELLER II . . . . 76 

6-l Weapons Effects Test Group Projects with Department 

of Defense Participation, Shot JOHNIE BOY . . . . . . . 96 

7-1 Weapons Effects Test Group Projects with Department 

of Defense Participation, Shot SMALL BOY. . . . . . . . 116 

8-l Weapons Effects Test Group Projects with Department 

of Defense Participation, Shot LITTLE FELLER I. . . . . 168 

15 
The following 

AEC 

AFB 

AFSWC 

AFSWP 

CT0 

DASA 

DOD 

EGBG 

LASL 

NTS 

NTSO 

REECo 

rem 

R/h

UCLA 

USPHS 

UTM 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 

abbreviations and acronyms are used in this volume: 

Atomic Energy Commission 

Air Force Base 

Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project 

Continental Test Organization 

Defense Atomic Support Agency

Department of Defense 

Edgerton, Germeshausen, & Grier, Incorporated 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

Nevada Test Site 

Nevada Test Site Organization 

Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company 

roentgen equivalent man 

Roentgens per hour 

University of California at Los Angeles 

United States Public Health Service 

Universal Transverse Mercator 

16 
CHAPTER 1 

INTRODUCTION 

Operation DOMINIC II, the eighth peacetime series of nuclear 

weapons tests conducted within the continental United States, 

consisted of four nuclear detonations. Conducted from 7 July 

through 17 July 1962, the operation involved about 3,000 Department of Defense personnel participating in a military training 

exercise, scientific and diagnostic studies, and support 

activities. The series was intended to develop and test nuclear 

weapons for possible inclusion in the defense arsenal. 

The purpose of this volume is to summarize information on 

organizations, procedures, and activities of DOD personnel in 

DOMINIC II. This chapter introduces the operation with 

background information, including: 

0 A discussion of the historical background and the 

establishment of Operation DOMINIC II 

0 A description of the NTS 

• A synopsis of the four nuclear events 

• An overview of DOD participation in this test 

series. 

The information provides a basis for understanding the nature and 

extent of DOD participation in specific shots, as discussed in 

subsequent chapters. 

1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF OPERATION 

DOMINIC II 

The development of a nuclear weapon became a high priority 

for the United States during the early years of World War II. As 

the war effort intensified, and as reports circulated concerning 

17 
German nuclear weapons research, the United States and Great 

Britain began collaborating in 1942 on a project to construct a 

nuclear weapon before the Germans did. The Army Corps of 

Engineers supervised the effort, code-named the Manhattan 

Project. On 16 July 1945, the Manhattan Project successfully 

detonated TRINITY, the first nuclear device ever tested. One 

month later, the United States detonated a nuclear device over 

Hiroshima and then another over Nagasaki, thereby bringing an end 

to World War II. 

In 1945, the United States had a monopoly on nuclear 

weapons. Although postwar research plans included investigations 

of peaceful uses of the atom, a major part of American nuclear 

research continued to emphasize weapons development since it was 

expected that the Soviet Union would develop n'uclear weapons. In 

the years immediately following the war, the United States 

conducted two series of nuclear weapons tests in the Pacific: 

Operation CROSSROADS in 1946 and Operation SANDSTONE in 1948. 

During the early 195Os, the United States reevaluated its 

military defense policy. The Soviet Union had detonated its 

first nuclear device in 1949, well ahead of American expectations. One year later, the United States committed ground 

forces to the Korean peninsula. To reduce the necessity of a 

large standing army and to minimize the likelihood of a surprise 

Soviet attack, the United States developed a nuclear arsenal 

capable of inflicting massive destruction on critical targets in 

the Soviet Union. Research continued on strategic nuclear 

weapons for arming international ballistic missiles and Strategic 

Air Command aircraft. The United States also explored the 

potential of smaller nuclear devices for tactical battlefield use 

(26; 90; 100). 

The U.S. defense policy during the 1950s rested largely on 

America's ability to deter attack and general war by threatening 

18 
a major aggressor with nuclear retaliation. Consequently, the 

U.S. Government conducted an extensive nuclear weapons 

development program. From 1951 to 1958, the AEC and DOD 

conducted 14 nuclear weapons test series. Seven of the series 

were within the continental United States: RANGER (1951), 

BUSTER-JANGLE (1951), TUMBLER-SNAPPER (1952), UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

(1953), TEAPOT (1955), PLUMBBOB (1957), and HARDTACK II (1958). 

Six of the series were in the Pacific: GREENHOUSE (1951), IVY 

(1952), CASTLE (1954), WIGWAM (1955), REDWING (1956), and 

HARDTACK I (1958). One series, ARGUS (1958), was conducted in 

the Atlantic. During Operation IVY, the United States tested the 

first thermonuclear device, Shot MIKE, which had a yield of 10.4 

megatons (26; 100). 

Concern about nuclear proliferation existed throughout the 

1950s. A movement toward limiting or banning atmospheric nuclear 

tests gained momentum in 1954, when natives of the Marshall 

Islands and the crew of a Japanese fishing boat were exposed to 

high levels of radiation from Shot B!AVO of Operation CASTLE. 

Public pressure on the nuclear power, to reach an agreement 

limiting testing resulted in the U.S. 3overnment's proposing an 

international conference to study the pi lblems of monitoring a 

test ban. After this conference, hell .a Geneva during July and 

August 1958, the United Statt s unilate lly proposed a test 

moratorium, which began on 1 Novcnber 1958, declaring a cessation 

il nuclear testing if the Soviet Union aiso refrained (24). 

The moratorium on atmospheric nuclear weapons testing lasted 

almost three years, during which time the United States, the 

Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom participated in several 

international conferences on a nuclear test ban agreement. On 

1 September 1961, the Soviet Union resumed atmospheric nuclear 

weapons testing. During the next eight months, it conducted 

about 30 nuclear tests, including one with a yield of 60 

megatons. The United States resumed nuclear weapons testing on 

15 September 1961 and, from that date to 25 June 1963, conducted 

19 
136 nuclear tests. These tests were part of Operations NOUGAT, 

STORAX, DOMINIC I, and DOMINIC II. Operation NOUGAT began on 

15 September 1961 and ended on 30 June 1962. Operation STORAX 

was conducted from 6 July 1962 to 25 June 1963. Operation 

DOMINIC II, consisting of Shots LITTLE FELLER II, JOHNIE BOY, 

SMALL BOY, and LITTLE FELLER I, was conducted during the period 

of Operation STORAX. Operation DOMINIC II was the continental 

phase of DOMINIC I, the nuclear test series conducted at the 

Pacific Proving Ground from April through November 1962. The AEC 

used the designation DOMINIC II, while the DOD called the series 

Operation SUNBEAM (5; 24; 31). 

In June 1963, President Kennedy announced that the United 

States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom would resume 

discussions in Moscow concerning a test ban agreement. The 

discussions resulted in the Moscow Treaty or Partial Nuclear Test 

Ban Treaty, signed on 5 August 1963. This treaty, which became 

effective on 10 October 1963, banned nuclear weapons tests in the 

atmosphere, in outer space, and underwater. The treaty did not 

prohibit underground nuclear testing, as long as the detonations 

did not cause radioactive debris to leave the territorial borders 

of the testing nation (24). 

1.2 THE NEVADA TEST SITE 

The NTS, originally established by the AEC in December 1950, 

is located in the southeastern part of Nevada, 100 kilometers* 

northwest of Las Vegas, as shown in figure 1-l. The NTS, parts 

of which are depicted in figure l-2, is an area of high desert 

and mountain terrain encompassing approximately 3,500 square 

*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metric 

units. The metric conversion factors include: 1 meter = 3.28 

feet; 1 meter = 1.09 yards; and 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles. 

Altitudes and other vertical distances are given in feet. 

20 
-- - 

OREGON IDAHO i 

I 

I 

UTAH 

ARIZONA 

tI 

Nevada Test Site 

/ Springs . \ 

\

AFB 

Q 

0

I 

Kilometers 

Figure l-l: LOCATION OF NEVADA TEST SITE 

21 
_. 

N 

JOHNtE BOY 

LtlTLE FELLER t 

LtlTLE FELLER It 

I 

I 

15.-

1 -_---

I 

SMALL BOY 

Frenchman 

Lake I 

I 

Id Camp Mercury 

0

do 

Kilometers 

Figure 1-2: LOCATIONS OF DOMINIC II NUCLEAR TEST EVENTS 

AT THE NEVADA TEST SITE 

22 
kilometers in Nye, Lincoln, and Clark counties. On its eastern, 

northern, and western boundaries, the NTS adjoins the Nellis Air 

Force Range, of which it was originally a part. The NTS has been 

the location for most of the nuclear weapons tests conducted 

within the continental United States from 1951 to the present. 

The nuclear weapons tests of Operation DOMINIC II were 

conducted in Area 18 and Area 5. Area 18, situated in the 

northwestern part of the NTS, consists of desert valley and 

mountains. Area 5, located in the southeastern part of the NTS, 

includes a 22-square-kilometer dry lake, known as Frenchman Lake. 

Yucca Pass is the site of the Control Point. Consisting of 

several permanent buildings, the Control Point is on the west 

side of Yucca Pass. Power, timing, and firing cables led from 

the control building to test locati Ins in Are: 5. Area 18 tests 

were fired from the forward command post in the area. The Air 

Operations Center, which controlled all aircraft conducting test 

support missions over the NTS, was ocated at the Control Point 

(5; 31). 

Camp Mercury, at the southern boundary of the NTS, was the 

base of DOMINIC II management, the Nevada Test Site Organization 

(NTSO). Camp Mercury provided office and living quarters, as 

well as laboratory facilities and warehouses, for some test 

participants. 

Indian Springs Air Force Base (AFR), 30 kilometers east of 

Camp Mercury, served as the principal staging and decontamination 

area for Air Force aircraft participating in DOMINIC II. 

23 
1.3 SUMMARY OF OPERATION DOMINIC II EVENTS 

The Operation DOMINIC II nuclear tests were conducted within 

a ten-day period, as shown in table l-l.* Shots LITTLE FELLER 

II, JOHNIE BOY, and LITTLE FELLER I were fired in Area 18. A 

primary concern with these shots was that the fallout from one 

detonation would not overlap with fallout from another event, 

thus confusing the data received from each detonation. This 

consideration was not so relevant for SMALL BOY, the one DOMINIC 

II shot fired in Area 5, which includes Frenchman Flat (31). All 

the shots had low yields, defined as less than 20 kilotons (35). 

One of the shots, LITTLE FELLER I, was fired as part of a 

military maneuver. All shots were DOD weapons effects tests and 

engaged large numbers of DOD project participants. 

1.4 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION AT OPERATION DOMINIC II 

An estimated 3,000 military and civilian DOD personnel 

participated at Operation DOMINIC II. They took part in three 

general areas: Nevada Test Site Organization activities, air 

support, and the Exercise IVY FLATS military training maneuvers. 

1.4.1 Nevada Test Site Organization Activities 

The Atomic Energy Commission, through the NTSO, was 

responsible for planning, coordinating, and executing the 

activities associated with Operation DOMINIC II. DOD personnel 

assisted AEC personnel in these tasks. These DOD participants, 

whose duties are discussed in chapter 2, were responsible for 

overseeing the technical and military objectives of the series 

for the DOD. 

*Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in this 

table and elsewhere in this report. The first three digits 

refer to a point on an east-west axis, and the second three 

digits refer to a point on a north-south axis. The point so 

designated is the southwest corner of an area 100 meters square. 

24 
Table l-l: SUMMARY OF OPERATION DOMINIC II EVENTS (19621 

NTS Location 

Height of Burst (Feet) 3 I -2 10 3 

Yield (Kiloton 1 Low 0.5 Low Low 

*Pacific Daylight Time 

25 
DOD personnel also took part in scientific projects 

conducted by the Weapons Effects Test Group of the Defense Atomic 

Support Agency. These projects were part of eight programs 

investigating nuclear weapons effects. Table 1-2 lists the 

programs and projects conducted at each DOMINIC II shot (28-31). 

In addition, DOD personnel participated in three VELA 

UNIFORM projects: Project 1.7 at Shot JOHNIE BOY and Projects 

8.1 and 8.4 at Shot SMALL BOY. Concern over the ability of 

foreign powers to conduct nuclear weapons tests undetected led to 

the establishment of VELA, the research and development program 

directed toward improving the U.S. ability to detect and identify 

underground and high-altitude nuclear detonations. The VELA 

UNIFORM program consisted of continuing research, systems 

development, and an experimental field program conducted by 

various research agencies. 

Because of the moratorium on nuclear testing and the 

consequent restrictions on planning for new tests, the time was 

insufficient for distinct planning and operational phases for 

DOMINIC II. Numerous changes were made to the projects even 

after the Programs Division had received program plans that in 

previous nuclear test series would have been considered 

essentially complete. Some activities were deleted, and many 

others were added, especially at SMALL BOY. All projects 

required some modification to integrate them with other test 

activities and field conditions (31). 

1.4.2 Air Support Activities 

The Air Force played a major support role in many of the 

Operation DOMINIC II projects. The Air Force Special Weapons 

Center (AFSWC) was the primary support organization, but other 

Air Force organizations also contributed personnel or aircraft to 

26 
Table l-2: WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUP PROGRAMS INDICATING PARTICIPATION 

BY SHOT 

LllTLE FELLER II JOWNlE BOY SMALL BOY LIITLE FELLER I 

Program 1 1.1 1.1 1.12 1.1 1.6 1.1 

Blast, Shock, and 1.3 1.2 1.13 1.2 1.7 

Ground Motion 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.8 

Requirements 1.9 1.9 1.4 1.9 

1.11 1.5 

Program 2 2.3 2.m 2.3 2.16 2.1 2.8 2.13 2.3 

Prompt and Residual 2.4 2.4 2.20 2.2 2.9 2.14 2.4 

Nuclear Radiation 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.10 2.15 2.8 

2.16 2.9 2.4 2.11 

2.17 2.13 2.7 2.12 

Program 3 3.1 

Effects on 3.2 

structures 3.3 

3.4 

Program 4 4.1 4.1 

Biomedical 

Eflects 

Miscellaneous 

Studies of Specific 

1ntere.t to a 7.1.3 7.6.1 7.12 7.17 

Thermal Radiation 

27 
security sweep, cloud-sampling, radio relay, courier, and cloudtracking missions. The following description of these activities 

is based on the AFSWC "Operation Plan 8-62" for Shot SMALL BOY, 

the only document found describing air support activities at 

DOMINIC II. It is probable that air support at the other 

DOMINIC II shots was similar to the activities at SMALL BOY (44). 

Security Sweeps 

The 4520th Combat Crew Training Wing of the Tactical Air 

Command provided one L-20 aircraft and the crew for security 

sweeps. In these missions, the pilot flew around the test area 

perimeter at low altitudes from three hours to 30 minutes before 

the detonation. A security officer on board surveyed the area to 

ensure that no unauthorized personnel were entering the area. 

The security sweeps were staged from Indian Springs AFB (44). 

Cloud Sampling 

Pilots from the 1211th Test Squadron (Sampling), Military 

Air Transport Service, flew missions to collect samples of 

fission products from each nuclear detonation. Personnel from 

the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) later analyzed these 

samples to determine the yield and efficiency of the nuclear 

device (44). 

One week before the first scheduled shot, the 1211th Test 

Squadron sent several B-57 aircraft, with crews and support 

personnel, to Indian Springs AFB. Before each detonation, the 

Chief, Special Projects Division (AFSWC), and a LASL scientific 

controller briefed the aircrews on flight procedures, 

communication procedures, and the scientific aspects of the 

sampling mission (44). 

The Nuclear Applications Section of the 1211th Test Squadron 

instrumented and equipped the B-57 samplers. These aircraft had 

specially modified wing-tip tanks. From inside the aircraft, the 

28 
pilot could open a valve that allowed air to pass through the 

tank, where filter paper would trap radioactive particles from 

the airstream. A cockpit instrument, connected to an ion chamber 

in the wing-tip tank, indicated the radioactivity of the sample 

collected (44). 

The B-57, with a pilot and the LASL scientific controller, 

who directed all sampling missions, left Indian Springs AFB and 

established an orbiting pattern over the shot area about 15 

minutes before the detonation. The pilot maintained radiocommunications with the Air OPerations Center. At shot-time, the 

B-57 was to be in a holding pattern on a northerly heading (44). 

After the detonation, the B-57 aircraft followed and 

observed the formation and dissipation of the cloud resulting 

from the detonation. Meanwhile, the scientific controller 

evaluated the cloud structure and determined the areas from which 

samples should be collected. If necessary, the controller 

requested other B-57 samplers, on alert at Indian Springs AFB, to 

take part in the sampling mission (44). 

The aircraft returned to Indian Springs AFB after completing 

the cloud sampling. There, ground crews removed the filter 

papers and packaged them for delivery by air courier to LASL. 

The crew of the sampler aircraft underwent decontamination 

by personnel from Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company 

(REECo) at Indian Springs AFB. Personnel from the Nuclear 

Applications Section supervised the decontamination of the 

sampler aircraft (44). 

Radio Relay and Sample Courier Missions 

The 4900th Air Base Group provided C-47 aircraft, which 

staged from Indian Springs AFB, for radio relay and courier 

missions. For radio relay missions, flown at the Test Manager's 

29 
request, the C-47 aircraft was usually positioned between the Air 

Operations Center and support aircraft. The aircraft relayed information to the Air Operations Center about the location, direction of travel, size, and radiation intensity of the cloud (44). 

The courier flights delivered samples and data from DOMINIC 

II research projects to LASL and other laboratories for analysis. 

The C-47 aircraft used for courier service were ready to depart 

with samples about four hours after each shot. The courier 

aircraft usually followed normal air routes, unless specifically 

authorized to do otherwise by the 4900th Air Base Group at 

Kirtland AFB, New Mexico (38; 44). 

Cloud Tracking 

The objective of cloud tracking at DOMINIC II was to chart 

the path of the cloud and monitor its radiation intensity in 

order to divert commercial aircraft from the cloud path if 

necessary. This mission was conducted with one AFSWC U3A 

aircraft for low-altitude tracking; one L-20 backup aircraft from 

the 4520th Combat Crew Training Wing; and one WB-50 aircraft for 

high-altitude tracking, provided by the 55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron. The aircraft were at Indian Springs AFB the day 

before the detonation so that aircrews could receive preflight 

briefings. The Chief, Special Projects Division, had operational 

control of these aircraft (44). 

Before shot-time, the U3A and the L-20, if necessary, left 

Indian Springs AFB with U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) 

representatives aboard. Ten minutes before the detonation, the 

WB-50 aircraft established an east-west holding pattern about 

10,000 feet above Indian Springs AFB (44). 

After the cloud-sampling mission was complete, the Air 

Operations Center cleared each tracking aircraft to begin its 

30 
mission. The cloud-tracking aircraft approached the edge of the 

cloud until a radiation intensity of 0.005 roentgens per hour 

(R/h) was encountered. The aircraft then turned away from the 

cloud to avoid contact. By repeating this procedure throughout 

the mission, the cloud trackers determined the extent and 

progress of the cloud. As the visible cloud dissipated, the 

radiation monitor onboard used instrument readings to direct the 

aircraft to the cloud. Close coordination between pilots and 

monitors on each cloud-tracking aircraft was needed to prevent 

losing track of the cloud and also to prevent the aircraft from 

inadvertently entering the cloud (44). 

The tracking aircraft maintained constant radio contact with 

the Air Operations Center at the Control Point. Usually aircrews 

informed the Air Operations Center of the time, location of the 

aircraft in relation to ground zero, altitude, and radiation 

readings. The Air Operations Center relayed this information to 

the Chief, Special Projects Division, who advised the onsite and 

offsite radiological safety monitors and AEC officials of the 

cloud movement. The cloud was tracked either until it dissipated 

or until AEC administrators directed the trackers to stop. The 

aircraft then returned to Indian Springs AFB (44). 

1.4.3 Exercise IVY FLATS 

About 1,000 military personnel from various Sixth Army 

installations were involved in Exercise IVY FLATS, a training 

maneuver conducted in conjunction with LITTLE FELLER I. IVY FLATS 

was the only military maneuver in Operation DOMINIC II. The 

exercise was designed to test a nuclear weapons system under 

simulated tactical conditions. The activities of the Sixth Army 

personnel in the maneuver are discussed in chapter 8, on Shot 

LITTLE FELLER I (45; 46). 

31 
CHAPTER 2 

OPERATION DOMINIC II ORGANIZATION 

The Nevada Test Site Organization planned, managed, and 

conducted Operation STORAX, a series of tests conducted from 

1 July 1962 to 30 June 1963. The four weapons effects tests of 

Operation DOMINIC II were conducted during the period of 

Operation STORAX but were not a part of STORAX. The responsibilities of the NTSO included conducting the nuclear tests and 

coordinating the military effects, diagnostic, and technical 

projects that constituted STORAX and Operation DOMINIC II. The 

chief Government agencies represented in the NTSO were the Atomic 

Energy Commission and the Department of Defens'e. Other participants included Federal agencies involved in support work, 

research laboratories, and private firms under contract to the 

Government. DOD personnel participated in the activities of many 

of these agencies (5). 

The Director of the AEC Division of Military Application 

supervised nuclear test operations from the AEC headquarters in 

Washington, D.C. Responsibility for test preparations at the 

Nevada Test Site was delegated to the Manager of the AEC Nevada 

Operations Office in Las Vegas. This responsibility included 

assigning the chief officials to direct the nuclear test series 

and supervising the activities of the various test participants. 

Figure 2-l shows the lines of authority from the President 

through the AEC and the DOD to the test organization. 

The principal DOD agency coordinating the military nuclear 

test requirements was the Defense Atomic Support Agency. The 

Chief, DASA, assigned responsibility for the DOD test preparations to the Commander, Field Command, DASA, in Albuquerque, 

New Mexico. This responsibility included the planning and 

32 
----------- 

Military 

Liaison 

Committee Commissioners 

AEC 

General 

Manager 

I Staff 

I Commander, 

_------ Field Command,

I DASA ‘

AEC 

loat Manager 

(Manager, 

NV001 

- Command 

- - - Liaison and Coordination 

Figure 2-l: FEDERAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE FOR CONTINENTAL 

NUCLEAR TESTS 

33 
funding of DOD test activities and the assignment of DOD 

personnel to the NTSO (l-3). 

The relationship between the AEC and DASA was originally 

formalized on 16 February 1953 in a memorandum signed by the 

field officers of the AEC Santa Fe Operations Office (relocated 

to the Albuquerque Operations Office after the 1955 TEAPOT 

Series) and Field Command, Armed Forces Special Weapons Project 

(AFSWP) (renamed DASA in 1959). This memorandum stated that, in 

matters relating to military participation at the NTS, the Test 

Manager, who was the senior AEC official, was responsible to the 

Commander, Field Command, AFSWP. For non-military matters, the 

Test Manager was to report to his AEC headquarters superior, the 

Director of the Division of Military Application (31). 

In January 1961, a memorandum negotiated between the Manager 

of the Albuquerque Operations Office and the Commander, Field 

Command, DASA, affirmed an organizational policy first 

implemented at Operation HARDTACK II in 1958. Although the AEC, 

through the Test Manager, remained the ultimate authority at the 

NTS, greater independence was given to DASA, other Government 

agencies, and contractors involved in the nuclear testing series. 

According to the 1961 agreement, the NTSO was "so conceived . . . 

to provide the user organization [e.g:, DASA] with a maximum 

latitude to conduct their activities to their best interests 

while, at the same time, providing the most efficient support 

services with minimum control consistent with economical and safe 

use of the test site and its facilities" (31). DASA and the 

other series participants were allowed to develop their own test 

group structures and to plan the technical portions of their 

projects without interference by the NTSO. The principal 

stipulations were that the Test Manager be informed of all 

activities and that the Test Manager reserve the right to veto 

projects conflicting with the primary function of the series, 

which was to conduct nuclear weapons tests (31). 

34 
2.1 NEVADA TEST SITE ORGANIZATION 

On 17 September 1962, a letter from the General Manager of 

AEC Headquarters in Washington, D.C., to the Manager of the AEC 

Nevada Operations Office stated approval and identified responsibilities and policies for the conduct of Operation STORAX and 

the other CONUS tests conducted during the STORAX period. The 

letter directed that the Manager of the Nevada Operations Office 

serve as the Test Manager for the NTSO. The Test Manager was 

responsible for the overall direction of the test series. This 

responsibility included deciding whether or not to proceed with a 

shot as planned, coordinating the agencies involved in the 

testing, and supervising the units that performed support functions for the test participants. To fulfill his duties, the Test 

Manager required the large and diversified organization shown in 

figure 2-2 (31). The NTSO consisted of civilian and military 

personnel from the AEC, DOD, and Government contractors. The 

Test Manager was assisted by a Deputy Test Manager and a Military 

Deputy. The Military Deputy, who was in charge of all DOD activities, was also the Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff, Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group. DOD participation in the NTSO 

was primarily restricted to the DOD Coordination Staff, the DOD 

Support Division, and the Continental Test Organization (CTO). 

The NTS Planning Board, the consultants, and the Advisory 

Panel advised the Director of the Division of Military 

Application and the Test Manager on matters relating to overall 

planning for the nuclear testing. After the laboratories 

submitted a list of weapons tests for approval by the Division of 

Military Application, the Planning Board developed a schedule of 

events for the series and made recommendations to the Test 

Manager detailing the scope of the operation and the level of 

effort required to conduct the tests. The panel of consultants 

included members of the National Academy of Sciences who were 

35 
---- 

I 

1 

NTS 

Planning 

Board 

I 

Administrative 

Staff 

r------ I

I I 

I

Contractor 

Representatives 

Test Manager 

Deputy Test Manager r 

Military Deputy I 1 I 1 1 

Advisory Consultants 

Panel II 

Prediction 

Group 

1 C 

I 

Test 

information 

Staff 

1

I 

I 

Coordinator for 

Base Support 

Figure 2-2: NEVADA TEST SITE ORGANIZATION 

Command 

Liaison and Coordination 

36 
recognized experts in engineering and physical sciences. The 

panel discussed the proposed weapons test program and recommended 

maximum size limitations for single events at the NTS. The 

Advisory Panel advised the Test Manager on the feasibility of 

proceeding with a scheduled nuclear event. The Advisory Panel 

evaluated information from the Prediction Group, particularly the 

weather expected on the scheduled shot-day and the fallout and 

blast that could result from the detonation. The Advisory Panel 

then discussed with the Test Manager whether or not the 

detonation should occur as planned. 

Four staffs assisted the Test Manager (31): 

0 Administrative Staff 

0 Test Information Staff 

a Liaison Staff 

a Technical Staff. 

The Administrative Staff consisted of AEC personnel who 

handled clerical and administrative matters for the Test Manager. 

The Test Information Staff coordinated the activities of the NTSO 

Office of Test Information. The office informed the public of 

activities at the NTS and processed media representatives for 

entry into the NTS to observe certain nuclear detonations. The 

Liaison Staff, consisting of personnel from the Division of 

Military Application and the Division of Biology and Medicine, 

was charged with maintaining contact between the NTSO and Federal 

agencies, Government contractors, and the weapons development 

laboratories. The Technical Staff, consisting of AEC and 

contractor employees, was primarily responsible for the safety of 

participants, including onsite radiological safety. The 

Technical Staff also maintained contact with the Civil 

Aeronautics Administration to ensure that commercial and private 

aircraft were rerouted to avoid radioactive clouds outside the 

NTS (5; 31). 

37 
The Test Manager appointed coordinators for contractors, 

base support services, operations, engineering and construction, 

and the DOD. The DOD Coordination Staff was under the direction 

of the Military Deputy. Staffed by personnel from the Field 

Command Weapons Effects Test Group, its function was to coordinate DOD activities with the AEC. This included integrating 

the Sixth Army's Exercise IVY FLATS into Operation DOMINIC II 

(5; 31). 

The Technical Support Agencies, the Engineering and 

Construction Group, the AEC Support Division, and the DOD Support 

Division provided logistical support to the test groups conducting the scientific experiments. The DOD Support Division, 

headed by a director appointed by the Military Deputy, provided 

support, including housing and messing, for al!l DOD participants 

at the NTS. The DOD Support Division arranged for assistance to 

be provided by the Technical Support Agencies, such as radiological safety, and by the Engineering and Construction Division 

(5; 31). 

The test groups, sponsored by LASL, the Lawrence Radiation 

Laboratory, the Continental Test Organization, the Sandia 

Corporation, and the Civil Effects Test Organization, were 

responsible for planning and implementing the scientific, 

technical, and diagnostic programs (5; 31). 

The Continental Test Organization, outlined in figure 2-3, 

was the DASA test group within the NTSO. During Operation 

DOMINIC II, the CT0 was located at Camp Mercury, the AEC base 

camp in the southeastern corner of the NTS. The CT0 planned and 

implemented the scientific programs for DASA participation in 

DOMINIC II. The Director of the CT0 was the Assistant Deputy 

Chief of Staff, Weapons Effects Tests. This individual was also 

the Military Deputy to the Test Manager. The Assistant Deputy 

Chief of Staff was assisted by the Technical Advisor. At Shot 

38 
) Chaplain 1 1 Photography 

Englndng Operations and Construction L Division 

Division 

I 

Program Program 8 Program 9 1 Program 2 I Program 3 Program 4 Program 6 Program 7 

I I I I I I I I I

L___Jl--_-_luuu 

Figure 2-3: CONTINENTAL TEST ORGANIZATION 
SMALL BOY, originally planned as the only detonation to be 

conducted at Operation DOMINIC II, Harry Diamond Laboratories 

provided the technical direction (31; 101). 

Most CT0 participants were assigned to the Weapons Effects 

Test Group. Many of these participants were on temporary duty 

from other DOD units and laboratories, many of which conducted 

projects under DASA supervision. The number of CT0 personnel 

fluctuated during Operation DOMINIC II. Because of the 

atmospheric nuclear test moratorium, which began in November 

1958, the CT0 staff had been cut to a minimum. When the 

announcement came in January 1962 that atmospheric testing would 

resume in April 1962, the CT0 had 89 personnel, two of whom were 

civilian DOD employees. By 1 June 1962, the number had increased 

to 202: 60 officers, 140 enlisted men, and two civilians. The 

largest number of CT0 personnel during DOMINIC II, in July 1962, 

was 465 participants (158 officers, 298 enlisted men, and nine 

DOD civilians). By August, the number of personnel had decreased 

to 150, with 52 officers and 98 enlisted men (31). 

The Administrative Branch of the CTO, which had two officers 

and seven enlisted men during July, was responsible for financial 

affairs, record keeping, publications and memos, mail, and 

routine administrative support (31). 

The Security Branch was in charge of the clearance and 

badging of personnel and the classification of documents and 

photographs. In July, three individuals from the 901st 

Intelligence Corps Detachment, Sandia Base, New Mexico, were 

assigned to the CT0 Security Branch. Other than two guard 

posts at the DOD compound in Camp Mercury, physical security at 

the NTS was managed by an AEC contractor, Federal Services, 

Incorporated (31). 

40 
The Fiscal Management Office carried out the budgeting and 

funding functions for both the NTS and Pacific test activities. 

Its main office was at Field Command, DASA, in Albuquerque, but 

it also had a branch office at Camp Mercury (31). 

The Visitors' Bureau was established in September 1961 under 

the supervision of the Field Command Public Information Office to 

provide orientation, quarters, and transportation for DOD 

visitors. The staff consisted of one officer and two enlisted 

men, who were augmented as required by escort officers and 

drivers. The escort officers were primarily from Field Command, 

DASA. The main office of the Visitors' Bureau was at Camp 

Mercury. During DOMINIC II operations, the bureau maintained an 

office at the Las Vegas Municipal Airport (31). 

The Technical Information Branch provided drafting and 

typing assistance for CT0 projects, edited and processed the 

project reports, and prepared briefing charts for CT0 personnel. 

In July, its total strength was two officers, ten enlisted men, 

and one DOD civilian (31). 

The Medical Section Branch, with one officer and six 

enlisted men, operated from the Camp Mercury dispensary. Its 

primary responsibility was to give medical care to DOD personnel, 

but it also treated AEC and contractor employees in a joint 

effort with REECo medical personnel. Military patients needing 

hospitalization were sent to Hellis AFB near Las Vegas (31). 

The Chaplain Section provided religious services and 

counseling for DOD personnel (31). 

The Photography Branch provided the CT0 with technical 

photography, documentary still photography, documentary motion 

pictures, and film processing. The photography support was 

41 
provided either through DASA facilities or by the following: 

Army Pictorial Center, the Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory, 

and Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Incorporated (EGLG) (31). 

The Operations Division, consisting in July of 12 officers 

and six enlisted men, was responsible for preparing technical and 

operations plans and coordinating air support with AFSWC, the 

Tactical Air Command, and the AEC. It also maintained radiation 

exposure records for CT0 personnel (31). 

The Engineering and Construction Division directed and 

coordinated all field construction in support of DOD test activities. Manned by approximately ten engineer officers, this 

office coordinated all phases of project construction and contracted for labor, equipment, and other materials for projects in 

the field (31). 

The Engineering and Construction Division had difficulties 

because of the relatively short period in which DOMINIC II 

activities were planned and conducted. Frequently, construction 

began before plans for the scientific projects had been finalized. This complicated the coordination of activities, caused 

frequent changes of plans in the field, and increased the cost. 

The shortness of time also required the use of a number of 

inexperienced personnel, which resulted in decreased efficiency 

and further increases in cost. Other problems hampering 

construction included "strong dust-laden winds" that caused a 

cessation in field activities and extremes in temperatures, which 

ranged from below zero to over 38 degrees Celsius (31). 

The Programs Division was responsible for the scientific, 

technical, and diagnostic programs conducted by the CTO. The 

division consisted of eight program groups, each supervised by a 

program director (31). 

42 
The Support Division provided the CT0 with supply and 

procurement services, transportation, food, and housing in the 

DOD compound at Camp Mercury (31). 

2.2 AIR FORCE SPECIAL WEAPONS CENTER ORGANIZATION 

The Air Force Special Weapons Center was the primary support 

organization during Operation DOMINIC II. AFSWC units providing 

support to the Nevada Test Site Organization included (44): 

a Nuclear Test Directorate 

0 

0 

Special 

4900th 

Projects Division 

Air Base Group. 

Field Command, Defense Atomic Support Age'ncy, asked AFSWC to 

provide air support to the AEC Test Manager during DOMINIC II. 

The Commander of AFSWC delegated responsibility for these 

missions to the Director, Nuclear Test Directorate, who coordinated and directed overall AFSWC activities, appointed an Air 

Operations Advisor to the Test Manager, and exercised operational 

control over all aircraft participating in the test events. The 

Air Operations Advisor, at the NTS Air Operations Center during 

the DOMINIC II shots, was the liaison with the DOD test agencies. 

The Air Operations Center was responsible for aircraft clearances 

at the NTS and for coordination of air traffic over the NTS 

during rehearsals for shot-day activities and on shot-day. Air 

Operations Center personnel coordinated and plotted the cloudsampling and cloud-tracking information received through radio 

communications with the sampling and tracking aircraft. 

Elements of the AFSWC 4900th Air Base Group provided C-47 

air-shuttle service between Kirtland AFB and Indian Springs AFB. 

They also provided U3A aircraft and crews to perform low-altitude 

cloud tracking and C-47 aircraft and crews for radio relay and 

courier missions (44). 

43 
Other Air Force organizations participating in Operation 

DOMINIC II placed personnel and equipment under AFSWC operational 

control on a temporary basis. These units were (44): 

• 1211th Test Squadron (Sampling), 

Service, McClellan AFB, California 

Military Air Transport 

• 4520th 

Nellis 

Combat Crew 

AFB, Nevada 

Training Wing, Tactical Air Command, 

• 55th Weather Reconnaissance 

Transport Service, McClellan 

Squadron, 

AFB 

Military Air 

0 Aeronautical Systems Division, 

Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. 

Air Force Systems Command, 

Elements of the 1211th Test Squadron (Sampling) were 

attached to Indian Springs for ten days for each nuclear event. 

Their primary task was cloud sampling, which included conducting 

the sampling mission, removing the cloud samples, and packaging 

and loading the samples onto courier aircraft. Personnel from 

this unit also assisted REECo in implementing radiological safety 

procedures and decontaminating aircraft, crews, and equipment at 

Indian Springs AFB (44). 

Elements of the 4520th Combat Crew Training Wing provided 

support functions, such as housing, food, and logistics, to the 

units operating from Indian Springs AFB and Nellis AFB. In 

addition, they provided security sweep aircraft, control tower 

operations, fire-fighting, and crash rescue services at Indian 

Springs AFB. They also maintained and provided equipment for the 

helicopter pad at the NTS Control Point (44). 

The 55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron supplied one WB-50 

aircraft and crew to perform high-altitude cloud tracking (44). 

The Aeronautical Systems Division, Air Force Systems 

Command, provided the aircraft and crews to perform technical 

44 
projects. This command notified AFSWC of all support requirements prior to each test event (44). 

AFSWC underwent considerable reorganization to ready itself 

for the resumption of nuclear testing in 1961. During the 

nuclear test moratorium, much of AFSWC had been disbanded. The 

4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) had been transferred to the 

Military Air Transport Service and assigned to the 9th Weather 

Reconnaissance Group at McClellan AFB. On 16 August 1961, the 

squadron was redesignated the 1211th Test Squadron (Sampling) to 

conform to the numbering system of the Military Air Transport 

Service. The 4935th Air Base Squadron had been deactivated on 

1 April 1961. Also during the spring of 1961, Indian Springs AFB 

had been transferred to the Tactical Air Command under the 

auspices of the 4520th Combat Crew Training Wing at Nellis AFB. 

To prepare for a resumption of nuclear weapons testing within the 

continental United States, arrangements had to be made with the 

4520th for support at Indian Springs AFB, and AFSWC units had to 

be reconstituted in a very short time (44). 

2.3 EXERCISE IVY FLATS ORGANIZATION 

Exercise IVY FLATS, the one troop maneuver conducted during 

Operation DOMINIC II, was sponsored by the Department of the 

Army. It involved an estimated 1,000 participants at Shot LITTLE 

FELLER I (45; 46). 

The initial stage of the exercise began on 8 May 1962, when 

the Department of the Army directed Headquarters, Continental 

Army Command, to begin planning for a troop maneuver. The 

Commander, Continental Army Command, appointed the Commanding 

General of the Sixth Army as Orientation Director. The 

Orientation Director supervised the Army's planning and execution 

of the exercise. During the planning phase, he conferred with 

45 
representatives from the AEC, DASA, and the Sixth Army to ensure 

that IVY FLATS activities were coordinated with the activities 

being conducted at the NTS by other agencies (45; 46). 

The Orientation Director's staff is shown in figure 2-4. On 

11 June 1962, the Commander of the Continental Army Command 

appointed the Commanding General of the 4th Infantry Division at 

Fort Lewis, Washington, as the Deputy Orientation Director. The 

Deputy Orientation Director coordinated Army planning of the 

maneuver. He was assisted by a Chief of Staff and his deputy. 

During the planning phases, the Deputy Orientation Director 

maintained headquarters for the exercise at Fort Lewis. On 26 

June 1962, he moved his headquarters to Camp Mercury, where it 

remained throughout the maneuver (45; 46). 

The Information Section, consisting of one officer and six 

enlisted men from Fort Lewis, was originally to provide information concerning IVY FLATS activities to public news media. A 

press area was planned at the shot. Very little press information was released by this section, however, and no news media 

coverage was allowed (45; 46). 

The G-l, Administration, was responsible for military 

personnel management. Duties included obtaining and processing 

the military personnel required for administrative duties, for 

participation in the maneuver, and for activities supporting the 

maneuver. This staff section had two officers and three enlisted 

men (45; 46). 

The G-2, Intelligence, obtained security clearances for IVY 

FLATS participants, coordinated the security badging of Army 

personnel for entry into the NTS, and ensured that proper and 

adequate security safeguards had been arranged for classified 

material. This staff section consisted of two officers and three 

enlisted men (45; 46). 

46 
I I I I 

G-l G-2 G-3 G-4 

Administration Intelligence Operations Logistics 

I I I I I I

I I I I I I I 1 I I I 

Headquarters

Commandant 1 1 z?Ei,t 1 1 Comptroller 1 1 1Transportation ( 1 Signal / I Razi:z’ I 

Figure 2-4: IW FLATS ORGANIZATION 

47 
The G-3, Operations, coordinated and executed the IVY FLATS 

maneuver. The section consisted of five officers and nine 

enlisted men (45; 46). 

The G-4, Logistics, provided support services to units 

participating in IVY FLATS. The section had three officers and 

five enlisted men (45; 46). 

The Headquarters Commandant and his staff of two enlisted 

men supervised and administered the billeting, supply, messing, 

and other housekeeping duties. 

The Adjutant General Section was responsible for the 

management of military personnel and for record keeping. This 

1 

section, consisting of one warrant officer and four enlisted men, 

worked closely with the G-l Section (45; 46). 

The Comptroller managed the budget and funding for the 

maneuver. 

The Transportation Section provided transportation and 

logistical support to participants and observers at the rehearsal 

of IVY FLATS and during the maneuver. The section consisted of 

one officer and one enlisted man (45; 46). 

The Signal Section was responsible for planning, coordinating, and supervising communications and pictorial requirements 

for the maneuver. This included establishing radio systems for 

the forward area and setting up timing and firing signals during 

the official shot countdown. The section consisted of one 

officer and three enlisted men. Motion picture and still photography camera teams provided photographic support of the exercises. These teams consisted of three officers and four enlisted 

men from Field Command, DASA, and one officer and five enlisted 

men from Headquarters, Continental Army Command (45; 46). 

48 
The Radiological Safety Section, with two officers and four 

enlisted men, performed radiological safety activities and 

operations as required by the AEC Test Manager through the DASA 

radiation-safety liaison offices. This section performed 

radiological safety exercises during the maneuver. REECo 

assisted in these activities. This section was responsible for: 

Ensuring that radiac instruments were operational and 

calibrated 

0 

0 Collecting, consolidating, and evaluating survey readings 

and total dose computations from radiological monitors 

• Coordinating their data with information obtained by 

medical personnel 

0 Advising on dosimetry and dosimetry reporting (46). 

The Battalion Task Force conducted the maneuver. This task 

force consisted of about 540 personnel from the 1st Mechanized 

Infantry Battalion, 12th Infantry, 4th Infantry Division of Fort 

Lewis. On 22 May 1962, the Sixth Army had directed the 4th 

Infantry Division to provide the troops for participation in IVY 

FLATS (45; 46). 

The Control, Safety, and Evaluation Group, with 29 officers 

and 41 enlisted men, also participated in the operational phase 

of the maneuver. This group was to ensure that IVY FLATS was 

conducted safely and that its objectives were met (45; 46). 

The Support Group provided logistical aid to the Battalion 

Task Force and to the Control, Safety, and Evaluation Group. 

This group consisted of 38 officers, one warrant officer, and 

165 enlisted men from Fort Lewis and other bases throughout the 

country (46). 

The Visitors' Bureau was organized to process the numerous 

observers and distinguished visitors at Operation IVY FLATS. Its 

49 
responsibilities included receiving, billeting, messing, and 

transporting 396 official observers at Shot LITTLE FELLER I and 

IVY FLATS. The bureau, which started operations at the NTS on 

29 June 1962, consisted of 28 officers, who served as escorts for 

observers, and 22 enlisted men, who served as drivers (46). 

The activities of the IVY FLATS organization are described 

in more detail in the discussion of Shot LITTLE FELLER I, in 

chapter 8. 

50 
CHAPTER 3 

RADIATION PROTECTION 

To minimize personnel exposure to the ionizing radiation 

produced by a nuclear detonation, a radiological safety program 

was developed. The Test Manager oversaw this program. Personnel 

from Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company conducted radiological safety activities for the Nevada Test Site Organization, 

Air Force Special Weapons Center, and Exercise IVY FLATS. These 

activities included (46; 52; 73): 

0 Orientation and training: preparing radiation monitors 

for their work and familiarizing other participants with 

radiological safety procedures 

0 Personnel dosimetry: issuing, exchanging, developing, 

and evaluating gamma and neutron film badges 

0 Protective equipment: providing anticontamination 

equipment, including clothing and respirators 

0 Monitoring: performing radiological surveys and 

controlling access to radiation areas 

0 Decontamination: containing, removing, and disposing of 

contamination on personnel, vehicles, and equipment. 

The following sections discuss radiological safety activities during Operation DOMINIC II, addressing maximum permissible 

levels of exposure, the structure of the radiological safety 

organizations, and the procedures used by each organization to 

control individual exposures to ionizing radiation. 

3.1 RADIATION PROTECTION AT EXERCISE IVY FLATS 

The Test Manager was responsible for the radiological safety 

of personnel participating in the IVY FLATS exercise. He 

assigned this responsibility to the Radiological Safety Officer, 

51 
who directed the activities of the IVY FLATS Radiological Safety 

Control Section. The Control Section, which provided monitoring 

during the military maneuver, consisted of troop monitors trained 

by REECo personnel prior to the operation. REECo radiological 

safety personnel also operated decontamination facilities for IVY 

FLATS personnel and vehicles. The IVY FLATS radiological safety 

activities are detailed in chapter 8 (45; 46). 

3.2 RADIATION PROTECTION FOR THE NEVADA TEST SITE ORGANIZATION 

The Test Manager was responsible for the radiological safety 

of NTSO participants involved in onsite and offsite activities 

during Operation DOMINIC II. Operational responsibility was 

delegated to the Test Group Director for a degignated period 

before and after each test event. The REECo Radiological Safety 

Division performed onsite radiological activities. Operational 

responsibility for offsite radiological safety was assigned to 

the Offsite Radiological Safety Officer. USPHS personnel 

conducted offsite radiological monitoring, under the direction of 

the Offsite Radiological Safety Officer (31; 69; 73). 

The NTSO Radiological Safety Division worked within exposure 

guidelines recommended by the AEC Division of Biology and 

Medicine. With certain exceptions, individual exposures were 

limited to 3 rem of gamma and neutron radiation for a 13-week 

period and not more than 5 rem annually. This was the occupational exposure limit recommended by the National Council on 

Radiation Protection and Measurements (5). Higher exposure 

limits were permitted foi- participants in Projects 2.3/2.4, 2.9, 

2.11, and 7.15. A total of 5 rem was authorized for Project 

2.3/2.4 personnel for all events. Project 2.9 and 2.11 personnel 

could receive gamma exposures up to 6 rem, while participants in 

Project 7.15 could receive 20 rem (31). 

52 
3.2.1 Onsite Operations 

The REECo Radiological Safety Division was responsible for 

onsite radiological safety support at DOMINIC II. Members of the 

Radiological Safety Division had responsibility for several 

activities and functions, including (5): 

Training radiological safety monitors, including troop 

monitors 

0 Monitoring radiation areas and controlling access into 

these areas 

0 Plotting isointensity contour maps of the shot areas and 

providing radiation information to personnel entering the 

areas 

• Issuing anticontamination clothing and equipment to 

personnel entering radiation areas 

0 Issuing, exchanging, developing, and evaluating film 

badges 

a Maintaining film badge records to determine cumulative 

exposures of each participant to gamma and neutron 

radiation 

0 Monitoring and decontaminating personnel, vehicles, and 

equipment leaving radiation areas 

• Providing all of the above radiological safety support 

for AFSWC personnel at Indian Springs AFB. 

Access Control 

Forty-eight hours before each shot, security personnel 

cleared the shot area and closed all roads leading into the area. 

They established check stations along these roads to ensure that 

personnel entering the test area to conduct preshot activities 

had the proper identification badges. All personnel except the 

arming party were cleared from the area about two hours before 

the detonation. 

0 

After the detonation, Radiological Safety Division personnel 

established and operated a base station and a mobile check 

53 
station along the main access road to prevent unauthorized entry. 

To enter the shot area, personnel had to pass through one of 

these stations, where radiological safety personnel checked each 

group of entering personnel for an access permit. This permit, 

which had to be authorized by the Test Manager, gave such 

information as the names and number of those permitted to enter, 

the purpose of their mission, and the estimated time required to 

complete the mission. Radiological safety personnel also checked 

to ensure that each individual was wearing appropriate anticontamination clothing, a film badge, and a pocket dosimeter 

(5; 73). 

Monitoring 

Monitoring activities of the Radiological Safety Division 

included (5): 

Performing initial surveys and resurveys of areas around 

ground zero after a detonation 

Establishing and operating checkpoints 

Marking and establishing the radiation exclusion areas 

Serving as monitors for personnel who were required to 

enter those areas. 

Before each detonation, the Radiological Safety Officer 

briefed the initial radiological survey teams on the expected 

fallout pattern. Four teams of two men each usually conducted 

the initial surveys. They entered the shot area as early as 

possible after each detonation. The teams used vehicle odometers 

to determine how far intensities of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 R/h were 

from previously established reference stakes. They radioed this 

information to radLologica1 safety personnel in the base station, 

where the isointensity lines were plotted and mapped. The maps 

were then made available to project personnel planning to enter 

the radiation areas to retrieve their experiments. Survey teams 

posted the test areas with radiation warning signs, and traffic 

54 
was routed so that it would pass by either the base station or 

the mobile check station. 

Teams resurveyed the shot area five hours and one, two, 

three, five, and seven days after the detonation. They moved the 

warning signs and barricades after each resurvey to indicate the 

current radiation intensity lines. 

A radiological safety monitor accompanied groups entering 

areas with radiation intensities greater than 0.1 R/h. Project 

teams were generally required to provide their own certified 

monitors. However, if project monitors were not available, the 

Radiological Safety Division supplied them from personnel 

stationed at the base station or at the mobile check station (5). 

Personnel Dosimetry 

Personnel from the Radiological Safety Division provided 

dosimetry service and kept cumulative exposure records for all 

test organization personnel, both civilian and military. Each 

individual entering the NTS received a film badge, and each 

individual entering a radiation area received a pocket dosimeter. 

The film badge was attached to the security badge, while the 

pocket dosimeter was cl pped to the shirt pocket. The film 

badges were marked with colored tape indicating the month of 

issue. Cards, numbered to match the number on the film badge, 

were stamped with the p< rticipants' identification information. 

At the end of each month, or whenever participants with a 

suspected exposure of 0.1 roentgen or more left a radiation area, 

radiological safety personnel exchanged the film badges. The 

film badges were developed and the optical densities measured 

with an Eberline FD-11 densitometer. Film badge readings for 

each participant were then included in a daily exposure report 

prepared by Radiological Safety Division personnel (5; 31; 73). 

55 
Upon entry into radiation areas, each participant's 

cumulative exposure from the daily report was listed on the Area 

Access Register. Upon exit from the radiation area, each 

person's pocket dosimeter reading was entered in the register. 

If the dosimeter reading was 0.1 rem or more, the person's film 

badge was exchanged. The dosimeter reading was added to the 

cumulative exposure until the next day's exposure report was 

received, which reflected the actual film badge reading for each 

participant in the new cumulative exposure total (5; 73). 

The REECo Radiological Safety Division also issued and 

processed film badges for participants at Indian Springs AFB and 

for the offsite radiological safety personnel. Radiological 

Safety Division personnel collected and processed the badges for 

the offsite organization at the end of the series (5). 

Protective Equipment 

Radiological Safety Division personnel at base stations 

issued radiation detection instruments, which had been checked 

and calibrated for field use, to certified project monitors 

entering radiation areas. They also issued the participants 

respirators and anticontamination clothing, such as coveralls, 

shoe covers, gloves, surgeon's caps, socks, and underclothing. 

The following is a list of the respirators and anticontamination 

clothing issued during the four shots (73): 

Coveralls 

Gloves (pairs) 

Boots (pairs) 

Dosimeters 

Respirators 

4,882 

4,729 

4,288 

4,466 

2,956 

Upon leaving radiation areas, participants removed their anticontamination clothing and equipment and turned the items in to 

Radiological Safety Division personnel (73). 

56 
Decontamination 

Radiological Safety Division personnel monitored personnel, 

vehicles, aircraft, and equipment leaving radiation areas. 

Decontamination was required if radioactivity exceeded the 

following limits: 

0 Personnel: 0.007 R/h (beta and gamma) on outer 

clothing 

0.001 R/h (gamma) on surface of skin or 

underclothing 

0 Vehicles and 0.007 R/h (gamma) on outer surfaces 

Equipment: 0.007 R/h (beta and gamma) on inner 

surfaces. 

Decontamination facilities were located at the base station for 

each shot. For Shot SMALL BOY, radiological safety personnel 

also used decontamination facilities at Building 2 of the Control 

Point (5; 73; 76). 

The first step for personnel returning from a radiation area 

was to remove booties. Personnel then turned in film badges and 

pocket dosimeters, removed coveralls and gloves, and finally 

removed respirators and caps. Radiological safety personnel then 

monitored each individual. If the radioactivity readings 

exceeded the limit, the person was required to remove the suspect 

clothing and, if the readings were still too high, wash the 

specific skin areas or take a shower. Radiological safety 

personnel monitored these individuals again after washing or 

showering. When radiation readings were less than 0.001 R/h on 

the surface of the skin, the individuals were released. If 

personal clothing was contaminated, personnel were issued 

Government clothing for temporary use. Contaminated clothing was 

laundered, or radioactivity on the clothing was allowed to decay 

to the release limits. 

Vehicles returning from radiation areas were parked in 

designated areas adjacent to base stations. Members of the 

57 
Radiological Safety Division monitored the vehicles. If they 

recorded readings of 0.007 R/h or greater within three centimeters 

of the vehicle surface, the vehicles had to be decontaminated. 

Radiological safety personnel first vacuumed all surfaces, 

including running boards, floorboards, and the under-sides of 

fenders. They then resurveyed the vehicles and, if the vehicles 

were still contaminated, steam cleaned them or washed them with a 

liquid detergent and rinsed them with water. When measured radiation intensities were less than 0.007 R/h, the vehicles were 

returned to service. Some vehicles and equipment were decontaminated at Building 6 of the Control Point (5; 73; 76). 

3.2.2 Offsite Operations 

The Test Manager was responsible for offsite radiological 

safety, but the Offsite Radiological Safety Officer had 

operational control of the program. Personnel from the USPHS 

provided operational support services, and REECo provided film 

badges and radiation detection equipment. 

The objectives of the offsite radiological safety program 

were to: 

0 Assess the offsite radiation associated with each 

detonation 

0 Collect data on fallout patterns 

a Conduct environmental monitoring of air, water, and milk 

• Produce reports, maps, and records that described the 

findings of this monitoring and data collection 

0 Establish and maintain public relations activities.

Before each detonation, monitoring teams in radio-equipped 

vehicles were dispatched to selected offsite areas within 320 

kilometers of the Control Point. These teams were then in 

58 
position to perform ground surveys as the cloud formed by the 

detonation drifted over their locations. In addition, the USPHS 

performed aerial monitoring for each shot in a U3A aircraft with 

an Air Force crew (5; 69). 

3.3 RADIATION PROTECTION FOR THE AIR FORCE SPECIAL WEAPONS 

CENTER 

During Operation DOMINIC II, AFSWC had responsibility for 

conducting all aerial support missions, including cloud sampling, 

cloud tracking, and aerial surveys of onsite and offsite areas. 

Because of the special nature of their activities, personnel 

involved with cloud sampling were authorized by the Test Manager 

to receive gamma exposures of up to 12 rem annually (44). 

The Radiological Safety Division of REECo provided radiological safety support for Air Force personnel at Indian Springs 

AFB, as stated previously. Personnel from the 4520th Combat Crew 

Training Wing attached to AFSWC at DOMINIC II assisted REECo 

radiological safety personnel in performing monitoring, decontaminating personnel and aircraft, and maintaining the film badge 

program at Indian Springs AFB (31; 44; 73). 

Air Force personnel were also responsible for other 

operational activities at Indian Springs AFB. The Director, 

Nuclear Test Directorate, had operational control of all aircraft 

activities. The 1211th Test Squadron (Sampling), also attached 

to AFSWC at DOMINIC II, provided aircraft and crews for cloud 

sampling. The 4900th Air Base Group provided aircraft and crews 

for cloud tracking (44). 

Personnel Dosimetry 

AFSWC participants were required to wear film badges while 

on cloud-sampling and cloud-tracking missions. In addition, each 

59 
aircraft had a radiation survey meter on board. REECo issued, 

exchanged, processed, and evaluated all film badges worn by Air 

Force personnel at Indian Springs AFB, including personnel 

involved with cloud sampling and cloud tracking. The film badge 

results were to be sent to the Chief, Special Projects Division, 

who was to forward them to the appropriate organizations for 

inclusion in the individual's personnel file (44). Not all 

records were, however, posted to the organizations and included 

in individual files. 

Decontamination and Sample Removal 

Aircraft returning from cloud-sampling or cloud-tracking 

missions were parked in the designated decontamination area at 

Indian Springs AFB. The engines were shut down and the canopies 

remained closed and latched until ground personnel removed the 

samples from the aircraft. The crews stayed within the enclosed 

cockpits and on full oxygen while the samples were removed. 

Personnel from the sample removal team used long-handled tools to 

remove the sample filter papers from each wing pod and place them 

in shielded containers. 

After the samples were removed and placed in containers, the 

pilots shut down their oxygen supply and opened their canopies. 

The crew members stepped from the cockpit onto a platform on a 

forklift so they would not touch the outer surfaces of the 

aircraft. They were taken in pickup trucks to the decontamination station. The trucks then returned to the aircraft where 

they were loaded with the samples, which they transported to the 

waiting courier aircraft. The courier aircraft left from Indian 

Springs AFB to deliver the samples to laboratories for analysis. 

At the decontamination station, Radiological Safety Division 

personnel monitored the cloud-sampling pilots and crews. The 

60 
pilots and crews were required to go through complete decontamination procedures. This involved removing flight suits and 

undergarments, showering, and receiving a fresh change of 

laundered clothes. Showering was continued until radioactivity 

on the surface of the skin was less than 0.001 R/h (5; 44). 

Personnel from the 4520th Combat Crew Training Wing assisted 

radiological safety personnel in decontaminating the sampling 

aircraft. They used firehoses to spray and wash the outside of 

the aircraft with water. Streams of water from fire hoses were 

directed through running B-57 jet engines to decontaminate these 

most highly contaminated aircraft locations. The personnel then 

opened the canopy and the cockpit and wiped the inside of the 

canopy. Cloud-tracking aircraft returned to Indian Springs AFB, 

where they were monitored for radioactivity and, if necessary, 

decontaminated (5; 44). 

61 
CHAPTER 4 

DOSIMETRY FOR DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PERSONNEL 

AT OPERATION DOMINIC II 

This chapter summarizes the data available as of December 

1982 regarding the radiation doses received by Department of 

Defense personnel during their participation in various military 

and scientific activities during Operation DOMINIC II. It is 

based on research which identified the participants, their units 

of assignment, and their doses. 

4.1 PARTICIPATION DATA 

The identity of participants was determined from several 

sources: 

0 Final Report of Exercise IVY FLATS provided information 

on unit participation and activities of IVY FLAT 

organizations (46). 

• Weapons test reports for DASA and other scientific 

projects often identified personnel, units, and 

organizations that participated in the operation. 

0 After-action reports, security rosters, and vehicleloading rosters related to the military exercises 

identified some participants. 

0 Morning reports, unit diaries, and muster rolls provided 

identification data on personnel assigned to participating units, absent from their home unit, or in 

transient status for the purpose of participating in a 

nuclear weapons test. 

0 Discharge records, maintained by all services, aided in 

identification. 

a Records maintained by REECo listed many participants by 

name and organization (77). 

a Military personnel records from some of the services 

provided information about individuals' assignments to 

participating units or attendance in transient status at 

the nuclear weapons tests. 

62 
0 A widely publicized national call-in campaign sponsored 

by the Department of Defense has identified some of the 

participants in nuclear weapons tests. 

4.2 SOURCES OF DOSIMETRY DATA 

Dosimetry data for Operation DOMINIC II were derived from 

film badge records. The film badge was the primary device used 

to measure the radiation dose received by individual participants. Normally worn at chest level on the outside of clothing, 

the film badge was designed to measure the wearer's exposure to 

gamma radiation from external sources. The film badge was not 

designed to measure neutron radiation or the amount of radioactive material that may have been inhaled or ingested. 

The REECo Radiological Safety Division was responsible for 

issuing, receiving, developing, and interpreting film badges worn 

by personnel of the NTSO, Exercise IVY FLATS, and Air Force units 

stationed at Indian Springs AFB. As described in chapter 3, 

REECo radiological safety personnel recorded film badge data for 

participants on daily exposure reports as part of the dosimetry 

records system (5; 73). In this manner, a record was maintained 

of the individual's exposure history. 

At the conclusion of DOMINIC II, film badge records were 

compiled into the aggregate exposure data included in the Report 

of the Test Manager, Operation STORAX (5) and the Final Report, 

[Exercise] IVY FLATS (46). The film badge data summarized in 

this chapter come from dosimetry records in the historical files 

of REECo and from military records (22; 77). 

4.3 DOSIMETRY DATA FOR OPERATION DOMINIC II 

As stated in chapter 3, the gamma exposure limit for participants at DOMINIC II was 3 rem. A total of 5 rem was authorized 

63 
for Projects 2.3/2.4 personnel. Projects 2.9 and 2.11 personnel 

could receive gamma exposures up to 6 rem. Personnel participating in Project 7.15 were authorized to receive 20 rem (31). 

The gamma exposures available from film badge records for 

DOD participants in Operation DOMINIC II are indicated in tables 

4-1 through 4-6. Table 4-1 summarizes gamma exposure data for 

personnel by affiliation. Tables 4-2 through 4-6 provide information about the gamma exposures of participants for the Army; 

Navy; Marine Corps; Air Force; and scientific personnel, contractors, and observers, respectively. Distributions and 

averages are given by unit (22). 

Available dosimetry records show that two DOMINIC II participants received gamma exposures greater than 3'rem. One of the 

participants was from the Navy and the other from the Marine 

Corps, but both were affiliated with the Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory. Their exposures were 5.8 and 4.3 rem, 

respectively (22). The second individual participated in 

Projects 2.9 and 2.11, which were authorized a 6 rem limit (104). 

Three additional personnel received gamma exposures of 3.065, 

3.295, and 3.610. At this time, their affiliations and project 

assignments are unavailable; hence, they were not included in the 

dosimetry tables (77). 

64 
Table 4-1: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA 

DOMINIC II PARTICIPANTS 

RADIATION EXPOSURES 

BY AFFILIATION 

FOR OPERATION 

Service 

Personnel 

Identified 

by Name 

Perronnel 

Identified 

by Name and 

by Film Badge 

Average 

Gamma 

Exposure 

(rem) <O.l 

Gamma Exposure (rem) 

0.1-1.0 1 .o-3.0 3.0-5.0 5.0 + 

Army 57 5 0.093 3 2 0 0 0 

Navy 81 59 1.013 8 22 28 0 1 

Marine Corps 89 58 0.573 18 24 15 1 0 

Air Force 150 135 0.278 59 69 7 0 0 

Scientific Personnel, Contractors, 

Observers 

and 1361 1361 0.039 1272 74 15 0 0 

Total 1738 1618 0.114 1360 191 65 1 1 

65 
- 

Table 4-2: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION 

AND AFFILIATES, OPERATION DOMINIC 

EXPOSURES 

II 

FOR ARMY PERSONNEL 

Units 

Personnel 

Identified 

by Name 

Personnel 

Identified 

by Name and 

by Film Badge 

Average 

Gamma 

Exposure 

(rem) <O.l 

Gamma Exposure Irem) 

0.1-1.0 1.0-3.0 3.0-5.0 5.0 + 

Camp Desert Rock, NV 42 0 

DASA at Mercury, NV 1 0 

Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories, Fort Belvoir, VA 

1 1 0.270 0 1 0 0 0 

Field Command DASA, 

Kirtland AFB, NM 

U.S. Army Element 2 2 0.070 1 1 0 0 0 

Fourth Infantry Division, Fort Lewis, WA 1 0 

Headquarters Ivy Flats, CA 1 1 0.035 1 

Photographic Unit Isicf’ 1 0 

Signal Corps (sic1 1 0 

U.S. Army Intelligence School 

Fort Holabird, MD 

1 0 

Third Army, Ft. McPherson, GA 1 1 0.021 1 0 0 0 0 

52nd Artillery Regiment, 

Fort Bliss, TX 

6th Artillery Group 1 0 

116th Military Intelligence 

Washington, D.C. 

Group 1 0 

524th Military Police Company, 

Fort Shafter, HI 

3rd Platoon 1 0 

Unit Unknown” 2 0 

Total 57 5 0.033 3 2 0 0 0 

• “Sic” indicates that table entry for the unit and/or 

••* Unit information unavailable. 

home station could not be verified. 

66 
Table 4-3: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR NAVY PERSONNEL 

AND AFFILIATES, OPERATION DOMINIC II 

Personnel Average Gamme Exposure (rem) Personnel Idontlfisd Gamma T 

Identified by Name and Exposure 

Units by Name by Film Badge (rem) <O.l 0.1-1.0 1.0-3.0 3.0-5.0 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (sic) J 2 0 

Construction Battalion Center, Port 1 1 0.126 0 

Hueneme, CA 

Director, Weapons Effects Test 1 0 

Naval Administrative Unit, Sandia Base 7 5 0.044 0 

Naval Mobile Construction Battalion-ELEVEN 21 21 0.923 12 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 44 32 1.263 16 

University of California Radiation Laboratory 4 0 

Unit Unknown”” 1 0 

Total 91 59 1.013 8 22 26 0 

• “Sic” indicates that the table entry for the organization appears as It was listed in source documentation. 

••* Unit information unavailable. 

1 
Table 4-4: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR MARINE CORPS 

PERSONNEL AND AFFILIATES, OPERATION DOMINIC II 

Personnel Average Gan ma Exposure (remi Personnel Identified Gamma 

Identified by Name and Exposure 

Units by Name by Film Badge (rem) 1.0-3.0 3.0-5.0 5.0+ 

Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron - 363 56 29 0.717 13 0 0 

Marine Air Group - 36, 3d Marine Air Wing 

FMF Pacific 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 29 26 0.416 2 1 0 

Observer, Field Commend DASA, Sandia Base 1 0 0 0 

Observer, 

Total 

Joint Chiefs of Staff 1 

56 1 0.573 

T

15 0 I 89 I ’ 

68 
Table 4-5: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR AIR FORCE 

PERSONNEL AND AFFILIATES, OPERATION DOMINIC II 

Units 

Personnel 

Identified 

by Name 

Pamonnel 

Identified 

by Name and 

by Film Badge 

Average 

Gamma 

Exposure 

(rem) 

r 

<O.l 

Gamma Exposure (rem) 

0.1-1.0 1.0-3.0 3.0-5.0 5.0+ 

Aerospace Audio Visual 

Washington, D.C. 

Service 11 11 0.014 4 7 0 0 0 

Air Force Flight Testing 

Edwards AFB, CA 

Center 10 10 0.192 3 7 0 0 0 

Air Force 

Holloman 

Missile Development 

AFB, NM 

Center 6 6 0.356 0 6 0 0 0 

Air Force Special Weapons 

Kirtland AFB, NM 

Center 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 

Air Force Weapons 

Kirtland AFB, NM 

Laboratory 58 58 0.305 27 27 4 0 0 

Defense Atomic Support Agency 4 4 0.026 0 0 0 0 

Headquarters, 

Washington, 

U.S. 

D.C. 

Air Force 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Space Systems Division, Los Angeles, CA 11 11 0.557 8 1 0 0 

56th Weather Reconnaissance 

Hickman AFB, HI 

Squadron 1 0 

728th Aircraft 

Cannon AFB, 

Control 

NM 

and Warning Squadron 1 1 0 0 0 0 

1136th Special Activity Squadron 7 7 0.315 1 0 0 

1090th Special Reporting 

Kirtland AFB, NM 

Wing 3 3 0.241 0 0 0 

1211th Test Squadron 

McClellan AFB, CA 

(Sampling) 2 0 

1352nd Photographic Group 

Lookout Mt. Laboratory, CA 

1 1 1.010 1 0 0 

1942nd Communication 

Homestead, FL 

Squadron 1 0 

3245th Operational Group 

L.G. Hanscom AFB, MA 

1 1 0 0 0 0 

4520th Air Base Group, Nellis AFB, NV 1 0 

4900th Air Base Group, Kirtland AFB, NM 1 0 

Unit Unknown’ 26 19 0.289 0 0 0 

Total 150 136 0.278 58 68 7 0 0 

• Unit information is unavailable. 

69 
II 

Table 4-6: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR SCIENTIFIC 

PERSONNEL, CONTRACTORS, AND OBSERVERS, 

Personnel Average 

Personnel Identified Gamma 

Identified by Name and Exposure 

Units by Name by Film Badge (rem) 

41 A. Martin Associates (sic)’ 1 1 O.ooO 

Allied Research Associates, inc. 9 9 0.555 

American Telephone and Telegraph 1 1 0.390 

4merican Sci. Et Engr., Inc. (sic) 6 6 0.536 

Armour Research Foundation 7 7 0.202 

4ssistant Chief of Staff Intelligence 1 1 0.050 

Department of Army1 Washington, D.C. 

Bendix Aircraft Corporation 2 2 O.ooO 

Boeing Aircraft Company 15 15 0.674 

Canada, Headquarters. NBCW 1 1 0.286 

Chance Vought 9 9 0.000 

3ASA, Clarksville Base [Ft. Campbell, KY1, TN 4 4 0.165 

DASA, Lakemead Base, NV 9 9 O.OUO 

DASA, Manzano Base, NM 4 4 O.OCCl 

DASA Field Command (Civilians), Kirtland AFB 10 10 0.054 

DASA Field Command Miscellaneous 252 252 0.000 

DASA Field Command NTS Detachment 30 30 0.017 

DASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C. 86 86 0.028 

General Precision, NJ 1 1 0.135 

Hospital, Sandia Base (sic) 1 1 0.220 

Hughes Aircraft Company 9 9 0.267 

JER Pro Res Co (sic) 1 1 0.006 

Lockhead Missiles Et Space Company, Inc. 21 21 0.198 

Marquardt Aircraft (sic1 10 10 0.006 

Martsat (sic) 3 3 0.081 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2 2 O.ooO 

MHD Research 3 3 0.120 

Motorola [Inc.1 Systems Laboratory 1 1 0.000 

North American Aircraft, Inc. 2 2 0.000 

• “Sic” indicates that table entry for the unit and/or home station could not be verified. 

OPERATION DOMINIC 

Gamma Exposure (rem) 

<O.l 0.1-1.0 1.0-3.0 3.0-5.0 5.0+ 

1 0 0 0 0 

2 6 1 0 0 

0 1 0 0 0 

1 5 0 0 0 

6 0 1 0 0 

1 0 0 0 0 

2 0 0 0 0 

2 9 4 0 0 

0 1 0 0 0 

9 0 0 0 0 

3 1 0 0 0 

9 0 0 0 0 

4 0 0 0 0 

a 2 0 0 0 

252 0 0 0 0 

29 1 0 0 0 

81 4 1 0 0 

0 1 0 0 0 

0 1 0 0 0 

5 3 1 0 0 

1 0 0 0 0 

13 7 1 0 0 

10 0 0 0 0 

2 1 0 0 0 

2 0 0 0 0 

0 3 0 0 0 

1 0 0 0 0 

2 0 0 0 0 

70 
••

Table 4-6: DISTRIBUTION 

PERSONNEL, 

(Continued) 

Units 

Northrop Corporation 

Office of the Secretary of Defense 

Ralph Parson, Inc. 

Raytheon Company, Missiles Systems 

Seaspace Systems, Inc. 

Shannon Et Wilson 

Stanford Research Institute 

Struble International 

System Science 8 Software lsicl 

Texas instruments 

Unit Name Unknown” 

Universities 

Weston Hydraulics Ltd. 

Total 

Unit information is unavailable. 

OF GAMMA 

CONTRACTORS, 

Personnel 

Identified 

by Name 

6 

2 

6 

1 

1 

6 

50 

1 

2 

4 

760 

18 

3 

I 1361 I 

RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR SCIENTIFIC

AND OBSERVERS, OPERATION DOMINIC 

Personnel Average 

Mmntlfied Gamma 

Gamma Exposure (rem) 

bv Name and 

by Film Badge 

Exposure 

(rem) <O.l 0.1-1.0 1 .o-3.0 3.0-5.0 5.0+ 

8 0.166 2 4 0 0 0 

2 0.006 2 0 0 0 0 

6 0.000 6 0 0 0 0 

1 0.065 1 0 0 0 0 

1 0.040 1 0 0 0 0 

6 0.120 4 2 0 0 0 

60 0.125 35 14 1 0 0 

1 0.065 1 0 0 0 0 

2 0.000 2 0 0 0 0 

4 0.026 4 0 0 0 0 

336 0.003 754 6 0 0 0 

18 0.341 13 1 4 0 0 

3 0.563 1 1 1 0 0 

1381 1 0.036 1 1272 1 74 1 15 1 0 1 0 

71 

II 
Purpose of Test: 

Weather: 

Radiation Data: 

Participants: 

LITTLE FELLER II 

SHOT SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: DOMINIC II 

DATE/TIME: 7 July 1962, 1200 hours 

YIELD: Low 

HEIGHT OF BURST: Three feet above ground 

Weapons effects test designed to: 

(1) Collect data on the effects of a 

detonation of low yield 

(2) Gather information for use in Shot LITTLE 

FELLER I. 

At shot-time, the temperature was 35.5 degrees 

Celsius. Winds were seven knots from the 

south at surface level and ten knots from the 

south at 10,000 feet. 

A radiation level of 1 R/h or more was 

confined to within 200 meters of ground zero 

except to the north, where this level extended 

to about 2,300 meters. Intensities greater 

than 10 R/h were registered at ground zero at 

the time of the initial survey (mid-time 

1315). By three days after the detonation, 

the radiation level at ground zero had 

decreased to 1 R/h, and the area with 

radiation intensities of 0.01 R/h or more 

was confined within 180 meters of ground zero. 

Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station; 

Army Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories; Army Ballistic Research 

Laboratories; Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory; 

Northrop Corporation; Air Force Weapons 

Laboratory; Air Force Special Weapons Center; 

Naval Missile Center; Army Electronics 

Research and Development Laboratory; Los 

Alamos Scientific Laboratory; AEC civilians; 

other contractors. 

72 
CHAPTER 5 

SHOT LITTLE FELLER II 

Shot LITTLE FELLER II was detonated on 7 Julv 1962 at 1200 

hours Pacific Daylight Time in Area 18* of the Nevada Test Site, 

UTM coordinates 619081. Figure 5-l shows the LITTLE FELLER IT 

event ten seconds after the detonation (29). Sponsored by the 

Department of Defense, the test involved the detonation of a 

stockpile DAVY CROCKETT warhead intended as a companion shot for 

LITTLE FELLER I. The device, positioned three feet above the 

ground by a cable suspended between two posts, detonated with a 

low yield (5; 29; 31). 

At shot-time, the temperature at the surface was 35.5 

degrees Celsius. Winds were seven knots from the south at the 

surface and ten knots from the south at 10,000 feet.+ The top of 

the cloud resulting from the detonation reached 11,000 feet and 

moved to the north (35). 

Shot LITTLE FELLER II, like LITTLE FELLER I, was planned and 

executed within a 70-day period. Three Little Feller shots were 

originally considered. One was to he three feet above ground and 

the second 40 feet above ground. The third was to be launched 

tactically after having heen set to fire at a height of 40 feet. 

A military exercise was scheduled for this third shot. As plans 

developed, the third shot was canceled, and the second shot, 

which became LITTLE FELLER I, was changed to a three-foot shot to 

be launched in connection with a tactical maneuver (31). 

*Ground zeros in Area 18 are about 5,000 feet above sea level. 

+Altitudes are measured from sea level, unless otherwise noted. 

73 

5.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND 

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT LITTLE FELLER II 

Department of Defense personnel took part in a number of 

scientific projects conducted by the Weapons Effects Test Group. 

Table 5-1 lists these projects by number and title and identifies 

the participants. DOD personnel also took part in AFSWC activities providing support to test group projects and to the Test 

Manager. 

5.1.1 Weapons Effects Tests 

The Weapons Effects Test Group projects were designed to 

collect data on the blast, shock, cratering, prompt nuclear 

radiation, and fallout effects of a low-yield puclear detonation. 

These projects were also intended to gather information for use 

in Exercise IVY FLATS, to be conducted at Shot LITTLE FELLER 

(29; 31). In conducting these projects, participants spent 

several weeks before the detonation placing and calibrating 

various types of instruments and gauges in the shot area. 

Project personnel accompanied by a radiological safety monitor 

reentered the shot area at various times from 15 minutes up to 

18 days after the detonation to retrieve data and instruments (5; 

29; 31). 

Project 1.1, Airblast Phenomena from Small Yield Devices, 

was conducted by the Army Ballistic Research Laboratories to: 

0 Measure the free-field overpressures and dynamic 

pressure versus time resulting from the detonation 

of a DAVY CROCKETT weapon 

0 Measure the free-air overpressure versus time 

resulting from the detonation of a DAVY CROCKETT 

weapon 

0 Integrate the results with existing subkiloton 

nuclear and multiton high-explosive data 

75 

I 
Table 5-1: WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT 

OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION, SHOT LllTLE FELLER II 

Project/ 

Program Title Participants 

1.1 Airblast Phenomena from Small Yield Devices Army Ballistic Research Laboratories 

1.3 Blast Effects on Simple Objects and Army Ballistic Research Laboratories; EG&G 

Military Vehicles 

1.5 Debris Throwout Army Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories 

1.9 Crater Size and Shape Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station; 

American Aerial Surveys 

2.3 Neutron Flux Measurements Army Nuclear Defense LaboratorY 

2.4 Integrated Gamma Dose Measurements Army Nuclear Defense LaboratorY 

2.8 Radiological Surveys Army Nuclear Defense Laboraton/ 

2.16 Residual Radiation in the Crater and Crater-lip Area of Army Engineer Research and Development 

Low-yield Nuclear Devices Laboratories; Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory 

2.17 Transient Radiation Effects Measurements-Guidance Nuclear Sciences Group of the Northrop Corporation 

Systems Circuits and Piece Parts 

2.20 Transit Radiation Dose Rate Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory 

4.1 Tissue Dosimetry Air Force Weapons Laboratory; Army Signal Research 

and Development Laboratory; Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory 

6.6 Initial Gamma Rate Measurements Air Force Special Weapons Center 

6.6b Electromagnetic Measurements Air Force Special Weapons Center; Sandia Corporation 

7.16 Airborne E-Field Radiation Measurements of Naval Missile Center 

Electromagnetic Pulse Phenomena 

7.17 Radiological Water Decontamination Study Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratories 

8.2 Fallout Hazard Determination by Fireball Spectroscopy Army Electronics Research and Development 

Laboratory 

9.2 Documentary Photography Field Command, DASA 

9.3 Technical Photography Field Command, DASA; EGbG 

9.4 Weapon Test Reports Field Command, DASA 

9.5 Communications Field Command, DASA 

9.6 General DOD Support Field Command, DASA 

9.7 Engineering and Field Operations Field Command, DASA; Holmes and Narver; REECo 

76 
0 Provide supporting free-field measurements of blast 

parameters to other projects as required. 

To obtain surface measurements, project personnel placed 15 

electronic pressure gauges and 17 self-recording gauges along a 

line four to 5,130 meters south-southwest of ground zero. They 

also tethered an instrumented balloon 640 meters away from and 

1,275 feet above ground zero. In this phase of the project, an 

instrumented tethered balloon was used to measure pressure versus 

time in free air. The balloon test was unsuccessful, however, 

because of technical difficulties (65). 

Project 1.3, Blast Effects on Simple Objects and Military 

Vehicles, was conducted by the Army Ballistic Research 

Laboratories, with assistance from EG&G. The objectives 

were to: 

0 Study the response of simple objects to the blast 

from a nuclear detonation 

0 Determine how damage to tanks varies with distance 

from a low-yield detonation 

a Measure the radiation doses at crew positions within 

the tanks 

a Investigate the effectiveness of protective cover 

over equipment. 

To study blast response, project participants placed two 

spheres and four cubes made of wood and aluminum on steel bars 

anchored to concrete pads about 40 meters southwest of ground 

zero. Project personnel installed pressure gauges in the ground 

near the mounted objects to measure the blast pressure at shottime. EG&G personnel filmed the effects of the blast wave on 

these objects with remotely operated cameras they had installed 

before the shot in a bunker about 15 meters from the objects. 

For the second and third objectives, personnel from the Army 

Tank - Automotive Center placed five M-46 tanks, which had been 

77 
used at Operation HARDTACK, at distances ranging from 15 to 

45 meters in different directions from ground zero. Project 1.3 

personnel installed radiation detectors within the tanks at crew 

positions and also outside the tanks. The detectors inside the 

tanks were connected to a heavy pull cord located near the tank 

hatches. This made it possible for personnel to recover the 

detectors immediately after the detonation without having to 

enter the tanks. 

To achieve the fourth objective, project personnel placed 

two l/4-ton trucks 30 meters southeast of ground zero in fourfoot deep revetments and covered the trucks with canvas. They 

also installed a gauge on the floor of the revetment under each 

truck to measure blast overpressure. Sometime after the 

detonation, project participants reentered the area to recover 

the instruments, and EGBG personnel retrieved their film from the 

camera bunker (27). 

Project 1.5, Debris Throwout, was conducted by the Army 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories. The objective 

was to collect data on the range and dispersion of blast-driven 

surface debris in order to assess the significance of surface 

missiles from very low-yield surface detonations as a casualtyproducing source. Before the detonation, project personnel 

placed an assortment of test objects, including tree branches and 

various building materials, along 20 radial lines extending from 

ground zero out to a distance of 60 meters. Personnel searched 

for test objects up to 300 meters from ground zero on the day 

following the detonation. They made a final survey after the 

radiation levels in the area had decreased (58). 

78 
Project 1.9, Crater Size and Shape, was conducted by the 

Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, with the assistance 

of American Aerial Surveys, a civilian subcontractor of Holmes 

and Narver, Incorporated. The objectives were to: 

• Measure the crater formed by the shot 

0 Measure 

within 

the permanent earth 

the plastic response 

deformation 

zone. 

occurring 

Before the shot, project 

columns, 18 centimeters 

personnel 

in diameter 

placed eight 

and varying 

colored s

from five 

and 

to 

15 feet in depth, on a radius 18 meters from ground zero. 

American Aerial Surveys personnel took aerial photographs of the 

test area two days before the detonation. The morning after the 

shot, American Aerial Surveys personnel repeated the aerial 

photography, subsequently measuring the crater through the use of 

stereoscopes. They conducted their mission in an aircraft flying 

at a speed of 70 knots and at heights of 1,200 and 1,500 feet 

above the ground. Project personnel continued to conduct ground 

surveys of the crater until about four months after the 

detonation. The excavating and measuring of the sand columns 

went on for about eight months after the shot (81). 

Project 2.3, Neutron Flux Measurements, was conducted by the 

Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory. The objective was to document 

neutron flux versus ground range. Project personnel installed 

neutron flux detectors nine to 460 meters northwest of ground 

zero and five to 730 meters southwest of ground zero. They 

attached most of the detectors to cables. Immediately after the 

detonation, project personnel, assisted by Project 1.3 participants, entered the shot area in an M-88 tank retriever to drag 

the cables out of the area. They transported the detectors to 

the Project 2.3 mobile laboratory at the Control Point (80). 

Project 2.4, Integrated Gamma Dose Measurements, was 

conducted by the Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory to document 

79 
gamma dose versus ground range. Before the detonation, project 

personnel installed gamma detectors along two lines southsouthwest of ground zero and one line west-northwest of ground 

zero. These detectors, which project personnel attached to four 

recovery cables, were ten to 730 meters from ground zero. After 

the detonation, Project 2.4 and 2.3 participants pulled the 

cables out of the radiation field. They completed recovery 

within one hour after the detonation. The gamma detectors were 

then sent for analysis to the Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory and 

the Army Signal Corps Research and Development Laboratory. 

In addition to their field activities, project personnel 

provided 25 gamma detectors to Project 1.1 personnel. They also 

supplied Project 2.20 personnel with 50 film badges for their 

study of gamma dose (79). 

Project 2.8, Radiological Surveys, was conducted by the Army 

Nuclear Defense Laboratory. The objectives were to determine: 

0 Residual radiation patterns and decay rates 

resulting from a low-yield detonation 

0 Gamma exposure rates and decay rates in and around 

the crater resulting from the detonation. 

To obtain data, ground-survey teams and helicopter-to-ground 

units surveyed radiation areas. In addition, personnel obtained 

information from radiation-detecting instruments placed in and 

near the crater resulting from the detonation and from film 

badges positioned throughout the region of expected fallout (8). 

To conduct ground surveys, monitors used the same procedures 

for each DOMINIC II shot. Two-man teams in four-wheel-drive 

vehicles performed the surveys. Each team drove nine to 15 

meters from a particular onsite station to be monitored. They 

then stopped the vehicle, and the monitor walked to the station. 

Holding a dose-rate meter before him at a three-foot height, the 

80 
monitor then rotated 360 degrees and recorded the highest reading 

obtained. He and all other personnel working in the area were 

required to report by radio their dosimeter readings and 

locations every 15 minutes. To facilitate the preparation of 

isointensity maps, they also reported the location of .Ol R/h, 

0.1 R/h, 1 R/h, and 10 R/h readings. On the day of detonation 

for LITTLE FELLER II, as well as for JOHNIE BOY and SMALL BOY, 

monitors made two complete surveys and selected station 

resurveys (8). 

To enable cross-country travel in the mountainous terrain of 

Area 18, bulldozers were used to make a network of roads, along 

which ground-survey stations were established. For Shot LITTLE 

FELLER II, stakes were placed at intervals of 30 to 300 meters on 

downwind roads 70 to 400 meters north of ground zero. In addition, stakes were placed at 30-meter intervals on three upwind 

roads up to 610 meters southeast to southwest of ground zero (8). 

Twelve minutes after the detonation, four monitoring teams 

entered the test area to survey, according to documentation, "the 

ground zero radial lines and the lines within 400 feet downwind 

of ground zero" (8). The teams did not proceed into areas with a 

higher intensity than 10 R/h. Twenty-eight minutes after the 

detonation, additional teams proceeded into the area to survey 

stations at greater distances downwind. By 40 minutes after the 

detonation, 14 monitoring teams, the total number designated for 

Shot LITTLE FELLER II, were conducting initial surveys in 

radiation areas. Following conclusion of the complete survey of 

the area, monitors resurveyed selected stations. They finished a 

second complete survey of the area just before dark (8). 

Monitors conducted a complete resurvey of the area one day 

after the detonation. They resurveyed selected stations on the 

second, third, fourth, and ninth days after the shot. During the 

81 
survey on 10 July 1982, monitors recovered all film badges in the 

area (8). 

Project 2.8 aerial operations consisted of the following 

types of activities: 

Placing radiation-measuring instruments in and near 

ground zero to determine radiation intensities and 

decay rates 

0 

• Lowering a radiation-detecting probe from helicopters 

to determine ground radiation intensities in areas 

exceeding 10 H/h 

• Landing a helicopter in areas geographically 

inaccessible by ground travel in order to determine 

radiation intensities. 

The helicopter and crews participating in these activities were 

from the Marine Corps. Chemical Corps officers from 

Headquarters, Continental Army Command, Fort Monroe, Virginia, 

conducted the measurements made from the helicopter (8). 

Thirteen minutes after the detonation, one helicopter flew 

at an altitude of 1,000 feet over ground zero to determine 

radiation intensities. A second helicopter flew as a "safety 

rescue" aircraft. The readings obtained by the first helicopter 

were less than 10 R/h. Consequently, a third helicopter was 

directed to hover over the crater while a radiation-recording 

instrument was lowered by rope to a position about 10 meters 

southeast of ground zero. Because this instrument was turned 

over while being released from the rope, another identical 

instrument was placed 10 meters northwest of ground zero 

50 minutes after the detonation. In addition, two helicopters 

flew missions over the shot area beginning 29 minutes after the 

detonation. Radiation-detecting probes were lowered from these 

aircraft to the ground zero area and to stations close to ground 

zero (8). 

82 
The helicopters were permitted to land at selected sites 

when intensities measured within the aircraft did not exceed 

1 R/h. Approximately four hours after the detonation and again 

one day after the shot, aircraft landed on the high mesa north of 

Area 18. There, monitors left the helicopters to conduct radiological surveys in the area (8). 

Project 2.16, Residual Radiation in the Crater and Craterlip Area of Low-yield Nuclear Devices, was conducted by the Army 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, with assistance 

from Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory personnel. The objectives 

were to: 

• Determine the residual radiation environment in and 

near the nuclear crater 

a Obtain information on gamma intensity versus time 

and gamma activity versus soil depth. 

Project personnel put instruments to measure and record gamma 

intensities on a remote-controlled D7 bulldozer. Shortly after 

the detonation, two parties, one of four and the other of two 

personnel, drove into the shot area approximately three kilometers south of ground zero. The two-person party proceeded to a 

station about 1.5 kilometers from ground zero, where they 

remained until about eight hours after the detonation. The fourperson team used a flatbed truck to transport the bulldozer to a 

position about 600 meters from ground zero. They then directed 

the bulldozer by remote control into the desired location within 

the crater area. After spending about 45 minutes in the shot 

area, these four participants then returned to the Control Point, 

where they received data from instruments on the bulldozer from 

85 minutes to 40 hours after the detonation (74). Five days 

after the shot, project personnel returned to the crater area and 

obtained soil samples from five locations ten to 25 meters from 

ground zero. They sent the samples for analysis to the Army 

Nuclear Defense Laboratory (66; 74). 

83 
Project 2.17, Transient Radiation Effects Measurements--

Guidance Systems Circuits and Piece Parts, was conducted by the 

Nuclear Sciences Group of the Northrop Corporation, Newbury Park, 

California. The objectives of this project were to: 

0 Determine the electronic response of typical semiconductor parts and electronic circuits exposed to the 

prompt gamma pulse from a near-surface nuclear detonation 

0 Correlate the responses from the detonation with the 

responses from experiments simulated in the laboratory. 

Project participants placed the various electronic circuits and 

components to be tested on four concrete pads, two of which were 

110 meters south-southwest, another 450 meters southwest, and the 

other 240 meters west of ground zero. After the area was cleared 

for recovery activities, two two-person parties spent one hour in 

the test area retrieving instruments (39; 74). 

Project 2.20, Transit Radiation Dose Rate, was conducted by 

the Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory. The objective was to 

determine the extent and significance of transit radiation from 

passage of the cloud from surface and subsurface detonations. 

Two days before the detonation, project personnel placed 48 gamma 

radiation detectors, recorders, and film badges in and around 

18 foxholes to the north and six foxholes to the south of ground 

zero. The foxholes, in groups of six, were 275 to 910 meters 

from ground zero. The gamma detectors and recorders had a 

recording range of zero to 10,000 R/h. Personnel turned on the 

instruments four hours before the detonation. They recovered the 

instruments the day after the detonation (86). 

84 
0 

Project 4.1, Tissue Dosimetry, was conducted by the Air 

Force Weapons Laboratory, with assistance from the Army Signal 

Research and Development Laboratory and the Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory. Objectives were to: 

a Measure initial levels of neutron and gamma 

radiation in the shot area 

Measure and compare radiation levels in the air with 

radiation levels at various depths in animal tissue 

and in synthetic materials equivalent in density to 

animal tissue 

0 Evaluate the performance of various types of 

dosimeters in field conditions. 

Project personnel placed gamma and neutron dosimeters on stakes, 

inside sheep carcasses, and inside synthetic tissue materials. 

They located these test specimens 300, 335, 400, 520, and 

600 meters from ground zero. Seventy-five minutes after the 

detonation, three participants in two vehicles returned to the 

shot area and recovered the dosimeters. Personnel began their 

analysis five hours after the detonation and continued it until 

the next day (20; 74). 

Project 6.6, Initial Gamma Rate Measurements, was conducted 

by the Air Force Special Weapons Center. The objective was to 

measure the gamma dose rate as a function of time from shot-time 

to 1,000 microseconds after the detonation. Project personnel 

constructed a bunker from a five-meter section of a metal pipe 

three meters in diameter, the ends of which were closed with 

steel plates. Participants transported the bunker to the shot 

area in a flatbed truck. They then placed the bunker in a hole 

80 meters southwest of ground zero and put gamma detectors and 

automatic cameras inside the bunker. Four hours before the 

detonation, personnel entered the shot area to check the instruments and secure the bunker. For the first 30 seconds after the 

detonation, the instruments in the bunker automatically collected 

data. Project personnel returned to the shot area to recover 

85 
film and other recorded data four hours after the shot. They 

brought the film for processing to the EGLG photography trailer 

near the Control Point (63). 

Project 6.6b, Electromagnetic Measurements, was conducted by 

the Air Force Special Weapons Center and the Sandia Corporation. 

The main objective was to obtain and correlate data concerning 

gamma radiation rates from a nuclear detonation, the resultant 

electromagnetic field, and field-induced currents in various 

cable configurations. Project personnel extended two copper 

wires from the southeast to within 15 meters of ground zero at a 

depth of one foot. They instrumented the wires for dynamic 

current measurements 60 and 300 meters from ground zero and for 

passive current measurements at various other distances along the 

cables. Signals from these instruments were carried by wire to 

the recording station, where the information was recorded on 

magnetic tape (48). 

Project 7.16, Airborne E-Field Radiation Measurements of 

Electromagnetic Pulse Phenomena, was conducted by the Naval 

Missile Center. The objective was to measure, from the air, the 

vertical electric field of the radiated electromagnetic pulse 

from the detonation. Project personnel placed electromagnetic 

pulse detection and recording equipment, including vertical whip 

antennas, magnetic tape recorders, and oscilloscopes, on one 

C-131F aircraft, provided by the Naval Missile Center, which flew 

over the shot area. At shot-time, the aircraft was at an 

altitude of 9,960 feet directly above ground zero, with an air 

speed of 155 knots and a heading of 164 degrees. After the 

detonation, the aircraft landed at Indian Springs AFB for 

radiation monitoring before returning to Nellis AFB (13). 

86 
Project 7.17, Radiological Water Decontamination Study, was 

conducted by the Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratories. The objectives were to: 

0 Study the effect of acidity or alkalinity, temperature, and time of contact upon the solubility of 

radioactive soil and debris in water 

0 Evaluate emergency methods of removing radioactive 

materials from water 

0 Evaluate Army and Civil Defense field methods of 

determining the concentration of radioactive 

materials in water 

• Evaluate a proposed decontamination method for 

removing radioactivity from water. 

Five days after the detonation, project participants took soil 

samples from the center of the crater. They removed the samples 

from the shot area and determined the specific activity of each 

sample. They then delivered the samples to a laboratory near the 

Control Point for analysis. There, personnel conducted solubility studies, tested instruments for detection of radioactivity 

in water, and tested Civil Defense and Army water decontamination 

techniques (61). 

Project 8.2, Fallout Hazard Determination by Fireball 

Spectroscopy, was conducted by the Army Electronics Research and 

Development Laboratory. The objective was to determine the 

feasibility of using spectroscopic analysis to predict the 

fallout hazard from a surface detonation. Project personnel 

placed two spectroscopes connected to 35-millimeter movie cameras 

in the open with no special protection. The instruments, 

approximately 90 meters east of the forward control point, were 

about 5,280 meters from ground zero. The cameras, started three 

seconds before shot-time, operated for approximately 18 seconds, 

as planned. The film was sent for development and analysis to 

the Army Electronics Research and Development Laboratory (9). 

87 
Projects 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, and 9.7 were support 

projects conducted by Field Command, DASA, with the assistance of 

other DOD agencies and contractors. Much of the work done by 

these projects involved aerial and ground photography performed 

by the Army Pictorial Center; the Air Force Lookout Mountain 

Laboratories; EG&G, Incorporated; and the Sandia Corporation. 

Depending on project requirements, the number of personnel 

directly involved numbered from one officer and seven enlisted 

men to four officers, 17 enlisted men, and four civilians (31). 

Specific information is available on Project 9.2, 

Documentary Photography, and Project 9.3, Technical Photography. 

On the day before the detonation, two project participants 

entered the shot area in one vehicle to take preshot photographs 

of ground zero. Two hours before the detonation, 12 participants 

drove into the shot area in three vehicles to establish a manned 

photography station 1.8 kilometers from ground zero. These 

personnel took still and motion pictures of the detonation. An 

aerial team also took part in the projects. From 30 minutes 

before to 45 minutes after the detonation, three participants in 

one H-21 helicopter orbited south of ground zero and took 

documentary photographs (74). 

5.1.2 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Personnel from AFSWC and other Air Force units performed 

security, photography, cloud-sampling, courier, and cloudtracking missions during Shot LITTLE FELLER II. 

Securitv Sweep 

Before the detonation, one L-20 aircraft, with one pilot and 

one security officer, flew over the shot area and around the 

perimeter to ensure that all personnel had left the area and that 

no unauthorized vehicles were in the vicinity (31). 

88 
Photography 

One H-21 helicopter, probably with a crew of five, conducted 

a photography mission during the shot (31). 

Cloud Sampling 

A B-57 aircraft, 

a cloud-sampling mission 

for analysis (31). 

with 

to obtain 

a pilot and 

samples 

a technical 

of cloud 

advisor, 

particulate 

flew 

Cloud Tracking 

A U3A aircraft conducted a cloud-tracking mission (31). 

5.2 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT LITTLE FELLER II 

The information available for Shot LITTLE FELLER II concerns 

results of onsite monitoring, the procedures used by radiological 

safety personnel to control reentry into the shot area, and 

radiological safety procedures at Indian Springs AFB. 

Monitoring 

From the time of detonation until the time when the initial 

monitoring teams were permitted to enter the shot area, REECo 

personnel obtained data on gamma and beta radiation from remote 

radiation detection stations. These stations were in a clockwise 

pattern northeast to northwest 15 to 730 meters from ground 

zero (73). 

Ten minutes after the detonation, the initial monitoring 

party, consisting of two two-man teams in two radio-equipped 

vehicles, entered the shot area on opposite sides of the fallout 

pattern. After surveying the shot area, they radioed their data 

to personnel at plotting facilities in the forward area and at 

the Control Point. Radiological safety personnel then plotted 

89 
isointensity maps showing the 0.01, 0.1, and 1 R/h radiation 

contours. They also measured an intensity of 10 R/h near ground 

zero (73; 74). Figure 5-2 presents results of the initial 

survey. 

The monitoring teams surveyed the shot area daily for three 

days after the detonation. The day after Shot LITTLE FELLER II, 

the 0.01 R/h area was confined to within about 350 meters of 

ground zero except to the north-northwest, where it extended 

beyond 1,100 meters. Three days after the detonation, the gamma 

intensity near ground zero had decreased to 1 R/h, and the 0.01 

R/h area was confined to within 180 meters of ground zero (73; 74). 

Personnel from the USPHS, supported by REECo radiological 

safety personnel, conducted offsite monitoring (69). 

Reentry Procedures 

Once the initial onsite ground survey was completed, the 

Test Manager opened the shot area for recovery operations. Roads 

leading into the shot area had been barricaded, and radiological 

safety personnel from REECo reestablished a base station and a 

mobile check station along the main access road to prevent 

unauthorized entry into the shot area. The mobile check station 

was three kilometers southwest of ground zero and about 600 

meters north of the base station. Personnel entering the shot 

area had to pass through both of these stations. There, 

radiological safety personnel checked to ensure that entering 

personnel had access permits and were wearing anticontamination 

clothing, film badges, and pocket dosimeters (5; 73; 76). 

Reentry of project personnel began about 15 minutes after 

the detonation and continued in the daylight hours until 18 days 

after the detonation. The operations were interrupted on 10 July 

1962 for Shot JOHNIE BOY and then continued intermittently until 

90 
••

•••••••••

:\ 1: . . 1 1 . •

. . . . 1 I . . . . . I/ I . . . . . ’ II . 

. . . . I!. I . . 

. I •

I 

j,

’I II,i 

. 

• & ,Ground Zero (10 R/h) 

. 

.u9 /* : . t • \A : . . 

w.-.B 1.0 R/h 

- D -- 0.1 R/h 

1 0 1000 

I 1 . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

Meters 

Figure 5-2: ISOINTENSITY MAP FOR SHOT LITTLE FELLER II 

ABOUT ONE HOUR AFTER DETONATION 

91 
the detonation of Shot LITTLE FELLER I on 17 July 1962. The 

reentry parties generally consisted of from two to four men. 

They were larger only when laborers were needed to provide access 

to instruments in bunkers. Each reentry party was required to be 

accompanied by a radiological safety monitor (31). 

Decontamination 

Radiological safety personnel operated a monitoring and 

decontamination facility at the base station for personnel and 

vehicles leaving the shot area (5; 73; 74). 

Radiological safety personnel from REECo also maintained a 

facility at Indian Springs AFB for monitoring and decontaminating 

personnel and aircraft involved with cloud sampling. Radiological 

monitors found a maximum gamma reading of 4 R/h on the right wing 

of the cloud-sampling aircraft. Decontamination reduced the 

radioactivity to an acceptable level (31; 44; 52). 

92 
JOHNIE BOY 

SHOT SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: DOMINIC II 

DATE/TIME: 

YIELD: 

11 July 1962, 

0.5 kiloton 

0945 hours 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 23 inches below ground 

Purpose of Test: Weapons effects test designed to explore the 

cratering effects of a subkiloton nuclear 

device detonated in a shallow emplacement. 

Weather: At shot-time, the temperature was 24.3 degrees 

Celsius. Winds were seven knots from the 

south-southwest at surface level, 15 knots 

from the south at 10,000 feet, and 23 knots 

from the south-southwest at 20,000 feet. 

Radiation Data: About one hour after the detonation, radiation 

intensities of 0.1 R/h and greater were confined within 1,000 meters of ground zero 

except for a broad area to the north, where 

they extended beyond five kilometers. By 

seven days after the detonation, the area with 

radiation intensities of 1 R/h or greater did 

not extend beyond 980 meters north of ground 

zero. 

Participants: Army Ballistic Research Laboratories; Army 

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station; Stanford Research Institute; Air Force Special 

Weapons Center; Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory; Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; 

Air Force Weapons Laboratory; Army Engineer 

Research and Development Laboratories; Sandia 

Corporation; Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; 

AEC civilians; other contractors. 

93 
CHAPTER 6 

SHOT JOHNIE BOY 

Shot JOHNIE BOY was detonated on 11 July 1962 at 0945 hours 

Pacific Daylight Time in Area 18 of Yucca Flat, UTM coordinates 

593084. Plans for this shot were not made until May 1962. 

Originally scheduled for 12 July 1962, the date was advanced to 

10 July to enable an earlier conclusion of the test series. The 

event was then postponed until 0830 hours on 11 July because of 

unfavorable wind conditions. It was rescheduled to 0945 on 

11 July because unauthorized personnel were in the control 

area (31). 

Sponsored by the Department of Defense, JOHNIE BOY was 

designed to explore the cratering effects of a subkiloton nuclear 

device detonated in a shallow emplacement. It was part of a 

planned series of shots to determine various cratering effects of 

a detonation. JOHNIE BOY was fired about two feet below the 

surface, and it had a yield of 0.5 kilotons (5; 28; 31). 

At shot-time, the temperature at the surface was 24.3 

degrees Celsius. Winds were seven knots from the south-southwest 

at the surface, 15 knots from the south at 10,000 feet, and 23 

knots from the south-southwest at 20,000 feet. The top of the 

cloud resulting from the shot reached 17,000 feet and moved north 

from the point of detonation (35). 

6.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND 

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT JOHNIE BOY 

Department of Defense personnel participated in a number of 

scientific projects conducted by the Weapons Effects Test Group 

94 
at Shot JOHNIE BOY. Table 6-l lists these projects by number and 

title and identifies the participants. DOD personnel also took 

part in AFSWC activities providing support to some of the test 

group projects and to the Test Manager. 

6.1.1 Weapons Effects Tests 

The Weapons Effects Test Group projects, identified in table 

6-1, were designed to collect data on the effects of a shallow, 

underground detonation with a low yield. In conducting these 

experiments, project participants spent several weeks before the 

detonation placing and calibrating various types of instruments 

and gauges in the shot area. Project personnel accompanied by a 

radiological safety monitor reentered the shot area at various 

times after the officially declared reentry hour to recover data 

and instruments (5; 28; 31). 

Project 1.1, Free-air and Free-field Blast Phenomena from a 

Small Yield Device, was conducted by the Army Ballistic Research 

Laboratories. The objectives were to measure the: 

0 Overpressure and dynamic pressure versus time along 

the surface from 13 stations 20 to 4,900 meters from 

ground zero 

0 Overpressure versus time in free-air. 

During the week before the detonation, project personnel placed 

16 self-recording gauges at 11 stations ranging 40 to 4,900 

meters from ground zero. They also positioned 14 electronic 

gauges at eight stations 20 to 170 meters from ground zero. Two 

days before the detonation, participants launched a tethered 

balloon carrying self-recording and electronic gauges. The 

instruments attached to the balloon, anchored 100 meters from 

ground zero, were to record free-air measurements. However, this 

part of the experiment was canceled the day before the shot 

because of technical difficulties. After the detonation, 

95 
Table 6-l: WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT 

OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION, SHOT JOHNIE BOY 

Project/ 

Program Title Participants 

1.1 Free-air and Free-field Blast Phenomena from a Army Ballistic Research Laboratories 

Small Yield Device 

1.2 Earth Motion Measurements Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station 

1.5 Mass Distribution Measurements Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station 

1.9 Crater Size and Shape Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station 

1.11 Soils Survey Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station 

1.12 Measurement of Permanent Ground Displacement Stanford Research Institute; Holmes and 

and Rotation Narver 

1.13 Measurement of Permanent Ground Movements with Air Force Special Weapons Center; Army 

Depth Engineer Waterways Experiment Station; 

Army Ballistic Research Laboratories; 

Holmes and Narver 

2.3 Neutron Flux Measurements Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory 

2.4 Integrated Gamma Dose Measurements Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory 

2.8 Radiological Surveys Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory 

2.9 Fallout Sampling and Analysis: Radiation Dose Rate Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; 

and Dose History at 16 Locations 1st Marine Division and Force Troops, Fleet 

Marine Force Pacific; 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing 

2.13 Radioisotope Fractionation and Particle Size Air Force Weapons Laboratory 

Characteristics of a Low-yield Surface Nuclear 

Detonation 

2.16 Residual Radiation in the Crater and Crater-lip Area Army Engineer Research and Development 

of Low-yield Nuclear Devices Laboratories; Army Nuclear Defense 

Laboratory 

2.20 Transit Radiation Dose Rate Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory 

6.6 Initial Gamma Rate Measurements Air Force Special Weapons Center 

6.6b Electromagnetic Measurements Air Force Special Weapons Center; 

Sandia Corporation 

7.17 Radiological Water Decontamination Study Army Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories 

9.2 Documentary Photography Field Command, DASA 

9.3 Film Reports Field Command, DASA 

9.4 Weapon Test Reports Field Co’mmand, DASA 

9.5 Communications Field Command, DASA

9.6 General DOD Support Field Command, DASA 

9.7 Engineering and Field Operations Field Command, DASA; Holmes and Narver; 

REECo 

96 
three parties totaling 11 individuals entered the shot area to 

retrieve the gauges (55; 75). 

Project 1.2, Earth Motion Measurements, was conducted by the 

Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. The main purpose was 

to study the crater and the ground shock motions resulting from a 

detonation like Shot JOHNIE BOY. To determine ground motions, 

project personnel placed 32 horizontally and vertically oriented 

accelerometers and velocity gauges in a line 45 to 150 meters 

south of ground zero. They positioned an additional gauge 90 

meters either east or west of ground zero. All of these gauges 

were buried at depths ranging from one to ten feet. A van, 

located 1,220 meters southeast of ground zero in a bunker of 

timber and sandbags, housed the electronic recording equipment. 

After the detonation, three personnel recovered data from the van 

(68; 75). 

Project 1.5, Mass Distribution Measurements, was conducted 

by the Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. The purpose 

was to determine the type and distribution of soil and rock 

debris thrown from the crater resulting from a low-yield nearsurface detonation. Project personnel arranged 168 collector 

pads of sheet metal on the surface in seven concentric rings 

ranging 50 to 600 meters from ground zero. Debris from the 

detonation fell onto the collector pads, which were secured to 

the surface of the ground by large spikes. On 12 July, project 

personnel began recovering the collector pads, an activity 

continued intermittently through 26 July. They sealed samples 

from each pad in marked metal containers. The sealed samples 

were transported to the Radiological Safety Office of REECo in 

Control Point Building 2 and then forwarded to other laboratories 

for analysis (83). 

97 
Project 1.9, Crater Size and Shape, was conducted by the 

Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station to: 

0 Measure the crater formed by the shot 

0 Measure 

within 

the permanent 

the crater. 

earth deformation occurring 

Project personnel placed 14 vertical colored sand columns 

holes drilled along the diameter of the predicted crater, 

in 

anticipated to be 24 feet deep with a radius of 20 meters. The actual 

crater was 37 feet deep with a radius of 20 meters. The columns 

were 15 to 18 centimeters wide and ten to 15 feet deep, and they 

extended 60 meters radially from ground zero. Participants used 

aerial photography to make early postshot measurements of the 

visible crater. When the area was opened for recovery operations, personnel conducted a ground survey of the test area. 

Then they excavated and mapped the crater lip and most of the 

sand columns (81). 

Project 1.11, Soils Survey, was conducted by the Army 

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. The objectives were to: 

0 Obtain preshot data on the physical properties of 

the soil in the vicinity of ground zero to a depth 

of 80 feet 

0 Drill and instrument shafts for use in Projects 1.2, 

1.5, 1.9, 1.13, and 9.1. 

On 27 June 1962, project personnel entered the shot area to begin 

field operations. They took soil samples 1.5 meters to 150 

meters from ground zero. The soil samples were analyzed at a 

laboratory at Camp Mercury and at the Army Engineer Waterways 

Experiment Station. Also in the weeks before the detonation, 

project personnel drilled instrument shafts for the projects 

identified above. They then placed blast recording instruments 

in many of the shafts before backfilling them (38). 

98 
Project 1.12, Measurement of Permanent Ground Displacement 

and Rotation, was conducted by the Stanford Research Institute, a 

DOD contractor, with assistance from Holmes and Narver, an AEC 

site support contractor. The objective was to measure permanent 

horizontal soil displacement resulting from the detonation. 

Before the shot, project personnel installed ground displacement 

measuring instruments at various distances and directions from 

ground zero. Following the detonation, they surveyed 

theinstrument area and noted ground displacement phenomena. 

Postshot surveys were not done immediately after the 

detonation because of high levels of radioactivity within the 

crater. By 24 July 1962, however, the radiation had decreased 

sufficiently so that a survey could be made up to 45 meters 

south-southwest of ground zero. On 8 and 9 August 1962, further 

decreases in radiation levels made possible additional measurements from 45 to 150 meters south-southwest of ground zero. 

Because of high radiation levels north of the crater, project 

personnel could not measure ground displacement in that area 

until 9 January 1963 (53). 

Project 1.13, Measurement of Permanent Ground Movements with 

Depth, was conducted by the Air Force Special Weapons Center, 

with assistance from the Army Engineer Waterways Experiment 

Station, Army Ballistic Research Laboratories, and Holmes and 

Narver. The objective was to measure permanent ground deformation with depth resulting from a surface nuclear burst. Before 

the detonation, Project 1.11 personnel drilled six holes 75 feet 

deep and 45 to 65 meters from ground zero. Project 1.13 

participants then placed plastic pipes in these holes. Holmes 

and Narver personnel conducted preshot surveys of the holes and 

pipes for ground motion comparisons after the burst. Following 

the detonation, these personnel entered the shot area to measure 

displacement of the pipes (12). 

99 
Project 2.3, Neutron Flux Measurements, was conducted by the 

Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory. The objective was to document 

neutron flux versus ground range. Project personnel installed 

neutron flux detectors 30 to 910 meters southwest of ground zero. 

They attached most of the detectors to cables. Immediately after 

the detonation, project personnel, assisted by Project 7.2 

participants, entered the shot area in an M-88 tank retriever to 

drag the cables out of the area. They retrieved mot of the 

detectors within one hour after the detonation. They transported 

the detectors to the Project 2.3 mobile laboratory at the Control 

Point (80). 

Project 2.4, Integrated Gamma Dose Measurements, was 

conducted by the Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory to document 

gamma dose versus ground range. Before the detonation, project 

personnel installed gamma detectors along a line 30 to 910 meters 

south-southwest of ground zero. They attached these detectors to 

a recovery line. After the detonation, personnel from Projects 

2.4 and 2.3 pulled the recovery line out of the radiation field. 

They retrieved most of the detectors within one hour after shottime. The gamma detectors were then sent for analysis to the 

Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory and the Army Signal Research and 

Development Laboratory. In addition to their field activities, 

Project 2.4 personnel supplied 58 film badges to Project 2.20 

personnel for their measurements of gamma dose (79). 

Project 2.8, Radiological Surveys, was conducted by the Army 

Nuclear Defense Laboratory. The objectives were to determine: 

0 Residual radiation patterns and decay rates 

resulting from a low-yield detonation 

a Gamma exposure rates and decay rates in and around 

the crater resulting from the detonation. 

100 
To obtain data, ground-survey teams and helicopter-to-ground 

units surveyed radiation areas. In addition, personnel obtained 

information from radiation-detecting instruments placed in and 

near the crater resulting from the detonation and from film 

badges positioned throughout the region of expected fallout (8). 

The ground-survey teams followed the general procedures identified in the Project 2.8 description for Shot LITTLE FELLER II. 

Project personnel located ground-survey stations on the same 

site as that used for Shot LITTLE FELLER II. However, roads for 

stake lines were 150 to 1,200 meters from ground zero. Additional stake lines were established southeast to southwest of 

ground zero (8). 

Fifteen minutes after the detonation, four two-man teams 

entered the area upwind of ground zero to conduct an initial 

survey. They resurveyed this area six hours after the 

detonation. Thirty and 45 minutes after the detonation, 

additional teams entered the area to survey stations close to 

ground zero. To obtain field decay data, they resurveyed 

selected of these stations on the first, second, fifth, seventh, 

ninth, and tenth days after the detonation. They encountered 

high winds during the survey on 12 July 1962. They recovered 

film badges on 16 July 1962 (8). 

Two hours after the detonation, three teams proceeded to 

areas beyond the mountains north of ground zero to conduct a 

survey. They took readings at stations within this area from 

five to eight hours after the detonation. The region was 

resurveyed one day after the detonation, at which time the 

monitors encountered rain. The monitors resurveyed selected 

stations in the area four days after the detonation, during which 

time film badges were retrieved (8). 

101 
Monitors surveyed all roads northwest of stations close to 

ground zero on the day after the detonation. During the same 

day, the first complete survey was conducted of roads in the 

vicinity of the mountains. These roads could not be entered on 

the day of detonation because of high radiation intensities. 

Access to other parts of the mountainous terrain was impossible 

because there were no roads (8). 

The helicopter missions had the same objectives as those 

described for Project 2.8 at LITTLE FELLER II. The participating 

helicopters and crews were from the Marine Corps. Chemical Corps 

officers from Headquarters, Continental Army Command, Fort 

Monroe, Virginia, conducted the measurements made from the 

aircraft (8). 

Thirteen minutes after the detonation, one helicopter flying 

toward ground zero at an altitude of 1,000 feet found that the 

10 R/h line extended 270 meters south of ground zero. After 

repeated readings, an attempt was made about 90 minutes after the 

detonation to lower radiation-detecting instruments into the 

crater. The effort was unsuccessful, in that the instruments 

were left overturned in the crater. Approximately 95 minutes 

after the detonation, instruments were successfully positioned 

about 10 meters northeast of the crater (8). 

Throughout the day of detonation, helicopters were used to 

conduct surveys with radiation-detecting probes dropped at downwind ground stations. According to documentation, "the crater 

was too hot for such surveys" on the day of the shot (8). 

The helicopters were permitted to land when intensities 

within the aircraft did not exceed 1 R/h. About 100 minutes 

after the detonation, aircraft landed on the high mesa north of 

Area 18. There, monitors disembarked to conduct radiological 

surveys in the area. Such measurements were not allowed on 

102 
subsequent days "because of the potential risk to the helicopter 

crews when operating in such inaccessible regions" (8). 

Between the first and the fifth days after the detonation, 

helicopters were not used for surveys of the JOHNIE BOY ground 

zero. Contributing factors were troop exercises in Area 18 and 

preparations being made for Shot SMALL BOY, conducted three days 

after JOHNIE BOY. Later, helicopter surveys for SMALL BOY were 

given precedence over radiation measurements made for the other 

DOMINIC II shots, including JOHNIE BOY. Nevertheless, helicopter 

surveys of the JOHNIE BOY ground zero were begun on the fifth and 

continued through the eighth day following the detonation (8). 

Project 2.9, Fallout Sampling and Analysis: Radiation Dose 

Rate and Dose History at 16 Locations, was conducted by the Naval 

Radiological Defense Laboratory. Assigned to the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory for this project were 11 personnel 

from the 1st Marine Division, Fleet Marine Force Pacific; 

13 personnel from Force Troops, Fleet Marine Force Pacific; and 

three personnel from 3d Marine Aircraft Wing. Objectives were 

to: 

0 Collect data on fallout (mass per unit area, ionization decay rate, and size-activity relationships) 

0 Compare properties of environmental surface material 

and fallout material 

0 Measure radiation dose rate and accumulated 

integrated dose during fallout. 

Two days before the detonation, project personnel installed 

platforms, fallout collector trays, and a gamma intensity time 

recorder at each of 16 stations located 370 to 1,950 meters from 

ground zero. Between 0400 and 0600 hours on shot-day, they 

relocated three of the stations east of the other stations to 

correspond with the wind direction predicted for shot-time. 

Between 0300 and 0600 hours on shot-day, project personnel 

checked and armed the gamma recorders. 

103 
Personnel entered the radiation area at a point 860 meters 

west of ground zero at 1600 hours on shot-day. They recovered 

sample trays from locations 860 to 1,220 meters west of ground 

zero before they had to leave the area in order to remain within 

the prescribed radiation dose limits. Later on shot-day, other 

recovery teams collected sample trays 370 to 1,950 meters from 

ground zero. The day after the detonation, personnel collected 

trays between 660 and 1,440 meters from ground zero. However, 

the radiation level of the samples, which was over 4,000,OOO 

counts per minute, was too high for immediate gross counting. 

Also on the day following detonation, personnel collected the 

gamma intensity recorders from all but three stations located 

410, 660, and 860 meters from ground zero. Six days after the 

detonation, participants recovered the remaining gamma recorders 

and the sample trays located 410 meters from ground zero. The 

samples and gamma recorders were sent to laboratories set up at 

the Control Point for immediate analysis. 

In conjunction with these field operations, the Naval 

Radiological Defense Laboratory arranged with LASL to receive 

cloud samples from the B-57 cloud-sampling aircraft of the 1211th 

Test Squadron, which operated out of Indian Springs AFB. 

Laboratory personnel performed radiochemical analyses on cloud 

samples obtained 20 minutes after the detonation at altitudes of 

11,000 and 14,000 feet. They conducted particle studies of 

samples taken 48 minutes after the shot at an altitude of 12,000 

feet and samples taken 54 minutes after the shot at an altitude 

of 13,700 feet (18). 

Project 2.13, Radioisotope Fractionation and Particle Size 

Characteristics of a Low-yield Surface Nuclear Detonation, was 

conducted by the Air Force Weapons Laboratory to: 

• Define the radiochemical and physical characteristics of the cloud in a three-dimensional sense 

104 
0 Relate these characteristics to those found in 

prompt radiation samples. 

Twenty to 54 minutes after the detonation, three B-57 aircraft equipped with wing-tip tank samplers penetrated the cloud 

at five levels. The length of time they spent in the cloud 

ranged from ten to 83 seconds. The highest average gamma intensity measured was 75 R/h, on the left tip tank of one aircraft. 

The same aircraft measured the highest maximum gamma intensity, 

200 R/h, also on the left tip tank. 

Project personnel also collected samples using cake pans, 

which they placed in the anticipated fallout area 460 to 1,370 

meters from ground zero. After the detonation, they recovered 

the samples and sent them with the cloud samples to the Air Force 

Weapons Laboratory for analysis (84). 

Project 2.16, Residual Radiation in the Crater and Craterlip Area of Low-yield Nuclear Devices, was conducted by the Army 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, with assistance 

from Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory personnel. The objectives 

were to: 

0 Determine the residual radiation environment in and 

near the nuclear crater 

0 Obtain information on gamma intensity versus time 

and the change in mean gamma energy level with time. 

Before Shot LITTLE FELLER II, project personnel had instrumented 

a remote-controlled D7 bulldozer with an ionization chamber and a 

scintillometer to record gamma intensities. Shortly after Shot 

JOHNIE BOY, they used a flatbed truck to transport the bulldozer 

to the shot area. They then attached a cable to the bulldozer 

to assist in locating it by remote control within the crater 

area. In directing the bulldozer into the area, however, project 

personnel misjudged distances, and the bulldozer fell into the 

crater. Thirty hours after the detonation, participants drove an 

105 
instrumented van into the shot area and connected a signal cable 

to instruments on the bulldozer. They were unsuccessful in their 

attempt to obtain data from these instruments (66). 

Project 2.20, Transit Radiation Dose Rate, was conducted by 

the Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory. The objective was to 

determine the extent and significance of transit radiation from 

passage of the cloud resulting from a subsurface detonation. 

Project personnel placed 60 gamma recorders and film badges in 

and around 24 foxholes north and northwest and six foxholes south 

of ground zero. The foxholes, in groups of six, were 460 to 

1,370 meters from ground zero. The gamma detectors and recorders 

had a recording range of zero to 10,000 R/h. Participants 

recovered most of the instruments and film badges the day after 

the detonation. They retrieved the remaining instruments four 

days after the detonation (86). 

Project 6.6, Initial Gamma Rate Measurements, was conducted 

by the Air Force Special Weapons Center. Objectives were to: 

• Measure the gamma dose rate as a function of time 

from time zero to 1,000 microseconds after the 

detonation 

0 Determine the feasibility of moving a fully 

instrumented bunker from one shot area to another. 

Project personnel constructed a bunker from a five-meter 

section of a metal pipe three meters in diameter, the ends of 

which were closed with steel plates. After the LITTLE FELLER II 

detonation, they used a flatbed truck to transport the material 

to the JOHNIE BOY shot area. They placed the bunker in a hole 

280 meters southwest of ground zero and put gamma detectors and 

automatic cameras inside the bunker. Four hours before the 

detonation, participants entered the shot area to check the 

instruments and secure the bunker. 

106 
For the first 30 seconds after the burst, the instruments in 

the bunker automatically collected data. Project personnel 

returned to the shot area 24 hours after the shot to recover film 

and other recorded data. They brought the film for processing to 

the EG&G photography trailer near the Control Point (63). 

Project 6.6b, Electromagnetic Measurements, was conducted by 

the Air Force Special Weapons Center and the Sandia Corporation. 

The main objective was to obtain and correlate data concerning 

gamma radiation rates from a nuclear detonation, the resultant 

electromagnetic field, and field-induced currents in various 

cable configurations. Project personnel extended two copper 

wires from the southeast to within 15 meters of ground zero at a 

depth of one foot. They instrumented the wire for dynamic 

current measurements at 60 and 300 meters from ground zero and 

for passive current measurements at various other distances along 

the cables. In addition, Project 6.5 personnel buried a long 

cable loop around ground zero. They instrumented this cable to 

measure induced currents at numerous locations. Signals from 

these instruments were carried by wire to the recording station, 

where the information was recorded on magnetic tape (48). 

Project 7.17, Radiological Water Decontamination Study, was 

conducted by the Army Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories. The objectives were to: 

0 Study the effect of acidity or alkalinity, temperature, and time of contact upon the solubility of 

radioactive soil and debris in water 

0 Evaluate emergency methods of removing radioactive 

materials from water 

0 Evaluate Army and Civil Defense field methods of 

determining the concentration of radioactive 

materials in water 

Evaluate a proposed decontamination method for 

removing radioactivity from water. 

0 

107 
One day after the detonation, project participants took soil 

samples from the surface at the 10 R/h line. They removed the 

samples from the shot area and determined the specific activity of 

each sample. They then delivered the samples to a laboratory near 

the Control Point for analysis. After the soil samples were 

leached with water, personnel conducted solubility studies, tested 

instruments for detection of radioactivity in water, and tested 

Civil Defense and Army water decontamination techniques (61). 

Projects 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, and 9.7 were support 

projects conducted by Field Command, DASA, with the assistance of 

other DOD agencies and contractors. Much of the work done by 

these projects involved aerial and ground photography performed 

by the Army Pictorial Center; the Air Force Lookout Montain 

Laboratories; EGBG, Incorporated; and the Sandia Corporation. 

Depending on project requirements, the number of personnel 

directly involved numbered from one officer and seven enlisted 

men to four officers, 17 enlisted men, and four civilians (31). 

Project 1.7, Shock Spectra Measurements, was conducted for 

DASA by the TRW Space Technology Laboratories as part of the VELA 

UNIFORM series of projects. VELA UNIFORM was directed toward 

improving U.S. ability to detect and identify underground nuclear 

detonations. The project objective was to measure the displacement shock spectra at various distances from an underground 

nuclear explosion. Participants placed measuring gauges 45 to 

60 meters northeast of ground zero. After reentry into the shot 

area was permitted, personnel retrieved the gauges (105). 

6.1.2 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Personnel from AFSWC and other Air Force units performed 

security, photography, cloud-sampling, courier, and cloudtracking missions during Shot JOHNIE BOY. 

108 
Security Sweep 

Before the detonation, one L-20 aircraft, with one pilot and 

one security officer, conducted a low-altitude security check to 

ensure that all personnel had left the area and that no unauthorized vehicles were in the vicinity (31). 

Photography 

One H-21 helicopter, probably with a crew of five, 

photographed the detonation (31). 

Cloud Sampling 

A B-57 aircraft, with a pilot and a radiological safety 

monitor, flew a cloud-sampling mission to obtain particulate 

cloud debris for analysis. This aircraft was also used in 

Project 2.13 (31). 

Cloud Tracking 

One B-50 and one U3A aircraft each performed a high-and-lowaltitude cloud-tracking mission. These aircraft tracked the 

cloud out to 320 kilometers from ground zero (31). 

6.2 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT JOHNIE BOY 

The information available for Shot JOHNIE BOY consists of 

the results of onsite and offsite monitoring, the procedures used 

by radiological safety personnel to control reentry into the shot 

area, and the radiological safety procedures used at Indian 

Springs AFB. 

Monitoring 

The initial monitoring party, consisting of two two-man 

teams in two radio-equipped vehicles, entered the shot area 

30 minutes after the detonation. The teams proceeded into the 

109 
area after having received radiation data from detector units 

northeast of ground zero. After surveying the shot area, they 

radioed their data to personnel at plotting facilities in the 

forward area and at the Control Point. Radiological safety 

personnel then plotted isointensity maps showing the 0.01, 0.1, 

and 1 R/h radiation areas (73; 75). Figure 6-l presents the 

results of the initial survey. 

The monitoring party conducted a second radiological survey 

five hours after the detonation. They found that areas with 

radiation intensities of 0.01 R/h or more were within 800 meters 

of ground zero except to the north, where radiation areas 

extended beyond five kilometers. Subsequent surveys were 

performed one day and seven days after the detonation. After 

seven days, the 0.01 R/h area was confined to within about 

400 meters of ground zero except to the north, where the 0.01 R/h 

line extended farther than 2,500 meters (73; 75). 

USPHS personnel conducted offsite monitoring at JOHNIE BOY. 

Eleven mobile teams, each consisting of two men in a radioequipped vehicle, were stationed at various locations north of 

ground zero. All 11 teams conducted surveys on shot-day, and 

four teams performed resurveys the next day. They encountered 

gamma intensities of 0.003 R/h four hours after the detonation in 

the area around Warm Springs, Nevada, 120 kilometers north of 

ground zero. Six hours after shot-time, they took readings of 

0.002 R/h in the area of Rattlesnake Maintenance Station, Nevada, 

150 kilometers north of ground zero. Gamma intensities on shotday at other locations did not exceed 0.0015 R/h. By the day 

after the detonation, the readings at these locations had 

decreased to background levels (69). 

In addition, the B-50 and U3A cloud-tracking aircraft 

monitored the cloud from Shot JOHNIE BOY. The maximum gamma 

reading registered inside the aircraft was 1 R/h. Other gamma 

readings ranged from background levels to about 0.2 R/h (69). 

110 
. N 

/ . 

. 

. 

. . . . . ‘. •

a.-.- 1.0 R/h 

mm-- 0.1 R/h 0

‘“p” . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

Meters 

Figure 6-l: ISOINTENSITY MAP FOR SHOT JOHNIE BOY ABOUT 

ONE HOUR AFTER DETONATION 

111 
Reentry Procedures 

After the initial onsite ground survey was completed, the 

Test Manager opened the shot area for recovery operations. Roads 

leading into the shot area had been barricaded, and radiological 

safety personnel from REECo reestablished a base station and a 

mobile check station along the main access road to prevent 

unauthorized entry into the shot area. The mobile check station 

was one kilometer south of ground zero, and the base station was 

four kilometers southeast of ground zero. Personnel entering the 

shot area had to pass through both of these stations. There, 

radiological safety personnel checked to ensure that entering 

personnel had access permits and were wearing film badges, 

anticontamination clothing, and pocket dosimeters (5; 73; 75). 

The reentry of project personnel generally began after the 

entry of the initial monitoring teams and continued during the 

daylight hours on subsequent days. However, reentry was sometimes permitted earlier if instruments required prompt retrieval 

and if project participants were accompanied by monitors. 

Operations were interrupted by rehearsals for Exercise IVY FLATS 

and by the detonation of LITTLE FELLER I. The reentry parties 

consisted of from two to four personnel, except when additional 

personnel were required to provide access to instrumentation. A 

radiological safety monitor accompanied each party (31). 

Decontamination 

Radiological safety personnel operated a monitoring and 

decontamination facility at the base station for personnel and 

vehicles leaving the shot area (5; 73; 75). REECo radiological 

safety personnel also used an existing facility at Indian Springs 

AFB for monitoring and decontaminating personnel and aircraft 

involved with cloud-sampling activities. ,Radiological monitors 

found a maximum gamma reading of 15 R/h on the wing of the cloudsampling aircraft. Decontamination reduced the radioactivity to 

acceptable levels (31; 44; 52). 

112 
Purpose of Test: 

Weather: 

Radiation Data: 

Participants: 

SMALL BOY 

SHOT SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: DOMINIC II 

DATE/TIME: 

YIELD: 

14 July 1962, 1130 hours 

Low 

HEIGHT OF BURST: Ten feet (tower) 

Weapons effects test designed to obtain 

information on the electromagnetic pulse 

produced by the burst and on weapons effects 

phenomena. 

At shot-time, the temperature was 31.7 degrees 

Celsius. Winds were two knots from the 

southeast at surface level, 16 knots from the 

west-southwest at 10,000 feet, and 25 knots 

from the west at 20,000 feet. 

Results of the initial survey (mid-time 1230) 

indicated that radiation levels of 1 K/h and 

greater were limited to within 1,000 meters of 

ground zero except to the east, where they 

extended for 32 kilometers. By three days 

after the detonation, radiation areas 

exceeding 1 R/h did not extend beyond about 

1,600 meters to the east. 

Army Ballistic Research Laboratories; Stanford 

Research Institute; Air Force Weapons Laboratory; Naval Ordnance Laboratory; Sandia 

Laboratory; Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology; Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station; Army Electronics Research and 

Development Laboratory; Army Nuclear Defense 

Laboratory; Weather Bureau Research Station; 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; Naval 

Civil Engineering Laboratory; Boeing Company; 

Harry Diamond Laboratories; Hughes Aircraft 

Company; U.S. Geological Survey; Los Alamos 

Scientific Laboratory; Atomic Weapons Research 

Establishment (UK); AEC civilians; other 

contractors. 

113 
CHAPTER 7 

SHOT SMALL BOY 

Shot SMALL BOY was detonated on 14 July 1962 at 1130 hours 

Pacific Daylight Time in Frenchman Flat,* LJTM coordinates 959733. 

This low-yield device was fired on a tower ten feet above the 

ground (5; 30; 31; 35). 

At shot-time, the temperature at the surface was 31.7 

degrees Celsius. Winds were two knots from the southeast at the 

surface, 16 knots from the west-southwest at 10,000 feet, and 

25 knots from the west at 20,000 feet. The top of the cloud 

resulting from the detonation reached 19,000 feet and moved eastnortheast (35). 

7.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND 

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT SMALL BOY 

Operation DOMINIC II was originally planned to include only 

Shot SMALL BOY. The purpose of Shot SMALL BOY was to provide 

information on electromagnetic pulse effects. Headquarters, 

DASA, consequently assigned Harry Diamond Laboratories, which had 

collected electromagnetic pulse data during Operation PLUMBBOB 

(1957), to provide Field Command with overall technical direction 

for all DOD programs. Program 6, Electromagnetic Effects, was 

given priority over the other programs, which were conducted 

according to strict guidelines designed to assure noninterference 

with Program 6 objectives (101). 

SMALL BOY has been characterized as "evergrowing, complex, 

and knotty" (31). Originally planned for 31 DOD projects, the 

shot ultimately included 63 DOD pro,iects; four Civil Effects 

-

*Ground zero at Frenchman Flat is 3,078 feet above mean sea 

level. 

114 
projects; and 31 AEC projects, conducted by LASL, LRL, and 

Sandia. These projects required over 500 scientific stations, 

most of which operated successfully (31). 

The 31 AEC scientific projects were added after the field 

phase had begun. These new projects introduced complications involving construction and noninterference, among other concerns (31). 

A fallout program was also added after the onset of field 

activities. This program involved manned stations, fallout 

collection instruments out to 60 kilometers, and monitoring 

surveys extending 500 kilometers from ground zero. These 

activities required considerable coordination and extensive 

personnel training, which was difficult to accomplish in a short 

time. In addition, the program exacted "a tremendous drain" on 

already limited support equipment, such as vehicles and communications instruments (31). 

7.1.1 Weapons Effects Tests 

This section discusses the 63 DOD projects, 61 of which are 

identified in table 7-l. The other two discussed were VELA 

UNIFORM projects. In conducting these experiments, project 

participants spent several weeks before the detonation placing 

and calibrating various types of instruments and gauges in the 

shot area. Project personnel accompanied by a radiological 

safety monitor reentered the shot area at various times after the 

officially declared reentry hour to recover data and instruments 

(5; 30; 31). 

The detonation of Shot SEDAN on 6 July 1962 as part of the 

PLOWSHARE Program affected project instrumentation. Shot SEDAN, 

a nuclear cratering experiment with a yield of 104 kilotons, had 

115 
Table 7-l: WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUP PROJECTS 

OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION, SHOT SMALL 

WITH 

BOY 

DEPARTMENT 

Project/ 

Program Title Participants 

1.1 Nuclear Airblast Phenomena Army Ballistic Research Laboratories 

1.2 Close-in Earth Motion Stanford Research Institute 

1.3 Underground Stress Measurements Air Force Weapons Laboratory; United 

Electrodynamics; General American 

Transportation; Shannon and Wilson 

1.4 Shock Photography Naval Ordnance Laboratory; EGbG 

1.5 Blast Effects in the High-pressure Region Stanford Research Institute 

1.6 Ground Motion Induced by a Near-surface Explosion Sandia Laboratory 

1.7 Shock Spectrum Measurements Space Technology Laboratories 

1.8 Soils Survey Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station 

1.9 Crater Measurements Army Engineer Waterways 

American Aerial Surveys; 

Experiment 

REECo 

Station; 

2.1 Initial Radiation Measurements Harry Diamond Laboratories 

2.2 Measurement of Fast-neutron 

Function of Time 

Dose Rate as a Army Electronics 

Laboratory 

Research and Development 

2.3 Neutron Flux Measurements Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory 

2.4 Integrated Gamma Dose Measurements Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory 

2.7 Off-site Meteorology - Winds Aloft Weather Bureau Research Station 

2.8 Radiological Surveys Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory 

2.9 Fallout Collection and Gross Sample Analysis Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; 

Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and 

Radiation Biology of UCLA; 1st Marine Division 

and Force Troops, Fleet Marine Force Pacific; 

3d Marine Aircraft Wing 

2.10 Physiochemical and Radiochemical Analysis Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; 

1st Marine Division and Force Troops, Fleet 

Marine Force Pacific; 3d Marine Aircraft Wing 

2.11 Ionization Rate Measurements Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; 

University of California at Los Angeles; 

1st Marine Division and Force Troops, Fleet 

Marine Force Pacific; 3d Marine Aircraft Wing 

2.12 Rocket Sampling Army Nuclear Defense 

Machine and Foundry 

Laboratory; 

Company 

American 

2.13 Development and Evaluation of a Fallout Collector Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory 

2.14 Shielding Effectiveness 

in a Fallout Field 

of Compartmented Structures Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; 

1st Marine Division and Force Troops, Fleet 

Marine Force Pacific; 3d Marine Aircraft Wing 

2.15 Shielding Effectiveness 

in a Fallout Field 

of Enclosure Shields Army Ballistic Research 

Office of Civil Defense 

Laboratories; 
Table 7-l: WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT 

OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION, SHOT SMALL BOY (CONTINUED) 

-

Prcdect/ 

Prc rgram Title Participants 

-

3 .l Response of Buried Arch and Dome Models Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 

Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station 

3 .2 Dynamic Bearing Capacity of Soils - Field Test - Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station 

Response of Impulsive Loaded Footings on 

Frenchman Fiat Silt 

3t.3 Behavior of Buried Model Arch Structures Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory; Army 

Waterways Experiment Station; Army 

Ballistic Research Laboratories 

1.4 Structures Instrumentation Army Ballistic Research Laboratories 

i. 1 Weapons Effects Testing, EM (Electromagnetic) Pulse Boeing Company; REECo; Harry Diamond 

Laboratories; Army Signal Research and 

Development Laboratory; Hughes Aircraft 

Company 

i.2 Magnetic Loop Measurements Harry Diamond Laboratories 

i.3 Inherent Magnetic Field Measurement Hughes Aircraft Company 

i.4 Measurement of Gamma Dose Rate as a Function Army Electronics Research and Development 

of Time Laboratory 

i.5 Electromagnetic Pulse Current Transients Sandia Corporation 

i.6 Cable Loop Measurements Air Force Weapon Laboratories; Space 

Technology Laboratories; Allied Research 

Associates 

i.7 Soil Conductivity Measurements U.S. Geological Survey 

j.6 Earth’s Static Field Measurements Stanford Research Institute 

3.9 Correlation of Present and Previous Electric Denver Research Institute 

Field Measurements 

5.11 Air Conductivity Measurements MHD Research; Lawrence Radiation 

Laboratory 

3.12 British Empire Measurements Atomic Weapons Research Establishment IUKI 

5.13 Troposcatter Test Installation Performance Army CONUS Regional Communications 

Command 

7.1 Pragmatic Instrumental Measurements Air Force Special Weapons Center 

7.2 Experimental Confirmation of Theoretical Army Tank-Automotive Center; General 

Development of Radiological Armor Dynamics Corporation; Army Ballistics 

Research Laboratories; Army Nuclear 

Defense Laboratory 

7.5 Response of Electrical Power Systems to Army Engineer Research and Development 

Electromagnetic Effects of Nuclear Detonations Laboratories 

7.6 Feasibility Evaluation of an Aerial Radiac Survey Army Electronic Proving Ground 

System 

117 
Table 7-1: WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT 

OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION, SHOT SMALL BOY (CONTINUED) 

Project/ 

Program Title Participants 

7.6.1 Evaluation of Aerial Radiac Monitor 

Interim Tripartite Standardization 

Systems for Army Electronic Proving Ground; Directorate 

of Equipment Policy, British Army; 

Equipment Engineering Establishment, 

Canadian Army; Army Signal Research and 

Development Laboratory; Office of Civil 

Defense 

7.8 Arming and Fuzing Component Test Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

7.8.1 Magnetic Detection Equipment Test Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

7.9 Prooftesting of Operational Shipboard Material David Taylor Model Basin 

7.10 Spectral 

Thermal 

Analysis with High-time 

Radiation Pulse 

Resolution of the Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory; 

Frankford Arsenal; Natick Laboratories 

7.12 Nuclear Effects on Television Camera Installations Defense Communications Agency 

7.13 F-ltIOF/GAM-B3B Simulation Air Force Systems Command, 6570th 

Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories 

7.14 Bomb Alarm Detector Test Western Union Telegraph 

Headquarters, Air Force 

Company; 

7.15 Effects of Nuclear 

Weapon System 

Radiation on B-52/GAM-77 Air Force Systems Command 

7.16 Airborne E-Field Radiation Measurements 

Electromagnetic Pulse Phenomena 

of Naval Missile Center 

7.17 Radiological Water Decontamination Study Army Engineer 

Laboratories 

Research and Development 

9.10 Design, Testing, and Field Pumping of Grout Mixtures Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station 

113 
been buried 635 feet underground in Area 10 of the NTS. While 

the SEDAN cloud drifted generally north-northeast from the test 

site, some fallout was deposited in Frenchman Flat and occasionally triggered sensitive project instruments emplaced for Shot 

SMALL BOY. Within a few davs after the SEDAN detonation, the 

fallout decayed to a negligible level. Thus, it did not 

compromise SMALL BOY results (101). 

Project 1.1, Nuclear Airblast Phenomena, was conducted by 

the Army Ballistic Research Laboratories to: 

0 Measure airblast phenomena in the regions of high, 

moderate, and low pressure along a blast line 

0 Integrate new data with existing nuclear blast 

information 

0 Evaluate new types of pressure gauges and recorders 

for use in nuclear tests. 

Before the detonation, pro.ject personnel placed 57 self-recording 

and approximately 40 electronic gauges at 26 stations located 

30 meters to 18.3 kilometers from the shot-tower. They placed 

instruments recording the gauge measurements and auxiliary equipment in an underground concrete shelter. After the detonation, 

three personnel recovered data collected during shot-time (71; 76). 

Project 1.2, Close-in Earth Motion, was conducted by the 

Stanford Research Institute. The ob,jective was to measure the 

airblast-induced ground motion from a surface detonation as a 

function of depth and ground range, particularly in the area at 

and near ground zero. Results of this experiment were used in 

developing criteria for designing protective structures. 

Project personnel placed ground motion gauges in a vertical 

shaft at depths ranging from 45 to 250 feet directly beneath the 

shot-tower. In addition, personnel placed three other vertical 

shafts 20, 60, and 90 meters south of the shot-tower. Each shaft 

contained four or five ground motion gauges ranging from a depth 

119 
of five to 150 feet. Pro.ject participants also placed four other 

gauges from five to 15 feet in the ground 110 to 690 meters south 

of the shot-tower. After the detonation, four personnel entered 

the shot area to recover data (76; 94). 

Pro,iect 1.3, Underground Stress Measurements, was conducted 

by the Air Force Weapons Laboratory, with support from United 

Electrodynamics, General American Transportation, and Shannon and 

Wilson. The objectives were to measure: 

• Ground stress and strain and permanent earth displacement in the high-overpressure region resulting 

from a surface nuclear detonation 

• Arrival times of the compression and shear portions 

of the stress pulse, using various stress, slope, 

and strain gauges. 

Pro.ject personnel placed the instruments along a line south of 

the shot-tower at the following distances: 

Type 

Gauge 

of Placement 

Surface (

below 

feet) 

Distance from 

(meters) 

Shot-tower 

-~ ----

Slope Indicator 30 20 to 60 

Time-of-arrival 50 60 to 90 

Soil Stress 3 60 to 90 

20 

To determine the extent of ground displacement, pro,ject personnel 

conducted surveys before and after the detonation and used data 

from the stress and time-of-arrival gauges (11). 

Project 1.4, Shock Photography, was conducted by the Naval 

Ordnance Laboratory, assisted bg EGBG. The objectives were to: 

• Measure the shock position as a function of time 

from which shock velocities and pressures could he 

calculated 

120 
0 Photograph and measure the growth of the fireball 

along and above the earth's surface. 

EG&G personnel photographed the detonation with two cameras, one 

2,900 meters northwest of the shot-tower and the other 3,200 

meters north-northeast of the shot-tower (40). 

Project 1.5, Blast Effects in the High-pressure Region, was 

conducted by the Stanford Research Institute. The objectives 

were to: 

• Study the dynamic pressures produced by the 

precursor blast wave and dust loading in the 

high-pressure region of a surface detonation 

0 Provide information for Project 1.2 personnel 

conducting ground motion studies. 

Data were obtained from 14 overpressure gauges placed on the 

surface or on three-foot towers 30 to 350 meters from ground 

zero. The same personnel who staged recovery operations for 

Project 1.2 retrieved data for this project (76; 95). 

Project 1.6, Ground Motion Induced by a Near-surface 

Explosion, was conducted by the Sandia Laboratory. The purpose 

was to observe and measure ground motion induced by airblast from 

the detonation. Project personnel placed instruments for 

measuring ground motion, including accelerometers and various 

gauges, in borings at three stations: Station 1, at the shottower; Station 2, 40 meters from the shot-tower; and Station 3, 

90 meters from the shot-tower. These instruments were to provide 

data from depths of 25 to 400 feet at Station 1, 300 feet at 

Station 2, and 200 feet at Station 3. Participants excavated a 

trench from ground zero out to about 45 meters to carry cables 

and wires from the Station 1 gauges to the underground recording 

shelter 670 meters from the shot-tower. Beyond 45 meters from 

ground zero, a trench carried the wires and cables from all three 

stations to the recording shelter. Five project personnel 

entered the recording shelter the day after the detonation to 

retrieve the recorded data (67; 76). 

121 
Project 1.7, Shock Spectrum Measurements, was conducted by 

Space Technology Laboratories to measure the displacement 

spectrum of the ground motion both at the surface and at a depth 

of ten feet. Information was obtained from 16 gauges installed 

on the surface and ten feet underground at four stations 56 to 

90 meters from the shot-tower (7). 

Project 1.8, Soils Survey, was conducted by the Army 

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station to: 

0 Obtain preshot data 

the soil to a depth 

the shot-tower 

on the physical 

of 375 feet in 

properties 

the vicinity 

of 

of 

0 Provide holes for the installation 

and sand columns 

of instruments 

0 Determine the density and water content of compacted 

soils used for backfill placed in instrument 

installations and around structures 

0 Obtain postshot data on physical properties of the 

soil to a depth of 75 feet. 

Project personnel conducted these activities to support agencies 

participating in Projects 1.2, 1.3, 1.9, 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3, which 

involved blast effects analysis and shock wave measurements. The 

operations office for Project 1.8 was at Camp Mercury, while the 

field laboratory was a trailer located at Frenchman Flat. After 

the detonation, project personnel conducted soil surveys and 

collected samples. The samples were sent for analysis to the 

Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station in Vicksburg, 

Mississippi (37). 

Project 1.9, Crater Measurements, was conducted by the Army 

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, with the assistance of 

American Aerial Surveys and REECo. The objectives were to 

measure the crater formed by the shot and the permanent earth 

deformation occurring beyond the crater boundary. Before the 

shot, project personnel placed 18 colored sand columns, each 

122 
20 centimeters wide, into holes drilled ten to 40 feet deep along 

two radials 36 meters from the shot-tower. The deformation of 

these sand columns after the detonation would reflect the 

permanent movement of the ground outside the crater. This earth 

movement could then be measured after the excavation of the 

columns. 

Two days after the shot, American Aerial Surveys personnel 

took aerial photographs to use in measuring the crater. They 

conducted their mission in a Cessna 180 aircraft flying at a 

speed of 70 knots and at heights of 1,200 and 1,500 feet above 

the ground. 

A ground survey was scheduled for immediately after the 

declaration of recovery hour. This survey was canceled, however, 

because the activities of another project disturbed the area 

near ground zero and made conditions difficult for such a survey. 

Sometime later, participants surveyed along the sand columns to 

check the extent of the crater indicated by aerial maps. 

Excavation of the sand columns did not begin until April 

1963, when natural decreases in the radiation levels made this 

activity possible. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station 

personnel, assisted by RE:ECo personnel, completed all sand column 

excavation and measurement (21). 

Project 2.1, Initial Radiation Measurements, was conducted 

by the Harry Diamond Laboratories. The objective was to measure 

the gamma ray intensity and neutron fluence resulting from the 

detonation. Project personnel installed equipment in two bunkers 

that also contained instruments from Projects 6.1 and 6.3. 

Bunker B, 490 meters from ground zero, was the main installation, 

but Bunker A, 190 meters northeast of ground zero, also contained 

some radiation-measuring instruments. Project personnel also 

installed tape recorders at Bunker B and at other stations 

123 
located about 1,220 meters northeast of ground zero. The 

instruments for measuring radiation and the tape recorders were 

electrically powered and timed to operate automatically. After 

the detonation, project personnel reentered the area to recover 

the instruments and tape recorders (14). 

Project 2.2, Measurement of Fast-neutron Dose Rate as a 

Function of Time, was conducted by the Army Electronics Research 

and Development Laboratory. The objective was to measure fastneutron intensity as a function of time and distance in support 

of Project 6.4. Before the detonation, project personnel placed 

instruments at stations located 190, 490, and 1,220 meters northeast of the shot-tower. They then set the automatic timer for 

the instruments and left the area. Project personnel and Project 

6.4 participants reentered the shot area after the detonation to 

photograph the instruments. Two teams, each with three participants, retrieved data from the instruments (56; 76). 

Project 2.3, Neutron Flux Measurements, was conducted by the 

Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory to support Program 6 projects. 

Project personnel installed neutron flux detectors 30 to 365 

meters to the southwest, 80 to 1,220 meters to the northeast, and 

190 to 1,220 meters to the northwest of the shot-tower. They 

attached most of the detectors to cables. Immediately after the 

detonation, nine personnel from Projects 2.3 and 2.4, assisted by 

Project 7.2 participants, entered the shot area in an M-88 tank 

retriever to drag the cables out of the area. They completed 

recovery operations within 24 hours after the detonation. They 

then transported the detectors to the Project 2.3 mobile 

laboratory at the Control Point (76; 80). 

Project 2.4, Integrated Gamma Dose Measurements, was 

conducted by the Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory. The objective 

was to provide gamma support measurements for Program 6 projects. 

Before the detonation, project personnel placed gamma detectors 

124 
in blast shields, which they then attached to a recovery line 

used for Project 2.3. They also fastened a gamma detector to a 

wooden stake in the shot area. The detectors were 30 to 3,000 

meters northeast, northwest, and southwest of the shot-tower. 

After the detonation, nine personnel from Projects 2.4 and 2.3 

used an M-88 tank retriever to pull the recovery line out of the 

radiation field. They completed recovery operations within 24 

hours after the detonation. The gamma detectors were then sent 

for analysis to the Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory and the Army 

Signal Research and Development Laboratory. 

In addition to their field activities, Project 2.4 personnel 

supplied Project 7.2 participants with 100 gamma detectors for a 

shielding experiment. They also provided a set of gamma 

detectors to Project 7.8 personnel (76; 79). 

Project 2.7, Off-site Meteorology--Winds Aloft, was conducted by the Weather Bureau Research Station of Las Vegas, 

Nevada. Objectives were to: 

0 Collect wind information from an extensive network 

of observation stations downwind of the detonation 

0 Provide data for the prediction and documentation of 

fallout. 

Project personnel placed instruments used to measure wind data, 

such as theodolites, rawinsondes, and radar equipment, at 15 

different locations, ranging from 30 to 400 kilometers east of 

the shot-tower. The sites were 80 to 130 kilometers apart. 

Information on winds from the surface up to 30,000 feet was 

recorded at these sites. Five cooperating Weather Bureau 

stations provided additional meteorological data (4). 

Project 2.8, Radiological Surveys, was conducted by the Army 

Nuclear Defense Laboratory, with the assistance of the 50th 

Chemical Platoon from Fort Ord, California, the 22nd Chemical 

125 
Company from Fort McClellan, Alabama, and Chemical Corps officers 

supplied by Headquarters, Continental Army Command, Fort Monroe, 

Virginia. The objectives were to determine: 

0 Residual radiation patterns and decay rates 

resulting from a low-yield detonation 

Gamma exposure rates and decay rates in and around 

the crater resulting from the detonation. 

0 

To obtain data, ground-survey teams and helicopter-to-ground 

units surveyed radiation areas. In addition, personnel obtained 

information from dose-recording instruments placed near ground 

zero and from film badges positioned throughout the areas of 

expected fallout. The 50th Chemical Platoon was responsible for 

onsite ground surveying, and a platoon from the 22nd Chemical 

Company was responsible for ground surveying 50 to 500 kilometers 

from ground zero (8). 

To establish ground-survey stations, project personnel 

placed north-south stake lines east of ground zero at 30-meter 

intervals to 1,200 meters; at 600-meter intervals between 1,200 

and 3,650 meters; and at 4,600, 5,500, 8,000, 10,350, and 14,000 

meters. They also placed three rows of stakes in both Indian 

Springs Valley and Three Lakes Valley, about 25 and 50 kilometers, respectively, from ground zero. In addition, they 

established stakes up to 3,000 meters southwest to northwest of 

ground zero (8). 

The monitors followed the same basic procedures in 

conducting the surveys. These procedures are detailed in the 

Project 2.8 description for Shot LITTLE FELLER II. 

Two-man teams began the initial onsite radiological survey 

in Frenchman Flat about one hour after the SMALL BOY detonation. 

The delay was caused by the slow-moving cloud and by uncertainty 

concerning the presence of "high-explosive hazards" in that area. 

126 
The initial teams surveyed all stake lines to the 10 R/h line. 

The second survey took readings ranging from 1 to 10 R/h on stake 

lines downwind. The survey was about 90 percent finished when 

stopped because of approaching darkness. The last survey located 

the 10 R/h contour and obtained as many readings as possible 

without causing participants to exceed the 1.5 R/h dose allowed 

for operations conducted on the day of detonation (8). 

One day after the detonation, teams monitored areas in 

Frenchman Flat where the radiation was less than 10 R/h. They 

conducted resurveys on each succeeding day until the sixth day 

after the detonation (8). 

Offsite ground surveys began when cloud-tracking missions 

identified the regions to be surveyed. Twelve teams conducted 

these surveys. Eight of the teams were positioned at various 

locations in Utah. The other four teams, based in Mercury, 

Nevada, monitored 40 to 160 kilometers from Frenchman Lake. 

Offsite surveys showed "very low" gamma rates 3 feet above the 

ground. These surveys began one day after the detonation and 

continued through six days after the detonation (8). 

Helicopter operations for Shot SMALL BOY were similar to 

those identified in the Project 2.8 description for Shot LITTLE 

FELLER II. The participating helicopters and crews were from the 

Marine Corps. Chemical Corps officers from Headquarters, 

Continental Army Command, Fort Monroe, Virginia, conducted the 

measurements made from the aircraft (8). 

Beginning 80 minutes after the detonation and continuing 

intermittently throughout the day, two helicopters flew droppingprobe missions. While instruments were lowered to the ground, 

the aircraft hovered at altitudes of 400 to 700 feet. The first 

instruments were positioned near the crater three hours and 20 

minutes after the detonation. These missions were flown from one 

through five days after the detonation (8). 

127 
Project 2.9, Fallout Collection and Gross Sample Analysis, 

was conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory and 

the Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology of the 

University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). Assigned to the 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory for this project, as well 

as for Projects 2.10, 2.11, and 2.14, were 11 personnel from 1st 

Marine Division, Fleet Marine Force Pacific; 13 personnel from 

Force Troops, Fleet Marine Force Pacific; and three personnel 

from 3d Marine Aircraft Wing (102; 104). The objectives were to: 

0 Make quantitative collections of onsite and offsite 

fallout and determine mass per unit area, ionization 

decay rate and spectra, size-activity distribution, 

and size distribution as a function of time 

• Provide fallout samples to Project 2.10 and 2.11 

personnel 

a Measure the deposition dynamics of arrival time, 

mass deposition rate, and time of cessation 

0 Determine airborne concentration as a function of 

time after detonation and measure the fraction of 

airborne particles that penetrated test ventilation 

equipment 

0 Estimate ground-level visibility in the dust cloud 

produced by blast and shock waves. 

Project 2.9, 2.10, and 2.11 personnel collected, measured, and 

analyzed samples of the total fallout, incremented samples, and 

samples of airborne fallout particles. 

Project personnel established six manned fallout stations in 

Frenchman Flat 1,220, 1,370, 2,440, 3,660, 5,480, and 7,920 

meters east of the shot-tower. These stations, each consisting 

of an instrumented four-man fallout shelter, were buried to a 

depth of about six feet. Personnel also installed 24 unmanned 

stations in the Indian Springs Valley, 30 kilometers east of the 

shot-tower. Mobile field teams, directed across the predicted 

fallout path by radio and telephone, instrumented 247 offsite 

stations for fallout collection. These stations were 30 to 

128 
320 kilometers east and northeast of the shot-tower. Seven field 

teams monitored these stations (59). 

Project 2.10, Physiochemical and Radiochemical Analysis, was 

conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. Assigned 

to the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory for this project 

were the same Marine Corps personnel who participated in Project 

2.9. The objective was to obtain data about the fallout 

particles that would help define fallout formation processes, 

fallout distribution patterns, and processes related to the 

radiological exposure environment. Project 2.9 personnel 

provided samples of onsite and offsite fallout. Project 2.10 

personnel studied these samples to determine their physical, 

chemical, and radiological properties. Laboratory analysis 

determined the particle size and distribution, radiochemical 

properties, extent and kind of radiation emitted, and 

leachability of the radioactivity (34; 102; 104). 

Project 2.11, Ionization Rate Measurements, was conducted by 

the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory and UCLA. Assigned to 

the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory for this project were 

the same Marine Corps personnel who participated in Project 2.9. 

Also participating were 22 personnel from the Naval Mobile 

Construction Battalion Eleven. Project participants placed gamma 

intensity versus time recorders, dosimeters, and radiacs in the 

anticipated fallout area. The instruments extended 30 kilometers 

on a north-south line 25 kilometers east of ground zero. Other 

instrument stations were 1.5 to 15 kilometers and 320 kilometers 

from ground zero (60; 102; 104). 

Project 2.12, Rocket Sampling, was conducted by the Army 

Nuclear Defense Laboratory and the American Machine and Foundry 

Company. The objectives were to: 

a Develop a rocket-mounted 

of the fireball, cloud, 

detonation 

collector 

and stem sh

to take 

ortly af

samples 

ter the 

129 
• Obtain 

Project 

samples of the fireball, 

2.9 and 2.10 personnel 

cloud, and stem for 

a Determine the variation in the 

as a function of altitude. 

activity of the cloud 

The American Machine and Foundry Company designed and 

manufactured rockets for the project. These rockets contained 

dosimeters, filters, and bottles for collecting cloud samples. 

Project personnel constructed two sites in the shot area for 

launching the rockets. They established a control station for 

firing of the rockets about 4,570 meters southwest of the shottower. A firing cable connected the control station with the 

launching stations. One minute after the detonation, personnel 

in the control station launched five rockets. The rocket drop 

area was about 1,500 to 1,800 meters north of ground zero. 

About 22 hours after the detonation, project personnel 

searched for the rockets and recovered filters, cloud samples, 

and dosimeters from one rocket. They delivered the samples to 

Project 2.10 personnel and returned the dosimeters for analysis 

to the American Machine and Foundry Company laboratories. 

Participants searched for the remaining rockets two days after 

the detonation. They found, however, only one booster. In late 

October 1962, Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory personnel, assisted 

by Army personnel from Project 2.8, renewed the search for the 

remaining rockets but did not find any (98). 

Project 2.13, Development and Evaluation of a Fallout 

Collector, was conducted by the Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory. 

The objective was to develop and evaluate a new fallout 

collector. An estimated two project personnel spent about three 

days placing fallout collector instruments in the shot area 

2,190, 4,760, and 8,530 meters northeast of the shot-tower, 

adjacent to Project 2.9 manned instrument stations. One week 

before the shot and again five days before the detonation, 

130 
project participants tested the instruments. Personnel recovered 

all fallout samples five hours after the detonation. They 

completed recovery of collecting instruments and other equipment 

seven days after the detonation (19). 

Project 2.14, Shielding Effectiveness of Compartmented 

Structures in a Fallout Field, was conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. Assigned to the Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory for this project were the same Marine Corps 

personnel who participated in Project 2.9. The objectives 

were to: 

0 Measure the penetration of fallout gamma radiation 

into six compartmented structures 

0 Determine the free-field radiation characteristics 

of the fallout. 

In the days preceding the detonation, project personnel set 

up six compartmented steel structures containing film packets at 

a number of sites approximately 2,900 meters from the shot-tower. 

Project participants entered the test area with survey instruments to check the dose rates at various sites two days after the 

detonation. Three days after the detonation, participants 

entered the shot area in a truck equipped with a spectrometer to 

measure radiation about 2,900 meters from ground zero. They 

continued to use the truck for these measurements for at least 

nine days (33; 89; 102; 104). 

Project 2.15, Shielding Effectiveness of Enclosure Shields 

in a Fallout Field, was conducted by the Army Ballistic Research 

Laboratories and the Office of Civil Defense. The objective was 

to measure gamma dose resulting from fallout inside and outside 

several shield configurations for a period of 48 hours in order 

to determine the transmission of fallout gamma radiation through 

these shields. The data from these measurements aided in 

identifying the most effective radiological shielding in military 

vehicles. 

131 
Project participants placed enclosure shields, which were 

hollow-walled steel cubes and spheres of several sizes, in a 

30-meter-wide strip located 4,880 meters northeast of ground 

zero, the direction of the expected fallout. In addition, they 

placed ten free-field radiation detectors midway between each 

shield and around the edges of the 30-meter strip. The detector 

outputs were wired to a mobile recording station in a revetment 

1,520 meters north of the enclosure shield area. 

Personnel checked and calibrated the equipment in the field 

one week and again one day before the detonation. Two or three 

personnel remained in the recording station through shot-time and 

continued operations there for 48 hours after the detonation. 

They also took a gamma survey of the enclosure shield area, out 

to a radius of 90 meters, 24 hours after the detonation (17; 76). 

Project 3.1, Response of Buried Arch and Dome Models, was 

conducted by the School of Engineering of Massachusetts Institute 

of Technology, with fielding assistance from the Army Engineer 

Waterways Experiment Station. The objectives were to: 

0 Investigate the effect of the depth of cover on the 

failure pressure for reinforced concrete dome and 

arch structures buried under a shallow cover of soil 

0 Compare the failure pressure of the buried structures with the failure pressure of structures 

mounted on the surface. 

Before the detonation, project personnel mounted scale 

models of four dome and four arch structures on the surface at 

five locations expected to have high overpressures. They buried 

scale models of 12 dome and 12 arch structures under a soil cover 

ranging from one-half to six inches at expected high overpressure 

locations. Participants also installed self-recording pressure 

gauges flush with the ground next to the models at four of the 

locations. After the announcement of recovery hour, personnel 

132 
reentered the test area to inspect and photograph the structures. 

They later sent the models to the Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology for testing (43). 

Project 3.2, Dynamic Bearing Capacity of Soils--Field 

Test --Response of Impulsive Loaded Footings on Frenchman Flat 

Silt, was conducted by the Army Engineer Waterways Experiment 

Station. The purpose was to measure blast-loading and displacement responses of square interior and long-wall footings 

(supports) mounted on undisturbed Frenchman Flat soil to impulse 

loading from a surface nuclear detonation. Project personnel 

placed the square concrete footings 210 meters south of the 

shot-tower and two long-wall footings 100 meters south of the 

shot-tower. They instrumented the footings with a variety of 

strain and displacement gauges. Cables from the instruments went 

to a buried, unmanned instrument shelter 1,220 meters south of 

the shot-tower. After the detonation, six personnel entered the 

shot area to retrieve the data (76; 92). 

Project 3.3, Behavior of Buried Model Arch Structures, was 

conducted by the Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory. Project 1.8 

personnel from the Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station 

provided soil density measurements. Project 3.4 personnel from 

the Army Ballistic Research Laboratories supplied instrumentation 

support. The objective was to gain information on the responses 

of buried arches to the blast wave. Project personnel buried six 

arches at various distances along a line running southwest of the 

shot-tower. They placed gauges on the arches to measure 

responses to soil pressure, air pressure, and ground displacement 

resulting from the detonation. Electronic devices in a bunker 

buried about 730 meters southeast of the shot-tower recorded data 

from the instruments. After the detonation, four personnel drove 

to the bunker to recover data (76; 93). 

133 
Project 3.4, Structures Instrumentation, was conducted by 

the Army Ballistic Research Laboratories to provide free-field 

airblast and structural response measurements for Projects 2.7, 

3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and 7.2. Project personnel placed 23 gauges at 

various locations in the shot area. They installed the 

electronic equipment used to record the gauge measurements in an 

underground instrument shelter 730 meters south of ground zero. 

After the detonation, two parties, each of three personnel, went 

to the shelter to retrieve the instruments (76; 87). 

Project 6.1, Weapons Effects Testing, EM (Electromagnetic) 

Pulse, was conducted by the Boeing Company. The following 

provided assistance: REECo, Harry Diamond Laboratories, Army 

Signal Research and Development Laboratory, and Hughes Aircraft 

Company. The objective was to measure various components of the 

electric field created by the nuclear detonation and to determine 

the effects of the detonation on the measuring equipment. 

REECo and Boeing personnel constructed eight bunkers, 190 to 

2,990 meters northeast of the shot-tower. The bunkers contained 

instruments provided by the assisting contractors. Two hours and 

30 minutes before the detonation, participants closed the bunkers 

and cut off their external power. After the declaration of 

recovery hour, a crew of trained contractor personnel opened one 

of the bunkers. A second crew of contractor personnel then 

retrieved data from instruments in the bunker. This procedure 

was followed at each bunker location (10). 

Project 6.2, Magnetic Loop Measurements, was conducted by 

the Harry Diamond Laboratories to measure the magnetic field 

component emanating from a nuclear device. Project participants 

installed self-powered magnetic tape recorders and antennas in 

underground concrete bunkers 80, 190, 490, 500, 1,220, and 3,000 

meters northeast of the shot-tower. They placed additional 

recorders at stations 190, 490, and 1,220 meters northwest of the 

134 
shot-tower and at another station 490 meters southwest of the 

shot-tower. The instruments, started electronically several 

seconds before the detonation, recorded data through shot-time. 

After the detonation, four personnel entered the station area to 

retrieve data (15; 76). 

Project 6.3, Inherent Magnetic Field Measurement, was 

conducted by the Hughes Aircraft Company. The objective was to 

measure the magnetic component of the electromagnetic pulse 

produced by a nuclear detonation. The measurements, along with 

measurements of the electrical component from Project 6.1 and 

measurements of the time duration of the magnetic component from 

Project 6.2, were to contribute to the theoretical treatment of 

the electromagnetic pulse phenomenon. Project personnel measured 

the magnetic field by using three magnetic field sensors placed 

in each of four bunkers located 190, 490, 1,220, and 3,000 meters 

northeast of the shot-tower (41). 

Project 6.4, Measurement of Gamma Dose Rate as a Function of 

Time, was conducted by the Army Electronics Research and Development Laboratory. Objectives were to measure gamma rate as a 

function of distance for up to 100 seconds after the detonation. 

Project personnel, assisted by Project 2.2 participants, 

placed various instruments, including a new type of gamma 

detector, in bunkers 190, 490, and 1,220 meters northeast of the 

shot-tower. They then photographed each equipment setting. 

After the declaration of recovery hour, two parties of three 

personnel each recovered data from the bunkers (57; 76). 

Project 6.5, Electromagnetic Pulse Current Transients, was 

conducted by the Sandia Corporation. The main purpose was to 

investigate the response of buried communication cables to the 

electromagnetic pulse produced by a nuclear detonation. The 

135 
major emphasis was on the acquisition of cable current and 

voltage data, although earth potential gradients, magnetic 

fields, soil resistivity, and gamma and neutron dose levels in 

the earth at cable burial depths were also measured. Project 

participants buried various lengths and thicknesses of 

communication cable 18 inches deep at distances ranging from 

15 meters to 1,830 meters from the shot-tower. They buried 

instruments to record responses of these cables at distances of 

60 to 2,830 meters from the shot-tower. The cables and instruments were located south, southwest, and west of ground zero. 

Another objective was to measure characteristics of the radiation field near the buried cables. Project personnel established 

14 stations housing gamma and neutron detectors 30 to 8,050 meters 

north, northwest, and southeast of the shot-tower. Project 

personnel also investigated the effects of electromagnetic pulse 

on communication shelters, antenna elements, and magnetic memory 

components. They positioned stations for all of this equipment, 

except for the magnetic memory components, along a cable line 100 

to 460 meters southeast of the shot-tower. They located the 

magnetic memory component station 100 meters west of the shottower. The project stations, all unmanned, were activated 

electronically. Upon the declaration of recovery hour, 14 parties 

totaling 51 project personnel retrieved data and the instruments. 

Attached to each party was a REECo monitor (32; 76). 

Project 6.6, Cable Loop Measurements, was conducted by the 

Air Force Weapon Laboratories, TRW Space Technology Laboratories, 

and Allied Research Associates. The objective was to obtain data 

on the value of cable sheathing in limiting electromagnetic pulse 

effects in buried cables. The project consisted of three 

experiments (49). 

136 
For Experiment 6.6.1, project personnel buried two 900-meter 

cables at a depth of three feet. The cables extended 90 meters 

from the shot-tower to the southeast. For Experiment 6.6.2, 

participants buried two 30-meter diameter loops of insulated wire 

at a depth of one foot 230 meters west of the shot-tower. An 

unmanned bunker housed the electronic recording equipment for 

each circular cable loop. The cable configuration for Experiment 

6.6.3 consisted of a large loop buried three feet deep and 

extending 100 to 370 meters southwest of the shot-tower. 

Personnel placed three bunkers with instruments along the loop to 

record the current induced by the electromagnetic pulse (49). 

Project 6.7, Soil Conductivity Measurements, was conducted 

by the U.S. Geological Survey to determine the electrical 

conductivity of the alluvium in the Frenchman Lake area of the 

NTS. Project personnel buried three different electrode 

configurations at various locations in the shot area. They 

obtained information on soil density and moisture by placing 

1.5-meter lengths of thin steel tubing in the soil to a depth of 

4.5 feet. They then lowered measuring probes into the tubing so 

that the center of measurement occurred at a depth of 3.5 feet. 

Using these measuring probes and the electrodes, personnel took 

numerous preshot and postshot measurements approximately 2,000 

and 4,000 feet northeast and northwest of ground zero (88). 

Project 6.8, Earth's Static Field Measurements, was 

performed by the Stanford Research Institute. The objective was 

to measure and record the earth's static electric field in the 

vicinity of a nuclear detonation. Project personnel installed 

battery-operated instruments that measured the vertical electric 

field at the earth's surface at one kilometer northeast, three 

kilometers northeast, 6.5 kilometers west, ten kilometers eastnortheast, and 12 kilometers northwest of the shot-tower. They 

connected recording devices to the instruments and installed 

these recorders in bunkers and waterproof cases near the 

137 
instruments. Participants also attached instruments to three 

balloons launched 6.5 kilometers west of the shot-tower. They 

launched the first balloon about two hours before the detonation, 

the second about ten minutes before the detonation, and the third 

about one hour after the detonation. Upon the declaration of 

recovery hour, three personnel retrieved data from the stations 

(76; 99). 

Project 6.9, Correlation of Present and Previous Electric 

Field Measurements, was conducted by the Denver Research 

Institute. The purpose was to measure the vertical component of 

the electromagnetic pulse for correlation with data obtained from 

previous tests. The electromagnetic pulse detection and 

recording system was housed in a trailer located 12.3 kilometers 

northwest of the shot-tower (72). 

Project 6.11, Air Conductivity Measurements, was conducted 

by MHD Research and Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. The objective 

was to measure the variation of the electrical conductivity 

produced in the ionized atmosphere surrounding a nuclear detonation on the earth's surface. Project personnel used four 

different methods of measuring air conductivity: microwave 

transmission, microwave interferometer measurements, radiofrequency circuit conductivity, and parallel plate conductivity. 

They took these measurements, except for the microwave transmission tests, at an unmanned instrument bunker 500 meters west 

of the shot-tower. For the microwave transmission tests, they 

positioned the transmitter tower 4.4 kilometers northeast of 

ground zero and the receiver tower 4.5 kilometers southwest of 

ground zero. Participants placed a small transmitter that would 

automatically trigger the microwave transmission equipment about 

30 meters from ground zero. After the detonation, two personnel 

proceeded to the bunker 500 meters west of the shot-tower to 

recover data (54; 76). 

138 
Project 6.12, British Empire Measurements, was conducted by 

the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment, the nuclear weapons 

development agency of the United Kingdom. The objective was to 

measure air conductivity and the electromagnetic field. Project 

instrumentation was housed in steel shelters 490, 1,200, and 3,050 

meters from ground zero. After the declaration of recovery hour, 

three parties totaling 21 individuals entered the shot area to 

retrieve data, which were then forwarded to the Chief, DASA (30). 

Project 6.13, Troposcatter Test Installation Performance, 

was conducted by the Army CONUS Regional Communications Command. 

The objective was to document any phenomena occurring in a 

ground-to-ground communications path using a tropospheric scatter 

propagation mode before, during, and after the detonation. This 

experiment was conducted at two offsite stations, one near Death 

Valley Junction, California, and the other near Alamo, Nevada. 

Project personnel monitored instruments in these stations shortly 

before, during, and shortly after the detonation (36). 

Project 7.1, Pragmatic Instrumental Measurements, was 

conducted by the Air Force Special Weapons Center. The overall 

objective of the experiment, which consisted of four subprojects, 

was to obtain information on the effects of the electromagnetic 

pulse on selected missile systems components. 

The specific objective of Subproject 7.1.1 was to monitor 

logic circuits to determine the source and amplitude of voltage 

transients caused by the electromagnetic pulse. Project personnel placed test equipment, including logic circuitry and signal 

and power cables, in an unmanned bunker 210 meters southeast of 

the shot-tower (47). 

The objective of Subproject 7.1.2 was to observe the effects 

of the electromagnetic pulse on magnetic computer memory 

139 
elements. Participants placed guidance computer memory units in 

the bunker used for Subproject 7.1.1 equipment and in a bunker 90 

meters southeast of the shot-tower. They also buried lengths of 

antenna, ranging from three to 150 meters, at depths of two to 

eight feet in the area south of the shot-tower. Distances from 

the shot-tower to the ends of the antennas ranged from 90 to 700 

meters (47). 

Subproject 7.1.3 was to determine the extent of physical 

damage from the electromagnetic pulse to buried antennas, the 

magnitude of induced currents in the antenna elements and transmission cables, and the effectiveness of voltage surge protective 

devices incorporated into the antenna system (47). 

The objective of Subproject 7.1.4, Transient Radiation 

Effects Measurements on Guidance System Circuits, was to obtain 

data on the transient response of typical ballistic missile 

guidance and control systems to the prompt gamma pulse from a 

nuclear detonation. The data were then compared to other data 

obtained by exposing the same types of electronic systems to 

radiation sources in the laboratory. Project personnel installed 

guidance and control systems at stations 850, 1,260, 1,740, and 

2,290 meters southwest of the shot-tower. Signals from these 

stations went to unmanned bunkers containing electronic recording 

instruments. After the declaration of recovery hour, five 

personnel collected data from the stations and bunkers (76; 96). 

Project 7.2, Experimental Confirmation on Theoretical 

Development of Radiological Armor, was conducted by the Army 

Tank - Automotive Center and General Dynamics Corporation, with 

assistance from the Army Ballistic Research Laboratories and the 

Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory. The objective was to evaluate 

the shielding integrity of radiological armor installed on a tank 

with special protection against radiation. 

140 
Project personnel placed M-48 tanks and assorted tank 

components 215, 365, 470, 550, and 640 meters southwest of the 

shot-tower. They installed various gamma detectors inside and 

outside the tanks and components. The detectors on the outside 

of the equipment were then attached to the Project 2.3 drag cable 

line, which lay adjacent to the tanks and components. After the 

detonation, three personnel in a heavy vehicle recovered the 

detectors attached to the cable by dragging the line out of the 

shot area. Four teams totaling 17 personnel entered the shot 

area, probably within 24 hours, to retrieve the remaining 

exterior instruments. Participants reentered the shot area 24 

hours after the detonation to recover detectors within the tanks 

and components. During this activity, participants analyzed some 

of the detectors onsite. They sent others for analysis to the 

Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory (76; 78). 

Project 7.5, Response of Electrical Power Systems to 

Electromagnetic Effects of Nuclear Detonations, was conducted by 

the Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratories. The 

objective was to determine the response of field army electrical 

power systems to the electromagnetic pulse from a surface nuclear 

detonation. The power unit tested was a 45-kilowatt enginegenerator set with two 36-meter distribution cables, typical of 

power units used in field generating systems. The generator was 

positioned on the ground at an unspecified distance and direction 

from the shot-tower. Instruments to measure and record the 

generator's response to the electromagnetic pulse were nearby in 

a seven-foot deep concrete pit (23). 

Project 7.6, Feasibility Evaluation of an Aerial Radiac 

Survey System, was conducted by the Army Electronic Proving 

Ground. The objective was to test and evaluate experimental 

aerial radiac equipment under actual nuclear conditions. Project 

personnel established an air operations center and drone launch, 

control, and recovery point about six kilometers northwest of the 

141 
shot-tower. In the operations center, personnel analyzed the 

telemetered and recorded data from manned and drone flights in 

the fallout path. Two HUS-1 helicopters from the 3d Marine Air 

Group, Santa Ana, California, flew over the fallout area about 

two, six, and 22 hours after the detonation. The helicopters 

operated out of a heliport at the Control Point. Drone aircraft 

flew over the fallout path ten, 11, and 15 hours after the 

detonation. The drone flights were limited to an area northeast 

of ground zero (50). 

Project 7.6.1, Evaluation of Aerial Radiac Monitor Systems 

for Interim Tripartite Standardization, was conducted by the Army 

Electronic Proving Ground. Also participating were the 

Directorate of Equipment Policy of the British Army, the 

Equipment Engineering Establishment of the Canadian Army, the 

Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory, and the Office 

of Civil Defense. The purpose was to evaluate aerial radiac 

systems proposed by the United States, Canada, and the United 

Kingdom in order to standardize a system for interim use by these 

nations. Project personnel tested five types of aerial radiological survey equipment, which was supplied by the participating 

agencies. Representatives of each of the five agencies operated 

their own equipment and recorded and analyzed the data (51). 

Two Marine Corps HUS-1 helicopters containing radiac equipment flew predetermined routes over radioactive areas at heights 

between 100 and 1,000 feet and at ground speeds of 50 to 100 

knots. These helicopters also participated in Project 7.6. One 

helicopter carried all the survey equipment except the system 

developed by the Army Engineer Development Laboratory. This 

aircraft made a total of three flights, at two hours, six hours, 

and 22 hours after the detonation. The other HUS-1 carried the 

Army Engineer Development Laboratory's radiac system and an 

additional Canadian system. This helicopter's three flights were 

142 
at five, 24, and 47 hours after the detonation. Using information from these aerial surveys, participants plotted isodose 

contour maps and evaluated and compared the radiac systems (51). 

Project 7.8, Arming and Fuzing Component Test, was conducted 

by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. The objectives were to: 

0 Determine if radiation from a nuclear detonation would 

cause permanent damage to arming and fuzing components 

0 Compare nuclear weapon radiation effects with those 

produced by radiation simulators. 

Project personnel installed an arming and fuzing component 190 

meters from the shot-tower. They also installed gamma and 

neutron dosimeters and other instrumentation inside and outside 

the arming and fuzing component to measure radiation-induced 

phenomena. After the detonation, project personnel recovered the 

dosimeters and instruments from the area. The Army Nuclear 

Defense Laboratory analyzed the dosimeters (97). 

Project 7.8.1, Magnetic Detection Equipment Test, was 

conducted by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. The objective was to 

measure the electromagnetic field in the frequency range of one 

to 4,500 cycles per second. Project personnel set up electromagnetic detector instruments about eight kilometers from the 

shot-tower. A manned instrument station located nearby served as 

a base for recording data, for turning equipment on and off, and 

for checking proper operation of the equipment. Thirty seconds 

before shot-time, project personnel turned on the magnetic detection equipment at this station and kept the equipment running 

until about two minutes after the detonation. The recorded data 

were sent to the Naval Ordnance Laboratory for examination (85). 

Project 7.9, Prooftesting of Operational Shipboard Material, 

was conducted by the David Taylor Model Basin. The objective was 

to determine in selected shipboard components the extent of 

143 
damage caused by the airblast from a surface nuclear detonation. 

The components tested were several types of antennas, various 

styles of deckhouse structures, and two smokestacks. Strain 

gauges, displacement and velocity meters, and other instruments 

measured and recorded component responses to the airblast. 

Cables buried in a three-foot-deep trench connected these gauges 

to the recording instruments, located in a buried, unmanned 

bunker 760 meters southwest of the shot-tower. The shipboard 

structures were southwest of the shot-tower at distances ranging 

from 290 to 400 meters (42). 

Project 7.10, Spectral Analysis with High-time Resolution of 

the Thermal Radiation Pulse, was conducted by the Army Nuclear 

Defense Laboratory, with the assistance of the Frankford Arsenal 

and the Natick Laboratories. Its primary objective was to 

investigate the spectral irradiance and luminosity of the first 

thermal pulse to furnish information for use in studies on 

protection against flash blindness and, possibly, in research 

involving trigger devices and other photographic equipment. 

Before the detonation, project participants built three 

stations approximately two, four, and six kilometers due south of 

the shot-tower. The station located two kilometers from the 

shot-tower was used to test face masks. The stations four and 

six kilometers from ground zero were equipped with instruments to 

measure wavelength bands. Project personnel calibrated these 

instruments after they were installed. After the detonation, 

three project participants retrieved data from the instruments 

(64; 76). 

Project 7.12, Nuclear Effects on Television Camera 

Installations, was conducted by the Defense Communications 

Agency. The objectives were to: 

Determine the blast and shock effects on television 

camera components 

0 

144 
0 Determine the effectiveness of a special shutter mechanism designed to protect the videotube of a television 

camera agaist damage from excessive light 

0 Make a motion picture record of the shot as viewed on a 

television monitor. 

Project personnel installed television cameras and shutter 

devices 170 meters southwest and 250 meters southeast of the 

shot-tower. They placed a third camera station in a bunker 2,440 

meters southwest of the shot-tower. Personnel rehearsed the 

experiment and photographed the activities of other project 

participants in the shot area before the shot. The two camera 

stations 170 and 250 meters from ground zero were unmanned and 

operated by battery. Project participants operated the camera 

station in the bunker through shot-time. After the area was 

opened for recovery operations, project personnel inspected the 

two forward camera stations to assess their operability. They 

also photographed the station areas (91). 

Project 7.13, F-lOOF/GAM-83B Simulation, was conducted 

jointly by the Air Force Systems Command and the 6570th Aerospace 

Medical Research Laboratories. Its objectives were to determine 

F-100F response to weapons in the yield range of a GAM-83B 

missile, verify the existing structural analysis of the F-lOOF's 

response, and evaluate the effectiveness of devices designed to 

protect eyes from flash blindness and retinal burns. 

On the day of the detonation, the F-100F aircraft left 

Nellis AFB with enough fuel for 50 minutes at the test site. 

Ground-installed positioning radar controlled the aircraft to 

ensure that it would arrive at 2,820 meters from ground zero at 

the time of the detonation. The aircraft maintained a ground 

speed of 270 meters per second (525 knots) and a height of 1,500 

feet above the detonation throughout its flight path. After 

completing its mission, the F-100F landed at Indian Springs 

AFB (62). 

145 
Project 7.14, Bomb Alarm Detector Test, was conducted by 

Western Union Telegraph Company and Headquarters, Air Force. The 

objective was to prove that a bomb alarm system could recognize a 

nuclear event and indicate its occurrence. Project personnel 

installed detectors about one, two, three, six, 11, and 19 kilometers from the shot-tower. Cable circuits connected these 

detectors to the instrument station, a trailer containing sensitive recording equipment, located about six kilometers from the 

shot-tower. This station was about 1.5 kilometers east of the 

intersection of Mercury Highway and the east-west road into 

Frenchman Flat. Personnel spent several weeks at the NTS installing the equipment, rehearsing planned activities, and then operating the station before, during, and after the detonation (16). 

Project 7.15, Effects of Nuclear Radiation on B-52/GAM-77 

Weapon System, was conducted by the Aeronautical Systems Division 

of the Air Force Systems Command. The objective was to obtain 

information on the effects of nuclear radiation on the 

B-52/GAM-77 Weapon System. 

Two Strategic Air Command B-52G aircraft from SeymourJohnson AFB, North Carolina, flew over the detonation. Each of 

the B-52Gs had two GAM-77 missiles installed. The two aircraft 

began their test run 63 kilometers due south of the shot-tower. 

During the test run, the aircraft descended to their final 

altitudes of 10,600 feet and 12,581 feet, respectively. 

Ten seconds before the detonation, the aircrews drew thermal 

curtains over all aircraft windows. The aircrews indicated that, 

during the shot, they felt a jolt somewhat greater than they had 

ever before experienced in flight. After passing over ground 

zero, the aircraft turned toward Winslow, Arizona, and eventually 

returned to Seymour-Johnson AFB. After the aircraft landed, 

personnel removed dosimetry packages from the B-52Gs. The 

146 
missiles were transported to North American Aviation for 

analysis. The aircrews' film badges were sent to the Air Force 

Radiological Health Laboratory at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, for 

evaluation (25). 

Project 7.16, Airborne E-Field Radiation Measurements of 

Electromagnetic Pulse Phenomena, was conducted by the Naval 

Missile Center. The objective was to measure, from the air, the 

vertical electric field of the radiated electromagnetic pulse 

from the detonation. Project participants placed electromagnetic 

pulse detection and recording equipment, including vertical whip 

antennas, magnetic tape recorders, and oscilloscopes, on one 

C-131F and one A-3A aircraft that flew over the shot area. At 

the time of detonation, the C-131F was 3,230 meters east of 

ground zero at an altitude of 13,680 feet. It had an airspeed of 

155 knots and a heading of 170 degrees. The A-3A was at an 

altitude of 18,000 feet directly over ground zero at the time of 

detonation. Its airspeed was 250 knots, with a heading of 164 

degrees. After the detonation, both aircraft landed at Indian 

Springs AFB for radiation monitoring before returning to Point 

Mugu, California (13). 

Project 7.17, Radiological Water Decontamination Study, was 

conducted by the Army Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories. The objectives were to: 

0 Study the effect of acidity or alkalinity, temperature, and time of contact upon the solubility of 

radioactive soil and debris in water 

0 Evaluate emergency methods of removing radioactive 

materials from water 

a Evaluate Army and Civil Defense field methods of 

determining the concentration of radioactive 

materials in water 

Evaluate a proposed decontamination method for 

removing radioactivity from water. 

0 

147 
Four days after the detonation, project participants scraped 

soil samples from the surface at the 10 R/h line. They removed 

the samples from the shot area and determined the specific 

activity of each sample. They then delivered the samples to a 

laboratory in Yucca Pass for analysis. After the soil samples 

were dissolved in water, personnel conducted solubility studies, 

tested instruments for detection of radioactivity in water, and 

tested Civil Defense and Army water decontamination techniques (61). 

Projects 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, and 9.7 were support 

projects conducted by Field Command, DASA, with the assistance of 

other DOD agencies and contractors. Much of the work done by 

these projects involved aerial and ground photography performed 

by the Army Pictorial Center; Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratories; EG&G, Incorporated; and Sandia Corporation. Depending on 

project requirements, the number of personnel directly involved 

numbered from one officer and seven enlisted men to four 

officers, 17 enlisted men, and four civilians (31). 

Project 9.10, Design, Testing, and Field Pumping of Grout 

Mixtures, was conducted by the Army Engineer Waterways Experiment 

Station. The objective was to test a grout mixture in the field 

and determine the effects of a nuclear detonation on its physical 

properties. Project personnel placed the grout mixture, which 

they had previously developed in the laboratory, in several 

instrument holes installed in the shot area by the Stanford 

Research Institute and Sandia Corporation. Some of these holes 

were 1.5 to 350 meters southeast of the shot-tower (70). 

Project 8.1, Intermediate Range Seismic Measurements, was 

conducted by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey as part 

of the VELA UNIFORM projects, which were designed to improve U.S. 

capabilities in detecting and identifying underground nuclear 

detonations. The Project 8.1 objective was to record seismic 

148 
data at the time of detonation from six stations approximately 

30 to 160 kilometers from ground zero. Seismometers and 

geophones were used to collect information (103). 

Project 8.4, Long Range Seismic Studies, was conducted by 

the Geotechnical Corporation as part of the VELA UNIFORM series 

of projects. The objective was to record and analyze seismic 

signals. Information was obtained from approximately 40 stations 

located 75 to 4,000 kilometers from ground zero. The Air Force 

Technical Applications Center analyzed the data resulting from 

the project (103). 

7.1.2 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Under the operational control of AFSWC, various Air Force 

units conducted security, photography, cloud-sampling, courier, 

and cloud-tracking missions. 

7.2 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT SMALL BOY 

Information is available concerning the results of onsite 

and offsite monitoring and the procedures used to control reentry 

into the shot and fallout areas at Shot SMALL BOY. In addition, 

some information is available on the decontamination of personnel 

and vehicles. 

Monitoring 

From the time of detonation until the time when the initial 

monitoring teams were permitted to enter the shot area, REECo 

personnel obtained data on gamma and beta radiation from the 

remote radiation detection stations. The stations were in a 

counter-clockwise pattern north to south of ground zero (73). 

149 
The initial onsite monitoring party, consisting of four 

two-man teams in four radio-equipped vehicles, entered the shot 

area 33 minutes after the detonation. The teams proceeded into 

the area after receiving radiation data from remotely operated 

detector units located north, south, and west of ground zero. 

The monitoring teams surveyed the shot area and then radioed 

their data to plotting facilities at the Control Point and the 

radiological safety base station. Using this information, 

radiological safety personnel plotted isointensity maps showing 

the 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 R/h radiation contours (73; 76). Figure 

7-l presents the results of the initial survey. 

The monitoring party conducted a second radiological survey 

five hours after the detonation. The monitors found that the 

0.01 R/h area was confined to within about 240 meters to the 

north and 400 meters to the south of ground zero but extended 

beyond six kilometers to the east. Radiological personnel 

surveyed the shot area daily for 11 days after the detonation. 

By the 11th day, the 0.01 R/h area still extended to the east for 

several kilometers but had receded to within 300 meters of ground 

zero in other directions (73; 76). 

Personnel from the USPHS conducted offsite monitoring at 

Shot SMALL BOY. Twenty mobile monitoring teams, each consisting 

of two men in a radio-equipped vehicle, were stationed at various 

locations east of ground zero. Only 13 teams, however, participated in offsite monitoring on shot-day, with nine of the teams 

remonitoring the area the next day and two of the teams resurveying part of the area two days later. These teams monitored along 

highways east of ground zero. The gamma intensities encountered 

on shot-day ranged from background levels to 0.014 R/h, 

registered 13 miles south of Alamo, Nevada, on Highway 93. By 

the next day, gamma readings at this location had decreased to 

0.002 R/h (69). 

150 
••

. . . 

. 

. 

I 

10.0 R/h 

-. - • • 1.0 R/h 

-- --- 0.1 R/h 

0 1000 

. . . . . . . . . . 1 1 0.01 R/h 

Meters 

Figure 7-1: ISOINTENSITY MAP FOR SHOT SMALL BOY ABOUT 

ONE HOUR AFTER DETONATION 

151 
In addition, a two-man USPHS team in a WB-50 aircraft 

piloted by Air Force personnel conducted a cloud survey. The 

team monitored and tracked the cloud out to 320 kilometers from 

ground zero, beginning at 1130 hours and ending at 1600 hours on 

shot-day. The highest gamma reading recorded inside the aircraft 

was 0.35 R/h. Other gamma readings inside the aircraft ranged 

from background to about 0.3 R/h. This aircraft did not 

penetrate the cloud (69). 

Reentry Procedures 

After the initial onsite ground survey was completed, the 

Test Manager opened the shot area for recovery operations. To 

enter the shot area, each recovery party had to have an access 

permit and each participant had to wear anticontamination 

clothing and equipment, a pocket dosimeter, and a film badge. 

Because there were so many recovery parties at SMALL BOY, onsite 

reentry procedures were staged from two areas, Control Point 

Building 2 and the radiological safety base station. On shot-day 

and the day after, access permits and anticontamination clothing 

were issued to personnel from Control Point Building 2, while 

pocket dosimeters and film badges were issued at the Area 5 Base 

Station. Two days after the detonation, radiological safety 

personnel controlled reentry procedures from the Area 5 base 

station. Radiological Safety Division personnel established a 

similar checkpoint at Indian Springs AFB. The station was east 

of the runways on an access road. Entering personnel were issued 

anticontamination clothing, respiratory protective equipment, and 

pocket dosimeters. Upon exiting from the area, personnel and 

equipment were monitored and decontaminated as necessary (73; 76). 

In another measure to control reentry, Radiological Safety 

Division personnel barricaded all but one road leading into the 

shot area and established a forward control point along this 

road. Personnel entering the shot area had to pass through this 

152 
control point. Radiological safety personnel manned the station 

on shot-day and checked to ensure that each group had an access 

permit. The day after the detonation, the forward control point 

was moved closer to ground zero so roads into other parts of the 

shot area could be opened (5). 

The reentry on the ground of project personnel generally 

began after the entry of the initial monitoring teams and 

continued during the daylight hours on subsequent days. However, 

reentry was sometimes permitted earlier if instruments required 

prompt retrieval and if project participants were accompanied by 

monitors. Aerial reentry began about 30 minutes after the 

detonation. Personnel were directed to leave most of the manned 

shelters by midafternoon because of the fallout pattern over 

these shelters. The last shelter was evacuated at 1930 hours on 

the day of detonation. Recovery of instrumentation and data from 

stations close to ground zero was delayed until ten days after 

the detonation because of radiation levels (31). 

In most cases, the size of reentry parties was from two to 

four men. Exceptions were made when additional personnel were 

needed to reopen stations and bunkers to permit data retrieval. 

Each reentry party was required to be accompanied by one 

radiological safety monitor (31). 

Decontamination 

Radiological safety personnel monitored and decontaminated 

personnel and vehicles at Control Point Building 2, the radiological safety base station in Area 5, and Indian Springs AFB. 

Personnel were decontaminated by washing or showering. Teams 

decontaminated vehicles with detergent and water and by steam 

cleaning. Onsite, they worked on the vehicles primarily at the 

radiological safety base station in Area 5, although vehicle 

decontamination also took place at the Control Point (73; 76). 

153 
Radiological Safety Division personnel used the facility at 

Indian Springs AFB for decontaminating the personnel and aircraft 

involved with cloud-sampling activities at SMALL BOY. Radiological monitors found a maximum gamma reading of 50 R/h on the 

right wing tank of one aircraft that had probably been used for 

cloud sampling. The aircraft was parked overnight, and decontamination was completed the next day. The pilot and crew were 

monitored and decontaminated shortly after completion of their 

mission (44; 52). 

154 
Purpose of Test: 

Weather: 

Radiation Data: 

Participants: 

LITTLE FELLER I 

SHOT SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: DOMINIC II 

DATE/TIME: 17 July 1962, 1000 hours 

YIELD: Low 

HEIGHT OF BURST: Three feet above ground 

Weapons effects test designed to: 

(1) Test the DAVY CROCKETT weapons system 

in a simulated tactical situation 

(2) Train military personnel in the use of 

tactical nuclear weapons under simulated 

battlefield conditions 

(3) Obtain data on weapons effects 

characteristics from a low-yield nuclear 

detonation. 

At shot-time, the temperature was 29.7 degrees 

Celsius. Winds were 15 knots from the southsouthwest at surface level and 11 knots from 

the south-southeast at 10,000 feet. 

Three hours after shot-time, radiation 

intensities of 0.1 R/h or greater were 

confined to within 300 meters of ground zero 

except to the north, where they extended for 

about 3,000 meters. Six days after the 

detonation, radioactivity levels higher than 

0.1 R/h were confined to an area 300 meters 

from ground zero. 

Exercise IVY FLATS troops; Army Ballistic 

Research Laboratories; Army Engineer Waterways 

Experiment Station; Army Nuclear Defense 

Laboratory; Air Force Weapons Laboratory; 

Sandia Corporation; Air Force Special Weapons 

Center; Army Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories; Army Electronics Research and 

Development Laboratory; Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory; AEC civilians; other contractors. 

155 
CHAPTER 8 

SHOT LITTLE FELLER I 

Shot LITTLE FELLER I was detonated on 17 July 1962 at 1000 

hours Pacific Daylight Time in Area 18 of Yucca Flat, UTM coordinates 606069. Figures 8-1 and 8-2 show the LITTLE FELLER I 

event, figure 8-l at 20 seconds after the detonation and figure 

8-2 at 40 seconds after the detonation (29). Sponsored by the 

Department of Defense, LITTLE FELLER I was a stockpile DAVY 

CROCKETT tactical weapon, similar to Shot LITTLE FELLER II. Army 

personnel fired the device as part of IVY FLATS, the troop exercise conducted after the detonation. The LITTLE FELLER I device 

was detonated near the surface and had a low yield (5; 29; 31). 

At shot-time, the temperature at the surface was 29.7 

degrees Celsius. Winds were 15 knots from the south-southwest at 

the surface and 11 knots from the south-southeast at 10,000 feet. 

The top of the cloud formed by the shot reached 11,000 feet and 

moved north-northwest from the point of detonation (35). 

Shot LITTLE FELLER I was originally planned as one of three 

LITTLE FELLER detonations. The original plans for these shots 

are outlined at the beginning of chapter 5. 

8.1 EXERCISE IVY FLATS 

Exercise IVY FLATS, with approximately 1,000 participating 

soldiers, involved more DOD personnel than any other Nevada Test 

Site Organization project conducted at Shot LITTLE FELLER I. Sponsored by Headquarters, Sixth Army, the maneuver was designed to: 

Test equipment, tactics, and techniques for use of 

the DAVY CROCKETT weapons system in ground combat 

156 

0 


• Test the ability of Army personnel to operate under 

the conditions resulting from a low-yield nuclear 

detonation 

0 Give Army personnel experience in preparing and 

conducting a nuclear tactical exercise (46). 

A task force from the 1st Mechanized Infantry Battalion, 

12th Infantry, conducted the exercise. This task force consisted 

of elements from the units listed below. These units were all 

from the 4th Infantry Division, Fort Lewis, Washington, except 

for the Army Aviation Detachment (45). 

Number of 

Unit Participants 

Headquarters and Headquarters Company* 199 

Company A 193 

Company B (Command Post Exercise) 6 

Company C (Command Post Exercise) 6 

Artillery Battery 91 

Forward Air Control Section 2 

Liaison Section 3 

Forward Observer Section 6 

Survey Party 13 

Maintenance Unit 2 

Tank Platoon 21 

Army Aviation Detachment 12 

Total 549 

*Probably included the DAVY CROCKETT platoon 

Company A was the only line company of the battalion to 

participate in this maneuver. Companies B and C were represented 

by command and communication elements only. Company A was 

supported in the exercise by a tank platoon, a 105mm artillery 

159 
-- - 

battery, a battalion mortar element, elements of the Army Aviation 

Detachment, and a DAVY CROCKETT platoon. The DAVY CROCKETT platoon 

consisted of a headquarters, staffed by an officer and two enlisted 

men, and a heavy squad and a light squad, each with five men. The 

heavy squad operated a DAVY CROCKETT launcher mounted on an armored 

personnel carrier, and the light squad operated a launcher mounted 

on a l/4-ton truck (45; 46). 

In addition to the task force, a support group provided 

personnel, supply, transportation, and maintenance services for 

the task force and for the IVY FLATS Headquarters. This group 

consisted of the following units (45; 46): 

Number of 

Unit Home Station Participants 

Command element Fort Lewis, Washington 5 

Explosive Ordnance 6th Army* 13 

Disposal Detachment 

Ordnance Officer Fort Lewis 1 

Quartermaster Officer Fort Lewis 1 

Warhead Supply Section Fort Sill, Oklahoma 8 

Maintenance Detachment, 

3rd Echelon 

0 Ordnance Detachment Fort Lewis 21 

0 Engineer Detachment Fort Lewis 5 

0 Signal Detachment Fort Lewis 5 

Medical Support and 6th Army* 20 

Evacuation 

Army Aviation Detachment 6th Army* 39 

Army Aircraft Repair Team 6th Army* 23 

Transportation Section 6th Army* 20 

*Home station unknown. 

160 
DAVY CROCKETT Display 4th Infantry Division, 15 

Section Fort Lewis 

Security Platoon 

0 Security Detachment 4th Infantry Division, 28 

Fort Lewis 

0 Warhead Security 4th Infantry Division, 4 

Section Fort Lewis 

Total 208 

A third category of military personnel participated in the 

maneuver as observers. Approximately 395 military and civilian 

DOD personnel, escorted by about 20 additional officers and 85 

support personnel, observed the exercise from bleachers southwest 

of ground zero. The Control, Safety, and Evaluation Group comprised a fourth category of military participants. Some of these 

personnel accompanied the battalion task force, and others were 

at the command post during the maneuver to ensure that it was 

performed as closely to plan and as safely as possible (45; 46). 

Exercise IVY FLATS was based on the following scenario. The 

United States was engaged in a war in which tactical nuclear 

weapons had been used. As part of a general offensive, a 

mechanized infantry battalion was given the mission of protecting 

the division right flank by seizing Objective 1. The battalion 

commander was allocated DAVY CROCKETT weapons, one of which was 

the nuclear warhead and the others high-explosive weapons, which 

were to simulate nuclear weapons. Company A of the battalion had 

priority of fire from a battery of 105mm howitzers. The company 

was also supported by a platoon of tanks and mortars. The 

maneuver, to be conducted shortly after the LITTLE FELLER I detonation, was designed so that soon after the attack was launched, 

an enemy threat to the right flank was to be discovered. The 

battalion commander would then use two high-explosive weapons 

161 
(simulated nuclear weapons) to neutralize this threat. Upon 

seizing Objective 1 and neutralizing the threat to the right 

flank, the exercise was to end (46). 

To prepare for this exercise, the battalion task force 

observed Shot JOHNIE BOY, on 11 July, and received a briefing 

from NTSO instructors on the requirements of the planned 

maneuver. In addition, the task force conducted rehearsals on 

13, 14, and 15 July 1962. On 17 July 1962, from 0400 to 0530 

hours, trained personnel from the task force transported the 

weapons from the Special Ammunition Supply Point to the Delivery 

Unit Supply Point. From 0530 to 0630 hours, Delivery Unit Supply 

Point teams unpacked and inspected the weapons. They then gave 

one high-explosive weapon to each leader of the two five-man 

squads that were to participate in the exercise. 

At 0600 hours, the troops arrived at the exercise ground, 

located in Area 18 of the Nevada Test Site. They took their 

positions at the locations shown in figure 8-3. From 0700 to 

0800 hours, the light and heavy squads practiced firing the DAVY 

CROCKETT launchers to check and calibrate the range of weapon to 

the target. Scientific personnel then moved forward under the 

direction of DASA and the AEC to check instrumentation in the 

target area. Meanwhile, one L-20 flew an aerial survey mission 

to ensure that no unauthorized personnel were in or'approaching 

the target area. By 0847 hours, all scientific personnel had 

left the shot area (46). 

At 0930 hours, 30 minutes before the detonation, the AEC 

started its countdown for Shot LITTLE FELLER I. It announced the 

countdown over radio and public address systems located at the 

military observer bleacher sites, the control tower and the 

battalion headquarters, and mechanized company and tank platoon 

positions. Figure 8-3 shows these positions. From 0945 to 0955 

hours, all personnel forward of the bleacher site entered 

162 
I 

09-

I I -.--.-

I I 

C 

f 

High Explosive 

Target Area 

08, 

DAVY CROCKETT 

Launch Site 

Military 

Observer 

0 

Control Tower

Position 

and Battalion 

(UTM 588050) Headquarters 

(UTM 617054) 

4.2 

Mortar 

Section 

LITTLE 

FELLER I 

Launch Site 

04-

Nevada Test Site 105mm 

Area 18 Howitzer 

17 July 1962 Battery 

okzk4m 66 60 61 

Figure 8-3: EXERCISE IVY FLATS MANEUVER AREA 

163 
previously prepared trenches, where they remained until after the 

detonation. Shot LITTLE FELLER I was launched at 1000 hours from 

the weapon launcher mounted on the armored personnel carrier. 

The warhead detonated on target, 2,853 meters from the firing 

position (46). 

Three initial survey teams from the Radiological Safety 

Division traversed the south end of the area within a few minutes 

after the detonation to conduct a preliminary survey before the 

DOD exercises. At about 1003, the battalion commander assessed 

the damage from one H-23 helicopter flying over the shot area (46). 

According to plans, the initial combat formation for the 

advance of Company A was to be a diamond with the tank platoon 

leading, the first and second rifle platoons following, and the 

third rifle platoon in the rear of the formation. Company A was 

to proceed north to the dismount area at about UTM 615085, where 

the platoons would dismount from armored personnel carriers and 

attack Objective 1 located nearby. Figure 8-4 shows Company A 

personnel after dismounting and in support of the tank platoon 

(29). The battalion commander estimated that the maneuver troops 

could seize the objective about 30 minutes after departure. 

Based on this estimate, he ordered the DAVY CROCKETT squads, both 

probably accompanied by radiological safety monitors, to a 

position on the ridge about 1,000 meters south of Objective 1. 

At about 1055 hours, the mortar and DAVY CROCKETT platoon leaders 

were to use conventional weapons to engage the target of opportunity. This target, shown in figure 8-3, was the location of 

the simulated enemy threat on the right flank. At the close of 

the maneuver, the light and heavy squads were to neutralize this 

threat by conventional fire. 

At 1026 hours, after the radiation surveys were completed, 

the troops were ordered to enter their vehicles and move into the 

164 

shot area. The light DAVY CROCKETT squad was to move directly 

behind Company A, while the heavy squad was to move to the left 

of ground zero. The light squad had difficulties traveling 

cross-country, probably because of the sandy terrain. The heavy 

squad was required to alter its planned route, as it attempted to 

bypass a 12 R/h radiation area and veered farther away from 

ground zero. These difficulties delayed the firing of the highexplosive projectiles from 1055 to 1110 hours. At about 1050 

hours, the heavy squad occupied the forward firing position, 

shown in figure 8-3. Shortly thereafter, the light squad reached 

its firing position (45; 46). 

During the initial forward movement of Company A, the second 

rifle platoon and two tanks were detached from the main assault 

and deployed against a simulated enemy position at UTM coordinates 618075. The purpose of this deployment was to roll back 

the enemy at that position and to secure the right flank. The 

platoon and tanks were supported in their advance by 4.2-inch 

mortars, 81mm mortars, and 106mm recoilless rifles. The 105mm 

howitzer battery also provided support with an artillery barrage. 

After the platoon had seized the enemy position, the 81mm mortars 

and the two tanks rejoined Company A to support the main attack 

on Objective 1 (45; 46). 

Company A, now consisting of the first and third rifle 

platoons and the tanks, continued the attack on Objective 1. It 

was supported by tank and mortar fire. Company A seized 

Objective 1 at 1059 hours. Meanwhile, as armed helicopters were 

employed against an enemy counterattack on the right flank, 

mortar and platoon leaders directed the firing of both DAVY 

CROCKETT high-explosive weapons at the enemy target, shown in 

figure 8-3, at 1115 hours. The ranges of the projectiles were 

1,850 meters and 1,575 meters. The tactical exercise ended with 

the firing of these two weapons. All personnel forward of the 

line of departure moved to the battalion decontamination station 

166 
near the battalion command post. There, they were monitored for 

contamination and, if necessary, decontaminated (45; 46). 

Military observers witnessed Shot LITTLE FELLER I and the 

IVY FLATS maneuver. They arrived by bus at the observation site, 

UTM coordinates 588050, about 90 minutes before the nuclear 

detonation. About 40 minutes before the shot, an instructor 

explained the planned maneuver to the observers. Wearing highdensity goggles, the observers watched the detonation and 

subsequent maneuver from bleachers at the observation site. 

Using a chart, an easel, and a display of the DAVY CROCKETT 

weapon system located near the bleachers, the instructor 

described the maneuver as it was being conducted (45). 

About 20 minutes after the conclusion of the maneuver, 

officers from the Visitors' Bureau escorted the observers to 

waiting buses, which took them to the target area. Leaving their 

buses, the observers viewed the weapon effects and listened to a 

30-minute briefing from an instructor. They then boarded buses 

and went to the decontamination station to be monitored and, if 

necessary, decontaminated (45). 

8.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND 

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT LITTLE FELLER I 

Department of Defense personnel participated in a number of 

scientific projects conducted by the Weapons Effects Test Group 

at Shot LITTLE FELLER I. These projects and their participants 

are identified in table 8-l. DOD personnel also took part in 

AFSWC activities providing support to some of the test group 

projects and to the Test Manager. 

167 
Table 8-1: WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT 

OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION, SHOT LllTLE FELLER I 

Project/ 

Program Title Participants 

1.1 Airblast Phenomena from Small Yield Devices Army Ballistic Research Laboratories 

2.3 Neutron Flux Measurements Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory 

2.4 Integrated Gamma Dose Measurements Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory 

2.8 Radiological Surveys Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory 

4.1 Tissue Dosimetry Air Force Weapons Laboratory; Army Signal Research 

and Development Laboratory; Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory 

6.6 Initial Gamma Rate Measurements Air Force Special Weapons Center 

6.6b Electromagnetic Measurements Air Force Special Weapons Center; Sandia Corporation 

7.17 Radiological Water Decontamination Study Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratories 

8.1 High Time Resolution of the First Thermal Pulse Army Electronics Research and Development 

LaboratorY 

8.2 Fallout Hazard Determination by Fireball Spectroscopy Army Electronics Research and Development 

Laboratory 

9.2 Documentary Photography Field Command, DASA 

9.4 Weapon Test Reports Field Command, DASA 

9.5 Communications Field Command, DASA 

9.6 General DOD Support Field Command, DASA 

9.7 Engineering and Field Operations Field Command, DASA; Holmes and Narver; REECo 

168 
8.2.1 Weapons Effects Tests 

The Weapons Effects Test Group projects conducted at Shot 

LITTLE FELLER I were similar to those conducted at Shot LITTLE 

FELLER II but less extensive since the main objective of the shot 

was to test the DAVY CROCKETT weapons system and to stage the 

tactical exercise. The projects that were conducted were 

designed to provide data on the blast, shock, prompt nuclear 

radiation, and fallout effects of a low-yield nuclear detonation. 

Participants in these activities spent several weeks before the 

detonation placing and calibrating various types of instruments 

and gauges in the shot area. Project personnel accompanied by 

radiological safety monitors reentered the shot area at various 

times after the officially declared reentry hour to retrieve 

instruments and analyze data (5; 29; 31). 

Project 1.1, Airblast Phenomena from Small Yield Devices, 

was conducted by the Army Ballistic Research Laboratories to: 

0 Measure the free-field overpressure and dynamic pressure 

versus time resulting from the detonation of a DAVY 

CROCKETT weapon 

• Measure the free-air overpressure versus time resulting 

from the detonation of a DAVY CROCKETT weapon 

• Integrate the results with existing subkiloton nuclear 

and multiton high-explosive data 

0 Provide supporting free-field measurements of blast 

parameters to other projects as required. 

Project personnel placed nine self-recording gauges along a line 

1.3 to 3,620 meters from ground zero. Only the gauge farthest 

from ground zero worked properly (65). 

Project 2.3, Neutron Flux Measurements, was conducted by the 

Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory. The objective was to document 

neutron flux versus ground range. Project personnel installed 

neutron flux detectors 30 to 45 meters northeast of ground zero, 

169 
30 to 460 meters southeast of ground zero, and 30 to 730 meters 

southwest of ground zero. They attached most of the detectors to 

cables. Immediately after the detonation, project personnel, 

assisted by Project 7.2 participants, entered the shot area in an 

M-88 tank retriever to drag the cables out of the area. They 

transported the detectors to the Project 2.3 mobile laboratory at 

the Control Point (80). 

Project 2.4, Integrated Gamma Dose Measurements, was 

conducted by the Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory to document 

gamma dose versus ground range. Before the detonation, project 

personnel installed gamma detectors along four lines, three of 

which were parallel to one another southeast of ground zero. The 

fourth line of instruments was southwest of ground zero. The 

gamma detectors, which project personnel attached to a recovery 

line, were positioned from 30 to 730 meters from ground zero. 

After the detonation, personnel from Projects 2.4 and 2.3 used an 

M-88 tank retriever to pull the recovery line out of the radiation field. They completed recovery within three hours after 

the detonation. The gamma detectors were then sent for analysis 

to the Army Nuclear Defense Laboratory and the Army Signal 

Research and Development Laboratory (79). 

Project 2.8, Radiological Surveys, was conducted by the Army 

Nuclear Defense Laboratory. The objectives were to determine: 

0 Residual radiation patterns and decay rates 

resulting from a low-yield detonation 

• Gamma exposure rates and decay rates. 

To obtain data, ground-survey teams and helicopter-to-ground 

units surveyed radiation areas. In addition, personnel obtained 

information from a dose-recording instrument placed near the 

crater resulting from the detonation and from film badges 

positioned throughout the region of expected fallout (8). 

170 
Ground-survey stations were established along roads in the 

shot area. For LITTLE FELLER I, 12 new roads were made 60 to 

1,500 meters downwind of ground zero. Beyond 1,500 meters, 

project personnel used the road networks established for Shots 

LITTLE FELLER II and JOHNIE BOY and described in chapters 5 and 6 

of this report. Upwind stake lines were southeast to southwest 

of ground zero (8). 

The monitors followed the same basic procedures in 

conducting the surveys. These procedures are detailed in the 

Project 2.8 description for Shot LITTLE FELLER II. 

The one ground survey conducted on the day of Shot LITTLE 

FELLER I was begun three hours after the detonation. Troop 

operations in the shot area following the detonation caused the 

delay in the onset of the survey. A survey to the 10 R/h line 

was not made until the first day after the detonation. This 

delay occurred because the monitors had previously participated 

at Shots LITTLE FELLER II and JOHNIE BOY and had nearly reached 

their maximum permissible doses (8). To obtain information on 

the rate of decay, resurveys of selected stations were conducted 

on the second, third, and fourth days after the detonation. 

Personnel recovered film badges in the area during the third day 

after the shot (8). 

Helicopter operations were limited for Shot LITTLE FELLER 

because of the IVY FLATS maneuver in the area. Ninety minutes 

after the detonation, personnel placed an instrument near the 

crater using the procedures identified in the description for 

Shot LITTLE FELLER II. Four aerial survey missions were 

accomplished over the ground zero area on the day of detonation. 

Resurveys were conducted on the first and second days after the 

shot. The participating helicopters and crews were from the 

Marine Corps. Chemical Corps officers from Headquarters, 

Continental Army Command, Fort Monroe, Virginia, conducted the 

measurements from the aircraft (8). 

171 

I 
Project 4.1, Tissue Dosimetry, was conducted by the Air 

Force Weapons Laboratory, with assistance from the Army Signal 

Research and Development Laboratory and the Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory. Objectives were to: 

0 Measure initial levels 

radiation in the shot 

of neutron 

area 

and gamma 

0 Measure and compare radiation levels in the air and 

at various depths in animal tissue and in synthetic 

materials equivalent in density to animal tissue 

a Evaluate the performance of various 

dosimeters in field conditions. 

types of 

Project personnel placed gamma and neutron dosimeters on 

stakes, inside sheep carcasses, and inside synthetic tissue 

materials. They located these test specimens 300, 400, and 460 

meters from ground zero. Three hours after the detonation, three 

participants in two vehicles returned to the shot area and 

recovered the dosimeters. Five hours after the detonation, 

personnel began dosimetry readings, an activity continued until 

the day after the detonation (20; 74). 

Project 6.6, Initial Gamma Rate Measurements, was conducted 

by the Air Force Special Weapons Center. Objectives were to: 

• Measure the gamma dose rate as a function of time 

from time zero to 1,000 microseconds after the 

detonation 

a Determine the feasibility of moving a fully instrumented bunker from one shot area to another. 

Project personnel had constructed a bunker from a five-meter 

section of a metal pipe three meters in diameter, the ends of 

which were closed with steel plates. After the JOHNIE BOY 

detonation, they used a flatbed truck to transport the material 

to the LITTLE FELLER I shot area. Participants then placed the 

bunker in a hole 70 meters southeast of ground zero and put gamma 

172 
detectors and automatic cameras inside the bunker. Two hours 

before the detonation, participants reentered the shot area to 

check the instruments and secure the bunker. For the first 30 

seconds after the detonation, the instruments in the bunker 

automatically collected data. Project personnel returned to the 

shot area three days after the shot to recover film and other 

recorded data. They brought the film for processing to the EG8G 

photography trailer near the Control Point (63). 

Project 6.6b, Electromagnetic Measurements, was conducted by 

the Air Force Special Weapons Center and the Sandia Corporation. 

The main objective was to obtain and correlate data concerning 

gamma radiation rates from a nuclear detonation, the resultant 

electromagnetic field, and field-induced currents in various 

cable configurations. Project personnel extended two copper 

wires from the southeast to within 15 meters of ground zero at a 

depth of one foot. They instrumented the wire for dynamic 

current measurements at 60 and 300 meters from ground zero and 

for passive current measurements at various other distances along 

the cables. Signals from these instruments were carried by wire 

to the recording station, where they were recorded on magnetic 

tapes (48). 

Project 7.17, Radiological Water Decontamination Study, was 

conducted by the Army Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories. The objectives were to evaluate: 

The effect of acidity or alkalinity, temperature, 

and time of contact upon the solubility of radioactive soil and debris in water 

Emergency methods of removing radioactive materials 

from water 

Army and Civil Defense field methods of determining 

the concentration of radioactive materials in water 

A proposed decontamination method for removing 

radioactivity from water. 

173 
Two days after the detonation, project participants took 

soil samples from the center of the crater. They removed the 

samples from the shot area and determined the specific activity 

of each sample. They then delivered the samples to a laboratory 

in Yucca Pass for analysis. There, personnel conducted solubility studies, tested instruments for detection of radioactivity 

in water, and tested Civil Defense and Army water decontamination 

techniques (61). 

Project 8.1, High Time Resolution of the First Thermal 

Pulse, was conducted by the Army Electronics Research and 

Development Laboratory. The objective was to analyze the total 

energy in the thermal radiation pulse resulting from the 

detonation. The project was originally scheduled for LITTLE 

FELLER II, in addition to LITTLE FELLER I. However, since 

measuring equipment did not arrive at the NTS until 9 July 1962, 

after Shot LITTLE FELLER II, all measurements were made at LITTLE 

FELLER I. 

Project participants installed photo detectors and oscilloscope cameras in the trailers of three small trucks parked in 

Area 18, about three kilometers from ground zero. Personnel 

monitored the detectors and cameras at the time of the detonation 

and analyzed data after the shot (6). 

Project 8.2, Fallout Hazard Determination by Fireball 

Spectroscopy, was conducted by the Army Electronics Research and 

Development Laboratory. The objective was to determine the 

possibility of using spectroscopic analysis to predict the 

characteristics of fallout from a surface detonation. Project 

personnel placed two spectroscopes connected to 35-millimeter 

movie cameras in the open with no special protection. The 

instruments, approximately 90 meters east of the forward control 

point, were about 3,660 meters from ground zero. The cameras, 

174 
started three seconds before shot-time, operated for approximately 18 seconds, as planned. The film was sent for development 

and analysis to the Army Electronics Research and Development 

Laboratory (9). 

Projects 9.2, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, and 9.7 were support projects 

conducted by Field Command, DASA, with the assistance of other 

DOD agencies or contractors. Much of the work done by these 

projects involved aerial and ground photography performed by the 

Army Pictorial Center; the Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratories; EG&G, Incorporated; and the Sandia Corporation. 

Depending on the workload, the number of personnel directly 

involved numbered from one officer and seven enlisted men to four 

officers, 17 enlisted men, and four civilians (31). 

Specific information is available on Project 9.2, 

Documentary Photography. On the day before the detonation, two 

project participants entered the shot area in one vehicle to take 

preshot photographs of ground zero. Two hours before the detonation, 12 participants drove into the shot area in three 

vehicles to establish a manned photography station 1.8 kilometers 

from ground zero. These personnel took still and motion pictures 

of the detonation. An aerial team also took part in the project. 

From 30 minutes before to 45 minutes after the detonation, three 

participants in one H-21 helicopter orbited south of ground zero 

and took documentary photographs (74). 

8.2.2 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Personnel from AFSWC and other Air Force units performed 

security, photography, cloud-sampling, courier, and cloudtracking missions during Shot LITTLE FELLER I. 

175 
Security Sweep Missions 

One L-20 aircraft, with a crew of two, and one H-13 helicopter, with a crew of about five, conducted a security check of 

the shot area prior to the detonation to ensure that all personnel had left the area and that no unauthorized vehicles were 

approaching (31). 

Photography 

One H-21 helicopter, probably with a crew of five, photographed the detonation (31). 

Cloud Sampling 

A B-57 aircraft, with a pilot and a radiological safety 

monitor, flew a cloud-sampling mission to obtain particulate 

cloud debris for analysis (31). 

Cloud Tracking 

A single U3A aircraft conducted a cloud-tracking mission (31). 

8.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT LITTLE FELLER I 

In addition to the radiological safety program of the Nevada 

Test Site Organization, the Army established a separate radiological safety program for its IVY FLATS maneuver. Both programs 

followed the exposure guidelines established by the AEC. REECo 

Radiological Safety Division personnel trained the IVY FLATS 

monitors and provided them with instruments (5; 73). 

8.3.1 IVY FLATS Radiation Protection Activities 

The IVY FLATS Radiological Safety Control Section was 

responsible for the radiological safety of troops during the 

176 
maneuver. The Test Manager supervised the radiological safety 

program, but the Radiological Safety Officer was responsible for 

its operational direction. He was assisted by the Safety Control 

Officer who accompanied participating units into the shot area to 

implement safety procedures (46). 

Dosimetry and Protective Equipment 

Radiological safety personnel at the Final Assembly Station 

checked each troop participant to ensure that he had a film badge 

and that certain individuals in each unit had a pocket dosimeter. 

Maneuver troops did not wear special anticontamination clothing, 

but they were advised to keep their fatigues tucked securely into 

their boots and to keep their sleeves and collars tightly 

buttoned. Upon leaving the shot area, participants exchanged 

their film badges and turned in pocket dosimeters to personnel at 

the Final Assembly Station (46). 

Monitoring 

After NTSO personnel had conducted the initial ground survey 

and opened the area for the IVY FLATS maneuver, a scout section 

entered the shot area in advance of the troops and surveyed the 

area to determine and mark the 10 R/h intensity line, beyond 

which the troops could not advance. In addition to the scout 

section, radiological safety monitors accompanied the troops on 

their maneuvers. These monitors continually surveyed the areas 

over which the troops were passing in order to reroute them if 

they approached the 10 R/h intensity line. Rerouting of troop 

units was necessary twice during the operation, but most units 

did not encounter radiation levels greater than 1 R/h (46). 

A helicopter with a REECo radiological safety monitor and an 

AFSWC pilot onboard conducted an aerial survey of the shot area 

during the maneuver. The survey's success was limited by poor 

radio communication between the helicopter and ground personnel 

177 
and by the pilot's unfamiliarity with the terrain in the shot 

area (46). 

Decontamination 

The REECo Radiological Safety Division was responsible for 

monitoring and, if necessary, decontaminating IVY FLATS personnel 

and vehicles. Personnel from the division and from the IVY FLATS 

Radiological Safety Control Section established and operated 

several decontamination stations outside the shot area. After 

leaving the shot area, personnel and vehicles first stopped at 

the initial decontamination area, where radiological safety 

personnel removed loose contamination by brushing and sweeping 

the outer garments of personnel and the surfaces and undercarriages of vehicles. From this area, the maneuver troops 

walked to the Personnel Check Point for monitoring, while the 

vehicles were driven to the Vehicle Check Point. Uncontaminated 

personnel and vehicles continued directly to the Film Badge 

Exchange Station in the Final Assembly Area and then returned to 

duty. Contaminated personnel and vehicles were sent from the 

checkpoints to the Personnel Decontamination Station or the 

Vehicle Decontamination Station. Shower facilities were provided 

for the decontamination of personnel. Vehicles were decontaminated by washing with detergent and water. After they were 

decontaminated, personnel and vehicles proceeded to the Film 

Badge Exchange Station and then returned to duty (46). 

8.3.2 Nevada Test Site Organization Radiation Protection 

Activities 

Information is available on the results of onsite and 

offsite monitoring and the procedures used to control reentry 

into the shot area at LITTLE FELLER I. Decontamination of 

personnel and vehicles has also been documented. 

178 
Monitoring 

The initial monitoring party, consisting of three two-man 

teams in radio-equipped vehicles, entered the shot area 

immediately after the detonation to conduct a preliminary survey. 

Results of this survey were radioed to the IVY FLATS organization 

before the beginning of the maneuver. Preliminary information on 

gamma and beta radiation was also obtained from 13 remote radiation detection stations located 300 to 1,200 meters from ground 

zero. Two of these stations were south and another was southeast 

of ground zero. The other ten stations were positioned west to 

east in a clockwise pattern from ground zero (73). After the 

maneuver, the NTSO monitoring teams made a complete survey of the 

shot area and transmitted the data to the plotting facilities at 

the Command Post. Using this information, Radiological Safety 

Division personnel plotted an isointensity map showing the 0.01, 

0.1, and 1 R/h radiation lines (73). Figure 8-5 presents results 

of the NTSO survey. 

Ground monitoring teams conducted subsequent surveys one and 

six days after the detonation. The day after the detonation, the 

1 R/h area was confined to within 100 meters of ground zero, 

except to the northwest, where it extended to 450 meters. The 

0.01 R/h area was contained within about 300 meters of ground 

zero except to the northwest, where it extended beyond 2,000 

meters. By the sixth day, gamma intensities around ground zero 

were less than 1 R/h. The 0.1 R/h line was within 30 meters of 

ground zero except to the northwest, where it extended about 300 

meters (73). 

USPHS personnel, supported by REECo radiological safety 

personnel, conducted offsite monitoring at Shot LITTLE FELLER I. 

Seven mobile monitoring teams conducted ground surveys in areas 

north of ground zero. They detected gamma readings ranging from 

background up to 0.016 R/h at Goldflat Junction near Mellan, 

179 
••

••

•• ••

•• ••

•• ••

•• ••

••

••

••

••

. *- . •

. 

. . 

. . . . . . . . 

. 

’ ,9 1 

: 1 / : 

: / / : 

Ground Zero 

m.-.v 1.0 R/h 

0 w--- 0.1 R/h 

J 

Meters 

. . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

Figure 8-5: ISOINTENSITY MAP FOR SHOT Llll-LE FELLER I 

THREE HOURS AFTER DETONATION 

180 
Nevada, located about 50 kilometers north of ground zero. They 

encountered only background readings in other offsite areas. In 

addition, USPHS personnel in a U3A aircraft conducted a cloud 

survey. During the mission, which took about two hours, the 

highest gamma reading recorded within the aircraft was 1 R/h (69). 

Reentry Procedures 

After the initial onsite ground survey was completed, the 

Test Manager opened the shot area for recovery operations. To 

prevent unauthorized entry, roads leading into the shot area had 

been barricaded, and radiological safety personnel from REECo 

established a base station and mobile check station on the main 

access road to ground zero. The base station was about 2.5 kilometers southeast of ground zero. Personnel had to pass through 

the base station and the check station to enter the shot area. 

Radiological safety personnel at the mobile station checked each 

group to ensure that it had an authorized access permit and that 

each individual wore anticontamination clothing, a film badge, 

and a pocket dosimeter. Personnel at the base station issued 

anticontamination clothing and pocket dosimeters to participants 

entering either the shot area or fallout pattern areas. Radiological Safety Division personnel provided similar support for 

aircraft and personnel staging from Indian Springs AFB (5; 73). 

Reentry occurred in two phases, the first of which began 

about three minutes after the detonation and ended about 

25 minutes after the detonation. This phase engaged only one 

recovery party, which obtained rapid decay data on neutron and 

gamma flux that would have been lost on a later effort. The rest 

of the reentry teams delayed operations until the conclusion of 

Exercise IVY FLATS. The second reentry phase began about three 

hours after the detonation and continued in the daylight hours 

through the sixth day after the detonation (31). 

181 
Decontamination 

HEECo radiological safety personnel operated a monitoring and 

decontamination facility at the base station for personnel and 

vehicles leaving the shot area (5; 73). They also operated the 

facility at Indian Springs AFB for monitoring and decontaminating 

personnel and aircraft involved with cloud sampling and other 

missions (44). 

182 
REFERENCE LIST 

The following list of references represents 

all the documents consulted during the 

preparation of the Operation DOMINIC II 

volume. 

The project reports for DOMINIC II bear both 

Weapons Test (WT) and Project Officer Report 

(POR) alpha-numeric designations. The 

National Technical Information Service uses 

the POR prefix and the Coordination and 

Information Center uses both designations. 

The WT prefix is used in this listing. 

183 
AVAILABILITY INFORMATION 

An availability statement has been included at the end of 

the reference citation for those readers who wish to read or 

obtain copies of source documents. Availability statements were 

correct at the time the bibliography was prepared. It is 

anticipated that many of the documents marked unavailable may 

become available during the declassification review process. The 

Coordination and Information Center (CIC) and the National 

Technical Information Service (NTIS) will be provided future 

DNA-WT documents bearing an EX after the report number. 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of CIC 

may be reviewed at the following address: 

Department of Energy 

Coordination and Information Center 

(Operated by Reynolds Electr

ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley 

2753 S. Highland 

P.O. Box 14100 

Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 

ical & Engin

Phone: 

FTS: 

eering 

(702) 

Co., Inc.) 

734-3194 

598-3194 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of NTIS 

may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service. 

When ordering by mail or phone, please include both the price 

code and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses 

before the NTIS order number. 

National Technical Information Service 

5285 Port Royal Road Phone: (703) 487-4650 

Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office) 

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by 

writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or by calling 

(703) 487-4660. 

184 
DOMINIC II 

REFERENCE LIST 

1. 79th Congress of the United States, 2nd Session. Public 

Law 585: Atomic Energy Act of 1946. Washington, 

D.C.: GPO. August 1, 1946. 24 Pages. 

2. 83rd Congress of the United States, 2nd Session. Public 

Law 703: Atomic Energv Act of 1954. Washington, 

D.C.: GPO. August 30, 1954. 16 Pages. 

3. Allardice, C.; Trapnell, E. The Atomic Energy Commission. 

New York: Praeger Publishers. 1974. 236 Pages. 

4. Allen, Philip. "Off-Site Meteorology--Winds Aloft, 

Project 2.7." Weather Bureau Research Station of 

Las Vegas, Nevada. Washington, D.C.: DASA. 

WT-2213. July 1963. 75 Pages.*** 

5. Atomic Energy Commission, Nevada Operations Office, NVO-6. 

Report of the Test Manager, Operation STORAX (U). 

Las Vegas, NV.: Holmes and Narver, Inc. February 

1964. 153 Pages.*** 

6. Bluford, B. L., Jr. "High Time Resolution of the First 

Thermal Pulse, Project 8.1." Army Electronics 

Research and Development Laboratory. Washington, 

D.C.: DASA. WT-2274. October 1963. 

46 Pages.*** 

7. Borton, M. V.; Sauer, R. W. "Shock Spectrum Measurements, 

Project 1.7." [TRW] Space Technology Laboratories. 

Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2206. July 1963. 40 

Pages.*** 

8. Bouton, Edwin H .; Hardin, L. M.; Wilsev, E. F.; et al. 

Radiological Surveys, Project 2.8 (U). Army Nuclear 

Defense Laboratory. Washington, D.C.: DASA. 

WT-2266. October 1964. 274 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears hefore the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

185 
9. Brown, Peter; Brown, James L. "Fallout Hazard 

Determination by Fireball Spectroscopy, Project 8.2 

(U)." Army Electronics Research and Development 

Laboratory. Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2275. 

March 1965. 24 Pages.** * 

10. Bryson, V. E.; Firminhac, R. H.; Reed, R. R.; et al. 

Weapons Effects Testing, EM Pulse, Project 6.1 (U). 

Boeing Company. Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2226. 

June 1963. 150 Pages.*** 

11. Bulin, G. V.; Auld, H. E.; Obenchain, R.; et al. 

Underground Stress Measurements, Project 1.3 (II). 

Air Force Weapons Laboratory. Washington, D.C.: 

DASA. WT-2202. March 1965. 113 Pages.*** 

12. Bulin, G. V.; Wilson, S. D. "Measurement of Permanent 

Ground Movements with Depth, Pro.ject 1.13." Air 

Force Special Weapons Center. Washington, D.C.: 

DASA. WT-2287. 1963. 67 Pages.*** 

13. Butler, K. L., LCDR, USN. "Airborne E-Field Radiation 

Measurements of Electromagnetic Pulse Phenomena, 

Project 7.16." Naval Missile Center. Washington, 

D.C.: DASA. WT-2272. September 1964. 

35 Pages.*** 

14. Caldwell, Paul A. Initial Radiation Measurements, Pro;iect 

2.1 (U). Harry Diamond Laboratories. Washington, 

D.C.: DASA. WT-2209. February 1970. 

134 Pages.*** 

15. Caldwell, Paul A.; Wimenitz, Francis N.; Huadley, J. 

Carlisle; et al. Magnetic Loop Measurements, 

Project 6.2 (U). Harry Diamond Laboratories. 

Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2227. February 1965. 

115 Pages.*** 

16. Cecil, C. Harvell. "Bomb Alarm Detector Test, Pro,iect 

7.14 (U)." Western Union Telegraph Company and 

[AFTAC], Directorate of Telecommunications. 

Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2250. April 1963. 

47 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests sub.ject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

186 
17. Cialella, C. M.; Hendricks, D. W.; Bryant, E. J. 

Shielding Effectiveness of Enclosure Shields in a 

Fallout Field, Project 2.15 (U). Ballistic Research 

Laboratories. Washington. D.C.: DASA. WT-2221. 

April 1963. 77 Pages:** *' 

18. Clark, D. E.; Kanahara, F. K.; Cobbin, W. C. Fallout 

Sampling and Analysis: Radiation Dose Rate and Dose 

History at 16 Locations, Project 2.9 (U). Naval 

Radiological Defense Laboratory. Washington, D.C.: 

DASA. WT-2289. October 1963. 127 Pages.*** 

19. Crisco, Carl; Schumchyk, M. J. "Development and 

Evaluation of a Fallout Collector, Project 2.13 (U)." 

[Army] Nuclear Defense Laboratory. Washington, 

D.C.: DASA. WT-2219. October 1963. 53 Pages.*** 

20. Damewood, L. A., Capt, USAF; Penikas, V. T., Capt, IJSAF; 

Engel, R. E., Capt, USAF. "Tissue Dosimetry, 

Pro,ject 4.1 (U)." Air Force Weapons Lahoratory. 

Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2270. March 1965. 

29 Pages.*** 

21. Davis, L. K.; Strange, J. N. Crater Measurements, Project 

1.9. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. 

Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2208. March 1965. 

95 Pages.*** 

22. Defense Nuclear Agency. Personnel Exposed to Radiation 

from Atmospheric Nuclear Tests (File C). Computer 

Magnetic Tape: Operation DOMINIC II. Washington, 

D.C.: DNA. December 1982. HDNA 609-03.  

23. Dinger, D. B. "Response of Electrical Power Systems to 

Electromagnetic Effects of Nuclear Detonations, 

Project 7.5." Army Engineer Research and 

Development Laboratories. Washington, D.C.: DASA. 

WT-2241. June 1963. 58 Pages.** * 

24. Divine, Robert A. Blowing on the Wind; the Nuclear Test 

Ban Debate. Oxford University Press, NY. 1978. 

393 Pages. index. 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests sub,ject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

187 
25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 

31. 

32. 

33. 

Dunsavage, W. P. Effects of Nuclear Radiation on 

B-52/GAM-77 Weapons System, Project 7.15 (II). Air 

Force Systems Command. Washington, D.C.: DASA. 

WT-2251. April 1964. 82 Pages.** * 

Eisenhower, Dwight D. Mandate for Change, 1953-1956. 

New York, NY.: Doubleday % Co., Inc. 1963. 

650 Pages. index. 

Ethridge, N. H. Blast Effects on Simple Objects and 

Militarv Vehicles. Project 1.3 (II). Ballistic 

Research Laboratories.' Washington, D.C.: DASA. 

WT-2261. September 1964. 96 Pages.*** 

Field Command, Defense Atomic Support Agency. "Quick-Look 

Report, Shot JOHNIE BOY (U)." Albuquerque, NM.: 

FC, DASA. October 1962. 45 Pages. 

FC/10620332.*** 

Field Command, Defense Atomic Support Agency. "Quick-Look 

Report, Shots LITTLE FELLER I and II (U)." 

Albuquerque, NM.: FC, DASA. October 1962. 

62 Pages. FC/10620436.*** 

Field Command, Defense Atomic Support Agency. "Quick-Look 

Report, Shot SMALL BOY (U)." Albuquerque, NM.: FC, 

DASA. October 1962. 76 Pages. FC/10620439.*** 

Field Command, Defense Atomic Support Agency, DCS, Weapons 

Effects and Tests. Organizational, Operational, 

Funding, and Logistic Summary (II). Washington, 

D.C.: DASA. WT-2293. Februarv 1964. 

182 Pages.*** 

Frame, R. W. Electromagnetic Pulse Current Transients, 

Project 6.5. Sandia Corporation. Washington, D.C.: 

DASA. WT-2230. October 1963. 363 Pages.*** 

Frank, A. L.: Tavlor. R. A. Gamma Radiation 

Characteristics-Angular Distribution over a Desert 

Terrain Fallout Field [Project 2.141. Naval 

Radiological Defense Laboratory. San Francisco, 

CA.: NRDL. USNRDL-TR-856. 11 June 1965. . 

80 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

188 
34. Freiling, E. C. Physiochemical and Radiochemical 

Analysis, Project 2.10. Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory. Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2216. 

October 1964. 232 Pages.** * 

35. General Electric Company--TEMPO. Compilation of Local 

Fallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962. Vol. 

1: "Continental US Tests." Washington. D.C.: 

Defense Nuclear Agency. DNA 1251-l?EX. j 1979. 

619 Pages. (A99) AD/A079 309.* 

36. Gessert, Lowell P.; and Staff of Page Communications 

Engineers, Inc. "Troposcatter Test Installation 

Performance, Project 6.13 (U)." Army CONUS Regional 

Communications Command. Washington, D.C.: DASA. 

WT-2237. May 1963. 47 Pages.*** 

37. Goode, T. B.; Mathews, A. L. Soils Survey, Project 1.8. 

Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. 

Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2207. October 1963. 

100 Pages.*** 

38. Goode, T. B.; Mathews, A. L. "Soils Survey, Project 

1.11." Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. 

Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2285. 1963. 

41 Pages.*** 

39. Hallma .n, T. M. Transient Radiation Effects 

Measurements --Guidance Systems Circuits and Piece 

Parts, Project 2.17 (U). Northrop Corporation. 

Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2268. April 1963. 

147 Pages.*** 

40. Hanlon, P.; Dieter, C. F. "Shock Photography, Project 1.4 

(U).” Naval Ordnance Laboratory. Washington, 

D. C.: DASA. WT-2203. May 1963. 34 Pages.*** 

41. Hanscome, T. D. Inherent Magnetic Field Measurement, 

Project 6.3. Hughes Aircraft Company. Washington, 

D.C.: DASA. WT-2228. January 1964. 

158 Pages.*** 

42. Hansen, I. S. Proof Testing of Operational Shipboard 

Material, Project 7.9. David W. Taylor Model Basin. 

Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2246. July 1963. 

149 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

189 
43. Hansen, R. J.; Smith, H. D.; Clark, R. W.; et al. 

"Response of Buried Arch and Dome Models, Pro,ject 3.1 

(U)." Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Washington, D. C.: DASA. WT-2222. June 1963. 

75 Pages.** * 

44. Headquarters, Air Force Special Weapons Center. "SMALL 

BOY Support Operation Plan 8-62." w/3 changes. 

Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 1962. 44 Pages.** 

45. Headquarters, Continental Army Command. "Davy Crockett 

Tactical Orientation Plan (U)." CONARC. Fort 

Monroe, VA.: HQS., CONARC. 18 June 1962. 

80 Pages.*** 

46. Headquarters, Sixth Army. Final Report, [Exercise] IVY 

FLATS (U). Presidio of San Francisco, CA.: HQS., 

U.S. Sixth Army. 22 August 1962. 165 Pages.*** 

47. Henderson, W. D., Capt, USAF. Pragmatic Instrumental 

Measurements, Project 7.1. Air Force Special Weapons 

Center. Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2238. 

October 1963. 153 Pages.*** 

48. Henderson, W. D., Capt, USAF; Livingston, P. M., lLt, USAF; 

Rutter, R. L. Electromagnetic ~_ Measurements, Pro,ject 

6.6 [b]. Air Force Special I._-_,____ _____^ IYea.nr3n.c; CPnt.er _______ nnfl Sanrlia ________ 

Corp. Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2271. 1963. 

91 Pages.*** 

49. Henderson, W. D., Capt, USAF; Mathews, R. L.; Green, W. D. 

Cable Loop Measurements, Project 6.6. Air Force 

Weapons Laboratories; [TRW] Space Technologv 

Laboratories and ARACON Laboratories. Washington, 

D.C.: DASA. WT-2231. December 1963. 146 

Pages.*** 

50. Hickson, E. G., CPT, USA; Dietrich, J. P. "Feasibility 

Evaluation of an Aerial Radiac Survey Spstem, Pro,ject 

7.6 (U)." Army Electronic Proving Ground. 

Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2242. June 1963. 

73 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests sub,ject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

190 
51. Hickson, E. G., CPT., USA: Forrow, David, MAJ., British 

Army; Croft, A. M., MAJ., Canadian Army; et al. 

Evaluation of Aerial Radiac Monitor Systems for 

Interim TRIPARTITE Standardization. Proiect 7.6.1 

(v>. Army Electronic Proving Ground and TRIPARTITE 

Standardization Group. Washington, D.C.: DASA. 

WT-2243. August 1964. 210 Pages.** * 

52. House, William A. Extracts from: Indian Springs 

Radiological Safety Activity Report. Manuscript.

Reynolds Electrical & Engineering COmPanY, Inc. 

1962. 10 Pages.**** 

53. HOY, Robert B.; Sauer, Fred M. "Measurement of Permanent 

Ground Displacement and Rotation, Project 1.12." 

Stanford Research Institute. Washington, D.C.: 

DASA. WT-2286. July 1963. 63 Pages.*** 

54. Jones, Malcolm S.; Prouty, Thomas P.; Wharton, Charles B.; 

et al. Air Conductivity Measurements, Project 6.11 

(u>. MHD Research Inc. and Lawrence Radiation 

Laboratory. Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2235. 

May 1963. 148 Pages.*** 

55. Keefer, J. H.; Reisler, R. E.; Kingery, C. N. Free-Field 

Blast Phenomena from a Small Yield Device, 

Project 1.1. Ballistic Research Laboratories. 

Washington, D. C.: DASA. WT-2280. November 1963. 

87 Pages.*** 

56. Kronenberg, Stanley; Markow, Basil. Measurement of 

Fast-Neutron Dose Rate as a Function of Time, Project 

2.2 (U). Army Electronics Research and Development 

Laboratory. Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2210. 

1963. 97 Pages.*** 

57. Kronenberg, Stanley; Markow, B.; Balton, I. A. 

Measurement of Gamma Dose Rate as a Function of Time, 

Project 6.4 (U). Army Electronics Research and 

Development Laboratory. Washington, D.C.: DASA. 

WT-2229. 11 October 1963. 105 Pages.*** 

58. Kruchiko, G. L. "Debris Throwout, Project 1.5 (II)." 

Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratories. 

Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2262. April 1965. 

55 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

191 
59. La Riviere, P. D. Fallout Collection and Gross Sample 

Analysis, Project 2.9.(U). Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory and Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine 

and Radiation Biology at UCLA. Washington, D.C.: 

DASA. WT-2215. October 1964. 508 Pages.** * 

60. La Riviere, P. D.; Lee, H.; Larson, K. H. Ionization Rate 

Measurements, Project 2.11 (U). Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory and University of California at 

Los Angeles. Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2217. 

Undated. 184 Pages.*** 

61. Lindsten, D. C. "Radiological Water Decontamination 

Study, Project 7.17." Army Engineer Research and 

Development Laboratories. Washington, D.C.: DASA. 

WT-2273. April 1963. 69 Pages.*** 

62. Lorenz, B. C.; Lappin, P. W. FlOOF/GAM-83B Simulation, 

Project 7.13 (U). Air Force Systems Command and 

6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories. 

Washington, D. C.: DASA. WT-2249. October 1963. 

107 Pages.*** 

63. Lucke, D. L., Capt, USAF; Murphy, H. M., lLt, USAF; 

Robinson, C. H., lLt, USAF; et al. "Initial Gamma 

Rate Measurement, Project 6.6 (U)." Air Force 

Special Weapons Center. Washington, D.C.: DASA. 

WT-2292. June 1963. 41 Pages.*** 

64. Mahoney, J. J.; Harris, L. H.; Hennecke, H. J.; et al. 

"Spectral Analysis with High-Time Resolution of the 

Thermal Radiation Pulse, Project 7.10 (U)." Army

Nuclear Defense Laboratory. Washington, D. C.: 

DASA. WT-2247. June 1963. 72 Pages.*** 

65. Meszaros, J. J.; Kingerg, C. N.; Schwartz, E. G.; et al. 

Airblast Phenomena from Small Yield Devices, Project 

1.1 (II). Ballistic Research Laboratories. 

Washington, D. C.: DASA. WT-2260. June 1963. 

99 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

192 
66. Morris, P. J.; Carey, H. R. "Residual Radiation in the 

Crater and Crater-Lip Area of Low-Yield Nuclear 

Devices, Project 2.16 (U)." Army Engineer Research 

and Development Laboratories. Washington, D.C.: 

DASA. WT-2267. October 1963. 72 Pages.** * 

67. Perret. W. Ground Motion Induced bv a Near-Surface I 

Explosion, Project 1.6. Sandia Laboratory. 

Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2205. October 1964. 

76 Pages.*** 

68. Pinkston, J. M. "Earth Motion Measurements, Project 1.2." 

Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. 

Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2281. December 1963. 

71 Pages.*** 

69. Placak, 0. R. 

a. "Interim Off-Site Report of the LITTLE FELLER II Event 

[Operation DOMINIC II]." U.S. Public Health 

Service. Las Vegas, NV.: USPHS. July 31, 1962. 

4 Pages.*** 

b. "Interim Off-Site Report of the JOHNIE BOY Event, Operation 

DOMINIC II." U.S. Public Health Service. Las 

Vegas, NV.: USPHS. October 25, 1962. 

30 Pages.*** 

C. "Interim Off-Site Report of the SMALL BOY Event Operation 

DOMINIC II. U.S. Public Health Service. Las 

Vegas, NV.: USPHS. July 23, 1962. 29 Pages.*** 

d. "Interim Off-Site Report of the LITTLE FELLER I Event 

[Operation DOMINIC II]." U.S. Public Health 

Service. Las Vegas, NV.: USPHS. 

September 4, 1962. 13 Pages.*** 

70. Polatty, James M.; McDonald, James E. "Design, Testing, 

and Field Pumping of Grout Mixtures, Project 9.10." 

Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. 

Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2253. April 1963. 

23 Pages.*** 

71. Reisler, R. E.; Keefer, J. M; Schwartz, E. G. Nuclear 

Airblast Phenomena, Project 1.1. Ballistic Research 

Laboratories. Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2200. 

December 1963. 173 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

193 
__ - 

72. 

73. 

74. 

a. 

b. 

75. 

76. 

77. 

78. 

79. 

-._ 

Reno, Herbert. "Correlation of Present and Previous 

Electric Field Measurements, Project 6.9." Denver 

Research 

WT-2234. 

Institute. 

May 1963. 

Washington, D.C.: 

27 Pages.** * 

DASA. 

Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Company, Inc. "On Site 

Radiological Safety Report DOMINIC Series--Nevada 

Phase." Mercury, NV.: REECo, Inc. RRS-62-7. 

October 23, 1962. 98 Pages.** 

Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Company, Inc., 

Radiological Safety Division. 

"Detailed Safety Support Plan LITTLE FELLER II Event 

[Includes Schedule of Events]." [Mercury, NV.:] 

REECo. Undated. 16 Pages.** 

"LITTLE FELLER I & II, Project Aftermath." [Mercury, NV.: 

REECo.] Undated. 6 pages. 

Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Company, Inc., 

Radiological Safety Division. "Detailed Safety 

Support Plan JOHNIE BOY Event [Includes Schedule of 

Events]." [Mercury, NV.:] REECo. Undated. 

9 Pages.** 

Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Company, Inc., 

Radiological Safety Division. "Detailed Support 

Plan SMALL BOY Event [Includes Schedule of Events]." 

[Mercury, NV.:] REECo. Undated. 94 Pages.** 

Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Company, Inc., 

Radiological Safety Division. [Personnel Radiation 

Exposure DOMINIC II, w/NTS Pro,ject IVY FLATS Roster.1 

Las Vegas, NV. 1962. Microfilm Printout of 70 

Pages.  

Riggle, W. L.; Henry, R. L.; Morris, B. E.; et al. 

Experimental Confirmation of Theoretical Development 

on Radiological Armor, Project 7.2 (U). Army 

Tank-Automotive Center and General Dynamics. 

Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2240. May 1963. 

85 Pages.** * 

Rigotti, David L.; Benck, Ralph F.; Smith, Robert J.; et 

al. Shots LITTLE FELLER I and II, JOHNIE BOY, and 

SMALL BOY, Project 2.4: Integrated Gamma Dose 

Measurements (U). [Army] Nuclea;A;;fens;T_2265 

Laboratory. Washington, D.C.: . . 

May 1963. 95 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests sub,ject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

194 
80. Rigotti, D. L.; McNeilly, J. H.; Tarbox, J. L. Neutron 

Flux Measurements, Project 2.3 (U). [Army1 Nuclear 

Defense Laboratory. Washington, D.C.: DASA. 

WT-2264. June 1963. 113 Pages.** * 

81. Rooke, A. D., Jr.; Strange, J. N. "Crater Size and Shape, 

Project 1.9 (II)." Army Engineer Waterways 

Experiment Station. Washington, D.C.: DASA. 

WT-2263. March 1965. 65 Pages.*** 

82. Rooke, A. D., Jr.; Strange, J. N. Crater Measurements, 

Project 1.9 (U). Army Engineer Waterways Experiment 

Station. Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2284. 

April 1965. 105 Pages.*** 

83. Rooke, A. D., Jr. Mass Distribution Measurements, Project 

1.5. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. 

Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2282. February 1965. 

121 Pages.*** 

84. Russell, Irving J., Col, USAF. Radioisotope Fractionation 

and Particl .e Size Characteristics of a Low-Yield 

Surface Nuclear fdetonation, Project 2.13 (U). Air 

Force Weapons Laborato ry. Washington, 

D. C.: DASA. WT-2291. May 1965. 125 Pages.*** 

85. Salton, F. G. "Magnetic Detection Equipment Test, Pro.ject 

7.8.1." Naval Ordnance Laboratory. Washington, 

D.C.: DASA. WT-2245. October 1963. 

20 Pages.*** 

86. Schumchyk, M. J. Transit Radiation Dose Rate, Project 

2.20 (U). [Army] Nuclear Defense Laboratory. 

Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2269. April 1963. 

121 Pages.*** 

87. Schwartz, E. C.; Reisler, R. E.; Keefer, J. H. Structures 

Instrumentation, Project 3.4 (U). Ballistic 

Research Laboratories. Washington, D. C.: DASA. 

WT-2225. June 1963. 105 Pages.*** 

88. Scott, J. H.; Black, R. A. Soil Conductivity 

Measurements, Project 6.7. U.S. Geological Survey. 

Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2232. May 1963. 

99 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

195 
89. Shumway, B. W.; Tomoeda, S.; Frank, A. L. Shielding 

Effectiveness of Compartmented Structures in a 

Fallout Field, Project 2.14 (U). Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratorv. Washington, D.C.: DASA. 

WT-2220. April 1963. 87 Pages.** * 

90. Smith, Gaddis. "The Russian Bomb and the American 

Response." (In: The American Secretaries of State 

and Their Diplomacy, Vol. XVI: Dean Acheson, 473 

pages, index.) New York, NY.: Cooper Square Publ, 

Inc. 1972. Pages 138-171. 

91. Stirling, Harold J.; Nelson, Carl H.; Brizius, C. 

"Nuclear Effects on Television Camera Installations, 

Pro.ject 7.12 (U)." Defense Communications Agency; 

Army Strategic Communications Command and National 

Cash Register Company. Washington, D.C.: DASA. 

WT-2248. April 1963. 49 Pages.*** 

92. Strohm, W. E., Jr. Dynamic Bearing Capacity of 

Soils --Field Test Response of Impulsively Loaded 

Footings on Frenchman Flat Silt, Project 3.2 (U). 

Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. 

WT-2223. Washington, D.C.: DASA. October 1963. 

249 Pages.*** 

93. Swalley, R. F. Behavior of Buried Model Arch Structures, 

Project 3.3 (U). Naval Civil Engineering 

Laboratory. Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2224. 

May 1963. 149 Pages.*** 

94. Swift, L. M. Close-In Earth Motion, Pro,ject 1.2 (U). 

Stanford Research Institute. Washington, D.C.: 

DASA. WT-2201. March 1965. 105 Pages.*** 

95. Swift, L. M.; Eisler, J. D. "Blast Effects in the HighPressure Region, Project 1.5 (U)." Stanford 

Research Institute. Washington, C. C.: DASA. 

WT-2204. September 1964. 50 Pages.*** 

96. Sykes, Paul. Transit Radiation Effects Measurements on 

Guidance System Circuits, Pro,ject 7.1.4 (U). Air 

Force Special Weapons Center. Washington, D.C.: 

DASA. WT-2239. May 1964. 161 Pages.*** 

I 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests sub,ject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

196 
97. Taslit, N. "Arming and Fuzing Component Test, Pro,ject 7.8 

(II)." Naval Ordnance Laboratory. Washington, 

D.C.: DASA. WT-2244. April 1963. 17 Pages.** * 

98. Thompkins, R. C.; O'Neal, Donald. "Rocket Sampling, 

Project 2.12." [Army] Nuclear Defense Laboratory 

and American Machine and Foundry Company. 

Washington, D.C.: DASA. WT-2218. October 1963. 

43 Pages.*** 

99. Whitson, A. L.; Pierce, E. T. Earth's Static Field 

Measurements, Project 6.8 (U). Stanford Research 

Institute. Washington, D. C.: DASA. WT-2233. 

April 1963. 85 Pages.*** 

100. York, Herbert F. (Compiler). Arms Control: Readings 

from Scientific American. San Francisco, 

CA.: W. H. Freeman & Co. 1973. 427 Pages. 

101. Caldwell, Paul A. [Interview, Sub;iect: Operation DOMINIC 

II.] McLean, VA. January 27, 1983.*** 

102. Commanding General, 1st Marine Division (Rein), FMF. 

Correspondence to Commanding Officer Naval 

Radiological Defense Laboratory, Sub,ject: Roster of 

Personnel Assigned to Support Nevada Test Site 

Experiment, w/2 encls. Camp Pendleton, CA. 21 March 

1962. 5 Pages.  

103. Field Command, Defense Atomic Support Agency. "Operation 

SUNBEAM, SMALL BOY Event, Technical Operational 

Plan." Albuquerque, NM.: FC, DASA. 22 May 1962. 

62 Pages.** * 

104. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, Military Field 

Operations Office, Bulletin to Distrihution, 

Subject: Support of NRDL Projects 2.9, 2.10, 2.11, 

and 2.14, w/l encl. San Francisco, CA.: NRDL. MFOO 

Bulletin 4-62. May 1962. 7 Pages.*** 

105. Pie w 'r, F.A.; Barton, M.V.; Sauer, R.W. et al. VELA 

UNIFORM... ANTLER. CHENA. MINK. FISHER. STOAT. 

AARDVARK, SEDAN, and JOHNIE BOY Events; and Project 

SHOAL; Project 1.7: Shock Spectrum Measurements. 

VUF-2400. Rendo Beach, CA.: TRW, Space Technology 

Laboratories. June 1965. 98 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

197 
198 
DISTRIBUTION LIST 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

Armed Forces Staff College 

ATTN: Library 

Asst. Secy of Defense 

Public Affairs 

ATTN: PA0 

Asst to the Secy of Defense 

Atomic Energy 

ATTN: Executive Asst 

ATTN: Military Applications 

Defense Nuclear Agency 

ATTN: PA0 

ATTN: GC 

ATTN: BA 

5 cy ATTN: NTPR 

25 cy ATTN: TITL 

Defense Tech Info Center 

12 cy ATTN: DD 

Field Command 

Defense Nuclear Agency 

ATTN: FCTT, W. Summa 

ATTN: FCLS, MAJ D. Norton 

ATTN: FCTT, G. Ganong 

ATTN: FCLS 

ATTN: FCTXE 

Interservice Nuclear Weapons School 

ATTN: TTV 

National Defense University 

ATTN: ICAF, Tech Library 

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY 

Army Library 

ATTN: Military Documents Sect 

Army Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

2 cy ATTN: DAAG-AMR, R. Tago 

U.S. Army Center of Military History 

ATTN: DAMH-HSO 

U.S. Army Chemical School 

ATTN: ATZN-CM-AL 

ATTN: ATZN-CM-CS 

U.S. Army Comd & General Staff College 

ATTN: Library 

U.S. Army Nuclear & Chemical Agency 

ATTN: Library 

U.S. Army War College 

ATTN: Library 

U.S. Military Academy 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY 

Aviation History Unit 

ATTN: Library 

Bureau of Medicine and Suroerv 

ATTN: Asst. for Medicai Surgery 

James Carson Breckinridge Lib 

ATTN: Library Div 

Marine Corps Base 

ATTN: Document Custodian 

Marine Corps Dev E Education Command 

ATTN: J. C. Breckinridge Lib 

Marine Corps Historical Center 

2 cy ATTN: Code HDH-2 

Marine Corps Nut Test Personnel Review 

ATTN: Code MSRB-60 

Merchant Marine Academy 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Naval Historical Center 

ATTN: Operational Archives Branch 

Naval Hospital Corps School 

ATTN: Library 

Naval Ocean Systems Center 

ATTN: Library 

Naval Oceanographic Office 

ATTN: Code 025, Historian 

Naval Postgraduate School 

ATTN: Code 1424, Library 

Naval Research Laboratory 

ATTN: Library 

Naval School 

ATTN: Librarian 

Naval Sea Systems Command 

ATTN: Nuclear Technology Div 

Naval Surface Weapons Center 

ATTN: Library 

Naval War College 

ATTN: Professor B Libraries 

Naval Weapons Center 

ATTN: Code 233 

Naval Weapons Evaluation Facility 

ATTN: Library 

199 
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY (Continued) 

Navy Department Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Navy Nuclear Power School 

ATTN: Library 

Navy Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

2 cy ATTN: W. Loeffler 

Nimitz Library 

ATTN: Documents & Reports Dept 

Office of the Judge Adv Gen 

ATTN: Code 73 

U.S. Merchant Marine Academy 

ATTN: Librarian 

U.S. Naval Air Station Library 

ATTN: Library 

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE 

Aerospace Defense Cornnand 

ATTN: Historian 

Air Force Communications Command 

ATTN: Historian 

Air Fo;;rcNInstitute of Technology 

: Library 

Air Force Logistics Command 

ATTN: Historian 

Air Force Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

ATTN: HQ USAF/SGES 

Air Force Systems Command 

ATTN: Historian 

Air Force Technical Applications Ctr 

ATTN: Historian 

Air Force Weapons Laboratory 

ATTN: Tech Library 

Air National Guard 

ATTN: Historian 

Air Training Command 

ATTN: Historian 

Air University Library 

ATTN: AUL-LSE 

Military Airlift Command 

ATTN: Historian 

Pacific Air Forces 

ATTN: Historian 

Strategic Air Command 

ATTN: Historian 

ATTN: NRI-STINFO, Library 

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE (Continued) 

Tactical Air Command 

ATTN: Historian 

U.S. Air Force Academy Library 

ATTN: Library 

U.S. Air Force Occupational & Env Health Lab 

ATTN: NTPR 

USAF School of Aerospace Medicine 

ATTN: Strughold Library 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

Department of Energy 

ATTN: OMA 

Nevada Operations Office 

ATTN: Health Physics Div 

2 cy ATTN: R. Nutley 

Human Health & Assessments Div 

ATTN: Librarian 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTORS 

Holmes & Narver, Inc 

ATTN: JNATDR, Mr Greene 

Lawrence Livermore National Lab 

ATTN: Technical Info Dept Library 

Los Alamos National Laboratory 

ATTN: M. Walz. ADLA MS Al83 

ATTN: D. Cobb; ESS MSS 0466 

2 cy ATTN: Library 

2 cy ATTN: ADPA MMS 195 

Reynolds Electrical & Engr Co, Inc 

ATTN: CIC 

ATTN: W. Brady 

Sandia National Lab 

ATTN: Central Library 

ATTN: W. Hereford 

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 

U.S. Public Health Service 

ATTN: G. Caldwell 

Central Intelligence Agency 

ATTN: Office of Medical Services 

Dept of Health & Human Svcs 

ATTN: Office of General Counsel 

Exec Oft of the President 

Management & Budget Oft Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Library of Congress 

ATTN: Library Service Division 

ATTN: Science & Technology Div 

ATTN: Serial & Govt Publication 

200 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

National Archives 

ATTN: Librarian 

National Atomic Museum 

ATTN: Historian 

Department of Commerce 

ATTN: Librarian 

Occupational Safety & Health Admin 

ATTN: Library 

Office of Health & Disability 

ATTN: R. Copeland 

Office of Workers Compensation Pgrm 

ATTN: R. Larson 

U.S. Coast Guard Academy Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

U.S. House of Representatives 

2 cy ATTN: Committee on Armed Services 

U.S. House of Representatives 

ATTN: Subcommittee on Health & Envir 

U.S. Senate 

ATTN: Committee on Veterans Affairs 

U.S. Senate 

ATTN: Committee on Veterans Affairs 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Providence, RI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration 

Washington, D.C. 

ATTN: Board of Veteran Appeal 

Veterans Administration - Oft Central 

Washington, D.C. 

ATTN: Dept Veterans Benefit, Central Oft 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Montgomery, AL 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Anchorage, AK 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Phoenix, A2 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Little Rock, AR 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration -RO 

Los Angeles, CA 

ATTN: Director 

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans Administration - RO 

San Francisco, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Denver, CO 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Hartford, CT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Wilmington, DE 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

St. Petersburg, FL 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Atlanta, GA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Honolulu, HI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Chicago, IL 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Seattle, WA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Indianapolis, IN 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Des Moines, IA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Wichita. KS 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Louisville, KY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

New Orleans, LA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Togus, ME 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Baltimore, MD 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Boston, MA 

ATTN: Director 

201 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans Administration - RO 

St. Paul, MN 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Jackson, MS 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Huntington. WV 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

St. Louis, MO 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Fort Harrison, MT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Lincoln, NE 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Reno, NV 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Manchester, NH 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Newark, NJ 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Milwaukee, WI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Albuquerque, NM 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Buffalo, NY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration -RO 

New York, NY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration -RO 

Winston Salem, NC 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Fargo, ND 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Cleveland, OH 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Muskogee, OK 

ATTN: Director 

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Portland, OR 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Pittsburgh, PA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Philadelphia, PA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

APO San Francisco 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

San Juan, Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Columbia, SC 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Sioux Falls, SD 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Houston, TX 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Waco, TX 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Salt Lake City, UT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

White River Junction, VT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Roanoke, VA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Cheyenne, WY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

San Diego, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Boise, ID 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Detroit, MI 

ATTN: Director 

202 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans administration - RO 

Nashville, TN 

ATTN: Director 

The White House 

ATTN: Domestic Policy Staff 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS 

Advanced Research & Applications Corp 

ATTN: H. Lee 

JAYCOR 

ATTN: A. Nelson 

10 cy ATTN: Health & Environment Div 

Kaman Tempo 

ATTN: E. Martin 

ATTN: DASIAC 

Kaman Tempo 

ATTN: R. Miller 

Kaman Tempo 

10 cy ATTN: C. Jones 

National Academy of Sciences 

ATTN: C. Robinette 

ATTN: Medical Follow-up Agency 

ATTN: National Materials Advisory Board 

Pacific-Sierra Research Corp 

ATTN: H. Brode, Chairman SAGE 

R & D Associates 

ATTN: P. Haas 

Science Applications, Inc 

ATTN: Tech Library 

Science Applications, Inc 

10 cy ATTN: L. Novotney 

OTHER 

Adams State College 

ATTN: Govt Publication Lib 

Akron Public Library 

ATTN: Govt Publication Librarian 

Alabama St Dept of Archives & History 

ATTN: Military Records Division 

University of Alabama 

ATTN: Reference Dept/Documents 

University of Alaska 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

University of Alaska 

ATTN: Govt Publication Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

Albany Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Alexander City State Jr College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Allegheny College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Allen County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Altoona Area Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

American Statistics Index 

ATTN: Cathy Jarvey 

Anaheim Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Andrews Library, College of Wooster 

ATTN: Government Documents 

Angelo State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Angelo Iacoboni Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Anoka County Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Appalachian State University 

ATTN: Library Documents 

Arizona State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Arizona 

ATTN: Gov Dot Dept, C. Bower 

Arkansas College Library

ATTN: Library 

Arkansas Library Comm 

ATTN: Library 

Arkansas State University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Arkansas 

ATTN: Government Documents Div 

Austin Colleoe 

Arthur Hopkins Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Atlanta Public Library 

ATTN: Ivan Allen Dept 

Atlanta University Center 

ATTN: Librarian 

203 
OTHER (Continued) 

Auburn Univ at Montgomery Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

8. Davis Schwartz Mem Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Bangor Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Bates College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Baylor University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Beloit College Libraries 

ATTN: Serials Dots Dept 

Bemidji State College 

ATTN: Library 

Benjamin F. Feinberg Library 

State University College

ATTN: Government Documents 

Bierce Library, Akron University 

ATTN: Government Documents 

Boston Public Library 

ATTN: Documents Department 

Bowdoin College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Bowling Green State Univ 

ATTN: Govt Dots Services 

Bradley University 

ATTN: Govt Publication Librarian 

Brandeis University Lib 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Brigham Young University

ATTN: Documents Collection 

Brookhaven National Laboratory 

ATTN: Technical Library 

Brooklyn College 

ATTN: Documents Division 

Broward County Library Sys 

ATTN: Librarian 

Brown University

ATTN: Librarian 

Bucknell University 

ATTN: Reference Dept 

OTHER (Continued) 

Buffalo & Erie Co Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Burlington Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Cal fornia at Fresno State Univ Lib 

ATTN: Library 

Cal fornia at San Diego University 

ATTN: Documents Department 

Cal fornia at Stanislavs St Clg Lib 

ATTN: Library 

Cal fornia St Polytechnic Univ Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Cal fornia St Univ at Northridge 

ATTN: Gov Dot 

Cal fornia State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Cal fornia State Univ at Long Beach Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Cal fornia State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Cal fornia State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Cal ifornia Univ Library 

ATTN: Govt Publications Dept 

Cal fornia Univ Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Cal fornia University Library 

ATTN: Govt Documents Dept 

Cal fornia University Library 

ATTN: Documents Set 

Cal fornia University 

ATTN: Government Documents Dept 

Calvin College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Calvin T. Ryan Library 

Kearney State College 

ATTN: Govt Documents Dept 

Carleton College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Librarian 

Carnegie Mellon University 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

204 
OTHER (Continued) 

Carson Regional Library 

ATTN: Gov Publications Unit 

Case Western Reserve University 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Central Florida 

ATTN: Library Dots Dept 

Central Michigan University 

ATTN: Library Documents Section 

Central Missouri State Univ 

ATTN: Government Documents 

Central State University 

ATTN: Library Documents Dept 

Central Washington University 

ATTN: Library Dots Section 

Central Wyoming College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Charleston County Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Charlotte & Mechlenburg County Pub Lib 

ATTN: E. Correll 

Chattanooga Hamilton Co 

ATTN: Librarian 

Chesapeake Pub Lib System 

ATTN: Librarian 

Chicago Public Library 

ATTN: Governments Publications Dept 

State University of Chicago 

ATTN: Librarian 

Chicago University Library

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

ATTN: Documents Processing 

Cincinnati University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Claremont Colleges Libs 

ATTN: Dot Collection 

Clemson University

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Cleveland Public Library 

ATTN: Documents Collection 

Cleveland State Univ Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Coe Library 

ATTN: Documents Division 

OTHER (Continued) 

Colgate Univ Library 

ATTN: Reference Library 

Colorado State Univ Libs 

ATTN: Librarian 

Colorado University Libraries 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Columbia University Library 

ATTN: Documents Service Center 

Columbus & Franklin Cty Public Lib 

ATTN: Gen Ret Div 

Compton Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Connecticut State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Govt of Connecticut 

Connecticut University 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Cornell University Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Corpus Christi State University Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Culver City Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Curry College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Dallas County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Dallas Public Library

ATTN: Librarian 

Dalton Jr College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Dartmouth College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Davenport Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Davidson College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Dayton & Montgomery City Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Dayton

ATTN: Librarian 

205 
OTHER (Continued OTHER (Continued) 

Decatur Public Library East Texas State University 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Library 

Dekalb Comn Co11 So Cpus Eastern Branch 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Delaware Pauw University Eastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

University of Delaware Eastern Kentucky University 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Delta College Library Eastern Michigan University Lib 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Documents Libn 

Delta State University Eastern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Documents Dept 

Denison Univ Library Eastern New Mexico Univ 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Denver Public Library Eastern Oregon College Library 

ATTN: Documents Div ATTN: Librarian 

Dept of Lib & Archives Eastern Washington Univ 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Detroit Public Library El Paso Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Documents & Geneology Dept 

Dickinson State College Elko County Library 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Drake Memorial Learning Resource Ctr Elmira College 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

Drake University Elon College Library 

ATTN: Cowles Library ATTN: Librarian 

Drew University Enoch Pratt Free Library 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Documents Office 

Duke University Emory University 

ATTN: Public Dots Dept ATTN: Librarian 

Duluth Public Library Evansville & Vanderburgh County Pub Lib 

ATTN: Documents Section ATTN: Librarian 

Earlham College Everett Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

East Carolina University Fairleigh Dickinson Univ 

ATTN: Library Dots Dept ATTN: Depository Dept 

East Central University Florida A & M Univ 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Librarian 

East Islip Public Library Florida Atlantic Univ Lib 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Div of Public Documents 

East Orange Public Lib Florida Institute of Tech Lib 

ATTN: Librarian ATTN: Federal Documents Dept 

East Tennessee State Univ Sherrod Lib Florida Inti Univ Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept ATTN: Dots Section 

206 
OTHER (Continued) 

Florida State Library 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Florida State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Florida University Libraries 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Fond Du Lac Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Fort Hays State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Fort Worth Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Free Pub Lib of Elizabeth 

ATTN: Librarian 

Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Freeport Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Fresno County Free Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Gadsden Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Garden Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Gardner Webb College 

ATTN: Documents Librn 

Gary Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Georgetown Univ Library 

ATTN: Govt Dots Room 

Georgia Inst of Tech 

ATTN: Librarian 

Georgia Southern College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Georgia Southwestern College 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Georgia State Univ Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Georgia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Glassboro State College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Gleeson Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

Government Publications Library-M 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Graceland College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Grand Forks Public City-County Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Grand Rapids Public Library 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Greenville County Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Guam RFK Memorial University Lib 

ATTN: Fed Depository Collection 

University of Guam 

ATTN: Librarian 

Gustavus Adolphus College 

ATTN: Library 

Hardin-Simmons University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Hartford Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Hawaii 

ATTN: Government Dots Collection 

Hawaii State Library 

ATTN: Federal Documents Unit 

University of Hawaii at Monoa 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

University of Hawaii 

ATTN: Librarian 

Haydon Burns Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Henry Ford Comm College Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Herbert H. Lehman College 

ATTN: Library Documents Division 

Hofstra Univ Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Hollins College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Hoover Institution 

ATTN: J. Bingham 

207 
OTHER (Continued) 

Hopkinsville Comm College 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Houston, Library 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Houston Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Hoyt Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Humboldt State College Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Huntington Park Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Hutchinson Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Idaho Public Lib & Info Center 

ATTN: Librarian 

Idaho State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Idaho State University Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

University of Idaho 

ATTN: Documents Sect 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Illinois, Library 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Illinois State Library 

ATTN: Government Documents Branch 

Illinois Univ at Urbana Champaign 

ATTN: P. Watson, Documents Library 

Illinois Valley Comn Co11 

ATTN: Library 

Indiana State Library 

ATTN: Serial Section 

Indiana State University 

ATTN: Documents Libraries 

Indiana University Library 

ATTN: Documents Department 

Indianapolis Marion Cty Pub Library 

ATTN: Social Science Div 

Iowa State University Library 

ATTN: Govt Documents Dept 

Iowa University Library

ATTN: Government Documents Dept 

OTHER (Continued) 

Butler University, Irwin Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Isaac Delchdo College 

ATTN: Librarian 

James Madison University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Jefferson County Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Jersey City State College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Johns Hopkins University 

ATTN: Documents Library 

John J. Wright Library, La Roche College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Johnson Free Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Kahului Library

ATTN: Librarian 

Kalamazoo Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Kansas City Public Library 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Kansas State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Kansas State Univ Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

University of Kansas 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Kent State University Library 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Kentucky Dept of Library & Archives 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Univer;ii;; of Kentucky 

: Governments Publication Dept 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Kenyon College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Lake Forest College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Lake Sumter Comm Co11 Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Lakeland Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

208 
OTHER (Continued) 

Lancaster Regional Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Lawrence University 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Lee Library, Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Documents & Map Section 

Library & Statutory Distribution & Svc 

2 cy ATTN: Librarian 

Little Rock Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Long Beach Pub1 Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Los Angeles Public Library 

ATTN: Serials Div U.S. Documents 

Louisiana State University 

ATTN: Government Dot Dept 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Louisville Free Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Louisville Univ Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Lyndon B. Johnson Sch of Pub Affairs Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Maine Maritime Academy 

ATTN: Librarian 

Maine University at Oreno 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Maine 

ATTN: Librarian 

Manchester City Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mankato State College 

ATTN: Govt Publications 

Mantor Library 

Univ of Maine"at Farmington 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Marathon County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Marshall Brooks Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: McKeldin Libr Dots Div 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

University of Massachusetts 

ATTN: Government Dots College 

McNeese State Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Memphis Shelby County Pub Lib & Info Ctr 

ATTN: Librarian 

Memphis State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mercer University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mesa County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Miami, Library 

ATTN: Government Publications 

Miami Public Library 

ATTN: Documents Division 

Miami Univ Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Michel Orradre Library 

University of Santa Ciara 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Michigan State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Michigan State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Michigan Tech University 

ATTN: Library Documents Dept 

University of Michigan 

ATTN: Acq Set Documents Unit 

Middlebury College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Millersville State Co11 

ATTN: Librarian 

Milne Library 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

Milwaukee Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Minneapolis Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Minnesota Div of Emergency SVCS 

ATTN: Librarian 

Minot State College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mississippi State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

209 
OTHER (Continued) 

University of Mississippi 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Missouri Univ at Kansas City Gen 

ATTN: Librarian 

Missouri University Library 

ATTN: Government Documents 

M.I.T. Libraries 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mobile Public Library 

ATTN: Governmental Info Division 

Moffett Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Montana State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Montana State University, Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Montana 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Moorhead State College 

ATTN: Library 

Mt Prospect Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Murray State Univ Lib 

ATTN: Library 

Nassau Library System 

ATTN: Librarian 

Natrona County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Nebraska Library Comn 

ATTN: Librarian 

Univ of Nebraska at Omaha 

ATTN: Librarian 

Nebraska Western College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Univ of Nebraska at Lincoln 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Univ of Nevada at Reno 

ATTN: Governments Pub Dept 

Univ of Nevada at Las Vegas 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

New Hampshire University Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

New Hanover County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Nebraska University Lib 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

OTHER (Continued) 

New Mexico State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

New Mexico State University 

ATTN: Lib Documents Div 

University of New Mexico 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

University of New Orleans Library 

ATTN: Govt Documents Div 

New Orleans Public Lib 

ATTN: Library 

New York Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

New York State Library 

ATTN: Dot Control, Cultural Ed Ctr 

New York State Univ at Stony Brook 

ATTN: Main Lib Dot Sect 

New York State Univ Co1 at Cortland 

ATTN: Librarian 

State Univ of New York 

ATTN: Library Documents Set 

State Univ of New York 

ATTN: Librarian 

New York State University 

ATTN: Documents Center 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

New York University Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Newark Free Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Newark Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Niagara Falls Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Nicholls State Univ Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Nieves M. Flores Memorial Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Norfolk Public Library 

ATTN: R. Parker 

North Carolina Agri & Tech State Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Univ of North Carolina at Charlotte 

ATTN: Atkins Library Documents Dept 

Univ of North Carolina at Greensboro, Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

210 
OTHER (Continued) 

North Carolina Central University 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Carolina State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Carolina University at Wilmington 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of North Carolina 

ATTN: BA SS Division Documents 

North Dakota State University Lib 

ATTN: Dots Librarian 

University of North Dakota 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Georgia College 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Texas State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northeastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Library 

Northeastern Oklahoma State Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northeastern University 

ATTN: Dodge Library 

Northern Arizona University Lib 

ATTN: Government Documents Dept 

Northern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northern Iowa University

ATTN: Library 

Northern Michigan Univ 

ATTN: Documents 

Northern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northwestern Michigan College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northwestern State Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northwestern State Univ Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northwestern University Library 

ATTN: Govt Publications Dept 

Norwalk Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

University of Notre Dame 

ATTN: Document Center 

Oakland Comm College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oakland Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oberlin College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Ocean County College

ATTN: Librarian 

Ohio State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Ohio State University 

ATTN: Libraries Documents Division 

Ohio University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Oklahoma City University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oklahoma City University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oklahoma Dept of Libraries 

ATTN: U.S. Govt Documents 

University of Oklahoma 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Old Dominion University 

ATTN: Dot Dept Univ Library 

Olivet College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Omaha Pub Lib Clark Branch 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oregon State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Oregon 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Ouachita Baptist University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Pan American University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Passaic Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Paul Klapper Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Pennsylvania State Library 

ATTN: Government Publications Section 

211 
OTHER (Continued) 

Pennsylvania State University 

ATTN: Library Document Set 

University of Pennsylvania 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Penrose Library 

University of Denver 

ATTN: Penrose Library 

Peoria Public Library 

ATTN: Business, Science & Tech Dept 

Free Library of Philadelphia 

ATTN: Govt Publications Dept 

Philipsburg Free Public Library 

ATTN: Library 

Phoenix Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Pittsburg 

ATTN: Documents Office G 8 

Plainfield Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Popular Creek Public Lib District 

ATTN: Librarian 

Association of Portland Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Portland Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Portland State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Prescott Memorial Lib 

Louisiana Tech Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Princeton University Library 

ATTN: Documents Division 

Providence College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Providence Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Cincinnati & Hamilton County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County 

ATTN: Library 

University of Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Dot & Maps Room 

Purdue University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

Quinebaug Valley Community Co1 

ATTN: Librarian 

Ralph Brown Draughon Lib 

Auburn University 

ATTN: Microforms & Documents Dept 

Rapid City Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Reading Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Reed College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Reese Library 

Augusta College 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Rhode Island Library 

ATTN: Govt Publications Office 

University of Rhode Island 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Rice University 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Richard W. Norton Mem Lib 

Louisiana College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Richland County Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Richmond 

ATTN: Library 

Riverside Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Rochester Library 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Rutgers University, Camden Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Rutgers State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Rutgers University, Lib of Sci and f-led 

ATTN: Government Documents Dept 

Rutgers University Law Library 

ATTN: Federal Documents Dept 

Salem College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Samford University 

ATTN: Librarian 

San Antonio Public Library 

ATTN: Bus Science & Tech Oeot 

212 
OTHER (Continued) 

San Diego County Library 

ATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions 

San Diego Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

San Diego State University Library 

ATTN: Govt Pubs Dept 

SanFrancisco Public Library 

ATTN: Govt Documents Dept 

San Francisco State College 

ATTN: Govt Pub Collection 

San Jose State College Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

San Luis Obispo City-County Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Savannah Pub & Effingham Libty Reg Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Scottsbluff Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Scranton Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Seattle Public Library 

ATTN: Ref Dot Asst 

Selby Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Shawnee Library System 

ATTN: Librarian 

Shreve Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Silas Bronson Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Simon Schwab Mem Lib 

Columbus College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Sioux City Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Skidmore College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Slippery Rock State College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

South Carolina State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Government Documents 

South Dakota Sch of Mines & Tech 

ATTN: Librarian 

South Daknta State Library 

ATTN: Federal Documents Department 

University of South Dakota 

ATTN: Documents Librarian 

South Florida University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southdale-Hennepin Area Library 

ATTN: Government Documents 

Southeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library 

ATTN: Documents Set 

University of Southern Alabama 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southern California University Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Southern Connecticut State College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Documents Ctr 

Southern Methodist University 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Southern Mississippi 

ATTN: Library 

Southern Oregon College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern University in New Orleans, Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southern Utah State College Library 

ATTN: Documents Department 

Southwest Missouri State College 

ATTN: Library 

Southwestern University of Louisiana, Libraries 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southwestern University School of Law Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

213 
OTHER (Continued) 

Spokane Public Library 

ATTN: Reference Dept 

Springfield City Library 

ATTN: Documents Section 

St. Bonaventure University 

ATTN: Librarian 

St. Joseph Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

St. Lawrence University 

ATTN: Librarian 

St. Louis Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

St. Paul Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Stanford University Library 

ATTN: Govt Documents Dept 

State Historical Sot Lib 

ATTN: Dots Serials Section 

State Library of Massachusetts 

ATTN: Librarian 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Librarian 

Stetson Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Steubenville 

ATTN: Librarian 

Stockton & San Joaquin Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Stockton State College Library

ATTN: Librarian 

Superior Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Swarthmore College Lib 

ATTN: Reference Dept 

Syracuse University Library 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Tacoma Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Tampa, Hillsborough County Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Temple University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Tennessee Technological University 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

University of Tennessee 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Terteling Library 

College of Idaho 

ATTN: Librarian 

Texas A & M University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Texas at Arlington 

ATTN: Library Documents 

University of Texas at San Antonio 

ATTN: Library 

Texas Christian University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Texas State Library 

ATTN: U.S. Documents Sect 

Texas Tech University Library 

ATTN: Govt Dots Dept 

Texas University at Austin 

ATTN: Documents Co11 

Texas University at El Paso 

ATTN: Documents and Maps Lib 

University of Toledo Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Toledo Public Library 

ATTN: Social Science Dept 

Torrance Civic Center Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Traverse City Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Trenton Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Trinity College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Trinity University Library 

ATTN: Documents Collection 

Tufts University Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Tulane University 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

University of Tulsa 

ATTN: Librarian 

UCLA Research Library 

ATTN: Public Affairs Svc/US DOCS 

214 
OTHER (Continued) 

Uniformed Svcs Univ of the Hlth Sci 

ATTN: LRC Library 

University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Upper Iowa College 

ATTN: Documents Collection 

Utah State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Special Collections 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Dept of Pharmacology 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Valencia Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Vanderbilt University Library 

ATTN: Govt Dots Sect 

University of Vermont 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Virginia Commonwealth University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Virginia Military Institute 

ATTN: Librarian 

Virginia Polytechnic Inst Lib 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Virginia State Library 

ATTN: Serials Section 

University of Virginia 

ATTN: Public Documents 

Volusia County Public Libraries 

ATTN: Librarian 

Washington State Library 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Washington State University 

ATTN: Lib Documents Section 

Washington University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Washington 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Wayne State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wayne State University Law Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Weber State College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wagner College 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

Wesleyan University 

ATTN: Documents Librarian 

West Chester State Co11 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

West Covina Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of West Florida 

ATTN: Librarian 

West Hills Cormnunity Co11 

ATTN: Library 

West Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

West Virginia Co11 of Grad Studies Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of West Virginia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Westerly Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Western Carolina University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Western Illinois University Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Western Washington Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Western Wyoming Community College Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Westmoreland Cty Comm Co11 

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr 

Whitman College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wichita State Univ Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

William & Mary College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

William Allen White Librarv 

Emporia Kansas State College 

ATTN: Govt Documents Div 

William College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Willimantic Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Winthrop College 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

University of Wisconsin at Whitewater 

ATTN: Governments Documents Library 

215 
OTHER (Continued) 

Wisconsin Milwaukee University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wisconsin Oshkosh University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wisconsin Platteville University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wisconsin University at Stevens Point 

ATTN: Dots Section 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Govt Pubs Dept 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

Worcester Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

Yale University 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Yeshiva University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Yuma City County Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wright State Univ Library 

ATTN: Govts Documents Dept 

Wyoming State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Wyoming 

ATTN: Documents Div 

216