DNA 6014F 

OPERATBON 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

1953 

United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests 

Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

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DNA 6014F 

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UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE GRABLE Field Command Radiological Safety 

ANNIE RAY SIMON Military Effects Group Ionizing Radiation 

NANCY BADGER AFSW Exposure Exercise Desert Rock V 

RUTH ENCORE CLIMAX Decontamination 

DIXIE HARRY AFSWC AEC Personnel Dosimetry 

19. KEY WORDS (Contlnuo on revere. dde II nocooaw md fdenlfty by block numborJ 

Z(L AHnRACT am- ff rrcmq pd Id-/* block numbrr) 

This report describes the activities of an estimated 21,000 DOD personnel, both 

military and civilian, in Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, the fourth atmosphericnuclea 

weapons testing series, conducted in Nevada from 17 March to 4 June 1953. nperation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE consisted of 11 nuclear events. Activities engaging DOD 

personnel included Exercise Desert Rock \r programs, scientific and diagnostic 

experiments, and DOD support activities. Radiological safety criteria and procedures were established and implemented during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE to

minimize participants'exposures to radioactivity. 
IWCl ASSIFIED 

ECURlTY CLASSIFICATION OF TnlS PAGE(R?tm Data .enf.,.d) 

18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (continued) 

The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Lt. Col. H. L. Reese, IlSAF, under 

whom this work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research and editing contribution of numerous reviewers in the Military Services and other organizations in addition to those writers listed in block 7. 
Fact 

Sheet Defense Nuclear Agency 

Public Affairs Office 

Washington. D C 20305 

Subject: Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, the ninth series of atmospheric 

nuclear weapons tests, was conducted by the Atomic Energy 

Commission (AEC) at the Nevada Proving Ground from 17 March 1953 

to 4 June 1953. The series consisted of 11 nuclear tests. One 

detonation was an atomic artillery projectile fired from a 280mm 

cannon, three were airdrops, and seven were detonated on towers, 

ranging from 100 to 300 feet in height. The operation involved 

an estimated 21,000 Department of Defense (DOD) personnel participating in observer programs, tactical maneuvers, scientific 

studies, and support activities. Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE was 

intended to test nuclear devices for possible inclusion in the 

U.S. arsenal, to improve military tactics, equipment, and 

training, and to study civil defense needs. 

Department of Defense Involvement 

During Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, the largest DOD participation 

was in Exercise Desert Rock V, a program involving members of all 

four armed services. Exercise Desert Rock V included troop 

orientation and training, a volunteer officer observer program, 

tactical troop maneuvers, operational helicopter tests, and 

damage effects evaluation. Orientation and training generally 

included lectures and briefings on the effects of nuclear 

weapons, observation of a nuclear detonation, and a subsequent 

visit to a display of military equipment damaged by the detonation. In the volunteer officer observer program, trained staff 

officers calculated the effects of a nuclear detonation to 

determine a minimum safe distance for observing the blast; they 

later watched the detonation from the calculated position. 

Tactical maneuvers were designed to train troops and to test 

military tactics for the nuclear battlefield. The operational 

helicopter tests performed by the Marine Corps were designed to 

investigate the capability of helicopters and their crews to 

withstand a nuclear burst and its effects. The damage effects 

evaluation enabled the services to determine the amount of damage 

sustained by military vehicles and equipment at various distances 

from nuclear detonations. 

In addition to Desert Rock activities, scientific experiments 

were conducted by three test groups of the Joint Test Organization (JTO). The Military Effects Group consisted of personnel 

from Field Command, Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP). 

The Weapons Development Group comprised personnel from the Los 

1 
Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) and the University of 

California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL), the two AEC weapons 

development laboratories. The Civil Effects Group was established by the Federal Civil Defense Administration to assess the 

effects of nuclear detonations on civilian structures and food 

products. Although the Military Effects Group was the only 

DOD-sponsored test group, DOD personnel also assisted in the 

experiments conducted by the other two test groups. Participants 

in scientific experiments placed data-collection instruments 

around the point of detonation before the scheduled nuclear test. 

They returned to the test area to recover equipment and gather 

data after the detonation, when the Test Director had determined 

that the area was safe for limited access. 

During UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, approximately 2,000 troops, primarily 

from the Sixth Army, were present at Camp Desert Rock to provide 

support services for both Exercise Desert Rock V and the JTO. 

These services included radiological safety, communications, 

medical care, transportation, security, and construction. The 

Radiological Safety Section was composed mainly of personnel from 

the 50th Chemical Service Platoon. Other support elements 

included men from the 505th Signal Service Group (Composite 

Company); Detachment 371st Evacuation Hospital; 26th Transportation Truck Battalion; Company C, 505th Military Police Battalion; 

and the 412th Engineer Construction Battalion. 

The Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) from Kirtland Air 

Force Base, New Mexico, provided aircraft and pilots for delivery 

of the airdropped devices, preshot security sweeps, cloud 

sampling, cloud tracking, and aerial radiation surveys. Over 400 

air and ground crew personnel at Indian Springs Air Force Base 

and about 2,000 at Kirtland Air Force Base participated in AFSWC 

operations during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. The principal AFSWC 

unit was the 4925th Test Group (Atomic). Other participating 

units included the 4935th Air Rase Squadron, the 4901st Support 

Wing, and the 55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron. 

Summaries of UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Nuclear Events 

The 11 UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE events are summarized in the accompanying 

table, and their locations are shown on the accompanying map. 

Shots ANNIE, NANCY, BADGER, SIMON, ENCORE, and GRABLE involved 

larger numbers of DOD partlcipants than the other five shots and 

are described below in some detail. 

Shot ANNIE, a 300-foot tower detonation, was fired with a yield 

of 16 kilotons at 0520 hours Pacific Standard Time on 17 March 

1953 in Area 3 of Yucca Flat. The AEC designated ANNIE an "open 

shot," which meant that reporters were allowed to view the 

detonation from News Nob, 12 kilometers south of the shot-tower. 

In addition, 20 reporters were selected to accompany the troops 

to the trenches, located 3,200 meters southwest of the tower. 

2 
Exercise Desert Rock V activities at Shot ANNIE included troop 

maneuvers, troop orientation and indoctrination, operational 

helicopter tests, and damage effects evaluation. Of the 1,700 

personnel involved in these projects, 1,181 troops, divided into 

two Battalion Combat Teams (BCTs), participated in the tactical 

maneuver. Unlike the maneuver troops at other UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

events who were assigned to units all over the United States, the 

troops at Shot ANNIE had been specifically assigned to provide 

support at Camp Desert Rock. After the preshot orientation and 

rehearsal, which were conducted before each shot with Desert Rock 

participation, maneuver troops observed the shot with other 

observers in the trenches. After the shot, the two BCTs, each 

preceded by a radiological safety monitor, attacked an objective 

located about one kilometer west of ground zero. Once they 

reached their objective, the troops went to the display area and 

inspected the displays up to the 2.5 roentgen-per-hour (R/h) 

radiation intensity line. This line was 460 to 640 meters from 

ground zero. 

Besides the tactical maneuver troops, an estimated 505 personnel 

from various services participated in the orientation and indoctrination program, which consisted of instruction in nuclear 

weapons, observation of the detonation, and a postshot tour of 

the display areas. In addition, approximately ten Marines and 

three helicopters from the Helicopter Atomic Test Unit, 2d Marine 

Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade, participated in a test 

of the affects of overpressure. The helicopters were parked on 

the side of a hill 17 kilometers from ground zero at the time of 

the ANNIE detonation. About 45 minutes after the shot, the 

helicopters airlifted some troops from the trench area to a 

location two kilometers south of ground zero. The helicopters 

flew to the decontamination station after the exerclse, which was 

standard procedure in the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE helicopter tests. 

For the damage effects evaluation, the 412th Engineer Construction Battalion placed barbed wire obstacles and excavated 

trenches, bunkers, and foxholes in the display area, which 

extended 3,200 meters south of ground zero. The chemical team 

placed film badges in the open and in the fortifications, and the 

3623rd Ordnance Company placed military equipment in the display 

area. After the shot, the engineer team and the ordnance team 

returned to the display area to assess the damage to the 

fortifications, and the chemical team retrieved the film badges. 

DOD personnel at Shot ANNIE also participated in scientific 

experiments and air support activities. About 300 DOD personnel 

were involved in projects performed by the test groups, and 

another 80 AFSWC personnel provided air support. 

Shot NANCY, a 300-foot tower detonation, was fired with a yield 

of 24 kilotons at 0510 hours Pacific Standard Time on 24 March 

1953 in Area 4 of Yucca Flat. A shift in wind direction at shottime caused fallout in an area between the Desert Rock maneuver 

3 
troops and their objective, and the Shot NANCY cloud approached 

the troop trenches before it was carried to the west and north. 

The peak intensity noted at the trenches was 0.018 R/h. 

At NANCY, Exercise Desert Rock V activities included troop 

maneuvers, the volunteer officer observer program, troop 

orientation and indoctrination, operational helicopter tests, and 

damage effects evaluation. Of the approximately 2,860 personnel 

involved, about 2,350 participated in the tactical troop 

maneuver. 

The maneuver troops, divided into two BCTs, first underwent an 

orientation program and then observed the shot from trenches 

3,660 meters south-southwest of ground zero. After the 

detonation, the BCTs, accompanied by radiological safety 

monitors, began an attack on objectives about 1,000 and 2,000 

meters northwest of ground zero. As the two BCTs headed toward 

their objectives, the radiological safety monitors nearest ground 

zero reported levels of radiation approaching 2.0 R/h. As a 

result, one BCT was ordered to shift its advance to the west. 

That BCT then moved on a northwest course, away from ground zero, 

to avoid the radiation area. Neither BCT was able to approach 

closer than 460 to 640 meters to its objective. At that 

distance, one of the BCTs encountered a radiation intensity of 14 

R/h. The troops returned to the display area, where they viewed 

the effects of the detonation on military equipment, field 

fortifications, and sheep. 

The estimated 490 observers formed the next largest group of 

Desert Rock participants at NANCY. Observers witnessed NANCY 

from trenches located 3,660 meters from ground zero. After the 

shot, they toured the display area up to about 910 meters from 

ground zero. The 2.5 R/h radiation intensity line, which was the 

forward limit of the observers' advance, was located about 780 

meters south of ground zero. 

The nine volunteer officer observers at Shot NANCY positioned 

themselves in trenches located 2,300 meters south-southwest of 

ground zero. These officers were the first participants in this 

program. After the shot, the officers evacuated their trenches 

when a wind shift blew part of the cloud stem toward their 

position and they observed a radiation intensity reading of 

0.09 R/h on their radiac instruments. 

Also at Shot NANCY, an estimated nine Marines and four 

helicopters were involved in an operational helicopter test. 

Three helicopters hovered about 18 kilometers southeast of ground 

zero to experience the shock wave. A fourth helicopter was 

parked 15 kilometers southeast of ground zero. Two of these 

helicopters then flew toward ground zero and one attempted to 

land and check the radiation intensities in the area around 

ground zero. However, thick dust and residual radiation 

intensities prevented it from landing. 

4 
Finally, as part of Exercise Desert Rock V, damage effects 

evaluation teams compared the preshot and postshot conditions of 

fortifications and materiel placed in the display area before the 

shot by the 412th Engineer Construction Battalion and the 3623rd 

Ordnance Company. The medical team examined the condition of 

sheep that had been placed 90 to 2,740 meters from ground zero, 

and the chemical team retrieved film badges placed in fortifications and on stakes in the display area. 

In addition to the Desert Rock projects, the scientific experiments conducted by the test groups had an estimated 400 DOD 

participants. An additional 80 AFSWC personnel provided air 

support during Shot NANCY. 

Shot BADGER, a 300-foot tower detonation, was fired with a yield 

of 23 kilotons at 0435 hours Pacific Standard Time on 18 April 

1953 in Area 2 of Yucca Flat. About 2,800 DOD personnel participated in five Desert Rock programs: troop maneuvers, volunteer 

officer observers, troop orientation and indoctrination, operational helicopter tests, and damage effects evaluation. The 

largest DOD activity at Shot BADGER was the troop maneuver, a 

Marine exercise which included a test of the ability of helicopters to transport troops in an attack after the employment of 

a nuclear weapon. The 2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic 

Exercise Brigade conducted the exercise. The brigade, which 

included 2,167 Marines, consisted of four major units: 

0 Brigade Headquarters 

0 1st Battalion, 8th Marine Regiment, 2d Marine 

Division 

0 2d Battalion, 3d Marine Regiment, 3d Marine Division 

0 Marine Helicopter Transport Group 16 (MAG (HR) 16). 

The evening before the shot, MAG (HR) 16 flew 39 helicopters to 

the staging area at Yucca Airstrip, 20 kilometers from ground 

zero, and remained there overnight. Before dawn on 18 April, the 

other participants had assembled to observe the shot from the 

trench area, located 3,660 meters south-southwest of ground zero. 

After the shock wave passed, the participants began the maneuver, 

which involved an attack on objectives 1,830 meters southsouthwest of ground zero. Radiological monitoring teams preceded 

and accompanied the Marines. A wind shift blew the stem of the 

cloud over the display area and over some of the observer 

trenches, resulting in contamination. During the ground attack, 

the 1st Battalion advanced less than 460 meters before these 

Marines were ordered to halt because dosimeter readings exceeded 

3.0 roentgens. The battalion withdrew to the trench area and was 

not permitted to continue the maneuver or to tour the display 

area. By the time the battalion had left the trench area, some 

Marines exceeded the allowable dose of 6.0 roentgens, with film 

5 
badge readings as high as 7.1 roentgens. The 2d Battalion 

reached its objective and toured the display area. 

The helicopter airlift began 11 minutes after the shot. Two 

pathfinder helicopters preceded the other helicopters to measure 

radiation intensities near the objectives. The remaining 37 

helicopters flew one Marine company to the area of the objectives. After arriving at the objectives, the Marines toured the 

display area. 

Also at Shot BADGER, six Army and six Marine Corps officers took 

part in the volunteer officer observer program. These observers 

witnessed the shot from a trench 1,830 meters from ground zero. 

Because radiation intensities in the trench after the shot were 

between 30 and 50 R/h, the officers evacuated this area. They 

walked to a road about 180 meters west of the trenches, where 

they met vehicles which took them to the main trench area, 3,660 

meters from ground zero. About 590 other observers, drawn from 

all the armed services, witnessed the shot from the main trench 

area, walked to the display area, and there inspected the equipment and animals up to the display located 910 meters from ground 

zero. 

In the operational helicopter test at BADGER, four helicopters 

were airborne at shot-time. Two helicopters were about 14 

kilometers southeast of the shot, flying toward ground zero. Two 

others were hovering at a point 13 kilometers southeast of ground 

zero. After the shot, the helicopters followed different flight 

paths toward ground zero and landed at different points determined by radiological conditions in the area. Two of the helicopters encountered radiation intensities greater than 50 R/h 

before they could take evasive action. 

For the Desert Rock damage effects evaluation, the Sixth Army and 

the Marine Corps established displays at various distances from 

ground zero. The Marine Corps display consisted of extensive 

arrays of field equipment and uniformed mannequins, while the 

Army display included animals and emplacements such as bunkers, 

trenches, and foxholes. Army personnel placed test animals and 

dosimetry instruments in these emplacements to evaluate shielding 

effectiveness. After the shot, Army and Marine Corps personnel 

returned to the display area to assess the effects of the 

detonation. 

In addition to the Desert Rock participants at Shot BADGER, 

another 360 DOD personnel participated in scientific projects 

conducted by the three JTO test groups. An additional 125 AFSWC 

personnel provided air support. 

Shot SIMON, a 300-foot tower detonation, was fired at 0430 hours 

Pacific Standard Time on 25 April 1953 in Area 1 of Yucca Flat. 

The SIMON device produced a nuclear yield of 43 kilotons, 

significantly larger than expected. Because the wind shifted at 

6 
the time of detonation, radiation levels in the Desert Rock 

trench area were higher than anticipated. For the first time in 

the history of nuclear testing, the Test Director established 

offsite roadblocks. These were placed on U.S. Highway 91 between 

Las Vegas and Alamo, Nevada, and on U.S. Highway 93 between Las 

Vegas and St. George, Utah. 

At SIMON, Exercise Desert Rock V activities involved more than 

3,000 personnel in tactical troop maneuvers, troop observer and 

volunteer officer observer programs, operational helicopter 

tests, and damage effects evaluation. 

The tactical troop maneuver, the largest Desert Rock program at 

SIMON, engaged 2,450 Army personnel. The exercise, designed to 

provide realistic combat training under the conditions of a 

nuclear battlefield, was preceded by an orientation and 

rehearsal. The exercise itself consisted of observing the shot, 

conducting a ground attack, and inspecting the display areas. 

For the attack, troops were divided into two BCTs, which were to 

capture an objective about 750 meters west of ground zero. Two 

radiological monitoring teams preceded the troops to the 

objective and display areas, and additional monitors accompanied 

each BCT during the attack. The BCT to the east, which was 

closer to ground zero, was halted 1,830 meters from ground zero 

when the monitors detected radiation intensities of 2.5 R/h. The 

other BCT, approaching on the west, continued to advance and 

presumably reached the objective. After the ground attack, 

troops viewed the display area south of ground zero. Because 

SIMON produced more widespread contamination than most of the 

previous UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE shots, several displays were 

inaccessible; forward movement was halted at the 1,830-meter 

display line, where the radiation intensity was near the limit of 

2.5 R/h. 

The troop observer program involved an estimated 550 observers 

drawn from all of the armed services. After an extensive preshot 

orientation, the observers viewed the shot from trenches 3,660 

meters south of ground zero. They then toured the display area, 

approaching as close as 1,830 meters from ground zero before 

walking back to the trenches. 

Seven Army officers and one Navy officer participated in the 

volunteer observer program at Shot SIMON. These volunteers chose 

to occupy trenches 1,830 meters from ground zero. Seconds after 

the burst, one officer measured a radiation intensity of 100 Rjh, 

which dropped to about 20 to 25 R/h within one minute. As the 

volunteers left the trenches and walked away from ground zero, 

radiation levels steadily declined, except when the officers 

stopped to tour the display area. The group walked about 400 

meters before they were met by trucks and driven to the main 

trench area. 

7 
Elements of the 2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise 

Brigade conducted the operational helicopter test at Shot SIMON. 

At shot-time, three Marine helicopters were near Yucca Lake 

Airstrip, southeast of the detonation. Two of these helicopters 

were hovering 11 kilometers from ground zero, while the other, 

about 17 kilometers from ground zero, was proceeding toward the 

shot. After the shock wave passed, all helicopters flew to the 

shot area. One skirted the SIMON dust column, encountering 

radiation intensities of 50 R/h before completing evasive action. 

Another landed about 1,830 meters west of ground zero, where a 

radiation monitor walked to a location about 870 meters from 

ground zero and noted intensities of 10 R/h about 30 minutes 

after the shot. The third helicopter flew around the upwind side 

Of the dust column and landed 2,000 meters northwest of ground 

zero. 

For the damage effects evaluation, personnel from the 412th 

Engineer Construction Battalion and the 3623rd Ordnance Company 

prepared a display area 230 to 3,200 meters south-southeast of 

ground zero. Equipment, sheep, and film badges were placed in 

fortifications and in the open. After the shot, engineer and 

ordnance teams inspected equipment and fortifications to assess 

the damage caused by the detonation. A medical team retrieved 

the sheep, and a chemical team retrieved the film badges for 

analysis. 

In addition to the Desert Rock participants, an estimated 400 DOD 

personnel participated in scientific projects conducted by the 

test groups at Shot SIMON. An additional 120 AFSWC participants 

provided air support. 

Shot ENCORE, an airdropped nuclear device, had a yield of 27 

kilotons. A B-50 from Kirtland Air Force Base delivered the 

ENCORE device, which was detonated 2,423 feet above Area 5 of 

Frenchman Flat at 0830 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 8 May 1953. 

The bomb was off-target by 250 meters. Shot ENCORE was a 

military effects test, and the Military Effects Group conducted 

many projects, involving about 720 DOD personnel. Perhaps 

another 40 took part in activities of the Weapons Development 

Group and the Civil Effects Group. 

Although the scientific activities at ENCORE were extensive, even 

more DOD personnel were involved in the Desert Rock activities at 

the shot. More than 3,000 individuals took part in observer 

programs, troop maneuvers, operational helicopter tests, and 

damage effects evaluation. Desert Rock troop maneuvers, the 

largest single program conducted at ENCORE, involved about 

2,475 men. Participants were organized into two BCTs, composed 

of provisional units from the First, Third, and Fourth Armies and 

from individual Air Force units. 

For several days before the shot, maneuver troops attended 

classes and practiced their shot-day activities. They observed 

8 
the shot with the other troops in trenches 9,400 meters from the 

intended ground zero. The trenches were far enough from the shot 

that troops and other observers were allowed to rise and look at 

the fireball before the arrival of the shock wave, a change from 

previous policy. 

After the shot, the two BCTs began the ground assault on two 

objectives, about 5,000 meters south-southwest and 1,400 meters 

south-southeast of ground zero. While the ground troops were 

marching from the trenches to the objectives, seven H-19 

helicopters were airlifting one 30-man platoon from each BCT to 

the closer objective. The first group to arrive at that 

objective was a pathfinder team, which included a radiological 

safety monitor. This monitor took a reading of 0.26 R/h about 

one hour after the detonation in the vicinity of ground zero. By 

1045 hours, the ground troops had secured both objectives. After 

spending about seven hours in the forward area, the troops 

returned to Camp Desert Rock. 

Desert Rock observers, including representatives from each of the 

armed services, watched Shot ENCORE from trenches 9,400 meters 

from the intended ground zero and then toured the equipment 

display area. They spent about five hours and 20 minutes at the 

test site. 

For the Marine Corps operational helicopter test, four HRS 

helicopters were tested, each operated by a crew of three from 

the 2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade. At 

shot-time, three helicopters were 20 kilometers from ground zero 

at a height of 400 feet, while the fourth was hovering ten feet 

above the ground at a point 15.5 kilometers from ground zero. 

After the shock wave passed, two helicopters returned to Camp 

Desert Rock. The other two flew to a position 1,000 meters south 

of ground zero and landed briefly to allow monitors to survey the 

immediate area. The radiation levels that they measured 20 to 

30 minutes after shot-time did not exceed 1.4 R/h. 

For the Desert Rock damage effects evaluation, the 412th Engineer 

Construction Battalion excavated bunkers, trenches, and foxholes 

and built two sections of bridging. The 3623rd Ordnance Company 

placed equipment in the display area, which extended 3,200 meters 

to the southeast of ground zero. In addition, a medical evaluation team placed sheep in the area the day before the shot, and 

a chemical team placed film badges in the fortifications. After 

the shot, evaluation teams entered the display area to assess 

damage and to retrieve the animals and film badges for analysis. 

In addition to test group and Desert Rock participants at Shot 

ENCORE, about 80 AFSWC personnel, including the crew for the 

airdrop mission, provided air support. 

Shot GRABLE, the tenth test of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, was 

detonated with a yield of 15 kilotons at 0830 hours Pacific 

9 
Daylight Time on 25 May 1953. A 280mm cannon fired the atomic 

artillery projectile, which detonated 524 feet above Area 5 

(Frenchman Flat). GRABLE was the only nuclear device fired from 

a cannon during the test series. The Artillery Test Unit from 

the Artillery Center, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, fired the cannon. 

Like Shot ENCORE, Shot GRABLE had extensive test group 

activities; an estimated 650 DOD personnel participated in the 

Military Effects Group projects. DOD personnel also assisted in 

Weapons Development Group and Civil Effects Group projects. 

Although the scientific program was extensive, many more DOD 

personnel were involved in the Desert Rock exercises. More than 

2,600 exercise troops and over 700 observers participated in 

GRABLE. Observers, including members of each of the armed 

services, witnessed the shot from trenches 4,570 meters west of 

ground zero. After the shot, observers were to inspect the 

equipment display area, but because of a dust storm, they were 

unable to approach closer than 1,370 meters to ground zero. 

After observing the shot with other Desert Rock participants, the 

exercise troops were to attack two objectives located 2,400 

meters southeast of ground zero and 2,800 meters east-southeast 

of ground zero. High winds and dust forced the troops to turn 

back about an hour after the attack began, although some troops 

did approach as close as 700 meters to the south of ground zero 

and were subsequently able to view the equipment display up to 

450 meters from ground zero. 

For the damage effects evaluation at GRABLE, the 412th Engineer 

Construction Battalion excavated trenches, bunkers, and foxholes 

and constructed sections of bridging in the display area 

southeast of ground zero. The 3623rd Ordnance Company also 

placed military equipment in the area. Army personnel placed 

sheep and dosimetry instruments in these fortifications for use 

in medical and shielding evaluations. After the shot, engineer, 

ordnance, chemical, medical, and quartermaster teams evaluated 

the damage to equipment, animals, and fortifications. A 

veterinary officer and technician evaluated the effects of the 

detonation on the sheep, and a chemical team retrieved dosimetry 

instruments. 

In addition to the test group and Desert Rock participants, about 

70 AFSWC crew members provided air support. 

Safety Standards and Procedures 

Exercise Desert Rock V, the JTO, and AFSWC each developed its own 

organization and procedures for ensuring the safety of its 

members. Based on safety criteria established by the AEC, the 

radiological safety plans developed by each organization were 

designed to minimize individual exposures to ionizing radiation 

while allowing participants to accomplish their missions. 

10 
During UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, the safety of Desert Rock participants 

was the responsibility of the Army. Subject to AEC approval, the 

Office, Chief of Army Field Forces (OCAFF), set the external 

gamma radiation exposure criterion for Desert Rock V troops as a 

maximum of 6.0 roentgens during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, with 

no more than 3.0 roentgens of prompt radiation. To protect 

Desert Rock participants from the thermal and blast effects of 

nuclear detonations, OCAFF also established exposure limits for 

blast pressure and thermal radiation: 

0 Five pounds per square inch of overpressure 

0 One calorie per square centimeter of thermal 

radiation. 

Based on these exposure limits and the mode of delivery, OCAFF 

set minimum distances from ground zero for the positioning of 

Desert Rock troops and observers. 

In addition, OCAFF authorized a special volunteer observer program for Exercise Desert Rock V. Small groups of officer volunteers were positioned in trenches closer to ground zero than the 

standard distances. The exposure limits for this special program 

were: 

0 Ten roentgens of gamma radiation, with no more than five 

roentgens of prompt radiation per test, and a total of no 

more than 25 roentgens for the exercise 

0 Eight pounds per square inch of overpressure 

0 One calorie per square centimeter of thermal radiation. 

The Test Manager was responsible for the radiological safety of 

all JTO personnel at the Nevada Proving Ground and individuals 

residing within 320 kilometers of the test site. Onsite 

radiological safety operati-ons were performed by the AFSWP Radiological Safety Support Unit, composed of Army personnel from Fort 

McClellan, Alabama, and directed by AFSWP. The Radiological 

Safety Support Unit worked within guidelines recommended by the 

AEC, Division of Biology and Medicine, and accepted by the Test 

Manager. An exposure limit of 3.9 roentgens of gamma radiation 

for the series was established for personnel involved in JTO 

activities. Since Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE lasted almost 12 

weeks, this limit approximated the then-current occupational 

exposure limit of 3.9 roentgens for each 13-week period 

recommended by the National Committee on Radiation Protection and 

the International Commission on Radiological Protection. 

AFSWC was responsible for the radiation protection of its units. 

The AFWSC exposure limit was 3.9 roentgens of gamma radiation for 

the entire operation, unless otherwise specified. 

11 
Although the missions of Desert Rock, the JTO, and AFSWC required 

different types of activities and separate radiation protection 

plans and staffs, the general procedures were similar: 

Orientation and training - preparing radiological 

monitors for their work and familiarizing participants with radiological safety procedures 

Personnel dosimetry - issuing and developing film 

badges for participants and evaluating gamma 

radiation exposures recorded on these badges 

Use of protective equipment - providing clothing, 

respirators, and other protective equipment 

Monitoring - performing radiological surveys and 

controlling access to radiation areas 

Briefing - informing observers and project personnel 

of radiological conditions in the test area 

Decontamination - detecting and removing contamination from personnel and equipment. 

Radiation Exposures at UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

As of January 1982, the military services had identified by name 

11,277 of the estimated 21,000 DOD participants at Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. Film badge data are available for 2,003 of 

these participants, as shown in the "Summary of Dosimetry for 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE" table. While film badge data for 

individual Desert Rock participants are generally not available, 

dosimetry information is available for the volunteer officer 

observers, who participated at Shots NANCY, BADGER, and SIMON. 

Each volunteer observer wore a pocket dosimeter and at least one 

film badge. Film badge records show that the nine volunteer 

officer observers at Shot NANCY had exposures between 0.3 and 

0.79 roentgens. The 12 officer observers at Shot BADGER had 

exposures ranging from 5.2 to 9.5 roentgens. At Shot SIMON, the 

eight volunteers had exposures of 9.5 to 17.5 roentgens; seven of 

these exposures exceeded the 10.0 roentgen shot limit. One of 

the volunteer observers witnessed all three shots. His total 

gamma dose for Shots NANCY, BADGER, and SIMON was 26.6 roentgens. 

Because the volunteer officer observers were relatively close to 

Shots NANCY, BADGER, and SIMON, the potential existed for exposure to prompt gamma and neutron radiation. The calculated mean 

neutron doses for the volunteer observers have been reconstructed 

as 0.63 roentgens for Shot NANCY; 2.4 roentgens for Shot BADGER; 

and 28 roentgens for Shot SIMON. Because the exposures of the 

volunteer officers resulted from a unique situation, their doses 

are not included in the "Summary of Dosimetry" table. 

12 
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14 
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15 
PREFACE 

Between 1945 and 1962, the U.S. Government, through the 

Manhattan Engineer District and its successor agency, the Atomic 

Energy Commission (AEC), conducted 235 atmospheric nuclear 

weapons tests at sites in the southwestern United States and in 

the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 

Department of Defense (DOD) participants, both military and 

civilian, were present at the tests. Of these, approximately 

90,000 were present at the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 

conducted at the Nevada Proving Ground (NPG),* northwest of Las 

Vegas, Nevada. 

In 1977, 15 years after the last above-ground nuclear 

weapons test, the Center for Disease Control noted a possible 

leukemia cluster among a small group of soldiers present at Shot 

SMOKY, one test of Operation PLUMBBOB, the series of atmospheric 

nuclear weapons tests conducted in 1957. Since that initial 

report by the Center for Disease Control, the Veterans 

Administration has received a number of claims for medical 

benefits from former military personnel who believe their health 

may have been affected by their participation in the program. 

+ 

In late 1977, DOD began a study to provide data to both the 

Center for Disease Control and the Veterans Administration on 

potential exposures to ionizing radiation among the military and 

civilian personnel who had participated. DOD organized an effort 

to: 

0 Identify DOD personnel who had taken part in the 

atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 

*Renamed the Nevada Test Site in 1955 

+ The Center for Disease Control is part of the U.S. 

Department of Health and Human Services, formerly the U.S. 

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 

16 
0 Determine the extent of the participants' exposure 

to ionizing radiation 

0 Provide public disclosure of information concerning 

participation by DOD personnel in the atmospheric 

nuclear weapons tests. 

This report on Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE is based on the military 

and technical documents associated with each of the atmospheric 

nuclear weapons tests. 

METHODS AND SOURCES USED TO PREPARE THIS VOLUME 

The Defense Nuclear Agency compiled information for this 

volume from available documents that record the military 

operations and scientific activities performed during Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, the series of atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 

conducted in 1953. These records, most of which were developed 

by individuals and organizations participating in the UPSHOTKNOTHOLE Series, are kept in over three dozen document repositories throughout the United States. 

In compiling information for this report, teams of historians, health physicists, radiation specialists, and information 

analysts canvassed document repositories known to contain materials on atmospheric nuclear weapons tests conducted in the 

southwestern United States. These repositories include armed 

services libraries, Government agency archives and libraries, 

Federal repositories, and libraries of scientific and technical 

laboratories. The teams examined classified and unclassified 

documents containing information on DOD participation in 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, recorded relevant information 

concerning the activities of DOD personnel, and catalogued the 

data sources in an automated data base to allow cross-referencing 

and retrieval. Many of the documents pertaining specifically to 

DOD involvement during UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE were found in the Defense 

Nuclear Agency Technical Library, the Modern Military Branch of 

17 
the National Archives, the Nevada Operations Office of the 

Department of Energy, and the Office of Air Force History. 

Gathering data for this study presented a variety of challenges. Many different military and civilian organizations were 

involved in developing and storing records related to Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. Each branch of the armed services and each 

civilian organization had its own system of recording information. Much material was not retained because it was not considered important at the time. In addition, some records have 

been lost or destroyed over the years. Other records have been 

transferred from one repository to another, and accounts of the 

transfer of documents are not always available. 

In most cases, the surviving historical documentation of 

activities conducted during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE addresses 

test specifications and technical information, rather than the 

personnel data critical to the study undertaken by DOD. 

The available historical documentation sometimes has inconsistencies in vital facts. Efforts have been made to resolve the 

inconsistencies wherever possible, or otherwise to bring them to 

the attention of the reader. For example, the Armed Forces 

Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) documents do not always refer to 

project titles and agencies in the same way. To make this 

information as uniform as possible, these reports on UPSHOTKNOTHOLE use weapons test report titles for each project. 

Information concerning the planned and actual dates and yields of 

test detonations is taken from the Department of Energy, 

Announced United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 through 1979 

(NVO-209). Other data on the tests, concerning fallout patterns, 

meteorological conditions, and cloud dimensions, are taken from 

DNA 1251-1, Compilation of Local Fallout Data from Test 

18 
Detonations 1945-1962, volume 1, except in instances where more 

specific information is available elsewhere (81; 103).* 

For several of the Exercise Desert Rock and test organization projects discussed in this volume, the only documents available are the Sixth Army Desert Rock operation orders and the Test 

Director's Schedule of Events from "Operation Order 1-53." These 

sources detail the plans developed by DOD and AEC personnel prior 

to the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series; they do not necessarily describe 

the operations as they were actually conducted at the NPG. 

Although some of the after-action documents, such as the weapons 

test reports for AFSWP, summarize the projects performed during 

the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series, they do not always supply shotspecific information. In the absence of shot-specific afteraction reports, projects are described according to the way they 

were planned. The references indicate whether the description of 

activities is based on the schedule of events, operation orders, 

or after-action reports. 

ORGANIZATION OF UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE SERIES REPORTS AND THIS VOLUME ON 

OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

This volume details participation by DOD personnel in Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, the fourth atmospheric nuclear weapons 

testing series conducted at the NPG. Four other publications 

address DOD activities during the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series: 

0 Multi-shot volume: Shots ANNIE to RAY, the First 

Five Tests of the UPSHOTKNOTHOLE Series 

0 Shot volume: Shot BADGER 

0 Shot volume: Shot SIMON 

*All sources cited in the text are listed alphabetically and 

numbered in the Bibliography at the end of this volume. The 

number given in the text is the number of the source document in 

the Bibliography. 

19 
Multi-shot volume: Shots ENCORE to CLIMAX, the Final 

Four Tests of the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Series. 

The series volume describes those dimensions of Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE that apply to the series as a whole, such as historical background, organizational relationships, and radiological safety procedures. In addition, it addresses the overall 

objectives, describes the geographic layout of the NPG, and 

contains a bibliography of all works consulted in the preparation 

of the five Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE reports. The single- and 

multi-shot volumes, on the other hand, contain none of this 

general information on Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. The two 

single-shot volumes describe DOD participation in Shots BADGER 

and SIMON. These two events have been treated in separate 

volumes because they included Exercise Desert Rock maneuvers 

involving large numbers of DOD personnel. The two multi-shot 

volumes combine shot-specific descriptions for several nuclear 

events. The shot and multi-shot volumes contain bibliographies 

only of the sources referenced in each of those texts. Descriptions of activities concerning any particular shot in the UPSHOTKNOTHOLE Series, whether the shot is addressed in a single-shot 

volume or in a multi-shot volume, may be supplemented by the 

general radiological safety and organizational information 

contained in this volume. 

This volume is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 

provides background information about Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

including an explanation of the historical context of the series, 

a description of the NPG, a summary and comparison of the 11 

events in the series, and a summary of the activities of DOD 

participants. Chapter 2 describes the Joint Test Organization 

and Exercise Desert Rock, the two groups with major DOD 

participation at Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. It defines the 

responsibilities of each group in planning, administering, and 

supporting the various nuclear test events and in conducting 

20 
other activities in con.junction with those tests. Chapter 3 

discusses the Exercise Desert Rock V military maneuvers conducted 

during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, and chapter 4 describes other 

DOD activities. Chapter 4 also summarizes training activities, 

scientific experiments, and support missions conducted by DOD 

personnel. Chapters 3 and 4 define the objectives of the 

activities, describe the planned and actual procedures, and 

indicate at which shots the programs occurred. Chapter 5 

describes the radiological safety criteria and procedures in 

effect during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE for each of the DOD 

groups with significant participation. Chapter 6 is a study of 

the results of the radiation protection program during Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, including an analysis of film badge readings for 

DOD personnel. 

The information in this report is supplemented by the 

Reference Manual: Background Materials for the CONUS Volumes. 

This volume summarizes the basics of radiation physics, radiation 

health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement techniques, 

as well as listing acronyms and terms used in the reports 

addressing nuclear test events in the continental United States. 

21 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PAGE 

FACT SHEET ......................... 1 

PREFACE ........................... 16 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .................... 24 

LISTOFTABLES ....................... 26 

CHAPTER 

1 INTRODUCTION ....................... 29 

1.1 International and Domestic Conditions That 

Influenced Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE ........ 29 

1.2 Establishment of the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series ..... 31 

1.3 The Nevada Proving Ground .............. 36 

1.4 Summary of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Events ....................... 39 

1.5 Department of Defense Participants and 

Activities ..................... 40 

2 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE 

ORGANIZATIONS DURING OPERATION UPSHOT.KNOTHOLE . . 41 

2.1 The Joint Test Organization ............. 42 

2.1.1 Test Manager's Organization ......... 45 

2.1.2 Test Director's Organization ........ 48 

2.1.3 Support Director's Organization ....... 51 

2.2 The Organization of Exercise Desert Rock V ..... 53 

3 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V PROGRAMS AT OPERATION 

UPSHOT.KNOTHOLE ..................... 60 

3.1 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination 

3.2 Volunteer Officer Observers at 

3.3 Tactical Troop Maneuvers at 

3.4 Operational Helicopter Tests at 

3.5 Damage Effects Evaluation at 

at Exercise Desert Rock V .............. 67 

Exercise Desert Rock V ............... 70 

Exercise Desert Rock V ............... 71 

Exercise Desert Rock V ............... 77 

Exercise Desert Rock V ............... 77 

22 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

CHAPTER PAGE 

4 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN JOINT 

TEST ORGANIZATION PROGRAMS AT OPERATION 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE ..................... 79 

4.1 Military Effects Group Programs ........... 81 

4.1.1 

4.1.2 

4.1.3 

4.1.4 

4.1.5 

4.1.6 

4.1.7 

4.1.8 

4.1.9 

Program 1: Blast and Shock 

Measurements ................. 85 

Program 2: Nuclear Measurements and 

Effects ................... 90 

Program 3: Structures. Material. 

and Equipment ................ 92 

Program 4: Biomedical Experiments ...... 105 

Program 5: Aircraft Structures 

Test ..................... 108 

Program 6: Test on Service 

Equipment and Operations ........... 111 

Program 7: Long-range Detection ....... 117 

Program 8: Thermal Measurements and 

Effects ................... 119 

Program 9: Technical Photography ...... 125 

4.2 Weapons Development Group Programs ......... 128 

4.3 Civil Effects Group Programs ............ 131 

4.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Support Missions .................. 134 

5 RADIATION PROTECTION AT OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE . 144 

5.1 Radiation Protection Plans for Exercise 

Desert Rock V .................... 145 

5.1.1 Organization ................. 148 

5.1.3 Personnel Dosimetry Procedures ........ 150 

5.1.5 Monitoring .................. 151 

5.1.2 Orientation and Briefing ........... 149 

5.1.4 Protective Equipment ............. 151 

5.1.6 Decontamination ............... 153 

5.2 Radiation Protection Plans for the Joint 

Test Organization .................. 154 

5.2.1 Organization and Responsibilities ...... 156 

5.2.2 Onsite Operations .............. 162 

5.2.3 Offsite Operations .............. 172 

23 
CHAPTER 

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

PAGE 

5.2.4 Logistics and Supply ............. 173 

5.2.5 Air Participation .............. 175 

5.2.6 Control Section ............... 175 

5.3 Radiation Protection Plans for the Air Force 

Special Weapons Center ............... 176 

5.3.1 Organization and Responsibilities ...... 177 

5.3.3 Protective Equipment and Personnel 

5.3.2 Briefing ................... 178 

Dosimetry .................. 179 

5.3.4 Monitoring and Decontamination ........ 179 

6 DOSIMETRY FOR DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PERSONNEL AT OPERATION UPSHOT.KNOTHOLE .......... 182 

6.1 Participation Data ................. 182 

6.2 Dosimetry Data ................... 183 

6.2.1 Film Badge Data ............... 183 

6.2.2 Reconstructed Dose Data ........... 185 

6.3 Dosimetry Data for 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Participants ....... 186 

6.3.1 External Gamma Exposure Data ......... 186 

6.3.2 Instances of Gamma Exposure Exceeding 

Prescribed Limits .............. 187 

6.3.3 Reconstructed Doses ............. 190 

BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................ 217 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

FIGURE PAGE 

1-1 Location of Nevada Proving Ground ........... 37 

1-2 Nevada Proving Ground Showing Ground Zeros for 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE ............... 38 

2-1 Joint Test Organization/Exercise Desert Rock V 

Structure within Federal Government .......... 43 

2-2 Test Manager’s Organization .............. 47 

24 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) 

FIGURE PAGE 

2-3 Test Director's Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 

2-4 Support Director's Organization . . . . . . . . 52 

2-5 Camp Desert Rock Organization, Exercise Desert 

RockV,1953.......... ............ 55 

3-1 Troops in Trenches Awaiting the ANNIE Detonation. . . . 69 

3-2 Computation Form Used by Volunteer Observers. . . . . . 72 

3-3 Certificate of Agreement Used by Volunteer Observers. . 73 

4-1 Smoke Trails for Measuring Blast Forces, Project 

l.la/l.2 at Shot GRABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 

4-2 Rat Cylinders Used in Project 4.2 at Shot ENCORE . . . 107 

4-3 Project 8.4.1 at Shot GRABLE, Participant Testing Smoke 

Generators on Frenchman Flat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 

5-1 Characteristic Route of Radiological Monitoring Teams 

through Equipment Display Area, . . . . . . . . . . . 152 

5-2 Initial Radiological Safety Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . 158 

5-3 Radiological Safety Unit after Shot NANCY . . . . . . . 159 

5-4 Form R101, Daily Record of Radiation Exposure Used by 

the Onsite Operations Office. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 

5-5 Form R111, Description of Circumstances under Which 

Film Badge or Pocket Dosimeter Was Lost . . . . . . . . 165 

5-6 Form 102R, the Onsite Operations Office Permanent 

Record of Individual Cumulative Radiation Exposure. . . 167 

5-7 Area Access Clearance Form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 

25 
LIST OF TABLES 

TABLE 

1-1 

3-1 

3-2 

4-1 

4-2 

4-3 

4-4 

4-5 

4-6 

4-7 

4-8 

4-9 

Summary of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Events (1953). .. Exercise Desert Rock V, Estimated Number of 

Participants at Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

by Program. ...................... 

Planned Personnel Allocations and Total Actual 

Participants for Maneuvers at Exercise 

DesertRockV..................... 

Military Effects Group Project Participation 

byshot........................ 

Military Effects Group Program 3 Project Participation 

at Shots ENCORE and GRABLE. .............. Military Effects Group Projects Conducted as Part of 

Program 1 during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. ...... 

Military Effects Group Projects Conducted as Part of 

Program 2 during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. ...... 

Military Effects Group Projects Conducted as Part of 

Program 3 during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. ...... 

Military Effects Group Projects Conducted as Part of 

Program 4 during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. ...... Military Effects Group Projects Conducted as Part of 

Program 5 during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. ...... 

Military Effects Group Projects Conducted as Part of 

Program 6 during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. ...... 

Military Effects Group Projects Conducted as Part of 

Program 7 during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. ...... 

4-10 Military Effects Group Projects Conducted as Part of 

Program 8 during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE ...... 4-11 Military Effects Group Projects Conducted as Part of 

Program 9 during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE ...... 4-12 Weapons Development Group Projects Conducted during 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. .............. 4-13 Civil Effects Group Projects Conducted during Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. . . 

PAGE 

35 

65 

74 

83 

84 

86 

91 

93 

106 

109 

112 

117 

120 

126 

129 

132 

26 
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 

TABLE PAGE 

4-14 AFSWC Mission Support at Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. .. 135 

5-1 Army Safety Criteria for Placement of Troops 

during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE ........... 147 

6-1 Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Participants by Affiliation ...... 192 

6-2 Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for Army 

Personnel and Affiliates, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE . . 193 

6-2a Detailed Listing of "Other" Category, Army 

Participants, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE ........ 195 

6-3 Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for Navy 

Personnel and Affiliates, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE . . 206 

6-3a Detailed Listing of "Other" Category, Navy Participants, 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE ............... 208 

6-4 Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for 

Marine Corps Participants at UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. ..... 209 

6-4a Detailed Listing of "Other" Category, Marine Corps 

Personnel and Affiliates, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE . . 210 

6-5 Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for 

Air Force Personnel and Affiliates, Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE .................... 211 

6-5a Detailed Listing of "Other" Category, Air Force 

Participants, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE ........ 212 

6-6 Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for Scientific 

Personnel, Contractors, and Affiliates, 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE ............... 213 

6-6a Detailed Listing of "Other" Category, Field Command 

Participants, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE ........ 214 

6-7 Film Badge Readings Exceeding Established Limits for 

JTO Participants at Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE ..... 215 

6-8 Reconstructed Doses for Desert Rock Observers ..... 216 

27 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 

The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in this volume: 

AEC 

AFB 

AFSWC 

AFSWP 

AWS 

BCTs 

B JY 

DOD 

EG&G 

FCDA 

HumRRO 

IBDA 

JTO 

LASL 

LVT s 

NPG 

OCAFF 

REECo 

R/h 

SAC 

TAC 

UCRL 

UTM 

2d MCPAEB 

Atomic Energy Commission 

Air Force Base 

Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project 

Air Weather Service 

Battalion Combat Teams 

Department of Defense 

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Incorporated 

Federal Civil Defense Administration 

Human Resources Research Office 

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment 

Joint Test Organization 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

Landing Vehicles Tracked 

Nevada Proving Ground 

Office, Chief of Army Field Forces 

Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company 

Roentgen per hour 

Strategic Air Command 

Tactical Air Command 

University of California Radiation Laboratory 

Universal Transverse Mercator 

Second Marine Corps Provisional Atomic 

BUSTER-JANGLE "Y" 

Exercise Brigade 

28 
CHAPTER 1 

INTRODUCTION 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE was the series of atmospheric 

nuclear weapons tests conducted within the continental United 

States from 17 March 1953 to 4 June 1953. The series consisted 

of 11 nuclear tests and involved an estimated 21,000 DOD 

personnel participating in observer programs, tactical maneuvers, 

military effects studies, and scientific experiments. It was 

intended to test nuclear weapons for possible inclusion in the 

defense arsenal, to improve military tactics, equipment, and 

training, and to enhance the understanding of Civil Defense 

requirements in the United States. 

The purpose of this volume is to summarize information on 

organizations, procedures, and activities of DOD personnel in the 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series, This chapter introduces Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE with background information on: 

0 The international and domestic situation at the 

time of the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE tests 

0 The establishment of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

0 NPG facilities 

0 The 11 individual nuclear events 

0 DOD participation at this test series. 

The information provides a basis for understanding the nature and 

extent of DOD participation discussed in more detail in this 

volume and in the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE shot and multi-shot volumes. 

1.1 INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC CONDITIONS THAT INFLUENCED 

OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE was planned and conducted to 

develop, diversify, and strengthen the nuclear arsenal of the 

29 
United States. From the conclusion of World War 11, the Nation's 

strategic defense rested largely upon its ability to deter attack 

and general war by the threat of nuclear retaliation. The 

reliance on nuclear weapons increased in 1949 when the Soviet 

Union first detonated a nuclear device and the United States lost 

its monopoly on nuclear firepower. A new defense policy evolved 

in the early 1950s as two additional factors challenged the 

military's capability to defend American interests and to protect 

its allies during limited hostilities: 

0 The protracted commitment of U.S. ground forces 

to the Korean peninsula 

0 The inability of the United States' European 

allies to develop effective military 

capabilities. 

In both cases, the United States experienced difficulties because 

of limited manpower in uniform, emphasizing the need for a 

defense policy based not on large standing armies, but on new 

technological advances, particularly in nuclear weapons. 

The Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission strongly advocated the development of nuclear devices for tactical purposes. 

Describing the prospects for new types of nuclear weapons, the 

AEC Chairman stated in 1951: 

What we are working toward here is a situation where we 

will have atomic weapons in almost as complete a 

variety as conventional ones....This would include 

artillery shells, guided missiles, torpedoes, rockets 

and bombs for ground-support aircraft....We could use 

an atomic bomb today in a tactical way against enemy 

troops in the field, against military concentrations 

near battle areas and against other vital military 

targets without risk to our own troops. We are 

steadily increasing, through our technological and 

production progress, the number of situations in which 

atomic weapons can be effectively employed in battle 

areas (237). 

While working toward this end, the government attempted to 

inform the American public about the use of nuclear weapons to 

30 
halt aggression without simultaneously destroying large urban 

centers and populations. Thus, Shot ANNIE, the first detonation 

of the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series, was a highly publicized event. 

After witnessing a nuclear test event, four members of the 

Joint Congressional Atomic Energy Committee told the press: "We 

were impressed by the finite ... nature of a single atomic blast. 

The explosion yesterday morning could not by itself have 

performed miracles" (208). Committee members indicated that the 

significant advantage in firepower which the new weapons gave 

ground units would not eliminate the need to follow established 

principles of movement and position. It was essential that 

military units become familiar with the new weapons and their 

special characteristics. The best way to accomplish this was 

through realistic field exercises (208). 

Implementation of this defense policy required the development of various nuclear weapons and the training of personnel in 

the use of weapons. For the strategic deterrent against general 

war or overt aggression, Air Force Strategic Air Command aircraft 

had to be equipped with suitable nuclear weapons. Should limited 

aggression threaten a U.S. ally where ground intervention was 

called for, U.S. military forces needed to be trained in the 

tactical employment of nuclear weapons. The UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

testing addressed both the strategic and tactical considerations 

of American foreign policy. 

1.2 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE SERIES 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, conducted in the spring of 1953, was 

planned as two separate weapons testing programs: Operation 

UPSHOT and Operation KNOTHOLE. In October 1951, the Chief of the 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, located in Washington, 

D.C., recommended to the Joint Chiefs of Staff that a large 

military effects test be conducted in the spring of 1953 at the 

31 
Nevada Proving Ground. The objective was to obtain general 

weapons effects information to supplement the data obtained at 

the 1951 Operation GREENHOUSE weapons testing series conducted in 

the Pacific. The effects of nuclear detonations on military 

equipment as well as on structures and other targets of military 

significance were of specific interest. In December 1951, the 

Joint Chiefs of Staff approved the recommendation, subject to a 

future determination concerning the nature and number of military 

effects tests. DOD designed the code name of KNOTHOLE to this 

operation, scheduled to begin on 1 April 1953 (98). 

During April 1952, at the height of the TUMRLER-SNAPPER 

weapons testing series, the armed services submitted project 

recommendations to the Chief of AFSWP. He then reviewed these 

proposals to eliminate duplication and to ensure that all proposals were technically sound. After many conferences and 

discussions with the armed services, the Chief of AFSWP formulated plans for the test program. In May 1952, he submitted 

these plans for review to the DOD Research and Development Board. 

An " ad hoc panel of the Research and Development Board studied the 

plans and suggested modifications to reduce cost. After further 

review by AFSWP and the armed services, construction for 

Operation KNOTHOLE began in the Frenchman Flat area of NPG during 

mid-December 1952 (70; 98). 

While DOD was devising projects for Operation KNOTHOLE, the 

AEC was planning a nuclear weapons testing series to follow 

Operation IVY, scheduled for the Pacific in the fall of 1952. 

This testing series was to be designated Operation UPSHOT, and 

the earliest test date was set for the spring of 1953 (70). 

With Operation UPSHOT scheduled for the spring of 1953, DOD 

accelerated its planning for Operation KNOTHOLE so that arrangements for the AEC and DOD tests could be coordinated. In June 

1952, DOD and AEC agreed to conduct the spring 1953 tests as a 

combined operation, designated UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (70). 

32 
The UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series had two major objectives: 

e Improve the nuclear weapons used for strategic 

bomber delivery and those used for tactical battlefield situations 

0 Establish military doctrine for the tactical use of 

nuclear weapons. 

To attain these objectives, AEC had planned to conduct scientific 

experiments during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE to: 

0 Prove the adequacy of nuclear devices as warheads 

before they entered the country's nuclear weapons 

stockpile 

0 Test model nuclear devices for development as 

practical stockpile weapons 

0 Explore phenomena that could affect the efficiency 

and performance of nuclear weapons but could not be 

analyzed theoretically 

e Determine the validity of recommendations to improve 

the efficiency of nuclear weapons 

0 Observe detonations and obtain new information 

pertinent to weapons development 

e Accelerate the development cycle by substituting 

tests for lengthy laboratory programs 

0 Obtain basic scientific information. 

Combined AEC and DOD planning continued throughout the 

summer. By 1 September 1952, AEC plans indicated that the Los 

Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) would test at least five 

nuclear devices and that the newly formed University of 

California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL) at Livermore, California, 

would test two devices. DOD plans included a military effects 

test, ENCORE, and an artillery shot, GRARLE. The preliminary 

test schedule circulated in September underwent several changes 

as LASL, UCRL, and DOD planning progressed. By early October, 

DOD had formalized plans for GRARLE, which was to test a nuclear 

artillery shell fired from a 280mm cannon. DOD then negotiated 

with AEC to include GRABLE toward the end of Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (70). 

33 
From October to December 1952, DOD and AEC made further 

changes in the schedule of shots and the nature of test group 

participation in the events. By mid-December 1952, the UPSHOTKNOTHOLE tests were scheduled so that: 

0 No detonation occurred on Sunday. 

0 Tower shots were one week apart. 

0 The interval between a tower shot and an airdrop was 

at least four days. 

0 Shots ENCORE and GRABLE were at least two weeks 

apart. 

The Test Manager decided not to schedule detonations on Sundays 

because of numerous complaints concerning previous Sunday tests. 

The one-week interval between tower shots was based on the time 

required by Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Inc. (EG&G) work 

crews to change test locations and also to provide a one-day rest 

period each week for test personnel. The Military Effects Group 

requested the two-week interval between ENCORE and GRABLE to 

allow time for the group to evaluate damage from ENCORE and 

reactivate certain stations before the detonation of GRABLE over 

the same target area (70). Although the test schedule for 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE was revised several times, the testing 

was on schedule for most nuclear events of the series. Schedule 

changes in the later part of the series resulted primarily from 

adverse weather conditions. 

Table 1-1 summarizes information about the 11 events in the 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series. UTM coordinates* are used to identify 

the location of the ground zeros (70; 81; 98; 103). 

*Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in this 

report, as seen in table 1-1. The first three digits refer to a 

point on an east-west axis, and the second three digits refer to 

a point on a north-south axis. The point so designated is the 

southwest corner of an area 100 meters square. 

34 
35 
1.3 THE NEVADA PROVING GROUND 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, like Operations RANGER, BUSTERJANGLE, and TUMBLER-SNAPPER, was conducted at the Nevada Proving 

Ground. Originally established in December 1950, the NPG is 

located in southern Nevada, 100 kilometers* northwest of Las 

Vegas, as shown in figure 1-1. 

The original NPG, shown in figure 1-2, is an area of high 

desert and mountain terrain of about 1,600 square kilometers in 

Nye County. On its eastern, northern, and western boundaries, 

the NPG adjoins the Las Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range, of 

which it was originally a part. The NPG has been the location 

for all atmospheric nuclear weapons tests conducted within the 

continental United States from 1951 to the present. 

+ 

The nuclear weapons tests of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE were 

conducted in two distinct geographical areas: Yucca Flat and 

Frenchman Flat. Yucca Flat, a desert valley surrounded by 

mountains, is about 320 square kilometers. Located in the 

north-central part of the NPG, Yucca Flat was the site of nine 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE tests. The area boundaries outlined in figure 

1-2 approximate the Yucca Flat testing area. Frenchman Flat, a 

dry lake basin encompassing 22 square kilometers, is located in 

the southeastern part of NPG. Only the two UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

military effects events, Shots ENCORE and GRABLE, were conducted 

in this area. Yucca Flat and Frenchman Flat are linked by 

Mercury Highway, which extends north and south through Yucca 

Pass. Yucca Pass is the site of News Nob, a ma,jor observation 

area, and the Control Point. The Control Point consisted of nine 

permanent buildings situated on the west side of Yucca Pass. All 

*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metric 

units. The metric conversion factors include: 1 meter = 3.28 

feet; 1 meter = 1.09 yards; and 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles. 

+ Now the Nellis Air Force Range ., 

36 
I 

I 

I 

0 1 00 - 

Kilometers 

Figure 1-1: LOCATION OF NEVADA PROVING GROUND 

37 
BADGER 

RAY 

NANCY 

SIMON 

0 - 

Kilometers 

@ Ground Zero 

I””l 

Frenchman 

Lake 

P 

North 

-CLIMAX 

“DIXIE 

- RUTH 

-ANNIE 

-HARRY 

ENCORE 

GRABLE 

Camp Mercury 

Figure 1-2: NEVADA PROVING GROUND SHOWING GROUND ZEROS 

FOR OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

38 
tower shots were detonated from Building 1 at the Control Point, 

since the location permitted visual observation into the forward 

areas of both Frenchman Flat to the southeast and Yucca Flat to 

the north. The Control Point was also the location of decontamination facilities for personnel and vehicles returning from some 

of the testing areas (70; 103). 

Camp Mercury, situated at the southern boundary of the NPG, 

was the base of the Joint Test Organization (JTO), which managed 

the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE operations. Camp Mercury provided office and 

living quarters, as well as laboratory facilities and warehouses, 

for the personnel participating in the AEC test activities (70). 

Camp Desert Rock, headquarters of the Desert Rock exercises, 

was located just beyond the NPG, three kilometers southwest of 

Camp Mercury. Camp Desert Rock consisted of Quonset huts and 

semi-permanent structures supplemented by trailers and tents as 

necessary. The camp population varied considerably, depending on 

the schedule of weapons tests and associated troop maneuvers. 

When tests were not being conducted, fewer than 100 personnel 

maintained the camp. During test periods, however, Camp Desert 

Rock often housed several thousand DOD personnel on temporary 

assignment to participate in the nuclear weapons tests (120-121). 

1.4 SUMMARY OF OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE EVENTS 

During the planning for Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, AEC 

directed LASL and DOD to delineate experimental requirements 

that could be addressed during the 1953 test series. These 

proposals, when analyzed and evaluated, resulted in the 

scheduling of the events listed in table 1-1. 

The 11 nuclear tests of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE ranged in 

yield from less than one kiloton (Shots RUTH and RAY) to the 

61-kiloton Shot CLIMAX. Shot GRARLE, the tenth detonation of the 

39 
series, was unique not only to Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE but to 

the entire continental weapons testing series. It was the first 

test of a nuclear artillery projectile fired from a 280mm cannon. 

Three of the shots, DIXIE, ENCORE, and CLIMAX, were airdrops. 

All other devices tested in the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series were 

detonated on towers, which ranged in height from 100 feet to 300 

feet (103). Shots ANNIE, NANCY, BADGER, SIMON, ENCORE, and 

GRABLE involved the largest number of DOD participants. 

1.5 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPANTS AND ACTIVITIES 

About 21,000 DOD participants, both military and civilian, 

from the armed services and the Armed Forces Special Weapons 

Project participated at Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. By early 

1982, the military services had identified 11,277 of these 

individuals by name. 

DOD personnel participated in the following activities: 

a JTO administration and support 

0 Test group scientific and diagnostic activities, including AFSWP military effects projects 

0 Exercise Desert Rock V support 

0 Exercise Desert Rock V troop maneuvers and observation 

projects 

0 Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) support. 

Approximately 18,000 of the 21,000 participants at Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE took part in Exercise Desert Rock V. The 

remaining DOD participants at Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE took part 

in support activities associated with Exercise Desert Rock or in 

activities of the JTO, the principal authority for planning and 

directing the series. JTO activities included assisting in the 

administration of UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, participating in the 

scientific and diagnostic programs conducted by the three test 

groups, or performing AFSWC support missions. 

40 
CHAPTER 2 

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATIONS 

DURING OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Two groups, the Joint Test Organization and Exercise Desert 

Rock V, were responsible for the activities conducted during 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. This chapter describes how both these 

groups were organized to plan, manage, and conduct the 11 weapons 

tests and the scientific and military projects that constituted 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. 

JTO included representatives from both the Atomic Energy 

Commission and the Department of Defense. The primary responsibilities of JTO were to schedule and detonate the nuclear 

devices being tested and to evaluate the results of each 

detonation. The Test Manager and his staff performed the first 

function, while the Scientific Test Director and his staff were 

responsible for the second. JTO was principally staffed and 

administered by two Federal agencies, AEC and DOD, with 

representatives from the Federal Civil Defense Administration 

(FCDA) and the U.S. Public Health Service (70; 88). 

Exercise Desert Rock V was staffed and administered by the 

Army but included personnel from the other armed services. 

Exercise Desert Hock V functioned separately from JTO, with 

liaison established between the two groups to ensure that Desert 

Rock technical and training programs did not interfere with the 

JTO scientific and diagnostic programs. Exercise Desert Rock V 

participants served either as support troops or as exercise 

troops. Throughout Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, support roops 

resided at Camp Desert Rock, located just south of the Nevada 

Proving Ground. These troops provided security and law 

enforcement, radiological safety, medical care, transportation, 

construction, food, and laundry services to the exercise troops. 

41 
Exercise troops were assigned to Camp Desert Rock for periods of 

a few days to a few weeks to participate in a particular program 

(120-121). 

Other participants at UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE included employees of 

other Federal agencies, research laboratories, and private firms 

under contract to the Government. DOD personnel participated in 

the activities of many of these organizations as well (70). 

2.1 THE JOINT TEST ORGANIZATION 

AEC and DOD shared responsibility for planning and implementing the atmospheric nuclear weapons test program. AEC was 

responsible for exploring and developing new areas of nuclear 

weapons technology, while DOD was to incorporate the weapons into 

the country's military defense program (70). 

Congress established the AEC in 1946 with the passage of the 

Atomic Energy Act. The Director of the AEC Division of Military 

Application, who was by law a member of the military, supervised 

nuclear test operations from AEC Headquarters in Washington, D.C. 

Before Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, this individual authorized the 

Manager of the AEC Santa Fe Operations Office to be the Test 

Manager, delegating to him onsite responsibility for test preparations at the NPG. This responsibility included supervising the 

preparation and use of the various test areas at the NPG and 

managing the necessary AEC contractor support for each agency 

involved in test activities. These tasks were coordinated with 

the various divisions of the AEC Santa Fe Operations Office, as 

well as with AEC Field Managers, nuclear weapons development 

laboratories, AFSWP, FCDA, and other Government agencies. Figure 

2-1 shows the lines of authority from the President through both 

AEC and DOD to JTO (70; 88). 

42 
President 

of the United States 

Military i 

AEC Liaison Secretary - - - - - - - - 

Commissioners Committee of Defense 

F General Manager i" Joint Chiefs of Staff 

Director, Division 

of Military Application 

.. 

... \ 

Commanding General, 

Sixth U.S. Army 

and Exercise Supervisor 

. \ 

Commanding General, 

Sixth U.S. Army 

and Exercise Supervisor 

I 

Exercise 

Director 

A 

* 

Joint Exercise 

Organization Rock V 

""""""" Desert 

Chain of Command 

"" Liaison and Coordination 

Figure 2-1: JOINT TEST ORGANIZATION/EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V 

STRUCTURE WITHIN FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 

43 
The principal DOD agency responsible for developing nuclear 

weaponry was AFSWP, which was created by Congress in 1947. The 

Commander, Field Command, AFSWP, assisted in coordinating and 

organizing DOD participation by appointing a Deputy for Military 

Operations to serve on the Test Manager's staff. The Deputy for 

Military Operations coordinated the various DOD activities at the 

NPG, including the military effects programs conducted by AFSWP 

Field Command Military Effects Group in addition to the training 

programs, troop maneuvers, and technical tests that constituted 

Exercise Desert Rock V (70; 88). 

At the request of the Commander, Field Command, AFSWP, the 

Commander of AFSWC, at Kirtland Air Force Base (AFB), accepted 

responsibility for operational control and flight planning of all 

aircraft participating at Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. This 

included all air activities of the Air Force, Army, Navy, Marine 

Corps, Civil Air Patrol, and civilian aircraft at the NPG. At 

the request of the Test Manager and the Test Director, the 

Commander of AFSWC also provided the airdrop aircraft, the 

sampling aircraft, the cloud tracking, terrain survey, courier, 

security sweep and shuttle aircraft, and supporting elements. 

AFSWC provided ground support and air base services at both 

Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, and Indian Springs AFB, Nevada (94). 

As shown in figure 2-1, liaison between AEC and DOD existed 

at several points. The Atomic Energy Act provided for a Military 

Liaison Committee consisting of representatives from DOD to consult with AEC on "the development, manufacture, use, and storage 

of bombs, the allocation of fissionable material for military 

research, and the control of information relating to the manufacture or utilization of atomic weapons.'' This committee served 

as the liaison between the AEC commissioners and the Secretary of 

Defense (70; 88; 233-234). 

44 
The relationship of AEC with DOD was formalized in a memorandum of agreement between the Santa Fe Operations Office and 

AFSWP Field Command. The memorandum, dated 16 February 1953, 

stated that in matters relating to DOD participation at the NPG, 

the Test Manager was responsible to the Commander of AFSWP Field 

Command. In matters not relating to DOD participation, however, 

the Test Manager reported to his superior at AEC headquarters, 

the Director of Military Application. This agreement was confirmed in a letter from the AEC to the Assistant to the Secretary 

of Defense for Atomic Energy (224). 

During the planning and implementation phases of Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, the Joint Chiefs of Staff coordinated the activities of Exercise Desert Rock V through liaison with the Commanding General of the Sixth U.S. Army, who served as the Exercise 

Supervisor. At the operational level, the AFSWP representative 

to the JTO, the Deputy for Military Operations, coordinated 

Exercise Desert Rock V activities with those of JTO (70; 88; 

120-121). 

Personnel to staff the various elements of JTO were drawn 

from the AEC Santa Fe Operations Office, AEC contractors, various 

DOD agencies, FCDA, and other Federal agencies (70). Approximately 2,000 DOD personnel took part in JTO administration and 

activities at Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. 

2.1.1 Test Manager's Organization 

The Test Manager was responsible for the overall direction 

of the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series. This responsibility included 

deciding whether or not to proceed with a shot as planned, coordinating the agencies involved in the weapons development and 

weapons effects projects, and supervising the units that 

performed support functions for the test participants (70; 88). 

45 
Figure 2-2 shows the Test Manager's organization. The 

Advisory Panel consisted of representatives from AFSWP Field 

Command, the U.S. Public Health Service, the U.S. Weather Bureau, 

and the two AEC nuclear weapons development laboratories, LASL 

and UCRL. This panel briefed the Test Manager on weather 

conditions and their potential effect on each scheduled test (44; 

70; 88). 

The Deputy for Scientific Operations directed all scientific 

projects conducted by the test groups during Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE. This individual also served as the Test Director. To 

fulfill this responsibility, the Test Director had his own staff 

and duties, as described in the next section (70; 88). 

The Deputy for Support Operations provided all auxiliary 

logistical services required for the nuclear tests. He was also 

the Support Director and, like the Test Director, supervised his 

own staff (70; 88). 

The Deputy for Military Operations was the Test Manager's 

chief military advisor for military effects testing. This deputy 

coordinated projects conducted bv the Military Effects Group with 

projects fielded by the Weapons Development Group and the Civil 

Effects Group. In addition, he served as liaison between the 

Test Manager and the Deputy Exercise Director for Desert Rock 

activities. The Deputy for Military Operations was assisted by 

the Liaison Officer for Troop Participation, who was responsible 

for ensuring that Desert Rock activities did not interfere with 

test group pro,jects (70; 88). 

The Information Advisory Committee supplied information on 

test activities to the Test Manager. The Test Information 

Office, on the other hand, prepared news releases on the nuclear 

tests for the general public. The Long Range Monitoring Office 

46 
n Test Manager 

Deputy for 

Scientific Operations 

{Test Director) 

Information 

Advison/ 

Test Information 

Off ice 

Deputy for 

Support Operations 

(Support Director) 

Deputy for 

Militaty Operations 

0 Classification 

Figure 2-2: TEST MANAGER'S ORGANIZATION 

47 
coordinated and recorded offsite radiation fallout information 

relayed to the JTO bv the AEC New York Operations Office. The 

Classification Office processed security clearances for all JTO 

personnel at the NPG. The Visitors' Bureau conducted observer 

programs for AEC, DOD, and FCDA (70; 88). 

2.1.2 Test Director's Organization 

To ensure that the many scientific and military experiments 

were conducted safely and efficiently, the Test Manager's Deputy 

for Scientific Operations provided overall direction to the 

activities of the test groups that conducted the experiments. As 

Test Director, the Deputy for Scientific Operations coordinated 

experiments performed by the Military Effects Group, the Weapons 

Development Group, and the Civil Effects Group (70; 88). 

The Military Effects Group conducted nine programs to 

evaluate the weapons effects characteristics of each UPSHOTKNOTHOLE nuclear device detonated. The Weapons Development 

Group, consisting of representatives of LASL and UCRL, conducted 

diagnostic experiments to evaluate the nuclear devices detonated. 

The FCDA Civil Effects Group performed projects to assess the 

effects of nuclear detonations on civilian structures and food 

products and to test the capability of civil defense organizations 

to provide effective rescue, recovery, and support operations in 

a nuclear emergency. Representatives from each of these three 

test groups acted as technical advisors to the Test Director 

(70; 88). 

As shown in figure 2-3, the Test Director's Organization 

included two administrative elements, the Staff and Advisory 

Section and the Support Section. The Staff and Advisory Section 

was organized into seven subsections, each responsible for 

developing operating plans for scientific development, military, 

and civil effects activities. The Support Section assisted test 

48 
c 

L 

49 
participants on a mission basis. The Support Section personnel 

providing these services reported directly to the Test Director 

(70; 88). 

A detachment from the 4th Weather Group collected meteorological data from Camp Mercury, the Control Point, and several 

weather stations surrounding the NPG. About 70 Air Force 

officers and airmen were involved in Air Weather Service 

activities during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (70). 

AFSWC provided air support to AEC, DOD, and other agencies 

participating in the tests. The Aircraft Participation Unit, 

staffed by AFSWC and located at the Air Operations Center at the 

Control Point, exercised operational control over aircraft flying 

over or near the NPG during and between detonations. AFSWC also 

provided administrative and logistic support for Aircraft 

Participation Unit personnel from Indian Spr,ings AFB and Kirtland 

AFB. AEC provided onsite housing, transportation, and communication and control facilities (70; 94). 

The Lookout Mountain Laboratory from Hollywood, California, 

consisting of the 1352nd Motion Picture Squadron, Air Photographic and Charting Service, provided motion picture and still 

photography coverage of the scientific and technical programs. 

It also supplied photographs to the Joint Office of Test 

Information. The Lookout Mountain Laboratory had ten to 18 

participants in Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (70). 

The Radiological Safety Support Unit, ultimately responsible 

to the Test Director, supervised onsite radiological safety 

monitors, predicted the onsite radiological environment, and 

ensured that onsite radiological safety criteria were observed. 

The Chemical Corps Training Command provided 26 officers and 

approximately 144 enlisted men from the 9778th Technical Support 

Unit from Fort McClellan, Alabama. These personnel constituted 

the core of the Radiological Safety Support Unit. When 

50 
necessary, the group was augmented with personnel from other 

military organizations (70; 74). 

The Test Director's technical advisors and support personnel 

worked together to plan and conduct the day-to-day UPSHOTKNOTHOLE test activities. The technical advisors reviewed the 

proposed activities for each program and project of the 

respective laboratories and agencies. Working with the representatives of the support group and the technical advisors, the Test 

Director and his staff revised the proposed plans to include 

scheduling times, locations of necessary construction, supplies, 

transportation, radiological safety, air support, and postshot 

recovery operations. The Test Director and his staff presented 

these revised plans to the Test Manager, who had final authority 

to review and approve all activities associated with Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (70). 

2.1.3 Support Director's Organization 

The Support Director and his staff, shown in figure 2-4, 

were in charge of all auxiliary services required by the test 

group programs and Camp Mercury. These services included administration, engineering and construction, communications, 

transportation, and security. The Support Director's staff was 

also responsible for offsite radiological safety and the 

investigation of public damage claims. The Support Director's 

staff managed the Field Command Support Unit and various 

contractors (70). 

The Field Command Support Unit, the DOD office within the 

Support Director's organization, performed all base support 

functions for which DOD was responsible, specifically those 

involving the Military Effects Group. These functions consisted 

of procuring supplies necessary for DOD activities coordinated by 

JTO, transporting DOD personnel, and providing medical and administrative services to DOD personnel (70; 88). 

51 
Support Director 

Administration Engineering and 

Construction Branch 

Branch 

Branch 

Communications Security 

Branch 

Figure 2-4: SUPPORT DIRECTOR’S ORGANIZATION 

53 
AEC contractors provided a number of services to the JTO. 

The Silas Mason Company provided construction services for some 

of the Weapons Development Group, Military Effects Group, and 

Civil Effects Group projects at the NPG. These services included 

building shot-towers and bunkers to house diagnostic instruments. 

Other contractors provided miscellaneous equipment and material 

for construction in the forward areas and maintenance of Camp 

Mercury. Other AEC contractors included the following (168): 

0 Food Services, a local company, provided food for 

AEC personnel 

8 Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company (REECo) 

conducted utility and housekeeping functions at Camp 

Mercury and provided some construction services for 

Military Effects Group Projects 

8 Federal Services, Inc. provided security at Camp 

Mercury and the NPG (44; 70). 

2.2 THE ORGANIZATION OF EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V 

Exercise Desert Rock V, which was sponsored by the Department of the Army, involved an estimated 18,000 DOD participants 

in the orientation activities, tactical troop maneuvers, and 

training tests conducted at Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. In addition, about 2,000 DOD personnel were required to administer Camp 

Desert Rock, support the exercises, and coordinate Desert Rock 

activities with the activities and programs of the Joint Test 

Organization (120-121). 

Headquarters for Exercise Desert Rock V was formally established in January 1953 when the Commanding General of the Sixth 

U.S. Army was appointed Exercise Supervisor. The Exercise 

Supervisor was responsible for overseeing the participation of 

the armed services and for providing administrative and 

logistical support to the exercise troops. During the planning 

phases, the Exercise Supervisor conferred with representatives 

53 
of the AEC, Sandia Base, and the AFSWP Field Command office to 

ensure that Exercise Desert Rock activities were coordinated with 

those planned for the test groups (146). Throughout both the 

planning and operational phases of Exercise Desert Rock V, the 

Exercise Supervisor remained at Sixth U.S. Army Headquarters, 

located at the Presidio of San Francisco. The Exercise 

Supervisor designated an Exercise Director who was also Commander 

of Camp Desert Rock (120-121). 

In conducting the exercises and commanding the troops 

assigned to Camp Desert Rock, the Exercise Director was assisted 

by the staff shown in figure 2-5. This organization provided the 

services and supervision necessary to sustain the exercise troops 

assigned to Camp Desert Rock to participate in specific test 

activities. The Exercise Director was responsible for supervising the activities of the exercise troops as well as those of 

the support troops (120-121). 

At the administrative level, the Exercise Director's staff 

was divided into several elements. The Deputy Post Commander for 

Operations coordinated Desert Rock V activities. Headquarters 

Commandant provided the Exercise Director with clerical and 

administrative support and administered the Visitors' Bureau. 

The Deputy Post Commanders were responsible for specific elements 

of the Desert Rock staff. The Inspector General reviewed both 

support and exercise troop activities to ensure compliance with 

established military procedures. The Public Information Office 

distributed press releases to national news organizations and to 

the hometown newspapers of participating troops. The Staff Judge 

Advocate provided legal services for Camp Desert Rock (120-121). 

The G-1, Administration, established personnel management 

and other administrative policies for Camp Desert Rock and 

provided such services as records-processing under the Adjutant 

General, law enforcement under the Provost Marshal, and 

54 
I Deputy Post 1 ~~ 

I CommanderOperations 17 

6th Army 

Liaison 

I 

i 

Exercise 

Public 

Information Inspector 

General 

" 

I-" "A 

I 

Judge 

Advocate 

Deputy Post 

CommanderAdministration 

Deputy Post 

CommanderExecutive 

Administration 

Headquarters 

Commandant 

Bureau 

I 

I I 

I 

r---- 4 

I r 

G- 1 G-2 

Security/ 

Intelligence 

- G-3 G-4 

Administration Operations Comptroller Logistics 

I I I 

Adjutant 

General 

Services 

Division 

Provost 

Marshal 

U Chaplain 

Instructor Engineer 

Radiological Air Branch Quartermaster 

Chemical Transportation 

1" 

Indicates under Deputy Post 

Commander for Operations In 

Indicates under Deputy Post 

Commander for Administration 

Medical Dental 

"- 

Figure 2-5: CAMP DESERT ROCK ORGANIZATION, EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V, 1953 

55 
recreation facilities under Special Services. The Post Exchange 

and Chaplain were also in the G-1 section. The Provost Marshal 

was assigned from Headquarters, Sixth Army. Support personnel 

were provided by Company C, the 505th Military Police Battalion. 

The Chaplain's Office was served by two reserve officers called 

to active duty for training (120-121). 

The G-2, Security and Intelligence, was responsible for 

ensuring that proper and adequate security safeguards had been 

arranged for all classified material connected with Exercise 

Desert Rock V and that all personnel had proper security clearances. The G-2 maintained close liaison with the Security Branch 

of the JTO and provided necessary clearance rosters to ensure a 

smooth flow of troop observer and troop maneuver convoys into the 

NPG on shot-days (120-121). 

The G-3, Operations, was responsible for planning, 

coordinating, and conducting Camp Desert Rock operations and 

exercise activities through its three sections (see figure 2-5). 

The Air Branch, equipped with five fixed-wing aircraft and three 

helicopters, provided air observation support, air evacuation, 

courier service, fuel service, and minor aircraft repair. The 

Air Branch also supplied Army aircraft for radiological safety 

surveys (120-121). 

Members of the Radiological Safety Section planned and 

conducted the radiological safety procedures used to limit the 

exposure to exercise troops entering the forward areas. The 

Desert Rock Radiological Safety Section, which operated separately from the JTO radiological safety organization, had staff 

supervision of about 70 members of the 50th Chemical Service 

Platoon. Before each shot, members of the Desert Rock Radiological Safety Section trained exercise troops in radiological 

safety procedures. After each shot, members of the 50th Chemical 

Service Platoon accompanied troops into the forward area; 

56 
conducted aerial and ground radiological surveys; monitored 

trenches, equipment displays, and troop maneuver areas; and 

decontaminated Desert Rock personnel leaving the forward areas. 

The Desert Rock Radiological Safety Section worked closely with a 

composite company of the 505th Signal Service Group, which was 

under the staff supervision of the Signal Officer. This company 

issued and processed film badges for exercise troops. Chapter 5 

of this volume describes in more detail the activities of the 

50th Chemical Service Platoon in providing radiological safety 

services (120-121). 

The Instructor Group conducted the orientation program for 

incoming troops and observers and instructed personnel on the 

objectives of Exercise Desert Rock V, the capabilities of nuclear 

weapons, and the protective measures to take against the blast, 

thermal, and radiation effects of a nuclear detonation. The 

Instructor Group also performed other tasks, such as controlling 

troop movement to the forward area, calculating safe distances 

from the point of detonation for observer activities, and estimating damage to equipment in display areas (120-121). 

The 412th Engineer Battalion, supervised by the G-3 

Section, constructed trenches and equipment displays in the 

forward area and participated in projects at Camp Desert Rock 

when necessary. The battalion also supported the Military 

Effects Group as necessary (120-121). 

The G-4 was responsible for the logistical aspects of 

Exercise Desert Rock V. The G-4 Section also supervised the 

activities of the technical services that provided communications, housing, sanitation, transportation, and other support 

for Camp Desert Rock and Exercise Desert Rock V. Other staff 

elements organized under the G-4 were as follows (120-121): 

a The Signal Section and the 505th Signal Service 

Group (Composite company), established wire and 

radio communications within the test areas and at 

57 
Camp Desert Rock. The Signal Section also issued 

and processed Desert Rock V film badges. 

0 The Engineer Section and the 360th Engineer Utility 

Detachment provided supplies, equipment, and 

personnel for the construction of trenches and test 

facilities and the maintenance of Camp Desert Rock. 

0 The Ordnance Section and the 3623rd Ordnance 

Company procured, distributed, and maintained 

weapons and vehicles for the exercise troops and 

equipment display areas. 

0 The Quartermaster Section, with the 163rd Laundry 

Company and the 762nd Quartermaster Subsistence 

Company, provided Desert Rock exercise and support 

troops with food, clothing, bedding, laundry 

service, tents, petroleum products, office 

equipment, and general supplies. 

0 The Transportation Section was organized into four 

sections: Camp Transportation Office, Commercial 

Traffic Section, Supply Section, and the Camp Motor 

Pool. The Motor Pool was operated by the 26th 

Transportation Truck Battalion, consisting of the 

23rd and 31st Transportation Truck Companies, with 

driver personnel from the 38th and 53rd Transportation Truck Companies attached. 

0 The Chemical Section, consisting of personnel from 

the 50th Chemical Service Platoon, provided equipment and supplies in support of radiological safety 

operations in the forward areas of the NPG and 

furnished chemical support to Camp Desert Rock. 

0 The Medical Section, staffed by personnel from the 

94th Veterinary Food Inspection Detachment and the 

371st Evacuation Hospital, provided medical aid, 

men, and ambulances for each observer and troop 

convoy and established temporary medical aid stations at trench and forward parking areas, and 

inspected meat brought in for the Camp Desert Rock 

mess. The Medical Section also provided medical 

care at Camp Desert Rock for Desert Rock personnel. 

a The Dental Section, composed of one dental officer 

and one dental technician, furnished dental advice 

and care to Desert Rock personnel. 

The support troops described above and organized as shown in 

figure 2-5 functioned primarily to assist the exercise troops in 

58 
performing their tasks. Throughout Exercise Desert Rock V, however, there was a shortage of support troops. At no time during 

the activities did the actual strength of these troops reach more 

than 77 percent of the authorized level. Many of the troops had 

only 30 days or less of military service remaining upon arrival 

at Camp Desert Rock. This situation created a continual flow of 

individuals returning to their home stations for release from the 

service. The constant turnover in personnel resulted in long 

hours and sometimes seven-day work weeks for the support troops, 

degraded efficiency of operations, and created a shortage of 

enlisted specialists, such as mechanics, carpenters, and 

electricians (121). 

59 
CHAPTER 3 

EXERCISE DESERT HOCK V PROGRAMS AT OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Exercise Desert Hock V was designed to train armed services 

personnel and to study the effects of nuclear weapons. It was a 

continuation of DOD programs conducted during previous series of 

atmospheric nuclear weapons tests at the Nevada Proving Ground. 

Exercises Desert Hock I, 11, and 111 were conducted during 

Operation BUSTER-JANGLE in late 1951, and Desert Rock IV was 

conducted during Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER in 1952. The objectives of the Desert Rock V exercises were to: 

0 Provide training in the tactical use of nuclear 

weaDons 

0 Study the effects of a nuclear detonation on 

animals and equipment 

0 Determine the effects of a nuclear detonation 

on field fortifications and defensive 

structures 

0 Measure the ability of trained staff officers 

to estimate target damage 

0 Observe psychological responses to nuclear 

detonations 

0 Provide training in radiological safety 

measures. 

These objectives were similar to those of the preceding Desert 

Rock exercises (120). 

As many as 18,000 of the estimated 21,000 DOL> participants 

at UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE participated in Exercise Desert Rock V. 

Perhaps another 1,800 personnel were Camp Desert Rock support 

troops. The remaining DUD personnel took part in JTO activities 

as described in chapter 4 (120-121). 

60 
All Exercise Desert Rock V personnel were assigned to Camp 

Desert Rock, located just outside the southern boundary of the 

NPG. Camp Desert Rock support troops were assigned to the camp 

for up to the entire 12-week period of UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, while 

Desert Rock V exercise troops were assigned to camp on a 

temporary-duty basis. 

Camp Desert Rock Troops 

The support troops were drawn mainly from units of the Sixth 

Army. They were generally stationed at the camp throughout the 

testing series, although many returned to their home bases and 

were replaced by other troops during the exercise. These 

soldiers provided necessary support functions for the camp, such 

as administration, transportation, radiological safety, 

construction, communications, security, mess, and laundry (121). 

Support unit elements frequently entered the forward testing 

areas of Yucca Flat and Frenchman Flat. There, they helped 

prepare for specific Desert Rock activities, such as the damage 

effects evaluation, assisted in operations during test events, or 

helped ensure safe recovery operations after a shot. Support 

elements that entered the forward testing area were the 

Radiological Safety Section, the Instructor Group, and the 

Control Group. The organization of the Hadiological Safety 

Section is discussed in chapter 2 and its functions in chapter 5 

of this volume (120-121). 

The Instructor Group prepared and presented orientation 

programs for observers and maneuver troops. Four Army officers 

formed the group. In addition, an Army medical officer, a Navy 

officer, and an Air Force officer, representing the Armed Forces 

Special Weapons Project, contributed specialized instruction. 

Before shot-day, the Instructor Group presented basic information 

on nuclear weapons characteristics and effects, weapons delivery, 

personal protection, and the medical effects of radiation. 
During the rehearsal of shot-day exercises, instructors conducted 

tours of the equipment and animal display areas for all personnel 

and predicted the weapon effects. On shot-day, participants 

arrived at the trenches at least one hour before the detonation. 

Instructors then began their orientation over the loudspeakers. 

Following the tactical maneuvers, the instructors led maneuver 

troops and observers through the display area and discussed the 

effects of the detonation. The Control Group, consisting of the 

Headquarters Commandant and selected elements of the G-3 section, 

including the Instructor Group, supervised troop and observer 

operations in the forward area. The Control Group accompanied 

troops into the shot area to ensure that all personnel remained 

together and followed safety and tactical instructions (120). 

Other support elements entering the forward area included 

the (120): 

0 505th Signal Service Group (Composite Company) 

0 Detachment 371st Evacuation Hospital 

0 26th Transportation Truck Battalion (-)* 

0 Company C, 505th Military Police Battalion 

0 412th Engineer Construction Battalion. 

The 505th Signal, with approximately 225 personnel, 

installed radio and wire communications systems, including a 

public address system, in the main trench areas. On shot-days, 

two company members operated two mobile public address systems 

(two trucks with loudspeakers). After receiving clearance from 

the radiological safety monitors, they moved the system into the 

display areas, for use by the Instructor Group in its presentations (120-121). 

The detachment of the 371st Evacuation Hospital, with a 

strength of about 30 personnel, provided medical support to Camp 

*Some subordinate units were not present. 

62 
Desert Rock. Operations orders specified that a detachment 

consisting of one medical officer and four enlisted men from the 

hospital would move to the forward area in an ambulance and 

establish an aid station in a parking area at least eight 

kilometers from each ground zero. In addition to these medical 

personnel, the Camp Desert Rock Surgeon accompanied the Control 

Group to the forward area on shot-day and remained at the forward 

command post throughout the exercise. Two aidmen accompanied the 

observer groups. The units that maneuvered as Battalion Combat 

Teams (BCTs) provided their own medical support (120-121). 

The 26th Transportation Truck Battalion (-) consisted of 

personnel from the 23rd and 31st Transportation Truck Companies, 

with additional drivers from the 38th and 53rd Transportation 

Truck Companies. These personnel transported exercise troops 

from Camp Desert Rock to the forward area. They then moved the 

vehicles to a parking area located at least eight kilometers from 

each ground zero. After the detonations and postshot activities, 

they returned to the loading areas to transport the exercise 

troops to Camp Desert Rock. The planned strength of the 

transportation units attached to Camp Desert Rock totaled 

approximately 252 Army personnel (121). 

Company C, 505th Military Police Batta'lion, whose planned 

strength was 124 military policemen, controlled the movement of 

military vehicles in the shot area. Approximately 40 military 

police participated at the shots that involved large numbers of 

exercise troops: ANNIE, NANCY, BADGER, SIMON, ENCORE, and 

GRABLE. Some of the military police were posted at road 

junctions in the forward area. Others accompanied the units 

moving from Camp Desert Rock to the trench area. After the 

exercise troops had been taken to the trench location, the 

military police went to the parking area. After the detonation, 

the military police returned to posts at the road junctions to 

direct traffic from the trench area along the return route to 

Camp Desert Rock (121). 

63 
The 412th Engineer Construction Battalion, whose planned 

strength was about 660 personnel, prepared trenches and 

constructed equipment displays in the forward area before the 

shot. After the shot, they inspected and retrieved display 

items. Members of the 412th Engineer Construction Battalion were 

not usually present in the shot area on shot-day. At Shot ANNIE, 

however, troops from this battalion participated in the troop 

maneuver, along with other Camp Desert Rock troops (120-121). 

Desert Rock V Exercise Troops 

Desert Rock V exercise troops consisted of an estimated 

18,000 DOD personnel who arrived at Camp Desert Rock to participate in testing and training programs. These exercise troops, 

unlike the Camp Desert Rock troops, were assigned to Camp Desert 

Rock to participate in specific activities associated with a 

particular shot. These activities included (120): 

rn Troop orientation and indoctrination 

rn Volunteer officer observer program 

rn Tactical troop maneuvers 

rn Operational helicopter tests 

rn Damage effects evaluation.* 

Un li ke subsequent nuclear weapons testing series, the activities 

included in these programs were not called projects and were not 

identified by a number and name, The number of DOD participants 

in each program activity at each shot is shown in table 3-1 (70; 

111; 115; 120). 

The troop orientation and indoctrination program was 

designed to acquaint official observers and troops from the Army, 

Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and other DOD personnel with the 

effects of nuclear detonations. The program consisted of 

*Personnel for the damage effects evaluation program were drawn 

from Desert Rock support troops. 

64 

lectures, films, preshot and postshot tours of equipment display 

areas, and observation of nuclear detonations in the forward 

areas of the NPG. During Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, approximately 4,480 DOD personnel, including 805 Camp Desert Hock 

support troops, took part in the Exercise Desert Rock orientation 

and indoctrination program. Some of these personnel participated 

in more than one shot (120-121). 

The volunteer officer observer program was performed for the 

first time in the history of continental nuclear weapons testing 

at Exercise Desert Rock V. This program was designed to measure 

the ability of trained staff officers to calculate safe distances 

from nuclear detonations and to allow them to experience a 

nuclear detonation from the distance calculated. The volunteer 

officer observer program was conducted at Shots NANCY, BADGER, 

and SIMON (120). 

The tactical troop maneuvers were designed to train participants in the use of nuclear weapons and to demonstrate to 

participants the effects of nuclear detonations. Approximately 

13,000 exercise troops and Camp Desert Rock support troops took 

part in the tactical maneuvers conducted at Shots ANNIE, NANCY, 

BADGER, SIMON, ENCORE, and GRABLE (120). 

The operational helicopter tests were performed by the 

Marine Corps. This program was designed to investigate the 

capability of helicopters and their crews to withstand a nuclear 

burst and the resulting flash, blast, thermal radiation, dust, 

and contamination. Approximately 40 personnel took part in this 

program, which was performed at all UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE events except 

RUTH, GRABLE, and CLIMAX (115; 120). 

Damage effects evaluation was performed by officers of 

various Desert Rock V units to assess the damage to military 

equipment and vehicles placed in the vicinity of the nuclear 

66 
detonations. The program helped the armed services determine how 

close equipment and vehicles could be positioned to a nuclear 

detonation and remain in working condition. The same officers 

were generally involved at each detonation. Their exact number 

is undetermined (120). 

3.1 TROOP ORIENTATION AND INDOCTRINATION AT EXERCISE DESEHT 

ROCK V 

Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force observers participated in troop orientation and indoctrination at Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. The purpose was to familiarize members of the 

armed services with the effects characteristic of nuclear 

detonations. Participants witnessed a nuclear event in the 

forward area of the NPG and, before and after the detonation, 

toured a display of ordnance materiel and other military equipment arrayed in the vicinity of ground zero. 

The number of Desert Rock observers at each of the test 

events is depicted by shot and participating service in table 

3-1. As the table illustrates, troop orientation and 

indoctrination were conducted at nine of the 11 tests. The 

orientation and indoctrination activities involved both Camp 

Desert Rock observers and other service observers. 

Camp Desert Rock observers were not associated with any 

particular observer activity but were for the most part assigned 

to Camp Desert Rock support units. They were sent to the forward 

area to see a shot, possibly in conjunction with a support 

activity. The size of this group of observers at any nuclear 

event varied with the participation of other observer and troop 

maneuver activities. Some Camp Desert Rock support troops may 

have taken part as observers at more than one nuclear test (120; 

122-128). 

67 
Service observers were selected from military bases 

throughout he United States. These personnel participated 

solely as observers and received the routine preshot briefings 

and orientation course presented by the Camp Desert Rock 

Instructor Group. In some instances, participants from this 

group observed more than one nuclear test (120; 135). 

Each service was informed of the reporting and departure 

date for each shot, as well as the records and equipment to be 

carried to Camp Desert Rock by individual observers. After 

arriving at Camp Desert Rock, the observers began a scheduled 

routine which varied from shot to shot but included a standard 

set of activities. These activities included preshot classroom 

instruction in basic nuclear theory, the characteristics and 

effects of nuclear weapons, protective measures to use against a 

nuclear attack, and a plan of operations for the upcoming shot. 

The preshot lectures lasted eight hours. For those observers 

unable to arrive at Camp Desert Rock in time for th4s instruction, a one-hour orientation was conducted on the evening before 

the shot (120; 135). 

A rehearsal of shot-day activities was conducted in addition 

to the preshot classroom instruction. This rehearsal involved a 

visit to the trenches that the observers would occupy on shotday, a practice of the countdown and activities scheduled for the 

detonation, and a tour through the display area. In some 

instances, the observers toured the display area of a previous 

nuclear test to see the postshot effects (120). 

About one hour before the scheduled shot, observers arrived 

at the trench area by truck or bus convoy. There they were told 

what to expect and were briefed on safety procedures. They then 

entered the trenches, where they crouched for the final countdown 

and the shot. Figure 3-1 shows troops in trenches awaiting the 

ANNIE detonation. After some of the shots, they inspected the 

68 

equipment display area to examine the effects of the burst on 

animals, equipment, and fortifications and shelters. The Desert 

Rock Control Group supervised this inspection. The service 

observers and Camp Desert Rock observers probably were located in 

the same trenches and viewed the equipment display areas together 

(120; 122-128). 

Various circumstances altered this general routine at some 

of the shots. In some cases, weather conditions or fallout contamination prevented observers from viewing the display area. In 

other cases, shot delays resulted in changes to some observer 

activities (120). 

3.2 VOLUNTEER OFFICER OBSERVERS AT EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V 

In addition to the regular observers who witnessed the 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE tests, 26 officers participated as volunteer 

officer observers. One Army officer participated in all three 

events. The program was designed to measure the ability of 

trained staff officers to estimate and calculate minimum safe 

distances for observing nuclear detonations. An additional 

objective was to train participants in protective measures 

against the effects of a nuclear blast. At UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, the 

program was conducted at Shots NANCY, BADGER, and SIMON. At Shot 

NANCY, four Army, four Navy, and one Air Force officer volunteers 

were positioned in trenches 2,290 meters from the NANCY ground 

zero. At Shot BADGER, six Army and six Marine Corps officers 

occupied trenches 1,830 meters from the BADGER ground zero. At 

Shot SIMON, seven Army officers and one Navy officer were located 

in two trenches 1,830 meters from ground zero. The Exercise 

Director authorized these officer volunteers to position themselves closer to the NANCY, BADGER, and SIMON ground zeros than 

the distance established for all other exercise troops and to 

receive a single dose of gamma radiation not to exceed 10.0 

roentgens. The officers chose their distance from ground zero by 

70 
calculating the effects of the nuclear detonation according to 

data in a 1952 technical manual, Capabilities of Atomic Weapons 

(82). Figure 3-2 indicates the types of computations made by the 

officer observers in determining the position from which they 

would view the detonation. Figure 3-3 shows the form signed by 

each volunteer before the detonation. The activities of these 

volunteer observers are detailed in the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE singleshot and multi-shot volumes (120-121; 150). 

3.3 TACTICAL TROOP MANEUVERS AT EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V 

The tactical troop maneuvers at Exercise Desert Rock V were 

designed to train participants in the effects of tactical nuclear 

weapons that might be used on a battlefield and to teach participants about the effects of nuclear weapons on animals, equipment, 

fortifications, and shelters. An important aspect of the program 

was to determine whether standard ground tactical movements could 

be employed under the radiological conditions resulting from the 

use of nuclear weapons. Tactical troop maneuvers were performed 

at six UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE events: Shots ANNIE, NANCY, BADGER, 

SIMON, ENCORE, and GRABLE (120). 

Units from the six continental Armies and the Navy, Marine 

Corps, and Air Force traveled to the NPG specifically to participate in the maneuvers. Table 3-2 gives the planned number of 

participants and the total number of planned and actual participants in the maneuvers at each shot (120). 

The military services developed troop maneuvers according to 

the following scenario. An aggressor with overwhelming forces 

had invaded the western United States, pushing friendly forces 

into retreat. The aggressor then established a hypothetical line 

of strong defensive positions which resisted breakthrough by 

friendly forces. To gain the offensive and penetrate enemy 

lines, friendly forces planned a counterattack with nuclear 

71 
HEADQUARTERS 

CAMP DESERT ROCK 

Las Vegas, Nevada 

April 1953 

SUBJECT: Computations of Volunteered Observers 

TO : Commanding General, Camp Desert Rock 

1. For the purposes of calculations for troop safety, a 

maximum expected yield of - KT is used for Shot Desert Rock V 

No. . Infinite visibility is assumed. Volunteer observers 

willbein an open trench feet deep. Observers will wear 

normal field attire with gas masks. All occupations are based on 

data from TM 23-200, Capabilities of Atomic Weapons. 

2. Established criteria for various effects are shown in 

the following subparagraphs. Distances from Ground Zero where 

these respective effects will be experienced have been computed 

and tabulated. 

a. Initial Gamma (5 r) YdS 

b. Total radiation Dosage (10 r) YdS 

c. Air Blast (8 psi on the surface) yds 

d. Thermal Effects (1 cal/cmz) YdS 

3. Recommendations. (Considering 2 above and any other 

pertinent data). 

4. Comments or computations on Ground Shock, Cratering, 

Base Surge, or any other considerations at the recommended 

distance. 

Figure 3-2: COMPUTATION FORM USED BY VOLUNTEER OBSERVERS (119) 

72 
CERTIFICATE 

I hereby certify that I have personally and individually 

computed the effects expected in an open trench located as far 

forward as yards from Ground Zero of Atomic Detonation 

Desert Rock V No. - 

The validity of these computations is attested to by virtue 

of my having attended 

I volunteer to participate in this exercise by positioning 

myself in the above mentioned trench. 

Figure 3-3: CERTIFICATE OF AGREEMENT USED BY VOLUNTEER 

OBSERVERS (119) 

73 
Table 3-2: PLANNED PERSONNEL ALLOCATIONS AND TOTAL ACTUAL PARTICIPANTS 

FOR MANEUVERS AT EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V 

> 

z 

z 

z n 

a 

Lo V (3 

u W W 

2 

0 a 2 

8 d 

rn - 

m 

Participating a s 3 E v) 5 0 : 

- 

Service 

First Army 

Fourth Army 0 0 0 600 400 600 1.600 

Third Army 0 600 0 0 1 .m 400 2.000 

Second Army 0 800 0 800 0 400 2,000 

0 0 0 0 600 200 800 

"""P - 

* Includes 326 Air Force personnel. 

74 
weapons. A series of nuclear strikes would be directed behind 

enemy lines in preparation for an attack. The actual nuclear 

test detonation was to represent one of the strikes; the 

maneuvering troops represented one element of the attacking 

friendly forces (120; 208). 

In association with the troop maneuvers at UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

the Human Resources Research Office (HumRRO) studied the 

psychological reactions of troops participating in the maneuvers. 

As a civilian agency under contract to the Department of the 

Army, HumRRO had also conducted this study at Exercises Desert 

Rock I, 11, and 111 during the 1951 BUSTER-JANGLE Series and at 

Desert Rock IV during the 1952 TUMBLEH-SNAPPER Series. During 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, the HumRRO tests were conducted at the events 

attended by provisional BCTs composed of Army personnel: Shots 

ANNIE, NANCY, SIMON, ENCORE, and GRABLE. At Shots NANCY, SIMON, 

and GRABLE, they probably administered a questionnaire, since the 

size of the BCTs presented a suitable study population. At Shots 

NANCY, BADGER, and SIMON, HumRRO probably also examined the 

reactions of officer volunteers. During these six events, HumRRO 

was particularly interested in (120; 236): 

0 Observing troop behavior in the trench area immediately before and after the detonation 

0 Measuring the changes in troop attitudes about 

nuclear weapons before and after participation in 

the indoctrination and the maneuvers. 

For the series as a whole, the agency assessed factors governing 

the amount of information on nuclear testing that participants 

returning to their bases communicated to home station troops. 

The HumRRO data were to be used by the Army to predict the 

performance of troops involved in nuclear warfare (120; 236). 

At Camp Desert Rock, troop maneuver personnel were organized 

into composite Battalion Combat Teams. Two BCTs participated at 

75 
Shots ANNIE, NANCY, SIMON, ENCORE, and GRABLE. Their activities 

involved three phases: 

0 Observing the nuclear blast 

0 Conducting the tactical maneuver 

a Touring the display area. 

Several hours before the shot, the BCTs entered the forward 

area by truck or bus convoy, often with participants in the troop 

orientation and indoctrination program. The BCTs and the 

observers then occupied trenches, from which they witnessed the 

detonation. During Desert Rock V, the troops occupied trenches 

as close as 3,200 meters from ground zero. They conducted 

maneuvers closer to ground zero, as allowed by safety guidelines. 

Some troops operated within 460 meters of ground zero after a 

blast when radiological conditions met the safety standards (120; 

122-128). 

After the shot, the BCTs filed out of the trenches and 

attacked an objective in accordance with the exercise plans. 

These troops were accompanied by radiological safety monitors and 

were preceded by radiological survey teams who determined the 

limits of safe advance. After reaching their objective, or 

approaching as close as radiation safety standards would permit, 

the maneuver troops went to the display area (120; 122-128). 

The final stage of the troop maneuvers involved a guided 

tour through the display area. Under the direction of the Desert 

Rock Control Group, the BCTs joined the observers and inspected 

the equipment and animal display area. They listened to explanations of the blast damage presented by the Desert Rock Instructor Group. The BCTs and observer groups were then picked up by 

trucks in the main trench loading zone and returned to Camp 

Desert Rock (120; 122-128). 

76 
3.4 OPERATIONAL HELICOPTER TESTS AT EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V 

The Helicopter Atomic Test Unit, 2d Marine Corps Provisional 

Atomic Exercise Brigade (2d MCPAEB), conducted the operational 

helicopter tests at UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. The tests were designed to 

investigate factors that would determine the extent to which a 

helicopter and crew could be used to launch a tactical assault on 

a predetermined objective following a nuclear detonation. 

Operational helicopter tests were conducted at all events in 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE except Shots RUTH, GRABLE, and CLIMAX 

(115; 120). 

The helicopter tests generally involved the following activities, although there was ome variation from shot to shot. 

Before a shot, three or four H-19 helicopters left the Camp 

Desert Rock airstrip for the forward area. These helicopters 

positioned themselves for the nuclear blast in a variety of ways. 

Some were on the ground, parked from 12 to 18 kilometers from 

ground zero. Some were hovering in the Yucca Lake area, and some 

were flying at heights of 400 feet at distances ranging from 8.5 

to 20 kilometers from ground zero (115; 120). 

After the passage of the blast wave, some of the helicopters 

flew toward ground zero. Near ground zero, one helicopter performed a radiological survey of the area, while a second hovered 

nearby in case of emergency. At other shots, two helicopters 

landed at an area near ground zero to measure and plot the 

radiation intensities. The helicopters usually returned to Yucca 

Lake Airstrip, where they were monitored for radiological 

Contamination. After they were cleared, the helicopters returned 

to Camp Desert Rock (115; 120). 

3.5 DAMAGE EFFECTS EVALUATION AT EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V 

The damage effects evaluation program enabled military 

personnel to study the effects of nuclear detonations on animals, 

77 
equipment, and field fortifications. Teams of officers from the 

Camp Desert Rock Chemical, Engineer, Medical, Ordnance, Quartermaster, and Signal Sections inspected the preshot condition of 

the display area. The teams then witnessed the shot from the 

observer trenches. After the shot, the teams returned to the 

display area to compare their predictions with the actual effects 

of the detonation. The teams participated in all shots except 

RUTH, DIXIE, RAY, and CLIMAX. The same individuals probably 

repeated this task throughout the test series (120-121). 

78 
CHAPTER 4 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN 

JOINT TEST ORGANIZATION PROGRAMS AT OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

During Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, the Joint Test Organization coordinated separate programs of scientific research, 

including diagnostic studies of the nuclear devices, military 

effects tests, and tests of the hypothetical effects of nuclear 

detonations on civilian populations. Air support services, also 

coordinated by the JTO, were provided to these programs as 

needed. In most cases, the individual projects conducted under 

each program required relatively few personnel. Of the 

DOD personnel participating in UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, about 1,200 

were part of the JTO. Although their numbers were relatively 

small compared to the 18,000 Desert Rock participants, the JTO 

participants' activities were significant, since they often 

repeated their tasks throughout the test series. In contrast, 

the Desert Rock V exercise troops usually participated in only 

one or two nuclear tests. 

This chapter describes these JTO activities, beginning with 

the experiments conducted by three test groups (70; 88; 98): 

0 Armed Forces Special Weapons Project 

Field Command Military Effects Group 

e Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and University 

of California Radiation Laboratory Weapons 

Development Group 

0 Federal Civil Defense Administration Civil 

Effects Group. 

Composed of scientists and technicians from various military and 

civilian laboratories, contractors, and the armed services, the 

test groups developed and conducted field experiments to gather 

data before, during, and after nuclear detonations. 

79 
The Military Effects Group was frqm Field Command, AFSWP, at 

Sandia Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico. The mission of the 

Military Effects Group was to measure weapons effects characteristics and evaluate the military applicability of the nuclear 

devices designed by the AEC Weapons Development Group. The data 

obtained were used to improve the nuclear arsenal and expand the 

techniques and strategies for using that arsenal. At Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, the Militkry Effects Group sponsored nine 

programs subdivided into 81 projects (70; 88; 98). 

The Weapons Development Group performed diagnostic tests on 

the phenomena produced by nuclear devices developed by the AEC 

weapons development laboratories. The data from these experiments were used to improve nuclear devices, to develop new types 

of devices, and to test weapons before they entered the nuclear 

stockpile. The Weapons Development Group sponsored eight 

programs, consisting of 36 projects, at UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (70; 

88; 98). 

The third test group was the FCDA Civil Effects Group. The 

Civil Effects Group conducted projects for the first time at the 

Nevada Proving Ground during UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. This group performed experiments to assess the effects of nuclear detonations 

on civilian structures and food products. At Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, the Civil Effects Group conducted eight programs, 

consisting of 36 projects (70; 88; 98). 

Throughout the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series, numbers were used to 

identify the test group sponsoring the technical programs and 

experiments (70; 88; 98): 

0 Programs 1 through 9, Military Effects Group 

0 Programs 10 through 20, Weapons Development Group 

0 Programs 21 through 29, Civil Effects Group. 

The final section of this chapter describes the air support 

and services provided by the Air Force Special Weapons Center. 

80 
Based at Kirtland AFB, AFSWC supported the Test Manager and the 

test groups by supplying crews and aircraft for airdrop delivery 

missions, cloud-sampling and cloud-tracking missions, aerial 

surveys, and other air missions as requested. The AFSWC Aircraft 

Participation Unit operated the Air Operations Center, located at 

the AEC Control Point in Yucca Pass, and maintained operational 

control over all military aircraft flying over and near the NPG 

during the entire testing period (94). 

4.1 MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROGRAMS 

The data from the Military Effects Group tests were used to 

provide a better understanding of the militarily useful effects 

of nuclear weapons for both offensive and defensive deployment 

(88). Specifically, the objectives of the Military Effects Group 

projects were to (88; 98): 

0 Test the vehicles for delivering the nuclear 

devices 

0 Design military equipment able to withstand the 

effects of a nuclear detonation 

0 Develop doctrine that incorporated use of 

nuclear weapons 

0 Determine the military requirements for future 

nuclear weapons designs. 

The Military Effects Group experiments were divided into 

three categories (88; 98): 

0 Basic measurements of the output characteristics of nuclear devices, such as blast, 

thermal, and radiation measurements 

0 Tests to determine blast, thermal, and radiation effects on living organisms, structures, 

equipment, and material 

81 
0 Operational tests to develop and evaluate techniques and equipment unique to nuclear warfare, 

such as Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment. 

Various military and civilian DOD laboratories and 

contractors fielded the Military Effects Group experiments. 

Often, one agency conducting a number of projects with similar 

objectives used the same instruments and the same project 

personnel. Likewise, several agencies conducting similar 

projects sometimes combined equipment and personnel, or compared 

the data of one agency's project with that of another project. 

Three projects under Program 3 were specifically designed to 

provide gauges, recording equipment, and personnel to place the 

instruments and recover and evaluate data for other Program 3 

projects during Shots ENCORE and GRABLE. This type of collaboration reduced the number of experiments in the test areas and 

limited the number of project participants required to be in the 

radiation areas. Table 4-1 lists the programs and pro,jects 

conducted at each shot. Table 4-2 provides a complete list of 

Program 3 pro.iects conducted during ENCORE and GRABLE, which are 

too numerous to include in table 4-1 (70; 88; 98). 

Two types of documents were used to compile these two 

tables: 

The weapons test reports, which were prepared after 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE to describe the operations and test 

results of each project 

0 The Military Effects Group operational reports, 

which were compiled from one to three days after 

each detonation. 

These sources are after-action reports and describe actual rather 

than planned shot participation. Although several other documents are available listing project participation by shot, they 

indicate planned shot participation only. The tables show the 

projects actually conducted at each shot (70). 

82 
Table 4-1: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECT PARTICIPATION BY SHOT 

\ Name8 

Progrem 

z 

P 

z 

(Y 

a 

s 

B 

I 

t 

3 

c z 

a 

Program 1, 

Bbst and Shock 

Measurements 

1 la/ 

12 

1 1c-l 

14 

1 la/ 

1.2 

1 lb 

1.3 

l.la/ 

1.2 

1 .la.l 

1.la-2 

1 lb 

1.ld 

1.3 

1.4 

1.1ai 

1.2 

1.la-1 

1.la-2 

1.1b 

1.1d 

1.4 

- 

2.2a 

2.2b 

2.3 

- 

it 

- 

4.2 

4.7 

- 

4.8 

- 

6.2 

6.3 

6.7 

6.b 

6.10 

6.12 

6.13 

- 

7.1 

7.3 

7.4 

7.5 

- 

81b 

82 

8 4.1 

8.4.2 

8.5 

8.6 

8.9 

8.10 

8.11a 

8.1 1 b 

8.12a 

8.12b 

- 

9.1 

9.6 

- 

9.7 

1.1a1 

1.2 

1.1b 

1.1d 

- 

2.2a 

- 

330 

- 

4.5 

4.7 

- 

- 

6.2 

6.3 

6.7 

6.12 

- 

7.1 

7.3 

7.4 

7.5 

l.la-2 

- 

2.2a 

2.2b 

2.3 

- 

3.30 

1 lb 

1 1c-1 

1.1 c-2 

Program 2, 

Nucbar 

Measurements 

and Effects 

21 

- 

21 

2.2a 

2.2b 

2.3 

- 

* 

2.2a 

- 

2 2a 

- 

2.2a 

2.2b 

- 

2.23 

2.2b 

- Program 3. 3.30 

snuctures. 

Matarol. and 

Equopnmnt 

Program 4. 

BlOmSdlcal 

Effects 

4.1 

4.2 

- 

5.2 

5.1 

5.3 

- 

6.2 

6.3 

6.7 

6.8 

6.8a 

6.10 

6.1 1 

6.12 

6.13 

- 

71 

7.3 

7.4 

7.5 

41 

- 

52 

- 

6.2 

63 

6.7 

68 

6.1 1 

6.12 

- 

71 

7.3 

74 

7.5 

- 

8.2 

8.1 0 

8.llb 

- 

9.1 

4.2 

4.5 

4.7 

- 

5.1 

- 

6.2 

6.3 

6.4 

6.7 

6.8 

6.8a 

6.10 

6.12 

6.1 3 

- 

7.1 

73 

7.4 

7.5 

- 

8.1 b 

8.2 

- 

9.1 

45 

- 

51 

- 

6.2 

6.3 

6.7 

6.8 

6.b 

6.9 

6 10 

6.12 

- 

7.1 

73 

7.4 

7.5 

- 

8.lb 

8.2 

- 

9.1 

- 

4.5 

- 

5.1 

- 

62 

83 

6.7 

6.8 

6.83 

6.9 

6.10 

6.12 

- 

7.1 

7.3 

7.4 

7.5 

- 

8.2 

8.5 

- 

9.1 

- 

4.5 

- 

51 

- 

6.2 

6.3 

6.7 

6.8 

6.8a 

6.9 

6.10 

6 12 

- 

7.1 

7.3 

7.4 

7.5 

- 

8.la 

8.2 

- 

9.1 

- 

4.5 

4.7 

- 

5.1 

- 

6.2 

6.3 

6.4 

6.7 

6.8 

6.8a 

6.9 

6.10 

6.12 

6.13 

- 

7.1 

73 

7.4 

7.5 

- 

8.1 a 

8.1 b 

82 

8.12s 

- 

9.1 

- 

- 

- 

6.2 

6.7 

68a 

6.12 

- 

7.1 

7.3 

7.4 

7.5 

- 

8.la 

8.2 

- 

9.1 

- 

- 

6.2 

6.7 

6.8s 

6.9 

6 12 

- 

71 

7.3 

7.4 

7.5 

- 

8.1s 

6.1 b 

8.2 

8.10 

- 

9.1 

Program 5. 

Ancrsh 

Struclurea 

Teat 

Program 6, 

Tat of Service 

Equipment and 

Operatiom 

Program 7. 

Lowrange 

Detection 

8.la 

8.1 b 

8.2 

8.4.1 

8.5 

8.6 

8.9 

8.10 

8.11a 

8.1 1 b 

8.12a 

8.12b 

8.13 

- 

9.1 

9.6 

9.7 

- 

Program 8. 

Thermal 

and EflecL, 

Measurements 

8.9 

8.1 0 

- 

9.1 

- 

Technical 

Program 9. 

Photography 

+See table 4-2 for a complete listing of Program 3 projects conducted at Shots ENCORE and GAABLE. 

83 
Table 4-2: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROGRAM 3 PROJECT 

PARTICIPATION AT SHOTS ENCORE AND GRABLE 

Program 

Program 3, 

Structures, 

Material, and 

Equipment 

ENCORE 

3.1 

3.1 u 

3.3 

3.4 

3.5 

3.7 

3.8 

3.9 

3.1 1-3.1 6 

3.1 9 

3.20 

3.21 

3.22 

3.24 

3.26 

3.27 

3.28.1 

3.28.2 

3.28.3 

3.29 

3.30 

~ 

GRABLE 

3.1 

3.1 u 

3.3 

3.4 

3.6 

3.7 

3.8 

3.9 

3.1 1-3.1 6 

3.1 8 

3.1 9 

3.20 

3.21 

3.22 

3.24 

3.26 

3.28.1 

3.28.2 

3.28.3 

3.30 

84 
This section details the objectives and general procedures 

employed for each project. The pertinent shot volumes contain 

information regarding the number of personnel involved at each 

shot, their distances from ground zero, and. their activities at a 

particular shot. 

4.1.1 Program 1: Blast and Shock Measurements 

Program 1, Blast and Shock Measurements, investigated basic 

blast phenomena. Similar experiments were conducted at previous 

test series. The experiments were designed to determine optimum 

height of burst for various yields and related blast parameters 

useful in assessing and predicting blast damage effects. Nine 

pro.jects were conducted under Program 1 during Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE. Table 4-3 lists the Program 1 projects at Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, states the purpose of each project, the shots in 

which the pro.ject was fielded, and the participating groups (70; 

98). 

Projects l.la/l.2, Air Blast Measurements, measured blast 

pressures at various distances from the nuclear detonation, on 

the ground, in free air, and on various surfaces, and studied 

shock wave behavior. Project l.la personnel placed pressure 

gauges on and in the ground and at various heights above the 

ground along three blast lines radiating from the intended ground 

zeros for Shots ENCORE and GRABLE. Part of this project also is 

discussed as Project l.la-2. At Shots ANNIE, DIXIE, ENCORE, 

GRABLE, and CLIMAX, Project 1.2 personnel placed rocket launchers 

along lines on one side of the burst point and high-speed cameras 

on the opposite side in order to film smoke rocket trail 

distortions to determine shock wave behavior. At Shots ENCORE 

and GRABLE, they also photographed the shock front along the main 

blast lines. Figure 4-1 shows smoke trails at the detonation of 

Shot GRABLE (191). 

85 
Table 4-3: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED AS PART OF 

PROGRAM 1 DURING OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

- 

Project 

l.la/l.Z 

- 

I .1 a-1 

l.la-2 

l.lb 

1.1 c-1 

l.lc-2 

1.ld 

1.3 

1.4 

- 

Title 

Air Blast Measurements 

Evaluation of Wiancko and 

Vibrotron Gauges and 

Development of New 

Circuitry for Atomic Blast 

Measurements 

Development of 

Mechanical Pressure-time 

and Peak Pressure 

Recorders for Atomic 

Blast Measurements 

Air Pressure and Ground 

Shock Measurements 

Air Shock Pressure-time 

versus Distance for a 

Tower Shot 

Air Shock Pressures as 

Affected by Hills and Dales 

Dynamic Pressure versus 

Time and Supporting Air 

Blast Measurements 

Free-air Atomic Blast 

Pressure Measurements 

Free-field Measurements 

of Earth Stress, Strain, and 

Ground Motion 

~ ~ ~~ ~~ 

Project Objectives 

~ ~~ 

To measure pressure 

changes at various 

distances from a nuclear 

detonation 

To evaluate instruments for 

measuring blast parameters 

To evaluate mechanical 

blast gauges 

To compare blast effects 

for shots at various heights 

of burst 

To measure pressure 

changes due to a tower 

nuclear detonation 

To evaluate the effects of 

terrain on the blast wave 

produced by a nuclear 

detonation 

To measure the pressure, 

near the ground, caused 

by a nuclear detonation 

To measure pressures 

caused by air bursts at 

levels below existing data 

To measure blast effects 

on the earth 

Shots 

ANNIE, DIXIE, ENCORE, 

GRABLE, CLIMAX 

ENCORE, GRABLE 

ENCORE, HARRY, 

GRABLE 

RUTH, DIXIE, ENCORE, 

GRABLE, CLIMAX 

ANNIE. SIMON 

SIMON 

ENCORE, GRABLE, 

CLIMAX 

DIXIE, ENCORE 

ANNIE, ENCORE, GRABLE 

Participants 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

Stanford Research Institute 

Sandia Corporation; 

Ballistic Research 

Laboratories ; * 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory* 

Sandia Corporation 

Sandia Corporation 

Air Force Cambridge 

Research Center 

Sandia Corporation 

%Participated only at SIMON 
3-7 
Project 1.la-1, Evaluation of Wiancko and Vibrotron Gauges 

and Development of New Circuitry for Atomic Blast Measurements, 

tested four types of experimental blast gauges and tested the 

response characteristics of a gauge used in many pressure time 

studies. Personnel in Project l.la assisted in the field. 

Before Shots ENCORE and GRABLE, personnel placed the instruments 

along blast lines around ground zero. They recovered the blast 

gauge data after each detonation (203). 

Project l.la-2, Development of Mechanical Pressure-time and 

Peak Pressure Recorders for Atomic Blast Measurements, Was 

designed to evaluate two types of mechanical air-blast gauges. 

This pro,ject utilized the same pressure gauges as a portion of 

Project 1. la (199). 

Project l.lb, Air Pressure and Ground Shock Measurements, 

was conducted to gather data on the blast pressure variations on 

the ground and just above and below ground surface. Personnel 

placed blast and pressure gauges and accelerometers at various 

distances from each intended ground zero, usually along blast 

lines used by other projects studying blast phenomena. The 

gauges were calibrated in the field before and after each shot. 

After detonation, participants retrieved the gauge data (226). 

Project 1.1~-1, Air Shock Pressure-time versus Distance for 

a Tower Shot, was conducted at Shots ANNIE and SIMON. At ANNIE, 

the objective was to record pressure changes and to use these 

data to predict changes in pressure at Shot SIMON. At SIMON, 

measurements were made to compare the predicted with the actual 

pressures. At Shot ANNIE, the Sandia Corporation and the 

Ballistic Research Laboratories placed pressure gauges, and at 

Shot SIMON, the Ballistic Research Laboratories, Sandia 

Corporation, and the Naval Ordnance Laboratory placed gauges and 

took measurements. Personnel placed gauges and meters in the 

88 
field before each shot. The project required no shot-day 

recovery operations (211; 221). 

Project 1.1~-2, Air Shock Pressures as Affected by Hills and 

Dales, was performed to define the behavior of the blast wave as 

it passed over the top of a ridge. Project personnel placed 

pressure recording instruments in front, behind, and along the 

ridge before the shot and recovered the data recorded on the 

instruments after the shot (183; 211). 

Project l.ld, Dynamic Pressure versus Time and Supporting 

Air Blast Measurements, was fielded to measure blast wave pressures near ground level and to evaluate new and modified 

pressure, density, temperature, and particle velocity gauges. 

Project personnel placed pressure gauges along blast lines 

extending from ground zero. Project l.ld personnel also placed 

gauges on bridge structures for Project 3.4 and in the tree stand 

for Project 3.19 at Shots ENCORE and GRABLE (51; 211). 

Project 1.3, Free-air Atomic Blast Pressure Measurements, 

was fielded to determine the peak overpressure for airburst 

nuclear devices. The Air Force Cambridge Research Center fielded 

the pro.ject at Shots DIXIE and ENCORE because their points of 

detonation were high enough above the ground to give a good separation of the direct and ground-reflected blast waves. Shortly 

before the detonation, two B-29s dropped parachute-borne 

canisters, which were instrumented to determine pressure at 

various elevations as they fell. Project personnel near Yucca 

Lake recorded data transmitted from the canisters (110). 

Pro.ject 1.4, Free-field Measurements of Earth Stress, 

Strain, and Ground Motion, had two parts. The objective of the 

first part was to measure the extent to which various depths of 

earth cover reduced the vertical forces produced by a nuclear 

89 
detonation. The objective of the second part was to test instrumentation used to measure forces transmitted through the earth. 

Only the first part of Project 1.4 was conducted at Shots ENCORE 

and GRABLE, while the second part was also performed at ANNIE. 

Project personnel placed air-pressure gauges, ground accelerometers, and earth stress and strain gauges in the field before 

each shot (202; 211). 

4.1.2 Program 2: Nuclear Measurements and Effects 

Program 2, Nuclear Measurements and Effects, studied the 

radiation produced by a nuclear detonation. This program 

continued measurements of radiation and its biological effects 

taken at all previous nuclear weapons test series. Program 2 

measured neutron radiation and prompt and residual gamma 

radiation. As part of the evaluation of the military significance of these phenomena, this program investigated the size, 

radioactivity, and biological effects of particles within the 

clouds formed by the detonations. Energy spectrum measurements 

of the residual radiation were also made to supply information 

necessary for the design of radiation-measuring equipment. In 

addition, neutron measurements were made for comparison with 

measurements at Shot GRABLE, which was expected to have a high 

neutron flux. The four projects listed in table 4-4 were part of 

Program 2 at Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (98). 

Project 2.1, Radioactive Particle Studies inside an Aircraft, was developed to determine the concentration of radiation 

entering a cockpit and evaluate the inhalation hazard to which 

aircraft personnel would be exposed upon flying through a nuclear 

cloud. Project personnel placed instrumentation in two drones 

used for Project 4.1, Radiation Hazards to Personnel within an 

Atomic Cloud. Project 2.1 was conducted at Shots DIXIE and 

ENCORE (56). 

90 
Table 4-4: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED AS PART OF 

PROGRAM 2 DURING OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Project 

2.1 

2.2a 

2.2b 

2.3 

Title 

Radioactive Particle 

Studies inside an 

Aircraft 

Gamma Radiation Spectrum 

of Residual Contamination 

Residual Ionizing Radiation 

Depth Dose Measurements 

in Unit-density Material 

Neutron Flux 

Measurements 

Project Objectives 

To evaluate internal 

radiation exposures 

obtained by flying through 

a nuclear cloud 

To evaluate the biological 

hazard of residual gamma 

radiation resulting from 

tower and air shots 

To evaluate the biological 

hazard of residual beta 

and gamma radiation 

To evaluate the physical 

characteristics of the 

neutron flux produced 

by a nuclear device 

Shots 

DIXIE, ENCORE 

NANCY, RUTH, 

BADGER, SIMON, 

ENCORE, HARRY, 

GRABLE, CLIMAX 

BADGER, SIMON, 

ENCORE, HARRY, 

GRABLE 

ENCORE, HARRY, 

GRABLE 

Participants 

Chemical and Radiological 

Laboratories 

Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories 

Naval Medical Research 

Institute 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Project 2.2a, Gamma Radiation Spectrum of Residual Contamination, was fielded to characterize the residual gamma ray 

contamination resulting from both tower shots and airbursts. The 

project was conducted at Shots NANCY, RUTH, and BADGER to 

familiarize personnel with instruments and enable modifications 

in experimental designs. The project was canceled at Shot DIXIE 

because of the low level of residual radiation. Data gained from 

Shots SIMON, ENCORE, HARRY, GRABLE, and CLIMAX were to be used in 

designing radiation detection devices and in assessing the biological significance of residual gamma contamination. Personnel 

measured radiation intensities from one hour to ten days after 

the detonation at positions near ground zero for airbursts and at 

distances ranging from five to nine kilometers from ground zero 

for tower shots (4; 45). 

Project 2.2b, Residual Ionizing Radiation Depth Dose 

Measurements in Unit-density Material, was conducted to evaluate 

the biological effects of residual beta and gamma radiation 

91 
fields. Project personnel placed dose-measuring equipment in 

fallout fields at various locations and times after each shot. 

The equipment was in spheres and phantoms made of materials that 

had a density similar to that of the outer layer of human skin 

(58). 

Project 2.3, Neutron Flux Measurements, measured the neutron 

flux at various ranges from a nuclear detonation. Such measurements had initially been taken at Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER. 

GRABLE was of particular interest because high neutron fluxes 

were anticipated. Personnel placed neutron-detecting material on 

stakes and cables in the field before each shot and recovered 

these samples after the detonation (235). 

4.1.3 Program 3: Structures, Mat.eria1, and Equipment 

Program 3, Structures, Material, and Equipment, continued 

from earlier series the study of blast and shock effects of 

nuclear detonations on vehicles and buildings. Program 3 

involved more pro.jects at UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE than did any other 

program conducted during the series. These projects, listed in 

table 4-5, included extensive testing of a variety of concrete 

and steel buildings and vehicles placed near ground zero. The 

data from these projects were used to assess the potential damage 

from nuclear detonations to large, fixed targets and rigid structures. Many of the structures tested were prefabricated, shipped 

to the NPG, and assembled either by contractors or by the 412th 

Engineer Construction Battalion. Most of the projects required 

the placing of electronic gauges along blast lines, on 

structures, and in other areas of predicted overpressure. The 

gauge responses were recorded, and the recordings were 

interpreted. Project 3.28, a three-part project, placed 

instruments and compiled data for other Program 3 projects (98). 

92 
Table 4-5: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED AS PART OF 

PROGRAM 3 DURING OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Project 

3.1 

3.1 u 

3.3 

3.4 

3.5 

3.6 

3.7 

3.8 

3.9 

3.11-3.16 

Ll 

Title 

Tests on the Loading of 

Building and Equipment 

Shapes 

Shock Diffraction in the 

Vicinity of a Structure 

Test on the Loading of 

Horizontal Cylindrical 

Shapes 

Tests on the Loading of 

Truss Systems Common 

to Open-framed Structures 

Tests on the Response 

of Wall and Roof Panels 

and the Transmission of 

Load to Supporting 

Structure 

Tests on the Loading 

and Response of Railroad Equipment 

Air Blast Effects on 

Entrances and Air 

Intakes of Underground 

Installations 

Air Blast Effects on 

Underground Structures 

Field Fortifications 

Navy Structures 

Minefield Clearance 

Project Objectives 

To augment existing 

information on the effects 

of the blast on various 

structures, material, and 

equipment 

To determine changes in 

the shock wave pattern 

as it diffracted around a 

structure 

To increase the knowledge 

of blast loadings on 

structures of cylindrical 

shape 

To determine blast forces 

on open frame structures, 

such as bridges 

To determine the load 

produced by the nuclear 

blast 

To study the vulnerability 

of various types of railroad equipment to the 

blast and thermal effects 

produced by a nuclear 

detonation 

To obtain basic data from 

which criteria could be 

developed in designing 

underground shelters 

To obtain necessary blast 

data for designing underground protective shelters 

To obtain data on the blast 

effects and radiation 

measurements on field 

fortifications 

To test the protection 

afforded by various 

structures against the 

effects of a nuclear blast 

To observe the effects of 

a nuclear blast on pressureactivated land mines 

ENCORE, GRABLE 

ENCORE, GRABLE 

ENCORE, GRABLE 

ENCORE, GRABLE 

ENCORE 

GRABLE 

ENCORE, GRABLE 

ENCORE, GRABLE 

ENCORE, GRABLE 

ENCORE, GRABLE 

GRABLE 

Participants 

Air Materiel Command; 

Armour Research Foundatior 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

Air Materiel Command; 

Armour Research Foundatior 

Air Materiel Command; 

Armour Research Foundatior 

Air Materiel Command; 

Armour Research Foundatior 

Army Transportation Corps; 

Air Materiel Command; 

Armour Research Foundatior 

Office, Chief of Engineers, 

US. Army; Structural 

Research Laboratory, 

University of Illinois* 

Office, Chief of Engineers, 

U.S. Army; Structural 

Research Laboratory, 

University of Illinois 

Engineer Research and 

Development Laboratories* 

Navy Bureau of Yards and 

Docks+ 

Engineer Research and 

Development Laboratories; 

41 2th Engineer Construction 

Battalion; 44th Infantry 

Division 

* Other participating agencies are listed in the text. 

93 
Table 4-5: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED AS PART OF 

PROGRAM 3 DURING OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (Continued) 

Project 

3.1 9 

3.20 

3.21 

3.22 

3.24 

3.26 

3.27 

3.28.1 

3.28.2 

3.28.3 

3.29 

3.30 

Title 

3last Damage to 

Zoniferous Tree Stands 

~y Atomic Explosions 

Blast and Thermal 

Effects of an Atomic 

30mb on Typical Tactical 

Zommunication Systems 

Statistical Estimation of 

Damage to Ordnance 

Equipment Exposed 

to Nuclear Blasts 

Effects on Engineer Bridging 

Equipment 

Effects of an Airburst 

Atomic Explosion on 

Landing Vehicles Tracked 

ILVT) 

Test of the. Effects on 

POL Installations 

Effects of Atomic Explosions 

on Field Medical Installations 

Equipment 

Structures Instrumentation 

Pressure Measurements for 

Various Projects of Program 3 

Pressure Measurements on 

Structures 

Blast Effects of Atomic 

Weapons upon Curtain 

Walls and Partitions of 

Masonry and Other 

Materials 

Air Blast Gauge Studies 

Project Objectives 

~~~~~ 

To assess the degree of 

damage to material and 

personnel and the amount 

of cover the forest affords 

To detemine the effects 

of a nuclear blast on signal 

communication-electronics 

To obtain data on damage 

to various weapons and 

vehicles in order to predict 

what proportion of vehicles 

would be available for 

combat within a given time 

after exposure to a nuclear 

blast 

To determine the effects of 

a nuclear blast on prefabricated inflexible military 

bridging 

To determine the degree 

of blast damage landing 

vehicles would sustain 

from a nuclear explosion 

To determine the resistance 

of equipment and materials 

of an amphibious assault 

fuel handling system 

To determine the effects of 

a nuclear explosion on field 

medical installations and 

equipment 

To provide instrumentation 

for other Program 3 projects 

Same as above 

Same as above 

To measure the effectiveness of wall partitions 

commonly used in conventional framed buildings in 

resisting blast pressures 

striking perpendicular to 

the surfaces 

To test a new self-contained 

recording gauge for the 

measurements of pressuretime phenomena from a 

nuclear blast 

Shots 

~ ~ ~~ 

INCORE, GRABLE 

iNCORE. GRABLE 

!NCORE, GRABLE 

INCORE, GRABLE 

ENCORE, GRABLE 

ENCORE. GRABLE 

ENCORE 

ENCORE, GRABLE 

ENCORE, GRABLE 

ENCORE, GRABLE 

ENCORE 

SIMON, ENCORE, 

HARRY, GRABLE. 

CLIMAX 

Participants 

:orest Service 

iignal Corps Engineering 

.aboratories; 16th Signal 

jervice Battalion Corps), 

jetachment A; 

112th Engineer Construction 

3attalion; Lookout Mountain 

.aboratory; Coles Signal 

aboratory 

3allistic Research 

aboratories 

fngineer Research and 

Ievelopment Laboratories 

Uaval Radiological Defense 

Aboratory 

4ir Materiel Command: 

4rmour Research 

Foundation; Office of the 

Quartermaster General; 

Marine Corps Schools 

Brooke Army Medical 

Center 

Ballistic Research 

Laboratories 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

Stanford Research Institute 

Federal Civil Defense 

Administration 

Ballistic Research 

Laboratories 
Project 3.1, Tests on the Loading of Building and Equipment 

Shapes, was conducted by the Air Materiel Command. The Armour 

Research Foundation was a primary contractor for this project and 

for other Program 3 projects conducted by the Air Material 

Command. The objective was to augment existing information 

concerning blast effects on simple structures differing in size, 

shape, and orientation to the detonation. 

To conduct this experiment, personnel assembled 15 

structures along a circular arc at a distance of about 1,500 

meters from the intended ground zero for Shots ENCORE and GRABLE 

(same intended ground zero). Two additional models were positioned 350 and 670 meters from ground zero. All were constructed 

of reinforced concrete on firm foundations and were filled with 

soil. Personnel from the Ballistic Research Laboratories, the 

Stanford Research Institute, and the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, 

as part of Project 3.28, mounted about 235 gauges on the test 

structures (102; 184; 189; 225). 

Project 3.111, Shock Diffraction in the Vicinity of 8 

Structure, was fielded by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. The 

objective was to determine changes in the shock wave pattern as 

it diffracted around a structure. The pro,ject used the Project 

3.1 structure located 670 meters from the ground zeros of Shots 

ENCORE and GRABLE. The Naval Ordnance Laboratory, as part of 

Pro;iect 3.28, mounted 14 pressure-time gauges around the 

structure to measure diffraction of the shock wave (150; 189). 

Project 3.3, Tests of the Loading of Horizontal Cylindrical 

Shapes, was conducted by the Armour Research Foundation, under 

contract to the Air Materiel Command. The general objective was 

to increase the knowledge of blast loadings on cylindrical 

structures. Five steel cylinders with reinforced end-sections 

were supported above the ground at two stations for both ENCORE 

and GRABLE. The two stations were located 1,460 and 1,910 meters 

95 
from the intended ground zero. For each shot, Ballistic Research 

Laboratories personnel, as part of Project 3.28, attached 30 air 

pressure gauges and ten strain gauges to the cylinders (216). 

Project 3.4, Tests on the Loading of Truss Systems Common to 

Open-framed Structures, was conducted by the Air Materiel 

Command, which contracted the project to the Armour Research 

Foundation. The project studied the effects of a nuclear blast 

on open-framed structures, such as bridges. The data obtained 

were to be compared with wind tunnel data and information 

gathered during the previous nuclear weapons testing series 

(215). 

Five open-framed structures were used at both ENCORE and 

GRABLE. The structures duplicated the center sections of 

open-deck, single-track railroad bridges. Project 3.28 personnel 

mounted strain gauges on the foundations of the structures. At 

ENCORE, the structures were arranged approximately 670 to 710 

meters from ground zero. The same structures were used at GRABLE 

(215). 

Project 3.5, Tests on the Response of Wall and Roof Panels 

and the Transmission of Load to Supporting Structures, was 

conducted by the Armour Research Foundation, under contract to 

the Air Materiel Command. The objective was to determine the 

load, as produced by a nuclear blast, transmitted to building 

frames through various common types of panel wall and roof 

construction. 

Three reinforced concrete structures were fitted with wall 

panels and roofs constructed of cinder block, brick, corrugated 

steel, wood, or reinforced concrete. The structures were positioned 2,040, 1,370, and 670 meters from the ENCORE ground zero. 

The two structures farthest from ground zero were designed and 

used for Project 3.29. Project 3.28 personnel instrumented each 

structure with gauges to measure pressure and strain. Motion 

96' 
picture cameras were set up at the two stations farthest from 

ground zero to film the movement of the test structures (218). 

Project 3.6, Tests of the Loading and Response of Railroad 

Equipment, was conducted by the Army Transportation Corps and the 

Air Materiel Command, whose contractor was the Armour Research 

Foundation. The objective was to study the vulnerability of 

various types of railroad equipment to the blast and thermal 

effects of a nuclear detonation. Sixteen items of railroad 

rolling stock were placed on small track sections in groupings 

460 to 2,010 meters from the GRABLE ground zero. Railroad stock 

included tank cars, boxcars, and a diesel electric locomotive 

(217). 

Project 3.7, Air Blast Effects on Entrances and Air Intakes 

of Underground Installations, was conducted by the Office, Chief 

of Engineers, and its contractor, the University of Illinois. 

The objective was to obtain basic data from which criteria could 

be developed for designing entrances to underground shelters. 

The Army was particularly interested in problems associated with 

the design of closed protected structures that could withstand 

very high pressures. The structures had to protect against 

biological, chemical, and radiological warfare agents, as well as 

against blast effects. The parts of the structures most vulnerable to air blast were air ducts, ventilating equipment, and the 

doors and entrvways of the structure. 

Personnel constructed one large shelter for testing at 

ENCORE and GRARLE, 290 meters from the intended ground zero of 

the shots. The structure was divided into several small chambers 

outfitted with different air intake ventilation systems. Naval 

Ordnance Laboratory personnel mounted 34 pressure gauges on the 

structure before Shot ENCORE and recalibrated them before Shot 

GRARLE as part of Project .3.28 (223). 

97 
Project 3.8, Air Blast Effects on Underground Structures, 

was performed by the Office, Chief of Engineers, and its 

contractor, the University of Illinois. The objective was to 

obtain data necessary for designing underground protective 

shelters, particularly the roofs of the shelters. Three 

reinforced-concrete boxes with roofs of simply supported 

steel-beam strips were positioned on an arc approximately 280 

meters from the intended ground zero for ENCORE and GRABLE. The 

structures were instrumented with gauges to measure strain, 

deflection, and earth pressure. Ballistic Research Laboratories 

personnel mounted air pressure gauges on the floors and walls as 

part of Project 3.28 (194). 

Project 3.9, Field Fortifications, was conducted by the 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories with assistance 

from : 

0 The 412th Engineer Construction Battalion 

0 The Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

0 The Naval Material Laboratory 

0 The Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

0 The Ballistic Research Laboratories 

0 The Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. 

The ob,jective was to obtain data on blast effects and to measure 

nuclear and thermal radiation in field fortifications that 

included standard command posts, two-man foxholes, and machine 

gun positions. The fortifications were positioned 150, 460, and 

1,220 meters from the ENCORE and GRABLE ground zero. Five 

two-man foxholes, two at 1,220 meters and three at 2,290 meters 

from ground zero, were constructed and instrumented with various 

types of pressure-time gauges. Twenty-two foxholes, located 

1,220, 1,830, and 2,440 meters from ground zero, were each lined 

with aluminum sheeting. Several of the positions were covered or 

revetted (100). 

98 
Projects 3.11-3.16, Navy Structures, were conducted by the 

Navy Bureau of Yards and Docks with assistance from (161): 

0 Naval Civil Engineering Research and Evaluation 

Laboratory 

0 Stanford Research Institute 

0 Ballistic Research Laboratories 

0 Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

0 Public Building Service 

0 Army Signal Corps 

0 AFSWP. 

The overall objective was to test the protection afforded by 

various structures against the effects of a nuclear blast. The 

six projects each tested a particular structure (161): 

0 3.11, steel warehouses 

0 3.12, brick buildings and precast panels 

0 3.13, precast gable shelters and blastresistant panel 

0 3.14, precast warehouse 

0 3.15, steel arch ammunition magazine with earth 

cover 

0 3.16, prefabricated wood paneled structures 

containing various types of window glass 

hardware. 

Various AEC contractors began onsite construction on 1 

January 1953 and completed it by April. The structures at ENCORE 

and GRABLE were positioned on arcs ranging 820 to 6,100 meters 

from ground zero. Ballistic Research Laboratories and Naval 

Ordnance Laboratory personnel interspersed gauges measuring 

pressure, deflection, strain, torque, and shear among the 

structures as part of Project 3.28 (161). 
Project 3.18, Minefield Clearance, was conducted to study 

the effects of a nuclear blast on pressure-activated land mines. 

The Engineer Research and Development Laboratories supervised the 

project. A company from the 412th Engineer Construction 

Battalion and personnel from the 44th Infantry Division, Fort 

Lewis, Washington, performed the extensive fielding operations 

necessary. They buried 2,000 indicator mines and 1,200 live 

mines (including antitank and antipersonnel mines) in various 

patterns in the test area, which was about 820 meters from the 

intended ground zero of Shot GRABLE (209). 

Project 3.19, Blast Damage to Coniferous Tree Stands by 

Atomic Explosions, was fielded by the Department of Agriculture. 

Associated with a study originally initiated by the Department of 

the Army on the effects of a nuclear explosion over a forested 

area, this project assessed the degree of damage to trees and the 

amount of cover provided by a forest. 

Eight days before the shot, project personnel placed 145 

trees, gathered from forest reserves near the NPG, in a grove 50 

meters wide by 100 meters long. They positioned additional trees 

in two lines ranging 1,525 to 2,440 meters from the intended 

ground zero and at 460 meters. Project 3.28 personnel placed 

instrumentation along the lines of trees and in the stand of 

trees (213). 

Project 3.20, Blast and Thermal Effects of an Atomic Bomb on 

Typical Tactical Communications Systems, was fielded by personnel 

from (91): 

0 Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

0 Detachment A, 16th Signal Service Battalion 

(Corps) 

0 412th Engineer Construction Battalion 

0 Coles Signal Laboratory 

0 Army Corps of Engineers. 

100 
The objective was to determine the effects of a nuclear blast on 

signal-communication electronics. Personnel assembled such 

material as pole lines, towers, and radios on radial arcs 90 to 

4,570 meters from the planned ground zero for Shots ENCORE and 

GRABLE (91; 120). 

Pro,ject 3.21, Statistical Estimation of Damage to Ordnance 

Equipment, was fielded by personnel from the Army Ordnance 

School, Ballistic Research Laboratories, and Camp Desert Rock 

ordnance support units. Project 3.28 provided instrumentation. 

The obJective was to obtain data on damage to various weapons and 

vehicles for predicting the percentage of equipment that would be 

usable in combat after exposure to a nuclear blast. 

Before the shots, participants placed about 95 pieces of 

equipment, including trucks, artillery pieces, and tanks, in 

side-on, rear-on, and face-in positions 110 to 2,000 meters from 

the intended ground zero. They attached gauges to the frames of 

the equipment to measure the impact of the blast. Project 9.1 

personnel also used movie cameras to record the effects of the 

detonation (53). 

Project 3.22, Effects on Engineer Bridging Equipment, was 

fielded by the Engineer Research and Development Laboratories. 

The ob,jective was to determine the effects of a nuclear blast on 

prefabricated bridging. The 412th Engineer Construction 

Battalion erected bridge spans and sections before Shot ENCORE. 

Two bridges were tested, each a 30-meter, double-truss, singlestory Bailey bridge. One bridge was tested at Shot ENCORE, and 

two were tested at Shot GRABLE. In addition, single-bay aluminum 

sections were exposed at 320 to 460 meters from the two ground 

zeros (188). 

Project 3.24, Effects of an Airburst Atomic Explosion on 

Landing Vehicles Tracked (LVT), was fielded at ENCORE and GRABLE 

101 
by Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory and Marine Corps 

personnel. The objective was to determine the blast effects on 

amphibious landing vehicles and the degree of protection afforded 

by the vehicles. Six LVTs were positioned 240 to 1,370 meters 

from the ENCORE ground zero and 310 to 1,050 meters from the 

GRABLE ground zero. Still photographs were taken before and 

after each test. Each vehicle was ringed with dosimeters to 

measure gamma radiation (201). 

Project 3.26, Tests of the Effects on POL* Installations, 

was conducted in three parts. The Air Materiel Command conducted 

Project 3.26.1, Test of the Effects on POL Installations. 

Project 3.26.2, Effects of Atomic Weapons on a POL Supply Point, 

was conducted by the Quartermaster Research and Development Field 

Evaluation Agency. Project 3.26.3, Effect of an Atomic Explosion 

upon an Amphibious Assault Fuel Handling System (Shore Phase), 

was conducted by the Marine Corps Schools. The overall objective 

of Project 3.26 was to determine the effects of nuclear 

detonations on POL installations. Each agencv designed the 

project to test types of storage tanks and storage-handling 

methods peculiar to its respective service. Test items included 

standard 55-gallon storage drums filled with diesel fuel or 

gasoline, vertical storage tanks, and various fuel-related 

equipment. 

Silas Mason constructed the actual installations. Project 

3.28 personnel instrumented the tanks and equipment to measure 

air pressure and temperature. Project 9.1 personnel photographed 

the results. POL installation storage units and equipment for 

these three agencies ranged from 70 to 3,100 meters from the 

ENCORE ground zero and from 230 to 4,570 meters from the GRABLE 

ground zero (219). 

*Petroleum, oil, and lubricants 

102 
Project 3.27, Effects of Atomic Explosions on Field Medical 

Installations Equipment, was fielded by personnel of the Brooke 

Army Medical Center and the Army Medical Field Service School. 

At Shot ENCORE, two types of composite field medical installations were placed both above ground and in dug-in positions to 

determine the effects of a nuclear blast on field medical 

installations and equipment and to evaluate the degree of 

Protection afforded by placing such installations partially 

within dug-in positions. 

The first type of installation, consisting of a composite 

battalion aid station and a regimental collection station, was 

established at sites 1 and 2, located 1,270 and 2,740 meters from 

ground zero, respectively. The second type, consisting of a 

composite division clearing station, mobile Army surgical 

hospitals, and evacuation hospitals, was positioned at sites 1 

and 2 and at site 3, located 4,570 meters from ground zero (60). 

Project 3.28 had three parts: 

0 Project 3.28.1, Structures Instrumentation, 

conducted by the Ballistic Research Laboratories 

0 Project 3.28.2, Pressure Measurements for Various 

Projects of Program 3, conducted by the Naval 

Ordnance Laboratory 

0 Project 3.28.3, Pressure Measurements on Structures, 

conducted by the Stanford Research Institute. 

The 3.28 projects were developed during the planning of UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, when the Army, Navy, and Air Force requested that AFSWP 

arrange for a contractor to handle the instrumentation of 

Program 3, Structures, Material, and Equipment. The responsibilities were to include procuring instruments, determining 

proper instrumentation layout, installing and operating the 

instruments, and compiling the field data for the sponsoring 

agencies. AFSWP assigned the Ballistic Research Laboratories to 

coordinate the overall structures instrumentation program. The 

103 
Ballistic Research Laboratories received detailed requirements 

from the agencies that were planning the projects and developed 

the three parts of Project 3.28 to accomplish the work. AFSWP 

assigned military personnel to the Ballistic Research Laboratories and the Naval Ordnance Laboratory for these projects. 

Project 3.28.1, Structures Instrumentation, provided 

instrumentation and data analysis for nine projects at Shot 

ENCORE and ten projects at Shot GRABLE. Project 3.28.2, Pressure 

Measurements for Various Projects of Program 9, provided instrumentation support for six Program 3 projects. Project 3.28.3, 

Pressure Measurements on Structures, supported one project at 

Shots ENCORE and GRABLE. In addition, Project 3.28.2 provided 

instrumentation and personnel to take measurements for Project 

l.la, another Naval Ordnance Laboratory project. 

Personnel for the three parts of Project 3.28 arrived in 

February 1953 to begin calibrating and placing gauges along the 

blast line for ENCORE and GKABLE. All gauges were attached to 

cables that ran to recording instruments in shelters or vans 

located near the blast line. The day before each detonation, 

personnel checked the instrumentation. Three-man teams recovered 

data tapes as soon as recovery hour was announced. The tapes 

were reproduced at stations, probably located at Camp Mercury, 

and a copy was given to the project officers involved. Personnel 

from the sponsoring agencies then indicated the points of 

interest on the tapes and returned the tapes to Project 3.28 

personnel for final analysis (184; 189; 225). 

Project 3.29, Blast Effects of Atomic Weapons upon Curtain 

Walls and Partitions of Masonry and Other Materials, was fielded 

by the Federal Civil Defense Administration. The purpose of this 

test was to measure the resistance of wall partitions commonly 

used in conventional buildings to blast pressures perpendicular 

to the surfaces. This project was conducted at Shot ENCORE only. 

104 
The two test structures, nicknamed "the motels," were long, 

low, narrow buildings of reinforced concrete. The front test 

walls were strung with gauges to measure air pressure and 

displacement. One structure was located about 2,020 meters from 

ground zero, and the other about 1,340 meters from ground zero 

(228). 

Project 3.30, Airblast Gauge Studies, was conducted by 

personnel of the Ballistic Research Laboratories. The objective 

Was to test new self-contained recording gauges for the 

measurement of pressure-time and peak pressure phencmena from a 

nuclear blast. The gauges were used in conjunction with other 

projects as back-up gauges and for comparison with other gauge 

measurements (156). 

4.1.4 Program 4: Biomedical Experiments 

Program 4, Biomedical Experiments, consisted of five projects that studied the biological effects of nuclear weapons. 

This program was designed to define and evaluate the hazards to 

individuals in the vicinity of a nuclear detonation. The 

experiments sought to determine the hazards associated with 

flying through the cloud resulting from a detonation, entering an 

area contaminated with residual radiation, experiencing a blast 

wave, and seeing the initial flash of a nuclear detonation. For 

some projects, experimental equipment was not placed in the field 

until after the detonation, while for other projects, experimental animals were placed in the field before the detonation and 

rcovered later. Table 4-6 lists the five projects conducted as 

part of Program 4 during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (14; 98). 

Project 4.1, Radiation Hazards to Personnel within an Atomic 

Cloud, tested animals in drone aircraft to evaluate various 

hazards a flight crew might encounter while flying a modern 

military aircraft through the cloud resulting from a detonation. 

105 
During the flight, the drones collected cloud samples through 

wing-tip filter chambers to compare radiation intensities outside 

the aircraft with those in the cockpit. In addition, a B-50 and 

a B-47, both operated by AFSWC, released instrumented canisters 

through the cloud. Project participants retrieved the canisters 

the day after the shot. Project personnel recovered the animals 

after the drones landed at Yucca Airstrip on shot-day (157). 

Table 4-6: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED AS PART OF 

PROGRAM 4 DURING OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

- Project 

4.1 

4.2 

4.5 

4.7 

4.8 

- 

Title 

The Radiation Hazard to 

Personnel within an Atomic 

Cloud 

Direct Air Blast Exposure 

Effects in Animals 

Ocular Effects of 

Thermal Radiation 

from Atomic Detonation 

Beta-gamma Skin Hazard 

in the Postshot Contaminated Area 

The Biological Effects of 

Neutrons 

Project Objectives 

To determine the hazards 

a crew might encounter 

while flying in a modern 

military aircraft through a 

nuclear cloud 

To evaluate blast injuries 

received by rats and dogs 

within air-raid shelters and 

underground bunkers 

To determine the visual 

effects produced by a 

nuclear detonation 

To measure total radiation 

dose to human skin in an 

area contaminated by a 

nuclear detonation 

To measure the biological 

effects of neutrons on 

animals in the open and 

in foxholes 

Shots ~~ 

DIXIE, ENCORE 

ENCORE, HARRY, GRABLE 

ANNIE, NANCY, BADGER, 

SIMON, HARRY, 

CLIMAX 

SIMON, HARRY, GRABLE, 

CLIMAX 

GRABLE 

Participants 

Air Force Cambridge 

Research Center: Air Force 

School of Aviation Medicine. 

3205th Drone Group: 

4925th Test Group 

Naval Medical Research 

Institute 

Air Force School of 

Aviation Medicine 

Walter Reed Army 

Medical Center 

Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory 

Project 4.2, Direct Air Blast Exposure Effects in Animals, 

was to compare blast injuries received by rats and dogs within 

aluminum cylinders covered with sandbags and dirt. For Shot 

HARRY, empty cages with pressure gauges were exposed as a 

preliminary test for the animal experiments at GRABLE. At ENCORE 

and GRABLE, personnel placed animals in the field and recovered 

them after the shot. Figure 4-2 shows rat cylinders used for the 

project (89). 

106 

Project 4.5, Ocular Effects of Thermal Radiation from Atomic 

Detonation, determined the degree to which the flash of a nuclear 

detonation impairs night vision. Individuals in darkened 

trailers 11 to 22 kilometers from ground zero witnessed the 

nuclear detonations through experimental filters that protected 

the eyes from much of the visible and infrared portion of the 

spectrum. Subjects then performed a number of visual tasks to 

determine the extent of visual impairment. This part of the 

project was conducted at five shots. In the second part, rabbits 

were placed at various distances close to ground zero before six 

shots to determine the distance at which retinal burns could be 

produced. After the shot, personnel recovered the rabbits and 

examined their eyes for any damage (54). 

Project 4.7, Beta-gamma Skin Hazard in the Postshot 

Contaminated Area, compared the effects of beta and gamma 

radiation exposure on material similar to human skin. For this 

project, performed at four shots, personnel placed phantoms 

containing thin-walled and thick-walled ion chambers on wooden 

racks in areas with radiation measurements of 0.8 roentgens per 

hour (R/h) after each detonation. Personnel remained in the 0.01 

R/h area and returned to retrieve the experiments about 30 

minutes after they had placed them (50). 

Project 4.8, The Biological Effects of Neutrons, determined 

effects of neutron radiation on animals in 14 above-ground 

stations and six foxholes. Before Shot GRABLE, project personnel 

placed mice at slant distances of 450 to 1,800 meters from the 

burst point. After the shot, personnel retrieved the animals 

(57). 

4.1.5 Program 5: Aircraft Structures Test 

Program 5, Aircraft Structures Test, was designed to 

continue studies conducted at Operations GREENHOUSE and TUMBLERSNAPPER on the response of aircraft in flight to the thermal and 

108 
blast effects of nuclear detonations. For Program 5, three 

differpnt types of aircraft were tested: the AD, the B-50, and 

the R-36. The aircraft were instrumented to measure blast and 

thermal effects and were flown at various distances from tower 

and airburst detonations. In addition, Navy AD aircraft and 

components were exposed at ground locations during Shot ENCORE. 

The three pro,jects conducted as part of Program 5 are listed in 

table 4-7 (87-88). 

Table 4-7: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED AS PART OF 

PROGRAM 5 DURING OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Project 

5.1 

5.2 

~ 5.3 

Title 

Atomlc Weapon Effects 

on AD Type Aircraft 

in Flight 

Atomic Weapon Effects on 

6-50 Type Aircraft 

in Flight 

Blast Effects on 6-36 

Type Aircraft in Flight 

Project Objectives I Shots 

To study blast and thermal 

effects on Navy singleANNIE, NANCY, BADGER, 

engined bombers in flight 

SIMON, ENCORE, HARRY 

To determine nuclear DIXIE, ENCORE 

weapons effects on a 

8-50 delivery aircraft 

To measure blast effects ENCORE 

on a B-36D delivery aircraft 

I 

Participants 

Navy Bureau of 

Aeronautics 

Wrtght Air Development 

Center 

Wright Air Development 

Center; Strategic Air 

Command 

Project S.1, Atomic Weapon Effects on AD Type Aircraft in 

Flight, was conducted to study the blast and thermal effects of a 

nuclear detonation on AD aircraft. The first part of the project 

involved gathering data concerning blast and thermal effects on 

an aircraft in level-flight attitude with its tail toward the 

blast. This position represented an escape configuration for an 

AD aircraft after delivering a. nuclear weapon. The AD aircraft 

was unmanned at Shots NANCY, SIMON, and HARRY, and manned at 

Shots ANNIE and ENCORE. At Shot BADGER, the AI) drone aircraft 

did not take part in the project because of remote-control 

failure. However, five aircraft that were to accompany the drone 

were in the air when it was determined that the drone would not 

be used. Those aircraft were assigned an orbit position for 

timing practices during actual shot conditions (94; 165; 210). 
The second part of Project 5.1 was designed to supplement 

information on the effects of thermal radiation. Paint finishes 

and aluminum alloy panels of various thicknesses were exposed at 

three ground stations during Shot ENCORE. Project 5.1 personnel 

were assisted in this activity by the following groups (210): 

0 Douglas Aircraft Company 

0 Electronics Association 

0 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of 

Aeronautical Engineering 

0 Naval Air Development Squadron Five 

0 Naval Material Laboratory 

0 Naval Ordnance Test Station 

0 Bureau of Aeronautics. 

Project 5.2, Atomic Weapon Effects on R-50 Type Aircraft in 

Flight, was performed to determine the minimum safe altitude for 

delivery of nuclear weapons from bomber aircraft. Two B-50s were 

at Shot DIXIE and three at ENCORE. The crews established flight 

patterns simulating the position of a bomb-drop aircraft relative 

to the point of weapon detonation. Project 5.2 also tested 

aircraft fabric covering by attaching aircraft panels with 

various fabric covering to the lower wing panels of two T-33s 

used during Shot ENCORE in Project 6.11, Indoctrination of 

Tactical Air Command Aircrews in the Delivery and Effects of 

Atomic Weapons (159; 207). 

Project 5.2 personnel were assisted by individuals from the 

following agencies (159): 

0 Air Force Special Weapons Center 

0 Naval Radiological Defense Laboratorv 

0 Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. 

110 
Project 5.3, Blast Effects on B-36 Type Aircraft in Flight, 

was designed to obtain data on the blast response of a B-36D aircraft flown near a nuclear detonation. The test aircraft was the 

same B-36D aircraft used for similar testing during Shots MIKE 

and KING of Operation IVY in the Pacific, and the information 

gained at Shot ENCORE was to supplement the data obtained at 

those events. In particular, this project studied more fully the 

blast response of the aft fuselage and the horizontal stabilizer. 

Information for this project was obtained from instruments placed 

throughout the aircraft. A crew of ten from the Strategic Air 

Command (SAC) flew the aircraft in an orbit identical to that 

flown by the aircraft that dropped the ENCORE device, except that 

it was above and in front of the drop aircraft (205). 

4.1.6 Program 6: Test on Service Equipment and Operations 

Program 6: Test on Service Equipment and Operations, had 

two basic objectives: 

e To evaluate field tests of radiation detection 

instruments and associated electronic equipment 

0 To evaluate methods for determining the ground 

zero, height of burst, and yield of a nuclear 

detonation. 

In addition to testing radar and radiation-detecting 

equipment, the program trained Air Force personnel in the 

delivery of nuclear weapons. Table 4-8 lists the projects 

conducted during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE as part of Program 6 

(87-88; 98). 

Project 6.2, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDA) 

Phenomena and Techniques, was performed at all shots to confirm 

indications that radar could be used to determine the three IBDA 

parameters: ground zero, height of burst, and yield of a nuclear 

detonation. The project involved both ground and air personnel. 

111 
Table 4-8: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED AS PART OF 

PROGRAM 6 DURING OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Project 

6.2 

6.3 

6.4 

6.7 

6.8 

6.8a 

6.9 

6.10 

6.1 1 

6.1 2 

6.1 3 

Title 

IBDA Phenomena and 

Techniques 

Interim IBDA Capabilities 

of Strategic Air Command 

Evaluation of Chemical 

Dosimeters 

Measurements and Analysis 

of Electromagnetic Radiation 

from Nuclear Detonations 

Evaluation of Military Radiac 

Equipment 

Initial Gamma Exposure 

versus Distance 

Evaluation of Naval Airborne 

Radiac Equipment 

Evaluation of Rapid Aerial 

Radiological Survey 

Techniques 

Indoctrination of Tactical 

Air Command Air Crews 

in the Delivery and Effects 

of Atomic Weapons 

Determination of Height 

of Burst and Ground Zero 

Effectiveness of Fast Scan 

Radar for Fireball Studies 

and Weapons Tracking 

Project Objectives 

To obtain scientific and 

experimental radar to assist 

in the development of an 

IBDA system 

To determine by tests 

under field conditions 

current IBDA capabilities 

To assess the capabilities 

of personnel dosimeters 

To measure the pulse shape, 

polarization, amplitude and 

duration of radio frequency 

signals due to nuclear 

detonations 

To evaluate under actual 

field conditions all existing 

radiac rate meters and 

dosimeters constructed for 

military use 

To use reliable film 

dosimeters for evaluation of 

experimental dosimeters 

To evaluate airborne 

radiac equipment 

To improve the procedures 

used during the JANGLE 

and SNAPPER Series in 

making aerial radiological 

surveys 

To provide realistic 

operational training for 

TAC aircraft crews on the 

effects of blast, thermal, 

and nuclear radiation 

To evaluate artillery sound 

ranging equipment 

To evaluate the effectiveness of a new fast scan 

X-band radar for 

phenomenology studies of 

nuclear detonations 

Shots 

All 

ANNIE, NANCY, DIXIE, 

BADGER, SIMOK, 

ENCORE, HARRY, 

GRABLE. CLIMAX 

SIMON, HARRY 

All 

ANNIE, NANCY, DIXIE, 

BADGER, SIMON, 

ENCORE, HARRY 

ANNIE, NANCY, RUTH, 

RAY, BADGER, SIMON, 

ENCORE, HARRY, 

GRABLE 

ANNIE, NANCY, RUTH, 

BADGER, SIMON 

ANNIE, NANCY, 

BADGER, SIMON, 

ENCORE, HARRY, 

GRABLE 

DIXIE, ENCORE 

All 

SIMON, ENCORE, 

HARRY, GRABLE 

Participants 

Wright Air Development 

Center; Vitro Corporation 

Strategic Air Command 

Chemical and Radiological 

Laboratories 

Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories 

Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories; Bureau of 

Ships 

Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics 

Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories 

Tactical Air Command; Air 

Research and Development 

Command 

Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories; Army Field 

Forces Board #l 

Naval Electronics Laboratory 

112 
At five tower shots, ground crews operated 15 receiver stations 

located in a line at least 11 kilometers from ground zero. A 

truck with a synchronizing receiver and radar transmitter was at 

least ten kilometers from ground zero. At all 11 shots, a radar 

set was manned west of the Control Point, 13 to 23 kilometers 

from the various ground zeros. 

B-29 aircraft from Kirtland AFB equipped with the latest 

IBDA systems orbited at altitudes ranging from 19,000 to 25,000 

feet to the south, east, and north of the ground zeros (151; 

186). 

Project 6.3, Interim IBDA Capabilities of Strategic Air 

Command, like Project 6.2, evaluated IBDA systems installed in 

bomber and fighter aircraft flying simulated strike and support 

missions over a target. The aircraft recorded data essential for 

determining ground zero, burst height, and yield of a nuclear 

detonation. 

There were seven to 20 aircraft with crews of 33 to 212 at 

each of nine detonations. Fighter aircraft operated from George 

AFB, California. The bombers staged from Travis AFB, California; 

Carswell AFB, Texas; McDill AFB, Florida; Castle AFB, California; 

Hunter AFB, Georgia; Fairchild AFB, Washington; and Roswell AFB, 

New Mexico (154). 

Pro.ject 6.4, Evaluation of Chemical Dosimeters, was fielded 

by the Chemical and Radiological Laboratory of the Army Chemical 

Center at SIMON and HARRY. This project was closely coordinated 

with Projects 6.8 and 29.1. Data from these two projects were 

used by Project 6.4 personnel to evaluate the E-1 Tactical 

Dosimeter and several other personnel dosimeters under development. Before the detonation, personnel affixed the dosimeters to 

stations consisting of a frame and a plate. Each station was 

covered by a thermal and shock shield. In addition, 12 tactical 

113 
dosimeters were given to Desert Rock troops to test field 

usability during Shot SIMON (59). 

Project 6.7, Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic 

Radiation from Nuclear Detonations, consisted of two parts. The 

first part measured amplitude, duration, and polarization of the 

pulse of the electromagnetic radiation. The second part detected 

and recorded electromagnetic signals emitted by nuclear devices 

prior to the nuclear detonation. This second part, a continuation of research begun earlier by the Office of Naval 

Research, was conducted primarily at CLIMAX, with only limited 

participation at Shots DIXIE through GRABLE (75). 

Project 6.8, Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment, and 

Project 6.8a, Initial Gamma Exposure versus Distance, were 

performed by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories and the 

Bureau of Ships. They were assisted by Air Force and Navy 

personnel. Project 6.8 was designed to test radiac instruments 

in initial and residual radiation fields. More specifically, the 

study was developed to (152): 

0 Test and evaluate existing or experimental 

radiac survey equipment and dosimeters 

0 Evaluate the adequacy of modifications of 

equipment stemming from previous tasks 

0 Provide certain radiological safety support 

functions to Desert Rock troops and aircrews of 

participating aircraft. 

The purpose of Project 6.8a was to (158): 

0 Use reliable National Bureau of Standards dosimeters 

to provide a basis for evaluating other types of 

dosimeters used by Project 6.8 

0 Document initial gamma radiation exposure data for 

the nuclear devices tested 

0 Provide support gamma dosimetry measurements 

required for the evaluation of other radiation and 

biomedical studies (such as Projects 6.4 and 29.1). 

114 
Project personnel placed experimental and standard 

dosimeters at portable stations designed with aluminum thermal 

and blast shields. Upon recovery, the experimental dosimeters 

were compared to film exposed in National Bureau of Standard film 

holders. 

Another part of the project involved about 150 personnel 

qualified in using radiac instruments and surveying radiation 

areas. To evaluate radiac instruments, these personnel, working 

in groups of 12 to 15, conducted ground surveys. Personnel were 

rotated on a weekly basis to avoid overexposures. The participants’ observations and data were used with maintenance, repair, 

and modification records to evaluate the dosimeters (152; 158). 

Project 6.9, Evaluation of Naval Airborne Radiac Equipment, 

was designed to evaluate airborne radiac equipment, including 

aerial ground survey equipment, automatic recording dosimeters, 

and gamma dosimeters that were designed to determine the 

radiation intensity on the ground. Personnel compared survey 

results taken by Project 6.8 personnel on the ground with the 

intensities measured by equipment in the aircraft. The equipment 

was examined for use in carrier-based aircraft to provide assault 

troops with information on contaminated areas. 

In conducting the project, a P2V-2 aircraft operating from 

Kirtland AFB flew a holding pattern close to the shot area while 

waiting for the dust cloud to dissipate. When cleared to enter 

the area, the aircraft made repeated runs over the contaminated 

territory at various altitudes, and the crew recorded the 

radiation intensities shown on the aerial ground survey 

equipment. Telemetering units were dropped at ANNIE and NANCY to 

determine if the radiation measured by the dropped units could be 

read on instruments within the aircraf:. Project 6.9 was 

conducted at five shots by the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics (230). 

115 
Project 6.10, Evaluation of Rapid Aerial Radiological Survey 

Techniques, was fielded to improve the radiological aerial survey 

procedures used during Operations BUSTER-JANGLE and TUMBLERSNAPPER. The effect of the aircraft on radiac instrument 

readings taken inside the aircraft was also studied. The 

project, which was conducted at six shots, used an Air Force C-45 

aircraft, a Marine HRS-2 helicopter, or an Army H-23 helicopter. 

Film badges were placed at various locations opposite one another 

on the interior and exterior of the aircraft. For each shot, the 

aircraft flew a cloverleaf pattern centered over a predetermined 

point (204). 

Project 6.11, Indoctrination of Tactical Air Command (TAC) 

Air Crews in the Delivery and Effects of Atomic Weapons, was 

designed to inform TAC aircrews about the effects of blast, 

thermal, and nuclear radiation that could be encountered in the 

delivery of nuclear weapons. The activity also trained TAC 

reconnaissance pilots in the techniques of photographing areas 

subjected to the effects of a nuclear detonation. Project 6.11 

was conducted at Shots DIXIE and ENCORE. Before participating in 

Project 6.11, 29 pilots and four alternates witnessed the 

detonation of Shot NANCY to indoctrinate them in the flash 

effects of a nuclear detonation (207). 

Project 6.12, Determination of Height of Burst and Ground 

Zero, was fielded at all UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE events except Shot 

CLIMAX by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories and Army 

Field Forces Board #1. The objective was to evaluate the 

capability of (231): 

e Artillery sound-ranging equipment to locate ground zero 

0 Seismic wave geophones to determine height of burst 

e Flash-ranging cameras to determine height of burst and 

location of ground zero. 

Personnel placed sound-ranging systems around the Camp Desert 

Rock area from 20 to 70 kilometers from the various ground zeros 

116 
and seismic geophones and flash-ranging cameras at various 

locations 13 to 16 kilometers from the ground zeros (231). 

Project 6.13, Effectiveness of Fast Scan Radar for Fireball 

Studies and Weapons Tracking, was conducted at SIMON, HARRY, 

ENCORE, and GRABLE. The ob.jective was to evaluate the effectiveness of a new fast scan X-band radar for phenomenology studies 

of nuclear detonations and to attempt to track the 280mm 

projectile at Shot GHABLE (155). 

4.1.7 Program 7: Long-range Detection 

The ob,jective of Program 7, Long-range Detection, was to 

improve techniques for gathering information on nuclear events in 

foreign countries. The Program 7 experiments were designed to 

collect this information at remote locations. Calibration 

measurements were made within and close to the NPG. Four 

pro,jects were conducted by the Air Force during Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, as shown in table 4-9 (87-88; 98). 

Table 4-9: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED AS PART OF 

PROGRAM 7 DURING OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Project 

7.1 

7.3 

7.4 

7.5 

Title 

Electromagnetic Effects 

from Nuclear Explosions 

~~~ ~~ 

Detection of Airborne 

Low Frequency Sound 

from Nuclear ExDlosions 

Seismic Measurements 

Calibration and Analysis 

of Close-in A-Bomb 

Debris 

Project Objectives 

To obtain information on 

the electromagnetic 

radiations produced by a 

nuclear detonation 

To compare low frequency 

sounds produced by a 

nuclear detonation at 

remote field stations 

To conduct long-range 

recording of seismic 

waves produced by a 

nuclear detonation 

Analyze samples of the 

nuclear cloud to evaluate 

each nuclear device 

Shots 

All 

All 

All 

All 

Participants 

Headquarters, Air Forces 

Headquarters, Air Force* 

Headquarters, Air Force 

Headquarters, Air Force; 

AFSWC 

* Other participating agencies are listed in the text. 

117 
Project 7.1, Electromagnetic Effects from Nuclear Explosions, continued studies conducted during Operations BUSTERJANGLE and TUMBLER-SNAPPER. The project was designed to obtain 

additional information on the electromagnetic radiation produced 

by a nuclear detonation. In conducting the study, project 

personnel monitored manned stations both onsite and offsite. The 

personnel were from the National Bureau of Standards, the Air 

Force Security Service, the Air Force Cambridge Research Center, 

and the Air Weather Service. Manned onsite locations were 

between 15 and 30 kilometers from the ground zeros of the 11 

shots (198). 

Project 7.3, Detection of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from 

Nuclear Explosions, was conducted to compare low frequency sounds 

produced by nuclear detonations at various remote field stations. 

These stations were located across the United States and around 

the world. The Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories operated 

stations in Alaska, Hawaii, Greenland, Japan, and Germany. The 

Naval Electronics Laboratory, the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, and the National Bureau of Standards manned the nine 

stations throughout the United States (200). 

Project 7.4, Seismic Measurements, recorded the seismic 

waves produced by each detonation and compared them with the 

seismic waves recorded for the other shots in the series and 

previous nuclear events. Project 7.4 personnel operated one 

onsite station and several remote stations located throughout the 

midwestern and western United States and in Alaska. The onsite 

station was at UTM coordinates 843094, seven kilometers north of 

the BUSTER-JANGLE intersection (76). 

Project 7.5, Calibration and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb 

Debris, analyzed samples of the cloud resulting from the 

detonations to evaluate various parameters of each nuclear 

118 
device. For this project, aircraft took gaseous and particulate 

samples of each cloud (94; 222). Because these activities were 

performed by AFSWC personnel, they are detailed in section 4.4, 

Air Force Special Weapons Center Support Missions at Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. 

4.1.8 Program 8: Thermal Measurements and Effects 

Program 8, Thermal Measurements and Effects, documented the 

thermal characteristics of the military effects shots, ENCORE and 

GRABLE, and obtained data on the thermal characteristics of the 

nine other test detonations. Effects of thermal radiation are 

sometimes evident beyond the range of blast and nuclear radiation 

effects and include skin burns and the initiation of fires. The 

14 projects of Program 8, shown in table 4-10, were designed to 

study these problems. Two types of protection against burns were 

used: clothing and smoke screens. The study of fires initiated 

by nuclear devices provided information for predicting the 

likelihood that these devices would start fires in urban areas 

(87-88; 98). 

Project 8.la, Effects of Thermal and Blast Forces from 

Nuclear Detonations on Basic Aircraft Structures and Components, 

was developed to study the capabilities of weapons-delivery 

aircraft and to establish design criteria for future weaponsdelivery aircraft. Project personnel placed instrumented 

aircraft structures and components at various distances from 

ground zero (214). 

Project 8.lb, Additional Data on the Vulnerability of Parked 

Aircraft to Atomic Bombs, was designed to determine the protection provided by thermal radiation shields and strong tie-downs 

to parked aircraft. Before the detonation, personnel placed a 

B-17, H-29, B-45, F-136, and four F-47s at various distances from 

119 
Table 4-10: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED AS PART OF 

Project 

I.la 

1.1 b 

1.2 

3.4.1 

1.4.2 

3.5 

3.6 

3.9 

B.10 

B.l la 

B.11 b 

8.1 2a 

8.1 2b 

8.13 

PROGRAM 8 DURING OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Title 

Effects of Thermal and 

3last Forces from Nucleal 

3etonations on Basic 

4ircraft Structures and 

Eomponents 

4dditional Data on the 

Vulnerability of Parked 

hircraft to Atomic Bombs 

Measurement of Thermal 

Radiation with a Vacuum 

Microphone 

Protection Afforded by 

Operational Smoke Screens 

against Thermal Radiation 

Evaluation of a Thermal 

Absorbing Carbon Smoke 

Screen 

Thermal Radiation Protection 

Afforded Test Animals by 

Fabric Assemblies 

Performance Characteristics 

of Clothing Materials 

Exposed to Thermal 

Radiation 

Effects of Thermal 

Radiation on Materials 

Physical Characteristics of 

Thermal Radiation from an 

Atomic Bomb Detonation 

Incendiary Effects on 

Building and Interior 

Kindling Fuels 

Ignition and Persistent Fires 

Resulting from Atomic 

Explosions-Exterior Kindling 

Fuels 

Sound Velocities near the 

Ground in the Vicinity of an 

Atomic Explosion 

Supplementary Pressure 

Measurements 

Study of Fire Retardant 

Paints 

Project Objectives 

To determine thermal and 

blast effects on aircraft 

components 

To determine thermal and 

blast effects on parked 

aircraft 

To evaluate a microphone 

used to measure thermal 

radiation 

To evaluate the effectiveness of a white smoke 

screen as a thermal shield 

To evaluate the effectiveness of a black smoke 

screen as a thermal shield 

To evaluate the thermal 

protection provided by 

clothing 

To evaluate thermal effects 

on field clothing 

To develop a laboratory 

technique for evaluating 

the thermal protection 

provided by clothing 

To supply data on the 

thermal characteristics of a 

nuclear detonation 

To evaluate the susceptibility 

of interior building materials 

to primary fires produced by 

a nuclear detonation 

To evaluate the susceptibility 

of exterior urban structures 

to primary fires produced 

by a nuclear detonation 

To measure the velocity of 

sound near ground surfaces 

following a nuclear 

detonation 

To determine whether 

intense thermal radiation 

over a surface can produce 

a blast wave 

To evaluate the thermal 

effects of a nuclear 

detonation on materials 

painted with fire retardant 

paint 

120 

Shots 

RUTH, RAY, BADGER, 

SIMON, ENCORE 

ANNIE, RUTH, SIMON, 

ENCORE, HARRY, 

GRABLE 

All except CLIMAX 

ENCORE, GRABLE 

GRABLE 

NANCY, ENCORE, 

GRABLE 

ENCORE. GRABLE 

ENCORE, GRABLE, 

CLIMAX 

RUTH, DIXIE, ENCORE, 

GRABLE. CLIMAX 

ENCORE, GRABLE 

DIXIE, ENCORE, 

GRABLE 

SIMON, ENCORE, 

GRABLE 

ENCORE. GRABLE 

ENCORE 

Participants 

~ ~~~ 

Wright Air Development 

Center; Division of Research, 

University of Dayton 

Wright Air Development 

Center 

Air Force Cambridge 

Research Center 

Army Chemical Center; 

Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory 

Army Chemical Center; 

Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory 

Quartermaster Research and 

Development Laboratories; 

Walter Reed Army 

Medical Center 

Quartermaster Research and 

Development Laboratories 

Naval Material Laboratory 

Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory 

Forest Service, Forest 

Products Laboratory 

Forest Service, Division 

of Fire Research 

Naval Electronics Laboratorv 

David Taylor Model Basin 

Engineer Research and 

Development Laboratories; 

Bureau of Yards and Docks 
ground zero at six shots. The aircraft were instrumented, and 

all except the B-29 had been used in previous tests (101). 

Project 8.2, Measurement of Thermal Radiation with a Vacuum 

Microphone, was conducted at all shots except CLIMAX to evaluate 

a vacuum microphone used to measure the thermal radiation 

produced by a nuclear detonation. In fielding the project, 

personnel manned two vans containing recording equipment. The 

vans were located within view of the detonations, at ranges of 

approximately 11 to 23 kilometers from each ground zero (47). 

Project 8.4.1, Protection Afforded by Operational Smoke 

Screens against Thermal Radiation, was fielded at Shot GRABLE by 

the Army Chemical Center. Although this project had been planned 

for ENCORE and all instrumentation had been set up, wind 

conditions resulted in a last-minute cancellation of this 

project. The project rescheduled for Shot GRABLE was a limited 

experiment, using a single instrumentation station. The 

objective was to measure the reduction in thermal radiation 

behind a white smoke screen. The smoke screen can be seen in 

figure 4-1. Before the shot, personnel placed smoke pots and an 

instrumentation station in the area around ground zero. 

Following the detonation, they recovered the instruments. Figure 

4-3 shows a project participant checking smoke generators for use 

in the project (93). 

The objective of Project 8.4.2, Evaluation of a Thermal 

Absorbing Carbon Smoke Screen, was to determine changes in the 

blast wave as it moved over a heated air layer created by carbon 

black smoke from smoke pots. The black smoke in the photograph 

of the GRARLE detonation in figure 4-1 is from this project. 

Before the detonation, personnel placed smoke pots and thermaland blast-measuring instruments around ground zero. They 

retrieved the instruments after the detonation (92). 

121 

Project 8.5, Thermal Radiation Protection Afforded Test 

Animals by Fabric Assemblies, was fielded at Shots NANCY, ENCORE, 

and GRABLE by the Army Quartermaster Research and Development 

Laboratories. They practiced the test at NANCY and then 

conducted the actual study at ENCORE and GRABLE. The purpose of 

this study was to evaluate the skin burn protection afforded by 

service and experimental clothing. Before the shot, project 

participants placed animals in uniforms or behind open and 

fabric-covered portholes at various distances from ground zero. 

After the shot, they retrieved the animals (195). 

Project 8.6, Performance Characteristics of Clothing Materials Exposed to Thermal Radiation, was closely associated with 

Project 8.5. The objectives were to characterize further the 

thermal effects of nuclear detonations on standard and experimental field clothing. In contrast to Project 8.5, this project 

used instruments rather than animals. Before the shot, participants placed fabric and packing materials at various locations, 

including the same areas used for Project 8.5, and retrieved them 

after the shot (97). 

Project 8.9, Effects of Thermal Radiation on Materials, 

studied the thermal radiation produced at various distances from 

a nuclear detonation. Personnel measured the spectrum of the 

thermal radiation at different ranges, the amount of thermal 

energy transferred through layers of clothing, and the effects of 

the detonation on a plastic skin simulant. They evaluated the 

skin simulant for use in future cloth-barrier studies. The Naval 

Material Laboratory fielded this project at Shots ENCORE, GRABLE, 

and CLIMAX (187). 

Project 8.10, Physical Characteristics of Thermal Radiation 

from an Atomic Bomb Detonation, supplied additional data on the 

basic thermal radiation characteristics of nuclear devices. 

Although the pro-ject was conducted at Shot RUTH, no reliable data 

123 
were obtained because instruments failed and the shot produced a 

smaller yield than expected. At DIXIE, ENCORE, GRABLE, and 

CLIMAX, personnel placed instruments at various ground locations 

before the shot. At DIXIE and ENCORE, they also placed devices 

to measure thermal radiation on several aircraft operating for 

other projects (109). 

Project 8.11a, Incendiary Effects on Building and Interior 

Kindling Fuels, was fielded by the Forest Products Laboratory, 

Forest Service, Department of Agriculture. The project was 

designed to study the vulnerability of urban structures to 

primary fires produced by nuclear detonations. The study focused 

on materials that were either part of a building or were found 

within a building. Before Shot ENCORE, personnel placed 

furniture in two block houses and materials outside of three 

small frame houses specially constructed for the project. For 

both Shots ENCORE and GRABLE, personnel placed wooden racks with 

materials such as newspapers, weeds, and rags at various 

distances from ground zero. They returned after each shot to 

inspect damage (52). 

Project 8.11b, Ignition and Persistent Fires Resulting from 

Atomic Explosions: Exterior Kindling Fuels, was fielded by the 

Division of Fire Research, Forest Service, Department of Agriculture. Its purpose was to study the vulnerability of urban 

structures and transient kindling, such as newspapers and 

wrapping paper, to primary fires produced by nuclear detonations. 

Project 8.11b focused its investigation on exterior kindling 

fuels found in urban areas. For this project, personnel placed 

materials in wooden racks and various items in cars and around 

fence sections and wall slabs that had been built for the 

project. For a study of fire buildup, a helicopter entered the 

area after the detonation to report fires. A recovery party 

returned after each shot to inspect damage (212). 

124 
Project 8.12a, Sound Velocities near the Ground in the 

Vicinity of an Atomic Explosion, had two objectives: to measure 

sound velocities near the surface before the arrival of the shock 

wave and to examine sound velocities produced over white and 

black smoke. The second objective was pursued in conjunction 

with Projects 8.4.1 and 8.4.2 at Shots ENCORE and GRABLE. Wind 

conditions caused the cancellation of the white smoke test at 

ENCORE, for both Projects 8.12a and 8.4.1. Both white and black 

smoke tests were conducted at GRABLE (182). 

Project 8.12b, Supplementary Pressure Measurements, was 

conducted to determine whether intense thermal radiation over a 

surface could generate a precursor shock wave. Before ENCORE, 

participants placed test panels of different thermal properties 

and pressure gauges at various distances from ground zero. The 

pressure gauge data were recorded. After ENCORE, personnel 

retrieved the data. The panels and instrumentation were repaired 

before Shot GRABLE (46). 

Project 8.13, A Study of Fire Retardant Paints, was fielded 

at ENCORE to study the thermal effects of nuclear detonations on 

surfaces treated with fire retardant paints. Personnel instrumented and placed painted panels at various field locations. 

After the shot, they inspected the panels (185). 

4.1.9 Program 9: Technical Photography 

Program 9, Technical Photography, had two primary objectives (88; 98): 

0 TO provide photographs and motion picture 

coverage of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE for 

technical purposes 

0 To develop a soil stabilizing agent to control 

dust raised following nuclear tests. 

As table 4-11 indicates, three projects were conducted 

as part of Program 9 (88; 98). 

125 
Table 4-11: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED AS PART OF 

PROGRAM 9 DURING OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Project 

9.1 

9.6 

9.7 

Title 

Technical Photography 

Production Stabilization 

Experimental Soil 

Stabilization 

Project Objectives 

To provide still and motion 

picture photography for all 

test group projects at 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE as 

reauested 

To develop one or more 

soil stabilizing agents that 

would reduce the dust 

levels in Frenchman Flat 

area following a nuclear 

burst, so that burst 

could be photographed 

To develop one or more 

soil stabilizing agents that 

would reduce dust levels 

in Frenchman Flat area 

following a nuclear burst, 

so that burst could 

be photographed 

Shots 

All 

ENCORE, GRABLE 

ENCORE, GRABLE 

Participants 

EGErG; Signal Corps 

Pictorial Center; Air 

Force Lookout Mountain 

Laboratorv 

Waterways Experiment 

Station; Engineer 

Research and Development Laboratories; 

Ohio River Division 

Waterways Experiment 

Station; Engineer 

Research and Development Laboratories; 

Ohio River Division 

Project 9.1, Technical Photography, was conducted at all 

shots by EG&G and by personnel from the Army Signal Corps 

Pictorial Center and the Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory. 

Twenty-three Signal Corps officers and five enlisted Air Force 

personnel were assigned to work directly with EG&G. The 

objective was to provide both still photographs and motion 

pictures of the preshot and postshot stages of various Military 

Effects Group projects. Motion pictures were taken from unmanned 

steel photo-towers six to 25 feet high or from photography 

trailers. 

After participants installed the cameras at the stations, 

they covered the cameras with plastic bags to protect them from 

dust. Before the shot, personnel removed the plastic bags and 

loaded film into the cameras, which were then tested. The same 

project personnel who loaded the cameras recovered the film on 

126 
shot-day. EG&G processed all film either in Las Vegas or L!os 

Angeles. Still and motion picture photography was also conducted 

before and after detonations for many of the projects (108). 

While Project 9.1 was concerned with photographing the 

technical aspects of projects and detonations, personnel from the 

Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory photographed the detonation 

and some of the Military Effects Projects for documentary 

purposes. According to the weapons test report for Pro,ject 9.1, 

the documentary photography was separate from Project 9.1. The 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory personnel established and manned 

camera stations in various areas during most of the shots and 

photographed the detonations from a C-47 aircraft (108). 

Project 9.6, Production Stabilization, and Project 9.7, 

Experimental Soil Stabilization, were conducted to find a way to 

stabilize the soil in the Frenchman Flat area so that dust clouds 

formed by blast waves would not interfere with technical 

photography. These projects originated in September 1952 when 

AFSWP asked the Army Chief of Engineers to study ways of 

stabilizing the ground surface in Frenchman Flat to reduce dust 

levels caused by nuclear tests. The Special Engineering Branch, 

Engineer Research and Development Division, Office of the Chief 

of Engineers, directed both Projects 9.6 and 9.7. The projects 

were assigned to the Soils Division of the Waterways Experiment 

Station in Vicksburg, Mississippi. The Engineer Research and 

Development Laboratories and the Ohio River Division in 

Cincinnati, Ohio, were also asked to assist. The Engineer 

Research and Development Laboratories conducted laboratory heat 

testing of various samples of prepared soil-stabilizing agents. 

The Ohio River Division personnel prepared samples of soil and 

sand-cement stabilizing agents and conducted some laboratory 

testing. The Waterways Experiment Station coordinated this work 

and, in addition, conducted design tests on asphalt-stabilizing 

materials. The laboratory work was performed during the fall of 

127 
1952. By January 1953, a sand-cement stabilizer was chosen for 

experimental use in Nevada, and field work was begun by about 

mid-March 1953. 

The construction was contracted to Reynolds Electrical and 

Engineering Company. More than 585,000 square meters of fivecentimeter-thick sand-cement material were prepared in the 

Frenchman Flat test area at various distances from the intended 

ground zero of ENCORE and GRABLE. After each shot, project 

personnel evaluated the damage to the sand-cement areas (90; 220). 

4.2 WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT GROUP PROGRAMS 

Besides the AFSWP Field Command Military Effects Group, the 

JTO coordinated the activities of the Weapons Development Group. 

The experiments of this group were primarily conducted by two AEC 

civilian nuclear weapons design laboratories: the Los Alamos 

Scientific Laboratory and the University of California Radiation 

Laboratory. The two laboratories fielded eight programs 

including 36 projects during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. DOD 

participation was limited to two programs, as indicated in table 

4-12 (70) : 

0 Program 13, Radiochemistry 

0 Program 18, Thermal Radiation Measurements. 

The only Program 13 activity involving DOD personnel during 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE was AFSWC participation in Project 13.1, 

Radiochemistry Sampling. Because Project 13.1 was supported by 

AFSWC pilots and aircraft, it is discussed in section 4.4 of this 

chapter. 

128 
Table 4-12: WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED 

DURING OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Names 

Program 

Title ~ ~ ~~ 

Program 10, 

Gamma Ray 

Measurements 

Program 11, 

Simultaneity 

Investigations 

Program 12, 

Technical 

Photography 

Program 13, 

Radiochemistry 

Program 14, 

XR Measurements 

Program 15, 

Electromagnetic 

Investigations 

Program 17, 

Neutron 

Measurements 

Program 18, 

Thermal 

Radiation 

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10.4 

12.1a 

12.1b 

12.1c 

12.1d 

12.1e 

12.1f 

13.1 

~~ 

15.3 

15.4 

18.1 

Note: Bold print indicates projects with DOD participation 

129 
Program 18, Thermal Radiation Measurements, consisted of six 

projects, all conducted by the Naval Research Laboratory of 

Washington, D.C. (70): 

0 Project 18.1, Total Thermal and Air Attenuation 

0 Project 18.2, Power versus Time 

0 Project 18.3, Spectroscopy 

0 Project 18.4, Light Absorption 

0 Project 18.5, Case Surface Brightness 

0 Project 18.6, Surface Brightness Investigations. 

Of these six projects, detailed documentation has been 

located only for Project 18.3, Spectroscopy. The objective was 

to obtain information on spectral characteristics of light 

emitted from nuclear detonations by using spectrometers, which 

recorded the wavelength of light over time on film. Two spectrometers were located in Building 400, a permanent building near 

the Control Point at Yucca Pass. Three other spectrometers were 

located in a reinforced structure, which served as a mobile 

instrument station and was usually positioned about three kilometers from ground zero. 

The two spectrometers at Building 400 were loaded with film, 

aligned, and checked for final operation about three hours before 

each scheduled shot. Project personnel remained in the building 

through the detonation. After the nuclear test, they turned off 

the equipment and removed the film from the spectrometers for 

processing. 

At the mobile station, diesel generators powered the 

spectrometers. About seven hours before the scheduled shot, 

project personnel entered the trailer to load film and put the 

instruments into remote control operation. The station was then 

secured, and project personnel left the area. They recovered the 

film after the detonation (55; 77). 

130 
4.3 CIVIL EFFECTS GROUP PROGRAMS 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE was the first atmospheric nuclear 

weapons test series in which the Federal Civil Defense Administration participated. During UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, the Civil Effects 

Group conducted eight programs including 36 projects. These 

activities were designed to predict the effects of nuclear 

detonations on civilian populations. Experiments included 

biomedical studies, tests of civilian shelters, radiation fallout 

studies, radiation defense training evaluation, and studies of 

the effects of fallout on drugs, animals, and food. 

The weapons test reports are the primary source of information on the activities of the Civil Effects Group during 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. These reports deal primarily with the 

technical aspects of the programs and contain limited information 

on personnel activities. However, some of the reports indicate 

the names of participating groups in their introductory chapters. 

Such listings are the only sources available that identify DOD 

participation in the Civil Effects Group projects. 

Civil Effects Group programs were numbered in consecutive 

order from 20 to 29 for Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. The 

Department of Defense participated in projects that were part of 

the following programs: 

0 Program 23, Biomedical Experiments 

0 Program 27, Fallout Studies in Near Areas 

0 Program 29, Dosimetry and Radiation Measurements. 

Table 4-13 lists the projects with DOD Participation and the 

shots at which the projects were conducted (70). 

Program 23 investigated neutron and gamma radiation effects 

on animals and bacteria placed in or near AEC shelters. In 

general, the same Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory personnel 

131 
Table 4-13: CIVIL EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED DURING 

OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

- 

2 

0 

5 

- z 

- 

22.1 

22.2 

22.3 

22.4 

- 

> 

K 

K 

i 

a 

- 

: 

a 

z 

Program 21, 21.1 

Civil Defense 

Effects Studies 

21.2 

21.3 

Program 22, 

FCDA Radiological 

Defense and 

Radiation Effects 

22.2 

22.4 

Program 23, 

Biomedical 

Experiments 

23.1 

23.2 

23.3 

23.4 

23.5 

23.6 

23.7 

23.8 

23.9 

23.10 

23.11 

23.12 

23.13 

23.14 

23.15 

23.16 

23.1 7 

23.1 

23.2 

23.3 

23.1 7 

23.1 

23.2 

23.3 

23.17 

23.1 

23.2 

23.3 

23.8 

23.12 

23.14 

23.15 

23.17 

23.1 

23.2 

23.3 

23.17 

23.1 

23.15 

23.17 

23.4 

23.5 

23.6 

23.7 

23.8 

23.9 

23.12 

23.16 

23.17 

24.1 

24.2 

- 

26.1 

26.2 

24.1 

24.2 

- 

24.3 

24.1 

24.2 

- 

Program 24, 

AEC Shelter 

Structures 

Program 26, 

Civilian 

Vehicle Tests 

24.2 

- 

26.1 

24.2 

- 

26.1 

26.2 

- 

26.1 

26.2 

Program 27, 

Fallout Studies 

in Near Areas I 27.1 

27.2 

27.1 

27.2 

27.1 27.1 

27.2 

27.1 

27.2 

Program 28, 28.1 28.1 28.1 28.1 28.1 

Telemetering 

Radiation 

28.1 

System 

- 

29.1 

- 

- 

29.1 

29.2 

- 

29.1 

29.3 

- 

29.1 

29.3 

- 

29.1 

- 

29.1 

29.3 

- 29.4 

29.1 

- 

29.1 

29.2 

- 

Program 29, 

Dosimetry and 

Radiation 

Measurements 29.3 

- 29.4 

29.3 

- 

Note: Bold print indicates projects with DO0 participation. 
conducted field operations for all Program 23 projects. Program 

23 activities involving the DOD were (48; 232; 243): 

0 Project 23.1, Biological Effectiveness of Ionizing 

Radiation within Shelters 

0 Project 23.2, Bacteriological Studies on Animals 

Exposed to Neutron Radiation 

0 Project 23.3, Long-term Studies on Dogs Exposed to 

Primarily Neutron Irradiation in Shelters 

0 Project 23.17, Neutron Flux Measurements in AEC 

Group Shelters and Lead Hemispheres. 

Program 27, Fallout Studies in Near Areas, was designed to 

study the fallout hazards to soil, plants, and animals located 16 

kilometers or more from the site of a nuclear detonation. The 

one Program 27 activity involving DOD participants was Project 

27.1, Distribution and Characteristics of Fallout at Distances 

Greater than Ten Miles from Ground Zero. Roject personnel, 

including about 30 Navy enlisted personnel, placed and collected 

soil samples and conducted surveys in predicted and actual 

fallout areas from 16 to 128 kilometers from ground zero (206). 

Program 29, Dosimetry and Radiation Measurements, developed 

and tested various types of dosimeters. In addition, the program 

studied radiation characteristics to aid in the design of more 

accurate recording instruments. The one program activity 

requiring DOD involvement was Project 29.1, Comparison and Evaluation of Dosimetry Methods Applicable to Gamma Radiation. 

Personnel of the Evans Signal Laboratory assisted the Atomic 

Energy Project, School of Medicine of the University of 

California at Los Angeles, by calibrating dosimeters in the field 

and processing them after exposure (227). 

133 
4.4 AIR FORCE SPECIAL WEAPONS CENTER SUPPORT MISSIONS 

This section deals with the Air Force Special Weapons 

Center, which played a ma,jor role in many of the scientific and 

military test programs conducted at the NPG during Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. Although based at Kirtland AFB in Albuquerque, 

New Mexico, AFSWC used Indian Springs AFB, about 38 kilometers 

from Camp Mercury, as its principal staging area during the 

testing. AFSWC provided many of the aircraft and personnel 

required for the airdrop, cloud sampling, courier missions, cloud 

tracking, aerial surveys, and other air support. AFSWC air and 

ground participants in UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE numbered over 400 at 

Indian Springs AFB and about 2,000 at Kirtland AFB. AFSWC 

mission participation is summarized in table 4-14 (94; 105). 

The principal AFSWC unit involved in Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE was the 4925th Test Group (Atomic), which exercised 

operational control over all military aircraft participating in 

the test series, provided the delivery aircraft, the sampling 

aircraft, the B-25s for cloud-tracking, helicopters for aerial 

surveys, and ground support for other test participants 

such as the Air Weather Service and the Wright Air Development 

Center. Previously, the 4925th, at the test site on a temporaryduty, rotational basis, had provided the necessary personnel, 

aircraft, maintenance, and operational planning for sampling. In 

February 1953, the 4925th formed the Operations Unit Number One 

(Test) (Provisional) to coordinate sampling operations.* The 

Operations Unit trained other pilots from the 4925th Test Group 

and from the Strategic Air Command in sampling techniques. It 

also developed the F-84 sampler into the mainstay aircraft of 

sampling operations. This forward element of the 4925th 

consisted of 24 officers and 121 enlisted men (94; 105). 

*Later the 4926th Test Squadron 

134 
Table 4-14: AFSWC MISSION SUPPORT AT OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

135 
The 4935th Air Base Squadron was based at Indian Springs 

AFB. Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE was the first nuclear weapons 

testing series in which the 4935th participated. It provided 

regular airbase and radiological safety functions for nuclear 

testing and was organized solely to provide base support to the 

NPG, to the Test Manager, and to participating units. In 

addition, the 4935th furnished aircrews for security-sweep 

missions over the NPG and emergency air evacuation missions for 

the Test Manager. At the beginning of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

in March 1953, the 4935th Air Base Squadron had a station 

complement of 15 officers and 382 enlisted men (94; 105). 

The 4901st Support Wing, based at Kirtland AFB, augmented 

the 4935th Air Base Squadron at Indian Springs with personnel and 

equipment. It provided sample courier aircraft, C-47s and L-20s 

for aerial surveys, aircraft for the security sweep and liaison 

flights, and aircraft for shuttle and air evacuation as needed. 

Three groups of the 4901st Support Wing supplied additional 

services: 

0 4905th Maintenance and Supply Group 

0 4910th Air Base Group 

0 4920th Medical Group. 

The personnel strength of the 4901st Support Wing at the time of 

the series was 3,540, including 772 civilians (71-73). 

The 4905th Maintenance and Supply Group was responsible for 

maintenance of aircraft used in UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE projects. The 

4910th Air Base Group handled regular airbase functions and, 

through its Base Radiological Warfare Defense Unit, provided 

radiological safety services at Kirtland AFB. The 4920th Medical 

Group maintained crews on call who were tained to handle any 

emergencies (71-73). 

The 55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron provided aircrews 

and aircraft for cloud-tracking missions during Operation UPSHOT136 
KNOTHOLE. This squadron was based at McClellan AFB, California, 

with elements detached to Kirtland AFB for the length of the 

series (94). 

The Aircraft Participation Unit, located in the Air 

Operations Center at the Control Point in Yucca Pass, maintained 

operational control over all military aircraft flying in the area 

of the NPG during the operational phase of Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE. During the series, the Aircraft Participation Unit 

consisted of five personnel from the 4925th Test Group (94). 

Cloud Sampling 

An important objective of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

was to obtain samples of fission products from nuclear 

detonations so that the yield and efficiency of the nuclear 

devices could be determined. The task of collecting samples of 

particulate and gaseous debris from the clouds resulting from the 

detonations was assigned to the Operations Unit Number One (Test) 

(Provisional), which used F-84G and B-29 aircraft to perform the 

sampling. The Operations Unit collected cloud samples for the 

Weapons Development Group and the Air Force (94; i05; 229). 

The Weapons Development Group required particulate samples 

for analysis as part of its scientific programs. The 4925th Test 

Group pilots collected these samples on filter papers held by a 

grid in specially modified wing-tip tanks of F-84G aircraft. The 

aircraft contained valves that could be opened to allow the air 

to pass through the wing-tip tank and trap particulates from the 

cloud in the filter paper. A radiation-detecting meter located 

in the wing-tip tank and connected to an instrument in the 

cockpit indicated to the pilot the size and quality of the sample 

collected. After the sampling was completed, the aircraft 

returned to Indian Springs AFB, where the samples were removed 

and sent promptly by courier aircraft to LASL and UCRL for 

analysis (94; 105; 229). 

137 
Gaseous samples were collected using two methods: the F-84 

aircraft used snap sampling and the B-29s used squeegee sampling. 

In snap sampling, air was forced into a polyethylene bag located 

in the nose section of the F-84. A valve that allowed air to 

enter the bag through a probe was opened and closed by a switch 

in the cockpit. At Indian Springs AFB, the snap samples were 

pumped from the bzgs into steel cylinders. Squeegee sampling was 

done by introducing air into a large cylinder and forcing the gas 

into smaller cylinders. These cylinders were removed from the 

aircraft after it landed. After the samples were removed, they 

were placed in courier aircraft and flown to laboratories (94; 

105; 222; 229). 

Headquarters, Air Force, required collection of both gaseous 

and particulate cloud samples. The sampling mission was done for 

Military Effects Group Project 7.5. Cloud samples were collected 

by a B-29, which was suited for the mission because its longrange capability enabled it to stay aloft near the cloud long 

enough to complete the sampling. The gaseous and particulate 

samples gathered in a single mission were distributed among UCRL, 

LASL, and Air Force scientists for analysis (94; 105; 222; 229). 

The standard procedures for cloud sampling were as follows. 

Approximately 15 minutes before the detonation, a B-50 aircraft 

took off from Indian Springs AFB, climbed to an altitude of 

20,000 feet, and circled about 30 kilometers south of the point 

of detonation until shot-time. This B-50, designated the sampler 

control aircraft, was manned by an aircraft commander, a pilot, a 

flight engineer, two scanners, a radio operator, a sampler 

controller, a scientific advisor from either LASL or UCRL, 

depending on which was the sponsor of the detonation, and a 

technical operations advisor. The sampler controller was an Air 

Force pilot who relayed the scientific advisor's instructions to 

each sampler pilot. The technical operations advisor was an 

AFSWC flight surgeon. After the detonation, the sampler control 

138 
aircraft followed and observed the formation and dissipation of 

the cloud. During this time, the scientific advisor evaluated 

the cloud structure and determined the cloud areas from which 

sampler aircraft would collect particulate and gaseous samples 

(94; 105; 229). 

On advice from the sampler control aircraft, the Aircraft 

Participation Unit notified the sampler control aircraft of when 

to take off and approximately where the cloud sampling would 

occur. The samplers left Indian Springs AFB under radar 

surveillance, sometimes as long as two hours after a detonation. 

The flight engineer in the B-50 sampler control aircraft vectored 

the sampler aircraft to the approximate location of the B-50. As 

each sampling aircraft rendezvoused with the sampler control 

aircraft, it was directed to penetrate the cloud at various 

altitudes and locations to gather particulate and gaseous nuclear 

debris (94; 105; 229). 

After the mission was completed, the sampler control aircraft provided the sampler aircraft with information on routes to 

take to avoid the cloud on the return to Indian Springs AFB. 

After the aircraft landed, the samples were removed and packaged 

for delivery to LASL, UCRL, or Air Force laboratories for 

analysis. The sampler control aircraft was the last aircraft to 

land (94; 105; 229). 

The time spent in the test area by an F-84 sampler pilot was 

limited as his dose increased. Because the type of sampling 

performed by an F-84 aircraft required cloud penetration where 

peak intensity readings were as high as 80 R/h, each F-84 sampler 

pilot was closely monitored. Every F-84 aircraft sampler carried 

an integron, a specially designed instrument that permitted the 

pilot to make an immediate check of his accumulated dose and end 

his mission before reaching the maximum. In addition, film 

badges were placed about the cockpit and on the pilot. The 

139 
aircraft was also fitted with a ratemeter that indicated the peak 

intensity of radiation fields. Because of the high doses 

anticipated, two groups of F-84 sampler pilots were scheduled for 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. The first group, who participated in the first 

five shots, was allowed a maximum dose of 3.9 roentgens. The 

second group, who flew in the next five shots, was also permitted 

an accumulation of 3.9 roentgens, but when Shot CLIMAX was added 

to the schedule, the limit was raised to 4.1 roentgens for the 

second group of sampler pilots (94; 105; 229). 

During Shot ANNIE, analysis of the recorded exposures of the 

F-84 sampler pilots revealed that at least half of their doses 

were acquired during the return flight to base. AFSWC 

accordingly took three steps to reduce after-mission exposures. 

The first step involved polishing the aircraft skin so that 

radioactive particles would not adhere to the aircraft. This 

procedure reduced the after-mission exposure by about 35 percent. 

Another step consisted of lining the cockpits with lead sheets 

about 0.08 centimeters thick. Because of a delay in obtaining 

the lead lining for the cockpits, not all F-84 samplers were 

lead-lined until Shot RAY. No figures have been found indicating 

the effectiveness of this lead lining in reducing radiation 

exposures. The last step, discussed in section 5.2 of this 

report, was to outfit pilots with lead-glass vests. These 

measures substantially decreased the amounts of exposure received 

on the return flight. The sampler pilots in the first and second 

group began to accumulate 75 and 80 percent, respectively, of 

their doses while they were in the cloud. The new procedures 

enabled the pilots to spend more time in the cloud to collect 

samples (94; 105; 229). 

Courier Service 

The purpose of the AFSWC courier service, provided by the 

4901st Support Wing, was to deliver radioactive samples and data 

from UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE research projects to laboratory facilities, 

140 
such as LASL, UCRL, the Naval Research Laboratory, and the 

Lovelace Medical Center. 

AFSWC supplied C-47 and B-25 aircraft and crews for courier 

service for test group projects. A total of 48 courier sorties 

were flown during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (71-73; 94). 

Cloud Tracking 

AFSWC and the Air Weather Service conducted cloud tracking. 

Its ob,jective was to record the path of the cloud and to monitor 

its radiation intensity in order to expedite airway clearance for 

commercial aircraft by the Civil Aviation Administration. Cloud 

tracking was planned for all UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE events and was 

conducted at all but Shot RAY. A total of 27 sorties, using B-25 

and B-29 aircraft, were flown in the cloud-tracking program (94; 

105; 229). 

The number of DOD participants involved in the UPSHOTKNOTHOLE cloud-tracking program is estimated to be 215. The B-25 

tracker carried five AFSWC crew members, including one radiological safety monitor. The B-29 tracker carried ten crewmen, 

including a radiological safety monitor. The B-29 crews were 

from the 55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron from McClellan AFB, 

California, temporarily based at Kirtland AFB. They probably 

rotated missions among the 50 Air Weather Service participants 

assigned duty at UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (94). 

Cloud-tracking procedures were standard for every shot, with 

some modifications caused by difference between the estimated and 

actual yield of a detonation. Flying at an approximate altitude 

of 12,000 feet, the B-25 aircraft tracked the lowest part of the 

cloud stem. One of two B-29 aircraft observed the cloud from its 

stem to its top. The B-50 sampler control aircraft tracked the 

top of the cloud and then left the area following the sampling 

aircraft. The second R-29 aircraft was held in reserve near the 

141 
cloud in case either the B-25 or the B-29 aircraft had a 

mechanical failure or the cloud had to be tracked for an extended 

period of time (94; 105; 118; 229). 

The two R-29 aircraft followed the cloud to a distance of 

320 to 965 kilometers from the point of detonation. To track the 

cloud, the aircraft flew near the leading edge or sides of the 

cloud, changed direction every two or three minutes as instruments aboard the aircraft gave measurable readings, and then 

turned away before actually penetrating the cloud. The position, 

time, altitude, and maximum intensity readings of the cloud were 

reported back to the Control Point, where the information was 

used to plot cloud dimensions and course (94; 105; 118). 

Repeating this procedure throughout the mission, the cloud 

trackers determined the progress and extent of the cloud. The 

cloud was tracked until it dissipated or until the Test Manager 

directed the trackers to stop. The B-25 then returned to Indian 

Springs AFB, and the B-29s flew back to Kirtland AFB (94; 105; 

118). 

Aerial Surveys 

Following each .nuclear event, several support aircraft made 

low-altitude radiological surveys of the terrain in and around 

the NPG. These surveys helped determine when ground parties 

could safely enter the test area, and delineated the extent of 

offsite contamination. AFSWC provided several types of aircraft 

for this activity, including H-19 and H-5 helicopters and L-20 

142 
and C-47 airplanes. AFSWC crews operated the helicopters and 

airplanes for about three hours after the detonation or as long 

as required, up to 160 kilometers from ground zero (74; 94). 

The standard operating procedure for aerial surveys was as 

follows. After each detonation, the helicopters and other aircraft were to take low-level surveys of the immediate target area 

to determine radiological hazards. The helicopters took off from 

the Control Point, and the fixed-wing aircraft took off from 

Indian Springs AFB (74; 94). The Test Manager determined the 

departure times of the various aircraft and patterns of flight. 

Radio contact with the Aircraft Participation Unit was mandatory 

during these missions. 

143 
CHAPTER 5 

RADIATION PROTECTION AT OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

In addition to the thermal and blast phenomena associated 

with a conventional explosive device, a nuclear detonation 

produces ionizing radiation. To protect UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE participants from the radiation associated with the detonation of a 

nuclear device, Exercise Desert Rock V, the Joint Test Organization, and the Air Force Special Weapons Center each developed 

procedures to ensure the radiological safety of its members. The 

purpose of the various radiation protection procedures was to 

minimize the amount of ionizing radiation individuals were 

exposed to while performing the military and scientific 

activities conducted by Exercise Desert Rock V and the test 

groups. This chapter describes the specific tasks performed to 

protect UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE participants from unnecessary exposure to 

ionizing radiation. 

Recause each organization had different mission requirements, Exercise Desert Rock V, JTO, and AFSWC formed separate 

radiation protection staffs and plans; however, many of the procedures were similar and were performed by two or more of the 

groups. These procedures included (74; 120): 

0 Orientation and training: preparing radiation 

monitors for their work and familiarizing other 

participants with radiological safety procedures 

0 Use of protective equipment: providing protective 

equipment, including clothing and respirators 

0 Monitoring: performing radiological surveys and 

controlling access to all radiation areas 

144 
0 Briefing: informing observers and project personnel 

of possible radiological hazards and the current 

status of radiation in the test area 

0 Decontamination: containing, removing, and 

disposing of contaminated material from personnel, 

vehicles, and equipment. 

The Department of Defense supported the Test Manager in all 

onsite radiological safety procedures during Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE. The 50th Chemical Service Platoon implemented safety 

procedures for Exercise Desert Rock V. The AFSWP Radiological 

Safety Support Unit implemented overall procedures for the JTO, 

which included the Military Effects Group, the Weapons Development Group, and the Civil Effects Group. In addition, the 

Radiological Safety Support Unit was involved in offsite radiological safety activities for areas within 320 kilometers of the 

Nevada Proving Ground (74; 120). 

For Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, the Office, Chief of Army 

Field Forces (OCAFF), established criteria for positioning troops 

and troop observers at nuclear detonations, based partially upon 

the amount of prompt radiation troops were permitted to receive. 

These criteria were subject to AEC approval. All troops, except 

the volunteer officer observers at NANCY, BADGER, and SIMON, were 

adequately protected and far enough from the point of detonation 

to avoid overexposure from prompt gamma and neutron radiation 

(82). 

5.1 RADIATION PROTECTION PLANS FOR EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V 

The Army established safety criteria to protect Exercise 

Desert Rock V participants from the thermal, blast, and radiation 

effects of nuclear detonations. A directive dated 5 February 

1953 from OCAFF addressed the physical and radiological safety of 

Desert Rock participants. The thermal, blast, and radiation 

145 
exposure limits established in this directive for Exercise Desert 

Rock V troops were (196): 

0 A maximum of one calorie per square centimeter of 

thermal radiation 

0 A maximum of five pounds per square inch of 

overpressure 

0 A maximum of six roentgens during Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, with no more than three roentgens of 

prompt radiation. 

Based on these exposure limits, the Army set minimum distance criteria for the positioning of Exercise Desert Rock troops 

and observers. For example, according to these minimum criteria, 

troops in the open, observing a tower shot with a predicted 

maximum yield of 28 kilotons, would be positioned at least 10,060 

meters from ground zero. Troops in trenches at such a shot would 

be positioned at least 3,390 meters from ground zero. These 

criteria, presented in table 5-1, applied to all Desert Rock 

troops except the volunteer officer observers, discussed later in 

this section (196). 

OCAFF also authorized a special volunteer officer observer 

program for Exercise Desert Rock V. This program was designed to 

provide an opportunity for close observation of a nuclear 

detonation. OCAFF granted the Exercise Director authority to 

permit volunteers to position themselves in trenches closer to 

ground zero than the standard distance criteria described above. 

For the volunteer officer observer program, OCAFF authorized the 

following exposure limits (70; 120; 196): 

0 10.0 roentgens per test, with no more than 5.0 

roentgens of prompt radiation, and no more than a 

total of 25.0 roentgens during the entire exercise 

0 8.0 pounds per square inch of overpressure 

0 1.0 calorie per square centimeter of thermal 

radiation. 

146 
Table 5-1: ARMY SAFETY CRITERIA FOR PLACEMENT OF 

TROOPS DURING OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

FOR TOWER SHOTS 

DISTANCE FROM GROUND ZERO (meters) 

MAX. PREDICTED 

YIELD (kilotons) TROOPS IN OPEN TROOPS IN TRENCHES 

1 to 5 

5 to 10 

10 to 15 

15 to 20 

20 to 25 

25 to 30 

30 to 35 

35 to 40 

4,115 

5,950 

7,315 

8, 230 

9,150 

10 , 060 

10,980 

11,430 

3,200 

3,200 

3,200 

3,200 

3,200 

3,390 

3,475 

3,660 

FOR AIRCRAFT-DELIVERED DEVICES 

DISTANCE FROM GROUND ZERO (meters) 

MAX. PREDICTED 

YIELD (kilotons) TROOPS IN OPEN TROOPS IN TRENCHES 

1 to 5 

5 to 10 

10 to 15 

15 to 20 

20 to 25 

25 to 30 

30 to 35 

35 to 40 

6,860 

8,690 

10,060 

10,980 

11,890 

12,810 

13,720 

14,180 

5,950 

5,950 

5,950 

5,950 

5,950 

6,130 

6,220 

6,410 

147 
Table 5-1: ARMY SAFETY CRITERIA FOR PLACEMENT OF TROOPS 

DURING OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (Continued) 

FOR 280mm CANNON-DELIVERED DEVICE 

DISTANCE FROM GROUND ZERO (meters) 

MAX. PREDICTED 

YIELD (kilotons) TROOPS IN OPEN TROOPS IN TRENCHES 

1 to 5 

5 to 10 

10 to 15 

15 to 20 

20 to 25 

25 to 30 

30 to 35 

35 to 40 

5,030 

6, 860 

8, 230 

9,150 

10, 060 

10,980 

11,890 

12,350 

4,120 

4,120 

4,120 

4,120 

4,120 

4,300 

4,390 

4,580 

Officer volunteers positioned themselves in trenches closer 

to ground zero than permitted for other Exercise Desert Hock V 

participants. There were volunteer officer observers at NANCY, 

BADGER, and SIMON; in each case, the location of the trench was 

based upon their calculation of a safe distance (120; 150). 

5.1.1 Organization 

Although AEC was responsible for the overall operation of 

the NPG, responsibility for the radiological safety of all 

Exercise Desert Rock V participants was delegated to the Exercise 

Director of Exercise Desert Hock. The Exercise Director assigned 

the operational aspects to the Radiological Safety Section, part 

of the Exercise Desert Rock G-3 Section. The Radiological Safety 

Section, whose operating unit was the 50th Chemical Service 

Platoon, implemented radiation protection procedures for all 

148 
Exercise Desert Rock V participants. The 505th Signal Service 

Group (Composite Company) provided photodosimetry services, 

including issuing, receiving, processing, and evaluating film 

badges. The Camp Desert Rock Surgeon evaluated the dosimetry 

records, recommending that individuals who had exceeded the 6.0 

roentgen limit be barred from entry into test areas and that 

individuals approaching the 6.0 roentgen limit be curtailed in 

their activities within the test areas (120-121). 

5.1.2 Orientation and Briefing 

The Instructor Group, part of the Desert Rock G-3 Section, 

provided educational programs for observers and exercise and 

support troops to allay misconceptions about the effects of 

nuclear weapons. The Instructor Group presented a broad 

orientation, covering basic weapons characteristics and effects 

and the medical issues related to nuclear detonations and 

personal protection (120). 

During the rehearsal of shot-day maneuvers, instructors 

conducted tours of the equipment and animal display areas for all 

Personnel, discussing the predicted effects. In the hour before 

the shot, when personnel were in the trench area, the instructors 

presented information about the test area and safety procedures 

(120). 

The Radiological Safety Section trained monitors in 

calibrating and operating radiac meters and assessing the 

exposure potential associated with different radiation 

intensities. Trainees from Camp Desert Rock support units were 

considered qualified monitors only when they had learned to use 

radiac meters to determine radiological safety. For example, 

they had to be able to calculate how long to stay within a 

radiation area without exceeding exposure limits. Students took 

both written and performance examinations at the completion of 

149 
their training. To ensure that previously trained monitors could 

interpret radiac readings, the Radiological Safety Section also 

provided a refresher course for experienced monitors from the 

50th Chemical Service Platoon (120). 

5.1.3 Personnel Dosimetry Procedures 

Desert Rock personnel entering the forward area for Shots 

ANNIE and NANCY were instructed to wear film badges to monitor 

their exposure to ionizing radiation. After NANCY, however, the 

basis of issue for film badges changed to ease the workload of 

the 505th Signal Service Group. At the remaining events, except 

Shot BADGER, maneuver troops were issued one film badge per 

platoon and observers were issued one film badge per bus. The 

single film badge reading then represented the average exposure 

of each group. At BADGER, two film badges were issued per 

platoon (120; 122-123). 

Cumulative film badge readings indicated the effectiveness 

of Desert Rock radiation protection procedures. However, only 

limited film badge data for Desert Rock troops have been 

recovered in spite of extensive archival searches. Therefore, 

radiation exposures for Desert Rock participants are derived from 

dose reconstruction, as discussed in chapter 6 (106). 

Participants also carried pocket dosimeters, issued by the 

505th Signal Service Group, to provide an instantaneous check on 

radiation exposure. Each troop platoon, monitoring team, and 

some of the observers carried one of these dosimeters, except at 

Shot BADGER where each company had two pocket dosimeters (120; 

122-128). 

150 
5.1.4 Protective Equipment 

The only available information on the use of protective 

equipment comes from operations orders and the Desert Rock Final 

Report of Operations. According to the operations orders, all 

Desert Rock troops entering the forward area on shot-days were 

supposed to carry a protective mask, which was worn on command. 

Although the troops wore no special protective clothing, they 

were required to keep their standard fatigues tucked securely 

into their boot tops and to keep their sleeves and collars 

tightly buttoned (120; 122-128). 

5.1.5 Monitoring 

Radiological ground surveys of the test area began after the 

shock wave passed or upon command of the Radiological Safety 

Officer. Two radiological survey teams, each consisting of a 

radiological safety monitor, a driver, and a radio operator from 

the 50th Chemical Service Platoon, proceeded from their parking 

area to their initial monitoring stations at the far end of the 

equipment and animal display. The teams followed the route shown 

in figure 5-1 through the test site until they located areas with 

radiation intensities of 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, and 5.0 R/h. 

They then radioed the intensity locations to the control trench 

for plotting on a map (120; 122-128). 

One marking and posting team, consisting of one officer and 

six enlisted men, followed each survey team. Using stakes and 

marking tape, the team posted the "hot spots," which had been 

identified with intensities greater than 0.1 R/h. They also 

established the 2.5 R/h and the 5.0 R/h isointensity lines. The 

2.5 R/h isointensity line was the forward limit for all observers 

and troops on foot within the test area until Shot HARRY. At 

Shots HARRY, ENCORE, and GRABLE, troops were permitted into areas 

with intensities greater than 2.5 Rjh. At these shots, personnel 

were required to leave the radiation area before their pocket 

dosimeters registered 6.0 roentgens (120). 

151 
GZ 

Figure 5-1: CHARACTERISTIC ROUTE OF RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING TEAMS 

THROUGH EQUIPMENT DISPLAY AREA 

152 
Another radiological survey team, consisting of a radiological safety monitor, an enlisted man serving as a driver, and 

a radio operator, proceeded about 140 meters in advance of the 

leading maneuver element to monitor the attack zones of the BCTs. 

Whenever a 2.5 R/h radiation intensity was measured, the 

radiological safety teams advised the BCT commander to halt the 

troop advance and either end the maneuver or take another route 

to the objective (120). 

An additional survey team, with one radiological safety 

monitor and one enlisted man from the 50th Chemical Service 

Platoon serving as a driver, accompanied the commander of each 

BCT. These teams checked the radiation intensities found by the 

previous teams by patrolling across the zone of attack of the 

BCT. The survey teams monitored areas that had been measured as 

exceeding 1.0 R/h and reported their findings to the BCT 

commanders (120). 

5.1.6 Decontamination 

The objective of decontamination procedures for Exercise 

Desert Rock V was to ensure that no personnel or vehicles left 

the forward areas of the NPG carrying material, other than 

authorized test samples, contaminated in excess of established 

limits. For all shots except ANNIE and BADGER, this limit was 

0.02 R/h above background levels of radiation. For personnel at 

Shot ANNIE, the limit for skin and hair was 0.001 R/h; for the 

outside surfaces of clothing, the limit was 0.007 R/h. The limit 

for the outside surfaces of vehicles was 0.01 R/h and for the 

inside surfaces, 0.002 R/h. For members of the 2d MCPAEB at Shot 

BADGER, the limit for skin was background level and the limit for 

clothing surfaces was 0.0015 R/h (120; 122-128). 

The 50th Chemical Service Platoon operated the main 

decontamination facility about 900 meters north of the Control 

153 
Point at Yucca Pass, UTM coordinates 848888. The facility was 

the center of decontamination activities for both personnel and 

vehicles. The initial decontamination procedure involved brushing clothing, equipment, and vehicles to remove contaminated dust 

and debris. If the initial brushing failed to reduce radiation 

intensities to the established limit or lower, individuals showered and were provided with a change of clothing. Vehicles and 

equipment were either washed or quarantined until radiation 

intensities decayed to permissible levels (120). 

After troops had entered contaminated areas either for 

maneuvers or to view damage effects displays, they returned to 

just outside the 0.02 R/h area to board buses for Camp Desert 

Rock. Before boarding a bus, however, personnel and equipment 

were swept with brooms to remove contaminated dust. The 50th 

Chemical Service Platoon then surveyed the personnel and vehicles 

for radiation using AN/PDR-27A survey meters that they held about 

five centimeters from the surfaces being surveyed. Further 

decontamination was necessary only when radiation intensities 

after the initial brushing were still above the limit (122-128). 

Vehicles with radiation levels exceeding 0.02 R/h were 

driven onto a rock bed at the decontamination station and washed 

with detergent and water. After each washing, monitors measured 

the contamination level with portable survey instruments. If 

repeated washings did not reduce contamination to permissible 

levels, the vehicles were isolated until decay reduced 

contamination to 0.02 R/h or lower. When vehicles had been 

decontaminated to below the 0.02 R/h limit, they were returned to 

service at Camp Desert Rock (120; 122-128). 

5.2 RADIATION PROTECTION PLANS FOR THE JOINT TEST ORGANIZATION 

The Test Manager was responsible for the radiological safety 

of all members of the JTO who were at the NPG during Operation 

154 
UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. The Radiological Safety Support Unit, composed 

of personnel from the Chemical Corps Training Center at Fort 

McClellan, Alabama, and headed by an officer appointed by AFSWP, 

conducted JTO onsite radiological safety operations (70; 74). 

The Radiological Safety Support Unit worked within guidelines recommended by the AEC Division of Biology and Medicine and 

accepted by the Test Manager. The Division of Biology and 

Medicine established an exposure limit of 3.9 roentgens of gamma 

radiation for all personnel involved in JTO activities (74). 

Since the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE operational period lasted almost 12 

weeks, this 3.9 roentgen exposure limit was similar to the thencurrent 0.3 roentgen-per-week occupational exposure recommended 

by the National Council on Radiation Protection and the International Commission on Radiological Protection. 

The operational responsibilities of the JTO onsite radiological safety organization were to (74): 

0 Provide radiac equipment and maintenance 

services 

0 Maintain dosimetry and records service for all 

organizations participating in the operation 

0 Provide training courses and guidance on radiological procedures and situations 

0 Conduct radiation surveys and plot isointensity 

maps 

0 Provide monitors to projects as needed 

0 Decontaminate personnel and vehicles. 

The JTO records, particularly the Radiological Safety 

Operation report (74), do not distinguish between DOD personnel 

and personnel from the AEC, laboratories, or contractor 

organizations who were involved in JTO activities. 

155 
5.2.1 Organization and Responsibilities 

DOD formed a new military organization to provide both 

onsite and offsite radiological safety services during Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. This organization, the Radiological Safety 

Support Unit, was activated at the Chemical Corps Training 

Center, Fort McClellan, Alabama. The onsite group consisted 

mostly of Chemical Corps Training Command personnel but was 

augmented with individuals from the Air Force and the Navy. The 

offsite group consisted of Public Health Service and LASL 

civilians, as well as members of the Radiological Safety Support 

Unit (70; 74). 

The Radiological Safety Officer, who was appointed by AFSWP, 

managed both the onsite and offsite radiological safety 

activities. The Radiological Safety Officer implemented the Test 

Director's radiation protection policy, which concerned the 

radiological safety of all persons at or within a 320-kilometer 

radius of the NPG. This officer also supervised and coordinated 

all activities of Radiological Safety Support Unit and informed 

the Test Director of the radiological conditions both onsite and 

offsite. The Radiological Safety Officer was also responsible 

for coordinating radiological safety requirements with the Indian 

Springs AFB Radiological Safety Officer. The activities 

performed by the Radiological Safety Support Unit included (74): 

0 Furnishing all ground monitoring services for both 

scientific programs and radiological safety procedures within a 320-kilometer radius of the NPG 

0 Providing charts indicating the current radiological 

situation and maps showing onsite and offsite data 

obtained by ground and aerial surveys 

0 Issuing, processing, and maintaining records of all 

personnel dosimeters 

0 Operating personnel, vehicle, and equipment 

decontamination facilities 

156 
0 Plotting the paths of the clouds resulting from the 

detonations and advising the Test Director on 

closing airways 

0 Packaging radioactive material and samples for 

shipment offsite. 

To provide personnel for operations, the Chemical Corps 

Training Command temporarily assigned the 9778th Technical 

Support Unit to Camp Mercury as the Radiological Safety Support 

Unit. The Radiological Safety Support Unit maintained an approximate strength of 26 officers and 144 enlisted men. In addition, 

five Navy officers, five Navy enlisted men, five Air Force officers, and 13 Air Force enlisted men were on temporary assignment 

to Camp Mercury as augmentation personnel. Most of the personnel 

from the 9778th were assigned to the onsite operations group. 

The offsite operations group consisted of about ten enlisted 

personnel from the 9778th Technical Support Unit and one Chemical 

Corps officer, along with augmentation personnel, three LASL 

civilians, and 15 Public Health Service personnel (70; 74). 

In early 11353, the Radiological Safety Support Unit at the 

NPG consisted of ten officers and nine enlisted men. By 15 

Februarv, the total strength had reached 22 individuals. The 

main body of the Support Unit arrived at the NPG on 1 March 1953, 

bringing the entire strength up to 180 personnel. Augmentation 

personnel arrived from 1 March through 17 March (74). 

As originally planned, the radiological safety organization 

followed the chart shown in figure 5-2. After Shot NANCY, 

however, a reorganization occurred when the onsite operations 

officer left Camp Mercury. In the new organization, shown in 

figure 5-3, the commander of the Radiological Safety Support Unit 

assumed additional duties as the Onsite Operations Officer. The 

Control Section moved up in the organization, to be directly 

under the Radiological Safety Officer. This reorganization 

simplified operational procedures by centralizing control of the 

Radiological Safety Support Unit and by placing the commanding 

157 
i" Director 

Radiological Safety 

Indian Springs AFB 

I 

Radiological Safety 

Support Unit 

I 

I I + I I 4 

Onsite Offsite Logistics Radiological Safety 

Operations Operations Control Section and Supply 

i .L 

Chain of Command 

- - - - Liaison and Coordination 

Figure 5-2: INITIAL RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY UNIT 

158 
Radiological Safety I 4 Radiol;kicLrSafety 

Indian Springs AFB Staff Officer 

L 

Radiological Safety 

Support Unit 

Radiological Safety 

Control Section 

.. I I I 2 . I I 

Onsite Offsite Logistics Air 

Operations Operations and Supply Participation 

Chain of Command 

- - - - IC - - Liaison and Coordination 

Figure 5-3: RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY UNIT AFTER SHOT NANCY 

159 
officer of the Radiological Safety Support Unit in direct 

supervision of most of his assigned personnel (70; 74). 

The Radiological Safety Officer was directly accountable to 

the Test Director. The Radiological Safety Officer coordinated 

all radiological safety activities of JTO and informed the Test 

Director of radiological conditions in and around the NPG. In 

addition, he coordinated radiation protection activities with the 

Indian Springs AFB Radiological Safety Officer (74). 

The Radiological Safety Staff Officer worked closely with 

the Radiological Safety Officer and the Test Director. The 

Radiological Safety Staff Officer advised the Test Director on 

the radiological safety of aircraft crews, sample-handling 

personnel, and aircraft decontamination crews at Indian Springs 

AFB, on general medical matters, and on all radiological safety 

matters affecting personnel within 320 kilometers of the NPG 

(74) 

The Control Section Officer maintained maps and charts 

showing the current onsite and offsite radiological conditions, 

as well as weather and air data. He also supervised the 

preparation of fallout prediction maps before each shot. The 

Control Officer was responsible for knowing the location of all 

work parties and survey groups; he coordinated their locations by 

working with the Onsite Operations Officer. Finally, the Control 

Officer plotted data received from the Air Participation Unit, 

AFSWC. These data allowed him to discuss, with representatives 

of the Civil Aeronautics Administration and the Test Director's 

office, the return to normal airway traffic (74). 

The Onsite Operations Section, under the direction of the 

Onsite Operations Officer, was responsible for (74; 87): 

e Providing pro,ject monitors 

e Briefing monitors and project personnel 

160 
0 Conducting initial surveys 

0 Controlling access into contaminated areas 

0 Maintaining onsite radiological situation maps 

0 Decontaminating personnel 

0 Decontaminating vehicles and equipment 

e Issuing and processing film badges 

0 Maintaining exposure records. 

The Offsite Operations Officer was responsible for the 

radiological safety of all personnel within a 320-kilometer 

radius of the NPG. The Offsite Operations Officer accordingly 

maintained offsite radiological situation maps, requested 

low-altitude aircraft surveys to obtain data for these maps, 

measured the airborne and surface concentration of radioactivity 

in various areas, and determined the pattern of fallout (70; 74). 

The Logistics and Supply Officer was responsible for (74): 

0 Dispatching and controlling all vehicles used by the 

Radiological Safety Support Unit 

0 Issuing, processing, and maintaining records of 

equipment and supplies required to support activities of the Radiological Safety Support Unit. 

The Air Liaison Officer, a pilot with a radiological safety 

background, administered the Air Participation Unit and was 

responsible for obtaining weather reconnaissance, cloud-tracking, 

and aerial survey data from the appropriate AFSWC or Air Weather 

Service aircraft. These data were furnished to the Control 

Officer as an aid to determining when airways should be closed or 

reopened to regular traffic operations and to help in establishing the direction and extent of fallout (74). 

161 
5.2.2 Onsite Operations 

The Onsite Operations Section was composed of four 

subordinate sections: 

0 Dosimetry and Records 

0 Monitoring 

0 Plotting and Briefing 

0 Decontamination. 

Together with the Onsite Operations Office, members of these 

subsections were responsible for all onsite radiological safety 

activities. 

The Onsite Operations Section was staffed by four officers, 

who coordinated and supervised the activities of all four 

subsections. Specifically, the officers were responsible for 

(74): 

0 Maintaining a daily schedule of operations 

0 Establishing checkpoints to control access to 

contaminated areas 

0 Issuing "Area Access Clearance" forms to groups 

entering any area with radiation levels greater than 

0.01 R/h 

0 Publishing a weekly listing of all personnel who had 

accumulated exposures greater than 2.0 roentgens 

0 Notifying the Radiological Safety Officer and 

project director concerning all personnel who 

exceeded the 3.9 roentgen exposure limit 

0 Furnishing personnel as needed to assist in the 

operation of the Control Section 

0 Maintaining journals describing preparation of 

reports of operations. 

Dosimetrv and Records 

The Dosimetry and Records Section was composed of three 

officers and 16 enlisted men. This section provided each 

162 
individual going into a radiologically controlled area* with a 

combination of DuPont Type 502 and 606 film badges and one or 

more self-reading pocket dosimeters. The film packet consisted 

of DuPont type 502 and 606 film with a range of 0.0002 to 900 

roentgens. Pocket dosimeters were available in ranges of 0.0 to 

0.2 roentgens, 0.0 to 1.0 roentgen, 0.0 to 10.0 roentgens, and 

0.0 to 50 roentgens (74). 

The Onsite Operations Office determined daily requirements 

for film badges and pocket dosimeters for the groups taking part 

in the tests. A dosimetry clerk recorded the name, rank, service 

number (if appropriate), organization, and pro,ject affiliation of 

each participant in the group. He entered the data onto Form 

R101, the Daily Record of Radiation Exposure, shown in figure 

5-4. This form, filled out in duplicate, matched film badge 

number and pocket dosimeter size and serial number to the name of 

each individual using the devices (74). 

The dosimetry clerk issued the duplicate copy of Form H101, 

together with the film badges and pocket dosimeters, to the monitor accompanying the party, or to the party leader if a monitor 

was not required. The Dosimetry and Records Section retained the 

original copy of Form RlOl pending return of the dosimeters. 

Upon completion of the mission, the monitor or party leader collected the dosimeters and returned them and the copy of Form RlOl 

to the clerk at the Dosimetry and Records Section. Individuals 

who had lost either film badges or pocket dosimeters filled out 

Form H111, shown in figure 5-5, explaining the reason for the 

loss. Upon receiving and processing pocket dosimeters, members 

of the Dosimetry and Records Section immediately recorded the 

readings on Form R101. The section calibrated pocket dosimeters 

monthly (74). 

*A radiologically controlled area was one with radiation 

intensities exceeding 0.01 H/h. 

163 
DAILY RECORD OF RADIATION EXPOSURE 

S 

Figure 5-4: FORM R101, DAILY RECORD OF RADIATION EXPOSURE 

USED BY THE ONSITE OPERATIONS OFFICE 
Form Rlll 

CERTIFICATION OF LOST DOSACE DEVICE 

DATE 

I the undersigned certify that the (film badge)(dosimeter) No. 

(strike out one) 

issued to me on for the purpose of determining the radiation dosage received (dato of issue) 

by me, was lost in Area between the hours of and 

while working on Project Number 

FOR LOST FILM BADGE ONLY I realize that I wil be credited with the same radiation 

dosage as received by that member of my party who received the highest radiation doaage 

during thie mission. 

SIGNED: (First Name, Middle Initial, Last Name) 

(Grade, if applicable, and ID No.) 

(Home Organization) 

Figure 5-5: FORM R111, DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH 

FILM BADGE OR POCKET DOSIMETER WAS LOST 

165 
Film badges were forwarded along with Form RlOl to the film 

badge processing laboratory in the Radiological Safety Building 

at the Control Point. After developing the films, members of the 

Dosimetry Section determined the net optical density or darkness 

of the films with a densitometer. By comparing to a standard 

calibration curve and a densitometer, dosimetry personnel then 

determined the radiation exposures indicated by the various film 

densities. Roth the density readings and the exposure readings 

were entered on Form R101, after which the films were placed in 

small envelopes and filed alphabetically by name (74). 

The Dosimetry and Records Section also maintained Form 102R, 

Individual Accumulative Radiation Exposure Record, shown in 

figure 5-6, as a permanent record of cumulative individual 

exposure. At the completion of the daily dosimeter processing, 

members of the Dosimetry and Records Section transferred 

information from Form RlOl to Form 102R. They sent cumulative 

exposure records for each individual in the Onsite Monitoring 

Section to the Onsite Operations Office, the Monitoring Section, 

and the Radiological Safety Officer. Additionally, the Dosimetry 

and Records Section prepared a report three days after each shot 

listing individuals who had accumulated more than 2.0 roentgens 

of gamma radiation expos11re. The Radiological Safetv Officer 

received a copy of this report, which listed individuals 

alphabetically and by project (1; 74). 

At the conclusion of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, the 

Dosimetry and Records Section compiled the records of individual 

cllmlllative exposures into a report. Copies of the report were 

forwarded to the Director, AEC Division of Biology and Medicine, 

and to the AFSWP surgeon. Military installations and home 

offices of civilians assigned to the operation received the 

appropriate portions of that report (lb; 74). In addition, 

exposed film badges worn by DOD personnel were forwarded along 

with Forms 102R to the AFSWP surgeon at the conclusion of 

166 
Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. The Test Director received the film 

badges and Forms 102R for non-DOD personnel (74). 

RM 102R IND-UAL ACCUMULATIVE RADIATION EXPOSURE RECORD 

NAME: (Isst, First, Middle Initial) FUNK: ASN: BOME ORG: 

Figure 5-6: FORM 102R, THE ONSITE OPERATIONS OFFICE PERMANENT RECORD 

OF INDIVIDUAL CUMULATIVE RADIATION EXPOSURE 

Monitoring 

The Monitoring Section, composed of 16 officers and 91 

enlisted men, performed the daily monitoring assignments required 

by the Onsite Operations Officer. These assignments included 

(74): 

e Conducting ground surveys of shot areas 

a Posting signs warning of contaminated areas 

e Operating checkpoints 

e Accompanying program and project personnel into 

areas with radiation intensities greater than 

0.1 R/h 

167 
0 Operating the personnel decontamination station 

0 Furnishing monitors for the fixed vehicle decontamination 

station. 

Monitors conducted initial ground surveys after each 

detonation, beginning from several minutes to almost an hour 

following shot-time. The initial survey party, consisting of 

four or five two-man teams, traveled in radio-equipped vehicles 

to the shot area, where they took radiation intensity readings 

along stake lines. Other members of the onsite group, probably 

Plotting and Briefing personnel, had laid out these stake lines 

in 45-degree radials from ground zero. Monitoring teams moved 

along the stake lines toward ground zero, taking radiation 

intensity readings as they went, as indicated in figure 5-1. The 

monitors radioed information on the radiation intensity, 

location, and time to the Plotting and Briefing Section, which 

then drew radiation isointensity contour maps. The monitoring 

teams, who proceeded no farther than the 10.0 R/h area, 

customarily resurveyed the shot area in the days after the shot 

(70; 74; 88). Variations of these procedures are described in 

the monitoring sections of the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE single-shot and 

multi-shot volumes. 

The sign-posting detail, consisting of one officer and four 

enlisted men, posted signs and placed road barricades in 

radiation areas, as directed by the Onsite Operations Officer. 

Members of the detail placed signs daily on barricades delineating the 0.01 R/h areas on all main and secondary access roads. 

This detail was also responsible for posting signs around the 

0.1 R/h isointensity area (74). 

Checkpoint monitors ensured that each party entering a 

controlled area had a properly authorized area access clearance, 

Form R110. This form, shown in figure 5-7, was issued by the 

Onsite Operations Office, The checkpoint monitors made sure that 

168 
the composition of the party and its protective equipment agreed 

with the entries on Form R110. If the form was completed 

correctly, the monitor noted the time of entry in the document 

and returned it to the party proceeding into the forward area. 

When the party returned to the checkpoint, the monitor filled in 

the exit time and submitted the form on that day to the Onsite 

Operations Office, which filed the document (74). 

Form RllO 

AREA ACCESS CLEARANCE 

DATE: CHECK PORJT: 

Project No. Time of Entry: 

Foreman: Checked In by: 

Mhnitor : mme of Exit: 

No. in the Party: Checked out by: 

Briefed by: 

Protective Clothing and Equipment Required: 

[-/ Protective a Film /-/ G-M Survey Other 

Clothing Badges/man Meter (Specify) 

{7 Respirators /-/ Pocket Dosimeter I-C Survey 

Range:-No.- Meter 

Recommended 

Cleared for entry at hours to Area Time of Stay 

REMARKS: (See Reverse Side) BY: 

(Signature) 

Figure 5-7: AREA ACCESS CLEARANCE FORM 

In addition to processing Form R110, the checkpoint monitors 

surveyed personnel and equipment leaving the test area with TIB 

survey meters. When radiation intensities exceeded 0.001 R/h for 

personnel and 0.007 R/h for vehicles and equipment, the checkpoint monitors provided the party with brooms to sweep dust from 

themselves and the equipment. The purpose of this preliminary 

169 
decontamination was to prevent a possible accumulation of 

contaminated dust on project participants and near the 

Radiological Safety Building at the Control Point (74). 

The Onsite Operations Office assigned monitors to accompany 

parties into areas with radiation intensities exceeding 0.1 R/h. 

The monitors then filled out an area access clearance form. 

These monitors acted in an advisory capacity only, keeping the 

recovery party leader informed of radiation intensities at all 

times (74). 

Vehicle monitors operated in conjunction with the decontamination unit, both in the fixed decontamination station near the 

Radiological Safety Building and in any mobile vehicle decontamination stations established in the field. To clear vehicles 

for return to Camp Mercury, monitors measured radiation intensities with the MX-5 survey instrument. Vehicles had to register 

less than 0.007 R/h of gamma radiation close to any outside 

surface, or less than 0.007 R/h of beta plus gamma radiation on 

any inside surface (74). 

Plotting and Briefing 

The Plotting and Briefing Section, which consisted of two 

officers and two enlisted men, plotted radiological situation 

maps based upon information provided by survey parties. They 

worked in the Briefing Room of the Radiological Safety Building, 

where they developed maps showing the location of 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 

and 10.0 R/h isointensity areas. They updated these maps daily, 

or as often as resurveys were conducted. The Radiological Safety 

Control Officer received up-to-date copies of the radiation 

situation maps. In addition, a member of this section posted a 

copy of the current map on Building 200, in the quonset area of 

Camp Mercury, so that personnel were aware of the radiological 

environment in the test area (74). 

170 
A member of the Plotting and Briefing Section briefed the 

leader and monitor of each partv before that party entered a 

radiation area. The briefing included an explanation of the 

radiological situation in the area, the location of checkpoints, 

and the radiological safety regulations for radiation areas. 

After completing his presentation, the person who gave the 

briefing signed the area access clearance form for the party and 

gave the form to the party monitor or leader (74). 

Decontamination 

The Decontamination Section, consisting of two officers and 

eight enlisted men, was responsible for decontaminating personnel, vehicles, and equipment used in contaminated areas. In 

addition to their decontamination duties, all section personnel 

were available for assignment as monitors (74). 

A minimum of six personnel, four with monitoring duties, 

operated the Personnel Decontamination Station. One individual, 

stationed outside the entrance, directed all individuals to 

remove tape, booties, and gloves, in that order, and to put them 

in designated receptacles. All gloves and booties were 

considered contaminated and were not monitored. Next, two 

persons with MX-5 portable survey instruments surveyed personnel 

in the checkroom. When measured about five centimeters from the 

surface, outer garments and equipment with radiation levels in 

excess of 0.007 R/h of gamma, or undergarments and external 

respirator surfaces with levels in excess of 0.002 R/h of beta 

and gamma, were turned in to a member of the Supply Section. 

After this check, personnel took showers. One monitor was 

stationed at the exit of the shower to check skin contamination. 

Personnel with radiation intensities in excess of 0.002 R/h 

returned to the showers (74). 

All vehicles and equipment leaving the test area were 

stopped at the checkpoints and monitored for contamination. 

171 
Vehicles and equipment registering less than 1,000 counts per 

minute of alpha contamination per 55 square centimeters, less 

than 0.007 R/h of gamma outside, and less than 0.007 R/h of gamma 

plus beta inside, passed through the checkpoints. All vehicles 

and equipment exceeding these radiation levels were sent to the 

decontamination station in the Control Point Area (74). 

Decontamination procedures consisted of washing the contaminated item with steam and hot soapy water and then placing it on 

a ramp to drain. The washwater was allowed to drain into the 

ground. After washing, personnel monitored the vehicle or 

equipment to determine whether the decontamination was successful. If the radiation intensities had not been reduced to 

those specified above, the washing and monitoring procedure was 

repeated. When contamination could not be reduced, even after 

five or six washings, the vehicle or equipment was placed in a 

"hot park" adjacent to the decontamination building until 

radioactivity decayed to an acceptable level. Vehicles or 

equipment could not be removed without approval of the 

Decontamination Section Officer. Personnel periodically 

monitored vehicles and equipment in the hot park, and when the 

radiation intensities had decayed to less than 0.007 R/h, the 

vehicles and equipment were available for return to service (74). 

The Decontamination Section kept records indicating the type 

and number of vehicles and equipment decontaminated. To ensure 

that all contaminated vehicles and equipment had been decontaminated, section personnel compared their records with those kept 

at the checkpoints in the forward test areas (74). 

5.2.3 Offsite Operations 

The Offsite Operations Section, which involved monitors, 

radio operators, laboratory personnel, and administrators, was 

responsible for radiological safety within a 320-kilometer radius 

172 
of the NPG. This unit engaged 38 monitors, 11 of whom were 

military personnel. The other monitors were LASL and Public 

Health Service personnel (74). 

The Offsite Operations Section operated a series of fixed 

stations to collect data to use in preparing radiological 

situation maps. The stations also received information from the 

cloud tracking and aerial survey aircraft. They determined the 

airborne and surface concentration of radioactivity, the particle 

size distribution, and the decay rate of fission products. With 

these data, the section assessed the offsite radiation exposure 

potential associated with the nuclear detonations (74). 

5.2.4 Logistics and Supply 

The mission of the Logistics and Supply Section was to furnish the Radiological Safety Support Unit with supplies, equipment, transportation, and communications. This section was 

divided into the following groups (74): 

0 Logistics and Supply 

0 Unit Supply and Laundry 

0 Instrument Issue and Kepair 

0 Motor Maintenance. 

The Logistics and Supply Group consisted of an officer and 

two enlisted men. The officer developed equipment purchase 

requests, procured military and civilian motor transport as 

required, and maintained contact with the Radiological Safety 

Officer and with AFSWP, AEC, and REECo supply officers. The 

allocation of all equipment and supplies was recorded in a daily 

journal (74). 

The two other members of the Logistics and Supply Group 

issued protective equipment and clothing from the first floor of 

the Radiological Safety Building, providing 24-hour service. 

173 
Protective clothing and equipment, such as shoe covers, overalls, 

caps, gloves, and respirators, were issued with a hand receipt 

for five-day periods. Members of this office also maintained 

records of available equipment (74). 

The Unit Supply and Laundry Group, made up of an officer and 

12 enlisted men, issued supplies other than specific radiological 

safety equipment, on a daily basis. Laundry personnel, who 

worked on the south side of the Radiological Safety Building, 

washed coveralls, caps, booties, and gloves turned in by the 

Personnel Decontamination Station. They transferred the 

laundered items to supply for reissue after monitoring. 

Respirators were disassembled, washed, disinfected with alcohol, 

and reassembled with new filters before reissue (74). 

The Instrument Issue and Repair Group was staffed by four 

enlisted men from the Signal Corps. This section, located in the 

basement of the Radiological Safety Building, operated only on 

shot-days. Section personnel issued beta and gamma radiation 

detecting instruments and maintained a ready supply of portable 

alpha counters. Clerks issued the instruments for seven-day 

periods, after which replacements were issued as necessary. The 

returned instruments were repaired and calibrated as needed (74). 

The Motor Maintenance Group, consisting of one officer and 

four mechanics, was part of the DOD motorpool at Camp Mercury. 

Members of this section maintained military vehicles that were 

used for radiological safety activities. The AEC motorpool was 

responsible for civilian vehicles. Motor Maintenance personnel 

kept a. daily record of all military radiological safety vehicles 

dispatched and returned (74). 

174 
5.2.5 Air Participation 

Air participation in radiation protection activities 

involved two types of missions: cloud tracking and aerial 

surveys (74). Cloud tracking was conducted from B-25 and B-29 

aircraft to determine the path of the cloud resulting from the 

detonation and to aid in the decisions to close and to reopen 

commercial airways. Aerial surveys were conducted from L-20 and 

C-47 aircraft, flying at low altitudes, to determine the fallout 

contamination pattern after each shot. AFSWC provided the crews 

and aircraft for these surveys (74). The general procedures for 

cloud tracking and terrain surveys are detailed in section 4.4. 

5.2.6 Control Section 

The Control Section coordinated all radiological safety data 

for presentation to the Test Director, the Radiological Safety 

Officer, and other interested parties. The Control Officer, who 

was a radiological safety engineer, was responsible for obtaining 

and posting data to reflect both the onsite and the offsite 

radiological conditions (74). 

The Control Section displayed maps showing the onsite 

radiological conditions in the shot area and in the general test 

area. The map of the individual shot area showed in detail the 

position of the 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 R/h isointensity lines, 

as indicated by the latest radiation survey. On shot-day, 

section personnel posted radiological data on this map as the 

reports of the survey teams were received. On subsequent days, 

they placed acetate sheets over the map with the isointensity 

lines drawn from data obtained during the resurveys. The map of 

the general test area showed isointensity lines and individual 

readings at specific stations of interest. Both maps reflected 

the latest available radiation survey data (74). 

175 
Cloud-tracking data were plotted and displayed on a map in 

the control room. In this manner, the location and altitude of 

the cloud were monitored. Data obtained from the aerial survey 

aircraft were also posted on a map in the control room. These 

data were converted to ground-level readings, and isointensity 

lines were drawn to delineate the fallout pattern. The path of 

the aerial survey aircraft was determined using the latest 

information on winds at shot-time. These routes were communicated when possible to Air Operations Center at least one hour 

before takeoff (74). 

In addition to displaying the onsite data, the Control 

Section showed offsite survey data by means of a map and a status 

chart. The map reflected the fallout reports of offsite 

monitors, and the chart showed successive readings at points of 

interest in the predicted and actual fallout areas. The offsite 

data were also posted on the aerial survey map to show the 

correlation between the air and ground readings (74). 

5.3 RADIATION PROTECTION PLANS FOR THE AIR FORCE SPECIAL WEAPONS 

CENTER 

During Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, AFSWC performed a variety 

of tasks in support of the test groups and the Test Manager: 

airdrop missions, cloud sampling, cloud tracking, aerial surveys, 

sample courier missions, and security sweeps. 

The radiological safety of air and ground personnel involved 

in AFSWC test and support operations was a command responsibility. Part of this responsibility was to insure compliance with 

safety regulations published by the Test Director. Included in 

these regulations was the maximum permissible radiation exposure 

limit for Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE: No individual could receive 

more than 3.9 roentgens of gamma radiation during the entire 

operation unless otherwise specified by proper authorities. The 

176 
exposure limit for AFSWC members was the same as for other JTO 

participants (71-74). 

During a December 1952 meeting, AFSWC, AEC, and LASL 

personnel discussed the radiation exposure that cloud-sampling 

pilots could receive at each shot. They calculated that these 

pilots, in conducting required missions, were likely to 

accumulate 5.8 roentgens of exposure during the series. The 

planning personnel decided, therefore, that two groups of pilots 

were necessary for the sampling program so that none of them 

would exceed the 3.9 roentgen limit (71). 

5.3.1 Organization and Responsibilities 

In January 1953, AFSWC agreed to assume a number of tasks 

related to radiological safety, as it had done in previous test 

series. These responsibilities included: 

0 Providing trained personnel for all ground and 

air monitoring duties 

0 Providing film badges, dosimeters, and 

monitoring equipment 

0 Operating decontamination areas for personnel, 

aircraft, and equipment. 

Although the 4925th Test Group (Atomic) had overall responsibility for AFSWC radiological protection, two units had the 

responsibility of implementing AFSWC radiological safety procedures: the 4935th Air Base Squadron at Indian Springs AFB and 

the 4901st Support Wing (Atomic) at Kirtland AFB (71). 

While the 4901st Support Wing (Atomic) was in charge of 

radiological safety activities at Kirtland AFB, the Base Radiological Warfare Defense Unit of the 4910th Air Base Group 

actually performed the operations. Included in these activities 

were preshot briefings, airborne and ground monitoring associated 

177 
with missions staged from Kirtland AFB, and aircraft decontamination. The 4901st provided a C-47 aircraft and crew for radiological aerial surveys. Based at Kirtland, this C-47 was 

assigned to the 4935th throughout UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (71). 

At Indian Springs AFB, the 4935th Air Base Squadron 

performed radiation protection activities, with the aid of augmentation personnel from the 4901st Support Wing (Atomic) and the 

4926th Test Squadron. The 4935th issued radiological protection 

equipment, which had been supplied by the 4901st, to personnel 

stationed at the base. The 4926th sample-removal crew removed 

particulate cloud samples from sampler aircraft, while 4926th 

radiological safety personnel monitored and decontaminated the 

aircraft (71). 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE was the first nuclear weapons 

testing series in which the 4935th participated. Before July 

1952, the 4901st had performed all the radiological safety procedures at Indian Springs AFB. After that time, however, the 

4935th Air Base Squadron was organized to conduct support 

activities at the base (71). 

5.3.2 Briefing 

Before each mission, ground and air crews at Kirtland and 

Indian Springs AFB attended briefings on the weather, the 

mission, and precautions to minimize exposures to radiation while 

performing the mission. At Kirtland AFB, the 4901st Support Wing 

(Atomic) presented this information, while at Indian Springs, the 

Operations Unit Number One (Test) (Provisional), part of the 

4925th Test Group (Atomic), conducted the briefings. These 

briefings were usually given the day before each shot. At the 

time of the briefings, crews received film badges and pocket 

dosimeters, and the sampler control aircrew received high-density 

goggles (71 ) . 

178 
5.3.3 Protective Equipment and Personnel Dosimetry 

The primary requirement of the AFSWC radiation protection 

program was to minimize exposure of AFSWC personnel to radiation. 

Because exposure to ionizing radiation may be both internal or 

external, AFSWC developed procedures to minimize both types of 

exposure. 

To minimize internal exposure, AFSWC personnel wore 

respirators when they worked in enclosed spaces or in activities 

producing airborne contamination, such as the unloading of 

particulate samples. Aircrews were on full oxygen. For 

pressurized aircraft, a filter installed on the air intake system 

collected 99 percent of the radioactive particles one micron or 

larger in size. 

To minimize external exposure, participants wore protective 

clothing over their regulation clothing while in contaminated 

areas. Upon leaving contaminated areas, personnel removed this 

protective clothing to reduce the potential for spreading 

contamination to other areas. During sampling missions, pilots 

wore lead-glass vests, which reduced radiation exposure by 17 

percent. While vests covering the sides and front of the torso 

were first tested at NANCY, they were not available for all 

sampler pilots until Shot BADGER (105). Other procedures for 

limiting the radiation exposure of pilots are discussed in 

section 4.4. 

5.3.4 Monitoring and Decontamination 

Portable radiation detection instruments were used to 

measure radioactive contamination on personnel and aircraft at 

both Kirtland AFB and Indian Springs AFB. The assessment of 

contamination levels was an important step in establishing 

restricted areas and in determining whether protective procedures 

had been successful. To prevent the spread of contamination, and 

179 
thus reduce personal exposure to radiation, AFSWC developed 

special contamination control procedures for aircrews, ground 

crews, and aircraft. 

Personnel 

Ground personnel planning to enter contaminated areas 

obtained anticontamination clothing, film badges, and dosimeters 

from the Personnel Decontamination Section. Individuals with 

open breaks in their skin could not enter contaminated areas 

unless the breaks were covered. The cuffs of the coveralls were 

closed with masking tape. Upon leaving the contaminated areas, 

personnel were monitored. If, after removing their anticontamination clothing, they registered radiation intensities 

greater than 0.007 R/h of gamma radiation, they were 

decontaminated at the Personnel Decontamination Station (105). 

Aircraft 

A special pad was built at Indian Springs AFB for the 

decontamination of aircraft. The pad was located off an old taxi 

strip and was in an isolated area about 900 meters east of the 

regular aircraft parking ramp. The surface of the concrete pad 

was sealed to minimize penetration of the contaminated water into 

the concrete. Base water was piped to the decontamination pad. 

An underground drain carried the wash water away from the pad and 

into a leach field in the desert. This leach field, as well a6 

the decontamination pad, was marked with appropriate warning 

signs, when required. The aircraft were towed to and from the 

decontamination pad (105). 

After landing, aircraft taxied to designated areas where 

they were met by radiological personnel who unloaded the cloud 

samples (if any) and assisted in removing the crew. The crew 

went to the Personnel Decontamination Station for monitoring and 

decontamination. The aircraft were then monitored to determine 

levels of radioactive contamination. If gamma intensities 

180 
exceeding 0.007 R/h were found, the aircraft were towed to the 

decontamination pad. Aircraft were decontaminated by repeated 

washings with detergent and water or were parked in designated 

areas, marked with radiation signs, and quarantined until 

radiation decayed (94). Sampler F-84s, however, could not he 

decontaminated to the 0.007 R/h limit. At the conclusion of 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, after flying several missions, the aircraft had 

residual contamination in the 0.050 to 0.150 R/h range. This 

resulted primarily from particles impacting the compressor blades 

of the engine (105). 

Radiation monitors were present during all phases of 

decontamination, and decontamination crew members wore anticontamination clothing, film badges, and pocket dosimeters. 

181 
CHAPTER 6 

DOSIMETRY FOR DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PERSONNEL AT OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

This chapter summarizes the data available as of 1982 

regarding the radiation doses received by Department of Defense 

personnel during their participation in various military and 

scientific activities during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. It is 

based on research that identified the participants, their unit of 

assignment, and their doses. 

6.1 PARTICIPATION DATA 

The identity of participants was determined from several 

sources: 

0 Final ReDort of Onerations. Exercise Desert Rock V. 

provided information on unit participation and 

activities of Desert Rock organizations (120). 

0 Weapons Test Reports for AFSWP and other scientific 

projects often identified participating personnel, 

units, and organizations. 

a After-action reports, security rosters, and vehicle 

loading rosters related to the military exercises 

identified some participants. 

0 Morning reports, unit diaries, and muster rolls 

identified personnel assigned to participating 

units, absent from their home unit, or in transit 

for the purpose of participating in a nuclear 

weapons test. 

0 Official travel or reassignment orders provided 

information on the identity of transient or assigned 

personnel participating in the nuclear weapons 

tests. 

0 Discharge records, maintained by all services, aided 

in identification. 

182 
0 The Final Exposure Report for Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE supplied information on the names, units, 

and total gamma doses for JTO participants (lb). 

0 The services' Reserve Personnel Officer provided 

information on participants still carried on active 

or inactive reserve rolls. 

0 A widely publicized national call-in campaign 

sponsored by the Department of Defense identified 

some of the test participants. 

6.2 DOSIMETRY DATA 

Most of the dosimetry data for Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

were derived from film badge records. If film badge data were 

not available, however, radiation doses could be calculated if 

sufficient information were available concerning personnel 

activities, the radiological environment, and the time that 

personnel spent in that environment. 

6.2.1 Film Badge Data 

During Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, the film badge was the 

primary device used to measure the radiation dose received by 

individual participants. Individual JTO and Desert Rock 

participants were issued a film badge for Shots ANNIE and NANCY. 

At Shot BADGER, the Marines participating in the troop maneuver 

received two badges per platoon. For the remaining shots, Desert 

Rock troops who performed similar duties were issued one badge 

per platoon (120). The film badge, normally worn at chest level 

on the outside of clothing, was designed to measure the wearer's 

exposure to gamma radiation from external sources. The film 

badges were insensitive to neutron radiation and did not measure 

the amount of radioactive material that might have been inhaled 

or ingested. 

183 
Both the Joint Test Organization and Exercise Desert Rock V 

had their own radiological safety personnel who issued, received, 

processed, and interpreted film badges during Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE. The Desert Rock V film badge program was administered 

by the 505th Signal Service Group (Composite Company), while the 

JTO and AFSWC badge program was administered by the Dosimetry and 

Records Section of the Radiological Safety Support Unit. Both 

Desert Rock and JTO radiological safety personnel used manual 

clerical procedures to record film badge data. As described in 

chapter 5, JTO radiological safety personnel used Forms RlOl and 

102R, while Desert Rock personnel used a file card to record 

cumulative personnel film badge data (74; 120). 

At the conclusion of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, it was the 

intent of the services to send individual dose records to each 

participant's home station for inclusion in his personnel 

records. When the individual left the service, his records were 

retired to a Federal records repository (84-85). 

The film badge data summarized in this chapter were obtained 

from the following sources: 

0 Historical files of the Reynolds Electrical and 

Engineering Company (REECo) - REECo has been the 

prime support contractor to the Department of Energv 

and previously to the AEC Nevada Operations Office 

at the Nevada Test Site since 1952. REECo assumed 

responsibility for onsite radiological safety in 

July 1955 and subsequently collected available 

dosimetry records for nuclear test participants at 

all nuclear testing operations from 1945 to the 

present. REECo has on microfilm all available 

exposure records for individuals at Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, consisting primarily of those 

participants working under the JTO. 

0 Military medical records, maintained at the National 

Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Missouri, for 

troops separated from military service, or at the 

Veterans Administration, for individuals who have 

filed for disability compensation or health benefits. Unfortunately, many records were destroyed in 

a fire at the St. Louis repository in July 1973. 

184 
0 

0 

a 

a 

0 

That fire destroyed 13 to 17 million Army records 

for personnel discharged between 1 November 1912 and 

31 December 1959, and for members of the Army Air 

Corps/Air Force discharged between 31 December 1947 

and 31 December 1963. 

Final Exposure Report of the Radiological Safety 

Support Unit, which contains the names, units, and 

cumulative gamma doses for JTO participants (lb). 

Radiological Safety Report for Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, which provides some aggregate information 

on the number of JTO participants who accumulated 

gamma exposures for specific events of the UPSHOTKNOTHOLE Series (74). 

Final Report of Operations for Exercise Desert Rock 

V, Operations, which includes aggregate dose data 

for Desert Rock participants (120). 

Messages from Camp Desert Rock to Sixth Army 

Headquarters regarding average estimated exposures 

for Desert Rock troops and observers at each shot 

(129-134). 

Cumulative Radiological Listings (Forms 102R), which 

provide film badge readings for many participants at 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (la). 

6.2.2 Reconstructed Dose Data 

In certain instances when film badge data were missing for 

large groups of personnel that might have been exposed, DOD 

conducted research to calculate radiation doses resulting from 

external exposure to gamma radiation. When it was apparent that 

DOD personnel might have been exposed to significant neutron 

radiation and/or airborne radioactive material, doses from these 

sources were also calculated. Based on reconstructions of the 

troop activities and the radiological environment, these 

calculations consider the following (106): 

0 Weapon characteristics (vield, height of burst, and 

design) 

0 Residual radiation survey data 

185 
0 Personnel activities 

- Distance from burst and shielding 

- Time, positions, and activities in radiation 

areas. 

6.3 DOSIMETRY DATA FOR OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

PARTICIPANTS 

This section presents data on the doses that DOD participants received during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. Beginning with 

a presentation of external gamma radiation doses organized by 

unit, service, and activity, the section proceeds to discuss the 

circumstances surrounding specific instances of overexposure. 

Finally, the section discusses closes that have been reconstructed 

for Desert Rock participants. 

6.3.1 External Gamma Exposure Data 

Tables 6-1 through 6-6 present the gamma exposure data 

available from film badge records for DOD participants at 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE.* The tables indicate the following 

by service or unit: 

0 The number of personnel identified by name 

0 The number of personnel identified by both name and 

film badge 

0 The average gamma exposure in roentgens 

0 The distribution of these exposures. 

As indicated in table 6-1, only 54 percent of the estimated 

21,000 DOD participants were identified by name and about 10 

percent by name and film badge reading. 

*All tables are located at the end of this chapter. 

1136 
Table 6-1 summarizes all exposures for each service. In 

addition to the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force 

designations, the table includes data for scientific personnel, 

contractors, and affiliates and participants whose service 

affiliation is unknown. Tables 6-2 through 6-6 provide 

information about the gamma exposures received by the various 

participants. In these tables, distributions and averages are 

given by unit. For a unit to be represented in the table, it 

must meet at least one of the following criteria: 

0 Records are available for ten or more individuals 

from the unit 

0 At least one individual in the unit had a gamma 

exposure of 1.0 roentgen or more. 

Units not meeting these criteria are consolidated in table 6-2 

through 6-6 in the "other" category, and a distribution of 

cumulative exposures with an average is provided for them. 

Tables 6-2a through 6-6a list the individual units that comprise 

the "other" category (13; 79). 

6.3.2 Instances of Gamma Exposure Exceeding Prescribed Limits 

The prescribed limits of gamma radiation exposure were 6.0 

roentgens for Desert Rock V participants and 3.9 roentgens for 

JTO and AFSWC personnel. An exception to these limits was made 

for the volunteer officer observer program. After discussion 

with OCAFF and careful review, the AEC Test Manager approved a 

special limit of 10.0 roentgens of gamma radiation for each shot 

for the volunteer officer observers at Desert Rock V, with a 

total exercise limit of 25 roentgens. Despite this exception, 

the standard policy for both Exercise Desert Rock V and JTO was 

to minimize individual exposures, while still allowing 

participants to accomplish the operational requirements of each 

activity or mission (70; 74; 120; 196-197; 239). 

187 
Table 6-7 is a list of the units of JTO personnel who 

received gamma radiation exposures in excess of the 3.9 roentgen 

limit. In addition to the unit name, the table lists the number 

of personnel whose doses exceeded the limit and the individual 

doses they received (lb; 74; 79; 106; 120). The activities in 

which these personnel may have participated are described below. 

Several of the overexposed personnel entered radiation areas 

to retrieve instruments and experimental data. Those participants were from the following organizations: 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project 

Allied Research Associates 

Naval Medical Research Institute 

Army 1090th Reporting Group 

Bureau of Ships 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

Evans Signal Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Wright Air Development Center 

University of California, Los Angeles 

Naval Ordnance Test Center. 

These personnel entered the area at recovery hour or when 

radiological safety personnel allowed them through the 

checkpoints. Recovery teams were usually accompanied by 

radiological safety personnel and always traveled by vehicle. 

Factors that could have contributed to overexposure of some 

project personnel during critical recovery operations included 

higher than anticipated radiation levels, difficulty in 

maneuvering vehicles over rough terrain or unforeseen obstacles, 

and longer time spent in radiation areas while searching for 

equipment (lb; 2-12; 33-43; 79). 

Personnel from Fort McClellan, Alabama, made up most of the 

Radiological Safety Support Unit. This unit also included 

188 
radiation monitors from other Army stations, as well as 

individuals from the Navy and Air Force. Radiological safety 

monitors from this unit accompanied AFSWP pro,ject personnel on 

many of the recovery missions. In addition, Radiological Safety 

Support Unit personnel surveyed the shot area after each 

detonation and manned the checkpoints to the radiation areas. 

Because they repeated their activities during several shots, 

members of the Radiological Safety Support Unit spent more time 

in or near radiation areas than other personnel (74). 

Two Air Force personnel from Kirtland AFB and one from the 

4925th Test Group received exposures in excess of the 3.9 roentgen 

limit (lb; 79). Personnel from Kirtland AFB supported the various 

AFSWC operations at UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. The 4925th Test Group was 

the principal unit performing cloud sampling. Apparently, other 

Air Force units were involved with operational support activities. These units probably included Keesler, Lowry, and 

Bergstrom AFB (105; 229): 

Research indicates that only three Marines received 

exposures that exceeded the 6.0 roentgen Desert Rock limit. Two 

were from the 1st Battalion, 8th Marines, and one from the 1st 

Provisional Guided Missile Battalion (79; 120). 

Activities have not been documented for the remaining 

individuals listed in table 6-7. The individuals included 

representatives from the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, 

Commander Amphibious Group 3, Commander Task Group 7.3, Naval 

Hospital, Naval Air Station (Coronado, California), Naval 

Training Center, Naval Supply Center, Wichita Municipal Airport, 

Walker AFB, Wright Patterson AFR, Ballistic Research Laboratories, and Marine Corps School, as well as those in Desert Rock and 

the unknown categories. 

189 
Exposures of the volunteer officer observers are treated 

separately because of the special circumstances surrounding these 

exposures. Seven of the eight Desert Rock V volunteer officer 

observers at Shot SIMON received exposures exceeding the 10.0 

roentgen limit. The average gamma exposures from film badge 

readings for the volunteer officer observers at Shots BADGER and 

SIMON are included in table 6-8, along with the reconstructed 

average gamma dose for the volunteer officer observers at Shot 

NANCY. One volunteer officer observer witnessed Shots NANCY, 

BADGER, and SIMON and had a total gamma exposure for the three 

shots of 26.6 roentgens (239; 241). 

6.3.3 Reconstructed Doses 

Film badge data were not available for most of the Exercise 

Desert Rock V maneuver troops and observers. However, the 

external gamma and neutron doses for the observers have been 

calculated. These calculations were based on the activities 

performed by the observers, which included witnessing the shot 

and touring the equipment display areas before and after the shot 

(106). 

Observers representing each of the armed services participated in most of the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE shots. They consisted of 

the following personnel: 

0 Army personnel who were assigned to Camp Desert Rock 

as the permanent support party 

0 A few civilians from various Army agencies 

0 Service observers from the various military services 

who were sent to Camp Desert Rock to witness a 

specific shot or shots to become familiar with the 

effects of nuclear detonations 

0 Officers who volunteered to witness one or more of 

Shots NANCY, BADGER, and SIMON. 

190 
Because the service observers had first priority for observing 

the shots, it appears that only a few support personnel from Camp 

Desert Rock participated as observers in more than one shot (106; 

120; 196). 

Reconstructed dose data are available for Desert Rock 

observers at UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. Observers were present at all 

shots except RUTH and CLIMAX. The volunteer officer observers 

participated only at NANCY, BADGER, and SIMON. The reconstructed 

radiation doses of Desert Rock V observers are shown in table 

6-8. The reconstructions are based on the radiological 

environment encountered by the observers and the time spent in 

this environment. Gamma doses include possible initial radiation 

from the observed shot, as well as residual radiation from the 

observed test and earlier tests. Table 6-8 also presents the 

calculated neutron doses for the observers. Gamma and neutron 

doses are listed separately to facilitate comparison with 

existing film badge data, which indicate gamma dose only (106). 

The parameters used to reconstruct doses for observers at 

Shot ANNIE are typical of those used for each of the shots listed 

in table 6-8. At ANNIE, 535 Desert Rock observers witnessed the 

shot from trenches located 3,200 meters south-southwest of ground 

zero. After the blast wave from the detonation had passed, the 

observers stood in the trenches to witness the rising fireball. 

About 25 minutes later, they began the tour of the equipment 

display area located south of ground zero. They spent about 40 

minutes in the display area and went as far as the 2.5 R/h line, 

which was the limit of their advance. They then returned to the 

trench area and, at approximately 0800 hours, were picked up by 

trucks for the return trip to Camp Desert Rock. By relating 

these activities to the radiological environment (initial and 

residual radiation), a dose was calculated for the group of 

observers. Based upon the data presented above, dose 

reconstruction indicates that the ANNIE observers received 

0.52 roentgens gamma dose and 0.018 roentgens neutron dose (106). 

191 
192 
Table 6-2: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR 

ARMY PERSONNEL AND AFFILIATES, OPERATION 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

I I I Units I I I 

Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD 

Ballistic Research Laboratories 

Battalion Combat Team (XI1 (Provisional). Armored 

Company, Fort Campbell, KY 

Camp Carson, CO 

Camp Desert Rock V 

Camp Desert Rock V, Infantry Company "A" 

Camp Desert Rock V, Infantry Company "6' 

Chemical Corps (sic)' 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories 

Engineer School, Fort Belvoir, VA 

Evans Signal Laboratory 

Fort Bragg, NC 

Fort Eustis, VA 

Fort Jackson, SC 

Fort Lee, VA 

Fort Monmouth, NJ 

Headquarters, Air Materiel Command, Dayton, OH 

Observers 

Office Chief Army Field Forces 

Quartermaster Research and Development Agency 

Radiation Safety. Fort McClellan. AL 

Radiation Safety Monitors 

Signal Corps 

Signal Corps Pictorial Unit, Long Island, NY 

Tradcom (sic) 

Walter Reed Army Medical Center 

First Army, Battalion Combat Team (Provisional) 

Sixth Army 

1st Armored Division, Fort Hood, TX 

1st Guided Missile Group, (Provisional) 

Personnel 

Identified 

by Name 

20 

4 

171 

110 

4,420 

139 

123 

11 

2 

13 

3 

2 

6 

49 

4 

10 

2 

13 

18 

4 

202 

90 

13 

7 

1 

7 

1 83 

34 

38 

19 

Personnel 

Identified 

by Name and 

by Film Badge 

20 

4 

0 

0 

12 

0 

0 

0 

2 

10 

3 

2 

5 

0 

4 

10 

2 

0 

0 

4 

202 

90 

3 

2 

1 

7 

0 

1 

0 

0 

Average 

Gamma 

Exposure 

(Roentgens) 

0.670 

5.290 

0.732 

1.350 

1.240 

11.170 

1.322 

0.551 

1.077 

0.149 

0.655 

1.145 

2.430 

0.857 

1.570 

0.998 

1.490 

0.990 

3.270 

c .1 

3 

0 

5 

0 

3 

0 

1 

1 

2 

8 

1 

0 

29 

58 

1 

1 

0 

2 

0 

- 

~~~~~~ ~ ~ 

Gamma Exposure (Roentgens) 

.1-1.0 

12 

0 

6 

1 

2 

1 

0 

3 

0 

2 

0 

1 

45 

8 

0 

0 

0 

3 

0 

- 

1 .O-3.0 

5 

0 

0 

1 

5 

0 

1 

1 

2 

0 

1 

3 

32 

11 

2 

1 

1 

1 

0 

3.0-5.0 

0 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

82 

13 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

- 

- 

5.0 + 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

14 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

- 

* "Sic" indicates that the units andlor home stations appear in this table as they were entered in the source documentation, 

193 
Table 6-2: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR 

ARMY PERSONNEL AND AFFILIATES, 

OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (Continued) 

Units 

3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment 

19th Engineer Combat Battalion, Company "6". Fort 

Meade, MD 

31st Infantry (Dixie) Division, (National Guard Unit) 

Camp Atterbury, IN 

50th Chemical Platoon (Service) 

82nd Airborne Division. 505th Airborne Infantry 

Regiment 

278th Regimental Combat Team 

412th Engineer Construction Battalion 

505th Military Police, Camp Desert Rock Detachment 

508th Airborne Regimental Combat Team 

1090th Reporting Group Army 

3623rd Direct Support Ordnance Company 

9771st Technical Service Unit, Military Police 

Detachment 

Other" 

Unit Unknown"' 

TOTAL 

Personnel 

Identified 

by Name 

80 

12 

31 

12 

93 

46 

66 

19 

16 

39 

13 

1 

1,062 

237 

1,445 

Personnel 

Identified 

by Name and 

by Film Badge 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

39 

0 

1 

44 

1 

469 

Average 

Gamma 

Exposure 

(Roentgens) 

0.562 

2.050 

0.192 

1.430 

1.555 

- 

: .1 

20 

0 

28 

0 

163 

- 

- 

Gamma Exposure (Roentgens) 

- 

.l-1.0 

13 

0 

16 

0 

113 

- 

- 

1.03.0 

4 

1 

0 

1 

73 

T 3.0-5.0 5.0 + 

I 

101 1 19 

** For list of units in this category. see table &2a 

*** Unit information is unavailable. 

194 
Table 6-2a: DETAILED LISTING OF "OTHER" CATEGORY, 

ARMY PARTICIPANTS, OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

NUMBERED UNITS 

First Army, 108th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment 

Second Army, Fort Meade, MD 

Third Army, Fort McPherson, GA 

Fourth Army, Fort Sam Houston, TX 

Fifth Army, Chicago, IL 

I11 Corps, Fort MacArthur, CA 

XVIII Airborne Corps, Headquarters, Fort Bragg, NC 

1st 

1st 

1st 

1st 

1st 

1st 

1st 

2nd 

2 nd 

2nd 

2nd 

2nd 

3rd 

3 rd 

3rd 

5 th 

5th 

5 th 

6th 

6th 

6th 

6 th 

7th 

7 th 

Battalion Combat Team (XI) (Provisional), Fort Monroe, VA 

Infantry Company, Battalion Combat Team, (X3) (Provisional) 

Infantry Division [Wuerzburg, Germany] 

Mobile Army Surgical Hospital 

Provisional Detachment, Fort Hood, TX (sic)* 

Special Troop Battalion, Company "A", GA (sic) 

Transportation Battalion (sic) 

Armored Cavalry Regiment [Nuremberg, Germany] 

Artillery Group (SUP GP) (sic) 

Engineer Battalion [Korea] 

Infantry Company, Battalion Combat Team, Provisional (sic) 

Infantry Group (sic) 

Battalion, 1st Battalion, Company I'B" (sic) 

Battalion, 2nd Student Regiment, Headquarters (sic) 

Infantry Division [Korea] 

Armored Division, Fort Chaffee, AR 

Infantry Division, 11th Regiment, Indiantown Gap, PA 

Quartermaster Battalion, Company "C", Fort Chaffee, AR 

Armored Division, Headquarters Company 

Infantry Division, 1st Infantry Regiment, Fort Ord, CA 

Infantry Division, 20th Infantry Regiment, Ford Ord, CA 

Transportation Company (Helicopter) [Korea] 

Armored Division, Camp Roberts, CA 

Armored Division, 48th Armored Infantry Battalion, Company 

"A", Camp Roberts, CA 

7th Engineer Combat Battalion, Indiantown Gap, PA 

7th Infantry Division (Training) [Korea] 

8th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Camp Lucas, MI 

8th Infantry Division, 13th Infantry Regiment, Fort Jackson, SC 

8th Infantry Division, 61st Infantry Regiment, Fort Jackson, SC 

9th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Fort Winfield Scott, CA 

9th Infantry Division, Fort Dix, NJ 

9th Infantry Division, 39th Infantry Regiment, Fort Dix, NJ 

*"Sic'' indicates that units and/or home stations appear in this 

table as they were entered in the source documentation. 

195 
Table 6-2a: DETAILED LISTING OF "OTHER" CATEGORY, ARMY 

PARTICIPANTS, OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (Continued) 

9th Medical Battalion, Company I'B", Fort Dix, NJ 

9th Ordnance Battalion, (Special Weapons Support), 

9th Reconnaissance Battalion (sic) [9th Reconnaissance Company 

Sandia Base, NM 

Fort Dix, NJ] 

10th Infantry Division, 25th Field Artillery Battalion, Fort 

10th Infantry Division, 86th Infantry Regiment, Company "H" 

10th Medium Tank Battalion, Company "A" 

11th Airborne Division, 88th Antiaircraft Battalion 

11th Airborne Division, 503rd Airborne Infantry Regiment 

11th Airborne Division, 505th Airborne Infantry Regiment, Fort 

11th Airborne Division, 511th Airborne Infantry Regiment 

11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Fort Carson, CO 

13th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion, Battery "B" 

14th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Battery "A" 

15th Ordnance Battalion, Special Weapons (sic) 

Riley, KS 

Fort Campbell, KY 

Campbell, KY 

16th Base Post Office 

16th Combat Engineers, Fort Hood, TX 

16th Signal Battalion, Camp San Luis Obispo, CA 

17th Field Artillery Group, Fort Sill, OK 

18th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion, Detroit, MI 

19th Antiaircraft Artillery Group, Fort Meade, MD 

21st Engineer Battalion, Camp Carson, CO 

21st Field Artillery Battalion, Indiantown Gap, PA 

22nd Engineer (sic) 

22nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion, Fort Hood, TX 

24th Chemical Decontamination Company, Fort Knox, KY 

24th Evacuation Field Hospital, Fort Benning, GA 

25th Signal Battalion, Fort Devens, MA 

26th Transportation Battalion, 23rd Truck Company 

26th Transportation Battalion, 31st Truck Company 

27th Field Artillery, Fort Hood, TX 

28th Antiaircraft Artillery Headquarters, Selfridge Air Force 

28th Antiaircraft Artillery Regiment, 504th Antiaircraft 

28th Field Artillery Battalion, Battery "C" 

28th Infantry Regiment, BCT, Fort Jackson, SC 

28th Infantry Division, COB, NGU, PA (sic) 

Base, MI 

Artillery Battalion, Battery I'C" 

30th Antiaircraft Artillery Group, Fort Berry, CA 

30th Infantry Regiment, Fort Benning, GA 

196 
Table 6-2a: DETAILED LISTING OF "OTHEH" CATEGORY, ARMY 

PARTICIPANTS, OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (Continued) 

30th 

30th 

30th 

30th 

31st 

33rd 

34th 

34th 

34th 

35th 

35th 

35th 

Infantry Regiment, Company "I", Fort Benning, GA 

Infantry, 2nd Battalion, Headquarters Company 

Regimental Combat Team 

Tank Battalion, Fort Knox, KY 

Signal Company, Camp Atterbury, IN 

Infantry Regiment (sic) 

Chemical Company, Fort McClellan, AL 

Engineer Combat Company, Headquarters, Camp Roberts, CA

Quartermaster Battalion, 591st POL Depot Company 

Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion 

Field Artillery Battalion, Battery "A", Fort Riley, KA 

Infantry Regiment, Headquarters Company [Korea] 

37th Division, 147th Infantry Regiment, Company 'IL" 

37th Infantry Division, Camp Polk, LA 

37th Infantry Division, 145th Regiment 

Headquarters, National Guard Unit 

37th Quartermaster Company 

38th Antiaircraft Artillery Brigade 

40th Antiaircraft (sic) [Battalion] [Biebrich, Germany] 

41st Field Artillery Battalion 

44th Infantry Division, Fort Lewis, WA 

44th Ohio National Guard Division (sic) [Illinois National Guard 

45th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion 

45th Brigade, Fort Sheridan, IL 

45th Medium Tank Battalion, Fort Knox, KY 

45th Transportation Truck Company 

Division, Fort Lewis, WA] 

47th Engineer Camouflage Battalion, Fort Riley, KS (sic) 

47th Infantry Division, 164th Infantry Regiment, Headquarters 

and Headquarters Company, Fort Rucker, AL 

47th Infantry Division, 135th Infantry Regiment, 1st Battalion 

(Vikings), Company "C" [National Guard Unit, MN] 

47th Infantry Regiment, 2nd Battalion, Fort Dix, NJ 

47th Reconnaissance Company TDY, Fort Rucker, AL 

48th Engineer Topographic Battalion 

49th Field Artillery Battalion, Fort Benning, GA 

49th Depot Maintenance Company, Fort Belvoir, VA 

52nd Artillery Brigade 

52nd Field Artillery Group 

52nd Ordnance Battalion, Fort Bragg, NC 

53rd Transportation Truck Company 

54th Medical Group, Fort Benning, GA 

55th Field Artillery (sic) 

197 
Table 6-2a: DETAILED LISTING OF "OTHER" CATEGORY, ARMY 

PARTICIPANTS, OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (Continued) 

56th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion, Fort Monroe, VA 

56th Light Truck Company, Camp Pickett, VA 

59th Antiaircraft Artillerg Battalion (A/W)(SP), Fort Bliss, TX 

60th Field Artillery Regiment, Headquarters Battery 

61st Engineer Construction Battalion, Camp Polk, LA 

61st Ordnance Group, Fort Hood, TX (sic) 

62nd Chemical, Smoke Generator Company, Fort McClellan, AL 

65th Infantry Regiment [Puerto Rico] 

66th Signal Battalion, Company "A", Fort Bragg, NC 

68th Armored Field Artillery Battalion, Fort Hood, TX 

68th Engineer Combat Group, 3rd Engineer Battalion 

69th Infantry Division, Company "HI' 

70th Engineer Construction Company [attached, 9th Infantry 

71st Antiaircraft Gun Battalion 

73rd Armored Field Artillery Battalion, Battery C, Fort Hood, TX 

74th Signal Company 

75th Antiaircraft Artillery Battery 

Division], Fort Dix, NJ 

76th Field Artillery Battery, Fort Riley, KS 

76th Field Artillery Tr., Fort Knox, KY (sic) 

77th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion, Fort MacArthur, CA 

77th Brigade, Headquarters Abbott (sic) 

78th Infantry Co "E" (sic) 

(sic) 

81st Reconnaissance Battalion, Company D, Fort Hood, TX 

82nd Airborne Division, 504th Airborne Infantry Regiment, 

82nd Airborne Division, 307th Engineer Combat Battalion, 

82nd Airborne Division, 325th Airborne Regiment, Supply Company 

82nd Field Artillery Battalion, Headquarters Battery, 

85th Infantry Regiment, Company I'C", Fort Riley, KS 

Fort Bragg, NC 

Company ''A" 

Fort Ord, CA 

87th Infantry Regiment, Fort Riley, KS (sic) 

87th Transportation Truck Company 

89th Field Artillery, Fort Campbell, KY 

90th Gun Battalion (sic) 

91st Engineer Combat Battalion, Camp Roberts, CA 

93rd Army Band, Camp Irwin, CA 

94th Veterinary Food Inspection Service Detachment 

95th Engineers Battalion, Headquarters Company, Camp Roberts, CA 

198 
Table 6-2a: DETAILED LISTING OF "OTHER" CATEGORY, ARMY 

PARTICIPANTS, OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (Continued) 

97th Field Artillery, 40 Artillery Group, Camp Carson, CO 

99th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion 

104th Antiaircraft Artillery, Headquarters Company, 

114th Field Artillery, Headquarters Battery 

115th Light Truck Company, Fort Meade, MD 

115th Ordnance POL Company 

Camp Atterbury, IN 

126th Trucking (sic) 

131st Tank Battalion, Company "A", Fort Knox, KY 

135th Ordnance Ballistic and Technical Service Detachment, 

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 

136th Field Artillery Battalion, Fort Polk, LA 

146th Explosive Disposal Squad, Fort Banks, MA 

158th Infantry Regiment, 2nd Battalion, Headquarters Company 

164th Ordnance Company Comp (sic) 

168th Infantry Division (sic) 

174th Military Police Battalion (sic) 

187th Field Artillery Battalion (Observation), Fort Sill, OK 

188th Airborne Infantry Regiment, Fort Campbell, KY 

191st Field Artillery Battalion, Camp Drum, NY 

194th Tank Battalion, Headquarters Company, Camp Rucker, AL 

198th Field Artillery Battalion, Battery "B", Fort Benning, GA 

199th Antiaircraft Artillery (sic) 

199th Engineer Construction Battalion, Fort Leonard Wood, MD 

[AZ National Guard] 

200th Armored Field Artillery Battalion, Camp Polk, LA 

200th Heavy Motor, IN (sic) 

208th Military Police Company, Fort Leonard Wood, MD 

226th Military Police Company, Camp Atterbury, IN 

232nd Signal Support Company, Camp Gordon, GA 

259th Missile Battalion, Fort Bliss, TX 

264th Field Artillery, Fort Sill, OK 

265th Artillery Battalion, 29th Ordnance Company 

271st Combat Engineers (sic) 

303rd Signal Battalion, Company "A", Camp San Luis Obispo, CA 

312th Engineer (sic) 

313th Signal Battalion, Fort Meade, MD 

315th Truck Division, Fort Meade, MD (sic), [115th Light Truck 

320th Airborne Field Artillery Battalion, Fort Benning, GA 

338th Military Intelligence Service Battalion, Fort Meade, MD 

352nd Bomb Squadron, Barksdale AFB, LA 

369th Engineer Amphibious Support Regiment 

378th Ordnance Company, Camp Irwin, CA 

385th Chemical Decontamination Unit (sic) 

Company, Fort Meade, MD] 

199 
Table 6-2a: DETAILED LISTING OF "OTHER" CATEGORY, ARMY 

PARTICIPANTS, OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (Continued) 

403rd Evacuation Hospital, Camp Pickett, VA 

406th Engineer Brigade, Fort Bragg, NC 

425th Engineer Battalion (sic) 

428th Antiaircraft Artillery Bat (sic) 

433rd Army Band, Camp Irwin, CA 

447th Antiaircraft Battalion (sic) 

449th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Battery 'IC" 

449th Field Artillery Battalion (Observation), Headquarters 

449th Field Artillery Battalion, Battery "B" 

449th Field Artillery, Battery "A" (sic) 

459th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion, Battery "B" 

459th Antiaircraft Artillery 

466th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Battery, March AFB, CA 

484th Engineer Construction Battalion, Fort Knox, KY 

Fort Bragg, NC 

Battery, Fort Bragg, NC 

Fort Campbell, KY (sic) 

Fort Barry, CA 

501st Quartermaster Battalion, Fort Hood, TX 

502nd Traffic Regulating Group, Fort Eustis, VA 

504th Signal Rase Maintenance Company, Detachment 

504th Signal Service Battalion, San Luis Obispo, CA 

505th Signal Construction Company, Headquarters, Alaska 

506th Helicopter Company, Fort Benning, GA 

507th Armored Combat Team (sic) 

509th Helicopter Company, Fort Bragg, NC 

516th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Detroit, MI 

524th Quartermaster POL Depot Company, Lathrop, CA 

Sacramento, CA 

Communications Center 

528th Reclamation and Classification Company, Fort Knox, KY 

531st Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Fort Bliss, TX 

534th Reclamation and Maintenance Company (sic) 

534th Signal Company, Fort Benning, GA 

536th Infantry Battalion, Fort Knox, KY 

537th Field Artillery Battalion, Camp Carson, CO 

538th Field Artillery Battalion, Camp Carson, CO 

544th Airborne Field Artillery Battalion, Fort Campbell, KY 

547th Field Artillery Battalion, Headquarters and Headquarters 

548th Antiaircraft Battalion, Detroit, MI 

549th Quartermaster Company, New Cumberland, MD 

Battery, Camp Carson, CO 

550th Artillery Gun Battalion, Battery "A" 

550th Tank Company, Fort Benning, GA 

554th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion, Camp Stewart, GA 

562nd Transportation Detachment [Heidelberg, Germany] 

564th Artillery Unit (sic) 

200 
Table 

583rd 

594th 

598th 

601st 

602nd 

602nd 

612th 

613th 

663rd 

669 th 

687th 

695th 

701st 

702nd 

702nd 

709th 

710th 

718th 

718th 

721st 

728th 

6-2a: DETAILED LISTING OF "OTHER" CATEGORY, ARMY 

PAHTICIPANTS, OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (Continued) 

Field Artillery Battalion, Fort Bragg, NC 

Quartermaster Depot Company, New Cumberland, MD 

Field Artillery Battalion, Fort Polk, LA 

Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Washington, D.C. 

Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Baltimore, MD 

D.A.S.U. (sic) 

Quartermaster Company, Fort Bragg, NC 

Artillery (sic) 

Field Artillery Battalion, Battery B, Fort Bragg, NC 

Truck Company, Fort Riley, KS 

Artillery Battalion (Observation) (sic) 

Field Artillery Battalion Battery "B", Fort Knox, KY 

Armored Infantry Battalion, Company "C", Fort Hood, TX 

Ordnance Company (sic) 

Transportation Company, Fort Eustis, VA 

Military Police Battalion [Frankfurt, Germany) 

Tank Battalion, Fort Campbell, KY 

Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion, Fort Baker, CA 

Transportation Company, Fort Bliss, TX 

Military Police (sic) 

Antiaircraft Artillery, 718th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun 

Battalion (sic) 

740th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion, Fort Baker, CA 

752nd Antiaircraft Gun Battalion, Oakland, CA 

758th Field Artillery Battalion, Fort Bragg, NC 

832nd Ordnance Company, Fort Knox, KY 

836th Ordnance Depot Company, Fort Bragg, NC 

847th Field Artillery Battalion, Battery "B" Camp Carson, CO 

867th Field Artillery Battalion, Fort Sill, 6K 

868th Field Artillery Battalion, Battery "C", Fort Bragg, NC 

916th Medical Company, Camp Pickett, VA 

969th Engineer Construction Battalion, Fort Belvoir, VA 

973rd Engineer Construction Battalion, Camp Carson, CO 

977th Radiation Co (sic) 

981st Engineer Construction Battalion, Fort Bragg, NC 

988th Antiaircraft Battalion (sic) 

998th Engineer Construction Battalion [Toul, France] 

1019th Transportation Base Depot 

1402nd Engineer Combat Battalion [Karlsruhe, Germany] 

2307th Engineer Aviation Battalion 7 AF Co (sic) 

3040th Area Service Unit, Station Medical (sic) 

3422nd Area Service Unit, Fort Bragg, NC 

3441st Area Service Unit, Fort Gordon, CA 

201 
Table 6-2a: DETAILED LISTING OF "OTHER" CATEGORY, ARMY 

PARTICIPANTS, OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (Continued) 

4005th Medical Detachment, Fort Hood, TX 

4009th Area Service Unit, Fort Polk, LA 

4052nd, 1st Composite Group, Area Service Unit, Fort Bliss, TX 

4054th Area Service Unit, Fort Bliss, TX 

5012th Area Service Unit, Fort Sheridan, IL 

5015th Area Service Unit, Reception Center, Camp Atterbury, IN 

5017th Area Service Unit, Headquarters Detachment, 

5028th Area Service Unit, Camp Lucas, MI 

5043rd Area Service Unit, Fort Riley, KS 

5050th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Headquarters 

Fort Leonard Wood, MO (sic) 

Battery (sic) 

5102nd ASU Illinois Reserves, Chicago, IL 

5103rd Area Service Unit, Fort Benjamin Harrison, IN 

5422nd Area Service Unit, Fort Sheridan, IL 

7001st Area Service Unit, Military District of Washington, D.C. 

7131st Area Service Unit, Communications Detachment 

8017th Area Service Unit, Fort Leonard Wood, MD 

8450th Headquarters and Headquarters Service Company, 

8452nd Administrative Area Unit, Headquarters, Sandia Base, NM 

8462nd Administrative Area Unit [Special Weapons Headquarters, 

8601st Administrative Area Unit, Vint Hill, Warrenton, VA 

Sandia Base, NM 

Kileen Base, TX] 

9301st Technical Service Unit, Detachment 2, Aberdeen 

9393rd Technical Service Unit, White Sands Proving Ground, NM 

9710th Technical Service Unit, Detachment 4, Edgewood, MD 

9940th Technical Service Unit, Fort Sam Houston, TX 

Ordnance Depot, MD 

Department of the Army 

Adjutant General's Office 

Army General Staff 

DCCMLO DA HQ (sic) 

Office, Assistant Chief of Staff, Operations 

Office, Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence 

Office, Assistant Chief of Staff, Logistics 

Office, Chief Chemical Corps 

Office, Chief Legislative Liaison 

Office, Chief of Finance 

Office, Chief of Engineers 

Office, Chief of Psychological Warfare 

Office, Chief of Radiological Warfare Division 

Office, Chief of Staff 

Office, Chief of Transportation 

202 
Table 6-2a: DETAILED LISTING OF "OTHER" CATEGORY, ARMY 

PARTICIPANTS, OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (Continued) 

Office, Chief Ordnance Board 

Office, Chief Signal Officer 

Office of Information 

Provost Marshal General's Office 

Quartermaster General's Office 

Commands 

Headquarters, U.S. Army Pacific 

Western Area Antiaircraft Command 

Schools and Training Centers 

AAA RTC (sic) 

Antiaircraft and Artillery School 

Antiaircraft and Guided Missile School, Fort Bliss, TX 

Armored Combat Training Center 

(The) Armored School, Fort Knox, KY 

Army Medical Service Graduate School 

Artillery Center, Fort Sill, OK 

(The) Artillery School, Fort Sill, OK 

Brooke Army Medical Center , Fort Sam Houston, TX 

Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, KS 

Antiaircraft and Guided Missile Branch, The Artillery School, 

(The) Infantry School, Fort Benning, GA 

Leadership School, Camp/Fort Chaffee, AR 

Medical Field Services School, Fort Sam Houston, TX 

Ordnance Guided Missile School, Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, AL 

Provost Marshal General's School, Camp Gordon, GA

Psychological Warfare School, Fort Bragg, NC 

Transportation Center, Fort Lee, VA 

Transportation School, Fort Eustis, VA 

U.S. Military Academy, West Point, NY 

Fort Bliss, TX 

Locations 

Camp Cook, CA 

Camp Drum, NY 

Camp Gordon, GA 

Camp Kilmer, NJ 

Camp Pickett, VA 

Camp Polk, LA 

Camp Roberts, CA 

Carlisle Barracks, PA 

Dugway Proving Ground, UT 

Fort Belvoir, VA 

Fort Benning, GA 

Fort Bliss, TX 

Fort Campbell, KY 

203 
Table 6-2a: DETAILED LISTING OF "OTHERff CATEGORY, ARMY 

PARTICIPANTS, OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (Continued) 

Fort Dix, NJ 

Fort Harrison, IN 

Fort Hood, TX 

Fort Jay, NY 

Fort Knox, KY 

Fort Leavenworth, KS 

Fort Lee, VA 

Fort Leonard Wood, MD 

Fort Lewis, WA 

Fort Mason, CA 

Fort Meade, MD 

Fort Ord, CA 

Fort Rucker, AL 

Fort Sam Houston, TX 

Fort Sill, OK 

Fort Story, VA 

Indiantown Gap, Annville, PA 

Sandia Base, NM 

White Sands Proving Ground, NM 

Miscellaneous 

Arizona Military District 

Arlington Hall Station, Arlington, VA 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project 

Army Chemical Ce.nter, Edgewood, MD 

Army Communications and Administration Center (sic) 

Army Env Health Lab (sic) 

Army Field Forces, Board 2, Fort Knox, KY 

Army Field Forces, Board 4, Fort Bliss, TX 

Army Security Agency 

Atomic Test Unit (sic) 

Attached to 7th Fleet (sic) 

Civil Defense Director (sic) 

Corps of Engineers 

DD4 M.P. Unit (sic) 

Directorate of Weapons Effects Tests, Sandia Base, NM 

Engineer Development Board, Fort Relvoir, VA 

Field Command, Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, NV 

Headquarters, Military District of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 

Headquarters, Military District of Washington 

Joint Task Force 7 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory, Hollywood, CA 

Nevada Proving Ground, NV 

Ordnance Corps, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ 

Quartermaster Depot, Jeffersonville (sic) 

Transportation Research and Development Board, Fort Eustis, VA 

University of California 

U.S. Army Hospital, Fort Jackson, SC 

U.S. Army Rehabilitation Center (sic) 

204 
Table 6-2a: DETAILED LISTING OF "OTHEH" CATEGORY, ARMY 

PARTICIPANTS, OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (Continued) 

U.S. Coast and Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 

Valley Forge Army Hospital 

Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS 

205 
Table 6-3: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR 

NAVY PERSONNEL AND AFFILIATES, OPERATION 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Units 

Aberdeen Proving Ground 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project 

Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen, MD 

Bureau of Medicine 

Bureau of Ships 

Bureau of Supply and Accounts 

Bureau of Yards and Docks 

Civil Effects Test Group 

Commandant, Eleventh Naval District 

Commander Amphibious Group 3 

Commander Joint Task Force 7 

Commander Task Group 7.3 

Directorate, Weapons Effects Test 

Edgerton, Germeshausen and Grier, Inc. 

Long Beach Naval Shipyard 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

Mare Island Naval Shipyard 

Naval Air Station. Norfolk, VA 

Naval Air Station, Olathe, KS 

Naval Air Station, Sandia, NM 

Naval Amphibious Base, Coronado, CA 

Naval Attachment, Kirtland AFB. NM 

Naval Auxiliary Air Station, Mustin Field 

Naval Electronics Laboratory 

Naval Hospital, San Diego, CA 

Naval Medical Research Institute 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

Personnel 

Identified 

by Name 

1 

12 

6 

2 

9 

6 

7 

15 

10 

1 

1 

3 

19 

1 

1 

5 

1 

1 

1 

25 

5 

12 

20 

14 

1 

16 

27 

Perronnel 

Identified 

by Name and 

by Film Badge 

1 

10 

6 

2 

9 

6 

7 

15 

10 

1 

1 

3 

19 

1 

1 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

5 

12 

20 

14 

1 

16 

20 

Average 

Gamma 

Exposure 

(Roentgens) 

1.885 

1.61 3 

1.030 

7.328 

1.062 

2.122 

0.369 

1.036 

1.405 

6.040 

3.1 10 

4.668 

0.964 

1.800 

2.565 

0.445 

2.225 

1.055 

1.165 

0.130 

1.653 

0.430 

0.073 

0.551 

5.860 

4.627 

0.536 

- 

<.1 

- 

0 

4 

1 

0 

3 

0 

4 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

6 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

3 

15 

2 

0 

0 

9 

- 

Gamma Exposure (Roentgensl 

- 

.l-1.0 

0 

- 

5 

2 

0 

2 

1 

2 

6 

4 

0 

0 

0 

6 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

1 

3 

8 

5 

7 

0 

2 

7 

- 

- 

1.03.0 

1 

0 

3 

0 

3 

4 

- 

1 

7 

6 

0 

0 

1 

6 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

5 

0 

0 

3 

- 

- 

3.05.0 

0 

- 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7 

1 

- 

- 

5.0+ 

0 

- 

1 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

7 

0 

- 

206 
Table 6-3 DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR 

NAVY PERSONNEL AND AFFILIATES, OPERATION 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE (Continued) 

Units 

Naval Ordnance Test Center, CA 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Supply Center, Norfolk, VA 

Naval Supply Depot, Bayonne, NJ 

Naval Supply Depot, San Diego, CA 

Naval Training Center, San Diego, CA 

New York Naval Shipyard Material Laboratory 

San Francisco Naval Shipyard 

University of Illinois 

2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade 

9978th Radiological Safety Support Unit 

I Other' 

Unit Unknown" 

TOTAL 

Personnel 

Identified 

by Name 

83 

17 

27 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

4 

1 

37 

1 

46 

60 

504 

Personnel 

Identified 

by Name and 

by Film Badge 

43 

15 

25 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

0 

1 

31 

36 

348 

~ ~ ~~ 

Average 

Gamma 

Exposure 

(Roentgens) 

I0.220 

0.990 

1.502 

4.580 

3.080 

1.390 

7.030 

3.540 

2.443 

1.560 

2.050 

0.1 85 

1.306 

1.161 

Gamma Exposure (Roentgens) 

38 

4 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

21 

7 

- 

125 

- 

.l-1.0 

4 

6 

6 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

10 

16 

106 

- 

- 

1 .O-3.0 

0 

5 

12 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

7 

74 

- 

3.0-5.0 

0 

0 

3 

1 

1 

0 

0 

1 

2 

0 

0 

0 

4 

25 

- 

5.0 + 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

18 

- 

For list of units in this category, see table 6-3a 

** Unit information is unavailable. 

207 
Table 6-3a: DETAILED LISTING OF ffOTHERf' CATEGORY, NAVY 

PARTICIPANTS, OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C. 

Air Force Special Weapons Center, Kirtland AFB, NM 

Bureau of Aeronautics, Washington, D.C. 

Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, D.C. 

Fort McClellan, AL (sic)* 

Naval Air Material Center, Philadelphia, PA 

Naval Air Special Weapons Facility 

Naval Air Station, Moffett, CA 

Naval Air Station, North Island, CA 

Naval Air Station, Point Mugu, CA 

Naval Air Station, Seattle, WA 

Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, Point Hueneme, CA 

Naval Hospital, Portsmouth, VA 

Naval Postgraduate College, Monterey, CA 

Naval Medical Laboratory, New London, CT 

Navy Observers 

Office of Naval Research, Washington, D.C. 

USA Chemical Center (sic) 

VP-5 Air Squadron (sic) 

1st Marine Division 

3d Marine Division 

*"Sic" indicates that the units and/or home stations appear as 

they were entered in the source documentation. 

208 
Table 6-4: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR 

MARINE CORPS PARTICIPANTS AT UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Units 

Camp Pendleton, CA - Observers 

Company C, Headquarters Battalion 

Washington, D.C. - Observers 

Headquarters Company, Headquarters Battalion 

3d Marine Division 

Fleet Marine Force Pacific 

Headquarters, Squadron 16, Marine Air Group 16 

Air Fleet Marine Force Pacific 

Headquarters; 2d Marine Corps Atomic Exercise 

Brigade, Camp Pendleton, CA 

Marine Air Base Squadron 16, Marine Air Group 16 

Air Fleet Marine Force Pacific 

Marine Corps School, Quantico, VA - Observers 

Marine Helicopter Atomic Test Unit 

Marine Helicopter Squadron 162, Marine Air Group 16 

Air Fleet Force Pacific 

Marine Helicopter Squadron 163, Marine Air Group 16 

Air Fleet Marine Force Pacific 

Marine Helicopter Squadron 361, Marine Air Group 16 

Air Fleet Marine Force Pacific 

Marine Helicopter Squadron 362, Marine Air Group 16 

Air Fleet Marine Force Pacific 

Marine Helicopter Squadron 363, Marine Air Group 16 

Air Fleet Marine Force Pacific 

1st Battalion, 3d Marines, 3d Marine Division 

1 st Battalion, 8th Marines, 2d Marine Division 

1 st Provisional Marine Corps Guided Missile 

Battalion, China Lake, CA - Observer 

2d Battalion, 3d Marines, 3d Marine Division 

Observers - Unit Unknown 

Other" 

Unit Unknown"' 

Total 

Personnel 

Identified 

by Name 

5 

25 

30 

16 

30 

15 

27 

1 

90 

28 

39 

37 

20 

24 

869 

1 

894 

97 

36 

2 

2,286 

Personnel 

Identified 

by Name and 

by Film Badge 

4 

2 

6 

0 

4 

2 

18 

1 

3 

3 

1 

1 

3 

0 

24 

1 

44 

11 

14 

2 

144 

Average 

Gamma 

Exposure 

(Roentgens1 

1.658 

0.000 

2.433 

4.085 

0.530 

2.273 

4.51 0 

0.934 

0.033 

0.075 

0.31 5 

0.040 

2.929 

7.670 

2.962 

1.445 

0.007 

0.670 

2.1 74 

Gamma Exposure IRoentgens) 

<1 1 .l-1.0 

l4 0 I 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

3 

0 

1 

1.0-3.0 

4 

0 

1 

0 

0 

10 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7 

0 

5 

2 

0 

1 

31 

- 

3.0-5.0 

0 

0 

2 

3 

0 

5 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

10 

0 

28 

3 

0 

0 

52 

- 

- 

5.0+ 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

1 

4 

0 

0 

- 

0 

10 

For list of units in this table, see table 64 

** Unit information is unavailable. 

209 
Table 6-4a: DETAILED LISTING OF "OTHER" CATEGORY, 

MARINE CORPS PERSONNEL AND AFFILIATES, 

OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Battery 6, 3d Battalion, 10th Marine Regiment 

Battery B, 1st Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion 

Battery C, 1st Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion 

Headquarters and Service Company, 3d Motor Transport Battalion 

Headquarters Battery, 16th Marine Regiment, 3d Marine Division 

Headquarters Company, Headquarters Battalion, 1st Marine Division 

Marine Air Base Station 16, Marine Air Group 36, 3d Marine Air 

Mobile 

Mobile 

3d Marine Division, Fleet Marine Force 

Wing 

2d Ordnance Battalion, 2d Marine Division, Camp Lejeune, NC 

5th Marine Corps Reserve District, Arlington, VA 

Observers: 

Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy 

Company H, 2d Recruit Training Battalion, Parris Island, SC 

Headquarters and Service Company, 6th Marine Regiment 

Headquarters Battery 1/12, 3d Marine Division, Fleet Marine 

Headquarters Company, Force Troops, Fleet Marine Force 

Headquarters Company, Headquarters Battalion, Marine Corps 

Headquarters Company, Headquarters Battalion, Marine Corps 

Headquarters Squadron 2, 2d Marine Air Wing, Fleet Marine 

Headquarters Squadron 3, 3d Marine Air Wing, Fleet Marine 

Joint Tactical Air Support Board 

Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, CA 

Service Maintenance Squadron 1, Marine Corps Air Station 

2d Marine Division 

Force 

Pacific 

Recruit Depot, Parris Island, SC 

Recruit Depot, San Diego, CA 

Force, Marine Corps Air Station 

Force, Marine Corps Air Station 

El Toro, CA 

210 
Table 6-5: DISTRIBUTION 0 

AIR FORCE PERS 

OPERATION UPS 

Units 

Bergstrom AFB, TX 

Brooks AFB. TX 

Carswell AFB, TX 

Castle AFB, CA 

Clovis AFB, NM 

Forbes AFB, KS 

Headquarters, Air Research and Development 

~~ 

Command 

Headquarters, U.S. Air Force 

Holloman AFB, NM 

Keesler AFB, MS 

Kirtland AFB, NM 

Lackland AFB, TX 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory. CA 

Los Abmos Scientific Laboratory 

Lowry AFB, CO 

March AFB, CA 

McGuire AFB, NJ 

Rapid City AFB, SD 

Walker AFB, NM 

Westover AFB. MA 

Wichita Municipal Airport, KS 

Wright Air Development Center, Wright Patterson 

AFB, OH 

Wright Patterson AFB, OH 

55th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron 

514th Fighter Bomber Squadron 

4901st Support Wing, Kirtland AFB, NM 

4925th Test Group (Atomic), Kirtland AFB, NM 

4935th Air Base Squadron, Indian Springs AFB, NV 

Other’ 

I TOTAL 

For list of units in this category, see table 6-5a 

e GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR 

3NNEL AND AFFILIATES, 

40T-KNOTHOLE 

Personnel 

Identified 

by Neme 

3 

16 

10 

1 

2 

1 

11 

16 

22 

6 

194 

1 

42 

1 

64 

67 

2 

2 

1 

18 

2 

21 

1 

40 

10 

8 

41 

43 

111 

757 

Personnel 

Identified 

by Name and 

by Film Badge 

3 

16 

10 

1 

2 

1 

11 

16 

22 

6 

194 

1 

42 

1 

64 

67 

2 

2 

1 

18 

2 

21 

1 

40 

10 

8 

41 

43 

111 

757 

211 

Average 

Gamma 

Exposure 

(Roentgens1 

2.910 

0.684 

0.1 05 

1.920 

0.973 

2.025 

0.010 

0.309 

0.114 

1.571 

0.214 

1.010 

0.803 

4.610 

2.258 

0.419 

3.422 

3.487 

17.500 

0.036 

4.635 

3.383 

6.350 

0.232 

0.101 

0.693 

1.004 

0.170 

0.136 

0.654 

- 

< .1 

0 

4 

9 

0 

- 

0 

0 

11 

12 

19 

0 

136 

0 

20 

0 

1 

20 

0 

0 

0 

17 

1 

3 

0 

11 

7 

4 

20 

31 

73 

399 

- 

- 

Gamma Expoaure (Roentgens) 

- 

.l-1.0 

0 

8 

- 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

2 

2 

3 

49 

0 

15 

0 

14 

40 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

6 

0 

29 

3 

2 

11 

9 

37 

233 

- 

- 

1.0-3.0 

2 

4 

0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

2 

1 

2 

6 

1 

2 

0 

28 

7 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

2 

5 

3 

1 

- 

71 

” 

3.45.0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

2 

0 

4 

1 

15 

0 

2 

2 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

33 

- 

- 

5.0 t 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

- 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

6 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

9 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

21 

- 

- 
Table 6-5a: DETAILED LISTING OF "OTHER" CATEGORY, AIR FORCE 

PARTICIPANTS, OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center 

Air Weather Service 

Albuquerque, NM (sic)* 

Bryan AFB, TX 

Company "A", Infantry, Desert Rock V (sic) 

Donaldson AFB, CA 

Francis E. Warren AFB, WY 

George AFB, CA 

Godman AFB, KY 

Headquarters, Air Defense Command, ENT AFB, CO 

Hunter AFB, GA 

Joint Task Force 132.4 

Kelley AFB, TX 

Langley AFB, VA 

Nellis AFB, NV 

Offutt AFB, NB 

Patrick AFB, FL 

Phillips Field AFB [Support], Aberdeen, MD 

Project 23.1 

Randolph Field, TX 

Shaw AFB, SC 

Travis AFB, CA 

3rd Aircraft and Airways Communications Squadron, Mather AFB, CA 

8th Air Force, Carswell AFB, TX 

38th Air Division, Hunter AFB, GA 

62nd Troop Carrier Wing 

442nd Bombardment Squadron, Mather AFB, CA 

443rd Bombardment Squadron 

1090th Special Reporting Group, Sandia Base, NM 

3225th Drone Squadron, Holloman AFB, NM 

3381st Technical Training Squadron, Keesler AFB, MS 

3540th Fighter Group (sic) [Radiological Warfare Defense Unit] 

4909th Organizational Maintenance Squadron, Kirtland AFB, NM 

4910th Air Base Group, Kirtland AFB, NM 

6555th Guided Missile Squadron, Patrick AFB, FL 

*"Sic" indicates that units and/or home stations appear in this 

table as they were entered in the source documentation. 

212 
Table 6-6: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR 

SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL, CONTRACTORS, AND 

AFFILIATES, OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Units 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project 

Allied Research Association 

Armour Research Foundation 

Directorate of Weapons Effect Tests 

North American Aviation 

Odgen Transportation, UT 

Stanford Research Institute 

University of California, Los Angeles 

University of lllmois 

University of Rochester 

Other” 

Unit Unknown** 

TOTAL 

Personnel 

Identified 

by Name 

5 

6 

6 

128 

2 

2 

10 

16 

2 

6 

37 

2 

222 

Personnel 

Identified 

by Name and 

by Film Badge 

5 

6 

6 

128 

2 

2 

10 

16 

2 

6 

31 

2 

222 

Average 

Gamma 

Exposure 

(Roentgens) 

0.395 

1.491 

1.499 

0.61 1 

2.432 

1.047 

0.667 

0.967 

0.760 

0.589 

0.191 

1.127 

0.638 

L 

- 

<.l 

2 

3 

- 

1 

58 

a 

0 

3 

6 

1 

1 

21 

0 

- 

96 

- 

Gamma Exposure (Roentgens) 

- 

.l-1.0 

2 

1 

- 

1 

45 

0 

0 

4 

5 

0 

4 

16 

- 

1 

79 

- 

1.0-3.0 I 3.05.0 

1 

1 

4 

22 

2 

2 

3 

4 

1 

1 

OI 1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

42 1 2 

- 

5.0 + 

0 

1 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

- 

0 

- 

a 

3 

- 

‘For list of units in this category, see table 6-6a 

“Unit information is unavailable. 

213 
Table 6-6a: DETAILED LISTING OF "OTHER" CATEGORY, 

SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL, CONTRACTORS, AND 

AFFILIATES, OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

APA INC (sic)* 

Bendic KC Observer (sic) 

Columbia University 

General DynamicsjConvair Division 

Department of Defense 

Eastman Kodak 

Federal Civil Defense Administration 

Federal Services 

Joint Committee on Atomic Energy Staff [Congressional Committee] 

Lear Inc., Los Angeles, CA 

Member of Congress 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

PBS (sic) 

Scripps Institute of Oceanography 

Tracer Laboratory, Inc. 

University of California 

University of Dayton 

University of Chicago 

U.S. Government (sic) 

*''Sic" indicates that the table entry appears as it was entered 

in the source documentation. 

214 
Table 6-7: FILM BADGE READINGS EXCEEDING ESTABLISHED 

LIMITS FOR JTO PARTICIPANTS AT OPERATION 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Unit 

Allied Research Associates 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project 

Army 1090th Reporting Group 

Ballistic Research Laboratories 

Bergstrom Air Force Base 

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 

Bureau of Ships 

Commander Amphibious Group 3 

Commander Task Group 7.3 

Desert Rock V ** 

Directorate Weapons Effects Test 

Evans Signal Laboratory 

Fort McClellan Radiation Safety 

Keesler Air Force Base 

Kirtland Air Force Base 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratories 

Lowry Air Force Base, CO 

Naval Amphibious Base, Coronado, CA 

Naval Hospital, San Diego, CA 

Naval Medical Research Institute 

Naval Ordnance Test Center 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Supply Center, Norfolk, VA 

Naval Training Center 

Radiological Safety Support Unit 

University of California, Los Angeles 

Walker Air Force Base 

Wichita Municipal Airport 

Wright Air Development Center 

Wright Patterson Air Force Base 

1 st Battalion, 8th Marines** 

1st Provisional Marine Corps Guided Missile 

4925th Test Group 

Unknown, Navy 

TOTAL 

Battalion, China Lake, CA+" 

Number of 

Personnel 

1 

1 

1 

4 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

2 

48 

1 

2 

3 

1 

7 

1 

1 

9 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

9 

1 

2 

1 

1 

3 

119 

Total 

Exposure (Roentgens)* 

6.9 

14.1 

5.2 

4.0, 4.7. 4.8. 7.7 

4.3 

5.8. 8.9 

4.2 

6.0 

8.6 

7.1 

4.4, 7.5, 7.8 

16.1, 16.9 

3.9, 3.9, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0, 

4.0, 4.1, 4.1, 4.1, 4.1, 4.1, 4.1, 

4.1, 4.1, 4.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.2, 4.2, 

4.2, 4.3, 4.3, 4.4, 4.4. 4.4. 4.4, 

4.6, 4.6, 4.6, 4.7, 4.7, 4.8, 5.1, 

5.3, 5.5. 5.6, 5.6, 6.5, 7.7. 7.8. 

7.8, 8.4, 8.4.8.5, 16.1, 16.8 

4.8 

4.3, 5.1 

4.5, 4.6, 8.8 

4.6 

4.4, 5.2, 5.5.5.6, 5.7. 6.9. 8.7 

6.6 

5.9 

4.1, 4.4. 5.9, 6.1, 6.1, 6.5, 7.0, 

7.9, 8.2 

7.7 

4.0, 4.4. 4.5 

4.6 

7.0 

3.9 

4.2 

17.5 

9.2 

5.0, 5.1, 5.7. 6.9, 6.9, 7.2, 7.4, 

8.1, 8.9 

6.4 

6.2, 7.1 

7.7 

14.7 

4.4, 6.1, 6.4 

*Exposures rounded to nearest tenth of a roentgen. 

**Subject to 6.0 Desert Rock V limit. 

215 
Table 6-8: RECONSTRUCTED DOSES FOR DESERT ROCK OBSERVERS 

SHOT 

CALCULATED AVERAGE 

GAMMA DOSE 

(roentgens) 

AVERAGE NEUTRON DOSE 

(roentgens) 

ANNIE 

NANCY 

NANCY * 

DIXIE 

RAY 

BADGER 

BADGER* 

SIMON 

SIMON* 

ENCORE 

HARRY 

GRABLE 

0.52 

0.35 

0.64 

0 

0 

1.3 

6.1**/7.2 

0.52 

13.6**/13.6 

0.1 

1.3 

0.04 

0.018 

<0.001 

0.63 

0 

0 

<0.001 

2.4 

0.003 

28 

<0.001 

(0.001 

(0.001 

~~~~ 

*Volunteer officer observers 

**These gamma doses are the average from actual film badge 

readings for the volunteer officer observers at Shots BADGER 

and SIMON. One volunteer officer observer witnessed all three 

shots and had a total exposure of 26.6 roentgens for the series 

(70; 239; 241). 

216 
OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE RIBLIOGHAPHY 

The following bibliography represents all the 

documents cited in the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series 

volumes. When a DNA-WT document is followed 

by an EX, the latest version has been cited. 

217 
AVAILABILITY INFORMATION 

An availability statement has been included at the end of 

the reference citation for those readers who wish to read or 

obtain copies of source documents. Availability statements were 

correct at the time the bibliography was prepared. It is 

anticipated that many of the documents marked unavailable may 

become available during the declassification review process. The 

Coordination and Information Center (CIC) and the National 

Technical Information Service (NTIS) will be provided future 

DNA-WT documents bearing an EX after the report number. 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of CIC 

may be reviewed at the following address: 

Department of Energy 

Coordination and Information Center 

(Operated by Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Co., Inc.) 

ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley 

2753 S. Highland 

P.O. Box 14100 Phone: (702) 734-3194 

Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of NTIS 

may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service. 

When ordering by mail or phone, please include both the price 

code and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses 

before the NTIS order number. 

National Technical Information Service 

5285 Port Royal Road Phone: (703) 487-4650 

Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office) 

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by 

writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or by calling 

(703) 487-4660. 

218 
UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE SERIES VOLUME BIBLIOGRAPHY 

1. 9778th Radiological Safety Support Unit. 

a. Cumulative Radiological Listing (I31021 with Exposure 

Roster and Film Badge Number. Spring 1953 Tests. 

HEECo Box 13; Cartridge/Holl 5.  

b. "Exposure of DOD Personnel Participating in Spring 

1953 Tests at Nevada Proving Ground." Mercury, NV.: 

9778th Rad Safe Support Unit. l1953.1 

141 Pages.** ** 

2. AFSWP, Military Effects Group. Memorandum for Test 

Director, Subject: Military Effects Group Shot 

No. 1 [ANNIE], Operational Report. Mercury, NV. 

18 March 1953. 3 Pages.** 

3. AFSWP, Military Effects Group. Memorandum for Test 

Director, Subject: Military Effects Group Shot 

CLIMAX, Operational Report. Mercury, NV. 

6 June 1953. 2 Pages.** 

4. AFSWP, Military Effects Group. Memorandum for Test 

Director, Subject: Military Effects Group Shot 

No. 4 [DIXIE], Operational Report. Mercury, NV. 

7 April 1953. 6 Pages.** 

5. AFSWP, Military Effects Group. Memorandum for Test 

Director, Subject: Military Effects Group Shot 

No. 9 Operational Heport, ENCORE. Mercury, NV. 

11 May 1953. 12 Pages.** 

6. AFSWP, Military Effects Group. Memorandum for Test 

Director, Subject: Military Effects Group Shot 

GRABLE, Operational Report. Mercury, NV. 

29 May 1953. 8 Pages.** 

7. DELETED. 

8. AFSWP, Military Effects Group. Memorandum for Test 

Director, Subject: Military Effects Group Shot 

HARRY, Operational Report. Mercury, NV. 20 May 

1953. 2 Pages.** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

219 
9. AFSWP, Military Effects Group. Memorandum for Test 

Director, Subject: Military Effects Group Shot 

No. 2 [NANCY], Operational Report. Mercury, NV. 

25 March 1953. 3 Pages.**  

10. AFSWP, Military Effects Group. Memorandum for Test 

Director, Subject: Military Effects Group Shot 

No. 5 [RAY], Operational Report. Mercury, NV. 

13 April 1953. 2 Pages. 

11. AFSWP, Military Effects Group. Memorandum for Test 

Director, Subject: Military Effects Group Shot 

No. 3 [RUTH], Operational Report. Mercury, NV. 

1 April 1953. 3 Pages.** 

12. AFSWP, Military Effects Group. Memorandum for Test 

Director, Subject: Military Effects Group Shot 

No. 7 [SIMON], Operational Report. Mercury, NV. 

27 April 1953. 4 Pages.** 

13. Aguiar, E. P. Letter to the Defense Nuclear Agency, 

Subject: Participation at Shot BADGER. Hayward, 

CA. Undated. 3 Pages.  

14. Air Force Cambridge Research Center. "Prototype of Biomedical Effects Chapter - Program 4 - of Technical 

Director's Final Summary Report, UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE." 

Cambridge, MA.: AFCRC. June 1954. 16 Pages.** * 

15. Albuquerque Journal. "Four Marines from Here at Bomb Test 

Site." Albuquerque, NM. April 16, 1953. 1 Page. 

16. Alfonte, William A. Memorandum: Unit Participation in 

GRABLE, w/attachments. Santa Barbara, CA.: DOD 

Nuclear Information and Analysis Center. February 

14, 1978. 6 Pages.*** 

17. Anderson, F. E., Jr.; Fraser, J. F.; Marcniec, W. F.; et 

al. "Operation KNOTHOLE 1, Field Trip Report." 

University of Illinois, Department of Civil 

Engineering. Urbana, IL.: University of Illinois. 

June 20, 1953. 18 Pages.*** 

18. Armstrong, D. "Activities of the Artillery Test Units." 

U.S. Army Artillery Center. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-709. September 1953. 

41 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

220 
19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

Artillery Test Unit. Operations Order 1, w/3 incls. 

Battery A, 867th FA Bn. Camp Desert Rock, NV.: 

Hqs, Camp Desert Rock. 12 May 1953. 14 Pages.**  

Atomic Energy Commission. [Memoranda on Troop 

Participation.] Washington, D.C.: Atomic Energy 

Commission. March 1953. 12 Pages.** 

Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Biology and Medicine. 

"Sheep Losses Adjacent to the Nevada Proving 

Grounds. " Washington, D.C. November 4, 1953. 

16 Pages.*** 

Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director. 

[Extracts: Access Lists by Project for Each Shot. 1 

Camp Mercury, NV. : AEC. 1955. 48 Pages. 

Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director. 

[Correspondence File, Subject: Manned Station 

Personnel for Individual Shots, 9 January - 3 June 

1953. ] Mercury, NV. 1953. 42 Pages.** 

Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director. 

[Correspondence File, Memoranda to Distribution, 

Subject: Plans for GRAHLE, 20 May - 24 May 1953.1 

Mercury, NV. 1953. 12 Pages.** 

Atomic Energy Commission, Santa Fe Operations Office. 

Letter to Chief, AFSWP, Subject: Troop Participation 

in UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE; w/2 encls. [Santa Fe, NM.] 

January 8, 1953. 8 Pages.** 

Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director. 

Memorandum for Chief, Security Branch, Subject: 

Manned Stations, Access List [HARRY]. Mercury, NV. 

17 May 1953. 1 Page.** 

Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director. 

Memorandum for Deputy for Military Operations, 

Subject: Marine Helicopter Operations--Shot No. 5 

(RAY). Mercury, NV. 8 April 1953. 1 Page.** 

Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director. 

Memorandum for Deputy for Military Operations, 

Subject: Marine Helicopter Operation--ENCORE. 

Mercury, NV. 4 May 1953. 1 Page.** 

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Headquarters, 2d Marine Corp Provisional Atomic Exercise 

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Merritt, M. "Air Shock Pressures as Affected by Hills and 

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Moore, G. Effects on Engineer Bridging Equipment, 

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1954. 122 Pages. (A06) AD 370 261.* 

Morris W. E.; Petes, J. "Pressure Measurements for 

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195. Oesterling, J.; et al. "Thermal Radiation Protection 

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199. Oliver, F. J.; Caforek, R.; Smith, H.; et al. 

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200. Olmsted, G. ; Wowak, E. "Detection of Airborne Low 

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201. Olson, M. R.; Johnson, P.; Linder, Ab; et al. "Effects of 

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Rainey, C. T.; et al. Distribution and Characteristics Of 

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Richmond, 0. Minefield Clearance, Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, Project 3.18. Army, Engineer Research and 

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on AD Type Aircraft in Flight, Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE. Proiect 5.1. Naval Air Material Center. 

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214, Schlei, E. J, ; James, G. To ; Breidenbach, Lo ; et ala 

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215. Sevin, Eugene. Tests on the Loading of Truss Systems 

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216. Sevin, Eugene. Test on the Loading of Horizontal Aluminum 

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96 Pages.** * 

Sevin, Eugene. Tests on the Response of Wall and Roof 

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130 Pages.*** 

Shockley, W. G.; Turnbull, W. J. "Experimental Soil 

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60 Pages. *** 

Singlevich, Walter; Reed, C. K. "Calibration Analysis of 

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WT-765. September 1955. 61 Pages.*** 

Sinnamon, G. K.; Austen, W.; Newmark, N. M. Air Blast 

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Swift, L. M.; Sachs, D. Air Pressure and Ground Shock 

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241. Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock, Rad Safety Office. 

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ATTN: Strughold Library 

Air Force Systems Cornnand 

ATTN: Historian 

Air Force Technical Applications Center 

ATTN: Historian 

Air Force Systems Comnand 

Air Force Ueapons Laboratory 

ATTN: Tech Library 

Air National Guard 

ATTN: Historian 

Air Training Command 

ATTN: Historian 

Air University Library 

Department of the Air Force 

ATTN: AUL-LSE 

Military Air Lift Cornand 

ATTN: Historian 

Comnander-in-Chief 

Pacific Air Forces 

ATTN: Historian 

Tactical Air Comnand 

Department of the Air Force 

ATTN: Historian 

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE (Continued) 

Strategic Air Comnand 

Department of the Air Force 

ATTN: NRI-STINFO Library 

ATTN: Historian 

U.S. Air Force Occupational & Env Health Lab 

ATTN: NTPR 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

Department of Energy 

P.TTN: OMA 

Department of Energy 

Nevada Operations Office 

2 cy ATTN: R. Nutley 

ATTN: Health Physics Div 

Department of Energy 

Human Health & Assessments Oivision 

ATTN: EV-31 

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENm 

Centers for Disease Control 

U.S. Public Health Service 

ATTN: G. Caldwell 

Central Intelligence Agency 

ATTN: Office of Medical Services 

Department of Health & Human Svcs 

ATTN: Office of General Counsel 

Exec Dfc of The President 

Management 8 Budget Off Lib 

ATTN: Librn 

Library of Congress 

ATTN: Library Service Division 

ATTN: Science & Technology oiv 

ATTN: Serial & Govt Publication 

National Atomic Museum 

ATTN: Historian 

Department of Commerce 

National Bureau of Standards 

ATTN: Librn 

National Technical Information Service 

12 cy ATTN: Customer Services 

Occupational Safety & Health Admin 

ATTN: C. Wright 

Office of Health & Disability (ASPER) 

ATTN: R. Copeland 

Ofc of Workers Compensation Program 

Department of Labor 

ATTN: R. Larson 

U.S. Coast Guard Academy Library 

ATTN: Li brn 

U.S. House of Representatives 

ATTN: Comni ttee on Armed Svcs 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continuedl 

U.S. House of Representatives 

Comnittee on Interstate E Foreign Comnerce 

ATTN: Subcormnittee on Health E Envir 

U.S. Military Academy 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

U.S. Senate 

Comnittee on Armed Services 

ATTN: Comnittee on Veterans Affairs 

U.S. Senate 

ATTN: Committee on Veterans Affairs 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Providence, RI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Montgomery, AL 

ATTN : Di rector 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Anchorage, AK 

ATTN : Di rector 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Phoenix, A2 

ATTN : Di rector 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Little Rock, AR 

ATTN : Director 

Los Angeles, CA 

Veterans Administration-RO 

ATTN : Di rector 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Sdn Francisco, CA 

ATTN : Di rector 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Denver, CO 

ATTN : Di rector 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Hartford, CT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Wilmington. DE 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-OFC Central 

Washington. 0. C. 

ATTN: Dept Veterans Benefit. Central Ofc 

ATTN: Director 

ATTN: Board of Veteran Appeal 

Veterans Administration-RO 

St. Petersburg. FL 

ATTN : Di rector 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Atlanta, GA 

ATTN: Director 

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Honolulu, HI 

ATTN : Di rector 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Chicago, IL 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Seattle, WA 

ATTN : Di rector 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Indianapolis, IN 

ATTN : Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Des Moines, IA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Wichita, KS 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Louisville, KY 

ATTN : Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

New Orleans, LA 

ATTN : Director 

Togus, ME 

Veterans Administration-RO 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Ba 1 t imore , MD 

ATTN : Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Boston, MA 

ATTN : Di rector 

Veterans Adrninistration-RO 

St. Paul, MN 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Jackson. MS 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Huntington, WV 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

St. Louis, MO 

ATTN : Di recto, 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Ft. Harrison, MT 

ATTN : Director 

National Archives 

ATTN: Librn 

2-1 9 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Lincoln, NE 

ATTN: Director 

Reno, NV 

Veterans Administration-R0 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Manchester, NH 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Newark, NJ 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Milwaukee, WI

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

A1 buquerque, NM 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Buffalo, NY 

ATTN : Oi rector 

Veterans Administration-RO 

New York, NY 

ATTN: Director 

Winston-Salem. NC 

Veterans Administration-RO 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Fargo, ND 

ATTN : Di rector 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Cleveland. OH 

ATTN: Director 

Muskogee. OK 

Veterans Administration-RO 

ATTN : Di rector 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Portland, OR 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Pittsburgh, PA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Philadelphia, PA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

San Francisco, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

San Juan, Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Director 

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Columbia, SC 

Veterans Administration-R0 

ATTN : Director 

Sioux Falls, SD 

Veterans Administration-RO 

ATTN : Director 

Veterans Atjninistration-RO 

Houston, TX 

ATTN : Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Waco, TX 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Salt Lake City, UT 

ATTN : Director 

Veterans Admini strai ton-RO 

White River Junction, VT 

ATTN : Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Roanoke, VA 

ATTN : Di rector 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Cheyenne, WY 

ATTN : Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

San Diego. CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Boise, ID 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO 

Detroit. MI 

ATTN: Director 

Nashville, TN 

Veterans Atjninistration-RO 

ATTN : Director 

The White House 

ATTN: Domestic Policy Staff 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTORS 

Lawrence Livermore National Lab 

ATTN: Tech Info Dept Library 

Los Alamos National Lab 

ATTN: Library 

ATTN: ADPA MMS 195 

Sandia National Lab 

ATTN: W. Hereford 

ATTN: Central Library 

Reynolds Electrical & Engr Co., Inc 

ATTN: CIC 

ATTN: W. Brady 

250 
OTHER 

Adam State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Akron Publ ic Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

Alabama State Dept of Archives & History 

ATTN: Mi 1 i tary Records Div 

University of Alabama 

ATTN: Reference Dept/Docs 

University of Alaska Library at Anchorage 

ATTN : Li brn 

University of Alaska 

ATTN: Dit- of Libraries 

Albany Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Alexander City State Jr College 

ATTN: Librn 

Allegheny College 

ATTN : L i brn 

A1 len County Publ ic Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Altoona Area Public Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

American Statistics Index 

Congressional Info Service, Inc 

ATTN: Cathy Jarvey 

Anaheim Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

College of Wooster 

ATTN: Gov Docs 

Angelo State University Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

Angelo Iacoboni Public Library 

ATTY: Li brn 

Anoka County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Appalachian State University 

ATTN: Library Docs 

Arizona State University Library 

ATTN : Librn 

University of Arizona 

ATTN: Gov Doc Dept/C. Bower 

Arkansas College Library 

ATTN : L i bra ry 

Brooklyn College 

ATTN: Doc Div 

OTHER (Continued) 

Arkansas Library Corn 

ATTN: Library 

Arkansas State University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Arkansas 

ATTN: Gov Docs Di v 

Austin College 

ATTN: Librn 

Atlanta Publ ic Library 

ATTN: Ivan Allen Dept 

Atlanta University 

ATTN: Librn 

Auburn University Library rt Mongomery (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

C. W. Post Ctr Long Island University 

ATTN : L i brn 

Bangor Pub1 ic Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Bates hilege Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Baylor University Library 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

Beloit College Libraries 

ATTN: Serials Docs Dept 

Bemidji State College 

ATTN: Library 

State University College 

ATTN: Gov Docs 

Akron University 

ATTN : Gov Docs 

Boston Public Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

Bowdo i n Co 1 1 ege 

ATTN: Librn 

Bowling Green State University 

ATTN: Lib Gov Docs Services 

Bradley University 

ATTN: Librn 

Brandeis University Library 

ATTN: Docs Section 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Librn 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Docs Collection 

Brookhaven National Laboratory 

ATTN: Tech Library 

251 
OTHER (Continued) 

Broward County Library Sys 

ATTN: Librn 

Brown University 

ATTN: Librn 

Bucknell University 

ATTN: Reference Oept 

Buffalo & Erie Co Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State University Library of California at Fresno 

ATTN: Library 

University Library of California at Los Anqeles 

ATTN: Pub Affairs Serv U.S. Docs 

University of California at San Diego 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

State College Library of California at Stanislaus 

ATTN: Library 

California State Polytechnic University Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

California State University at Northridge 

ATTN: Gov Doc 

California State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 

ATTN : Li brn 

Carnegie Mellon University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Carson Regional Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Unit 

Case Western Reserve University 

ATTN : L i brn 

Casper College 

ATTN : L i brn 

University of Central Florida 

ATTN: Library Docs Dept 

Central Michigan University 

ATTN: Library Docs Sec 

Central Missouri State Univ 

ATTN: Gov Docs 

Central State University 

ATTN: Lib Docs Dept 

Central Washington University 

ATTN: Lib Docs Sec 

Central Wyoming College Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

Charleston County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Charlotte & Mechlenburg County Public Library 

ATTN: E. Correll 

Chattanooga Hamilton County, Bicentennial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Chesapeake Public Library System 

ATTN: Librn 

Chicago Pub1 ic Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

State University of Chicago 

ATTN: Librn 

Chicago University Library 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

ATTN: Docs Processing 

Cincinnati University Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

Claremont Colleges Libraries 

ATTN: Doc Collection 

Clemson University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

California State University at Long Beach Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

California State University 

ATTN : L i brn 

California State University 

ATTN : Li brn 

Ca 1 

Cal 

Ca 1 

fornia University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept 

fornia University Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

fornia University Library 

ATTN: Gov Docs Dept 

California University Library 

ATTN: Docs Sec 

University of California 

ATTN: GOV Docs Oept 

Calvin College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kearney State Coli ege 

ATTN: Gov Docs Dept 

Cambria County Library Sys 

ATTN: Librn 

Carleton College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

252 
OTHER (Continuedl OTHER (Continued) 

Cleveland Public Library 

ATTN: Docs Collection 

Cleveland State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Coe Library 

ATTN : Docs Di v 

Colgate University Library 

ATTN: Ref Lib 

Colorado State University Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Colorado Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Columbia University Library 

ATTN: Docs Svc Ctr 

Columbus & Franklin Cty Public Library 

ATTN: Gen Rec Di v 

Compton Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

Connecticut State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Gov't of Connecticut 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Cornel1 University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Corpus Christi State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Culver City Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Curry College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Asheville 

ATTN : Li brn 

Dallas County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dallas Publ ic Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dalton Junior College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dartmouth College 

ATTN: Li brn 

Davenport Publ ic Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Davidson College 

ATTN: Librn 

Dayton 8 Montgomery City Publ ic Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Dayton 

ATTN : L i brn 

Decatur Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dekalb Cmunity College So Cpus 

ATTN: Librn 

Delaware Pauw University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Delaware 

ATTN: Librn 

Delta College Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Delta State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Denison University Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

Denver Public Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Docs Div 

Dept of Library & Archives (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

Detroit Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Burlington Library 

ATTN . Li brn 

Dickinson State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Alabama Agricultural Mechanical University & Coll 

ATTN : Li brn 

Drake University 

ATTN: Cowles Library 

Drew University 

ATTN: Librn 

Duke University 

ATTN: Pub Docs Dept 

Duluth Public Library 

ATTN: Docs Sec 

East Carolina University 

ATTN: Lib Docs Dept 

East Central University 

ATTN: Librn 

East Islip Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 
OTHER (Continuedl 

East Orange Public Library 

ATTN: U.S. Gov't Depository 

East Tennessee State University Sherrod Library 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

East Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

Monmouth County Library Eastern Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Illinois University 

ATTN : L i brn 

Eastern Kentucky University 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Michigan University Library 

ATTN: Library 

Eastern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

Eastern New Mexico University 

ATTN : Li brn 

Eastern Oregon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Washington University 

ATTN : Li brn 

El Paso Public Library 

ATTN: Docs & Geneology Dept 

Elk0 County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Elmira College 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Elon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Enoch Pratt Free Library 

ATTN: Docs Ofc 

Emory University 

ATTY: Li brn 

Evansville I Vanderburgh Cty Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Everett Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Fairleigh Dickinson University 

ATTN: Depository Dept 

Florida A I M University 

ATTN : L i brn 

Florida Atlantic University Library 

ATTN: Oiv of Pub Docs 

Florida Institute of Technology 

ATTN: Library 

Florida International University Library 

ATTN: Docs Sec 

Florida State Library 

ATTN: Docs Sec 

Florida State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Florida 

ATTN: Docs Oept 

Fond Du Lac Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ft Hays State University 

Ft Hays Kansas State College 

ATTN : L i brn 

Ft Worth Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Free Public Library of Elizabeth 

ATTN: Librn 

Free Public Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Freeport Public Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

Fresno Cty Free Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Gadsden Pub1 ic Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Garden Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Gardner Webb College 

ATTN: Docs Library 

Gary Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Geauga Cty Public Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

Georgetorm University Library 

ATTN: Gov Docs Room 

Georgia Institute of Technology 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgia Southern College 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgia Southwestern College 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Georgia State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

2 54 
OTHER (Continued) 

University of Georgia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Glassboro State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Gleeson Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Graceland College 

ATTN: Librn 

Grand Forks Public City-County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Grand Rapids Public Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

Greenville County Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Guam RFK Memorial University Library 

ATTN: Fed Depository Coll 

University of Guam 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Herbert H. Lehman College 

ATTN: Lib Docs Div 

Hofstra University Library 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

Hollins College 

ATTN: Librn 

Hopkinsville Comnunity College 

ATTN: Librn 

Wagner Coll ege 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Houston Library 

ATTN: Docs Div 

Houston Public Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Tulane University 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

Hoyt Public Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

tiumboldt State College Library 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

Huntington Park Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Hutchinson Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho Public Library & Information Center 

ATTN : L i brn 

Idaho State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho State University Library 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

University of Idaho 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

ATTN: Docs Sec 

University of Illinois Library 

ATTN: Docs Sec 

Illinois State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Gov Docs Br 

Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign 

ATTN: P. Watson Docs Lib 

Illinois Valley Comnunity College 

ATTN: Library 

Illinois State University 

ATTN: Li brn 

Indiana State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Serial Sec 

Indiana State University 

ATTN: Docs Library 

Gustavus Adolphus College 

ATTN: Librn 

South Dakota University ATTN: Librn 

Hardin-Simnons University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hartford Public Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Serials Rec Div 

University of Hawaii Library 

ATTN: Gov Docs Coll 

Hawaii State Library 

ATTN : Fed Docs Unit 

University of Hawaii at Monoa 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Hawaii 

Hilo Campus Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Haydon Burns Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hennepin County Library 

ATTN: Gov Docs 

Henry Ford Cmunity College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

255 
OTHER (Continued) 

Indiana University Library 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

Indianapolis Marion County Public Library 

ATTN: Social Science Div 

Iowa State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Docs Dept 

Iowa Univergi ty Library 

ATTN: Gov Docs Dept 

Butler University 

ATTN: Librn 

Isaac Del chdo Col 1 ege 

ATTN: Librn 

James Madison University 

ATTN : L i brn 

Jefferson County Public Library 

Lakewood Regional Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Jersey City State College 

ATTN: F. A. Irwin Library Periodicals 

Doc Sec 

Johns Hopkins University 

ATTN: Docs Library 

La Roche College 

ATTN : Li brn 

Johnson Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kalamazoo Public Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

Kansas City Public Library 

ATTN: Docs Div 

Kansas State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kansas State University Library 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

University of Kansas 

ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg) 

University of Texas 

ATTN: Lyndon 8. Johnson School of Public 

Affairs Library 

Maine Maritime Academy 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Kent State University Library 

ATTN: Oocs Div 

Kentucky Dept of Library & Archives 

ATTN: Docs Sec 

University of Kentucky 

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg) 

Kenyon College Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

Lake Forest College 

ATTN: Librn 

Lake Sumter Comnunity College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lakeland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lmcaster Regional Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lawrence University 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Docs & Map Sec 

Lewis University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Library and Statutory Dist & Svc 

2 cy ATTN: Librn 

Earl ham College 

ATTN : Li brn 

Little Rock Public Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Long Beach Public Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Los Angeles Pub1 ic Library 

ATTN: Serials Div U.S. Docs 

Louisiana State University 

ATTN: Gov Doc Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Louisville Free Public Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Louisville University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hoover Institution 

University of Maine ATTN: J. Bingham 

ATTN: Librn 

256 
OTHER (Continued) OTHER (Continued) 

Manchester City Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Mankato State College 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

University of Maine at Farmington 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Marathon County Publ ic Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Principia College 

ATTN: Librn 

Un i vers i ty of Mary1 and 

ATTN: McKeldin Library Docs Div 

University of Maryland 

ATTN : L i brn 

University of Massachusetts 

ATTN: Gov Docs Coll 

Maui Public Library 

KahullJi Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

McNeese State University 

ATTN : L i brn 

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library & 

Information Center 

ATTN : L i brn 

Memphis State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Mercer University 

ATTN: Librn 

Mesa County Public Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

Miami Dade Comnunity College 

ATTN: Li brn 

University of Miami Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

Miami Publ ic Library 

ATTN: Docs Div 

Miami University Library 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

University of Santa Clara 

ATTN: Docs Div 

Michigan State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Michigan State University Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Michigan Tech University 

ATTN: Lib Docs Dept 

University of Michigan 

ATTN: Acq Sec Docs Unit 

Middlebury College Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

Millersville State College 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Docs Librn 

Milwaukee Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Minneapolis Public Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

University of Minnesota 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Minot State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Mississippi State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Mississippi 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Missouri University at Kansas City General 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Missouri Library 

ATTN : Gov Docs 

M.I.T. Libraries 

ATTN : L i brn 

Mobile Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Info Div 

Midwestern University 

ATTN: Librn 

Montana State Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

Montana State University Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

University of Montana 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Mntebello Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Moorhead State College 

ATTN: Library 

Mt Prospect Public Library 

ATTN: Gov't Info Ctr 

Murray State University Library 

ATTN; Lib 

257 
OTHER (Continued) 

Nassau Library System 

ATTN : Li brn 

Natrona County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Nebraska Library Community 

Nebraska Public Clearinghouse 

ATTN : L i brn 

University of Nebraska at Omaha 

ATTN: Univ Lib Docs 

Nebraska Western College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Nebraska 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Nebraska Library 

ATTN: Acquisitions Oept 

University of Nevada Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

University of Nevada at Las Vegas 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

New Hampshire University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New Hanover County Public Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

New Mexico State Library 

ATTN: L i brn 

New Mexico State University 

ATTN: Lib Docs Div 

University of New Mexico 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of New Orleans Library 

ATTN: Gov Docs Div 

New Orleans Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New York Publ ic Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

New York State Library 

ATTN: Docs Control Cultural Ed Ctr 

State University of New York at Stony Brook 

ATTN: Main Lib Docs Sec 

at Cortland 

State University of New York Col Memorial Lib 

ATTN: L i brn 

State University of New York 

North Texas State University Library 

ATTN: Lib Docs Sec 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Librn 

New York State University 

ATTN: Docs Ctr 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

New York University Library 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

Newark free Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Newark Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Niagara Falls Public Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Nicholls State University Library 

ATTN: Docs Div 

Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Norfolk Publ ic Library 

ATTN: R. Parker 

North Carolina Agricultural E Tech State 

University 

ATTN : L i brn 

University of North Carolina at Charlotte 

ATTN: Atkins Lib Doc Dept 

University Library of North Carolina at Greensboro 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Wilmington 

ATTN: Librn 

North Carolina Central University 

ATTN : L i brn 

North Carolina State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina 

ATTN: BA SS Di v Docs 

North Dakota State University Library 

ATTN: Docs Li brn 

University of North Dakota 

North Georgia College 

ATTN: Li brn 

ATTN: Li brn 

Minnesota Div cf Emergency Svcs 

ATTN: Li brn 

258 
OTHER (Continued) OTHER (Continuedl 

Oklahoma Department of Libraries 

ATTN: U.S. Gov Docs 

University of Oklahoma 

ATTN: Docs Div 

Old Dominion University 

ATTN: Doc Dept Univ Lib 

01 i vet Col 1 ege Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Omaha Public Library Clark Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

Onondaga County Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Docs Sec 

Oregon State Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

University of Oregon 

ATTN: Docs Sec 

Ouachita Baptist University 

ATTN: Librn 

Pan American University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Passaic Public Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Queens Col 1 ege 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

Pennsylvania State Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Sec 

Pennsylvania State University 

ATTN : Lib Doc Sec 

University of Pennsylvania 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Denver 

ATTN: Penrose Library 

Peoria Publ i c Library 

ATTN: Business, Science & Tech Dept 

Free Library of Philadelphia 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Phil ipsburg Free Publ ic Library 

ATTN : Library 

Phoenix Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Docs Office, G8 

Plainfield Publ ic Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Northeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern Oklahoma State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern University 

ATTN: Dodge Library 

Northern Arizona University Library 

ATTN: Gov Docs Dept 

Northern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northern Michigan University 

ATTN: Docs 

Northem Montana College Library 

ATTN : 

Northwestern 

ATTN : 

Northwestern 

ATTN : 

Northwestern 

ATTN : 

Northwestern 

ATTN : 

Librn 

Michigan College 

L i brn 

State University 

Librn 

State University Library 

Librn 

University Library 

Gov Pubs Dept 

Notwal k Publ ic Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Northeastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Notre Dame 

ATTN: Doc Ctr 

Oakland Community College 

ATTN: Librn 

Oakland Public Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Oberl in College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ocean County College 

ATTN: Librn 

Ohio State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ohio State University 

ATTN: Lib Docs Div 

Ohio University Library 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

Oklahoma City University 

GTTN : L i brn 

Oklahma City University 

ATTN: Librn 

Library 

Library 

259 
OTHER (Continued) 

Popular Creek Public Library District 

ATTN: Librn 

Association of Portland Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

Portland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Portland State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Pratt Institute Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Louisiana Tech University 

ATTN : L i brn 

Princeton University Library 

ATTN: Docs Div 

Providence College 

ATTN: Librn 

Providence Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library Cincinnati & Hamilton County 

ATTN : L i brn 

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Doc & Maps Room 

Purdue University Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Quinebaug Valley Comnunity College 

ATTN : L i brn 

Auburn University 

ATTN: Microforms & Docs Dept 

Rapid City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Reading Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Reed College Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

Augusta College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Rhode Island Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Ofc 

University of Rhode Island 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Rice Un i vers i ty 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Louisiana College 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Richland County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Riverside Public Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

University of Rochester Library 

ATTN: Docs Sec 

University of Rutgers Camden Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of Rutgers 

ATTN: Librn 

Rutgers University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Rutgers University Law Library 

ATTN: Fed Docs Cept 

Salem College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Samford University 

ATTN: Librn 

San Antonio Public Library 

ATTN: Bus Science & Tech Cept 

San Diego County Library 

ATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions 

San Diego Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

San Diego State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

San Francisco Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Docs Dept 

San Francisco State College 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Coll 

San Jose State College Library 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

San Luis Obispo City-County Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

Savannah Public & Effingham Liberty Regional 

Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Scottsbluff Publ ic Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Scranton Publ ic Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

Seattle Publ ic Library 

ATTN: Ref Docs Asst 
OTHER (Continued) 

Selby Pub1 ic Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Shawnee Library System 

ATTN : L i brn 

Shreve Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Silas Bronson Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Sioux City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Skidmore College 

ATTN : Li brn 

Slippery Rock State College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

South Carolina State Library 

ATTN: Li brn 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN : L i brn 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Gov Docs 

South Dakota School of Mines & Technical Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

South Dakota State Library 

ATTN: Fed Docs Dept 

University of South Dakota 

ATTN: Docs Librn 

South Florida University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Southeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library 

ATTN: Docs Sec 

University of Southern Alabama 

ATTN : L i brn 

Southern California University Library 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

Southern Connecticut State College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern I11 inois University 

ATTN : L i brn 

Southern Illinois University ATTN: Docs Ctr 

OTHER (Continuedl 

Southern Methodist University 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Oregon College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern University in New Orleans Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Utah State College Library 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

Southwest Missouri State College 

ATTN: Library 

University of Southwestern Louisiana Libraries 

ATTN : Li brn 

Southwestern University 

ATTN: Librn 

Spokane Public Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

Springfield City Library 

ATTN: Docs Sec 

St Bonaventure University 

ATTN: Librn 

St Joseph Public Library 

ATTN: Li brn 

St Lawrence University 

ATTN : Li brn 

St Louis Public Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

St Paul Public Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

Stanford University Library 

ATTN. Gov Docs Dept 

State Historical SOC Library 

ATTN: Docs Serials Sec 

State Library of Massachusetts 

ATTN . Li brn 

State Vniversity of New York 

ATTN: Librn 

Stetson University 

ATTN : L i brn 

University of Steubenville 

ATTN : Li brn 

Stockton A San Joaquin Public Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Stockton State College Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

A1 bion Col 1 ege 

ATTN: Gov Docs Librn 

University of Southern Mississippi 

ATTN: Library 
0 Tw OTHER (Continued) 

Superior Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Swarthmore College Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

Syracuse University Library 

ATTN: Docs Div 

Tacoma Pub1 ic Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hillsborough County Public Library at Tampa 

ATTN: Librn 

Temple University 

ATTN : L i brn 

Tennessee Technological University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Tennessee 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

College of Idaho 

ATTN : Li brn 

Texas A & M University Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

University of Texas at Arlington 

ATTN: Library Docs 

University of Texas at San Antonio 

ATTN: Library 

Texas Christian University 

ATTN: Librn 

Texas State Library 

ATTN: U.S. Docs Sec 

Texas Tech University Library 

ATTN: Gov Docs Dept 

Texas University at Austin 

ATTN : Docs Col 1 

University of Toledo Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Toledo Public Library 

ATTN: Social Science Dept 

Torrance Civic Center Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Traverse City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Trenton Free Public Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Trinity College Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Trinity University Library 

ATTN: Docs Coll 

Tufts University Library 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

University of Tulsa 

ATTN: Librn 

UCLA Research Library 

ATTN: Pub Affairs Svc/U.S. Docs 

Uniformed Services University of the Health 

Sciences 

ATTN: LRC Library 

University libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

University of Maine at Oreno 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Northern Iowa 

ATTN: Library 

Upper Iowa College 

ATTN: Docs Coll 

Utah State University 

ATTN : L i brn 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Special Collections 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

ATTN: Dept of Pharmacology 

Utica Public Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

Val encia Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Valparaiso University 

ATTN: Librn 

Vanderbilt University Library 

ATTN: Gov Docs Sec 

University of Vermont 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Virginia Commonwealth University 

ATTN : L i brn 

Virginia Military Institute 

ATTN: Librn 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute Library 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

Virginia State Library 

ATTN: Serials Sec 

University of Virginia 

ATTN : Pub DOCS 

Volusia County Public Library 

ATTN : Li brn 

262 
OTHER (Continuedl 

Washington State Library 

ATTN: Docs Sec 

Washington State University 

ATTN: Lib Docs Sec 

OTHER (Continued) 

Washington University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

University of Washington 

ATTN: Docs Div 

Wayne State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wayne State University Law Library 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

Weber State College Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Wesleyan University 

ATTN: Docs Librn 

West Chester State College 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

West Covina Library 

ATTN: Librn 

university of West Florida 

ATTI : L i brn 

West Hills Comnunity College 

ATTN : L i bra ry 

West Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

West Virginia College of Grad Studies Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of West Virginia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Westerly Pub1 ic Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Carolina University 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Illinois University Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

Western Washington University 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Wyoming Comnunity College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Westmoreland City Cmunity College 

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr 

Whi tman Col 1 ege 

ATTN: Librn 

Wichita State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Williams & Mary College 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

Emporia Kansas State College 

ATTN: Gov Docs Di v 

William College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Willimantic Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Winthrop College 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

University of Wisconsin at Whitewater 

ATTN: Gov Docs Lib 

University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee 

ATTN: Lib Docs 

University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Wisconsin at Platteville 

ATTN: Doc Unit Lib 

University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point 

ATTN: Docs Sec 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

Worcester Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wright State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Docs Librn 

Wyming State Library 

ATTN : L i brn 

University of Wyoming 

ATTN: Docs Div 

Yale University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Yeshiva University 

ATTN: Librn 

Yuma City County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Simon Schwb Mem Lib, Columbus Co1 

ATTN: Librn 

26 3 
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS 

Advanced Research & Applications Corp 

ATTN: H. Lee 

JAYCOR 

10 cy ATTN: Health & Environment Oiv 

ATTN: A. Nelson 

Kaman Tempo 

ATTN : DAS IAC 

ATTN: E. Martin 

Kaman Tempo 

ATTN: R. Mi Tler 

JRB Associates Oiv 

Science Applications, Inc 

10 cy ATTN: L. Novotney 

4 cy ATTN: J. Massie 

4 cy ATTN: 5. Rohrer 

4 cy ATTN: M. Wilkinson 

4 cy ATTN: R. Shepanek 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued) 

Kaman Tempo 

ATTN: C. Jones 

National Academy of Sciences 

ATTN: C. Robinette 

ATTN: Med Follow-up Agency 

ATTN: Nat Mat Advisory Bd 

Pacific-Sierra Research Corp 

ATTN: H. Erode, Chairman SAGE 

Science Applications, 

ATTN: Tech Lib 

R & D Associates 

ATTN: P. Haas 

I nc