DNA 6018F 

SHOTS 

ENCORE TO CLIMAX 

The Final Four Tests of the 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series 

8 MAY - 4 JUNE 1953 

United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests 

Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

Prepared by the Defense Nuclear Agency as Executive Agency 

for the Department of Defense 
Destroy this report when it is no longer 

needed. Do not return to sender. 

PLEASE NOTIFY THE DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY, 

ATTN: STTI, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20305, IF 

YOUR ADDRESS IS INCORRECT, IF YOU WISH TO 

BE DELETED FROM THE DISTRIBUTION LIST, OR 

IF THE ADDRESSEE IS NO LONGER EMPLOYED BY 

YOUR ORGANIZATION. 
SfZ”R,TT LLASSlFlLAIION PP I”,> cAbL (“I?.” Y.K. Gnrrr.a, 

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ INSTRUCTIONS 

BEFORE COMPLETING FORM 

1. REPORT NUMBER 2. COVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT’S CATALOG NUMBER 

DNA 6018F 

1. TITLE (ad 5;btfthJ 5. TYPE OF REPORT 6 PERIOD COVERED 

SHOTS ENCORE TO CI,IMAX 

The Final Four Tests of the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Technical Report 

Series, 8 May - 4 June 1953 b. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 

JRR Z-816-03-423-00 

7. AUTHOR(*) 6. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(a) 

Jeannie Massie, Carl Maag, Stephen Rohrer, 

Robert Shepanek DNA 001-79-C-0473 

5. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADORES5 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK 

JRB Associates 

AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBER5 

8400 Westpark Drive Subtask U99QAXMK506-08 

McLean, Virginia 22102 

I I. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE 

Director 

15 January 1982 

Defense Nuclear Agency 13. NUMBER OF PAGES 

Washington, D.C. 20305 232 

14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME h AODRE55(ff dftfemt f’rum Cm&3114 Offic~J 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of thla rrpor?J 

IJNCLASSIFTED 

154 DECLAS5lFICATIOW/OOWNGRADlNG 

SCHEDULE 

N/A Since UNCLASSIFIED 

16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thle RlportJ 

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 

17. OlSTRlBUTlDN STATEMENT (of tha l baorct uatrrd In Block 30. If Uff~~t boa! RwortJ 

I8. SUPPLEYWTARY NOTES 

For sale by National Technical Information Service, Sprinpfield, Virginia 

22161. 

This work was sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under RDTF:E R?ISS Code 

B350079464 1199QAXMK50608 H2509D. 

19. KEY WORD5 (Continue on I.“,.. afda 11 n.c...m-y md Identify by bloc4 numb-r) 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE CLI?IAX Exercise Desert Radiation Exposure 

ENCORE AFSW Rock V Radiological Safety 

GRABLE Field Command Decontamination Ionizing Radiation 

AFSWP PIilitary Effects AEC 

HARRY Group Dosimetry 

2% AEtSTFtACT~ Errma&l&If_ d fdCPtf* by block numberJ 

This report describes the activities of DQD personnel, both civilian and 

military, in Shots ENCORE, HARRY, ARABLE, and CLIMAX, the final four shots 

of the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE atmospheric nuclear weapons tests series conducted 

between 8 May and 4 June 1953. These tests involved participants from 

Exercise Desert Rock V, AFSGT, AFSX, ALC nuclear weapons desip,n laboratories, 

and the Civil Effects Group. This volume also describes the radiological safety 

activities at each of these four shots. 

_--.. 

00 ,:“,““, 1473 EDITION OF v WOV 65 IS OBSOLETE 

IJNCT -I) 

__ _- --.- _ _ 
TrNCT ASSIFIED 

SECURITY CLASStFICATlON OF THIS PAGQWhm Data &~.d) 

18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (continued) 

The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Lt. Col. H. L. Reese, under whom 

this work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research and editing contribution of numerous reviewers in the Military Services and other organizations 

in addition to those writers listed in block 7. 

, 
PREFACE 

Between 1945 and 1962, the United States Government, through 

the Manhattan Engineer District and its successor agency, the 

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), conducted 235 atmospheric nuclear 

weapons tests at sites in the southwestern United States and in 

the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 

Department of Defense participants, both military and civilian, 

were present at the tests. Of these, approximately 90,000 

participated at the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests conducted 

at the Nevada Proving Ground (NPG),* northwest of Las Vegas, 

Nevada. 

In 1977, 15 years after the last above-ground weapons test, 

the Center for Disease Control+ noted a possible leukemia cluster 

among a small group of soldiers at Shot SMOKY, one test of 

Operation PLUMBBOB, the test series conducted in 1957. Since 

that initial report by the Center for Disease Control, the 

Veterans Administration has received a number of claims for medical benefits from former military personnel who believe their 

health may have been affected by their participation in atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. 

In late 1977, the Department of Defense (DOD) began a study 

which provided data to both the Center for Disease Control and 

the Veterans Administration on potential exposures to ionizing 

*Renamed the Nevada Test Site in 1955. 

+The Center for Disease Control is an agency of the U.S. 

Department of Health and Human Services (formerly the U.S. 

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare). 
radiation among its military and civilian personnel who participated in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. DOD organized 

an effort to: 

0 Identify DOD personnel who had taken part in 

the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 

0 Determine the extent of the participants' 

exposure to ionizing radiation 

0 Provide public disclosure of information 

concerning participation by DOD personnel in 

the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. 

This report concerns the final four tests of UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE: 

Shots ENCOHE, HARHY, GRABLE, and CLIMAX. It is based on the 

military and technical documents associated with the atmospheric 

nuclear weapons tests. 

METHODS AND SOURCES USED TO PREPARE THIS DOCUMENT 

Many of the documents pertaining specifically to DOD 

involvement in the final four UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE events were found 

in the Defense Nuclear Agency Technical Library, the Department 

of Energy Nevada Operations Office, the Los Alamos National 

Laboratory,* and the Modern Military Branch of the National 

Archives. 

In most cases, the surviving historical documentation of 

activities conducted at Shots ENCORE, HARRY, GRABLE, and CLIMAX 

addresses test specifications and technical information, rather 

than the personnel data critical to the study undertaken by the 

Department of Defense. The available historical documentation 

sometimes has inconsistencies in vital facts. Efforts have been 

made to resolve these inconsistencies wherever possible or to 

bring them to the attention of the reader. 

*Formerly the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) 

2 
To facilitate the use of references, this report uses 

weapons test report titles for each project. All yield 

information presented in this report is taken from the Department 

of Energy, Announced United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 

through 1979 (NVO-209). Other data on the tests, concerning 

fallout patterns, meteorological conditions, and cloud 

dimensions, are taken from DNA 1251-1, Compilation of Local 

Fallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962, volume 1, except in 

instances where more specific information is available elsewhere. 

For several of the Exercise Desert Kock and test organization 

projects discussed in this volume, the only documents available 

are the Sixth Army Desert Rock operation orders and the Test 

Director's Schedule of Events from "Operation Order l-53." These 

sources detail the plans developed by DOD and AEC personnel. 

Although some of the after-action documents, such as the weapons 

test reports for AFSWP, summarize the projects performed during 

the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series, they do not always supply shotspecific information. In the absence of shot-specific afteraction reports, pro.jects are described according to the way they 

were planned. The references indicate whether the description of 

activities is based on the schedule of events, operation orders, 

or after-action reports. 

ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT OF UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE SERIES REPORTS 

This volume details participation by DOD personnel in the 

final four events of the Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE atmospheric 

nuclear weapons testing series. Four other publications address 

DOD activities during the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series: 

0 Series volume: Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

Atmospheric Nuclear 

Weapons Tests, 1953 

0 Multi-shot volume: Shots ANNIE to RAY, the 

Early UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Tests 
0 Shot volume: Shot BADGER 

0 Shot volume: Shot SIMON. 

The volumes addressing the test events of Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE have been designed to complement one another. The 

series volume describes those dimensions of UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE which 

transcend specific events, such as historical background, organizational relationships, and radiological safety procedures. In 

addition, it discusses the overall objectives of the operation, 

describes the geographic layout of the NPG, and contains a 

bibliography of works consulted in the preparation of all five 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE reports. The shot volumes and the 

multi-shot volumes, on the other hand, contain none of this 

general information on Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. 

The two single-shot volumes describe DOD participation in 

Shots BADGER and SIMON, and the multi-shot volumes combine shotspecific descriptions of the other nuclear events in the UPSHOTKNOTHOLE Series. Descriptions of activities at any particular 

shot in the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series, whether the shot is addressed 

in a single-shot volume or in a multi-shot volume, may be supplemented by the general organizational and radiological safety 

information contained in the Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE volume. 

Chapter 1 of this volume describes the physical setting and 

general characteristics of the final UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE test events 

and briefly introduces the Desert Rock maneuvers and those JTO 

diagnostic and scientific activities in which DOD personnel 

participated. The remaining four chapters address the final 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE tests in turn. Each chapter describes the 

specific setting and characteristics of one detonation, details 

DOD personnel activities in the scientific, diagnostic, 

technical, and training projects sponsored by the Joint Test 

Organization and Exercise Desert Rock V, and discusses the steps 

taken to minimize exposures to ionizing radiation. Details of 

4 
the overall radiation protection program at Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE are provided in the series volume. 

The information in this report is supplemented by the 

Reference Manual: Background Materials for the CONUS Volumes. 

This volume summarizes basic radiation physics, radiological 

health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement techniques 

and includes a listing of acronyms and terms used. in the DOD 

reports documenting the events in the continental United States. 

5 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PREFACE ........................... 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. ................... 

LIST OF TABLES ....................... 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............. 

CHAPTER 

PAGE 

1 

8 

9 

10 

1 INTRODUCTION. ...................... 11 

1.1 Department of Defense Participation at the Final 

Four UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Events. ............ 

1.2 Radiation Protection Procedures During the Final 

Four UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Events. ............ 

Shot ENCORE Synopsis .................... 

14 

16 

19 

20 

21 

21 

24 

25 

28 

30 

2 SHOT 

2.1 

ENCORE....................... 

Exercise Desert Rock V Operations at Shot ENCORE . . 

2.1.1 Support Troop Participation . . . . .’ . . . . 

2.1.2 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination 

2.2 

Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

2.1.3 Tactical Troop Maneuvers. . . . . . . . . . . 

2.1.4 Operational Helicopter Tests. . . . . . . . . 

2.1.5 Damage Effects Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . 

Department of Defense Participation in Joint 

Test Organization Operations at Shot ENCORE. . . . . 

2.2.1 Military Effects Group Projects . . . . . . . 

2.2.2 Weapons Development Group Projects. . . . . . 

2.2.3 Civil Effects Group Projects. . . . . . . . . 

2.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

2.3 Radiation Protection at Shot ENCORE. . . . . . . . . 

2.3.1 Desert Rock Radiation Protection 

Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

2.3.2 Joint Test Organization Radiation 

Protection Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . 

31 

32 

70 

71 

72 

75 

76 

77 

6 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

CHAPTER PAGE 

Shot HARRY Synopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 

3 SHOT 

3.1 

HARRY........................ 82 

Exercise Desert Rock V Operations at Shot HARRY. . . 82 

3.1.1 Support Troop Participation . . . . . . . . . 83 

3.1.2 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination 

Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 

3.1.3 Operational Helicopter Tests. . . . . . . . . 87 

3.1.4 Damage Effects Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . 89 

3.2 Department of Defense Participation in Joint 

Test Organization Operations at Shot HARRY . . . . . 90 

3.2.1 Military Effects Group Projects . . . . . . . 91 

3.2.2 Weapons Development Group Projects. . . . . . 104 

3.2.3 Civil Effects Group Projects. . . . . . . . . 105 

3.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 

3.3 Radiation Protection at Shot HARRY . . . . . . . . . 109 

3.3.1 Desert Rock Radiation Protection 

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 

3.3.2 Joint Test Organization Radiation 

Protection Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 

Shot GRABLE Synopsis , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 

4 SHOT GRABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 

4.1 Exercise Desert Rock V Operations at Shot GRABLE . . 120 

4.1.1 Support Troop Participation ......... 121 

4.1.2 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination 

Activities. ................. 123 

4.1.3 Tactical Troop Maneuvers. .......... 125 

4.1.4 Damage Effects Evaluation .......... 127 

4.2 Department of Defense Participation in Joint 

Test Organization Operations at Shot GRABLE. . . . . 128 

4.2.1 Military Effects Group Projects ....... 128 

4.2.2 Weapons Development Group Projects. ..... 160 

4.2.3 Civil Effects Group Projects. ........ 161 

4.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Activities. ................. 162 

4.3 Radiation Protection at Shot GRABLE. . . . . . . . . 165 

7 
CHAPTER PAGE 

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

4.3.1 Desert Rock Radiation Protection Activities . 166 

4.3.2 Joint Test Organization Radiation Protection 

Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 

Shot CLIMAX Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 

5 SHOT CLIMAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 

5.1 Department of Defense Participation in Joint 

Test Organization Operations at Shot CLIMAX. . . . . 174 

5.1.1 Military Effects Group Projects ....... 174 

5.1.2 Weapons Development Group Pro.jects. ..... 183 

5.1.3 Civil Effects Group Projects. ........ 184 

5.1.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Activities. ................. 185 

5.2 Radiation Protection at Shot CLIMAX. . . . . . . . . 188 

REFERENCE LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

FIGURE PAGE 

l-l 

2-l 

2-2 

2-3 

2-4 

2-5 

3-1 

3-2 

3-3 

Nevada Proving Ground Showing Ground Zeros for 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Desert Rock Operations on Frenchman Flat, Shot ENCORE. . 

Operational Helicopter Tests at Shot ENCORE. . . . . . . 

Bailey Bridge Constructed for Project 3.22 at Shot 

ENCORE......................... 

Project 3.27, Field Medical Installations after Shot 

ENCORE......................... 

Initial Survey for Shot ENCORE, 8 May 1953, 0857 to 

0928Hours....................... 

Observer Trenches and Display Area, Shot HARRY . . . . . . 

Operational Helicopter Tests, Shot HARRY . . . . . . . . 

13 

26 

29 

49 

53 

80 

86 

88 

Initial Survey for Shot HARRY, 19 May 1953, 0535 to 

0640 Hours, with Yucca Flat Resurvey of 15 May 1953. . . 113 

8 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) 

FIGURE PAGE 

3-4 

4-l 

4-2 

4-3 

4-4 

4-5 

5-1 

5-2 

Subsequent Surveys of Yucca Flat after Shot HARRY. . . . 114 

A Preliminary Test of the 280mm Gun Using a High 

Explosive Shell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 

Shot GRABLE, First Test of the 280mm Atomic Gun, 

25 May 1953. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 

Operations on Frenchman Flat, Shot GRABLE. . . . . . . . 124 

Initial Survey for Shot GRABLE, 25 May 1953, 0846 to 

0940 Hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 

Subsequent Surveys for Shot GRABLE . . . . . . . . . . . 171 

Initial Survey for Shot CLIMAX, 4 June 1953, 0435 to 

0525 Hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 

Subsequent Surveys for Shot CLIMAX . . . . . . . . . . . 191 

LIST OF TABLES 

TABLE PAGE 

l-l Summary of the Final Four Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

Events......................... 

2-1 

2-2 

Exercise Desert Rock V Activities at Shot ENCORE . . . . 

Military Effects Group Projects with Department of 

Defense Participation, Shot ENCORE . . . . . . . . . . . 

2-3 

3-l 

3-2 

Weapons Development Group and Civil Effects Group 

Projects With DOD Participation, Shot ENCORE . . . . . . 

Exercise Desert Rock V Activities at Shot HARRY. . . . . 

Test Group Projects with Department of Defense 

Participation, Shot HARRY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4-1 Exercise Desert Rock V Activities at Shot GRABLE . . . . 

4-2 Test Group Projects with Department of Defense 

Participation, Shot GRABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

5-1 Test Group Projects with Department of Defens'e 

Participation, Shot CLIMAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

12 

22 

33 

70 

83 

92 

121 

129 

175 

9 
The fo 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 

llowing abbreviations and acronyms are used in this vo lume: 

AEC 

AFB 

AFSWC 

AFSWP 

BCT 

BJY 

CONUS 

DOD 

EG&G 

FCDA 

HumRRO 

IBDA 

JTO 

LASL 

NPG 

R/h 

SAC 

TAC 

UTM 

2d MCPAEB 

Atomic Energy Commission 

Air Force Base 

Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project 

Battalion Combat Team 

BUSTER-JANGLE "Y" 

Continental United States 

Department of Defense 

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Incorporated 

Federal Civil Defense Administration 

Human Resources Office 

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment 

Joint Test Organization 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

Nevada Proving Ground 

Roentgen per hour 

Strategic Air Command 

Tactical Air Command 

Universal Transverse Mercator 

2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise 

Brigade 

10 
CHAPTER 1 

INTRODUCTION 

Shots ENCORE, HARRY, GRABLE, and CLIMAX were tests of 

nuclear devices conducted from 8 May through 4 June 1953 at the 

Nevada Proving Ground, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission 

continental nuclear test site located northwest of Las Vegas. 

The shots were the final four nuclear detonations of Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, the series of atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 

performed from 17 March through 4 June 1953. 

Table l-l presents a summary of these four nuclear tests, 

including information on the dates of detonation, the UTM* 

coordinates of the points of detonation, the types of detonation, 

the heights of burst, and the explosive yields. Figure l-l 

displays a map of the NPG in 1953, showing the positions of all 

of the UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE tests (43; 56).+ 

The four nuclear devices were developed for the Atomic 

Energy Commission by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, one of 

two AEC nuclear weapons development laboratories. The 

primary objective of the HARRY and CLIMAX shots, which were 

weapons development tests, was to evaluate the nuclear yield and 

the blast, thermal, and radiation phenomena produced by the 

*Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in this 

report. The first three digits refer to a point on an east-west 

axis, and the second three refer to a point on a north-south 

axis. The point so designated is the southwest corner of an 

area 100 meters square. 

+A11 sources cited in the text are listed alphabetically and 

numbered in the Reference List, appended to this volume. The 

number given in the text is the number of the source document in 

the Reference List. 

11 
Table l-l: SUMMARY OF THE FINAL FOUR OPERATION 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE EVENTS (1953) 

Actual Date 

*Pacific Daylight Time 

‘Altitudes are measured from mean sea level, while heights are measured from the ground. 

All vertical distances are given in feet. 

12 
BADGER 

RAY - 

NANCY - 

SIMON - 

0 L_.--d 

Kilometers 

@ Ground Zero 

--- 

---I-@ 

12 

I _---- 

+aP 

I4 \ 

r-- 

--- 

763 BJ’ 

I 

I Yucca 

lL___ 

News Nob 

Control: 

Point 

Flat I 

----- !_I 

c 

0, 

I 

t 

3 

9 ENCORE 

f 

f 

GRABLE 

I rl Camp Mercury 

Camp Desert Rock 

N 

iiYFAX 

RUTH 

ANNIE 

HARRY 

Figure l-l: NEVADA PROVING GROUND SHOWING GROUND ZEROS 

FOR OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

13 
devices. The ENCORE and GRABLE weapons, taken from the U.S. 

nuclear stockpile, were tested to provide information on weapon 

outputs such as blast for full-scale military effects tests. 

These two nuclear detonations also provided the opportunity for 

military personnel to participate in a variety of field exercises 

and training programs related to nuclear warfare (64). 

1.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION AT THE FINAL FOUR 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE EVENTS 

Department of Defense personnel took part in three types of 

activity during Shots ENCORE, HARRY, GRABLE, and CLIMAX: 

scientific experiments, military technical and training projects, 

and support services. Numerous scientific and diagnostic experiments were conducted at the last four UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE events by 

the Weapons Development Group, the Military Effects Group, and 

the Civil Effects Group. Armed services personnel on temporary 

assignment from stations throughout the country took part in the 

military training programs associated with Exercise Desert Rock 

V. The Test Manager reviewed and approved these activities to 

ensure coordination with the AEC and the test groups mentioned 

above. 

The Weapons Development Group, comprising scientists from 

the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, the University of California 

Radiation Laboratory, and the Sandia Corporation, performed 

diagnostic tests of the nuclear devices by measuring characteristics of the detonation. The Military Effects Group of the 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) fielded projects to 

evaluate the utility of the four nuclear devices for military 

applications. The Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) 

Civil Effects Group also conducted projects to assess the effects 

of nuclear detonations on civilian structures, products, and food 

supplies, and to evaluate civil emergency preparedness plans. 

14 
At the two military effects tests, Shots ENCORE and GRABLE, 

the AFSWP Military Effects Group conducted numerous projects. 

With the exception of Project 3.30, the Program 3 projects were 

conducted only at these two shots. Three of the projects were 

designed to provide instrumentation for the other projects of 

Program 3. Participants in these three projects placed and 

retrieved equipment and data for projects at Shots ENCORE and 

GRABLE. These personnel usually retrieved all data and equipment 

for all of the projects for which they provided instruments. In 

this way, fewer personnel were needed for recovery operations 

(84-85; 119). 

DOD personnel also took part in Exercise Desert Rock V, part 

of the Armed Forces' continuing program to train personnel in the 

use and effects of nuclear weapons and test battlefield doctrine 

and tactics. The majority of DOD personnel involved in Shots 

ENCORE, HARRY, and GRABLE were participants in Exercise Desert 

Rock V. During these three shots, over 7,200 DOD personnel 

participated in four Desert Rock programs: orientation and 

indoctrination, tactical troop maneuvers at Shots ENCORE and 

GRABLE, operational helicopter tests at Shots ENCORE and HARRY, 

and damage effects tests. There were no Desert Rock activities 

at Shot CLIMAX (37; 45; 64). 

A variety of support services were required by Desert Rock 

and test group personnel, as well as by the Test Manager, who was 

responsible for the execution of the tests. Approximately 

2,000 soldiers from various Army units maintained and operated 

Camp Desert Rock, an installation of the U.S. Sixth Army. These 

individuals administered Exercise Desert Rock V activities and 

performed various services. Some of the support troops worked in 

the forward areas of the NPG to construct observer trenches, lay 

communication lines, provide transportation and security, and 

assist in other preparations for Desert Rock activities (65). 

15 
Soldiers of the 50th Chemical Service Platoon served as 

radiological safety monitors for Exercise Desert Rock participants following each detonation (64). 

The Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) provided air 

support to the Test Manager and to various test group projects, 

in addition to conducting test activities of its own. AFSWC 

had operational control for all participating aircraft, performed 

the airdrops for Shots ENCORE and CLIMAX, and provided cloudsampling, cloud-tracking, courier, aerial survey missions, and 

air transportation services (38; 51; 123). 

During Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, the Joint Test Organization 

(JTO) coordinated all activities. Composed of personnel from the 

AEC, DOD, and FCDA, the JTO was administered by the Test Manager, 

assisted by a Test Director (37). The UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series 

volume includes a detailed description of their duties, as well 

as the functions of the Joint Test Organization. 

1.2 RADIATION PROTECTION PROCEDURES DURING THE FINAL FOUR 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE EVENTS 

In carrying out their tasks, DOD participants followed the 

radiation protection procedures established to minimize exposure 

to ionizing radiation while still allowing participants to 

accomplish their missions. 

The AEC Division of Biology and Medicine established exposure 

limits for JTO participants, including test group and AFSWP 

personnel. Test Group participants were to receive no more than 

3.9 roentgens of radiation exposure per 13-week period, or for 

the entire operation (39). 

To help implement this criterion, radiological safety 

personnel controlled access to contaminated areas. Within two or 

16 
three hours before each detonation, the test area was closed to 

all personnel except those with special authorization to enter. 

These personnel included the timing and firing party at Shot 

HARRY, the Artillery Test Unit at GRABLE, Desert Rock personnel, 

and personnel who manned stations for some of the Weapons 

Development and Military Effects projects. Personnel manning 

project stations were required to be at a distance from ground 

zero that was deemed safe by the Test Director and to have at 

least two vehicles and good communications equipment. The only 

aircraft in the air until after the detonation were the drop 

aircraft at ENCORE and CLIMAX and any aircraft that were 

authorized to be in the area for project purposes. Immediately 

after each detonation, the shot areas were closed until 

radiological safety personnel, both on the ground and in the air, 

had surveyed the area and set up checkpoints. Some of the 

time-sensitive projects required that personnel enter the area 

to recover experiments or data as soon after a shot as possible. 

These parties were authorized to enter shot areas with the radiological safety groups. They wore anticontamination clothing and 

were accompanied by monitors who kept them informed of radiation 

conditions. 

When the initial radiation intensities had been plotted on 

maps at the Control Point, recovery personnel were briefed on the 

radiological environment and given access permits. All personnel 

entered the shot area at designated checkpoints. Radiological 

safety monitors accompanied project personnel recovering test 

instruments from radiation areas. The monitors, who continuously 

monitored the radiation intensity in the recovery area, kept the 

participants informed of the radiological environment. The 

9778th Radiological Safety Support Unit issued film badges for 

project personnel to wear at all times in the test area. These 

film badges were collected, processed, and evaluated at regular 

intervals, and any individual whose accumulated dose exceeded the 

established limits was barred from further participation in 

17 
project activities in the forward area. Although evacuation was 

not required during UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, emergency evacuation procedures were prepared for all test events. 

The radiation protection procedures authorized for AFSWC by 

the Test Manager included the same cumulative exposure limit of 

3.9 roentgens of gamma radiation for air and ground crews as that 

established for the test group personnel. Complete decontamination, including showers and exchanges of clothing, was 

required of all aircrew members following each project mission, 

regardless of the exposure received on the flight. Aircraft were 

either decontaminated by washing or were isolated until radiation 

intensities decayed to predetermined levels. 

Radiation protection procedures for Exercise Desert Rock V 

participants, like those of the test groups and AFSWC, were 

designed to minimize potential exposure to ionizing radiation. 

Camp Desert Rock personnel and exercise participants were limited 

to no more than 6.0 roentgens of whole-body gamma radiation 

during any six-month period. 

18 
SHOT ENCORE SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock V 

DATE/TIME: 8 May 1953, 0830 hours 

YIELD: 27 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 2,423 feet (airdrop) 

AEC Objective: To evaluate the nuclear yield, blast, thermal, 

and radiological phenomena produced by this 

weapon. 

D( ID Objective: To evaluate military equipment, tactics, and 

doctrine; to measure weapons effects 

characteristics and evaluate the military 

applications of the weapon; and to train 

personnel in the tactical use of a nuclear 

weapon. 

Weather: 

Radiation Data: 

Participants: 

At shot-time, the winds at surface level were 

from the south at five knots. Winds at 10,000 

feet were from the west at 12 knots. At all 

levels above 10,000 feet, the winds were from 

the west-southwest, at 57 knots at 20,000 feet, 

103 knots at 30,000 feet, and 146 knots at 

40,000 feet. At the surface, the temperature 

was 16.7'C, the relative humidity was 19 

percent, and the pressure was 900 millibars. 

The radiation intensity measured at ground zero 

30 minutes after the detonation was 0.3 R/h.* 

An intensity no greater than 0.1 R/h extended 

about 400 meters from ground zero. 

Exercise Desert Rock V, Armed Forces Special 

Weapons Project, Air Force Special Weapons 

Center, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, 

Federal Civil Defense Administration, 

contractors. 

*Roentgens per hour 

19 
CHAPTER 2 

SHOT ENCORE 

Shot ENCORE was an airdropped nuclear weapon, detonated with 

a yield of 27 kilotons at 0830 hours on 8 May 1953. ENCORE was 

originally planned as the ninth test of the series but became the 

eighth test when Shot HARRY was postponed. The detonation of 

ENCORE, scheduled for 7 May, was postponed for 24 hours because 

of adverse winds (13). 

An AFSWC B-50 from the 4925th Test Group (Atomic), based at 

Kirtland Air Force Base (AFB), New Mexico, delivered the ENCORE 

weapon, which detonated at a height of 2,423 feet* above 

Frenchman Flat, UTM coordinates 956726. The B-50 flew several 

practice runs before beginning the actual bombing run, which it 

made at an altitude of 22,000 feet, at an azimuth of 245 degrees, 

and at a speed of 250 knots. In the last few seconds before bomb 

release, a mechanical linkage failure in the bombing system 

allowed the aircraft to drift off course. The bomb released at 

the instant the bombardier flipped the switch to disable the 

bombing system. As a result, the bomb missed the target by 250 

meters. 

+ The time of fall to detonation was 33.6 seconds (45; 

51). 

While the predicted path of the cloud resulting from Shot 

ENCORE was due east into the northern parts of Arizona and New 

Mexico, the cloud actually drifted northeast into Utah. The 

bottom of the cloud reached 29,000 feet, and the top attained an 

altitude of 42,000 feet (56). 

*Vertical distances are given in feet. Altitudes are measured 

from mean sea level, and heights are measured from ground level. 

+Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metric 

units. The metric conversion factors include: 1 meter = 3.28 

feet; 1 meter = 1.09 yards; and 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles. 

20 
2.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V OPERATIONS AT SHOT ENCORE 

More than 3,000 exercise troops and observers participated 

in Desert Rock V programs at Shot ENCORE. An additional 300 Camp 

Desert Rock support troops provided radiological safety, transportation, communications, and control functions for the exercises in the forward areas. A total of 532 military personnel 

took part in the troop orientation and indoctrination program. 

The tactical troop maneuvers were conducted by 2,149 Army troops 

and 326 Air Force personnel. During Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

Air Force personnel participated in troop maneuvers only during 

ENCORE. An estimated 12 Marines took part in the operational 

helicopter tests (37). 

Personnel from Army Field Forces Human Research Unit No. 2 

from the Human Resources Research Office (HumRRO) were also 

present at Shot ENCORE to investigate the psychological reactions 

of these troops to the detonation. These research personnel 

conducted studies at all shots where provisional Battalion Combat 

Teams (BCTs) participated. At ENCORE, the HumRRO personnel 

studied the reactions of two companies of airborne troops before 

and after the shot (57; 64; 127). 

Table 2-l provides information on the Desert Rock V programs 

at ENCORE by indicating the number of DOD participants in each 

program, the nature of the activity and, when possible, the 

service of the units involved. 

2.1.1 Support Troop Participation 

The Desert Rock support troops at ENCORE provided logistical, operational, and administrative support to the exercise. 

While performing these duties, support troops sometimes entered 

the forward area. Particularly involved in shot-day operations 

were the Radiological Safety Section and the Control Group. 

21 
Table 2-1: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V ACTIVITIES AT 

SHOT ENCORE 

Program 

Troop Orientation and Indoctrination 

(Observers) 

Tactical Troop Maneuver 

Operational Helicopter Tests 

Damage Effects Evaluation 

+ Unknown 

Participating Service 

Army 

Army (Camp Desert 

Rock Troops) 

Navy 

Air Force 

Marine Corps 

Army 

Air Force 

Marine Corps 

Army 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

135 

180 

92 

113 

12 

2,149 

326 

12 

* 

The Radiological Safety Section, supported by the 50th Chemical Service Platoon, enforced radiological safety criteria and 

conducted radiological surveys. One significant function conducted after the ENCORE detonation was a survey of the shot area 

by two radiological safety teams. Each team generally consisted 

of one radiological safety monitor, one driver, and one radio 

operator. Other radiological safety teams, consisting of a 

monitor from the Radiological Safety Section, a driver from the 

50th Chemical Service Platoon, and a radio operator from the 

505th Signal Service Group were to accompany each of the 

Battalion Combat Teams during the postshot maneuver. Another 

radiological safety team operated on the ground zero flank. 

Additional radiological monitoring was provided by BCT teams, who 

accompanied their respective battalions (66). 

The Control Group accompanied troops into the shot area to 

ensure that all personnel remained together and followed safety 

instructions. The Control Group comprised officers and enlisted 

men from the Operations Section (G-3), as well as the Instructor 

22 
Group, the Radiological Safety Section, and the Aviation Section 

(64-65). The core Instructor Group consisted of four Army 

officers and four enlisted men. An Air Force officer, a Navy 

officer, and an Army medical officer provided specialized 

instruction when needed (64). After the detonation, the 

instructors advised observers and later the maneuver units during 

their tour of the display area to view the damage effects of the 

burst. They discussed differences between the predicted and 

actual effects of the detonation. 

Several other Desert Rock support elements were active at 

Shot ENCORE. Before the shot, the 412th Engineer Construction 

Battalion spent from seven to ten days preparing the equipment 

display area. The 26th Transportation Truck Battalion provided 

approximately 170 vehicles to carry military personnel to and 

from the forward area. At shot-time, these vehicles were parked 

about 11 kilometers south of ground zero, at the rear of the 

trench area. 

The 505th Signal Service Group established wire and radio 

communications within the forward area, as well as at Camp Desert 

Rock. It was planned that company personnel would operate the 

two mobile public address systems in the display area after the 

shot, to assist the Instructor Group in its presentations. 

The 371st Evacuation Hospital (-)* provided medical support 

in the forward area and at Camp Desert Rock. A doctor was 

scheduled to accompany the Control Group to the forward area and 

remain at the forward command post throughout the maneuvers. A 

medical detachment of one medical officer and three enlisted men 

was to establish an aid station in the parking area and move to 

the command post at the trench area after the shot. In addition, 

two aidmen were to accompany the observers after the shot 

(64-68). 

*Some subordinate units were not present. 

23 
2.1.2 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination Activities 

As table 2-l indicates, 532 personnel from the four armed 

services participated as official observers at Shot ENCORE. The 

315 Army observers, including 180 Camp Desert Rock participants, 

composed the largest contingent. 

All of the observers took part in the same orientation and 

training activities for the event. Most reported for duty 

between 2 and 5 May. On 5 May, the observers present rehearsed 

their shot-day activities, including an inspection of the display 

area. After spending about five hours at the test site, they 

returned to Camp Desert Rock (64). 

On 6 May, the Instructor Group presented an eight-hour 

orientation for the observers, who viewed films and attended 

lectures on the characteristics of a nuclear detonation and the 

procedures to follow during a shot. When ENCORE was postponed 

for 24 hours, the Instructor Group presented a more detailed 

eight-hour orientation to the observers (64). 

At 0640 hours on 8 May, the observers left Camp Desert,Rock 

for the trench area, located 9,400 meters from the intended ground 

zero, at UTM coordinates 924639. After they arrived at about 0705 

hours, the Instructor Group conducted a 35-minute preshot orientation. Fifteen minutes before shot-time, the observers were 

directed to enter the trenches to observe the shot (64). 

Thirty minutes after the shot, the observers began the 

40-minute trip by truck to the display area. They returned to 

Camp Desert Rock after their tour of the display area, having 

spent about five hours and 20 minutes at the test site (37; 

64; 72). 

24 
2.1.3 Tactical Troop Maneuvers 

During the ENCORE event, 2,475 personnel took part in the 

tactical maneuvers, as table 2-1 indicates. Two Battalion Combat 

Teams were formed of units from the First, Third, and Fourth 

Armies and from individual Air Force units. The following list 

indicates the home stations of the troops in the two BCTs (73): 

First Army 

Camp Drum, New York 

Third Army 

Camp Campbell, Kentucky 

Fort Benning, Georgia 

Fort Bragg, North Carolina 

Camp Rucker, Alabama 

Fourth Army 

Camp Polk, Louisiana 

Camp Chaffee, Arkansas 

Fort Bliss, Texas 

Fort Hood, Texas. 

Participants in the troop maneuvers arrived at Camp Desert 

Rock between 2 and 4 May. On 5 May, they rehearsed the exercise. 

The troops spent a maximum of eight hours at the test site 

practicing all activities scheduled for shot-day, including the 

observation of the shot from the trenches and the postshot 

inspection of the display area. Figure 2-l depicts the trench 

and display areas prepared for ENCORE and shows the ground zero 

(64). 

On 6 May, the BCTs attended four-hour classes presented by 

the Instructor Grollp, which showed films on nuclear energy and 

weapons. Although attendance at the films was voluntary, more 

than 400 BCT participants were present for the showing. At 2230 

hours, the AEC announced that activities scheduled for that day 

had been postponed for 24 hours. On 7 May, personnel received 

additional orientation (64). 

25 
Ground 

Helicopter 

Landing Zone 

& /’ ,’ 

aker I 

,I,/ 

II I 

/ ,/,/ BCT 

Ahln 

i 

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 

. ._._ 

Trenches 

Parking 

Area 

73 

72 

71 

70 

69 

68 

67 

66 

64 

63 

62 

61 

60 

Figure 2-l. DESERT ROCK OPERATIONS ON FRENCHMAN FLAT, 

SHOT ENCORE 

26 
On 8 May, convoys carrying maneuver troops left Camp Desert 

Rock between 0550 hours and 0625 hours. The last elements 

arrived at the trench area by 0650 hours. After the troops had 

disembarked, the vehicles were moved to a parking area south of 

the trenches. An orientation briefing at the trench area began 

at 0730 hours and ended at 0800 hours. Fifteen minutes before 

shot-time, personnel were directed into the trenches, and two 

minutes before the detonation, they were told to crouch (64). 

The detonation, described by veteran observers as the most 

picturesque ever seen at the Nevada Proving Ground, occurred 

2,423 feet above Frenchman Lake. Because the trenches were 9,150 

meters from the actual ground zero, personnel were permitted to 

stand and observe the fireball before the arrival of the shock 

wave, which was a change from previous policy (64). 

Five minutes after the shot, the BCTs left the trenches and 

began their attack toward Objectives 2 and 4. Objective 2 was 

about 5,000 meters south-southwest of ground zero; Objective 4 

was about 1,400 meters south-southeast of ground zero. The 

ground troops marching from the trenches secured Objective 2 by 

0943 hours and reached objective 4 by 1045 hours. Figure 2-1 

shows the location of the objectives and movements of the troops. 

Meanwhile, at 0843 hours, seven H-19 helicopters landed at 

the trench area to begin the airlift phase of the maneuver. The 

helicopters transported one 30-man platoon from each BCT to 

Objective 4. The first group to arrive at Objective 4 was a 

pathfinder team, which included a radiological safety monitor. 

The helicopter airlift was complete by 0912 hours. The two 

platoons then spent 30 minutes moving toward ground zero (64). 

After spending almost seven hours in the forward area, 

troops began to return to Camp Desert Rock at approximately 1230 

hours. They reached the camp by 1400 hours (37; 64). 

27 
2.1.4 Operational Helicopter Tests 

Four HRS helicopters, designated A, B, C, and D, participated in the operational helicopter tests at ENCORE. Each 

helicopter had a pilot, a co-pilot, and a monitor. Participants 

were part of the 2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise 

Brigade (2d MCPAEB). The monitors was to wear protective 

clothing. None of the helicopters was to fly into areas with 

radiation intensities greater than 10.0 R/h, or land in areas 

with intensities greater than 50 R/h (63). 

The activities began two hours and 30 minutes before 

shot-time, when the helicopters left Camp Desert Rock for the 

forward area. Helicopters A, B, and C headed for the northern 

tip of the Yucca Lake Airstrip, at UTM coordinates 850900. 

Helicopter D proceeded to a landing area approximately 15.5 kilometers from ground zero, at UTM coordinates 838828. Figure 2-2 

traces the helicopter routes and their landing zones during the 

tests (63). 

Five minutes before the shot, helicopters A, B, and C 

lifted off from Yucca Lake Airstrip and flew in a left echelon 

formation at a height of 400 feet. At the time of detonation, 

they were about 20 kilometers from ground zero, and the flight 

leader was looking in a 60-degree direction from the flash. The 

wingmen were looking about 90 degrees from the direction of the 

flash (63-64). 

Pilots wore variable-density goggles darkened so that they 

could just see the flight instruments and the ground. Co-pilots 

were wearing either high-density goggles or variable-density 

goggles adjusted for maximum optical density. All pilots 

reported that the time during which their vision was impaired did 

not exceed two to three seconds (63-64). 

28 
Helicopters A, B, C 

at Time 

of Detonation 

Departure Point for 

1 Helicopters A, B, C 

Helicopter D 

at Time 

of Detonation 

Routes: 

Helicopter A and B * * - - - - * 

Helicopter C -.-.- 

Helicopter D - - - - 

0 u 

Kilometers 

Desert Rock 

+ 

Figure 2-2: OPERATIONAL HELICOPTER TESTS 

AT SHOT ENCORE 

29 
After the shock wave passed, helicopters A and B continued 

their flight to an area about 1,000 meters south of ground zero. 

They arrived about 15 minutes after the shot and landed briefly 

to allow radiological safety monitors to survey the immediate 

area. They detected radiation levels of 1.4 R/h or less 20 to 30 

minutes after the shot. After the monitors reboarded the 

aircraft, the two helicopters returned to Camp Desert Rock. 

Helicopter C returned to Camp Desert Rock immediately after the 

shock wave passed. Helicopter D hovered five to ten feet over 

its position, with its right side toward ground zero, until the 

shock wave passed. It then headed directly for Camp Desert Rock. 

Although part of the mission was to take airborne radiation 

readings, restrictions imposed by the Test Director prevented 

helicopter operations in the vicinity of the dust column. 

Consequently, no measures of airborne radiation were made for the 

shot (63). 

2.1.5 Damage Effects Evaluation 

The ENCORE display, which stretched 3,200 meters southeast 

of ground zero, was designed primarily to add realism to the 

orientation and indoctrination of troops, who viewed the display 

after their maneuver. Before the shot, the 412th Engineer 

Construction Battalion prepared the structures for the display. 

Their tasks included digging bunkers, trenches, and foxholes, 

placing stakes, and building two sections of bridging. The 

bridging was placed 460 meters from ground zero. out to a 

distance of 460 meters, the bunkers were constructed at go-meter 

intervals. Thereafter, the stakes and dugouts were at 460-meter 

intervals (64). 

The 3623rd Ordnance Company placed equipment in the display, 

including a 2 l/2 ton truck at ground zero. Other equipment, 

placed in the display at 460-meter intervals, included machine 

guns, l/4 ton trucks, a 57mm gun, carbines, rifles, mortars, 

30 
communications equipment, rocket launchers, tanks, 90mm guns, and 

a howitzer. After the shot, engineer and ordnance teams 

evaluated the damage to the emplacements and equipment in the 

display area. 

In conjunction with the damage effects evaluation, Army 

personnel used the bunkers, trenches, and foxholes constructed as 

the location for test animals and instruments used in medical and 

shielding evaluations (64). 

For the medical evaluation, 50 sheep were placed in the 

display area on the day before the shot. The sheep were placed 

in the bunkers, trenches, and foxholes and in the open from 90 to 

2,740 meters from ground zero (64). 

Immediately after the shot, the veterinary officer, a Navy 

monitor officer, and an enlisted man accompanied the Control 

Group into the forward area. These personnel moved by vehicle to 

the display area to evaluate the effects of the detonation on the 

sheep. Later that day, the sheep that had survived the shot were 

taken to sheep pens in Frenchman Flat, where they were kept 

separate for further observation (64). 

To evaluate the shielding offered by the bunkers, trenches, 

and foxholes in the display, a chemical team (probably part of 

the 50th Chemical Service Platoon) placed heat-sensitive paper 

and film badges both inside and outside the fortifications. 

Sometime after the shot, the chemical team retrieved the badges 

and recorded their readings (64). 

2.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN JOINT TEST 

ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT ENCORE 

In addition to the Desert Rock activities described in the 

previous section, DOD personnel performed a variety of tasks that 

31 
required them to enter the forward area before, during, and after 

the shot. DOD personnel took part in projects conducted by the 

Military Effects Group, the Weapons Development Group, the Civil 

Effects Group, and in air support provided by the Air Force 

Special Weapons Center. 

2.2.1 Military Effects Group Projects 

The Military Effects Group conducted more projects at ENCORE 

than at any other event in Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. Table 2-2 

lists the Military Effects Group projects at the shot. Many of 

these projects were part of Program 3, which studied structures, 

material, and equipment. The three sub-projects of Project 3.28 

provided instrumentation support for the following Program 3 

projects: 3.1, 3.lu, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.13, 3.14, 

3.15, 3.19, 3.21, 3.22, 3.26, and 3.29. In addition, 

measurements for Project l.la were combined and instrumented as a 

unit by Naval Ordnance Laboratory personnel of Project 3.28.2. 

All ground personnel, except those at manned stations or those 

authorized to enter the area early, were briefed on the radiological environment when the Test Director declared recovery hour 

at 0919 hours, about 49 minutes after the detonation. From that 

time on, project personnel with access permits could enter the 

test site through designated checkpoints to recover experiments. 

All project parties traveled with a radiological safety monitor 

(39; 84-85; 119). 

Projects l.la/1.2, Air Blast Measurements, were fielded by 

the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. The ob,jectives were to measure 

blast pressures in free air and along the ground at various 

distances from nuclear detonations, to study shock wave behavior, 

and to relate the new data to military effects. There were two 

parts to Project l.la. In the first part, pressure gauges were 

placed along two blast lines to measure pressure as a function of 

distance and time. This part of the project utilized Project 

32 
Table 2-2: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT ENCORE 

Project Title 

I 

Participants 

Military Effects Group 

1 .la/l.2 Air Blast Measurements Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

l.la-1 Evaluation of Wiancko and Vibrotron Gauges and Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

Development of New Circuitry for Atomic Blast 

Measurements 

1 .la-2 Development of Mechanical Pressure-time and Peak 

Pressure Recorders for Atomic Blast Measurements 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

l.lb Air Pressure and Ground Shock Measurements Stanford Research Institute 

l.ld Dynamic Pressure versus Time and Supporting Air Sandia Corporation 

Blast Measurements 

1.3 

1.4 

Free-air Atomic Blast Pressure Measurements 

Free-field Measurements of Earth Stress, Strain and 

Ground Motion 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center 

Sandia Corporation 

2.1 

2.2a 

2.2b 

Radioactive Particle Studies inside an Aircraft 

Gamma Radiation Spectrum of Residual Contamination 

Residual Ionizing Radiation Depth Dose 

Measurements in Unit-density Material 

Chemical and Radiological Laboratories 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Naval Medical Research Institute 

2.3 

3.1 

3.1 u 

3.3 

3.4 

3.5 

3.7 

3.8 

Neutron Flux Measurements 

Tests on the Loading of Building and Equipment 

Shapes 

Shock Diffraction in the Vicinity of a Structure 

Test on the Loading of Horizontal 

Cylindrical Shapes 

Tests on the Loading of Truss Systems Common 

to Open-framed Structures 

Tests on the Response of Wall and Roof Panels 

and the Transmission of Load to Supporting Structure 

Air Blast Effects on Entrances and Air Intakes of 

Underground Installations 

Air Blast Effects on Underground Structures 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Air Materiel Command; Armour Research 

Foundation 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

Air Materiel Command; Armour Research 

Foundation 

Air Materiel Command; Armour Research 

Foundation 

Air Materiel Command; Armour Research 

Foundation 

Office, Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army; Structural 

Research Laboratory, University of Illinois* 

Office, Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army; Structural 

Research Laboratory, University of Illinois 

3.9 Field Fortifications Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories* 

3.11-3.16 Navy Structures Navy Bureau of Yards and Docks+ 

3.19 Blast Damage to Coniferous Tree Stands by Atomic Forest Service 

Explosions 

3.20 Blast and Thermal Effects of an Atomic Bomb on 

Typical Tactical Communication Systems 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories+ 

*Other participating agencies are listed in the text 

33 
Table 2-2: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT ENCORE (Continued) 

Project 

3.21 

Title 

3.22 

Statistical Estimation of Damage to Ordnance 

Equipment Exposed to Nuclear Blasts 

Effects on Engineer Bridging Equipment 

3.24 Effects of an Airburst Atomic Explosion on Landing 

Vehicles Tracked (LVT’s) 

3.26 Test of the Effects on POL Installations 

3.27 

3.28.1 

Effects of Atomic Explosions on Field Medical 

Installations Equipment 

Structures instrumentation 

3.28.2 Pressure Measurements for Various Projects of 

Program 3 

3.28.3 Pressure Measurements on Structures 

3.29 

3.30 

4.1 

Blast Effects of Atomic Weapons upon Curtain 

Walls and Partitions of Masonry and Other Materials 

Air Blast Gauge Studies 

The Radiation Hazard to Personnel within an Atomic 

Cloud 

4.2 

5.1 

Direct Air Blast Exposure Effects in Animals 

Atomic Weapon Effects on AD Type Aircraft 

In Flight 

5.2 Atomic Weapon Effects on B-56 Type Aircraft 

In Flight 

5.3 Blast Effects on B-36 Type Aircraft In Flight 

6.2 Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDAI Phenomena 

and Techniques 

6.3 

6.7 

6.8 

Interim IBDA Capabilities of Strategic Air Command 

Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic 

Radiation from Nuclear Detonations 

Evaluation of Military Aadiac Equipment 

6.8a 

6.10 

Initial Gamma Exposure versus Distance 

Evaluation of Rapid Aerial Radiological Survey 

Techniques 

6.11 

6.12 

Indoctrination of TAC Air Crews in the Delivery and 

Effects of Atomic Weapons 

Determination of Height of Burst and Ground Zero 

6.13 Effectiveness of Fast Scan Radar for Fireball Studies 

and Weapons Tracking 

it Other participating agencies are fisted in the text. 34 

Participants 

Ballistic Research Laboratories 

Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Air Materiel Command; Office of the 

Quartermaster General; Marine Corps Schools 

Brooke Army Medical Center 

Ballistic Research Laboratories 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

Stanford Research Institute 

Federal Civil Defense Administration 

Ballistic Research Laboratories 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center* 

Naval Medical Research Institute 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics 

Wright Air Development Center 

Wright Air Development Center; Strategic 

Air Command 

Wright Air Development Center; Vitro 

Corporation 

Strategic Air Command 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; 

Bureau of Ships 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Tactical Air Command 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; Army 

Field Forces Board I1 

Naval Electronics Laboratory 
Table 2-2: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT ENCORE (Continued) 

Project 

7.1 

7.3 

Title 

Electromagnetic Effects from Nuclear Explosions 

Detection of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from 

Nuclear Explosions 

Participants 

Headquarters, Air Force* 

Headquarters, Air Force* 

7.4 

7.5 

8.la 

Seismic Measurements 

Calibration and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb Debris 

Effects of Thermal and Blast Forces from Nuclear 

Detonations on Basic Aircraft Structures 

and Components 

Headquarters, Air Force 

Headquarters, Air Force; AFSWC 

Wright Air Development Center; Division 

of Research, University of Dayton 

8.lb Additional Data on the Vulnerability of Parked Wright Air Development Center 

Aircraft to Atomic Bombs 

8.2 Measurement of Thermal Radiation with a Vacuum 

Microphone 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center 

8.4.1 

8.5 

Protection Afforded by Operational Smoke Screens 

against Thermal Radiation 

Thermal Radiation Protection Afforded Test Animals 

by Fabric Assemblies 

Chemical and Radiological Laboratories; 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Quartermaster Research and Development 

Laboratories; Walter Reed Army Medical 

Center; Atomic Energy Prbject, University 

of Rochester 

8.6 

8.9 

8.10 

Performance Characteristics of Clothing Materials 

Exposed to Thermal Radiation 

Effects of Thermal Radiation on Materials 

Physical Characteristics of Thermal Radiation from 

an Atomic Bomb Detonation 

Army Quartermaster Research and 

Development Laboratories 

Naval Material Laboratory 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

8.11a Incendiary Effects on Buildings and Interior Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory 

Kindling Fuels 

8.11 b Ignition and Persistent Fires Resulting from Atomic Forest Service, Division of Fire Research 

Explosions-Exterior Kindling Fuels 

8.12a Sound Velocities near the Ground in the Vicinity of an Naval Electronics Laboratory 

Atomic Explosion 

8.12b Supplementary Pressure Measurements David Taylor Model Basin 

8.13 Study of Fire Retardant Paints Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories; Bureau of Yards and Docks 

9.1 Technical Photography 

9.6 Production Stabilization 

9.7 Experimental Soil Stabilization 

*Other participating agencies are listed in the text. 

EG&G; Signal Corps Pictorial Center; Air 

Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

Army Waterways Experiment Station+ 

Army Waterways Experiment Station. 

35 
3.28.2 instrumentation and personnel. The personnel placed the 

gauges at 16 stations along the main blast line from 80 to 4,570 

meters west of the intended ground zero and at eight stations 

along the smoke line from 150 to 1,520 meters northeast of the 

intended ground zero. The main blast line was used by most of 

the Program 1 and 3 projects and several other projects concerned 

with overpressure effects. The smoke line was an array of smoke 

pots, used by several projects studying the effect of smoke on 

certain characteristics of the detonation. Instruments for 

Project l.la were also placed in another area near ground zero to 

determine the effect of the smoke layers on overpressure. However, due to strong winds that might have blown the smoke over 

the ground zero target, the smoke was not used. The instruments 

were connected by underground cable to recording instrumentation 

housed in two trailers located in underground revetments 2,130 

and 3,500 meters from ground zero. The stations were unmanned at 

shot-time. About two hours after recovery hour, three Project 

3.28.2 personnel recovered the tapes. The gauges were 

recalibrated and left in the test area for Shot GRABLE (91). 

The second part of Project l.la was designed to evaluate and 

field-test modified indenter gauges and to obtain pressure data 

in the free-field and in and around structures and equipment. 

Project personnel placed the gauges from 340 to 2,450 meters away 

from ground zero along and near the main blast line, in foxholes 

from 1,250 to 2,130 meters from ground zero, and from 150 to 

1,520 meters along a blast line that extended southwest of ground 

zero. The gauges were probably connected to recording equipment 

located somewhere near the blast lines and the foxholes. Personnel probably retrieved the recordings and left the gauges in 

place for Shot GRABLE (91). 

For Project 1.2, cameras and smoke rockets were used to 

determine pressure in free air and along the ground as a function 

of distance and time. In one part of Project 1.2, personnel 

36 
placed 15 rocket launchers at 130-meter intervals along a northsouth line located east of ground zero. A high-speed camera, 

located 3,600 meters west of ground zero, was set to photograph 

the smoke rocket trail distortions. The launchers were ignited 

from the Control Point seconds before the detonation. The camera 

photographed the broken and hooked patterns in the trails to 

indicate motion in air produced by the shock front. 

To measure the effect of the shock wave along the ground, 

nine high-speed cameras that functioned by remote control were 

located south of the main blast line. At the time of detonation, 

the cameras photographed the motion of the ground along the main 

blast line (91). 

Project l.la-1, Evaluation of Wiancko and Vibrotron Gauges 

and Development of New Circuitry for Atomic Blast Measurements, 

tested four types of experimental blast gauges. Project l.la-2, 

Development of Mechanical Pressure-time and Peak Pressure 

Recorders for Atomic Blast Measurement, evaluated two different 

mechanical air blast gauges. There are no project descriptions 

concerning these two projects. The weapons test reports for 

Projects l.la-1 and l.la-2 indicate that Project l.la personnel 

conducted or assisted in the field and laboratory activities for 

the projects. The two projects probably were part of Project 

l.la, and the experimental gauges were placed in the same areas 

and connected to the same recording equipment as Project l.la 

gauges (96; 100). 

Project l.lb, Air Pressure and Ground Shock Measurements, 

was fielded to obtain data on blast phenomena resulting from 

ENCORE. Before the shot, project personnel placed 51 air 

pressure gauges, 14 acceleration gauges, and six experimental 

gauges along the main blast line from 160 to 2,290 meters -from 

ground zero. At about 1120 hours, recording equipment was placed 

in two shelters used by Program 3. Between four and five hours 

37 
before the detonation, three men calibrated the instruments along 

the blast line and turned on power to the equipment at the 

stations. Three project personnel recovered the records two to 

three hours after the shot. Plans called for them to spend 

30 minutes in the test area (14; 120). 

Project l.ld, Dynamic Pressure versus Time and Supporting 

Air Blast Measurements, was fielded to measure blast wave 

pressures near ground level and to evaluate several new and 

modified gauges. Several days before the shot, project personnel 

placed pressure gauges at various heights above the ground from 

ground zero to about 2,000 meters west of ground zero along the 

main blast line. Personnel placed recording equipment in 

shelters located along the blast line. Project l.ld gauges were 

also placed on a bridge structure for Project 3.4 and in the tree 

stand established by Project 3.19. Two hours after recovery 

hour, two parties of three men each spent an estimated two hours 

retrieving records from the recording shelters (23). 

The objective of Project 1.3, Free-air Atomic Blast Pressure 

Measurements, was to determine the peak overpressure for airburst nuclear devices. The ENCORE detonation was high enough 

above the terrain to give a good separation of the direct and 

ground-reflected blast waves. 

About five hours before the detonation, two personnel 

traveled to a beacon station about 1,520 meters southwest of 

ground zero to start a radar transmitter. Seconds before the 

shot, two B-29s flying at 8,000 and 11,000 feet dropped a total 

of 20 instrumented canisters. Twelve to fourteen project 

personnel at each of two stations near Yucca Lake recorded data 

that were telemetered from the canisters and transmitted by the 

beacon station (3; 14; 61). 
Project 1.4, Free-field Measurements of Earth Stress, 

Strain, and Ground Motion, had two objectives: 

0 To measure the degree that various depths of earth cover 

reduced the vertical forces produced by a nuclear device 

a To test instrumentation used to measure forces transmitted through the earth. 

Before the shot, project personnel placed earth pressure, 

earth strain, and air pressure gauges along the main blast line 

about 430 meters west of ground zero. The gauges were attached 

to cables leading to shelters containing recording equipment. 

These shelters also housed Project l.ld recording equipment. Two 

parties of three men each from Projects l.ld and 1.4 recovered 

records in the shelters about two hours after recovery hour. 

Recovery took about two hours (99). 

Project 2.1, Radioactive Particle Studies inside an Aircraft, was fielded by the Chemical and Radiological Laboratories 

of the Army Chemical Center. The objective was to evaluate the 

inhalation hazard to which aircraft crews would be exposed when 

flying through the cloud formed by a nuclear detonation. 

Project personnel placed a sampling apparatus with an 

attached ionization chamber in each of the two QF-80 drones used 

in Project 4.1. The drones, also carrying mice and monkeys for 

the Project 4.1 study, were sent through the ENCORE cloud twice. 

Drone activities are described in greater detail in the Project 

4.1 description. When the drones landed, the sampling instruments were removed, packaged, and flown to the Army Chemical 

Center in Maryland for analysis (28). 

Pro.ject 2.2a, Gamma Radiation Spectrum of Residual Contamination, was conducted to characterize the residual gamma contamination resulting from the shot. Data gained from the project 

were to be used in designing radiation detection devices and in 

39 
assessing the biological significance of residual gamma 

radiation. Two hours after the detonation, three project 

participants approached ground zero from a crosswind direction in 

a van. They stopped when the gamma intensity reached 0.18 R/h at 

ground zero. Equipment was removed and placed about six meters 

from the van. After taking measurements, personnel loaded 

instruments into the van and left the area (14; 18). 

Project 2.2b, Residual Ionizing Radiation Depth Dose 

Measurements in Unit-density Material, evaluated the biological 

effects of beta and gamma radiation fields. To obtain data on 

initial radiation, two or three project participants placed 

lucite and masonite spheres containing radiation-detecting 

devices at stations 1,460 and 1,650 meters southeast of ground 

zero before the detonation. It is not known when the spheres 

were recovered (30). 

Project 2.3, Neutron Flux Measurements, was designed to 

measure neutron intensities at various distances from ground 

zero. Before the shot, project personnel secured neutron 

detectors to a cable stretching 900 meters from ground zero. 

They also placed neutron detectors on stakes from 900 to 

1,830 meters from ground zero. These detectors were attached to 

cables that were connected to the main cable. Soon after the 

detonation, four project personnel recovered the cable by pulling 

the end farthest from ground zero by truck until the other end 

passed the 900-meter point. They then detached the samples from 

the stakes and pulled in the remaining detectors (126). 

Project 3.1, Tests of the Loading of Building and Equipment 

Shapes, was conducted by the Air Materiel Command, with primary 

contracting assistance from the Armour Research Foundation and 

construction assistance from the Silas Mason Company. The 

objective was to collect more information about blast effects on 

various structures, material, and equipment differing in size, 

shape, and orientation to the detonation. 

40 
Construction personnel assembled 15 structures along an arc 

1,500 meters from the intended ground zero. Two additional 

models, also used in Project l.la, were positioned 350 and 

670 meters from ground zero. Project 3.28 participants mounted 

about 235 gauges on the test structures. After the Test Director 

declared the area open for recovery operations at 0919 hours, 

personnel returned to the test site to inspect structural damage 

and recover instrument records (55). 

Project 3.111, Shock Diffraction in the Vicinity of a 

Structure, was conducted by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory to 

determine changes in the shock wave pattern as it diffracted 

around a structure. The instrumentation system was part of the 

systems used for Projects l.la and 3.28.2, both of which were 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory pro.jects. One or two days before the 

shot, personnel positioned 14 pressure gauges in and around the 

structure used for Project 3.1 that was located 670 meters from 

ground zero. Signals from the gauges were transmitted and 

recorded on magnetic tape recorders. Personnel retrieved the 

records when the area was cleared for recovery operations (90). 

Project 3.3, Test on the Loading of Horizontal Aluminum 

Cylindrical Shapes, was fielded by personnel from the Armour 

Research Foundation, under contract to the Air Materiel Command. 

The objective was to increase the knowledge of blast loadings on 

cylindrical structures. 

Five steel cylinders with reinforced end-sections were 

supported above the ground at two stations located 1,460 and 

1,910 meters from ground zero. Project 3.28.1 personnel mounted 

30 air pressure gauges and ten strain gauges on the cylinders and 

calibrated them before the shot. At recovery hour, participants 

returned to the site to observe the results and collect the gauge 

data (112). 

41 
Project 3.4, Tests on the Loading of Truss Systems Common to 

Open-framed Structures, was fielded by Armour Research Foundation 

personnel for the Air Materiel Command. The objective was to 

determine the effects of a nuclear blast on open-framed structures, such as bridges. The information obtained was compared to 

wind-tunnel data and data gathered during the previous nuclear 

weapons testing series. 

Personnel positioned five structures, each of which duplicated the center section of an open-deck, single-track railroad 

bridge, at distances of 670 to 710 meters from ground zero. 

Personnel from Pro.ject 3.28.1 mounted strain gauges on the 

foundations of the structures. After recovery hour was declared 

at 0919 hours, participants retrieved the gauge data and 

inspected the bridge spans (111). 

Project 3.5, Tests on the Response of Wall and Roof Panels 

and the Transmission of Load to Supporting Structures, was 

performed by personnel from the Armour Research Foundation for 

the Air Materiel Command. The objective was to determine the 

load, as produced by a nuclear blast, transmitted to building 

frames through various common types of panel wall and roof 

construction. 

Three reinforced concrete structures, positioned 670, 1,370, 

and 2,040 meters from ground zero,. were fitted with wall and 

roof panels constructed of cinder block, brick, corrugated steel, 

wood, and reinforced concrete. The structure at 670 meters was 

also instrumented for Projects l.la, 3.1, 3.1~1, and 3.28.2. The 

other two structures were built for Project 3.29. Pro,ject 3.28.1 

personnel instrumented each structure with gauges measuring 

pressure and strain. In addition, the structures at 1,340 and 

2,020 meters were photographed by high-speed, remote-control 

cameras provided by Project 9.1, Technical Photography. After 

recovery hour, project personnel recovered the gauge records and 

42 
film and evaluated the effects of the detonation on the 

structures (114). 

Project 3.7, Air Blast Effects on Entrances and Air Intakes 

of Underground Installations, was conducted for the Office of the 

Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, through a contract with the 

Structural Research Laboratory of the University of Illinois. 

Personnel from the Stanford Research Institute and Project 3.28 

personnel from the Naval Ordnance Laboratory assisted. The 

objective was to obtain basic data to be used in designing 

underground shelters for protection from nuclear detonations. 

Six hours and 30 minutes before the shot, three men were 

scheduled to remove the seal on filters and start the electric 

generators at an underground structure 290 meters southwest of 

ground zero. They were to spend three hours on the assignment. 

In addition, Project 3.28.2 personnel installed 34 air pressure 

gauges and two ground-surface air pressure gauges near and in the 

structure. 

Three hours after recovery hour, ten men from Projects 3.7, 

3.8, and 3.28 proceeded to this structure and then to the Project 

3.8 structure to open them, turn off generators, collect data, 

and check for gross damage effects (14; 118). 

Project 3.8, Air Blast Effects on Underground Structures, 

was performed by the Structural Research Laboratory of the 

University of Illinois for the Office of the Chief of Engineers, 

U.S. Army. The overall objective of this project was similar to 

that of Project 3.7: to collect necessary data for designing 

underground shelters. Three test structures, buried at depths of 

one, four, and eight feet, were on an arc about 280 meters 

west-northwest of the intended ground zero. They were built of 

reinforced concrete with roofs of simply supported steel-beam 

strips (93). 

43 
ProSect 3.28.1 personnel installed 26 earth-pressure gauges 

on the ceiling beams, floors, and walls of the structures before 

the shot. They placed air pressure, strain, and acceleration 

gauges in and around the structure. Three hours after recovery 

hour, project personnel with personnel from Projects 3.7 and 

3.28, as described under the Project 3.7 description, checked the 

gauges, recovered data, and examined the structures (84). 

Project 3.9, Field Fortifications, was conducted by the 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, with construction 

support from the 412th Engineer Construction Battalion, and 

instrumentation and technical assistance from the Naval Material 

Laboratory, the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, the 

Ballistic Research Laboratories, the Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories, and Naval Ordnance Laboratory personnel from 

Project 3.28.2. 

The main objectives were to obtain data on the effects of 

blast on field fortifications and to take radiation measurements. 

There were four parts to this project. The first part was 

concerned with the general effects of a detonation on field 

fortifications, while the other three parts were each concerned 

with one effect: pressure, reflected thermal radiation, and 

gamma radiation. The fortifications used for all parts of 

Project 3.9 included command posts, machine gun emplacements, and 

two-man foxholes constructed with various revetments, structure 

frames, and overhead cover. They were located 150, 460, 1,220, 

1,830, and 2,440 meters from the planned ground zero. 

The 412th Engineer Construction Battalion completed the 

fortifications at least a week before the shot. Personnel 

instrumented the positions with pressure gauges, thermal gauges, 

and film badges. Project 9.1 personnel photographed the 

fortifications before and after the shot. At about 1030 hours on 

shot-day, four project personnel recovered the gauge data. One 

44 
man collected the film badges. The recovery mission took an 

estimated three hours (14; 53). 

Projects 3.11 through 3.16, Navy Structures, were conducted 

by the Navy Bureau of Yards and Docks. Personnel from the 

following organizations assisted in fielding the projects: the 

Naval Civil Engineering Research and Evaluation Laboratory, the 

Stanford Research Institute, the Army Signal Corps, and the 

Ballistic Research Laboratories and the Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

from Projects 3.28.1 and 3.28.2. 

The overall objective was to test the protection afforded by 

various structures against the effects of a nuclear blast. Each 

project tested a particular structure: 

0 3.11, steel warehouses 

l 3.12, brick buildings and precast panels 

0 3.13, precast personnel shelters 

0 3.14, precast warehouse 

0 3.15, steel arch shelters with earth cover 

0 3.16, prefabricated wood-paneled structures containing 

various types of window glass hardware. 

Personnel positioned the structures at distances ranging 

from 820 to 6,100 meters from ground zero. Fifty-four gauges 

measuring pressure, deflection, strain, torque, and shear were 

interspersed among the various structures. Project 9.1 personnel 

photographed the test structures before the shot and again after 

recovery hour. Other personnel retrieved the gauge data and made 

surveys to detect cracks and points of stress (14; 82). 

Project 3.19, Blast Damage to Coniferous Tree Stands by 

Atomic Explosions, was fielded by the Forest Service, Department 

of Agriculture. The objective was to assess the damage done to 

trees by the detonation and to determine the amount of cover 

provided by a forest. 

45 
In the days and weeks before the shot, personnel placed 

145 trees in a stand about 50 meters wide and 100 meters long, 

about 2,000 meters from ground zero. They also positioned 16 

trees at 152-meter intervals in two parallel lines 30 meters 

apart located 460 to 2,440 meters west-southwest of ground zero. 

Project 3.28.2 personnel placed instruments on one tree in the 

stand and on several of the trees in the lines. Project 9.1 

personnel photographed the trees before the shot. 

One minute after the shot, an H-19 helicopter left the 

Control Point pad to survey the project area. At recovery hour, 

49 minutes after the burst, four men traveled to the tree stand 

to recover records. Two hours and 30 minutes later, two parties, 

one of seven men and the other of four men, went to the project 

site to survey the results. Project 9.1 personnel, probably 

traveling with these personnel, photographed the trees. They 

spent about three hours at the site (14; 109). 

Project 3.20, Blast and Thermal Effects of an Atomic Bomb on 

Typical Tactical Communication Systems, was fielded by the Signal 

Corps Engineering Laboratories, with support from the 16th Signal 

Service Battalion (Corps), Detachment A, and the 412th Engineer 

Construction Battalion, both from Camp Desert Rock, and personnel 

from Coles Signal Laboratory. Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

personnel provided preshot and postshot photography. The Medical 

Corps and the Ordnance Corps from Camp Desert Rock allowed signal 

items to be placed in vehicles and installations. The objective 

was to determine the effects of a nuclear blast on signal 

communication electronics. 

The day before the shot, enlisted men from the 16th Signal 

Battalion (Corps), Detachment A, under the technical supervision 

of Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories personnel, laid surface 

wires and cables, set up communications gear, and strung wire 

along poles from 90 to 4,570 meters from ground zero. 

46 
Five hours before the shot, two participants went to project 

stations to start power generators and radio receivers. They 

spent an estimated two hours in the area. Project participants 

attached field-type radio sets and film badges to dummies in 

foxholes at graduated distances from ground zero. At recovery 

hour, two project personnel and a monitor inspected the poles and 

lines 1,500 and 1,800 meters from ground zero. Three hours 

later, qualified damage analysis personnel, accompanied by 

photographers, went to the test area to conduct a general survey 

and photograph the damage (14; 48). 

Project 3.21, Statistical Estimation of Damage to Ordnance 

Equipment Exposed to Nuclear Blasts, was fielded by personnel 

from the Ballistic Research Laboratories to obtain data on damage 

to various weapons and vehicles. These data would be used to 

predict the percentage of equipment that would be available for 

combat after a nuclear blast. 

Before the shot, project participants positioned, tanks, 

trucks, jeeps, and guns at 14 sites located 270 to 2,000 meters 

from ground zero. Project 3.28.1 personnel attached 45 gauges to 

measure linear displacement of the equipment. Project 9.1 

personnel photographed the equipment before the shot and placed 

seven cameras in four locations. 

Two days after the shot, seven men in a five-ton wrecker 

traveled into the area to evaluate and recover 54 vehicles and 

two 90mm anti-aircraft guns. The five-ton wrecker was used to 

right all vehicles that had overturned. It took about 65 manhours to restore the vehicles to upright positions and evaluate 

the damage (25). 

Project 3.22, Effects on Engineer Bridging Equipment, was 

conducted by Engineer Research and Development Laboratories 

personnel. The objective was to determine the effects of a 

nuclear blast on prefabricated fixed bridging. 

47 
Several weeks before Shot ENCORE, personnel from the 412th 

Engineer Construction Battalion constructed two 30-meter Bailey 

bridge spans and two single-bay aluminum sections. They placed 

these bridges at distances of 320 to 1,340 meters from the 

intended ground zero. Figure 2-3 shows the Bailey bridge 

constructed for the project. Pro,ject 3.28 personnel instrumented 

one of the Bailey bridges and both of the aluminum sections with 

accelerometers and strain gauges. In addition, Project 9.1 

personnel placed cameras in the areas to photograph the movement 

of the bridges during the shot. Three hours after the announcement of recovery hour, four men were scheduled to proceed into 

the test site to spend one hour assessing damage, retrieving 

gauge data, and recovering the film (14; 88). 

Project 3.24, Effects of an Airburst Atomic Explosion on 

Landing Vehicles Tracked (LVT's), was fielded by the Naval 

Radiological Defense Laboratory and five Marine Corps personnel. 

The objective was to determine the degree of blast damage that 

the LVTs would sustain from a nuclear explosion and to determine 

the degree of protection that these vehicles would give. 

Six LVTs were stationed before the shot at seven locations 

from 240 to 1,370 meters west to northwest of ground zero, 

probably by an officer and four enlisted men. About 40 dosimeters and film badges were attached to the vehicles. Project 9.1 

personnel placed a motion picture camera near the landing vehicle 

570 meters from ground zero to photograph thermal and blast 

effects. Project 9.1 personnel also photographed each LVT before 

and after the shot. 

About an hour after recovery hour, eight personnel retrieved 

the film badges and dosimeters. They spent an estimated 90 

minutes in the area. Other personnel entered the area later to 

inspect and photograph vehicle damage (14; 98). 

48 

Project 3.26, Tests of the Effects on POL* Installations, 

was conducted in three parts: 

Project 3.26.1, Test of the Effects on POL 

Installations, performed by the Armour Research 

Foundation under contract to the Air Materiel 

Command 

Project 3.26.2, Effects of Atomic Weapons on a 

POL Supply Point, performed by the Quartermaster Research and Development Field Evaluation 

Agency for the Office of the Quartermaster General 

Pro,ject 3.26.3, Effect of an Atomic Explosion 

upon an Amphibious Assault Fuel Handling System 

(Shore Phase), conducted by the Marine Corps 

Schools. 

The objective was to determine the effects of a nuclear blast on 

tactical fuel supply systems and containers. 

For Project 3.26.1, the Armour Research Foundation (the 

contractor for the Air Materiel Command), aided by Silas Mason 

Company, placed fuel storage tanks from 70 to 1,410 meters from 

ground zero, stacked 55-gallon drums 330 to 1,390 meters away, 

and placed storage tanks filled with water 600 to 4,580 meters 

from ground zero. Project 3.28.1 personnel attached air pressure 

and temperature gauges to the test items. Project personnel 

placed two high-speed cameras near each item to photograph the 

motion of the tanks and drums. At recovery hour, ten personnel 

entered the area to extinguish small fires and inspect damage. 

This was expected to take about one hour (14; 115). 

For Project 3.26.2, personnel from the Quartermaster 

Research and Development Field Evaluation Agency placed gasoline 

cans and drums in the open and in areas protected by revetments 

and collapsible gas storage tanks and cleaning equipment at four 

stations located 800 to 3,050 meters from ground zero. Motion 

*Petroleum, Oil, Lubricants 

50 
picture cameras were placed near three locations to photograph 

the blast effects during the shot. Several hours before the 

detonation, eight men traveled to the four stations to turn on 

gasoline engine pumps. Each station was photographed. After the 

detonation, probably at recovery hour, four trained observers 

traveled to their four assigned stations and examined each item. 

Photographs were again taken at each site (14; 115). 

For Project 3.26.3, personnel from the Marine Corps Development Center of the Marine Corps Schools placed LVT-transported 

fuel tanks and shore unloading, transfer, dispensing, and storage 

equipment at five locations 910 to 3,110 meters from ground zero. 

After the detonation, at recovery hour, four project personnel 

and a monitor traveled to each of the sites to inspect damage. 

This inspection was scheduled to take about two hours (3; 14; 

115). 

Project 3.27, Effects of Atomic Explosions on Field Medical 

Installations Equipment, was performed by Medical Field Service 

School personnel of the Brooke Army Medical Center. The objective was to determine the effects of a nuclear blast on field 

medical installations and equipment and the degree of protection 

afforded by placing such installations partially within dug-in 

positions. 

Before the ENCORE detonation, construction crews entered the 

area and partially excavated three positions 1,270, 2,750, and 

4,570 meters from the intended ground zero to accommodate the 

field medical installations. After the excavation, construction 

personnel set up the field stations. Five hours before the shot, 

five men visited the stations and turned on several pieces of 

equipment. Cameras photographed the installations during the 

detonation (14). 

51 
When recovery hour was announced, a project officer and six 

enlisted men began guarding the medical material used in the 

tests. The guards, two of whom were posted at each site, were to 

be relieved in three hours, subject to radiological safety 

considerations. Two hours later, personnel photographed the 

damage. Figure 2-4 presents a photograph of field medical 

installations after the shot. At about 1220 hours, 17 members of 

a medical equipment maintenance evaluation team checked the 

equipment. At the same time, three project participants estimated 

the damage to equipment. The 20 participants were scheduled to 

spend about two hours at the test site. Six project personnel 

were to spend approximately five hours at the test site evaiuating 

the operational capabilities of equipment and materiel beginning 

at about 1320 hours. At the same time, 12 project personnel, 

accompanied by technical observers in a bus, were to proceed to 

the area to observe the damage. Two groups of six men made a 

final visit to the three sites about five hours after the shot, 

spending no more than four hours in the area (14; 32). 

Project 3.28.1, Structures Instrumentation, was conducted by 

the Ballistic Research Laboratories to obtain structural loading 

data for the following Program 3 projects: 3.1, 3.3, 3.4, 3.8, 

3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 3.21, and 3.22. Project 3.28.1 personnel 

determined proper instrumentation layout, procured, installed, 

and operated the instruments, and reduced the field data for each 

of the projects. Army, Navy, and Air Force officers and enlisted 

men provided through AFSWP assisted the Ballistic Research 

Laboratories personnel. Most of the gauges and recording instruments were placed within 2,050 meters west of ground zero, along 

the main blast line. After they had placed the gauges and 

recording instruments in the field, personnel checked the gauges 

about eight days b,efore the shot, conducted a complete dry run 

three days before the shot, and made a final check of all 

instruments the day before the shot. As soon after recovery hour 

as possible, three teams of three men each entered the recording 

52 

shelters, retrieved all data tapes, and returned them to another 

location, probably at Camp Mercury, to play them back and make 

reproductions (84). 

Project 3.28.2, Pressure Measurements for Various Projects 

of Program 3, was conducted by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, 

with assistance from five military officers and six enlisted men 

provided by AFSWP. The objectives were to make pressure-time 

measurements in and around structures and installations of 

Projects 3.1, 3.lu, 3.7, 3.9, 3.13, and 3.19, and to present the 

resulting data to the agencies conducting those projects. The 

recording instrumentation used for those projects by Project 

3.28.2 was also used for Naval Ordnance Laboratory Project l.la. 

The recording instruments were housed in two vans located 2,130 

and 3,500 meters from ground zero, and the gauges were placed in 

the field. After the detonation, personnel retrieved the records 

and returned to Camp Mercury to reproduce them for the participating agencies (89). 

Project 3.28.3, Pressure Measurements on Structures, was 

conducted by the Stanford Research Institute to measure pressure 

on and around Project 3.1 structures located along an arc about 

1,500 meters from ground zero. Recording instrumentation was in 

an underground shelter behind the structures. At recovery hour, 

personnel recovered the records (119). 

Project 3.29, Blast Effects of Atomic Weapons upon Curtain 

Walls and Partitions of Masonry and Other Materials, was fielded 

by the Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) to measure the 

effectiveness of wall partitions commonly used in conventional, 

framed buildings in resisting blast pressures striking perpendicular to the surfaces. Two frame structures of reinforced 

concrete, which resembled long, low, narrow buildings, open in 

the front and back, were constructed about 1,340 and 2,020 meters 

from ground zero. Window openings and various partitions were 

54 
placed in the openings. These structures were also used for 

Project 3.5. Plans called for six men to inspect the damage four 

hours after recovery hour. The recovery team was to spend four 

hours in the field (14; 122). 

Project 3.30, Air Blast Gauge Studies, was fielded by 

personnel from the Ballistic Research Laboratories. The objective was to test a new self-contained recording gauge for the 

measurement of pressure-time phenomena from a nuclear blast. 

Personnel placed 29 gauges on the main blast line 140 to 1,980 

meters due west of ground zero and on a blast line 230 to 1,140 

meters southwest of ground zero before the shot. They mounted 

the gauges in several different positions: on roofs, rear walls 

of structures, and under test vehicles. Four hours after 

recovery hour, three project personnel were scheduled to retrieve 

the gauges (14; 78). 

Project 4.1, Radiation Hazards to Personnel within an Atomic 

Cloud, evaluated the various hazards a flight crew might encounter 

while flying in a modern military aircraft through the cloud 

formed by a detonation a few minutes after the shot. Two QF-80 

drone aircraft were equipped with dosimeters, and each carried 60 

mice and two monkeys enclosed in pressurized containers. The 

drones also carried the Project 2.1 experiment. The 3205th Drone 

Group from Eglin AFB, Florida, provided and maintained the 

drones. Four T-33 aircraft, each with an estimated crew of two, 

guided the drones, and four F-86 aircraft provided escort. The 

aircraft, based at Indian Springs AFB, did not fly through the 

cloud as the drone aircraft did but remained over the test site 

for one hour. 

In addition, Project 4.1 involved a canister drop, which 

engaged a B-50 and a B-47 aircraft, both provided by AFSWC. 

These aircraft were based at Kirtland AFB. The B-50 dropped five 

telemetered canisters and remained over the test area for two 

55 
hours. The mission of the B-47 was terminated when its bomb-bay 

doors failed to open. The B-47 was over the test area for 21 

minutes. 

Four project personnel operated a station seven kilometers 

south of ground zero through shot-time to pick up telemetered 

data as the canisters fell to the ground (14; 51; 79). 

Project 4.2, Direct Air Blast Exposure Effects in Animals, 

was designed to evaluate injuries received by animals exposed to 

20 to 50 pounds per square inch of overpressure. The information 

obtained was used in estimating direct blast hazards to humans in 

air raid shelters or underground bunkers. 

Project personnel placed rats in aluminum cylinders, which 

were sandbagged and covered with wet dirt to secure them and to 

shield them from radiation and flying debris. The ends were 

covered only by mesh hardware cloth to keep the rats in but allow 

entrance of the airblast wave. Pressure recorders were placed 

inside the cylinders. Project participants placed rats and 

instruments at stations 290, 320, 360, and 460 meters from ground 

zero. Four hours after the detonation, three project personnel 

retrieved the animals and instruments (14; 46). 

Project 5.1, Atomic Weapon Effects on AD Type Aircraft in 

Flight, studied the blast and thermal effects of a nuclear 

detonation on AD aircraft in an escape configuration following 

the delivery of a nuclear weapon. The project involved both air 

and ground operations. A piloted AD2, staged from Indian Springs 

AFB, was over the test area for 70 minutes. The aircraft flew in 

formation with the drop aircraft until the time of detonation. 

In addition, personnel placed three groups of aircraft panels on 

the ground about 1,200, 1,600, and 2,200 meters from ground zero. 

Three hours after recovery hour, four project personnel entered 

the test area to photograph and recover the aircraft panels (14; 

45; 51; 108). 

56 
Project 5.2, Atomic Weapon Effects on B-50 Type Aircraft in 

Flight, was designed to determine the minimum altitude at which a 

medium bomber aircraft could safely deliver a nuclear weapon. 

Three B-50 aircraft, each carrying eight or nine personnel and 

staging from Kirtland AFB, flew patterns that simulated the 

flight pattern of the bomb delivery aircraft. At the time of 

burst, they were all at an altitude of 21,800 feet. They 

continued on a straight and level path after the weapon was 

dropped. In addition, project personnel attached test aircraft 

panels to the T-33s flying for Project 6.11 (3; 45; 51; 81). 

Project 5.3, Blast Effects on B-36 Type Aircraft in Flight, 

was fielded to obtain data on the blast response and delivery 

capabilities of a B-36D aircraft, flown near a nuclear detonation. The aircraft and crew of ten were from the Strategic Air 

Command (SAC). The test aircraft, which had been used for 

similar testing by Project 6.10 personnel during Operation IVY, 

staged from Kirtland AFB. The aircraft, flying 3,000 feet above 

and 1,490 meters ahead of the drop aircraft, was at an altitude 

of 25,135 feet at the time of the shot (3; 51; 102). 

ProSect 6.2, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDA) 

Phenomena and Techniques, was performed to confirm indications 

that a radar return could be used to determine ground zero, and 

to indicate gross errors in predicting the height of burst and 

the yield of a nuclear detonation. This project required both 

ground and air personnel. Three hours before shot-time, two 

project personnel proceeded to a radar station west of the 

Control Point, where they remained through the test (14). 

Three B-29 aircraft, each with an estimated crew of six, 

left Kirtland AFB at 0325 hours on shot-day and entered the test 

area at about 0550 hours. One aircraft orbited south of ground 

zero, one orbited east of ground zero, and one orbited north of 

ground zero. The aircraft left the area at about 0835 hours and 

landed at Kirtland AFB at about 1045 hours (45; 51; 74; 86). 

57 
Project 6.3, Interim IBDA Capabilities of Strategic Air 

Command, like Project 6.2, evaluated IBDA systems installed in 

SAC bomber and fighter aircraft flying simulated strike and 

support missions over a target. The aircraft recorded data 

essential for determining the three IBDA parameters: ground 

zero, burst height, and yield of a nuclear detonation. 

Twelve B-36 aircraft of the 57th Air Division from Fairchild 

AFB, Washington, and eight F-84 aircraft of the 40th Air Division 

from George AFB, California, reached the test area at 0750 hours 

at an altitude of 37,000 feet. The aircraft flew in formation 

for about 40 minutes over the test site to simulate strike and 

support activities. While over the test site, the crews tested 

IBDA equipment and familiarized themselves with operations 

pertaining to the use of nuclear weapons. A total of 212 

personnel participated in the flights (3; 76). 

Project 6.7, Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic 

Radiation from Nuclear Detonations, was conducted by the Signal 

Corps Engineering Laboratories. It consisted of two parts. Part 

I measured the physical characteristics of the pulse of the electromagnetic radiation. Part II detected and recorded electromagnetic signals emitted by nuclear devices before the detonation. 

Part II was performed at the request of AFSWP and the Office of 

Naval Research. 

According to the schedule of events for ENCORE, three project 

personnel were to travel to a shelter at an unknown distance from 

ground zero to turn on equipment. They then were to travel to a 

station, the location of which is unknown, and remain there 

through the shot. At recovery hour, the three men were to leave 

the station, pick up a monitor at the Control Point, and return 

to the station to retrieve film (3; 14; 40). 

58 
Projects 6.8, Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment, and 

6.8a, Initial Gamma Exposure versus Distance, were performed by 

the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, assisted by Air Force 

and Navy personnel. The projects were designed to test dosimeters and radiac instruments in initial and residual radiation 

fields. Project personnel placed dosimeters before the shot at 

23 stations located 740 to 2,600 meters south and 19 stations 

1,070 to 2,850 meters west of ground zero. One hour after 

recovery hour was announced at 0919 hours, five parties, each 

consisting of a monitor and four participants, began retrieving 

the dosimeters. Two hours later, four parties, each with a 

monitor and five participants, traveled to an area an unknown 

distance from ground zero to evaluate radiac instruments by 

conducting radiological safety survevs. The crews observed and 

recorded any instrument malfunctions (14; 75). 

The objective of Project 6.10, Evaluation of Rapid Aerial 

Radiological Survey Techniques, was to improve the procedures 

used during both Operations BUSTER-JANGLE and TUMBLER-SNAPPER in 

making radiological aerial surveys. In addition, the effect of 

the aircraft on radiac instrument readings taken inside the 

aircraft was studied. 

This project used one HRS-2 helicopter, which was based at 

Camp Desert Rock. Before the mission, project personnel placed 

film badges at various locations opposite one another on the 

interior and exterior of the aircraft. The helicopter left 

Desert Rock at 0900 hours on shot-day and reached the test area 

at 0905 hours, about 30 minutes after the shot. Flying at a 

height of about 500 feet, it circled 800 meters from ground zero. 

The crew selected a landmark near ground zero as a reference 

point to determine the direction of maximum fallout. The aircraft then flew a cloverleaf pattern centered over the reference 

point at three different heights. The first leg of the cloverleaf pattern passed over the reference point in the direction of 

59 
maximum fallout. Airspeed, direction, and height were kept 

constant on each leg of the pattern. 

Monitors in the aircraft obtained data by using a mechanical 

recording system and by writing intensity readings on a data 

sheet every five seconds. A notation was made on the data sheet 

as the aircraft passed over the reference point. The aircraft 

was in the test area for two hours and landed at 1105 hours at 

Camp Desert Rock (45; 51; 101). 

Pro,ject 6.11, Indoctrination of Tactical Air Command Air 

Crews in the Delivery and Effects of Atomic Weapons, was 

conducted to teach Tactical Air Command (TAC) aircrews about 

blast, thermal, and nuclear radiation effects that might be 

encountered in the delivery of nuclear weapons. The activity 

also trained TAC reconnaissance pilots in the techniques of 

photographing areas subjected to the effects of a nuclear 

detonation and using the photographs for bomb damage assessment. 

Seven TAC T-33s and three RF-80s (crew of two each) from George 

AFB were used in this maneuver. 

The T-33 aircraft departed from Indian Springs AFB one hour 

before the shot. When the bomb was released, each aircraft began 

a 55-degree dive at 85 percent power to a minimum altitude of 

17,000 feet, where they went into a 15-degree climb directly away 

from the point of detonation. Fifteen seconds after the shot, 

normal fighter formation was resumed, and all aircraft returned 

directly to George AFB for decontamination and debriefing (3; 45; 

51; 104). 

The RF-80 aircraft took off from George AFB about one hour 

after the shot and began an orbit at an altitude of 30,000 feet 

directly over Indian Springs AFB. Two hours after the detonation, the first RF-80 made a photography run over the ground 

zero target array and returned to the orbit point. The second 

60 
and third aircraft also made runs over the target area and 

returned to the orbit point. They then flew back to George AFB 

for decontamination (104). 

Project 6.12, Determination of Height of Burst and Ground 

Zero, was fielded by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

and Army Field Forces Board #l. The objective was to evaluate 

artillery sound-ranging equipment for location of ground zero, 

seismic wave velocity for determination of height of burst, and 

flash-ranging equipment for determination of ground zero and 

height of burst. This project required sound-ranging systems 

located 22 to 40 kilometers from ground zero. In addition, 

seismic geophones and flash-ranging cameras were positioned at 

the south end of Yucca Lake, 13 to 16 kilometers from ground 

zero. Four hours before the shot, six men in three vehicles 

activated the geophones and flash-ranging cameras and returned to 

the Control Point before shot-time (14; 124). 

Project 6.13, Effectiveness of Fast Scan Radar for Fireball 

Studies and Weapons Tracking, was conducted to evaluate the 

effectiveness of a new fast scan X-band radar for phenomenology 

studies of nuclear detonations. Project plans called for six men 

to proceed to Station 6.13b, at UTM coordinates 917622, over 11 

kilometers from ground zero, and remain there through the 

detonation (14; 77). 

Project 7.1, Electromagnetic Effects from Nuclear Explosions, 

was designed to obtain additional information on the electromagnetic radiation produced by a nuclear detonation. Personnel 

from the National Bureau of Standards, the Air Force Security 

Service, the Air Force Cambridge Research Center, and the Air 

Weather Service manned one station onsite and 13 stations located 

throughout the United States. Two personnel manned the onsite 

station, about 19 kilometers from ground zero, beginning four 

hours before the detonation and continuing through shot-time 

(14; 95). 

61 
Project 7.3, Detection of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from 

Nuclear Explosions, was conducted to compare low frequency sounds 

produced by nuclear detonations at various remote field stations. 

These stations were located across the United States and around 

the world. The Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories operated 

stations in Alaska, Hawaii, Greenland, Japan, and Germany. The 

Naval Electronics Laboratory, the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, and the National Bureau of Standards manned the nine 

stations throughout the United States (97). 

The purpose of Project 7.4, Seismic Measurements, was to 

record the seismic waves produced by the shot for comparison with 

those produced by shots of other series and by other shots of 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. Project personnel manned stations 

located in Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Montana, South Dakota, 

Wyoming, and Nevada. The station closest to the shot was about 

40 kilometers to the north, at UTM coordinates 843094 in Yucca 

Flat (14; 41). 

Project 7.5, Calibration and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb 

Debris, analyzed samples of the Shot ENCORE cloud to evaluate 

various parameters of the nuclear device. .An F-84 aircraft took 

gaseous and particulate samples from the cloud. Because this 

project required cloud sampling, it is described in more detail 

in section 2.2.4 of this volume, which discusses AFSWC support 

at ENCORE (117). 

Project 8.la, Effects of Thermal and Blast Forces from 

Nuclear Detonations on Basic Aircraft Structures and Components, 

was developed to increase knowledge of the capabilities of 

weapons-delivery aircraft and to establish design criteria for 

future weapons-delivery aircraft. Project personnel placed 

aircraft structures and components such as box beams, tension 

ties, horizontal stabilizer and elevator assemblies, and aircraft 

panels from 700 to 3,960 meters from ground zero. 

62 
According to the operation order, 12 project personnel 

proceeded to the test area six hours before the shot to check and 

adjust equipment, a process requiring about two hours. Seven 

project participants and a monitor went to the project site at 

recovery hour to inspect damage and photograph the equipment 

area. The estimated time of this mission was four hours (14; 

110). 

Project 8.lb, Additional Data on the Vulnerability of Parked 

Aircraft to Atomic Bombs, was conducted to assess the damage of 

fighter aircraft parked in the vicinity of a detonation and to 

determine the effort required to restore the aircraft to flying 

condition. Four F-47s and one F-86 were parked from 520 to 1,610 

meters northwest of ground zero. Personnel, probably from 

Project 9.1, set up remote-control cameras near each aircraft to 

photograph the effects of the blast. Five hours before the shot, 

the project officer and three personnel made a final inspection 

of equipment, which took about one hour. At recovery hour, six 

project personnel and a monitor traveled to the project area to 

inspect the aircraft and recover instrument recordings at 

distances of 700, 1,980, 2,200, and 2,690 meters from ground 

zero. They spent about two hours in the area. Three hours after 

recovery hour, 11 men inspected the aircraft. Their estimated 

time in the area was three hours (14; 54). 

Project 8.2, Measurement of Thermal Radiation with a Vacuum 

Microphone, was designed to evaluate a microphone used to measure 

the thermal radiation produced by a nuclear detonation. Project 

personnel manned two vans containing recording equipment. One 

was located about ten kilometers from ground zero. They arrived 

at the vans about four hours before the shot and remained through 

shot-time (14; 20). 

Project 8.4.1, Protection Afforded by Operational Smoke 

Screens against Thermal Radiation, was to be conducted by the 

63 
Chemical and Radiological Laboratories of the Army Chemical 

Center to evaluate the effect of smoke screens on thermal 

radiation resulting from a nuclear detonation. Personnel set up 

stations with smoke pots, thermal radiation measurement instruments and wind velocity and direction gauges from 760 to 1,980 

meters along a line northwest of ground zero. More smoke pots 

were placed along a line to the north of these stations. Other 

projects had set up instrumentation along the smoke line to 

determine smoke effect on other detonation characteristics. The 

smoke was to be started just prior to shot-time. However, only a 

few hours before the detonation, the wind increased, and the 

stronger winds made it possible that the smoke would cover the 

ground zero target array. This would cause problems if the first 

bomb-run did not go as planned and the aircraft, upon a second 

attempt, could not determine the target area due to smoke. 

Therefore, the project was canceled (50). 

The purpose of Project 8.5, Thermal Radiation Protection 

Afforded Test Animals by Fabric Assemblies, was to evaluate the 

protection against skin burns afforded by service and experimental clothing. Six hours before the shot, 15 project personnel 

transported 55 pigs to the shot area. They anesthetized the 

animals and placed them in field exposure holders. Forty-four 

pigs were dressed in experimental clothing and exposed at eight 

stations located 700 to 2,750 meters west-southwest of ground 

zero. The remaining 11 pigs were placed at three stations in 

cylindrical aluminum containers with fabric-covered portholes. 

When the area was cleared for recovery operations, 12 project 

personnel and a monitor spent at least one hour retrieving the 

pigs (14; 94). 

Project 8.6, Performance Characteristics of Clothing 

Materials Exposed to Thermal Radiation, was closely associated 

with Project 8.5. The objective was to study the thermal effects 

of nuclear detonations on standard and experimental field 

64 
clothing. Personnel placed 15 wood panels with fabric attached 

at the same stations used for Project 8.5. At about 1220 hours, 

an estimated eight project personnel went to the test site to 

recover the burned textile test samples. It is not known how 

long they remained in the area (14; 52). 

Project 8.9, Effects of Thermal Radiation on Materials, was 

designed to study the effects of heat from the nuclear detonation 

on materials, to evaluate specific methods of measuring thermal 

radiation, to study the protective value of fabrics and paints, 

and to evaluate a physical substitute for skin to be used in 

cloth-barrier studies. Five stations were instrumented for this 

experiment at distances of 1,520 to 3,350 meters from ground zero 

along the Project 8.4.1 smoke line. The various instruments and 

materials were mounted on panels which, in turn, were mounted on 

structures. Two hours after the announcement of recovery hour, 

nine men proceeded to the stations to retrieve instrument records 

and burned fabric samples. The estimated time of the mission was 

one hour (14; 87). 

Project 8.10, Physical Characteristics of Thermal Radiation 

from an Atomic Bomb Detonation, was designed to study theoretical 

approaches to measuring radiation. Project personnel set up 

seven stations, each instrumented with different types of calorimeters, at distances of 820 to 2,990 meters from ground zero. 

Two of the stations were along the Project 8.4.1 smoke line, and 

the remaining five were on the main blast line west of ground 

zero. Plans called for eight men to go to the stations three 

hours after recovery hour to retrieve film from recorders. They 

were to spend one hour'on this mission. In addition, the three 

Project 5.2 B-50 aircraft and a Project 5.3 B-36 aircraft used 

calorimeters and radiometers to measure thermal radiation (14; 60). 

Project 8.11a, Incendiary Effects on Building and Interior 

Kindling Fuels, was designed to study the vulnerability of urban 

65 
structures to primary fires produced by nuclear detonations. The 

study focused on materials that were either part of a building or 

were found within a building. 

Project personnel erected five demonstration houses before 

the shot at two locations, 1,830 and 2,430 meters from ground 

zero. Three of the houses were miniature two-by-two meter 

structures, and the other two were three-by-three meters. In 

addition, personnel placed 20 samples of common ground materials 

from 1,520 to 5,490 meters from ground zero. Five hours before 

the shot, seven project personnel spent about three hours 

removing paper coverings from the test materials. 

Immediately after recovery hour was announced at 0919 hours, 

six personnel, including personnel from Project 8.11b, began an 

initial inspection of the houses and materials, a process taking 

about three hours. At about 1220 hours, 11 Project 8.11a and 

8.11b personnel began another, more detailed inspection of the 

houses and materials (14; 24). 

Project 8.11b, Ignition and Persistent Fires Resulting from 

Atomic Explosions - Exterior Kindling Fuels, was conducted in 

conjunction with Project 8.11a to study the vulnerability of 

exterior kindling fuels encountered in urban areas to primary 

fires produced by nuclear detonations. Before the shot, project 

personnel placed various flammable materials, including paper 

products and clothing, at the same locations as those used in 

Project 8.11a. In addition, they positioned 13 FCDA automobiles 

about 2,440 meters from ground zero and nine fence sections at 

unknown locations around ground zero. 

A helicopter, used to observe the effects of the blast on 

test materials, left the helipad at the Control Point five 

minutes after the shot. For the next 41 minutes, it flew over 

the various project sites and recorded observations made of the 

66 
test materials. Project personnel later traveled with Pro.ject 

8.11a personnel to inspect the test materials at 1220 hours (14; 

108). 

Project 8.12a, Sound Velocities near the Ground in the 

Vicinity of an Atomic Explosion, was designed to measure sound 

velocities near the surface before the arrival of the shock wave. 

Personnel placed acoustic velocity instruments along the Project 

8.4.1 smoke line 460 to 1,180 meters from ground zero and along 

the main blast line 260 to 1,540 meters from ground zero. Two 

hours after the area was opened for recovery operations, four 

project personnel traveled to a recording station located at an 

unknown distance from ground zero to recover records and turn off 

equipment. They spent an estimated one hour in the field (14; 83). 

Project 8.12b, Supplementary Pressure Measurements, was 

designed to determine whether intense thermal radiation over a 

surface could generate a precursor shock wave. Project personnel 

installed three-by-three meter test panels at distances of 460 

and 920 meters from ground zero. They also constructed instrument shelters behind the panels. Two hours after the announcement of recovery hour, eight project personnel spent about one 

hour retrieving the records (14; 19). 

The objective of Project 8.13, Study of Fire Retardant 

Paints, was to study the thermal effects of nuclear detonations 

on surfaces treated with fire retardant paints. Project 

personnel instrumented and placed five painted panels at three 

field locations. There were no recovery operations on shot-day. 

Some days later, the panels were monitored for possible 

contamination and then visually inspected for thermal damage and 

other effects. The panels were then removed, placed in sample 

cases, and returned to the Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories (85). 

67 
Project 9.1, Technical Photography, was conducted by 

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Incorporated (EGPIG) and by 

personnel from the Signal Corps Pictorial Center and the Air 

Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory. Twenty-three Signal Corps 

officers and five Air Force enlisted personnel were assigned to 

work directly with EG&G. The objective of Project 9.1 was to 

provide both still photographs and motion pictures of the preshot 

and postshot stages of various projects. Some of the technical 

photographs were taken with remote-control cameras from 100 

unmanned steel photo-towers six to 25 feet high. The project 

required 193 cameras at ENCORE. 

Twelve project personnel spent two days before the shot 

loading film into the cameras and testing them. These same 

project personnel and a radiological safety monitor recovered the 

film on shot-day, after recovery hour. It is estimated that 

eight hours were required to complete the task. EG&G processed 

all film either in Las Vegas or Los Angeles. 

In addition to Project 9.1 photographers, 17 personnel from 

the Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory were scheduled to take 

documentary photographs of the ENCORE burst and subsequent cloud 

development. These personnel manned six camera stations, from 

two hours and 30 minutes before the shot through shot-time. The 

Test Director's Schedule of Events identifies these station 

locations as follows (14): 

STATION LOCATION (UTM) NUMBER OF PERSONNEL 

1 955640 2 

2 936626 3 

3 917618 2 

4 906640 2 

5* 843878 4 

6 928646 4 

*Station 5 was at the Control Point. 

68 
Personnel were to dismantle their camera stations and return to 

Camp Mercury when they had completed their assignment. One hour 

after the test area was opened for postshot activities, three 

additional Lookout Mountain Laboratory personnel and a monitor 

were scheduled to enter Frenchman Flat and spend three hours 

photographing test results. 

An hour before the ENCORE burst, a C-47 aircraft with Lookout Mountain Laboratory personnel left Indian Springs AFB to take 

aerial photographs of the ENCORE airdrop and burst. The C-47 

entered the test area at about 0745 hours, established an 

orbiting pattern, and photographed the burst and fireball development. The aircraft left the test area by 0836 hours and landed 

at Indian Springs by 0845 hours (14; 51; 59). 

Project 9.6, Production Stabilization, and Project 9.7, 

Experimental Soil Stabilization, were conducted to find a means 

of stabilizing the soil in the Frenchman Flat area so that dust 

clouds formed by blast waves would not interfere with technical 

photography. The Army Waterways Experiment Station coordinated 

these projects. The Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, which conducted laboratory heat testing of various 

samples of prepared soil-stabilizing agents, assisted, as well as 

the Ohio River Division Laboratory, which prepared samples of 

soil and sand-cement stabilizing agents and conducted some 

laboratory testing. 

Project personnel entered the Frenchman Flat test area and 

prepared sand-cement stabilized areas 160, 280, 810, and 890 

meters from ground zero. In addition, they sprayed a surface of 

about 1,840 square meters with sodium silicate. Still and motion 

pictures showed how well the soil-stabilizing test materials 

worked. After the shot, project personnel inspected the 

materials for damage (14; 47; 116). 

69 
2.2.2 Weapons Development Group Projects 

The Weapons Development Group conducted 16 projects at Shot 

ENCORE, only five of which required DOD participation, as 

indicated in table 2-3. 

Project 13.1, Radiochemistry Sampling, performed by the Los 

Alamos Scientific Laboratory, was supported by pilots from the 

AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling). This project is discussed 

under AFSWC participation in section 2.2.4. 

Table 2-3: WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT GROUP AND CIVIL EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS 

WITH DOD PARTICIPATION, SHOT ENCORE 

Project Title Participants 

Weapons Development Group 

13.1 Radiochemistry Sampling Air Force Special Weapons Center 

18.1 Total Thermal and Air Attenuation Naval Research Laboratory 

18.2 Power versus Time Naval Research Laboratory 

18.3 Spectroscopy Naval Research Laboratory 

18.6 Surface-brightness lnvestigatlons Naval Research Laboratory 

Civil Effects Group 

23.1 Biological Effectiveness of Ionizing Radiation within Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; Naval 

Shelters Medical Research Institute 

23.2 Bacteriological Studies on Animals Exposed to Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Neutron Radiation 

23.3 Long-term Studies on Dogs Exposed to Primarily 

Neutron Irradiation in Shelters 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

23.17 Neutron Flux Measurements in AEC Group Shelters Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

and Lead Hemispheres 

29.1 Comparison and Evaluation of Dosimetry Methods 

Applicable to Gamma Radiation 

Atomic Energy Project, UCLA+ 

*Other participating agencies are listed in the text 

70 
. 

Of the four Program 18 projects, detailed documentation is 

available only for Project 18.3, Spectroscopy, conducted by the 

Naval Research Laboratory. The objective was to obtain information on spectral characteristics of light emitted from nuclear 

detonations. This was accomplished by using two spectrometers, 

which recorded the wavelength of light with time. The spectrometers were located in Building 400, a permanent building 

situated near the Control Point at Yucca Pass and at a distance 

of about 19 kilometers from the ENCORE ground zero. The spectrometers were loaded with film, aligned, and checked for final 

operation about three hours before the shot. Project personnel 

remained in the building operating the spectrometers through 

shot-time. They turned off the equipment and removed the film 

for processing after the shot (27; 42). 

2.2.3 Civil Effects Group Projects 

The Civil Effects Group conducted 14 projects at Shot 

ENCORE. Five of these projects, listed in table 2-3, involved 

DOD participants. In general, the same personnel conducted all of 

the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory Program 23 projects. 

No information is available for Project 23.3, Long-term Studies 

on Dogs Exposed to Primarily Neutron Irradiation in Shelters. 

Project 23.1, Biological Effectiveness of Ionizing Radiation 

within Shelters, investigated neutron and gamma radiation hazards 

to mice placed within AEC shelters located at a slant range of 

850 meters from the burst point. Personnel transported the 

animals to the shelters eight hours before the shot (21). 

Project 23.2, Bacteriological Studies on Animals Exposed to 

Neutron Radiation, collected data on the role played by postirradiation infection in deaths caused by radiation exposure. 

Project participants placed 153 animals, mostly mice and dogs, in 

shelters at a slant range of 850 meters from the burst point 

71 
(128). One hour after recovery hour, three parties, one with 

four members and two with three members, were scheduled to 

recover the animals from the shelters for both Projects 23.1 and 

23.2. Recovery operations were scheduled to take 15 minutes 

(14). 

Project 23.17, Neutron Flux Measurements in AEC Group 

Shelters and Lead Hemispheres, investigated neutron radiation 

inside and outside lead hemispheres and shelters and the neutron 

dose received by animals in those structures. Before the shot, 

personnel placed gold and sulfur neutron detectors in the open at 

slant ranges of 850 to 1,250 meters from the burst point. At 

Shot ENCORE, no lead hemispheres were used. Personnel placed 

animals in the same shelters used for Projects 23.1 and 23.2 and 

probably retrieved the animals at the same time that the Project 

23.1 and 23.2 animals were recovered (125). 

Project 29.1 Comparison and Evaluation of Dosimetry Methods 

Applicable to Gamma Radiation, was conducted by the Atomic Energy 

Project, University of California at Los Angeles, with fielding 

support from the Evans Signal Laboratory, part of the Signal 

Corps Engineering Laboratories. The project evaluated chemical 

and film dosimeters located in the northwest quadrant of 

Frenchman Flat as methods of measuring initial and residual gamma 

radiation. At ENCORE, only residual radiation was measured. It 

was planned that survey teams with an estimated 26 members would 

check the performance of various radiation instruments. Before 

the shot, these personnel traveled to five posts located at 

unspecified distances from ground zero. At about 1030, survey 

teams entered the radiation areas and measured intensities for 

about 30 minutes. They received about 0.05 to 0.2 roentgens of 

whole body radiation (34; 121). 

2.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC provided operational control of all air activities 

through the Air Participation Unit. In addition to airdropping 

72 
the ENCORE device, AFSWC personnel conducted cloud sampling and 

sample courier missions for the test groups, as well as cloud 

tracking and aerial surveys of the terrain for the Test Manager. 

The following listing indicates the types and numbers of 

aircraft and the estimated numbers of AFSWC aircrew personnel 

involved in air missions at Shot ENCORE (51): 

TITLE 

TYPE OF 

AIRCRAFT 

NUMBER OF NUMBER OF 

AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Sampling 

Sampler 

Sampler Control 

Snooper 

Sample Courier c-47 

Missions B-25 

Cloud Tracking B-25 

B-29 

Aerial Surveys 

Airdrop Mission 

F-84G 8 8 

B-50 1 9 

F-84 1 1 

H-5 

L-20 

c-47 

B-50 

3 9 

1 5 

I 5 

2 20 

1 2 

1 3 

1 4 

1 11 

In addition to the aircraft listed, two C-47 emergency aircraft, 

one based at Kirtland AFB and the other at Indian Springs AFB, 

were available in case the delivery aircraft had problems. These 

aircraft were not needed at Shot ENCORE (51). 

Cloud Sampling 

At ENCORE, eight F-84G aircraft code-named Tiger, each with 

one pilot from the 4926th Test Squadron, collected particulate 

and gaseous samples of the ENCORE cloud for LASL Project 13.1, 

Radiochemistry Sampling, and AFSWP Project 7.5, Calibration and 

Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb Debris. A B-50 sampler control 

aircraft, with a crew of nine including a LASL scientific 

73 
advisor, and one F-84G aircraft surveyed the cloud before the 

sampling sorties began. The first penetration of the cloud 

occurred one hour after shot-time. The peak intensity encountered by any sampler was 12 R/h. Each aircraft was called in 

succession following completion of the preceding sampler mission. 

The following listing details the activities of each sampler aircraft. Aircraft are listed according to the sequence in which 

they flew (51). 

AIRCRAFT 

(F-S4G) 

TOTAL TIME TOTAL TIME 

NUMBER OF IN CLOUD IN CLOUD AREA 

PENETRATIONS (seconds) (minutes) 

Tiger Red 1 

Tiger Red 2 

Tiger Red 4 

Tiger Red 5 

Tiger White 1 

Tiger White 2 

Tiger White 3 

Tiger Blue 4 

5 81 

130 63 

122 75 

175 102 

180 73 

290 70 

960 100 

0 95 

Upon completion of the mission, the samplers returned to Indian 

Springs AFB and parked in designated areas. Engines were shut 

down, and the canopies remained closed and sealed until the 

samples were removed from the aircraft. The pilots remained on 

full oxygen while they waited. The 4926th sample-removal team 

and radiological safety monitors removed the samples from each 

aircraft and placed them in shielded containers. 

After the samples from each aircraft were removed and stored, 

the pilot shut down his oxygen and opened the canopy. He then 

stepped onto a platform held by a forklift so he would not touch 

the exterior of the aircraft. Then he was placed in a pickup 

truck and taken to the decontamination station for monitoring and 

decontamination, as necessary (51; 123). 

74 
Sample Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions were completed, three C-47 aircraft, each with a crew of three, and one B-25 aircraft, with a 

crew of five, left Indian Springs AFB on shot-day to transport 

samples to the AEC nuclear weapons development laboratories and 

various airbases. The 4901st Support Wing (Atomic) from Kirtland 

AFB conducted these courier missions. The C-47s transported 

samples, animals, and experimental equipment for test group 

projects, including Project 7.5. The B-25 aircraft flew ProSect 

13.1 filter papers to Kirtland AFB (45). 

Cloud Tracking 

Immediately after the ENCORE detonation, one B-25 aircraft 

from Indian Springs AFB and two B-29s from Kirtland AFB left for 

cloud-tracking missions over and beyond the NPG. The B-25 had a 

crew of five, and each B-29 had a crew of ten. The B-25 flew at 

12,000 feet and the B-29s at 22,000 feet. The three trackers 

flew relatively short missions of one to two hours because of the 

low radiation intensity of the cloud and because one of the B-29s 

had mechanical problems (39; 51). 

Radiological Safety and Aerial Surveys 

After the shot, one H-5 helicopter, one L-20 aircraft, and a 

C-47 aircraft flew survey missions to record radiation intensities. The H-5, with a crew of two, flew at 15 feet over the shot 

area and completed the survey by 0928 hours, about one hour after 

the detonation. The L-20, with a crew of three, conducted an 

intermediate survey at 500 feet above ground for 90 minutes. The 

C-47, with a crew of four, flew an offsite survey but was unable 

to complete its mission because of unfavorable weather (39; 51). 

2.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT ENCORE 

For Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Exercise Desert Rock V, the 

test groups, and AFSWC developed radiation protection procedures 

75 
to keep individual exposure to ionizing radiation to a minimum 

while still allowing participants to accomplish their missions. 

Some of the radiological safety procedures described generally in 

chapter 5 of the series volume required that records be kept to 

evaluate the effectiveness of the radiation protection programs (12). 

2.3.1 Desert Rock Radiation Protection Activities 

Information concerning Desert Rock radiation protection 

activities has been obtained from the annex for ENCORE of the 

Exercise Desert Rock final report of operations (64) and from the 

operations order for the shot (66). Although film badge readings 

are not available for Desert Rock participants at ENCORE, these 

two documents describe specific radiological safety activities 

performed at the shot. 

After the detonation, radiation monitors were airlifted to 

the objective near ground zero. Approximately two hours after 

the shot, the two Battalion Combat Teams, who had witnessed the 

detonation from trenches about nine kilometers from ground zero, 

also arrived at that objective. The radiation intensity was 

relatively low around ground zero because ENCORE was detonated at 

a considerable height. The low radiation level alleviated the 

necessity for radiological safety restrictions and permitted the 

free movement of troops within the maneuver and display areas 

(64). Readings from pocket dosimeters issued to some of the 

participants indicate an exposure range of 0.0 to 0.2 roentgen 

with an average of 0.06 roentgen (70). 

Four Marine HRS helicopters participated in the Operational 

Helicopter Test at ENCORE. Two of the helicopters proceeded 

toward ground zero after the blast wave passed. These two 

helicopters landed about 900 meters south of ground zero, and 

monitors disembarked from both aircraft to measure radiation 

intensities. The monitors, as well as the personnel in the 

76 
helicopters, wore protective clothing. The monitors noted 

radiation intensities of 0.3 R/h around 30 minutes after the 

shot. Personnel were not permitted to enter areas with radiation 

intensities in excess of 10.0 R/h; thus, they were well within 

established safety limits (62-63). 

2.3.2 Joint Test Organization Radiation Protection Activities 

Records of JTO radiation protection activities conducted at 

ENCORE have been obtained from the radiological safety report of 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. The information available includes 

logistical data on film badges and protective clothing, survey 

records and isointensity plots, and decontamination records. 

Dosimetry 

During the period of 3 May to 15 May 1953, which covers the 

8 May detonation of Shot ENCORE, the Dosimetry and Records Section of the JTO issued 4,500 film badges. Film badge records 

indicate that two Air Force personnel, one from the 4925th Test 

Group and the other from Bergstrom AFB, Texas, received total 

exposures of 14.7 and 4.3 roentgens, respectively, by 8 May. 

Records also indicate that an individual from the Naval Research 

Laboratory accumulated an exposure of 4.0 roentgens by 17 May and 

a member of the Radiological Safety Support Unit from Fort 

McClellan, Alabama, received a total exposure of 4.7 roentgens by 

18 Mav. The dates that these two men turned in their film badges 

were 17 and 18 May, respectively (lb). 

Logistics and Supply 

For the period covering Shot 

issued the following items: 

0 38 pairs of clear goggles 

0 541 pairs of high-density 

ENCORE, the Supply Section 

goggles 

77 
l 561 respirators 

a 882 protective caps 

l 1,254 pairs of cotton gloves 

a 1,314 pairs of sleeve covers. 

In addition, the Supply Section issued 183 radiation-survey 

instruments (39). 

The Supply Section operated a mobile supply point, located 

with the processing station at Frenchman Flat, in addition to its 

regular service in the Radiological Safety Building. The mobile 

supply point, which used a 2 l/a-ton cargo truck borrowed from 

the 412th Engineer Construction Battalion, was placed in operation 

at the old RANGER Control Point, located in Frenchman Flat, at 

0645 hours. Immediately before the shot, the Supply Section 

issued about 50 sets of protective clothing and 100 pairs of 

high-density goggles (39). 

Monitoring 

The initial survey party began its survey at 0857 hours and 

completed its readings at 0928 hours. The party, probably consisting of eight men, detected only low levels of radiation. 

Thirty minutes after the detonation, the intensity at ground zero 

was 0.3 R/h. Four hours and 30 minutes after the shot, the 

intensity was 0.11 R/h. The area around ground zero registered 

an intensity of about 0.01 R/h the day after the shot, and radiological safety control of the entire area was canceled. As 

described in the AFSWC section of this chapter, the aerial terrain 

survey was completed by 0928 hours. Four of the 16 offsite 

monitors were DOD personnel (39). 

An H-5 helicopter performed the onsite aerial survey and 

encountered a maximum radiation intensity of 0.35 R/h 15 feet 

above Frenchman Flat. An L-20 and a C-47 aircraft also performed 

aerial surveys up to 320 kilometers offsite. Because of bad 

weather, the C-47, which encountered negligible levels of radia78 
tion, could not complete its mission. The highest intensity 

encountered by the L-20 was 0.01 R/h (39). 

Plotting and Briefing 

Figure 2-5 shows a copy of the isointensity plot resulting 

from the initial survey. Resurveys were not conducted of the 

test area since the initial survey team had found only light 

levels of contamination (39). 

In addition to its other activities, the Plotting and Briefing Section briefed 890 parties for entry into the test area 

during the period of 3 May to 15 May. The majority of these 

personnel were construction workers in Areas 3 and 7 (39). 

Decontamination 

During the period of Shot ENCORE, the Vehicle and Equipment 

Decontamination Section decontaminated 104 vehicles (39). 

79 
. 

/ . 

_ 

\ 

. 

\ 

. 

\ 

. 

. 

I . 

,/ : 

. 

I 

0 

Kilometer 

Stake Lines 

. . . . . 0.01 R/h 

L- -- -0.1 R/h 

Intended Ground Zero 

Actual Ground Zero 

Figure 2-5: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT ENCORE, 

8 MAY 1953,0857 TO 0928 HOURS 

80 
SHOT HARRY SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

DOD EXEHCISE: Desert Rock V 

DATE/TIME: 19 May 1953, 0505 hours 

YIELD: 32 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 300 feet (tower shot) 

AEC Objective: To evaluate the nuclear yield, blast, thermal, 

and radiological phenomena produced by this 

device. 

DOD Objective: 

Weather: 

To evaluate military equipment, tactics, and 

doctrine; to measure weapons effects 

characteristics and evaluate the military 

applications of the device; and to indoctrinate 

DOD personnel in the tactical applications of a 

nuclear weapon. 

At shot-time, the winds at surface level were 

five knots from the north-northwest. Winds at 

10,000 feet were from the south-southwest at 18 

knots, at 20,000 feet from the west at 38 knots, 

and from the west-northwest at 30,000 and 40,000 

feet at 60 and 67 knots, respectively. The 

temperature was 14.3"C, the relat.ive humidity 

was 35 percent, and the pressure was 874 millibars. 

Radiation Data: Onsite fallout, measured about one hour after 

the shot, occurred to the east and northeast of 

ground zero. In other directions, intensities 

greater than 0.01 R/h were confined to an area 

extending about 1.5 kilometers from ground zero. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock V participants, Armed 

Forces Special Weapons Project, Air Force 

Special Weapons Center, Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory, contractors. 

81 
CHAPTER 3 

SHOT HARRY 

Shot HARRY, the ninth nuclear test of Operation LJPSHOTKNOTHOLE, was detonated at 0505 hours on 19 May 1953, in Area 3 

of the Nevada Proving Ground, UTM coordinates 867996. A 

developmental device designed by the Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory, HARRY was fired on top of a 300-foot tower, and had a 

yield of 32 kilotons. 

The shot was originally planned for 2 May, but was rescheduled for 16 May because of heavy fallout in the planned shot area 

caused by Shot SIMON, detonated on 25 April 1953. Three additional 24-hour postponements resulted from unfavorable weather 

conditions, 

The top of the cloud resulting from Shot HARRY rose to an 

altitude of 42,500 feet and moved east from the point of detonation. Fallout occurred to the east and northeast, with offsite 

fallout heaviest to the east. The highest levels were recorded 

on U.S. Highway 93 between Alamo and Glendale, Nevada, and around 

St. George, Utah (56). 

3.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V OPERATIONS AT SHOT HARRY 

Over 900 military personnel participated in Desert Rock V 

programs at Shot HARRY. About 200 additional troops provided 

radiological safety, transportation, communications, and control 

functions for the exercises in the forward area. Table 3-l 

provides information on the Desert Rock V programs, indicating 

the number of DOD participants in each program, the nature of the 

activity and, when possible, the service of involved units (64). 

82 
Table 3-1: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V ACTIVITIES AT 

SHOT HARRY 

Program 

Troop Orientation and Indoctrination 

(Observers) 

Operational Helicopter Tests 

Damage Effects Evaluation 

* Unknown 

Participating Service 

Army (Camp Desert 

Rock Troops) 

Army 

Navy 

Air Force 

Marine Corps 

Marine Corps 

Army 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

526 

99 

14 

255 

2 

10 

* 

3.1.1 Support Troop Participation 

The Desert Rock support troops provided logistical, 

operational, and administrative support to the exercise. In 

performing these duties, the support troops sometimes entered the 

forward area. Particularly involved in shot-day operations were 

the Radiological Safety Section and the Control Group. 

The Radiological Safety Section, supported by the 50th Chemical Service Platoon, enforced radiological safety criteria and 

conducted radiation surveys. One of their significant functions 

after the detonation was a survey of the shot area, conducted by 

two radiological safety teams. Each three-man team consisted of 

one radiological safety monitor, one .driver, and one radio 

operator. 
The Control Group accompanied troops into the shot area to 

ensure that all personnel remained together and followed safety 

procedures. The Control Group comprised officers and enlisted 

men from the Operations Section (G-3), as well as the Instructor 

Group, the Radiological Safety Section, and the Aviation Section 

(62; 63). The Instructor Group included four Army officers and 

four enlisted men. The instructors advised observers during 

their tour of the display area after the shot to view the effects 

of the burst and discussed differences between predicted and 

actual effects (64). 

In addition to the Control Group, the Instructor Group, and 

the Radiological Safety Section, several other units provided 

support services necessary to Desert Rock troops participating in 

Shot HARRY. Before the shot, the 412th Engineer Construction 

Battalion and the 3623rd Ordnance Company spent from seven to ten 

days preparing the display area. The 26th Transportation Truck 

Battalion provided 112 vehicles to carry military personnel to 

and from the forward area. At shot-time, these vehicles were 

parked about eight kilometers south of ground zero. 

The 505th Signal Service Group established wire and radio 

communications within the forward area, as well as at Camp Desert 

Rock. It was planned that 505th Signal personnel would operate 

the two mobile public address systems in the display area to 

assist the Instructor Group in its presentations (67). 

The 371st Evacuation Hospital (-) provided medical support 

both in the forward area and at Camp Desert Rock. Plans for 

HARRY called for a doctor to accompany the Control Group to the 

forward area and remain at the forward command post throughout 

the maneuvers. One medical officer and four enlisted men established an aid station in the parking area and moved to the 

forward command post after the shot. In addition, two aidmen 

accompanied the observers after the shot (67). 

84 
3.1.2 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination Activities 

As table 3-1 indicates, 896 observers from the four armed 

services took part in the troop orientation and indoctrination 

activities at Shot HARRY. The 526 participants from Camp Desert 

Rock comprised the largest contingent of observers. 

All observers took part in the same orientation and training 

activities for the event. They attended preshot classroom 

presentations by the Instructor Group on such subjects as basic 

nuclear theory, characteristics of nuclear weapons, the tactical 

use of nuclear weapons, radiological protective measures, and 

plans for shot-day. During the various postponements of HARRY, 

additional orientation and briefing sessions were held (64). 

At 0335 hours on shot-day, 90 minutes before the scheduled 

detonation, the observers arrived at the trench area located 

3,660 meters from ground zero, as shown in figure 3-l. The 

vehicles were then driven to a parking area eight kilometers from 

ground zero. From 0415 hours to 0450 hours, the Instructor Group 

briefed observers again on nuclear detonations and safety procedures. Fifteen minutes before the shot, the observers were 

instructed to enter the trenches. Two minutes before the blast, 

they were directed to crouch in the trenches. Seconds after the 

passage of the shock wave, the observers were allowed to stand 

and view the fireball (64). 

At about 0520 hours, 15 minutes after shot-time, the 

observers left the trenches to begin their tour through the 

damage effects display area, a wedge-shaped sector extending 

south of ground zero, as shown in figure 3-l. This tour was conducted by members of the Control Group from Camp Desert Rock and 

the Instructor Group, who explained the effects of the detonation 

on equipment, sheep, and field fortifications (64). 

85 
ti 

Observer Trenches 

N 

HARRY 

Ground Zero 

lUTM 667996) 

Display Area 

Kilometer 

Figure 3-l: OBSERVER TRENCHES AND DISPLAY AREA, 

SHOT HARRY 

13 

11 

39 

37 

36 

35 

94 

33 

92 

86 
Radiological safety monitors preceded the observers and 

established the location of various radiation intensity lines up 

to 5.0 R/h. The previous restriction barring observers from 

entering an area registering more than 2.5 R/h had been lifted. 

They could be escorted into areas of intensity higher than 

5.0 R/h as long as the total personnel dose did not exceed 

6.0 roentgens. Observers were allowed to proceed as close as 

410 meters to ground zero (64). 

At 0630 hours, observers began boarding trucks at the display area. They left for Camp Desert Rock at 0650 hours (64). 

3.1.3 Operational Helicopter Tests 

Four HRS helicopters, each with a pilot and a co-pilot from 

the 2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade, were 

used to conduct the operational helicopter test at Shot HARRY. 

The co-pilots also functioned as monitors, measuring both ground 

and airborne radiation as part of the test. Participants wore 

protective clothing, with the monitors additionally wearing highintensity goggles (63). 

From the time of detonation until after the shock wave 

passed, helicopters A and B were positioned 12 kilometers southsouthwest of ground zero. They were on the ground, port-side to 

the blast, with rotors turning. Pilots were looking about 90 

degrees from the direction of the burst. These helicopters were 

subjected to an overpressure of 0.59 + 0.06 pounds per square - 

inch. Upon passage of the shock wave, the two helicopters left 

their position and proceeded around the west side of the shot 

area, as indicated in figure 3-2. Through the use of a small 

87 
79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 

Landing Zone of B 

4 

Landing Zone of C and D 

.-’ 

HARRY 

Ground Zero 

(8879961 

f IIW 

Helicopter A 

111 ’ 

$ II 

Helicopter B - - - - 

.I 1 Helicopter C -.-.- 

Helicopter D . . . . . . . . 

Decontamination 

Helicopters ’ 

A and 6 Departure Point 

Decontamination 

I 4 

0 1 

Kilometer 

07 

08 

05 

04 

03 

02 

01 

00 

99 

98 

97 

95 

94 

93 

92 

91 

89 

88 

87 

Figure 3-2: OPERATIONAL HELICOPTER TESTS, 

SHOT HARRY 
radiac meter mounted on the instrument panel, helicopter A was 

able to fly as close as 230 meters from the upwind side of the 

dust pedestal without exceeding a reading of 10.0 R/h. In some 

instances, however, the meter quickly indicated that more clearance was required. Helicopter A skirted the upwind region of the 

dust column and recorded radiological conditions in the air 

before returning to the Yucca Lake airstrip. Helicopter B landed 

three kilometers north of ground zero, where a radiological 

safety monitor disembarked to record early radiation levels from 

the landing point toward ground zero (63). 

Last-minute instructions from the Air Operations Center 

prevented helicopters C and D from following plans to fly up to 

11 kilometers from ground zero shortly before the shot. Instead, 

the two aircraft were ordered to remain more than 15 kilometers 

from ground zero until the shock wave passed. As a result, they 

were partially shielded by intervening hills and were not 

subjected to significant overpressure. The aircraft then 

proceeded to a landing point about four kilometers north of 

ground zero to simulate troop landings. 

Upon completion of their mission, all helicopters landed at 

Yucca Airstrip for monitoring and decontamination. They then 

returned to Camp Desert Rock (63). 

3.1.4 Damage Effects Evaluation 

The HARRY display was established south of ground zero by 

the 412th Engineer Construction Battalion, which constructed 

fortifications, and the 3623rd Ordnance Company, which placed 

equipment. Fortifications, including bunkers and trenches, were 

constructed 460 to 2,740 meters from ground zero, at 460-meter 

intervals. Stakes were also placed in the open every 460 meters. 

Equipment was placed in approximately the same areas except for 

one 105mm howitzer, which was placed at ground zero. Other 

89 
equipment in the display area included trucks of various sizes, 

howitzers, guns, tanks, machine guns, rifles, mortars, and 

communications equipment. After the shot, engineer, ordnance., 

and signal teams evaluated the damage to the fortifications and 

equipment in the display area (64). 

In conjunction with the damage effects evaluation, Army 

personnel placed test animals and instruments in the bunkers and 

trenches constructed for the display area as part of medical and 

shielding evaluations (64). 

For the medical evaluation, 26 sheep were placed in the 

display area on the day before the shot. Personnel placed the 

sheep in trenches, bunkers, and in the open, at 460-meter 

intervals out to 2,290 meters from ground zero. Immediately 

after the shot, the veterinary officer, a monitor, and an 

enlisted veterinary technician accompanied the Control Group into 

the forward area. These men moved forward by vehicle to the 

display area to evaluate the effects of the detonation on the 

sheep. Later that day, the sheep that had survived the shot were 

taken to pens in Frenchman Flat, where they were isolated and 

observed for further effects (64). 

To evaluate the shielding offered by the fortifications, a 

chemical team, probably from the 50th Chemical Service Platoon, 

placed film badges in the bunkers and trenches and in the open. 

Sometime after the shot, the chemical team obtained and recorded 

readings from the badges (64). 

3.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN JOINT TEST 

ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT HARRY 

Department of Defense personnel took part in projects 

conducted by the Military Effects Group, the Weapons Development 

Group, and the Civil Effects Group. In addition to test group 

participants, DOD personnel active at Shot HARRY included Air 

90 
Force Special Weapons Center personnel who flew support missions 

for the test groups and the Test Manager. Table 3-2 lists the 

test group projects by number and title and identifies the 

participating groups. 

3.2.1 Military Effects Group Projects 

At Shot HARRY, the Military Effects Group of AFSWP Field 

Command conducted the projects indicated in table 3-2. The Test 

Director declared recovery hour at 0631 hours, about 85 minutes 

after the shot. 

Project l.la-2, Development of Mechanical Pressure-time and 

Peak Pressure Recorders for Atomic Blast Measurement, was 

conducted to design, evaluate, and field test newly developed 

air-blast gauges. Before the shot, personnel placed 27 gauges in 

dirt mounds and in concrete mounts about 700 meters from ground 

zero. They recovered the pressure data after recovery hour 

(6; 96). 

Project 2.2a, Gamma Radiation Spectrum of Residual 

Contamination, was conducted to characterize the residual gamma 

radiation resulting from the detonation. Data gained from the 

project were to be used in designing radiation detection devices. 

Personnel placed instruments at ranges of 520 to 610 meters from 

ground zero. At about 0800 hours, three project participants, 

accompanied by a monitor and traveling in a van, approached 

ground zero from a crosswind direction. Project personnel 

removed instruments from the van and took measurements 610 meters 

west of ground zero. They recorded a reading of 0.32 R/h at that 

location. Personnel measured radiation intensities again two 

days and three days after the detonation. On the second day, 

personnel measured an area with a radiation intensity of 0.22 R/h 

520 meters from ground zero. The next day, they recorded a 

radiation measurement of 0.24 R/h 430 meters west of ground zero 

(15a-15b; 18). 

91 
Table 3-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT HARRY 

Voject Title I Participant5 

Military Effects Group 

1 .la-2 Development of Mechanical Pressure-time and Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

Peak Pressure Recorders for Atomic Blast 

Measurements 

2.2a 

2.2b 

Gamma Radiation Spectrum of Residual Contamination 

Residual Ionizing Radiation Depth Dose Measurements 

in Unit-density Material 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Naval Medical Research Institute 

2.3 

3.30 

4.2 

4.5 

Neutron Flux Measurements 

Air Blast Gauge Studies 

Direct Air Blast Exposure Effects in Animals 

Ocular Effects of Thermal Radiation from Atomic 

Detonation 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Ballistic Research Laboratories 

Naval Medical Research Institute 

Air Force School of Aviation Medicine 

4.7 Beta-gamma Skin Hazard in the Postshot 

Contaminated Area 

Walter Reed Army Medical Center 

5.1 Atomic Weapon Effects on AD Type Aircraft 

in Flight 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics 

6.2 

6.3 

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDAt 

Phenomena and Techniques 

Interim IBDA Capabilities of Strategic Air 

Command 

Wright Air Development Center; Vitro 

Corporation 

Strategic Air Command 

6.4 

6.7 

Evaluation of Chemical Dosimeters 

Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic 

Radiation from Nuclear Detonations 

Chemical and Radiological Laboratories 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

6.8 Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; 

Bureau of Ships 

6.8a 

6.10 

Initial Gamma Exposure versus Distance 

Evaluation of Rapid Aerial Radiological Survey 

Techniques 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

6.12 Determination of Height of Burst and Ground Zero 

6.13 Effectiveness of Fast Scan Radiation for Fireball 

Studies and Weapons Tracking 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; 

Army Field Forces Board I1 

Naval Electronics Laboratory 

7.1 

7.3 

Electromagnetic Effects from Nuclear Explosions 

Detection of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from 

Nuclear Explosions 

Headquarters, Air Force + 

Headquarters, Air Force + 

7.4 

7.5 

8.lb 

Seismic Measurements 

Calibration and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb Debris 

Additional Data on the Vulnerability of Parked 

Aircraft to Atomic Bombs 

Headquarters, Air Force 

Headquarters, Air Force; AFSWC 

Wright Air Development Center 

8.2 Measurement of Thermal Radiation with a Vacuum 

Microphone 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center 

9.1 Technical Photography EG&G; Signal Corps Pictorial Center; Air Force 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

+ Other participating agencies are listed in the text. 

93 
Table 3-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT HARRY (Continued) 

Project Title PerkSpants 

Weapons Development Group 

13.1 

18.1 

18.2 

18.3 

18.4 

18.6 

23.1 

23.2 

23.3 

23.17 

29.1 

Radiochemistry Sampling 

Total Thermal and Air Attenuation 

Power versus Time 

Spectroscopy 

Light Absorption 

Surface-brightness Investigations 

Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Civil Effects Group 

Biological Effectiveness of Ionizing Radiation within Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; Naval 

Shelters Medical Research Institute 

Bacteriological Studies on Animals Exposed to 

Neutron Radiation 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Long-term Studies on Dogs Exposed to Primarily 

Neutron Irradiation in Shelters 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Neutron Flux Measurements in AEC Group Shelters 

and Lead Hemispheres 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Comparison and Evaluation of Dosimetry Methods 

Applicable to Gamma Radiation 

Atomic Energy Project, UCLA+ 

rf Other participating agencies are listed in the text. 

93 
The objective of Project 2.2b, Residual Ionizing Radiation 

Depth Dose Measurements in Unit-density Material, was to evaluate 

the biological effects of residual beta and gamma radiation 

fields. To obtain these data, six project personnel placed a 

masonite sphere containing dosimeters in a 1.5 R/h fallout field 

located on Mercury Highway about 730 meters northwest of ground 

zero (15b; 30). 

Project 2.3, Neutron Flux Measurements, was conducted to 

measure neutron intensities at various distances from ground 

zero. Before the shot, project personnel secured neutron 

detectors to a cable extending 900 meters from ground zero. 

Bevond 900 meters, stations consisted of two steel stakes, with a 

steel crossbar between them. The neutron detectors were 

attached to the steel crossbars. 

Thirty minutes after the area was opened for recovery operations, a truck pulled the cable out about 700 meters from ground 

zero, where a recovery team of four project personnel and a monitor removed the detectors from the cable. This same team also 

investigated and removed detectors from the stakes located about 

1,130 and 1,830 meters from ground zero. These individuals spent 

about one hour in the area. All individuals wore full anticontamination clothing, including respirators (15b; 126). 

Project 3.30, Air Blast Gauge Studies, was fielded to test a 

new self-contained recording gauge for the measurement of 

pressure-time phenomena from a_ nuclear blast. Project personnel 

placed gauges at distances of 300, 640, 2,400, 3,200, 4,000, and 

8,000 meters south of ground zero before the shot. They mounted 

the gauges in several different positions, on roofs and rear 

walls of structures, and under test vehicles. Four hours after 

recovery operations began, pro.ject personnel were scheduled to 

retrieve the gauges (15a-15b; 78). 

94 
Project 4.2, Direct Air Blast Exposure Effects in Animals, 

was designed to evaluate injuries received by animals within 

air raid shelters and underground bunkers. During Shot HARRY, 

the project was planned as an equipment test. Three or four 

pro.ject personnel were to spend about one hour placing empty rat 

cages and empty exposure cylinders with attached pressure 

recorders in four locations from 410 to 470 meters from ground 

zero. One hour after recovery hour, three project personnel and 

a monitor were scheduled to spend about 30 minutes recovering the 

pressure recorders (15a-15b; 46). 

Project 4.5, Ocular Effects of Thermal Radiation from Atomic 

Detonation, was fielded to determine how the flash of a nuclear 

detonation impairs night vision. In the first part of this 

project, eight officers from Nellis AFB witnessed the nuclear 

detonation from a darkened trailer located north of the Control 

Point, about 10 kilometers from ground zero. They viewed the 

detonation through experimental filters that protected their eyes 

from much of the visible and infrared portion of the spectrum. 

Afterwards, they remained in the trailer for about an hour to 

perform visual tasks. 

In the second part of the project, 130 rabbits were placed 

at four locations 15 to 60 kilometers from ground zero to determine the distance at which retinal burns could be produced. 

Project personnel, probably two parties of three each, positioned 

the animals about 12 hours before the shot. Two parties of three, 

accompanied by a radiological safety monitor, were authorized to 

recover the rabbits about 90 minutes after the shot (6; 15a-15b; 26). 

For Project 4.7, Beta-gamma Skin Hazard in the Postshot 

Contaminated Area, the beta (and low-energy gamma) radiation 

exposure of a material similar to human skin was measured. This 

measurement was compared with the exposure routinely reported in 

radiological safety monitoring, which generally represented only 

gamma radiation exposure. 

95 
About an hour after recovery hour, project personnel 

traveled to the radiation area and established a station at the 

0.01 R/h line. They then looked for a spot further within the 

area where a gamma survey meter would read about 0.8 R/h. At 

HARRY, the 0.8 R/h area was located 460 meters upwind of ground 

zero. Here, personnel placed thin-walled and thick-walled ion 

chambers attached to wooden racks. The thin-walled chambers were 

of the same thickness as the outer layer of skin and similar to 

skin in sensitivity to beta radiation. By placing the ion 

chambers in a 0.8 R/h area, personnel could obtain readings 

relatively quickly, about five to 30 minutes per exposure. By 

returning to the 0.01 R/h line after they set up the wooden 

racks, personnel kept their gamma exposures below the limit of 

3.9 roentgens (15a-15b; 22). 

The objective of Project 5.1, Atomic Weapon Effects on AD 

Type Aircraft in Flight, was to study the blast and thermal 

effects of a nuclear detonation on the AD aircraft. An AD2 drone 

aircraft, accompanied by two F8F aircraft and two armed AD4 

aircraft, left Indian Springs AFB about 70 minutes before 

shot-time. At the time of the detonation, the drone was in a 

delivery escape maneuver at a slant range of 7,100 feet from 

ground zero at an altitude of 6,800 feet. At shock arrival, the 

aircraft was at a slant range of 8,000 feet. Visible damage to 

the drone was minimal. 

In addition to the aircraft, a ground station was used in 

this project. About three hours and 30 minutes before shot-time, 

23 project personnel were scheduled to begin operating station 

5.lb at UTM coordinates 861877, in the southwest corner of Yucca 

Lake. These personnel probably assisted in controlling the drone 

before and after the detonation and directed the F8F control 

aircraft during the detonation (6; 15a-15b; 45; 51; 106). 

96 
Pro,ject 6.2, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDA) 

Phenomena and Techniques, was performed to confirm indications 

that a radar return could be used to determine ground zero, 

height of burst, and the yield of a nuclear detonation. The 

project required both ground and air personnel. 

On the night before the shot, three groups of two men each 

were scheduled to travel to three sites. Two groups operated 

radar receiver stations 6.2b and 6.2c, located on the east side 

of Yucca Lake. The third group went to a remote transmitter 

station, about eight kilometers north of ground zero to turn on 

generators. This group soon departed for radar station 6.2a, 

located 1.6 kilometers west of the Control Point. They operated 

the station through shot-time. Two hours after the announcement 

of recovery hour, a project member and a monitor went to the 

remote transmitter station to turn off the generators. 

Three B-29 aircraft, each with an estimated crew of ten, 

left Kirtland AFB at 0040 hours on shot-day and entered the test 

area at approximately 0315 hours. One aircraft orbited eight 

kilometers south of ground zero, one orbited 11 kilometers east 

of ground zero, and one orbited eight kilometers north of ground 

zero. The B-29s left the area at about 0511 hours and landed at 

Kirtland AFB at about 0720 hours (15a-15b; 45; 51; 74; 86). 

Project 6.3, Interim IBDA Capabilities of Strategic Air 

Command, like Project 6.2, evaluated IRDA systems installed in 

bomber and fighter aircraft flying simulated strike and support 

missions over a target. The aircraft recorded data essential for 

determining the three IBDA parameters: ground zero, burst 

height, and yield of a nuclear detonation. 

Ten 

(Medium) 

hours at 

, 

SAC B-50 aircraft of the 509th Bombardment Wing 

Roswell AFB, New Mexico, reached the test area at 0430 

an altitude of 25,000 feet. The aircraft flew in 

97 
formation for about 45 minutes over the test site to simulate 

strike and support activities. While over the area, the crews 

tested IBDA equipment and familiarized themselves with operations 

relating to the use of nuclear weapons. Preceding the squadron 

was a H-50 weather reconnaissance aircraft of the 28th Tactical 

Reconnaissance Squadron. A total of 110 personnel participated 

in the flights (15a-15b; 45; Sl; 76). 

Project 6.4, Evaluation of Chemical Dosimeters, was fielded 

bv the Chemical and Radiological Laboratory of the Army Chemical 

Center. The ob,jective was to evaluate the E-l Tactical Dosimeter 

and several other personnel dosimeters under development. Before 

the shot, pro,ject personnel assembled 18 tactical dosimeters at 

eight stations consisting of a plate covered by a thermal and 

shock shield affixed to a frame. The distance of the stations 

from ground zero is unknown. Personnel retrieved the instruments 

two or three hours after the detonation (15a-15b; 31). 

Project 6.7, Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic 

Radiation from Nuclear Detonations, had two objectives: 

0 To measure amplitude, duration, and polarization of the 

pulse of the electromagnetic radiation 

0 To detect and record electromagnetic signals emitted by 

nuclear devices before the detonation. 

Two or three hours before the shot, three project personnel 

went to a station located about five kilometers south of the 

Control Point. They checked equipment, which included antennas, 

oscilloscopes, and remote-controlled cameras, and turned on 

power. Personnel returned sometime after the detonation to turn 

off the equipment and collect data (40). 

Projects 6.8, Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment, and 

6.8a, Initial Gamma Exposure versus Distance, were both performed 

bv the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, assisted by Air 
Force and Navy personnel. Project 6.8 was designed to test newlv 

developed dosimeters and radiac instruments in initial and 

residual radiation fields. Pro.ject 6.8a provided reliable 

National Bureau of Standards film dosimeters as bases for the 

evaluation of other dosimeters tested by Pro,ject 6.8. 

Project personnel placed experimental and standard dosimeters at an estimated 12 stations fitted with aluminum thermal 

and blast shields before the shot. The stations were located 820 

to 2,290 meters from ground zero. Thirty minutes after the 

announcement of recovery hour, two parties, each consisting of a 

monitor and six other participants, retrieved the dosimeters. 

Plans called for the parties to spend three hours in recoverv 

procedures. Two hours after recovery hour, three parties, each 

with a monitor and five other participants, traveled by vehicles 

to an area 460 to 910 meters from ground zero to evaluate radiac 

instruments bv conducting radiological safety surveys. 

Three hours after recovery hour, four men accompanied by a 

monitor traveled to a previously surveyed radiation area to place 

the experimental dosimeters in residual radiation fields. The 

entire mission took about 45 minutes. It is not known when the 

dosimeters were retrieved (15a-15b; 75; 80). 

The objective of Project 6.10, Evaluation of Rapid Aerial 

Radiological Survey Techniques, was to improve the procedures 

used during both Opera,tions BUSTER-JANGLE and TUMBLER-SNAPPER in 

making radiological aerial surveys. In addition, the effect of 

the aircraft on radiac instrument readings taken inside the 

aircraft was studied. 

The pro,ject used one HRS-2 helicopter with an estimated crew 

of four, based at Camp Desert Rock. Before the mission, pro,ject 

personnel placed film badges at various locations opposite one 

another on the interior and exterior of the aircraft. The 
helicopter left Desert Rock at 1430 hours on shot-day and reached 

the test area at 1455 hours, about ten hours after the shot. 

Flying at a height of 500 feet, it circled 800 meters from ground 

zero. The crew selected a landmark near ground zero as a 

reference point to determine the direction of maximum fallout. 

The aircraft then flew a cloverleaf pattern centered over the 

reference point at three different heights. The first leg of the 

cloverleaf pattern passed over the reference point in the 

direction of maximum fallout. Airspeed, direction, and height 

were kept constant on each leg of the pattern. 

Monitors in the helicopter obtained data by using a 

mechanical recording system and by writing intensity readings on 

a data sheet every five seconds. A notation was made on the data 

sheet as the aircraft passed over the reference point. The 

helicopter was in the test area for 90 minutes and landed at Camp 

Desert Rock at 1640 hours (15a-15b; 101). 

Project 6.12, Determination of Height of Burst and Ground 

Zero, was fielded bg the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

and Army Field Forces Board #l. The ob;jective was to evaluate 

artillery sound-ranging equipment for location of ground zero, 

seismic wave velocity for determination of height of burst, and 

flash-ranging equipment for determination of ground zero and 

height of burst. The project required sound-ranging svstems, 

located 50 to 60 kilometers from ground zero. In addition, 

seismic geophones and flash-ranging cameras were positioned at 

several stations in the southeast corner of Yucca Lake, 13 to 16 

kilometers from ground zero. 

Three hours before the shot, nine men activated two of the 

geophone and camera outpost stations. They then traveled to a 

third station located between the other two and remained .there 

throllgh shot-time (15a-15b; 124). 

100 
Project 6.13, Effectiveness of Fast Scan Radar for Fireball 

Studies and Weapons Tracking, was conducted to evaluate the 

effectiveness of a new fast scan X-band radar for phenomenology 

studies of nuclear detonations. The radar and two movie cameras 

were mounted on a van located about ten kilometers from ground 

zero, at UTM coordinates 840892. Pro_ject plans called for nine 

men to go to the van two hours before shot-time and remain there 

through the detonation (15a-15b; 77). 

Project 7.1, Electromagnetic Effects from Nuclear Explosions, was a continuation of studies conducted during both 

Operations BUSTER-JANGLE and TUMBLER-SNAPPER. This project was 

designed to obtain additional information on the electromagnetic 

radiation produced by a nuclear detonation. The project had 

13 locations throughout the United States and three onsite 

locations, though onlv one onsite station was used at Shot HARRY. 

This station was south of Yucca Lake, about 15 kilometers from 

ground zero. Four hours before the shot, nine men planned to go 

to the station to check equipment and operate the station through 

shot-time. Personnel from the National Bureau of Standards, the 

Air Force Security Service, the Air Force Cambridge Research 

Center, and the Air Weather Service manned the onsite and offsite 

stations (15a-15b; 95). 

Project 7.3, Detection of Airborne Low Frequencv Sound from 

Nuclear Explosions, was designed to compare low frequency sounds 

produced by nuclear detonations at various stations located 

across the United States and around the world. The Signal Corps 

Engineering Laboratories operated stations in Alaska, Hawaii, 

Greenland, Japan, and Germanv. Personnel from the Naval 

Electronics Laboratory, the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, and the National Bureau of Standards manned the nine 

stations in the United States (97). 

101 
-- - 

The purpose of Project 7.4, Seismic Measurements, was to 

record the seismic waves produced by the shot for comparison 

with the seismic waves produced at other shots of other series 

and at other shots of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. Project 

personnel manned offsite stations in Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, 

Montana, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. One onsite station, 

probably unmanned, was about ten kilometers north of ground zero 

at UTM coordinates 843094. Personnel traveled to the station 

before the detonation to turn on generators and check equipment. 

They returned to the Control Point before the detonation. Two 

hours after recovery hour, one participant and a radiation 

monitor drove to this station and spent one or two hours turning 

off equipment and recovering seismic records (15a-15b; 41). 

Project 7.5, Calibration and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb 

Debris, was conducted to analyze samples of the Shot HARRY cloud 

to evaluate various parameters of the nuclear device. Two B-29 

aircraft, each with a crew of ten, took gaseous and particulate 

samples of the cloud. The activities of these personnel are 

detailed in section 3.2.4, which discusses AFSWC support at Shot 

HARRY (117). 

Project 8.lb, Additional Data on the Vulnerability of Parked 

Aircraft to Atomic Bombs, was designed to determine thermal and 

blast effects of nuclear detonations on parked aircraft. A B-29 

and a B-17 were placed about 1,360 meters from ground zero and a 

B-45 was positioned 1,130 meters from ground zero. The night 

before the shot, personnel instrumented the aircraft to determine 

the maximum skin temperature. An hour after the area was 

declared open for recovery operations, nine project members and a 

monitor investigated damage to the aircraft. These personnel 

spent about two hours in the area (15a-15b; 54). 

Project 8.2, Measurement of Thermal Radiation with a Vacuum 

Microphone, evaluated a device used to measure the thermal radiation produced by a nuclear detonation. Thermal-sensing equipment 

102 
for HARRY was in Building 400, near the Control Point and about 

12 kilometers from ground zero. Recorders were in two nearby 

vans. Four hours before the shot, six project members went to 

the vans and remained there until two hours after the detonation 

(15a-15b; 20). 

Pro.ject 9.1, Technical Photography, was conducted by 

EG&G and by 23 officers from the Signal Corps Pictorial Center 

and five enlisted men from the Air Force assigned to work 

directly with EG&G. The ob,jective of Project 9.1 was to provide 

both still photographs and motion pictures of the preshot and 

postshot stages of various pro.jects. In addition, photographs of 

the burst were taken by remote-control cameras from unmanned 

steel photo-towers six to 25 feet high. 

Project personnel loaded film into the cameras and tested 

them before the shot. These same pro,ject personnel and a radiological safetv monitor recovered the film on shot-day, when the 

Test Director announced recoverv hour. EG&G processed all film 

either in Las Vegas or in Los Angeles (59). 

In addition, Air Force Lookout Mollntain Laboratory personnel 

were scheduled to take documentarv photographs of the HARRY burst 

and 

and 

two 

subsequent cloud development from five manned camera stations 

from a C-47 aircraft. The ground stations, occupied about 

hours before the shot, were located as follows (11; 15a-15b): 

STATION LOCATlON (UTM) NUMBER OF PERSONNEL 

1 900920 3 

2 B80910 3 

3 829900 4 

4 781958 2 

5* 843878 3 

*Station 5 was at the Control Point. 

103 
Personnel dismantled their camera stations and returned to Camp 

Mercury when they had completed their assignments. 

Meanwhile, a C-47 aircraft with Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

personnel departed from Indian Springs AFB at 0407 hours to take 

aerial photographs of the HARRY detonation. The C-47 entered the 

test site area at about 0423 hours, established a pattern about 

16 kilometers south of ground zero, and photographed the burst 

and fireball development. The aircraft landed at Indian Springs 

AFB by 0520 hours (15a-15b; 51; 59). 

3.2.2 Weapons Development Group Projects 

The Weapons Development Group conducted 18 projects at Shot 

HARKY, only six of which had DOD participants, as indicated in 

table 3-2. 

Project 13.1, Radiochemistry Sampling, was conducted by the 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Personnel from the AFSWC 

4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) provided air support, as discussed in section 3.2.4. 

Of the five Program 18 projects, detailed documentation is 

available only for Project 18.3, Spectroscopy, which was conducted 

by the Naval Research Laboratory. The objective was to obtain 

information on spectral characteristics of light emitted from 

nuclear detonations. This was accomplished by using spectrometers that recorded the wavelength of light with time. 

Two spectrometers were located in Building 400, a permanent 

building about 12 kilometers from ground zero, situated on a hill 

near the Control Point at Yucca Pass. These spectrometers were 

loaded with film, aligned, and checked for final operation about 

three hours before the shot. Project personnel remained in the 

building operating the spectrometers through shot-time. After 

104 
the detonation, they turned off the equipment and removed the 

film for processing. 

Three spectrometers were located in Station 413, a reinforced semitrailer about two kilometers from ground zero, which 

usually served as a mobile instrument station for Pro,ject 18.3. 

However, the spectrometers were used for another project during 

Shot HARRY (27; 42). 

3.2.3 Civil Effects Group Projects 

The Civil Effects Group conducted ten projects at Shot 

HARRY. Five of these projects, listed in table 3-2, involved DOD 

participants. In general, the same personnel conducted all of 

the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory Program 23 projects. 

No information is available for Project 23.3, Long-term Studies 

on Dogs Exposed to Primarily Neutron Irradiation in Shelters. 

Pro_ject 23.1, Biological Effectiveness of Ionizing Radiation 

within Shelters, investigated neutron and gamma radiation hazards 

to dogs and mice placed within AEC shelters about 610 meters from 

ground zero. Personnel transported the animals to the shelters 

eight hours before the shot (21). 

Project 23.2, Bacteriological Studies on Animals Exposed to 

Neutron Radiation, collected data on the role played by postirradiation infection in deaths caused by radiation exposure. 

Project participants placed 153 animals, mostly mice and dogs, in 

shelters about 610 meters from ground zero. Twenty-five Program 

23 personnel and two monitors were scheduled to go to the shelter 

area and spend about 25 minutes picking up the animals (15a--15b; 

128). 

Project 23.17, Neutron Flux Measurements in AEC Group 

Shelters and Lead Hemispheres, investigated neutron radiation 

105 
inside and outside lead hemispheres and shelters. At Shot HARRY, 

personnel placed gold and sulfur neutron detectors in and near 

hemispheres 750 to 1,190 meters from ground zero (121). 

Project 29.1, Comparison and Evaluation of Dosimetry Methods 

Applicable to Gamma Radiation, was fielded by the University of 

California at Los Angeles, with assistance from the Evans Signal 

Laboratory of the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. The 

project evaluated chemical and film methods for measuring initial 

and residual gamma radiation. To measure initial radiation, 

project personnel placed dosimeters in 11 stations the night 

before the shot. The stations were located at distances ranging 

from 1,200 to 2,200 meters from ground zero. When the area was 

declared open for recovery operations, two pro,ject personnel 

retrieved the dosimeters. To measure residual radiation, personnel used survey instruments to measure gamma radiation levels in 

areas with intensities up to 10.0 R/h (35; 121). 

3.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC provided operational control of all air activities 

through the Air Participation Unit. In addition, AFSWC personnel 

conducted cloud sampling, sample courier missions, cloud 

tracking, and aerial surveys for the Test Manager and for test 

group projects (58). The following listing indicates the types 

and numbers of aircraft and estimated numbers of AFSWC personnel 

involved in air missions at Shot HARRY (51): 
TYPE OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF 

TITLE AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Sampling 

Sampler 

Sampler (Pro.ject 7.5) 

Sampler Control 

Snooper 

Sample Courier c-47 

Missions B-25 

Cloud Tracking 

Radiological Safety/ 

Aerial Surveying 

F-84G 

H-29 

B-50 

F-84G 

B-25 

B-29 

H-19 

L-20 

c-47 

11 

2 

1 

1 

2 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

11 

20 

9 

1 

6 

18 

5 

10 

4 

:3 

4 

Cloud Sampling 

Fifteen aircraft were involved in the collection of 

particulate and gaseous samples from the Shot HARRY cloud. 

Eleven of these were F-84G samplers, code-named Tiger, flown by 

pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron to collect samples for LASL 

Project 13.1. Of the 11 F-X4G samplers, four successfully 

collected samples, two aborted before takeoff, one aborted before 

penetrating the cloud, and the remaining four made no cloud 

contact but were in the area from 22 to 65 minutes. The two B-29 

sampling aircraft, with a crew of ten each, collected gaseous and 

particulate samples for Pro.ject 7.5. A B-50 sampler control aircraft with a crew of nine, including a scientific advisor from 

LASL, and an F-84G aircraft surveyed the cloud before the actual 

sampling sorties (51). 

Each aircraft was called in succession, following the 

completion of the preceding sampler mission. Information 

concerning the time the B-29s spent in the cloud area is not 

107 
available. The listing below details the activities of the F-84G 

sampler aircraft that were in the cloud area. The peak intensity 

encountered bv the F-84G samplers was 20 R/h. 

AIRCRAFT 

(F-84G) 

TOTAL TIME TOTAL TIME 

NUMBEK OF IN CLOUD IN CLOUD AREA 

PENETRATIONS (seconds) (minutes) 

Tiger Red 1 

Tiger White 2 

Tiger Red 3 

Tiger Red 4 

Tiger White 1 

Tiger White 3 

Tiger Blue 2 

Tiger Blue 3 

0 

0 

3 

0 

0 

3 

1 

1 

65 

22 - 

N/R* 6 3 

41 

43 

275 8 0 

N/R 51 

N/R 55 

The samplers returned to Indian Springs AFB and parked in 

designated areas when they had completed their mission. Engines 

were shut down, and the canopies remained closed and sealed until 

the samples were removed from the aircraft. The pilots remained 

on full oxygen while they waited. The 4926th sample-removal team 

and radiological safety monitors removed the samples from each 

aircraft and placed them in shielded containers. 

After the samples from each aircraft were removed and stored, 

the pilot shut down his oxygen and opened the canopv. He then 

stepped onto a platform held by a forklift so he would not touch 

the exterior of the aircraft. Each B-29 crew exited through the 

rear side door. The F-84 pilots and B-29 crews were then taken 

to the decontamination station for monitoring and decontamination, as necessary (51; 123). 

* N/R indicates not reported. 

108 
Sample Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions were completed, two C-47 aircraft, each with a crew of three, and three B-25s left Indian 

Springs AFB on shot-day to transport samples to various airbases 

for analvsis by AEC and DOD development laboratories. The 4901st 

Support Wing (Atomic) from Kirtland AFB conducted these courier 

missions for test group projects, including Projects 7.5 and 13.1 

(45; 51). 

Cloud Tracking 

After the shot, one B-25 aircraft from Indian Springs AFB 

and one B-29 from Kirtland AFB flew cloud-tracking missions over 

and beyond the NPG. The H-25, flying at 12,000 feet, tracked the 

cloud for three hours. The B-29, flying at altitudes of 18,000 

to 22,000 feet, tracked the cloud for two hours (39; 51). On 

completion of the mission, each aircraft returned to its staging 

base. 

Aerial Surveying 

After the detonation, one H-18 helicopter, one L-20 

aircraft, and a C-47 aircraft flew survey missions downwind of 

the shot area to record radiation intensities. The H-18, which 

flew at heights ranging from ten to 100 feet above the ground, 

conducted an onsite survey. The L-20 also surveyed the NPG, 

spending about one hour at a height of 500 feet above the ground. 

The C-47 surveyed as far as 300 kilometers offsite at heights 

ranging from 500 to 2,500 feet above the ground. The C-47 flew 

again for about 90 minutes the day after the detonation (39; 51). 

3.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT HARRY 

Exercise Desert Rock V, the test groups, and AFSWC each 

developed radiation protection procedures to keep individual 

exposure to ionizing radiation to a minimum while allowing 

109 
participants to accomplish their missions. Some of the radiological safety procedures described generally in chapter 5 of the 

series volume resulted in the production of records that enabled 

the organizations to evaluate the effectiveness of the radiation 

protection programs. 

3.3.1 Desert Rock Radiation Protection Activities 

Information concerning Desert Rock radiation protection 

activities has been obtained from the annex for HARRY of the 

Exercise Desert Rock V, Final Report (64) and from the operations 

order for the shot (67). Although film badge readings are not 

available for Desert Rock participants at HARRY, these two 

documents describe specific radiological safety activities at the 

shot. 

There was no troop maneuver at HARRY, although observers 

witnessed the detonation from trenches 3,660 meters from ground 

zero. Members of the Instructor Group led the observers on a 

tour of the display area after the shot. At HARRY, however, the 

forward limit for individuals on foot was not the 2.5 R/h area, 

as at previous shots. Instead, observers were permitted into 

areas of higher radiation intensity, provided they remained below 

the 6.0 roentgen exposure limit, as indicated on their pocket 

dosimeters. The observers approached as close as 410 meters to 

ground zero. The highest exposure indicated by the observers' 

pocket dosimeters was 2.5 roentgens, with an average of 1.75 

roentgens (64; 69). 

Four HRS helicopters participated in the Marine Corps operational helicopter test. After the blast wave passed, helicopters 

A and B flew toward ground zero around the west side of the shot 

area. All personnel in these two aircraft wore protective 

110 
clothing. Helicopter A was able to fly within 230 meters of the 

upwind portion of the dust column without exceeding the established 10.0 R/h limit. Helicopter B landed about three kilometers north of ground zero, and a monitor disembarked to record 

radiation levels. The monitor walked toward ground zero, 

stopping when he encountered intensities of 10.0 R/h, the 

established safety limit. Helicopters C and D landed about four 

kilometers north of ground zero, where the radiation intensity 

was less than 0.05 R/h. Helicopters C and D were to have spent 

less than one minute in the area. Helicopter B, however, 

remained in the area for about 45 minutes (62-63). 

Although the exposure report of the Radiological Safety 

Support Unit lists film badge data for JTO personnel, it also 

reports that one Desert Rock participant had received a total 

gamma exposure of 7.1 roentgens by 19 May (lb). 

3.3.2 Joint Test Organization Radiation Protection Activities 

Records describing JTO radiation protection activities conducted at HARRY have been obtained from the radiological safety 

report of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. The available information 

includes dosimetry data, logistical data on film badges and 

protective clothing, radiological survey records and isointensity 

plots, and decontamination records. 

Dosimetry 

During the period of 16 May to 24 May 1953, which covers 

the 19 May detonation of Shot HARRY, the Dosimetry and Records 

Section of JTO issued 1,400 film badges (39). 

Film badge readings indicate that four personnel received 

exposures exceeding the 3.9 roentgen limit during HARRY. One 

individual involved with a Military Effects Group pro,ject had a 

total exposure of 7.5 roentgens by 19 May. An individual from 

the 3398th Technical Training Squadron at Keesler AFB, 

111 
Mississippi, received a total exposure of 4.8 roentgens by 19 

May. By 23 May, four days after the detonation, an individual 

from the Naval Research Laboratory had a total exposure of 4.4 

roentgens. In addition, a radiological safety monitor from Fort 

McClellan, Alabama, received an exposure of 8.5 roentgens (lb). 

Logistics and Supply 

For the period covering Shot HARRY, the Supply Section 

issued the following items: 

0 104 pairs of goggles 

l 295 respirators 

l 320 protective caps 

0 536 pairs of cotton gloves 

0 803 coveralls 

l 924 shoe covers. 

In addition, the Supply Section issued 143 radiological survey 

instruments (39). 

Monitoring 

The initial ground survey began one-half hour after detonation, with monitors completing the survey within the next hour. 

The monitoring teams encountered high radiation levels during 

their survey of the Yucca Flat area, so Plotting and Briefing 

Section personnel were unable to plot completely the isointensity 

lines for that area. Figure 3-3 shows a copy of the plot of this 

initial survey. Figure 3-4 presents copies of the plots 

resulting from the 20 May resurvey and from a survey of Yucca 

Flat on 31 May. 

Four of the 21 offsite monitors were DOD personnel, who 

surveyed terrain east of the NPG, particularly in the area of St. 

George, Utah. The peak radiation intensity recorded at St. 

George was 0.35 R/h (39). 

112 
BADGER 

. . 

. 

P 

N 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

SIMON 

Kilometer 

1 1 

0 1 

q Roads 

Stake Lines 

. . . . l 0.01 R/h 

: - - - l 0.1 R/h 

l *-a-*- l.OR/tl 

10.0 R/h 

Figure 3-3: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT HARRY, 19 MAY 1953,0535 TO 0640 HOURS, 

WITH YUCCA FLAT RESURVEY OF 15 MAY 1953 

113 
: Radiition Intensity 

around Ground 

_ _ Zero-10.0 R/h 

20 May 1953,070O Hours 

Radiation Intensity 

around Ground I 

Kilometer 

u 

0 1 

31 May 1953 

Roads 

. . . . . . . l 0.01 R/h 

-----O.lR/h 

-*-•-*-l.OR/h 

10.0 R/h 

Figure 3-4: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS OF YUCCA FLAT AFTER SHOT HARRY 

114 
Decontamination 

During the period of Shot HARRY, the Vehicle and Equipment 

Decontamination Section decontaminated 85 vehicles. In addition 

to the other decontamination personnel, three monitors from the 

Onsite Operations Section assisted with decontaminating vehicles 

in St. George (39). 

115 
SHOT GRABLE SYNOPSIS 

AEC Objective: 

DOD Objective: 

Weather: 

Radiation Data: 

AEC TEST SERIES: UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock V 

DATE/TIME: 25 May 1953, 0830 hours 

YIELD: 15 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 524 feet (280mm cannon) 

To evaluate the nuclear yield, blast, thermal, 

and radiological phenomena produced by an atomic 

artillery projectile. 

To evaluate military equipment, tactics, and 

doctrine; to measure weapons effects 

characteristics; to evaluate the military 

applications of the atomic artillery projectile; 

and to orient DOD personnel in the tactical use 

of a nuclear weapon. 

At shot-time, the winds at surface level were 

four knots from the north. Winds were 30 knots 

from the south-southwest at 10,UOO feet, 74 

knots from the southwest at 20,000 feet, and 85 

knots from the southwest at 30,000 feet. The 

temperature was 14.8"C, the relative humidity 

was 32 percent, and the pressure was 901 millibars. 

Light fallout occurred to the north onsite. 

About one hour after the shot, intensities 

greater than 0.1 R/h were confined to an area 

about 0.5 kilometers from ground zero. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock V, Armed Forces Special 

Weapons Pro,ject, Air Force Special Weapons 

Center, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, 

contractors. 

116 
CHAPTER 4 

SHOT GRABLE 

Shot GRABLE, the tenth test of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

was detonated with a yield of 15 kilotons at 0830 hours on 25 May 

1953. GRABLE was originally scheduled for 21 May,.but because of 

a general change in scheduling after Shot BADGER, the event was 

postponed until 23 May. When Shot HARRY was postponed for three 

days because of unfavorable weather conditions, GRABLE was 

rescheduled for 25 May. 

A 280mm cannon fired the atomic artillery projectile, which 

was detonated at a height of 524 feet above Frenchman Flat (Area 

5 of the Nevada Proving Ground), at UTM coordinates 956728, which 

was the same ground zero intended for Shot ENCORE. The top of 

the cloud resulting from Shot GRABLE reached an altitude of 

35,000 feet. Light fallout occurred to the north onsite and to 

the northeast offsite (13; 56). 

The firing of GRABLE from a 280mm cannon marked the first 

time an atomic artillery shell was fired and detonated. Preliminary firings of the cannon, using high-explosive rounds, 

occurred from 15 May to 25 May. Figure 4-l shows a preliminary 

firing, and figure 4-2 shows the GRABLE detonation. 

The Artillery Test Unit from the Artillery Center, Fort 

Sill, Oklahoma, fired the GRABLE device. This unit consisted of 

a gun battery from the 867th Field Artillery Battalion, a communications platoon, a flash platoon, a meteorological platoon, a 

radar platoon, a camera team, and an ordnance detachment. Unit 

personnel arrived at Camp Desert Rock on 7 May. On 22 Mav, they 

participated in a full rehearsal of the shot. Although the 280mm 

cannon was fired by remote control, unit personnel were at the 

117 


gun position before the shot to assemble and load the round. At 

shot-time, these personnel were either in trenches or behind 

barricades for protection from blast effects and flash burns. 

The cannon was about ten kilometers south-southwest of ground 

zero (7-9; 37; 64). 

The Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of the Army, the 

Army Chief of Staff, and several congressional observers 

witnessed the detonation from an area 11 kilometers north of 

ground zero. 

4.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V OPERATIONS AT SHOT GRABLE 

An estimated 3,388 exercise troops and observers participated 

in Desert Rock V programs at Shot GRABLE. In addition, a group of 

160 special observers from the 9th Ordnance Battalion viewed the 

detonation. Three hundred support troops, whose activities are 

discussed in the first part of this section, provided radiological 

safety, transportation, communications, and control services for 

the exercises in the forward area. Personnel from Army Field 

Forces Human Research Unit No. 2 were probably present at the shot 

to investigate the psychological reactions of these troops to the 

detonation. These research personnel were to be present for all 

shots attended by provisional Battalion Combat Teams. The unit 

probably administered a questionnaire to the troops before and 

after the shots. Table 4-l provides information on the Desert Rock 

V programs at GRABLE by indicating the number of DOD participants 

in each program, thenature of the activity, and the service of 

involved units (64; 127). 

120 
Table 4-l: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK V ACTIVITIES AT 

SHOT GRABLE 

Program 

Troop Orientation and Indoctrination 

(Observers) 

Tactical Troop Maneuvers 

Damage Effects Evaluation 

Participating Service 

Army 

Navy 

Air Force 

Marine Corps 

Army 

Army 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

606 

70 

13 

29 

2,670 

* 

+ Unknown 

4.1.1 Support Troop Participation 

The Desert Rock support troops provided logistical, operational, and administrative support to the exercise. In performing 

these duties, about 300 support troops sometimes entered the 

forward area. Particularly involved in shot-day operations were 

the Radiological Safety Section and the Control Group (65). 

The Radiological Safety Section, supported by the 50th 

Chemical Service Platoon, enforced radiological safety criteria 

and conducted radiological survevs. One of their significant 

functions after the detonation was a survey of the shot area, 

conducted by two radiological safety teams. Each three-man team 

consisted of one radiological safety monitor, one driver, and one 

radio operator (64-65). 

One of these radiological safety teams accompanied each of 

the BCTs into the forward area. Another radiological safety team 

operated on the ground zero flank of the attack line. Members of 

121 
the l3CTs who accompanied their respective battalions into the 

shot area provided additional radiological monitoring (64-65). 

The Control Group accompanied troops into the shot area to 

ensure that all personnel remained together and followed safety 

and tactical instructions. The Control Group consisted of 

officers and enlisted men from the Operations Section (G-3), as 

well as the Instructor Group, the Radiological Safety Section, 

and the Aviation Section (63-64). The Instructor Group consisted 

of an Air Force officer, a Navy officer, and a medical officer, 

all of whom represented AFSWP, four Army officers, and four 

enlisted men. After the detonation, the instructors advised 

observers and later the maneuver units during their tour of the 

display area to view the effects of the burst. They discussed 

differences between the predicted and actual effects (64). 

In addition to the Radiological Safety Section and Control 

Group, several other Desert Rock support elements had duties at 

GRARLE. 

Before the shot, the 412th Engineer Construction Battalion 

spent from seven to ten days preparing the display area. The 

26th Transportation Truck Battalion used lS4 vehicles to carry 

military personnel to and from the forward area. At shot-time, 

these vehicles were parked about ten kilometers southwest of 

ground zero (64-65). 

The 505th Signal Service Group (Composite Company) 

established wire and radio communications within the forward 

area, as well as at Camp Desert Rock. It was planned that 

company personnel would operate the two mobile public address 

systems in the displav area to assist the Instructor Group in its 

presentations after the shot (64-65). 

122 
The 371st Evacuation Hospital (-) provided medical support 

in the forward area and at Camp Desert Rock. During the 

maneuvers, a medical officer accompanied the Control Group to the 

forward area. A medical detachment of one medical officer and 

four enlisted men established an aid station in the parking area 

and moved to the forward area after the shot. In addition, two 

aidmen accompanied the observers after the shot (64-65; 68). 

4.1.2 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination Activities 

As table 4-l indicates, 718 personnel from the four armed 

services participated as official observers at Shot GRABLE. All 

of the observers took part in the same orientation and training 

activities for the event. Most observers arrived at Camp Desert 

Rock between 18 May and 23 May. In the days preceding the shot, 

the Instructor Group and the Artillery Instruction Team from Fort 

Sill , Oklahoma, used lectures, demonstrations, and films to 

inform personnel about the characteristics and effects of nuclear 

weapons and the employment of a 280mm gun. On 23 May, the 

observers present rehearsed their shot-day activities, inspected 

the displav in Area 3 of the NPG, and witnessed the 280mm gun 

register with high-explosive rounds (64). 

On 25 May, the observers left Camp Desert Rock and arrived 

at the trench area by 0730 hours. The Instructor Group then 

conducted preshot orientation. Fifteen minutes before the shot, 

the observers were directed to enter the trenches, 4,570 meters 

west of ground zero, as shown in figure 4-3. An additional group 

of 160 special observers from the 9th Ordnance Battalion 

witnessed the detonation with the other observers (64; 68). 

123 
Troop and Observer 

260 mm Gun 

0 1 

1 I 

Kilometer 

72 

69 

69 

67 

66 

63 

62 

61 

Figure 4-3: OPERATIONS ON FRENCHMAN FLAT, 

SHOT GRABLE 

124 
Thirty-five minutes after the shot, the observers left the 

trenches for the display area. They could not inspect the 

effects of the detonation on equipment and animals closer than 

1,370 meters from ground zero, however, because of a dust storm. 

After spending about five hours and 15 minutes in the shot area, 

the observers returned to Camp Desert Rock, which they reached by 

1247 hours (64). 

4.1.3 Tactical Troop Maneuvers 

As table 4-l indicates, an estimated 2,670 DOD personnel 

took part in the tactical maneuvers at Shot GRABLE. The participants included two BCTs, composed of units from all CONUS Army 

areas. The following list indicates the home stations of the 

troops in the two BCTs (73): 

First Army 

Fort Totten, New York 

Fort Jay, New York 

Second Army 

Camp Pickett, Virginia 

Fort Meade, Maryland 

Third Army 

Fort Jackson, South Carolina 

Fort Benning, Georgia 

Fort Bragg, North Carolina 

Fourth Army 

Camp Chaffee, Arkansas 

Camp Polk, Louisiana 

Fort Bliss, Texas 

Fort Hood, -Texas 

Fort Sill, Oklahoma 

Fifth Army 

Camp Atterbury, Indiana 

Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri 

Camp Carson, Colorado 

Fort Sheridan, Illinois 

Fort Riley, Kansas 

125 
Sixth Army 

Fort Ord, California 

Fort MacArthur, California 

Presidio of San Francisco, California. 

Participants in the troop maneuvers began arriving at Camp 

Desert Rock on 18 May. The troops attended classes presented by 

the Instructor Group and were shown films on nuclear energy and 

weapons. On 23 May, the troops rehearsed the exercise. They 

practiced all activities scheduled for shot-day, including ohservation of the detonation from the trenches, the maneuver to be 

conducted immediately after the shot, and the inspection of the 

display area. The rehearsal was halted because a dust storm 

limited movement through the display area. At 1125 hours, the 

troops began their return to Camp Desert Rock, which they reached 

three hours later (64). 

At 0452 hours on 25 May, maneuver troops left Camp Desert 

Rot,': for the trench area. After the troops had disembarked, the 

vet.icles were driven to a parking area about ten kilometers from 

ground zero. All troops were at the trenches, located at UTM 

coordinates 911717, by approximately 0730 hours. Fifteen minutes 

before the shot, personnel were directed into the trenches, where 

they were instructed to crouch two minutes before shot-time. 

Three seconds after the shot and before shock arrival, the troops 

were allowed to stand and view the fireball (64). 

At 0841 hours, 11 minutes after the shot, the BCTs began 

their attack toward the objectives, 2,400 meters southeast of 

ground zero and 2,800 meters east-southeast of ground zero. 

Figure 4-3 shows the locations of the objectives and movements of 

the troops. BCT BAKER reached 700 meters to the south of ground 

zero, while BCT ABLE moved 1,200 meters south of ground zero 

(64). 

126 
The attack was halted at 0950 hours because of high winds 

and dust. Elements of BCT BAKER were subsequently able to 

inspect a portion of the display area up to the 450-meter line. 

RCT ABLE could not proceed into the display area (64). 

Vehicles were then driven to the display area to transport 

the troops back to Camp Desert Hock. They left Frenchman Flat at 

1100 hours and arrived at the camp by 1200 hours. The troops 

left for their home stations on the following day (64). 

4.1.4 Damage Effects Evaluation 

The GRABLE display area was established southeast of ground 

zero by the 412th Engineer Construction Battalion and the 3623rd 

Ordnance Company, who constructed fortifications and placed 

equipment, respectively. Fortifications, including trenches, 

bunkers, and foxholes, were constructed at 460-meter intervals 

460 to 3,200 meters from ground zero. In addition, stakes were 

placed in the open every 460 meters. As at Shot ENCORE, two 

sections of bridge were constructed 460 meters from ground zero. 

Equipment was placed in approximately the same areas, except for 

one 2 l/2-ton truck, placed at ground zero. Other equipment in 

the display area included trucks of various sizes, machine guns, 

mortars, 57mm guns, rifles, communications equipment, howitzers, 

flamethrowers, a trailer, and a rocket launcher. After the shot, 

engineer, ordnance, chemical, medical, and quartermaster teams 

evaluated damage to the equipment, animals, and fortifications in 

the display (64). 

In conjunction with the damage effects evaluation, Army 

personnel placed test animals and instruments in the fortifications constructed for the display area. These specimens were 

used in medical and shielding evaluations (64). 
For the evaluation of damage to animals, 45 sheep were 

placed in the display area on the day before the shot. They were 

placed in trenches, bunkers, foxholes, and in the open at 

460-meter intervals from 460 to 2,290 meters from ground zero 

(64). 

Immediately after the shot, the veterinary officer, a 

monitor, and an enlisted technician accompanied the Control Group 

into the forward area. These men moved forward by vehicle to the 

display area to evaluate the effects of the detonation on the 

sheep. Later that day, the sheep that survived the shot were 

taken to pens at Frenchmen Flat, where they were isolated and 

observed for further effects (64). 

To evaluate the shielding offered by the fortifications, a 

chemical team, probably from the 50th Chemical Service Platoon, 

placed film badges in the bunkers, trenches, and foxholes, and in 

the open. Sometime after the shot, the chemical team obtained 

and recorded readings from the badges (64). 

4.2 DEPAHTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN JOINT TEST 

ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT GRABLE 

Department of Defense personnel took part in projects 

conducted by the Military Effects Group, the Weapons Development 

Group, and the Civil Effects Group. In addition, DOD personnel 

of the Air Force Special Weapons Center provided support to the 

test groups and the Test Manager. Table 4-2 lists the test group 

projects by number and title and identifies the participating 

groups. 

4.2.1 Military Effects Group Projects 

As shown in table 4-2, many of the Military Effects Group 

pro.jects at Shot GRABLE were part of Program 3. Because most of 
Table 4-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT GRABLE 

Project Title 

Military Effects Group 

Participants 

l.la/1.2 Air Blast Measurements Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

1 .la-1 Evaluation of Wiancko and Vibrotron Gauges and Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

Development of New Circuitry for Atomic Blast 

Measurements 

l.la-2 Development of Mechanical Pressuretime and Peak Nava! Ordnance Laboratory 

Pressure Recorders for Atomic Blast Measurements 

l.lb Air Pressure and Ground Shock Measurements Stanford Research Institute 

l.ld Dynamic Pressure versus Time and Supporting Air Sandia Corporation 

Blast Measurements 

1.4 Free-field Measurements of Earth Stress, Strain and 

Ground Motion 

Sandia Corporation 

2.2a 

2.2b 

Gamma Radiation Spectrum of Residual Contamination 

Residual Ionizing Radiation Depth Dose 

Measurements in Unit-density Material 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Naval Medical Research Institute 

2.3 

3.1 

3.1 u 

3.3 

3.4 

3.6 

3.7 

Neutron Flux Measurements 

Tests on the Loading of Building and Equipment 

Shapes 

Shock Diffraction in the Vicinity of a Structure 

Test on the Loading of Horizontal 

Cylindrical Shapes 

Tests on the Loading of Truss Systems Common 

to Open-framed Structures 

Test on the Loading and Response of Railroad 

Equipment 

Air Blast Effects on Entrances and Air Intakes of 

Underground Installations 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Air Materiel Command; Armour Research 

Foundation 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory. 

Air Materiel Command; Armour Research 

Foundation 

Air Materiel Command; Armour Research 

Foundation 

Air Materiel Command; Armour Research 

Foundation; Army Transportation Corps 

Office, Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army; 

Structural Research Laboratory, University 

of Illinois* 

3.8 Air Blast Effects on Underground Structures Office, Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army; Structural 

Research Laboratory, University 

of Illinois 

3.9 Field Fortifications Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories+ 

3.1 l-3.16 Navy Structures Bureau of Yards and Docks+ 

3.18 Minefield Clearance Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories; 412th Engineer Construction 

Battalion; 44th Infantry Division 

3.19 Blast Damage to Coniferous Tree Stands by Atomic 

Explosions 

Forest Service 

* Other participating agencies are listed in the text. 

129 
Table 4-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT GRABLE (Continued) 

Project Title 

Military Effects Group 

Participants 

3.20 Blast and Thermal Effects of an Atomic Bomb on 

Typical Tactical Communication Systems 

Statistical Estimation of Damage to Ordnance 

Equipment Exposed to Nuclear Blasts 

Effects on Engineer Bridging Equipment 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories+ 

3.21 Ballistic Research Laboratories 

3.22 Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories 

3.24 Effects of an Airburst Atomic Explosion on Landing 

Vehicles Tracked ILVT’s) 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

3.26 Test of the Effects on POL Installations 

3.28.1 Structures Instrumentation 

Air Materiel Command; Office of the 

Quartermaster General; Marine Corps Schools 

Ballistic Research Laboratories 

3.28.2 Pressure Measurements for Various Projects of 

Program 3 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

3.28.3 Pressure Measurements on Structures Stanford Research Institute 

3.30 Ballistic Research Laboratories 

4.2 

4.7 

Air Blast Gauge Studies 

Direct Air Blast Exposure Effects in Animals 

Beta-gamma Skin Hazard in the Postshot 

Contaminated Area 

Naval Medical Research Institute 

Walter Reed Army Medical Center 

4.8 

6.2 

The Biological Effects of Neutrons 

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment IIBDA) Phenomena 

and Techniques 

6.3 

6.7 

Interim IBDA Capabilities of Strategic Air Command 

Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic 

Radiation from Nuclear Detonations 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Wright Air Development Center; Vitro 

Corporation 

Strategic Air Command 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

68a 

6.10 

Initial Gamma Exposure versus Distance 

Evaluation of Rapid Aerial Radiological Survey 

Techniques 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

6.12 Determination of Height of Burst and Ground Zero Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; Army 

Field Forces Board 11 

6.13 Naval Electronics Laboratory 

7.1 

7.3 

7.4 

7.5 

Effectiveness of Fast Scan Radar for Fireball Studies 

and Weapons Tracking 

Electromagnetic Effects from Nuclear Explosions 

Detection of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from 

Nuclear Explosions 

Headquarters, Air Force* 

Headquarters, Air Force* 

Seismic Measurements Headquarters, Air Force 

Calibration and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb Debris Headquarters, Air Force; AFSWC 

* Other participating agencies are listed in the text 

130 
Table 4-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT GRABLE (Continued) 

Project 

8.lb 

8.2 

8.4.1 

8.4.2 

8.5 

8.6 

8.9 

8.10 

8.11a 

8.11b 

8.12a 

8.12b 

9.1 

9.6 

9.7 

13.1 

18.1 

18.2 

18.3 

Title Participants 

Additional Data on the Vulnerability of Parked Aircraft 

to Atomic Bombs 

Wright Air Development Center 

Measurement of Thermal Radiation with a Vacuum 

Microphone 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center 

Protection Afforded by Operational Smoke Screens 

against Thermal Radiation 

Evaluation of a Thermal Absorbing Carbon Smoke 

Screen 

Thermal Radiation Protection Afforded Test Animals by 

Fabric Assemblies 

Performance Characteristics of Clothing Materials 

Exposed to Thermal Radiation 

Effects of Thermal Radiation on Materials 

Physical Characteristics of Thermal Radiation from 

an Atomic Bomb Detonation 

Chemical and Radiological Laboratories; 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Chemical and Radiological Laboratories; 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Quartermaster Research and Development 

Laboratories; Walter Reed Army Medical Center; 

Atomic Energy Project, University of Rochester 

Quartermaster Research and 

Development Laboratories 

Naval Material Laboratory 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Incendiary Effects on Building and Interior 

Kindling Fuels 

Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory 

Ignition and Persistent Fires Resulting from Atomic 

Explosions: Exterior Kindling Fuels 

Sound Velocities near the Ground in the 

Vicinity of an Atomic Explosion 

Supplementary Pressure Measurements 

Technical Photography 

Forest Service-Division of Fire Research 

Naval Electronics Laboratory 

Production Stabilization 

Experimental Soil Stabilization 

David Taylor Model Basin 

EGBG; Signal Corps Pictorial Center; Air Force 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

Army Waterways Experiment Station* 

Army Waterways Experiment Station* 

Weapons Development Group 

Radiochemistry Sampling 

Total Thermal and Air Attenuation 

Power versus Time 

Spectroscopy 

Surface-brightness Investigations 

Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Civil Effects Group 

23.17 Neutron Flux Measurements in AEC Group Shelters Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

and Lead Hemispheres 

29.1 Comparison and Evaluation of Dosimetry Methods 

Applicable to Gamma Radiation 

Atomic Energy Project, UCLA+ 

1c Other participating agencies are listed in the text. 

131 
the projects were the same as those conducted at Shot ENCORE, 

little preshot construction was necessary. In addition, most of 

the instrumentation used for projects at ENCORE remained in the 

field after personnel recalibrated the gauges and conducted a dry 

run to insure that all equipment necessary for GRABLE was working 

properly. An organization designated as Project 3.28 provided 

instrumentation for these Program 3 projects: 3.1, 3.lu, 3.3, 

3.4, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 3.19, 3.21, and 3.22. 

The Test Director declared recovery hour at 0952 hours. At 

this time, project personnel were briefed on the radiological 

environment in the areas where the experiments were placed and 

given access permits to enter the area through designated 

checkpoints. 

Projects l.la/1.2, Air Blast Measurements, were fielded by 

the Naval Ordnance Laboratory to measure blast pressures at 

various distances from a nuclear detonation. In addition, the 

experiment studied the effect of different surfaces on the blast 

wave. Pro,ject personnel measured peak overpressure by photographing smoke rocket trail distortions. For Project l.la, they 

used three instrumented blast lines, two of which were used for 

this project at Shot ENCORE. 

Project personnel recalibrated the blast gauges and checked 

the recording instruments in the field 80 to 4,570 meters along 

the main blast line west of ground zero and 150 to 1,520 meters 

along the smoke line. They placed gauges 290 to 780 meters from 

ground zero along a north-south blast line near the minefield 

area set up for Project 3.18. In another part of Project l.la, 

personnel recalibrated gauges that had been placed along the main 

blast line and along a blast line southwest of ground zero for 

ENCORE. These gauges were 200 to 1,650 meters along the main 

blast line and 180 to 1,094 meters along the southwest line from 

the actual GRABLE ground zero. Recording instruments were 

132 
probably placed along the blast lines and checked before the 

detonation. For the Project 1.2 smoke rocket photography, 

participants positioned 13 launchers east of ground zero in the 

same location as the launchers used at ENCORE and a camera in a 

station 3,680 meters west of ground zero. For another part of 

Project 1.2, personnel placed cameras south of the main blast 

line to photograph the effect of the shock wave along the ground. 

At about 1200 hours, three project personnel retrieved film 

from the cameras, spending approximately 30 minutes in the test 

area. Five hours after the announcement of recovery hour, an 

estimated three project personnel began retrieving blast gauge 

records, a process req.uiring about one hour (16; 91). 

Project l.la-1, Evaluation of Wiancko and Vibrotron Gauges 

and Development of New Circuitry for Atomic Blast Measurements, 

tested four types of experimental blast gauges. Project l.la-2, 

Development of Mechanical Pressure-time and Peak Pressure 

Recorders for Atomic Blast Measurement, evaluated two different 

mechanical air-blast gauges. The weapons test reports for 

Projects l.la-1 and l.la-2 do not describe the projects, but the 

reports do indicate that Project l.la personnel conducted or 

assisted in the related field and laboratory activities. Both 

projects were probably part of Project l.la, and the experimental 

gauges were either the same as those used for Project l.la or 

were placed in the same areas and connected to the same recording 

equipment (96; 100). 

The objective of Project l.lb, Air Pressure and Ground Shock 

Measurements, was to obtain data on blast phenomena resulting 

from GRABLE. The gauges and recording equipment were placed in 

the field before the ENCORE detonation. The gauges that had been 

at ground zero and above-ground out to 150 meters from the ENCORE 

ground zero were removed before Shot GRABLE so they would not be 

destroyed. Five hours before the shot, project personnel 

133 
calibrated 52 air pressure gauges, 13 acceleration gauges, and 

six experimental gauges 300 meters to 1,520 meters from the 

intended ground zero. Two hours after recovery hour, three 

project personnel retrieved records. Plans called for them to 

spend one hour in the test area (16; 120). 

Project l.ld, Dynamic Pressure versus Time and Supporting 

Air Blast Measurements, was designed to measure blast wave 

pressures near ground level and to evaluate new and modified 

gauges. Gauges placed along the main blast line before ENCORE 

were calibrated before GRABLE. The gauges were located between 

150 and 1,980 meters from ground zero. Pro,ject l.ld gauges were 

also placed on a bridge structure for Project 3.4 and in the tree 

stand established by Project 3.19. Two hours after recovery 

hour, two parties of three men each spent an estimated 90 minutes 

retrieving records (16; 23; 107). 

Project 1.4, Free-field Measurements of Earth Stress, 

Strain, and Ground Motion, had two objectives: 

0 To measure the degree that various depths of earth cover 

reduced the vertical forces produced by a nuclear device 

0 To test instruments used to measure forces transmitted 

through the earth. 

The earth stress accelerometers and air pressure gauges used 

during Shot ENCORE remained in the field for the GRABLE detonation. The gauges were along the main blast line 340 meters from 

the actual GRABLE ground zero. Project personnel calibrated the 

above-ground gauges before the shot. The gauges were attached to 

cables connected to recording equipment in the Pro,ject l.ld 

shelters. After the detonation, personnel from Projects l.ld and 

1.4 recovered the records in the shelter (16; 99; 107). 

Pro,ject 2.2a, Gamma Kadiation Spectrum of Residual Contamination, was conducted to characterize the residual gamma contamination resulting from the detonation. Two hours after the shot, 

134 
three project personnel transported a spectrometer to a location 

730 meters west of ground zero. There they removed the 

spectrometer from the van and took spectral measurements for two 

hours. They then returned the spectrometer to the van and drove 

out of the area. 

Project members took similar measurements one day and four 

days after the shot. The day after the detonation, a group 

worked 240 meters west of ground zero, where the radiation 

intensity was 0.25 R/h. Four days after the shot, personnel made 

measurements 120 meters west of ground zero, where intensities 

were 0.23 R/h (18). 

The objective of Pro,ject 2.2b, Residual Ionizing Radiation 

Depth Dose Measurements in Unit-density Material, was to evaluate 

the biological effects of residual beta and gamma radiation 

fields. For this shot, however, measurements were made in 

initial as well as residual radiation areas. Before the detonation, a phantom containing radiation detection devices was 

placed along the main access road. The phantom was made of 

material simulating human tissue. 

After recovery hour, six pro.ject participants placed more 

instrumented phantoms and lucite and masonite spheres 370 and 460 

meters from ground zero, where the radiation intensities were 

10.0 R/h and 3.0 R/h, respectively. They also recovered the 

phantom placed in the field before the detonation. They 

recovered the other phantoms and spheres about one hour later. 

The next day, project participants performed similar activities 

at the location 370 meters from ground zero (16; 30). 

Project 2.3, Neutron Flux Measurements, measured neutron 

intensities at various distances from ground zero. Before the 

shot, project personnel attached neutron detectors to a cable 

extending 900 meters from ground zero. They also placed 

135 
detectors on stakes 900 to 1,830 meters from ground zero. These 

detectors were also attached to cables that led to the main 

cable. Soon after the detonation, four project personnel 

recovered the cable bv attaching the end farthest from ground 

zero to a truck and driving until the other end was past the 

900-meter point. They then removed the detectors as quickly as 

possible (126). 

Project 3.1, Tests of the Loading of Building and Equipment 

Shapes, was conducted by the Air Materiel Command, with primary 

contracting assistance from the Armour Hesearch Foundation and 

construction assistance from the Silas Mason Company. The 

objective was to collect more information about blast effects on 

various structures, materials, and equipment differing in size, 

shape, and orientation to the detonation. 

Project personnel used the 15 structures that had been 

assembled for Shot ENCORE. These structures were on an arc 1,500 

meters west of the intended ground zero. Two additional models 

were placed 350 and 670 meters from the actual GRABLE ground 

zero. Project 3.28 personnel calibrated the 235 gauges 

previously placed on these structures. When the area was 

declared open for recovery operations, personnel returned to 

inspect damage to structures and recover instrument records (55). 

Project 3.lu, Shock Diffraction in the Vicinity of a 

Structure, was fielded by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory to 

determine changes in the shock wave pattern as it diffracted 

around a structure. Fourteen pressure gauges had been placed in 

and around a structure located 670 meters from the intended 

ground zero before Shot ENCORE. Before the shot, project 

personnel calibrated the gauges and placed recording equipment 

in a safe location, probably inside the shelter. Projects l.la 

and 3.28.2, conducted by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, also used 

the instrumentation system. Participants returned to the test 

136 
site to retrieve the records and gauges when the area was cleared 

for recovery operations (90). 

Project 3.3, Test on the Loading of Horizontal Cylindrical 

Shapes, was conducted by the Armour Research Foundation for the 

Air Materiel Command. The main objective was to increase the 

knowledge of blast loadings on cylindrical structures. 

Five steel cylinders with reinforced end-sections were 

supported above the ground at two stations 1,460 and 1,910 meters 

from ground zero. Pro,ject 3.28.1 personnel recalibrated 30 air 

pressure gauges and ten strain gauges placed on the cylinders 

before Shot ENCORE. At recovery hour, participants returned to 

the site to observe the results and collect the gauges (112). 

Project 3.4, Tests on the Loading of Truss Systems Common to 

Open-framed Structures, was conducted by Armour Research Foundation for the Air Materiel Command. The project was designed to 

determine the effects of a nuclear blast on open-framed structures, such as bridges. The data obtained were compared to windtunnel data and data gathered during earlier nuclear weapons 

testing series. 

Five structures, each of which duplicated the center section 

of an open-deck, single-track railroad bridge, had been positioned 670 to 710 meters northwest of ground zero before Shot 

ENCORE. Project 3.28.1 personnel recalibrated the strain gauges 

on the foundations of the structures. When the test site was 

cleared for postshot activities, participants recovered the 

gauges and inspected the bridge spans (111). 

Project 3.6, Tests of the Loading and Response of Railroad 

Equipment, was fielded by the Army Transportation Corps and the 

Armour Research Foundation, under contract to the Air Materiel 

Command. The Air Materiel Command provided 11 personnel for the 

137 
project, and the Army Transportation Corps provided 23 personnel 

to perform the postshot damage survey and evaluation. The 

objective was to study the vulnerability of various types of 

railroad equipment to the blast and thermal effects of a nuclear 

detonation. 

Project personnel positioned 15 railroad cars and a locomotive at six locations 460 to 2,010 meters from ground zero on 

tracks constructed for the project. Project 3.28.1 personnel 

installed pressure gauges and accelerometers on three cars and 

calibrated the instruments before the shot. Project 9.1 

personnel positioned cameras at each of the locations. About 

five hours before the shot, four project participants started the 

locomotive engine and otherwise prepared the vehicle for the 

test. 

At recovery hour, two project personnel accompanied by a 

monitor traveled to the project site to shut down the locomotive 

engine and cover the intake valves. The estimated time in the 

area was 30 minutes. Two hours later, five project personnel 

accompanied by a monitor inspected the damage to the cars. They 

spent about one hour in the area. Sometime after recovery hour, 

pro,ject participants recovered gauges and film (16; 113). 

Pro,ject 3.7, Air Blast Effects on Entrances and Air Intakes 

of Underground Installations, was conducted for the Office of the 

Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, through a contract with the 

Structural Research Laboratory of the University of Illinois. 

The objective was to obtain basic data to be used in designing 

underground shelters for protection from nuclear detonations. 

Six hours and 30 minutes before the shot, three project 

personnel went to the same underground structure used for Shot 

ENCORE, located 290 meters southwest of ground zero. There they 

spent about three hours removing the seal on filters and starting 
the electric generators. Before the shot, Project 3.28.2 and 

3.28.3 personnel recalibrated 34 air pressure gauges and two 

ground-surface air pressure gauges near and on the structure. 

Three hours after recovery hour, ten personnel from Projects 3.7, 

3.8, and 3.28 returned to the test area to open this structure 

and the Pro,ject 3.8 structures, turn off generators, collect 

data, and check for gross damage effects (16; 118). 

Project 3.8, Air Blast Effects on Underground Structures, 

was performed by the Structural Kesearch Laboratory of the 

University of Illinois for the Office of the Chief of Engineers, 

Army. The overall ob.jective was similar to that of Project 3.7: 

to obtain data for designing underground shelters. The three 

underground test structures, also used at Shot ENCORE, were on an 

arc about 280 meters west-northwest from the intended GRABLE 

ground zero. They were built of reinforced concrete with roofs of 

simply supported steel-beam strips. Project 3.28.1 personnel 

recalibrated the earth pressure and air pressures gauges placed 

in and around the structures before Shot ENCORE. Three hours 

after recovery hour, ten participants retrieved the gauges and 

examined the structures (93). 

Project 3.9, Field Fortifications, was conducted by the 

Engineer Kesearch and Development Laboratories, with instrumentation and technical assistance provided by the Naval Material 

Laboratory, the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, the 

Ballistic Research Laboratories, the Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories, and Naval Ordnance Laboratory personnel from 

Pro-ject 3.28.2. 

The main objectives were to obtain data on the effects of 

the blast on field fortifications and to take radiation 

measurements. The fortifications included command posts, machine 

gun emplacements, and two-man foxholes 150, 460, 1,220, 1,830, 

139 
and 2,440 meters from the planned ground zero. The fortifications had been built and instrumented with pressure and thermal 

gauges and film badges before Shot ENCORE. Before GRABLE, 

personnel recalibrated the gauges and checked the recording 

instruments. 

At about 1100 hours, four project personnel began recovering 

the gauge data, and one participant started collecting the film 

badges. This mission took about three hours. In addition, 

Project 9.1 personnel photographed the fortifications (53). 

Projects 3.11 through 3.16, Navy Structures, were conducted 

by the Navy Bureau of Yards and Docks. Personnel from the 

following organizations assisted in fielding the projects: the 

Naval Civil Engineering Research and Evaluation Laboratory, the 

Stanford Research Institute, the Army Signal Corps, and Project 

3.28.1 and 3.28.2 participants. 

The overall objective was to study the protection afforded 

by various structures against the effects of a nuclear blast. 

Each project tested a particular structure (82): 

l 3.11, steel warehouses 

0 3.12, brick buildings and precast panels 

a 3.13, precast personnel shelters 

0 3.14, precast warehouse 

0 3.15, steel arch shelter with earth cover 

l 3.16, prefabricated wood paneled structures containing 

various types of window glass hardware. 

The structures, completed in April before the ENCORE 

detonation, were 820 to 6,100 meters from ground zero. 

Fifty-four gauges measuring pressure, deflection, strain, torque, 

and shear were interspersed among the various structures. 

Project 9.1 personnel photographed the test structures before the 

140 
shot and again after recovery hour. Other personnel retrieved 

the gauges and made surveys to detect cracks and points of stress 

(16; 82). 

Project 3.18, Minefield Clearance, was supervised by the 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories and fielded by a 

company from the 412th Engineer Construction Battalion and by 

five personnel from the 44th Infantry Division, Fort Lewis, 

Washington. The project was to study the effects of a nuclear 

blast on pressure-activated land mines. 

Before ENCORE, the company from the 412th had built a fence 

around the field to be mined. The area, about 820 meters from 

the GRABLE ground zero, was 190 meters wide and 640 meters long. 

The company began to lay the mines after ENCORE. Two days before 

Shot GRABLE, the five 44th Infantry Division personnel armed the 

mines. 

After recovery hour, participants from the 44th Infantry 

Division went into the project area, where they recorded data 

pertaining to the live mine detonations and recovered fuses from 

indicator mines. They also destroyed the remaining mines by 

detonating a TNT charge on top of each mine. The engineer company then repaired the fence and minefield markers and replaced 

signs around the perimeter of the area (105). 

Pro.ject 3.19, Blast Damage to Coniferous Tree Stands by 

Atomic Explosions, was fielded by the Forest Service, Department 

of Agriculture. The objective was to assess the damage done to 

trees by the detonation and to determine the amount of cover 

provided by a forest. 

Before Shot ENCORE, the trees had been placed in a stand 

about 2,000 meters from ground zero and along two parallel lines 

460 to 2,440 meters west-southwest of ground zero. After ENCORE, 

141 
trees that had been broken by the blast were removed, and Project 

3.28.2 and 3.28.3 personnel recalibrated the gauges in the tree 

stand and on several of the trees. Project 9.1 personnel 

photographed the trees before GRABLE. 

One hour after recovery hour, three personnel and a monitor 

recovered the gauge data. Two hours after recovery hour, five 

personnel reached the site to measure the age and diameter of 

fallen trees and study the remaining trees. Project 9.1 personnel again photographed the trees (16; 109). 

Project 3.20, Blast and Thermal Effects of an Atomic Bomb on 

Typical Tactical Communication Systems, was fielded by the Signal 

Corps Engineering Laboratories, with support from Coles Signal 

Laboratory personnel. Lookout Mountain Laboratory personnel 

provided preshot and postshot photography. The objective was to 

determine the effects of a nuclear blast on signal communicationelectronics. 

The day before GRABLE, project personnel repaired or 

replaced equipment used for the experiment at ENCORE. The items 

used were placed along a line 90 to 2,450 meters from the GRABLE 

ground zero. Five hours before the shot, personnel went to 

pro_iect stations to start power generators and radio receivers. 

When the area was cleared for postshot activities, damage 

analvsis personnel and photographers evaluated the effects of the 

detonation on test equipment (16; 48). 

Project 3.21, Statistical Estimation of Damage to Ordnance 

Equipment Exposed to Nuclear Blasts, was fielded by personnel 

from the Ballistic Research Laboratories. The objective was to 

obtain data on damage to various weapons and vehicles for use in 

predicting the percentage of equipment that would be available 

for combat within a given time after exposure to a nuclear blast. 

142 
Before the shot, project participants positioned trucks and 

tanks at sites 110 to 1,340 meters from ground zero. Project 

3.28 personnel attached gauges measuring linear displacement to 

the frames of the equipment. Project 9.1 personnel set up six 

movie cameras at three locations to record the effects of the 

detonation. 

Seven men traveled in a five-ton wrecker into the area to 

evaluate and recover the vehicles two days after the shot. 

During the recovery phase, they used the wrecker to right all 

vehicles that had been overturned. About 65 man-hours were 

required to upright the vehicles and evaluate the damage (25). 

Project 3.22, Effects on Engineer Bridging Equipment, was 

conducted by the Engineer Research and Development Laboratories. 

The objective was to determine the effects of a nuclear blast on 

prefabricated inflexible bridging. The particular types of 

structures tested were a double-truss, single-story Bailey bridge 

and a T-6 aluminum bridge. 

Before Shot ENCORE, the 412th Engineer Construction 

Battalion set up two 30-meter Bailey bridge spans and two singlebay aluminum bridge sections 320 to 1,340 meters from the 

intended ground zeros of ENCORE and GRABLE. Pro,ject 3.28 personnel recalibrated accelerometers and strain gauges located on the 

structures. Project 9.1 personnel placed cameras in the area of 

each bridge to photograph its movement during the detonation. 

Three hours after the announcement of recovery hour, four men 

went into the test site and spent about one hour assessing 

damage, retrieving gauge data, and recovering the film (16; 88). 

Project 3.24, Effects of an Airburst Atomic Explosion on 

Landing Vehicles Tracked (LVT's), was fielded by the Naval 

Radiological Defense Laboratory and five Marine Corps personnel. 

The objective was to determine the degree of blast damage the 

143 
LVTs would sustain from a nuclear explosion and to determine the 

degree of protection that these vehicles would give personnel. 

Before the shot, personnel stationed six LVTs 310 to 1,050 meters 

from ground zero. Dosimeters were attached to each of the 

vehicles, and temperature gauges were placed on two of them. 

Project 9.1 personnel placed a motion picture camera near one 

the vehicles to record movement. 

of 

After recovery hour, a group that included at least the five 

Marine Corps personnel and Project 9.1 personnel went to the test 

site. The Marines inspected each vehicle and detailed the 

damage. Project 9.1 participants took still photographs and 

recovered the motion picture film. They spent an estimated 40 

minutes in the area (16; 98). 

Project 3.26, Tests of the Effects on POL* Installations, was 

conducted in three parts: 

0 Project 3.26.1, Test of the Effects on POL Installations, performed by the Armour Research Foundation 

under contract to the Air Materiel Command 

l Project 3.26.2, Effects of Atomic Weapons on a POL 

Supply Point, performed by the Quartermaster Research 

and Development Field Evaluation Agency for the 

Office of the Quartermaster General 

0 Project 3.26.3, Effect of an Atomic Explosion upon an 

Amphibious Assault Fuel Handling System (Shore 

Phase), conducted by the Marine Corps Schools. 

The objective was to determine the effects of a nuclear blast on 

tactical fuel supply systems and containers (115). 

For Project 3.26.1, the Armour Research Foundation (the 

contractor for the Air Materiel Command) stacked 55-gallon drums 

230 to 480 meters from ground zero and placed six empty storage 

tanks 500 to 4,570 meters from ground zero, with assistance from 

*Petroleum, Oil, Lubricants 

144 
the Silas Mason Company. Project 3.28.1 personnel attached air 

pressure and temperature gauges to the test items. Project 

personnel placed two high-speed cameras near each item to 

photograph the motion of the tanks and drums. About four hours 

after recovery hour, ten personnel entered the area to extinguish 

small fires and inspect damage. This took about one hour (4; 

115). 

For Project 3.26.2, personnel from the Quartermaster 

Research and Development Field Evaluation Agency placed stacks of 

gasoline cans and drums in the open at four stations 230 to 660 

meters from ground zero. Before the detonation, when all 

stations were set up, photographs were taken. After the 

detonation, at recovery hour, six project personnel and a monitor 

traveled to the stations and examined each item. Photographs 

were again taken at each site (4; 16; 115). 

For Project 3.26.3, Marine Corps personnel placed LVTtransported fuel tanks and shore unloading, transfer, dispensing, 

and storage equipment at three locations 230, 330, and 490 meters 

from ground zero. At recovery hour, four project personnel and a 

monitor traveled to each of the sites to inspect damage. The 

inspection took about one hour (4; 16; 115). 

Project 3.28.1, Structures Instrumentation, was conducted by 

the Ballistic Research Laboratories to obtain structural loading 

data for the following Program 3 projects: 3.1, 3.3, 3.4, 3.6, 

3.8, 3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 3.21, and 3.22. Project 3.28.1 personnel 

determined proper instrumentation layout, procured, installed, 

and operated the instruments, and reduced the field data for each 

of the ten projects. Assisting Ballistic Research Laboratories 

personnel were Air Force, Army, and Navy officers and enlisted 

men provided through AFSWP. Most of the gauges and recording 

instruments were placed along the main blast line, extending 

about 2,050 meters west of ground zero. After they had placed 

145 
the gauges and recording instruments in the field, personnel 

checked the gauges about eight days before the shot, conducted a 

complete dry run three days before the shot, and made a final 

check of all instruments the day before the shot. As soon after 

recovery hour as possible, three teams of three men each entered 

the recording shelters, retrieved all data tapes, and returned 

them to another location, probably at Camp Mercury, to play them 

back and make reproductions (84). 

Project 3.28.2, Pressure Measurements for Various Projects 

of Program 3, was conducted by Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

personnel, with assistance from five military officers and six 

enlisted men provided by AFSWP. The objectives were to make 

pressure-time measurements in and around an underground structure 

and above-ground structures, foxholes, in a tree stand, and in 

isolated trees for Projects 3.1, 3.lu, 3.7, 3.9, 3.13, and 3.19, 

and to present the resulting data to the agencies conducting 

those six projects. The recording instrumentation used for these 

projects by Project 3.28.2 was also used by Naval Ordnance 

Laboratory Project l.la. The recording instruments were housed 

in two vans 2,130 and 3,500 meters from ground zero, and the 

gauges were placed in the field. After the detonation, personnel 

retrieved the records and returned to Camp Mercury to play them 

back and reproduce them for the participating agencies (89). 

Project 3.28.3, Pressure Measurements on Structures, was 

conducted by the Stanford Research Institute to measure pressure 

on and around Project 3.1 structures along an arc located about 

1,500 meters from ground zero. Recording instrumentation was in 

an underground shelter behind the structures. At recovery hour, 

personnel retrieved the records (119). 

Project 3.30, Air Blast Gauge Studies, was fielded by 

personnel from the Ballistic Research Laboratories. The objective was to test a new self-contained recording gauge for the 

146 
measurement of pressure-time phenomena from a nuclear blast. 

Before the shot, personnel placed gauges on the main blast line 

140 to 1,980 meters due west of ground zero and on a blast line 

230 to 1,140 meters southwest of ground zero. They mounted the 

gauges in several different positions, on roofs, rear walls Of 

structures, and under test vehicles. Four hours after recovery 

hour, three project personnel began retrieving the gauge data. 

They did not complete recovery at that time because of higher 

than acceptable levels of radiation in the area (4; 16; 7S). 

Project 4.2, Direct Air Blast Exposure Effects in Animals, 

was conducted to evaluate injuries received by animals exposed to 

20 to 50 pounds-per-square-inch of overpressure. The information 

obtained was used in estimating direct blast hazards to humans in 

air raid shelters or underground bunkers. 

Project personnel exposed rats and dogs in open-ended aluminum cylinders, which were sandbagged and covered with wet dirt to 

secure them and to shield them from radiation and .flying debris. 

The ends were covered with wire mesh, which allowed entrance of 

the airblast wave. Pressure recorders were placed in four of the 

cylinders. Project participants spent about an hour placing the 

cylinders at seven locations 290 to 460 meters from ground zero. 

Four hours after recovery hour, three project personnel spent 15 

minutes in the test area retrieving the animals and instruments 

(4; 16; 46). 

The objective of Project 4.7, Beta-gamma Skin Hazard in 

Post-shot Contaminated Area, was to measure beta (and low-energy 

gamma) radiation exposure to human skin. Another objective was 

to determine to what extent this exposure exceeded the exposure 

routinely reported in radiological safety monitoring, which 

generally measured only gamma radiation exposure. 

147 
One hour after the area was cleared for recovery operations, 

project personnel established a station at the 0.01 R/h line. 

They then looked for a spot further within the radiation area 

where a gamma survey meter would read about 0.8 R/h. At GRABLE, 

the 0.8 R/h area was located 730 meters from ground zero. Here, 

personnel,placed thin-walled and thick-walled ion chambers 

attached to wooden racks and then returned to the 0.01 H/h 

station. The thin-walled chambers were of the same thickness as 

the outer layer of human skin and had a similar sensitivity to 

beta radiation. By placing experiments in a 0.8 R/h area, 

personnel could obtain readings in a reasonable amount of time, 

such as five to 30 minutes per exposure. By returning to the 

0.01 R/h line, personnel kept their gamma exposures below the 

limit of 3.9 roentgens (22). 

Project 4.8, Biological Effect of Neutrons, determined the 

biological effects of neutron radiation on animals in the open 

and in foxholes. Twelve hours before the detonation, personnel 

placed mice in cylindrical tubes. Five hours before the shot, 

two teams of three men each placed the mice in lead shields 

positioned in six foxholes and 14 surface stations 450 to 1,800 

meters south-southeast of ground zero. Three hours after the 

detonation, three parties, each with three project personnel and 

a radiation monitor, recovered all of the animals except those 

exposed in the foxhole 450 meters from ground zero (16; 29). 

Project 6.2, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDA) 

Phenomena and Techniques, was conducted to confirm indications 

that a radar return could be used to determine ground zero, 

height of burst, and the vield of a nuclear detonation. This 

project required both ground and air personnel. Three hours 

before shot-time, two project personnel proceeded to a radar 

station west of the Control Point and remained there through the 

test. 

148 
Three B-29 aircraft left Kirtland AFB at 0405 hours on shotday and entered the test area at 0657 hours. One aircraft 

orbited south of ground zero, one orbited east of ground zero, 

and one orbited north of ground zero. The aircraft left the area 

at about 0835 hours and landed at Kirtland AFB at about 1110 

hours (45; 51; 74; 86). 

Project 6.3, Interim IBDA Capabilities of Strategic Air 

Command, like Project 6.2, evaluated IBDA systems installed in 

bomber and fighter aircraft flying simulated strike and support 

missions over a target. The aircraft recorded data essential for 

determining the three IBDA parameters: ground zero, burst 

height, and yield of a nuclear detonation. 

Twelve SAC B-36 aircraft of the 19th Air Division from 

Carswell AFB, Texas, and eight F-84s from George AFB, California, 

reached the test area at 0745 hours at an altitude of 37,000 

feet. The aircraft flew in formation over the test site for 

about 60 minutes to simulate strike and support activities. 

While over the test site, the crews tested IBDA equipment and 

familiarized themselves with operations pertaining to the use of 

nuclear weapons. A total of 212 personnel participated in the 

flights (4; 51; 76). 

Project 6.7, Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic 

Radiation from Nuclear Detonations, had a dual objective: to 

measure amplitude, duration, and polarization of the pulse of t 

electromagnetic radiation, and to detect and record electromagnetic signals emitted by a nuclear device before the 

detonation. 

.he 

Five hours before the shot, three project personnel went to 

a shelter 150 meters west of ground zero to turn on equipment. 

They then proceeded to a station 16 kilometers west of ground 

zero, where they stayed during the shot. 

149 
Once the area was cleared for recovery operations, the three 

participants left the station and traveled to the Control Point, 

where they were joined by a monitor. With the monitor, they were 

to proceed to the shelter to retrieve the tape recordings. 

Estimated time of the mission was 30 minutes (16; 40). 

Project 6.8a, Initial Gamma Exposure versus Distance, was 

performed by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories to 

document initial gamma radiation exposure data for the 280mm 

cannon-fired device. Before the shot, project personnel placed 

dosimeters at 19 stations, fitted with aluminum thermal and blast 

shields, located 800 to 2,610 meters south of ground zero and at 

another 19 stations 810 to 2,630 meters west of ground zero. One 

hour after the announcement of recovery hour, five parties, each 

consisting of a monitor and an estimated five project personnel, 

were to retrieve the film. Plans called for the parties to spend 

three hours in recovery procedures (16; 80). 

The objective of Project 6.10, Evaluation of Rapid Aerial 

Radiological Survey Techniques, was to improve the procedures 

used for radiological aerial surveys during Operations BUSTERJANGLE and TUMBLER-SNAPPER. In addition, the effect of the 

aircraft on radiac instrument readings taken inside the aircraft 

was studied. 

The project used a C-45 aircraft with an estimated crew of 

four, which was based at Indian Springs AFB. Before the C-45 

began its mission, project personnel placed film badges at various locations opposite one another on the interior and exterior 

of the aircraft. The aircraft left Indian Springs AFB at 1130 

hours on shot-day and reached the shot area at 1145 hours, about 

three hours and 15 minutes after the shot. Flying at a height of 

about 500 feet, it circled 800 meters from ground zero. The crew 

selected a landmark near ground zero as a reference point to 

ascertain the direction of maximum fallout. The aircraft then 

150 
flew a cloverleaf pattern centered over the landmark at three 

different altitudes. The first leg of the cloverleaf pattern 

passed over the reference point in the direction of maximum 

fallout. Airspeed, direction, and altitude were kept constant on 

each leg of the pattern. 

Monitors in the aircraft obtained data by using a mechanical 

recording system and by writing intensity readings on a data 

sheet every five seconds. A notation was made on the data sheet 

as the aircraft passed over the reference point. The aircraft 

was in the test area for one hour and landed at Indian Springs 

AFB at 1249 hours (45; 51; 101). 

Project 6.12, Determination of Height of Burst and Ground 

Zero, was fielded by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

and Army Field Forces Board #I. The objective was to evaluate 

artillery sound-ranging equipment for location of ground zero, 

seismic wave velocity for determination of height of burst, and 

flash-ranging equipment for determination of ground zero and 

height of burst. The project required sound-ranging systems, 

located 20 to 40 kilometers from ground zero. In addition, 

seismic geophones and flash-ranging cameras were positioned at 

various locations about 16 kilometers from ground zero. 

Three hours and 30 minutes before the shot, nine men in 

three vehicles activated the geophone and camera outpost stations 

at the south end of Yucca Lake about 16 kilometers from ground 

zero. They remained at one of the stations through shot-time. 

Afterward, they probably turned off equipment at the stations and 

returned to the Control Point (16; 124). 

Project 6.13, Effectiveness of Fast Scan Radar for Fireball 

Studies and Weapons Tracking, was conducted to evaluate the 

effectiveness of a new fast scan X-band radar for phenomenology 

studies of nuclear detonations. Project personnel mounted the 

151 
radar on a van and photographed the radar scope with high-speed 

cameras also mounted on the van. Plans called for six men to go 

to the van, about 11 kilometers southwest of ground zero, and 

remain there through shot-time (16; 77). 

Project 7.1, Electromagnetic Effects from Nuclear Explosions, was a continuation of studies conducted during both 

Operations BUSTER-JANGLE and TUMBLER-SNAPPER. It was designed to 

obtain additional information on the electromagnetic radiation 

produced by a nuclear detonation. Personnel from the National 

Bureau of Standards, the Air Force Security Service, the Air 

Force Cambridge Research Center, and the Air Weather Service 

manned onsite and offsite locations for this project. Two onsite 

locations were used: station A, just south of Yucca Lake about 

14 kilometers from the detonation, and station C, about three 

kilometers southwest of the Control Point and 19 kilometers from 

ground zero. 

Two project personnel went to station A four hours before 

the shot to check equipment. At the same time, nine project 

personnel went to station C. Project participants remained at 

both stations through shot-time (16; 95). 

Project 7.3, Detection of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from 

Nuclear Explosions, was designed to compare low frequency sounds 

produced by nuclear detonations at various remote field stations. 

These stations were located across the United States and around 

the world. The Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories operated 

stations in Alaska, Hawaii, Greenland, Japan, and Germany. The 

nine stations throughout the United States were manned by the 

Naval Electronics Laboratory, the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, and the National Bureau of Standards (97). 

Pro.ject 7.4, Seismic Measurements, was performed to record 

the seismic waves produced by the shot for comparison with those 

152 
produced by shots of other series and by other shots of Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. Project 7.4 personnel manned ten stations in 

Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming. An 

onsite seismic station was located at UTM coordinates 843094. 

Two hours after the area was cleared for recovery operations, two 

project personnel and a radiation monitor drove to the onsite 

station in one vehicle and spent one or two hours turning off 

equipment and recovering records (16; 41). 

Project 7.5, Calibration and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb 

Debris, analyzed samples of the Shot GRABLE cloud to evaluate 

various parameters of the nuclear device. Nine F-84G aircraft, 

operated by AFSWC personnel, took gaseous and particulate samples 

of the cloud. The activities of these personnel are detailed in 

section 4.2.4, which discusses AFSWC support at GRABLE (117). 

Project 8.lb, Additional Data on the Vulnerability of Parked 

Aircraft to Atomic Bombs, was developed to assess the damage to 

fighter aircraft parked in the vicinity of a detonation and to 

determine the effort required to restore the aircraft to good 

condition. Four F-47s and one F-86 were parked between 470 and 

700 meters northwest of ground zero. Remote-control cameras were 

placed around the aircraft, probably by Project 9.1 personnel. 

According to the operation orders, 16 project personnel went 

to the test area six hours before the shot to check aircraft and 

cameras, a process requiring an estimated two hours. Five hours 

before shot-time, the project officer and three personnel spent 

about two hours making a final inspection. 

At recovery hour, six project participants, accompanied by a 

monitor, went to the aircraft to note damage and photograph the 

aircraft. The estimated time of this mission was four hours. At 

the same time, six project personnel and a monitor traveled to 

the aircraft to recover instrument recordings. They spent about 

153 
two hours on this mission. Four hours after recovery hour, ten 

men made more detailed inspections of the aircraft. Their estimated time in the area was three hours (16; 54). 

Project 8.2, Measurement of Thermal Radiation with a Vacuum 

Microphone, was conducted to evaluate a microphone used to measure the thermal radiation produced by a nuclear detonation. 

Personnel manned two vans containing recording equipment. The 

vans were about 11 kilometers from ground zero, located within 

view of the detonation. Four hours before the shot, six men 

arrived at this van, where they operated the equipment through 

shot-time (16; 20). 

The objective of Project 8.4.1, Protection Afforded by 

Operational Smoke Screens against Thermal Radiation, measured the 

reduction in thermal radiation behind a white smoke screen. This 

project was canceled at Shot ENCORE at the last minute because of 

adverse winds, so it was rescheduled on a smaller scale at 

GRABLE. Project personnel placed an instrumented station 680 

meters from ground zero before the shot. They positioned 175 

smoke pots on arcs 30 and 45 meters from ground zero. The night 

before the shot, three project personnel went to the station, 

where they removed covers from instruments and made other final 

preparations for the experiment. They remained at the station 

until three hours before the detonation. Immediately before the 

shot, they set off the smoke pots by remote control (50). 

Project 8.4.2, Evaluation of a Thermal Absorbing Carbon 

Smoke Screen, was conducted to determine changes in the blast 

wave as it moved over a heated air layer created by carbon black 

smoke from smoke pots. To generate a smoke screen, project 

personnel placed 451 smoke pots in a grid 150 to 1,400 meters 

from ground zero. The smoke pots were fired from the Control 

Point by means of a selective firing system of three manually 

operated circuits. A wind direction and velocity gauge, mounted 

154 
on a SO-foot pole and connected to recorders in the Control Point 

to provide remote readings, was installed 670 meters from ground 

zero on the smoke instrumentation line. 

During the night before the shot, three project participants 

went into the test area to remove covers from instruments and 

prepare the smoke pots. They remained in the area until three 

hours before shot-time. After the announcement of recovery hour, 

six project personnel retrieved instrument recordings in the test 

area (49). 

The purpose of Project 8.5, Thermal Radiation Protection 

Afforded Test Animals by Fabric Assemblies, was to evaluate the 

protection against skin burns afforded by service and experimental clothing. Six hours before the shot, 15 project personnel 

spent about three hours transporting 56 pigs to the shot area. 

They anesthetized the animals and placed them in field exposure 

holders. Forty-two pigs were clothed with fabric ensembles and 

exposed at eight stations. Twelve animals were placed at three 

stations in cylindrical aluminum containers with fabric-covered 

portholes. The remaining two were covered with protective cream. 

The animals were placed at locations 660 to 2,090 meters from 

ground zero. When the area was cleared for recovery operations, 

12 project personnel accompanied by a monitor spent at least one 

hour retrieving the pigs (16; 94). 

Project 8.6, Performance Characteristics of Clothing Materials Exposed to Thermal Radiation, was closely associated with 

Project 8.5. The objective was to characterize further the 

thermal effects of a nuclear detonation on standard and experimental field clothing. Personnel placed wood panels with textile 

samples attached at some of the same stations used for Project 

8.5. Three hours after the area was opened for postshot 

activities, an estimated eight project personnel went to the test 

site to recover the burned fabric samples (16; 52). 

155 
Project 8.9, Effects of Thermal Radiation on Materials, was 

designed to study the effects of heat from the detonation on 

materials, to evaluate specific methods of measuring thermal 

radiation, to study the protective value of fabrics and paints, 

and to evaluate a substitute for skin to be used in cloth-barrier 

studies. 

Five instrumented stations were 1,520 to 3,350 meters from 

ground zero along the Project 8.4.1 line of smoke pots northeast 

of ground zero. Personnel mounted the various instruments and 

materials on panels erected on structures. One hour after the 

announcement of recovery hour, eight men went to the stations and 

retrieved instrument records and burned fabric samples. The 

mission took about 90 minutes (16; 87). 

Project 8.10, Physical Characteristics of Thermal Radiation 

from an Atomic Bomb Detonation, was to study theoretical 

approaches to calculating levels of thermal radiation. Project 

personnel set up seven stations, each instrumented with different 

types of calorimeters, at distances of 670 to 4,270 meters from 

ground zero. Two of the stations were along the Project 8.4.1 

smoke line; the other five were on the main blast line west of 

ground zero. Calorimeters were also placed on the fighter 

aircraft positioned on the ground for Project 8.lb. Plans called 

for eight personnel to proceed to the stations three hours after 

the area was opened for recovery operations and to retrieve film 

from recorders (16; 60). 

Project 8.11a, Incendiary Effects on Building and Interior 

Kindling Fuels, was designed to study the vulnerability of urban 

structures to primary fires produced by nuclear detonations. The 

study focused on building materials. Seven hours before the 

shot, two project personnel removed paper coverings from 136 trays 

of test materials at stations 610 to 6,100 meters from ground 

156 
zero. Their assignment took an estimated three hours. Immediately after the announcement of recovery hour, three project 

personnel began an initial inspection of the exposed materials, a 

process that took about three hours (16; 24). 

The purpose of Project 8.11b, Ignition and Persistent Fires 

Resulting from Atomic Explosions: Exterior Kindling Fuels, like 

that of Project 8.11a, was to study the vulnerability of various 

materials to primary fires produced by nuclear detonations. 

Project 8.11b was distinctive in its investigation of exterior 

kindling fuels encountered in urban areas. 

Before the shot, project personnel placed various flammable 

materials, including paper products and clothing, at several 

stations where it was predicted that thermal energy would be 12.2 

calories per square centimeter. In addition, personnel placed 

fence sections in several areas. Plans called for two 

participants to spend no more than two hours before shot-time 

removing paper coverings from trays of test materials. After the 

announcement of recovery hour, two project personnel spent about 

two hours inspecting the materials and fence sections (16; 108). 

Project 8.12a, Sound Velocities near the Ground in the 

Vicinity of an Atomic Explosion, had two objectives: to measure 

sound velocities near the surface before the arrival of the shock 

wave and to examine sound velocities produced through white and 

black smoke along the Project 8.4.1 and 8.4.2 smoke lines. 

Project personnel placed instruments 50 to 1,490 meters along the 

main blast line and 150 to 1,520 meters along the smoke line. 

Recording equipment for the gauges was located in shelters 460 

and 910 meters from ground zero along the smoke line and 

2,130 meters from ground zero along the main blast line. 

Two hours after the area was opened for recovery operations, 

four project personnel went to the station on the main blast line 

157 
to recover records and turn off equipment. They spent an estimated one hour in the field. At the same time, eight project 

participants went to the two stations along the smoke line to 

recover records and turn off equipment (16; 83). 

Project 8,12b, Supplementary Pressure Measurements, was 

designed to determine whether intense thermal radiation over a 

surface could enhance a blast wave. Before the shot, project 

personnel checked the test panels with pressure gauges attached 

to them and the recording instrument shelters located behind each 

panel. These had been used during Shot ENCORE. The panels were 

located 460 and 920 meters from ground zero. Two hours after 

recovery hour, eight proJect personnel spent about one hour 

retrieving the records (16; 19). 

Project 9.1, Technical Photography, was conducted by EG&G and 

by personnel from the Signal Corps Pictorial Center and the Air 

Force. Twenty-three Signal Corps officers and at least 20 Air 

Force enlisted personnel were assigned to work directly with EG&G. 

The objective of Project 9.1 was to provide both still photographs 

and motion pictures of the preshot and postshot stages of various 

projects. Some technical photographs were taken with remotecontrol cameras from steel photo-towers six to 25 feet high, at 

distances of 310 to 3,660 meters from ground zero. The project 

required 94 cameras at Shot GRABLE. 

Twelve project personnel spent two days before the shot 

loading film into the cameras and testing them. The same 

personnel and a radiological safety monitor recovered the film on 

shot-day, when the Test Director announced that recovery operations could begin. It is estimated that eight hours were 

required to complete the task. EG&G processed the film either in 

Las Vegas or in Los Angeles. 

158 
In addition to the Project 9.1 technical photography, Air 

Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory personnel took documentary 

photographs. Eighteen Lookout Mountain personnel were scheduled 

to photograph the GRABLE burst and subsequent cloud development 

from six manned camera stations, starting two hours and 30 

minutes before the shot and continuing through the burst. The 

Test Director's Schedule of Events identifies these station 

locations as follows (16): 

STATION LOCATION (UTM) NUMBER OF PERSONNEL 

1 928622 5 

2 916626 6 

3 876736 2 

4 899790 2 

5* 843878 1 

6 922632 2 

Personnel dismantled their camera stations and returned to Camp 

Mercury when they had completed this assignment. One hour after 

the test area was opened for postshot activities, three additional Lookout Mountain Laboratory personnel and a monitor were 

scheduled to enter Frenchman Flat and spend three hours 

photographing test results. 

Before the detonation, at 0732 hours, a C-47 aircraft with 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory personnel onboard left Indian Springs 

AFB to take aerial photographs of the GRABLE artillery fire and 

burst. The C-47 was 16 kilometers south of ground zero when the 

photographers recorded the burst and fireball development. The 

aircraft left the test area by 0836 hours and landed at Indian 

Springs by 0845 hours (16; 51; 59). 

*Station 5 was at the Control Point. 

159 
Project 9.6, Production Stabilization, and Project 9.7, 

Experimental Soil Stabilization, were conducted to find a means 

of stabilizing the soil in the Frenchman Flat area so that dust 

clouds formed by blast waves would not interfere with technical 

photography. The Army Waterways Experiment Station coordinated 

these projects. Assisting were the Engineer Research and 

Development Laboratories, which conducted laboratory heat testing 

Of various samples of prepared soil-stabilizing agents, and the 

Ohio River Division Laboratory, which prepared samples of soil 

and sand-cement stabilizing agents and conducted some laboratory 

testing. 

Project personnel entered the Frenchman Flat test area and 

prepared sand-cement stabilizing areas 160, 280, 810, and 

890 meters from ground zero. In addition, they sprayed a surface 

of about 1,840 square meters with sodium silicate. Still and 

motion pictures showed how well the soil-stabilizing test 

materials worked (16; 47; 116). 

4.2.2 Weapons Development Group Projects 

The Weapons Development Group conducted 16 projects at Shot 

GRABLE. Only five of these projects had DOD participants, as 

shown in table 4-2. 

Pro.ject 13.1, Radiochemistry Sampling, conducted by the Los 

Alamos Scientific Laboratory, was supported by pilots from the 

AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling). Cloud sampling is 

discussed in section 4.2.4. 

Of the four Program 18 projects, detailed documentation is 

available only for Project 18.3, Spectroscopy, conducted by the 

Naval Research Laboratory. The objective was to obtain 

information on spectral characteristics of light Y ,_tted from 

nuclear detonations. This was accomplished by using two 

160 
spectrometers, which recorded the wavelength of light with time. 

The spectrometers were located in Building 400, a permanent 

building situated near the Control Point at Yucca Pass, at a 

distance of about 19 kilometers from the GRABLE ground zero. The 

spectrometers were loaded with film, aligned, and checked for 

final operation about three hours before the shot. Project 

personnel remained in the building operating the spectrometers 

through shot-time. They turned off the equipment and removed the 

film for processing after the shot (27; 42). 

4.2.3 Civil Effects Group Projects 

The Civil Effects Group conducted 14 projects at Shot 

GRABLE. Only the two projects listed in table 4-2 involved DOD 

participants. 

Project 23.17, Neutron Flux Measurements in AEC Group 

Shelters and Lead Hemispheres, was conducted by the Naval 

Radiological Defense Laboratory to investigate neutron radiation 

inside and outside lead hemispheres. Project personnel placed 

gold and sulfur neutron detectors in and near hemispheres at 

distances of 360 to 1,960 meters from ground zero (36; 125). 

The Atomic Energy Project and the University of California 

at Los Angeles, with assistance from the Evans Signal Laboratory 

of the Signal Corp Engineering Laboratories, conducted Project 

29.1, Comparison and Evaluation of Dosimetry Methods Applicable 

to Gamma Radiation. The project compared the accuracy of 

chemical and film dosimetry in measuring initial and residual 

gamma radiation. To measure initial radiation, project personnel 

placed dosimeters in the field the night before the shot. 

Fifteen minutes after recovery hour, two project personnel and a 

monitor retrieved the dosimeters located 1,170 to 1,830 meters 

from ground zero. Recovery operations took about 25 minutes (16). 

161 
To measure residual radiation, about 26 personnel formed 

survey teams to check the performance of various radiation 

instruments in freshly contaminated areas with residual gammaradiation intensities up to 10.0 R/h. These personnel traveled 

before the shot to five posts at unspecified distances from ground 

zero (121). 

4.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC provided operational control of all air activities 

through the Air Participation Unit. In addition, AFSWC personnel 

conducted cloud sampling and sample courier missions for the test 

groups and cloud tracking and aerial surveys of the terrain for 

the Test Manager (58). 

With the exception of the Air Weather Service B-29 cloudtracking aircraft, which staged out of Kirtland AFB, AFSWC 

aircraft originated at Indian Springs AFB. The following listing 

indicates the types and numbers of aircraft and the estimated 

numbers of the AFSWC aircrews involved in these missions (51): 

MISSION 

TYPE OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF 

AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Sampling 

Sampler F-84G 

Sampler Control B-50 

Sample Courier B-25 

c-47 

Cloud Tracking B-25 

B-29 

Radiological Safety/ 

Aerial Surveying H-5 

L-20 

c-47 

9 

9 

15 

6 

5 

20 

4 

3 

4 

162 
Cloud Sampling 

At GRABLE, nine F-84G aircraft with Tiger code names, each 

with one pilot from the 4926th Test Squadron, collected particulate samples of the Shot GRABLE cloud for AFSWP Project 7.5, 

Calibration and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb Debris, and LASL 

Project 13.1, Radiochemistry Sampling. A B-50 sampler control 

aircraft, with a crew of nine and a LASL scientific advisor, and 

one of the F-84G aircraft surveyed the GRABLE cloud before the 

sampling sorties began. The sampling was confined to the lower 

portion of the stem, as the main part of the GRABLE cloud was 

hidden by cirrus clouds from 28,000 to 35,000 feet. The peak 

intensity encountered by any sampler was 10.0 R/h. 

After the shot, the sampler control B-50 climbed through the 

overcast sky and determined the portion of the GRABLE cloud 

extending above the cirrus deck. The LASL scientific advisor 

then decided that samples would be taken only from the portion of 

the GRABLE cloud unobscured by the cirrus clouds. 

During the sampling, each aircraft was called in succession, 

following the completion of the preceding sampling mission. The 

listing below provides information on each of the participating 

aircraft. Aircraft are listed according to the sequence in which 

they flew the sampling missions (51; 123): 

163 
TOTAL TIME TOTAL TIME 

AIRCRAFT NUMBER OF IN CLOUD IN CLOUD AREA 

(F-84G) PENETRATIONS (seconds) (minutes) 

Tiger Red 1 

Tiger Red 2 

Tiger Red 3 

Tiger Red 4 

Tiger White 1 

Tiger White 2 

Tiger White 3 

Tiger Blue 2 

Tiger Blue 5 

185 

192 

125 

900 

220 

600 

- 

75 

90 

81 

97 

80 

95 

105 

15 

98 

Approximately two hours and 30 minutes after the detonation, 

the aircraft returned to Indian Springs AFB and parked in designated areas. Engines were shut down, and the canopies remained 

closed and sealed until the samples were removed from the aircraft. The pilots remained on full oxygen while they waited. 

The 4926th sample-removal team and radiological safety monitors 

took the samples from each aircraft and placed them in shielded 

boxes (51; 123). 

After the samples from the aircraft were removed and stored, 

the pilots shut down their oxygen and opened their canopies. 

They stepped onto a platform held by a forklift, so they would 

not touch the exterior of the aircraft (123). The pilots were 

then taken by pickup truck to the decontamination station, where 

they were monitored and decontaminated as necessary. 

Sample Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions were completed, three B-25 

aircraft, each with a crew of five, and two C-47 aircraft, each 

164 
with a crew of three, left Indian Springs AFB to transport 

samples and filter papers to various airbases for analysis by AEC 

and DOD laboratories. The B-25s transported filter papers for 

Project 13.1 to Kirtland AFB. The C-47s transported cloud 

samples for test group projects, including Project 7.5 (45; 51). 

Cloud Tracking 

Immediately after the detonation, one B-25 aircraft from 

Indian Springs AFB and two B-29s from Kirtland AFB flew a cloudtracking mission over and beyond the NPG. The B-25 had a crew of 

five, and the B-29s each had a crew of ten. The B-25 flew at 

12,000 feet and the B-29s at 18,000 and 22,000 feet, respectively. 

The B-25, which spent three hours following the cloud, encountered 

a maximum radiation intensity of 1.5 R/h (39; 51). 

Aerial Surveying 

After the detonation, one H-5 helicopter, one L-20 aircraft, 

and one C-47 aircraft flew survey missions to record radiation 

intensities. The H-5 had a crew of four, the L-20 a crew of 

three, and the C-47 a crew of at least four. The H-5, which flew 

at heights ranging from 20 to 500 feet above the ground, spent 

three hours completing an onsite survey. The L-20 conducted a 

survey beyond the shot area at a height of 500 feet for about one 

hour. On two separate sorties, the C-47 flew an offsite survey 

at heights ranging from 500 to 800 feet. Due to turbulent flying 

conditions, the C-47 did not complete its mission (39; 51). 

4.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT GRABLE 

Exercise Desert Rock V, the test groups, and AFSWC each 

developed radiation protection procedures to keep individual 

exposure to ionizing radiation to a minimum while still allowing 

165 
participants to accomplish their mission. Some of the radiological safety procedures described generally in chapter 5 of the 

series volume required that records be kept to evaluate the 

effectiveness of the radiation protection programs. The available records for Shot GRABLE are presented below. 

4.3.1 Desert Rock Radiation Protection Activities 

Information concerning Desert Rock radiation protection 

activities has been obtained from the annex for GRABLE of the 

Exercise Desert Rock V, Final Report (64) and from the operations 

order for the shot (68). Although film badge readings are not 

available for Desert Rock participants at GRABLE, these two 

documents describe specific radiological safety activities 

performed at the shot. 

Two Battalion Combat Teams and the observer group witnessed 

the shot from trenches 4,570 meters from ground zero. After 

the tactical portion of the maneuver was halted because of high 

winds and severe dust conditions, the BCTs and observers were 

guided by the Instructor Group on a tour of the display area. A 

dust storm restricted movement in the area, however. Observers 

and BCT BAKER were able to view part of the display, but BCT ABLE 

was unable to enter the display area because of the dust 

conditions. According to pocket dosimeters read after the 

maneuver, the highest exposure was 6.0 roentgens (64; 71). 

Because of the large number of senior military observers, 

additional monitors served as display area tour guides. Desert 

Rock support personnel, in addition to 50th Chemical Platoon 

Service personnel, assisted in decontamination monitoring to 

expedite the departure of observers from the forward area (64). 

166 
4.3.2 Joint Test Organization Radiation Protection Activities 

Records of JTO radiation protection activities conducted at 

GRABLE have been obtained from the radiological safety report of 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. The information includes data on film 

badges and protective clothing, survey records and isointensity 

plots, and decontamination records. 

Dosimetry 

During the period of 25 May to 30 May 1953, which covers the 

25 May detonation of Shot GRABLE, the Dosimetry and Records Section of the JTO issued 3,000 film badges (39). 

According to film badge records, ten Navy personnel received 

overexposures while participating at GRABLE. Eight individuals 

were from the Naval Medical Research Institute and had exposures 

ranging from 4.1 to 8.2 roentgens. Another Navy participant, 

affiliated with the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, had a total 

exposure of 8.9 roentgens. These personnel, involved either with 

Project 2.2b or 4.2, may have received exposures While recovering 

instruments or animals from the test area. Additionally, two 

Navy participants whose units have not been identified received 

exposures of 6.1 and 6.4 roentgens while at GRABLE (la; lb). 

Fourteen personnel from Fort McClellan who were with the 

Radiological Safety Support Unit received overexposures ranging 

from 3.9 to 8.4 roentgens. Many of these individuals received 

exposures while working in the shot area several days after the 

detonation. Dates when their final film badges were turned in 

included 28 and 29 May and 1 and 2 June. 

Three individuals from the Ballistic Research Laboratories 

had total exposures of 4.7, 4.8, and 7.7 roentgens by 26 May, one 

day after the detonation. These personnel were involved with the 

recovery of instruments and recording equipment from the shot 

area (lb; 4; 16; 44). 

167 
Two personnel from the Directorate, Weapons Effects Tests, 

had total gamma exposures of 4.4 and 7.8 roentgens. Two 

personnel from Lookout Mountain Laboratory had total gamma 

exposures of 4.5 and 4.6 roentgens, recorded on film badges 

turned in on 26 May. These participants took documentary 

photographs (lb; 4; 16). 

One individual from the 1090th Reporting Group had an 

exposure of 5.2 roentgens by 22 May. In addition, an individual 

from LASL and one from the 93rd Fighter Interceptor Squadron at 

Kirtland AFB had total exposures of 4.6 and 4.3 roentgens, 

respectively. These men turned in their film badges on 26 May 

and 2 June, respectively (lb). 

Logistics and Supply 

For the period covering Shot GRABLE, the Supply Section 

issued the following items: 

0 16 pairs of goggles 

l 154 respirators 

0 194 protective caps 

0 310 pairs of gloves 

0 316 pairs of shoe covers 

l 342 pairs of coveralls. 

In addition, the Supply Section issued 183 radiation survey 

instruments (39). 

Monitoring 

The initial survey teams began their survey at 0846 hours 

and completed readings a little less than an hour later. The 

teams, probably totaling ten men, had difficulty completing their 

survey because of dust in the test area. Resurveys of the area 

were conducted on 25, 26, 27, and 28 May. 

168 
The onsite aerial survey, conducted by an H-5 helicopter two 

hours after the shot, encountered gamma intensities of 17.0 R/h 

500 feet above ground zero. An L-20 performed an additional 

aerial survey that began three hours after the detonation, 

encountering intensities up to 0.4 R/h 500 feet above Frenchman 

Flat. The scheduled mission of a C-47 aircraft was aborted (39). 

In addition to the onsite monitors, three of the 17 offsite 

monitors were DOD personnel. In performing radiation surveys 

near Lincoln Mine, Nevada, they encountered a maximum radiation 

intensity of 0.007 R/h (39). 

Plotting and Briefing 

Figure 4-4 shows a copy of the isointensity map resulting 

from the initial survey. Figure 4-5 presents copies of the 

radiological plots drawn from the resurveys. 

In addition to its other activities, the Plotting and Briefing Section briefed 216 parties for entry into Frenchman Flat and 

218 parties for entry into Yucca Flat during the period 25 May to 

30 May (39). 

Decontamination 

During the period of Shot GRABLE, the Vehicle and Equipment 

Decontamination Section decontaminated 50 vehicles (39). 

169 
Stake Lines 

Roads 

, l . .*. 0.01 R/h 

- - - - 0.1 R/h 

Kilometer -*- l -* 1.0 R/h 

1 I 

0 1 

10.0 R/h 

@ Ground Zero 

Figure 4-4: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT GRABLE, 

25 MAY 1953,0646 TO 0940 HOURS 

170 
Kilometer 

25 May 1953, 1630 Hours 

Kilometer 

I I 

0 1 

27 May 1953, 1330 Hours 

26 May 1953, 0630 Hours 

Kilometer 

28 May 1953, 1100 Hours 

Roads 

Stake Lines 

. . . . . . l 0.01 R/h 

I)---- 0.1 R/h 

.w .- l ..-l.OR/h 

10.0 R/h 

8 Ground Zero 

Figure 4-5: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT GRABLE 

171 
SHOT CLIMAX SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

DOD EXERCISE: None 

DATE/TIME: 4 June 1953, 0415 hours 

YIELD: 61 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 1,334 feet (airdrop) 

AEC Objective: To evaluate the nuclear yield, blast, thermal, 

and r_adiological phenomena produced by this 

device. 

DOD Objective: To measure weapons effects characteristics and 

evaluate the military applications of the 

device. 

Weather: At shot-time, the winds at surface level were 

three knots from the northeast. The winds were 

three knots from the southeast at 10,000 feet, 

13 knots from the west at 20,000 feet, 28 knots 

from the west-northwest at 30,000 feet, and 24 

knots from the west-southwest at 40,000 feet. 

The temperature was 13.3"C, the relative 

humidity was 30 percent, and the pressure was 

867 millibars. 

Radiation Data: Intensities of 0.1 R/h and greater reached as 

far as two kilometers from ground zero, with an 

intensity of 10.0 R/h extending about 750 meters 

northwest of ground zero. 

Participants: Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Air Force 

Special Weapons Center, Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory, contractors. 

172 
CHAPTER 5 

SHOT CLIMAX 

Shot CLIMAX, an airdropped nuclear device, was detonated 

with a yield of 61 kilotons at 0415 hours on 4 June 1953. 

CLIMAX, the last nuclear test of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, was 

not originally planned as part of the series. On 5 May 1953, 

however, the Director of Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

requested permission to add CLIMAX to Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE 

to test a device which was planned for the CASTLE Series in the 

Pacific Ocean. 

Shot CLIMAX was initially scheduled for 31 May but was postponed until 2 June because of adverse weather. Even though the 

forecast for 2 June indicated remote possibilities of contaminated rain in Salt Lake City, the decision was made to proceed 

with the detonation. At 0245 hours, with the delivery aircraft 

airborne, the shot was again postponed because of an increased 

probability of rain at Salt Lake City, combined with a closer 

predicted approach of the cloud that would result from the 

detonation. The shot was then postponed for 48 hours (56; 92). 

On 4 June, a B-36 from the 4925th Test Group (Atomic), 

Kirtland AFB, delivered the CLIMAX device, which detonated at a 

height of 1,334 feet above Area 7 of Yucca Flat, UTM coordinates 

872048. The B-36 flew several practice runs before beginning the 

actual bombing run, which it made at an altitude of 26,000 feet, 

at a heading of 268 degrees, and at an air speed of 250 knots. 

Figure l-l shows the CLIMAX ground zero (56). The bottom of the 

cloud reached 35,000 feet, while the top of the cloud attained a 

height of 42,000 feet. Onsite radiation was due to neutroninduced activity. Offsite, the maximum fallout activity detected 

was 0.012 R/h on Highway 93, 16 kilometers west of Glendale, 

Nevada. 

173 
Although no Exercise Desert Rock activities were conducted 

at Shot CLIMAX, DOD personnel did participate in scientific and 

diagnostic projects conducted by the test groups and in AFSWC 

support missions. 

5.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN JOINT TEST 

ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT CLIMAX 

Department of Defense personnel took part in projects 

sponsored by the Military Effects Group, the Weapons Development 

Group, and the Civil Effects Group. In addition, the Air Force 

Special Weapons Center flew missions for the test groups and the 

Test Manager. Table 5-1 lists the test group projects by number 

and title and identifies the participating groups. 

5.1.1 Military Effects Group Projects 

The Military Effects Group conducted 18 projects at Shot 

CLIMAX, as shown in table 5-1. The Test Director declared 

recovery hour at 0532 hours, one hour and 17 minutes after the 

shot. 

Projects l.la/1.2, Air Blast Measurements, were fielded to 

measure blast pressures at various distances from the nuclear 

detonation. Peak overpressure was measured by photographing 

rocket smoke trail distortions. Before the shot, project 

personnel positioned 15 rocket launchers at 135-meter intervals 

along a line that was 730 meters northwest of ground zero. A 

high-speed camera was placed about 12 kilometers southeast of 

ground zero. Immediately before the detonation, the smoke 

rockets were ignited from the Control Point. The camera, 

equipped with a timing apparatus, photographed the broken and 

hooked patterns in the trails to indicate motion in air produced 

by the shock front (2; 17; 91). 

174 
Table 5-l: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT CLIMAX 

Title Participants 

Military Effects Group 

1 .l a/l .2 Air Blast Measurements Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

l.lb Air Pressure and Ground Shock Measurements Stanford Research Institute 

l.ld Dynamic Pressure versus Time and Supporting Air Sandia Corporation 

Blast Measurements 

2.2a Gamma Radiation Spectrum of Residual 

Contamination 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

3.30 

4.5 

Air Blast Gauge Studies 

Ocular Effects of Thermal Radiation from Atomic 

Detonation 

Ballistic Research Laboratories 

Air Force School of Aviation Medicine 

4.7 Beta-gamma Skin Hazard in Postshot 

Contaminated Area 

Walter Reed Army Medical Center 

6.2 

6.3 

6.7 

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment IIBDA) Phenomena 

and Techniques 

Interim IBDA Capabilities of Strategic Air Command 

Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic 

Radiation from Nuclear Detonations 

Wright Air Development Center; Vitro 

Corporation 

Strategic Air Command 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

6.12 Determination of Height of Burst and Ground Zero Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; 

Army Field Forces Board I1 

7.1 

7.3 

Electromagnetic Effects from Nuclear Explosions 

Detection of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from 

Nuclear Explosions 

Headquarters, Air Force Y 

Headquarters, Air Force * 

7.4 

7.5 

8.9 

8.10 

Seismic Measurements 

Calibration and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb Debris 

Effects of Thermal Radiation on Materials 

Physical Characteristics of Thermal Radiation from 

an Atomic Bomb Detonation 

Headquarters, Air Force 

Headquarters, Air Force; AFSWC 

Naval Material Laboratory 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

9.1 Technical Photography EGBG; Signal Corps Pictorial Center; Air Force 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

+ Other participating agencies are listed in the text. 

175 
Table 5-l: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT CLIMAX (Continued) 

Project Title Participants 

13.1 Radiochemistry Samplir& 

18.1 Total Thermal and Air Attenuation 

Weapons Development Group 

Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Civil Effects Group 

23.1 

23.17 

29.1 

Biological Effectiveness of Ionizing Radiation within Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; Naval 

Shelters Medical Research Institute 

Neutron Flux Measurements in AEC Group Shelters 

and Lead Hemispheres 

Comparison and Evaluation of Dosimetry Methods 

Applicable to Gamma Radiation 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Atomic Energy Project, UCLA + 

+ Other participating agencies are listed in the text. 

Project l.lb, Air Pressure and Ground Shock Measurements, 

was conducted generally to obtain additional data on blast 

phenomena and specifically to gather data on the blast phenomena 

resulting from CLIMAX. No ground shock measurements were taken 

at the shot. Project personnel placed 24 air pressure gauges 

along a blast line at distances between 470 and 4,080 meters 

northwest of ground zero before the shot. The gauges were 

connected to cables that led to a station about 2,440 meters from 

ground zero. This station contained instruments that recorded 

data from the gauges. One hour after the area was cleared for 

recovery operations, four project personnel and a radiological 

safety monitor retrieved the data from the instrument station. 

Plans called for them to spend 30 minutes in the test area 

(17; 120). 

Pro.ject l.ld, Dynamic Pressure versus Time and Supporting 

Air Blast Measurements, was designed to measure blast wave 

176 
pressures near ground level. The night before the shot, three 

project personnel installed one pressure gauge at a station about 

1,050 meters from ground zero (17; 23). 

Project 2.2a, Gamma Radiation Spectrum of Residual Contamination, collected data to be used in designing radiation 

detection devices and assessed the biological significance of 

residual gamma contamination. Three hours after the shot, three 

project participants and a monitor traveled in a van towards 

ground zero from a crosswind direction. They stopped about 

910 meters west of ground zero, where the gamma intensity reached 

the desired magnitude of 0.24 R/h. Personnel then placed 

spectrometers in the field near the van. They spent two hours 

taking gamma-ray spectral measurements. After completing the 

measurements, personnel loaded instruments into the van and left 

the area. The same personnel took additional measurements the 

day after the shot at a location 460 meters west of ground zero, 

where the radiation intensity was 0.28 R/h (17-18). 

Project 3.30, Air Blast Gauge Studies, was fielded to 

compare the new self-contained recording gauges with other gauges 

used for the measurement of pressure-time phenomena from a 

nuclear blast. Before the shot, pro.ject personnel placed two to 

six gauges at each of 11 stations located due south of ground 

zero, 12 gauges on a blast line 90 degrees to the main blast 

line, seven gauges in an air raid shelter built for a Civil 

Effects Group pro,ject, and one gauge on a ten-foot pole. These 

gauges were all 290 to 4,020 meters from ground zero. Personnel 

spent an estimated one hour retrieving most of the instruments 

after the area was opened for recovery operations. They 

recovered the remaining gauges after radiation levels decreased 

(2; 17; 78). 

Project 4.5, Ocular Effects of Thermal Radiation from Atomic 

Detonation, was fielded to determine to what degree the flash of 

177 
a nuclear detonation impairs night vision. Only the second part 

of this two-part pro,ject was conducted at CLIMAX. The night 

before the shot, project personnel placed 80 rabbits at six locations 15 to 70 kilometers from ground zero to determine the distance at which retinal burns could be produced. Thirty minutes 

after the shot, three parties, each consisting of three project 

personnel and a monitor, spent two hours recovering the rabbits 

(17; 26). 

Project 4.7, Beta-gamma Skin Hazard in the Postshot Contaminated Area, measured the beta (and low-energy gamma) radiation 

exposure of a material similar to human skin. Results were used 

to detemine the extent that this exposure exceeded the exposure 

routinely reported in radiological safety monitoring, which 

generally measured only gamma radiation exposure. On the day of 

the shot, project personnel found locations where a gamma survey 

meter read about 0.8 R/h. Two parties, each consisting of three 

project participants and a radiological safety monitor, placed 

wooden racks, with thin-walled and thick-walled ion chambers 

attached, at five locations. Two locations were 910 and 1,000 

meters upwind of ground zero; the other three locations were 

1,370 to 2,930 meters downwind of ground zero. The thin-walled 

chambers were of the same thickness as the outer layer of skin 

and similar to the skin in sensitivity to beta radiation. By 

placing the racks in the 0.8 R/h area, personnel could obtain 

readings relatively quickly, about five to 30 minutes per 

exposure. By returning to the 0.01 R/h line after the racks were 

placed, personnel were able to keep their gamma exposures below 

the limit of 3.9 roentgens (2; 17; 22). 

Project 6.2, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDA) 

Phenomena and Techniques, was performed to confirm indications 

that a radar return could be used to determine ground zero, 

height of burst, and the yield of a nuclear detonation. The 

project required both ground and air personnel. Two hours before 

178 
the shot, two project personnel went to a radar station 1.6 

kilometers west of the Control Point, where they remained through 

the test. 

Three B-29 aircraft containing IBDA equipment left Kirtland 

AFB at 0020 hours on shot-day and entered the test area at about 

0220 hours. One aircraft orbited south of ground zero, one 

orbited east of ground zero, and one orbited north of ground 

zero. The aircraft left the area at about 0420 hours and landed 

at Kirtland AFB at 0634 hours (17; 45; 51; 74; 86). 

Project 6.3, Interim IBDA Capabilities of Strategic Air 

Command, was performed by the Strategic Air Command. Like 

Project 6.2, this project evaluated IBDA systems installed in 

bomber and fighter aircraft flying simulated strike and support 

missions over a target. The aircraft recorded data essential fc 

determining the three IBDA parameters: ground zero, burst 

height, and yield of a nuclear detonation. 

3r 

Six B-36 aircraft of the 57th Air Division from Fairchild 

AFB, Washington, reached the test area at 0340 hours at an 

altitude of 33,000 feet. The aircraft flew in formation over the 

test site for 47 minutes to simulate strike and support 

activities. While over the test site, the crews tested IBDA 

equipment and familiarized themselves with operations pertaining 

to the use of nuclear weapons. Preceding the squadron was a B-36 

weather reconnaissance aircraft of the 19th Air Division from 

Fairchild AFB. In all, 119 personnel participated in the flights 

(45; 51; 76). 

Project 6.7, Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic 

Radiation from Nuclear Detonations, had two objectives: 

0 To measure the amplitude, duration, and polarization of 

the pulse of the electromagnetic radiation 

0 To detect and record electromagnetic signals emitted by 

nuclear devices before the detonation. 

179 
Before the shot, three project personnel turned on equipment 

in a shelter located 2,700 meters south of ground zero and 

returned to the Control Point no later than two hours before the 

detonation. After the announcement of recovery hour, two men and 

a radiological safety monitor spent about 45 minutes retrieving 

the film (17; 40). 

Project 6.12, Determination of Height of Burst and Ground 

Zero, was fielded by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

and Army Field Forces Board #l. The objective was to evaluate 

seismic wave velocity for determination of height of burst. 

The seismic geophones were positioned at several outposts in 

the southeast corner of Yucca Lake 13 to 16 kilometers from 

ground zero. One hour before the shot, one project participant 

went to the centrally located station, 4.8 kilometers south of 

the Control Point, and stayed there through shot-time (17; 124). 

Project 7.1, Electromagnetic Effects from Nuclear Explosions, was a continuation of studies conducted during Operations 

BUSTER-JANGLE and TUMBLER-SNAPPER. It was designed to obtain 

additional information on the electromagnetic radiation produced 

by a nuclear detonation. Personnel from the National Bureau of 

Standards, the Air Force Security Service, the Air Force 

Cambridge Research Center, and the Air Weather Service manned 

stations at one location onsite and at 11 locations offsite. The 

onsite location was just south of Yucca Lake about 20 kilometers 

from the CLIMAX ground zero. Three hours before the detonation, 

12 personnel traveled to the station, where they remained through 

shot-time (17; 95). 

Project 7.3, Detection of Airborne Low Frequency Sound from 

Nuclear Explosions, was designed to compare low frequency sounds 

produced by nuclear detonations at various remote field stations 

located across the United States and around the world. The Signal 

180 
Corps Engineering Laboratories operated stations in Alaska, 

Hawaii, Greenland, Japan, and Germany. The Naval Electronics 

Laboratory, the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, and the 

National Bureau of Standards manned the nine stations in the 

United States (97). 

Project 7.4, Seismic Measurements, recorded the seismic 

waves produced by the shot for comparison with the seismic waves 

produced by shots of other series and by other shots of Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. Project personnel operated ten stations in 

Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Montana, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and 

Wyoming. Another station was located onsite, about five kilometers northwest of ground zero at UTM coordinates 843094. This 

station contained equipment powered by generators. Before the 

shot, personnel arrived to turn on power. About two hours after 

recovery hour, two project personnel and a radiation monitor 

drove in one vehicle to this station and spent one or two hours 

turning off equipment and recovering records (17; 41). 

The objective of Project 7.5, Calibration and Analysis of 

Close-in A-Bomb Debris, was to analyze samples of the Shot CLIMAX 

cloud to evaluate various parameters of the device. F-84 

aircraft took gaseous and particulate samples of the cloud (117). 

The activities of project participants are detailed in section 

5.1.4, which discusses AFSWC support at CLIMAX. 

Project 8.9, Effects of Thermal Radiation on Materials, was 

designed to study the effects of heat from the detonation on 

materials, to evaluate specific methods of measuring thermal 

radiation, to study the protective value of fabrics and paints, 

and to evaluate a substitute for skin to be used in cloth-barrier 

studies. 

Before the shot, three project participants placed temperaturesensing instruments and various clothing materials about 3,660 

181 
meters from ground zero. Two hours after the area was opened for 

recovery operations, two project members and a radiological 

safety monitor spent about 15 minutes recovering the instruments 

and materials (17; 87). 

Project 8.10, Physical Characteristics of Thermal Radiation 

from an Atomic Bomb Detonation, was designed to study the theoretical approaches to the problem of measuring radiation. Four 

project personnel set up three stations, each instrumented with 

different types of calorimeters, about two, five, and eight 

kilometers south and southwest of ground zero. Plans called for 

four project members and a monitor to go to the stations one hour 

after the area was opened for recovery and spend one hour 

retrieving film from the instruments (17; 60). 

Project 9.1, Technical Photography, was conducted by EG&G 

and by personnel from the Signal Corps Pictorial Center and the 

Air Force. Twenty-three Signal Corps officers and five Air Force 

enlisted personnel were assigned to work directly with EG&G. The 

objective of Project 9.1 at Shot CLIMAX was to photograph the 

shock front. 

Personnel placed four remote-control cameras in photography 

trailers. Project personnel loaded film and tested the cameras 

before the shot. The same project personnel who loaded the 

cameras and a radiation safety monitor recovered the film on 

shot-day, when recovery operations were allowed to begin. EG&G 

processed the film either in Las Vegas or in Los Angeles. 

In addition to Project 9.1 photography, Air Force Lookout 

Mountain Laboratory personnel took documentary photographs of the 

CLIMAX burst and subsequent cloud development from five manned 

camera stations and from a C-47 aircraft. The Test Director's 

182 
Schedule of Events identifies these station locations as follows 

(17): 

STATION LOCATION (UTM) NUMBER OF PERSONNEL 

1 900923 3 

2 829900 2 

3 7 9 3 9 3 9 2 

4 781958 2 

5" 843878 4 

Personnel dismantled their camera stations and returned to Camp 

Mercury when they had completed their assignment. 

To take aerial photographs at CLIMAX, a C-47 aircraft, wit1 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory personnel onboard, took off from 

Indian Springs AFB just before the shot. The C-47 entered the 

test area at about 0334 hours and established an orbiting 

pattern, while the Lookout Mountain Laboratory personnel photographed the burst and fireball development. The aircraft left 

the test area by 0420 hours and landed at Indian Springs AFB by 

0433 hours (17; 51; 59). 

5.1.2 Weapons Development Group Projects 

The Weapons Development Group performed 18 projects at Shot 

CLIMAX, only four of which involved DOD personnel. Table 5-1 

lists DOD participation in the Weapons Development Group 

projects, which were all conducted onsite at the Nevada Proving 

Ground. 

Information is available only for Project 13.1, Radiochemistry Sampling. Sampling pilots from the AFSWC 4926th Test 

Squadron (Sampling) performed this project, and it is discussed 

under AFSWC participation in section 5.1.4. 

*Station 5 was at the Control Point. 

183 
5.1.3 Civil Effects Group Projects 

The Civil Effects Group conducted 11 projects at Shot 

CLIMAX. Only the three projects listed in table 5-l involved DOD 

participants. The same personnel usually conducted all of the 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory Program 23 projects. 

Project 23.1, Biological Effectiveness of Ionizing Radiation 

within Shelters, investigated neutron and gamma radiation hazards 

to dogs and mice placed within AEC shelters at a slant range of 

about 990 meters from the burst point. Personnel transported the 

animals to the shelters at 1915 hours the night before the CLIMAX 

detonation. Because of high radiation levels, recovery was 

delayed until 13 hours after the shot (21; 33). 

Project 23.17, Neutron Flux Measurements in AEC Group 

Shelters and Lead Hemispheres, investigated neutron radiation in 

the open and the neutron dose received by animals in a shelter. 

Project participants placed gold and sulfur neutron detectors in 

the open at slant ranges of 650 to 1,780 meters from the burst 

point. They also placed animals in a shelter at a slant range of 

610 meters from the burst point (33; 125). 

Project 29.1, Comparison and Evaluation of Dosimetry Methods 

Applicable to Gamma Radiation, was fielded by the University of 

California at Los Angeles, assisted by the Evans Signal Laboratory, part of the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. The 

project compared and evaluated the accuracy and practicality of 

chemical and film methods for measuring initial and residual 

gamma radiation. At CLIMAX, personnel collected data only on 

residual contamination. Twenty-six project participants placed 

dosimeters at distances ranging from 730 to 2,290 meters from 

ground zero, with radiation intensities up to 10.0 R/h. Before 

the shot, they traveled to four posts located 900, 1,620, 1,800, 

and 2,250 meters from ground zero. Thirty-five minutes after 

recovery hour was declared, a party of three project personnel 

184 
and a radiological safety monitor entered the area to retrieve 

the dosimeters (33; 121). 

5.1.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC provided operational control of all air activities 

through the Air Participation Unit. In addition to airdropping 

the CLIMAX device, AFSWC personnel conducted cloud sampling, 

sample courier missions, cloud tracking, and aerial surveys for 

the Test Manager. 

With the exception of the Air Weather Service B-29 cloudtracking aircraft, which staged out of Kirtland AFB, AFSWC aircraft originated at Indian Springs AFB. The following listing 

indicates the type and number of aircraft and estimated number of 

AFSWC aircrew personnel involved in air missions at Shot CLIMAX (51)., 

TITLE 

TYPE OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF 

AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Delivery B-36 1 16 

Sampling 

Sampler F-84G 

Sampler Control B-50 

Courier Service c-47 

B-25 

Cloud Tracking B-25 

B-29 

Radiological Safety/ L-20 

Aerial Surveying c-47 

11 11 

1 9 

2 * 

2 lo" 

1 5 

2 20 

1 3 

1 4 

Cloud Sampling 

At CLIMAX, 11 F-84G aircraft with Tiger code names, each 

flown by a pilot from the 4926th Test Squadron, collected 

185 
particulate samples of the cloud for AFSWP Project 7.5, Calibration and Analysis of Close-in A-Bomb Debris, and LASL Project 

13.1, Radiochemistry Sampling. A B-50 sampler control aircraft, 

with a crew of nine including a LASL scientific advisor, and one 

F-84G aircraft surveyed the cloud before the sampling sorties 

began. The first penetration of the cloud occurred two hours and 

50 minutes after shot-time. The peak intensities encountered by 

the samplers ranged from 0.5 to 30 R/h. Each aircraft was called 

in succession, following completion of the preceding sampler 

mission. The following listing details the activities of each 

sampler aircraft. Aircraft are listed according to the sequence 

in which they flew the sampling missions. 

AIRCRAFT 

(F-84G) 

NUMBER OF TOTAL TIME TOTAL TIME 

PENETRATIONS IN CLOUD IN CLOUD AREA 

(seconds) (minutes) 

Tiger Red 1 

Tiger Red 2 

Tiger Red 3 

Tiger Red 4 

Tiger White 1 

Tiger White 2 

Tiger White 3 

Tiger Blue 1 

Tiger Blue 2 

Tiger Blue 3 

Tiger Blue 4 

4 495 

2 26 

2 280 

1 1620 

2 50 

2 315 

3 1200 

1 1440 

1 900 

3 665 

321 

58 

66 

53 

79 

16 

28 

68 

78 

14 

75 

When the mission was complete, the samplers returned to Indian 

Springs AFB and parked in designated areas. Engines were shut 

down, and the canopies remained closed and sealed until the 

samples were removed from the aircraft. The pilots remained on 

186 
full oxygen while they waited. Personnel from the 4926th sampleremoval team and radiological safety monitors removed the samples 

from each aircraft and placed them in shielded containers. 

After the samples from each aircraft were removed and 

stored, the pilots shut down their oxygen and opened the 

canopies. They then stepped onto a platform held by a forklift, 

so they would not touch the exterior of the aircraft. The pilots 

were taken by pickup truck to the decontamination station to be 

monitored and decontaminated, as necessary (51; 123). 

Sample Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions were completed, two C-47 aircraft, each with a crew of three, and two B-25 aircraft, each 

with a crew of five, left Indian Springs AFB on shot-day to 

transport samples and filter papers to various airbases for 

analysis by AEC and DOD laboratories. The 49Olst Support Wing 

(Atomic) from Kirtland AFB conducted these courier missions. The 

C-47s transported samples for the test group projects, including 

Project 7.5. The B-25s flew Project 13.1 filter papers to 

Kirtland AFB (45; 51). 

Cloud Tracking 

Immediately after the CLIMAX shot, one B-25 aircraft, with a 

crew of five from Indian Springs AFB, and two B-29s, each with a 

crew of ten from Kirtland AFB, flew cloud-tracking missions over 

and beyond the NPG. The B-25 flew at 12,000 feet; its mission 

lasted only 20 minutes. The two B-29 aircraft flew at 18,000 and 

22,000 feet, and their missions lasted 199 and 379 minutes, 

respectively (39; 51). 

Aerial Surveying 

One L-20 and one C-47 aircraft flew survey missions downwind 

of the shot area to record radiation intensities after the shot. 

187 
The L-20, which flew at heights up to 100 feet, completed the 

survey after six hours and 43 minutes. The C-47, on an offsite 

survey, flew at heights of 500 to 800 feet on two separate 

sorties. An H-5 helicopter was scheduled for an onsite survey 

but did not participate because of mechanical problems (39; 51). 

5.2 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT CLIMAX 

The test groups and AFSWC each developed radiation protection procedures for Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE to keep individual 

exposure to ionizing radiation to a minimum while still allowing 

participants to accomplish their missions. Some of the procedures described in chapter 5 of the series volume resulted in 

records that enabled these organizations to evaluate the 

effectiveness of their radiation protection programs. Records 

of JTO radiation protection activities at CLIMAX are included in 

the radiological safety report of Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE. The 

information includes data on film badges and protective clothing, 

survey records and isointensity plots, and decontamination 

records (39). 

Dosimetry 

During the period of 31 May to 5 June 1953, which covers the 

4 June detonation of Shot CLIMAX, the Dosimetry and Records 

Section of JTO issued 1,230 film badges (39). Film badge records 

indicate that one individual from the Radiological Safety Support 

Unit, seven monitors from Fort McClellan, and one individual from 

the Ballistic Research Laboratories received total exposures 

exceeding the JTO 3.9 roentgen limit. The Radiological Safety 

Support Unit and Fort McClellan personnel had total exposures 

ranging from 3.9 to 5.5 roentgens. The individual from the 

Ballistic Research Laboratories had a total exposure of 4.0 

roentgens (lb). 

188 
Logistics and Supply 

For the period covering Shot CLIMAX, the Supply Section 

issued the following items (39): 

0 6 pairs of goggles 

0 53 respirators 

0 61 protective caps 

a 87 pairs of gloves 

l 93 pairs of shoe covers 

l 97 coveralls. 

Monitoring 

Four days before the detonation of CLIMAX, monitors surveyed 

the entire Yucca Flat area to determine residual radiation intensities from previous shots. The initial survey team began its 

survey 20 minutes after the detonation and completed the assignment 50 minutes later. Resurveys were conducted later on shotday and on 5 June (39). 

In addition to the onsite monitors, there were 19 offsite 

monitors, including four DOD personnel. They encountered a maximum radiation intensity of 0.012 R/h in surveying an area on 

Highway 93, 16 kilometers east of Glendale, Nevada. The L-20 and 

C-47 that performed on- and offsite aerial surveys encountered 

negligible amounts of fallout (39). 

Plotting and Briefing 

Figure 5-l presents a copy of the plot generated from the 

initial ground survey, begun 20 minutes after shot-time. Copies 

of the results of the resurveys on 4 and 5 June are given in 

figure 5-2. In addition to its other activities, the Plotting 

and Briefing Section briefed 136 parties for entry into Yucca 

Flat during the period 31 May to 5 June (39). 

189 
. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

N 

. 

. 

. 

-we-- 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

-09 

. 

. 

. 

. . . 

l . . . . . . . . . ..*.** 

Roads 

. . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

- - - - - 0.1 R/h 

Kilometer -*-•-=- 1.0 R/h 

1 I 10.0 R/h 

0 1 8 Ground Zero 

Figure 5-l: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT CLIMAX, 

4 JUNE 1953, 0435 TO 0525 HOURS 

190 
Kilometer 

I 1 

II 1 

4 June 1953, (Time Unspecified) 

*..... . 

.*.. 1 

"....,N 

Kilometer 

w 1 

5 June 1953, 0800 Hours 

Roads 

. . . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

- - - - - 0.1 R/h 

‘9 l - e-0 1.0 R/h 

10.0 R/h 

@ Ground Zero 

Figure 5-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT CLIMAX 

191 
Decontamination 

During the period of Shot CLIMAX, the Vehicle and Equipment 

Decontamination Section decontaminated 14 vehicles (39). 

192 
SHOTS ENCORE THROUGH CLIMAX REFERENCE LIST 

The following list of references represents 

only those documents cited in the ENCORE 

through CLIMAX volume. When a DNA-WT document 

is followed by an EX, the latest version has 

been cited. A complete list of documents 

reviewed during the preparation of the 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE volumes is contained 

in the Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE volume 

Bibliography. 

193 
AVAILABILITY INFORMATION 

An availability statement has been included at the end of 

the reference citation for those readers who wish to read or 

obtain copies of source documents. Availability statements were 

correct at the time the bibliography was prepared. It is 

anticipated that many of the documents marked unavailable may 

become available during the declassification review process. The 

Coordination and Information Center (CIC) and the National 

Technical Information Service (NTIS) will be provided future 

DNA-WT documents bearing an EX after the report number. 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of CIC 

may be reviewed at the following address: 

Department of Energy 

Coordination and Information Center 

(Operated by Heynolds Electrical IL Engineering Co., Inc.) 

ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley 

2753 S. Highland 

P.O. Box 14100 Phone: (702) 734-3194 

Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of NTIS 

may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service. 

When ordering by mail or phone, please include both the price 

code and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses 

before the NTIS order number. 

National Technical Information Service 

5285 Port Royal Road Phone: (703) 487-4650 

Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office) 

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by 

writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or by calling 

(703) 487-4660. 

194 
SHOTS ENCORE THROUGH CLIMAX REFERENCE LIST 

1. 9778th Radiological Safety Support Unit. 

a. Cumulative Radiological Listing [RlOZ] with Exposure 

Roster and Film Badge Number. Spring 1953 Tests. 

REECo Box 13; Cartridge/Roll 5.**** 

b. "Exposure of DOD Personnel Participating in Spring 

1953 Tests at Nevada Proving Ground." Mercury, NV.: 

9778th Rad Safe Support Unit. [1953.] 

141 Pages.  

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

AFSWP, Military Effects Group. Memorandum for Test 

Director, Subject: Military Effects Group Shot 

CLIMAX, Operational Report. Mercury, NV. 6 June 

1953. 2 Pages.**  

AFSWP, Military Effects Group. Memorandum for Test 

Director, Subject: Military Effects Group Shot 

No. 9 Operational Report, ENCORE. Mercury, NV. 

11 May 1953. 12 Pages.** 

AFSWP, Military Effects Group. Memorandum for Test 

Director, Subject: Military Effects Group Shot 

GRABLE, Operational Report. Mercury, NV. 

29 May 1953. 8 Pages.** 

AFSWP, Military Effects Group. Memorandum for Test 

Director, Subject: Addition to Schedule of Events 

for GRABLE. Mercury, NV. 20 May 1953. 1 Page.** 

AFSWP, Military Effects Group. Memorandum for Test 

Director, Subject: Military Effects Group Shot 

HARRY, Operational Report. Mercury, NV. 20 May 

1953. 2 Pages.** 

Alfonte, William A. Memorandum: Unit Participation in 

GRABLE, w/attachments. Santa Barbara, CA.: DOD 

Nuclear Information and Analysis Center. February 

14, 1978. 6 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

195 

16. 

17. 

Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director. 

Schedule of Events, Shot GRABLE, Appendix 1 to Annex 

N of Operation Order l-53. Camp Mercury, NV.: AEC 

Test Director's Office. [May 1953.1 11 Pages.**  

Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director. 

18. Bass, 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

Benjamin, V. "Supplementary Pressure Measurements, 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 8.12b." David 

Taylor Model Basin. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-777. May 1955. 56 Pages. 

(A04).* 

Bohn, J.; Cowie, R.; O'Day, M. "Measurement of Thermal 

Radiation with a Vacuum Microphone, Project 8.2." 

Albuquerque, NM.: Air Force, Cambridge Research 

Center. Field Command, AFSWP. WT-767. 

March 1954. 60 Pages. (A04).* 

Bond, V. P.; Carter, R.; Reed, J.; et al. "Biological 

Effectiveness of Ionizing Radiation within Shelters, 

Project 23.1." San Francisco, CA.: Naval Medical 

Research Institute. Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory. WT-793. September 1953. 66 Pages. 

(A04) AD/A077 505.* 

Brennan, J. T. "Beta-Gamma Skin Hazard in the Post-Shot 

Contaminated Area, Project 4.7." Army Medical 

Service School. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, 

AFSWP. WT-746. December 1953. 34 Pages. (AG3) 

AD 460 271.* 

Schedule of Events, Shot CLIMAX, Appendix 1 to Annex 

0 of Operation Order l-53. Camp Mercury, NV.: AEC 

Test Director's Office. [1953.] 4 Pages.** 

R. C.; Smith, L. J.; Ungar, S. H. Gamma Radiation 

Spectrum of Residual Contamination, Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 2.2a. Army, Signal Corps 

Engineering Laboratories. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-718. May 1955. 80 Pages. 

(A05) AD 244 415.* 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests sub,ject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

197 
23. Broyles, C. Dynamic Pressure versus Time and Supporting 

Air Blast Measurements, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

Project l.ld. Sandia Corporation. Albuquerque, 

NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-714. February 

1954. 116 Pages. (A06) AD/A076 361.* 

24. Bruce, H. "Incendiary Effects on Building and Interior 

Kindling Fuels, Project 8.11a." US Forest Service, 

Forest Products Laboratory. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-774. December 1953. 

40 Pages.*** 

25 . Bryan t, E.; Ethridge, N.; McCoy, J. Statistical Estimation of Damage to Ordnance Equipment Exposed to 

Nuclear Blasts, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 

3.21. Ballistic Research Laboratories. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-733. 

February 1955. 180 Pages.*** 

26. Byrnes, V.; Brown, D.; Rose, H.; et al. "Ocular Effects 

of Thermal Radiation from Atomic Detonation Flashblindness and Chorioretinal Burns, Project 4.5." 

School of Aviation Medicine. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-745. November 1955. 

76 Pages.*** 

27. Campbell, J. H. "High Dispersion Spectrographic Observations, Part I, Project 18.3." Naval Research 

Laboratorv. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 

WT-829. 1961. 76 Pages.*** 

28. Capasso, N.; Home, W.; Roady, J. "Radioactive Particle 

Studies inside an Aircraft, Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, Project 2.1." Army, Chemical and 

Radiological Laboratories. Edgewood, MD.: Army 

Chemical Center. WT-717. February 1956. 

40 Pages. (A03) AD 357 979.* 

29. Carter, R.; Bond, V.; Veenstra, R.; et al. "Biological 

Effects of Neutrons, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

Project 4.8." Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, 

AFSWP. WT-747. December 1953. 58 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests sub,ject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

198 
30. Chambers, F. W.; Sharp, R.; Duckwork, J. W.; et al. 

"Residual Ionizing Radiation Depth Dose Measurements 

in Unit Density Material, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

Project 2.2b." Naval Medical Research Institute. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-719. 

February 1957. 44 Pages.** * 

31. Chaney, J. "Evaluation of Chemical Dosimeters, Project 

6.4." Army, Chemical and Radiological~ Laboratories. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-753. 

January 1955. 32 Pages. (A03) AD/A073 474.* 

32. Chapman, E. Effects of Atomic Explosions on Field Medical 

Installations Equipment, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

Project 3.27. Medical Field Service School. 

Albiquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-737. 

February 1954. 224 Pages.*** 

33. Civil Effects Test Group. Memorandum for Test Director, 

Subject: Preliminary Report on Post Test Results, 

[CLIMAX]. Mercury, NV. June 5, 1953. 2 Pages.** 

34. Civil Effects Test Group. Memorandum for Test Director, 

Subject: Preliminary Report on Post Test 

Results--ENCORE. Mercury, NV. May 9, 1953. 

7 Pages.** 

35. Civil Effects Test Group. Memorandum for Test Director, 

Subject: Preliminary Report on Post Test Results, 

[HARRY]. Mercury, NV. May 20, 1953. 3 Pages.** 

36. Civil Effects Test Group. Memorandum for Test Director, 

Subject: Preliminary Report on Post Test Results, 

[GRABLE]. Mercury, NV. May 26, 1953. 3 Pages.** 

37. Clark, J. "Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Report of the Deputy 

Test Director." Los Alamos, NM.: Atomic Energy 

Commission. WT-816. June 1954. 61 Pages.*** 

38. Clawson, M. 9. "History of 4901st Support Wing (Atomic) 

Participation in Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 1 May - 

13 June 1953." Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. KAFB 

7920. 1953. 13 Pages.** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

199 
39. 

40. 

41. 

42. 

43. 

44. 

45. 

46. 

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Radiological Safety Operation. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 

WT-702(REF). June 1953. 451 Pages. (A20).* 

Crenshaw, C.; McAfee, W.; Pressman, W.; et al. "Measurements and Analysis of Electromagnetic Radiation from 

Nuclear Detonations, Project 6.7." Army, Signal 

Corps Engineering Laboratories. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-754. June 1956. 

34 Pages.*** 

Cracker, J.; Harris, R. A. Seismic Measurements, 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 7.4. 

Headquarters, USAF. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-764. May 1955. 87 Pages.*** 

Curcio, J. A.; Duncan, C. H.; Drummeter, L. F. 

Low-Resolution Spectroscopy, Part 2, Project 18.3. 

Washington, D.C.: Naval Research Laboratory. 

WT-828. September 1955. 116 Pages.*** 

Department of Energy, Office of Public Affairs; Los Alamos 

Scientific Laboratory; Lawrence Livermore Laboratory; 

Sandia Laboratories. "Announced United States 

Nuclear Tests, July 1945 through 1979." DOE. 

Las Vegas, NV.: Nevada Operations Office. NVO-209. 

January 1980. 38 Pages.** 

Directorate of Weapons Effects Test. Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE Project Summaries. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. 1953. 100 Pages.*** 

Directorate of Weapons Effects Test. Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, Operational Summary. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. August 1953. 104 Pages.*** 

Draeger, R.; Lee, R. "Direct Air Blast Exposure Effects 

in Animals, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 4.2." 

Naval Medical Research Institute. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-744. December 1953. 

30 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

200 
47. Duval, B.; Adler, C. S.; Turnbull, W. J. "Production 

Stabilization, Project 9.6." Army, Corps of 

Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-780. 

December 1953. 47 Pages.** * 

48. Eggert, J.; Higgins, E. Blast and Thermal Effects of an 

Atomic Bomb on Typical Tactical Communication 

Systems, Project 3.20. Army, Signal Corps 

Engineering Laboratories. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-732. March 1955. 282 Pages. 

(A13) AD 357 977.* 

49. Enquist, E.; Forsthoff, C. "Evaluation of a Thermal 

Absorbing Carbon Smoke Screen, Project 8.4.2." 

Army, Chemical and Radiological Laboratories. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-769. 

February 1954. 42 Pages.*** 

50. Enquist, E.; Forsthoff, C. "Protection Afforded by 

Operational Smoke Screens against Thermal Radiation, 

Project 8.4.1." Army, Chemical and Radiological 

Laboratories. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, 

AFSWP. WT-768. March 1954. 66 Pages.*** 

51. Fackler, P. Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Aircraft Participation. Kirtland AFB, NM.: Air Force Special Weapons 

Center. WT-825. November 1955. 226 Pages.*** 

52. Feldman, D.; Oesterling, J. Performance Characteristics 

of Clothing Materials Exposed to Thermal Radiation, 

Project 8.6. Army, Quartermaster Research and 

Development Laboratories. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-771. July 1955. 88 Pages.*** 

53. Fowler, A.; Muller, D. Field Fortifications, Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 3.9. Army, Engineer 

Research and Development Laboratories. Albuquerque, 

NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-728. December 

1954. 262 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

201 
54. Freeh, E.; James, G.; Briedenbach, L. Additional Data on 

the Vulnerability of Parked Aircraft to Atomic Bombs, 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 8.lb. Wright Air 

Development Center. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-809. Undated. 100 Pages.** * 

55. Gallagher, E.; Schiffman, T. Tests on the Loading of 

Building and Equipment Shapes, Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, Project 3.1. Armour Research Foundation. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-721. 

July 1955. 370 Pages. (A16) AD/A073 468.* 

56. General Electric Company - TEMPO. Compilation of Local 

Fallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962. 

Volume 1: "Continental U.S. Tests." Washington, 

D.C.: DNA-1251-l-EX. 1979. 619 Pages. 

(A99) AD/A079 309.* 

57. George Washington University, Human Resources Research 

Office. "Relation between Information Gain and 

Attitude Change: A Study of Participants in Exercise 

DESERT ROCK V." Washington, D.C.: HumRRO. 1954. 

35 Pages. (A03).*/** 

58. Gerster, M. The Special Weapons Center and Atomic 

Testing. Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 

K242.01-K242.04. January 1957. 305 Pages.*** 

59. Greer, W. R.; Dukes, E. F. Technical Photography, Project 

9.1. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 

WT-779. January 1954. 142 Pages. (A07) 

AD/B951 672.* 

60. Guthri _e, A.; Hillendahl, R. Physical Characteristics of 

Thermal Radiation from an Atomic Bomb Detonation, 

Project 8.10. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. Albuquerque. NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 

WT-773. February i954. 82 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

202 
61. 

62. 

63. 

64. 

65. 

66. 

67. 

68. 

69. 

Haskell, N.; Brubaker, R. "Free-Air Atomic Blast Pressure 

Measurements, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 

1.3." Air Force Cambridge Research Center. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-715. 

April 1954. 60 Pages.** * 

Headquarters, 2d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise 

Brigade. Desert Rock V, w/10 encls. Camp 

Pendleton, CA.: 2d MCPAEB. 19 May 1953. 

113 Pages.** 

Headquarters, 2d Marine Carp Provisional Atomic Exercise 

Brigade. "Report of Helicopter Participation in 

Exercise Desert Rock V" (w/6 Annexes, 2 Enclosures). 

Camp Desert Rock, NV.: 2d MCPAEB. 18 June 1953. 

77 Pages.** 

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. Exercise Desert Rock V, 

Final Report. Volume I: "Operations." Camp Desert 

Rock, NV. 24 June 1953. 198 Pages. 

(A09) AD/A078 559.*/** 

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. Exercise Desert Rock V, 

Final Report. Volume II: "Administration." Camp 

Desert Rock, NV. 1 June 1953. 64 Pages.** 

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. Exercise Desert Rock V, 

Operation Order Five. Camp Desert Rock, NV. 3 May 

1953. 90 Pages.** 

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. Exercise Desert Rock V, 

Operation Order Six. Camp Desert Rock, NV. 11 May 

1953. 100 Pages. ** 

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. Exercise Desert Rock V, 

Operation Order Seven. Camp Desert Rock, NV. 

17 May 1953. 71 Pages.** 

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. [Message to Commanding 

General Sixth Army, Subject: Firing of Shot V-8 

(HARRY).] Camp Desert Rock, NV. 19 May 1953. 

1 Page. AMCDR-DPCO-05193.** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

203 
70. 

71. 

72. 

73. 

74. 

75. 

76. 

77. 

78. 

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. [Message to Commanding 

General Sixth Army, Subject: Firing of Shot V-9 

(ENCORE).] Camp Desert Rock, NV. 8 May 1953. 

1 Page. AMCDR-DPCO-05100.**  

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. [Message to Commanding 

General Sixth Army, Subject: Firing of Shot V-10 

(GRABLE).] Camp Desert Rock, NV. 25 May 1953. 

1 Page. AMCDR-DPCO-05292.** 

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. Training Memo No. 15: 

Observer Orientation Course. Camp Desert Rock, NV. 

8 April 1953. 15 Pages.** 

Headquarters, Sixth Army. Correspondence File, Subject: 

Desert Rock V, 2 January--l4 November 1953. 

Presidio of San Francisco, CA.: Sixth U.S. Army. 

Undated. 130 Pages. File 354.2/DR.** 

James, F. "IBDA Phenomena and Techniques, Project 6.2." 

Wright Air Development Center. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-751. September 1955. 

58 Pages.*** 

Johnston, J. M.; Poyet, G. Evaluation of Military Radiac 

Equipment, Project 6.8. Army, Signal Corps 

Engineering Laboratories and Navy, Bureau of Ships. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-755. 

June 1954. 90 Pages. (A05) AD 629 545.* 

Keeling, G. "Interim IBDA Capabilities of Strategic Air 

Command, Project 6.3." Strategic Air Command. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-752. 

January 1955. 56 Pages.*** 

Keeran, R. B. "Effectiveness of Fast Scan Radar for 

Fireball Studies and Weapons Tracking, Project 6.13." 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-761. 

June 1955. 26 Pages.*** 

Kingery, C.; Clarke, M. "Air Blast Gauge Studies, 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 3.30." Ballistic 

Research Laboratories. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-742. June 1954. 62 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

204 
79. Langham, W.; Crumley, P.; Pinson, E.; et al. "Radiation 

Hazards to Personnel within an Atomic Cloud, 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 4.1." Air Force 

Cambridge Research Center. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-743. December 1953. 

65 Pages.** * 

80. Larrick, R.; Johnson, 0.; Marmiroli, R. "Initial Gamma 

Exposure versus Distance, Project 6.8a.l' Army, 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. Albuquerque, 

NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-756. September 

1955. 38 Pages.*** 

81. Lenz, R.; Miller, G. Atomic Weapon Effects on B-50 Type 

Aircraft in Flight, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

Project 5.2. Wright Air Development Center. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-749. 

1953. 130 Pages.*** 

82. Longmire, R.; Mills, L. Navy Structures, Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Projects 3.11-3.16. Navy Bureau of 

Yards and Docks. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, 

AFSWP. WT-729. May 1955. 290 Pages.*** 

83. McLaughlin, R.; Foushee, R. "Sound Velocities near the 

Ground in the Vicinity of an Atomic Explosion, 

Project 8.12a." Naval Electronics Laboratory. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-776. 

January 1955. 68 Pages.*** 

84. Meszaros, J. J.; Randall, J. I. Structures 

Instrumentation, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 

3.28.1. Ballistic Research Laboratories. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-738. 

February 1955. 176 Pages.*** 

85. Miller, H. "Study of Fire-Retardant Paints, Project 

8.13." Army, Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, 

AFSWP. WT-778. December 1953. 36 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

205 
86. 

87. 

88. 

89. 

90. 

91. 

92. 

93. 

Molloy, C. T. IBDA Phenomena and Techniques [Project 

6.21. Vitro Corporation of America. New York, 

NY.: Vitro. KLX-1658. Undated. 242 Pages.** * 

Monahan, T. I.; Derksen, W. L. "Effects of Thermal 

Radiation on Materials, Project 8.9." Naval 

Material Laboratory. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-772. May 1954. 56 Pages.*** 

Moore, G. Effects on Engineer Bridging Equipment, 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 3.22. Engineer 

Research and Development Laboratories. Albuquerque, 

NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-734. February _ 

1954. 122 Pages. (A06) AD 370 261.* 

Morris, W. E.; Fetes, J. "Pressure Measurements for 

Various Projects of Program 3, Pro,ject 3.28.2." 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-759. December 1953. 

60 Pages.*** 

Morris, W. E. "Shock Diffraction in the Vicinity of a 

Structure, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 3.lu." 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, DASA. WT-786. August 1959. 

32 Pages.*** 

Morris, W. E.; Petes, J.; Walthall, E.; et al. Air Blast 

Measurements, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 

l.la/1.2. Naval Ordnance Laboratory. Albuquerque, 

NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-710. August 1955. 

300 Pages.*** 

Newgarden, G. J. Activities of the Special Weather 

Advisory Service. Los Alamos, NM.: University of 

California, LASL. WT-705. July 1953. 98 Pages. 

(A05) AD/A077 504.* 

Newmark. N. M.: Sinnamon. G. K. Air Blast Effects on 

Underground Structures, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

Pro,ject 3.8. University of Illinois and Army, 

Office, Chief of Engineers. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-727. January 1954. 

138 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

206 
94. Oesterling, J.; et al. "Thermal Radiation Protection 

Afforded Test Animals by Fabric Assemblies, Project 

8.5." Army, Quartermaster Research and Development 

Laboratories; Army Medical Service Graduate School; 

Walter Reed Army Medical Center; and University of 

Rochester Atomic Energy Project. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-770. July 1955. 

64 Pages. (A04) AD/B951 673.* 

95. Oleson, M. H. Electromagnetic Effects from Nuclear 

Explosions, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 7.1. 

Headquarters, USAF. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-762. June 1955. 

299 Pages.*** 

96. Oliver, F. J.; Caforek, R.; Smith, H.; et al. 

"Development of Mechanical Pressure-Time and Peak 

Pressure Recorders for, Atomic Blast Measurement, 

Project l.la-2." Naval Ordnance Laboratory. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-785. 

March 1955. 36 Pages.*** 

97. Olmsted, G.; Wowak, E. "Detection of Airborne Low 

Frequency Sound from Nuclear Explosions, Operation 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 7.3." Headquarters, USAF. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-763. 

February 1954. 43 Pages.*** 

38. Olson, M. R.; Johnson, P.; Linder, A.; et al.. "Effects of 

an Air Burst Atomic Explosion on Landing Vehicles 

Tracked (LVT's), Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 

3.24." Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-735. 

October 1954. 52 Pages.*** 

99. Perret, W.; Gentry, V. Free Field Measurements of Earth 

Stress, Strain, and Grounc~ 1 Motion. Oberation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, Project 1.4. Sandia Corporation. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-716. 

February 1955. 108 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

207 
100. Petes, J.; Little, C.; Dossey, J. "Evaluation of Wiancko 

and Vibrotron Gauges and Development of New Circuitry 

for Atomic Blast Measurements, Project l.la-2." 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-784. February 1955. 

56 Pages.** * 

101. Price, J. "Evaluation of Rapid Aerial Radiological Survey 

Techniques, Project 6.10." Army, Signal Corps 

Engineering Laboratories. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-758. May 1954. 26 Pages. 

(A03) AD/A073 473.* 

102. Purkey, G. Blast Effects on B-36 Type Aircraft in Flight, 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 5.3. Wright Air 

Development Center. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-750. March 1955. 

102 Pages.*** 

103. Rainey, C. T.; et al. Distribution and Characteristics of 

Fall-out at Distances Greater than 10 Miles from 

Ground Zero, March and April 1953. Los Angeles, 

CA.: UCLA School of Medicine. WT-811. February 

1954. 98 Pages. (A05) AD 417 093.* 

104. Kawlings, J. "Indoctrination of Tactical Air Command Air 

Crews in the Delivery and Effects of Atomic Weapons, 

Project 6.11." Tactical Air Command. Albuquerque, 

NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-759. April 1954. 

46 Pages.*** 

105. Richmond, 0. Minefield Clearance, Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, Project 3.18. Army, Engineer Research and 

Development Laboratories. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-730. February 1954. 

104 Pages. (A06) AD 357 978.* 

106. Rogin, L.; DuPont, A.; Weeber, C. Atomic Weapon Effects 

on AD Type Aircraft in Flight, Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, Project 5.1. Naval Air Material Center. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-748. 

March 1954. 198 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

208 
107. Rollosson, G. W. Test Procedures and Instrumentation for 

Projects l.lc, l.ld, 1.4a, and 1.4b. Sandia 

Corporation. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, 

AFSWP. WT-787. June 1954. 97 Pages.** * 

l( 18. Sauer, F.; Arnold, K.; Fons, W. "Ignition and Persistent 

Fires Resulting from Atomic Explosions Exterior 

Kindling Fuels, Project 8.11b.: US Forest Service, 

Division of Fire Research. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-775. December 1953. 

50 Pages.*** 

.09. Sauer, F.; Fons, W.; Storey, T. Blast Damage to 

Coniferous Tree Stands by Atomic Explosions, 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 3.19. US 

Service, Division of Fire Research. Albuque 

Fore 

I 'que, 

NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-731. January 195 

84 Pages.*** 

st 

4. 

110. Schlei, E. J.; James, G. T.; Breidenbach, L.; et al. 

Effects of Thermal and Blast Forces from Nuclear 

Detonations on Basic Aircraft Structures and 

Components, Project 8.la. Wright Air Development 

Center. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 

WT-766. March 1954. 298 Pages.*** 

111. Sevin, Eugene. Tests on the Loading of Truss Systems 

Common to Open-Framed Structures, Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, Project 3.4. Air Materiel Command and 

Armour Research Foundation. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-723. October 1955. 

94 Pages. (A05) AD/A073 476.* 

112. Sevin, Eugene. Test on the Loading of Horizontal Aluminum 

Cylindrical Shapes, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

Project 3.3. Wright Air Development Center; Air 

Materiel Command; and Armour Research Foundation. 

Brooklyn, NY.: New York Naval Shipyard. WT-722. 

October 1955. 114 Pages. (A06) AD/A073 477.* 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

209 
113. 

114. 

115. 

116. 

117. 

118. 

Sevin, 

Sevin, 

Eugene. Tests on the Loading and Response of 

Railroad Equipment, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

Project 3.6. Wright Air Development Center; Army, 

Office of Chief of Transportation; and Armour 

Research Foundation. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-725. September 1955. 

96 Pages.** * 

Eugene. Tests on the Response of Wall and Roof 

Panels and the Transmission of Load to Supporting 

Structure, Project 3.5. Air Materiel Command and 

Armour Research Foundation. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-724. May 1955. 

182 Pages. (A09) AD/A073 475.* 

Sevin, Eugene; Porzel, F.; Chase, D.; et al. Test of the 

Effects on POL Installations, Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE, Project 3.26. Army, Quartermaster 

Research and Development Laboratories and Marine 

Corps Equipment Board. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Command, AFSWP. WT-736. October 1955. 

130 Pages.*** 

Shockley, W. G.; Turnbull, W. J. "Experimental 

Stabilization, Pro.ject 9.7." Army, Corps 

Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 

February 1954. 44 Pages. (A03) AD/B951 

Field 

Soil 

of 

WT-781. 

674.* 

Singlevich, Walter; Reed, C. K. "Calibration Analysis of 

Close-in A-Bomb Debris, Project 7.5." Headquarters, 

USAF. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 

WT-765. September 1955. 61 Pages.*** 

Sinnamon, G. K.; Austen, W.; Newmark, N. M. Air Blast 

Effects on Entrances and Air Intakes of Underground 

Installations, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 

3.7. University of Illinois and Army, Office Chief 

of Engineers. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, 

AFSWP. WT-726. February 1955. 152 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

210 
119. Swift, L. M. "Pressure Measurements on Structures, 

Project 3.28.3." Stanford Research Institute. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-740. 

March 1954. 44 Pages.** * 

120. Swift, L. M.; Sachs, D. Air Pressure and Ground Shock 

Measurements, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 

l.lb. Stanford Research Institute. Albuquerque, 

NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-711. January 1955. 

222 Pages.*** 

121. Taplin, G. V.; Sanford, C.; et al. "Comparison and 

Evaluation of Dosimetry Methods Applicable to Gamma 

Radiation, Project 29.1." Los Angeles, CA.: UCLA 

School of Medicine. WT-802. September 1953. 

74 Pages.*** 

122. Taylor, B. C. Blast Effects of Atomic Weapons upon 

Curtain Walls and Partitions of Masonry and Other 

Materials, Project 3.29. Federal Civil Defense 

Administration. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, 

AFSWP. WT-741. August 1956. 276 Pages.*** 

123. Taylor, L. B. History of the Air Force Atomic Cloud 

Sampling, Volume 1: "Narrative," Volume 2: 

"Appendix." Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. January 

1963. 330 Pages. K242.04-8.*** 

124. Tiede, R. V., LTC., USA; Kelly, D. F.; Burgeri K. C. 

"Determination of Height of Burst and Ground Zero, 

Project 6.12." Army Field Forces, Board #l and 

Army, Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-760. 

May 1955. 68 Pages.*** 

125. Tochilin, E.; Ross, S. W.; Shumway, B. W.; et al. 

"Neutron-Flux Measurements in Atomic Energy 

Commission Group Shelters and Lead Hemispheres, 

Project 23.17." San Francisco, CA.: Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. WT-795. September 

1953. 54 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

211 
126. Willett, D. K.; Hanscome, T. D.; Fagg, L. "Neutron Flux 

Measurements, Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 

2.3." Naval Research Laboratory. Albuquerque, 

NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-720. December 

1953. 60 Pages.** * 

127. Winograd, B. "Gain in Information in the Desert Rock 

A-Bomb Maneuvers." Washington, D.C.: GWU, HumRRO. 

March 1954. 19 Pages. (A02) AD 482 184.*/** 

128. Silverman, Myron S.; Bond, Victor P. "Bacteriological 

Studies on Animals Exposure to Neutron Radiation, 

Project 23.2." Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratorv. San Francisco, CA.: NRDL. WT-794. 

July 1953. 22 Pages. AD 611 226.* 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

212 
DISTRIBUTION LIST 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

Armed Forces Staff College 

ATTN: Library 

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY (Continued) 

Assistant Secretary of Defense, Public Affairs 

ATTN: PA0 

Defense Nuclear Agency 

ATTN: PA0 

ATTN: GC 

ATTN: BA 

5 cy ATTN: NTPR 

25 cy ATTN: TITL 

Defense Technical Information Center 

12 cy ATTN: DD 

Field Command 

Defense Nuclear Agency 

ATTN. FCLS 

ATTN: FCTT, W. Summa 

ATTN. FCLS, Maj D. Norton 

ATTN. FCTT, G. Ganong 

Interservice Nuclear Weapons School 

ATTN: TTV 

National Defense University 

ATTN: ICAF Tech Library 

Assistant to the Secretary of Defense 

Atomic Energy 

ATTN: Military Applications 

ATTN: Executive Assistant 

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY 

Army Library 

ATTN: Military Dot Set 

Army Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

2 cy ATTN: DAAG-AMR-R TAG0 

U.S. Army Center of Military History 

ATTN: DAMH-HSO 

U.S. Army Chemical School 

ATTN: ATZN-CM-CS 

ATTN: ATZN-CM-AL 

U.S. Army Comd & General Staff College 

ATTN: Library 

U.S. Army War College 

ATTN: Library 

U.S. Army Nuclear & Chemical Agency 

ATTN: Library 

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY 

Aviation History Unit 

Department of the Navy 

ATTN: Library 

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 

Department of the Navy 

ATTN: Asst for Med Surgery 

James Carson Breckinridge Library 

Department of the Navy 

ATT;i: Library Div 

Marine Corps Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

ATTN: Code MSRB-60 

Merchant Marine Academy 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Naval 

Aviation School Command 

ATTN: Library 

Hospital Corps School 

ATTN: Library 

Ocean Systems Center 

ATTN: Library 

Oceanographic Office 

ATTN: Code 325, Historian 

Postgraduate School 

ATTN: Code 1424, Library 

Research Laboratory 

ATTN: Library 

School 

Construction Battalion Center 

ATTN: Comnding Officer 

School of Health Sciences 

ATTN: Library 

Sea Systems Command 

ATTN: Nuclear Technology Div 

Surface Weapons Center 

ATTN: Library 

War College 

ATTN: Professor 8 Libraries 

Weapons Center 

ATTN: Code 233 

Weapons Evaluation Facility 

ATTN: Library 

Navy Dept Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Navy Nuclear Power School 

ATTN: Library 

Navy Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

2 cy ATTN: W. Loeffler 

U.S. Naval Academy 

Nimitz Library 

ATTN: Documents & Reports Dept 

Marine Corps Base 

ATTN: Document Custodian 

213 
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY (Continued) 

Office of the Judge Adv Gen 

Department of the Navy 

ATTN: Code 73 

Marine Corps Historical Center 

2 cy ATTN: Code HDH-2 

U.S. Merchant Marine Academy 

ATTN: Librn 

U.S. Naval Air Station Library 

Department of the Navy 

ATTN: Library , 

PEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE 

Academy Library DFSELD 

U.S. Air Force Academy 

ATTN: Library 

Aerospace Defense Command 

Air 

Air 

Air 

Air 

Air 

Air 

Air 

Air 

Air 

Air 

Air 

ATTN: Historian 

Force Communications Command 

ATTN: Historian 

Force Institute of Technology 

ATTN: Library 

Force Logistics Command 

ATTN: Historian 

Force Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

ATTN: HQ USAF/SGES 

Force School of Aerospace Medicine 

ATTN: Strughold Library 

Force Systems Command 

ATTN: Historian 

Force Technical Applications Center 

ATTN: Historian 

Force Weapons Laboratory 

Force Systems Conxnand 

ATTN: Tech Library 

National Guard 

ATTN: Historian 

Training Command 

ATTN: Historian 

Air University Library 

Department of the Air Force 

ATTN: AUL-LSE 

Military Air Lift Command 

ATTN: Historian 

Commander-in-Chief 

Pacific Air Forces 

ATTN: Historian 

Tactical Air Command 

Department of the Air Force 

ATTN: Historian 

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE (Continued) 

Strategic Air Cormnand 

Oepartment of the Air Force 

ATTN: NRI-STINFO Library 

ATTN: Historian 

U.S. Air Force Occupational & Env Health Lab 

ATTN: NTPR 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

Department of Energy 

ATTN: OMA 

Department of Energy 

Nevada Operations Office 

ATTN: Health Physics Div 

2 cy ATTN: R. Nutley 

Department of Energy 

Human Health & Assessments Division 

ATTN: EV-31 

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 

Centers for Disease Control 

U.S. Public Health Service 

ATTN. G. Caldwell 

Central Intelligence Agency 

ATTN: Office of Medical Services 

Department of Health & Human Svcs 

ATTN: Office of General Counsel 

Exec Oft of The President 

Management & Budget Off Lib 

ATTN: Librn 

Library of Congress 

ATTN: Library Service Division 

ATTN: Science & Technology Div 

ATTN: Serial & Govt Publication 

National Atomic Museum 

ATTN: Historian 

Department of Commerce 

National Bureau of Standards 

ATTN: Librn 

National Technical Information Service 

12 cy ATTN: Customer Services 

Occupational Safety & Health Admin 

ATTN: C. Wright 

Office of Health & Disability (ASPER) 

ATTN: R. Copeland 

Oft of Workers Compensation Program 

Department of Labor 

ATTN: R. Larson 

U.S. Coast Guard Academy Library 

ATTN: Librn 

U.S. House of Representatives 

ATTN: Committee on Armed Svcs 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

U.S. House of Representatives 

Committee on Interstate & Foreign Cotnnerce 

ATTN: Subcommittee on Health & Envir 

1J.S. Military Academy 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

U.S. Senate 

Committee on 

ATTN: 

Armed Services 

Comnittee on Veterans Affairs 

U.S. Senate 

ATTN: Committee on Veterans Affairs 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Providence, RI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Montgomery, AL 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Anchorage, AK 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Phoenix, AZ 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Little Rock, AR 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Los Angeles, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

San Francisco, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Denver, CO 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Hartford, CT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Wilmington, DE 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-OFC Central 

Washington, D. C. 

ATTN: Deot Veterans Benefit, Central OfC 

ATTN: Director 

ATTN: Board of Veteran Appeal 

Veterans Administration-R0 

St. Petersburg, FL 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Atlanta, GA 

ATTN: Director 

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Honolulu, HI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Chicago, IL 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Seattle, WA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Indianapolis, IN 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Des Moines, IA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Wichita, KS 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Louisville, KY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

New Orleans, LA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Togus, ME 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Baltimore, MD 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Boston, MA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

St. Paul. MN 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Jackson, MS 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Huntington, WV 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

St. Louis, MO 

ATTN: Directo, 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Ft. Harrison, MT 

ATTN: Director 

National Archives 

ATTN: Librn 

215 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Lincoln, NE 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Reno, NV 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Manchester, NH 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Newark, NJ 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Milwaukee, WI 

ATTN: Oirector 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Albuquerque, NM 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Buffalo, NY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

New York, NY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Winston-Salem, NC 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Fargo, ND 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Cleveland, OH 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Muskogee, OK 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Portland, OR 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Pittsburgh, PA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RD 

Philadelphia, PA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

San Francisco, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

San Juan, Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Director 

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued1 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Columbia, SC 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Sioux Falls, SD 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Houston. TX 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Waco, TX 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Salt Lake City, UT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administraiton-RO 

White River Junction, VT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Roanoke, VA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Cheyenne, WY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

San Diego, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Boise, IO 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Detroit, Ml 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Nashville, TN 

ATTN: Director 

The White House 

ATTN: Domestic Policy Staff 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTORS 

Lawrence Livetmore National Lab 

ATTN: Tech Info Dept Library 

Los Alamos National Lab 

ATTN: Library 

ATTN: ADPA MMS 195 

Sandia National Lab 

ATTN: W. Hereford 

ATTN: Central Library 

Reynolds Electrical & Engr Co., Inc 

ATTN: CIC 

ATTN: W. Brady 

216 
OTHER 

Adams State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Akron Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Alabama State Dept of Archives & History 

ATTN: Military Records Div 

University of Alabama 

ATTN: Reference Dept/Docs 

University of Alaska Library at Anchorage 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Alaska 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Albany Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Alexander City State Jr College 

ATTN: Librn 

Allegheny College 

ATTN: Librn 

Allen County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Altoona Area Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

American Statistics Index 

Congressional Info Service, Inc 

ATTN: Cathy Jarvey 

Anaheim Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

College of Wooster 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

Angelo State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Angelo Iacoboni Public Library 

ATT"!: Librn 

Anoka County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Appalachian State University 

ATTN: Library DOCS 

Arizona State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Arizona 

ATTN: Gov Dot Dept/C. Bower 

Arkansas College Library 

ATTN: Library 

Brooklyn College 

ATTN: Dot Div 

DTHER (Continued) 

Arkansas Library Comm 

ATTN: Library 

Arkansas State University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Arkansas 

ATTN: Gov Dots Div 

Austin College 

ATTN: Librn 

Atlanta Public Library 

ATTN: Ivan Allen Dept 

Atlanta University 

ATTN: Librn 

Auburn University Library rt Mongomery (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

C. W. Post Ctr Lonn Island University 

ATTN: LibrnBangor Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Bates College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Baylor University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Beloit College Libraries 

ATTN: Serials Dots 

Bemidji State College 

ATTN: Library 

State University College 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

Akron University 

ATTN: Gov Oocs 

Dept 

Boston Public Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Bowdoin College 

ATTN: Librn 

Bowling Green State University 

ATTN: Lib Gov Dots Services 

Bradley University 

ATTN: Librn 

Brandeis University Library 

ATTN: Dots Section 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Librn 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Dots Collection 

Brookhaven National Laboratory 

ATTN: Tech Library 

217 
DTHER (Continued) ETHER (Continued) 

Broward County Library Sys 

ATTN: Librn 

Brown University 

ATTN: Lihrn 

Bucknell University 

ATTN: Reference Dept 

Buffalo & Erie Co Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State University Library of California at Fresno 

ATTN: Library 

University Library of California at Los Anqeles 

ATTN: Pub Affairs Serv U.S. Dots 

University of California at San Diego 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

State College Library of California at Stanislaus 

ATTN: Library 

California State Polytechnic University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University at Northridge 

ATTN: Gov Dot 

California State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University at Long Beach Library 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University 

ATTN: Librn 

California University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept 

California University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

California University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

California University Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of California 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Calvin College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kearney State College 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Cambria County Library Sys 

ATTN: Librn 

Carleton College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Librn 

Carnegie Mellon University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Carson Regional Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Unit 

Case Western Reserve University 

ATTN: Librn 

Casper College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Central Florida 

ATTN: Library Dots Dept 

Central Michigan University I 

ATTN: Library Dots Set 

Central Missouri State Univ 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

Central State University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept 

Central Washington University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Set 

Central Wyoming College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Charleston County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Charlotte & Mechlenburg County Public Library 

ATTN: E. Correll 

Chatta;;;;; H;;;:;on County, Bicentennial Library 

Chesapeake Public Library System 

ATTN: Librn 

Chicago Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

State University of Chicago 

ATTN: Librn 

Chicago University Library 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

ATTN: Dots Processing 

Cincinnati University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Claremont Colleges Libraries 

ATTN: Dot Collection 

Clemson University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 
OTHER (Continued1 OTHER (Continued) 

Cleveland Public Library 

ATTN: Dots Collection 

Cleveland State University Library 

ATTN: Cibrn 

Coe Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Colgate University Library 

ATTN: Ref Lib 

Colorado State University Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Colorado Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Columbia University Library 

ATTN: Dots Svc Ctr 

Columbus & Franklin Cty Public Library 

ATTN: Gen Ret Div 

Compton Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Connecticut State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Gov't of Connecticut 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Cornell University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Corpus Christi State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Culver City Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Curry College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Asheville 

ATTN: Librn 

Dallas County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dallas Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dalton Junior College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dartmouth College 

ATTN: Librn 

Davenport Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dayton & Montgomery City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Dayton 

ATTN: Librn 

Decatur Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dekalb Community College So Cpus 

ATTN: Librn 

Delaware Pauw University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Delaware 

ATTN: Librn 

Delta College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Delta State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Denison University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Denver Public Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Dept of Library & Archives (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

Detroit Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Burlington Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Dickinson State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Alabama Agricultural Mechanical University & Co11 

ATTN: Librn 

Drake University 

ATTN: Cowles Library 

Drew University 

ATTN: Librn 

Duke University 

ATTN: Pub Dots Dept 

Duluth Public Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

East Carolina University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept 

East Central University 

ATTN: Librn 

East 1;;;; Public Library 

: Librn 

Davidson College 

ATTN: Librn 

_OTHER (Continued) DTJER (Continued) 

University of Georgia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Glassboro State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Gleeson Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Graceland College 

ATTN: Librn 

Grand Forks Public City-County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Grand Rapids Public Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

Greenville County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Guam RFK Memorial University Library 

ATTN: Fed Depository Coil_ 

University of Guam 

ATTN: Librn 

Gustavus Adolphus College 

ATTN: Librn 

South Dakota University 

ATTN: Librn 

Hardin-Simmons University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hartford Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Serials Ret Div 

University of Hawaii Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11 

Hawaii State Library 

ATTN: Fed Dots Unit 

University of Hawaii at Monoa 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Hawaii 

Hilo Campus Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Haydon Burns Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hennepin County Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

Henry Ford Community College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Herbert H. Lehman College 

ATTN: Lib Dots Div 

Hofstra University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Hollins College 

ATTN: Librn 

Hopkinsville Consnunity College 

ATTN: Librn 

Wagner College 

ATTN: Librn 

Universitv of Houston Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Houston Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Tulane University 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Hoyt Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Humboldt State College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Library 

Huntington Park Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hutchinson Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho Public Library & Information Center 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Idaho 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Illinois Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Illinois State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Gov Dots Br 

Illinob;Triiversity at Urbana-Champaign 

: P. Watson Dots Lib 

Illinois Valley Connnunity College 

ATTN: Library 

Illinois State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Indiana State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Serial Set 

Indiana State University 

ATTN: Dots Library 

221 
OTHER (Continued) 

Indiana University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Indianapolis Marion County Public Library 

ATTN: Social Science Div 

Iowa State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

_OTHER (Continued) 

Iowa University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Butler University 

ATTN: Librn 

Isaac Delchdo College 

ATTN: Librn 

James Madison University 

ATTN: Librn 

Jefferson County Public Library 

Lakewood Regional Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Jersey City State College 

ATTN: F. A. Irwin Library Periodicals 

Dot Set 

Johns Hopkins University 

ATTN: Dots Library 

La Roche College 

ATTN: Librn 

Johnson Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kalamazoo Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kansas City Public Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Kansas State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kansas State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Kansas 

ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg) 

University of Texas 

ATTN: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public 

Affairs Library 

Maine Maritime Academy 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Maine 

ATTN: Librn 

Kent State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Kentucky Dept of Library & Archives 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Kentucky 

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg) 

Kenyon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lake Forest College . 

ATTN: Librn 

Lake Sumter Community College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lakeland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lancaster Regional Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lawrence University 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Dots & Map Set 

Lewis University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Library and Statutory Dist & Svc 

2 cy ATTN: Librn 

Earlham College 

ATTN: Librn 

Little Rock Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Long Beach Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Los Angeles Public Library 

ATTN: Serials Div U.S. Dots 

Louisiana State University 

ATTN: Gov Dot Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Louisville Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Louisville University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hoover Institution 

ATTN: J. Bingham 
CTHER (Continued) PTHER (Continued) 

Michigan Tech University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept 

University of Michigan 

ATTN: Acq Set Dots Unit 

Middlebury College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Millersville State College 

ATTN: librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

Milwaukee Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Minneapolis Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Minnesota 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Minot State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Mississippi State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Mississippi 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Missouri University at Kansas City General 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Missouri Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

M.I.T. Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Mobile Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Info Div 

Midwestern University 

ATTN: Librn 

Montana State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Montana State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Montana 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Montebello Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Moorhead State College 

ATTN: Library 

Mt Prospect Public Library 

ATTN: Gov't Info Ctr 

Manchester City Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Mankato State College 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

University of Maine at Farmington 

ATTN: Dir of [Libraries 

Marathon County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Principia College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: McKeldin Library Dots Div 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Massachusetts 

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11 

Maui Public Library 

KahullJi Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

McNeese State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library & 

Information Center 

ATTN: Librn 

Memphis State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Mercer University 

ATTN: Librn 

Mesa County Public 

ATTN: Librn 

Library 

Miami Dade Community College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Miami Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

Miami Public Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Miami University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Santa Clara 

ATTN: Dots Div, 

Michigan State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Michig;;T;;at;,;;;versity Library 

MurrayA:+;te University Lfbrary 

; Lib 

223 
OTHER (Continued) 

Nassau Library System 

ATTN: Librn 

Natrona County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Nebraska Library Community 

Nebraska Public Clearinghouse 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Nebraska at Omaha 

ATTN: Univ Lib Dots 

Nebraska Western College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Nebraska 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Nebraska Library 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

University of Nevada Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Oept 

University of Nevada at Las Vegas 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

New Hampshire University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New Hanover County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New Mexico State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New Mexico State University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Div 

University of New Mexico 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of New Orleans Library 

ATTN: GOV Dots Oiv 

New Orleans Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New York Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New York State Library 

ATTN: Dots Control Cultural Ed Ctr 

State University of New York at Stony Brook 

ATTN: Main Lib Dots Set 

State University of New York Co1 Memorial Lib 

at Cortland 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Lib Oocs Set 

North Texas State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

DTHER (Continued1 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Librn 

New York State University 

ATTN: Dots Ctr 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

New York University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Newark Free Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Newark Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Niagara Falls Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Nicholls State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Nieves M. Flares Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Norfolk Public Library 

ATTN: R. Parker 

North Carolina Agricultural E Tech State 

University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Charlotte 

ATTN: Atkins Lib Dot Dept 

University Library of North Carolina at Greensboro 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Wilmington 

ATTN: Librn 

North Carolina Central University 

ATTN: Librn 

North Carolina State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina 

ATTN: BA SS Div Dots 

North Dakota State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

University of North Dakota 

ATTN: Librn 

North Georgia College 

ATTN: Librn 

Minnesota Div cf Emergency 

ATTN: Librn 

svcs 

224 
!THER (Continued) 

Northeast Missouri State UniversitY 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern Oklahoma State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern University 

ATTN: Dodge Library 

Northern Arizona University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Northern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northern Michigan University 

ATTN: Dots 

Norther,n Montana College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern Michigan College 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Norwalk Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Notre Dame 

ATTN: Dot Ctr 

Oakland Community College 

ATTN: Librn 

Oakland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Oberlin College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ocean County College 

ATTN: Librn 

Ohio State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ohio State University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Div 

Ohio University Library 

ATTN: Oocs Dept 

Oklahoma City University Library 

GTTN: Librn 

Oklahoma City University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Oklahoma Department of Libraries 

ATTN: U.S. Gov Dots 

University of Oklahoma 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Old Dominion University 

ATTN: Dot Dept Univ Lib 

Olivet College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Omaha Public Library Clark Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

Onondaga County Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Set 

Oregon State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Oregon 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Ouachita Baptist University 

ATTN: Librn 

Pan American University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Passaic Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Queens College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Pennsylvania State Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Set 

Pennsylvania State University 

ATTN: Lib Dot Set 

University of Pennsylvania 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Denver 

ATTN: Penrose Library 

Peoria Public Library 

ATTN: Business, Science & Tech Dept 

Free Library of Philadelphia 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Philipsburg Free Public Library 

ATTN: Library 

Phoenix Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Dots Office, G8 

Plainfield Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

225 
OTHER (Continued) 

Popular Creek Public Library District 

ATTN: Librn 

Association of Portland Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Portland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Portland State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Pratt Institute Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Louisiana Tech University 

ATTN: Librn 

Princeton University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Providence College 

ATTN: Librn 

Providence Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library Cincinnati & Hamilton County 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Dot & Maps Room 

Purdue University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Quinebaug Valley Comnunity College 

ATTN: Librn 

Auburn University 

ATTN: Microforms & Dots Dept 

Rapid City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Reading Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Reed College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Augusta College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Rhode Island Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Oft 

University of Rhode 

ATTN: Dir of 

Rice University 

ATTN: Dir of 

Island 

Libraries 

Libraries 

OTHER (Continued) 

Richland County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Riverside Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Rochester Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Rutgers Camden Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of Rutgers 

ATTN: Librn 

Rutgers University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Rutgers University Law Library 

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept 

Salem College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Samford University 

ATTN: Librn 

San Antonio Public Library 

ATTN: Bus Science & Tech Dept 

San Diego County Library 

ATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions 

San Diego Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

San Diego State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

San Francisco Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

San Francisco State College 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Co11 

San Jose State College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

San Luis Obispo City-County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Savannah Public & Effingham Liberty Regional 

Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Scottsbluff Public Librarv 

ATTN: Librn 

Scranton Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Seattle Public Librarv 

ATTN: Ref Dots Asst 

Louisiana College 

ATTN: Librn 
OTHER (Continued) ?ItiER (Continued1 

Selby Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Shawnee Library System 

ATTN. Librn 

Shreve Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Silas Bronson Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Sioux City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

SkIdmore College 

ATTN: Librn 

Slippery Rock State College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

South Carolina State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Librn 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

South Dakota School of Mines & Technical Library 

ATTN: Librn 

South Dakota State Library 

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept 

University of South Dakota 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

South Florida University 

ATTN: Librn 

Southeast Missouri State 

ATTN: Librn 

Library 

University 

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Southern Alabama 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern California University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Southern Connecticut State College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Dots Ctr 

Southern Methodist University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Southern Mississippi 

ATTN: Library 

Southern Oregon College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern University in New Orleans Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Utah State College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Southwest Missouri State College 

ATTN: Library 

University of Southwestern Louisiana Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Southwestern University 

ATTN: Librn 

Spokane Public Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

Sprinafield Citv Librarv 

<ATTN: Dots Set - 

St 

St 

St 

St 

St 

Bonaventure University 

ATTN: Librn 

Joseph Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lawrence University 

ATTN: Librn 

Louis Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Paul Public Library 

ATTN: Librn. 

Stanford University Library 

ATTN. Gov Dots Dept 

State Historical Sot Library 

ATTN: Dots Serials Set 

State Library of Massachusetts 

ATTN. Librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Librn 

Stetson University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Steubenville 

ATTN: Librn 

Stockton & San Joaquin Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Stockton State College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Albion College 

ATTN: Gov Dots Librn 

227 
OTHER (Continued1 

Superior Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Swarthmore College Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

Syracuse University Library 

ATTN: Dots Oiv 

Tacoma Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hillsborough County Public Library at Tampa 

ATTN': Librn 

Temple University 

ATTN: Librn 

Tennessee Technological University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Tennessee 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

College of Idaho 

ATTN: Librn 

Texas A & M University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Texas at Arlington 

ATTN: Library Dots 

University of Texas at San Antonio 

ATTN: Library 

Texas Christian University 

ATTN: Librn 

Texas State Library 

ATTN: U.S. Dots Set 

Texas Tech University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Texas University at Austin 

ATTN: Dots co11 

University of Toledo Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Toledo Public Library 

ATTN: Social Science Dept 

Torrance Civic Center Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Traverse City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Trenton Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Trinity College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Trinity University Library 

ATTN: Dots Co11 

DTHER (Continued) 

Tufts University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Tulsa 

ATTN: Librn 

UCLA Research Library 

ATTN: Pub Affairs Svc/U.S. Dots 

Uniformed Services University of the Health 

Sciences 

ATTN: LRC Library 

University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

University of Maine at Oreno 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Northern Iowa 

ATTN: Library 

Upper Iowa College 

ATTN: Dots Cell 

Utah State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Special Collections 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

ATTN: Dept of Pharmacology 

Utica Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Valencia Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Valparaiso University 

ATTN: Librn 

Vanderbilt University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Set 

University of Vermont 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Virginia Commonwealth University 

ATTN: Librn 

Virginia Military Institute 

ATTN: Librn 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Virginia State Library 

ATTN: Serials Set 

University of Virginia 

ATTN: Pub Dots 

Volusia County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

228 
OTHER (Continued) 

Washington State Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Washington State University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Set 

Washington University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

University of Washington 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Wayne State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wayne State University Law Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Weber State College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wesleyan University 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

West Chester State College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

West Covina Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of West Florida 

ATTN: Librn 

West Hills Conunity College 

ATTN: Library 

West Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

West Virginia College of Grad Studies Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of West Virginia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Westerly Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Carolina University 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Illinois University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Washington University 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Wyoming Comnunity College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Westmoreland City Community College 

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr 

DTHER (Continued) 

Whitman College 

ATTN: Librn 

Wichita State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Williams & Mary College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Emporia Kansas State College 

ATTN: Gov Dots Div 

William College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wlllimantic Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Winthrop College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Wisconsin at Whitewater 

ATTN: Gov Dots Lib 

University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee 

ATTN: Lib Dots 

University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Wisconsin at Platteville 

ATTN: Dot Unit Lib 

University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

Worcester Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wright State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Librn 

Wyoming State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Wyoming 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Yale University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Yeshiva University 

ATTN: Librn 

Yuma City County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Simon ;;:l;l0b Mem Lib, Columbus Co1 

: Librn 

229 
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS -~ 

Advanced Research & Applications Corp 

ATTN: H. Lee 

JAVCOR 

ATTN: A. Nelson 

10 cy ATTN: Health & Environment Div 

Kaman Tempo 

AlTN: DASIAC 

ATTN: E. Martin 

Kaman Tempo 

ATTN: R. Miller 

Science Applications, Inc 

JKB Associates Div 

10 cy ATTN: L. Novotney 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued) 

Kaman Tempo 

ATTN: C. Jones 

National Academy of Sciences 

ATTN: C. Robinette 

ATTN: Med Follow-up Agency 

ATTN: Nat Mat Advisory Bd 

Pacific-Sierra Research Corp 

ATTN: H. Brode, Chairman SAGE 

Science Applications, Inc 

.ATTN: Tech Lib 

R & D Associates 

ATTN: P. Haas 

2 :3 0 

‘:I. :*.: 

--’ .- 

c 

. . .