United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit



## FILED

October 13, 2005

Charles R. Fulbruge III

Clerk REVISED OCTOBER 18, 2005

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FIFTH CIRCUIT

____________

No. 04-70052

____________

HUMBERTO LEAL,

Petitioner-Appellant,

versus

DOUG DRETK

E, DIRECTOR, TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF

CRIMINAL JUSTICE, CO RRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS

DIVISION,

Respondent-Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court

For the Western District of Texas

Before GARZA, DeMOSS, and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.

EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judge:

Co nvict ed of capital murder and sentenced to death, Humberto Leal, Jr. petitions for a

Certificate of Appealability (“COA”) from the denial of his petition for federal habeas corpus relief.

Leal claims that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance and that the Texas capital sentencing

scheme’s special issues are unconstitutionally vague.-2- I

The tragic final hours of sixteen-year-old Adrea Sauceda’s life started at an outdoor party in

San Antonio, Texas. A witness observed Sauceda, apparently intoxicated and partially undressed,

in the middle of a circle of men who were taking turns “on top of her.” Another witness testified that

an unidentified male invited him to have intercourse with Sauceda. The same witness testified that

he later observed another man carrying a disoriented Sauceda to a truck, where he “had his way with

her.” On direct appeal, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals summarized the evidence of the events

that followed:

The twenty-three-year-old appellant [ Leal] was also at the

party. At some point the intoxicated but conscious victim was placed

in appellant’s car. Appellant and the victim left together in appellant’s

car.

About thir t y minutes later, appellant’s brother arrived at the

party in a car which came to a screeching halt. Appellant’s brother

was very excited or hysterical. Appellant’s brother started yelling to

th e peo ple left at the party, “What the hell happened!” Appellant’s

bro t her was yelling that appellant came home with blood on him

saying he had killed a girl. Witnesses Torres and Ortega were present

when appellant’s brother made these statement s. Shortly thereafter

appellant’s brother left in a rush.

Sev eral o f the party members went looking for the victim in

the same area where the party was. They found her nude body lying

face-up o n a dirt road. They noticed the victim’s head had been

bashed in and it was bleeding. Her head was flinching or jerking.

These party members called the police.

When the police arrived, they saw the nude victim lying on her

back. There was a 30 to 40 pound asphalt rock roughly twice the size

of the vict im’s skull lying partially on the vict im’s left arm. Blood was

u nderneath this rock. A smaller rock with blood on it was located

near the vict im’s right thigh. There was a gaping hole from the corner-3- of the vict im’s right e ye ext ending to the center of her head from

which blood wa s o o zing. The victim’s head was splattered with

blood.

There was a bloody and broken stick approximately 14 to 16

inches long with a screw at the end of it protruding from the vict im’s

vagina. Another 4 to 5 inch piece of the stick was lying to the left side

of the vict im’s skull. The police made a videotape of the crime scene

portions of which were admitted into evidence.

Lat er t hat day, the police questioned appellant. Appellant

gave two voluntary statements. In appellant’s first statement he said

he was with the victim in his car when she began hitting him and the

steering wheel causing him to hit a curb. Appellant attempted to calm

her down but the v ict im leaped from appellant’s car and ran away.

Appellant claimed he sa t in his car and waited about ten or fifteen

minute s to see if the victim would return and when she did not he

went home.

After giving this statement, appellant was informed that his

brother had als o given a statement. Appellant then gave another

statement. In this statement, appellant claimed he followed the victim

when she got out of his car and ran away. Appellant claimed the

victim attacked him. Appellant pushed her and she fell to the ground.

When she did not get up appellant attempted to wake her but could

not. He then looked at her nose and saw bubbles. Appellant stated

he got scar e d, went home, prayed on the side of his mom’s bed and

t o ld family members what had happened, claiming it was just an

accident. After giving this statement an officer gave appellant a ride

home.

The po lice searched appellant’s house. The police seized a

blouse which containe d several blood stains, hair and fibers. This

blouse was later identified as belonging to the vict im. The police also

seized ap pellant’s clothing from the night before. Appellant was

arrested later that afternoon at his home.

Appellant’s car was also impounded. The police conducted

Luminol tests of the passenger door to determine whether any blood

was evident. Blood stains were discovered on the passenger door and

seat. Detectives testified that the blood stains were streaked in a

downward motion, i ndicating that the blood had been wiped off.

There was insufficient residue to conduct a blood typing of the stains-4- on the vehicle. Ot her DNA evidence was found on the underwear

appellant was wearing that night. That evidence consisted of blood as

well as bodily fluid. The DNA test did not preclude the victim’s blood

type from the evidence tested.

Dr. DiMaio, the medical examiner who performed the autopsy,

t est ified about the victim’s injuries and cause of death. DiMaio

testified that even though the victim was intoxicated when she

received her injuries, she would have b een aware of what was

happening to her. In addition to the victim’s massive head injuries,

DiMaio testified about injuries the victim received to her chest and

shoulder which were consistent with having been inflict ed by the stick

found in the vict im’s vagina. DiMaio also testified about the defensive

wounds the victim received to her hands trying to protect herself from

some object. DiMaio also testified the victim was alive when the stick

was placed in her vagina. The victim’s neck also contained injuries

consistent with manual strangulation.

DiMaio testified the victim received some of her injuries while

s tanding up. The victim received her head injuries while lying flat

. The injuries to the vict im’s head were due to blow s from the front.

These injuries were inconsistent with a fall. The victim’s head injuries

were consistent with the victim lyi ng on t he ground with somebody

standing over her striking her. DiMaio testified the large rock could

have delivered the injuries to the vict im’s head. Based on the injuries

to the vict im’s head, DiMaio testified the victim would had to have

be en st ruck with the rock two or three times. DiMaio testified the

victi m died from blunt force trauma injuries to the head. DiMaio

could not say for certain that the rock caused the injuries. He testified

the victim was beaten about the face with a blunt object or more than

one object which could have b een t he rock or something else. On

cross-examination, DiMaio testified that one blow from the rock could

have caused the victim’s death.

DiMaio also testified about bite marks he found on the vict im’s

le ft cheek, t he right side of her neck and the left side of her chest.

Another witness co mpared the bite marks on the victim’s chest and

neck with dental impressions of appellant’s teeth. They matched.

The State’s indictment charged that Leal killed Sauceda while in the course of and attempting either

to kidnap her or to commit aggravated sexual assault. Leal was convicted and, after a separate-5-

punishment phase, sentenced to death. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed Leal’s

conviction and sentence on direct appeal. After conducting an evidentiary hearing, the trial court

recommended that Le al’s application for habeas relief be denied, and the Texas Court of Criminal

Appeals so ordered. The federal district court denied Leal’s petition for federal habeas corpus relief

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 and sua sponte denied a COA.

II

To obtain a COA, Leal must make a “ subst ant ial showing of the denial of a constitutional

right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). To satisfy this standard, he “must demonstrate that reasonable jurists

would find the district court’s assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong.” Slack v.

McDaniel

, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). “[A] claim can be debatable even though every jurist of reason

might agree, after the COA has been grant e d and the case has received full consideration, that

petitioner will not prevail.” Miller-El v. Cockrell

, 537 U.S. 322, 338 (2003). “The question is the

debatability of the underlying constitution al claim, not the resolution of that debate.” I d

. at 342.

While the nature of a capital case is not of itself sufficie nt to warrant the issuance of a COA, i n a

death penal

t y case “any doubts as to whether a COA should issue must be resolved in [the

petitioner’s] favor.” Hernandez v. Johnson

, 213 F.3d 243, 248 (5th Cir. 2000) (ci ti ng C lark v.

Johnson , 202 F.3d 760, 764 (5th Cir. 2000)).

In determining whether a COA should be granted, we remain cognizant of th e standard of

review imposed upon the district court by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act

(“AEDPA”). A district court may grant habeas relief only if it determines that the state court’s

adjudication “resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of,

clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court” or “in a decision that was based1 Attorneys Vincent D. Callahan and Jose M. Guerrero represented Leal at trial. Callahan

had both trial and appellate experience in capital cases.

-6- on an unreasonable determination of the facts in ligh t of t he evidence presented in the State court

proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. §§ 2254(d)(1), (2). The state court’s findings of fact are ent it led t o a

presumption of correctness and the petitioner may o vercome that presumption only by clear and

convincing evidence. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).

III

Leal argues that the state and federal habeas courts failed to consider his counsel’s 1 duty to

investigate and the cumulative effect of counsel’s deficiencies. He do es not, however, explain for

which of his ineffective assistance claims he seeks a COA. We limit our consideration to those claims

that Leal briefed in at least some appreciable manner: counsel’s failure to (1) adequately investigate

and contest the State’s DNA evidence; (2) challenge the State’s luminol evidence; (3) challenge the

State’s evidence regarding bite marks on Sauceda’s body; (4) investigate and present the testimony

of Leal’s family members; and (5) present certain physical evidence. S ee Martin v. Cain , 246 F.3d

471, 475 n.1 (5th Cir. 2001) (refusing to consi der claims not briefed even though the petitioner

requested a COA with respect to the “full range” of his ineffective assistance claims).

To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, Leal must demonstrate both that his counsel’s

performance was deficient and that the deficiency prejudiced his defense. S ee Strickland v.

Washington

, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). To show deficient performance, Leal must demonstrate that

“counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not function ing as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the

defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” Id

. Performance is prejudicial only if, but for counsel’s errors,

there is a reasonable probability that the final result would have been different and confidence in the-7-

reliabilit y of the verdict has been undermined. L ittle v. Johnson , 162 F.3d 855, 860-61 (5th Ci r.

1998). Failure to prove either prong will defeat an ineffective assistance claim. G reen v. Johnson

,

160 F.3d 1029, 1035 (5th Cir. 1998). We begin wit h t he presumption that counsel has rendered

adequate assistance and made al l significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional

judgment. See Strickland , 466 U.S. at 689-90.

A

The State presented expert testimony at trial that blood found on Leal’s underwear could have

come from Sauceda, but could not have come from either Leal or his girlfriend. Leal petitioned for

habeas corpus relief on the ground that his counsel failed to: (1) request the appointment of a DNA

expert; (2) interview before trial or quest ion on voir dire the prosecution’s DNA experts; and (3)

adequately cross-examine the State’s experts.

The state habeas court found that Leal gave his trial counsel differing versions of the relevant

events, including one in which Leal admitted that he had unintentionally caused Sauceda’s death and

then sat down on top of her while attempting to revive her. The court held that, in light of Leal’s

statements, trial counsel’s decision not to further contest the prosecution’s DNA evidence did not

constitute ineffective assistance. The court further held that Leal had failed to satisfy the prejudice

prong of Strickland

. Applying the AEDPA st andard, the federal district court concluded that the

state court’s application of both prongs of the Strickland test was objectively reasonable.

Reasonable jurist s could not debate the district court’s conclusion that the state court was

objectively reasonable in holding that Leal failed to satisfy Strickland’s prejudice prong. Leal’s DNA

expert, Dr. Tryon, testified that the DNA results obtained from the examination of Leal’s underwear,

while consistent with Sauceda’s blood, were not definitive. The court found that the expert’s2 Because we conclude that reasonable jurists could not debate the district court’s conclusion

that Leal failed to demonstrate prejudice, we do not reach Leal’s claim of deficient performance. S ee

Strickland

, 466 U.S. at 697 (“[A] court need not determine whet her counsel’s performance was

deficient before examining the prejudice suffered by the defendant as a result of the alleged

deficiencies.”). We therefore need not address Leal’s argument that the state court ’s ineffective

assistance analysis failed to consider defense counsel’s duty to conduct adequate investigation.

-8- testimony was not inconsistent with the trial testimony of the State’s DNA experts. As the district

court noted, while Dr. Tryon questioned the State’s testing procedures and the definitiveness of the

results, the testimony did not show that the appointment of a DNA expert, or pre-trial interview or

voir dire questioning of the State’s witnesses, would likely have resulted in either the development

of exculpatory evidence or the exclusion of State evidence. Further, any arguable weakening of the

State’s DNA evidence resulting from testimony questioning the testing procedures must be viewed

in light of the totality of t h e evidence the State produced at trial. S ee United States v. Royal

, 972

F.2d 643, 651 (5th Cir. 1992) (holding that overwhelming evidence of guilt supported conclusion that

defendant had not been prejudiced by counsel’s performance). After reviewing Dr. Tryon’s testimony

and the t rial record, we are convinced that reasonable jurists could not debate the district court’s

conclusion that, in light of the evidence produced at trial, the state court’s conclusion that Leal failed

to satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland was objectively reasonable. 2

B

San Antonio Police Officer Warren Titus testified at Leal’s trial that testing of the interior of

Leal’s car indicated the presence of blood in several locations in a manner consistent with someone

being seated when the blood was transferred. The state habeas court found that prosecutors relied

on the luminol results as evidence that Leal kidnaped Sauceda. Leal, in turn, testified that his father

had used the car to go deer huntin g and that this fact might explain the presence of blood in the-9-

vehicle. Leal argues that his counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to: (1) cross-examine

Titus; (2) interview Titus before trial or conduct a voir dire examination; or (3) seek appointment of

a defense expert on the issue.

At the state habeas co rpus hearing, Leal questioned Titus on his understanding of luminol

testing. Titus testified that, at the time of the habeas hearing, he had conducted at least a dozen

luminol tests on vehicles. Responding to questions from Leal, Titus testified that he was aware that

luminol was only a presumptive test, but was unsure whether luminol reacted with the hemoglobin

in blood or reacted better with fresh or decomposed blood. He testified that luminol could react with

substances other than blood, but explained that time-lapse photography could establish whether

luminol was reacting to blood or a substance such as bleach. Finally, Titus testified that he did not

know whether luminol reacted with animal blood. The state habeas court found that Leal had not

presented any evidence that his father had recently killed a deer or placed a dead animal in the car,

the car was tested only days after the murder, deer hunt ing was not lawful in South Texas in the

Spring (the murder having occurred in May), and Leal gave his counsel varying accounts of his time

with Sauceda, including one in which Leal admitted that there had been a struggle inside the car. The

court concluded that counsel’s actions did not constitute ineffective assistance and that Leal had failed

to dem onstrate prejudice. The district court concluded that the state court had reasonably applied

both prongs of the Strickland test.

Reasonable jurists could not debate the d ist rict court’s determination. Leal introduced no

evidence that interviewing Titus prior to trial or cross-examination during trial would have produced

evidence suggesting that Titus performed the luminol tests in an unreliable manner or that Titus’s

testimony was misleading. Leal’s claim that effective counsel might have been able to exclude Titus’s-10-

testimony based on his testimony at the habeas hearing is wholly unsubstantiated. Leal also presented

the state habeas court with no new expert testimony or other evidence suggesting that a courtappointed defense expert would have benefitted Leal at trial.

C

The State also introduced evidence during the guilt phase of Leal’s trial that bite marks on

Sauceda’s body matched Leal’s teeth. Leal sought habeas corpus relief on the ground that his trial

counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to interview the State’s expert regarding the bitemark evidence and by failing to seek appointment of a defense expert on the issue. The state habeas

court found that one of Leal’s counsel consulted with a dentist, Dr. Jose Aguirre, concerning the bitemark evidence and that the dentist’s conclusions were consis tent with those of the State’s dental

expert. The court concluded t hat counsel’s performance was not deficient and that Leal had not

demonstrated prejudice. The federal habeas court found objectively reasonable the state court’s

application of both prongs of the Strickland test.

Reasonable jurists could not debate the district court’s holding with regard to the performance

p rong of Leal’s Strickland claim. Leal’s claim that his counsel failed to conduct any investigation

pr io r t o t rial is, particularly with respect to this claim, insupportable in light of the record. Leal’s

counsel consulted a dent ist regarding the bite marks on Sauceda’s body and the State expert’s

co nclusions, and effectively cross-examined the State’s expert on the bite-mark evidence. Leal

introduced no evidence at the state habeas hearing showing that Dr. Aguirre was unqualified to render

an opinion regarding the bite marks found on Sauceda’s body. To the contrary, Leal’s expert testified

during t he st ate habeas hearing that every dentist is competent to give an opinion regarding bite

marks. In light of Dr. Aguirre’s conclusion, reasonable jurists could not debate the conclusion that-11-

the state court reasonably applied federal law in determining that trial counsel’s actions did not fall

to the level of deficient performance.

D

Leal alleges that his counsel provided ineffective assistance in not calling members of his

family to testify. Specifically, Leal argues his counsel should have called his brother, Gaulberto, and

sister, Nancy Leal Sanchez, to testify that they saw other party -goers wi t h blo od stains on their

clothes and in possession of Sauceda’s purse. He also argues counsel should have called his father,

Humberto Leal, Sr., to testify that he found Sauceda’s blouse outside their home after the murder and

mistakenly thought it belonged to a family member (thus explaining its presence in the Leal home),

t hat he saw no blood on the car the morning after the murder, and that he used the car for deer

hunting. Finally, Leal claims his counsel should have called his mother, Maria Francesca Garcia de

Leal, to corroborate his father’s story regarding the blouse.

All four family members testified at the state habeas proceeding. The court found Nancy Leal

Sanchez’s testimony not credible based on discrepancies in her affidavit and testimony, and that none

o f t he family members had told Leal’s counsel about other men at the party having blood on t heir

clothes. The court concluded that Leal had not satisfied the prejudice prong of S trickla n d

. The

federal habeas court found the state court’s conclusion objectively reasonable.

After reviewing the testimony at the state habeas hearing, we find that reasonable jurists could

not debate the district court’s resolution of this issue. As the district court noted,

had Nancy t est ified at [Leal’s] trial in the same manner that she

testified at [his] state habeas corpus hearing, an a stute prosecutor

c o uld have used her testimony to further inculpate [Leal].

Furthermore, Gualberto’s affidavit, in t roduced and admitted into

evidence during [Leal’s] state habeas corpus proceeding, would have-12- furnished the prosecution with further evidence to impeach

Gualberto’s claims that [Leal] never confessed to having killed a girl.

Further, Leal’s parents’ testimony regarding Sauceda’s blouse fails to explain how Sauceda’s blouse

came to be in front of the Leal home, given Leal’s testimony that he left Sauceda unconscious and

fully-clothed blocks from his home. Finally, Leal presented no evidence that his father had recently

placed a dead animal in the car, or that his father had cleaned any animal blood from the interior of

the car. In light of the other evidence introduced at trial, reasonable jurists could no t debat e t he

court’s conclusion that “[t]here is simply no reasonable probability that, but for the failure [to call

Leal’s family members,] the outcom e of either phase of petitioner’s trial would have been any

different.”

E

Leal next argues that his t rial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to present

available evidence showing that: (1) no fingerprints could be obtained from the stick that was inserted

in Sauceda’s vagina; (2) no spermatozoa cells were found on an anal swab taken during Sauceda’s

autopsy; and (3) pubic and head hair found on Sauceda’s body did not match Leal.

The state court concluded that Leal had failed to demonstrate ineffective assistance of

c o unsel, and the federal district court found this holding an objectively reasonable application of

Strickland

. The federal court noted that Leal had no t alleged any specific facts showing that the

absence of fingerprints was exculpatory or mit igating in nature and found that, given the

overwhelmi ng evidence of Leal’s guilt, there was no reasonable probability that the absence of

ident ifiable fingerprints would have any impact at either phase of Leal’s trial. The court also observed

t hat Texas Department of Public Safety serologist Donna Stanley had testified at Leal’s trial that

,-13-

when she examined the anal swabs under a microscope, she was unable to identify any sperm cells.

Finally, with regard to the hair found on Sauceda, the court noted that Leal offered the state habeas

court no e vidence that any subsequent examination, identification, or comparison of the hairs was

undertaken by any person. The district court also correctly observed that the hair found on Sauceda,

even if Leal could show it came from one of the other party-goers, is consistent with the evidence

presented at trial that other men had engaged in or attempted intercourse with Sauceda at the party.

Thus, the court reasoned, Leal had not demonstrated any possible benefit would have resulted had

his t rial co unsel further investigated the hair evidence. Reasonable jurists could not debate the

conclusion that these alleged deficiencies do not satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland

.

F

Leal further requests a COA on his claim that the cumulative errors of his trial counsel denied

him his Sixth Amendment right to counsel, arguing that the state and federal habeas courts failed to

consider the prejudice resulting from his couns el’s alleged deficiencies globally rather than in

isolation. Contrary to Leal’s claim, both the state habeas court and federal district court considered

and rejected his argument that “the totality of the circumstances in Mr. Leal’s case reveals that both

prongs of the Strickland test were met.”

Even assuming that Leal has satisfied Strickland ’s deficient performance prong with respect

to all t he abo ve-analyzed claims save the dental evidence, reasonable jurists could not debate the

district court’s determination that the state court rejection of Leal’s claim was objectively reasonable.

The prosecution’s evidence at the guilt phase o f Leal’s trial was overwhelming. Leal was the last

perso n seen with Sauceda before her death, driving her away in his father’s car. A State witness

testified that Leal claimed that he knew Sauceda and her family and would take her home and explain-14-

things to her family. Sauceda’s nude, bloodied body was found shortly after Leal’s brother and sister

made a frantic appearance at the party, with Leal’s brother stating that Leal had claimed to have killed

a girl. Leal admitted to police that he fought with Sauceda and pushed her down, that she fell and

did not get up, and that he abandoned her while she was unconscious and bleeding from the head.

For ensic dental evidence strongly suggested that Leal had bitten Sauceda’s body. The autopsy

revealed massive injuries inconsistent with Leal’s version of events and suggesting a deliberate and

violent assault. Sauceda’s state of undress and the stick inserted into her vagina obviously indicate

that she was the v ict im o f a sexual assault. Luminol testing suggested that blood had been wiped

from inside Leal’s car and was consiste nt wit h a person sitting in the passenger seat. Sauceda’s

blouse was found in Leal’s home, and DNA evidence suggested that blood foun d on Leal’s

underwear could have come from Sauceda, but not from Leal or his girlfriend. The evidence of

prejudice Leal produced at his state habeas hearing is simply insufficient to make debatable the district

court’s refusal to grant federal habeas relief.

IV

In addit io n to his ineffective assistance of counsel claims, Leal also argues that the Texas

capital sentencing scheme’s special issue s are unconstitutionally vague because they fail to define

certain words and phrases, including “probability,” “criminal acts of violence,” and “continuing threat

to society.” The state habeas court found this claim had previously been addressed in Leal’s direct

appeal, and was therefore not cognizable in a post-conviction petition for writ of habeas corpus. The

court also noted that Leal’s argument conflicted with clearly established state and federal law. The

federal district court concluded that Leal’s argument was fore clo sed by Supreme Court and Fifth

Circuit precedent, and was also foreclosed by the non-retroactivity doctrine of Teague v. Lane

, 489-15-

U.S. 288 (1989).

This court has already rejected the arguments Leal makes regarding the terms employed in

the Texas capital sentencing scheme. S ee Hughes

, 191 F.3d at 615 (holding that the term

“probability,” as used in the Texas capital sentencing special issues, does not require definition); West

v. Johnson

, 92 F.3d 1385, 1406 (5th Cir. 1996) (reje ct ing claim t hat the Texas capital sentencing

scheme special issues work as aggravating factors and therefore require detailed definitions of the

terms employed therein); Woods v. Johnson

, 75 F.3d 1017, 1033-34 (5th Cir. 1996) (rejecti ng

argument that the terms used in the special issues are “aggravating factors” and unconstitutionally

vague absent definition); James v. Coll ins , 987 F.2d 1116, 1120 (5th Cir. 1993) (holding that the

terms “deliberately,” “probability,” “criminal acts of violence,” and “continuing threat to s ociety,”

“have a common-sense core of meaning that criminal juries should be capable of understanding”)

(citation omitted); Milto n v. Procunier , 744 F.2d 1091, 1095-96 (5th Cir. 1984) (“deliberately,”

“probability,” and “criminal acts of violence” “have a plain meaning of sufficient content that the

discretion left to the jury” is “no more than that inherent in the jury system itself”). Reasonable jurists

could not find the district court’s resolution of this issue debatable.

V

For the above stated reasons, Leal’s application for a COA is DENIED.