LOW LEVEL INTERNAL DOSE SCREEN-CONUS TESTS 

Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

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22 December 1986 

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1 TITLE (Include Secwty ~/dssJf~cdtlon~ 

LOW LEVEL INTERNAL DOSE SCREEN- CONUS TESTS 

Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

2.PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) 

Barrett, M.; Goetz, J.; Klemm, .I.; McRaney, W.; Phillips, .J. 

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FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP 

Internal Dose Yuclcar Test Personnel Review 18 3 

6 18 

9 ABSTRACT (Confrnue on reverse If necessary and !dentlfy by block number) 

A methodology is developed wherehy DOD participants in the atmospheric nuclear tests 

program are screened to determine whether they received an internal radiation dose 

commitment less than a sclerted threshold. The methodology is hased on the external 

gamma dose that the participant received from the source that concurrently provided 

the radioactive material to he inhaled. Algorithms are developed to relate the internal dose commitment to external dose parameters. The methodology is used to identify 

those participants by unit or project numher who received a 50-year hone dose commitment of less than 150 millirem. Most participants in the continental testing rereived 

less than this screen threshold. 

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ii 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Section Page 

LIST OF TABLES iv 

1 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 1 

2 METHODOLOGY 4 

2.1 INTRODUCTION 4 

2.2 INHALATION OF RESUSPENDED FALLOUT 5 

2.3 INHALATION OF LOFTED NEUTRON-ACTIVATED 

MATERIAL 20 

2.4 INHALATION OF CLOUD DEBRIS 22 

2.5 INHALATION OF DESCENDING FALLOUT 24 

3 UNITS/PROJECTS WITH BONE DOSE COMMITMENT LESS 

THAN 150 MILLIREM 27 

4 LIST OF REFERENCES 93 

APPENDIX CONUS OPERATION AND SHOT ABBREVIATIONS 94 

. . . 

111 
LIST OF TABLES 

Table Page 

1 Surface 

factors 

activity to radiation 

for fission products 

intensity ratios and 

from selected fission 

composite 

reactions. 

bone dose 

7 

External film 

commitment 

badge dose (rem) 

of 150 millirem. 

equivalent to internal bone dose 

8 

Composite 

(bone) dose 

external film 

commitment 

badge dose (rem) 

of 150 millirem. 

equivalent to internal 

10 

4 Resuspension factors reported in Reactor Safety Study. 11 

5 Resuspension 

contaminated 

factors 

areas. 

for typical DOD participant activities in 

14 

Project TRINITY 

than 150 millirem. 

participants with bone dose commitment less 

32 

Operation 

commitment 

RANGER, scientific project 

less than 150 millirem. 

participants with bone dose 

33 

Operation 

commitment 

RANGER, Air Force support 

less than 150 millirem. 

participants with bone dose 

33 

Operation BUSTER, Desert 

dose commitment less than 

Rock support 

150 millirem. 

participants with bone 

34 

10 Operation 

commitment 

BUSTER, Air Force support 

less than 150 millirem. 

participants with bone dose 

36 

11 Operation 

commitment 

BUSTER, maneuver troops 

less than 150 millirem. 

and observers with bone dose 

36 

12 Operation 

commitment 

BUSTER, AFSWP project 

less than 150 millirem. 

participants with bone dose 

37 

13 Operation JANGLE, Desert 

dose commitment less than 

Rock support 

150 millirem. 

participants with bone 

39 

14 Operation 

commitment 

JANGLE, Air Force support 

less than 150 millirem. 

participants with bone dose 

40 

15 Operation 

commitment 

JANGLE, Desert Rock observers 

less than 150 millirem. 

with bone dose 

40 

16 Operation 

commitment 

JANGLE, AFSWP project 

less than 150 millirem. 

participants with bone dose 

41 

iv 
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 

Table Page 

17 Operation 

with bone 

TUMBLER-SNAPPER, 

dose commitment less 

Desert Rock support 

than 150 millirem. 

personnel 

43 

18 Operation 

with bone 

TUMBLER-SNAPPER, 

dose commitment less 

Air 

than 

Force support 

150 millirem. 

participants 

44 

19 Operation 

with bone 

TUMBLER-SNAPPER, 

dose commitment less 

maneuver troops 

than 150 millirem. 

and observers 

45 

20 Operation 

bone dose 

TUMBLER-SNAPPER, 

commitment less than 

AFSWP project 

150 millirem. 

participants with 

46 

21 Operation 

bone dose 

TUMBLER-SNAPPER, 

commitment less than 

other project 

150 millirem. 

participants with 

50 

22 Operation 

with bone 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

dose commitment less 

Desert Rock support 

than 150 millirem. 

participants 

51 

23 Operation 

with bone 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

dose commitment less 

Air 

than 

Force support 

150 millirem. 

participants 

52 

24 Operation 

commitment 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, observers 

less than 150 millirem. 

with bone dose 

53 

25 Operation 

commitment 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, maneuver 

less than 150 millirem. 

troops with bone dose 

54 

26 Operation 

bone dose 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

commitment less than 

AFSWP project 

150 millirem. 

participants with 

55 

27 Operation 

bone dose 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, 

commitment less than 

other project 

150 millirem. 

participants with 

62 

28 Operation TEAPOT, Desert 

dose commitment less than 

Rock support 

150 millirem. 

participants with bone 

63 

29 Operation 

commitment 

TEAPOT, Air Force support 

less than 150 millirem. 

participants with bone dose 

64 

30 Operation TEAPOT, 

than 150 millirem. 

observers with bone dose commitment less 

65 

31 Operation 

bone dose 

TEAPOT, 

commitment 

maneuver and troop test 

less than 150 millirem. 

participants with 

66 

32 Operation TEAPOT, AFSWP project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 67 
LIST OF TABLES (Concluded) 

Table Page 

33 Operation 

bone dose 

TEAPOT, technical service project 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

participants with 

71 

34 Operation 

bone dose 

TEAPOT, operational training project 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

participants with 

72 

35 Operation PLUMBBOB, Desert Rock support 

dose commitment less than 150 millirem. 

participants with bone 

73 

36 Operation PLUMBBOB, Air Force support 

dose commitment less than 150 millirem. 

participants with bone 

74 

37 Operation PLUMBBOB, 

than 150 millirem. 

observers with bone dose commitment less 

75 

38 Operation PLUMBBOB, maneuver troops 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

with bone dose 

77 

39 Operation PLUMBBOB, service project 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

participants with bone dose 

78 

40 Operation PLUMBBOB, AFSWP project 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

participants with bone dose 

81 

41 Operation HARDTACK 

bone dose commitment 

II, Air Force support participants 

less than 150 millirem. 

with 

86 

42 Operation HARDTACK II, AFSWP project 

dose commitment less than 150 millirem. 

participants with bone 

87 

43 Operation DOMINIC II, Air Force support 

dose commitment less than 150 millirem. 

participants with bone 

88 

44 Operation DOMINIC II, DASA project 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

participants with bone dose 

89 

45 Operation DOMINIC II, Project IVY FLATS participants 

bone dose commitment less than 150 millirem. 

with bone 

92 

vi 
SECTION 1 

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 

From 1945 through 1962, the Atomic Energy Commission tested more than 250 

nuclear weapons/devices primarily at sites in Nevada and in the Pacific Ocean. Over 

200,000 Department of Defense (DOD) personnel were involved in these tests. As a 

result of concern over alleged adverse health effects resulting from exposure to 

ionizing radiation among these participants, the DOD initiated the Nuclear Test 

Personnel Review (NTPR) program in 1977. One of the objectives of this program is to 

compile a roster of all DOD personnel involved in these tests and to ascertain the 

radiation doses they received. 

Considerable progress has been made in the effort to identify the test participants and determine their doses; however, data gaps still exist. It was standard 

practice to issue film badges to all test participants or representative members of 

groups to measure their “external” radiation (primarily gamma) doses. Much film 

badge dosimetry data has been located and entered into the NTPR data base. Only a 

few assessments (e.g. Reference 7) have been made to determine “internal” doses 

resulting from intake of radioactive material. Therefore, such doses must be 

calculated to supplement external dose information in the data base. 

Detailed calculation of the internal dose for each test participant would be an 

overwhelming task; therefore, a method is needed to quickly screen groups of 

participants who were exposed to similar radiological conditions and eliminate those 

who most likely did not receive a significant internal dose. This report describes such 

a method for the pertinent exposure pathways and lists those participants (by project 

or unit) who did not receive a dose greater than a specified screen threshold. This 

method allows for rapid reassessment of internal dose level should additional information surface as to participant activities. 

For purposes of this report, a committed dose equivalent (50-year) of 150 

millirem to the bone is used for the screen threshold. This dose is 1 percent of 

radiation protection guideline (annual limit) for occupational exposure currently 
recommended by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements 

(NCRP). The choice of bone as the indicator organ is reasonable because, according to 

NCRP Report 39, “bone has a unique position as a limiting organ because of the 

experience with radium depositions and the fact that many radionuclides give a much 

higher dose to the skeleton than to other body parts.” Radium is the longest studied of 

the “bone-seekers P ” which include many nuclear fuel and fission product radionuclides. 

Had red bone marrow, the critical organ for leukemia induction, been selected as the 

indicator organ, the results would be essentially the same. The composite bone dose 

conversion factor (rem per microcurie inhaled) based on data presented in Reference 

is slightly higher than the composite red marrow factor based on Reference 2. 

This report addresses DOD participation in the atmospheric nuclear tests 

conducted within the continental United States (CONUS) at the Nevada Test Site 

(NTS), and in New Mexico. The oceanic tests that occurred principally at the Pacific 

Proving Ground (PPG) will be covered in a subsequent report. A distinction between 

the continental and oceanic tests is that residence ships and islands in the PPC were 

sometimes subjected to fallout. Therefore, the PPG assessments consider the 

“chronic” exposures due to residence in contaminated areas as well as the “acute” 

exposures that resulted from activities on contaminated shot islands and target ships. 

Since foodstuffs could be contaminated from fallout on the residence islands/ships, 

both ingestion and inhalation pathways must be considered in the oceanic internal dose 

assessments. In contrast, the residence areas of the NTS were virtually free of 

contamination, and eating was prohibited in contaminated test areas; therefore, this 

report considers only the inhalation pathway. If exceptions to the eating prohibition 

are noted, the analysis must be augmented. 

The results contained in this report are summarized as follows: 

0 Most DOD participants in continental nuclear testing received a 50-year 

bone dose commitment less than the screen threshold of 150 mrem. 

0 Airbursts provided the least potential for internal dose, followed by tower 

shots. 

2 

1 
0 Participants at near-surface and shallow underground bursts who encountered the high concentration of contaminants in the shot area may have 

received bone dose commitments greater than the screen threshold. 

0 Almost all activities conducted in the radiation fields of very low yield 

bursts resulted in a potential for internal dose in excess of the screen 

threshold. 
SECTION 2 

METHODOLOGY 

2.1 INTRODUCTION. 

Few body burden measurements, bioassays, or air sampling data are available to 

calculate the committed dose equivalent (hereafter termed “dose commitment”) to 

specific body organs resulting from inhaled radioactive material. Therefore, an 

indirect approach is necessary. Usually, the only indicators of the radiological 

environment to which test participants were exposed are gamma radiation intensities 

as measured by a survey meter or integrated external doses determined from film 

badges. Fortunately, such measurements can be related to an airborne activity 

concentration of radioactive material that can be used to calculate an internal organ 

dose commitment using the following equation: 

D=AAxBRxTxDF (1) 

where: D = 50-year internal dose commitment (rem) to the organ 

AA = Airborne activity concentration (Ci/m3) of radioactive 

material 

BR = Breathing rate (m3/hr) 

T = Duration of exposure (hr) 

DF = Inhalation Dose Conversion Factor* (rem/Ci) for the organ. 

There are three basic scenarios for the inhalation of radioactive material by 

nuclear test personnel: 

0 Inhalation of fallout particles that were deposited on the ground or other 

surfaces and resuspended by mechanical or natural disturbances. 

0 Inhalation of neutron-induced radioactivity in the soil (or other material) 

that had been lofted into the air by mechanical or natural disturbances. 

*Dose conversion factors have been published to convert the intake of various 

radionuclides to a 50-year dose commitment to specific body organs. The particle size 

and the chemical and metabolic properties of the specific radionuclide are considered 

in the calculation of inhalation dose factors (References 1 and 2). 

4 
0 Inhalation of radioactive material contained in the nuclear cloud or 

descending fallout. Obviously the former case would be limited to aircrews 

who flew through the cloud. 

2.2 INHALATION OF RESUSPENDED FALLOUT. 

In the case of inhalation of resuspended fallout, the airborne concentration of 

radioactive material is calculated through the application of a resuspension factor, 

K(m-1) which correlates the airborne activity concentration, AA (Ci/m3), to the 

amount of radioactive material on the ground or other surface, SA (Ci/m2), under a 

given set of conditions. The surface activity (SA) is not directly measured; however, it 

can be related to a gamma radiation intensity, I (R/hr), measured at a given distance 

(1 meter) above the surface. The ratio SA/I (Ci/mL per R/hr) is a function of the 

gamma energy spectrum of the time-dependent mixture of radionuclides on the 

surface. Substituting these relationships into the basic equation (Equation 1) for 

calculating organ dose commitments and generalizing to mixed nuclear debris yields 

the following equation: 

D=Ix+t)xKxBRxTxDF(t) (2) 

where: D Fifty-year dose commitment to the organ (rem) 

I Gamma radiation intensity (R/hr) 

F(t) Surface activity--intensity ratio (G/m2 per R/hr)* 

K Resuspension factor (G/m3 per Ci/m’, or m-9 

BR Breathing rate (m3/hr) 

T Duration of exposure (hr) 

DF(t) Activity-weighted average (composite) dose conversion 

factor for the organ for the mixture of radionuclides in 

the fallout (rem/Ci)* 

t = Time after detonation of exposure (hr). 

Equation (3) relates the product of the free-field gamma radiation intensity (I) 

and the duration of exposure (T) to a time integrated dose (DFB) in roentgens (or rem) 

*Note that, while the quantities SA/I and DF are independent of radiation levels, they 

are functions of time after detonation because of the changing radionuclide inventory 

due to radiological decay. 

5 
that should be indicated by a film badge worn by a person standing in a uniform fallout 

field (Reference 3). 

D FB = 0.7 x I x T (3) 

Therefore, the internal dose commitment to a particular organ can be related to the 

external film badge dose an individual receives at the same time from the same 

source. 

Equations (2) and (3) are combined to calculate the external film badge dose that 

is equivalent to an internal bone dose commitment of 150 millirem as follows: 

0.150 x 0.7 (4) 

DFB = F (t) x K x BR x DF(t) 

If the film badge dose, calculated using values for breathing rate, resuspension factor, 

and time after the detonation that can be related to the various activities performed 

by nuclear test participant, is more than the known or upper limit external dose 

received by a category of participants, the corresponding internal bone dose commitment is less than 150 millirem. 

Due to the complexity of the calculation, in particular the determination of 

values for the time dependent parameters SA/I and DF, the computer code FIIDOS 

(Reference 4) is used for this task. The code considers the production and radiological 

decay of all radionuclides (fission products, neutron activation products, and actinide 

elements including unfissioned nuclear fuel) present in unfractionated fallout. Values 

of SA/I* and DF** are shown in table 1 for the three principal fission reactions--

fast*** neutron fission of U-235 and Pu-239, and 14 MeV neutron fission of U-238. 

The tabulated values pertain only to the fission product radionuclides. Contributions 

of other radionuclides vary with the design and efficiency of individual nuclear devices 

and surrounding materials (such as shot tower cabs). If the activities of non-fission 

*Surface is modeled to approximate empirical ground roughness factor of 0.7 for 

desert terrain. 

**Composite bone dose conversion factor for aerosol (oxide clearance classification) 

having an Activity Median Aerodynamic Diameter (AMAD) of 1.0 urn. 

* * +Unmoderated fission neutron spectrum. 

6 
product radionuclides are known or estimable, these may be used to augment the 

fission product information below. Only if present in great activity could other 

radionuclidesignificantly perturb the tabulated values of SA/I. However, certain

radionuclidesmay influencethe aggregate DF far out of proportion to their activity. 

Table 1. Surface activity to radiation intensity ratios and composite bone 

dose factors for fission products from selected fission reactions. 

WI W/m*pet rt/hr) DF (rem/Ci) 

U-235 U-238 Pu-239 U-235 U-238 Pu-239 

TIME AFTER FAST 14MeV FAST FAST 14MeV FAST 

DETONATION NEUTRON NEUTRON NEUTRON NEUTRON NEUTRON NEUTRON 

3 Min 0.100 0.100 0.117 3.86 3.20 3.20 

9 Min 0.095 0.089 0.095 8.22 7.18 6.91 

30 Min 0.083 0.078 0.081 18.4 16.3 14.6 

1 Hr 0.069 0.067 0.067 34.6 30.8 27.8 

2 Hr 0.065 0.063 0.064 68.6 62.0 56.2 

4 Hr 0.085 0.082 0.085 125 113 101 

6 Hr 0.112 0.109 0.113 169 148 133 

9 Hr 0.139 0.137 0.139 222 189 170 

12 Hr 0.150 0.149 0.151 269 226 201 

18 Hr 0.154 0.157 0.160 367 301 263 

1 Day 0.155 0.161 0.164 471 375 323 

2 Day 0.158 0.166 0.169 907 669 556 

3 Day 

4 Day 

0.155 

0.151 

0.162 

0.157 

0.163 

0.156 

1350 

1770 

963 

1250 

785 

1020 

5 Day 0.147 0.153 0.152 2170 1530 1240 

6 Day 0.145 0.151 0.147 2540 1790 1450 

7 Day 0.143 0.148 0.145 2910 2050 1650 

10 Day 

14 Day

21 Day 

0.142 

0.147 

0.161 

0.148 

0.154 

0.168 

0.141 

0.146 

0.159 

3890 

5050 

6640 

2810 

3740 

5090 

2240 

2890 

3750 

1 Mon 0.179 0.185 0.176 8250 6430 4540 

2 Mon 0.225 0.227 0.221 12500 9700 6620 

3 Mon 0.240 0.243 0.241 15800 12000 8290 

4 Mon 0.240 0.244 0.245 18600 14000 9810 

1 Yr 0.415 0.422 0.459 62200 39600 25400 

2 Yr 1.18 0.775 0.840 150000 83700 49400 

Table 2 presents the calculated external film badge doses that are equivalent to 

a bone dose commitment of 150 millirem for exposures received at various times after 

most* CONUS nuclear detonations resulting in significant on-site fallout. A resuspen-

-1 sion factor of I x 10s5m , a breathing rate of 1.2 m3/hr, and dose conversion 

*BUSTER-JANGLE Shot Able and HARDTACK II Shots Tamalpais and Blanca are 

excluded due to insufficient radiochemistry data. 

7 
Table 2. External film badge dose (rem) equivalent to internal bone dose commitment of 150 millirem. 

1 4 9 1 2 4 1 2 1 2 4 1 

OPERATION - SHOT BWR EOURS HCUPS DAY - DAYS DAYS mEK WEEKS MDNTB MumIS mNTB.5 n?AB 

TRINITY 2900 520 170 63 32 17 10 4.1 1.6 0.64 0.26 0.028 

BJ - Sugar 2800 610 230 120 77 45 24 7.3 2.4 0.96 0.43 0.044 

BJ - Uncle 2600 540 210 120 79 47 24 6.6 1.9 0.74 0.32 0.033 

TS - Easy 3100 640 200 74 35 18 11 5.5 2.3 0.94 0.41 0.042 

TS - Fox 3400 720 240 96 50 27 16 7.4 3.1 1.3 0.58 0.063 

TS - George 3600 760 260 110 55 30 18 8.5 3.7 1.6 0.73 0.081 

TS - HOW 3200 670 210 77 36 19 11 5.9 2.6 1.1 0.46 0.048 

UK - Annie 3600 780 260 110 56 31 18 8.8 2.9 1.7 0.78 0.090 

UK - Nancy 3500 750 250 100 53 29 17 8.2 3.5 1.5 0.69 0.078 

UK - Ruth 3600 780 270 120 70 40 23 9.9 4.2 1.9 0.93 0.11 

UK - Bay 3600 780 270 120 70 40 23 9.9 4.2 1.9 0.91 0.10 

UK - Badger 3600 780 270 120 66 37 22 9.9 4.1 1.8 0.82 0.097 

UK - Simon 3600 790 270 110 57 31 19 9.2 4.1 1.8 0.88 0.10 

UK - Barry 3700 820 280 120 64 35 21 10 4.5 2.0 1.0 0.12 

T -Moth 1800 320 94 31 14 6.7 4.0 1.9 0.75 0.28 0.11 0.011 

T - Tesla 1200 200 57 19 8.5 4.3 2.4 1.1 0.40 0.15 0.057 0.0057 

T - Turk 3700 800 270 110 53 28 18 9.2 4.2 1.8 0.89 0.11 m T - Eornet 2900 590 200 74 34 16 9.7 4.0 2.0 0.78 0.33 0.035 

T - Bee 2800 550 170 61 28 14 8.3 4.1 1.7 0.68 0.28 0.029 

T - Ess 2600 540 220 120 EO 47 24. 6.6 1.9 0.74 0.32 0.034 

T - Apple I 3000 610 190 71 34 17 10. 5.1 2.1 0.86 0.38 0.039 

T - MET 3900 880 300 130 66 36 23. 12 5.9 2.9 1.7 0.26 

T - Apple II 3400 720 240 91 45 23 14. 7.2 3.1 1.3 0.61 0.067 

T - Zucchini 3500 730 240 91 44 23 14. 7.2 3.2 1.4 0.62 0.068 

P - Boltzmann 3200 670 220 81 38 19 11. 5.0 2.5 1.0 0.45 0.048 

P - Franklin 3600 770 260 99 47 24 15. 8.2 3.9 1.8 1.0 0.19 

P - Wilson 2900 580 180 64 29 15 8.9 4.5 1.9 0.17 0.33 0.034 

P - Priscilla 3900 890 310 130 67 35 23 12 6.1 3.1 1.8 0.30 

P - Diablo 3200 650 210 82 41 21 13 5.9 2.5 1.0 0.44 0.047 

P - Kepler 2300 430 130 44 20 10 5.9 2.8 1.1 0.42 0.17 0.019 

P - Shasta 3200 650 210 81 40 21 12 5.8 2.4 0.98 0.43 0.046 

P - Smoky 3900 870 310 130 67 36 22 12 5.8 2.8 1.6 0.24 

P - Galileo 2300 420 130 50 25 13 7.2 3.0 1.1 0.43 0.18 0.028 

P - Piseau 2900 570 180 65 30 15 8.8 4.4 1.9 0.73 0.31 0.032 

P - Whitney 3200 650 210 82 42 22 13 5.8 2.4 0.96 0.41 0.045 

III1 - Quay 160 23 6.2 1.8 0.77 0.37 0.21 0.1 0.04 0.015 0.006 <O.OOl 

AI1 - Bamilton o.e4 0.12 0.032 0.01 0.004 0.002 0.001 <O.OOl <O.OOl <O.OOl co.001 <O.OOl 

HI1 - Rio Arriba 3600 790 280 120 69 39 23 10 4.4 2.0 1.0 0.12 

III1 - Bumboldt 5.7 0.79 0.22 0.064 0.029 0.014 0.008 0.004 0.001 <O.OOl <O.OOl <O.OOl 

DII - Johnie Boy 3700 890 380 190 95 39 23 13 6.2 3.1 1.9 0.032 

DII - Small Boy 790 120 33 11 4.7 2.3 1.3 0.6 0.23 0.086 0.033 0.003 

DII - Little Feller I,11 18 2.5 0.69 0.21 0.09 0.043 0.025 0.012 0.004 0.002 <O.OOl <O.OOl 
factors for aerosols (oxide clearance classification) with an Activity Median Aero-

/

dynamic Diameter (AMAD) of 1.0 urn are used in the calculations. The breathing rate 

(1.2 m3/hr) corresponds to that of a typical adult male during light activity (Reference 

5). For strenuous activities, the external doses corresponding to a 150 millirem bone 

dose commitment are approximately two-thirds of those indicated in the table. 

Table 2 shows that the relationship between the external dose and the internal bone 

dose commitment changes rapidly with time after the detonation and varies from shot 

to shot. These variations result from radiological decay and shot specific differences 

in the mixture of radionuclides in the fallout, in particular the amount of long-lived 

radionuclides generated and/or left over (unfissioned) from the detonation. Several 

radionuclides that contribute to the bone dose commitment have half-lives well in 

excess of the human life span, and thus are not radiologically depleted in the 

environment or the body. Because these nuclides are principally beta and alpha 

particle emitters, they contribute little to the external dose; however, they increasingly dominate the relationship between bone dose commitment and external doses as 

most of the short half life gamma emitters decay away. 

For utility, table 3 presents a “worst-case composite” of information for a large 

number of NTS shots. (TEAPOT Shots Moth and Tesla, all HARDTACK II Shots except 

Rio Arriba, and DOMINIC II Shots Small Boy, Little Feller I and II are excluded; 

discussion will follow.) Information is presented for three values of the resuspension 

factor (K = 1 x 10e3, 10W4, and 10-5m-1) for selected times after the detonation. 

Table 3 is used to determine whether or not a participant in any of the shots 

covered (see exceptions mentioned above) received a bone dose commitment of less 

than 150 millirem as follows: 

0 Step 1: Select an appropriate resuspension factor. The scientific 

literature provides a basis for selecting resuspension factors that are 

applicable to various activities performed by DOD participants in the 

nuclear test program. For example, table 4 is a summary of experimentally determined resuspension factors for a variety of activities and 

environmental settings (Reference 6). Using this information, the resus-
Table 3. Composite* external film badge dose (rem) equivalent to 

internal (bone) dose commitment of 150 millirem. 

Time After Detonation 

1x10-’ 4.2 1.3 0.44 0.20 0.10 0.059 0.028 0.011 0.0042 

1x1o-4 42 13 4.4 2.0 1.0 0.59 0.28 0.11 0.042 

1x1o-5 420 130 44 20 10 5.9 2.8 1.1 0.42 

*Composite NTS shots minus BUSTER-JANGLE Shot Able, TEAPOT Shots Moth and 

Tesla, and most HARDTACK II and DOMINIC II shots. 

10 

- _ - -0 - . 
-- 

Table 4. Resuspension factors* reported in reactor safety study. 

Arid/Desert Semiarid/Cr35slanu UrbJn/Subul tun lntcrlors 

SX~O-~ (211s) halking and 2.sxlo-6 s;rnrlhlzst illg 1x1O-s heavy urL(il 21s (3.1 01) 

loading boxes(n for I-1 I 7x1o-4 light ~o;o:L.(~) CL0 (2 un) t 

3x10-5 in LIIIJ nnouur during 2x10-’ (*O.SXIU-~) liwstonc, 

rrrr.oval a) 

2x10-’ opcratron,(J) tr;lvel to *orK site r&k, sand, grass. 2x10-6 o- tp 4-w $03 

ud outside during bushes; fission proJwts(‘) ~~X~$~ss~~s(a) 0.4 to 7r10-3 ;;:~:c:;“:;;#J

0.8 to 2x10-’ crater of tower shot; 1.5x10-7 n-to 12.lzl fission products; road II306 particles 1.2x10-4 peopl \:aliAng in &l-lpe gradzd from s il on concrete(a) roM lkJ disturbance(a ? 

lo-’ to 10-!I 5r10-S MI?. many rrcps 0) 

frdctiw resuspended 

per pass through

particles(“) 

3x10 -6 P&03, lcany steps(l) 

3x10-’ particles of 7 urn Ml 

on 6-m circles (sandy) 

2x10-2 to 

2x10-4; initially 

very rapid halftim? of a few days 

MO-’ to 3x10.’ (let)@) -2x10-s to 2x20-3 

at 4 djys 

1.2x10-’ in MOO-rp/m2 \ 

isoplctb -

1.4x:0-’ in 10+,g/m2 m2 Safe isoplcth Test Yc, 1.6~10-~ in IO-&m2 I

ison:rth I

-35 day half-ti:r air 

conccntntion &cay

1 to S-urnnrdlan aerosol site 

for garticl;s of 7 un MD on 6-m 

circles, grass plo protected by 

snow fence (dry) @ 5 

2x10-’ both cases, above, wet@) 

J&day half-tire for resuspension of fission 

p$ucts from Schuoner(d) 

76-day half-tint for rcsuspension of fission 

products ?ron Bancb.rry(d) 

SX~O-~’ for 6. to 0- year 

dqcsit fz I 

2x10-9 for dirvction oi 

Fu aged 

straqsst wind P) 

For references, see continuation. 

*Reciprocal meters (m-l) 
Table 4. Resuspension factors reported in reactor safety study -

References (Concluded). 

(4 Stewart, K., 1964, "The Resuspension of Particulate Material from 

Surfaces," in Proc. Symp. Surface Contamination, Gatlinburg, Tenn. 

1964, Pergamon Press. 

(b) Healy, J. W., and J. J. Fuguoy, 1959, "Wind Pickup of Radioactive 

Particles from the Ground," Progress in Nuclear Energy, Series 12, 

Vol. 1, pp. 427-436. 

(4 Wilson, R. H., R. G. Thomas, and J. N. Stannard, 1960, Biomedical 

and Aerosol Studies Associated with a Field Release of Plutonium, 

WT-1511. 

id) Anspaugh, L. R., P. L. Phelps, N. C. Kennedy, and H. G. Booth, 

"Wind-Driven Redistribution of Surface-Deposited Radioactivity," 

in Proc. IAEA Symp. Environmental Behavior of Radionuclides Released 

In the Nuclear Industry, Aix-en-Province, May 14-18, 1973. 

(4 Anspaugh, L. R., 1973, Relationship Between Resuspended Plutonium 

in Air and SoiJ ,I’ NVO-140. 

If) Schwendiman, L., 1958, Health Physics, 1, p. 352. 

(9) Chamberlain, A. C., and R. C. Chadwick,1951, Transport of Iodine 

from Atmosphere to Ground, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, 

Report AERE-R 4870. 

(h) Anspaugh, L. R., J. H. Shinn, and D. W. Wilson, J974a, "Evaluation 

of the Resuspension Pathway Towards Protective Guidelines for Soil 

Contamination with Radioactivity," in Proc. IAEA/WHO Symp. on 

Radioloqical Safety Evaluation of Population Doses and-Application 

of Radiological Safety Standards to Man and the Environment, Portorez, 

Yugoslavia, May 20-24, 1974,. 

(i) Fish, B. R., et al., 7965, Redispersion of Settled Particulates, Oak 

Ridge National Laboratory Report ORAL-TM-1049. 

(3 Bailey, J. C., and R. C. Rohr, 1953, Airborne Contamination, Oak Ridge 

National Laboratory Report K-1088. 

(k) BrunskiJJ, 1964, "The Relationship Between Surface and Airborne 

Contamination," in Proc. Symp. Surface Contamination, Gatlinburg, 

Tenn, 1964, Pergamon Press, Oxford. 

(1) Jones, I. S., and S. F. Pond, 1964, "Some Experiments to Determine 

the Resuspension Factor of Plutonium from Various Surfaces," in Proc. 

SYmP* Surface Contamination, Gatlinburg, Tenn. 1964, Pergamon Press. 

12 
pension factors shown in table 5 are selected for typical activities involving DOD test participants. Note that the resuspension factor could change 

during an activity; for example, radioactive fallout material is resuspended 

only when the surface is disturbed during digging operations. 

0 Step 2: Determine period of exposure. From appropriate references, 

the approximate time that the activity in question occurred is determined. 

For example, many exposures received by scientific project personnel were 

incurred by H+4 hours. Most observer and maneuver troop activities took 

place on shot day and were completed by at least H+9 hours, however, in 

some cases these troops visited contaminated display areas on subsequent 

days or may have rehearsed in an “old” fallout field. 

• Step 3: Estimate breathing rate of test participants. For most activities, a breathing rate of 1.2 m3/hr is assumed. This breathing rate is used 

in the calculations for the preparation of tables 2 and 3. For strenuous 

activities, the calculated external doses are reduced by one-third. 

0 Step 4: Compare “actual” external film badge doses with table 3. The 

maximum external film badge dose received by the category of test 

participants in question is determined from appropriate references. This 

dose is then compared with the dose indicated in table 3 for the appropriate value of the resuspension factor and time after the detonation as 

determined in Steps 1 and 2. If the actual dose is less than that indicated 

in table 3, the internal bone dose commitment is less than 150 millirem. 

For example, according to Reference 7, the upper limit external film badge 

dose received by the service observers at Shot Nancy (Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE) was 0.32 rem. The observer activities were completed on 

shot day (prior to H+9 hrs); therefore, assuming that the resuspension 

factor associated with their activities was 10W5, their external dose could 

have been as high as 130 rem before an internal bone dose commitment of 

150 millirem would have resulted. Even if the resuspension factor had been 

as high as 10W4, the 13 rem external dose corresponding to a 150 millirem 

13 
Table 5. Resuspension factors for typical DOD participant activities 

in contaminated areas. 

Participant Resuspension 

Category Activity Factor (m-l)-

Observers Touring display area after 

& shot (on foot, or inside vehicle) 10-5 

Maneuver Troops 

Maneuver Troops Maneuvers involving helicopter 

landings/take off 10-j 

Assaults or marches behind armored 

vehicles or marches 10-j 

Crawl through open terrain 10-4 

Dig foxholes, etc. 1o-4 

Ground assaults (no vehicle) 10-j 

Trucking 1O-5 

Project Troops Dig out buried instrumentation/ 

equipment 1o-4 

Equipment/data recovery 1o-4 - 10-5 

Decontamination projects 

(Bulldozing, etc.) 1o-4 

Visit project area (on foot or 

vehicle) 1o-5 

Support Troops 

- Engineers/Ordinance Dig trenches, install/dismantle 

displays 1o-4 

- Communications Lay wire (communications network) 10-4 

- Decontamination Equipment/personnel decontamination 1o-4 

- Transportation Trucking lo-5 

- MP’s Traffic control, security sweep 1o-5 

- Rad-Safe Survey area on foot or from vehicle lo-5 

14 
bone dose commitment still greatly exceeds their actual dose of 0.32 rem; 

therefore, it is highly unlikely that these observers received a bone dose 

commitment in excess of 150 millirem. 

As stated earlier, table 3 is based on a worst-case composite of a large number 

of CONUS detonations. The same methodology can be applied to the shots not covered 

by the table (see exceptions) by using the shot-specific values in table 2 with 

appropriate adjustments for the value of the resuspension factor (K). For example, the 

H+4 hour, external film badge dose values for Shot Small Boy (DOMINIC II) would be 

120 rem, 12.0 rem, and 1.2 rem for K = 1 x 10-5, 10-4, and 10-3, respectively. The 

equivalent film badge doses for DOMINIC II Shots Little Feller I and II and most 

HARDTACK II shots with significant on-site fallout are considerably less. The fallout 

from these low-yield nuclear shots tended to be rich in unfissioned nuclear material, 

which leads to a high potential for internal bone dose. 

In many cases, specific information regarding categories of troop participants is 

not available; however, the information in table 3 allows certain conclusions to be 

drawn. For example, it is evident that any activity that would result in an internal 

bone dose commitment of 150 millirem on the day of most shots would also be 

accompanied by an extremely high external dose (over 130 rem during activities where 

a resuspension factor of 1x10 -5 is applicable; 13 rem where moderately high levels, 

K = Ix~O-~, of resuspended material are encountered). For activities that are completed by H+4 hours, the corresponding external doses are more than three times 

higher. Since few external doses of this magnitude were recorded during any 

operation, most participants who were involved in activities on shot day only, can be 

assigned an internal bone dose commitment of less than 150 millirem unless they were 

involved in activities where unusually high (K 2 1x10-‘) levels of resuspended material 

were present. 

External (film badge) dose limits for most DOD participants ranged from 3.0 to 

6.0 rem, depending on the operation. Taking the higher value (6.0 rem), table 3 shows 

that an internal bone dose commitment of less than 150 millirem could be assigned to 

any person exposed to resuspended fallout material, (K = l~lO_~) up to almost 1 week 

15 
after most shots, provided that he did not receive an external dose over-exposure 

during that period. Obviously, the exposure period is shorter for higher values of the 

resuspension factor. Nevertheless, since test participant external doses were controlled and over-exposures documented, exposure limits can be used as worst case 

values of the external dose when specific information is not available. 

Variants of the methodology are required when information is lacking for one or 

more of the scenario-related parameters in Equations 2 and 3. In order to make any 

internal dose evaluation for personnel in a fallout field, the resuspension factor must 

be estimable; this is accomplished from qualitative project descriptions that are 

generally available. Film badge dose, especially on a project basis, is typically 

unavailable. While a high-sided value of the operation dose limit is useful as a 

constraint on early time exposures, it aids late-time determinations only rarely, as 

attaining the dose limit would require unrealistic exposure durations at late times. 

Also, the time after burst of exposure, the implicit but important parameter of 

Equation 2, is often unspecified. This is particularly problematic when the poorly 

documented removal of test equipment well after the shot requires more time or 

involves greater resuspension than the better documented, early-time data recoveries. 

When external dose and time-after-burst information are lacking, the internal 

dose can be evaluated if the innermost location (to GZ, or nearest the fallout hotline) 

of the participant is identified. For a given exposure duration at a specific location, 

the bone dose commitment is high-sided by the earliest possible exposure; the early 

fission product contribution decays, leaving long-lived weapon debris to dominate the 

internal dose from late-time exposures. Exposure durations, where not stated, are 

estimable with reasonable accuracy; normally, the order of 1 hour or 10 hours is 

appropriate to cleanup activities. For the high-sided weapon debris content represented by the composite shot described above, there is a time-dependent relation to 

radiation intensity. Radiation survey measurements have been used to determine the 

gamma intensity fields associated with nuclear fallout. These, as reported in 

Reference 8 (with many refinements in other DNA documents) were usually normal-

-1.2 ized with the t decay rule to one hour after burst. Thus, the f-l+1 hour intensity, as 

read from published contour plots for a known location, provides a useful measure for 

internal dose evaluation when other data are lacking. 

16 
For a known location or where the radiation intensity can be upper-limited, the 

bone dose commitment is directly proportional to resuspension factor, exposure time, 

and H+l hour intensity; it declines weakly with time after burst and thus correlates 

poorly with film badge dose or intensity measured during the exposure. In terms of 

Equation 2, variation in intensity with time after burst is largely compensated by the 

time-dependence of the composite dose conversion factor. In order to implement a 

procedure using H+l hour intensities, the external-internal dose relationship depicted 

in table 3 is adapted. For each pair of resuspension factor and exposure duration 

values, the earliest possible exposure time after burst, consistent with operational film 

badge dose limits, is chosen. The film badge dose is used to calculate (Equation 3) an 

intensity, which is normalized to H+l hour (t-lo2 decay). For example, with K = 

10-4m-l and T = 10 hr, the 4.4 rem value in the table for D+l is used as an 

approximate value for the various operational dose limits. The corresponding intensity 

is 0.63 R/hr, which implies 29 R/hr at H+l. With the same resuspension factor but a 

one-hour exposure duration, 290 R/hr at H+l would have been permissible. Other 

resuspension factors permit attainment of the operational external dose limit at 

-3 -1 -1 different times: for 10 m , at about H+4 hours; for 10S5m , at about 1 to 2 weeks. 

(Note that at later exposure times in each case, the external dose limits would not 

have been reached.) This procedure results in the following results for limiting 

intensities (R/hr) at H+ 1: 

1 

Exposure Duration 

10 

(T in hours) 

100 1000 

32 

290 

4000 

3.2 

29 

400 

N/A 

2.9 

40 

N/A 

N/A 

4 

The last two columns apply primarily to personnel resident in contaminated areas, 

where chronic, low-level exposure resulted from routine activities over periqds as long 

as several months. This situation occurred during oceanic, but not continental testing. 

Only realistic combinations of T and K are tabulated. 

These values do not account for the decay that actually occurs during extended 

exposures; they are high-sided by this consideration. The small variation in the lead 

17 
digits (as opposed to order of magnitude) is solely the result of the variation in earliest 

reasonable reentry time; all entries would start with 29 if reentry were on D+I. It 

would be expected that D-day reentry would have the lowest lead digits because of the 

greater fission product activity then present; it is the composite-shot origin of table 3 

that happens to perturb the values pertinent to a single shot. 

Both military rehearsals and technical project fielding were often conducted in 

fallout fields remnant from earlier shots. The above limiting H+l hour intensities are 

also useful for assessing these situations. Personnel activities in old high-intensity 

(H+l hour) areas were limited because of shot positioning and timing practices. Tower 

and surface/underground shots, which accounted for almost all significant fallout, 

were conducted at distinct GZs during an operation. The heavily contaminated areas 

around such GZs were not used in preparations for subsequent shot activities. When 

tower GZs were reused during later operations, one or two years later, the resuspension factor would have diminished by at least an order of magnitude through 

weathering (Reference 6) and the potential for internal dose thus would have greatly 

diminished. 

All CONUS fallout fields are examined to determine their potential impact on 

internal dose for activities during subsequent shots. The shots impacting other shot 

areas with H+l intensities exceeding each major threshold tabulated above are 

indicated as follows. Through Operation PLUMBBOB, no tower shot had associated 

H+l intensities as great as 4000 R/hr anywhere in the field; consequently, no activity 

characterized by K = 10m5m-1 and T = 1 hr results in a 150 mrem dose commitment to 

bone. Only the cratering shots (BUSTER-JANGLE Sugar and Uncle, and TEAPOT Ess 

in the period of significant DOD participation at NTS) exceeded 4000 R/hr, and then 

not distant from the crater; no other shot areas were impacted at this level. Even at 

the 290 R/hr level, no shot impacted another with the exception of TEAPOT Tesla. 

Tesla has an internal dose potential considerably above that of the composite shot; 

therefore, part of its fallout field about 1 km northwest of Shot Post “effectively” 

exceeds 290 and 400 R/hr. 

The shots impacting other areas at 29 R/hr or above are as follows: 

18 
. H+l Hour 

1st Shot 2nd Shot In tensi ty (R/hi-) Location from 2nd Shot 

BUSTER- Sugar Uncle 30 GZ 

JANGLE > 100 Several hundred meters S and SE 

TUMBLER- Easy Fox 50 2+ km S 

SNAPPER 

UPSHOTKNOTHOLE 

Nancy 

Nancy 

Ray

Badger 

100 

75 

500 m WSW 

Widespread 

Badger Harry 50 2 km N; narrow strip 

Badger Climax 50 2 km W to S; narrow strip 

Simon Harry 200 Widespread 

TEAPOT Moth Hornet 40” 1 km NE 

Tesla Post 290-400” 1 km NW 

PLU MBBOB Diablo Smoky 50 Widespread 

Only a few additional shots impacted other areas at 3.2 R/hr or above: 

TEAPOT Turk Apple I 10 3kmNW 

PLUMBBOB Boltzmann Smoky 10 Widespread 

Boltzmann Lassen 20 Widespread 

Boltzmann Wilson 20 Widespread 

Boltzmann Owens 20 Widespread 

Boltzmann Wheeler 20 Widespread 

Boltzmann Charleston 20 Widespread 

Shasta Smoky 15 Widespread 

Smoky Wheeler 6 GZ Smoky Charleston 20 1 km N Smoky Morgan 

The only case in which a shot in a previous operation moderately impacted an 

area is TEAPOT Tesla on the colocated PLUMBBOB balloon Shots Lassen, Wilson, 

Hood, Owens, Wheeler, Charleston, and Morgan. The “effective” Tesla intensity, 

corrected for reduced resuspension factor after 2 years, is about 10 R/hr (H+l hour) at 

the balloon GZ; it rises to about 30 R/hr within 1 km to the southwest, before the 

immediate vicinity of the Tesla CZ is reached. 

While several of the HARDTACK II shots were also impacted by earlier shots, 

consideration of their radiation levels was not required for the screening. Since many 

*“Effective” intensity. 

19 
of the HARDTACK II shots had an internal dose potential much greater than the 

composite shot, non-remote participants fail to pass the screen regardless. None of 

the DOMINIC II shots significantly impacted subsequent shots during the operation or 

were meaningfully impacted by shots from previous operations. 

The above shot-specific information is considered in estimating internal dose 

levels but, for simplicity, no designation regarding previous shots is shown on the lists 

of projects/units identified as receiving bone dose commitments of less than 150 

millirem presented in Section 3. Those projects or units failing to qualify for the list 

on this account do not appear. Where qualification is marginal on one account and 

multiple exposures or sources of internal dose exist, the sum is considered. Even if 

there is qualification on all separate accounts, the sum must qualify for the unit to 

make the list. For a given shot, only the qualification based on the leading 

contributing exposure is displayed; this may well involve a late cleanup activity rather 

than a documented data recovery. 

No ground maneuver troops or observers fail to qualify for the list (under 150 

mrem bone dose) based on activities (e.g., rehearsals) in old radiation areas. In fact, 

almost every such unit also qualifies when post-shot activities are also included. The 

reasons revolve around the pertinent resuspension factors, exposure times and durations, and distances from CZs. The great majority of maneuver troops and observers 

-1 

were operating at K = 10-5 m by virtue of walking or being trucked. Most of their 

post-shot activities were accomplished on D-day, exposure durations were 10 hours or 

less, and no part of a fallout field with H+l intensity as great as 400 R/hr was entered. 

Therefore, all walking and riding maneuver and observer troops qualify. Most 

instances of higher resuspension factors are considered in dose reconstruction reports. 

Task Force BIG BANG (DNA 4772F) crawling in fallout, Task Force RAZOR (DNA-TR83-07) resuspending fallout with tanks, and marines breathing helicopter-lofted contamination (4th MCPAEB--DNA 5774F) all qualify. However, certain activities of 

Task Force WARRIOR (Reference 3), for which internal dose has not previously been 

analyzed, do not clearly qualify; therefore, TF WARRIOR does not appear on the list. 

2.3 INHALATION OF LOFTED NEUTRON-ACTIVATED MATERIAL. 

Numerous nuclear test devices were detonated sufficiently high above the ground 

so that minimal on-site fallout occurred. However, in many cases, the neutrons 

20 
emitted from these detonations produced considerable radioactivity in the soil through 

activation by neutron capture. Any lofting or suspension of this activated soil by 

mechanical or natural means creates a potential inhalation hazard to those who enter 

the area. 

The methodology for calculating internal organ dose commitments resulting from 

the inhalation of neutron-induced activity is basically the same as that for resuspended 

fallout as presented in Section 2.2. Again, the airborne concentration is determined by 

the application of a (re)suspension factor that relates the surface activity to that in 

the air above. The surface activity is determined from gamma radiation intensities 

measured above the surface. 

As described in Reference 7, the relationship between activity in soils and 

gamma intensity is developed from field data on known activation products, generalized to other soil constituents through theoretical considerations of neutron capture. 

All reported constituents in NTS soil have been analyzed to determine relative 

contributions to both gamma intensity and internal bone dose commitment at relevant 

times of exposure. As shown in Reference 7, Na-24 dominates both the gamma 

intensity and bone dose commitment in the first few days after detonation. After Na24 decays (half-life of 15 hours), Ca-45 (half-life of 163 days) is left as the dominant 

contributor to bone dose commitment. 

Results in Reference 7 are expressed for time zero in terms of a unit radiation 

intensity (R/hr) from Na-24, a unit (re)suspension factor (m -1 ), a unit breathing rate 

(m3/hr), and a unit exposure duration (hr): 2.2 rem to the bone from Na-24 and 

0.2 rem from Ca-45. The top centimeter of soil is considered to be available for 

-1 suspension, and a suspension factor of 1x10-3m demonstrates the implications of 

severe surface disturbances. Internal doses from Na-24 are directly proportional to 

external dose accrued during the interval that Na-24 dominates the radiation intensity. 

With a breathing rate of 1.2 m’/hr and use of Equation (2), a bone dose commitment of 

0.15 rem from Na-24 corresponds to a film badge dose of 40 rem. Thus, adherence to 

external dose limits in early days after the detonation would preclude a significant 

bone dose commitment from inhalation of activated soil. 

21 
At late times, it is theoretically possible to accrue a bone dose commitment 

from Ca-45 in excess of 0.15 rem without exceeding operational limits on film badge 

dose; however, this could be accomplished in extremely limited areas only, consistent 

with a reasonable exposure time. From the previous paragraph it is seen that Na-24, 

before decay, leads to 11 times the internal bone dose commitment from Ca-45. Thus, 

for 0.15 rem from Ca-45, the corresponding film badge dose based on undecayed Na-24 

is >440 rem. Radiation intensities at H+l in excess of 100 R/hr, coupled with a 

1x10 -3,-l several-hour exposure and the extreme suspension factor of throughout, 

would lead to values of this magnitude. Reference 8 indicates that such H+l 

intensities did exist from induced activity, for a few shots, within a few hundred 

meters of ground zero. However, no military activities are known to have occurred 

under the combined set of circumstances that would lead to a bone dose commitment 

exceeding 0.15 rem from inhalation of suspended, activated soil. Consequently, a shot 

having a radiation field from neutron-induced activity is taken to imply, without 

further analysis, bone dose commitments of less than 0.15 rem for all participants at 

that shot. 

2.4 INHALATION OF CLOUD DEBRIS. 

A limited number of nuclear test personnel had the potential for exposure to 

internal dose while performing missions in aircraft or helicopters. Exposure to 

airborne nuclear debris was either planned, as in the case of cloud samplers, or 

inadvertent, as in the case of Marine helicopter exercises in Operation UPSHOTKNOTHOLE. As in the case of ground personnel, radiation exposure was usually 

indicated by film badge dose or meter readings of gamma intensity. 

The analysis of exposure to nuclear cloud debris differs from that of grounded 

debris through the variation in radiation source geometry. The volumetric radiation 

source geometry relates differently to gamma intensity than does a planar source. No 

consideration analogous to a resuspension factor is required; worst-case analysis takes 

the ambient airborne activity concentration without reduction. The other condition 

required for simple analysis is that the exposure and associated meter readings and 

film badge readings are from immersion in a cloud of uniform activity concentration 

over the range of gamma radiation. Equation (1) is applied as follows: 

D=I+t)xBRxTxDF, (5) 

22 
where the new quantity AA/I is the ratio of airborne activity concentration to gamma 

intensity (G/m3 per R/hr). Derived from an energy balance in Reference 7, AA/I is 

only weakly time-dependent from the small variation in average gamma emissions 

energy, E (IMeV per disintegration): 

-

AA • 5 x lO-4/E (6) I 

This expression is based on sea level air density; AA/I is directly proportional to air 

density at altitude. However, the breathing rate tends to vary inversely with air 

density; consequently, no overall corrections for altitude are made in Equation (5). 

The overall expression for worst-case exposure to nuclear cloud debris aloft is 

obtained from substitution of Equations (6) and (3) into Equation (5). Because of the 

intensity variations encountered in flight, the condition stated above is imperfectly 

met; however, deviations almost invariably high-side the internal dose. With Equation 

(3) used in its time-integral form, the following result is obtained: 

D = 7~10-~ x DFB x BR x DF/E (7) 

For the 0.15 rem bone dose commitment, the limiting film badge dose is: 

D FB = 210 x E/(BR x DF) (8) 

At early times after detonation, t .r 1 hr, E = 0.8 MeV is approximately correct for all 

fission types. With the usual breathing rate of 1.2 m3/hr, 

D FB = 140/DF (9) 

At early times, fission products dominate the dose conversion factor for many shots; 

thus, values of DF (the largest, from fission of U-235) from Section 2.2 are used to 

determine the following limiting film badge doses: 

th) 0.5 1 2 4 

DFB (rem) 7.6 4.0 2.0 1.1 

23 
Worst-shot values of DFB, in the manner of (and excluding the same shots as in) 

table 3, are obtained by multiplying the above DFB by worst-shot to best-shot ratios 

from table 2. Approximate results are: 

th) 0.5 1 2 4 

DFB (rem) 5.0 2.4 1.1 0.5 

The limiting film badge doses given above apply in the absence of protective 

devices. They do not apply, for example, to aircrews breathing 100 percent oxygen. 

However, they are appropriate, at least as a reasonable upper limit, where the activity 

concentration within an aircraft does not correspond to ambient values. Even the slow 

infiltration of outside air and contaminants does not necessarily reduce the potential 

for internal dose; long after departure from the nuclear cloud, an aircraft may retain 

contamination within. In fact, the internal dose commitment is independent of 

infiltration rate under the following conditions: the rate is constant, exposure 

continues until the contamination has effectively exited the aircraft, particles are of 

inhalable sizes and remain in suspension within the aircraft, personnel negligibly 

deplete the contaminants, and radiological decay may be neglected during the period 

of exposure. In practice, only rapid infiltration permits these conditions to be met; 

otherwise, incomplete exposure to or degradation of the radioactive source occurs. 

Film badge doses as used above tend to yield a conservatively high internal dose 

commitment because badge readings typically overrepresent the immediate radiation 

environment aloft; aircraft avoid the regions of highest activity concentration that 

nevertheless contribute to the gamma intensity at a distance. This phenomenon is 

most familiar when no local contamination is present; a gamma reading from distant 

contamination is referred to as cloud “shine.” 

2.5 INHALATION OF DESCENDING FALLOUT. 

The inhalation of descending fallout can be considered the ground-based analog 

of the inhalation of cloud debris. However, the analysis of internal dose from this 

pathway develops quite differently because the common type of radiation measurement has a different interpretation. Except for the onset of fallout or for very fine 

24 
particles, the radiation intensity is dominated by fallout already deposited. This 

follows from the deposition velocities of fallout particles, the range of gamma 

radiation, and the duration of fallout deposition at a given position. 

The airborne activity concentration must be represented in terms of the gamma 

intensity. This is accomplished through the following product: I x (SA/I) x (AA/SA), in 

which SA/I is obtained from Section 2.2 for the time after detonation of exposure, t. 

For an airborne activity concentration AA that persists for a duration T, during which 

a deposition velocity V applies, the resulting surface activity SA = AA x V x T. In 

effect, a column of height VxT is deposited on the surface. Clearly, the corresponding 

radiation intensity is that at the termination of fallout deposition. 

The above analysis is equally valid where AA and V are time-dependent, as 

realistically occurs; the integral representation obtains equivalent results. Because 

AA/SA = I/(VxT), substitution into Equation (1) eliminates T. However, T has an 

impact when radiological decay is considered. If T << t, the above analysis is rigorous; 

otherwise, internal dose is high-sided by determining the largest time-normalized 

value of I and taking the exposure to have occurred at time t corresponding to the end 

of fallout deposition. In practice, the peak reported intensity and associated time 

adequately correspond to this limiting case, as t is typically a small multiple of T. 

Where multiple fallout episodes occur, the internal dose is readily high-sided by 

conversion of the combined late intensity to an H+l hour value. 

The deposition velocity is not commonly reported, but is simply estimated as 

follows. In order to reach the surface at time t from the nuclear cloud, the average 

fall speed is the stabilized altitude divided by t. For most nuclear tests, fallout 

particles descended on the order of 10 km. As the deposition velocity at the surface 

approximates the average fall speed, V s 10 km/t. Thus, AA/SA = t/(T x 104m). 

Substitution into Equation (I) in consistent units yields: 

D=Ix~x10-4xtxBRxDF (10) 

Further simplifications of this equation are possible. Most exposures involving 

particles small enough to be fully inhalable were from about H+lO hours onward. At 

25 
such tirnes, Reference 4 indicates that SA/I has a nearly constant value of 0.16 Ci/m* 

per R/hr. For the typical breathing rate of 1.2 m3/hr, Equation (10) reduces to: 

D = 2.0 x 1O-5 x 1 x t x DF (11) 

To obtain the peak intensity that for any time t corresponds to a bone dose 

commitment of 150 mrem requires knowledge of the composite dose factor. The 

analysis of Section 2.2 using H+l hour intensities provides a means of limiting the bone 

dose commitments. A comparison of Equation (10) with Equation (2) shows that the 

coefficient 10m4 is formally equivalent to a resuspension factor, and that time after 

detonation t replaces exposure duration I’. Interpolating from the limiting values of 

H+l intensity displayed in Section 2.2 for various combinations of K and T yields 

approximately 30 R/hr for t=lO hr and 3 R/hr for t=lOO hr. Fallout arriving at earlier 

times was either not of inhalable size or fell out from lower altitudes in the cloud 

stem. Without special knowledge of particle size, the limiting H+l intensity is 

reasonably held at 30 R/hr, rather than increased, for t c 10 hr. 

In order for the internal dose evaluation from descending fallout to be accurate, 

the measured intensities must correspond to the deposited fallout, and personnel 

exposure must correspond to the full period of deposition. The presumption of full 

exposure when not otherwise known reasonably high-sides the internal dose, but the 

use of film badge readings would lead to inappropriate high-siding; exposure to 

external radiation continued long after fallout deposition ceased. 

Few nuclear test participants received a bone dose commitment in excess of 

150 mrem from the inhalation of descending fallout; most at NTS received far less. 

26 
SECTION 3 

UNITS/PROJECTS WITH BONE DOSE COMMITMENT 

LESS THAN 150 MILLIREM 

Based on a review of the activities performed by DOD participants in the 

atmospheric nuclear weapons tests program as presented in DNA reports* and 

application of the methodologies presented in Section 2, the project/unit personnel 

listed in the following tables received an internal bone dose commitment of less than 

150 millirem. The codes listed below are used to explain the rationale for the 

inclusion of a project/unit on these tables; operation and shot abbreviations are 

defined in the Appendix. 

CODE RATIONALE 

Blank Stated participation does not apply to given shot, or non-participant in 

(and not impacted by) shot. 

IA Participated in shot activities before, during, or after shot, but not 

exposed to airborne radioactivity. 

IB Exposed or potentially exposed to airborne activity but provided absolute 

respiratory protection. 

II Exposed to resuspended fallout but received an external film badge dose 

(rem) less than that indicated for the conditions characterized by the 

matrix below: 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 

A 4.2 1.3 0.44 0.20 0.10 0.059 0.028 0.011 0.0042 

B 42 13 4.4 2.0 1.0 0.59 0.28 0.11 0.042 

C 420 130 44 20 10 5.9 2.8 1.1 0.42 

Where: A = Resuspension Factor (K) of 1x10-3m-1 

B = Resuspension Factor (K) of 1x1 0-4m-1 

C = Resuspension Factor (K) of 1x10-5m-1 

1 = Up to 4 hours after the detonation 

2 = Up to 9 hours after the detonation 

* DNA-6001F through DNA-6028F and DNA-6032F through DNA-6040F. 

27 

-_- _- - -_ 
• •

• •

3 = up to 1 day after the detonation 

4 = up to 2 days after the detonation 

5 = up to4 days after the detonation 

6 = Up to 1 week after the detonation 

7 = up to 2 weeks after the detonation 

8 = up to 1 month after the detonation 

9 = up to 2 months after the detonation 

For example, Code IIB2 indicates that the unit was exposed to 

moderately high levels of resuspended fallout (K = 1 x10-4m -1) during 

the period up to 9 hours after the detonation and received an external 

film badge dose of 13 rem or less. Table 3 equates such an external 

dose to an internal bone dose commitment of less than 150 mrem. 

Note that when this code is applied, the actual or reconstructed film 

badge dose from residual radiation received by the project/unit is 

entered under “DFB” in the table. For some cases where the actual 

. external dose is unknown but the other parameters are known, the 

maximum permissible dose limit for the operation is applied. If 

further research indicates that external doses exceeded the limits, 

the corresponding bone dose commitment must be reconsidered. 

II Exposed to resuspended fallout in areas where the H+l hour gamma 

radiation intensity (R/hi-) was less than that indicated for the 

exposure parameters listed below: 

a b C d 

32 3.2 N/A N/A 

290 29 2.9 N/A 

4000 400 40 4 

Where: A = Resuspension factor (K) of lx10-3m-1 

B Resuspension factor (K) of lx10’4m-1 

C = Resuspension factor (K) of 1x10-5m-1 

a = Exposure duration of up to 1 hour 

b = Exposure duration of up to 10 hours 

c= Exposure duration of up to 100 hours 

d Exposure duration of up to 1000 hours 

28 
For example, Code IIAb indicates that the unit operated up to 10 

hours in an area where the H+l hour intensity was 3.2 R/hr or less 

and the level of resuspended material was extremely high (K = 

1x10-3m-1). According to Section 2.2, such exposure conditions 

would result in an internal bone dose commitment of less than 150 

mrem. Note that film badge information is not required for 

assignment of these codes. 

III Exposed to suspended neutron-activated material in the absence of a 

fallout field. According to Section 2.3, it is virtually impossible to 

obtain an internal bone dose commitment in excess of 150 mrem from 

exposures in an induced activity field. Some shots had induced 

activity fields supplemented by on-site fallout deposition, restricted 

to the downwind direction. Of the shots listed in table 2, Annie, 

Harry, Bee, Apple I, Wilson, and Priscilla are of this type. Where 

participants are known to have operated only in the induced activity 

portion of the field, Code III is assigned. 

IV Exposed to nuclear cloud debris while in flight but received an 

external film badge dose (rem) less than that indicated for the 

conditions characterized by the matrix below: 

1 2 3 4 

5.0 2.4 1.1 0.5 

Where: 1 = Up to 0.5 hours after the detonation 

2 • Up to 1 hour after the detonation 

3 = Up to 2 hours after the detonation 

4 = Up to 4 hours after the detonation 

For example, Code IV2 indicates that the participant flew through 

the nuclear cloud or fallout within the first hour after the detonation 

and received an external film badge dose of 2.4 rem or less for the 

duration of his immersion in the cloud. His exposure to airborne 

29 
contaminants may have persisted until he exited the aircraft. No 

personal protective gear is assumed. According to Section 2.4, such 

exposure conditions would result in an internal bone dose commitment of less than 150 mrem. 

v Exposed to descending fallout from a nuclear cloud where the H+l 

hour radiation intensity (R/hr) corresponding to completed fallout 

deposition on the surface was less than that indicated for the 

conditions listed below: 

1 2 3 4 

30 15 7.5 3 

Where: 1 = Up to 10 hours after the detonation 

2 = Up to 20 hours after the detonation 

3 = Up to 40 hours after the detonation 

4 • Up to 100 hours after the detonation 

For example, Code V2 indicates that fallout from the nuclear cloud 

reached the participant’s site and attained a peak radiation intensity 

within 20 hours after the detonation. Negligible fallout deposition 

occurred after that time. The peak intensity, adjusted to H+l hour 

t -1.2 according to , was less than 15 R/hr. According to Section 2.5, 

the participant, even if unprotected, would have received an internal 

bone dose commitment of less than 150 mrem. 

A few of the code entries in the tables are asterisked because the shot involved 

was an exception to the conditions of code derivation (Section 2). Based on shotspecific information (table Z), effective values of film badge dose or radiation 

intensity are determined prior to application of codes. 

For projects/units with multiple activities, the rules regarding inclusion in the 

list are according to the differentiability of project participants. 

0 Numbered subprojects are considered separately. 

0 If all project personnel were rotated at known intervals, each interval is 

considered separately. 

30 
0 Air and ground participants are considered separately. 

0 If an individual could have performed all activities, the aggregate exposure 

is considered. 

0 For concurrent activities, activity sets are determined, each to be considered in the aggregate. Any set not satisfying code criteria excludes the 

entire project/unit from the list, except as noted above. 

It must be emphasized that the assessments are based on the conditions reflected 

by the codes and stated activity. If additional information surfaces to indicate that 

the code does not accurately portray the exposure conditions (e.g., if the unit was 

exposed at a later time than that indicated or an individual participated in multiple 

activity sets), the dose must be re-evaluated. It should also be noted that unlisted 

project/unit personnel did not necessarily receive a bone dose commitment greater 

than 150 millirem. In many cases, units are excluded from the list because 

uncertainties in scenario or exposure conditions allow the possibility of the dose 

exceeding the threshold, pending further research. Also, the upper-limiting inherent in 

the generalized code definitions affects some cases. More detailed analyses of these 

cases may indicate that they qualify for inclusion in these tables. 

. 

31 
Table 6. Project TRINITY participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

PRQJECT/DWIT 

Official Observers 

Military Intelligence 

Evacuation Detachment 

(-Reinforced Platoon) 

Reinforced Platoon, 

Evac. Detachment 

TR-l.B Timing and 

Remote Control 

TR-1C Stock 

TR-lB Radioccmmunicatione 

TR-2A Piezo Gauges 

TR-ZC Excess Velocity 

Measurements 

TR-2D Impulse Gauges 

TR-2E Maximum Pressure Gauges 

TR-2E Displacement 

Seismographs 

TR-I and 4D 

Meteorology 

TR-6 Airborne COndenser Gauges 

TR-7B Searchlight 

Crews 

ACTIVITY 

Observed detonation from Base Camp 

or Compana Hills. 

Performed intelligence functions and 

measurements with recording barographs 

in towns and cities up to 100 miles 

from site. 

Observed detonation from bivouac 

area approximately 14 km NW of GZ. 

Evacuation contingency not exercised. 

Observed detonation from bivouac 

area approximately 14 km NW of GZ. 

Deployed to Bingham (H+l.S to Ht7.5) 

Evacuation contingency not exercised. 

Manned N, W, and S 10,000 yd shelters 

on shot day. 

Visited W 800 yd station on D+l. 

Miscellaneous activities at Base 

camp. 

Operated radiocommunication equipment in 10,000 yd shelters. 

Retrieved gauges from shot area on 

Dtl. 

Conducted measurements at N and W 

10,000 yd shelters on shot day. 

visited N and W 900 yd stations on 

D+l. 

Manned W 10,000 yd shelter on shot 

day. One member made re-entry to 

W-ZOO yd station on ~+l. 

Recovered instruments as close as 

W 300 yd station on Dtl. Involved 

digging. 

Manned N 10,000 yd shelter and 

several off-site stations on shot 

day. 

Gathered weather data at Base Camp. 

Project to drop canisters from B-29 

over GZ cancelled at last minute due 

to weather. 

Tracked cloud with searchlights from 

N and W 10,000 yd shelters (L-2 and 

L-31. 

Tracked cloud with searchlights and 

made radiation measurements at 

stations (L-7 and L-B) approximately 

20 miles NE of GZ. 

-

4%

4.0 

0.1 

0.1 

0.15 

1.38 

2.8 

CODE (See Section 3 text) 

IA 

IA 

IA 

IIC2 

IA 

IIC3 

IA 

IA 

1183 

IA 

IIC3 

IIC3 

IIB3 

IA 

IA 

IA 

IA 

Vl 

32 
Table 7. Operation RANGER, scientific project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

saGrS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PROJBCT/ UNIT ACTIVITY -

99 A’ - Bf

- 5’ z’ r* 

Field Fortifications Inspected field fortifications 

(trenches foxholes, etc.) and retrieved 

film badges from GZ area. 

III III III III III 

Thermal Effects Retrieved test samples from GZ area. III 111 III III III 

Program 

Thermal and Ionizing Retrieved test samples (fabrics) from III 

Radiation Pbsasure- GE area. 

ments 

Radiation Measure- Retrieved ion chambers and test samples III III III 

ments from GZ area. 

Fireball Grovth Retrieved film from camera stations IA IA IA IA IA 

3.2 km NE and SE of GZ on shot day. 

Gamma Radiation as Retrieved film badges from GZ area on III III III III III 

Function of Distance shot day. 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviation. 

Table 8. Operation RANGER, Air Force support participants with bone dose 

commitment less tlian 150 millirem. 

SHGfS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PROJECT/ UNIT ACTIVITY -

ow !!* B+ E’ 82’ - F* 

4925th Special Dropped nuclear device from B-50. IA IA IA IA IA 

Weapons Group 

4925th Special 

Weapons Group 

Conducted aerial radiation 

GZ area from helicopters. 

survey of IA IA IA IA IA 

4925th Special

Weapons Group 

Flew 

C-47 

disaster asaistanca 

and provided general 

missions 

rupport 

in IA IA IA IA IA 

(except decon) . 

Strategic Air Photographed nisaion from B-50 trailing IA IA IA IA 

Conmand drop aircraft. 

374th Recon Sq. Flew cloud 

(Aircrew 

sampling 

breathed 

missions in 

1001 oxygen). 

8-29s IB IB IB IB IB 

374th Recon Sq. Flew cloud tracking mission in B-29s IA IA IA IA IA 

(Did not penetrate cloud). 

Cambridge Research 

Lab and Air Force 

Flew 

B-17 

aerial radiation 

and C-47 aircraft. 

survey missions in IA IA IA IA IA 

Weather Service 

4901st Support Wing Flew courier missions in B-25 aircraft. IA IA IA IA IA 

(Atomic) 

1009th Special Manned off-site control center. IA IA IA IA IA 

Weapons Squadron 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

33 
- - - - - 

Table 9. Operation BUSTER, Desert Rock support participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

PRCUF.CT/UNIT 

MSWP Advisory 

Group 

III Corps Hqs and 

Hqs Co 

III Corps Arty, Bqs 

and Hqs Bty 

Control Group 

606th Army Postal 

Unit 

90th Engr Water 

supply co 

231st Engr Cbt Bn 

359th Engr Util 

Det 

597th Engr Lt 

Equip Co, Det 

705th Engr PM 

Co, Det Med 

94th Vet Food 

Ins Det 

374th Conv Cen 

Dets AaB 

161st Ord Depot 

Co (-) 

393d Ord Bn 

3623d Ord Co 

505th MP Bn 

53d QM Base Depot 

Co Hqs C Hqs Co, 

Det 

ACTIVITY DFB -

Provided advice to Desert Rock 

personnel, Accompanied observers and 

maneuver troops in forward area. 

Command functions. 

Command functions. 

Supervised troop operations in forward 

area. 

General support at CDR. 

General support at CDR. 

Recovered equipment and materials from 

display area. 

General support at CDR. 

Forward area support to troop units. 

General support at CDR. 

General support at CDR. 

Established medical aid station and 

provided ambulances at forward parking 

area. 

General support at CDR. 

General support at CDR. 

Forward area support. 

Controlled traffic to shot area, 

accompanied troops into forward 

areas as part of Control Group. 

General support at CDR. 

SHOPS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

A' 8' C+ D* E* 

III 

III 

III 

III 

III 

III 

III 

III 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

34 
Table 9. Operation BUSTER, Desert Rock support participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem (Concluded). 

SBOfS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PROJECT/WRIT ACTIVITY 

5234 Qt4 Subs Co (-1 General support at CDR. 

Det 

539th Qt4 Ldry Co General support at CDR. 

621st QM SVC CO General support at CDR. 

3036 sig svc Bn General support at CDR. 

Eqs L Hqs Co Det 

314th Sig Svc Bn, Forward area support. III 

Co 8, Det 

504th Sig Base Maint General support to CDR. 

Co Det 

4th Trans Trk Co Transported observers, maneuver troops IA 

and evaluation teams to forward area. 

92d Trans Trk Co Transported observers, maneuver troops IA 

and evaluation teams to forward area. 

562d Trans Staging Transported observers, maneuver troops IA 

Area Co and evaluation teams to forward area. 

Chemical Corps Provided rad-safe support (radiological III 

school surveys, accompanied observer and 

evaluation teams). 

Rqs Sixth Army Provided rad-safe support (radiological III 

Chem Section surveys, accompanied observer and 

evaluation teams). 

EvahatiOn Teams Evaluated damage to equipment in display III 

area8 teams included Derert Rock support 

troops. 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

35 

-- __-
Table 10. Operation BUSTER, Air Force support participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

SHOTS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PROJECT/UNIT ACTIVITY DPS A’ Bf 5. D” g* -

4925th Tent 6p Dropped nuclear device from aircraft. IA IA IA IA 

(AtOpic) 

57th strategic xecon Flew cloud sampling missions in IB IB IB IB IB 

sp (B-291 support of Projects 7.3 and 10.4 

(Crew breathed 100% oxygen). 

APG, Eglin (T-33) Flew cloud sampling missions in IB IB IB IB IB 

support of Projacts 7.3 and 10.4 

(Crew breathed 1008 oxygen). 

4901st support Wing Flew disaster control mission in C-47. IA IA IA IA IA 

(Atomic) 

57th Strategic Recon Flew cloud tracking missions (did not IA IA IA IA 

sq (weather) penetrate cloud). 

4901st Support Flew aerial radiation survey missions IA IA IA IA 

Wing in C-47s. 

1009th Support Flew aerial radiation survey miSSiOnS IA IA IA IA 

Weapons Sq in C-478. 

57th Strategic Recon Flew aerial radiation survey miSSiOnS IA IA IA IA 

Sq in C-478. 

4901et support Wing General support at ISAFB (except 

(Atomic) decontamination). 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

Table 11. Operation BUSTER, maneuver troops and observers with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

SHCrIS/CODB (See Section 3 text) 

PROJECT/UNIT %I - A* B+- C'- D'- E'-

Maneuver Troops 

(Desert Rock I) 

Observed shot from point 11 km south 

of GZ. Advanced on foot to objective 

near GZ; toured display area on shot 

day. 

III 

Service Observers 

(Desert Rock I) 

Observed shot from point 11 km south 

of GZ. Toured 4 of 5 display areas 

on shot day. 

III 

Observed shot from observation area 

more than 10 km S of GZ. 

IA IA 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

36 
Table 12. Operation BUSTER, AFWSP project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

SHOrS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PRCUBCT/URIT ACTIVITY -

+B

2.3 Effects of Inspected test samples (wood) in GZ 

Geometry on Flush area on shot day. Recovery on D+l. 

Thermal Damage 

2.4a 

and 

Protective 

Ignition of 

Value Inspected 

on shot 

test 

day. 

fabrics in GZ area III III 

Textile Materials 

2.4b Thermal Effects Inspected, photographed and recovered III III 

on Paintr, Plastica, samples on shot day. 

and Coated Fabrics 

2.4-l Eaeic Thermal Retrieved thermal detectors and III III III III 

Measurements samples of cloth, weed, and paint 

from GE area on shot day. 

2.4.2 Effects of Inspected and recovered samples from III III 

Thermal Radiation GE area on shot day. 

on Materials 

2.6 Field Fortif- Recovered dosimeters from foxholes in III III III 

ication Protection GZ area on shot day. 

against Gamma and 

Neutron Radiation 

3.5 Minefield Inspected minefield in GZ area. III III III III 

Clearance Recovered some fuses and replaced 

others. 

3.8 Vulnerability 

Parked Aircraft 

of Inspected 

from test 

and 

A/C 

recovered 

parked in 

instruments 

GZ area. 

III III 

3.9 Effecta on Water Inspected and photographed water tanks III 

Supply Equipment in G2 area on shot day. 

4.1 Radiation Recovered radiation detectors (some III III III III 

Dosimetry buried) from G2 area on shot day. 

4.2 Thermal Effects Recovered test animals (d0g.m) fra III III 

on Animals G2 area on shot day. 

4.2a Thermal Effects Recovered test animals (rats) fram III III 

on Animal8 G2 area on shot day. 

4.3 Flash Blindness Observed shot from C-54, at 15,000 ft IA IA IA 

altitude, 15 km south of GZ. 

6. lb Dosimetric Recovered dosimeters from shelters in 111 III III 

Materials G2 area on shot day. 

6.4 Airborne Radiac Conducted radiation measurements from IA IA IA IA 

Evaluation aircraft. 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

37 
Table 12. Operation BUSTER, AFWSP project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem (Concluded). 

SHOTS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PROJECT/UNIT -

DFB A* B' C' D* E* 

6.5 IBDA Teeted airborne radar for IBDA. IA IA 

6.9 Effects on Radio 

Propagation 

Tested radio communications at off-site 

locatione. 

IA IA 

7.1 Transport of 

Radiation Debris 

Analyzed cloud tracking information. 

(See Air Force Support). 

IA IA IA IA 

7.2 Long Range Light 

Measurements 

Operated cameras frcin off-site locations. IA IA IA IA 

7.3 Radiochemical 

Analysis 

Analyzed samples obtained by cloud 

8amprers. (See Air Force Support). 

IA IA IA IA IA 

7.5 Seieaic Wave8 Recovered records from stations located 

10-20 km south of GZ. 

IA IA IA IA IA 

7.6 Airborne Low 

Frequency Sound 

Operated remote stations. IA IA IA IA 

8.2 Air Weather 

Service 

Operated weather station at CP 

and several off-site locations. 

IA IA IA IA IA 

9.4 Technical 

Photography 

Photographed test from Project 6.5 

aircraft. 

IA IA 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

38 
Table 13. Operation JANGLE, Desert Rock support participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

SHOTS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PRGJECT/ UNIT ACTIVITY %B Sf u+ -

III Corps Arty, Hq Command functions at CDR. 

and Hq Btry 

Control Group Supervised troop operations in 0.195 IIC3 IIC4 

forward area. 

359th Engr Util Det General support at CDR. 

90th Engr Water Sup General support at CDR. 

co 

705th Engr Fed Maint General support at CDR. 

Co, Maint Plt 

393rd Ord Bn, Hq General support at CDR. 

and Bq Det 

161st Ord Depot Co General support at CDR. 

303rd Sig Svc Bn General support at CDR. 

Eq and Aq Co, Det (1) 

314th Sig Svc Br, Bq General support at CDR. 

and Hq Co and Co ‘0” 

504th Sig Base Maint General support at CDR. 

Co (Det) 

505th MP Bn, Co “A’ Controlled traffic to shot area, 0.053 IIC3 

accompanied troops to forward area. 

505th MP Bn, Co .C’ Controlled traffic to shot area, 0.195 IIC3 IIC4 

accompanied troops to forward area. 

621st QM Svc Co General support at CDR. 

523rd QM Sub Dep General support at CDR. 

co, 1 P11 (-1 

53rd QM Base Depot General support at CDR. 

Co (Det) 

539th QM Ldry Co, General support at CDR. 

1 Pit 

4th TC Trk Co Transported observers and Evalua- 0.053 IIC3 

tion Teams to forward area. Drove 

observers through Sugar display 

area. 

92nd TC Car Co, General support at CDR. 

2 Pit 

806th APU General support at CDR. 

94th VFID General support at CDR. 

562nd Staging Area General support at CDR. 

Co, 4 Section0 

Food Service General support at CDR. 

Personnel 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

- _I - --
••

Table 14. Operation JANGLE, Air Force support participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

PROJECT/ UNIT 

4925th Test Gp (A) 

57th Strategic Recon 

Sg 

4901st Support Wing 

(A) 

4901st Support Wing 

(A) 

ACTIVITY -

%

Flew cloud sampling mission in B-298 

(breathed 100% oxygen). 

Flew cloud tracking mission. Did 

not penetrate cloud. 

Flew project Z.lc-1 missions and 

other aerial survey missions. 

Flew courier mission from ISAFB. 

SHCwS/CODE (See SeCtiOn 3 text) 

S" U+-

IB IB 

IA IA 

IA IA 

IA IA 

Table 15. Operation JANGLE, Desert Rock observers with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

saaS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PRoJEXT/ UNIT ACTIVITY -

h-73 S* U'-

Service Observers Observed shot from 9 km south of 0.053 IIC3 

(DR II) GZ. Toured display area in bus 

on D+l. 

Service Observers 

(DR III) 

Toured display area in bus on D-l. 

Observed shot from 9 km south of 0.142 IIC4 

GZ. Toured display area in bus 

on D+2. 

See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

40 
Table 16. Operation JANGLE, AFSWP project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

PROJECT/ UNIT ACTIVITY 

1.3a Free Air Shock Suspended gauges from balloons in 

shot area prior to shot. Manned 

telemetry station approximately 13 

km S of Sugar GZ. 

1.3~ Measurement of Dropped canisters from B-296. ReFree Air Blast corded data from telemetry station 

Preesures S km SW of GZ. 

l.Sb Time of Arrival Placed flash lamps at station5 30 to 

of Earth Movement 180 m from GZ prior to shot. Photographed lamps from camera station5 

2700 m E of GZ. Recovered film from 

camera5 after R-hour. 

1.8b Air Weather *erated weather station at CP and 

Service Participation several off-site locationr. 

1.9b Base Surge Analyzed photos of test. 

Analysis 

2.lc-1 Aerial Survey Tested airborne radiac for terrain 

of Distant Contamin- surveys. 

ated Terrain 

2.lc-2 Aerial Survey Tested airborne radiac for terrain 

of Local Contaminated surveys. 

Terrain 

2.3-l Total Gamma Recovered dosimeters from stations 

Radiation Dosage 300 m to 15 km in various direction5 

from GZ on D+2 

2.3-2 Foxhole Shield- Recovered dosimeter from foxhole5, 

ing of Gamma Radiation 610-1530 m NE of GE on D+2. 

2.4b Gamma Depth Dose Recovered instrumented phantoms from 

in Unit Density station5 690-1070 • SW of Sugar G2 

Material and 460-910 m WSW of Uncle GZ on 

shot day. 

2.5a-2 Fallout Parti- Recovered samples from fallout trays 

cle Studier and air sample9 610-6100 m NB of GZ. 

Recovered samples from GZ area using 

grappling hook5 from helicopters. 

2.Sa-3 Radiochemical Analyzed Project 2.5a-1 samplea. 

Studie5 of Large 

Particle9 

2.6a Remotely Con- Collected soil sample9 from crater 

trolled. Sampling and lip area with veasel controlled 

Techniques remotely from station 1830 a from 

GZ. Removsd samples from uea5el at 

shield 4 miles upwind from GZ on 

shot day. 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

••* Element9 of category matrix are adjusted to shot specific 

SHOTS/CODE (See SeCtiOn 3 text) 

-

Dw s* U’ 

IA IA 

IA 

3.0 IIC3 

IA IA 

IA 

IA IA 

IA IA 

3.0 IIBI*f IIB4** 

3.0 1184’” IIBIC’ 

3.0 IIC2 IIC2 

3.0 IIB3** IIB3** 

3.0 IIAl IIAl 

IA IA 

3.0 IIB2 IIB2 

value9 from table 2. 

41 
Table 16. Operation JANGLE, AFSWP project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem (Concluded). 

SHOTS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PRDJBCT/ UNIT ACTIVITY DFB S' u* -

2.6c-2 Nature and Analyzed samples collected by IA IA 

Distribution of Re- Project 2.6a. 

sidual Contamination 

II 

2.7 Biological Injury Recovered dogs and sheep from sta- 3.0 IIB2 

from Particle tions 760, 1530, and 2440 m NE to NW 

Inhalation of GE at B+6. 

Recovered dogs and sheep from sta- 3.0 1183 

tions 760, 1530, and 2440 m N to NW 

of GZ (some at B+6, rest at H+24). 

4.1 Aerial Technical Took photos from C-47 aircraft. IA IA 

Photography 

. 

I.la-1 Ground Tech- Recovered film and cameras from the 3.0 IIC3 

nical Photography following stations beginning at B+3 

and H+23.5: 4570 m SE, 3000 m NE, 

2470 m E, 2440 m NW, and 1520 m SE. 

Recovered film and cameras from the 3.0 IIC3 

following stations beginning at H+3: 

4570 m SW, 427Om SE, 3000 m NE, 2740 

m SE, 1520 m SE, 1460 m SE, 1370 m 

SE, and 640m S. 

4.la-2 Photographic Analyzed photos at remote location. IA IA 

Analysis 

6.1 Evaluation of Evaluated various radiac equipment 3.0 IIC2 IIC2 

Military Rsdiac on shot day. 

6.4 Indirect Bomb Recorded data from aircraft over IA 

Damage Assessment shot area. 

6.8 Evaluationof Retrieved water sample from open 4.99 IIB3" 

Field Water Supply tank 460 m NE of Sugar GE at H+6. 

Collected 70 pounds of dirt from 

crater lip at II+26 and used it to 

contaminate water for test. 

7.1s Transport of Tracked radioactive cloud using data IA IA 

Radiation Debris received from B-29 cloud tracker 

(see Air Force Support). 

7.lb Radiochemical Analyzed samples collected by cloud IA IA 

Chemical, and samplers (see Air Force Support). 

PhysicalAnalysis of 

Bomb Debris 

7.3 Airborne Low- Manned off-site stations. IA IA 

Frequency Sound 

8.4 Technical Photo- Took photos from Pro3ect 6.4 IA 

graphy for IBDA aircraft. 

(Project 6.4) 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

••* Elements of category matrix are adjusted to shot specific values from table 2. 

42 
Table 17. Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, Desert Rock support personnel With bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

SHOTS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PRWBCT/LlRIT ACTIVITl DJ& A” g* c* g* E’ r* G’ a* 

CDR Headquarters Command functions. 0.106+* III III IIA2 

Instructor Gp Presented orientation course. III III 

Accompanied troops through display 

areas. 

AFSWP Instructor Gp Presented orientation courses, 3.0 IIC2 IIC2 

accompanied observer and maneuver 

troops in trenches. Conducted tours 

of display area on shot day. 

Hq C Bq Svc Co, 369th General support at CDR. 

Engr Amph Spt Rgt*f* 

Shore Bn, 369th Construction of display areas 0.056 IA IA IA IA 

Engr Amph Spt Rgt (passed through fallout from Shot 

(Co D-F) ••** Easy). 

562nd TSAC (-Plt) Provided transportation for observers IA IA IA IA 

to and from forward area. 

23rd Trans Trk Co Provided transportation for maneuver IA IA IA IA 

troops and observers to and from 

forward area. 

31st Trans Trk Co*** Provided transportation for maneuver IA IA IA IA 

troops and observers to and from 

forward area. 

505th MP Bn, Co A Controlled traffic on shot day. IA IA IA IA 

314th Sig Constr Bn Installed wire and radiccamnunica- 0.056 IA IA IA IA 

Det tions system in trench area. (Exposeded to Easy fallout during preparation for Shot Fox.) 

504th Sig Base Maint Operated PA systems in display area 3.0 III III IIC2 IIC2 

Co Det during tours on shot day. 

Med Det, Sixth Army Established first aid station in IA IA IA IA 

forward area parking lot. 

360th Army Band General support at CDR. 

+ See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

••* For Shot George. 

*** Participated in Shot George troop maneuver. 
Table 18. Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, Air Force support participants with 

bone dose commitment less than 150 millirem. 

saars/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

Cf D* E* F* G* Ii* 

IA IA IA IA 

IB IB IB IB IB IB IB IB 

IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

IB IB IB IB IB IB IB IB 

IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

IA IA IA IA 

PROJECT/UNIT 

4925th Test Gp (A) 

4925th Test Gp (A) 

4925st Test Gp (A) 

4925th Test Gp (A) 

4925th Test Gp (A) 

: 

4901St Support Wg (A) 

55th Weather Recon Sq 

49Dlst Support Wg (A) 

490lst Support Wg (A) 

490lst Support Wg (A) 

ACTIVITY 

Dropped nuclear device from aircraft. 

Flew cloud sampling missions (crews 

breathed 100% oxygen) in support of 

Program 13. 

Flew aerial survey missions. 

General support at ISAW (except 

decon). 

Trained Task Group 132.4 pilots in 

cloud sampling techniques (crews 

breathed 100% oxygen). 

Flew cloud tracking missions. (Did 

not penetrate cloud.) 

Flew cloud tracking missions. (Did 

not penetrate cloud.) 

Flew courier missions. 

Flew disaster control missions in 

support of drop aircraft. 

General support at Kirtland AFB 

(except decon). 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 
Table 19. Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, maneuver troops and observers with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

SEUSS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PRWECT/Ut?IT ACTIVITY DE53 - A* g* E’ g* E’ p* g* i* 

Manuever Troops 

(Shot Charlie) 

Observed shot from trenches 6400 m 

s of GZ. Advanced on foot to display 

area SW of GZ, then to paratroop drop 

area NRW of GZ. 

III 

Paratroops 

Div) (Shot 

(82d AS 

Charlie) 

Parachuted to area 

Advanced south on 

NNW of GZ. 

foot and joined BCT. 

III 

Maneuver Troops 

(Shot Dog) 

Observed shot from trenches 6400 m S 

of GZ. Toured display areas 2 and 3. 

Maneuver cancelled due to high 

radiation levels. 

III 

Maneuver Troops 

(Shot George) 

Observed shot from trenches 6400 10 S 

of GZ. Advanced on foot behind tanks 

to 0.5 R/hr line S of GZ, then toured 

display area on shot day. 

0.106 IIA2 

Service Observers 

(Shot Charlie) ••* 

Observed 

of GZ. 

day. 

shot 

Toured 

from trenches 

display area 

6400 n S 

on shot 

III 

Service Observers 

(shot Dog)*’ 

Observed 

of GZ. 

on shot 

shot 

Toured 

day. 

from trenches 

display areas 

6400 m S 

2 and 3 

III 

Service Observers 

(Shot Fox) +* 

Observed shot from trenches 6400 m SE 

of GZ. Performed rifle tests and 

completed psychological tests and 

toured display area on shot day. 

0.126 IIC2 

Service Observers 

(Shot George) ••* 

Observed shot from 

SW of GZ and toured 

shot day. 

trenches 

display 

3200 

area 

m 

on 

0.028 IIC2 

CDR Observers Observed shot from point near CP. IA 

Strategic Air 

Command Observers 

Viewed shot from B-50 aircraft. IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

•

••* 

See Appendix for 

Some CDR support 

shot abbreviations. 

troops also participated. 
Table 20. 

PRCb.IECT/DNIT 

1.1 Measurements of 

Free Air Blast 

Pressures 

1.1 Measurements of 

Free Air Blast 

Pressures 

1.1 Measurements of 

Free Air Blast 

Pressures 

1.2 Air Pressure vs 

Time 

1.3 Ground-level 

Pressure Measurements 

1.5 Free-Air Pressure 

Measurements 

1.6 Ground Acceleration Measurements 

1.7 Earth Acceleration vs Time 

1.9 Pre-Shock Dust 

1.13 Measurement of 

Air Blast Pressure 

vs Time 

2.1 Total Gamma 

Exposure vs Distance 

2.2 Gamma Energy 

Spectrum of Residual 

Contamination 

* See Appendix for shot 

Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, AFSWP project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

SRGX/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

ACTIVITY DFB A* g* c* 0. E’ p* 5’ a* -

Dropped instrumented canisters from IA IA 

B-298 over GZ. 

Manned telemetry/tracking stations IA IA 

least 11 km S, SE, and SW of GZ. 

Recovered instruments from under- IA 

ground station 1830 18 E of GZ on 

D+l. (Retrieval of canisters not 

considered). 

Recovered blast gauges from blast III III III III 

line on shot day and ~+l. 

Recovered data from instrument III III III III 

trailer and blast gauges from blast 

line on shot day and D+l. 

Photographed rocket trails from III III III III 

remote location, inspected, retrieved 

rocket launchers after shot. 

Recovered buried accelerometers from III III III III 

blast line on shot day and D+l. 

Recovered buried accelerometers from III III III III 

blast line of shot day and D+l. 

Recovered air samplers from GZ area III III III III 

on shot day. 

Recovered gauges and film from GZ III III III 

area. 

Retrieved film packets from GZ area 3.0 III III III III IIC2 IIC2 IIC2 IIC2 

on shot day. 

Took measurements with radiac meters 3.0 IIC4 IIC4 IIC4 IIC4 

in radiation fields up to 1.3 R/hr 

on shot day, D+l and D+2. 

abbreviations. 
Table 20. Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, AFSWP project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem (Continued). 

SHUTS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PROJECT/UNIT ACTIVITY +B A+ B* C* D' E* F* G' 8' - - - - - - - -

2.3 Neutron Flux and Retrieved neutron detectors from III III I ICb 

Energy Measurements line 200-1830 m from GZ and assisted 

Project 17.1 personnel. 

3.1 Vulnerability of Recovered film and instrument data III III III III 

Parked Aircraft and inspected damage to aircraft in 

test area. 

3.3 Blast Damage to Inspected damage to trees planted in III III III 

Trees GZ area. 

3.4 Minefield Inspected mine field in GZ area, III III III 

Clearance emplaced mines for next shot. 

Removed undetonated mines after 

Dog. 

4.2 Biomedical Recovered film, test animals, and III III 

Exposure Equipment instruments from GZ area on shot 

day. 

4.2 Biomedical Recovered film fraa cameras in Easy 3.0 IIC2 

Exposure Equipment GZ area and inspected cages 90-180 m 

from GZ on shot day. 

4.2 Biomedical Recovered film from stations 550, 3.0 IIC2 

Exposure Equipment 640, and 790 m SE of GZ on shot day. 

4.3 Biological Recovered mice from stations 90- III III 

Effectiveness of 1010 I from Charlie GZ and 780-

Neutron Radiation 1330 m from Dog GZ on shot day. 

4.3 Biological Recovered mice and neutron detectors 3.0 IIB2 

Effectiveness of from station 870 m SE of GZ on shot 

Neutron Radiation day. 

4.4 Gamma Depth Dose Recovered dosimeters placed in lucite 3.0 III III IIC2 IIC2 

Measurements in Unit spheres not less than 1 km from GZ on 

Density Material shot day. 

4.5 Flash Blindness Witnessed detonation from trailer IA IA 

15 km SW of GZ. 

6.1 Evaluation of Recovered dosineters from stations 3.0 III III IIC2 IIC2 IIC2 IIC2 

Military Radiac 910-2750 m from GZ on shot day. 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 
Table 20. Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, AFSWP project participants with bone dose 

commitment lees than 150 millirem (Continued). 

SHOIS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PROJECT/UNIT ACTIVITY DFB &* g* C’ D* E’ ” G’ Ij’ -

6.1 Evaluation of Took radiation measurements on D+l 3.0 IIC3 IIC3 

Military Radiac in areas where intensity was 8.0 

R/hr on shot day. 

6.1 Evaluation of Performed aerial survey of shot area IA 

Military Radiac from LC-126 about 30 minutes after 

the detonation. 

6.3 Evaluation of Flew through clouds in pressurized IB IB IB 

Filtration System B-29s. (Removal of filters by 

for Pressurized ground crews not included). 

Aircraft 

6.4 IBDA Flew simulated bomb runs in forma- IA IA IA IA IA IB 

tion with drop aircraft. One aircraft intentionally penetrated cloud 

at Shot Fox (crew breathed 100% 

oxygen) . 

6.7 Evaluation of Recovered air samplers frcnz stations 3.0 IIC2 IIC2 IIC2 

Air Monitoring E-10.5 km from GZ. Radiation intenInstruments sities ranged from background to 5.0 

R/hr during recovery at Ii+8 hr. 

7.la Electromagnetic Manned on-site stations at Yucca IA IA IA IA IA IA 

Ef feCtS Lake and off-site stations throughout world. 

7. lb Long-range Light Manned off-site stations throughout IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

Measurements us. 

7.2 Detection of Low Manned off-site stations throughout IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

Frequency Sound US. 

7.3 Radiochemical and Analyzed samples collected by cloud IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

Physical Analysis of samplers (see Air Force Support). 

Atomic Bomb Debris 

8 .l Effects on Forest Recovered samples from GZ area. III III 

Fuels 

8.2 Air Temperatures Recovered thermal detectors fraz III III III III 

in Vicinity of stations along blast line. 

Detonation 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 
Table 20. Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, AFSWF+ project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem (Concluded). 

SEOIS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PROJECT/UNIT ACTIVITY DPB ;+ 8’ CC D* E+ F* G* ?I’ - _ - - - -

8.3 Thermal Radiation Recwered instruments from stations III III III III 

f ram Nuclear along blast line. 

Detonation 

8.3a Thermal Radia- Recovered detectors from stations III 

tion Measurements along blast line. 

Using Passive 

Detectors 

8. I Atmospheric Collected meteorological data prior IA III IA 

Transmissions and to shot. Collected data from reWeather Measurements ceiving station at BJY after shot. 

Assisted Project 8.3a retrieve 

instruments. 

8.5 Incendiary Inspected and recovered structure.8 III III 

Effects on Building located in GZ area. 

Sections 

8.6 Sound Velocity Retrieved instruments from GZ area. III III III III 

Changes Near Ground 

8.7 Thermal Radiation Trained UCLA personnel in use of IA IA IA 

Measurements thermal radiation measurement eguipnent and collected data recorded in 

Bldg. 400, near CP. 

9.1 Technical and Provided photographic support to III III III III IICb IICb IICb IICb 

Training Photography technical projects. 

9.2 Air Weather Operated on-site and off-site weath- IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

Service Participation er stations and compiled data for 

forecasts in support of operation. 

9.2 Air Weather Recovered data from wind and humid- 3.0 III III III III IIB3 IIB3 IIB3 

Service Participation ity measurement stations on blast 

line on shot day. Recovered instruments on D+l. 

9.4 Effects on the Operated on-site transmitter station IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

Ionosphere 910 m N of CP and other transmitter/ 

receiver stations off-site. 

9.5 Electromagnetic Operated two on-site stations 16-25 IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

Radiation Over the km from GZ and two off-site stations. 

Radio Spectrum 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 
Table 21. Operation TUMWZR-SNAPPER, other project participants with bone dose 

commitmentleas than 150 millirem. 

5HCD!S/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PROJRCT/UNIT ACTIVITY A* B* g* g* s* p* G* A' 

10.2 Test of 

Scintillator optical 

Path Technique 

Took measurements from remote 

location. 

XA IA 

18.1 Total Thermal 

Radiation and Atmospheric Transmission 

Recovered brightness meter from 

Area 2. 

IICa IICa IA IICa 

18.3 Color 

Temperatures 

Took measurements at CF. IA IA IA 

z 

18.4 High-Resolution 

Spectroscopy 

19.2a+b Blast-wave 

Material Velocity 

Measurements 

Took measurments at CP. 

Recovered 90 mm gun from GZ area. 

IA 

IIBa 

IA IA IA 

IIBa 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 
Table 22. Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Desert Rock support participants with 

bone dose commitment less than 150 millirem. 

SHOTS/CODE (See SeCtiOn 3 text) 

PROJECT/DNIT ACTIVITY DPB ___----- A* Nf Ruf D* Ra’ Bf Sf E*

-- H* 5” C 

CDR Headquarters Command functions. 6.0 III IIC2 IIC2 IX2 III III 

Control Group Supervised troop activities 

forward area on shot day. 

in 6.0 III IIC2 IIC2 IIC2 III III III 

Instructor Group Accompanied observers 

area on shot day. 

in display 6.0 III IIC2 IIC2 IIC2 III III III 

26th Trans Trk Br** 

(Hq and Hq Co) 

General support at CDR. 

23rd Trans Trk Co** Transported observers, maneuver 

troops and control group to and 

from forward area on shot day. 

6.0 III IA IIC2 IIC2 IA IA IA 

31st Trans Trk Co** Transported observers, maneuver 

troops and control group to and 

from forward area on shot day. 

6.0 III IA IIC2 IIC2 IA IA IA 

38th Tram 

Wet) 

Trk Co** Transported observers, maneuver 

troops and control group to and 

frao forward area on shot day. 

6.0 III IA IIC2 IIC2 IA IA IA 

53rd Trans 

(Detl 

Trk Co+* Transported observers, maneuver 

troops and control group to and 

from forward area on shot day. 

6.0 III IA IIC2 IIC2 IA IA IA 

50th Chem Serv Plt Conducted radiological surveys and 

other rad-safe functions on shot 

day and subsequent re-entries into 

display areas no closer than 500 m 

from GZ. 

III IICb IICb IICb III III III 

71th Army Band** General support at CDR. 

93rd Army Band General support at CDR. 

94th Med Det 

(Food Insp) 

General support at CDR. 

163rd pn Ldry Det** General support at CDR. 

• See Appendix for shot 

••+ Provided participants 

abbreviations. 

for troop maneuver at Shot Annie (see table 25). 

NOTE: Some CDR Support troops observed Shots Encore and Barry (see table 24). 
Table 22. Operation UPSHCZM(NOTHOLE, Desert Rock support participants with 

bone dose commitment less than 150 millirem (Concluded). 

SHUfS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PRDJECT/lJNIT ACTIVITY 0,- Af Nf Ru+ - 0'- &* 8. S+ E+ ii* G+ C 

371st Evac Hasp+* 

(SHBLl 

Established forward area aid station 

in parking area. Aidmen accompanied 

service observers. 

6.0 III IIC2 IIC2 IIC2 III III III 

505th MP Bn (Co C)'f Contro;.ed traffic to and frm 

forward area on shot day. Acconpanied Control Group in forward area. 

1.4 III IIC2 IIC2 IIC2 III III III 

705th Engr Fldf 

Maint Plt 

General support at CDR. 

762nd QM Sub sup* 

co 

General support at CDR. 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

••* Provided participants for troop maneuver at Shot Annie. 

Table 23. Operation UPSHCYl?-KNOTHOLE, Air Force support participants with 

bone dose commitment less than 150 millirem. 

PRDJECT/DNIT ACTIVITY DFB __--- A' N' 

SHUFS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

Ru+ D* "* B* S* E* a* C* C 

4925th Test Gp 

(Atomic) 

Dropped nuclear device from 

aircraft. 

IA IA IA 

4925th Test Gp 

(Atomic) 

Flew cloud sampling missions in 

support of Pro3ects 7.5 and 13.1 

(breathed 100% oxygen). 

IB IB IB IB IB IB IB IB IB IB IB 

55th Weather Recon 

S¶ 

Flew cloud tracking missions. 

not penetrate cloud. 

Did IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

4901st Support Wing Flew courier and aerial survey 

missions. 

IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

4935th Air Base Sq. General support at ISAFB (except 

decon). 

4905th Maint and 

sup sq. 

Maintained DK project aircraft at 

Kirtland AFB (except sampler). 

4910th Air Base Gp General support at Kirtland AFB 

(except decon). 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 
Table 24. Operation UPSHOT-RWFHOLE, observers with bone dose commitment 

less than 150 millirem. 

PROJECT/UNIT 

Service Observers 

(Shot Annie) 

Service Observers 

(Shot Nancy) 

Volunteer Observers 

(Shot Nancy) 

Service Observers 

(Shot Dixie) 

Service Observers 

(Shot Ray) 

service Observers 

(Shot Badger) 

Volunteer Observers 

(Shot Badger) 

service Observers 

(Shot Simon) 

Volunteer Observers 

(Shot Simon) 

Service and CDR 

Observers 

(Shot Encore) 

Service and CDR 

Observers 

(Shot Barry) 

Servlce Observers 

(Shot Grable) 

ACTIVITY 

Observed shot from trenchea 3200 IO 

SSW of GZ. Toured display area on 

shot day. 

Rehearsed and toured Annie display 

on D-Z (Annie + 5 days). 

III 

Observed shot from trenches 3360 II 

SSW of GZ and tourad Nancy display 

on shot day. 

0.32 IIC2 

Observed shot from 

from GZ. 

trenches 2290 n 0.01 IICl 

Observed shot fron 

miles S of 02). 

News Nob (10 IA 

Observed shot fccm News Rob 

miles S of GZ). 

(11 IA 

Rehearsed and toured Nancy display 

area on D-l (Nancy + 23 days). 

0.04 IX6 

Observsd shot from trenches 3660 m 

SSW of GZ. Twrsd Badger display 

on shot day. 

1.4 

Observed shot 

Erol 62. 

from trench 1630 II 4.1 

Toured Badger display area on D-2 

(Badger + 5 days). 

0.01 

Obeecved shot from trenches 3660 s 

S of GZ. Toured Simon display area 

on shot day. 

0.5 

Observed shot from trench 1830 n 

from GZ. 

3.8 

observed shot Era trenches 9420 m 

SSW OE GZ. Toured display area on 

shot day. 

Observed shot fra trenches 3660 IX 

SSW of OZ. Toured display area on 

shot day. 

Toured Harry display area on D-2 

(Narry + 3 days). 

Observed shot fra trenches 4570 m 

WSW of GE. Toured display area on 

shot day. 

IIC2 

IICl 

IICC 

IIC2 

IICl 

III 

III 

III 

III 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 
Table 25. Operation UPSHOT-KNOTEiOLJ3, maneuver 

l&s than 150 millirem. 

troops with bone dose commitment 

sROTS/CODE Gee Section 3 text) 

PROJBCT/DNIT ACTIVITY -

Dw A’ N* Ru.

- D*- I&%+- II’ T e* “* G+ C 

Maneuver Troops 

(Shot Annie) 

Observed shot from trenches 3200 n 

SSW of GZ. Advanced on foot to 

objective 1 km W of GZ and toured 

display area S of GZ on shot day. 

0.8 III 

Maneuver Troops 

(Shot Nancy) 

Observed shot frm trenches 3660 m 

SSW of GZ. Advanced on foot toward 

objective 1-2 km W of GZ and toured 

display area SW of GZ on shot day. 

2.2 IIC2 

IstBn, 

(Shot 

8th Marines 

Badger) 

Observed shot from trenches 3660 n 

SSW of GZ. Advanced toward objective until halted due to high radiation exposures shortly after 

detonation. 

4.7 IICl 

2dBn, 3rd Marines 

(-"En Co) (Shot 

Badger) 

Observed shot from trenches 3660 m 

SSW of GZ. Advanced to objective 

2000 yd N of trenches toured display 

area before B+4. 

3.0 IICl 

I ul 

P 

ZMCPAEB HQ 

(Shot Badger) 

Led troops 

Bt2.25. 

through display area by 3.7 IA IA IICl 

Maneuver Troops 

(Shot Simon) 

Observed shot fraa trenches 3660 m 

S of GZ. Advanced on foot toward 

objectives l-2 km W of GZ and toured 

display area S of GZ on shot day. 

3.1 IIC2 

Maneuver Troops 

(Shot Encore) 

Observed shot from trenches 9420 m 

SW of GZ. Advanced on foot and in 

helicopters to objective 1.5 km SE 

of GZ, advanced on foot to GZ and 

toured display area on shot day. 

III 

Maneuver Trcops 

(Shot Grable) 

Visited 

(Barry 

Harry display 

t 3 days). 

area on D-3 III 

Observed shot from trenches 4570 m 

W of GZ. Advanced on foot toward 

objectives 2-3 km SE of GZ and 

toured portion of display area on 

shot day. 

III 

USMC Helicopter 

Atomic Test Unit 

Observed detonation from locations 

6.5 to 20 km from GZ. Flew to GZ 

area shortly after shot. Conducted 

radiological survey. 

2.6 IIAl IIAl III IIAl IIAl IIAl III IIAl 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 
••

Table 26. 

PROJECT/UNIT 

l.la/l.Z Air Blast 

Measurements 

l.la-1 Evaluation 

of Wmncko 6 

Vlbrotro" Gauges 

l.lb Air Pressure 6 

Ground Shock Measorements 

l.lc-1 Air Shock 

Pressure/Tune vs 

Distances 

l.lc-2 Air Shock as 

Affected by Hills 

and Dales 

l.ld Dynamic Pressure 

versus Time 

1.3 Free-air Blast 

Measurements 

1.3 Free-air Blast 

Measurements 

1.4 Free-field 

Measurements of 

Earth Stress/Motion 

2.2a Gamma Spectrum 

of Residual Contamination 

2.2b Residual Ionizing Depth Dose 

Measurements in Unit 

Density Material 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, AFSWP project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

SAOTS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

ACTIVITY 0,

-- A* Nf E' g* E+ B' S* e* g' c* 5 

Recovered data from underground 

recording stations 2130 + 3500 m 

from GE on shot day. Recovered 

gauges later. 

III III 

Recovered rocket launchers from GZ 

area. 

III III III III III 

Recovered data from underground 

recocding stations 2130 + 3500 m 

from GE on shot day. Recovered 

gauges later. 

III III 

Recovered records from instrument 

station on blast line on shot day. 

Recovered gauges on shot day. 

3.9 IIB2 III III III III 

Recovered gauges/data from stations 

210 to 2380 m NNW of Annie GZ and 

500 and 700 m N, NE and E of Simon 

GZ. 

III IIBa** 

Recovered data from instrument 

station 6 km west of GZ on shot day. 

IA 

Retrieved records from recording 

stations on shot day. 

III III III 

Dropped instrument canisters from 

B-29 aircraft upwind from shot. 

IA IA 

Manned receiver stations east of 

Yucca Lake and north of CP during 

shot. Retrieved canister several 

days after shot. 

III III 

Retrieved data from recording station on blast line on shot day. 

Retrieved gauges later. 

III III III 

Took measurements vith radiac 

instruments in radiation field. 

IICb IICb IICb IICb III IICb III III 

Placed dosimeters in radiation field 

and retrieved them no later than 

D+2. 

3.9 IIC4 IIC4 III IIC4 III 

See Appendix for shot abbreviations 

++ Elements of category matrix are adjusted to shot specific values from table 2. 
Table 26. 

PRCUECTPJNIT 

2.3 Neutron Flux 

Measurements 

3.1 Loading of 

Bulldlng and Equipment Shapes 

3.la shock Diffractlon in Vicinity 

of Structures 

3.3 Tests on Loading 

of Horizontal Cylinder 

Shapes 

3.4 Tests on Loading 

of Truss Systems 

3.5 Tests on Response 

of Wall 6 Roof Panels 

3.6 Loading and 

Response of Railroad 

Equipment 

3.7 Air Blast Effects 

on Entrances and Intakes on Underground 

Structures 

3.8 Air Blast Effects 

on Underground 

Structures 

3.9 Field Fortification 

3.11-3.16 Navy 

Structures 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, AFSWP project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem (Continued). 

ACTIVITY DFB 

- A+ E' 

SHCYfS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

&* c' s g* 2' E* " G* C 

Recovered neutron detectors from 

cable dragged from GZ area and 

from stakes at least 700 m from 

GZ on shot day. 

III III III 

Inspected structures and equipment 

In GZ area for damage and recovered 

instrument records. 

III III 

Recovered instrument readings from 

GZ area. 

III III 

Inspected cylinders located at least 

1460 m from GZ and recorded gauge 

data. 

III III 

Inspected structures located at 

least 670 m from GZ and retrieved 

gauge data. 

III III 

Inspected structures located at 

least 670 m frcm GZ and retrieved 

gauge data. 

III 

Inspected railroad equipment (locomotive and cars) located 460-2010 m 

from GZ. 

III 

Inspected entrances, intakes and 

filters in underground structure 

located 290 m from GZ. 

III III 

Inspected three underground structures located 280 m from GZ. III III 

Inspected field fortifications and 

retrieved data from stations 150-

2440 R from GZ. 

III III 

Inspected buildings and retrieved 

data 820-6100 m from GZ. 

III III 

••See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 
Table 26. 

PROJECT/UNIT 

3.18 Minefield 

Clearance 

3.19 Blast Damage 

to Tree Stands 

3.20 Blast and Thermal 

Effects on Tactical 

Communications Equipment 

3.21 Statistical 

Estimation of Damage 

to Ordnance Equipment 

3.22 Effects on 

Engineer Bridging 

Equipment 

3.24 Effects on 

Tracked Landing 

Vehicles 

3.26 Effects on POL 

Installations 

3.27 Effects on Field 

Medical Installations 

and Equipment 

3.28.1 Structures 

Instrumentation 

3.28.2 Pressure 

Heasurements for 

Program 3 Projects 

3.28.3 Pressure 

Measurements on 

Structures 

operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, AFSWP project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem (Continued). 

ACTIVITY 

Inspected minefield 820 ia from CZ. 

Detonated undetonated mines. 

Inspected tree stand 2000 m from GZ 

and tree line 460-2440 m from GZ. 

Recovered gauge data. 

Inspected caamunications equipment 

(poles, lines, radios, etc) 90-

4570 m from GZ. 

Inspected tanks, trucks, jeeps and 

guns 270-2000 m from GZ. Recovered 

and uprighted equipment on D+2. 

Inspected bridge spans 320-1340 m 

from GZ. Retrieved gauge data. 

Inspected and recovered film badges 

from vehicles 240-1370 m from GZ. 

Inspected various PGL equipment 

(drums, tanks, etc) 70-3110 m 

fraa GZ. 

Inspected medical installation and 

equipment located 1270-4570 m from 

GZ. 

Retrieved and reduced blast data 

from Program 3 projects. 

Retrieved and reduced pressure data 

for Program 3 projects. 

Retrieved data from underground 

recording station (Project 3.1) 

1500 m from GZ. 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

SHOPS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

DPB - 5' y* &* z* =* B* s* E' y* 5. c 

III 

III III 

III III 

III III 

III III 

III III 

III III 

III 

III III 

III III 

III III 
Table 26. Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, AFSWP project participants with bone 

PROJECT/UNIT 

3.29 Blast Effects 

on Walls and 

Partitions 

4.2 Direct Air Blast 

Exposure Effects in 

Animals 

4.5 Ocular Effects 

of Thermal Radiation 

4.1 Beta-Gamma Skin 

Hazard in Post Shot 

Contaminated Area 

4.8 Bio-effects of 

Neutrons 

5.1 Effects on AD 

Aircraft in Flight 

5.2 Effects on B-50 

Aircraft in Flight 

5.3 Blast Effects 

on B-36 Aircraft in 

Flight 

6.2 Indirect Bomb 

Damage Assessment 

(IBDA) 

6.3 Interim IBDA 

Capabilities of 

SAC 

commitment less than 150 millirem (Continued). 

StICYIS/CODE (See Section 

ACTIVITY -

%B

Inspected structures located 1340 

and 2020 m from GZ. 

Recovered test animals and equipment 3.9 

from GZ area (290-470 m) a" shot 

day. 

Viewed detonation from trailer at IA IA IA IA 

least 10 km from GZ. 

Recovered test animals (rabbits) 3.9 IIB2 IIB2 IIB2 IIB2 

from site at least 3 km from GZ on 

shot day. 

Took radiation measurements in GZ 3.9 IIC2 

area on shot day using thin-walled 

ion chamber. 

Recovered test animals (mice) Eras 

14 stations 450-1800 m SSE of GZ on 

shot day. 

Flew over detonation (did not pene- IA IA , IA IA 

trate cloud). 

Manned ground control station near IA IA IA IA 

CP. Recovered test panels 1.2-2.2 

km from GZ on shot day (Encore). 

Two B-SOS flew in formation with IA 

drop aircraft. 

Flew B-36 in formation with drop 

aircraft. Did not penetrate cloud. 

B-29 aircraft orbited at least 8 km 

Eras GZ. Did not fly through or 

under cloud. 

IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

Manned radar transmitter/receiver 

stations 9-11 km from GZ. Shut 

down un-manned stations after shot 

no later than Dtl. 

3.9 IA IIC3 IIC3 III IIC3 IIC3 IIC3 

Flew over test site (did not fly 

through or under cloud). 

IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 
Table 26. Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, AFSWP project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem (Continued). 

SHOTS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PROJECT/UNIT ACTIVITY 4-B - A*

- N*- Ru* - D*- Ra* - B*- S’ E* 8’ - G'- C6.4 Evaluation of Recovered dosimeteca from 8 stations 3.9 1183 IIB2 

Chenncal Doslmeters (location unknown) not later than 

D+l. 

6.8 Evaluation of Performed radiation surveys with 3.9 IIC2 IIC2 III IIC2 IIC2 III IIC2 

Hllitary Radlac experimental radlac equipment on 

Equipment shot day. 

6.8a Initial Gamma Recovered dosimetera at varying 3.9 IIC2 IIC2 IIC2 IIC2 IIC2 IIC2 III IIC2 III 

Exposure versus distances from GZ on shot day. 

Distance 

6.9 Evaluation of Took radiation measurements from IA IA IA IA IA 

Naval Airborne aircraft. Dropped dosimeters with 

Radiac Equipment telemetry Into area. (Retrieval not 

documented .) 

6.10 Evaluation of Took radiation measurements from IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

Rapid Aerial Radio- aircraft. 

logical Survey 

Technique 

6.11 Indoctrination Flew T-33s in formation with drop IA IA 

of TAC AlrCreWs aircraft. 

6.12 Determination of operated varnue sensors located 13- IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

Height of B"rst and 60 km from GZ from station at least 

Ground Zero 13 km from GZ. 

6.13 Effectiveness of operated radar fron station approxi- IA IA IA IA 

Fast Scan Radar for mates 11 km from GZ. 

FIreball Studies 

7.1 Electromagnetic Manned stations on-site (14-22 km IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

Effects of Nuclear from GZ) and off-site throughout US. 

Explosions 

7.3 Detection of operated remote statlons throughout IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

Airborne Lou Fre- world. 

quency Sound 

7.4 seismic Manned stations throughout US. 3.9 IA IA IA IA IA IIC2 IA IA IA IA IA 

Heasurements Turned off equipment and recovered 

records from n-manned station in 

Yucca Flat on shot day. 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 
III III III III ZSII 

III III III 

III III 

-XQP WV Uo I= OSLZ-009) Q=JP 23 

III III ZSII 6-E ~2x3 (s6Td) s~euTuo JSJ~T P=A=TJ~=~ 

III 

III 

.XRP ‘Joqs uo 23 UOZ) q E-Z UOFTI 

--0xq mor3 =uoqdomTu par=Taa=~ PUP 

zf) WJ3 mx 01 ISPOT a? UQA p=J"=a 

III III z311 III z311 z311 ZXI III 1311 z511 2511 6'E 4J~SUT nIox3 s~u=tm,nsP=lu paaonpuo3 

.XQP aoqs "0 

III z311 III 2311 z311 ZSII 6-E P=~P 23 UT p=l(zed ~JQIDITQ p=>s=dsUI 

'T+a Uoq2 J=JQT 

III E311 ED11 E311 ED11 6'E 

8001 P=qrlQ=w A313) *s=Tdums 

91 a1 91 EI 91 a1 EI EI fl1 91 EI 13=TT03 01 PnOTJ qhOJq7 A=Td 

- - 5 ••3 .ii *a ••S ra $2 ••a ••Ti-x ••-N ••-

V ea, x&IAIlTJv 

(~03 E uo~w=s ==s) aao2/smis 
- - 

Table 26. Operation UPSHCYFKNOTHOLE, AFSWP project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem (Concluded). 

SHOTS/CODE (See SeCtiOn 3 text) 

PRDJECT/DNIT ACTIVITY DIG, A* N* &J* D* E* 8’ g* E* I* 5. c 

8.11a Incendiary Inspected demonstration houses and III III 

Effects on Building test material in GZ area on shot 

and Interior Klndlzng day. 

S.llb Ignition and Inspected test materials in GZ area III III III 

Persistent Plres on shot day. 

8.12a Sound Velo- Inspect and collect data from 3.9 IIB2 III III 

cltles Near Ground instruments in GZ area on shot day. 

8.12b Supplementary Retrieved data from GZ area (460- III III 

Pressure Measure- 920 m) on shot day. 

ment 

8.13 Study of Fire Inspected test panels in GZ area III 

Retardant Paint several days after shot. 

9.1 Technical 

Photography 

Took photographs in support of 

projects. 

IICb IICb IICb III IICb IICb IICb III IICb III III 

9.6 product 

Stabilization 

Inspected treated area near GK on 

shot day. 

III III 

9.7 Experimental 

Soil Stabilization 

Inspected treated area near GZ on 

shot day. 

III III 

••See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 
Table 27. Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, other project participants with bone dose 

13.1 Radiochemistry 

Sampling 

18.3 Spectroscopy 

23.1 Biological 

Effectiveness of 

Ionizing Radiation 

within Shelters 

23.2 Bacteriological 

Studies on Animals 

Exposed to Neutron o\ Radiation N 

23.3 Long-Term 

Studies on Dogs 

Exposed to Neutron 

23.17 Neutron Flux 

Measurements in AEC 

Shelters and Lead 

Hemispheres 

27.1 Distribution 

and Characteristics 

of Fallout at 

Distances Greater 

Than 10 Miles 

29.1 Comparison and 

Evaluation of 

Dosimetric Methods -

Gamma 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

ACTIVITY bBSADTS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

A* NC Ruf Df Ra* B" S* E* ----------- R+ G' C 

Flew through clouds to collect 

samples (crew on 100% oxygen). 

IB IB IB IB IB IB IB IB IB IB IB 

Operated spectrometers in Bldg. 400 

near CP. Retrieved film from close 

in station (3 km from GZ) on shot 

day. 

3.9 IA IA IA IA IA IIC2 IA IA IA IA 

Retrieved test animals from earth 

protected shelters near GZ on shot 

day. 

3.9 III IIB2 III III IIB2 III 

Retrieved test animals from earth 

protected shelters near GZ on shot 

day. 

3.9 III IIB2 III III IIB2 III 

Retrieved test animals from earth 

protected shelters near G7, on shot 

day. 

3.9 III IIB2 III III 1182 III 

Retrieved detectors from shelter 

used for Projects 23.1, 23.2, and 

23.3, and other stations in GZ area 

on shot day. 

3.9 III IIB2 III III 1182 III III 

Collected samples and conducted 

radiological surveys. 

3.9 IIB3 IIB3 IA IIB3 IIB3 

Took radiation measurements in and 

retrieved dosimeter from shot area. 

3.9 III IIC3 IICS IICS III IIC3 III III 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 
Table 28. Operation TEAPOT, Desert Rock support participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

PRDJECT/UNIT 

CDR Headquarters 

Control Gp 

Instructor Gp 

505th MF' Bn 

95th Engr Bn 

26th Trans B" 

23rd Trans Trk Co 

cn 

w 31st Trans Trk Co 

2nd Trans Trk Co 

Evacuatlo" Hosp I-) 

94th Med Det 

90th Rep1 B", Hq 6 Hq 

Det 

71st Rep1 Co 

53rd @4 Co 

163rd Qi4 Co 

433rd Army Band 

ACTIVXTY 5i !!* 

Command functions. 

Supervised troop activities I" 

forward area. 

6.0 IA 

Presented orientation courses and 

accompanied troops during tours of 

display areas. 

6.0 IA 

Controlled traffic to and from 

forward area on shot day. 

0.15 IA 

Pre-shot trench and test structure 

construction. Inspected/evaluated 

test Structures after Shot MET 

(D+5 to 11). 

0.123 

General support at CDR. 

Provided transportatron for maneuver troops, observers and technical 

project personnel to and from forward area. 

6.0 

Provided transportation for mane"-

ver troops, observers and technical 

project personnel to and from forward area. 

6.0 

Provided tranaportatlon for mane"-

ver troops, observers and technical 

project personnel to and from forward area. 

6.0 

General support at CDR and established aid station in observer 

trench area. 

6.0 

General support*& CDR. 

General support at CDR. 

General support at CDR. 

General support at CDR. 

General support at CDR. 

General support at CDR. 

No*

-

IA 

IA 

IA 

SHOTS/CODE (See Sectlon 3 text) 

Te Tu* H’ 8’ E’ Al' _ 

W’* HA* •

-- -

III 

IICl** IIC3 III IA III 

IICl"" IIC3 III IA III 

IICl** IIC3 III IA III 

p* 

IICl*' IIC3 IA IA IA 

IICl*' IIC3 IA IA IA 

IICl** IIC3 IA IA IA 

IA IIC3 IA IA IA IA IA 

ME* 

IA 

IA 

IA 

II87 

IA 

IA 

IA 

IA 

A2' 

IICl 

IICl 

IICl 

_ 

IICl 

IICl 

IICl 

IICl 

IA 

z* 

. See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

••* Elements of category matrix are adjusted to shot speclflc value.9 from table 2. 

NOTE: CDR Support troops may have witnessed one or more shots as CDR Observers (see table 30). 
. 

R 

-

64 
Table 30. Operation TEAPOT, observers with bone dose commitment less 

than 150 millirem. 

SHOTS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PROJECT/UNIT ACTIVITY 

Service and CDR 

Observers 

(Shot Wasp) 

Observed shot from News Nob, 

of display area cancelled. 

tour 

Service and CDR 

Observers 

(Shot Moth) 

Observed shot from trenches 2290 10 

WSW of GZ. Returned to CDR shortly 

thereafter . 

IA 

Service and CDR 

Observers 

(Shot Tesla) 

Observed shot from trenches 2190 m 

SW of GZ. Toured portion of display 

area by A+2. 

1.1 1xc1** 

Service and CDR 

Observers 

(Shot Turk) 

Observed shot from trenches 5030 m 

SE of GZ. Toured display area on 

D+l. 

1.24 IIC3 

Service Observers 

(Shot Bee) 

Observed shot from trenches 3200 m 

SW of G-2. Toured display area 

shortly after shot. 

III 

o\ 

VI Service and CDR 

Observers 

(Shot Es.91 

Observed shot from open area 8230 m 

SW of G-2. (Area was contaminated 

by Shot Turk fired 16 days earlier.) 

Returned to CDR after shot. 

0.043 IA 

Service and CDR 

Observers 

(Shot Apple I) 

Observed shot from trenches 3200 m 

SSW of GZ. Toured display area 

immediately after shot. 

III 

CDR Observers 

(Shot MBT) 

Observed shot from open area 9330 m 

SW of GZ. Returned to CDR shortly 

after shot. 

IA 

Service and CDR 

Observers 

(Shot Apple II) 

Observed shot from trenches 3200 m 

S of G-2.. Toured display area 

shortly after shot. 

0.34 IICL 

VIP Observers 

(Shot Apple II) 

Observed shot from 

SW of GZ. Did not 

area, 

trenches 4100 

tour display 

m IA 

Volunteer Observers 

(Shot Apple II) 

Observed shot from trenches 2380 m 

S of GZ. May have toured display 

area after shot with service 

observers. 

0.34 1x1 

t 

••* 

See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

Elements of category matrix are adjusted to shot specific values from table 2. 
Table 31. Operation TEkPOT, manewer and troop test participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

SHOTS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PROJECT/UNIT ACTIVITY & II' MO' E' Z' g* g* g* Al* wl* HA* p+ ME* g* z* 

40.16 Army oemolltlon 

Munitions 

Emplaced and detonated the device. 

No post shot recovery/inspection 

activities documented. (May have 

observed shot with Service 

observers). 

IA 

40.18 Location of 

Atomic Bursts 

Manned stations at least 8 km 

SW of GZ during shot. 

SE to IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

41.1 Infantry Reglmental Communlcatlons 

Test 

Observed shot with Apple II Service 

observers. Went to posts located 

between 1.3 and 1.7 km S of GZ, 0.8 

and 1.1 km E of GZ, and 2.2 km W oE 

GZ shortly after shot to test and 

repair communications equipment. 

Returned to COR at Ht2 hours. 

6.0 IIBl 

41.2 Task Force RAZOR Conducted helicopter supported armored (tanks and armored personnel 

carriers) maneuver and toured display area by Ii+4 hours. 

1.8 IIAl 

41.6 Marine Brigade 

Exercise (3rd MCPAEB) 

Conducted air (helicopter airlift) 

and ground maneuver in old (Turk t 

15 days) fallout field on shot day. 

0.001 IA 

Toured Bee display area on shot day. III 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 
PROJECT/UNIT 

1.1 Measurement of 

Free Air Blast Pressures 

1.2 Shock Wave 

Photography 

1.3 Microbarographic 

Pressure at Ground 

Level 

1.9 Material Velocity 

Measurements 

1.11 Special Measurements of Dynamic Pressure 

1.12 Drag Force 

Measurements 

1.13 Dust Density Vs. 

Time 6 Distance 

1.14a Transient Drag 

on Spherical Elodels 

2.1 Gamma Exposure VS. 

Distance 

2.2 Neutron Flux Measurements 

Table 32. Operation TEAPOT, AFSWP project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

sEDTS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

ACTIVITY DJB W* Ho* - Te* - Tu* -- Ii* B* E* Al* c+ B&* p* HEf g z' 

Recovered instrument canisters 

dropped from aircraft over shot 

area. (Turk L BA recoveries on 

shot day; Apple 1 recovery time 

presumed to be also.) 

3.9 IIC2 IIC2 IA 

Recovered film from cameras placed 

at various distances from GZ. 

3.9 III IIBZ** IIB3 IIB2 IIBa IIB III IA IIBa IIB2 

Recovered data from recording 

stations near surface zero. 

IA 

Aircraft produced smoke trails 

just prior to detonation. Ground 

crews photographed distortion in 

trails due to shock wave. 

IA 

Recovered data and instruments from 

stations at least 4 km S and 6 km E 

of Turk GZ and 0.4-2.4 km N, W, and 

S of MET GZ. ReCOVeKy took approximately two days. 

IIBb IIBb 

Recovered data and instruments from 

stations between 600 m and 1350 m 

south of GZ on shot day. 

3.9 1182 

Recovered data and instruments from 

stations located 760 and 910 m S and 

W of GZ and 610 to 910 m S of GZ. 

Recovery activities took approximately 2 days. 

IIBb 

Performed activities similar to 

Project 1.12. Data and equipment 

recovery lasted approximately 10 

days. 

IIBc 

Recovered dosimetets (film packets) 

from several stations upwind from GZ 

on shot day. Recovered canisters 

dropped through cloud (Shot BA only). 

3.9 III 11c2** 11c2** IIC2 IIC2 III IIC2 IIC2 III IA III IIC2 

Removed neutron detectors from 

stakes in GZ area and cable dragged 

from GZ. area shortly after shot. 

Recovered canisters dropped through 

cloud (BA only). 

3.9*** III IIBl** IIBa** IIBl IIBl IIBl III IA III IIBl 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

••* Elements of category matrix are adjusted to shot specific values derived from table 2. 

••** Does not include Shot Tesla dose. Code used for Tesla does not require specific dose information. 
Table 32. Operation TEAPOT, AFSWP project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150-millirem (Continued). 

SHC?‘fS/CODE (See SeCtlOn 3 text) 

PR0.IBCT/tJNIT ACTIVITY ElFA !!? No*

- Te* - E* 

2.3b Gamma Radiation 

Fields Above Contaminated Ground 

Took radiation measurements at station 2300 m SE of GZ on D+9 and 

along NE-SW .wCess road on D+16. 

2.6 Radiation Absorbed by Ruman Phantoms 

Placed instrumented mannequins in 

radiation fields up to 3.5 B/hr. 

Retrieved later. 

III 11ca IICa IICa 11ca 11ca 

2.8a Contact Radiation 

Hazard from Contaminated Aircraft 

Took radiation measurements at 

various distance from aircraft sucfaces and removed film taped to 

aircraft surface. 

IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

2.8b Manned Penetration of Atomic 

Clouds 

Flew T-338 through cloud. 

breathed 1008 oxygen. 

Crew IB IB IB IB IB 

3.2 Study of Drag 

Loading of Structures 

in Precursor Zone 

Recovered data/instruments from concrete buildings located 1200-1800 m 

South of GZ on shot day. 

3.9 IIC2 

3.6 Evaluation 

Earth Cover 

of Inspected and recovered data/instruments from 6 underground shelters 

located 460-900 m from GZ. 

IIBb 

3.1 Effect 

tive Phase 

Blast 

of PosiLength of Inspected, photographed and recovered data from test structures at 4 

locations, 1100-1750 m south of GZ. 

IICb 

3.8 Test 

Panels 

of Concrete Inspected and recovered 

concrete panels located 

1480 m from GZ. 

data from 

1070 and 

IICb 

3.9 Response of Small 

Petroleum Tanks 

Photographed 

tanks. 

and inspected damage to IICb*’ 

3.10 Structures 

Instrumentation 

Recovered data/instruments from 16 

test structures located 1000-1800 m 

south of GZ. 

IIBb 

5.1 Destructive 

on Aircraft in 

Loads 

Plight 

Tracked aircraft from radar sites 

16-27 km S of GZ. Flew QP-80 drones 

(unmanned) near Shots Bee 6 HIPI detonation. Drones did not penetrate 

cloud: recovered at Indian Springs. 

IA IA IA IA IA 

5.2 Effects 

Type A/C in 

on Fighter 

Flight 

Flew F-84 aircraft near detonation 

(slant range 4-6 km) aircraft did 

not penetrate cloud. Project 5.1 

personnel tracked aircraft ftm 

ground station near CP. 

IA IA IA IA IA IA 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

••* Elements Of category code are adjusted to shot specific values from table 2. 
••

PROJECT/UNIT 

6.1.la Evaluation of 

Mllltary Radiac Equlpment 

6.1.lb Evaluation of 

Radiological Defense 

Warning System 

6.1.2 Accuracy of 

Military Radiacs 

6.2 Effects on Selected Components and 

Systems 

6.3 Missile Detonation Locator 

6.4 Test of IBDA 

Equipment 

6.5 Test of Airborne 

Naval Radars for IBDA 

8.1 Measurement of 

Direct and GroundReflected Thermal 

Radiation 

8.4a Thermal Measurements from Airccaft in 

Flight 

8.4b Thermal Measurements from Fixed 

Ground Installations 

8.4~ Thermal Measurements Prior to First 

Minimum 

8.4d Spectraseter 

Measurements 

Table 32. Operation TEAPOT, AFSWP project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem (Continued). 

SHOTS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

ACTIVITY EFE W*

- Ho*- Te* -- Tu* H’ Bf E'- Al* - n’* _-- HA’ P' 

Field tested radiac equipment and 

recovered dosimeters from stations 

900-2700 n from GZ on shot day. 

3.9 111 IIC2 IIC2 IIC2 IIC2 IIC2 

Recovered detector systems from stations located outside of contamlnated areas. 

IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

Tested radiac equipment in 5-10 R/hr 

field on shot day and D+l. 

3.9 IIC3 IIC3 

Tested radiac equipment in 3-4 R/hr 

fields on shot day. 

3.9 IIC2 IIC2 

Recovered test equipment from positions 400-500 m from GZ. IICb 

Manned station in California. IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

Tested IBDA equipment In aircraft 

near shot area, Did not penetrate 

cloud. 

IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

Tested IBDA equipment in aircraft 

near shot area. Did not penetrate 

cloud. 

IA IA IA IA 

Flev aircraft in vicinity of shot 

(slant range at least 3.4 km). 

Turned away from shot shortly after 

detonation. Ground crews tracked 

aircraft from radar station south 

of GZ. 

IA IA IA 

Took thermal radiation measurements 

in delivery aircraft. Aircraft did 

not penetrate cloud. 

IA 

Recovered data/instruments from stations near GZ. III IIBa** IIBa** IIBa IIBa III IA 

Took measurements from delivery aircraft and/or Bldg. 410 near Control 

Point. 

IA IA IA 

Took measurements in Bldg. 410 near 

CP except at Shot Apple 1 when measurements were taken at station 7.5 

km from GZ. 

IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

ME* -

IIC2 

IICZ 

IICb 

IA 

IA 

IA 

IA 

IIBa 

-

AZ* 2’ 

IA 

IA IA 

IA IA 

IA 

* See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

* Elements of category matrix are adjusted to shot specific values frcm table 2. 
Table 32. Operation TEAPOT, AFSWP project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem (Concluded). 

SHCJI?3/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PRGJF.CT/UNIT ACTIVITY 5i W’ MO*

- Te* -- Tu* H’ - 8'- E'- Al* - W'* - HA* - P'- E* AZ' - Z*-

8.4f Bolometer 

Measurements 

Took measurements 

CP. 

in Bldg. 410 near IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

9.1 Technical 

Photography 

Photographed detonation from X-47 

aircraft. (B-SO at I-IA). 

IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

Photographed damage to equipment 

shot area. 

in 3.9 IIC6 

Manned ground stations at least 10 

km from GZ. 

IA IA IA 

9.4 Atomic Cloud 

Growth study 

Took theodolite measurements from CP 

areas. Photographed cloud from aircraft and/or ground stations at least 

9 km from GZ. 

IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

9.6 Weather 

Reconnaissance 

Flew pre-shot weather 

in F-94. 

recon mission IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

4 

0 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

••* Elements of category matrix are adlusted to shot specific values from table 2. 
Table 33. Operation TEAPOT, technical service project participants with 

bone dose commitment less than 150 millirem. 

PROJECT/UNIT ACTIVITY 5x3 w* Noof 

_ Te*__- Tuf 

SHOTS/CODE (See 

H* B* E’ - -

Section 3 text) 

Al* W’ • HA* ---- P* ME*

- g* z* 

40.9 Navy Passive 

Defense Training 

Observed Shot Bee 

3200 m SW of GZ. 

display area. 

from trenches 

Did not tour 

IA 

Observed Shot ESS from trenches 

8200 m SW of GZ and established 

0.25 and 2.5 R/hr lines on shot day. 

0.49 IIC2 

Conducted simulated rescue exercises 

in contaminated area on D+l. 

0.22 IIB3 

Conducted simulated rescue exercises 

in contaminated area on D+3. 

0.60 IIB5 

40.14 Chemical, 

Biological and 

Radiological Defense 

Shelter Tests 

Inspected field bunker 430 a from GZ 

on shot day. Some digging required. 

6.0 III32 

%I 

- 40.15 Engineer Field 

Fortification and 

Equipment Tests 

Inspected field 

420 m from GZ. 

fortifications 300- IIBb 

40.15a Engineer 

Equipment Test 

Aeavy Inspected heavy equipment placed 

trenches 480-810 m from GZ. 

in IIBb 

40.17 Effects 

Transporters 

Containers 

on 

or 

Steel Inspected various cargo packages 

placed at stations 1020-2510 n from 

MET GZ and 500-880 m from Apple II 

GZ. 

IIBb IICb 

40.20 Clothing Test Inspected and recovered clothing 

from 9 mannequins located 1800-3300 

m from GZ. 

IIBb 

40.21 Ordnance 

Vehicular Equipment 

Test 

Inspected 

close as 

ordnance equipment 

500 m from GZ. 

as III IICa** IICa IICa IICa IICa IICa III IICa 

Damage Effects 

Evaluation 

Inspected 

vehicles 

weapons, emplacements, and 

as close as 500 R from GZ. 

IICaf* IICa IICa 

•

••* 

See Appendix for shot abbreviations, 

Elements of category matrix are adjusted to shot specific values from table 2. 
PRDJECT/DNIT 

40.1 Evaluation of 

IBDA Equipment and 

Techniques 

40.2 Crew Indoctrination (SAC) 

40.3 Crew Indoctrination (TAC) 

40.4 Gust Effects on 

B-36 

40.5 Reconnaissance 

Crew Indoctrination 

40.5a Location of EMP 

Ll 

h) 

40.6 Calibration of 

Electromagnetic 

Effects 

40.8 Calibration of 

Bomb Debris 

40.10 Delivery Crew 

Indoctrination 

40.12 Delivery Crew 

Indoctrination (Dive 

Bomb) 

40.13 Tactical Indoctrination Marine 

Aircrew 

40.23 Crew Indoctrination (ADC) 

40.24 Crew Indoctrination (ABDC) 

Table 34. Operation TEAPOT, training project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

ACTIVITY 4ra w* s* Te* - z* 

SHOTS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

H* B* EC Al* "' IA* p' ME* g* z* 

Checked equipment during simulated 

bomb drop missions in B-479 over GZ 

area (34,000-40,000 feet) at shot 

time. 

IA IA IA IA 

Observed detonation from KC-97 about 

10 miles south of GZ. 

IA 

Flew simulated bomb delivery missions 

in F-84s over GZ area at shot time. 

Ground support crew manned radar 

station south of GZ. 

IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

Flew simulated bomb delivery mission 

in B-36 over GZ at shot time. 

IA IA 

Photographed cloud from B-476 at 

43,000-47,000 feet over GZ area. 

IA IA IA 

Monitored detonation from off-site 

remote location. 

IA 

Manned stations at least 10 km from 

GZ at shot time. Recovered data from 

unmanned recording stations lo-20 km 

from GZ. 

IA IA IICb** IICb IICb IA IICb IA IA IA IA IA IICb IICb 

Analyzed samples collected by Pro3ect 11.2 aircraft. IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

Flew simulated weapons delivery maneuvers at 24,000-34,000 feet above 

GZ. Did not penetrate cloud. 

IA IA IA IA IA IA IA 

Simulated dive bomb maneuver over GZ 

at shot time. 

IA 

Observed shot from aircraft at least 

35 km from GZ. 

IA IA IA IA IA 

Observed shot from aircraft 25 km 

SE of GZ. 

IA 

Flew F-100s at 50,000 feet over GZ 

at shot time. 

IA 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

••* Elements of category matrix are adjusted to shot specific values frao table 2. 
Table 35. Operation PLUMBBOB, Desert Rock support participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

ccI”ITY 

C-nd function.. 

Provided tr.ff1.2 CO”LK.I LO fc.Iw.rd 

.r..s on 

mon,tor. 

.hot day. 

LO ..t&J,,.l? 

~ccmp.ni.d 

20 ••.Whr line 

on co”L.m,“.t.d .cc.., m,.d,. 

EsL.bll.hed and m.,nt.in.d caunic.t‘on. network (hid wire, .tc, in 

forr.rd 

t.... 

.c... SLg”.l 

took photo. In 

piFtOrI.1 

d‘.,ahy MC... 

Tr.n.portad U”.UY.C troop., ob..rv-

.r. .nd L.chnic.l pro,.ct ~r.cm.l 

t., .nd fror forwad .r... 

Tr.nsported ma*uver troqa.. ob.erv-

.r* .nd t.chnic.1 pro,.ct p.monn01 

to .nd trm foru.rd .c... 

6.t.bli.h.d .ld .t.tmn in forw.rd 

.c.. .nd pr0vid.d ..bul.nc. ..rvic.. 

53rd Q” Sub Sup Co, G.n.r.l wpp.xt .I CDR. 

Det 

163rd Ldry Co G.n.r.l *upport .t Cwt. 

QM e.tro1 .%p co ,-, G.n.r.l rupporr .t CDR. 

03rd Ary Band G.n.x.l .upport .t CDR. 

r* 4’ 
Table 36. Operation PLUMBBOB, Air Force support participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

R’ 
Table 37. Operation PLUMBBOB, observers with bone dose commitment 

less than 150 millirem. 

KTIVITY 

service** 153.3) and Observed shot frm open 13 k. S of 

cm observers lx?. Returned to CDS after shot. 

IA 

[Shot Boltma”“) 

service 150.2, 52.2 Observed shot from observatm” area Vl 

‘ 53.3, and CDS “ear WY 17 km from GZ). Evacuated 

Observers area at H+5 n,” due to unexpected 

(Shot W~lso”) fallout. 

Service*’ (50.2, 52.2 Observed shot frm open 11 k. SW of 

‘ 53.3, and CDR GZ. Toured display ares to 5 Whr 

Observers line on shot day. 

III 

(Shot Pr,sc.lla) 

Observed shot from trenches ,000 m III 

SW of G-2. Toured display area to 

5 R,hr line on shot day. 

sew1ce* 150.2 ‘ Observed shot fro. opt” 10 k. SW of 

53.3) DbsecVers CZ or from trenches 5 k. SW of GZ. 

III 

(Shot Hood) Toured d,splay area for 2 hours on 

shot day. 

Narlne Observere Observed shot from trenches 5 km SW 

(Shot Hood) of GZ. Toured d,spLay area on shot 

day. 

4 

ul 

CONObservers Observed shot frrr, Ntxa Nob, 23 km 

(Shot Hood) s Of Gf. Retutned to CDR after shot. 

service** (50.2, 52.2 Observed shot from trenches 3810 . 

‘ 53.3) &-xl CDR SE of GZ. Toured Hoc-d display area 

DbserYeCB after shot. 

(Shot Diablo) 

Service’* 150.2, 52.2 Observed ahot frc. 5900 . SE of CZ. IA 

& 53.3) *“d CDR 

obser”er~ 

(Shot John) 

VOlu”teer 153.3) Observed nhot from directly under 

Observeca detonation. Returned to CDS at 8+2. 

IA 

(Shot John) 

serv1ce 150.2. 52.2 Observed ahot from trenches 3200 . 

‘ 53.31 and CDR SW Of GZ. Evacuated trenches due to Vl 

DbllCrVtrs fallout immediately after shot. 

(Shot Kepler) 

Service (50.2 ‘ 53.3) Observed shot fro. open 20 k. S of 

and CDR Observers cz. Returned to CDS aftcc shot. 

IA 

(Shot Ovena) 

Service 150.2) Observed shot fra New Nob, 16 k. 9 

CDR Dtmacvers of GZ. Returned to CDS after shot. 

lA 

(Shot Stoke@) 

Ltumnm md Observed shot fra We”‘ Nob, 20 km 9 IA 

CDR observ*rs Of GZ. Returned to CDS after ahot. 

(Shot Shasta) 

• Se. App”diX for shot abbreviationa. 

••* Navy obacrVar# (“0 prqect “u.ber) were also present. 
Table 37. Operation PLUMBBOB, observers with bone dose commitment 

less than 150 millirem (Concluded). 
. 
2 

Table 39. Operation PLUMBBOB, service project participants with bone dose 

PRWB3,UNIT 

50.1 Dctonat.on 

Dct.ct‘on and cloud 

Tracking sy.tr 

50.4 s”al”.t‘o” Of 

*.ter Deco” “cthods 

Evaluated dosrlctry 

from Project 2.4. 

I”spCcLCd damage fro cz ,915 • .t 

InsDected dauae 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

5.0 

0.54 

*ata obtained 

to toxtdes 550 m mod,. 

to t.ni%a and ar- IlC6 
Table 39. Operation PLUMBBOB, service project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem (Continued). 

PROJECT/UNIT & II* 8’ L’ !!* 

IA 

IA 

IA 

“1 

*A 

II 

II 

IA 

,A 

5.0 IIC2 1x2 III IIC2 IIC2 

IA II 

5.0 IICS III **c5 EandwtCdrad‘olcgical .urv*y in .1**11 1c*s than 5 #WK. 

0.51 **cl IIC, III 

2.1 **CT *II I11 

51.1 HwJy nadlologl- P.rtlcip.tion In Boltrunn cancelled 0.0 IA 

c.1 Safety llon‘tor due to delays. 

Tra1nin.g 

51.3 wwy Heavy tlcr simulated bomb run offaet fra 

ALL.Ck *ndcctrination cz. were .t IcaBt 8 t. firm cz at 

detonation tl”. 

52.3 mar1nc Fly-by Observed detonation frm aircr.ft IA 

IndoctrlnaLlon (AID, .t 1e.st 25 k. frol GZ. 

Pm) 
-- -- 

-

80 
Table 40. Operation PLUMBBOB, AFSWP project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

PI.” and photoqr.pb.d .n ‘n.t~u9.nt.d bdlloorl o”.r 40 Ill s 01 c2. 

,ir.d In.tlu8.nt.d rocket. frol .t.-

Lion 4410 . SW of GI. 

Recovertd qauq.. froll .t.t‘on. 21-

1350 . w of cz. 

1.4 Ground A.cc.l.ratlon, str.... ‘ strain R.cov.~.d data 

tion W ,...u..d) 

frca 

of 

recording 

C.2 on .bot 

.t.-

d.y. 

111 

1 5 CrawId lbL‘0” III 

Sk”di.S 

1.7 Loadimq on S1.W Recovered in.tcucnt.d dru.. b,ri.d IfI 

1rt.d our icd in tr.mcb.. 230-410 .” of Q. 

Stcuct”*.. 

2.0 “cutron and - mojtst 2.10 p.r.onn.1 r.co..r.d 

RAdiaLion tra shot ncutro” d.C.ctor. frol . c.bl. 

L. P1.C. dr.qq.d out of GZ .r.. 

th. *hot. D.1iv.r.d 

abortly 

detectors 

after 

to 

1.b for .rwly.i*. 

Project 2.3 p.r.onn.1 tusk r.dl.tiorl 

m...“r.m.“t. .t StAllon 730 . II Of 

GZ at S+2,3,4,7.9,14 .nd 15. 

S.co..r.d n.utron d.t.ctm., filll 

b.dg... 

buried, 

md other da1m.t.r. 

from . lin. .xt.ndinq 

<.ar 

so2740 . fro. G2. 

Took r.diatlon . . ..w...nt. in 0’4 IA 

.r.. by lowMill in.trwnt froll 

h.1rcopt.r. 

R.co..r.d soil . ..pl.. fr.m stations III 

190-460 . trca cz. 

2.2 Neutron-Induced 

Acti”lti*a I” soil 

R.sov.r.d 

.t.t,on. 

. ..pl.. 

91-910 . 

,.o.. 

SW of 

burled) 

GZ. 

frm III III 

Bl...nt. 

tivcd 

flQ 

“-49 t.nk u..d in 

900 to 2400 . frDl 

Pro,.ct 57 

w.. Took 

III 

r.di.tion 

outlid. 

. . ..“r...nt. 

of t.nk. in.‘d. .nd 

2.4 Wuc1s.r R.dl.tion RecDveredinatruDentsfra .rar.d 5.0 IlS2 III III III I*1 

Sh‘cldi”9 Studl.. vehicle. (fL.ld fortification. .t 

P.‘*c,ll., Ill G2 ••*... 

n.cov.l.d .o‘l .p.c*un. from arr.y 

1*0-,60 . s* of GE. 

. SC. APp.ndiX for shot .bbr.“‘.tion.. 
Table 40. Operation PLUKBBOB, AFSWP project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem (Continued). 

IfI 

Ill 

III 

III 
Table 40. Operation PLUMBBOB, AFSWP project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem (Continued). 

III IlSb III III 

IA II 

III 

3.1 “nd.rgro”“d XII 

COncr.t.-ArSCh Protective Str”Ct”t*s 

1.2 Burled conduit* xxx 

. . ecraonn.1 Sh.xLe,rs 

xxx 

Rocover.d mstru.ents/data fro. and III 

inqrcted .tr"ft"I.. 270 . * Of Gz. 

-er.d instrwnt8,d.t. Iroll .nd x** 

inq.ctad bvricd .tn,ct"rem 2,0-

320 . U of GZ. 

,xX 

,.7 Imtluunt.tion XXI 

of structuras 

3.0 Boll Survy .nd 

S.ckfi11 Control III 

5.0 1182 

III 
Table 40. Operation PLUMBBOB, AF'SWP project participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem (Continued). 

mcovcr~ 

440-2890. 

Ml. 

tc.t ••h.1. fram r*.. 

Y Of a on .hot d.y .nd 

4.1 e".l".tion Of 

Isyt yrc.tcction 

Ob..r".d d.ton.t‘on f~o" .‘rcr.ft 

01 ground .t.tmn. .t l...t I4 L. 

tcm cz. 

5.2 structur.1 I..-

pow. of Alr.hlp 

RcCO”C~ed ln.Lrwnt./bll8p. 

.t.tion. .t 1*..t 5440. tra 

era 

oz. 

5.1 In Plight Stcuctur.1 R..pm.. of 

PJ-4 AiICr.ft 

P1.W y.J-4 .ircc.ft In vlclnlty 1.t 

l...t ,000 ., of dcton.tk.n. ".int.in.d .ircc*ft. 

IA IA 

5.4 I" night struttuc.1 R..pon.* Of 

LID-l Aircr.ft 

ll." m-4 .lccr*ft I" vicinity 1.t 

lc..C 3000 ., of d.tm.LiMI. ".int.,n.d .ircl.ft. 

IL IA II 

5.5 In 111ght Str”ctur.1 R..pm.. Of 

C-89 hircr.ft 

ll.2” I-89 .*rcr.ft In vlclnlty 

1m.t 2000 ., of dttaution. 

t.fn.d .‘rcr.ft. 

,.t 

"alnln.pcctc.3 minefield 350. 

,hortly .ft.r detonation, 

fence. R.cmc~d,derm.r.d 

,ng .I”.. 1.t.r. 

“E of GZ 

r..tor.d 

.urvlv4.2 ne*‘“I-“L. of 

M.pnct‘c coqonent 

DC En Yield 

III 

Rcs0vsr.d I".trum."t. fra 

240 . s of GZ. 

.t*tmn 

r1.r in.trumtnted ..rsr.*t on Germ-

.iLt .id. .,f nuclc.r cloud fraground .t.tion. Did not pcnctr.tt 

".nncd ground r.csivcr .t.tion .t 

yran.3m.n y1.t. 

IA 

6.4 MC"r.cy .nd 0p.r.t.d r-t* .t.tion. thc00giwut 

R.li.billty Of NliROL U.S. 

. S.C App.ndlr for shot.bbrcv‘.tIon.. 

. . ~l...nt, of c.Lcgory utr‘. .d]u.t.d for .hot .pcific “.I”.. 

u 

1i.t.d In t&l. 2. 
8.5 
Table 41. Operation HARDTACK II, Air Force support participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

PRWECT/“NIT 

4950th Test Cp (N) 

4952d support sq. 

4926th Test SC, (5, 

4900th &lr Base Gp. 

4935th AB 59. 

‘ACTIVITY 

General *upport at ISMa (except deco"). &ug.cntcd 4950th Ta‘t Gp 

W! and 4935th AB Sq. 

Flew cloud aup1lnq In rniSaionm

*upport of ero,ect* 11.2 md 21.2. 

(Aircrews brc.thed 1004 oxygen., 

Plcw hiqh altitude cloud trackin 

nlssion~ in T-33. Did not penetrate 

cloud. 

Plcr security sucap prior to shot. 

General support .t ,SAW (except 

deco",. 

Flew low altitude cloud tracking 

missions in C-47. L-20, and B-25 

aircraft. Did not penetrate cloud. 

Pier observers around shot area. 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 
Table 42. Operation HARDTACK II, AFSWP projeckparticipants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 millirem. 

PRWECT/uNIT ACTIVITY 

4.3 Effects on V.Si.2” Observed detonation frm area 1710 . 

Of combat Personnel frcn GZ. 

6.14 Test of Flash 

Ranging Equi,ment 

Operated

7 km frol 

equipment at sitea .t la..t CZ. (3 km at Rio Arriba). 

IA IA IA IA 1A IA IA IA 

6.15 Elcctrougnetlc Manned station at Boulder City, Hv, 

PUlSF approxlutely 160 km SE of NTS. 

6.6 TheI- Radiation nanned instrwnted trailer .t IeaBt V1.0 IA IA IA IA IA 

2 km from Ct. 

Planned station in Bldg. 400 .t 

Control Point. 

Recovered data

trailer 1 km * 

fra Instruanted Of GZ ••ort1y after 

IA 

shot. 
Table 43. Operation DOMINIC II, Air Force support participants 

with bone dose commitment less than 150 millirem. 

SHOTS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

LF2* JB* SB* LFl* _---

IA 

IA -LA IA IA 

lA IA IA lA 

IA 

IB 1B 1B lB 

IA IA IA lA 

lA l_A IA IA 

PROJECT/UNIT 

4900 AB Group 

55th Weather Recon 

Squadron 

1211th Test Squadron 

(MATS) 

4520th Combat Crew 

Training Wing 

ACTIVITY 

Flew radio-relay missions in 

C-47 aircraft. 

Flew courier missions in 

C-47 aircraft. 

Flew low altitude cloud tracking 

missions in U3A aircraft. Did 

not penetrate cloud. 

Flew high altitude cloud tracking 

mission in WB-50. Did not 

penetrate cloud. 

Flew cloud sampling missions 

in B-57 aircraft. Crew 

breathed 100% oxygen. 

General A/C maintenance at 

ISAFB (A/C decon not included). 

Flew security sweep missions 

prior to shot. 

* See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 
••

••

Table 44. Operation DOMINIC II, DASA project participants with bone 

dose commitment less than 150 millirem. 

PROJECT/UNIT 

1.11 Soils Survey 

2.1 Initial Radiation 

Measurements 

2.2 Fast-neutron Dose 

Rate 

2.7 Off-site Meteorology 

2.10 Physiochemical 

and Radiochemical 

Analysis 

SHOTS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

ACTIVITY -

4-B LF2* -- LIB* =* LFl' -

Collected soil samples from GZ area 

and dug instrument shafts for other 

projects prior to shot. 

IA 

Recovered data/instruments from 

bunkers 190 and 490 m NE of GZ and 

stations 1220 m NE of GZ. 

IICaf* 

Photographed and recovered data from 

instruments located at stations 190, 

490, and 1220 m NE of GZ. 

IICa** 

Collected data from weather stations 

located 30 to 400 km E of GZ. 

IA 

Analyzed (laboratory) samples 

collected by Project 2.9 personnel. 

IA 

2.14 Shielding 

Effectiveness Compactmental Structures 

2.15 Effectiveness of 

Enclosure Shields 

3.2 Dynamic Bearing 

Capacity of Soils 

3.3 Buried Model 

Arch Structures 

6.9 Correlation of 

Electric Field 

Measurements 

6.11 Air Conductivity 

Measurements 

Recovered film packete from steel 

structures approximately 2900 m 

from GZ. 

Measured radiation intensity near 

project site on Dt2. 

Made measurements with track-mounted 

spectrometer about 2900 m from GZ 

on D+3 thru D+lZ. 

Monitored radiation data from revetment over 6000 m from GZ on shot day 

thru Ht48. 

Conducted radiological survey of 

enclosure shield area 4SBO m NB of 

GZ on D+l. 

Recovered data from instrument 3.0 

shelter 1220 m S of GZ on shot day. 

Recovered data from recording 

shelter (bunker) 730 m S of GZ. 

Obtained data at recording station 

(trailer) located 12.3 km NW of GZ. 

Recovered data from instrument 

bunker 500 m W of G2 and recovered 

transmitter frcm station 4.4 km NE 

of GZ. 

Manned receiver station 4.5 km SW 

of GZ. 

See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

* Elements of category matrix are adjusted to shot specific values from table 2. 

89 

-

IICa** 

IICa** 

IICb*' 

11cc.e 

IICb'* 

IIC2" 

IIBb** 

IA 

IIBb" 

IA 
Table 44. Operation DOMINIC II, DASA project participants with bone 

dose commitment less than 150 millirem (Continued). 

PROJECT/DNIT 

6.13 Troposcatter 

Test Installation 

7.1.1 Pragmatic 

Instrument Measurements 

7.5 Response of 

EleCtrlCal Power 

Systems 

7.6 Evaluation of 

Aerial Radiac Survey 

system 

7.6.1 Evaluation of 

Aerial Radiac SySterns - Tripartite 

7.8.1 Magnetic 

Detection Equipment 

Test 

7.9 Prooftestlng 

Operatronal Shipboard Material 

7.10 Spectral Analysis 

- Thermal Radiation 

Pulse 

7.13 F-lOOF/GAN-S3B 

simulation 

7.14 Bomb Alarm 

Detector Test 

7.15 Effects on B-52/ 

CAM-77 

ACTIVITY -

ow

SHDTS/CODE (See 

LF24 JB’ --

SeCtiOn 

SB’ -

3 text) 

LFL’ -

Monitored detonation 

stations at Alamo, 

Valley, CA. 

from off site 

NV, and Death 

v1** 

Recovered data from 

210 m SE of GZ. 

bunker located IICa** 

Recovered data from recording instruments located in a deep (7 ft) 

concrete pit 670 m SE of GZ. Recovered 45 KW generator. 

IIBb** 

Flew instrumented 

fallout path at 

helicopters 

H+2, Ht6 and 

over 

H+22. 

IA 

Launched and recovered instrumented 

drones from site 6 km NW of GZ. 

IA 

Manned 

station 

air 

6 

operations and 

km NW of GZ. 

receiver IA 

In addition to Project 7.6 flights, 

flew instrumented helicopters over 

fallout area at Ht5, At24, and H+47. 

IA 

Plotted 

copter 

and analyzed 

surveys. 

data from heli- IA 

Operated 

about 8 

instruments 

km N of GZ. 

at station IA 

Inspected 

equipment 

GZ. 

damage 

located 

to ship 

290-400 

components/ 

m SW of 

IICb’* 

Recovered data 

tion (bunker) 

from recording 

760 m SW of GZ. 

sta- IIBa** 

Recovered data 

and 6 km S of 

from 

GZ. 

stations 2, 4, IA 

Flew F-1OOF near 

range - 4000 m.) 

detonation. (Slant IA 

Recovered detectors 

l-19 km W of GZ. 

from stations IIBa** 

Manned instrument 

GZ. 

trailer 6 km W of IA 

Flew B-52 

altitudes 

aircraft 

of 10,600 

over 

and 

GZ at 

12,581 ft. 

IA 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

••* Elements of category matrix are adlusted to shot specific values from table 2. 

90 
Table 44. Operation DOMINIC II, DASA project participants with bone 

dose commitment less than 150 millirem (Concluded). 

SHUfS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

PRDJECT/UNIT ACTIVITY -

%% LF2' -_-- JB' SB* LFl+ 

7.16 Airborne E-field Flew C-131F at altitude of 9,960 IA 

Measurements feet directly over detonation. 

Flew C-131F at an altitude of IA 

13,660 ft, 3230 m E of GZ and an 

A-3A directly over detonation at 

an altitude of 18,000 feet. 

8.1 High Time Took measurements from instrument IA 

Resolution of First trailers located approximately 3 km 

Thermal Pulse S of GZ. 

Took measurements from instrument IA 

trailer 30-60 km from GZ. 

8.2 Fallout Hazard Took measurements with spectroscopes IA IA 

Determination connected to 35 mm movie cameras 

located at forward CP. 

• See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

91 
PROJECT/UNIT 

Observers 

Maneuver Troops 

* 

Table 45. Operation DOMINIC II, Project IVY FLATS participants with 

bone dose commitment less than 150 millirem. 

ACTIVITY 

Observed shot and troop maneuver 

from bleachers, approximately 3 km 

SW of GZ. 

Observed Johnie Boy from remote 

location. 

Performed ground assault on objective approximately 1.7 km NE of GZ 

(tank and APC support) shortly after 

shot. Maneuver completed by H+l. 

See Appendix for shot abbreviations. 

SHOTS/CODE (See Section 3 text) 

LF2" JB* SB* LFl* _---

IA 

IA 

0.61 IIBl** 

** Elements of category matrix are adjusted to shot specific values from table 2. 
SECTION 4 

LIST OF REFERENCES 

1. Estimates of Internal Dose Equivalent to 22 Target Organs for Radionuclides 

Occurring in Routine Releases from Nuclear Fuel-Cycle Facilities, Vols I and II, 

ORNL/NUREC/TM-190-l&2, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 

June 1978 and November 1979. 

2. “Limits for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers,” International Commission on 

Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 30, 3 parts, New York, Pergamon 

Press, 1978, 1980, 1981. 

3. “Analysis of Radiation Exposure for Task Force WARRIOR, Shot SMOKY, 

Exercise Desert Rock VII-VIII, Operation PLUMBBOB,” Defense Nuclear Agency, 

DNA-4747F, May 1979. 

4. “FIIDOS--A Computer Code for the Computation of Fallout Inhalation and 

Ingestion Dose to Organs,” DNA-TR-84-375, December 1985. 

5. “Report of the Task Group on Reference Man,” International Commission on 

Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 23, New York, Pergamon Press, 1975. 

6. Reactor Safety Study, App VI: “Calculation of Reactor Accident Consequences,” 

WASH-1400, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC, October 1975. 

7. “Analysis of Radiation Exposure for Troop Observers, Exercise Desert Rock V, 

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE,” DNA-5742F, Defense Nuclear Agency, April 

1981. 

8. “Compilation of Local Fallout Data from Nuclear Test Detonations, 1945-1962,” 

DNA-1251-l-EX, Defense Nuclear Agency, May 1979. 

93 
94 
APPENDIX 

CONUS OPERATION AND SHOT ABBREVIATIONS 

Shots Operation 

B-BUSTER* A-Able T-Teapot 

B-Baker 

C-Charlie 

D-Dog 

E-Easy 

S-Sugar J-JANGLE* 

U-Uncle 

TS-TUMBLER-SNAPPER A-Able

B-Baker 

C-Charlie 

D-Dog 

E-Easy 

F-Fox 

G-George P-Plumbbob 

H-How 

UK-UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE A-Annie

N-Nancy 

Ru-Ruth 

D-Dixie 

Ra-Ray 

B-Badger 

S-Simon 

E-Encore 

H-Harry 

G-Crable 

C-Climax 

Shots 

W-Wasp 

MO-Moth 

Te-Tesla 

Tu-Turk 

H-Hornet 

B-Bee 

E-Ess 

Al-Apple 1 

W’-Wasp Prime 

HA-High Altitude 

P-Post 

ME-MET 

AZ-Apple 2 

Z-Zucchini 

B-Boltzmann 

F-Franklin 

L-Lassen 

Wi-Wilson 

P-Priscilla 

H-Hood 

Di-Diablo 

J-John 

K-Kepler 

O-Owens 

St-Stokes 

Sh-Shasta 

Do-Doppler 

F-Franklin Prime 

*Often combined as BUSTER-JANGLE (BJ) 

95 

_- --
Operation Shots Operation Shots 

PLUMBBOB (Cont’d) Sm-Smoky HII-Hardtack II Ed-Eddy 

G-Galileo M-Mora 

Wh-Wheeler T-Tamalpais 

LP-La Place Q-Quay 

Fi-Fizeau Le-Lea 

N-Newton Ha-Hamilton 

R-Rainier Lo-Logan 

WY-Whitney DA-Dona Ana 

C-Charleston RA-Rio Arriba 

M-Morgan So-Socorro 

W-Wrangell 

Dll-DOMINIC II LF2-Little Feller II R-Rushmore 

JB-Johnie Boy Sa-Sanford 

SB-Small Boy DB-DeBaca 

LFI-Little Feller I Ev-Evans 

Hu-Humboldt 

SF-Santa Fe 

B-Blanca 

96 

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