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United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests

Nuclear Test Personnel Review

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1. TITLE (and Subtftle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

Operation 'TEAPOT Technical Report

1955 Continental Nuclear

Weapons Test Series

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6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

JRB Z-816-03-423-00

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Jean Ponton, Carl Maag, Martha Wilkinson,

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Director 23 November 1981

Defense Nuclear Agency

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274

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3. KEY WORDS (C~ntlnua on ~eve~.e atda if neces~~~ and tdentffy by block number)

TEAPOT AFSWP

APPLE 2 AFSWC

BEE Nevada Test Site

Exercise Desert Rock VI Nuclear Test Personnel Review

This report describes the activities of an estimated 11,000 DOD personnel,

both military and civilian, in Operation TEAPOT, the fifth atmospheric nuclear

weapons testing series conducted in Nevada from 18 February to 15 May 1955.

Activities engaging DOD personnel included Exercise Desert Rock VI observer

programs, troop tests, and technical service programs; AEC scientific and

diagnostic experiments to evaluate the effects of the nuclear device; DOD

operational training programs; and air support.

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The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Lt. Col. H. L. Reese,

USAF, under whom this work was done, wishes to acknowledge the

research and editing contribution of nuroerious reviewers in

the military services and other organizations in addition

to those writers listed in block 7.

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Subject: TEAPOT Series

Operation TEAPOT was the fifth series of atmospheric nuclear weapons

tests conducted by the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) within the

continental United States. The Series, which consisted of 14 nuclear

events and one non-nuclear detonation, was conducted at the Nevada

Test Site (NTS) from 18 February to 15 May 1955. As of October 1981,

the military services estimate that about 11,000 Department of

Defense (DOD) personnel participated in observer programs, tactical

maneuvers, and scientific studies. The Series was intended to test

nuclear devices for possible inclusion in the weapons arsenal,

improve military tactics, equipment, and training, and study civil

defense requirements.

Department of Defense Involvement

About 8,000 of the DOD participants at Operation TEAPOT took part in

Exercise Desert Rock VI. The remaining DOD personnel assisted in

scientific experiments, or administration and support activities for

the Joint Test Organization (JTO).

Exercise Desert Rock VI, an Army program involving members of the

armed services, included observer activities, troop tests, and

technical studies. Observer programs, conducted at Shots WASP, MOTH,

TESLA, TURK, BEE, ESS, APPLE 1, and APPLE 2, generally involved

instruction on the effects of nuclear weapons, observation of a

nuclear detonation, and a subsequent tour of a display of military

equipment exposed to the detonation. Troop tests were designed to

demonstrate military tactics and doctrine and to train command and

staff personnel in all phases of planning and conducting combat

operations under the anticipated conditions of nuclear warfare.

Troop tests included the maneuvers performed at Shots BEE and

APPLE 2. Technical studies were conducted at Shots WASP, MOTH,

TESLA, TURK, BEE, ESS, APPLE 1, WASP PRIME, MET, and APPLE 2. These

pro,iects were used to train armed services personnel and to study the

ability of different types of military equipment and structures to

withstand nuclear detonations.

Scientific experiments studying the effects of each nuclear detonation were conducted by the Armed Forces Special Weapons Pro,iect

(AFSWP) Military Effects Group, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Test

Group, University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group, and

Federal Civil Defense Administration Civil Effects Test Group.

Scientists and technicians from these test groups placed gauges,

detectors, and other instruments around the point of detonation in

the days and weeks preceding each scheduled nuclear test. After each
shot, when the Test Manager had determined that the area was safe for

limited access, these participants returned to the test area to

recover equipment and gather data.

Support services for both Exercise Desert Rock VI and the JTO

included radiological safety, security, transportation, communications, engineering, and logistics. During Operation TEAPOT,

approximately 2,000 support troops were assigned to Camp Desert Rock

to perform these duties for Exercise Desert Rock VI. The Desert Rock

radiological safety section was comprised primarily of members of the

50th Chemical Service Platoon. Some other Desert Rock support

elements included the 232nd Signal Company; the 23rd Transportation

Truck Company; the 31st Transportation Truck Company; the 2nd

Transportation Company; Company A, 505th Military Police Battalion;

and the 94th Medical Detachment (Veterinary Food Inspection Service).

In addition, the 12th Evacuation Hospital (-)* provided medical and

dental care for the military personnel at Camp Desert Rock, and

established aid stations for troops in the forward area.

The Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) provided aircraft and

pilots for air drops, security sweeps, cloud sampling, cloud tracking, and aerial radiological surveys for the JTO. These missions

were performed by the 4925th Test Group (Atomic), the 4926th Test

Squadron (Sampling), the 4935th Air Base Squadron, and the 4900th Air

Base Group. AFSWC aircraft staged from Indian Springs Air Force Base

and Kirtland Air Force Base.

Radiation Protection Standards and Procedures

Safety criteria were established to minimize the exposure of

participants to the effects of nuclear detonations while allowing

them to accomplish their missions. Separate criteria were established for participants in Exercise Desert Rock VI, the JTO, and

AFSWC. DOD established an exposure limit for Desert Rock troops of

6.0 roentgens of gamma radiation during Operation TEAPOT, with no

more than 3.0 roentgens of prompt radiation. The Desert Rock limit

was higher than for JTO participants because the Exercise Desert Rock

troops, unlike the JTO participants and some AFSWC personnel, were

not likely to be exposed to radiation after the Series.

To protect participants from the thermal and blast effects of nuclear

detonations, the following additional exposure limits for Desert Rock

participants were established:

0 Five pounds per square inch of overpressure

0 One calorie per square centimeter of thermal radiation.

*Some subordinate units were not present.

2
The AEC authorized a maximum exposure for JTO personnel of 3.9 roentgens of gamma radiation during Operation TEAPOT. Since the TEAPOT

operational period was approximately 13 weeks, this exposure limit

was equivalent to the then-current 0.3 roentgens per week occupational exposure recommended by the National Council on Radiation

Protection. AFSWC personnel were limited to the same exposure of

3.9 roentgens of gamma radiation unless otherwise specified.

In some instances, the Test Manager could authorize selected

individual gamma radiation exposure limits higher than the standard

3.9 roentgens for JTO participants or 6.0 roentgens for Desert Rock

participants. The Test Manager authorized a special exposure limit

of 10.0 roentgens of gamma radiation for the ten Desert Rock

volunteer officer observers at Shot APPLE 2, who observed the shot at

2,380 meters from ground zero, more than 800 meters closer than the

other observers. All volunteer officer observers wore film badges

and the average reading was 1.3 roentgens. The Test Manager also

authorized a limit of 15 roentgens for the pilots of Military Effects

Group Project 2.8b, Manned Penetrations of Atomic Clouds. Two film

badge readings for participants in this project exceeded the limit of

15 roentgens. One reading of 21.7 roentgens was for a member of the

4926th Test Squadron, and the other of 21.8 roentgens was for a

member of AFSWC headquarters.

Although the Test Manager was responsible for the radiological safety

of all participants at TEAPOT, Exercise Desert Rock VI, the JTO, and

AFSWC each had responsibility for implementing the radiological

safety of its members. The 50th Chemical Service Platoon implemented

procedures for Exercise Desert Rock VI. For the safety of all JTO

personnel, onsite radiological safety operations were performed for

the Test Manager by the Onsite Radiological Safety Organization,

headed by the Chief of the Radiological Safety Branch of AFSWP Field

Command. The 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit, Fort McClellan,

Alabama, provided the main support for the onsite organization and

consisted entirely of DOD personnel. Radiological safety procedures

for AFSWC personnel at Kirtland Air Force Base were implemented by

the 4901st Air Base Wing. For personnel at Indian Springs Air Force

Base, AFSWC radiological safety procedures were implemented by the

Test Aircraft Branch.

Although the missions of each organization required different types

of activities and separate radiation protection plans and staffs, the

general procedures were similar:

0 Orientation and training - preparing radiological

monitors for their work and familiarizing participants

with radiological safety procedures

0 Personnel dosimetry - issuing, processing, and developing

film badges for participants, and analyzing gamma

radiation exposures recorded on film badges

3
0 Use of protective equipment - providing anticontamination

equipment, including clothing and respirators

0 Monitoring - performing radiological surveys and

controlling access to all contaminated areas

0 Briefing - informing observers and project personnel of

radiological hazards and the current status of

contamination in the test area

0 Decontamination - detecting, removing, and disposing of

contaminated material from personnel and equipment.

Summaries of TEAPOT Events

The 15 TEAPOT events are summarized in the accompanying table and the

ground zeros are shown in the accompanying map. Eight shots--WASP,

TESLA, TURK, BEE, ESS, APPLE 1, MET, and APPLE 2--each included more

than 500 DOD participants and are described below.

Shot WASP, an airdropped nuclear device, was detonated at an altitude

of 762 feet above Area 7 of Yucca Flat. It had a yield of one kiloton and occurred at 1200 hours on 18 February 1955. Onsite residual

radiation greater than 0.01 R/h was confined to a circular area

extending about two kilometers from ground zero. As part of Exercise

Desert Rock VI, the armed services conducted troop observer and

technical service programs involving more than 900 exercise troops,

primarily as observers. Troops were scheduled to view the detonation

from trenches 4,500 meters south of ground zero, but these trenches

were in the predicted path of fallout. Observers therefore viewed

the detonation from News Nob, approximately 14 kilometers south of

ground zero. Since the equipment display area was also in the path

predicted for the fallout, the postshot tour of the display area was

canceled.

Shot TESLA, a 300-foot tower detonation, was fired at 0530 hours on

1 March 1955 in Area 9. Although the predicted yield was two

kilotons, the nuclear device detonated with a yield of seven

kilotons. As at Shot WASP, the armed services conducted troop

observer, troop test, and technical service programs as part of

Exercise Desert Rock VI. These programs involved almost 600 troops,

primarily Camp Desert Rock support troops, observing the shot. The

closest troops witnessed the detonation from trenches 2,220 meters

southwest of ground zero. Because of high radiation levels, the

troops could inspect the display area only up to 900 meters from

ground zero. Fallout intensities of up to 10 R/h were detected

during the initial survey about 800 meters southwest and south of

ground zero.

Shot TURK, a 500-foot tower detonation, was fired with a yield of 43

kilotons at 0520 hours on 7 March 1955 in Area 2. Fallout of up to

10 R/h was detected about 2,100 meters southeast of ground zero
during the initial survey, which was conducted from 0630 to 0915

hours. Exercise Desert Rock included observer, troop test, and

technical service programs. Most of the 500 Desert Rock troops were

support troops observing the shot. Trenches were constructed for

TURK troop observers 3,200 meters south of ground zero, but because

these trenches were in the expected fallout path, they were not used.

Instead, troops occupied the TESLA trenches, located about 5,000

meters southeast of the TURK ground zero. The postshot tour of the

display area was postponed until the day after the shot, due to

radiation levels in the display area on shot-day.

Shot BEE, a 500-foot tower detonation, was fired with a yield of

eight kilotons at 0505 hours on 22 March 1955 in Area 7 of Yucca

Flat. Fallout of 10 R/h was detected around ground zero during the

initial survey. Fallout between 0.01 R/h and 0.1 R/h extended east

of ground zero. At BEE, almost 3,000 personnel performed Exercise

Desert Rock troop observer, troop test, and technical service

programs. At Shot BEE, about 299 officers and 1,972 enlisted men of

the Third Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade participated in the largest single activity of the TEAPOT Series, the Marine

Brigade Exercise. The Marine Brigade was comprised of units from the

1st Marine Division and the 3d Marine Air Wing. Air operations units

for the exercise included Marine Helicopter Transport Group 36,

Marine Air Support Squadron 363. The Marine Brigade Exercise

provided the opportunity for training personnel and for testing the

tactics and techniques employed if a nuclear detonation were used in

support of an air-ground task force. After the participants observed

the shot, some from trenches 3,200 meters southwest of ground zero,

they conducted a maneuver, which consisted of an airlift and an

assault on the objectives. They then toured the equipment display

area. A total of 30 H-19 helicopters took part in the airlift, which

began about five minutes after the detonation and was completed

almost four hours later. After disembarking from the helicopters,

the Marines seized objectives about 15 kilometers west of ground

zero. This part of the maneuver ended at 1500 hours, at which time

the Marines toured the display area, located from 460 to 2,560 meters

southwest of ground zero. Observers had toured this area earlier.

At 1730 hours, when the maneuver was completed, the Marines checked

in at the decontamination station at Yucca Pass.

Shot ESS, the only subsurface detonation of the TEAPOT Series, was

fired with a yield of one kiloton at 1230 hours on 23 March 1955 in

Area 10 of Yucca Flat. The ESS event was an operational test of an

atomic demolition munition. Fallout greater than 0.01 R/h occurred

mainly southeast of ground zero, but extended up to 2,500 meters

southwest of ground zero. Because the nuclear device was buried

67 feet underground, tons of earth were blown upward by the

detonation, creating a crater 88 meters wide and 96 feet deep.

Exercise Desert Rock troop observer, troop test, and technical

5
service programs engaged almost 800 troops during Shot ESS. Approximately 350 of these troops were observers. The closest troops

witnessed the detonation in the open 8,230 meters southwest of ground

zero. One of the other Exercise Desert Rock pro,jects, Project 40.16,

was designed to place and test the ESS demolition munition.

Personnel of the 271st Engineer Combat Battalion excavated the shaft

and placed the ESS device. ProJect 40.9, Passive Defense Training,

was conducted to train Navy civilian shipyard and laboratory personnel in establishing safe working conditions close to a nuclear

detonation. A total of 168 individuals from Navy units all over the

country participated in pre- and postshot training, including

monitoring techniques and practice rescue operations. Two other

projects, Location of Atomic Bursts and Ordnance Vehicular Equipment

Test, occupied the remainder of the Exercise Desert Rock participants

at Shot ESS.

Shot APPLE 1, a 500-foot tower detonation, was fired with a yield of

14 kilotons at 0455 hours on 29 March 1955 in Area 4. Onsite fallout

of up to 10 R/h was detected during the initial survey. Exercise

Desert Rock VI troop observer, troop test, and technical service

projects engaged more than 600 troops at APPLE 1, primarily Camp

Desert Rock support troops observing the shot. Troops witnessed the

detonation from trenches 3,200 meters south-southwest of ground zero.

After the detonation, they toured the equipment display area, 900 to

2,250 meters southwest of ground zero. In another Exercise Desert

Rock project, Sixth Army Passive Defense Training, about 24 persons

conducted surveys of the ground zero area on the day after the shot,

establishing the 1 and 5 R/h lines to within 100 meters of ground

zero.

Shot MET, a 500-foot tower detonation, was fired with a yield of 22

kilotons at 1115 hours on 15 April 1955 in Frenchman Flat. Fallout

of up to 10 R/h was detected around ground zero, extending no farther

than 1,500 meters southwest of ground zero. Shot MET, an acronym for

Military Effects Test, involved the largest number of scientific

experiments of any shot in the TEAPOT Series. A total of 38

experiments were conducted by DOD personnel of the Military Effects

Group. Because of the extensive preparation required for these

experiments beforehand, MET was detonated in Frenchman Flat, away

from other shots in the TEAPOT Series, to allow pro;ject participants

to work throughout the Series unhampered by radioactivity from other

shots. Desert Rock programs engaged approximately 260 troops,

primarily Camp Desert Rock support troops observing the shot. The

troops witnessed the detonation from ten kilometers southwest of

ground zero.

Shot APPLE 2, a 500-foot tower detonation, was fired with a yield of

29 kilotons at 0510 hours on 5 May 1955 in Area 1 of Yucca Flat.

Onsite fallout occurred northwest of ground zero. Readings of

10 R/h were detected northwest of ground zero almost two hours after

the detonation. In addition to troop observer, troop test, and

technical service programs conducted as part of Exercise Desert Rock

VI, which involved about 800 troops, one special troop test involved

6
about 1,000 troops at Shot APPLE 2. The test of an Armored Task

Force, RAZOR, was designed to demonstrate the capability of a

reinforced tank battalion to seize an objective immediately after a

nuclear detonation. This project was sponsored by the Army Armored

School of Fort Knox, Kentucky. Task Force RAZOR was composed of the

following armored units:

Camp Irwin, California

0 723rd Tank Battalion

Fort Hood, Texas

0 Company C, 510th Armored Infantry Battalion,

4th Armored Division

0 Company B, 510th Armored Infantry Battalion,

4th Armored Division

l 1st Platoon, Battery A, 22nd Armored Field Artillery

Battalion, 4th Armored Division

l 1st Platoon, Company C, 24th Armored Engineer

Battalion, 4th Armored Division

0 Provisional Aviation Company, 1st Armored Division.

The armored test involved the following activities:

0 A tactical march across open desert terrain from

Camp Irwin to the NTS

l Participation in the APPLE 2 event and the armored

task force maneuver

e An overland march back to Camp Irwin

0 A chemical warfare exercise at Camp Irwin.

Vehicles employed in the maneuver included 55 M48 tanks, two M41

tanks, five M74 tank recovery vehicles, one M75 armored personnel

carrier, 25 M59 armored personnel carriers, four M7B2 selfpropelled 105 mm howitzers, and about 150 wheeled vehicles.

The four-day overland march from Camp Irwin began 18 April 1955

and ended 21 April 1955. From 21 April to 4 May, the task force

rehearsed the maneuver in the forward area of the NTS. Three

times during this period, the task force camped in Yucca Flat in

preparation for the shot, but in each instance, the shot was

postponed due to poor weather. On 4 May 1955, the day before

detonation, the task force vehicles were positioned northbound,

from three to five kilometers south of ground zero. At the time

of the shot, all tank turrets were rotated to the rear, all sight

apertures were sealed with opaque tape, and all hatches were

7
closed and secured. All personnel took protective measures

appropriate to their distance from the shot. The detonation

caused no significant damage to the task force, although most of

the engine and fan access panels were dislodged from the M59

personnel carriers. They were repositioned for the maneuver,

which began upon clearance by the Test Director.

About eight minutes after the shot, all units were mobilized and

moving toward ground zero, maintaining radio contact with the

Task Force Commander. About 20 monitors from the 50th Chemical

Service Platoon were provided to check radiation levels during

the assault. When the tanks closest to ground zero obtained an

inside reading of 1 R/h, about 890 meters from ground zero, the

Task Force Commander ordered the formation to execute a partial

left turn away from ground zero. Two M59s in the rear of the

formation temporarily lost contact and moved to within 820 meters

of ground zero before they recovered and joined the rest of the

task force a few minutes later. After passing through a defile

at Syncline Ridge, the task force attained its objective, about

6.4 kilometers from the preshot position, about 90 minutes after

detonation. To bring realism to the maneuver, tank guns and

coaxial machine-guns fired blanks in the final stages of the

assault. After the maneuver, task force members were brushed

with brooms to remove dust and debris, even though monitoring of

both personnel and vehicles showed no signi.ficant contamination.

Radiation Exposures at TEAPOT

As of November 1981, the military services had identified 7,930

participants by name for Operation TEAPOT. Film badge data are

available for 4,504 of these participants, as shown in the

"Summarv of Dosimetry for Operation TEAPOT" table. It is

estimated that the total number of participants in Operation

TEAPOT was approximately 11,000 personnel. Using this estimate,

72 percent have been identified by name and film badge data has

been located for 41 percent. The table also includes

information, listed by service or affiliation, on the number of

personnel in various dose ranges, the number of personnel with

zero gamma exposure, the average gamma exposure and the maximum

gamma exposure.

Film badge data are generally unavailable for Desert Rock VI

participants. Therefore, most Army participants identified by

name and film badge in the table were probably associated with

JTO activites. However, some aggregate exposure data for Desert

Rock VI participants is available in the Final Report of

Operations, Desert Rock VI. It states that, for Desert Rock

personnel:

0 97 individuals received over 3.0 but less than 6.0

roentgens of exposure

l 15 individuals received between 6.0 and 20.0 roentgens of

exposure

0 Two individuals received over 20.0 roentgens of exposure.

8
SUMMARY OF OPERATION TEAPOT EVENTS (19551

Sponsor LASL LASL UCRL UCRL LASL LASL DOD DOD LASL LASL DOD UCRL LASLI LASL LASL

DOD

Planned Date 18 Feb 22 Feb 25 Feb 15 Feb 8 March 18 March 15 March 1 March 18 March 20 March 4 March 1 March 1 March 26 April 1 April

Actual Date 18 Feb 22 Feb 1 March 7 March 12 March 22 March 23 March 25 March 29 March 29 March 6 April 9 April 15 April 5 May 15 May

Local Time 1200 0545 0530 0520 0520 0505 1230 09m 0455 1000 1000 0430 1115 0510 o500

NTS Location Area 7 Area 3 Area 9 Area 2 Area 3 Area 7 Area 10 Above Area 4 Area 7 Above Area 9 Area 5 Area 1 Area 7

Area 1 Area 1

Type of

Detonation Airdrop Tower Tower Tower Tower Tower Shaft Airdrop Tower Airdrop Airdrop Tower Tower Tower Tower

Height of Burst 762 300 3ccl 500 300 500 -67 38,OCW 500 737 36.620” 300 400 500 WI

(Feet)

Actual Yield

fkt.)

1 2 7 4 3 4 8 1 (nonnuclear)1 4 3 3 2 22 29 28

+ Mean sea level
----I

ESS

TESLA

POST

i EC”INI

I

WASP

WASP PRIME

APPLE 2 -@

HA

HADR A@

*/-t

@A

 MOTH

 HORNET

I

1 1 31

MET

Camp Mercury

0 1 0

I 1 I I I I

Kilometers

NEVADA TEST SITE SHOWING LOCATIONS OF

SHOT GROUND ZEROS IN TEAPOT SERIES

1 0
SUMMARY OF DOSIMETRY FOR OPERATION TEAPOT

AS OF NOVEMBER 1981

Service

Army

Navy

Air Force

Marine Corps

Scientific Personnel,

Contractors, and

Affiliates

Service Unknown* *

TOTAL

Personnel

Identified

By Name

2,144

407

603

2,305

123

2.348

7,930

Personnel Gamma Exposure (Roentgens)

IdentifiedIdentified

By Name and

By Film Badge < .l

7 6 1 400

1 6 0 6 1 

603 290

510 117

1 2 2 74

2.348 1,449

4.504 2 , 3 9 12 , 3 9 1

.l-1.0

121

48

154

391

28

681

1.423

1 .o-3.0

126 96

3 1 1 6

97 53

2 0

1 8 2

196

470

22

189

3.0-5.0 5.0+

1 8 352 1.083

1 1 1.121

1 .879

67 ,317

27 .437

873 .282 3 . 8 

1,331 ,535

I

Number of

Personnel

with

Zero Gamma

Exposure*

Average

Gamma

Exposure

(Roentgen4

Maximum

Gamma

ExposureExposure

(Roentgens)

1 9 . 3 

1 2 . 4 

21.8

1 . 2 

4 . 1 

* The number of personnel in this column is also represented in the < .l Gamma Exposure column.

* * Film badge data are available, but service affiliation is not.
PREFACE

Between 1945 and 1962, the United States Government, through

the Manhattan Engineer District and its successor agency, the

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), conducted 235 atmospheric nuclear

weapons tests at sites in the southwestern U.S. and in the

Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000

Department of Defense (DOD) participants, both military and

civilian, were present at the tests. Approximately 90,000 of

these participants were present at the nuclear weapons tests

conducted at the Nevada Test Site (NTS),* northwest of Las Vegas,

Nevada.

In 1977, 15 years after the last above-ground nuclear

weapons test, the Center for Disease Control+ noted a possible

leukemia cluster among a small group of soidiers present at Shot

SMOKY, one weapons related test of Operation PLUMBBOB, the series

of nuclear weapons tests conducted in 1957. Since that initial

report by the Center for Disease Control, the Veterans

Administration has received a number of claims for medical

benefits from former military personnel who believe their health

may have been affected by their participation in the weapons

tests.

In late 1977, the DOD began a study that provided data to

both the Center for Disease Control and the Veterans Administration on possible exposures to ionizing radiation among its

military and civilian personnel who participated in the

*The Nevada Proving Ground was renamed the Nevada Test Site

during the TEAPOT Series.

+The Center for Disease Control is part of the U.S. Department of

Health and Human Services (formerly the U.S. Department of

Health, Education, and Welfare).

12
atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. The DOD organized an effort

to:

0 Identify DOD personnel who had taken part in the

atmospheric nuclear weapons tests

0 Determine the extent of the participants' exposure

to ionizing radiation

0 Provide public disclosure of information concerning

participation by DOD personnel in the atmospheric

nuclear weapons tests.

This report on Operation TEAPOT is based on the historical

and technical documents associated with each of the atmospheric

nuclear weapons tests conducted during the Series. The reports

provide a public record of the activities and possible radiation

exposure for use in ongoing public health research and policy

analysis.

METHODS AND SOURCES USED TO PREPARE THIS VOLUME

The Defense Nuclear Agency compiled information for this

volume by examining available documents that record the military

operations and scientific activities performed during Operation

TEAPOT, the series of nuclear weapons tests conducted in 1955.

These records, most of which were developed by individuals and

organizations participating in the TEAPOT Series, are kept in

over three dozen document repositories throughout the United

States.

In compiling information for this report, teams of historians, health physicists, radiation specialists, and information

analysts canvassed document repositories known to contain

materials on the nuclear weapons tests conducted in the southwestern U.S. These repositories include armed services

libraries, Government agency archives and libraries, Federal

repositories, and libraries of scientific and technical laboratories. The teams examined classified and unclassified documents

13
containing information on DOD participation in Operation TEAPOT.

Researchers recorded relevant information concerning the

activities of DOD personnel during TEAPOT, and catalogued the

data sources.

Gathering data for this study presented a variety of

challenges. Many different military and civilian organizations

were involved in developing and storing records related to

Operation TEAPOT. Each branch of the armed services and each

civilian organization had its own system of recording information. Much material was not preserved, because it was not

considered important at the time. In addition, some records have

been lost or destroyed over the years. Other records have been

transferred from one repository to another, and accounts of the

transfer of documents are not always available.

An important example of such discrepancies is the

documentation dealing with air operations at Operation TEAPOT.

Several postshot and post-series documents were analyzed to

determine the nature and extent of these air activities,

including Parsons' Operational Summary (WT-1158) and Fackler's

Technical Air Operations (WT-1206). The Operational Summary

provides an overview of all activities conducted during the

testing, primarily those of AFSWP. Technical Air Operations,

however, is a more specific document, chronicling in detail the

air operations of DOD personnel. Discrepancies as to numbers of

aircraft actually participating in any single event exist between

these two documents and other TEAPOT documents. When possible,

these discrepancies were resolved through additional research.

In those cases for which further research failed to resolve the

problem, the Technical Air Operations report, WT-1206, was used

because it deals specifically with air operations at TEAPOT and

therefore is considered the more reliable document for

determining the extent and nature of air operations.

14
Commonly, the surviving historical documentation of

activities conducted during Operation TEAPOT addresses test

specifications and technical information, rather than personnel

data. Moreover, instances have arisen in which available

historical documentation has revealed inconsistencies in vital

factual data, such as the number of DOD participants in a certain

project at a given shot or their locations and assignments at a

given time. These inconsistencies in data usually occur between

two or more documents, but occasionally appear within the same

document. Efforts have been made to resolve these data

inconsistencies wherever possible, or to otherwise bring them to

the attention of the reader.

For several of the Desert Rock VI and Joint Test

Organization (JTO) projects discussed in the TEAPOT volumes, the

only available documents describing personnel activities are the

Sixth Army's Desert Rock VI Operations Orders and the Test

Director's schedule of events from "Operation Order l-55." These

sources detail the plans developed by DOD and AEC personnel prior

to the TEAPOT Series; they do not necessarily describe the

projects as conducted at the NTS. After-action documents, such

as the Final Report of Operations for Exercise Desert Rock VI and

the Weapons Tests Reports for the Armed Forces Special Weapons

Project (AFSWP), summarize the projects performed during the

TEAPOT Series, but do not always supply shot-specific information

about personnel-related activities. Therefore, it is not known

if all of the projects addressed in the planning documents and

discussed in the volume were conducted exactly as planned.

ORGANIZATION OF TEAPOT REPORTS

This volume details participation by DOD personnel in Operation TEAPOT, the fifth nuclear weapons testing series conducted

at the NTS. Four other publications address DOD activities

during the TEAPOT Series:

a Shot Volume: Shots WASP through HORNET, the Early

TEAPOT Tests

15
a Shot Volume: Shot BEE

0 Shot Volume : Shot APPLE 2

0 Shot Volume: Shots ESS through MET and Shot

ZUCCHINI, the Final TEAPOT Tests

The volumes addressing the test events of Operation TEAPOT

have been designed for use with one another. The Series volume

contains information that applies to those dimensions of Operation TEAPOT that transcend specific events, such as historical

background, organizational relationships, and radiological safety

procedures. In addition, this volume contains a bibliography of

all works consulted in the preparation of all five Operation

TEAPOT reports. The two single-shot volumes describe DOD

participation in Shots BEE and APPLE 2, respectively. These two

events have been bound separately because they included significant Exercise Desert Rock maneuvers involving large numbers of

DOD people. Each multi-shot volume combines shot-specific

descriptions for several nuclear events. The shot and multi-shot

volumes contain bibliographies only of the sources referenced in

each text. Descriptions of activities concerning any particular

shot in the TEAPOT Series, whether the shot is addressed in a

single-shot volume or in a multi-shot volume, should be supplemented by the general organizational and radiological safety

information contained in this volume.

The information in these reports is supplemented by the

Reference Manual: Background Materials for the CONUS Volumes.

This document summarizes information on radiation physics,

radiation health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement

techniques, as well as a list of acronyms and a glossary of terms

used in the DOD reports addressing test events in the continental

U.S.

prov

This volume is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1

ides background information about Operation TEAPOT, inc luding

16
an explanation of the historical context of the Series, a description of the NTS, a summary and comparison of the 15 events in

the Series, and a summary of DOD participants.

Chapter 2 describes the two groups with major DOD

participation at Operation TEAPOT, the Joint Test Organization

(JTO) and Exercise Desert Rock VI. This chapter defines the

responsibilities of each group and its components in planning,

administering, and supporting the tests of the nuclear device and

in conducting other activities in conjunction with those tests.

Chapter 3 describes the Exercise Desert Rock VI military

activities conducted during Operation TEAPOT, while chapter 4

describes various training activities, military effects and

diagnostic experiments, and support missions conducted by DOD

personnel. These chapters define objectives of the activities,

describe the planned and actual procedures, and indicate at which

shots the programs occurred.

Chapter 5 describes the radiological safety criteria and

procedures in effect during Operation TEAPOT.

Chapter 6 is a study of the results of the radiation

protection program during Operation TEAPOT, including an analysis

of film badge readings for DOD personnel.

17
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter

TEAPOT SERIES FACT SHEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PREFACE.......................... 12

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

1 INTRODUCTION TO OPERATION TEAPOT 25

1.1 International and Domestic Conditions

Influencing Operation TEAPOT . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2 The Nevada Test Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3 Summary of Operation TEAPOT Events . . . . . . . .

1.4 Department of Defense Participants

and Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATIONS

DURING OPERATION TEAPOT

2.1 The Joint Test Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . 37

2.1.1 Test Manager's Organization ........ 40

2.1.2 The Test Director's Organization. ..... 46

2.2 The Organization of Exercise Desert Rock VI. . . . 48

3 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI PROGRAMS AT OPERATION TEAPOT 54

3.1 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination Program

at Exercise Desert Rock VI . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2 Troop Test Program at Exercise Desert Rock VI. . .

3.3 Technical Service Program at Exercise Desert

RockVI......................

4 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN JOINT TEST

ORGANIZATION PROGRAMS AT OPERATION TEAPOT

4.1 Military Effects Group Programs. . . . . . . . . . 81

4.1.1 Program 1: Blast'Pressure Measurements. . .

4.1.2 Program 2: Nuclear Radiation Effects. . . .

4.1.3 Program 3: Effects on Equipment

Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1.4 Program 5: Aircraft Structures. . . . . . .

4.1.5 Program 6: Electromagnetic Effects

and Tests of Service Equipment. . . . . . .

4.1.6 Program 8: Thermal Radiation Effects. . . .

Page

1

20

21

26

29

34

35

36

58

63

69

78

82

88

98

103

106

109

18
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Chapter Page

4.1.7 Program 9: Supporting Measurements. . . . . 111

4.2 Department of Defense Involvement in Programs of

the AEC Nuclear Weapons Design Laboratory

Test Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

4.2.1 Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Test

Group Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

4.2.2 University of California Radiation

Laboratory Test Group Programs. . . . . . . 117

4.3 Department of Defense Involvement in Programs of

the Civil Effects Test Group . . . . . . . . . . . 117

4.4 Department of Defense Operational Training

Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

4.4.1 Air Operational Training Pro,iects at

Operation TEAPOT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

4.4.2 Ground Operational Training Pro,jects at

Operation TEAPOT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

4.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Support

Missions at Operation TEAPOT . . . . . . . . . . . 130

5 RADIATION PROTECTION AT OPERATION TEAPOT 140

5.1 Radiation Protection for Exercise

Desert Rock VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

5.1.1 Organization. ............... 145

5.1.2 Orientation and Training. ......... 146

5.1.3 Briefing. ................. 147

5.1.4 Personnel Dosimetry ............ 147

5.1.5 Protective Equipment. ........... 151

5.1.6 Monitoring. ................ 152

5.1.7 Decontamination .............. 156

5.2 Radiation Protection for the Joint Test

Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

5.2.1 Organization. ............... 159

5.2.2 Training. ................. 162

5.2.3 Personnel Dosimetry ............ 163

5.2.4 Logistics ................. 165

5.2.5 Monitoring. ................ 167

5.2.6 Plotting and Briefing ........... 171

S.2.7 Decontamination .............. 172

5.3 Radiation Protection for the Air Force Special

Weapons Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

19
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Chapter Page

5.3.1 Organization. ............... 175

5.3.2 Training and Briefing ........... 176

5.3.3 Protective Equipment and Personnel

Dosimetry ................. 178

5.3.4 Monitoring. ................ 179

5.3.5 Decontamination .............. 180

6 DOSIMETRY FOR DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PERSONNEL

AT OPERATION TEAPOT 130

6.1 Participation Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2 Dosimetry Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . .

190

191

6.2.1 Film Badge Data . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2.2 Reconstructed Dose Dati . 1 . . . . . . . .

191

193

6.3 Dosimetry Data for Operation TEAPOT

Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

6.3.1 External Gamma Exposure Data. ....... 194

6.3.2 Instances of Gamma Exposure Exceeding

Prescribed Limits ............. 196

6.3.3 Reconstructed Doses ............ 199

OPERATION TEAPOT BIBLIOGRApIW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure

l-l Location of Nevada Test Site. . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-2 Nevada Test Site Showing Location of Shot Ground

Zeros in TEAPOT Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-l Joint Test Organization/Exercise Desert Rock VI

Structure within Federal Government . . . . . . . . .

2-2 Joint Test Organization . . . . . . , . . . . . . . .

2-3 Test Director's Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-4 Exercise Desert Rock VI Organization. . . . . . . . .

3-l Pro.ject 40.18, Location of Atomic Bursts. . . . . . .

Page

31

33

38

41

47

50

65

20
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)

Figure

5-l

5-2

Sample Film-badge Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page

149

Two Officers and One Monitor From the 50th Chemical

Service Platoon, With Radiation Survey Meters. . . . .

Typical Route of Desert Rock's Radiological Survey

Team.........................

153

5-3

154

5-4 Members of the 50th Chemical Service Platoon

Sweeping Dust From Personnel and Surveying

Personnel for Contamination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

5-5 Joint Test Organization Radiological Safety

Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

5-6 Rehearsal of F-84 Sampler Aircraft Landing and

Parking in Designated Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

5-7 Decontaminating an F-84 Sampler Aircraft . . . . . . . 183

5-8 Rehearsing Removal of a Filter Sample From the

Wing-Tip Chamber of an F-84. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

5-9 Rehearsal of the Placement of a Particulate Cloud

Sample in a Lead Container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

5-10 Placing Compressed Gas Cloud Sample in a

Lead Container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

5-11 F-84 Sampler Pilot Leaving the Cockpit of

His Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

LIST OF TABLES

Table

l-l

3-l

Summary of Operation TEAPOT Events (1955). . . . . . .

Page

30

Exercise Desert Rock VI, Number of Participants

Operation TEAPOT, by Project . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4-l Military Effects Group Programs Indicating

Project Participation by Shot. . . . . . . . . . . . .

59

83

21
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

Table

4-2

4-3

4-4

4-5

4-6

4-7

4-8

4-9

4-10

4-11

4-12

4-13

5-l

Military Effects Group Proejects Conducted as

Part of Program 1 During Operation TEAPOT. . .

Military Effects Group Pro.jects Conducted as

Part of Program 2 During Operation TEAPOT. . .

Military Effects Group Projects Conducted as

Part of Program 3 During Operation TEAPOT. . .

Military Effects Group Pro.jects Conducted as

Part of Program 5 During Operation TEAPOT. . .

Military Effects Group Projects Conducted as

Part of Program 6 During Operation TEAPOT. . .

Military Effects Group Projects Conducted as

Part of Program 8 During Operation TEAPOT. . .

Military Effects Group Pro,jects Conducted as

Part of Program 9 During Operation TEAPOT. . .

LASL Test Group Pro.jects Conducted During

Operation TEAPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

UCRL Test Group Pro,jects Conducted During

Operation TEAPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Civil Effects Test Group Pro.jects Conducted

During Operation TEAPOT. . . . . . . . . . . .

DOD Operational Training Pro,jects at Operation

TEAPOT....................

.

AFSWC Mission Support at Operation TEAPOT. . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

l . . .

. . . .

. . . .

Criteria for Placement of Troops During

the TEAPOT Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page

85

90

100

104

107

110

112

116

118

120

125

131

143

22
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

Table

6-l Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for

Operation TEAPOT Participants by Affiliation . . . . .

6-2 Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for Army

Personnel and Affiliates, Operation TEAPOT . . . . . .

6-2a Detailed Listing of "Other" Category, Army

Participants, Operation TEAPOT . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-3 Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for Navy

Personnel and Affiliates, Operation TEAPOT . . . . . .

6-3a Detailed Listing of "Other" Category, Navy

Participants, Operation TEAPOT . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-4 Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for Marine

Corps Personnel and Affiliates, Operation TEAPOT . . .

6-4a Detailed Listing of "Other" Category, Marine Corps

Participants, Operation TEAPOT . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-5 Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for Air

Force Personnel and Affiliates, Operation TEAPOT . . .

6-5a Detailed Listing of "Other" Category, Air Force

Participants, Operation TEAPOT . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-6 Distribution of Gamma Radiation Exposures for

Scientific Personnel, Contractors, and Affiliates,

Operation TEAPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-6a Detailed Listing of "Other" Category, Scientific

Personnel, Contractors, and Affiliates,

Operation TEAPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-7 Film Badge Readings Exceeding Established Limits for

JTO Participants at Operation TEAPOT . . . . . . . . .

Page

201

202

204

209

210

211

212

213

215

216

217

218

23
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in this volume:

AEC Atomic Energy Commission

AFB Air Force Base

AFSWC Air Force Special Weapons Center

AFSWP Armed Forces Special Weapons Project

BJY BUSTER-JANGLE "Y"

CETG Civil Effects Test Group

CONUS Continental United States

DOD Department of Defense

DWET Directorate Weapons Effects Tests

EG and G Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier

FCDA Federal Civil Defense Administration

GZ Ground Zero

JTO Joint Test Organization

LASL Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

MEG Military Effects Group

NTS Nevada Test Site

OCAFF Office, Chief of Army Field Forces

REECo Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company

R/h Roentgen per hour

UCRL University of California Radiation Laboratory

USAF United States Air Force

UTM Universal Transverse Mercator

VFIS Veterinary Food Inspection Service

24
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO OPERATION TEAPOT

Operation TEAPOT, the fifth series of nuclear weapons tests

conducted at the Nevada Test Site (NTS), consisted of 14 nuclear

detonations and one non-nuclear test. The TEAPOT Series lasted

from 18 February 1955 to 15 May 1955, and involved an estimated

11,000 DOD personnel participating in observer programs, tactical

maneuvers, and military effects and scientific studies. The

series was intended to test nuclear weapons for possible

inclusion in the defense arsenal, to improve military tactics,

equipment, and training, and to enhance the understanding of

civil defense requirements (47)*.

This volume summarizes information on organizations,

procedures, and activities in the TEAPOT Series. The background

information in this chapter includes:

0 A discussion of the international and domestic situation

which existed in 1955 when the TEAPOT tests were

conducted

0 A description of the NTS

0 A synopsis of the 15 individual events

0 An overview of DOD participation at Operation TEAPOT.

*All sources cited in the text are listed alphabetically and

numbered in the Reference List, appended at the back of this

volume. The number given within the citation in the text is the

number of the source document in the Reference List.

25
This information provides a basis for understanding the

nature and extent of DOD participation discussed in more detail

in this volume and the four shot and multi-shot volumes which

constitute the TEAPOT reports.

1.1 INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC CONDITIONS INFLUENCING OPERATION

TEAPOT

Operation TEAPOT was planned and conducted to enhance a

defense policy that increasingly relied on nuclear weapons.

The role of nuclear weapons in the United States defense

policy evolved as a result of a series of events occurring in the

late 1940s and earlv 1950s. These events included the testing by

the Soviet Union of an atomic bomb in 1949 and the commitment of

U.S. ground forces on the Korean peninsula. To reduce the

necessitv of a large standing army and minimize the likelihood of

a surprise attack by the Soviet Union, the United States deployed

a strategic nuclear arsenal capable of inflicting massive

destruction on critical targets throughout the USSR. This policy

led to the development of strategic nuclear weapons for arming

international ballistic missiles and aircraft for the USAF

Strategic Air Command. It also led to exploring the potential

for tactical battlefield use of smaller nuclear devices (290;

304).

The Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) strongly

advocated the development of nuclear devices for tactical

purposes. Describing the prospects for new types of nuclear

weapons, the AEC Chairman stated in 1951:

What we are working toward here is a situation where we

will have atomic weapons in almost as complete a

variety as conventional ones.... This would include

artillery shells, guided missiles, torpedoes, rockets

and bombs for ground-support aircraft....We could use

an atomic bomb today in a tactical way against enemy

26
troops in the field, against military concentrations

near battle areas and against other vital military

targets without risk to our own troops. We are

steadily increasing, through our technological and

production progress, the number of situations in which

atomic weapons can be effectively employed in battle

areas (304).

Consequently, should tactical nuclear weapons be used in land

combat, the military forces of the United States needed to be

trained to react effectively.

Operation TEAPOT, authorized by President Eisenhower on 30

August 1954, was intended to address both the tactical and

strategic considerations (26; 27). As a result, the 1955 Series

had two major objectives:

a To improve the nuclear weapons used for strategic

bomber delivery and missile'delivery and those used

for tactical battlefield situations

0 To establish military doctrine and tactics for the

use of ground forces on a nuclear battlefield.

To attain the first objective, the AEC had planned to

conduct scientific experiments during Operation TEAPOT to:

0 Prove the adequacy of nuclear devices as warheads

before they entered the country's nuclear weapons

stockpile

0 Test model nuclear devices for development as

practical stockpile weapons

0 Explore phenomena which could affect the efficiency

and performance of nuclear weapons, but which could

not be analyzed theoretically

l Determine the validity of recommendations to improve

the efficiency of nuclear weapons

0 Observe detonations and obtain new information

pertinent to weapons development

a Accelerate the development cycle by substituting

tests for lengthy laboratory programs

0 Obtain basic scientific information (1).

2 7
To achieve the second objective, that of preparing for the

tactical battlefield use of nuclear weapons, the Department of

Defense conducted Exercise Desert Rock VI. The significant

advantage in firepower which the new weapons gave ground units

would not eliminate the need to follow established principles of

movement and position. It was essential that military units

become familiar with the new weapons and their special characteristics. The best way to accomplish this was through realistic

field exercises, a prominent feature of Exercise Desert Rock VI,

which also included observation and training programs, military

maneuvers, and tests of equipment and tactics (32; 133).

Although the NTS was isolated from major population centers,

domestic concern over radioactive fallout resulting from continental atmospheric testing was an important planning consideration during the preparations for Operation TEAPOT. Weather

conditions were critical in assessing the direction and extent of

possible fallout. Although a schedule of events was prepared for

Operation TEAPOT, the schedule was adjusted as necessary. A

Department of Army memorandum to the Chief, Army Field Forces,

Fort Monroe, Virginia, reflected the AEC's revised weather

policy:

In the past year the AEC has been confronted

with a considerable number of complaints from

civilian sources because of the fallout of

radioactive material near or on inhabited areas.

To eliminate or drastically reduce this type of

problem in TEAPOT and future tests it has been

learned that the AEC will fire test shots only

when the weather conditions are just right. It

can be anticipated that this policy will tend to

increase the possibility of last minute delays

of all shots (109).

28
As a result the planned schedule for Operation TEAPOT was

continually revised, as reflected in table l-l.* The delay of

one shot often resulted in postponing subsequent shots,

regardless of weather conditions. The many schedule changes

caused, altogether, a six-week extension of Operation TEAPOT from

1 April to 15 May (47; 265).

1.2 THE NEVADA TEST SITE

Operation TEAPOT, like RANGER, BUSTER-JANGLE, TUMBLERSNAPPER, and UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, was conducted at the NTS,

originally established as the Nevada Proving Ground by the AEC in

December 1950. The area is located in the southeastern part of

Nevada, 100 kilometers (62 miles)+ northwest of Las Vegas, as

shown in figure l-l.

IN 1955 the NTS, as depicted in figure 1-2, encompassed

approximately 1,600 square kilometers in Nye County. On its

eastern, northern, and western boundaries, the NTS adjoined the

Nellis AFB Bombing and Gunnery Range, of which it was a part

before December 1950. The NTS, an area of high desert and

*As listed in table l-l, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

coordinates are used in this report. The first three digits

refer to a point on an east-west axis, and the second three

digits refer to a point on a north-south axis. The point so

designated is the southwest corner of an area 100 meters square.

Since both Shots HADR and HA were detonated at high altitude,

UTM coordinates are unavailable for their surface-zero

locations. Their approximate location within Area 1 of the NTS

is shown on figure l-2.

+Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metric

units rounded up to the nearest whole number. The metric

conversion factors include: 1 meter = 3.28 feet; 1 meter = 1.09

yards; 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles. Altitudes and other vertical

distances are given in feet.

29
Table l-l: SUMMARY OF OPERATION TEAPOT EVENTS (1955)

\ 3 E F c i ;;; “Iul z 3 5 z 2 z r;

sponsor LASL LASL UCAL UCRL LASL LASL DOD DOD LASL LASL DOD UCRL LASL LASL LASL

DOD

Planned Date

Actual Date

Local Time

NTS Locatlon

18 Feb 22 Feb 25 Feb 15 Feb 8 March 18 March 15 March 1 March 18 March 20 March 4 March 1 March 1 March 26 April 1’ April

18 Feb 22 Feb 1 March 7 March 12 March 22 March 23 March 25 March 29 March 29 March 6 Apd 9 April 15 April 5 May 15 May

1200 0545 0530 0520 0520 0505 1230 o900 0455 loo0 loo0 0430 1115 0510 0500

Area 7 Area 3 Area 9 Area 2 Area 3 Area 7 Area 10 Above Area 4 Area 7 Above Area 9 Area 5 Area 1 Area 7

Area 1 Area 1

UTM Coordinates 869047 871004 84090 784104 8679% 667056 849138 797056 869047 860086 956728 798009 967056

Type of

Detonation Airdrop Tower Tower Tower Tower Tower Shaft Alrdrop Tower AIrdrop Alrdrop Tower Tower Tower Tower

Heqht of Burst 762 300 300 500 300 500 6 7 38,oow 500 737 36.620’ 300 400 500 500

~FeetJ

Actual Yield

(kt I

’ Mean sea level

1 2 7 43 4 8 1 I non

nuclear1

1 4 3 3 2 2 2 29 2 8
N

P

IDAHO

Winnemucca 1

\ Tonopah

r&)

Nellis Bombing

and Gunnery 1

y$&&g

Nevada Test Site AFB ’ ,Las Vegas r

\.,I

0 100

L I J

KIlometers

UTAH

ARIZONA

Figure l-l: LOCATION OF NEVADA TEST SITE

31
mountain terrain, was the location for most of the atmospheric

nuclear weapons tests conducted within the continental U.S. from

19351 to 1962.

The nuclear weapons tests of Operation TEAPOT were conducted

either in Yucca Flat or in Frenchman Flat. Yucca Flat is a 320-

square-kilometer desert valley surrounded by mountains. Located

in the north-central part of the NTS, Yucca Flat was the location

of 13 of the 14 TEAPOT nuclear tests. The area boundaries

outlined in figure l-2 approximate the Yucca Flat testing area.

Frenchman Flat, which includes a 22-square-kilometer dry-lake

basin, is located in the southeastern part of the NTS. Only one

TEAPOT event, Shot MET, was conducted in this area. Yucca Flat

and Frenchman Flat are linked by Mercury Highway, which extends

north and south through Yucca Pass. Yucca Pass was the site of

News Nob, a major observation point, and the Control Point. The

Control Point, which consisted of nine permanent buildings, is

situated on the west side of Yucca Pass. Detonation of all tower

shots and the one subsurface shot, ESS, was controlled from

Building 1 at the Control Point. The location permitted visual

observation into the test areas of both Frenchman Flat to the

southeast and Yucca Flat to the north. The Control Point also

had decontamiantion facilities for personnel and vehicles

returning from the testing areas.

Camp Mercury, situated at the southern boundary of the NTS,

provided office and living quarters, as well as laboratory facilities and warehouses, for the temporary and permanent civilian

personnel participating in the JTO test activities.

Camp Desert Rock, headquarters of the Desert Rock exercises,

was just outside the NTS, three kilometers (about two miles)

southwest of Camp Mercury. Camp Desert Rock consisted of

temporary structures supplemented by trailers and tents as

32
TURK

APPLE 1

APPLE 2

HA

HADR

0

1 1 1 1 1 1

Kilometers

10

I

I

1 News Nob

I

Lake- --

I \

Camp Desert

Rock I

ESS

TESLA

POST

BEE

ZUCCHINI

WASP

WASP PRIME

MOTH

HORNET

N

MET

Camp Mercury

Figure 1-2: NEVADA TEST SITE SHOWING LOCATIONS OF

SHOT GROUND ZEROS IN TEAPOT SERIES

33

-
necessary. The camp's population varied considerably, depending

on the schedule of weapons' tests and associated troop maneuvers.

When test operations were not being conducted, the camp would be

maintained by fewer than 100 people. During test operation

periods, however, Camp Desert Rock often housed several thousand

DOD personnel on temporary assignment to participate in the

nuclear weapons tests (245).

1.3 SUMMARY OF OPERATION TEAPOT EVENTS

During the planning for Operation TEAPOT, the AEC directed

the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL), the University of

California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL), and the DOD to delineate

experimental requirements that could be addressed during the 1955

test series (81). These proposals, when analyzed and evaluated,

resulted in the scheduling of the events listed in table l-l.

The Operation TEAPOT events were designed to promote scientific and diagnostic research, and, on a basis of noninterference, to provide an opportunity for military testing, training, and maneuvers. The USAF Strategic Air Command, for example,

used both Shot WASP and Shot WASP PRIME to test airdrop delivery

techniques. Shot HADR (High Altitude Dress Rehearsal) was the

only non-nuclear test conducted during Operation TEAPOT. This

high-explosive device was detonated at 38,000 feet on 25 March

1955, so that the delivery and technical equipment to be used at

the nuclear HA (High Altitude) event on 6 April could be calibrated prior to that detonation. Shot ESS, a prototype nuclear

demolition munition and the only subsurface test during Operation

TEAPOT, was detonated in Area 10 in a shaft 67 feet deep. All

remaining shots in the TEAPOT Series were detonated from towers,

which ranged in height from 300 feet to 500 feet. Tower shots,

particularly BEE and APPLE 2, involved the largest number of DOD

participants (87; 106; 107; 111).

34
1.4 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPANTS AND ACTIVITIES

Estimates provided by the military services indicate that

approxmiately 11,000 Department of Defense personnel, both

military and civilian, participated in various activities at

Operation TEAPOT. These Department of Defense personnel

participated in the following activities:

0 JTO administration and support

0 Test Group military effects and diagnostic

activities

0 DOD operational training projects

0 Exercise Desert Rock VI support

0 Exercise Desert Rock VI troop maneuvers, technical

service projects, and observation programs

0 Air support.

Approximately 8,000 participants at Operation TEAPOT took

part in Exercise Desert Rock VI, the Army training and test

program (133; 243). These participants included both Desert Rock

troops and exercise troops. The exercise troops performed troop

test maneuvers and technical service projects, or observed the

detonations. The Desert Rock troops performed support services

for Desert Rock activities and camp functions. Most of these

troops observed at least one detonation in trenches or open areas

along with exercise troop observers.

The remaining DOD personnel assisted in the administration

of Operation TEAPOT or took part in the scientific, diagnostic,

and operational training programs. These activities were

conducted by various elements of the JTO, which was established

for planning, coordinating, and conducting the TEAPOT nuclear

weapons tests.

35
CHAPTER 2

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATIONS DURING

OPERATION TEAPOT

The Joint Test Organization (JTO) and Exercise Desert Rock

VI were responsible for the activities conducted during Operation

TEAPOT. This chapter describes how these groups were organized

to plan, manage, and conduct the 15 weapons tests and the

military effects, diagnostic, technical, and training projects

that constituted Operation TEAPOT.

The JTO included representatives from the U.S. Atomic Energy

Commission (AEC), the Department of Defense (DOD), the Federal

Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) and the U.S. Public Health

Service. Primary responsibilities of the JTO were to schedule

and detonate the nuclear devices and to evaluate the results of

each detonation. The Test Manager and his staff performed these

functions, with assistance from the Test Director and his staff.

Exercise Desert Rock VI was staffed and administered by the

Army and included personnel from the armed services. Exercise

Desert Rock VI functioned separately from the JTO, with a liaison

established between the two groups to ensure that Exercise Desert

Rock VI technical and training programs did not interfere with

the military effects and diagnostic programs of the JTO. Armed

service personnel of Exercise Desert Rock VI were either support

troops or exercise troops, as described in section 2.2. Desert

Rock support troops resided at Camp Desert Rock throughout

Operation TEAPOT and provided a number of services to the

exercise troops, including security and law enforcement, radiological safety, medical care, transportation, engineering, mess,

and laundry. Exercise troops were assigned to Camp Desert Rock

for periods of a few days to a few weeks to participate in a

particular program.

36
Other participants at TEAPOT included Federal Government

agencies, research laboratories, and private firms under contract

to the Government. Department of Defense personnel participated

in the activities of many of these organizations, as well.

2.1 THE JOINT TEST ORGANIZATION

The AEC and the DOD shared responsibility for planning and

implementing the nuclear weapons test program. The AEC was

responsible for exploring and developing new areas of nuclear

weapons technology, while the DOD was responsible for incorporating the weapons into the country's military defense program.

Congress established the AEC in 1946 with passage of the

Atomic Energy Act. The AEC was organized into four divisions (5;

6; 8):

0 Research

l Production

0 Engineering

0 Military Application.

The Director of the Division of Military Application supervised

nuclear test operations from AEC Headquarters in Washington, D.C.

A member of the Armed Forces, he delegated onsite responsibility

for test preparations to the Manager of the AEC Santa Fe

Operations Office. Before Operation TEAPOT, he authorized the

Manager of the Santa Fe Operations Office to appoint a Test

Manager to preside over the JTO at the NTS. Figure 2-1 shows the

lines of authority from the President through both the AEC and

DOD to the Test Manager and the JTO.

The principal DOD agency responsible for developing nuclear

weaponry was the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP),

created by Congress in 1947 (14). The Commander, Field Command,

AFSWP, assisted the Test Manager in coordinating DOD participation, by appointing a Deputy for Military Operations to serve on

37
President

Commissioners

AEC

/53

Militan/

Liaison

Committee

AEC

General Manager

Director, Dwwon

of Mtlltary Appkauon

-

Manager, Sante Fe

Operations Office -

Joint Chiefs of Staff

Chief, Commanding General,

_-----

AFSWP

6th U.S. Army.

and Exercise Dlrector

Commander,

Field Command,

Chain of Command

- - - - Llalson and Coordlnatlon

Figure 2-1: JOINT TEST ORGANIZATION/EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI

STRUCTURE WITHIN FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

38
the Test Manager's staff. The deputy and the DOD Operations

Coordinator were responsible for coordinating DOD activities at

the NTS with those of other test groups. The DOD activities

included the weapons effects programs of the Field Command

Military Effects Group; the DOD operational training program; the

troop maneuvers, training programs, and technical tests that

comprised Exercise Desert Rock VI; and the air support provided

by the Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC).

At the operational level, the relationship of the AEC with

the DOD was formalized in a memorandum signed by the field

officers of both the Santa Fe Operations Office and AFSWP Field

Command. Dated 16 February 1953, the memorandum stated that, in

matters relating to DOD participation at the NTS, the Test

Manager was responsible to the Commander, Field Command, AFSWP.

In matters not relating to DOD participation, however, the Test

Manager reported to his superior at AEC headquarters, the

Director of Military Application. This agreement was confirmed

in a letter from the AEC to the Assistant to the Secretary of

Defense for Atomic Energy (281).

The activities of troops involved in Exercise Desert Rock VI

had to be coordinated with the programs of the JTO. During the

planning and implementation phases of Operation TEAPOT, the Joint

Chiefs of Staff coordinated the activities of Exercise Desert

Rock VI through liaison with the Commanding General of the Sixth

U.S. Army, the Exercise Director for Desert Rock VI. At the

operational level, the AFSWP representative to the JTO, the

Deputy for Military Operations, coordinated Exercise Desert Rock

VI activities with those of the JTO.

Operational planning for the JTO began in June 1954. During

the planning phases, the Test Manager worked with members of

AFSWP Field Command to develop the Operation TEAPOT test schedule

and to plan the JTO scientific, diagnostic, and support

activities.

39
When Operation TEAPOT began in February 1955, the Test

Manager was also assisted by the Scientific Advisor, the Deputy

for Military Operations, and the Test Director, who was a

scientist from the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL). In

order to staff the Joint Test Organization, personnel were drawn

from the AEC Santa Fe Operations Office, AEC contractors, various

DOD agencies, the Federal Civil Defense Administration, and other

Federal agencies, including the U.S. Public Health Service and

the U.S. Weather Bureau (23; 47).

2.1.1 Test Manager's Organization

The Test Manager was responsible for the overall direction

of the TEAPOT Series. His responsibilities included deciding

whether or not to proceed with a shot as planned, coordinating

the agencies involved in the weapons development and weapons

effects projects, supervising the staff units that performed

support functions for the test participants, and securing the

safety of DOD and non-DOD personnel working for the JTO (23; 33;

34; 225; 226).

To fulfill these duties, the Test Manager required the

large and diversified staff shown in figure 2-2. The scientists

included the Scientific Advisor, the Advisory Panel, and the

Technical Staff Operations Group (265). The Scientific Advisor

worked closely with the Technical Staff Operations Group. The

Advisory Panel, chaired by the Scientific Advisor, was staffed by

military representatives of AFSWP Field Command, and scientists

of two AEC nuclear weapons development laboratories, LASL and the

University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCHL). This panel

assessed information presented by the Technical Staff Operations

Group and briefed the Test Manager accordingly.

40
Test Manager

Advisory

Panel

Technical

Staff

Operations

support

Director

DOD

Units on

Mission Basis

4

I DOD 1

Staff L

i

FCDA

Services Operations

Figure 2-Z: JOINT TEST ORGANIZATION

4 1
The Technical Staff Operations Group maintained detailed,

current information on the possible effects of each scheduled

detonation. Information was based upon the predicted weather

conditions in the area related to the expected maximum yield

capabilities of the nuclear device to be tested. This group

consisted of the Weather Prediction Unit, the Fallout Prediction

Unit, and the Blast Prediction Unit (265).

The Weather Prediction Unit, staffed by personnel from

USAF Air Weather Service, furnished weather forecasts for the

Nevada Test Site (NTS) and surrounding areas. In addition,

selected U.S. Weather Bureau stations and offsite military

weather stations provided meteorological observations on a

scheduled basis. The six person Fallout Prediction Unit,

operated by members of the U.S. Weather Bureau, LASL, and UCRL,

forecasted fallout patterns and nuclear-cloud heights. The

Sandia Laboratory operated the Blast Prediction Unit. Its staff

members estimated the maximum anticipated strength of the blast

that would be produced by each nuclear detonation (265).

The Test Manager's second responsibility was to coordinate

or review the following activities conducted in conjunction with

the testing (265):

Military effects projects conducted by AFSWP

Field Command Military Effects Group

Technical projects conducted by the FCDA Civil

Effects Test Group (CETG)

Operational training projects conducted by the

armed services of Exercise Desert Rock and

coordinated by AFSWP Field Command

Technical, training, and observation projects

and troop maneuvers conducted by Exercise

Desert Rock VI

Public relations.

42
The Deputy for Military Operations, who served as the Test

Manager's chief military advisor was in charge of all the

military units of the Joint Test Organization. These units

included the DOD Operations Coordination Staff, the Air Weather

Service, the JTO Radiological Safety Group, the Lookout Mountain

Laboratory Group, and the Field Command Support Group. The

Deputy for Military Operations coordinated the weapons effects

tests conducted by AFSWP Field Command Military Effects Group

with test activities conducted by the test groups of LASL and

UCRL, which were under the supervision of the Test Director.

The DOD Operations Coordination Staff worked with the Deputy

for Military Operations to coordinate DOD programs with the other

activities of the JTO. This staff unit included a liaison

officer for Desert Rock exercises, as well as an officer in

charge of the Air Operations Unit, and an officer in charge of

the DOD operational training projects. The Air Operations Unit

coordinated cloud sampling, air support to research programs,

delivery of supplies and equipment, and operational control of

all aircraft participating in the JTO test programs. The DOD

operational training projects were conducted by the armed

services and various service agencies as part of the JTO

activities.

The FCDA Operations Group supervised demonstration and

observer programs conducted by the CETG during Operation TEAPOT,

including Operation CUE, a program of technical tests, field

exercises, observer activities, and press coverage conducted at

Shot APPLE 2 on 5 May 1955. An FCDA representative was present

at all JTO meetings to coordinate FCDA activities with those of

JTO and Exercise Desert Rock VI.

The Public Relations Unit provided the public and the press

with information on the activities of the observer programs

managed by the JTO, and maintained contact with State and local

health authorities (265).

43
The Test Manager's third task of providing support for the

activities at the NTS was coordinated by the Staff Services Unit,

the Support Director's Staff, and the Field Command Support Unit

(265).

Among other functions, the Staff Services Unit provided

for the onsite radiological safety of participants. The Support

Director and his staff were in charge of all auxiliary services

required for the proper functioning of the JTO and Camp Mercury.

These services included administration, engineering and construction, transportation for AEC personnel, communications, and

management of housing, messing, recreation, and medical facilities for AEC person'nel at Camp Mercury. The Support Director's

Staff also handled security and the evacuation of JTO personnel

from NTS test areas before the arming and firing of a nuclear

device. The Field Command Support Unit performed all base

command functions for which the Department of Defense was

responsible.

Four functions necessary for the efficient operation of

activities and the protection of all individuals who participated

in the activities were provided by the following DOD units on a

mission basis (265):

0 The Air Weather Service

0 The Radiological Safety Group

l The Air Support Group

l The Lookout Mountain Laboratory.

The Air Weather Service, which consisted of a maximum of 74

Air Force personnel during Operation TEAPOT, assisted the

Technical Staff Operations Unit by providing meteorological data

from several weather stations at and surrounding the NTS.

44
The Radiological Safety Group supervised onsite radiological

safety monitors, forecasted the onsite radiological environment,

and ensured that onsite radiological safety criteria were

observed. Comprised of personnel from the Army's 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit from Ft. McClellan, Alabama, the

Radiological Safety Group was ultimately responsible to the

Deputy for Military Operations. At the NTS, however, the Radiological Safety Coordinator, who was a member of the Test

Manager's Support Group, controlled the Radiological Safety

Group's activities. The Chemical Corps Training Command provided

15 officers and approximately 100 enlisted men from the 1st

Radiological Safety Support Unit as core personnel for the Radiological Safety Group (63; 265). When necessary, the group was

augmented by personnel from other military organizations.

The Air Support Group was staffed by personnel from the Air

Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC). Its mission was to provide

air support to the agencies participating in TEAPOT tests. The

group exercised operational control over military aircraft flying

over or near the NTS during Operation TEAPOT. AFWSC provided

administrative and logistic support for Air Support Group personnel at Indian Springs AFB, Nevada, and Kirtland AFB, New Mexico.

The Lookout Mountain Laboratory from Hollywood, California,

was staffed by the 1352nd Motion Picture Squadron, Air Photographic and Charting Service. It was administered by the

Director of the Military Effects Group Program 9, Supporting

Measurements. The Lookout Mountain Laboratory provided motion

picture and still photography coverage of Operation TEAPOT in

support of scientific and technical programs and for the JTO

Joint Office of Test Information.

45
2.1.2 The Test Director's Organization

The Test Manager and his staff provided the technical and

administrative guidance necessary in conducting Operation TEAPOT

and its affiliated activities. However, the day-to-day responsibility for preparing the nuclear devices and planning and implementing the scientific, diagnostic, and military and civilian

effects programs during Operation TEAPOT was delegated to the

Test Director. The four principal organizations represented on

the Test Director's staff were (265):

a The LASL Weapons Development Test Group

0 The UCRL Weapons Development Test Group

l AFSWP Field Command Military Effects Group

0 The FCDA Civil Effects Test Group (CETG).

The LASL Test Group and the UCRL Test Group developed the

nuclear devices. They also conducted scientific and diagnostic

experiments to evaluate their performance. The Military Effects

Group conducted seven programs designed to determine the weapons

effects of each nuclear device detonated. In addition, they

coordinated 12 operational training projects for DOD. The Civil

Effects Test Group performed programs and projects at Operation

TEAPOT to assess the effects of nuclear detonations on civilian

populations, structures, and food products, as well as to assure

the capability of Civil Defense organizations to provide

effective rescue, recovery, and support operations in the event

of a nuclear emergency. Representatives from each of the four

test groups acted as technical advisors to the Test Director.

As shown in figure 2-3, the Test Director's Organization

also included representatives from two elements of the Test

Manager's Organization: Staff Services and Support Services

(47; 265). Staff Services were divided into six administrative

sections that were each responsible for developing operating

plans for scientific development, military, and civil effects

activities.

46
Onsite

Radiological

Safety I

Assembly

and Arming

Military Effects

Group

LASL

Weapons Development

Test Group

Technical Advisors

LASL

UCRL

Military Effects Group

3vil Effects Test Group

J-6 l-l Engineering and

Construction

Classification

Security

Liaison

I

Air

Operations

0

Safety

Documentary

Photography

Figure 2-3: TEST DIRECTOR’S ORGANIZATION
Support Services representatives were responsible for developing adequate planning procedures for onsite radiological

safety, assembly and arming, timing and firing circuitry, air

operations, and documentary photography.

The Test Director's technical advisors and the members of

the Test Manager's organizational units worked together to plan

and conduct the day-to-day schedule of TEAPOT test activities.

The technical advisors reviewed the proposed activities for each

program and project of the respective laboratories and agencies.

Working with personnel from the support groups and the technical

advisors, the Test Director and his staff revised the proposed

plans to include scheduling times, locations of necessary

construction, supplies, transportation, radiological safety, air

support, and postshot recovery operations. The Test Director and

his staff then presented the revised plans to the Test Manager,

who had final authority to review and approve activities associated with Operation TEAPOT.

2.2 THE ORGANIZATION OF EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI

Exercise Desert Rock VI, sponsored by the Department of the

Army, involved an estimated 8,000 DOD participants in the orientation projects, troop tests, and technical service projects

conducted at Operation TEAPOT. This number included about 2,000

DOD personnel who were required to administer and support the

exercises (133; 159; 162; 243).

Exercise Desert Rock VI was formally organized on 1 October

1954, and the Commanding General of the Sixth U.S. Army was

appointed Exercise Director. The Exercise Director supervised

participation by the armed services, provided administrative and

logistical support to the exercise troops, and was responsible

for the safety of DOD personnel involved in Exercise Desert Rock

VI. During the planning phases, the Exercise Director conferred

48
with representatives from the AEC Santa Fe Operations Office and

from the AFSWP Field Command office to ensure that Exercise

Desert Rock activities were coordinated with those of the JTO.

Throughout both the planning and operational phases of

Exercise Desert Rock VI, the Exercise Director maintained his

office at the Sixth U.S. Army headquarters, at the Presidio of

San Francisco. Onsite, the Exercise Director was represented by

his Deputy, who was at Fort Lewis during the planning phase and

at Camp Desert Rock during the operational phase of the

exercise.

In conducting the exercise and commanding the troops

assigned to Camp Desert Rock, the Deputy Exercise Director was

assisted by an Executive Officer and the administrative and staff

units shown in figure 2-4. These staff elements and support

units provided the services necessary to sustain the exercise

troops assigned to Camp Desert Rock while they participated in

specific test activities (90; 133; 161). The following paragraphs describe the duties of the staff units, including those

that required Camp Desert Rock support troops to enter the

forward areas.

The S-l Section, Administration, included such services as

records-processing under the Adjutant General; law enforcement

under the Provost Marshal; and recreation facilities, provided by

Special Services. The Post Exchange and Chaplain were included

in the S-l Section (133; 161).

The S-2 Section, Security and Intelligence, was responsible

for ensuring that proper and adequate security safeguards had

been arranged for all classified material connected with Exercise

Desert Rock VI and that all personnel had proper security clearances. The S-2 Section maintained close liaison with the

Security Branch of the JTO (133; 161).

49
Exercise Dwector

I

Deputy Exercise Dtrector

Executwe Officer 1

r

S-l

Admwustration

s-2

Security/ Intelligence 5Yl CounterIntelligence Corps

Provost Marshal -- Chaplain

PX

Troop Test Projects

I

s-3

Operations

I

Aviation

Section

Radiological Purchasing and

Safety Contracting - Slgnal

9

instructor

Group Engineer -- Ordnance

.

s-4

support

Quartermaster -- Transportation

Medical

Figure 2-4: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI ORGANIZATION
The S-3 Section, Operations, was responsible for advising

the Exercise Director in operational matters for both exercise

and camp operations. Section S-3 also had purview over the

Aviation Section, Radiological Section, and the Instructor Group.

The S-3 operations staff provided vehicle rosters, traffic

control points, and security lists for access into the equipment

display areas (133; 161).

The primary responsibilty of the Aviation Section at Camp

Desert Rock was to control and coordinate air operations. In

addition, the Aviation Section provided Army aircraft for

radiological safety surveys and a Provisional Aviation Flight

Detachment to fly the Army aviation support associated with

Exercise Desert Rock activities (133; 161).

Members of the Radiological Safety Section established the

radiological safety procedures used to limit the exposure

received by exercise troops entering the forward areas. The

Desert Rock Radiological Safety Section operated separately from

the JTO radiological safety organization, and was composed

primarily of members of the 50th Chemical Service Platoon, which

was assigned to the S-4 Section. Before each event, members of

the Desert Rock Radiological Safety Section trained exercise

troops in radiological safety procedures. After each event, this

group conducted aerial and ground radiological surveys, monitored

trenches, equipment displays, and troop maneuver areas, and

decontaminated Desert Rock personnel leaving the forward areas.

The Desert Rock Radiological Safety Section worked closely with

members of the 232nd Signal Company, also assigned to the S-4

Section. In addition to issuing and processing film badges, the

232nd Signal Company also supplied and repaired radiological

measuring devices. Chapter 5 of this volume describes in more

detail the activities of the 50th Chemical Service Platoon in

providing radiological safety services (133; 161).

51
The Instructor Group conducted the orientation program for

incoming troops and observers. This group also instructed

support personnel on the objectives of Exercise Desert Rock VI,

the capabilities of nuclear weapons, and the protective measures

to be taken against the blast, thermal, and radiation effects of

a nuclear detonation. In addition, the instructor group assisted

in performing such tasks as controlling troop movement to the

forward area, calculating safe distances from the point of

detonations for observer activities and troop maneuvers, and

estimating damage to equipment in display areas (133; 161).

The S-4 Section was responsible for providing support

services to the units of Camp Desert Rock and to the exercise

troops. The S-4 Section provided field equipment, equipment and

materials for display purposes, construction materials for

trenches, bunkers, and gun emplacements, and heavy construction

equipment. Services provided by the S-4 Section included medical

care, construction, communications, and transportation. The

units listed below were required to be in the forward area

before, during, or after the nuclear events (88; 89; 133; 161):

The 232nd Signal Company established wire and radio

communications within the test areas and at Camp

Desert Rock, as well as issuing and processing film

badges for the S-3 Section.

The 95th Engineer Battalion (C)* provided supplies,

equipment, and personnel for construction of

trenches, equipment displays, and other pro.-jects as

necessary in the forward areas of the NTS and at

Camp Desert Rock.

The 23rd Transportation Truck Company and the 31st

Transportation Truck Company provided the vehicles

and drivers to transport Exercise Desert Rock

troops. The 2nd Transportation Company (medium

truck), provided fuel, w?ter, and supply truck

support to Camp Desert Rock.

The 50th Chemical Service Platoon provided equipment

and supplies for the Decontamination Station at

Yucca Pass, and radiological safety monitors for

Desert Rock project activities in the forward areas.

*Construction

52
0 The 94th Medical Detachment was the Camp Desert Rock

Veterinary Food Inspection Service Unit (VFIS).

0 The 573rd Ordnance Company procured, distributed,

and maintained weapons, ammunition, and combat

vehicles for the exercise troops and equipment

display areas. This unit was originally the 3623rd

Ordnance Company; it was redesignated the 573rd

Ordnance Company on 10 March 1955.

l The 163rd Quartermaster Company and the 53rd

Quartermaster Company provided Quartermaster support

to both Camp Desert Rock troops and exercise troops

and field clothing to the observers.

0 The 12th Evacuation Hospital (-) was the main

medical unit at Camp Desert Rock and provided

medical and dental support to the Desert Rock

troops.

53
CHAPTER 3

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI PROGRAMS AT OPERATION TEAPOT

This chapter addresses the activities of Department of

Defense (DOD) personnel at Exercise Desert Rock VI, the program

of technical and training projects organized by the Army at

Operation TEAPOT (160). Exercise Desert Rock VI was designed to

provide selected individuals of the armed services with training

in the effects of nuclear weapons. Exercise Desert Rock VI was a

continuation of technical testing and training programs conducted

during earlier series of nuclear weapons tests at the NTS. The

first of these, Exercises Desert Rock I, II, and III, were

conducted during Operation BUSTER-JANGLE in late 1951. Desert

Rock IV was conducted during Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER in 1952,

and Desert Rock V was conducted during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE

in 1953. Exercises Desert Rock VII and VIII were conducted

during Operation PLUMBBOB in 1957, concluding the Desert Rock

program.

The Desert Rock exercises conducted at TEAPOT were designed

to (15; 133; 267):

0 Assist the armed services in developing tactics and

military doctrine on the use of nuclear weapons

0 Assess the effects of nuclear detonations on military

equipment and ordnance materiel

0 Train armed services personnel in the effects of nuclear

detonations.

According to a Ljoint AEC-DOD press release, dated 16 March 1955,

"the mission of Exercise Desert Rock VI...[is] to teach its

soldiers to view nuclear weapons in their proper perspective...

that powerful though these weapons are, they can be controlled

and harnessed... and that despite the weapons' destructiveness

there are defenses against them on the atomic battlefield"

(178).

54
All DOD personnel at Exercise Desert Rock VI were assigned

on a temporary duty basis to Camp Desert Rock. For purposes of

this study, however, DOD personnel at Camp Desert Rock are

divided into two groups: Camp Desert Rock troops and Desert Rock

VI exercise troops.

Camp Desert Rock Troops

Camp Desert Rock troops consisted of about 2,000 soldiers

drawn from Army units throughout the country. These personnel

provided necessary support functions for the camp, such as administration, maintenance, transportation, engineer support, radiological safety, security, housing and food services, and laundry

(133; 155; 156; 159; 162-164). Some support units frequently

entered the forward testing area of Yucca Flat and Frenchman Flat

to help prepare for specific Desert Rock pro-jects, to assist in

operations during test events, or to help ensure safe recovery

operations following a nuclear detonation (133; 140-149).

Two of the support elements were the Radiological Safety

Section and the Instructor Group. The functions of the Radiological Safety Section are discussed generally in chapter 2 and

specifically in chapter 5 of this volume. The Instructor Group

prepared and presented orientation programs for Desert Rock

observers and maneuver troops. Before shot-day, the Instructor

Group presented basic information on nuclear weapons characteristics and effects, weapons delivery, personal protection, and

the medical effects of blast, thermal, and radiation exposure.

During the rehearsal of shot-day exercises, instructors conducted

tours of equipment and animal display areas and described the

predicted effects of the detonation on these displays. On shotday, participants were at the trenches before the detonation.

Instructors then began their orientation over the loudspeakers.

Following the exercises, they led maneuver troops and observers

through display areas and discussed the effects of the

detonation.

55
Other support elements entering the forward area included

the (133):

0 95th Engineer Battalion (C)

a 232nd Signal Company

0 23rd Transportation Truck Company and the 31st

Transportation Truck Company

0 573rd Ordnance Company

0 2nd Transportation Company (Med

0 12th Evacuation Hospital (-)*

l 94th Medical Detachment.

ium Truck) (Petrol)

For the most part, these units were present in the forward area

only when large numbers of exercise troops were active, as at

Shots WASP, TESLA, TURK, BEE, APPLE 1, and APPLE 2.

The 232nd Signal Company installed radio and wire communications systems, including a public address system, in main

observer locations. Two signalmen usually operated mobile public

address systems. These mobile systems were moved into display

areas after the personnel received clearance from the radiological safety monitors. The Instructor Group used the public

address system to make presentations. The 23rd Transportation

Truck Company and the 31st Transportation Truck Company transported exercise troops from Camp Desert Rock to the observer

areas before each detonation. Following the detonation and

postshot activities, the transportation personnel transported the

exercise troops back to Camp Desert Rock. The 12th Evacuation

Hospital (-) personnel provided medical and dental support to

Camp Desert Rock. Before each shot, the unit established a

medical aid station in the Desert Rock observer trench area.

*Some subordinate units were not present.

56
In order to familiarize as many medical personnel as possible to

the effects of a nuclear detonation, a detachment of the 94th

Medical Veterinary Food Inspection Service assisted the 12th

Evacuation Hosptal (-).

Another support element that entered the forward area was

the 95th Engineer Battalion (C). These personnel usually entered

the shot areas during the days and weeks before scheduled detonations to construct trenches and equipment displays, and after

the shots to retrieve display items when the area was radiologically safe (133).

Desert Rock VI Exercise Troops

An estimated 8,000 DOD personnel participated in Desert Rock

VI technical and training projects. This estimate approximates

the total of 8,185 DOD personnel accounted for in the Army's

Final Report of Operations for Desert Rock VI. These exercise

troops represented all armed services. Unlike the Camp Desert

Rock troops who may have stayed at Camp Desert Rock for the

entire TEAPOT Series, exercise troops were stationed at the camp

for periods ranging from several days to several weeks (132-134;

159; 162; 243; 289; 299).

Exercise Desert Rock VI consisted of three programs: troop

orientation and indoctrination, troop tests, and technical

service. The number of participants is listed by shot in

table 3-1 (133).

The troop orientation and indoctrination program was

designed to acquaint official observers and DOD personnel with

the effects of nuclear detonations. Participants from the Army,

Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and other DOD organizations

attended lectures, films, and tours of equipment display areas to

prepare for observing nuclear detonations in the forward areas of

the NTS. As part of their orientation, these observers often

57
reviewed the equipment display again after the shot so that they

might assess the damage caused by the nuclear detonation. At

some shots, United Kingdom and North Atlantic Treaty Organization

observers were present in this group (13; 24; 114; 122; 13.3).

The troop test program was designed to demonstrate and test

military tactics, techniques, and doctrine developed for use with

nuclear weapons (25). The Army troop tests at TEAPOT were

sponsored hv The Armored School at Fort Knox, Kentucky, The Field

Artillery School at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, and The Infantry School

at Fort Benning, Georgia. The Third Marine Corps Provisional

Atomic Exercise Brigade, composed of troops from various Marine

Corps commands, sponsored a large troop test at Shot BEE (1.33).

The technical service program was designed to investigate

the effects of nuclear detonations on ordnance materiel and field

equipment and to familiarize DOD personnel with these effects.

The technical service projects within this program were conducted

by the Army Research and Development Commands of the Corps of

Engineers, the Ordnance Corps, the Chemical Corps, the Transportation Corps, and the Ouartermaster Corps (133; 248).

3.1 TROOP ORIENTATION AND INDOCTRINATION PROGRAM AT EXERCISE

DESERT ROCK VI

About 4,600 Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force observers participated in the Desert Rock troop orientation and indoctrination program at Opc>ration TEAPOT. Participants witnessed a

nuclear event in the forward areas of the NTS and, whenever

possible, toured a display of military equipment arrayed in the

vicinity of ground zero (177).

The number of Desert Rock observers at each of the test

events is listed by shot and pro,ject in table 3-1. As the table

illustrates, the Troop Orientation and Indoctrination Program was

5 8
Table 3-1: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI, NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS

OPERATION TEAPOT, BY PROJECT

59
conducted at nine of the TEAPOT tests: Shots WASP, MOTH, TESLA,

TURK, REE, ESS, APPLE 1, MET, and APPLE 2 (24; 114; 127; 159).

The program consisted of eight pro,jects, one of which included

Camp Desert Rock support troops who were present as ohservers at

eight of the fourteen nuclear events.

The Exercise Desert Rock troop orientation and indoctrination pro,jects at TEAPOT can he clustered in four observer

meows, based on the purpose of their assignments:

0 Volunteer officer observers (Project 40.22)

0 Troop observers (Pro,jects 41.3 and 41.7)

0 Service observers (Projects 40.11, 41.3, 41.4, and

41.8)

a Camp Desert Rock observers.

Volunteer officer observers participated in Army Project

40.22, which was conducted only at Shot APPLE 2. This pro<ject

was a continuation of the volunteer officer observer program,

begun in the 1953 UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series during Exercise Desert

Rock V. At TEAPOT, participation in Pro,ject 40.22 was originally

scheduled for Shot TURK. However, when TURK was delayed because

of weather conditions, the pro.ject was re-scheduled for Shot

APPLE 2. Pro.ject 40.22 participants consisted of ten personnel

from various Army service schools. Nine were Army officers and

one was a DOD civilian employee. These ten volunteers were

authorized by the Test Manager to position themselves closer to

the APPLE 2 ground zero than the other observers. The officer

volunteers calculated the safe distance from ground zero based

upon their knowledge of nuclear weapons effects. This distance

was closer to ground zero than that dictated by JTO and Desert

Rock VI radiological safety procedures for all others. They were

authorized to receive a dose of radiation not to exceed 10

roentgens. Ry group consensus, these ten volunteers positioned

60
themselves for the APPLE 2 detonation in a six-foot-deep trench

located approximatelv 2,380.meters south of ground zero. The

pro.ject is discussed in detail in the APPLE 2 shot volume (114;

127; 133; 159; 244).

Troop observers, Pro,ject 41.3 and Pro,ject 41.7, were present

at eight shots during Operation TEAPOT. Personnel for these two

projects were drawn from units or agencies of the Army and Air

Force, and participated as a group in the observer program.

Unlike troop observers, service observers were usuallg

members of a military unit or agency who were sent to Camp Desert

Rock separately rather than as part of a group. Service

observers were included in Pro.ject 40.11, Marine Observers,

Project 41.4, Navy Observers, and Pro.ject 41.8, Air Force

Observers. The Navy and Marine Corps service observers were

primarilv concentrated at Shot BEE, when the Marine Corps Atomic

Exercise Brigade conducted a tactical exercise. Individual

service observers from the Army were included in Pro,ject 41.3,

Army Observers (114).

The last category of observers were the Camp Desert Rock

troops. These observers were not associated with any particular

observer pro.ject, but were for the most part individuals assigned

to Camp Desert Rock support units and sent to the forward areas

to observe one or more shots. The size of this group of

observers at any nuclear event varied with the participation of

other observer and troop maneuver projects, and some Desert Rock

troops may have taken part as observers at more than one nuclear

test. All Desert Rock troops were given the opportunity and

encouraged to observe at least one nuclear shot during their

service at the Camp, and many did participate in the Troop Orientation and Indoctrination Program. The Department of Defense

explained Camp Desert Rock support troop participation as
observers at nuclear test events in an AK-DOD Joint Office of

Test Information press release dated 13 April 1955:

Army Planners who foresee a possible war on an

atomic battlefield are convinced that a nuclear

weapon... may present a bigger threat to a rear

area cook or mechanic than to a...GI in a

forward foxhole... for the simple reason that

the supporting forces are a bigger and more

lucrative target (178).

Camp Desert Rock troops account for about 2,000 of the approximately 4,600 participants in the Desert Rock observer program,

although it is not known what portion of these may have been

present at more than one test event.

Participation in nuclear test events was basically the same

for all Desert Rock observers at any particular shot. Observers

were to arrive at Camp Desert Rock a day or two before the

nuclear detonation they were scheduled to witness. The observer

population fluctuated considerably because of shot delays due to

weather conditions, which caused the schedules of observers to

overlap.

All observers operated as a single group before, during, and

after each nuclear event in which they participated. Observers

participated in a preshot orientation program of lectures and

films, a security briefing, a description of the exercise in

which they were to participate, and a preshot tour of the

equipment display area, if such an area was to be included at the

shot. The observers viewed shots from the same trenches, and

toured the equipment display areas together. About one hour

before each shot, the observers took their positions, were again

briefed on what to expect at the time of detonation, and were

reminded of safety procedures. After the shot, the observers

were usually escorted on a tour of equipment display areas, if

available, by radiological safety monitors and a member of the

Instructor Group, who described the effects of the detonation on

military equipment located at various distances from the point of

detonation.

62
Initial plans for the Exercise Desert Rock VI Troop Orientation and Indoctrination Program called for each participant to

witness several shots, in accordance with the following

priorities:

0 One shot of ten kilotons or more

l Two shots, one less than ten kilotons followed by

one of ten kilotons or more, if possible

0 One shot of less than ten kilotons.

These plans varied considerably because the schedule of nuclear

events was repeatedly revised as unfavorable weather conditions

and technical problems caused postponements and delays. Often,

observers witnessed only one shot and, because of the delays

involved, m-any observers departed for their home station without

witnessing any shots (114; 133; 248).

3.2 TROOP TEST PROGRAM AT EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI

During Desert Rock VI, the troop test program consisted of

five projects as shown in table 3-1. The troop tests were conducted by the Army and the Marine Corps.

Project 40.16, Army Test of Atomic Demolition Munitions, was

sponsored by The Engineer School, Fort Belvoir, Virginia. This

project was unique to Shot ESS and is described in more detail in

the chapter on Shot ESS in the appropriate multi-shot volume.

The purpose of the project was to prepare a subsurface emplacement site for an atomic demolition munition test, emplace the

munition, backfill the shaft, and fire the munition (133). A

task unit of 210 men of the 271st Engineer Combat Battalion

worked on the various tasks in the weeks before the detonation.

The task unit was augmented by a weapons assembly team of men

from Company B, 10th Ordnance Battalion (Special Weapons).

Project personnel, supervised by officials of the Joint Test

Organizaton, armed the device and backfilled the shaft on the

63
night before the shot; the 39 persons of the 271st Engineer

Combat Battalion who backfilled the shaft, as well as other

battalion personnel, witnessed the detonation from a position

8,200 meters southwest of surface zero (22).

Project 40.18, Location of Atomic Bursts, was sponsored by

The Field Artillery School, Fort Sill, Oklahoma. The participants, whose number varied from shot to shot, were from Battery

c c-1, 532nd Field Artillery (Observation) Battalion. Although

the TEAPOT Operation Summary reports that 518 men participated in

this test at Exercise Desert Rock VI, most participated at more

than one event. The unit consisted of 95 men, of which 50 to 60

probably participated at each shot.

The ob,jective of Pro,ject 40.18 was to test the capability of

troops with conventional military equipment to locate and determine the vield of nuclear detonations. The equipment tested

included AN/TVS-l cameras, MK-11 Bhangmeters, AN/MPQ-21X radar

sets, and sound microphones. The general procedure required

participants to proceed to predetermined locations before the

shot and set up instrument stations. Generally, the eight to ten

instrument stations were located between ten and 13 kilometers

south of ground zero. They were placed at intervals several

thousand meters from each other in the typical deployment of an

artillery observation battery in the field. Each station was

manned by two to eight soldiers, who monitored instruments during

the detonation and for about five to ten minutes thereafter, in

an attempt to locate the point of detonation and establish the

yield of the nuclear device from their instrument readings.

Figure 3-1 pictures Pro,ject 40.18 personnel in the field during

Operation TEAPOT (U.S. Army photograph).

Although the location coordinates of these manned instrument

stations generally changed from shot to shot, locations of field

artillery personnel remained the same for some shots, such as at

64

BEE, ESS, WASP PRIME, and POST. Communications between the

manned instrument stations and the project control point were

maintained throughout the exercise by radio. Project personnel

dismantled their instrument stations and returned to Camp Desert

Rock about one hour after each detonation (133; 141-149; 204-208;

214; 215; 218; 219; 248).

Project 41.1, Infantry Regimental Communications Test, was

sponsored by The Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia. The

project involved personnel from a Provisional Communications

Company, 8th Infantry Division, Fort Carson, Colorado. This

project was performed only at Shot APPLE 2. The objectives of

this troop test were to:

0 Determine the ability of the communications system

of an infantry regiment to withstand a nuclear

attack

a Determine the capability of authorized personnel

to re-establish communications after a nuclear

attack

0 Recommend changes, if necessary, in the Tables of

Organization and Equipment to increase the capability of communications systems to withstand a nuclear

attack and to increase the capability of the

regiment to make repairs on communications equipment

following a nuclear detonation.

The exercise required that a system of communication

stations be established in the APPLE 2 shot area. The communications system consisted of one regimental and three battalion

communications command post networks, all arranged in extended

defensive positions south, east, and west of ground zero. On the

day before the APPLE 2 event, 4 May 1955, the entire regimental

communications system was installed and tested by project personnel. These stations were unmanned at the time of detonation,

0510 hours on 5 May. Project personnel witnessed the detonation

with the other observers in a trench 3,200 meters south of ground

zero. After the detonation, project personnel entered the test

66
area to evaluate the damage and to restore communication. This

project is unique to the APPLE 2 event and is therefore discussed

in greater detail in the APPLE 2 volume (133; 149; 219; 248).

Project 41.2, Armored Task Force Exercise, was sponsored by

The Armored School, Fort Knox, Kentucky. This project was also

performed only at Shot APPLE 2. This tactical troop test was the

second largest maneuver in Operation TEAPOT, and involved about

1,000 military personnel from the following units:

0 723rd Tank Battalion (-)

l Company C, 510th Armored Infantry Battalion,

4th Armored Division

l Battery A, 22nd Armored Field Artillery

Battalion, 4th Armored Division

0 1st Platoon, Company C, 24th Armored Engineer

Battalion, 4th Armored Division

0 1st Platoon, Company B, 510th Armored Infantry

Battalion (less vehicles)

0 Provisional Aviation Company, 1st Armored

Division.

The objective of the Armored Task Force Troop Test was to

demonstrate the capabilities of a reinforced tank battalion in

nuclear warfare. The maneuvers of the armored task force, codenamed Task Force RAZOR, consisted of three phases:

0 A tactical march across the desert from Camp Irwin

California, to the NTS, where the task force

bivouacked

0 A full tactical exercise on shot-day, using tanks

and armored personnel carriers, and a helicopter

airlift of armored infantry troops in support of an

assault

0 A return march overland to Camp Irwin following the

completion of the exercise.

The maneuver required that the task force move from their bivouac

posit.ion into Area 1 of Yucca Flat on the day before the shot.

67
On shot-day, immediately after detonation, the task force

advanced 7,200 meters to an objective west-northwest of the APPLE

2 ground zero. This assault was supported by helicopter airlifts

of supplies and men from the airstrip at Yucca Lake, located 11

kilometers south-southeast of ground zero. Following the maneuver, which lasted nearly two hours, personnel of Task Force RAZOR

toured the APPLE 2 equipment display area, and then returned to

the tank assembly area at Mine Mountain Junction. This troop

test is described in detail in the APPLE 2 shot volume (20; 21;

133; 149; 158; 248).

Project 41.6, Marine Brigade Exercise, conducted by the

Marine Corps at Shot BEE on 22 March 1955, was the largest single

project of the TEAPOT Series. The Third Marine Corps Provisional

Atomic Exercise Brigade, consisting of an estimated 2,271

officers and men, conducted a tactical exercise involving troops,

tactical air support, air resupply, and helicopter troop airlifts. The objectives of the troop test were to provide Marine

units with realistic training in planning and conducting a

military assault operation following a nuclear detonation, and to

evaluate tactics and techniques for the execution of air-toground task force missions. This troop test was performed to

familiarize Marine Corps personnel with the passive defense

measures which could be used to protect themselves against the

effects of a nuclear detonation. At the time of the detonation,

the Marine Brigade was deployed in five stations at various

locations ranging from 3,250 meters southwest to about 20 kilometers south of the BEE ground zero. Following the detonation,

the Marines launched a tactical assault on objectives west of the

BEE ground zero with the use of a helicopter airlift. This

Marine assault included the first use of tactical air support for

a military maneuver at the NTS. When the assault was completed,

the Marines toured the equipment display area located 460 to

2,560 meters southwest of ground zero. The Marine Brigade

Exercise is discussed in detail in the BEE Shot volume (2; 3; 4;

146; 152-154; 181; 215; 248).

68
3.3 TECHNICAL SERVICE PROGRAM AT EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI

The technical service projects were initially the responsibility of AFSWP Field Command Military Effects Group, the DOD

test group within the JTO, but were placed under the supervision

of the Director of Exercise Desert Rock VI before TEAPOT operations began (155). In all, nine technical service projects were

conducted at Operation TEAPOT. Seven of these projects were

sponsored by the Army and fielded by the Corps of Engineers, the

Ordnance Corps, the Chemical Corps, the Transportation Corps, and

the Quartermaster Corps. The remaining projects were sponsored

by the Navy. Table 3-l lists the nine projects and displays the

participation of DOD personnel in the technical service projects

(133; 248).

Project 40.9, Navy Passive Defense Training, was conducted

primarily at Shot ESS by the Navy Bureau of Ships, and included

168 men, mostly civilians. The objectives of the project were to

train shore personnel to perform monitoring operations in a

radiation area, to test current and prototype radiac equipment

under field conditions, and to develop a more effective passive

defense organization. Navy personnel for this project were drawn

primarily from various shipyards across the U.S. and the Pacific.

They arrived at Camp Desert Rock around 16 March 1955, and were

divided into six groups called "Emergency Recovery Units."

Between 17 March and 22 March 1955, they underwent classroom and

practical training in radiation detection and passive defense

measures (91; 147; 214; 248; 254).

On the morning of 22 March, project personnel observed Shot

BEE from the observer trench located 3,200 meters southwest of

ground zero. On 23 March, they observed Shot ESS from a positiol

approximately eight kilometers southwest of surface zero. About

20 minutes after the ESS burst, after receiving clearance from

radiological safety personnel, the Navy Emergency Recovery Unit

teams proceeded to six stations located between 1,800 and 5,000

meters west and south of the ESS crater.

69
About two hours and twenty minutes after the detonation,

when the Test Manager had declared recovery operations could

begin, the Emergency Recovery Unit teams left their stations and

monitored the shot area to locate the 0.25 and 2.5 R/h (Roentgens

per hour) isointensity lines. This exercise continued that

afternoon when the Emergency Recovery Units returned to the shot

area to perform a simulated casualty exercise on several

mannequins which had been placed in the vicinity of the ESS

surface zero before its detonation. The Navy Passive Defense

Training Project was completed three days after the ESS detonation, on 26 March 1955, during which time project personnel

continued their monitoring and rescue operations activities (91;

147; 214; 248; 254).

Project 40.14, Chemical, Biological, and Radiological

Defense Shelters Test, was sponsored by the Chemical Warfare

Laboratory and the Engineer Research and Development Laboratory.

The objective of Project 40.14 was to evaluate chemical,

biological, and radiological protection methods being developed

for use in field bunkers and foxholes. The bunkers were located

about 420 meters from each ground zero. The foxholes were situated at distances from 450 to 1,800 meters from each ground zero.

Before the detonation, these unmanned bunkers and foxholes were

instrumented with film badges and dosimeters. This project was

performed in conjunction with Military Effects Group Project 2.7,

Shielding Studies. Although the exact activities of project

personnel involved in Project 40.14 are not known, individuals

were probably responsible for assisting Project 2.7 personnel in

the preparation and retrieval of film badges and dosimeters and

for conducting postshot inspections of the bunkers and foxholes.

The length of time project personnel were in the areas after the

detonations is also unknown (133; 248).

70
Project 40.15, Engineer Field Fortifications and Equipment

Test, and Pro,ject 40.15a, Engineer Heavy Equipment Test, were

conducted only at Shot MET, and were sponsored by the Engineer

Research and Development Laboratory of the Army.

The objective of Project 40.15 was to determine the protection afforded against nuclear weapons by new field works designed

for conventional warfare. This project was conducted by Company

A, 95th Engineer Battalion, augmented by one platoon from Company

C, 95th Engineer Battalion, in coordination with AFSWP Field

Command Military Effects Group Project 2.7, Shielding Studies.

Twenty structures were built in eight groups located at distances

of 300, 345, and 420 meters from the MET ground zero. The

structures included nine gun emplacements, seven shelters, two

bunkers, and two domes. They were equipped with film-dosimetry

instruments prior to shot-time. Instruments were probably

removed from these structures by personnel from Project 2.7. It

is believed that Desert Rock participation was limited to sharing

data and results of the test with Project 2.7. Postshot

evaluation of the structures was performed by six individuals of

the Engineer School, Fort Belvoir, Virginia.

The purpose of Project 40.15a, Engineer Heavy Equipment

Test, was to test the degree of protection against nuclear detonations provided by below-ground-level emplacement of engineer

equipment. Military personnel involved in this project probably

included Camp Desert Rock ordnance and transportation units, and

one platoon from Company C, 95th Engineer Combat Battalion, which

performed the trench construction work. Three groups of engineer

equipment were positioned in trenches 480, 630, and 8,100 meters

from the MET ground zero. The equipment included tractors,

graders, truck-mounted air compressors, truck-mounted cranes, and

generators. All equipment positions in Project 40.15a were

unmanned at the time of detonation (133; 248).

71
Project 40.17, Effects on Steel Transporters or Containers,

was conducted by the Army Transportation Research and Development

Command, Fort Eustis, Virginia. The objective was to determine

the amount of protection afforded by steel transporters or

containers. Cargo packaged in different types of containers were

placed at various distances from ground zero. At Shot MET, six

display stations were established, each with two sets of cargo.

The stations were situated approximately 1,110, 1,200, 1,360,

1,600, 1,900, and 2,525 meters from ground zero. At the APPLE 2

event, the same containers were placed about 500, 670, and 880

meters from ground zero (133; 248). The cargo containers were

probably transported to the two test areas by a Camp Desert Rock

transportation support unit and put in place several days before

each event.

Project 40.19, Sixth Army Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Defense Team Training, was designed to determine the

capabilities of Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBH)

defense teams to perform radiological defense surveys under the

conditions following a nuclear detonation. The project was also

intended to test the adequacy of the organization and equipment

provided by Department of Army directives to CBR defense teams.

Ten CBR defense teams from the following home stations

participated at Operation TEAPOT:

0 Two teams from Fort Lewis, Washington

0 Two teams from Fort Ord, California

0 Two teams from the Presidio of San Francisco,

California

0 One team from Camp Hanford, Washington

0 One team from Fort Lawton, Washington

0 One team from Fort MacArthur, California (Detachment

17 of the 6513th Service Unit)

0 One team from Camp Irwin, California.

72
According to the Pro;iect 40.19 technical report, the 1st Canadian

"Raddefense" Unit participated in the pro,ject (57; 165). However, neither the scope nor the depth of the involvement has been

documented. One CBR defense team consisted of 11 enlisted men

and one officer. According to a Department of Army directive

dated 3 February 1953, a typical team was to include an officerin-charge, a radio operator, a recorder, and three survey parties

of three men each. During Operation TEAPOT, it was discovered

that the survey parties could operate efficiently with only two

men. Two of the extra participants formed a fourth survey party,

while the third was free to perform special assignments. Thus,

during TEAPOT, a CBR defense team was generally organized as

follows (165): officer-in-charge, one radio operator, one

recorder/plotter at the Control Point, four surveying parties of

one monitor and one driver/radio operator each, and one soldier

for special assignments.

Camp Desert Rock personnel were also involved in Project

40.19. One training officer from the Exercise Desert Rock VI

Radiological Safety Section directed pro.ject training and

testing, while officers and noncommissioned officers from the

50th Chemical Service Platoon were employed as instructors.

The first two teams arrived at Camp Desert Rock and completed their training before the first shot, WASP, on 18 February

1955. Two more teams were scheduled to arrive approximately two

weeks later, with the remaining six teams arriving at ten-day

intervals. Although the Sixth Army wanted the CBR defense teams

to view a nuclear detonation, no attempt was made to correlate

the arrival of the teams with shot schedules since, after the

first detonation, residual radiation around the ground zeros of

TEAPOT events was adequate for training purposes. Despite a

number of AEC postponements, all Pro,ject 40.19 personnel were

able to witness a nuclear detonation and complete their training

with no interruption or delay (133; 165; 248).

73
Project participants spent an average of 10 to 21 days at

Camp Desert Rock, depending on each team’s state of training and

the AEC shot schedule. Typically, a CBR defense team was trained

as follows (165):

0 Day One:

0 Day Two:

0 Day Three:

0 Day Four:

0 Day Five:

0 Day Six:

0 Day Seven:

0 Day Eight:

0 Day Nine :

0 Day Ten:

With the exception

eight hours of registration and film-badge

processing

one hour of orientation, three hours of

dose-recording training, and four hours of

instruction on dosimetry instruments

four hours of instruction on aerial and

ground monitoring, and four hours of practice

on radio procedures

eight hours of instruction on survey procedures and rehearsals

eight hours of radio and instrument practice

and examination

shot observation

field monitoring

field monitoring

field monitoring

preparation of operation report by officer in

charge.

of the days spent monitoring in the field and

observing a detonation, Project 40.19 personnel remained at Camp

Desert Rock, where training took place. Field monitoring, which

served as each team’s practical examination, required project

personnel to conduct a 360-degree survey of a radiation area in

the forward area of the NTS.

Project personnel used either a grid system or a radial

system in conducting their field tests. The grid system, chosen

by eight of the ten teams, divided the area around ground zero

into four quadrants. The control point was established beyond

the 0.1 R/h area. Each quadrant was subdivided into tenths of a

74
mile along the quadrant's axes. These grid lines were numbered

along one axis, and lettered along the other axis. One surveying

party would monitor an assigned quadrant using the grid lines to

chart radiation intensities and to direct their progress.

The teams would move toward ground zero along a predesignated azimuth until they obtained an intensity reading of

1.0 R/h. By observing their jeep's odometer and correlating the

distance traveled from their baseline with the azimuth along

which they traveled, the teams could determine their location

within their quadrant. After finding a point of 1.0 R/h intensity, the teams would return to the baseline by another azimuth.

They would then proceed one-tenth of a mile along the baseline to

the next grid line and continue monitoring until their entire

quadrant was surveyed.

The second method of radiological monitoring was the radial

system of surveying, which was used by two of the teams. This

system used predetermined angles of movement that were subject to

change depending on fallout pattern, terrain, or amount of

debris. After establishing a control point outside the 0.1 R/h

area, each CBR defense team traveled predetermined distances from

that point on given azimuths to its assigned areas. For example,

after ensuring that they were on the proper course, the team

members would move forward into the area until they obtained an

intensity of 1.0 R/h. The team would then note its mileage from

the control point and continue on, stopping when the intensity

reached 2.0 R/h. From this position the team would establish a

return azimuth from its first penetration into the area and drive

back to the point of the 1.0 R/h intensity. In this fashion, the

team surveyed its area by describing a pattern comparable to that

of a wheel, with ground zero at its hub (165).

A final examination concluded the field testing. One test

required the team to enter an unfamiliar area and locate.pre75
selected isointensity lines within a specific period of time,

such as one to two hours. Another form of examination required

the plotting of an extra isointensity line which would lie

between those already plotted (165). The time required by the

CBR teams to survey an area of one square mile and to locate and

plot several preselected isointensity lines, fluctuated from 45

minutes to one hour and 30 minutes.

Two aerial surveys were conducted by Project 40.19 personnel.

These surveying procedures were conducted differently at Shots

WASP, MOTH, TURK, and APPLE 1, as discussed in the shot and

multi-shot volumes for Operation TEAPOT.

Project 40.20, Clothing Test --Thermal Protection Afforded by

Land Forces' Environmental and Gas Protective Clothing, was

conducted only at Shot MET. The project was sponsored by the

Quartermaster Research and Development Command, Natick,

Massachusetts. The purpose of the project was to test the

ability of American, Soviet, and Communist Chinese protective

clothing to withstand thermal radiation emitted by a nuclear

detonation. Three stations were established l,SOO, 2,700, and

3,350 meters from ground zero. Nine mannequins, three each

fitted with chemical warfare gas capes, reflective barriers, and

standard ponchos, respectively, were placed at each station.

Project personnel responsibilities probably consisted of establishing the stations before the nuclear detonation and entering

the test area after the detonation to assess the results (133).

Project 40.21, Ordnance Vehicular Equipment Test, was

sponsored by the Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen,

Maryland. The principal Desert Rock participant in the pro,ject

was the 573rd Ordnance Company, * which placed the test equipment,

*The 573rd Ordnance Company was called the 3623rd Ordnance

Company at Shots WASP, MOTH, and TURK. It was redesignated

573rd Ordnance Company on 10 March 1955.

76
with the assistance of Detroit Arsenal personnel. Ballistic

Research Laboratories personnel from Military Effects Group

Project 3.1 recorded blast pressures from gauges located on or

near the test equipment, while Army Chemical Corps personnel from

AFSWP Field Command Military Effects Group Project 2.7 took

radiation measurements (240; 248).

The objectives of the project were to determine how well

roll-over safety bars minimized damage to wheeled vehicles, to

obtain experimental design data for the future design of ordnance

equipment and to investigate the shielding effect of armor

against gamma radiation. The equipment was placed in 11

positions, at distances of 240 meters to 1,110 meters from ground

zero. The ordnance vehicles placed at each nuclear test varied,

but generally included M48 tanks, M59 armored personnel carriers,

T97 self-propelled guns, l/4-ton jeeps, 2 l/2-ton M211 cargo

trucks, and five-ton cargo trucks. Project personnel were not

required to be in the test area at the time of detonationsDosimetry data were recovered following the detonation, when

radiation intensities permitted, and the equipment was removed

from the test area for use at other events in the subsequent days

and weeks (248).

As indicated earlier in this chapter, Camp Desert Rock

support personnel assessed the damage to items in the equipment

area not examined as part of Project 40.17. The damage effects

evaluation team performed this task at Shots TESLA, APPLE 1, and

APPLE 2 as part of the technical service program. This damage

effects evaluation was not part of a numbered project.

77
CHAPTER 4

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN JOINT

TEST ORGANIZATION PROGRAMS AT OPERATION TEAPOT

During Operation TEAPOT, the Joint Test Organization (JTO)

coordinated a number of separate programs of research, including

scientific tests of the nuclear devices, tests of the effects of

the nuclear detonations on military equipment, hypothetical

effects of nuclear detonations on civilian populations, a DOD

operational training program, and support services. An estimated

1,500 DOD participants, both civilian and military, were involved

in this aspect of the TEAPOT Series. In most cases, the

individual projects conducted under each program required

relatively small numbers of people. Although relatively few DOD

personnel participated in JTO projects, as compared to Desert

Rock participants, JTO activities are significant since their

tasks were often repeated at several shots. The exercise troops

of Desert Rock VI on the other hand, usually participated in one

or two nuclear test events only.

In addition to the military personnel described above, DOD

civilian scientists and technicians were employed with the AEC

weapons design laboratories, with civilian contract agencies, and

with the Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA). The

numbers of these individuals and their areas of participation are

not known. Therefore, although the TEAPOT reports are designed

to describe all DOD participation, the projects described are

only those with known DOD involvement.

This chapter describes JTO activities, beginning with the

military effects projects and scientific experiments conducted by

the four test groups:

a AFSWP Field Command Director, Weapons Effects

Tests, and its Military Effects Group
l Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) Test Group

l University of California Radiation Laboratory

(UCRL) Test Group

l Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) Civil

Effects Test Group (CETG).

Composed of AEC and DOD scientists and technicians from various

military and civilian laboratories, support contractors, and the

armed services, the test groups developed and conducted field

experiments to gather data before, during, and after nuclear

detonations.

Of the test groups at Operation TEAPOT, the Military Effects

Group, directed by Field Command, Armed Forces Special Weapons

Project, involved the greatest number of DOD participants. The

mission of the Military Effects Group was to determine weapons

effects characteristics and evaluate the military applicability

of the nuclear devices built by the AEC nuclear weapons design

laboratories, LASL and UCRL. The data obtained from the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests were used to improve the United

States nuclear arsenal and expand the country's techniques and

strategies for using that arsenal. The Military Effects Group

sponsored seven programs, which included about 50 separate

projects.

The test groups associated with the two AEC nuclear weapons

design laboratories, LASL and UCRL, performed scientific tests on

the phenomena produced by their nuclear devices. The data were

used to improve nuclear devices, to develop new types of devices,

and to proof-test weapons before they entered the nuclear stockpile. The LASL Test Group sponsored eight programs, consisting

of more than 20 projects, and the UCRL Test Group sponsored five

programs, consisting of about 15 projects.

The FCDA Civil Effects Test Group (CETG) performed experiments to assess the effects of nuclear detonations on civilian

79
populations, structures, and food supplies. The CETG conducted

ten programs consisting of about 45 projects.

The experiments fielded by the test groups were primarily

concerned with obtaining measurements of the physical characteristics of detonations. These measurements included blast and

thermal effects, such as changes in air pressure, ground

dislocations, and heat waves. In addition to these phenomena,

the special nature of the nuclear weapons tests required thorough

investigation of nuclear radiation effects.

Throughout the TEAPOT Series, numbers were used to identify

the technical programs and experiments performed by the test

groups. Programs 1 through 9 were conducted by the AFSWP

Military Effects Group; Programs 10 through 19, by the LASL Test

Group; Programs 20 through 29 by the UCRL Test Group; and

Programs 30 through 39 by the Civil Effects Test Group.

In addition to describing DOD involvement in JTO military

effects and scientific programs, this chapter also describes DOD

participation in the armed services operational training program,

which was coordinated through the Director for Weapons Effects

Tests of Field Command. Like the Desert Rock exercises described

in chapter 3, these DOD training pro,jects were scheduled so that

they would not interfere with the AEC diagnostic and DOD military

effects tests. The operational training program was designed so

that participants from various military organizations could

receive instruction in the use of military tactics and equipment

under conditions of nuclear warfare.

The final section of this chapter describes the air support

and services provided by the Air Force Special Weapons Center

(AFSWC), Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. AFSWC supported

the Test Manager and the test groups by supplying aircraft for

80
airdrop delivery missions, cloud-sampling and cloud-tracking missions, aerial surveys, and'other air missions as requested. The

Air Operations Center, located in Building One of the Control

Point at Yucca Pass, was operated by AFSWC. The Air Operations

Center maintained operational control over military aircraft

flying over and near the NTS during TEAPOT.

In describing the various military effects and scientific

programs, training programs, and support activities, this chapter

strives to emphasize the activities of DOD participants, both

military and civilian, which may have exposed them to ionizing

radiation.

4.1 MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROGRAMS

The Military Effects Group conducted projects to obtain a

better understanding of the effects of nuclear weapons for both

offensive and defensive deployment. Specifically, the Military

Effects Group projects were used by DOD to attain the following

ob.jectives:

0 To develop the delivery systems for employing

nuclear weapons

0 To design military equipment able to withstand the

effects of a nuclear detonation

0 To develop doctrine for better use of the weapons

0 To determine the military requirements for future

nuclear weapons designs.

The Military Effects Group experiments were divided into five

categories (248):

0 Basic measurements of the output characteristics of

nuclear devices, such as blast, thermal, and radiation measurements

0 Tests to determine blast and thermal effects on

structures, equipment, and materiel

0 Operational tests to develop and evaluate techniques

and equipment unique to nuclear warfare, such as

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment

81
0 Tests of instruments developed to increase the

reliability of basic measurements of the

characteristic outputs of a nuclear device

0 Measurements in support of other pro,jects, such as

technical photography.

At Operation TEAPOT, the Field Command Military Effects

Group sponsored seven programs to study yield and weapons effects

characteristics for the various nuclear devices:

0 Program 1, Blast Pressure Measurements

0 Program 2 , Nuclear Radiation Effects

0 Program 3, Effects on Equipment and Structures

0 Program 5 , Aircraft Structures

l Program 6, Electromagnetic Effects and Tests of

Service Equipment

0 Program 8 , Thermal Radiation Effects

0 Program 9 , Supporting Measurements.

Programs 4 and 7 were not conducted at TEAPOT. In all, a

total of about 50 projects were fielded under these seven programs by various military and civilian DOD laboratories and

contractors. Table 4-l lists the programs and arrays the

projects planned for each shot of Operation TEAPOT (47). This

table serves as an index to project descriptions in this chapter

and in the TEAPOT shot and multi-shot volumes.

The following section details the objectives and procedures

employed during each project. The pertinent shot volumes contain

information regarding tne number of people involved at each shot,

their distances from ground zero, and their activities at a

particular shot.

4.1.1 Program 1: Blast Pressure Measurements

Program 1, Blast Pressure Measurements, was designed to

measure overpressure and dynamic pressure from a nuclear detonation in relation to time and distances from the point of detonation. Some of the experiments conducted during this program were

82
83
specifically designed to obtain data about the pressure effects

of high altitude and subsurface detonations. Thirteen projects

were conducted under Program 1 during the TEAPOT Series, as

listed in table 4-2.

The primary emphasis of Program 1 was to document the

effects of the precursor, an auxiliary pressure wave that forms

and moves in front of the main blast wave produced by a nuclear

detonation. This precursor had caused an unexpectedly high

degree of damage to the equipment display and instruments at Shot

GRABLE, the tenth shot of the 1953 UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE testing

series. During TEAPOT, studies of the precursor wave included

comparisons of blast phenomena associated with various surfaces,

such as desert, asphalt, and water. In addition, Program 1

supported nearly all TEAPOT shots with instrumentation to measure

blast effects. These projects conducted under Program 1 measured

the various types of pressure produced in a number of ways. In

addition to the use of gauges and other ground-placed instruments, the projects used such means as parachute-borne

instruments, photography, acoustical waves, and excavation of

colored-sand columns for measurement.

Project 1.1, Measurement of Free Air Atomic Blast Pressures,

used parachute-borne instruments dropped from aircraft to obtain

data on the blast wave produced in the atmosphere bv nuclear

detonations. This project measured the blast forces of both

high- and low-altitude nuclear detonations.

The aircraft dropped parachute-borne canisters, some

containing transmitters and others containing gauges. The drop

occurred approximately two minutes before the low altitude detonations, TURK and APPLE 1, and within seconds of the highaltitude detonation, HA (126).

84
Table 4-2: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED AS PART OF PROGRAM 1

DURING OPERATION TEAPOT

‘reject Title Project Objectlves Shots Participants

1.1 Measurement of Free Air To measure blast forces at

Atomic Blast Pressures various distances from TURK, APPLE 1, HA Air Force Cambridge

a nuclear detonation Research Center

1.2 Shock Wave Photography To photograph the pro- WASP, TESLA, TURK, Naval Ordnance Laboratory

gression of the blast BEE, ESS, APPLE 1,

produced by a nuclear WASP PRIME, HA,

detonation POST, MET

1.3 Microbarographic Pressure To measure the blast H A Sandia Laboratory

Measurements at Ground pressure, near the ground,

Level from High- produced by a high altitude

altitude Shot nuclear detonation

1.5 Preshock Sound Velocities To measure differences in APPLE 1, MET Navy Electronics Laboratory

Near the Ground in the pressure, due to a nuclear

Vicinity of an Atomic detonation, over various

Explosion surfaces

1.6 Crater Measurements To characterize the crater ESS Engineer Research and

formed by an underground Development Laboratories;

nuclear detonation Ballistic Research

Laboratories

1.7 Underground Explosion

Effects

To measure the shock ESS Stanford Research Institute

forces produced by an underground nuclear detonation

1.9 Material Velocity

Measurements of a High

Altitude Shot

To determine the progression of blast forces

produced by a high altitude

nuclear detonation

H A Sandia Laboratory

1.10 Overpressure and Dynamic To determine the pressure BEE, MET Stanford Research Institute

Pressure versus Time variations produced by a

and Distance nuclear detonation over

three surfaces

1.11 Special Measurements of To measure pressure varia- TURK, MET Sandia Laboratory

Dynamic Pressure versus tions produced by a nuclear

Time and Distance detonation over three

surfaces

1.12 Drag Force Measurements To measure blast forces due MET Naval Ordnance Laboratory

to the winds produced by a

nuclear detonation

1.13 Dust Density versus To determine pressure MET Chemical and Radiological

Time and Distance in the effects at various distances Laboratory

Shock Wave from a nuclear detonation

over two surfaces

1.14a Transient Drag Character- To measure blast forces due MET Ballistic Research

istics on Spherical Models to a nuclear detonation Laboratories

1.14b Measurements of Air-blast To measure pressure varia- WASP, MOTH, TESLA, Ballistic Research

Phenomena with Self- tions produced by a nuclear TURK, HORNET, BEE, Laboratories

recording Gauges detonation APPLE 1, POST, MET,

APPLE 2, ZUCCHINI

85
Project 1.2, Shock Wave Photography, used camera stations

located at various distances from the point of detonation to

photograph the development and progress of the shock wave produced by a nuclear detonation. Multiple rockets, launched from

the ground, left visible smoke trails which were displaced by the

shock wave. The smoke trails made the movement of the shock

waves visible in the photographs (241).

Project 1.3, Microbarographic Pressure Measurements at

Ground Level from High-altitude Shot, was conducted at Shot HA

only. Project personnel measured pressure changes generated near

the ground by a high-altitude nuclear detonation (263).

Project 1.5, Preshock Sound Velocities Near the Ground in

the Vicinity of an Atomic Explosion, was designed to measure

changes in the transmission of sound waves caused by the pressure

changes over various surfaces, including asphalt, water,

concrete, and such plants as ivy and fir boughs. Members of the

Navy Electronics Laboratory, who fielded the experiment, measured

the transit times of sound waves across these surfaces. Project

participants tested their equipment on the APPLE 1 shot and made

their final measurements during MET (238).

One underground detonation, Shot ESS, was conducted during

Operation TEAPOT. Project 1.6, Crater Measurements, was designed

to determine the physical characteristics, such as size and

depth, of the crater and lip formed by the underground detonation. Before the detonation, project personnel placed columns of

colored sand in the ground along a line running through surface

zero. In October 1955, when residual contamination had decreased

to an acceptable level, the columns of colored sand were

excavated and their positions measured to determine the characteristics of the crater and the displacement produced by the ESS

shock wave (229).

86
Project 1.7, Underground Explosion Effects, like Project

1.6, was conducted at Shot ESS only. Stanford Research Institute

personnel fielded the experiment to measure shock forces produced

by an underground detonation. The experiment measured how much

pressure was exerted on the soil, how much soil was moved, and

how fast the soil moved (270).

Project 1.9, Material Velocity Measurements of a High Altitude Shot, was a high-altitude version of Pro.ject 1.2. At Shot

HA, participants photographed the displacement of smoke-particles

in the air as they were affected by the shock wave of a highaltitude detonation. A number of smoke trails were produced in

the air just before the detonation. A series of rapid time-lapse

photographs were taken as the detonation occurred and its subsequent shock-wave spread. These photographs were then analyzed

to assess the effect of the pressures on the smoke trails, and in

that way measure the time-space history of the shock wave (262).

Project 1.10, Overpressure and Dynamic Pressure versus Time

and Distance, was similar to Project 1.5 in that it used a

variety of surfaces to measure variations in pressure. Data on

the increases in air-pressure produced by a nuclear detonation

and the movement of the blast wave through the surrounding atmosphere were obtained over three surfaces during MET: a dust-free

reflecting surface (water), a dust-free absorbing surface

(asphalt), and a desert surface. At Shot BEE, only the asphalt

and desert surfaces were tested. Specific data were also

furnished to other projects in Programs 1 and 5 for use in

calculating structural effects (271).

Project 1.11, Special Measurements of Dynamic Pressure

versus Time and Distance, also used water, asphalt, and desert

surfaces to measure variations in pressure caused by a nuclear

detonation. Instruments for this project were field-tested by

Sandia Laboratory at Shot TURK. The experiment itself, which was

87
performed at Shot MET, measured a variety of factors, including

air-flow direction and the density and velocity of air and

suspended dust particles (35).

Project 1.12, Drag Force Measurements, sought to provide

data for predicting the effects of drag forces, or blast wind, on

full-scale structures. Simple spheres containing gauges were

mounted near the ground to record the effects of the winds

produced by the MET detonation (222).

Pro,ject 1.13, Dust Density versus Time and Distance in the

Shock Wave, was designed to measure the pressure effects at

various distances from the MET nuclear detonation over desert and

asphalt surfaces. Project personnel placed beta densitometers

and dust-sampler equipment on the two surfaces between 610 and

910 meters from the shot tower (115).

Project l.l4a, Transient Drag Characteristics on Spherical

Models, was similar to Project 1.12 in that it used instrumented

spheres to measure the blast forces of the MET detonation (41).

Project l.l4b, Measurements of Air-blast Phenomena with

Self-recording Gauges, was designed to measure the variations in

air-pressure at or near the ground surface produced by a nuclear

detonation. In this pro,ject, self-recording pressure gauges and

pressure-time instruments were placed at intervals along a line

extending from the point of detonation to obtain information on

the force and progress of the blast wave (307).

4.1.2 Program 2: Nuclear Radiation Effects

Program 2, Nuclear Radiation Effects, measured radiation to

determine the extent of radiation resulting from nuclear detonations, and factors affecting the safety of troops and aircraft

participating in nuclear testing. Eleven projects were conducted

during the TEAPOT Series as part of Program 2.

88
The primary interest in Program 2 was to gain information

about the effects of gamma, neutron, alpha, and beta radiation.

As indicated in chapter 1, public interest in the effects of

radiation and radioactive fallout had increased with Operation

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE in Nevada and Operation CASTLE in the Pacific.

The experiments conducted at Operation TEAPOT as part of

Program 2 were to provide the military with information on

controlling the radiation caused by a particular nuclear detonation, predicting the effects of that radiation on human beings

and on the environment, and devising the best means of protection

against that radiation. Table 4-3 lists the projects planned for

Operation TEAPOT, including a list of objectives, shots for which

the project was planned, and fielding agencies.

Project 2.1, Gamma Exposure versus Distance, was designed to

measure initial gamma intensities at various distances from a

nuclear detonation. The data obtained from these measurements

could be used to predict and evaluate the gamma radiation hazard

posed by certain nuclear devices. Measurements obtained from

devices detonated under similar circumstances were compared.

Two methods of obtaining gamma measurements were used: one

for detonations at or near the surface where the point of detonation was fixed, and one for airdropped devices. For stationary

devices, National Bureau of Standards (NBS) film dosimeters, each

loaded with two film packets, were placed on posts at a range of

distances from the point of detonation. This method of fielding

was used for Shot ESS and the tower shots, including MOTH, TESLA,

TURK, HORNET, BEE, APPLE 1 and POST. The other method was to use

canisters containing the dosimeters. At Shots WASP and WASP

PRIME, both low-altitude airdrops in which the point of detonation was readily determined, the canisters were fixed in the

field. At Shot HA, a high-altitude detonation for which surfaceplacement would not serve, the canisters were dropped, probably

from the delivery aircraft, before or after the device was

dropped.

89
Table 4-3: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED AS PART OF

PROGRAM 2 DURING OPERATION TEAPOT

Vojecl

2.1

2.2

2.3a

2.3b

2.4

2.5.1

2.5.2

2.6

2.7

2.aa

2.8b

Title

Gamma Exposure versus

Distance

Neutron Flux Measurements

Neutron-induced

Radioactive Isotopes in Soils

Gamma Radiation Fields

Above Fallout Contaminated

Ground

Gamma Dose Rate versus

Time and Distance

Fallout Studies

Distribution and Intensity

of Fallout from the

Underground Shot

Radiation Energy Absorbed

by Human Phantoms in a

Fission Fallout Field

Shielding Studies

Contact Radiation Hazard

Associated with

Contaminated Aircraft

Manned Penetration of

Atomic Clouds

Project Objectives

To evaluate the gamma

radiation hazard at various

distances from a nuclear

detonation

To evaluate the neutron

radiation hazard at various

distances from a nuclear

detonation

To evaluate the gamma

radiation hazard from

neutron-activated soil near

a nuclear detonation

To evaluate the gamma

radiation hazard from fallout

at various distances from a

nuclear detonation

To evaluate the gamma

radiation hazard from fallout

at various times after a

nuclear detonation

To evaluate the radiation

hazard caused by fallout

from a nuclear detonation

To evaluate the hazard

associated with fallout from

an underground nuclear

detonation

To evaluate the beta and

gamma radiation hazards of

an area contaminated by a

nuclear detonation

To evaluate the

effectiveness of various

shields at reducing gamma

and r tron radiation

hazards caused by a

nuclear detonation

To evaluate the radiological

hazard associated with

maintenance on contam-

.

inated aircraft

To evaluate the radiological

hazard of flying through a

nuclear cloud

Shots

WASP, MOTH, TESLA,

TURK, HORNET, BEE,

ESS, APPLE 1,

WASP PRIME, HA, POST,

MET

WASP, MOTH, TESLA,

HORNET, BEE,

APPLE 1. WASP PRIME,

HA, POST, MET

WASP, MOTH, TESLA,

HORNET, ESS

ESS, POST

WASP, MOTH, TESLA,

ESS. WASP PRIME

WASP, MOTH, TESLA,

HORNET, BEE, ESS

ESS

WASP, TURK, ESS,

APPLE 1, MET, APPLE 2

WASP, TESLA, ESS,

APPLE 1, POST, MET

WASP, MOTH, TESLA,

TURK, HORNET, BEE,

APPLE 1. WASP PRIME,

HA, POST, MET,

APPLE 2, ZUCCHINI

BEE, APPLE 1, MET,

APPLE 2, ZUCCHINI

Participants

Army Signal Corps

Engineering Laboratories

Naval Research Laboratory

Naval Radiological Defense

Laboratory

Naval Radiological Defense

Laboratory

Evans Signal Laboratory;

Army Signal Engineering

Laboratories

Chemical and Radiological

Laboratory

Naval Radiological Defense

Laboratov

Naval Medical Research

Institute

Army Chemical Center;

Chemical and Radiological

Laboratory; Bureau of

Yards and Docks (ESS only

Air Force Special Weapons

Center

Air Force Special Weapons

Center

90
The surface stations for all shots except ESS were located

in predicted upwind sectors to ensure that the initial gamma

exposures could be measured. Dosimeters were recovered as soon

after the detonation as possible, so that the initial gamma

radiation produced by the detonation of the device itself could

be distinguished from gamma radiation from fallout or from radioactivity induced in the soil by the detonation (117).

Project 2.2, Neutron Flux Measurements, was designed to

measure neutron radiation as a function of distance from a

nuclear detonation. The data obtained from this experiment could

be used to predict and evaluate the hazard posed by neutron

radioactivity from certain nuclear devices. Once again, measurements were compared with similar devices detonated under similar

conditions. Table 4-3 lists the shots at which Pro,ject 2.2 was

conducted.

The detectors used to measure neutron radiation were placed

in the field or dropped from the delivery aircraft before or

after the nuclear device was dropped. Early recovery was a

necessity for accurate evaluation of neutron activity. For shots

at which measurements close to ground zero were desired, the

detectors were attached to a cable so that promptly after the

shot the cable could be pulled out of regions of high radioactivity into areas of lower intensity, where samples could be

removed and sent to the laboratory for analysis. For measurement

stations farther from the point of detonation, the detectors were

placed on stakes. After the detonation, they were removed from

the stakes. Following recovery, the detectors from this pro,ject

were taken to Mercury for analysis (123; 255).

Pro,ject 2.3, Gamma Ray Spectral Measurements, consisted of

two parts: Pro*ject 2.3a, Neutron-induced Radioactive Isotopes in
Soils, and Project 2.3b, Gamma Radiation Fields Above Fallout

Contaminated Ground. The primary objective of Project 2.3 was to

distinguish between the contribution to residual gamma radiation

produced by neutron-induced radioactivity in the soil surrounding

a nuclear detonation and radioactivity resulting from fallout.

To evaluate gamma radiation, gamma-spectrum measurements were

performed within radiation fields near the surface zeros of WASP

and ESS, and the ground zeros of MOTH, TESLA, and HORNET.

Measurements were repeated at various distances from the points

of detonation of these shots periodically after the nuclear

events.

Project 2.3a, Neutron-induced Radioactive Isotopes in Soils,

studied the secondary gamma radiation induced in the soil

surrounding a nuclear detonation by neutrons produced from the

nuclear detonation. Soil samples were collected near the surface

zeros of WASP and ESS, and the ground zero of TURK. At Shot

TESLA, however, pieces of metallic debris were collected from

the area near ground zero and analyzed (174).

Project 2.3b, Gamma Radiation Fields Above Fallout

Contaminated Ground, addressed gamma radiation resulting from

fallout on the soil surface surrounding a nuclear detonation.

Data were obtained by teams of project participants who measured

postshot radiation levels near the points of detonation (235).

Project 2.4, Gamma Dose Rate versus Time and Distance, was

similar to Project 2.1 in that it was performed to measure gamma

radiation. Unlike Project 2.1, however, the measurements were

taken as functions of both time and distance from the points of

detonation. Measurements were obtained by placing arrays of

radiation-detection instruments at various distances from each

point of detonation (11G).

92
Project 2.5.1, Fallout Studies, was conducted to study the

radiation hazard posed by fallout. Project 2.5.1 was an

extension of fallout studies performed at previous continental

and oceanic tests, and involved both ground and aerial surveys,

and soil sampling. Personnel from Project 2.5.2, and from

Project 37.2, a CETG project, contributed to this project (274).

Project 2.5.2, Distribution and Intensity of Fallout from

the Underground Shot, was to determine how the material and

radioactive debris thrown up by the underground detonation were

distributed around surface zero. The second objective was to

investigate and evaluate the intensity of fallout from the ESS

event by sampling the fallout at ground level. Project personnel

associated with Project 2.5.2 coordinated their work with Project

2.5.1. Except for some soil samples taken after the event, fallout samples were taken by capturing debris and materials as they

fell to the ground after the ESS detonation.

Planning the ESS event provided that the detonation should

be accomplished when the wind direction would result in a fallout

pattern southeast of surface zero. A special sample collection

road was constructed across this sector. Most samples were collected in steel buckets installed in the field singly, in pairs,

or in multiple arrays. A second type of fallout collector,

gummed paper, was mounted next to these collectors at all locations. A third type of sampler, called incremental collectors,

had a number of compartments that opened and closed in sequence

and at measured intervals of time. These collectors provided

information on the particulate nature and rate of arrival of

fallout in the period of time following a detonation (279).

Project 2.6, Radiation Energy Absorbed by Human Phantoms in

a Fission Fallout Field, was performed to estimate how beta and

93
gamma radiation contributed to the whole-body dose and dose

received by specific organs of the human body.

Project personnel designed mannequins of laminated pressed

wood, constructed to conform closely to the dimensions of the

average person. The mannequins were about 1.8 meters tall and

weighed 160 pounds. Mannequins were placed in prone and upright

positions. A wooden frame called a kite, which held radiation

measurement instruments to record baseline information on

radioactivity in the environment, was constructed to surround

each mannequin. Each mannequin also had a hollowed chest-cavity

filled with plastic sponge to simulate lung material. Miniature

ionization detectors and other radiation intensity meters were

implanted at various positions within the mannequins, approximating the locations of principal vital organs. These radiation

detectors were used to record beta- and gamma radiation doses

received at the organ sites over time.

Following a detonation, project personnel rapidly placed

these mannequins within the fallout field, where they were left

for a period of time, often days, to accumulate radiation

exposure. Then project personnel would retrieve them and assess

the accumulated doses of radiation (171; 232).

Project 2.7, Shielding Studies, was conducted on a variety

of surface and undergrou'nd structures, shelters, field fortifications, foxholes, vehicles, and vehicle trenches. Personnel from

Projects 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, and CETG Project 39.6 assisted in Pro,ject

2.7 to evaluate a variety of structures and equipment to determine how well they reduced gamma and neutron hazards.

The gamma dose measurements on these structures, vehicles,

and fortifications were obtained by using Evans Signal Laboratory

and National Bureau of Standards film packets, dosimeters,

standard holders, and neutron detectors. Before each shot,

94
project personnel placed the instruments at various locations

within the fortifications, vehicles, and trenches being tested

and recovered them after the test. Project 2.7 personnel did not

construct any structures or field fortifications specifically for

this project, except for some one- and two-man foxholes. The

structures instrumented were those remaining from previous

nuclear weapons test series at the NTS (256; 308).

Project 2.8, Contact Radiation Hazard Associated with

Contaminated Aircraft, consisted of two separate but related

experiments: Project 2.8a, Contact Radiation Hazard Associated

with Contaminated Aircraft, and Project 2.8b, Manned Penetration

of Atomic Clouds. In some cases, the same aircraft were used for

both projects.

The objective of Project 2.8a, Contact Radiation Hazard

Associated with Contaminated Aircraft, was to assess the hazard

presented by personal contact with aircraft that had just flown

through a nuclear cloud. The pro,ject included several phases,

including aircraft penetration of the nuclear cloud, survey of

the aircraft surfaces, study of the decay of radiation on the

aircraft, and personnel exposure studies.

Air Force ,jet aircraft departed from Indian Springs AFB

after each detonation, flew through the nuclear cloud, and

returned immediately to Indian Springs AFB. In the earlier shots

of Operation TEAPOT, Project 2.8a studies were confined to F-84

aircraft, which were used for nuclear cloud-sampling missions by

the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling). At later shots, B-36, B-57,

and T-33 aircraft were studied. The T-33s were also used for

Project 2.8b, which required the aircraft to fly through the

nuclear cloud much earlier than the sampling aircraft in an

effort to obtain data on how time of penetration affected the

levels of surface contamination.

95
After the aircraft landed, pro,ject personnel held standard

gamma survev meters near the contaminated surfaces to determine

their radiation intensities. Several types of meters were used

and their readings were compared. After the initial surface

contamination studies, Project 2.8a personnel evaluated the decay

of radioactivity on the aircraft in two ways. Aircraft were

rpsurveypd periodicallv over the next two days to assess the rate

of decav, and project participants attached film to contaminated

areas of the aircraft with masking tape to assess the accumulation of radiation exposure. The film was removed for analysis

within 24 hours after the detonation.

The last phase of Project 2.8a was a study of pro,ject

personnel involved in making the film surveys described above.

Some participants placed film over the hands and fingers of their

gloves while they performed the radiation survey work. The film

was thpn removed, developed, and evaluated to assess accumulated

dose to ground-crews working on contaminated aircraft. Another

technique was to have the pro,ject personnel rub the base of their

hands over the surface of an aircraft with known contamination.

An autoradiograph of the hand was then made by placing the hand

on a large x-ray film packet for a period of time and then

developing the film to observe the image created. In this way,

changes in the contamination patterns of aircraft and relative

amounts of contamination transferred to the hand could he

measured. While conducting these studies, none of the survey

team exceeded the AFSWC maximum permissible exposure of 3.9

roentgens for ground crew personnel (80).

Pro,ject 2.8b, Manned Penetration of Atomic Clouds, was a

study to measure the radiation dose rate and dose received by air

crews flying near and into the nuclear cloud. As indicated

above, the samp aircraft may have been used as for Project 2.8a.

Specific information was sought by the Air Force on radiation

dose rates inside the cloud, the total dose received during
passage through the cloud, and the dose received on the return

flight. In addition, it is likely that lead vests were also

tested for their effectiveness in shielding the crew against

radiation. Seven aircraft penetrations were made through the

nuclear clouds of five detonations, which ranged in yield from

eight to 30 kilotons. Pro.ject personnel instrumented F-84s,

R-3&, R-57s, and T-33s to measure gamma radiation dose rates.

All instrumentation was prepared and checked for proper operation

on the day before each shot. Typically, two automatic recording

dose-rate meters were used in each aircraft. One was mounted in

the nose compartment, and the other in the rear of the cockpit.

A non-recording meter for use bv the pilot was also installed in

each aircraft. In addition to the dose-rate meters, a number of

film devices were used. National Bureau of Standards film

packets were placed in the cockpit and nose of each aircraft near

the recording dose rate meter to determine accumulated radiation

dose at the recorders during the mission.

The pilot of each aircraft was accompanied hv a technical

observer in all aircraft but the F-84, which had a maximum crew

of one. Pilots and technical observers wore film badges issued

bv the Radiation Safety Division of the AFSWC 4926th Test

Squadron. The pilot and technical observer also carried a number

of small pieces of DuPont dental x-ray film. One special film

pack was designed to measure internal bodv radiation dosage.

This film packet consisted of nine small disks of film enclosed

in a watertight capsule attached to a string. The capsule

containing the film was swallowed by the technical observer and

the pilot prior to take-off and retrieved after the flight was

completed. A similar capsule containing film was attached to the

outside of the pilot's flight suit near his stomach. The pilot

and the technical observer wore lead vests to reduce radiation

exposure to the body (46; 112; 284; 306).

97
Tvpicallv, the aircraft left Indian Springs AFB before shottime, climbed to an altitude of about 40,000 feet, and flew to a

position about 48 kilometers east of the ground zero to observe

the detonation and the subsequent development of the nuclear

cloud. The aircraft then flew by the cloud to estimate the time

required to fly through the most dense section of the cloud. The

aircraft then flew through the cloud. The technical observer,

who had a stopwatch, recorded the time of entry into and exit

from the visible cloud. In addition, an automatic dose-rate

recording meter was also used to measure time in the cloud.

After emerging from the cloud, the aircraft returned immediatelv

to Indian Springs AFR, and the crew and instruments were removed

from the aircraft. Crew members left the aircraft hv climbing

onto a forklift, which lowered them to the ground. They were

then decontaminated. A description of these procedures is found

in section 5.3 of this volume (46; 80; 306).

For these missions, the Test Manager authorized a special

exemption to the radiation exposure limit for four Pro,ject 2.8b

Air Force officers. Each officer was authorized to receive a

total of 15 roentgens whole-body gamma radiation during participation in the pro,ject (285).

4.1.3 Program 3: Effects on Equipment and Structures

The purpose of Program 3 was to document blast and shock

effects of nuclear detonations on vehicles and buildings. The

nine pro;iects conducted under Program 3 during TEAPOT were

considerably reduced from the extensive testing conducted during

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, and focused on assessing the destructive characteristics of the precursor zone of the blast wave. The program

included tests on vehicles placed near ground zero and on a

variety of concrete and steel structures, including l':i(:-. ground

shelters. The data from these pro.iects were used to assess the

damage potential of nuclear detonations on large, fixed targets

and rigid structures.
Table 4-4 lists the pro.jects of Program 3 scheduled for

Operation TEAPOT, along with a statement of their objectives, the

shots for which they were planned, and the fielding agency of

each pro,iect.

Project 3.1, Response of Drag-type Equipment Targets in the

Precursor Zone, was conducted to test how well vehicles were able

to withstand the destructive pressures present in the precursor

zone created by a nuclear detonation. The vehicle targets were

positioned over three different surfaces: water, asphalt, and

desert. Some vehicle targets were placed close to ground zero to

test the hypothesis that they would sustain less damage than

those placed further away. Data from the pro,ject were used to

determine damage effects, to develop damage criteria, and to

obtain data to improve equipment design and construction (40).

Pro,iect 3.2, Study of Drag Loading of Structures in the

Precursor Zone, was conducted only at Shot MET. While Pro.ject

3.1 tested the ability of vehicles to withstand the blast effects

of a nuclear detonation, Pro;ject 3.2 tested the capacity of

concrete structures to withstand the destructive characteristics

of the precursor zone of the blast front (272).

Pro,iect 3.3.1, Flexible Measuring Devices and Inspection of

Operation JANGLE Structures, was conducted to study the effects

of the ESS underground detonation on steel and concrete

structures. The data were used to assess the destructive

potential of the blast and shock loading created by the atomic

demolition munition. To perform this experiment, 15 structures

of various steel and concrete construction designs were built on

an arc around the ESS ground zero and instrumented by pro-iect

personnel. In addition, several structures remaining from the

1951 BUSTER-JANGLE Series located within 305 meters of the ESS

ground zero were also instrumented and inspected before and after
Table 4-4: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED AS PART OF

PROGRAM 3 DURING OPERATION TEAPOT

boject

3.1

Title Project Objectives Shots Participants

Response of Drag-D/pe

Equipment Targets in the

Precursor Zone

3.2 Study of Drag Loading of

Structures in the Precursor

Zone

3.3.1 Flexible Measuring Devices

and Inspection of Operation

JANGLE Structures

3.3.2 Behavior of Underground

Structures Subjected to an

Underground Explosion

3.4 Air Blast Effects on

Underground Structures

3.6 Evaluation of Earth Cover

as Protection to Underground Structures

3.7 Effect of Positive Phase

Length of Blast on Drag

Type Structural Buildings

3.8 Test of Concrete Panels

3.9

3.10

Response of Small

Petroleum Products

Storage Tanks

Structures Instrumentation

To determine the abilio/ of WASP, MOTH, TESLA,

vehicles to withstand the TURK, HORNET, BEE,

blast effects of a nuclear APPLE 1, WASP PRIME,

detonation POST, MET, APPLE 2

To determine the ability of

concrete buildings to

withstand the blast effects

of a nuclear detonation

MET

To determine the ability of

steel and concrete buildings

to withstand the blast and

shock forces from an underground nuclear detonation

ESS

To determine the abilin/ of

underground concrete

buildings to withstand the

shock forces from an

underground nuclear

detonation

ESS Office, Chief of Engineers

To assess the damage

caused to underground

concrete and steel

structures by an aboveground nuclear detonation

MET

To determine the

effectiveness of covering

shelters with dirt as

shielding against the blast

and radiation effects of a

nuclear detonation

MET

To determine the ability of

differently constructed

buildings to withstand the

pressure and blast effects oi

a nuclear detonation

MET

To determine the ability of

reinforced concrete

buildings to withstand the

pressure and blast forces of

a nuclear detonation

MET

To determine the abilio/ of

containers used to store

petroleum products to

withstand the pressure and

blast effects of a nuclear

detonation

MET

To measure changes in

underground and aboveground buildings caused by

the blast forces of a

nuclear detonation

MET

Ballistic Research

Laboratories

Wright Air Development

Center

Bureau of Yards

and Docks

Office, Chief of Engineers;

Ballistic Research

Laboratories

Bureau of Yards

and Docks

Air Force Special Weapons

Center; Wright Air

Development Center

Bureau of Yards

and Docks

Wright Air Development

Center

Ballistic Research

Laboratories
the ESS detonation to determine the damages caused by blast and

shock loading (92).

Project 3.3.2, Behavior of Underground Structures Suh,jected

to an Underground Explosion, was conducted to study the effects

of a shock loading produced by an underground detonation on

buried structures. Results were correlated with data obtained

from previous tests of conventional high-explosive charges and

from Shot UNCLE, the subsurface nuclear event in the BUSTERJANGLE Series conducted at the NTS in late 1951.

Two reinforced concrete structures were constructed below

ground for this project. Measurements were made of earth

pressure and movement produced bv the shock wave, and the

deflection of shock forces with time at various points on the

structures (277).

The purpose of Pro,ject 3.4, Air Blast Effects on Underground

Structures, was to assess the destructive capacity of blast and

secondary shock forces created bv an above-ground detonation on

underground structures. Pro,ject 3.4 was a variation of the

investigations conducted at the ESS detonation in Projects 3.3.1

and 3.3.2, where above-ground and underground structures were

sub.iected to the shock and secondary blast loading produced hv an

underground detonation. The underground structures instrumented

at Shot MET had originally been constructed for tests during the

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series in 1953, and were positioned within

2.5 meters of the surface on an arc about 270 meters from the

point of detonation (301).

For Pro,ject 3.6, Evaluation of Earth Cover as Protection to

Underground Structures, two full-scale and four quarter-scale

buildings, constructed of steel and aluminum, were positioned

around the MET ground zero and shielded with earth revetments.

The structures were instrumented with air-pressure gauges and

101
radiation detectors to provide data both on the protection

provided bv the earth cover from the destructive forces of the

blast wave, and the radiation-shielding properties of the earth

cover (293).

For Pro.iect 3.7, Effects of Positive Phase Length of Blast

on Drag Tvpe Structural Buildings, steel-frame buildings covered

with roofing and siding were constructed 1,325 and 2,000 meters

from ground zero. These positions placed all four buildings

within the range of the positive air-pressure phase of the MET

blast wave (276).

For Pro,iect 3.8, Test of Concrete Panels, pro.ject personnel

positioned and instrumented pairs of ribbed and solid concrete

panels about 1,000 and 1,500 meters from the point of detonation

to obtain data on the behavior of concrete structures sub.jected

to the dynamic blast loads from a nliclear detonation. The data

were used to improve design standards for building construction

(9).

Pro;ject 3.9, Response of Small Petroleum Products Storage

Tanks, was planned and designed by the Air Force Headquarters

Directorate of Intelligence. Four tanks remaining from Operation

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE in 1953 were repositioned in the MET shot area

and filled to 80 percent capacity with water. The purpose of the

study was to obtain safety data on damage sustained from pressure

and blast forces that would crush, rupture, or overturn petroleum

storage tanks, or break pipe connections, and thereby increase

the hazard of secondary fires produced bv a nuclear detonation

(242).

For Pro,iect 3.10, Structures*Instrumentation, the structures

constructed and vehicles ilsed for the MET event by Pro,jects 3.2,

3.4, and 3.7 were instrumented with 95 different data-collection

sources to provide information on pressure, acceleration, strain,

and displacement produced by the MET blast wave (231).

102
4.1.4 Program 5: Aircraft Structures

As part of a Department of Defense effort to understand the

effects of nuclear detonations on military equipment, AFSWP

tested aircraft and aircraft components at Operation TEAPOT to

determine how well they could withstand blast and heat produced

by a nuclear detonation. Program 5 tested both jet fighter aircraft and missile models. Aircraft were tested in flight to

determine the effects of heat and pressure on the aircraft's

response and overall structure, while components were instrumented and mounted on the ground. Table 4-5 lists the pro,jects

conducted as part of Program 5 during Operation TEAPOT. A statement of ob.jectives, planned shot participation, and fielding

agency accompany each pro.ject listing.

Pro,ject 5.1, Destructive Loads on Aircraft in Flight, was

designed to assess how the overall structure of *jet-fighter

aircraft responded to the destructive blast forces produced by a

nuclear explosion. Because the equipment used to record data in

this test had caused some problems previously, the equipment was

tested at Shot BEE. In addition to one OF-ROA drone carrying the

test equipment, a manned jet-fighter also participated at BEE to

provide a check on the instrumentation system. During Shots

APPLE 1 and APPLE 2, only ground personnel of Pro,ject 5.1

performed the pro,ject. At APPLE 1, ground controllers practiced

in preparation for Shot MET. During APPLE 2, ground personnel

performed radar functions in con.junction with Pro,jects 5.2 and

8.1. The full experiment was performed at Shot MET with three

OF-80K drone aircraft. The drones flew within range of the blast

to record its effects (258).

Project 5.2, Effects on Fighter Type Aircraft in Flight, was

conducted to investigate the response of F-84F *jet-fighter

aircraft to the blast forces produced by a nuclear detonation.

Except for HORNET, the flight pattern was planned so that

aircraft would receive the blast effects from the rear. At

HORNET, the aircraft received the blast from the side.
Table 4-5: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED AS PART OF

PROGRAM 5 DURING OPERATION TEAPOT

reject Title Project Objectives Shots Participants

5.1 Destructive Loads on

Aircraft in Flight

To determine the ability of

various aircraft structures

to survive the wind gusts

produced by a nuclear

detonation

BEE, APPLE 1, HA,

MET, APPLE 2

Wright Air Development

Center; Air Proving

Ground

5.2 Effects on Fighter Type

Aircraft in Flight

To determine the ability of

fighter aircraft to survive

the blast forces produced

by a nuclear detonation

TURK, HORNET, BEE,

APPLE 1, MET,

APPLE 2

Wright Air Development

Center

5.4 Evaluation of Fireball

Lethality Using Basic

Missile Structures

To determine the ability of

various missile shapes and

materials to survive the

high temperatures

produced by a nuclear

detonation

MET Wright Air Development

Center

5.5a Effects of Nuclear

Explosions on Fighter

Aircratt Components

To determine the structural

response of fighter aircraft

components to the blast

forces produced by a

nuclear detonation

MET Wright Air Development

Center; University

of Dayton

5.5.b Thermoelastic Response of

an Aluminum Box Beam

To determine the ability of

aluminum aircraft

components to survive the

blast forces and high

temperatures produced by

a nuclear detonation

MET Wright Air Development

Center; University

of Dayton

104
For the test flights at all of the shots except HORNET, two

aircraft flew set patterns at two different altitudes. Only one

F-84F flew at Shot HORNET. The takeoff time for the aircraft was

about 35 minutes prior to each detonation. The aircraft entered

their respective traffic patterns about 23 minutes before shottime and made two complete fly-arounds to establish heading, turn

rate, and time position. Seven minutes before the detonation,

the aircraft passed the original traffic pattern entry point and

proceeded to the final 180~degree turn. The aircraft entered the

final flight pattern at three minutes before shot-time and proceeded on course until after detonation and the final blast wave

had passed. Thev returned to base about five minutes after shottime (259).

Pro,ject 5.4, Evaluation of Fireball Lethality Using Basic

Missile Structures, had two ob.jectives. The first was to measure

how the heat of a nuclear fireball affected such basic missile

structures as spheres and cylinders. The second was to determine

how well various ceramic materials withstood the heat of the

nuclear fireball.

For the first ob;jective, spherical and cylindrical test

specimens were positioned on five towers located at distances

ranging between 19 and 92 meters from the MET point of detonation. For the second ob,jective, ceramic materials were placed on

three delta-wing pylons located about 335, 671, and 945 meters

from ground zero (221; 264).

Pro,ject 5.5a, Effects of Nuclear Explosions on Fighter Aircraft Components, was conducted to study how aircraft components

were affected by the blast forces of a nuclear detonation.

Horizontal stabilizers from F-80 and F-86 aircraft were mounted

on the ground for exposure to the blast produced bv the nuclear

detonation (297).

105
The purpose of Project 5.5b, Thermoelastic Response of an

Aluminum Box Beam, was to'determine how aluminum aircraft

components were affected by the heat and blast forces produced by

a nuclear detonation. The sample tested was located about 1,220

meters from ground zero on a stand about two meters high (170).

4.1.5 Program 6: Electromagnetic Effects and Tests of

Service Equipment

This program had two basic ob.jectives:

0 To evaluate field tests of radiation detection

instruments and associated electronic equipment

0 To evaluate methods for determining the ground zero,

height of burst, and yield of a nuclear detonation.

Both of these ob.jectives were continuations of goals in similar

pro.iects conducted during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE in 195.1. In

addition to these pro,jects, Program 6 included an evaluation of a

radiological defense warning system. Table 4-6 indicates the six

projects conducted during the TEAPOT Series as part of Program 6.

The table includes a list of pro,ject ob.iectives, shots for which

the pro.jects were planned, and fielding agencies.

Pro.ject R.l.la, Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment,

field-tested six models of radiation detection instruments. Two

of the instruments were field-tested bv Camp Desert Rock radiological safety personnel, who compared the new instruments with

those currently in use as checks of their accuracy (49).

Project Gi.l.lb, Evaluation of a Radiological Defense Warning

System (Pro,iect CLOUDBURST), was designed to evaluate a radiological defense warning system developed bv the Army Signal

Corps. The system was designed so that activation of anv part of .

it could be used to trigger a secondary alarm circuit. The

device could be used to control protective devices which would be

activated automatically in case of a nuclear attack (250).
Table 4-6: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED AS PART OF

PROGRAM 6 DURING OPERATION TEAPOT

Project Title Project Objectives Shots Participants

6.1.la Evaluation of Military Radiac To evaluate new radiation WASP, TURK, HORNET, Army Signal Corps

Equipment detecting instruments BEE, ESS, APPLE 1, MET Engineering Laboratories

6.1 .lb Evaluation of a Radiological To evaluate a new WASP, MOTH, TESLA, Army Signal Corps

Defense Warning System radiological defense TURK, HORNET, BEE, Engineering Laboratories

warning system APPLE 1

6.12 Accuracy of Military To determine the accuracy ESS, APPLE 1, MET Naval Radiological Defense

Radiacs of radiation detection Laboraton/

instruments

6.2 Effects on Selected

Components and Systems

To evaluate radiation

effects on electronics

equipment

APPLE 1, MET Army Signal Corps

Engineering Laboratories

6.3 Missile Detonation Locator To evaluate a radar system WASP, MOTH, TESLA, Army Signal Corps

used to determine the TURK, HORNET, BEE, Engineering Laboratories

location of a nuclear ESS, APPLE 1,

detonation from a tactical WASP PRIME, HA,

range POST, MET, APPLE 2

6.4 Test of IBDA Equipment To evaluate a system,

mounted in an aircraft,

that determined the

location, height of burst,

and yield of a nuclear

detonation

WASP, MOTH, TESIA,

TURK, HORNET, BEE,

ESS, APPLE 1,

WASP PRIME, HA,

POST, MET, APPLE 2,

ZUCCHINI

Wright Air Development

Center

6.5 Test of Airborne Naval

Radars for IBDA

To evaluate the suitability

of standard Navy radar to

determine the location,

height of burst, and yield

of a nuclear detonation

TURK, HORNET, BEE,

APPLE 1, MET,

APPLE 2, ZUCCHINI

Bureau of Aeronautics
Project 6.1.2, Accuracy of Military Radiacs, was similar to

Pro,ject 6.1.la in that it evaluated radiation detection instruments. The pro,ject was designed to measure the accuracy of

standard military radiation detection equipment (30; 250; 302;

3031.

Project 6.2, Effects on Selected Components and Systems, was

fielded to evaluate the radiation effects of a nuclear detonation

on the reliability of electronic equipment either in use or in

storage at the time of a nuclear detonation (118).

Project 6.3, Missile Detonation Locator, tested a radar

system designed to locate ground zero by detection and analyses

of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the burst. The detonation locator consisted of broadband receivers based approximately 115 and 320 kilometers southwest of the Nevada Test Site.

Fielding activities were not required at the NTS for this project

(239).

Project 6.4, Test of IBDA Equipment, was conducted at all

fourteen nuclear events of the TEAPOT Series. The primary ob.jective of this pro,ject was to evaluate a system, installed in a

B-50D aircraft, that determined the location, height of burst,

and yield of a nuclear detonation. A secondary ob.jective was to

determine the operating range of the system's yield-measuring

component, which was placed in two F-94 aircraft (84).

Project 6.5, Test of Airborne Naval Radars for IBDA, was

similar to Pro,ject 6.3 in that it evaluated the suitability of

using radar to determine the location, height of burst, and yield

of a nuclear detonation. Project 6.5 differed from 6.3, however,

because it tested standard Navy radars rather than new,

developmental models (305).

108
4.1.6 Program 8: Thermal Radiation Effects

This program was designed to document thermal radiation

characteristics of nuclear detonations. Of particular importance

in this program was the evaluation of the thermal characteristics

of almost identical devices detonated both at high and low altitudes. Eight projects which were part of Program 8 were implemented during the TEAPOT Series, as shown in table 4-7.

Pro.ject 8.1, Measurement of Direct and Ground-reflected

Thermal Radiation at Altitude, was conducted to study how the

heat reflected from the earth's surface contributed to the total

heat received by aircraft in the vicinity of nuclear detonations.

At each of the shots, three Navy AD aircraft carrying thermal

radiation detection instruments flew around ground zero at a

speed of approximately 175 knots. Twenty seconds before the

detonation, the pilots turned on the radiation detection instruments in each aircraft. At approximately two seconds after the

detonation, the pilots turned their aircraft to the outside of

their orbit in order to receive the subsequent blast wave in a

near tail-on position (223).

Project 8.3, Protection Afforded by Operational Smoke

Screens Against Thermal Radiation, was fielded at HORNET to

evaluate how well a smoke screen served as a shield against the

heat produced by a nuclear detonation (96).

Pro;iect 8.4, included six separate subpro,jects, 8.4a through

8.4f. Pro,ject 8.4a, Thermal Measurements from Aircraft in

Flight, was conducted to measure the thermal radiation produced

by a high-altitude nuclear detonation (82).

Pro.iect 8.4b, Thermal Measurements from Fixed Ground Installations, was designed to measure the thermal radiation damage on

military targets. Standard thermal-radiation measurements

109
Table 4-7: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED AS PART OF

PROGRAM 8 DURING OPERATION TEAPOT

Project

8.1

8.3

8.4a

8.4b

8.4c

8.4d

8.4e

8.4f

Title

Measurement of Direct and

Ground-reflected Thermal

Radiation at Altitude

Protection Afforded by

Operational Smoke Screens

Against Thermal Radiation

Thermal Measurements from

Aircraft in Flight

Thermal Measurements

from Fixed Ground

Installations

Thermal Measurements

Prior to the First Minimum

Spectrometer Measurements

Air Temperature

Measurements

Bolometer Measurements

Project Objectives

To determine the ability of

Navy aircraft to withstand

the heat produced by a

nuclear detonation

To evaluate the

effectiveness of a smoke

screen as a shield against

the heat produced by a

nuclear detonation

To measure the thermal

radiation produced by a

high altitude nuclear

detonation

To determine the heat

produced by a nuclear

detonation

To characterize the thermal

radiation produced by a

nuclear detonation

To measure changes in the

thermal radiation produced

by a nuclear detonation

To measure changes in air

temperature following a

nuclear detonation

To determine changes in

the amount of heat

produced at various times

after a nuclear detonation

TURK, BEE, APPLE 1, MET

APPLE 2

HORNET

H A

WASP, MOTH, TESLA,

HORNET, BEE,

WASP PRIME, HA, MET

WASP, WASP PRIME, HA

WASP, MOTH, TESLA,

HORNET, BEE, APPLE 1,

WASP PRIME, HA, POST

TURK. MET

WASP, MOTH, TURK,

HORNET, BEE,

WASP PRIME, HA,

POST

Participants

Navy Bureau of

Aeronautics

Army Chemical Center,

Chemical and Radiological

Laboratories, 2d Chemical

Weapons Battalion

Naval Radiological Defense

Laboratory

Naval Radiological Defense

Laboratory

Naval Radiological Defense

Laboratory

Naval Radiological Defense

Laboratory

Naval Radiological Defense

Laboratory

Naval Radiological Defense

Laboratory

110
were made from ground installations relativelv close to the

points of detonation (166).

Project S.&z, Thermal Measurements Prior to the First

Minimum, conducted at the three aerial nuclear detonations, was

designed to study characteristics of the thermal radiation produced by a nuclear detonation. Measurements of thermal radiation

were made by high-sensitivity equipment installed in Building 410

above the Control Point area in Yucca Pass (168).

Project B.4d, Spectrometer Measurements, was conducted to

measure changes in the thermal radiation produced by a nuclear

detonation. As with Pro.ject 8.4c, the recording instruments were

located in Building 410 above the Control Point area (253).

Pro;iect 8.4e, Air Temperature Measurements, measured changes

in air temperature following a nuclear detonation (172).

Pro,iect 8.4f, Bolometer Measurements, was conducted to

measure changes in the thermal radiation as a function of time

after a nuclear detonation. Primary emphasis was placed on the

aerial nuclear detonations, Shots WASP, WASP PRIME, and HA. As

in Projects 8.4~ and 8.4d, all data were taken from Building 410

(173; 252).

4.1.7 Program 9: Supporting Measurements

This program had two primary ob.jectives:

0 To provide photographs and motion pictures of the TEAPOT

Series for scientific and historical purposes and also

for release to the public press

0 To gather data describing the movement of a nuclear

cloud.

As table 4-8 indicates, onlv two projects were conducted during

the TEAPOT Series as part of Program 9.

111
Table 4-8: MILITARY EFFECTS GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED AS PART OF

PROGRAM 9 DURING OPERATION TEAPOT

Project Title Project Objectives Shots Participants

9.1 Technical Photography To document project

activities and results

WASP, MOTH, TESIA.

TURK, HORNET, BEE,

ESS, APPLE 1,

WASP PRIME, HA,

MET, APPLE 2,

ZUCCHINI

Air Force Special

Weapons Center;

Lookout Mountain

EG and G; Army Map

Service

9.4 Atomic Cloud Growth

Study

To study the movement of

the cloud produced by a

nuclear detonation

WASP, MOTH, TESLA,

TURK, HORNET, BEE,

ESS, APPLE 1, WASP

PRIME, HA, POST, MET,

APPLE 2, ZUCCHINI

Air Force Cambridge

Research Center; EG and G;

Army Map Service;

Strategic Air

Command; U.S. Weather

Bureau

9.6 Weather Reconnaissance

Support

To gather weather

information for the Test

Manager

All shots except

APPLE 2

Air Weather Service

Project 9.1, Technical Photography, provided technical and

documentary photographs and motion pictures of Operation TEAPOT.

The photographs were taken both on the ground and in the air.

Project personnel filmed pre- and postshot activities, such as

the setting up and retrieval of instruments, and maintained

remote-controlled cameras that recorded phenomena of scientific

interest which occurred at detonation.

Project personnel also provided photographic support to

other AFSWP projects, including:

0 Project 1.1, Measurement of Free Air Atomic

Blast Pressures

0 Project 1.2, Shock Wave Photography

a Pro-ject 3.7, Effects of Positive Phase

Length of Blast on Drag Type

Structural Buildings

0 Project 5.1, Destructive Loads on Aircraft

in Flight

a Pro,ject 5.4, Effects of Fireball Lethality

Using Basic Missile Structures

0 Project 5.5, Effects of Nuclear Explosions

on Fighter Aircraft Components

112
0 Project 8.3, Protection Afforded by

Operational Smoke Screens

Against Thermal Radiation

0 Project 8.4, Basic Thermal Radiation

Measurements.

Project personnel photographed the nuclear clouds of the

TEAPOT atmospheric events and the ESS crater. In addition, the

1352nd Motion Picture Squadron of Lookout Mountain Laboratory

performed the documentary filming of various activities before

and after shot, while Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier (EG and

G) performed the technical photography. Air support for Project

9.1 was provided by an RC-47 from the Air Photographic and

Charting Service. The aircraft was manned by personnel from

AFSWC and the Air Force Missile Test Center. At each shot except

POST, APPLE 2, and ZUCCHINI, the RC-47 flew a holding pattern

from 10 to 16 kilometers southeast of ground zero at an altitude

of 8,000 to 10,000 feet. According to the AFSWP Operational

Summary, this RC-47 also performed cloud photography for Project

9.4. This source also states that B-50 aircraft did cloud and

burst photography for Project 9.1 at WASP, HA, and HORNET,

respectively (95; 97; 248).

Pro.iect 9.4, Atomic Cloud Growth Study, was designed to

study the movement of the cloud produced by a nuclear detonation.

Data were obtained by the use of manned and radio-controlled

cameras operated by EG and G at all shots but HA, POST, and MET.

The cameras were operated by personnel form the Army Map Service

at these shots. To measure the rate of rise and maximum cloud

height of the detonations, personnel from the Air Force Cambridge

Research Center and the U.S. Weather Bureau positioned a

theodolite at the north fence of the Control Point for all shots

except HA, for which it was placed near Frenchman Flat to provide

a longer base line for the high altitude shot (121).

113
During Shots TURK, APPLE 1, MET, and APPLE 2, aircrews from

Strategic Air Command performed cloud photography for the Air

Force Cambridge Research Center in conjunction with Operational

Training Pro.ject 40.5, Crew Training Reconnaissance. Two RB-47s

flew directly over ground zero, taking photographs of the

developing nuclear cloud (97; 248).

The AFSWP Operational Summarv (248) lists a third Program 9

pro.ject, Pro.ject 9.6, Weather Reconnaissance support. The Air

Weather Service, using one F-84 aircraft, performed local weather

reconnaissance on all shots except APPLE 2 at least 12 hours

before each detonation. The purpose of the pro.ject was to gather

meteorological information to help the Test Manager decide

whether a shot should be fired when scheduled. Since this

pro;iect was routinely performed at almost all shots, it is

discussed in this volume only.

4.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE INVOLVEMENT IN PROGRAMS OF THE AEC

NUCLEAR WEAPONS DESIGN LABORATORY TEST GROUPS

Two AEC civilian nuclear weapons design laboratories, the

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) and the University of

California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL) conducted 13 programs at

Operation TEAPOT. Although civilian DOD scientists and

technicians were semi-permanently assigned to both of these

laboratories to perform research and provide support, only DOD

organizational participation is discussed in this report. Seven

pro,jects included DOD organizational participation.

4.2.1 Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Test Group Programs

LASL sponsored nine of the nuclear devices tested at

Operation TEAPOT. LASL also performed diagnostic tests to

measure the characteristics and effects of the nuclear devices

114
detonated during TEAPOT. These tests were divided into eight

programs, shown in table 4-9 (47). Of the eight LASL programs,

only two included DOD participation: Program 11, Radiochemistry,

and Program 18, Thermal Radiation and Spectroscopy. Table 4-9

lists all pro.jects conducted during TEAPOT, with the pro.jects

with DOD participation in bold print. In Program 11, DOD participation was limited to Project 11.2, Radiochemistrv Sampling,

which was performed by pilots, crews, and aircraft of the Air

Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) 4926th Test Squadron

(Sampling). The activities of this pro;ject are discussed in this

volume under Section 4.5, AFSWC Support Activities.

Program lS, Thermal Radiation and Spectroscopy, consisted of

five projects, four of which were performed bv the Naval Research

Laboratory of Washington, D.C.:

0 Pro.ject 18.1, High Temperature Measurements

0 Project 18.2, High Altitude Measurements

0 Pro,ject 18.3, Time Interval Measurements

0 Pro.ject 18.4, Spectroscopy

0 Pro,ject 18.5, Disturbed Air Element.

Of these five pro,jects, detailed documentation has been

located only for Pro,ject 18.3.

Pro,iect 18.3, Time Interval Measurements, was performed by

the Naval Research Laboratory at Shots TURK, BEE, APPLE 1, APPLE

2, and ZUCCHINI. The ob.jective of this pro<ject was to measure

the time interval from the detonation to emission of gamma rays

released. Three Bowen cameras were set up in Station 400,

located above the Control Point, to photograph the detonations

(47; 204; 206; 215; 216; 219).

115
Table 4-9: LASL TEST GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED DURING OPERATION TEAPOT

N z

L z 2 E i5 i!i Y z

“r P

ki

e 2

6

ii z 9

k 5:

3: P 8

L

5

t

:

I a a 2

Program 10. 101 10.1 101 101 101 10.1 101 10.1 101 101 101 101 101

Hydrodynamrcs 10 2 102 102 10.2 10.2 10.2 102 102 102 10.2 10.2 102 10.2

Program 11, 11.1 11 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 11.1 11 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 11 1

Radlochomlstry 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2

Program 12. 1 2 1 2 1 2 12 1 2 12

External

Neutron

Measurements

Program 13, 131 131 13.2 13.2 131 131 133a 13.1 13.1 133a 132 131 131 131

Gamma Ray 133a 13.2 133a 13.3a 132 132 13.2 13.3a 13.3a 133a 13.2 132

Measurements 13.3a 13.3a 13.3a 133a 135 13.3b 13.3a 133a

13.3b 13.3b 13.5 13.5

13.5 135

Program 14. 141 14.1 14.1 14.1

Scientific 14.2 14.2

Measurements

Program 15. 151 15.1 15.1 15.1 151 151 15.1 151 15.1 151

Photophysics 15.2 152 15.2 152 15.2 15.2 152 152 15.2 15.2

153 15.3 153

15.4 15.4 154

Program 16. 16.3 163 163 163 16.2 163 16.3 163 16 1 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.1 16.1

Reaction 16.3 162 16.2 162

Hlstory 16.3 16.3 16.3

Program 18, 18.2 18.5 18.3 18.4 18.3 18.2 18.1 18.2 18.2 18.5 18.1 18.3

Thermal 18.4 18.4 185 18.4 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.2 18.5

Radlatlon and 18.5 18.5 18.4 18.5 18.3

Spectroscopy 18.5 18.4

NOTE: Bold print lndlcates projects with DOD partupatlon.
4.2.2 University of California Radiation Laboratory Test

Group Programs

The University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL),

the second AEC civilian nuclear weapons design lahoratory,

sponsored three of the 14 TEAPOT nuclear devices tested. This

laboratory's diagnostic experiments were organized into five

programs, shown in table 4-10 (47). Of the five UCRL programs,

only Program 21, Radiochemistry, has been identified as having

organizational participation by DOD personnel. In Program 21,

DOD participation was limited to Project 21.2, Sample Collecting,

which was performed by sampling pilots and crews of the AFSWC

4926th Test Squadron (Sampling). The activities of Air Force

personnel in this project, which is identical to the LASL Test

Group Pro,iect 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, are discussed

together in this volume under Section 4.5, AFSWC Support

Activities (47).

4.3 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE INVOLVEMENT IN PROGRAMS OF THE CIVIL

EFFECTS TEST GROUP

During the TEAPOT Series, the Federal Civil Defense Administration Civil Effects Test Group conducted ten programs, subdivided into 44 projects. These activities, which were designed

to assess the possible effects of nuclear detonations on civilian

populations, structures, and consumer products, involved hiological studies, tests of civilian shelters, radiation fallout

studies, radiation defense training evaluation, and studies of

the effects of fallout on foodstuffs (78).

The Civil Effects Test Group programs were numbered in

consecutive order from 30 to 39. DOD personnel participated in

117

pro,jects that were part of the following programs (9; 12; 36; 37;

42; 48; 65; 79; 83; 110; 113; 120; 124; 125; 167; 175; 176; 227;

228; 236; 246; 247; 2S1; 260; 261; 269; 273; 275; 278; 2S3; 287;

288; 296; 298; 300):

l Program 31: Response of Residential, Commercial,

Industrial Structures, and Materials to

Nuclear Effects

0 Program 33: Biological and Medical Investigation

0 Program 34: Shelters for Civil Populations

0 Program 37: Fallout Studies

l Program 38: Civil Defense Radiological Effects Studies

0 Program 39: Program Instrumentation and Photography.

The weapons test reports are the ma.jor source of information on the activities of the Civil Effects Test Group. The

reports deal with the technical aspects of the CETG programs and

do not include much information on operations. Table 4-11 shows

in bold print the pro.jects involving DOD participation and the

shots at which the pro.jects were conducted. The following para~-

graphs discuss DOD participation in the activities sponsored by

the CETG (7S).

Program 31 recorded and analyzed how nuclear detonations

could damage tvpical American homes, commercial and industrial

structures such as aluminum-paneled warehouses, and building

materials such as concrete and steel plate. DOD personnel served

as consultants on two Program 31 pro,jects.

In Pro,ject 31.5, Thermal Ignition and Response of Materials,

the Naval Materiel Laboratory helped evaluate the data, while the

Quartermaster Research and Development Center acted as technical

consultants. The ob.jectives of Project 31.5 were to study the

ignition of wooden and untreated surfaces, and to estimate the

effects of heat on a variety of materials (224).

119
Table 4-11: CIVIL EFFECTS TEST GROUP PROJECTS CONDUCTED DURING

OPERATION TEAPOT

L E E 2 P 301 301

302 302

30 3 303

T

l-4 f

Y

ji

t

f

::

Is

30.2 301

302

31.6 31 1

31 2

31 4

31.5

31.6

32 1

32.2

32.3

324

32 5

W.la

Wlb

%

35 1

352

3540

354b

355

I I

z342

Program 33.

B~olog,cal and

Medical

Rcgrarn 34

Shelters lw

CWll

Program 35

“t,lltles.

Servees. and

AS.SOZlated

Equnpmem

Exposad 10

NUClMf

Erplos~~ns

Program 36.

Mobile Housmg

and Emergency

Veh&s

3 7 1

37 2

37 1

37 2

37 3

38.1 383

382

383

384T

365

39.1

392

393

394a

39.4b

39.4.I

Rogram 37,

Fallout

Studes

Rogram 39.

Program

l”*tr”me”tahO”

and

Photography

NOTE: Bold print indicates projects with DOD participation

120
In Pro,ject 31.6, Methods for Determining Yield Location of

Nuclear Explosions, the Quartermaster Research and Development

Center prepared experimental instruments for determining the

yield and location of nuclear detonations. The Ballistic

Research Laboratories served as consultants. The purpose of

Pro;iect 31.6 was to develop quick and simple means by which Civil

Defense organizations could determine the yield and location of

nuclear detonations. There were no DOD personnel involved in

either Pro.ject 31.5 or 31.6.

Program 33 recorded and analyzed the biological and medical

effects from the blast, pressure, and noise produced by a nuclear

detonation. One Air Force participant took part in this program

(78). Pro.iect 33.1, Biological Effects of Pressure Phenomena

Occurring Inside Protective Shelters Following a Nuclear

Detonation, tested the effects of blast on dogs, rats, and mice

which were sealed in instrumented above- and below-ground

shelters during the detonation. The data-were used to check the

biological effects of changes in pressures occurring in blastprotective shelters following nuclear detonations (294).

For Program 34, personnel of the Army Chemical Center and

the Chemical Warfare Laboratory tested the reliability of various

types of civilian bomb shelters. Of the program's four pro,jects,

two involved DOD participation. In Pro.ject 34.la, Effects of an

Atomic Explosion on Group and Familv-type Shelters, Project

34. lb, Evaluation of Indoor Home Shelters Exposed to Nuclear

Effects, and Pro.ject 34.3, Structural Behavior of Group Shelters

under Various Blast Loads, personnel evaluated the protection of

various tvpes of shelter against nuclear detonations (294).

121
Program 37 was designed to record and evaluate the hiological effects and physical activity of fallout. The Air Force

Special Weapons Center flew radio-relay missions for Pro,ject

37.1, Factors Influencing the Biological Fate and Persistence of

Radioactive Fallout, and Pro;iect 37.2, Phenomenologv of Fallout

at Near Distance. The ob.iective of Project 37.1 was to gather

data on the accumulation and distribution of fallout, while

Pro.iect 37.2 sought to observe the downwind concentrations of

airborne activity at various distances from ground zero. This

AFSWC activity was part of terrain surveying and is discussed in

Section 4.5, which describes AFSWC participation in Operation

TEAPOT (230).

Program 3B was designed to study and test conventional and

experimental radiological defense methods. Members of the 1st

Radiological Safety Support Unit participated in Pro.iect 38.1,

Civil Defense Monitoring Techniques, which developed and

demonstrated techniques of radiation monitoring that could be

used during civil defense emergencies (266).

Program 39 tested the reliability and utility of radiation

detection instruments and the methods of photographing nuclear

detonations. Two of the program's pro,jects, 39.6, and 39.7,

involved DOD participation at some of the shots (282).

Personnel of the Army Signal Engineering Laboratories

participated in Pro,iect 39.6, Measurement of Initial and Residual

Radiations by Chemical Methods. Five DOD participants assisted

in placing and recovering the instruments used in the experiment

at Shots MOTH, ESS, and MET. Project 39.6 data were used to

evaluate various methods of gamma radiation measurement and to

obtain dosimetry readings at stations where various biological

investigations were being conducted (282).

122
Project 39.7, Physical Measurement of Neutron and Gamma

Radiation Dose from High Neutron Yield Weapons and Correlation of

Dose with Biological Effects, correlated radiation instrument

measurements with biological effects in animals (125). For the

entire TEAPOT Series, 23 civilian and military DOD personnel

participated in the pro.ject as consultants, fielding personnel,

and radiological safety monitors. Personnel were from the School

of Aviation Medicine at shots with DOD participation. At BEE,

personnel were from the Naval Research Laboratory.

4.4 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE OPERATIONAL TRAINING PROJECTS

In late 1954, the armed services submitted proposals to the

AEC for operational training pro,iects to be performed before,

during, and after various scheduled shots of the TEAPOT Series.

The following armed service agencies submitted proposals which

were accepted for the Series:

0 U.S. Navy

0 U.S. Air Force Strategic Air Command

0 U.S. Air Force Tactical Air Command

0 U.S. Air Force Cambridge Research Center

0 U.S. Air Defense Command

0 U.S. Air Force Office of Assistant to Atomic Energy

l U.S. Marine Corps Fleet Marine Force Pacific.

The Manager of the AEC Santa Fe Operations Office considered

each operational training pro.ject proposal individually and

consulted the Director, Weapons Effects Tests, of AFSWP Field

Command before including proposed training activities into the

final JTO operational plan. In two respects, these programs were

similar to those of Exercise Desert Rock. First, their primarv

objectives were to test service tactics and equipment, and to

123
train personnel. Second, these projects were planned and conducted so they would not interfere with the AEC diagnostic and

DOD military effects tests. Unlike Exercise Desert Rock, however, these pro,jects were under the direct supervision of the JTO

and AFSWP.

The Director, Weapons Effects Tests, had the overall responsibility for implementing the DOD operational training programs

and coordinating the projects with the participating armed

service agencies. In all, 11 air operational training projects

and two ground operational training projects were conducted

during Operation TEAPOT. Table 4-12 summarizes the actual

service participation by shot for the air operational training

pro;iects (17; 19; 248).

To expedite the projects, liaison officers from each of the

armed service agencies were present at the NTS to coordinate

participation in the operational training program. The liaison

officers were responsible for disseminating information about

shot schedules, preshot indoctrination and training flights,

delav or cancellation information, and control and flight-safety

criteria (7; 19; 97; 248; 280).

4.4.1 Air Operational Training Pro.jects at Operation TEAPOT

The air operational training projects consisted of various

exercises to train aircrews in the tactics to be used during a

nuclear detonation. Exercises included simulated combat

missions, observation of shots, and photo reconnaissance

missions. DOD air operational training projects also required

coordination with AFSWC and the Air Operations Center at the

Control Point, which had operational control of all flights (7;

97; 248).

124
Table 4-12: DOD OPERATIONAL TRAINING PROJECTS AT

OPERATION TEAPOT

n

Voject Title Participants 2

3

Evaluation of l6DA

Equipment and Techniques

Strategic Air Command

Crew Indoctrination Strategic Air Command

40.3 I Crew Indoctrination I Tactical Air Command

46.4 I Gust Effects on 6-36 I Strategic Air Command I

Aircraft

I I I 40.5 I Reconnaissance Crew Strategic Air Command

Indoctrination I

46.5a

I

Accurate Location of

I

Air Force Cambridge

I

*

Electromagnetic Pulse Research Center

46.6 Calibration of Air Force a

Electromagnetic Effects

40.0 ICalibration of Bomb Debris

I

Air Force

40.10

I

Delivery Crew

I

Navy

Indoctrination

I

46.12 Delivery Crew Indoctrina- Marine Corps

tion - Dive Bombing

I

40.13 Tactical Indoctrination Marine Corps

for a Marina Aircrew

46.23 Crew Indoctrination Air Defense Command

40.24 Crew Indoctrination Air Research and

Development Command

-

E0

E

-

l

-

-

-

*

-

a

l

-

-

-

-

%+

-

l

-

*

-

0

-

l

-

-

-

-

9

0

-

-

-

*

-

0

-

0

-

-

0

-

* Participation Unknown

125
For Pro.ject 40.1, Evaluation of Indirect Bomb Damage

Assessment (IBDA) Equipment and Techniques, combat crews learned

IBDA techniques while testing the suitability of IBDA equipment

under bomb-drop and actual nuclear detonation conditions. This

was done by simulating a nuclear bomb delivery mission and using

standard air escape methods. The project required four RB-47

aircraft at any single event to operate at heights ranging from

34,500 feet to 40,000 feet (19; 97; 248).

Pro.ject 40.2, Crew Indoctrination, was planned for Shots

TURK, HADR, HA, APPLE 1, MET, and APPLE 2. The project was to

provide an opportunity for B-36 aircrews to observe a detonation

while flying at medium altitudes in the immediate vicinity of the

shot area. With the exception of HA, no aircraft participated in

this pro;iect because of shot postponements (19; 97; 298).

Project 40.3, Crew Indoctrination, was established to train

aircrews in the effects of a nuclear detonation while flying

simulated tactical delivery techniques and flgbv maneuvers. This

pro;ject consisted of several exercises which were performed at

the various TEAPOT shots, as follows:

0 Crew Training Flyby Missions

Shot TURK

Shot HORNET

Shot APPLE 1

Shot WASP PRIME

Shot ZUCCHINI

0 Simulated Low Altitude Bombing Systems (LABS)

Exercises

Shot ESS

Shot MET

0 Simulated BT-9 Maneuvers*

Shot MOTH

Shot TESLA

Shot BEE

*A type of bomb release maneuver

126
a Simulated Dive Bombing Exercises

Shot MOTH

Shot TESLA

Shot BEE

0 Photographic Reconnaissance Mission

Shot MET.

Except for the photographic reconnaissance missions, which

employed RB-57 aircraft, all aircraft for this project operated

from George AFB, California. Information about this pro,ject is

available primarily for the crew training flyby missions.

MS&l radar located 13.6 kilometers south of Frenchman Flat

and other electronic devices were used to position the aircraft

for each crew training flyby mission. Pro*iect personnel also

operated a high frequency radio circuit from Camp Mercury to

George AFB, California. The NTS radio set was located at Camp

Desert Rock and had a remote control line to the pro,iect office

at Camp Mercury (97; 248; 280).

Pro.ject 40.4, Gust Effects on B-36 Aircraft, was designed to

test the delivery capability handbook for the B-36 aircraft,

which set forth escape distances for bombs of varying yields

under different delivery conditions (19; 97; 248).

The objective of Project 40.5, Reconnaissance Crew Indoctrination, was to familiarize photo reconnaissance crews with the

effects of nuclear weapons and to obtain vertical photographic

documentation of the nuclear cloud growth immediately after

detonation. The second objective was to support Military Effects

Group Program 9 (19; 97; 248).

Pro,ject 40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris, was performed to

determine the relative yields of nuclear products and residues of

use in characterizing nuclear weapons. Following each nuclear

127
detonation, particulate and gaseous samples of cloud debris were

collected and analyzed in Air Force and contractor laboratories.

Air Force requirements for collecting particulate and gaseous

samples were integrated with those of LASL and UCRL. Gas samples

were to be taken with squeegee equipment in AFSWC F-84 sampler

aircraft. The squeegee equipment consisted of a spherical steel

bottle filled by means of a high-speed compressor. The project

activities are identical to those of LASL and UCRL Pro*jects 11.2

and 21.2, respectively, and are discussed under section 4.5,

AFSWC Support at TEAPOT (97; 248).

Pro.ject 40.10, Delivery Crew Indoctrination, familiarized

Navv aircrew personnel with the effects of a nuclear detonation

on Navy aircraft. The participating aircraft were based in

Inyokern Naval Air Station, California. To perform this pro.ject,

Navy aircrews performed various simulated delivery techniques and

flyby maneuvers in the vicinity of nuclear detonations. The

project consisted of three maneuvers: a flyby maneuver, a loft

maneuver, and a simulated dive-bombing run (19; 97; 248).

Pro,ject 40.12, Delivery Crew Indoctrination--Dive Bombing,

was designed to indoctrinate Marine Corps aircrews on the effects

of a nuclear detonation while flying simulated dive-bombing

maneuvers in the near vicinity of a test event (97; 248).

Pro.ject 40.13, Tactical Indoctrination for a Marine Aircrew,

enabled Marine aircrews to experience the effects of a nuclear

detonation while flying at medium altitudes near a test event.

The pro,ject consisted of flvbv maneuvers involving R4D, R5D, and

FSD Marine Corps and Navy aircraft (97; 248). At the time of

detonation, the aircraft were orbiting at assigned altitudes

about 40 kilometers southwest of ground zero. Aircrews observed

the detonation and subsequent cloud development and then returned

to their staging base at El Toro Air Base, California. The

aircraft were positioned before the detonation with the aid of a

128
low frequency homing device located at Lathrop Wells, Nevada,

southwest of the NTS (97; 248).

Project 40.23, Crew Indoctrination, was conducted at Shots

HADR and HA by the Air Force to familiarize Air Defense Command

aircrews with the effects of a nuclear detonation under simulated

operational conditions (97; 248).

Pro;iect 40.24, Crew Indoctrination, conducted at Shot

ZUCCHINI, was designed to train Air Research and Development

Command aircrews operating F-100 aircraft in a flyby maneuver

(97; 248).

4.4.2 Ground Operational Training Projects at Operation TEAPOT

In addition to the air operational training pro.jects performed by various commands of the Air Force, Navy, and Marine

corps, ground operational training pro,jects were conducted by two

Air Force Commands. Project 40.5a was conducted by the Air Force

Cambridge Research Center, and Project 40.6 was performed by the

Air Force personnel.

Project 40.5a, Accurate Location of Electromagnetic Pulse,

was to use the electromagnetic pulses generated by nuclear detonations to determine the location and to obtain a yield measurement of the detonation. The three observation stations to record

the signal from the detonation were located at Santa Maria,

Oceanside, and Palo Alto, California (19; 169; 248).

Pro;ject 40.6, Calibration of Electromagnetic Effects, was

designed to expand existing information on the characteristics of

the electromagnetic pulse emitted upon detonation of a nuclear

device. Participants were located both onsite and offsite. Nine

unmanned stations and three manned stations located 30 to

40 kilometers from the point of detonation were used in this

129
project. The stations were equipped with battery-powered electronic equipment and, in some cases, photographic equipment, to

record the nuclear event (19; 188; 248; 249).

4.5 AIR FORCE SPECIAL WEAPONS CENTER SUPPORT MISSIONS AT

OPERATION TEAPOT

The Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) played a major

operational and support role in many of the scientific and

military test programs conducted at the NTS during the TEAPOT

Series. Based at Kirtland AFB in Albuquerque, New Mexico, AFSWC

used Indian Springs AFB in Nevada as its principal staging area.

AFSWC provided much of the aircraft and personnel required for

cloud-sampling missions, courier missions, cloud-tracking

missions, terrain surveys, weather reconnaissance missions, airdrop delivery missions, and other air support as requested by the

Test Manager. The 4925th Test Group (Atomic) was the principal

AFSWC unit involved in the series. Through its Field Test Group

5 (Provisional), the 4925th Test Group exercised operational control over all aircraft involved in the TEAPOT Series and provided

aircrews and aircraft for radiological surveys of the terrain.

The 4925th was assisted by other Air Force units which provided

support to both the Test Manager and Exercise Desert Rock VI.

Two principal units were the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) and

the 4935th Air Base Squadron. Two other units involved in the

TEAPOT Series were the 4900th Air Base Group from Kirtland AFB

and the 55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron from McClellan AFB.

The 4900th Air Base Group was the 4901st Air Base Wing until

5 May 1955. AFSWC participation during TEAPOT is summarized in

table 4-13 (97; 1193).

The 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling), the principal mission

unit of the 4925th Test Group (Atomic), gathered radioactive

samples from nuclear clouds for analysis by various test group

laboratories. The 4926th Test Squadron operated and maintained

130
Table 4-13: AFSWC MISSION SUPPORT AT OPERATION TEAPOT

1 Cloud I 11.2 I .I 0 IO IO IO IO I I I0l.lalrl.l.l.l

Sampling

21.2 0 0 0

40.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

- - - -

0 0

~

0 0 0 0 1l

Courier I I

Service

Cloud I I

Tracking

I

I

I

I I I

l l -

l,l,l~l-l I-I-I-I-I-I~I~l

Terrain

Surveying l l l l l l l l l l l l l

131
the aircraft, usually F-84Gs, T-33s, B-36s, and B-57As, that

conducted cloud sampling for LASL and the LJCRL Test Groups and

for Air Force Project 40.8. Other sampling aircraft, the B-36s,

were maintained and operated by the Strategic Air Command. The

Filter Recovery Section of the 4926th Test Squadron removed both

the pilots and samples from the aircraft, using procedures

detailed in chapter 5 of this report. The 4926th Test Squadron

was stationed at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, but most of the

squadron remained at Indian Springs AFB, about 38 kilometers (24

miles) from Camp Mercury, to fulfill operational requirements for

Operation TEAPOT. This forward element of the 4926th Test

Squadron averaged about 25 officers and 120 airmen. The squadron

operated independently on temporary duty for extended periods of

time during testing periods (7; 97; 112; 284).

The 4935th Air Base Squadron was based at Indian Springs

AFB. It provided regular airbase functions for nuclear testing.

In addition, it furnished aircrews and aircraft for securitysweep missions over the NTS and Emergency Air Evacuation missions

for the JTO. When the TEAPOT Series began in January 1955, the

4935th Air Base Squadron had a station complement of about 15

officers and 380 enlisted men at Indian Springs AFB (7; 97; 112;

284; 286).

The 4901st Air Base Wing, based at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico,

provided courier-mission services between Kirtland AFB and Indian

Springs AFB, sample-return missions, air taxi services between

Indian Springs AFB and Yucca Lake airstrip, and other courier

services for JTO as requested. The personnel strength of the

4901st Air Base Wing is unknown (97; 112; 129; 284).

The 55th Weather Reconnaissa$ce Squadron provided aircrews

and aircraft on a temporary dutv basis for cloud-tracking

missions. Based at McClellan AFB, this squadron was detached to

Kirtland AFB for the length of the Series (97-100; 112; 128).

132
The Air Operations Center, located at the Control Point in

Yucca Pass, maintained operational control over all military aircraft flying in the area of the NTS during the operational phase

of the Series (97-100; 112; 128).

The AFSWC aircraft participation that involved the 4926th

Test Squadron, 4935th Air Base Squadron, and 4901st Air Base Wing

is discussed in the following section.

Cloud-sampling Missions

An important objective of the TEAPOT nuclear weapons testing

series was obtaining samples of fission products from nuclear

detonations so that LASL and UCRL could determine the yield and

efficiency of the nuclear devices. For this analysis, the 4926th

Test Squadron collected particulate-type samples by using

specially modified wing-tip tanks on F-84G, T-33, B-36, and B-57A

aircraft. Except for the T-33s, these aircraft contained valves

that could be opened to allow an airstream to pass through the

wing-tip tank. The airstream, containing radioactive particulate

samples from the nuclear cloud, would strike against a filter

paper held by a grid within the tip-tank. An ion chamber located

in the wing-tip tank and connected to an instrument in the cockpit indicated to the pilot the size and quantity of the sample

collected. After the sampling was completed, the aircraft

returned to Indian Springs AFB.

In addition to particulate sampling, gaseous cloud samples

were also obtained. These sampling missions, which were required

for Air Force operational training Project 40.8, Calibration of

Bomb Debris, were performed along with the sampling required for

Programs 11 and 21, sponsored by LASL and UCRL, respectively.

The gas collection device, installed in F-84G aircraft, was a

133
steel bottle located forward of the cockpit. The gaseous cloud

samples were forced into the bottle by means of a high-speed

compressor.

After the sampling missions were complete, the gaseous and

particulate samples of the nuclear cloud were promptly forwarded

to UCRL, LASL, and Air Force scientists for analysis (7; 97).

Sampling aircraft were equipped with various types of radiological instruments that provided data on the exposures of the

pilot and other crew-members during flight. F-84 aircraft, for

instance, were equipped with a wing-tip ion chamber, a rate meter

called the "Rascal," and an "Integron." The "Rascal" had a

logarithmic scale and read from background to 500 R/h. Its

purpose was to furnish the crew of a sampling aircraft with a

peak reading of the radiation intensities experienced while in

the nuclear cloud, and readings of aircraft contamination at all

other times. The "Integron" indicated accumulated radiation

exposure of the pilot and crew of sampling aircraft. In

addition, crewmen of sampling aircraft were required to wear film

badges (7; 97).

Approximatelv 15 minutes before a detonation, a B-50 aircraft was to take off from Indian Springs AFB, Nevada, climb to

an altitude of 20,000 feet, and fly a holding pattern about 20

miles south of the point of detonation until detonation. This

R-50 aircraft, the sampler control aircraft, was manned by an

aircraft commander, a pilot, a flight engineer, two scanners, a

radio operator, a sampler controller, a technical operations

advisor, and a scientific advisor from LASL or UCRL, depending on

the sponsor of the detonation. The sampler controller was an Air

Force pilot who relaved the scientific advisor's instructions to

each sampler pilot. The technical operations advisor was an

AFSWC flight surgeon. The sampler control aircraft directed the

sampling aircraft toward various areas of the nuclear cloud from

which particulate and gaseous samples were to be collected.

134
After detonation, the B-50 control aircraft followed and

observed the formation and dissipation of the nuclear cloud.

During this time, the scientific advisor evaluated the cloud

structure and determined the cloud areas from which sampler aircraft were to collect particulate and gaseous samples.

Sampler aircraft were alerted for takeoff by the Air Operations Center on advice from the sampler control aircraft and

notified of the approximate geographic location of the cloud at

which sampling would occur. Sampler aircraft left Indian Springs

AFB, Nevada, sometimes as late as two to three hours after a

detonation. These aircraft were under radar surveillance of the

Air Operations Center, which would vector the aircraft to the

approximate location of the B-50 sampler control aircraft by

placing the aircraft within range of a low-frequency homing

device installed on the B-50 sampler-control aircraft.

As each sampling aircraft rendezvoused with the B-50

control aircraft, the control aircraft would direct each sampler

aircraft to make one or more penetrations of the nuclear cloud at

varying altitudes and areas to gather particulate and gaseous

nuclear debris.

After the sampling mission was completed, the sampling aircraft were returned to the control of the Air Operations Center

and directed to Indian Springs AFB, where the samples were

removed and packaged for delivery to LASL, UCRL, or Air Force

laboratories for analysis. The sampler control aircraft was the

last aircraft to land (7; 97; 112; 284).

Courier Service

The purpose of AFSWC courier service, which was provided by

the 4901st Air Base Wing, was to deliver radioactive samples and

135
data from the TEAPOT research pro<jects to laboratory facilities,

such as the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, the University of

California Radiation Laboratory, and the Naval Research Laboratory. The 4900th Air Base Group was assisted in its courier

activities by the Air Research Development Command, Tactical Air

Command, Air Training Command, Air Defense Command, and Air

Photographic and Charting Service. These Air Force commands

provided aircraft and aircrews to the 4901st Air Base Wing on a

temporary basis, rotating the aircrews and aircraft every seven

to 15 days. The Air Force commands furnished the following aircraft at TEAPOT:

0 Five C-47 aircraft, Air Research Development

Command

0 Four C-11%, Tactical Air Command, from the 4f33rd

Troop Carrier Wing, Ardmore AFB, Oklahoma

0 Two B-25s, C-47s, or C-45s, Air Training Command

0 One C-47 or one B-25, Air Defense Command

0 One RC-47 aircraft, Air Photographic and Charting

Service (97).

The courier aircraft left the airbase for their missions

several hours and sometimes a day after the detonation. A total

of 58 courier sorties were flown during Operation TEAPOT. The

total number of personnel involved is unknown (7; 97).

Cloud Tracking

Cloud tracking was conducted by the Air Force Special

Weapons Center. Its ob.jective was to record the path of a

nuclear cloud and to monitor its radiation intensity. This

information was used by the Civil Aeronautics Administration to

direct commercial aircraft away from the cloud. Cloud tracking

was planned for all shots except HADR, the non-nuclear test, and

HA, whose height of detonation and small nuclear yield precluded

the necessity of cloud-tracking (7; 97).
A total of 28 sorties were flown in the AFSWC cloud-tracking

program during Operation TEAPOT, using B-50, B-25, and B-29,

aircraft. At Shot WASP PRIME, the mission was aborted because of

a mechanical malfunction in the principal aircraft shortly after

takeoff. The B-50s and B-29s operated out of Kirtland AFB, while

the B-25s flew from Indian Springs AFB. Although AFSWC Operation

Order l-54 called for two B-50s (or B-29s) and a B-25 to perform

cloud-tracking missions after detonation, the types and numbers

of aircraft varied for each shot. Factors such as the anticipated mass and height of a nuclear cloud, wind direction, and

velocity influenced AFSWC aircraft assignments (7; 97).

The number of DOD personnel involved in the TEAPOT cloudtracking program is estimated at about 110. The B-25s were

operated by AFSWC personnel, while the B-50s and B-29s were

operated by the Air Weather Service.

The AFSWC Operation Plan l-54 outlines standard procedures

for TEAPOT's cloud-tracking missions (7). The missions began

with the departure of a B-50 or B-29 from Kirtland AFB about two

hours and 45 minutes before detonation. If a second B-50 (or

B-29) was scheduled for the shot, it left Kirtland ten minutes

later. The aircraft then held a position to the southwest of the

NTS, establishing contact with the Air Operations Center. The

holding altitude of the aircraft was 23,000 to 30,000 feet. Upon

permission from the Air Operations Center, the aircraft began

cloud-tracking. The B-25 aircraft departed from Indian Springs

AFB 20 minutes after detonation. It immediately contacted the

Air Operations Center and flew into a position to begin cloudtracking.

After the Air Operations Center had given clearance to

proceed, the cloud tracker intercepted the nuclear cloud,

visually tracking it at altitudes from 15,000 to 27,000 feet

until the sampling aircraft had completed their mission. When

137
the samplers were finished and had cleared the area, the cloud

tracking aircraft began full operations at altitudes ranging from

8,000 feet for the B-25 to 30,000 feet for the B-50 and B-29. At

frequent intervals, the tracking aircraft approached the edge of

the visible cloud in a cloverleaf pattern and recorded its position and radiation intensity. This information was relayed by

radio to the Air Operations Center.

To avoid deep penetrations of the nuclear cloud, tracking

aircraft approached the cloud at about a 30-degree angle. They

continued on this course until the radiac meter onboard, either

the AN/PDR-27C or the AN/PDR-TlR, registered a gamma radiation

intensity of 0.01 R/h. At that time, the aircraft turned out as

sharply as possible. By repeating this procedure throughout the

mission, the cloud trackers determined the progression and extent

of the cloud. The cloud was tracked either until it dissipated

or until the Test Manager directed the trackers to stop. The

H-25 then returned to Indian Springs AFB, and the B-50s and B-29s

flew back to Kirtland AFB (7; 97).

Terrain Surveys

Following each nuclear event, several support aircraft made

low-altitude radiological surveys of the terrain in and around

the NTS to determine when recovery parties could safely enter the

shot areas after each detonation and to determine the safety of

personnel in the surrounding country. Aircraft usually made

measurements over the scientific stations in the shot areas.

Initial radiation surveys for recovery parties that did not need

to enter soon after the detonation were made by vehicle-borne

radiological safety monitors. AFSWC provided several types of

aircraft for terrain surveys, including H-19 helicopters and

L-20, C-45, and C-47 aircraft. These aircraft were to operate

from the time of detonation to three hours after the detonation

or as long as required, up to 160 kilometers from ground zero,

138
The standard operating procedure for terrain surveys was as

follows. After each detonation, the various aircraft were to

take low altitude surveys of the immediate target area to determine radiological conditions at critical recovery areas. The

departure times of these aircraft and patterns of flight were

determined by the Test Manager. Constant radio contact with the

Air Operations Center was mandatory during these missions. H-19

aircraft took off from the Control Point area (7; 97; 248).

139
CHAPTER 5

RADIATION PROTiXTION AT OPERATION TEAPOT

To minimize exposures received by TEAPOT participants from

the radiation associated with the detonation of a nuclear device,

Exercise Desert Rock VI, the Joint Test Organization (JTO), and

the Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) each developed

procedures to ensure the radiological safety of its members. The

purpose of the various radiation protection procedures was to

minimize the amount of ionizing radiation individuals were

exposed to while performing the military and scientific activities conducted by Exercise Desert Rock VI and the test groups.

The radiological safetg plans developed by Exercise Desert

Rock VI, the JTO, and AFSWC were designed to avoid unnecessary

individual exposures to ionizing radiation. The mission of each

organization required different types of participation. Although

these differences required Exercise Desert Rock VI, the JTO, and

AFSWC to form separate radiation protection staffs and plans,

many of the procedures were similar and were performed by two or

more of the groups. These procedures included (45; 63; 133;

145):

0 Orientation and training: prepare radiation

monitors for their work and familiarize other

participants with radiological safety

procedures

0 Personnel dosimetry: issue, process, develop,

and determine gamma exposure recorded on film

badges

0 Use of protective equipment: provide protective equipment, including clothing and

respirators

0 Monitoring: perform onsite radiological

surveys and control access to all contaminated

areas

140
a Briefing: inform observers and pro.ject

personnel of radiological hazards and current

status of contamination in the test area

0 Decontamination: contain and remove contaminated material from personnel, vehicles, and

equipment to prevent its spread into uncontaminated areas.

The Department of Defense (DOD) supported the Test Manager

in all onsite radiological safety procedures during Operation

TEAPOT. The 50th Chemical Service Platoon implemented procedures

for Exercise Desert Rock VI, and the 1st Radiological Safetv

Support Unit implemented overall procedures for the JTO, which

included the Field Command Military Effects Group, the Test

Groups of the AEC nuclear weapons design laboratories, the Civil

Effects Test Group (CETG), and AFSWC.

For the TEAPOT Series, the Army established criteria for

positioning troops at nuclear detonations. These positions were

based upon the distance necessary to avoid the thermal and blast

effects, and to minimize personnel exposure to the initial radiation associated with a nuclear detonation. For most shots, DOD

personnel were far enough from the point of detonation to avoid

prompt neutron and gamma exposure. However, at Shots MOTH,

TESLA, BEE, and APPLE 2, some participants may have been within

the range of prompt radiation (133; 243; 265). These circumstances are addressed in more detail in the volumes dealing with

these shots.

Sections 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3 of this chapter discuss the

radiological safetv plans of Exercise Desert Rock VI, the JTO and

AFSWC, respectively. Each section addresses maximum permissible

levels of exposure, the structure of the radiological safety

organizations, and the procedures used bv each organization to

control individual exposures to ionizing radiation. The material

in this chapter, as well as the discussions of radiological

safety procedures in the shot volumes of Operation TEAPOT, is

141
supplemented by the Reference Manual, Background Material for the

CONUS Volumes, which discusses basic radiation concepts, dosimetrv, and protection.

5.1 RADIATION PROTECTION FOR EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI

The DOD established safetv criteria to protect participants

of Exercise Desert Rock VI from the thermal, blast, and radiation

effects of nuclear detonations they might encounter during their

activities at the Nevada Test Site (NTS). The safety of, Desert

Rock participants was addressed in a directive dated 8 December

1954 from the Office, Chief of Army Field Forces (OCAFF). The

radiation exposure limit established in this directive for

Exercise Desert Rock VI troops was (243):

Six roentgens during Operation TEAPOT, with no more

than three roentgens of prompt radiation.

One exception to this criterion was for Pro.iect 40.9, Navy

Passive Defense Training, for which the radiation exposure limit

was 3.9 roentgens, the same limit used for the JTO. To protect

participants from the blast and thermal effects of nuclear detonations, the DOD also established the following additional exposure limits for Desert Rock participants:

l Five pounds per square inch of overpressure

0 One calorie per square centimeter of thermal

radiation.

Based on these exposure limits, OCAFF set minimum distances

for the positioning of Exercise Desert Rock troops and observers

during the TEAPOT Series. These criteria, presented in table

5-1, applied to all Desert Rock troops except the ten volunteer

officer observers. From the table, it can be seen that troops

involved in maneuvers (troop tests) could be positioned closer to

ground zero than troops involved in orientation and indoctrination (observation). This program is discussed later in this

section (135-140; 243).

142
Table 5-l: CRITERIA FOR PLACEMENT OF TROOPS DURING THE TEAPOT SERIES

Max. Predicted

Yield (KT)

10

20

30

40

50

60

For Tower Shots*

Troops in Open Troops in Trenches Troops in Armored Vehicles

1 Observation [ Troop Testa 1 Obaervation 1 Troop Testa

4,938

6,949

8,504

9,601

10,790

I

11,887

3,200 2,286 3,200 2,469

3,200 2,469 3,200 2,652

3,200 2.560 3,200 2,743

3,200 2,652 3,200 2,035

3,200 2,743 3,200 2,926

3,200 2,835 3,200 3,018

For Aircraft Delivered Devices’

Max. Predicted Troops in Open

Yield o<TI

10 7,681

20 9,693

30 11,247

40 12,344

50 13,533

60 14,630

*Distances given in meters and measured from intended ground zero.

Troops in Trenches or

Armored Vehicles

4,572

4,572

4,572

4,572

4,572

4,572

143
According to these criteria, for example, for a tower shot

with a predicted maximum yield of 30 kilotons, maneuver troops in

the open would be positioned at least 8,500 meters from ground

zero. Troops in trenches at such a shot would be positioned at

least 2,560 meters from ground zero, and troops participating in

an armored troop test would be at least 2,740 meters from ground

zero.

To comply with these criteria, trenches were to he at least

1.8 meters deep. Participants were required to crouch in these

trenches, so that their heads were at least 0.6 meters below

ground level. Positioning troops in armored vehicles was

authorized only if the radiation shielding provided bv the

vehicle's armor reduced the ionizing radiation by at least a

factor of six below intensities outside the vehicle. Recommended

safe distances for armored vehicles not providing this amount of

shielding protection had to be approved by the Department of the

Army before their use in Desert Rock VI operations (243).

OCAFF also authorized one exception to the distance

criteria. The Army volunteer officer observer program was

designed to provide volunteers with an opportunity for close

observation of the detonation of a nuclear device. The OCAFF

granted the Exercise Director discretionarv authority to permit

these individuals to position themselves closer to ground zero

than the standard distance criteria prescribed. For the

volunteer officer observer program, the following exposure limits

were established (243):

0 10.0 roentgens per test, with no more than 5.0

roentgens of prompt radiation, and no more than a

total of 25.0 roentgens during the entire series

l Eight pounds per square inch of overpressure

0 One calorie per square centimeter of thermal

radiation.

144
No more than 12 volunteers could take part at any nuclear

event. Volunteer officer observers were briefed to inform them

of the risks involved in such close observation of a nuclear

detonation. The volunteer officers had been trained in the

effects of nuclear weapons. They each calculated the distance at

which they could view a detonation with the expected yield of

APPLE 2. By comparing these calculations, they agreed, by group

consensus, on the location from which they would view the

detonation. Their positioning was approved by both the Exercise

Director and the Test Director (47; 133).

The volunteer officer observers participated only at Shot

APPLE 2, where they positioned themselves 2,380 meters from the

shot-tower, a location closer to ground zero than permitted by

the standard Desert Rock VI distance criteria. Each of these

officer volunteers wore at least one film badge and a pocket

dosimeter (133; 135; 136; 265).

The remaining paragraphs of section 5.1 describe the organization and procedures of the radiation safety program for

Exercise Desert Rock VI.

5.1.1 Organization

At Operation TEAPOT, Exercise Desert Rock VI activities were

conducted so that the troop maneuvers and indoctrination pro,jects

did not interfere with the technical and diagnostic tests

conducted by the test groups at each event (102; 133).

Although the AEC was responsible for the overall operation

at the NTS, the Exercise Director assumed full responsibility for

the radiological safety of Desert Rock participants during the

military activities of Exercise Desert Rock VI. The Exercise

145
Director delegated the operational aspects of this responsibility

to the Radiological Safety Section, part of his S-3 Section. The

Radiological Safety Section, whose main operating unit was the

50th Chemical Service Platoon, implemented radiation protection

procedures for all Exercise Desert Rock VI participants. The

232nd Signal Companv, part of the S-4 Section, provided

photodosimetry services, including issuing, receiving, and

processing film badges. The 232nd recorded and maintained

records of individual exposure (133; 243).

5.1.2 Orientation and Training

The orientation provided by the Desert Rock Radiological

Safety Section was designed for troops and official observers.

Orientation included an explanation of:

l Restrictions placed on the movements of troops and

observers in the forward area

l The effects of a nuclear detonation

l The radiation protection methods used by the Camp

Desert Rock Radiological Safety Section

l The cooperation required of troops and observers

during the radiological safety procedures.

The Radiological Safety Section also trained Desert Rock

radiation monitors, who were drawn primarily from the SOth

Chemical Service Platoon (62). 410ng with the 50th Chemical

Service Platoon monitors, the Radiological Safety Section trained

an additional 42 Camp Desert Rock support troops as radiation

monitors during Operation TEAPOT. The Radiological Safety

Section directed the training of the monitoring teams in Pro;iect

40.19, Sixth Army Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR)

Defense Team Training, which tested the ability to locate, plot,

and assess radiological hazards (13.3; 165).

146
The two objectives of monitor training were to teach

personnel to:

0 Calibrate and operate a radiac meter

0 Assess the hazard associated with the radiation

intensity registered on the radiac survey meter.

Students from the 50th Chemical Service Platoon and from Camp

Desert Rock were considered qualified monitors only when they had

learned to use radiac meters to determine necessary radiological

safety actions, such as determining how long to stav within a

radiation area without exceeding exposure limits. Students took

both written and performance proficiency examinations at the

completion of their training. To ensure that previously trained

monitors were still able to interpret the radiac readings, the

Radiological Safety Section also provided a refresher training

course for experienced monitors from the 50th Chemical Service

Platoon (1.33).

5.1.3 Briefing

Before entering radiation areas, Exercise Desert Rock VI

personnel were briefed on the safety measures required within

those areas. Personnel entering areas where radiation was

greater than 0.1 roentgens per hour (R/h) of gamma radiation,

were required to have access permits and to be accompanied by a

Desert Rock radiological safety monitor. Personnel entering

areas in which gamma radiation intensities were between 0.01 and

0.1 R/h, had to wear film badges and receive permission to enter

the area from the Radiological Safety Officer, hut it was not

necessary for them to be accompanied into the area by monitors.

In areas where gamma radiation intensities were below 0.01 R/h,

no special procedures were required (54; 133; 141-149).

5.1.4 Personnel Dosimetry

Film badges were issued to some Desert Rock personnel to

record their exposure to ionizing radiation. One badge was

147
issued per squad. Cumulative film badge readings provided an

indication of the effectiveness of Desert Rock radiation

protection procedures at keeping authorized exposures to

radiation as low as operationally necessary. Most of these film

badge readings are missing.

The 232nd Signal Company was responsible for issuing film

badges to Camp Desert Rock support troops and exercise troops.

The 232nd Signal Company also processed the exposed badges,

determining individual exposures to radiation. Individual

records of cumulative exposure to gamma radiation were recorded

on Form 102R, as shown in figure 5-1 (16; 133).

Support Troops

Support troops were assigned to Camp Desert Rock, usually

for the duration of Exercise Desert Rock VI, to provide services

to the exercise troops. Each of the Camp Desert Rock support

troops who entered the forward area was required to wear a film

badge, and cumulative totals of individual exposures were

maintained and monitored by the Radiological Safety Section (133;

141-149).

Observers

Participation in the Army Troop Orientation and Indoctrination Program included volunteer officer observers, troop

observers, service observers, and Camp Desert Rock observers, as

detailed in chapter 3 of this report.

Upon arrival at Camp Desert Rock, the troop observers

submitted a roster of personnel, indicating squad leaders, to the

Dosimetry Section. The S-4 Dosimetry Section issued Form RlOl

and film badges to the unit. Each squad leader was responsible

for picking up forms and badges prior to the participation of his

men in an exercise and for returning these forms and badges at

148
DOE, JOHN J. M/SGT

*I.,.P.,t--lt-",C). I

FORM 102R INDIVIDUAL ACCUMULATIVE RADIATION EXPOSURE RECORD

NAME,

I I I

(Last, First, Middle Initial) RANK: ASN:

DOE, JOHN J. M/SGT RA 99999999

Figure 5-1: SAMPLE FILM BADGE RECORD
the end of the exercise. Form RlOl listed the names of all men

in the troop observer packets as follows (144):

0 One squad, consisting of a squad leader and not

more than 11 men, was entered on one sheet

0 Officers and men not assigned to specific

squads were listed on separate sheets.

Although officers and squad leaders were required to wear

film badges, they were not worn by the other members of a squad.

Personnel wearing film badges had an asterisk placed after their

names on Form R101. The names of individuals not participating

in the observation program were removed from the list, and no

additions were permitted once the form had been filled out. The

squad leader was also responsible for keeping the squad together

so that his one film badge exposure would represent the entire

squad (144).

Service observers were military and civilian DOD personnel

who came to Camp Desert Rock as individuals, rather than in

groups. Service observers reported to the Visitors' Bureau,

where they were organized into groups of 12. Personnel at the

Visitors' Bureau filled out Form R101, listing the 12 observers

in each group. The senior person in each group served as the

group leader, wore a film badge, and had an asterisk placed after

his name on Form R101. Observer film badges were issued and

returned in numerical order to the Visitors' Bureau (144).

In addition to these troop and service observers, the ten

volunteer officer observers described earlier in this chapter and

in chapter 3, witnessed Shot APPLE 2. These ten men were in a

trench 1.8 meters deep, 2,380 meters from the APPLE 2 shot-tower.

Each volunteer officer wore at least one film badge (149).

150
Tactical Exercise Troops

During Operation TEAPOT, two tactical exercises were conducted to test doctrine and techniques being developed for the

nuclear battlefield. These tests were Project 41.6, Marine

Brigade Exercise, at Shot BEE and Project 41.2, Test of an

Armored Task Force, Task Force RAZOR, at Shot APPLE 2. One film

badge and one pocket dosimeter were issued to each platoon of

Marine Corps personnel. During Task Force RAZOR, a radiological

monitor in each armored vehicle wore a film badge (4; 20; 21;

114; 133; 149; 248).

Additional Troop Test and Technical Service Projects

According to the TEAPOT Final Report of Operations, film

badges were issued to all individuals who were not members of a

group. It is likely that grouped participants were divided into

squads by the S-4 Dosimetry Section, and officers and squad

leaders were issued film badges. This was a film badge packet

consisting of DuPont Types 502 and 606 film with an exposure

range of 0.02 to 300.0 roentgens (63).

5.1.5 Protective Equipment

The only information available on the use of protective

equipment comes from Operations Orders. According to these

plans, all Desert Rock support troops entering the forward area

on shot-days were to carry respirators. These personnel were

further instructed to put on their respirators if breathing

became difficult due to excessive dust, or if dust affected their

vision or comfort. Field protective masks were used as alternatives. This limited reference to the planned use of

respirators indicates that the use of these devices was based on

personal prerogative. No mention has been found in Desert Rock

151
documentation on the use of respirators by Desert Rock participants other than by Camp Desert Rock support troops (142-144).

In addition to dust respirators or field protective masks,

certain personnel were issued goggles through which they could

safely view a nuclear detonation and avoid flash blindness.

Those participants without goggles were instructed to face away

from ground zero and cover their eyes at the time of the detonation (141-149).

5.1.6 Monitoring

Radiation. monitors conducted surveys for training and

exercise support purposes at Shots MOTH, TURK, TESLA, APPLE 1,

MET, ESS, BEE, and APPLE 2. The type of monitoring they

performed depended on the method of troop participation and the

type of pro.ject being conducted. Figure 5-2 shows two officers

and one monitor from the 50th Chemical Service Platoon holding

radiac survey instruments (U.S. Army photograph).

For observers in trenches or in the open, monitors were

present during and after the detonations to check for radiological hazards and to aid in evacuation procedures, if required.

No evacuations were required during Desert Rock VI (133).

Before observers could move toward the equipment display

areas, monitors surveyed the area. Once the Radiological Safety

Officer determined that the nuclear cloud was moving away from

the observation area, two two-person monitoring teams in radioequipped jeeps began their surveys from opposite sides of the

vehicle revetments near the observer area. Figure S-3 shows the .

typical paths these teams followed as they surveyed the wedgeshaped segment leading towards ground zero. While enroute, the

152

5.0 roentgens-per-hour

3.0 roentgens-per-hour

1 .O roentgens-per-hour

A L-h, ,,t- ‘\

-i-j I --4-1 I I

0.02 roentgensper-hour

Troop Trenches

Survey Team Route - - - -

Contamination Markers -I- -I- -I- 4-

Figure 5-3: TYPICAL ROUTE OF DESERT ROCK’S RADIOLOGICAL SURVEY TEAM

154
teams continuously monitored radiation intensities with AN/PDR27A and AN/PDR-TlB radiac survey meters. The teams placed

contamination signs at points marking the 0.02, 1.0, 3.0, and

5.0 R/h isointensity lines. The forward limit for all buses and

other personnel vehicles was the 0.02 R/h line. Upon reaching

the 5.0 R/h isointensity line, the teams began crossing the

wedge-shaped segment, stringing engineer tape on stakes to mark

the area. The stakes, spaced at 45-meter intervals, had 5.0 R/h

contamination markers on them. No troops or observers were

permitted forward of the 5.0 R/h area (133).

Following the marking of the 5.0 R/h line, the jeeps proceeded away from ground zero, each team surveying half of the

wedge-shaped segment, as shown in figure 5-3 (U.S. Army

photograph). The teams marked any isolated areas of high

intensity (hot spots) with tape and markers which indicated the

radiation intensity.

Soon after the two monitoring teams began their survey of

the wedge-shaped segment, the observers were permitted to walk

towards the equipment display areas. A vehicle with a public

address system preceded the observers. The control officer,

using the public address system, warned observers not to touch

equipment or pick up souvenirs. The two radiation survey teams

were slightly ahead of the sound truck, flanking its left and

right side (141-149).

The surveys of a wedge-shaped segment and the marking of

isointensity lines were for Desert Rock purposes only. The

complete initial surveys, resurveys, and posting of contaminated

test areas for reentry, recovery, and official reporting purposes

were accomplished by the Test Manager's radiological safety

organization.

155
5.1.7 Decontamination

Desert Rock personnel and vehicles were monitored and

decontaminated before they were allowed to leave the forward test

area. The objective of decontamination procedures at Exercise

Desert Rock VI was to ensure that no persons or vehicles left the

forward areas of the NTS with material, other than authorized

test samples, contaminated in excess of 0.02 R/h. Members of the

50th Chemical Service Platoon operated the main decontamination

facility 900 meters north of the Control Point at Yucca Pass, at

UTM coordinates 848888. This facility was the center of

decontamination activities for both personnel and vehicles. The

initial decontamination procedure involved brushing clothing,

equipment, and vehicles to remove contaminated dust and debris.

If this initial procedure failed to reduce radiation intensities

to 0.02 R/h or lower, individuals were to shower and change

clothing, and vehicles and equipment were to be either washed or

quarantined until radiation intensities decayed to permissible

levels.

After observers had toured display areas to view damaged

equipment displavs, they returned to an area outside the 0.02 R/h

line to board buses for Camp Desert Rock. Before boarding,

however, personnel and equipment were swept with brooms to remove

contaminated dust. Members of the 50th Chemical Service Platoon

then surveyed the personnel and vehicles for radiation using

AN/PDR-27A or AN/PDR-TlB survey meters held about five centimeters from the surfaces being surveyed. Figure 5-4 shows

members of the 50th Chemical Service Platoon performing this

activity (U.S. Army photograph). Further decontamination was

necessary only when radiation intensities remained above 0.02 R/h

after the initial brushing procedvre. During the TEAPOT Series,

no individuals or buses required further decontamination.

However, other vehicles, such as jeeps used in radiological

surveys, did require additional decontamination (141-149).

156

Vehicles with radiation levels exceeding 0.02 R/h were

driven onto a rock bed at the decontamination station at Yucca

Pass and washed with detergent and water. After each washing,

monitors measured the contamination level with portable survey

instruments. If repeated washing would not reduce contamination

to permissible levels, the vehicles were isolated and allowed to

stand until decay reduced contamination to 0.02 R/h or lower.

They then were returned to service at Camp Desert Rock. Approximately 75 vehicles required this additional decontamination

during Operation TEAPOT (133).

5.2 RADIATION PROTECTION FOR THE JOINT TEST ORGANIZATION

The Test Director was responsible for the radiological

safety of all members of the JTO involved in onsite and offsite

activities during Operation TEAPOT (28; 63). JTO onsite radiological safety operations were performed by a radiological safety

group composed of Department of Defense personnel and headed by

the Chief of the Radiological Safety Branch, Field Command,

AFSWP. This radiological safety group worked within guidelines

recommended by the AEC Division of Biology and Medicine and

accepted by the Test Manager. The Division of Biology and

Medicine established an exposure limit at 3.9 roentgens of gamma

radiation for all personnel involved in JTO activities at

Operation TEAPOT. Since the TEAPOT operational period lasted

approximately 13 weeks, this 3.9-roentgen exposure limit was

similar to the then current 0.3 roentgens per week occupational

exposure recommendation of the National Committee on Radiation

Protection.

The operational responsibilities of the JTO onsite radiological safety organization were to (63; 265):

0 Provide radiac equipment and maintenance services

l Maintain dosimetry and records service for all

organizations participating in the operation

158
0 Provide courses and guidance on radiological

procedures and situations

0 Conduct radiation surveys and plot isointensity maps

0 Provide monitors to projects without monitors

0 Conduct personnel and vehicle decontamination.

While section 5.1 discussed the radiation protection procedures planned for Exercise Desert Rock VI participants, section

5.2 discusses the procedures conducted to ensure the radiological

safety of JTO participants and the control of radioactive contamination at the NTS. Information presented in this section has

been obtained from both planning documents and from an afteraction report of onsite activities (63; 233; 265):

5.2.1 Organization

At the start of the TEAPOT Series, the manager of the AEC

Las Vegas Field Office delegated responsibility for the management of JTO radiological safety activities at the NTS to the Test

Manager. The Test Manager authorized the Test Director to

administer onsite radiological safety operations and the Support

Director to oversee the offsite radiological safety activities.

At the conclusion of the TEAPOT Series, all radiological safety

responsibilities at the NTS reverted back to the AEC Las Vegas

Field Office (47; 63; 104).

Based upon a 16 February 1953 memorandum of agreement

between the AEC and the DOD, the Chief of the Radiation Safety

Branch of AFSWP Field Command was appointed as the JTO Onsite

Radiological Safety Officer for Operation TEAPOT. His duties

included organizing and directing the Onsite Radiological Safety

Organization, composed entirely of DOD personnel and divided into

five sections, as depicted in figure 5-5. The 1st Radiological

Safety Support Unit, Fort McClellan, Alabama, provided the main

159
Onsite

Radiological

Safety

Officer

-TAssistant

Onsite Radiological Safety

Officer

I

Monitoring ICPlottingand

Briefing I I Logistics Decontamination

Trans- General Instrument

portation SUPPlY Repair

.

Figure 5-5: JOINT TEST ORGANIZATION RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY ORGANIZATION

160
support for the onsite organization, and the Commanding Officer

of that unit was appointed as the Assistant Onsite Radiological

Safety Officer (63; 265).

In the summer of 1954, the AEC developed plans for onsite

radiological safety procedures to he used for JTO members during

the TEAPOT Series. In addition to the monitors provided for

projects conducted during the series, 150 more monitors were

needed to meet the radiological safety requirements of Operation

TEAPOT. Arrangements for more personnel, who were to be trained

by the onsite radiological safety group, were made with the

following groups (63):

ORGANIZATION

Field Command, AFSWP,

Directorate of Weapons Effects Test

1st Radiological Safety Support Unit

Air Materiel Command

9th Air Force

Office of the Chief, Chemical Corps

Chemical Corps School

OFFICERS ENLISTED MEN

2

15

4

4

2

3

2

100

13

7

0

0

Under the terms of an agreement between the AEC and the

FCDA, the FCDA sponsored a demonstration and observer program at

the open shot, APPLE 2 (177; 237). Both male and female volunteers witnessed this shot, either from a trench 3,200 meters from

ground zero or from a location almost 13 kilometers from ground

zero. The FCDA program was sub.ject to the review and approval of

the AEC, and FCDA participants were required to comply with the

same exposure criteria that the AEC had established for other JTO

participants. No FCDA participant could receive more than 3.9

.

roentgens of exposure to ionizing radiation during this pro,ject

(248).

161
5.2.2 Training

Prior to Operation TEAPOT, it was determined that two

general indoctrination courses were necessary for training

pro.iect monitors: a four-day course for individuals without

previous monitoring experience, and a one-day refresher course

for personnel who did have previous monitoring experience. The

purposes of these monitor training courses were to (63; 248):

0 Familiarize monitors with radiological safety

procedures at the NTS

0 Ensure that monitors could evaluate the hazards

associated with various radiation intensities

measured on their radiac survey meters.

Project officers and agencies nominated individuals for

these two courses. Radiological safety personnel who rotated

through were also trained at the one-day courses. Although the

purpose of these courses was the same as those for Camp Desert

Rock, that is, to train individuals to assess radiological

hazards, the JTO and Exercise Desert Rock VI trained their

monitors separately.

The four-day course covered basic radiation physics, radiation measurement and instrumentation, medical aspects of radiation, use of protective clothing and equipment, and radiological

safety procedures at the NTS. The one-day course considered

medical aspects of radiation, measurement, instruments, and

radiological safety procedures.

Monitors took both written tests and field tests to determine their proficiency after completing these courses. Officers

of the 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit provided administration and instruction of these courses. During the TEAPOT Series,

105 people attended the four-day course, and 227 people took the

one-day course (63; 248; 265).

162
5.2.3 Personnel Dosimetry

The primary mission of the Dosimetry and Records Section was

to provide dosimetry service and cumulative exposure records for

all JTO test personnel, both civilian and DOD. A secondary mission was to provide dosimetry services for experimental studies,

such as Project 2.7, Shielding Studies. For this project, film

badges were placed in armored vehicles to determine radiation

levels inside the vehicle. The Dosimetry and Records Section

consisted of two officers and 19 enlisted men on a permanent

basis, and two additional officers on a temporary basis. All

permanent members were from the 1st Radiological Safety Support

Unit.

To accomplish its primary mission, the Dosimetry and Records

Section issued individuals a numbered film badge and kept a

record of the individual and his film badge number. Participants

returned the badges to the Dosimetry and Records Section, where

they were processed to determine the radiation exposure received.

Each film badge reading was then recorded on a form for later

transcription onto the participant's cumulative exposure card,

which provided a permanent record of the individual's total

radiation exposure (63).

The film badge packet worn by JTO participants consisted of

DuPont Types 502 and 606 film with an exposure range of 0.02 to

300.0 roentgens. This packet of films, which had a lead shield

covering both sides, was enclosed in a waterproof plastic

covering, which comprised the film badge. Each film badge had an

alligator clip for fastening it to clothing. In addition to film

badges, self-reading pocket dosimeters were also used as exposure

indicators for some personnel working in radiation areas (63).

Not all NTS personnel wore film badges during Operation

TEAPOT. Film badges were only issued to personnel when they were

to enter areas where exposure to radiation was anticipated.

163
The Dosimetry and Records Section submitted a cumulative

exposure report each Monday, listing the names and exposures of

personnel with 2.0 to 3.9 roentgens of exposure. Exposures

greater than 3.9 roentgens were reported separately. The

Dosimetry and Records Section reported the names of individuals

receiving these high exposures to pro;iect directors by telephone

as soon as the badges had been processed, so that actions could

be taken immediately to prevent the individuals' entry into

radiation areas for the remainder of the series (52; 63).

During the TEAPOT Series, about 30,000 film badges were

issued and processed. At the completion of the series, the

Dosimetry and Records Section prepared a total exposure report

for individuals participating in the JTO and forwarded the report

to each individual's home station or organization. A complete

summary of total exposures for monitored civilian and Department

of Defense personnel working under the auspices of the JTO was

also prepared. This report was sent to the Test Manager, to the

AEC Division of Biology and Medicine, and to the Chief, AFSWP.

The final dosage report summarized total exposures recorded up to

15 May 1955. Because not all film badges had been turned in and

processed by that date, an addendum was prepared summarizing

total readings from 17 May to 30 May 1955. The original film

badges and records for JTO/DOD personnel were sent to the Chief,

AFSWP, while all other JTO original records and films were sent

to the manager of the AEC Las Vegas Field Office (63; 257).

The Dosimetry and Records Section issued badges in bulk lots

to many organizations, including Indian Springs AFB, operational

training groups, and other offsite groups. These organizations

were responsible for the individual issue and return of these

badges. The Dosimetry and Records Section supplied Indian

Springs AFB with approximately 500 film badges per month.

Although the Dosimetry and Records Section processed and recorded

164
these film badges, the Indian Springs radiological safety group

also kept records of the badges. Tactical and Strategic Air

Command bases throughout the U.S., participating in operational

training programs, also were furnished 1,764 film badges, 116

zero-to-one roentgen pocket dosimeters, and 13 pocket dosimeter

chargers (63).

According to a 12 November 1954 internal memorandum of the

Test Director's Office, the onsite radiological safety organization was instructed to discontinue the practice of recording

pocket .dosimeter readings along with film-badge readings. The

pocket dosimeters were useful for estimating short-term exposures, erring on the safe side by indicating more exposure than

had actually occurred (101).

5.2.4 Logistics

The Logistics Section was responsible for procuring and

maintaining equipment and supplies for the JTO radiological

safety organization during the TEAPOT Series. This support

included the procurement, issue, repair, maintenance, and storage

of all radiac devices and equipment used by the Onsite Radiological Safety Organization and project personnel, and the

provision of military and civilian vehicles to support the

activities of the Onsite Radiological Safety Organization.

The Logistics Section was composed of a General Supply, an

Instrument Repair, and a Transportation Section. The General

Supply Section was composed of an officer and 18 enlisted men

from the 1st Radiation Safety Support Unit. The Instrument

Repair Section had nine enlisted men, whose agency affiliation is

still unknown, while the Transportation Section had seven

enlisted men, all from the 1st Radiation Safety Support Unit

(63).

165
General Supply

Preliminary logistical support for Operation TEAPOT began in

December 1954. At that time, the General Supply Section moved

all supplies stored at Camp Mercury after previous operations to

the supply room of Building Two (CP-2) at the Control Point,

where the equipment was inventoried. A stock record accounting

system was used to keep a running check on all supplies.

The General Supply Section at CP-2 followed the procedures

described below for the issue and return of supplies. The issue

of coveralls, respirators, and other frequently used equipment

was recorded on a mimeographed hand receipt. Hand receipts for

personnel entering contaminated areas were taken over the

receiving counter, and the receipts were returned when the items

were returned. Booties, gloves, and head coverings were not

listed on the hand receipts, since these items were turned in at

the forward check point, where conditions made it difficult to

keep records. All other nondisposable supplies were issued with

hand receipts.

The General Supply Section was also responsible for all

laundry equipment in the radiological safety building. All

contaminated clothing was separated during processing through the

personnel decontamination station, deposited in special receptacles, handled with rubber gloves, and laundered in separate

batches (63).

Instrument Repair

In preparation for the TEAPOT Series, the Instrument Repair

Section moved the repair facilities from Camp Mercury into Building 2 at the Control Point. The repair of radiac instruments and

the survey of replacement parts and batteries began in July 1954.

By the end of January 1955, most of the instruments were serviceable, and the stock of parts and batteries was considered satisfactory to fulfill the requirements of the operation. Additional

166
instruments to support the operation were borrowed from the 1st

Radiological Safety Support Unit of the AEC. By 15 February

1955, the calibration of all but a few instruments was complete.

The types of instruments calibrated and serviced during the

pre-operational period were the AN/PDR-39, the MX-5, the Juno 15,

the Victoreen Thyac 389, and the PeeWee Alpha Survey Meter (63).

Transportation

The Transportation Section coordinated and supervised transportation for the radiological safety organization. The Transportation Section used three AEC buses to transport most of the

radiological safety personnel from Camp Mercury to CP-2 and back.

Additional vehicles were obtained from the 1st Radiological

Safety Support Unit whenever necessary (63).

5.2.5 Monitoring

Unlike monitoring personnel from Camp Desert Rock, who

surveyed only exercise areas, the JTO's General Monitoring

Section, consisting of 7 officers and 22 enlisted men, performed

other required monitoring assignments. These assignments

included (63):

0 Performing initial surveys and resurveys of all

areas around the ground zeros

a Establishing and operating main and area access

checkpoints

l Marking contaminated areas

0 Serving as party monitors for project personnel who

did not have their own radiological monitors.

During reentries after test events, monitoring personnel, with

assistance from NTS security force personnel, controlled access

to contaminated areas, according to the schedule of events and

with the use of access permits (1SS; 220). The initial ground

survey provided data for the isointensity contour maps developed

167
by the Plotting and Briefing Section. Prior to the detonations,

the General Monitoring Branch also briefed ground survey teams on

the expected fallout pattern for the TEAPOT shots.

The Air Force and Sandia Base also provided additional

personnel who rotated through the Monitoring Section as follows

(63):

PERIOD OF DUTY HOME UNIT OFFICERS ENLISTED MEN

4 Feb - 16 March 9th Air Force 3 7

4 Feb - 6 March Air Materiel Command 3 17

6 March - 9 April Air Materiel Command 2 15

15 March - 9 April 9th Air Force 4 7

1 March - 20 March Sandia Base 1 2

9 April - 9 May Air Materiel Command 5 15

Surveys

Prior to each detonation, Plotting and Briefing Section

personnel laid out lines of numbered stakes on approximate

45-degree radials from ground zero. The numbered stakes were

placed at go-meter intervals, with the beginning and ending of

each line of stakes dependent upon the Radiological Safety

Officer's estimate of the spread of contamination. The initial

survey party generally consisted of one officer with driver, and

four or five two-person survey teams. These teams performed

postshot radiological surveys from 3/4-ton military trucks, using

the numbered stake lines as reference points. In areas where

roads ran near the survey lines, the survey lines followed the

roads, making it easier for the initial survey teams to cover the

area rapidly by minimizing cross-country driving. Rapid surveys

helped reduce the teams' radiation exposures. Teams also conducted periodic resurveys of these areas to monitor changes in

radiation intensities. The vehicles used by the survey teams

were radio-equipped, and the teams relayed their results to the

Plotting and Briefing Section as they proceeded through the

survey. The teams reported gamma intensity levels of 0.01, 0.1,

1.0 and 10 R/h (63).

168
In addition to ground surveys, helicopter surveys were used

to obtain rapid readings in.high intensity areas and to monitor

areas for recovery work or parties. For surveys, the helicopter

hovered, taking readings with a Jordan survey instrument attached

to a probe suspended from a 150-meter cable. Later in TEAPOT,

this cable was extended to 460 meters. Inside the helicopter,

the crew monitored their exposure rates with an AN/PDR-39 survey

instrument. The helicopter crew relayed its survey information

by radio to the Plotting and Briefing Office as the survey

proceeded (63).

Marking Radiation Areas

A team, usually consisting of two personnel, posted signs

indicating the location of the 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 R/h isointensity lines established by the survey parties. This team

relocated the signs to mark new isointensity lines as measured in

area resurveys (63).

Checkpoints

Checkpoint crews followed the initial survey teams and

established main and area access checkpoints. The main checkpoint provided monitoring services for personnel and vehicles

returning from contaminated areas. Contaminated vehicles were

marked with a "C" on the windshield and were directed to the

equipment decontamination station at Building 6 of the Control

Point, a short distance from Building 2 at the Control Point, the

radiological safety building.

Area access checkpoints were located outside the 0.01 R/h

areas, on the main access roads to shot areas. At these locations, checkpoint crews examined thp access permits issued to

project or party personnel who had to enter contaminated areas.

The time of entry and expected time of departure were recorded on

these forms by the checkpoint crew. On leaving the area, project

personnel returned the access permits to the checkpoint crews,

169
who verified the time in the area. The entry and departure of

parties were reported by radio to the Plotting and Briefing

Section to provide a running account of personnel in contaminated

areas. Although personnel without access forms were not permitted past checkpoints, some personnel did enter contaminated

areas without access forms. NTS security force personnel

assisted in these instances, and checkpoint crews reported these

people, by vehicle number, to the Radiological Safety Officer

(63; 188).

Upon request, the checkpoint crews were available to provide

advice on radiological safety, showing the entering parties the

approximate location of isointensity lines or advising parties on

their length of stay in contaminated areas (63; 188).

Providing Qualified Monitors

Two monitors stationed inside the entrance to Building CP-2

checked personnel returning from contaminated areas. Generally,

only contaminated personnel who had been referred to the personnel decontamination station from the main checkpoint used this

service. At the building, personnel removed all protective

clothing, which they deposited in the receptacles provided. An

additional monitor stationed at the other side of the decontamination station, monitored personnel after they had removed their

protective clothing and showered if necessary. The personnel

monitors used MX-5 instruments, with the probe window open, to

detect both beta and gamma radiation.

Monitors from the radiological safety group were also

assigned to entry parties either on request or by previous

arrangements, according to the schedule of events. During

TEAPOT, monitors were provided for 420 parties. Ten standby

monitors were available at the radiological safety building to

meet nonscheduled monitoring requirements. These monitors made

arrangements for entry into contaminated areas and monitored the

170
sites while the groups remained in these areas. Each monitor was

issued field survey instruments prior to his assignment and was

responsible for checking the calibration of these instruments

before using them (63).

5.2.6 Plotting and Briefing

The Plotting and Briefing Section acted generally as a

radiological safety control point and information center for test

participants. Specifically, the Plotting and Briefing Section

performed the following functions (63):

0 Advising the Test Director of the radiological

aspects of test recoveries within contaminated

areas

0 Planning with the Monitoring Section the survey

requirements for each shot, based on recovery

requirements

0 Planning with the Monitoring Section the location of all checkpoints and signs

0 Indicating to the Monitoring Section the position and extent of required stake lines

0 Preparing permanent records of all survey data,

and developing isointensity situation maps

showing the locations of the 10.0, 1.0, 0.1,

and 0.01 R/h lines

0 Furnishing the Dosimetry and Records Section

with individual names to facilitate assignment

of film badges and equipment

0 Issuing access permits

0 Briefing recovery personnel on current radiological situations.

The Plotting and Briefing Section developed isointensity

situation maps from the survey data which the Monitoring Section

radioed to them. As an aid to both plotters and monitors, a

numbering system was used which identified each location by a

171
three-digit number. The first digit indicated the stake line.

For example, stake line one was approximately 45 degrees from

north and stake line two was approximately 90 degrees from north.

Stake lines extended from ground zero, but not necessarily in

straight lines since they often followed available roads. The

last two digits indicated the distance along the stake line from

ground zero to the survey location, in 90-meter (lOO-yard) intervals. For example, stake marker 213 indicated a location 1,190

meters (1,300 yards) from ground zero along line 2.

The Plotting and Briefing Section advised all monitors and

party leaders of the radiological environments they might

encounter. After all personnel were properly instructed and

outfitted with protective equipment, the section issued access

permits for entry into contaminated areas. At area checkpoints,

described above, recovery and monitoring personnel entering a

contaminated area gave the access forms to the checkpoint crews.

The forms signified that these personnel had been properly

briefed on the radiological environment within the shot area and

specified the amount of time they were permitted to be in the

area.

During Operation TEAPOT, the Plotting and Briefing Section,

organized on 1 February 1955, consisted of three officers and

eight enlisted men. All hut two of the officers were from the

1st Radiological Safety Support Unit. A total of 1,165 parties

were briefed and given permission to enter contaminated areas

(63) l

5.2.7 Decontamination

The Vehicle and Equipment Decontamination Section was

responsible for decontaminating all vehicles and equipment used

in contaminated areas and for clearing for shipment all radioactive samples removed from the test area. The section consisted

172
of one officer and seven enlisted men, all from the 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit; In addition to their decontamination duties, all personnel were available for assignment as

monitors, if needed by the Monitoring Section (63).

The protective equipment worn by these personnel consisted

of knee-length rubber boots and heavy rubber gloves worn over

protective coveralls. In addition, decontamination personnel

were issued film badges on a weekly basis by the Dosimetrv and

Records Section.

All vehicles and equipment leaving the test area were

stopped and monitored for contamination at designated checkpoints. Vehicles and equipment registering less than 1,000

counts per minute of alpha contamination per 55 square centimeters,* less than 0.007 R/h of gamma radiation outside, and less

than 0.007 R/h of gamma plus beta radiation inside were passed

through the checkpoints. All vehicles and equipment exceeding

these radiation levels were sent to the decontamination station

with a "C" marked on the windshields.

Initial decontamination consisted of washing the contaminated item with steam and hot soapy water and then placing it on

a ramp to drain. After washing, personnel monitored the vehicle

or equipment with ANJPDR-39 and MX-5 instruments to determine

whether the decontamination was successful. If the radiation

intensities had not been reduced to less than 0.007 R/h, the

washing and monitoring procedure was repeated until the contamination was successfully reduced. When even after five or six

washings contamination could not be reduced, the vehicle or

equipment was placed in a hot park adjacent to the CP-6 decontamination building, until radioactive decay over time reduced

*The Reference Manual discusses alpha survey meters and the units

of alpha contamination.

173
contamination to an acceptable level. The hot park was supervised by decontamination personnel, and vehicles or equipment

could not be removed without approval of the Vehicle and Equipment Decontamination Section Officer. Personnel periodically

monitored vehicles and equipment in the hot park, and when the

radiation intensities had decayed to less than 0.007 R/h gamma

outside and gamma plus beta inside, the vehicles and equipment

were available for return to service.

The Vehicle and Equipment Decontamination Section kept

records indicating the type and number of vehicles and equipment

decontaminated. To ensure that all contaminated vehicles and

equipment had been decontaminated, section personnel compared

their records with those kept at the checkpoints in the forward

test areas (63).

Clearing Material for Shipment

No contaminated material or equipment could leave the NTS

without approval of either the Test Director or his representative. All materials to be removed were monitored, packaged,

labeled, and loaded onto vehicles according to Interstate

Commerce Commission regulations for the transportation of radioactive materials. Decontamination Section personnel monitored

the packaged materials before their release from the NTS,

completing a form to certify that the packaged material complied

with Interstate Commerce Commission regulations (63).

5.3 RADIATION PROTECTION FOR THE AIR FORCE SPECIAL WEAPONS

CENTER

During Operation TEAPOT, AFSWC provided two types of air

support to the JTO: test air operations and support air operations. The test air operations included all aircraft directly

involved in test missions and projects, such as cloud sampling

and cloud tracking. Support air operations included all other

174
aircraft not directly involved in these test missions, such as

sample couriers.

The radiological safety of air and ground personnel involved

in AFSWC test and support operations was a command responsibility. Part of this responsibility was to comply with safety

regulations published by the Test Director. Included in these

regulations was the maximum permissible radiation exposure limit

for Operation TEAPOT (7; 233):

No person could receive more than 3.9 roentgens of

gamma radiation during the entire operation unless

otherwise specified by proper authorities.

This exposure limit was the same for AFSWC and JTO participants.

However, in one project requiring special procedures, Project

2.8b, Manned Penetrations of Atomic Clouds, the Test Manager

authorized four Air Force officers to receive up to 15 roentgens

of gamma radiation during their mission (46; 306).

The information presented in the remainder of section 5.3

describes planned radiological safety activities, detailed in

AFSWC Operation Plan 1-54 (7).

5.3.1 Organization

The Commander of AFSWC and the Commander of the Field Test

Group-5 (Provisional) determined the measures necessary to ensure

the radiological safety of their personnel, based upon information from the Advisor for Technical Operations. In addition to

providing such information, the Advisor for Technical Operations

was responsible for the general supervision of all technical

operations, including radiation protection procedures, at both

Kirtland AFB and Indian Springs AFB. Two subordinate units were

responsible for implementing AFSWC prescribed radiation protection procedures: the 4901st Air Base Wing at Kirtland AFB and

175
the Test Aircraft Branch at Indian Springs AFB. The radiation

protection programs at both of these Air Force bases included:

0 Providing radiological safety personnel for all

ground and air monitoring duties

0 Providing protective equipment, film badges,

pocket dosimeters, and radiac instruments

0 Operating aircraft, equipment, and personnel

decontamination areas.

In addition to these regular duties, the 4901st Air Base

Wing and the Test Aircraft Branch were also responsible for other

radiological safety tasks. The 4901st supplied all radiation

detection instruments and protective equipment to AFSWC personnel

at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico. However, the Test Aircraft Branch

issued equipment acquired from the 4901st to personnel based at

or staging from Indian Springs AFB, Nevada. The Test Aircraft

Branch, 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) worked with the Onsite

Radiological Safety Organization at the NTS to issue film badges

to AFSWC personnel. Branch personnel issued film badges directly

to participants at or staging from Indian Springs AFB, and they

furnished film badges to the 4901st Air Base Wing for distribution to Kirtland AFB personnel. In addition to providing film

badges, the Test Aircraft Branch also maintained exposure records

of personnel based at or staging from both Kirtland AFB and

Indian Springs AFB (7). These film badge records are included in

the JTO final report of exposures, discussed in section 5.2.3 of

this chapter.

5.3.2 Training and Briefing

An operational requirement of the AFSWC radiation protection

plan was to provide trained monitors for air and ground operations. Either the Chief of the Nuclear Applications Division of

the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) or the officer in charge of

each project, such as cloud sampling, designated the monitors.

176
These monitors were trained by the Nuclear Applications Division.

However, if so directed by the Chief of the Nuclear Applications

Division, the monitors received additional training in one of the

two courses taught by the onsite radiological safety organization.

Before each mission, the 4901st at Kirtland AFB and the Test

Aircraft Branch at Indian Springs AFB, briefed AFSWC personnel on

the radiation protection plans devised to minimize their operational exposures, and on the potential problems associated with

their specific activities. Prior to each flight, monitors issued

radiation-related equipment, such as film badges, radiac instruments, and protective equipment, to members of the aircrews. At

the direction of the Chief of the Nuclear Applications Division,

operational personnel could receive additional briefings (7).

In addition to flight-specific radiation protection plans,

AFSWC personnel were briefed on general procedures designed to

minimize the risk of exposure to gamma radiation. They were

instructed, for example, that no aircraft could approach closer

than four nautical miles to the visible nuclear cloud without

prior approval of the Air Operations Center. AFSWC personnel

were also informed that they could suffer flash blindness if they

viewed the burst without eye protection. Since even a short

period of flash blindness could be dangerous to the crew of an

aircraft in flight, the following procedures were established for

all air mission crews:

l No one could view the burst either with the

naked eye or through any optical systems

onboard.

l Personnel viewing the burst should wear 4.5

neutral density goggles, obtained through the

Personnel Equipment Section of the Test

Aircraft Branch.

0 Personnel without goggles should turn away from

the detonation before the detonation until five

seconds after detonation.

177
Because 4.5 neutral density goggles were not available for all

personnel and it was not always possible for aircraft pilots to

turn away from the detonations, additional instructions were

developed. In single-engine aircraft, the pilot was directed to

keep his head low in the cockpit, with his eyes directed on the

instruments, from one second prior until four seconds after detonation. For multi-engine aircraft, the pilot was directed to

keep his head low in the cockpit, with his eyes directed on the

instruments, from two seconds prior until five seconds after

detonation. Co-pilots were instructed to cover their eyes and

duck their heads from two seconds before until five seconds after

detonation. In the absence of 4.5 neutral density goggles, crew

members were required to wear regulation-issue sunglasses before

and during the detonation. Additionally, all rear-view mirrors

and similar reflecting surfaces facing to the rear were taped to

prevent reflections of the burst. Before the detonation, crew

members also turned on the lights of their instrument panels (7).

5.3.3 Protective Equipment and Personnel Dosimetry

The primary requirement of the AFSWC radiation protection

program was to minimize the exposure of AFSWC participants to

radiation. Because exposure to ionizing radiation could be

received through internal or external sources, AFSWC developed

procedures to minimize both types of exposure.

To minimize internal exposure, which occurs primarily

through inhalation of ratlioactive material, AFSWC personnel wore

respiratory protection if they worked in enclosed spaces or in

activities producing heavily contaminated air, such as the

unloading of cloud samples. The Chief of the Nuclear Applications Division determined the need for respirators during other

activities.

178
Participants wore protective clothing over their regulation

clothing while in contaminated areas. Upon leaving contaminated

areas, personnel removed this clothing and were then monitored to

assure that contamination would not be spread to other areas.

The Chief of the Nuclear Applications Division determined which

activities required protective clothing. These activities

included operations in which contamination was expected, such as

aircraft decontamination operations.

To avoid unnecessary external radiation exposure, certain

areas at Kirtland AFB and at Indian Springs AFB were designated

controlled access areas. All areas of gamma radiation intensities greater than 0.01 R/h were controlled areas with

restricted access. In areas with exposure rates greater than 0.1

R/h, a monitor was required to accompany entering personnel. The

Chief of the Nuclear Applications Division cleared personnel for

entry into these areas. Areas with radiat-ion intensities of less

than 0.01 R/h of gamma radiation were unrestricted.

Personal external radiation exposure was assessed by means

of film badges and pocket dosimeters. All participants in areas

where gamma radiation levels were expected to exceed 0.01 R/h

were required to wear film badges. In addition, personnel

involved in aircraft decontamination operations wore personnel

pocket dosimeters. At the direction of the Chief of the Nuclear

Applications Division, other personnel were issued pocket

dosimeters (7).

5.3.4 Monitoring

The monitoring of radioactive contamination at both Kirtland

AFB and Indian Springs AFB was accomplished with portable radiation detection instruments or radiacs. The assessment of contamination levels was an important step in establishing restricted

areas and in determining whether decontamination procedures had

been successful.

179
At Indian Springs AFB, the Instrumentation Section of the

Nuclear Applications Division dispensed radiacs to AFSWC personnel staging from Indian Springs and to members of the 4901st Air

Base Wing, who distributed the instruments at Kirtland AFB. The

Nuclear Research Officer of the Field Test Group-5 (Provisional),

through the AFSWP Onsite Radiological Safety Organization,

provided instruments that could not be obtained from the 4901st

Air Base Wing.

AFSWC personnel obtained radiacs by completing Air Force

Form 446 to show their name, rank, serial number, organization,

and home base. The original copy was retained on file, with the

duplicate given to the individual. Upon return of the instrument, the original was destroyed. People were cautioned to

return or replace faulty instruments immediately (7).

5.3.5 Decontamination

To prevent the spread of contamination, and thus reduce personnel

exposure to radiation, specialized contamination control procedures were developed by AFSWC for aircrews, ground crews, and

aircraft. These procedures are explained below.

Aircraft

All test aircraft, and any other aircraft suspected of being

contaminated, were surveyed by monitors as soon as possible after

landing. Figure 5-6 shows an F-84 sampler parking in a restricted area at Indian Springs AFB. Radiation intensities at designated locations on aircraft were recorded on forms provided by

the Decontamination Officer. After the preliminary survey, aircraft with radiation intensities greater than 0.007 R/h were

parked in restricted areas, marked with radiation signs, and

their radiation routinely allowed to decay at least 24 hours

before active decontamination took place. However, the Commander

of the Test Aircraft Branch could require the prompt decontamination of an individual aircraft (7).

180

A radiation monitor was present during all phases of aircraft decontamination, and decontamination crew members wore

protective clothing, film badges, and pocket dosimeters. When

operationally feasible, the aircraft that were least contaminated

were decontaminated first. The decontamination procedure for

aircraft involved the following steps:

0 Removing the engine cowling

0 Spraying and scrubbing external surfaces with

cleaning solution

0 Cleaning the aircraft thoroughly with detergent

solution to remove cleaning solution

0 Rinsing the aircraft with warm water to remove

detergent

l Repeating the cleansing procedure for the

engine cowling.

Figure 5-7 shows part of the decontamination operation (U.S. Air

Force photograph). Following this procedure, the monitor checked

the aircraft radiation intensity. If the aircraft registered

less than 0.007 R/h, it was returned to operations. If the

radiation intensity remained above 0.007 R/h, the Decontamination

Officer ordered that the decontamination process be repeated. At

Indian Springs AFB, planes usually were decontaminated at the

east end of the runway reserved for that purpose. A ditch off to

the side of the asphalt collected the runoff water. The ditch

could be covered with fresh dirt or excavated further and the

contaminated dirt buried at another location (7).

Cloud Samples

Special procedures were developed for the removal of cloud

samples from sampling aircraft. This activity was performed by

the five-man Filter Recovery Section, part of the 4926th Test

Squadron. These procedures were designed to prevent personnel

contact with contaminated surfaces. To prevent direct contact

182

with the radioactive cloud samples, members of the Filter

Recovery Section removed the particulate samples from the wingtip chambers with long-handled tools, as shown in figure 5-8.

These samples were then placed in lead containers (pigs) as shown

in figure 5-9. Members of the Filter Recovery Section loaded the

lead-shielded sample containers on to courier aircraft, for

delivery to AEC or other laboratories where the samples would be

analyzed. Figure 5-10 shows members of the Filter Recovery

Section placing a compressed-gas cloud sample in a lead pig. The

samples were packaged in lead shielding sufficient to ensure that

no one in the courier aircraft would be exposed to radiation

intensities exceeding 0.02 R/h (7) (U.S. Air Force photographs).

Personnel

Ground personnel planning to enter contaminated areas

obtained protective clothing, film badges, and pocket dosimeters

from the Personnel Decontamination Section. Individuals with

open breaks in their skin could not enter contaminated areas

unless the breaks were covered. Proper wearing of protective

clothing included closing the cuffs and legs of the coveralls.

Upon leaving the contaminated areas, personnel were monitored.

If, after removing their protective clothing, they registered

radiation intensities greater than 0.007 R/h of gamma radiation,

they were decontaminated at the Personnel Decontamination

Station.

AFSWC developed special procedures to prevent aircrews

flying sampling aircraft from receiving any more radiation than

necessary to accomplish their mission. An air flow filter was

installed in the aircraft pressurization system to prevent

radioactive particles from being blown into the cockpit. This

filter was capable of collecting 99 percent of the particles one

micron or larger in size. It was also standard practice for all

sampler pilots to breathe only 100 percent oxygen before they

entered the nuclear cloud and until they left the aircraft. In

184



addition, special procedures were used to prevent the pilot from

coming in contact with the contaminated surface of the aircraft

after landing. The pilot exited the aircraft by stepping onto a

wooden platform that was raised to cockpit level by a forklift.

The forklift was then backed away from the aircraft and lowered

the pilot to the ground. Figure 5-11 shows an F-84 sampler pilot

stepping out of the cockpit onto this platform (U.S. Air Force

photograph).

Immediately after the crew exited, the monitor measuring the

aircraft gamma contamination took radiation readings of each

aircrew member. Those personnel with intensities greater than

0.007 R/h were sent to the Personnel Decontamination Station,

where they were directed to remove their clothing, touching it as

litt

They

were

suff

e as possible, and to place it in the containers provided.

showered as necessary, were remonitored as necessary, and

provided an issue of new clothing when decontamination was

cient (7).

This concludes the discussion of the procedures established

by Exercise Desert Rock VI, the JTO, and AFSWC to keep personnel

exposure to ionizing radiation within authorized limits and to

avoid unnecessary exposure. For AFSWC and Exercise Desert Rock

VI, the procedures presented here are planned activities only.

For the JTO, however, this chapter has presented both the planned

and actual radiation protection activities conducted by the

onsite radiological safety organization, staffed by Department of

Defense personnel.

188

CHAPTER 6

DOSIMETRY FOR DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

PERSONNEL AT OPERATION TEAPOT

This chapter summarizes the data available as of November

19Sl regarding the radiation doses received by Department of

Defense personnel during their participation in various military

and scientific activities during Operation TEAPOT. It is based

on research which identified the participants, their unit of

assignment, and their doses.

6.1 PARTICIPATION DATA

The identity of participants was obtained from several

sources:

Final Report of Operations Exercise Desert Rock VI,

provided information on unit participation and activities

of Desert Rock organizations (133).

Weapons Test Reports for AFSWP and other scientific

projects often identified personnel, units, and

organizations that participated in the Operation.

After-action reports, security rosters, and vehicle

loading rosters related to the military exercises

identified some participants.

Morning reports, unit diaries, and muster rolls provided

identification data on personnel assigned to participating units, absent from their home unit, or in

transient status for the purpose of participating in a

nuclear weapons test.

Official travel or reassignment orders provided

information on the identity of transient or assigned

personnel participating in the nuclear weapons tests.

Discharge records, maintained by all services, aided in

identification.

190
0 Army official photographs sometimes showed participants

wearing name tags,, identified some units in the caption,

and usually acknowledged the photographer's name and

unit.

0 The Final Dosage Report for Operation TEAPOT supplied

information on the names, units, and total gamma doses

for JTO participants (257).

0 Military personnel records for individuals still on

active duty in some of the services provided information

relative to that individual's assignment to participating

units or attendance in transient status at the nuclear

weapons test.

0 The services' Reserve Personnel Officer provided

information on participants still carried on active or

inactive reserve rolls.

l More than 50,000 test participants have responded to a

widely publicized national call-in campaign sponsored by

the Department of Defense.

6.2 DOSIMETRY DATA

Most of the dosimetry data for Operation TEAPOT were derived

from film badge records. When film badge data were not available, however, radiation doses could be calculated if sufficient

information were available concerning personnel activities, the

radiological environment, and the time that personnel spent in

that environment.

6.2.1 Film Badge Data

During Operation TEAPOT, the film badge was the primary

device used to measure the radiation dose received by individual

participants. Most participants from JTO and AFSWC were issued a

badge, but in general, Desert Rock observer and maneuver units

that performed similar duties wer.e issued one badge per squad

(133). The film badge, normally worn at chest level on the

outside of clothing, was designed to measure the wearers'

exposure to gamma radiation from external sources. The film

badges were insensitive to neutron radiation and, like other film

191
badges, did not measure the amount of radioactive material

inhaled or ingested.

The Joint Test Organization, Exercise Desert Rock VI and

AFSWC had their own radiological safety personnel who issued,

received, processed, and interpreted film badges during Operation

TEAPOT. The Desert Rock VI film badge program was administered

by the 232nd Signal Company; the JTO badge program was administered by the Dosimetry and Research Section of the 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit; and the Nuclear Application Division

of AFSWC handled the film badge program for AFSWC personnel.

Desert Rock, JTO and AFSWC radiological safety personnel used

manual clerical procedures to record film badge data. As

described in chapter 5, Desert Rock VI radiological safety

personnel used Forms RlOl and R102, while JTO and AFSWC personnel

used a file card to record cumulative personnel film badge data

(7; 16; 63; 133).

At the conclusion of Operation TEAPOT, it was the intent of

the services to send individual dose records to each participant's

home station for inclusion in his records. When the individual

left the service, his records were retired to a Federal records

repository (310).

from the following sources:

The film badge data summarized in this chapter were obtained

0 Historical files of the Reynolds Electrical and

Engineering Company (REECo), the prime support contractor

to the Department of Energy (and previously to the AEC

Nevada Operations office). REECo has provided support at

the Nevada Test Site since 1952. REECo assumed responsibility for onsite radiological safety after Operation

TEAPOT in July 1955, and, consequently, has collected

available dosimetry records for nuclear test participants

at all nuclear testing operations from 1945 to the

present. REECo has, on microfilm, all available exposure

records for individuals at Operation TEAPOT, consisting

primarily of those participants working under the JTO

(268).

192
0

6.2.2

Military medical records, maintained at the National

Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Missouri,- for troops

separated from military service, or at the Veterans

Administration, for individuals who have filed for

disability compensation or health benefits. Unfortunately, many records were destroyed in a fire at the

st. Louis repository in July 1973. That fire destroyed

13 to 17 million Army records for personnel discharged

through 31 December 1959, and for members of the Army Air

Corps/Air Force discharged through 31 December 1963.

Final Dosage Report for Operation TEAPOT, which contains

the names, units, and total gamma doses for JTO

participants (257).

Addenda to the Final Dosage Report for Operation

TEAPOT (50).

Radiological Safety Report for Operation TEAPOT, which

provides aggregate information on the number of JTO

participants who accumulated gamma exposures over 2.0

roentgens for specific events of the TEAPOT Series (63).

Final Report of Operations for Exercise Desert Rock VI,

Troop Orientation and Indoctrination, which includes

aggregate dose data for Desert Rock participants (133).

Memoranda and correspondence from the Office of the Test

Director (52-56; 58-61) on:

- Exposures greater than 2.0 roentgens but less than 3.9

roentgens, sent to the JTO staff

- The identitv of participants from JTO units and their

total film badge readings, sent to the Commanding

Officer of the permanent station of the individual

- The identity of some participants receiving doses

which exceeded the established limit, copies of which

were sent to the permanent station of the individual.

Reconstructed Dose Data

In certain instances when film badge data were missing for

large groups of personnel that might have been exposed, DOD

conducted research to calculate radiation doses resulting from

external exposure to gamma radiation. When it was apparent that

DOD personnel might have been exposed to significant neutron

193
radiation and/or airborne radioactive material, doses from these

sources were also calculated. Based on reconstructions of the

troop activities and the radiation environment, these calculations consider the following (114):

l Shot characteristics (yield, height of burst, and

weapon type/design)

l Residual radiation survey data

l Personnel activities

- Distance from burst and shielding

- Time, positions, and activities in radiologically

contaminated areas.

6.3 DOSIMETRY DATA FOR OPERATION TEAPOT PARTICIPANTS

This section presents data on the doses that DOD participants received during Operation TEAPOT. Beginning with a

presentation of external gamma radiation doses organized by unit,

service, and activity, the section proceeds to a discussion of

the circumstances surrounding specific instances of overexposure.

Finally, the section discusses doses that have been reconstructed

for Desert Rock participants.

6.3.1 External Gamma Exposure Data

Tables 6-1 through 6-6 present the gamma exposure data

available from film badge records for DOD participants at

Operation TEAPOT.* The tables indicate the following information

by service or unit:

l The number of personnel identified by name

l The number of personnel identified by both name and

film badge

*All tables are located at the end of the chapter.

194
0 The average gamma exposure in roentgens

l The distribution of'these exposures.

Note that, in table 6-1, about 72 percent of the estimated 11,000

DOD participants were identified by name and 41 percent by name

and film badge reading (86).

Table 6-l summarizes all exposures for each service affiliation. In addition to the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force

designations, the table includes data for scientific personnel,

contractors, and affiliates, and participants whose service

affiliation is unknown. Tables 6-2 through 6-6 provide

information about the gamma exposures received by the various

participants. In these tables, distributions and averages are

given by unit, home station or organizatiton. For a unit to be

represented in the table, it must meet at least one of the

following criteria:

0 Records are available for ten or more individuals

from the unit

0 At least one individual in the unit had a gamma

exposure of 1.0 roentgen or more.

Units not meeting these criteria are consolidated in tables 6-2

through 6-6 in the "other" category, and a distribution of

cumulative exposures with an average is provided for them.

Tables 6-2a through 6-6a list the individual units that comprise

the "other" category in tables 6-2 through 6-6 (86).

Note that in table 6-2, film badge data for Desert Rock VI

participants are not available. However, some aggregate

dosimetry information for Desert Rock participants is provided in

the Desert Rock VI Final Report (133). The report indicates that

97 individuals received gamma exposures between 3.0 and 6.0

roentgens, while 17 received exposures greater than the 6.0

roentgen limit. These overexposures and others are described in

the following section.

195
6.3.2 Instances of Gamma Exposure Exceeding Prescribed Limits

The prescribed limits of gamma radiation exposure were

6.0 roentgens for Desert Rock VI participants and 3.9 roentgens

for JTO personnel. For certain areas of research, the Test

Manager allowed selected individuals to exceed the JTO or Desert

Rock exposure limits while performing their tasks. After careful

review, the Test Manager allowed a special exposure limit of

10.0 roentgens of gamma radiation for the ten volunteer officer

observers in Desert Rock Project 40.22, and a limit of 15.0

roentgens for the pilots of Military Effects Group Project 2.8b,

Manned Penetrations of Atomic Clouds. Despite these exceptions,

the standard policy for Exercise Desert Rock VI, JTO and AFSWC

was to minimize individual exposure, while allowing participants

to accomplish the operational requirements of each activity or

mission (46; 63; 243; 265).

The Exercise Desert Rock VI Final Report (133) indicates

that 17 participants exceeded the 6.0-roentgen exposure limit.

Two of these individuals had gamma exposures exceeding 20.0

roentgens. Information regarding the units and activities of

these overexposed personnel is not included in the Final Report.

However, the unit affiliation of some of these participants may

be identified in a press release dated 31 March 1955, prepared by

the Joint Office of Test Information before the completion of

Operation TEAPOT. This press release reports that seven

personnel "were members of Chemical Corps Radiation Monitoring

Teams" (178). However, the release does not indicate the actual

exposures received by these individuals. The JTO personnel who

received overexposures during Operation TEAPOT included AFSWC

pilots and support personnel, AFSWP project participants, and

members of the 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit.

Table 6-7 is a list of units with JTO and AFSWC personnel

who received gamma radiation exposures in excess of the

3.9-roentgen limit during Operation TEAPOT. Also included are

196
the doses of two AFSWC pilots who exceeded the special

15.0-roentgen limit authorized for Project 2.8b. In addition to

the unit name, the table lists the number of personnel whose

doses exceeded the limit and the individual doses they received

(50; 56; 59; 86; 257).

Several of the overexposed personnel participated in

Military Effects Group projects that required them to enter

radiation areas to retrieve instruments and experimental data.

These participants were from the following units (188):

l Chemical and Radiological Laboratories

l Evans Signal Laboratory

0 Headquarters, Chemical Corps Training Command

0 Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory

0 Naval Research Laboratory

0 Engineer Research and Development Laboratories.

These personnel entered the area at recovery hour or when

radiological safety personnel allowed them through the

checkpoints. Recovery teams, who were usually accompanied by

radiological safety personnel, always traveled by vehicle.

Factors that could have contributed to overexposure of some

project personnel during critical recovery operations included

higher than anticipated radiation levels, difficulty in

maneuvering vehicles over rough terrain or unforeseen obstacles,

and increased time spent in radiation areas while searching for

equipment (18; 114; 189; 190-201).

Members of the 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit provided

radiological safety monitors for all shots. These monitors

accompanied AFSWP project personnel on many of the recovery

missions. In addition, 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit

personnel surveyed the shot area after each detonation and manned

the checkpoints to the radiation areas. Members of the

1st Radiological Safety Support Unit spent more time in or near

radiation areas than other personnel, especially because they

repeated their activities during several shots (63).

197
Several Air Force personnel, in addition to the sampler

pilots who exceeded the special 15.0-roentgen limit, received

exposures in excess of the 3.9-roentgen limit. Some personnel

from the following Air Force units were assigned to transport

pro;iect personnel between Camp Desert Rock and the operational

areas:

a 345th Troop Carrier Squadron

l 346th Troop Carrier Squadron

l 347th Troop Carrier Squadron

0 644th Troop Carrier Squadron.

Some of these personnel may have observed several of the shots,

affording them an opportunity for repeated exposure.

Some personnel from the 3083rd Aviation Depot Group were

assigned to the 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit to assist in

radiological survey and monitoring activities. Personnel from

other Air Force units that may have participated in these

activities include the following (309):

0 3080th Aviation Depot Group

0 3081st Aviation Depot Group

0 3082nd Aviation Depot Group

0 3084th Aviation Depot Group.

The 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling), one of the principal

units of the 4925th Test Group (Atomic), gathered radioactive

samples from nuclear clouds for analysis by various JTO Test

Groups (306). Because this task required the pilots to fly near

or through the nuclear clouds, their opportunities for exposure

were also increased (46; 112; 265).

Documented activities of the representatives from Bendix

Aviation, Headquarters 312th Fighter Bomber Group, the 479th

Supply Squadron, and the U.S. Air Force Test Unit, as well as

those in the unknown category, have not been found.

198
6.3.3 Reconstructed Doses

Because film badge data were not available for most of the

Exercise Desert Rock VI participants, estimates of their external

gamma and neutron doses were calculated. These calculations were

based on the activities performed by the troops and observers,

which included witnessing the shot, performing a troop maneuver,

and touring the equipment display areas before and after the

shot.

Observers representing each of the armed services

participated in most of the TEAPOT shots. The observer groups at

TEAPOT consisted of the following personnel:

0 Camp Desert Rock support personnel who remained at

the camp throughout the operation

0 Personnel who were normally with the Desert Rock

maneuver troops

l Personnel from the various military services who

were assigned or who volunteered to witness a

specific shot or shots.

Because the service observers and maneuver troop observers had

first priority for observing the shots, it appears that only a

few support personnel from Camp Desert Rock participated as

observers in more than one shot. With the exception of the

volunteer observers in Army Project 40.22 at Shot APPLE 2,

observers witnessed a particular shot from the same general area

(114; 133).

The reconstructed radiation doses of Exercise Desert Rock VI

observers are shown in table 6-8. The calculated film badge dose

is the dose that would have been recorded on a film badge worn at

chest level. The radiological environment encountered by the

troops and observers and considered in the reconstruction of

their doses included possible initial radiation from the observed

test as well as residual radiation from the observed test and

earlier tests. Table 6-S also shows the calculated neutron doses

199
for these participants. Gamma and neutron dose are listed

separately to facilitate comparison with existing film badge

data, which indicate gamma dose only (114).

The parameters used to reconstruct doses for observers at

Shot TESLA are typical of those used for each of the shots listed

in table 6-8. At Shot TESLA, for example, 523 Desert Rock

observers witnessed the shot from trenches located 2,190 meters

southwest of ground zero. They remained in the trenches for five

to ten minutes after the detonation, then walked to the equipment

display line located 910 meters southwest of ground zero. About

30 minutes elapsed between the time the observers departed from

the trenches and their arrival at the display line, which at that

time had a gamma intensity of 5.0 R/h. The observers remained at

the display line about 15 minutes, then returned to the trench

area where they boarded vehicles and returned to Camp Desert

Rock. By relating these troop activities to the radiological

environment (initial and residual radiation), a dose was

calculated for the group of observers. Rased upon the data

presented above, dose reconstruction indicates that the TESLA

observers received 1.4 rem gamma and 1.4 rem neutron doses (114).

200
Table 6-1: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR OPERATION

TEAPOT PARTICIPANTS BY AFFILIATION

Service

A r m y 

Navy

Air Force

Marine Corps

Scientific Personnel, Contractors, and Affiliates

Service Unknown *

TOTAL

Personnel

Identified

By Name

2,144

4 0 7 

603

2,305

1 2 3 

2.348

7 , 9 3 07 , 9 3 0

PBrSOnnel Personnel Average

Identified Gamma Gamma Exposure Wtoentgensl (Roentgen4

By Name and Exposure

By Film Badge (Roentgensl < .l .l-1.0 1 .o-3.01 .o-3.0 3.0-5.0 5.0+

761

1 6 0 

*Film badge data are available, but service affiliation is not.

201
Table 6-2: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR ARMY

PERSONNEL AND AFFILIATES, OPERATION TEAPOT

Units

4rmy Chemical Center, Edgewood, MD

Ballistic Research Labwatories, Aberdeen Proving

Ground

Chemical and Radiical Laboratories, Edgewood, MD

Camp Desert Rock, NV

Detroit Arsenal

Development and Proving Services, Aberdeen Proving

Ground

Directorate of Weapons Effects Tests

D/Engineer (sic) *

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories.

Fort Belvoir, VA

Evans Signal Laboratory

Headquarters. Chemical Corps Training Command

Headquarters. Field Command AFSWP

Headquarters. 16th Signal Battalion

Provisional Troop Packet Unit

1st Radiological Safety Support Unit

2nd Chemical Waapons Battalion

5th Army Troop Packet

50th Chemical Platoon (Service)

Personnel

Identified

By Name

1 1 3.300

4 6 4 6 0.960

3 2 3 2 2.776

419

7 1.126

1 4.000

1 3.970

1

0

7

1

1

1

1 1

2 2

3

1

1

0

84

3 0

0

0

2.310

1 1 1.350

2 2 1.726

3 1.761

1 3.465

3 1.320

3 2

84

3 0

96

1 6

3.ooo

1.447

Personnel Average

Identified Gamma

By Name and Exposure

By Film Badge IRoentgens)

Gamma Exposure (Roentgen.4

: .l

0

5

3

1

0

0

0

2

1

0

0

0

9

6

.l-1.0

0

2 2

a

5

0

0

0

5

1 0

0

0

0

1 1

1 1

1.03.0

0 1

1 6 3

6 1 0

0 0

0 1

0 1

1 0

3 0

6 5

3 0

0 1

1 0

2 6 2 8

6 6

3.050 5.0+

0

0

5

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1 0

1

1

-I

202
Personnel Average

Personnel identified Gamma Gamma Exposure (Roentgen4

Identified By Name and Name and Exposure Exposure -

Units By Name By Film Badge (Roentgens) Nloentgens) < .l .l-1.0 1.0-3.0 3.0-5.0 so+

56th Signal Company 1 1 1.170 0 0 1 0 0

90th Replacement Company 1 5 0

95th Engineer Combat Battalion 4 3 0

232nd32nd Signal Company Signal Company 2 9 0

505th Military Police Battalion 1 5 0

573rd Ordnance Company (3623rd 0623rd Ordnance Company) 2 4 0

723rd Tank Battalion 6 0 0

3084th Aviation Depot Group 2 2 2.410 0 1 0 1 0

8452nd DU fsicl 5 2 1.605 1 0 0 1 0

Other * * 631 4 0.480 0 4 0 0 0

Unit Unknown Unit Unknown * * * 511 511 0.688 3 7 2 4 4 5 7 3 8 0

TOTAL 2,144 761 1683 4 0 0 121 1 2 6 8 6 1 8 

Table 6-2: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR ARMY

l?ERSONNEL AND AFFILIATES, OPERATION TEAPOT (Continued)

*“Sic” indicates that table entry for the unit and/or home station could not be verified.

**For list of units in this category, see table 62a.

***Unit information unavailable.

203
Table 6-2a: DETAILED LISTING OF "OTHER" CATEGORY,

ARMY PERSONNEL AND AFFILIATES,

OPERATION TEAPOT

Numbered Units

First Army, Deputy Chief of Staff, Operations

Second Army, Headquarters, Fort Meade, MD

Third Army, Headquarters

Sixth Army

IV Corps Artillery, NC National Guard, Headquarters

XVIII Airborne Corps

XVIII Airborne Corps, 51st Field Artillery

XXII Corps Artillery, S2/S3

1st Armored Division Provisional Aviation Company

(1st Combat Aviation Company)

1st Armored Division, 1st Medical Battalion

1st Guided Missile Brigade

1st Training Regiment (Fort Jackson, SC)

2nd Armored Division, 2nd Aviation Company

2nd Armored Division, 24th Engineer Battalion

2nd Division, 72nd Tank Battalion

2nd Infantry Division

2nd Missile Command (Fort Lewis, WA)

2nd Signal (Photo) (sic)*

2nd Transportation Company (Fort Ord, CA)

3rd Armored Division, Headquarters and Headquarters Company

3rd Infantry Regiment, 2nd Battalion

4th Armored Division

4th Armored Division Helicopter Unit

4th Armored Division, 510th Armored Infantry Battalion

Company ,,C"

4th Armored Division, 24th Engineer Battalion

4th Armored Division, 22nd Field Artillery Battalion, Battery A

5th Ordnance Battalion

6th Antiaircraft Artillery Group

6th RBLL Grd (Fort Bragg, GA) (sic)

8th Infantry Division, 12th Engineer Battalion

8th Infantry Division, Provisional Communication Company

8th Infantry Division, 155th Infantry Regiment

10th Infantry Division

10th Ordnance Battalion (Special Weapons)

11th Airborne Division

11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Troop "G"

12th Evacuation Hospital (Fort Ord, CA)

13th Antiaircraft Artillery Group

13th Infantry, 1st Battalion, Headquarters and Headquarters Company

16th Armored Group

16th Base Post Office

17th Field Artillery Group, Headquarters and Headquarters Company

18th Infantry Battalion (sic)

*"Sic" indicates that the table entry for the unit and/or home

station has not been verified.

204
Table 6-2a (Continued)

18th Ordnance Company

23rd Tank Battalion (sic)

23rd Transportation Truck Company

26th Guided Missile Group

26th Transportation Battalion, Headquarters and

Headquarters Company

27th Engineer Combat Battalion

28th Division, PA National Guard

28th Transportation Battalion

32nd Infantry Division

34th Engineer Group, 98th Engineer Battalion

34th Quartermaster Battalion

36th Artillery Battalion, 1st Battery

36th Signal Battalion

36th Transportation Battalion, Headquarters Company

38th Transportation Company (Sixth Army)

41st Infantry Division, OR National Guard

41st Tank Battalion, Fort Carson, CO

44th Infantry, Engineers (Fort Lewis, WA)

46th Ordnance, Headquarters and Headquarters Company

50th Medical Clearing Company

50th Signal Battalion

52nd Artillery Brigade (Fort Wadsworth, NY)

53rd Armored Division

53rd Quartermaster Company

56th Field Artillery

59th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion

61st Ordnance (Explosive) Group

61st Engineer Battalion

68th Medical Group

69th Engineer Detachment

69th Infantry (Fort Dix, NJ)

71st Replacement Company (Fort Lewis, WA)

78th Infantry Division

82nd Airborne Division

83rd Infantry Division

87th Engineer Battalion, Headquarters Company (Fort Belvoir, VA)

91st Division (sic)

91st Engineer Combat Battalion

94th Veterinary Food Inspection Service Detachment

96th Infantry Division (Fort Douglas, UT)

102nd Infantry Division (Reserve)

107th Antiaircraft Brigade (Sanford)

108th Training Division (Reserve) Charlotte, NC

110th Military Police Unit

128th Quartermaster Company (Fort Lewis, WA)

145th Infantry (sic)

163rd Quartermaster Company, Fort Lewis, WA

169th Engineer Battalion

188th Airborne Infantry Regiment, Company "C"

205
Table 6-2a (Continued)

188th Ordnance Battalion (Fort Riley, KS)

191st Field Artillery (Camp Drum, NY) (sic)

198th Tank Battalion

216th Chemical Service Company

231st Engineer Combat Battalion

237th Engineer Battalion

271st Engineer Battalion, Company "Cl'

271st Engineer Combat Battalion

278th Regiment Combat Team

281st Engineer Battalion

323rd Tank Battalion

325th Tank Battalion

330th Ordnance Battalion

337th Field Artillery Battalion, Battery A

359th Engineer Combat Battalion, Company "A"

378th Medical Company (Fort Meade, MD)

396th Truck Company

414th Field Artillery Group

417th Infantry Regiment (Reserve), Company "D"

433rd Army Band

498th Engineer Combat Battalion

501st Armored Infantry Battalion

502nd Infantry Regiment, Headquarters Company

508th Airborne Regiment Combat Team

509th Ordnance Company

511th Airborne, Headquarters Company

521st Military Police Company

522nd Infantry Battalion (Camp Lawton, WA)

524th Quartermaster Company (Petroleum Depot)

525th Military Intelligence Group (Fort Bragg, GA)

529th Signal Corps (sic)

532nd Field Artillery Battalion (Observation), Battery C

542nd Engineer Battalion (Fort Winfield Scott, CA)

546th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion

553rd Field Artillery Battalion

555th Engineer Battalion

555th Ordnance Company

601st Supply Company

602nd Field Artillery Battalion

623rd Quartermaster Supply Company

649th Quartermaster Company (Petroleum)

701st Military Police Company

705th Engineer Combat Company

720th Field Artillery Battalion

754th Tank Battalion

762nd Quartermaster Battalion

763rd Transportation Battalion

2053rd Army Signal Unit (Fort Meade, MD)

2304th Service Unit, Virginia Military District

206
Table 6-2a (Continued)

3082nd ADG (sic)

30S3rd ADG (sic)

3400th Service Unit, Headquarters Section

6017th SU HG Dept (sic)

6019th Support Unit (Detachment #3)

6517th Army Signal Unit

7062nd Quartermaster Company

8457th ARDU (sic)

8461st DU (sic)

8462nd DU (sic)

9301st Technical Service Unit

9677th Technical Service Unit

Department of the Army

Office of the Chief of Staff

Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Logistics

Office of the Deputy Chief of Operations

Chief, Psychological Warfare

Office of the Chief of Information

Office of the Quartermaster General

Department of the Army (Observer)

Commands

Army Caribbean Command, Panama

Continental Army Command, Fort Monroe, VA

Western Area Command, Hamilton Air Force Base, CA

Schools

Antiaircraft and Guided Missile School (Fort Bliss, TX)

Army Air Defense School (Fort Bliss, TX)

Army General School (Fort Riley, KS)

The Armored School (Fort Knox, KY)

Chemical School (Fort McClellan, AL)

Command and General Staff College (Fort Leavenworth, KS)

Field Artillery School (Fort Sill, OK)

The Infantry School (Fort Benning, GA)

Ordnance School (Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD)

United States Military Academy (West Point, NY)

207
Table 6-2a (Continued)

Locations

Camp Hanford, WA

Camp Irwin, CA

Camp Lucas, MI

Dugway Proving Ground, UT

Fort Benning, GA

Fort Bliss, TX

Fort Carson, CO

Fort Devins, MA

Fort Hood, TX

Fort Huachuca, AZ

Fort Jackson, SC

Fort Lawton, WA

Fort Leonard Wood, MO

Fort Lewis, WA

Fort MacArthur, CA

Fort Meade, MD

Fort Myer, VA

Fort Ord, CA

Fort Riley, KS

Fort Rucker, AL

Fort Sill, OK

Miscellaneous

Adjutant General's Office - Personnel (sic)

Army Aviation Test Board

Army Chemical Corps

Army Corps of Engineers

Army Map Service

Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Teams

Engineer Development Board (Fort Belvoir, VA) (sic)

Human Resources Research Office

Joint Task Force 7, Eniwetok (sic)

Joint Task Force 1321 (sic)

Mobile TV Unit #l, Signal Corps (Long Island, NY)

Mountain and Cold Weather Training Company

National Guard (Fort Benning, GA)

Office, Chief Army Field Forces, Board #2

Provisional Aviation Flight Detachment

Quartermaster Research and Development Center (Natick, MA)

Research and Development Command (sic)

Savannah River Plant, Army Corps of Engineers

208
Table 6-3: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR NAVY

PERSONNEL AND AFFILIATES, OPERATION TEAPOT

Units

Bureau of Ships

Civil Effects Test Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Charleston Naval Shipyard

Long Beach Naval Shipyard

Mare Island Naval Shipyard

Naval Air Special Weapons Facility, Kirtland AFB

Naval Administrative Unit, Sandia Base

Naval Electronics Laboratory

Naval Medical Research Institute

Naval Ordnance Laboratory

Norfolk Naval Shipyard

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory

Naval Research Laboratory

New York Naval Shipyard

Philadelphia Naval Shipyard

Puget Sound Naval Shipyard

San Francisco Naval Shipyard

Other *

Unit Unknown * *

Personnel

Identified

By Name

1 1

Personnel

Identified

By Name and

By Film Badge

0

Average

Gamma

Exposure

IRoentgens)

Gamma Exposure (Roentgens)

-

..l

-

l-l.0 1.0-3.0

1 1 2.620 0 0 1

1 0 0

1 0 0

1 0 0

1 5 14 0.067

9 a 0.501

1 1 a 0.228

7 7 2.524

1 7 1 1 0.129

I2 2 0

3 3 2

2 6 0

0 0 5

6 5 0

1 1 0

aa 5 0 1.662

2 6 2 6 2.401

1 3

7

15

3

-

7 1 6

a 7

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 2

7 4

6 5

0

0

0

0

2 5

1 0

0.110

0.236

1 0

7

0

0

TOTAL

* For list of units in this category, see table 6-3a.

* * Unit information unavailable.

407 160

I

1.121

3.0-5.0 5.0+

0

0

0

0

2

0

1 4

0

0

0

6 1 48 3 1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

4

0

0

1

209
Table 6-3a: DETAILED LISTING OF "OTHER" GATEGORY,

NAVY PERSONNEL AND AFFILIATES,

OPERATION TEAPOT

Amphibious Construction Battalion; Port Hueneme, CA

Boston Naval Shipyard; Roston, MA

Bureau of Yards and Docks; Washington, DC

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery; Washington, DC

Bureau of Supplies and Accounts; Washington, DC

Chief of Naval Operations; Washington, DC

Commander, Naval Air Pacific; San Diego, CA

Commander, 9th Naval District; Great Lakes, IL

David Taylor Model Basin; Washington, DC

Naval Administrative Unit, Lake Mead Base, NV

Naval Civil Engineering Research Laboratory; Port Hueneme, CA

Naval Engineering Experimental Station; Annapolis, MD

Naval Gun Factory; Washington, DC

Naval Hospital, Chelsea; Boston, MA

Naval Hospital, St. Albans; NY

Naval Post Graduate School; Monterey, CA

Naval Repair Facility

Naval Underwater Sound Laboratory; San Diego, CA

Navy Air Missile Test Center; Point Uugu, CA

Navy Mine Countermeasure Station; Panama City, FL

New York Naval Shipyard Materiel Laboratory; Brooklyn, NY

Office of Naval Research; Washington, DC

Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard; Pearl Harbor, HI

Portsmouth Naval Shipyard; Portsmouth, VA

3d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade;

Camp Pendleton, CA

210
Table 6-4: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR MARINE

PERSONNEL AND AFFILIATES, OPERATION TEAPOT

units

Company A, 1st Infantry Battalion

Marine Corps Training Unit I1

Company B, 1 st Infantry Battalion

Marine Corps Training Unit Cl

Company C, 1 st Infantry Battalion

Marine Corps Training Unit Xl

Company D, 1st Infantry Battalion

Marine Corps Training Unit Yl

Headquarters and Maintenance Squadron 36-Marine

Helicopter Transport Group, Air Fleet Marine Force

Pacific

Headquarters and Service Company. 1st Infantry

Battalion, Marine Corp Training Unit I1

Marine Attack Squadron 223

Marine Air Group 15

Marine Attack Squadron 224

Marine Air Group 15

Marine Attack Squadron 323

Marine Air Group 15

Marine Fighter Squadron (Night) 542

Marine Air Group 15

Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron 362-Marine

Helicopter Transport Group 36, Air Fleet Marine

Force Pacific

Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron 363-Marine

Helicopter Transport Group 36, Air Fleet Marine

Force Pacific

Observers

Service Squadron, Air Force Marine Fleet Pacific

Subunit Xl, Headquarters and Service Company,

Marine Corps Training Unit 11

75mm Pack Howitier Battery

Marine Corps Training Unit Xl

Clthar *

‘ersonnel

dentified

By Name

179

Personnel Average

Identified Gamma

By Name and Exposure

By Film Bedge (Roentgens)

68 0.414

180 7 3 0.420

213 2 1 0.240

166 a 5 0.404

3 2 2 0.000

316 115 0.236

118 5 0.133

4 2 1 0.000

166 1 1 0.062

175 9 0.012

7 6 1 2 0.236

a 2

7 7

1

326

9 3

2 1

4 0.153

2 6 0.378

1 1.160

2 7 0.370

3 6 0.277

1 4

510

0.079

TOTAL 2,305 0.317

-

: .l

-

0

1

9

1

2

4 3

4

1

1 1

8

5

2

7

0

3

a

-

1 2

-

117

-

Gamma Exposure IRoentgensl

l-l.0

68

7 2

1 2

a 4

0

7 2

1

0

0

1

7

2

18

0

2 4

2 8

2

391

1.0-3.0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

3.0-5.0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

5.0+

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2 I 0 I 0 I

* For list of units in this category. see table 6.4a.

211
Table 6-4a: DETAILED LISTING OF "OTHER" CATEGORY

MARINE PERSONNEL AND AFFILIATES,

OPERATION TEAPOT

Company C, Headquarters Battalion, Washington, D.C.

Headquarters and Maintenance Squadron 25 - Marine Helicopter

Transport Group 25, El Toro, CA

Headquarters, 1st Battalion, 4th Marines

Headquarters Company, Marine Corp School, Quantico, VA

Headquarters Company, 1st Combat Service Group

Headquarters Company, 7th Engineer Battalion, Fleet Marine Force,

Pacific

Maintenance Company, 1st Combat Service Group

Marine Air Support Squadron 3, Marine Air Control Group 3

Marine Corps Air Station, Quantico, VA

Marine Corp Training Unit #1

Subunit #l, Headquarters and Service Company, 3d Marine Corp

Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade

Training and Test Regiment, Marine Corp School

VAP 62 DET 35 (sic)

1st Communication Specialty Company, Fleet Marine Force

2nd Topographic Company, Camp Le*jeune, NC

* ” Sic ‘I indicates that table entry for the unit and/or home

station has not been verified.

212
Table 6-5: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR AIR FORCE

PERSONNEL AND AFFILIATES, OPERATION TEAPOT

Units

Personnel

identified

By Name

Air Force Cambridge Research Center

Air Force Headquarters

Air Force Special Weapons Center

Kirtland Air Force Base

Fairfield-Suisun (Travis) Air Force Base, CA

Headquarters, Chemical Corps Training Command

Headquarters Squadron Section

363rd Air Base Group

Headquarters Squadron Section

479th Air Base Group

Headquarters, 312th Fighter Bomber Group

Lookout Mountain Laboratory

U.S. Air Force Radiological Laboratory

Wright Air Development Center

6th Weather Squadron

29th Tactical Reconnaissance

345th Troop Carrier Squadron

346th Troop Carrier Squadron

347th Troop Carrier Squadron

366th Fighter Bomber Squadron

387th Fighter Bomber Squadron

436th Fighter Bomber Squadron

456th Field Maintenance Squadron

452nd Fighter Day Squadron

461 st Bomber Wing

463rd Troop Carrier Wing

479th Supply Squadron

492nd Bomber Squadron

511 th Fighter Bomber Squadron

644th Troop Carrier Squadron

25

1 9 

12

1 2 

1

3 1 

1 5 

13324

Personnel

Identified

By Name and

By Film Badge

25

1 9 

2

7

1

1

2

1 2 

1

3 1 

1 5 

1332

44

1

1

3

1

4

1 4

1

1 9

2 1

1 3

1

1

3

1

4

1 4

1

1 9

2 1

1 3

Average

Gamma

Exposure

(Aoentgensl

0.985

0.554

2.623

2.015

2.194

2.470

2.370

4.165

1.155

4.220

0.232

0.256

2.770

3.969

3.483

4.943

2.018

3.120

1.110

2900

1.155

2.740

0.049

4.690

0.059

0 . 0 1 00 . 0 1 0

2.362

tiamma Gamma Exposure Exposure IRoentgens)

< .l .l-1.0 1.0-3.0 1 .o-3.0 3.850 5.0+

0 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 6 6 3 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 4 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 3 4 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

1 9 9 3 0 0 9 5 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 0

1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

1 5 4 0 0 0

2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 5 0

213
Table 6-6: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR AIR FORCE

PERSONNEL AND AFFILIATES, OPERATION TEAPOT (Continued)

Personnel Average

Personnel Identified Gamma Gamma Exposure (RoentgensJ

Identified By Name and Exposure

Units By Name By Film Badge (Roentgens) C.1 .l-1.0 1 xk3.0 3.05.0 5.0+

766th Bomber Squadron 1 1 1.360 0 0 1 0 0

1090th Special Reporting Group 21 21 0.826 6 9 4 2 0

1352nd Motion Picture Squadron 2 2 0.655 0 1 1 0 0

1360th Motion Picture Squadron 2 2 1.605 0 0 2 0 0

3031 st AFSWC Research (sic) * 1 1 1.550 0 0 1 0 0

3080th Aviation Depot Group 12 12 1.822 3 2 3 4 0

3081 st Aviation Depot Group 12 12 2.452 0 1 6 5 0

3082nd Aviation Depot Group 10 10 2.658 0 0 7 3 0

3083rd Aviation Depot Group a 8 2.200 0 2 4 1 1

3084th Aviation Depot Group 8 a 1.779 0 3 4 1 0

3215th Drone Squadron 12 12 0.047 10 2 0 0 0

4808th Test Squadron 10 10 0.182 4 6 0 0 0

4925th Test Group (Atomicf 33 33 0.607 18 5 10 0 0

4926th Test Squadron 109 109 1.132 38 41 15 13 2

4827th Test Squadron 6 6 0.327 4 1 1 0 0

4928th Test Squadron 17 17 0.055 15 2 0 0 0

4929th Test Squadron 5 5 0.355 2 2 1 0 0

6571st Support Group 14 14 0.033 13 1 0 0 0

8452nd Duty Unit, Sandia Base 8 8 0.902 1 5 1 1 0

Other * * 123 123 0.122 88 35 0 0 0

TOTAL 603 603 I 0.879 290 154 97 53 9

““Sic” indicates that table entry for the unit and/or home station could not be verified.

**For list of units in this category. see table 65a.

214
Table 6-5a: DETAILED LISTING OF "OTHER" CATEGORY,

AIR FORCE PERSONNEL AND AFFILIATES,

OPERATION TEAPOT

3rd Airways and Air Command Service (Mobile) Squadron

27th Air Division

405th Fighter Bomber Squadron

435th Fighter Day Squadron

722nd Troop Carrier Squadron

728th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, Detachment 5

772nd Troop Carrier Squadron

774th Troop Carrier Squadron

809th Air Base Group, Headquarters

1094th Special Reporting Squadron

3089th Aviation Depot Group

3345th Technical Training Wing

3415th Technical Training Wing

3598th Combat Crew Training Squadron

4091st Air Base Group

4924th Technical Air Command Squadron

4934th Armament and Electronics Maintenance

4935th Air Base Group

4957th Test Group

6515th Flight Maintenance

6520th Flight Test Squadron

8459th Division, Sandia Rase (sic)*

Ardmore Air Force Base, OK

Air Training Center

Cambridge Research Laboratory

Flight Test (Wright Patterson Air Force Base)

Griffith Air Force Base, NY

Hollaman Air Force Base, NM

Headquarters, Air Force Armament Center

Headquarters, Air Materiel Command, Wright Patterson AFB

Headquarters, Air Research and Development Center

Headquarters, Strategic Air Command

Headquarters, Sacramento Air Materiel Center

Headquarters, Special Weapons Center

Headquarters, Tactical Air Command

Headquarters, U.S. Air Force

Kelly Air Force Base, TX

Kirtland Air Force Base, NM

Langley Air Force Base, VA

Naval Ordnance Laboratory

Office of General Surgeon, USAF

Offutt Air Force Base, NB

Reese Air Force Base

Sandia Base

Tactical Control Squadron

Test Aircraft Branch, USAF

*'I Sic" indicates that table entry for the unit and/or home

station has not been verified.

215
Table 6-6: DISTRIBUTION OF GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURES FOR SCIENTIFIC

PERSONNEL, CONTRACTORS AND AFFILIATES

Affiliation

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project

Para0nnel

Identified By Name and

By Name By Film Badge

6

Armour Research Foundation 4 4 0.430 3 0 0 0

Bendix Aviation 7 0.631 5 1 1 0

General Dynamics, Convair Division 1 1 3.270 1 0

Radiation, Inc. 1 9 1 9 0.025 17 2 0 0

Stanford Research Institute 2 0 2 0 1.058 1 1 0 0

Universiv of Califorma, Los Angeles 3 0 3 0 0.473 5

I

0

I

0

C-Mhrr* 3fi I RF) 0 1Al II 75 I i n n n n -...-. I -- -- I -.. .- -- .- - I -

TOTAL 123 122 I 0.437 74 28 1 8 2 0

*For list of units in this category, see table 6.6a

216
TABLE 6-6a: DETAILED LISTING OF "OTHER" CATEGORY,

SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL, CONTRACTORS AND

AFFILIATES

Allied Research Associates

Bell Telephone Laboratories

Columbia University

Directorate of Weapons Effects Tests

Eberline Institute

(The) Los Angeles Examiner

(The) New York Times

Office of Civil Effects - Armed Forces Special Weapons Project

Office of Civil Engineers

Radiation Safety - Off Site (sic)*

Raydist Navigation Corporation

Reeves Instrument Corporation

Review Journal, Las Vegas, NV

Scripps Institute of Oceanography

University of Illinois

University of Rochester

Unknown

Western Air Defense Command

World News

*” Sic” indicates that table entry for the unit and/or home

station has not been verified.

217
Table 6-7: FILM BADGE READINGS EXCEEDING ESTABLISHED LIMITS

FOR JTO PARTICIPANTS AT OPERATION TEAPOT

Unit

Air Force Special Weapons Center

Bendix Aviation

Chemical and Radiological Laboratories

Detroit Arsenal

Development and Proving Services, Aberdeen Proving Ground

Directorate of Weapons Effects Test

Engineering Research and Development Laboratory

Evans Signal Laboratory

Headquarters, Chemical Corps Training Command

Headquarters, 312th Fighter Bomber Group

Naval Medical Research Institute

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory

Naval Research Laboratory

U.S. As Force Radiological Laboratory

1st Radiological Safety Support Unrt

2nd Chemical Weapons Battalion

345th Troop Carrier Squadron

346th Troop Carrier Squadron

347th Troop Carrier Squadron

479th Supply Squadron

644th Troop Carrier Squadron

3080th Aviation Depot Group

3081 st Aviation Depot Group

3082nd Aviation Depot Group

3083rd Aviation Depot Group

3084th Aviation Depot Group

4926th Test Squadron

Unit Unknown, Army

TOTAL

* Exposures rounded to nearest tenth of a roentgen.

* * Special 15.~roentgen limit authorized by the test manager.

Number of

Personnel

2

1

1 2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

4

1

1 8

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

4

4

7 1

Total

Exposures (Roentgens)*

12.3. 21.8””

4.1

4.0, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.4, 4.5,

4.9, 5.9, 5.9, 6.2, 6.5, 8.4

5.8

4.0

4.0

6.0

4.3

4.0

4.4

4.4

4.0, 4.1, 4.2

10.8, 11.5, 12.1, 12.4

4.2

4.2, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.5,

4.6, 4.9, 5.0, 5.0, 5.7, 6.7,

7.2, 7.7, 8.0, 9.6, 16.0, 19.3

7.1

5.3. 5.6

6.2

6.5

4.7

4.0

4.0, 4.1

4.0

4.4

4.1, 5.1

4.0

4.2, 4.2. 10.6. 21.7**

4.0, 4.0, 4.2, 4.6

218
OPERATION TEAPOT BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following bibliography represents all

the documents cited in the TEAPOT Series

volumes. When a DASA-WT or DNA-WT document

is followed by an EX, the latest version has

been cited.

219
AVAILABILITY INFORMATION

An availability statement has been included at the end of

the reference citation for those readers who wish to read or

obtain copies of source documents. Availability statements were

correct at the time the bibliography was prepared. It is

anticipated that many of the documents marked unavailable may

become available during the declassification review process. The

Coordination and Information Center (CIC) and the National

Technical Information Service (NTIS) will be provided future

DNA-WT documents bearing an EX after the report number.

Source documents bearing an availability statement of CIC

may be reviewed at the following address:

Department of Energy

Coordination and Information Center

(Operated by Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Co., Inc.)

ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley

2753 S. Highland

P.O. Box 14100 Phone: (702) 734-3194

Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194

Source documents bearing an availability statement of NTIS

may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service.

When ordering by mail or phone, please include both the price

code and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses

before the NTIS order number.

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5285 Port Royal Road Phone: (703) 487-4650

Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office)

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by

writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or by calling

(703) 487-4660.

220
DNA VOLUME BIBLIOGRAPHY TEAPOT

1 . "Report of the Committee to Study Nevada Proving Grounds."

C. L. Tyler, Chairman. 02/01/54. 62 Pages.**

2 . 3d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade.

Appendix Five to Annex CHARLIE to Operation Order

l-55. Camp Pendleton, CA.: Hqs., 3d MCPAEB.

02/00/55. 2 Pages.**

3 . 3d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade.

"Report of Exercise Desert Rock VI--Marine Corps."

Camp Desert Rock, NV.: US Marine Corps. 03/00/55.

50 Pages.**

4 . 3d Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade.

"Operation Plan l-55." Camp Pendleton, CA.: US

Marine Corps. 02/23,'55. 90 Pages.

(A05) AD/A078 569.*

5 . 79th Congress of the United States, 2nd Session. Public

Law 585: Atomic Energy Act of 1946. Washington,

D.C.: GPO. 08/01/46. 24 Pages.

6 . 83rd Congress of the United States, 2nd Session. Public

Law 703: Atomic Energy Act of 1954. Washington,

D.C.: GPO. 08/30/54. 16 Pages.

7 . Air Force Special Weapons Center, Field Test Group #5

(Prov). "Operation Plan 1-54 for Operation TEAPOT."

Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 12/20/54. 200 Pages.***

8 . Allardice, C.; Trapnell, E. The Atomic Energy Commission.

New York: Praeger Publishers. 00/00/74.

236 Pages.

9 . Allgood, J.; Shaw, W. "Test of Concrete Panels."

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1130.

02/00/57. 82 Pages. (A05) AD 224 422.*

10. Anonymous. Observer Schedule for Shot BEE. 03/16/55.

1 Page.**

11. DELETED.

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

**Available at CIC.

***Not available, see Availability Information page.

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions.

221
12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

Anthony, S.; Crook, R. "Technical Photography,

Documentary, Project 39.4a.l' Washington, D.C.:

AEC. WT-1169. 06/00/56. 34 Pages.

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project. [Correspondence to

AEC, DMA, Regarding Foreign Observers at TEAPOT.]

Washington, DC.: AFSWP. 03/25/55. 3 Pages.** 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project. [First] History of

AFSWP 1947-1954 volume VI: "1953,3 Chapter 3:

"Headquarters, AFSWP." Washington, D.C.: Hqs.9

AFSWP. 00/00/60. 900 Pages.***

Armed Forces Special Weapons Pro,ject. [Memorandum for

General Distribution.] Washington, D.C.: AFSWP.

08/07/55. 5 Pages.

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project. [Sample Individual

Accumulative Radiation Exposure Record Form 102R.J

AFSWP. 00/00/55. 1 Page.**

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Field Command.

Extracts from DOD Plan: "DOD Operational Training

Projects-TEAPOT." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,

AFSWP. 01/11/55. 6 Pages.**

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Field Command; Los

Alamos Scientific Laboratory. [Memoranda for AEC

Test Director, Subject: Circumstances Surrounding

Specific Overexposures.] Mercury, NV.: 00/00/55.

12 Pages. 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Field Command WET.

[Reports File. Sub.ject: Operational Training

Status Report; Monthly Status Reports.1

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 00/00/54.

50 Pages.** 

The Armored School, Combat Developments Group. "Armored

Task Force Desert Rock VI: Detailed Plan of Test."

Fort Knox, KY.: The Armored School. 03/00/55.

119 Pages. (A06) AD/A080 237.*

The Armored School, Combat Developments Group. "Armored

Task Force Desert Rock VI: Report of Test." Fort

Knox, KY.: The Armored School. 07/27/55.

50 Pages. (A03) AD/A080 235.'

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

**Available at CIC.

***Not available, see Availability Information page.

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions.

222
22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

Army Engineer School. "Full Scale Test Atomic Demolition

Munition, Project 40.16, Operation TEAPOT.! Fort

Belvoir, VA.: Army Engineer School. 06/00/55.

24 Pages.** *

Atomic Energy Commission. Joint AEC-DOD Information

Program. [Washington, D.C.: AEC]. [00/00/55].

6 Pages.**

Atomic Energy Commission. Memorandum for AEC Test

Manager, Subject: DOD Observers Not Included in

Formal Observer Program. AEC. 03/17/55.

4 Pages.**

Atomic Energy Commission. "Military Operational

Training." Washington, DC.: Atomic Energy

Commission. Undated. 98 Pages. (Box 548 in

National Archives.)

Atomic Energy Commission. "Report to the General Manager

by the Director of Military Application: Proposed

Program for Operation TEAPOT." Washington, DC.:

AEC. 00/00/55. 8 Pages.

Atomic Energy Commission. [Minutes of AEC Meetings from

1953 to 1955.1 [Washington, .D.C.J: AEC.

00/00/55. 200 Pages.***

Atomic Energy Commission, Las Vegas Branch Office.

[Various Data on Off-Site Radiological Safety.] Las

Vegas, NV.: AEC, Las Vegas. 00/00/55.

18 Pages.**

Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director.

Memorandum for COL H. E. Parsons, DWET, Subject:

Project 8.3, TEAPOT [Shot HORNET]. Los Alamos, NM.

11/03/54. 1 Page.

Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director.

Memorandum for Test Director, Subject: H Plus

30 Minute Entries to 5R/HR Line by Project 6.1.2.

Mercury, NV. 01/26/55. 1 Page.

Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director.

Test Director's Information Letter Nos. 23 and 24.

Mercury, NV.: AEC, Office of the Test Director.

02/00/55. 5 Pages.**

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

**Available at CIC.

***Not available, see Availability Information page.

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions.

223
32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

Atomic Energy Commission. Santa Fe Operations Office,

Test Division. Functional Statements for

Continental Test Organization, Draft. [Santa Fe,

NM:] AEC, SFOO. 10/20/54. 17 Pages.

Atomic Energy Commission, Sante Fe Operations Office, Test

Division. "Test Manager's Operation Order,

Operation TEAPOT, Parts I, II, III." Santa Fe, NM.:

AEC, SFOO. 00/00/55. 999 Pages.** 

Atomic Energy Commission, Test Manager. Test Manager's

Report, Part VI, Chapter II, DOD Units on a Mission

Basis. Draft. Mercury, NV.: AEC, OTM.

00/00/55. 7 Pages.**

Banister, J.; Shelton, -F. "Special Measurements of

Dynamic Pressure versus Time and Distance, Project

1.11." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP.

WT-1110. 02/28/58. 70 Pages. (A04) AD 617 155.*

Baurmash, L.; Neel, J.; Vance, W. Distribution and

Characterization of Fallout and Airborne Activity

from 10 to 160 Miles from Ground Zero, Project 37.2.

Los Angeles, CA.: UCLA. WT-1178. 11117158.

128 Pages. (A07) AD 454 865.*

Bowen, I.; Stehler, A.; Wetherbe, M. Distribution and

Density of Missiles from Nuclear Explosions, Project

33.4. Battle Creek, MI.: FCDA. WT-1168.

03/00/56. 113 Pages. (A06) AD 120 061.*

Bridgman, L., Ed. Jane's All the World's Aircraft,

1955-1956. New York.: McGraw-Hill. 00/00/55. I I

Bridgman, L., Ed. Jane's All the World's Aircraft,

1956-1957. New York.: McGraw-Hill. 00/00/56.

Bryant, E.; Ethridge, N.; Johnson, M. Response of Drag

3

Type Equipment Targets in the Precursor Zone, Project

. . uquerque, .:

WT-1123. 10/28/S9. 132 Pages. (A07) AD 339

948. *

Burden, H. Transient Drag Characteristics of a Spherical

Model, Project 1.14a. Albuquerque, NM.: Field

Command, DASA. WT-1114. 10/23/59. 96 Pages.

(A05) AD 617 152.*

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

**Available at CIC.

***Not available, see Availability Information page.

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions.

224
42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

Cassen, B. "Measurement and Permanent Recording of Fast

Neutrons by Effects on Semiconductors, Project 39.5."

Los Angeles, CA.: UCLA. WT-1170. 00/00/57.

54 Pages.

Civil Effects Test Group. "Locations for Field Exercise

Activity, Open Shot (ZUCCHINI)." CETG, FCDA.

03/15/55. 6 Pages.** 

Civil Effects Test Group, Director. [Subject File: APPLE

II Programs 30-39.1 Mercury, NV. 05/00/55.

30 Pages.**

Clark, J. C. Annex D: Radiological Safety Plan, Test

Director's Operation Order l-55. Los Alamos, NM.:

LASL. 02/03/55. 3 Pages. 

Clark, J. C., Test Director. [Memoranda Authorizing

Overexposure of Project 2.8 Personnel.] Mercury,

NV. 04/00/55. 2 Pages.** *

Clark, J. C. Report of the Test Director, Operation

TEAPOT. Los Alamos, NM.: LASL. LA-1966.

10/00/55. 254 Pages.***

Clark, W. "Comparison of Responses of Structural Slabs to

Static and Atomic Blast Loadings, Project 31.4."

Battle Creek, MI.: FCDA. WT-1195. 00/00/55.

55 Pages. (A04) AD/A995 070.4

Cohen, A.; Jachter, M.; Murphy, H. "Evaluation of

Military Radiac Equipment, Project 6.1.la.l'

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1137.

02/28/58. 60 Pages. (A04) AD 460 281.*

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. - [Addenda to Final Dosage

Report.] Mercury, NV.: Atomic Energy Commission.

05/24/55. 21 Pages.****

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Alpha Tolerances for Nevada

Test Site. Mercury, NV.: Atomic Energy Commission.

01125155. 2 Pages.***

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

**Available at CIC.

***Not available, see Availability Information page.

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions.

225
52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Correspondence to Respective

Military Unit Commanders, Subject: Reports on

Radiation Exposure of Personnel Participating in

TEAPOT. Mercury, NV.: Atomic Energy Commission.

00/00/55. 85 Pages.** **

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. [Cumulative Dosage Reports for

Doses over 2R.l Mercury, NV.: Atomic Energy

Commission. 02/00/55--05/00/55. 56 Pages. 

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Instructions for Entry into

Contaminated Areas. Mercury, NV.: Atomic Energy

Commission. 02/01/55. 2 Pages.** *

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Letter to Commander, USNRDL,

Subject: Exposures of NRDL Personnel, w/letter of

request. Mercury, NV. 07/06/55. 2 Pages.****

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. [Memoranda Describing

Overexposure of Personnel.1 Mercury, NV.: Atomic

Energy Commission. 00/00/55, 23 Pages. 

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Memorandum for Director, DWET,

Subject: Advance Party for Canadian Raddefense Unit.

Los Alamos, NM. 01/25/55. 3 Pages.** 

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Memorandum for Test Director,

Subject: Overexposure of Personnel on 1 March 1955.

Los Alamos, NM. 03/03/55. 2 Pages.****

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Memoranda for the Test

Director, Sub.ject: Overexposure of Project

Personnel, 7 March - 6 April 1955. [Mercury, NV.].

00/00/55. 12 Pages. 

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Memorandum for Test Director,

Subject: Overexposure of Rad-Safe Personnel.

[Camp Mercury, NV.l. 03/02/55. 2 Pages.** **

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Memorandum for Test Director,

Subject: Overexposure of Project Personnel on 1

March 1955. [Camp Mercury, NV.]. 03/03/55.

2 Pages. 

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. "Program of Instruction for

Pro.ject Monitors." Mercury, NV.: Atomic Energy

Commission. 01/05/55. 31 Pages.** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

**Available at CIC.

***Not available, see Availability Information page.

****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions.

226
63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

71.

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Radiological Safety.

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. -WT-1166.

05/00/55. 184 Pages. (A09) AD 465 424.*

Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Transmittal Letters to Field

Manager, AEC, Subject: Records of Radiation

Exposure. Mercury, NV.: Atomic Energy Commission.

05/00/55. 3 Pages.**

Corfield, G. "Effects of a Nuclear Explosion on Typical

Natural and Manufacturing Gas under and above Ground

Installations, Project 35.4b." Battle Creek, MI.:

FCDA. WT-1176. 06/11/65. 54 Pages.

(A03) AD/B951 676.*

Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: CETG Summary

Reports for Shots APPLE and WASP PRIME--D+l, 1200

Hours; wo/encl. Nevada Test Site, NV. 03/03/55.

6 Pages.**

Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: CETG Summary

Report for Shot ESS--D+l, 1200 Hours. Nevada Test

Site, NV. 03124155. 2 Pages.**

Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: CETG Summary

Report for Shot HA--D+l, 1200 Hours. Nevada Test

Site, NV. 04/07/55. 1 Page.**

Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: CETG Summary

Report for Shot HORNET--D+l, 1200 Hours. Nevada

Test Site, NV. 03/13/55. 3 Pages.**

Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: CETG

Supplementary Report for HORNET--D+l, 1200 Hours.

Nevada Test Site, NV. 03/15/55. 1 Page.**

Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: CETG Summary

Reports for Shot MET--D+l, 1200 Hours. Nevada Test

Site, NV. 04/16/55. 2 Pages.**

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

**Available at CIC.

***Not available, see Availability Information page.

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions.

227
72. Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: CETG Summary

Report for MOTH--D+l, 1200 Hours. Nevada Test Site,

NV. 02/23/55. 3 Pages.** 

73. Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: CETG Summary

Report for Shot POST--D+l, 1200 Hours. Nevada Test

Site, NV. 04/11/55. 2 Pages.**

74. Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: CETG Summary

Report for TESLA--D+l, 1200 Hours. Nevada Test Site,

NV. 03/02/55. 2 Pages.**

75. Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject CETG Summary

Report for TURK--D+l, 1200 Hours. Nevada Test Site,

NV. 03/08/55. 4 Pages.**

76. Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: CETG Summary

Report for WASP--D+l, 1200 Hours. Nevada Test Site,

NV. 02/19/55. 2 Pages.**

77. Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: CETG Summary

Reports for Shot ZUCCHINI--D+l, 1200 Hours; w/encl.

Nevada Test Site, NV. 05/17/55. 2 Pages.**

78. Corsbie, R. L. Pro,ject Summaries of Civil Effects Tests,

Operation TEAPOT. Mercury, NV.: AEC. 02/17/55.

54 Pages.***

79. Corsbie, R. L.; Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Inc.

"Thermal Radiation Measurement, Pro;ject 39.3."

Battle Creek, MI.: FCDA. WT-1187. 07/13/55.

16 Pages.

80. Crumley, P.; Dick, J.; Kaericher, K. "Contact Radiation

Hazard Associated with Contaminated Aircraft, Pro.ject

2.8a." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP.

WT-1122. 10/00/57. 34 pages. (A031 AD 617 153.*

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

**Available at CIC.

***Not available, see Availability Information page.

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions.

228
81. Curry, Duncan, Jr.; Lyon, B. C. Report to the Test

Director by Plans and Operations (J-3) Operation

TEAPOT. [Los Alamos, NM.]: LASL. 08/03/55.

14 Pages.** 

82. Day, R.; Guthrie, A. "Thermal Measurements from Aircraft

in Flight, Project 8.4a.l' Albuquerque, NM.: Field

Command, AFSWP. WT-1145. 01/00/58. 34 Pages.

(A03) AD 339 907.*

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

Deal, L. Gamma and Neutron-Radiation Measurements,

Project 39.1. Washington, D.C.: AEC. WT-1174-EX.

OO/OO/SO. 86 Pages. (A05) AD/A995 007.*

Deegan, T., Capt., USAF; Nickel, W., l/Lt., USAF. "Test

of IBDA Equipment, Project 6.4." Albuquerque, NM.:

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1141. 05/00/57.

39 Pages. (A03) AD 341 061.*

Defense Atomic Support Agency. Technical Summary of

Military Effects, Programs, l-9. Albuquerque, NM.:

Field Command, DASA. WT-1153. 02/23/60.

235 Pages.***

Defense Nuclear Agency. Personnel Exposed to Radiation

from Atmospheric Nuclear Tests (File C). Computer

Magnetic Tape: Operation TEAPOT. Washington, D.C.:

Defense Nuclear Agency. 11/00/81.

HDNA 609-03. 

Department of Energy, Office of Public Affairs; Los Alamos

Scientific Laboratory; Lawrence Livermore Laboratory;

Sandia Laboratories. "Announced United States

Nuclear Tests, July 1945 through 1979." [Mercury,

NV.]: Nevada Operations Office. NVO-209.

01/00/80. 38 Pages.** 

Department of the Army, Assistant Chief of Staff, G-l.

[Disposition Form, Subject: Comment No. 1 on

Personnel Requirements for Desert Rock.]

Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army.

09/03/54. 2 Pages.**

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

**Available at CIC.

***Not available, see Availability Information page.

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions.

229
89.

90.

91.

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

97.

Department of the Army, Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3.

D/F to Chief of Staff, Subject: Staff Visit to Camp

Desert Rock, 19-23 March, with 2 Tabs. Washington,

D.C.: Department of the Army. 03/22/55.

4 Pages.** 

Department of the Army, Comptroller. D/F to G-l, from

Comptroller, Subject: Comment No. 2 on Personnel

Requirements for Desert Rock. Department of the

Army. 09/18/54. 1 Page.**

Department of the Navy, Bureau of Ships. Passive Defense

Operation Training; Pro,iect [40.9] Directory.

Washington, D.C. 03/10/55. 25 Pages.

800-55-O-200.***

Dohrenwend, C.; Mills, L.; Kinney, J.; et al. Flexible

Measuring Devices and Inspection of Operation JANGLE

Structures, Project 3.3.1. Albuquerque, NM.: Field

Command, AFSWP. WT-1125. 07/28/58.

124 Pages. (A06) AD 617 172.*

Doll, E. B., Director, Military Effects Group.

[Memorandum for the Test Director, Subject: Post

Shot Report--BEE.] Camp Mercury, NV.

FCNT555-685-0. 03/25/55. 4 Pages.**

Dorsey, E. T., COL, USMC. [Correspondence to Dr. Norris

E. Bradbury, Director, LASL.] Subject: Proposal

for Additional Tests. Washington, D.C.: Atomic

Energy Commission. 03/25/55. 2 Pages.**

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Inc. "Technical

Photography. Project 9.1." Albuquerque, NM.:

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1151. 08/12/57.

18 Pages. (A02) AD 617 171.*

Engquist, E.; Mahoney, J. "Protection Afforded by

Operation Smoke Screens against Thermal Radiation,

Pro,ject 8.3." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,

AFSWP. WT-1144. 08/00/56. 62 Pages.

(A04) AD 224 423.*

Fackler, P. H., Col., USAF. Technical Air Operations.

Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. WT-1206-EX. 09/01/80.

278 Pages. (A13) AD/A995 106.*/**

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

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 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions.

230
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102.

103.

104.

105.

106.

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108.

Fackler, P. H. "Interview with Colonel Paul Fackler, USAF

(Retired)." 04/24/80.** *

Fackler, P. H. [Telephone Conversation with Col. Paul

Fackler, USAF (Ret.)] 08/21/80. 2 Pages.***

Fackler, P. H. [Taped Interview with Col. Paul H.

Felt,

Field

Field

Field

Field

Fackler, USAF (Ret.), Former Air Operations Officer,

4925th Test Group, Subject: CONUS Tests.] McLean,

VA. 04/22/81.***

G. Memorandum to J-Division Group Leaders, Subject:

On-Site Rad-Safe at Nevada Proving Ground. Los

Alamos, NM.: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.

11/21/54. 7 Pages.***

Command, Armed Forces Special Weapons Project.

Letter to Distribution, Subject: Rad Safe for

Operational Training and Troop Participation Projects

w/encl. Albuquerque, NM. 10/25/54. 6 Pages.**

Command, Armed Forces Special Weapons Project.

Memorandum to Distribution, Subject: Master Station

Locator for ESS Shot, Operation TEAPOT.

Albuquerque, NM. FCWET 54-2295-2. 12/20/54.

2 Pages.**

Command, Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Chief

Rad-Safe Branch. Radsafe History, 1 July thru 31

December 1954. Albuquerque, NM. FCWET 55-84-O.

12/00/55. 5 Pages.

Command, Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, DWET.

1st Indorsement, Subject: Overexposure of Drop

Aircrew on HA Shot. Sandia Base, NM.

1 Page.***

11/08/54.

Fields, K. E., BGEN., USA. [Letter Annoucing End of

Operation TEAPOT.] Las Vegas, NV. 05/16/55.

1 Page.

Fields, K. E., BGEN., USA. [Subject: Completion of

Operations TEAPOT and WIGWAM.] Washington, D.C.:

AEC. 05/13/55. 1 Page.

DELETED.

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

**Available at CIC.

***Not available, see Availability Information page.

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions.

231
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111.

112.

113.

114.

115.

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117.

Gavin, J. M., MGEN, USA, Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3,

Department of the Army. Memorandum for Chief of

Army Field Forces, Subject:

Rock VI. Washington, D.C.

Geap, J.; Lloyd, W. "Effects of

Records and Records Storage

Battle Creek, MI.: FCDA.

43 Pages.

General Electric Company--TEMPO.

Planning Data for Desert

09/05/54. 3 Pages.** *

Nuclear Explosion on

Equipment, Project 35.5."

WT-1191. 06/18/58.

Compilation of Local

Fallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962

Vol. I: "Continental U.S. Tests." Washingion,

D.C.: Defense Nuclear Agency. DNA 1251-1:EX.

00/00/79. 619 Pages. (A99) AD/A079 309.*

Gerster, M. The Special Weapons Center and Atomic

Testing. Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC.

K242.01-K242.04. 01/00/57. 305 Pages.***

Goeke, R. "Indoctrination and Training of Radiological

Defense Personnel, Project 38.2." Battle Creek,

MI.: FCDA. WT-1165. 11/00/55. 22 Pages.

(A02) AD 119 426.'

Goetz, J.; Kaul, D.; Klemm, J.; et al. Analysis of

Radiation Exposure for Troop Observers Exercise

Desert Rock VI Operation TEAPOT

Defense Nucleai Agency. DNA-53;4F.

Washington, D.C.:

07/15/80.

86 Pages.**

Gordon, M.; Stoudt, J.; Francis, A. "Dust Density versus

Time and Distance in the Shock Wave, Project 1.13."

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1113.

06/21/57. 52 Pages. (A03) AD/B951 675.*

Graham, J. "Gamma Dose Rate versus Time and Distance,

Project 2.4." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,

DASA. WT-1118-EX. 01/10/81. 59 Pages.

(A04) AD/A995 096.*/**

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Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1115.

O/01/81. 46 Pages. (A03) AD/A995 087.*/**

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Graham, J., CPT, USA; Biggerstaff, J. "Project Radiation

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6.2." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP.

WT-1139. 08/00/57. 21 Pages. (A02) AD 617 176.*

Greene, W.; Minge, W.; Yost, M. History of the AFSWC for

1 January-30 June 1957. Vol. 1: "Narrative,"

Chapter 6. Kirtland, NM.: AFSWC. K242-Ol-K2823.

12/00/57. 319 Pages.***

Greenleaf, C.; Reed, J. M.; Sampson, G.; et al. "Effects

of Nuclear Explosions on Canned Foods, Project 32.2."

Battle Creek, MI.: FCDA. WT-1212. 03/00/56.

89 Pages. (A05) AD 132 885.*

Grossman, B.; Machta, L.; Quenneville, L. R. Atomic Cloud

Growth Study, Project 9.4. Albuquerque, NM.: Field

Command, AFSWP. WT-1152. 10/00/55.

136 Pages. (A07) AD 426 840.*

Guthrie, W. L., Capt., USN. Memorandum for AEC Test

Manager, Subject: United Kingdom Observers.

Washington, D.C.: Atomic Energy Commission.

03121155. 3 Pages.**

Hanscome, T.; Willet, D. "Neutron Flux Measurements

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Hardenburg, R.; Ryall, A. "The Effect of Nuclear

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FCDA. WT-1214. 02/00/56. 56 Pages.

(A04) AD 611 315.*

Harris, P. "Physical Measurement of Neutron and Gamma

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Haskell, N.; Fava, J.; Burbaker, R. "Measurement of Free

Air Atomic Blast Pressures, Pro,ject 1.1."

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02/14/58. 52 Pages. (A04) AD 460 280.*

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Headquarters, 4th Weather Group. Operations Order 702-54

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Baltimore, MD. 12/01/54. 21 Pages.**

Headquarters, 4900th Air Base Group. Letter to Commander,

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Altitude Shot of Operation TEAPOT. Kirtland AFB,

NM. 12114154. 1 Page.

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Rock. 02/15/55. 5 Pages.

Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Final Report of

Operations of the Exercise Director, Exercise Desert

Rock VI; A Troop Indoctrination and Orientation and

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Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. General Orders No.

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HQS., Camp Desert Rock. 00/00/55. 25 Pages.**

Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Letter to CG, Sixth

Army, Subject: Safety Plan for APPLE w/Annex A.

Las Vegas, NV. AMCDR-S-3 354.51. 02/04/55.

3 Pages.**

Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Letter to CG, Sixth

Army, Sub,ject: Safety Plan for APPLE II w/Annex A.

Las Vegas, NV. AMCDR-S-3 345.51. 04/21/55.

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Army, SubSect: Safety Plan for ESS w/Annex A.

Las Vegas, NV. 03/17/55. 3 Pages.** 

Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Letter to CG, Sixth

Army, Subject: Safety Plan for MOTH w/Annex A. Las

Vegas, NV. AMCDR-S-3 354.51. 02121155.

2 Pages.**

Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Letter to CG, Sixth

Army, Subject: Safety Plan for TESLA w/Annexes A and

B. Las Vegas, NV. AMCDR-S-3 354.51. 02/02/55.

4 Pages.**

Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Letter to CG, Sixth

Army, Subject: Safety Plan for TURK w/Annex A. Las

Vegas, NV. AMCDR-S-3 354.51. 01/31/55.

3 Pages.**

Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Operation Order

Number 1, Desert Rock VI, TURK. Camp Desert Rock,

NV.: HQS., Camp Desert Rock. 02/05/55. 40 Pages.

(A03) AD/A080 229.*

Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Operation Order

Number 2, Desert Rock VI, WASP. Camp Desert Rock,

NV.: HQS., Camp Desert Rock; 02115155. 30 Pages.

(A03) A‘DjAO78 820.*

Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Operation Order

Number 3, Desert Rock VI, MOTH. Camp Desert Rock,

NV.: HQS., Camp Desert Rock. 02/21/55. 7 Pages.

(A02) AD/A080 230.*

Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Operation Order

Number 4, Desert Rock VI, TESLA. Camp Desert Rock,

NV.: HQS., Camp Desert Rock. 02/05/55. 40 Pages.

(A03) AD/B951 724.*

Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Operation Order

Number 5, Desert Rock VI, APPLE I. Camp Desert

Rock, NV.: HQS., Camp Desert Rock. 03/10/55.

40 Pages. (A03) AD/A080 228.*

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Number 6, Desert Rock VI, BEE.

NV.: HQS., Camp Desert Rock.

(A02) AD/A080 231.*

Operation Order

Camp Desert Rock,

03/19/s5. 20 Pages.

Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock.

Number 7, Desert Rock VI, ESS.

NV.: HQS., Camp Desert Rock.

(A02) AD/A080 233.*

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Number 8, Desert Rock VI, MET.

NV.: HQS., Camp Desert Rock.

(A02) AD/A080 233.*

Operation Order

Camp Desert Rock,

05/21/55. 10 Pages.

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Camp Desert Rock,

04/06/55. 10 Pages.

Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Operation Order

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Rock, NV.: HQS., Camp Desert Rock. 04125155.

50 Pages. (A03) AD/A080 234.*

[Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock]. Operational

Schedule Full Scale Test--Atomic Demolition Munition

Project 40.16 [Shot ESS]. [Las Vegas, NV.]

01/16/55. 7 Pages.

DELETED.

Headquarters, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific. [TAD Orders

for FMFPAC Units at Desert Rock VI.] Camp

Pendleton, CA.: HQS., FMFPAC. 00/00/55. 6 Pages.

DELETED.

Headquarters, Marine Corps Schools. [TAD Orders as

Observers, Exercise Desert Rock VI to Selected USMC

Officers.] Quantico, VA.: HQS., Marine Corps

Schools. 03/09/55. 2 Pages.

Headquarters, Sharpe General Depot. [Miscellaneous

Telegrams to Sharpe General Depot.] 00/00/55.

20 Pages.**

Headquarters, Sharpe General Depot. [Special Orders 19551

Lathrop, CA.: HOS, Sharpe General Depot. 00/00/55.

39 Pages.**

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Headquarters, Sixth Army. Annex 9, to Final Report

Exercise Desert Rock VI; Damage Comparison Chart,

with Photographs. Presidio of San Francisco, CA.:

Sixth US Army. 05,'23/55. 20 Pages.

(A02) AD/A078 551.*

Headquarters, Sixth Army. [Correspondence, Subjects:

Battlefield Surveillance; Sixth Army Packet Unit;

Armored Task for CE for DR VI.] 00/00/55.

55 Pages.

Headquarters, Sixth Army. Letter to Distribution,

Subject: Directive for Exercise Desert Rock VI,

w/incl. l--TRP OBSR Participation. Presidio of San

Francisco. AMGCT-4 354.2/DRVI. 02/07/55.

10 Pages.**

Headquarters, Sixth Army. [Memoranda for the Record,

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Presidio of San Francisco. CA.: Sixth U.S. Army.

08/00/54. 3 Pages.

Headquarters, Sixth Army. Memorandum for the Record,

Subject: Organization Plan for Camp Desert Rock VI.

Presidio of San Francisco: Sixth US Army.

08/06/54. 14 Pages.**

Headquarters, Sixth Army. Sixth Army Military Directives.

Presidio of San Francisco, CA.: Sixth US Army.

12130154. 67 Pages.

Headquarters, Sixth Army Aircraft Field Maintenance Shop.

[Correspondence File, Subject: Equipment

Requisitions and Movement Forms.] Lathrop, CA.

00/00/55. 30 Pages.**

Headquarters, Sixth Army Aircraft Field Maintenance Shop.

[Letters of Appreciation for Participants of Desert

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Headquarters, Sixth Army, Chemical Section. "CBK Defense

Team Training, Project 40.19." Presidio of San

Francisco: Sixth US Army. 10/00/55. 51 Pages.

(A04) AD/A995 046.*

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Hillendahl, R.; Laughridge, F. Basic Thermal-Radiation

Measurements, Project 8.4b. Albuquerque, NM.:

Field Command, DASA. WT-1146. 07/00/59.

96 Pages. (A05) AD 339 905.*

Hirsch, F. "The Effects of Noise in Blast-Resistant

Shelters, Project 33.2" Albuquerque, NM.: Sandia

Laboratories. WT-1180. 06/00/55. 54 Pages.

Hopton, R.; Plum, W. "Radiant Energy Delivered Prior to

the First Minimum, Pro,ject 8.4c." Albuquerque, NM.:

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1147. 08/00/57.

16 Pages. (A02) AD 357 981.*

Houghten, R., et al. "Electromagnetic Measurements at

Operation TEAPOT, Project 40.5a." AF Cambridge

Research Center. TR-57-123. 12/00/57. 53 Pages.

(A04) AD/A995 121.*

Hovey, W. "Thermoelastic Response of an Aluminum Box

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(A04) AD 341 059.*

Imrie, G.; Sharp, R. "Radiation Energy Absorbed by Human

Phantoms in a Fission Fallout Field, Pro.ject 2.6."

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00/00/55. 60 Pages. (A04) AD 244 421.*

Inn, E. c. Y. "Air Temperature Measurements over Several

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(AO3) AD 611 255."

Jenkins, R.; Hopton, R.; Plum, W. "Irradiance Measurements

with High Time Resolution, Pro.ject 8.4f."

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01/00/58. 26 Pages. (A03) AD 341 062.*

Johnson, R. F., LTJG, USN; Cook, C.; Webb, L.; et al.

"Neutron Induced Radioactive Isotopes in Soils,

Project 2.3a.l' Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,

AFSWP. WT-1117. 08/00/58. 53 Pages.

(A04) AD 617 180.*

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Creek, MI.: FCDA. WT-1189. 02/00/56.

107 Pages.

Johnston, R. "Utilization of Telemetering Techniques in

Evaluating Residual Radioactive Contamination,

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11/00/56. 24 Pages. (A02) AD/B951 677.*

Joint Office of Test Information. Memorandum for AEC,

Test Manager, Subject: Army and FCDA Forward Area.

Mercury, NV. JOTI. 05/10/55. 2 Pages.**

Joint Office of Test Information. [General Press

Releases.] Las Vegas, NV.: JOTI. 00/00/55.

23 Pages.**

Joint Office of Test Information. [Press Releases for

Shots APPLE and WASP PRIME.] Las Vegas, NV.: JOTI.

JOTI-55-77. 03/26/55. 8 Pages.**

Joint Office of Test Information. [Press Releases

Regarding Shot APPLE II.] Las Vegas, NV.: JOTI.

05/00/55. 4 Pages.**

Joint Office of Test Information. [Press Releases for

Shot BEE.] Las Vegas, NV.: JOTI. JOTI-55-68.

03122155. 9 Pages.**

Joint Office of Test Information. [Press Releases

Regarding Shot HA.] Las Vegas, NV.: JOTI.

JOTI-55-89. 04/07/55. 6 Pages.**

Joint Office of Test Information. [Press Releases

Regarding Shot HADR.] Las Vegas, NV.: JOTI.

JOTI-55-74. 03/25/55. 3 Pages.**

Joint Office of Test Information. [Press Releases for Shot

HORNET.] Las Vegas, NV.: JOTI. JOTI-55-53.

03/10/55. 4 Pages.**

Joint Office of Test Information. [Press Releases

Regarding Shot POST.] Las Vegas, NV.: JOTI.

JOTI-55-90. 04/07/55. 2 Pages.**

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Office of Test Information. [Press Releases for

Shot TURK.] Las Vegas, NV.: JOTI. JOTI-55-49.

03/07/55. 6 Pages.** 

Office of Test Information. [Press Release for Shot

ZUCCHINI.] Las Vegas, NV.: JOTI. 05/10/55.

1 Page.**

Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

[Subject: Access Lists by Project for Each Shot.]

Mercury, NV. 00/00/55. 48 Pages.***

Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Correspondence File, Subject: Projects 2.2 and 2.7.1

Concerning Overexposure of Project Personnel for

TESLA and MET. Mercury, NV. 00/00/55.

11 Pages. 

Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Sub.ject: Operational

Requirements for HA. Nevada Test Site, NV. FCNTS

55-741-O. 03/30/55. 3 Pages.** 

Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Sub,ject: Post Shot

Report--APPLE. Nevada Test Site, NV.

FCNTS 55-756-O. 03/31/55. 5 Pages.**

Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Sub;ject: Post Shot

Report--APPLE II. Nevada Test Site, NV.

FCNTS 55-1081-o. 05/06/55. 3 Pages.**

Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Subject: Post Shot

Report--ESS. Nevada Test Site, NV. FCNTS

55-731-o. 03/29/55. 5 Pages.**

Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Subject: Post Shot

Report--HA. Nevada Test Site, NV. FCNTS 55-844-O.

04/09/55. 5 Pages.**

Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Subject: Post Shot

Report--HORNET. Nevada Test Site, NV.

FCNTS 55-521-O. 03/14/55. 4 Pages.**

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Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Subject: Post Shot

Report--MET. Nevada Test Site, NV. FCNTS

55-943-o. 04/19/55. 12 Pages.** 

Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Subject: Post Shot

Report--MOTH. Nevada Test Site, NV.

FCNTS 55-290-o. 02/23/55. 3 Pages.**

Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Subject: Post Shot

Report--POST. Nevada Test Site, NV.

FCNTS 55-877-O. 04/13/55. 3 Pages.**

Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Sub,ject: Post Shot

Report--TESLA. Nevada Test Site, NV.

FCNTS 55-391-O. 03/02/55. 3 Pages.**

Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Subject: Post Shot

Report--TURK. Nevada Test Site, NV.

FCNTS 55-456-O. 03/08/55. 3 Pages.

Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Subject: Post Shot

Report--WASP. Nevada Test Site, NV. FCNTS

55-251-O. 02/19/55. 4 Pages.**

Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Subject: Post Shot

Report--WASP PRIME. Nevada Test Site, NV.

FCNTS. 03/31/55. 2 Pages.**

Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for the Rad-Safe Officer, Subject:

Overexposure of Project 2.2 and 2.7.1

Personnel--TESLA. Mercury, NV. 03/03/55.

2 Pages.

Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

Operation Order No. l-55 (TEAPOT); Annex E--Special

Instructions, TURK. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO.

J3C-147. 02/12/55. 18 Pages.**

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Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

Operation Order No. 1-55 (TEAPOT); Annex F--Special

Instructions, TESLA. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO.

J3C-165. 02/23/55. 14 Pages.** 

Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

Operation Order No. l-55 (TEAPOT); Annex G--Special

Instructions, APPLE. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO.

J3C-174. 03/08/55. 21 Pages.**

Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

Operation Order No. 1-55 (TEAPOT); Annex H--Special

Instructions, WASP. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO.

J3C-160. 02/16/55. 16 Pages.**

Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

Operation Order No. 1-55 (TEAPOT); Annex I--Special

Instructions, MOTH. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO.

J3C-162. 02/19/55. 14 Pages.**

Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

Operation Order No. l-55 (TEAPOT); Annex J--Special

Instructions, HADR. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO.

J3C-205. 03/24/55. 10 Pages.**

Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

Operation Order No. l-55 (TEAPOT); Annex K--Special

Instructions, MET. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO.

J3C-215. 04/04/55. 23 Pages.**

Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

Operation Order No. l-55 (TEAPOT); Annex L--Special

Instructions, POST. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO.

J3C-215. 04/04/55. 15 Pages.**

Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

Operation Order No. l-55 (TEAPOT); Annex M--Special

Instructions, HA. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO.

J3C-210. 03/31/55.**

Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

Operation Order No. l-55 (TEAPOT); Annex N--Special

Instructions, HORNET. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO.

J3C-179. 03/05/55. 15 Pages.**

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Kerwin, W. T. Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: Entry

into Yucca Flat between H and R Hour. Atomic Energy

Commission, Office of the Test Director. Mercury,

NV. 03/11/55. 2 Pages.** 

Kester, J.; Ferguson, R., Capt., USAF. Pro,ject 5.4

Evaluation of Fireball Lethality Using Basic Missile

Structures. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,

AFSWP. WT-1134. 04/00/58. 129 Pages.

(A07) AD 340 137.*

Kornhauser, M.; Petes, J. Drag Force Measurements,

Project 1.12. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,

AFSWP. WT-1111. 06113158. 170 Pages.

(AO8) AD 610 481.*

Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

Operation Order No. l-55 (TEAPOT); Annex O--Special

Instructions, ESS. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO.

J3C-203. 03122155. 15 Pages.**

Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

Operation Order No. l-55 (TEAPOT); Annex P--Special

Instructions, BEE. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO.

J3C-198. 03/18/55. 17 Pages.**

Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

Operation Order No. l-55 (TEAPOT); Annex Q--Special

Instructions, ZUCCHINI. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO.

J3C-236. 04126155. 7 Pages.**

Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

Operation Order No. l-55 (TEAPOT); Annex

R--Scientific and Technical Reports. Mercury, NV.:

AEC, JTO. 00/00/55. 2 Pages.**

Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

Operation Order No. l-55 (TEAPOT); Annex S--Special

Instructions, WASP PRIME. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO.

J3C-207. 03/25/55. 14 Pages.**

Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

Operation Order No. l-55 (TEAPOT); Annex T--Special

Instructions, APPLE II. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO.

J3C-235. 04122155. 26 Pages.**

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Kvil;jord, A. "Measurement of Direct and Ground-reflected

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Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1143.

05/00/57. 51 Pages. (A04) AD 339 915.*

Laughlin, K. "Thermal Ignition and Response of Materials,

Project 31.5." Battle Creek, MI.: OCDM. WT-1198.

12/00/57. 58 Pages. (A04) AD 611 227.*

Leehey, D. "Office of the Manager, Announcement No. Two,

Supplement 2." Santa Fe, NM.: Atomic Energy

Commission. 02/10/55. 5 Pages.**

Leehey, D. "Office of the Manager, Announcement No. Two,

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Levine, H.; Graveson, R. "Measurement of Off-Site Fallout

by Automatic Monitoring Stations, Project 30.1."

New York, NY.: AEC, NYOO. WT-1186. 06/00/57.

22 Pages. (A02) AD/A073 523.*

Levine, H.; Graveson, R. "Measurements of Beta and Gamma

Lewis

Ray Characteristics of Shot Debris and Fallout of

Nuclear Weapons, Project 30.3." Oak Ridge, TN.:

AEC, TIS. ITR-1185. 00/00/55. 47 Pages.

(AO3) AD 078 821.*

J . Crater Measurements, Project 1.6.

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07/18/58. 80 Pages. (A05) AD 491 309.*

Lindberg, R.; Romney, E.; Olafson, J.; et al. Factors

7

Influencing the Biological Fate and Persistence of

adioactive allout,

CA.: UCLA. WT-1177. 01/00/59. 78 Pages.

Lorrian, P.; Schwartz, E. "Structures Instrumentation,

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(A03) AD 465 423."

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, J-Division. Memorandum

for J. C. Clark, Subject: WET54-503D [Concerning

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Project 2.63. Los Alamos, NM. 09/27/54. 1 Page.

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Mather, R.; Johnson, R.; Tomnovec, F.; Cook, C. Gamma

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McConnel, E.; Sampson, G. 0.; Sharf, J. M. "The Effect of

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McLaughlin, R. Preshock Sound Velocities near the Ground

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Miller, M.; Lisman, H.; Jacoby, D.; et al. Missile

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114 Pages. (A06) AD 341 060.*

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O'Keefe, B. "Technical Photography of Physical Phenomena,

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(A05) AD/B951 749.*/**

Parsons, H., Col., USAF. Operational Training Projects

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08116157. 16 Pages. (A02) AD 617 177.*

Philbeck, R.; Doty, D. "The Effect of Nuclear Explosions

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(A03) AD 611 329.*

Plum, W.; Jenkins, R.; Hopton, R. "Irradiance

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Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. "Passive Defensive Operations

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Purkey, G.; Lounsbery, W., Capt., USAF. Destructive Loads

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Purkey, G.; Mitchell, R., Lt., USAF. Structural Response

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Rainey, C. "Off-Site Radiological Defense Training

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Reinhardt, G. C., COL, USA; Kintner, W. R., LTC, USA.

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Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company. [Listing of

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Rowe, S. "Effects of Nuclear Explosions on Bulk Food

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WT-1163. 03/00/56. 38 Pages. (A03) AD 611 328.*

Sachs, D.; Swift, L. Underground Explosion Effects,

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Sachs, D.; Swift, L.; Sauer, F. Airblast Overpressure

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174 Pages. (A08) AD 617 149.*

Schmitt, H.; Laug, R. L. "Effects of Nuclear Explosions

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FCDA. WT-1215. 03/00/56. 17 Pages.

(A02) AD 611 228.*

Schmuchyk, M.; Bouton, E. Fallout Studies, Project 2.5.1.

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133 Pages. (A07) AD 449 680.*

Shaw, E.; McNea, F. "Exposure of Mobile Homes and

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Sinnamon, G.; Woodring, R.; Newmark, N.; et al. "Behavior

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(A03) AD 617 150.*

Sparks, L. "Nuclear Effects on Machine Tools, Project

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66 Pages.

Stetson, R.; Shirasawa. T.; Sandomire. M.: et al.

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92 Pages. (A05) AD 617 179.*

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Tolan, J. "Evaluation of Civil Defense Radiological

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Tucker, P.; Webster, G. "Effects of a Nuclear Explosion

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U.S. Army, Commands. [Compilation of TDY Desert Rock VI

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U.S. Army, Office of the Chief of Military History.

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Vaile, R.; Mills, L., LTJG., USN. "Evaluation of Earth

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AFSWP. WT-1128. 12/00/56. 66 Pages.

(A04) AD 617 173.*

Vortman, L. "Effects of an Atomic Explosion on Group and

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Battle Creek, MI.: FCDA. WT-1161. 12/00/55.

192 Pages.

Vortman, L.; et al. Evaluation of Various Types of

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122 Pages. (A06) AD/A073 524.*

White, C.; Chiffelle, T.; Richmond, D.; et al. Biological

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(AlO) AD 611 319.*

Whitford, D. Effects of Nuclear Explosions on Fighter

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94 Pages. (A05) AD 362 112.*

Williamson, R. "The Effects of a Nuclear Explosion on

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66 Pages.

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(A02) AD 339 916.*

Banks, J. E. "Manned Penetrations of Atomic Clouds,

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(AlO) AD 617 170.*

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**Available at CIC.

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252
310. Department of the Army. Army Regulation 40-414: Medical

Service; Non-Combat Personnel Dosimetry.

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Albuquerque, NM

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Buffalo, NY

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

New York, NY

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Winston-Salem, NC

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Fargo, ND

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Cleveland, OH

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Muskogee, OK

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Portland, OR

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Pittsburgh, PA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Philadelphia, PA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-RD

San Francisco, CA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

San Juan, Puerto Rico

ATTN: Director

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued)

Veterans Administration-R0

Columbia, SC

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Sioux Falls, SD

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Houston, TX

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Waco, TX

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Salt Lake City, UT

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administraiton-RO

White River Junction, VT

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Roanoke, VA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Cheyenne, WY

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

San Diego, CA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Boise, ID

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Detroit, MI

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0

Nashville, TN

ATTN: Director

The White House

ATTN: Domestic Policy Staff

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTORS

Lawrence Livermore National Lab

ATTN: Tech Info Dept Library

Los Alamos National Scientific Lab

ATTN: Library

ATTN: MS 195

Sandia National Lab

ATTN: W. Hereford

ATTN: Central Library

Reynolds Electrical & Engr Co., Inc

ATTN: CIC

ATTN: W. Brady

258
OTHER DTHER (Continued)

Adams State College

ATTN: Librn

Akron Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Alabama State Dept of Archives & History

ATTN: Military Records Div

University of Alabama

ATTN: Reference Dept, Dralier 3

ATTN: Director of Libraries (Reg)

University of Alaska Library at Anchorage

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

University of Alaska

ATTN: Librn

Albany Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Alexander City State Jr College

ATTN: Librn

Allegheny College

ATTN: Librn

Allen County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Altoona Area Public Library

ATTN: Librn

American Statistics Index

Congressional Info Service, Inc

ATTN: Cathy Jarvey

Anaheim Public Library

ATTN: Librn

College of Wooster

ATTN: Gov Dots

Angelo State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Angelo Icoboni Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Anoka County Library

ATTN: Librn

Appalachian State University

ATTN: Library Dots

Arizona State University Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Arizona

ATTN: Gov Dot Dept./C. Bower

Arkansas College Library

ATTN: Library

Brooklyn College

ATTN: Dot Div

Arkansas Library Comm

ATTN: Library

Arkansas State University

ATTN: Library

University of Arkansas

ATTN: Gov Dots Div

Austin College

ATTN: Librn

Atlanta Public Library

ATTN: Ivan Allen Dept

Atlanta University

ATTN: Librn

Auburn University Library at Mongomery (Reg)

ATTN: Librn

C. W. Post Ctr Lona Island University

ATTN: LibrnBangor Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Bates College Library

ATTN: Librn

Baylor University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Beloit College Libraries

ATTN: Serials Dots

Bemidji State College

ATTN: Library

State University College

ATTN: Gov Dots

Akron University

ATTN: Gov Dots

Dept

Boston Public Library (Reg)

ATTN: Dots Dept

Bowdoin College

ATTN: Librn

Bowling Green State University

ATTN: Lib Gov Dots Services

Bradley University

ATTN: Librn

Brandeis University Library

ATTN: Dots Section

Brigham Young University

ATTN: Librn

Brigham Young University

ATTN: Dots Collection

Brookhaven National Laboratory

ATTN: Tech Library

Brookhaven College

ATTN: Dots Div

259
OTHER (Continued)

Broward County Library Sys

ATTN: Librn

Brown University

ATTN: Librn

Bucknell University

ATTN: Reference Dept

Buffalo & Erie Co Public Library

ATTN: Librn

State University Library of California at Fresno

ATTN: Library

_OTHER (Continued)

University Library of California at LOS Angeles

ATTN: Pub Affairs Serv U.S. DOCS

University of California at San Diego

ATTN: Dots Dept

State College Library of California at Stanislaus

ATTN: Library

California State Polytechnic University Library

ATTN: Librn

California State University at Northridge

ATTN: Gov Dot

California State Library (Reg)

OTTN: Librn

California State University at Long Beach Library

ATTN: Librn

California State University

ATTN: Librn

California State University

ATTN: Librn

California University Library

ATTN: GOV Pub Dept

California University Library

ATTN: Librn

California University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

California University Library

ATTN: Dots Set

University of California

ATTN: Gov Dots DePt

Calvin College Library

ATTN: Librn

Kearney State College

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Cambria County Library Sys

ATTN: Librn

Carleton College Library

ATTN: Librn

Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh

ATTN: Librn

Carnegie Mellon University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Carson Regional Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Unit

Case Western Reserve University

ATTN: Librn

Casper College

ATTN: Librn

University of Central Florida

ATTN: Library Dots Dept

Central Michigan University

ATTN: Library Dots Set

Central Missouri State Univ

ATTN: Gov Dots

Central State University

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept

Central Washington University

ATTN: Lib Dots Set

Central Wyoming College Library

ATTN: Librn

Charleston County Library

ATTN: Librn

Charlotte & Mechlenburg County Public Library

ATTN: E. Correll

Chattanooga Hamilton County, Bicentennial Library

ATTN: Librn

Chesapeake Public Library System

ATTN: Librn

Chicago Public Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

State University of Chicago

ATTN: Librn

Chicago University Library

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

ATTN: Dots Processing

Cincinnati University Library

ATTN: Librn

Citadel, Daniel Library

ATTN: Librn

Claremont Colleges Libraries

ATTN: Dot Collection

Clemson University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

260
OTHER (Continued1 OTHER (Continued)

Cleveland Public Library

ATTN: Dots Collection

Cleveland State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Coe Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Colgate University Library

ATTN: Ref Lib

Colorado State University Libraries

ATTN: Librn

University of Colorado Libraries

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Columbia University Library

ATTN: Dots Svc Ctr

Columbus & Franklin Cty Public Library

ATTN: Gen Ret Div

Compton Library

ATTN: Librn

Connec;+;;t State Library (Reg)

: Librn

University of Connecticut

ATTN: Gov't of Connecticut

University of Connecticut

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Cornell University Library

ATTN: Librn

Corpus Christi State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Culver City Library

ATTN: Librn

Curry College Library

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at Asheville

ATTN: Librn

Dallas County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Dallas Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Dalton Junior College

ATTN: Librn

Dartmouth College

ATTN: Librn

Library

Davenport Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Davidson College

ATTN: Librn

DaytonAT&Tontgomery City Public library

: Librn

University of Dayton

ATTN: Librn

Decatur Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Dekalb Comnunity College SO CPUS

ATTN: Librn

Delaware Pauw University

ATTN: Librn

University of Delaware

ATTN: Librn

Delta College Library

ATTN: Librn

Delta State University

ATTN: Librn

Denison University Library

ATTN: Librn

Denver Public Library (Reg)

ATTN: Dots Div

Dept of Library & Archives (Reg)

ATTN: Librn

Detroit Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Dickinson College Library

ATTN: Librn

Dickinson State College

ATTN: Librn

Alabama Agricultural Mechanical University & Co11

ATTN: Librn

Drake University

ATTN: Cowles Library

Drew University

ATTN: Librn

Duke University

ATTN: Pub Dots Dept

Duluth Public Library

ATTN: Dots Set

East Carolina University

Al-TN: Lib Dots Dept

East C;;;al University

: Librn

East 1;;;;; Public Library

: Librn

261
GTtiER (Continued)

East Orange Public Library

ATTN: U.S. Gov't Depository

East Tennessee State University Sherrod Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

East Texas State University

ATTN: Library

Monmouth County Library Eastern Branch

ATTN: Librn

Eastern Illinois University

ATTN: Librn

Eastern Kentucky University

ATTN: Librn

Eastern Michigan University Library

ATTN: Library

Eastern Montana College Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Eastern New Mexico University

ATTN: Librn

Eastern Oregon College Library

ATTN: Librn

Eastern Washington University

ATTN: Librn

El Paso Public Library

ATTN: Dots & Genealogy Dept

Elko County Library

ATTN: Librn

Elmire College

ATTN: Librn

Elon College Library

ATTN: Librn

Enoch Pratt Free Library

ATTN: Dots Oft

Enory University

ATTN: Librn

Evansville & Vanderburgh

ATTN: Librn

Everett Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Cty Public Library

Fairleigh Dickinson University

ATTN: Depository Dept

Florida A & M University

ATTN: Librn

Florida Atlantic University Library

ATTN: Div of Pub Dots

OTHER (Continued)

Florida Institute of Technology

ATTN: Library

Florida International University Library

ATTN: Dots Set

Florida State Library

ATTN: Dots Set

Florida State University

ATTN: Librn

University of Florida

ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg)

ATTN: Dots Dept

Fond Du Lac Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Ft Hays State University

Ft Hays Kansas State College

ATTN: Librn

Ft Worth Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Free Public Library of Elizabeth

ATTN: Librn

Free Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Freeport Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Fresno Cty Free Library

ATTN: Librn

Gadsden Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Garden Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Gardner Webb College

ATTN: Dots Library

Gary Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Geauga Cty Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Georgetown University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Room

Georgia Institute of Technology

ATTN: Librn

Georgia Southern College

ATTN: Librn

Georgia Southwestern College

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Georgia State University Library

ATTN: Librn

262
DTHER (Continued) DTHER (Continued)

University of Georgia

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Glassboro State College

ATTN: Librn

Gleeson Library

ATTN: Librn

Graceland College

ATTN: Librn

Grand Forks Public City-County Library

ATTN: Librn

Grand Rapids Public Library

ATTN: Dir of Lib

Greenville County Library

ATTN: Librn

Grinnell College Library

ATTN: Librn

Guam RFK Memorial University Library

ATTN: Fed Depository Co11

University of Guam

ATTN: Librn

Gustavus Adolphus College

ATTN: Librn

South Dakota University

ATTN: Librn

Hardin-Simnons University Library

ATTN: Librn

Hartford Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Harvard College Library

ATTN: Dir of Lib

Harvard College Library

ATTN: Serials Ret Div

University of Hawaii Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11

Hawaii State Library

ATTN: Fed Dots Unit

University of Hawaii at Monoa

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

University of Hawaii

Hilo Campus Library

ATTN: Librn

Haydon Burns Library

ATTN: Librn

Hennepin County Library

ATTN: Gov Dots

Henry Ford Community College Library

ATTN: Librn

Herbert H. Lehman College

ATTN: Lib Dots Div

Hofstra University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Hollins College

ATTN: Librn

Hopkinsville Community College

ATTN: Librn

Wagner College

ATTN: Librn

University of Houston Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Houston Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Tulane University

ATTN: Dots Dept

Hoyt Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Humboldt State College Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Huntington Park Library

ATTN: Librn

Hutchinson Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Idaho Public Library & Information Center

ATTN: Librn

Idaho State Library

ATTN: Librn

Idaho State University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Idaho

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Illinois Library

ATTN: Dots Set

Illinois State Library (Reg)

ATTN: Gov Dots Br

Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign

ATTN: P. Watson Dots Lib

Illinois Valley Community College

ATTN: Library

Illinois State University

ATTN: Librn

Indiana State Library (Reg)

ATTN: Serial Set

Indiana State University

ATTN: Dots Library

263
DTHER (Continued)

Indiana University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Indianapolis Marion County Public Library

ATTN: Social Science Div

Iowa State University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Iowa University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Butler University

ATTN: Librn

Isaac Delchdo College

ATTN: Librn

James Madison University

ATTN: Librn

Jefferson County Public Library

Lakewood Regional Library

ATTN: Librn

Jersey City State College

ATTN: F. A. Irwin Library Periodicals

Dot Set

John Hopkins University

ATTN: Dots Library

La Roche College

ATTN: Librn

Johnson Free Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Kalamazoo Public Library

ATTN: Librn

GTHER (Continued)

Kansas City Public Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Kansas State Library

ATTN: Librn

Kansas State University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Kansas

ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg)

University of Texas

ATTN: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public

Affairs Library

Maine Maritime Academy

ATTN: Librn

University of Maine

ATTN: Librn

Kent State University Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Kentucky Dept of Library & Archives

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Kentucky

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept

ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg)

Kenyon College Library

ATTN: Librn

Lake Forest College

ATTN: Librn

Lake Sumter Community College Library

ATTN: Librn

Lakeland Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Lancaster Regional Library

ATTN: Librn

Lawrence University

ATTN: Dots Dept

Brigham Young University

ATTN: Dots & Map Set

Lewis University Library

ATTN: Librn

Library and Statutory Dist & Svc

2 cy ATTN: Librn

Earlham College

ATTN: Librn

Little Rock Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Long Beach Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Los Angeles Public Library

ATTN: Serials Div U.S. Dots

Louisiana State University

ATTN: Gov Dot Dept

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Louisville Free Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Louisville University Library

ATTN: Librn

Hoover Institution

ATTN: J. Bingham

264
OTHER (Continued)

Manchester City Library

ATTN: Librn

Mankato State College

ATTN: Gov Pubs

University of Maine at Farmington

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Marathon County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Principia College

ATTN: Librn

University of Maryland

ATTN: McKeldin Library Dots Div

University of Maryland

ATTN: Librn

University of Massachusetts

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11

Maui Public Library

Kahului Branch

ATTN: Librn

McNeese State University

ATTN: Librn

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library &

Information Center

ATTN: Librn

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library &

Information Center

ATTN: Librn

Memphis State University

ATTN: Librn

Mercer University

ATTN: Librn

Mesa County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Miami Dade Community College

ATTN: Librn

University ofG!;a;;b;ibrary

ATTN:

Miami Public Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Miami University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Santa Clara

ATTN: Dots Div

Michigan State Library

ATTN: Librn

Michigan State University Library

ATTN: Librn

_OTHER (Continued)

Michigan Tech University

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept

University of Michigan

ATTN: Acq Set Dots Unit

Middlebury College Library

ATTN: Librn

Millersville State College

ATTN: Librn

State University of New York

ATTN: Dots Librn

Milwaukee Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Minneapolis Public Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Minnesota

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Minot State College

ATTN: Librn

Mississippi State University

ATTN: Librn

University of Mississippi

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Missouri University at Kansas City General

ATTN: Librn

University of Missouri Library

ATTN: Gov Dots

M.I.T. Libraries

ATTN: Librn

Mobile Public Library

ATTN: Gov Info Div

Midwestern University

ATTN: Librn

Montana State Library

ATTN: Librn

Montana State University Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Montana

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Montebello Library

ATTN: Librn

Morhead State College

ATTN: Library

Mt Prospect Public Library

ATTN: Gov't Info Ctr

Murray State University Library

ATTN: Lib

265
DTHER (Continued)

Nassau Library System

ATTN: Librn

Natrona County Public

ATTN: Libro

Library

Nebraska Library Community

Nebraska Public Clearinghouse

ATTN: Librn

University of Nebraska at Omaha

ATTN: Univ Lib Dots

Nebraska Western College Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Nebraska

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

University of Nebraska Library

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept

University of Nevada Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

University of Nevada at Las Vegas

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

New Hampshire University Library

ATTN: Librn

New Hanover County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

New Mexico State Library

ATTN: Librn

New Mexico State University

ATTN: Lib Dots Div

University of New Mexico

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

University of New Orleans Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Div

New Orleans Public Library

ATTN: Librn

New York Public Library

ATTN: Librn

New York State Library

ATTN: Dots Control Cultural Ed Ctr

State University of New York at Stony Brook

ATTN: Main Lib Dots Set

State University of New York Co1 Memorial Lib

at Cortland

ATTN: Librn

State University of New York

ATTN: Lib Dots Set

North Texas State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Minnesota Dir of Emergency SVCS

ATTN: Librn

_OTHER (Continued)

State University of New York

ATTN: Librn

New York State University

ATTN: Dots Ctr

State University of New York

ATTN: Dots Dept

New York University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Newark Free Library

ATTN: Librn

Newark Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Niagara Falls Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Nicholls State University

ATTN: Dots Div

Nieves M. Flores Memorial

ATTN: Librn

Norfolk Public Library

ATTN: R. Parker

Library

Library

North Carolina Agricultural & Tech State

University

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at Charlotte

ATTN: Atkins Lib Dot Dept

University Library of North Carolina at Greensboro

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at Wilmington

ATTN: Librn

North Carolina Central University

ATTN: Librn

North Carolina State University

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at Wilmington

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina

ATTN: BA SS Div Dots

North Dakota State University Library

ATTN: Dots Librn

University of North Dakota

ATTN: Librn

University of North Dakota

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

North Georgia College

ATTN: Librn

266
!THER (Continued) OTHER (Continued)

Oklahoma Department of Libraries

ATTN: U.S. Gov Dots

University of Oklahoma

ATTN: Dots Div

Old Dominion University

ATTN: Dot Dept Univ Lib

Olivet College Library

ATTN: Librn

Northeast Missouri State Univeristy

ATTN: Librn

Northeastern Oklahoma State University

ATTN: Librn

Northeastern University

ATTN: Dodge Library

Northern Arizona University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Northern Illinois University

ATTN: Librn

Northern Michigan University

ATTN: Dots

Northern Montana College Library

ATTN: Librn

Northwestern Michigan College

ATTN: Librn

Northwestern State University

ATTN: Librn

Northwestern State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Northwestern University Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

Norwalk Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Northeastern Illinois University

ATTN: Library

University of Notre Dame

ATTN: Dot Ctr

Oakland Community College

ATTN: Librn

Oakland Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Oberlin College Library

ATTN: Librn

Ocean County College

ATTN: Librn

Ohio State Library

ATTN: Librn

Ohio State University

ATTN: Lib Dots Div

Ohio University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Oklahoma City University Library

ATTN: Librn

Oklahoma City University Library

ATTN: Librn

Omaha Public Library Clark Branch

ATTN: Librn

Onondaga County Public Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Set

Oregon State Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Oregon

ATTN: Dots Set

Ouachita Baptist University

ATTN: Librn

Pan American University Library

ATTN: Librn

Passaic Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Queens College

ATTN: Dots Dept

Pennsylvania State Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Set

Pennsylvania State University

ATTN: Lib Dot Set

University of Pennsylvania

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

University of Denver

ATTN: Penrose Library

Peoria Public Library

ATTN: Business, Science & Tech Dept

Free Library of Philadelphia

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

Philipsburg Free Public Library

ATTN: Library

Phoenix Public Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Pittsburgh

ATTN: Dots Office, 68

Plainfield Public Library

ATTN: Librn

267
OTHER (Continued)

Popular Creek Public Library District

ATTN: Librn

Association of Portland Library

ATTN: Librn

Portland Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Portland State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Pratt Institute Library

ATTN: Librn

Louisiana Tech University

ATTN: Librn

Princeton University Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Providence College

ATTN: Librn

Providence Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Public Library Cincinnati & Hamilton County

ATTN: Librn

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County

ATTN: Librn

University of Puerto Rico

ATTN: Dot & Maps Room

Purdue University Library

ATTN: Librn

Quinebaug Valley Community College

ATTN: Librn

Auburn University

ATTN: Microforms & Dots Dept

Rapid City Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Reading Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Reed College Library

ATTN: Librn

Augusta College

ATTN: Librn

University of Rhode Island Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Oft

University of Rhode Island

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Rice University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

OTHER (Continued)

Richland County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Riverside Public Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Rochester Library

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Rutgers Camden Library

ATTN: Librn

State University of Rutgers

ATTN: Librn

Rutgers University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Rutgers University Law Library

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept

Salem College Library

ATTN: Librn

Samford University

San

San

San

San

San

San

San

San

ATTN: Librn

Antonio Public Library

ATTN: Bus Science & Tech Dept

Diego County Library

ATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions

Diego Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Diego State University Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

Francisco Public Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Francisco State College

ATTN: Gov Pubs Co11

Jose State College Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Luis Obispo City-County Library

ATTN: Librn

Savannah Public & Effingham Liberty Regional

Library

ATTN: Librn

Scottsbluff Public Librarv

ATTN: Librn

Scranton Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Seattle Public Library

ATTN: Ref Dots Asst

Louisiana College

ATTN: Librn

268
OTHER (Continued]

Southern Oregon College

ATTN: Library

OTHER (Continued)

Selby Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Shawnee Library System

ATTN: Librn

Shreve Memorial Library

ATTN: Librn

Silas Bronson Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Sioux City Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Skidmore College

ATTN: Librn

Slippery Rock State College Library

ATTN: Librn

South Carolina State Library

ATTN: Librn

University of South Carolina

ATTN: Librn

University of South Carolina

ATTN: Gov Dots

South Dakota School of Mines & Technical Library

ATTN: Librn

South Dakota State Library

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept

University of South Dakota

ATTN: Dots Librn

South Florida University Library

ATTN: Librn

Southeast Missouri State University

ATTN: Librn

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Southern Alabama

ATTN: Librn

Southern California University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Southern Connecticut State College

ATTN: Library

Southern Illinois University

ATTN: Librn

Southern Illinois University

ATTN: Dots Ctr

Southern Methodist University

ATTN: Librn

University of Southern Mississippi

ATTN: Library

Southern University in New Orleans Library

ATTN: Librn

Southern Utah State College Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Southwest Missouri State College

ATTN: Library

University of Southwestern Louisiana Libraries

ATTN: Librn

Southwestern University

ATTN: Librn

Spokane Public Library

ATTN: Ref Dept

Springfield City Library

ATTN: Dots Set

St Bonaventure University

ATTN: Librn

St Johns River Junior College

ATTN: Library

St Joseph Public Library

ATTN: Librn

St Lawrence University

ATTN: Librn

St Louis Public Library

ATTN: Librn

St Paul Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Stanford University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

State Historical Sot Library

ATTN: Dots Serials Set

State Library of Massachusetts

ATTN: Librn

State University of New York

ATTN: Librn

Stetson University

ATTN: Librn

University of Steubenville

ATTN: Librn

Stockton & San Joaquin Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Stockton State College Library

ATTN: Librn

Albion College

ATTN: Gov Dots Librn

269
DTHER (Continued)

Superior Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Swarthmore College Library

ATTN: Ref Dept

Syracuse University Library

ATTN: Ems Div

Tacoma Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Hillsborough County Public Library at Tampa

ATTN: Librn

Temple University

ATTN: Librn

Tennessee Technological University

ATTN: Librn

University of Tennessee

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

College of Idaho

ATTN: Librn

Texas A & M University Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Texas at Arlington

ATTN: Library Dots

University of Texas at San Antonio

ATTN: Library

Texas Christian University

ATTN: Librn

Texas State Library

ATTN: U.S. Dots Set

Texas Tech University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Texas University at Austin

ATTN: Dots Co11

University of Toledo Library

ATTN: Librn

Toledo Public Library

ATTN: Social Science Dept

Torrance Civic Center Library

ATTN: Librn

Traverse City Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Trenton Free Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Trinity College Library

ATTN: Librn

Trinity University Library

ATTN: Dots Co11

DTHER (Continued)

Tufts University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Tulsa

ATTN: Librn

UCLA Research Library

ATTN: Pub Affairs Svc/U.S. Dots

Uniformed Services University of the Health

Sciences

ATTN: LRC Library

University Libraries

ATTN: Dir of Lib

University of Maine at Oreno

ATTN: Librn

University of Northern Iowa

ATTN: Library

Upper Iowa College

ATTN: Dots Co11

Utah State University

ATTN: Librn

University of Utah

ATTN: Special Collections

University of Utah

ATTN: Dir of Library

Utica Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Valencia Library

ATTN: Librn

Valparaiso University

ATTN: Librn

Vanderbilt University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Set

University of Vermont

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Virginia Commonwealth University

ATTN: Librn

Virginia Military Institute

ATTN: Librn

Virginia Polytechnic Institute Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Virginia State Library

ATTN: Serials Set

University of Virginia

ATTN: Pub Dots

Volusia County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

270
OTHER (Continued)

Washington State Library

ATTN: Dots Set

Washington State University

ATTN: Lib Dots Set

Washington University Libraries

ATTN: Dir of Lib

University of Washington

ATTN: Dots Div

Wayne State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Wayne State University Law Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Weber State College Library

ATTN: Librn

Wesleyan University

ATTN: Dots Librn

West Chester State College

ATTN: Dms Dept

West Covina Library

ATTN: Librn

Univeristy of West Florida

ATTN: Librn

West Georgia College

ATTN: Librn

West Hills Community College

ATTN: Library

West Texas State University

ATTN: Library

West Virginia College of Grad Studies Library

ATTN: Librn

University of West Virginia

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Westerly Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Western Carolina University

ATTN: Librn

Western Illinois University Library

ATTN: Librn

Western Washington University

ATTN: Librn

Western Wyoming Cormnunity College Library

ATTN: Librn

Westmoreland City Community College

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr

DTHER (Continued)

Whitman College

ATTN: Librn

Wichita State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Williams & Mary College

ATTN: Dots Dept

Emporia Kansas State College

ATTN: Gov Dots Div

William College Library

ATTN: Librn

Williamantic Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Winthrop College

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Wisconsin at Whitewater

ATTN: Gov Dots Lib

University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee

ATTN: Lib Dots

University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh

ATTN: Librn

University of Wisconsin at Platteville

ATTN: Dot Unit Lib

University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Wisconsin

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

University of Wisconsin

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept

Worcester Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Wright State University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Librn

Wyoming State Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Wyoming

ATTN: Dots Div

Yale University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Yeshiva University

ATTN: Librn

Yuma City County Library

ATTN: Librn

Simon Schwab Mem Lib, Columbus Co1

ATTN: Librn

271
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS

Advanced Research & Applications Corp

ATTN: H. Lee

JAYCOR

ATTN: A. Nelson

10 cy ATTN: Health & Environment Div

Kaman Tempo

ATTN: DASIAC

ATTN: E. Martin

Kansan Tempo

ATTN: R. Miller

Science Applications, Inc

JRB Associates Div

10 cy ATTN: L. Novotney

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Kaman Tempo

ATTN: C. Jones

National Academy of Sciences

ATTN: C. Robinette

ATTN: Med Follow-up Agency

ATTN: Nat Mat Advisory Bd

Pacific-Sierra Research Corp

ATTN: H. Brode

Science Applications, Inc

ATTN: Tech Lib

R & D Associates

ATTN: P. Haas

272

Oii Loan from DASIAC

On Loan from DASIAC

. ._ . ,, .a,.. -._. .a..,