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DNA 

SHOTS 

WHEELER TO MORGAN 

The Final Eight Tests of the 

Series 

6 SEPTEMBER 7 OCTOBER 1957 

United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests 

Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

by the Defense Nuclear Agency as Executive Agency 

for the Department of Defense DASIAC 

Do not remove this book from DASIAC 
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SHOTS WHEELER TO MORGAN, 

The Final Eight Tests of The Series, Final Report 

6 September 7 October 1957 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 

JRB 2-816-03-423-00 

Jeannie Massie 

Jean Ponton 

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This work sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under RMSS Code 

B350079464 

9. KEY WORDS on by number) 

WHEELER WHITNEY Nevada Test Organization AFSWC 

CHARLESTON Nevada Test Site 

FIZEAU MORGAN Nuclear Tests 

NEWTON Ionizing Radiation Atmospheric Nuclear Tests 

RAINIER Exercise Desert Rock AFSWP 

by block 

This report describes the activities of DOD personnel, both military and 

civilian, in Shots WHEELER to MORGAN, the final eight nuclear tests in the 

atmospheric weapons testing series. The tests were conducted between 

6 September and 7 October 1957 and involved participants from Exercise Desert 

Rock VII and VIII, AFSWP, AFSWC, and various AEC test groups. This volume 

describes the radiological safety criteria and procedures in effect at Shots 

WHEELER to MORGAN. 

1473 OF MOW 

UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY OF THIS PAGE Data Entered) 
 

UNCLASSIFIED 

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS 

18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (continued) 

The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Lt. Col. H. L. Reese, USAF, 

under whom this work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research and 

editing contribution of numerous reviewers in the military services and 

other organizations in addition to those writers listed in block 7. 

UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS 
PREFACE 

Between 1945 and 1962, the United States Government, through 

the Manhattan Engineeer District and its successor agency, the 

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), conducted approximately 235 

atmospheric nuclear weapons tests at sites in the southwestern 

U.S. and in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 Department of Defense (DOD) personnel, both 

military and civilian, were present at the tests. Approximately 

90,000 of these participants were present at weapons tests 

conducted at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) northwest of Las Vegas, 

Nevada. 

In 1977, 15 years after the last above-ground weapons test, 

the Center for Disease Control+ noted a possible leukemia cluster 

among a group of soldiers present at Shot SMOKY, one nuclear test 

of Operation PLUMBBOB. Since that initial report by the Center 

for Disease Control, the Veterans Administration has received a 

number of claims for medical benefits from former military personnel who believe their health may have been adversely affected 

by participation in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests and 

consequent exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. 

. 

In late 1977, the Department of Defense began a study to 

provide data to both the Center for Disease Control and Veterans 

Administration on potential exposures to ionizing radiation among 

*Formerly called the Nevada Proving Ground, the name of the test

range was changed to the Nevada Test Site in 1955. 

of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,

formerly the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 

1 
the atmospheric testing veterans. The Department of Defense 

responded by organizing an effort to: 

Identify Department of Defense personnel who had 

taken part in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 

Provide public disclosure of information concerning 

participation by DOD personnel in the atmospheric

nuclear weapons tests. 

This report on the last eight shots is based on the 

historical record of and technical documents associated 

with each of the nuclear weapons test events. These reports 

provide a public record of the activities and associated 

potential for radiation exposure of DOD personnel, for use in 

ongoing public health research and policy analysis. 

Many of the documents pertaining specifically to DOD 

involvement during Shots WHEELER to MORGAN were found in the 

Defense Nuclear Agency Technical Library, the National Federal 

Archives Record Center, the Department of Energy Nevada 

Operations Office, and the Los National In 

certain cases, the surviving historical documentation addresses 

test specifications and technical information, rather than 

personnel data critical to the study undertaken bv the Department 

of Defense. Moreover, these documents sometimes have revealed 

inconsistencies in vital facts, such as the number of DOD 

participants in a certain at a given shot or their 

locations and assignments at a given time. These inconsistencies 

in data usuallv occur between two or more documents but occasionally appear within the same document. Efforts have been made to 

resolve these inconsistencies wherever possible or to bring them 

to the attention of the reader. In addition to these inconsistencies in information, the documents describing test organization projects do not always distinguish between projects that 

were only planned and those that were conducted. 

*Formerly the Los lamos Scientific Laboratory 

2 
This report discusses only those projects verified by documentation as having been conducted. 

For several of the Exercise Desert Rock and test organization projects discussed in this volume, the only documents 

available are the Sixth Army Desert Rock operation orders, the 

annexes to the Test Director's "Operation Plan CTDN-22," and Air 

Force air mission summary reports. These sources detail the 

plans developed by DOD and AEC personnel prior to Operation 

PLUMBBOB; they do not necessarily describe operations as they 

were actually conducted at the NTS. Although some of the 

action documents summarize the projects performed during the 

operation, they do not always supply shot-specific information. 

In the absence of shot-specific after-action reports, 

are described according to they were planned. Because 

accomplishment of objectives required detailed planning 

and adherence to operations orders, plans and operations orders 

should provide a reasonably accurate account of personnel 

activities. The references indicate whether the description of 

activities is based on the annexes, operation orders, air mission 

summary reports, or after-action reports. 

CONTENTS OF REPORTS 

This volume details participation bv DOD personnel in the 

last eight Operation events. Seven other publications 

address DOD activities during the operation: 

Series volume: Series, 1957 

Multi-shot volume: Shots BOLTZMANN to WILSON, the 

First Four Tests of the 

Series 

Shot volume: Shot PRISCILLA, a Test of the

Series 

Shot volume: Shot HOOD, a Test of the 

Series 
Multi-shot volume: Shots DIABLO to FRANKLIN PRIME, 

the Mid-series Tests 

Shot volume: Shot SMOKY, a Test of the 

Series 

• Shot volume: Shot GALILEO, a Test of the 

Series. 

These volumes have been designed for use with one another. 

The series volume provides information common to the 

shots, such as historical background, organizational relationships, and radiation-safety procedures. In addition, that volume 

contains a bibliography of works consulted in the preparation of 

all Operation reports. 

The single-shot volumes describe DOD participation in Shots 

PRISCILLA, HOOD, SMOKY, and GALILEO. These volumes have been 

bound separately because the shots included substantial numbers 

of Desert Rock participants. Each multi-shot volume combines 

shot-specific descriptions for several nuclear events. The shot 

and multi-shot volumes list the sources referenced in each text. 

Descriptions of activities concerning particular 

shot, whether the event is addressed in a single- or in a 

shot volume, may be supplemented the general organizational 

and radiological safety information in the Series 

volume. 

The information in these reports is supplemented by the 

Reference Manual: Background Materials for the Volumes. 

This report summarizes information on the physical processes and 

characteristics of a nuclear detonation, radiation physics, 

radiation health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement 

techniques. It also lists acronyms and a glossary of terms used 

in the DOD reports addressing test events in the continental U.S. 

4 
 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Chapter Page 

PREFACE .......................... 1 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 

LIST OF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 

1.1 Department of Defense Participation in Nevada Test

Organization Activities at the Last Eight

Events . • 13

1.2 Exercise Desert 

Last Eight Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . 

1.3 Dosimetrg for Participants . . . . . . . . 19 

Shot WHEELER Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

2 SHOT WHEELER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

2.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Operations at Shot WHEELER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

2.2 Department of Defense Participation in

Test Group, Operational Training, and

Support Activities at Shot WHEELER. . . . . . . . . 23 

2.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test

Group Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 

2.2.2 Department of Defense Participation

in Universitv of California Radiation 

Laboratory Test Group Projects . . . . . . . 25 

2.2.3 Department of Defense Operational

Training Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

2.3 Radiation Protection at Shot WHEELER. . . . . . . . 28 

Shot Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 

3 SHOTLAPLACE ...................... 34 

3.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Operations at Shot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 

3.2 Department of Defense Participation in

Test Group, Operational Training, and

Support Activities at Shot . . . . . . . . . 36 

5 
-

Page 

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

Chapter 

3.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test

Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 

3.2.2 Department of Defense Participation

in Los Scientific Laboratory

............. 

3.2.3 Department of Defense Participation

in Civil Effects Test Group Projects . . . . 39 

3.2.4 Department of Defense Operational

Training Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 

3.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 

3.3 Radiation Protection at Shot . . . . . . . . 42 

Shot FIZEAU Svnopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 

4 SHOT FIZEAU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 

4.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Operations

at Shot FIZEAU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 

4.2 Department of Defense Participation in 

Test Group, Operational Training, and Sup- port Activities at Shot FIZEAU. . . . . . . . . . . 

4.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test

Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 

4.2.2 Department of Defense Participation

in Los Scientific Laboratory

............. 52 

4.2.3 Department of Defense Participation

in Civil Effects Test Group Projects . . . . 52 

4.2.4 Department of Defense Operational

.............. 54 

4.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 

4.3 Radiation Protection at Shot FIZEAU . . . . . . . . 57 

Shot NEWTON Synopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

SHOTNEWTON ....................... 63 

5.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Operations at Shot NEWTON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 

5.2 Department of Defense Participation in

Test Group, Operational Training, and Support Activities at Shot NEWTON. . . . . . . . . . . 65 

6 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

Chapter Page 

5.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test

Group Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 

5.2.2 Department of Defense Participation

in Los Scientific Laboratorv 

Test Group Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 

5.2.3 Department of Defense Participation

in Civil Effects Test Group Projects . . . . 67 

5.2.4 Department of Defense Operational

Training Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

5.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 

5.3 Radiation Protection at Shot NEWTON . . . . . . . . 70 

Shot RAINIER Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 

6 SHOT RAINIER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 

6.1 Department of Defense Participation in

Test Group, Operational Training, and Sup- port Activities at Shot RAINIER . . . . . . . . . . 76 

6.1.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test

Group Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 

6.1.2 Department of Defense Participation

in University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group Projects. . . . . . . . . . 78 

6.1.3 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 

6.2 Radiation Protection at Shot RAINIER. . . . . . . . 79 

Shot WHITNEY Svnopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 

7 SHOT WHITNEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 

7.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Operations 

at Shot WHITNEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 

7.2 Department of Defense Participation in

Test Group, Operational Training, and Support

Activities at Shot WHITNEY. . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 

7.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test 

Group Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 

7.2.2 Department of Defense Participation

in University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group Projects. . . . . 85 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

Chapter Page 

7.2.3 Department of Defense Participation

in Civil Effects Test Group Projects. . . .

7.2.4 Department of Defense Operational

Trainingprojects.............. 

7.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center

85 

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 

7.3 Radiation Protection at Shot WHITNEY. . . . . . . . 

94 

8 SHOT CHARLESTON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 

8.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Operations 

at Shot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 

8.2 Department of Defense Participation in

Test Group, Operational Training, and Support

Activities at Shot CHARLESTON . . . . . . . . . . . 95 

8.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test 

Group Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

8.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in

Universitv of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group Projects . . . . . . . . . . 98 

8.2.3 Department of Defense Participation

in Civil Effects Test Group Projects . . . . 98 

8.2.4 Department of Defense Operational

Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 

8.2.5 4ir Force Special Weapons Center

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

8.3 Radiation Protection at Shot CHARLESTON . . . . . . 

Shot MORGAN Svnopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 

9 SHOT MORGAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 

9.1 Department of Defense Participation in Test Group

and Support Activities at Shot MORGAN . . . . . . . 107 

9.1.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test

Group Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 

9.1.2 Department of Defense Participation in

University of California Radiation

Laboratory Test Group Projects . . . . . . . 109 

9.1.3 Department of Defense Participation in 

Civil Effects Test Group Pro.jects. . . . . . 110 

9.1.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

Chapter Page 

9.2 Radiation Protection at Shot MORGAN . . . . . . . . 111 

REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

Figure Page 

l-l Location of the Final Eight Shots at the 

Nevada Test Site in Relation to Other Shots in the 

Series. ................... 15 

3-l Initial Survey for Shot 8 September 1957, 

4-l Initial Survey for Shot FIZEAU, 14 September 1957, 

8-l Initial Survey for Shot CHARLESTON, 28 September 1957, 

2-1 Initial for Shot WHEELER, 6 September 1957,

Mid-time 0652. .................... 30 

2-2 Subsequent Surveys for Shot WHEELER. ......... 31 

Mid-time 0712. .................... 45 

3-2 Subsequent Surveys for Shot ......... 46 

Mid-time 1118. .................... 59 

4-2 Subsequent Surveys for Shot FIZEAU .......... 60 

5-l Initial Survey for Shot NEWTON, 16 September 1957,

Mid-time 0812. .................... 73 

5-2 Subsequent Surveys for Shot NEWTON .......... 74 

7-l Initial Survey for Shot WHITNEY, 23 September 1957,

Mid-time 0725. .................... 91 

7-2 Subsequent Surveys for Shot WHITNEY. ......... 92 

Mid-time 0716. .................... 104 

8-2 Subsequent Surveys for Shot CHARLESTON ........ 105 

9-l Initial Survey for Shot MORGAN, 7 October 1957, 

time0545 ....................... 114 

9-2 Subsequent Surveys for Shot MORGAN .......... 115 

9 
LIST OF TABLES 

Table Page 

l-l Summary of the Final Eight Shots. . . . . . . 14 

Test Group Projects with Department of Defense Participation, Shot WHEELER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 

4-l Test Group with Department of Defense Parti8-1 Test Group with Department of Defense Parti3-l Test Group Projects with Department of Defense Participation, Shot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 

cipation, Shot FIZEAU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 

5-l Test Group with Department of Defense Participation, Shot NEWTON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 

6-1 Test Group Projects with Department of Defense Participation, Shot RAINIER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 

7-1 Test Group Projects with Department of Defense Participation, Shot WHITNEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 

cipation, Shot CHARLESTON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 

9-l Test Group Projects with Department of Defense Participation, Shot MORGAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 

10 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 

The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in this volume: 

AEC 

AFB 

AFSWC 

AFSWP 

BJY 

CBR 

CETG 

DOD 

EG and G 

FCDA 

LASL 

NTS 

UCRL 

USAF 

UTM 

Atomic Energy Commission 

Air Force Base 

Air Force Special Weapons Center

Armed Forces Special Weapons 

Buster-Jangle

Chemical, Biological, Radiological 

Civil Effects Test Group 

Department of Defense

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier

Federal Civil Defense Administration 

Los Scientific Laboratory

Nevada Test Organization

Nevada Test Site 

Reynolds Electrical and Engineering

Roentgen per hour

University of California Radiation Laboratory

United States Air Force 

Universal Transverse Mercator 

11 
CHAPTER 1 

INTRODUCTION 

Shots WHEELER, FIZEAU, NEWTON, RAINIER, WHITNEY, 

CHARLESTON, and MORGAN were tests of nuclear devices conducted 

between 6 September and 7 October 1957 at the Nevada Test Site, 

the Atomic Energy Commission continental nuclear test site 

located northwest of Las Vegas. These shots were the last eight 

test events of Operation PLUMBBOB, a series of 24 nuclear weapons 

tests and six safety experiments performed between 24 April and 7 

October 1957 

The nuclear devices were sponsored, designed, and built by 

AEC laboratories. The Los Scientific Laboratory (LASL) 

was responsible for the LA PLACE, FIZEAU, and NEWTON devices, 

while the University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL) 

was responsible for the WHEELER, RAINIER, WHITNEY, CHARLESTON, 

and MORGAN devices. The primary of these nuclear tests 

was to evaluate the nuclear yield and the blast, thermal, and 

radiation phenomena produced by the devices. To fulfill this 

objective, LASL and UCRL test groups conducted scientific 

experiments to measure the physical characteristics of the 

detonations. The Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) 

Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group conducted effects 

projects to evaluate the utility of the devices for military 

applications and to investigate additional requirements for 

future nuclear weapons development (37). The Federal Civil 

Defense Administration (FCDA) Civil Effects Test Group (CETG) 

conducted projects to assess the effects of nuclear detonations 

on civilian structures, products, and food supplies and to 

evaluate Civil Defense emergency preparedness plans (22). 

* All sources cited in the text are listed alphabetically and 

numbered in the Reference List, appended to this volume. The 

number cited in the text is the number of the source document 

in the Reference List. 

12 
A number of other activities related to the conditions and 

phenomena produced by a nuclear detonation were also conducted at 

these eight events. The Department of Defense conducted 

operational training projects to indoctrinate personnel in the 

effects of nuclear detonations and to test equipment. The armed 

services also fielded projects to evaluate military equipment and 

tactics and to indoctrinate troops in weapons effects as part of 

Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII, the Army technical testing and 

training program at Operation PLUMBBOB. 

Table l-l presents a summary of the last eight tests of 

Operation (29). The table provides such information as 

the dates of shots, the UTM coordinates* of the points of 

detonation, the heights of burst,+ and the explosive yields. 

Figure l-l displays a map of the NTS in 1957, indicating the 

location of each PLLJMBBOB test and highlighting the shots 

discussed in this volume. 

1.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN NEVADA TEST 

ORGANIZATION ACTIVITIES AT THE LAST EIGHT EVENTS 

The Nevada Test Organization (NTO) was established for 

planning, coordinating, and conducting atmospheric nuclear 

weapons tests during Operation PLUMBBOB. All activities were 

under the control of an AEC-appointed Test Manager assisted bv 

the Test Director. The consisted of personnel from the AEC, 

the DOD, and the FCDA. These personnel were assigned to four 

*Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in this 

report. The first three digits refer to a point on an east-west

axis, and the second three refer to a point on a north--south

axis. The point so designated is the southwest corner of an

area 100 meters square. 

'Vertical distances are given in feet. Altitudes are measured 

from mean sea level, while heights are measured from the ground

surface. Yucca Flat, the area of the NTS where all of the final 

eight shots but RAINIER were tested, is about 4,000 feet above

mean sea level. 

13 
 

 

Table l-l: SUMMARY OF THE FINAL EIGHT SHOTS 

U C R L U C R L U C R L 

I I 

Actual Date I 09114157 

Local Time 

NTS Locatton

I

Area 9

I 

NTS Locatton Area 7

I 

Area 9 Area 7 Area 3 

I 

Area 7 

I 

Area 12 Area 2 Area 9 Area 9 

794104 

Tower Balloon Balloon 

19 12 8 

UTM 

I I I 

Balloon Balloon Balloon Balloon Tower 

I 

Balloon 

I 

Tunnel 

I of Burst (Feet) I I 750 -899 

Actual I 1 
I

I I

0 

I 

RAINIER SMOKY 

N 

WILSON WHEELER 

HOOD CHARLESTON 

OWENS MORGAN 

Camp Mercury 

Kilometers Rock 

Figure l-l: LOCATION OF THE FINAL EIGHT SHOTS 

AT THE NEVADA TEST SITE IN RELATION TO OTHER 

SHOTS IN THE SERIES 

15 
test groups: the AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group, 

the LASL Test Group, the UCRL Test Group, and the FCDA Civil 

Effects Test Group. In addition to the projects of the test 

the DOD conducted the operational training and 

support activities. 

Overall, the largest area of DOD participation in the 

was in the Weapons Effects Test Group projects, designed to study 

yield and weapons effects characteristics in order to understand 

the militarily useful effects of nuclear weapons for offensive 

and defensive deployment (28). Personnel from DOD agencies and 

the armed services participated in the experiments conducted 

LASL, UCRL, and CETG, but participation was limited. Most DOD 

participation in these experiments was provided by the Air Force 

Special Weapons Command (AFSWC) 4926th Test Squadron [Sampling) 

in LASL and UCRL radiochemistry cloud-sampling projects (26). 

The DOD operational training designed to test 

service tactics and equipment and to instruct military personnel 

in nuclear detonation effects, were conducted at all but Shots 

RAINIER and MORGAN. Most of the projects were conducted in 

aircraft by pilots from the Air Force Tactical Air Command or 

Strategic Air Command (27). 

The Air Force Special Weapons Center, at Kirtland Air Force 

Base (AFB), New Mexico, exercised operational control of all 

military aircraft flying over the area of the NTS during 

and provided air support to the and its projects, in addition 

to conducting some test activities of its own. AFSWC was 

composed of units from the 4950th Test Group (Nuclear), including 

the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) and the 4935th Air Base 

Squadron. These units operated out of Indian Springs AFB, 

16 
30 kilometers* south of Camp Mercury, and were supported by the 

4900th Air Base Group stationed at Kirtland AFB. AFSWC air and 

ground personnel provided air support to projects, conducting 

cloud-sampling and cloud-tracking missions, and providing 

courier, aerial survey, and transportation services (26; 30; 56; 

61). 

The Radiological Safety Division of Reynolds Electrical and 

Engineering Company augmented by 38 personnel from the 

1st Radiological Safety Support Unit, Fort McClellan, Alabama, 

conducted radiation protection procedures established by the 

• These safety procedures, detailed in the Operation

volume, were designed to minimize exposure to ionizing 

radiation by limiting radiation exposures to no more than three 

roentgens of whole-body gamma radiation for any period 

and five roentgens annually. Unless approved the Test Manager 

in advance, access to radiation areas by AFSWP project participants was not allowed until the Test Manager declared the area 

open for recovery operations. Personnel were not permitted into 

areas of ten roentgens per hour (R/h) or greater unless they had 

received special permission from the Test Director (37; 60). 

participants recovering test instruments from radioactive 

areas were accompanied by radiological safety monitors who 

surveyed the radiation intensitv in the recovery area and 

informed the project managers of the radiological conditions. To 

monitor cumulative exposures, project personnel were issued film 

badges. After the film badges were collected, developed, and 

evaluated, any individuals whose accumulated dose approached or 

exceeded the established limits were not permitted further access 

to the forward area. Personnel decontamination procedures were 

implemented, and emergency evacuation plans were prepared for the 

test events (60). 

*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metric

units. The metric conversion factors include: 1 meter = 3.28 

feet; 1 meter = 1.09 yards; 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles. 

17 
The radiation protection procedures for AFSWC included the 

same exposure limits for and ground-crew personnel as 

those established for the personnel, with the exception of 

cloud sampler pilots. These AFSWC personnel were authorized by 

the Test Manager to receive a maximum of 7.5 roentgens of gamma 

radiation annually. Decontamination, including removal of 

anticontamination clothing and showers, was required of all 

aircrew members after each project mission, regardless of the 

exposure received on the flight. Aircraft were decontaminated 

washing or were isolated until radiation intensities had decayed 

to acceptable levels (1; 43). 

1.2 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII ACTIVITIES AT THE LAST 

EIGHT EVENTS 

The operations of Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII, the 

Army testing and training program conducted during the 

shots, were not as extensive during Shots WHEELER through MORGAN 

as during the first events. Desert Rock activities were 

basically concluded by mid-September 1957, before the end of 

Operation PLUMBBOB. Most Desert Rock participants in Shots 

WHEELER through MORGAN took part in two technical service 

projects. In addition to these participants, Camp Desert Rock 

troops provided communication, transportation, traffic control, 

and radiological monitoring for the Desert Rock projects. For 

example, soldiers from the 50th Chemical Service Platoon provided 

radiological safety monitoring for Desert Rock personnel in the 

test area until mid-September 1957, when the platoon returned to 

its home station. AFSWP and the 1st Radiological Safety Support 

Unit probably provided radiological monitoring for Desert Rock 

troops as needed thereafter (33; 53). 

Radiation protection procedures for Exercise Desert Rock, 

like those for the NTO, are detailed in the Operation 

volume. Procedures were designed to minimize potential exposure 
to ionizing radiation while allowing participants to accomplish 

their objectives. Desert Rock personnel were limited to five 

roentgens of whole-body gamma radiation during anv six-month 

period. The radiation protection procedures of Exercise Desert 

Rock included provisions for (32; 33): 

Maintaining minimum safe distances from nuclear

detonations 

Enforcing protective procedures for personnel

observing the detonations 

Controlling access to radiation areas 

Film-badging and monitoring the cumulative exposures 

of Desert Rock personnel 

Decontaminating all equipment and personnel leaving 

the shot area after each detonation 

Preparing emergency evacuation plans for personnel

in the forward area. 

1.3 DOSIMETRY FOR PARTICIPANTS 

For Operation PLUMBBOB, maintained cumulative exposure 

lists of and AFSWC personnel. The lists provided the 

specific dosimetry information described in the radiological 

safety sections of the following chapters. For example, lists 

were developed that showed the personnel who had, during a 

specific period, exceeded a cumulative dose of two roentgens. A 

few surviving disposition forms, specifying personnel exposures 

exceeding three roentgens, indicate that Exercise Desert Rock 

similarly monitored cumulative exposures. Personnel whose 

exposures reached five roentgens were prohibited from further 

entry into the shot area. The Operation volume 

summarizes dosimetry totals and overexposure information for 

participants. 

19 
SHOT WHEELER SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VII and VIII 

DATE/TIME: 6 September 1957, 0545 hours

YIELD: 0.197 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 500 feet (balloon shot) 

Objectives: (1) To evaluate newly designed devices for

possible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal 

(2) To evaluate the nuclear yield and the

blast, thermal, and radiation phenomena produced

by these nuclear devices 

(3) To evaluate the ability of military

personnel and equipment to locate and detect

nuclear detonations. 

Weather: At shot-time, the temperature was and 

surface winds were calm. Winds were 11 knots 

from the east-southeast at 10,000 feet and 17 

knots from the east-southeast at 15,000 feet. 

Radiation Data: The initial survey, mid-time of 0652 hours,

determined that radiation intensities greater

than 0.1 R/h were limited to within about 750

meters from ground zero except to the north,

where the residual radiation field from a 

previous shot was encountered. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock troops, Armed Forces

Special Weapons Project, Air Force Special 

Weapons Center and other Air Force personnel,

University of California Radiation Laboratory,

other contractors. 

20 
CHAPTER 2 

SHOT WHEELER 

Shot WHEELER, the seventeenth nuclear weapons test of 

Operation PLUMBBOB, was detonated at 0545 hours Pacific Daylight 

Time on 6 September 1957. The device, which had a yield of 

0.197 kiloton, was suspended from a balloon and fired 500 feet 

above the ground in Area 9 of the Nevada Test Site. The cloud 

top reached 17,000 feet and traveled west-northwest (29). 

2.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT WHEELER 

Two technical service projects were conducted at Shot 

WHEELER: Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonationdetection and Cloud Tracking Systems, and Project 50.8, Detection 

of Atomic Burst and Radioactive Fallout. These two projects 

involved 128 Desert Rock participants. In addition, 12 Desert 

Rock support troops witnessed the detonation from a location near 

News Nob, approximately 21 kilometers south of ground zero. The 

12 observers probably returned to Camp Desert Rock after the 

detonation (33). 

Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonationdetection and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded by a detachment 

from the Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories, Fort 

Monmouth, New Jersey; personnel from Fort Meade, Maryland; and 

personnel from Fort Huachuca, Arizona. The project had two 

purposes: to test the capacity of Army radar equipment in 

detecting the nuclear detonation and tracking the radioactive 

cloud, and to examine Army fallout prediction methods. Participants were divided into a radar section and two fallout 

prediction teams. The radar section detected and tracked the 

cloud, recorded fireball growth, and determined the rate of rise 

21 
of the cloud, the height of burst, and the yield. In addition, 

the radar section collected data to evaluate the capability of 

radar equipment in cloud detection. Three radar sets were used: 

one about 180 kilometers southeast of ground zero at Boulder 

City, Nevada, and the other two about 13 kilometers west of 

ground zero at UTM coordinates 766106. All three sets were 

manned at the time of the detonation (19; 32; 52). 

One of the fallout prediction teams used upper wind data to 

test an Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories 

technique for predicting fallout patterns. The fallout team 

consisted of personnel from the Meteorological Division, Army 

Signal Research and Development Laboratories. This team operated 

out of an M-109 mobile van, which contained the teletype and 

recording equipment necessary for obtaining meteorological data 

for plotting fallout. The mobile van, manned at the time of the 

detonation, was located next to the weather station at Camp 

Mercury. A second fallout prediction team, with personnel from 

the Army Electronic Proving Ground, Fort Huachuca, operated near 

Alamo, Nevada, 92 kilometers northeast of the Control Point. 

Project activities involved an estimated 23 DOD personnel (19; 

32; 52). 

Project 50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and Radioactive 

Fallout, was conducted by the Army Air Defense Board, supported 

by the 495th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion. The 

project, which involved an estimated 105 DOD personnel, was 

designed to determine how well equipment found in a typical Army 

unit could (57; 58; 59): 

Determine the location, height of burst, and yield of

a detonation 

Track targets and guided missiles through a radioactive

cloud or fireball. 

During the detonation, personnel operated three radar sets about 

20 kilometers from ground zero and a fourth radar set approximately 70 kilometers from ground zero. In addition, participants 

22 
manned a project control point southeast of ground zero, at UTM 

coordinates 832962 (32). 

2.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP, 

OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT WHEELER 

Besides participating in Exercise Desert Rock activities, 

Department of Defense personnel took part in other test 

activities during Shot WHEELER that required them to enter the 

forward area. Table 2-l identifies the test group projects 

involving DOD participants. The Air Force also sponsored one 

operational training project. In addition to the test group 

projects and the operational training project, support activities 

accounted for a number of DOD participants. The Air Force 

Special Weapons Center supported one test group project and flew 

routine air missions for the Test Manager. 

Table 2-1: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT WHEELER 

Estimated 

DOD 

Project Title Participants Personnel 

Weapons Effects Test Group 

64 

91 

Accuracy and 

System 

Support Photography 

of the NAROL Force Research Center 

AFSWP. EG and G 12 

University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group I 

21 2 of Laboratory; 4926th 8 

Test Squadron Force Special 

Weapons Center 

Unknown 

2.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group Projects 

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted two projects during 

Shot WHEELER. In identifying these projects, table 2-1 lists the 

23 
estimated numbers of DOD personnel. These estimates, as well as 

DOD personnel estimates in the project tables of the following 

chapters, reflect the minimum number of project participants in 

an experiment as given in the schedule of events for the shot or 

in the weapons test reports. 

Project 6.4, Accuracy of the Reliability of the 

baseline NAROL System, used the Long Range Aids to Navigation 

(LORAN) system in an inverse fashion to determine the electromagnetic pulse from the nuclear burst in order to detect the 

position and measure the yield of that burst. The Indirect Bomb 

Damage Assessment NAROL system tested in this operation consisted 

of nets located in Albuquerque, New Mexico; Vale, Oregon; and 

Rapid City, South Dakota. Each NAROL net had two unmanned slave 

stations and one manned station (34). 

Project 9.1, Support Photography, was sponsored by AFSWP to 

provide the following support services: 

Technical photographic support of the military effects 

program 

Documentation of the overall military effects program and 

production of an effects motion picture 

Documentation of the detonation for release through the 

Joint Office of Test Information and for historical 

purposes 

General photographic support to Department of Defense

projects. 

Nine personnel established and then manned a photography station 

at the BJY from five hours before to 30 minutes after the 

detonation (10). In addition, Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier 

(EG and G) personnel provided technical photographic support to 

AFSWP and the operating camera stations to record fireball 

and cloud growth. After the detonation, three EG and G 

participants spent about 90 minutes in the shot area recovering 

film from the stations. Although Project 9.1 also included 

24 
aerial photography at other shots, no data are available 

concerning an air photographic mission at WHEELER (10; 24). 

2.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in University of

California Radiation Laboratory Test Group Projects 

Of the ten projects conducted by the University of 

California Radiation Laboratory Test Group at WHEELER, only 

Project 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, involved DOD participants, 

as shown in table 2-l. The project required cloud sampling, 

discussed in section 2.2.4. 

2.2.3 Department of Defense Operational Training Project 

The one operational training project conducted the Air 

Force at Shot WHEELER was Project 53.1, Aerial Sampling Missions. 

This project was designed to train Air National Guard units in 

cloud sampling. Two F-33A aircraft, each with a crew of two from 

the Wisconsin Air National Guard, participated in the activity 

(27). It is probable that the project involved cloud sampling 

and was conducted in conjunction with UCRL Project 21.2, 

Radiochemistry Sampling. 

2.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Air Force Special Weapons Center support to the Test Manager 

and the test groups at Shot WHEELER consisted of cloud-sampling 

and sample courier missions in support of Project 21.2, 

tracking missions, security sweeps, and aerial surveys. 

Cloud Sampling 

Six F-84 aircraft, with one pilot each, collected samples of 

the cloud for Project 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. A B-57 

sampler control aircraft, manned by a pilot and a UCRL scientific 

25 
advisor, also participated. Pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron 

(Sampling) flew all seven aircraft (1; 2). 

The B-57 sampler control aircraft, which guided the six 

sampler aircraft through the missions, left Indian Springs AFB at 

0445 hours, one hour before the detonation. The aircraft reached 

an altitude of 35,000 feet and began a right-hand holding pattern 

about 50 nautical miles east of ground zero at 0550 hours (1; 2). 

The six sampler aircraft proceeded as follows. At 0605 

hours, 15 minutes after the sampler control aircraft began its 

orbit, the first F-84 entered the vicinity of the burst at 35,000 

feet and established visual contact with the control aircraft. 

After the detonation, the control aircraft left its orbit to view 

the cloud from all sides. The scientific advisor in the B-57 

then directed the samplers to penetrate the cloud at the altitude 

necessary to acquire the samples. The first F-84 left the area 

35 minutes later, landing at Indian Springs AFB at 0645 hours. 

The remaining five F-84 samplers followed the pattern set by the 

first sampler and entered the area of the cloud at altitudes of 

35,000 feet at ten-minute intervals, between 0615 hours and 0655 

hours. Each aircraft followed the same procedures as the first 

F-84, and remained in the area collecting samples for about 30 

minutes. The final sampler aircraft landed at Indian Springs AFR 

at 0735 hours. The control aircraft ended its pattern at 0725 

hours, after the six sampler aircraft had collected cloud 

samples, and landed at Indian Springs at 0736 hours (1; 2). 

Upon landing, each sampler aircraft taxied to the strip 

farthest from base operations. There, ground personnel used 

long-handled poles to remove the samples and place them in metal 

containers to be sent by courier to UCRL. With the mission 

complete, the aircraft and the pilots were decontaminated, as 

described in the Operation volume (1; 2). 

26 
Courier Missions 

The 4900th Air Base Group from Kirtland AFB flew the courier 

sample return missions. Two C-47 aircraft, each with a minimum 

crew of three, flew samples out of Indian Springs AFB to UCRL for 

analysis (1; 2). 

Cloud Tracking 

Five minutes after the WHEELER detonation, two B-25 aircraft, each with an estimated crew of four, left Indian Springs 

AFB and flew over and beyond the NTS at 15,000 feet. The purpose 

of the mission was to determine the direction the cloud traveled 

and to keep the airways clear of any aircraft unrelated to the 

test projects (1; 2). 

Security Sweep 

The evening before the detonation, one L-20 aircraft, with 

at least two people aboard, left the airstrip near Camp Mercury 

and flew a security sweep mission over the NTS to ensure that no 

unauthorized personnel remained in the shot area (1; 2). 

Helicopter Surveys 

Ninety minutes after the detonation, one H-21 helicopter, 

with two AFSWC crewmen and two radiological safety monitors, left 

the airstrip near Camp Mercury and flew a survey mission over the 

WHEELER shot area and other designated points to record radiation 

intensities. The survey took an estimated 40 minutes. Crew 

members wore anticontamination clothing and respirators during 

the flight. After the mission, the helicopter returned to the 

helicopter area at Camp Mercury, where aircraft and crew were 

monitored and decontaminated as required. Subsequent surveys 

were canceled, as discussed in section 2.3. A survey to assess 

detonation damage, planned for about two hours after the shot, 

was also canceled (1; 2; 44). 

27 
2.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT WHEELER 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

for Operation was to ensure that individuals would avoid 

unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation while accomplishing 

their missions. Some of the procedures described in the 

Operation volume resulted in records that enabled the 

Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the effectiveness of its 

radiation protection programs. The available information 

includes isointensity contour maps, monitoring data, and some 

personnel dosimetry data. Radiological safety procedures and 

dosimetry information for Desert Rock and AFSWC personnel are 

described in the Operation volume. 

Dosimetry Records 

Film badge records turned in on the WHEELER shot-day 

indicate that four Desert Rock participants reached or exceeded 

two roentgens of cumulative gamma exposure. Three of these 

personnel were from the 232nd Signal Company and had film badge 

readings of 4.35, 9.5, and 10.2 roentgens. The latter two 

readings, which exceeded the Desert Rock limit of five roentgens, 

represented the greatest exposures for any Operation 

participants. The fourth individual, a member of the Desert Rock 

Instructor Group, received two roentgens, according to a film 

badge worn over a four-day period. The shots with which this 

exposure and the others are associated are not known (39; 44; 54; 

On 5 and 6 September 1957, including the 6 September 

detonation of WHEELER, the Personnel Dosimetry Branch issued 

516 film badges and 272 pocket dosimeters (60). One DOD 

participant, from the Ballistic Research Laboratories, received a 

cumulative gamma exposure of 2.12 roentgens. The Desert Rock 

Radiological Safety Officer, listed among the participants, 

received a cumulative gamma exposure of 2.23 roentgens. It is 

not known why he wore an film badge in addition to his Desert 

28 
Rock film badge. If no duplication occurred, his cumulative 

exposure was 6.9 roentgens, in excess of the five roentgen limit 

(39; 44; 60). 

Logistics 

For Shot WHEELER, the General Supply Section issued 

protective supplies to 613 personnel. These supplies consisted 

of coveralls, shoe covers, respirators, and other protective 

equipment (44; 60). 

Monitoring Procedures and Support 

Five minutes after the detonation, a total of 11 monitors 

traveling in eight vehicles proceeded into the shot area and 

performed the initial ground radiological survey of the shot 

area. The survey took about an hour to complete. Resurveys were 

made about six hours after the detonation and again on 7, 8, and 

9 September (44; 60). 

The initial aerial survey team, consisting of two radiological monitors and two AFSWC crewmen, departed from the Control 

Point helicopter pad at 0715 hours, 90 minutes after the detonation. The highest radiation intensity in the shot area was 

4.8 R/h, encountered 25 feet above ground zero about two hours 

after the detonation. Outside the shot area, the highest 

intensity was 7.5 R/h, detected 25 feet above the ground zero of 

Shot GALILEO, fired five days earlier. Aerial resurveys were 

canceled for Shot WHEELER because ground resurveys supplied 

sufficient information (44; 60). 

Plotting and Briefing 

Using information from the initial surveys, the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch developed isointensity contour maps. Figure 2-1 

shows a copy of the initial contour map, with a mid-time of 0652 

hours. Figure 2-2 presents copies of the isointensity maps 

29 
Stake 

. . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

Meters ------ I 

0 1000

Figure 2-1: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT WHEELER, 

6 SEPTEMBER 1957, MID-TIME 0662 

30 
0 

Meters Meters , 1 

1000 0 

 

6 September 1957, Mid-Time. 1206 7 September 1957, Mid-Time: 0745 

Meters 

0 1000 

8 September 1957, Mid-Time: 0804 

Meters , 

0 1000 

9 September 1957, 0845 

Stake 

. . . . . . . . . 0 01 

0 

Figure 2-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT WHEELER 

31 
developed from 6 to 9 September. Most of the radiation field, 

except for within about one kilometer of ground zero, was 

residual from Shot SMOKY, fired on 31 August (60). 

Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch to establish Full and Limited Radiological 

Exclusion Areas, described in the Operation volume. The 

Plotting and Briefing Branch also issued the access permits 

required for entry into these areas. During the period of 5 and 

6 September, access permits were issued to 443 individuals 

involved in 26 projects (60). 

Decontamination Activities 

During the period covering Shot WHEELER, personnel of the 

Decontamination Branch decontaminated 58 vehicles (60). In 

addition, personnel decontaminated the area within a 

radius of the WHEELER balloon site in Area 9, contaminated by 

radioactive fallout from Shot SMOKY. Decontamination operations 

began on 3 September 1957, as participants scraped the surface 

soil with a bulldozer, removed contaminated soil from the area by 

trucks, and backfilled the area with uncontaminated soil. 

Radiation readings were taken after each phase of activity to 

determine its effectiveness (60). 

32 
SHOT SYNOPSIS 

Objectives: 

Weather: 

Radiation Data: 

Participants: 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VII and VIII 

DATE/TIME: 8 September 1957, 0600 hours

YIELD: 1 kiloton 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 750 feet (balloon shot) 

(1) To evaluate newly designed devices for

possible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal 

(2) To evaluate the nuclear yield and the

blast, thermal, and radiation phenomena produced

by these nuclear devices 

(3) To evaluate the effects of nuclear

radiation for civil defense purposes. 

At shot-time, the temperature was and 

surface winds were calm. Winds were ten knots 

from the west-northwest at 10,000 feet and four 

knots from the east-southeast at 20,000 feet. 

The initial survey, mid-time of 0712 hours, 

determined that radiation intensities greater

than 0.1 R/h were confined to within 950 meters

of ground zero. 

Exercise Desert Rock troops, Armed Forces 

Special Weapons Project, Air Force Special

Weapons Center and other Air Force personnel,

Los Scientific Laboratory, Federal Civil

Defense Administration, other contractors. 

33 
CHAPTER 3 

SHOT 

Shot was conducted with a yield of one kiloton at 

0600 hours Pacific Daylight Time on September 1957. The device 

was suspended from a balloon and fired 750 feet above the ground 

in Area 7 of the Nevada Test Site. The top of the cloud resulting from the detonation reached a height of 20,000 feet (29). 

3.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT 

SHOT 

Two technical service projects were conducted at Shot 

50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-detection 

and Cloud Tracking Systems, and 50.8, Detection of Atomic Hurst 

and Radioactive Fallout. These projects involved an estimated 

128 Desert Rock participants. In addition, seven Desert Rock 

support troops witnessed the detonation from a location near News 

Nob, 16 kilometers south of ground zero. The seven observers 

probably returned to Camp Desert Rock following the detonation 

without going into the forward testing area (33). 

Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range 

detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded a detachment 

from the Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories, Fort 

Monmouth, New Jersey; personnel from Fort Meade, Maryland; and 

personnel from Fort Huachuca, Arizona. The project had two 

purposes: to test the capacity of Army radar equipment in 

detecting the nuclear detonation and tracking the radioactive 

cloud, and to examine Army fallout prediction methods. The 

activities involved an estimated 23 DOD participants, who were 

divided into a radar section and two fallout prediction teams. 

The radar section detected and tracked the nuclear cloud, 

34 
recorded fireball growth, and determined the rate of rise of the 

cloud, the height of burst, and the yield. In addition, the 

radar section collected data to determine the use of radar equipment in cloud detection. Four radar sets were used: one was 

about 180 kilometers southeast of ground zero, one was 

approximately 90 kilometers south of ground zero at Angel's Peak, 

and two were about 12 kilometers west of ground zero, at UTM 

coordinates 766106. The 865th Aircraft Control and Warning 

Squadron operated the Angel's Peak radar unit. All sets were 

manned at the time of the detonation (19; 32; 52). 

One of the fallout prediction teams used upper wind data to 

test a Signal Research and Development Laboratory technique for 

predicting fallout patterns. The team included personnel from 

the Meteorological Division, Army Signal Research and Development 

Laboratories. This team operated out of an M-109 mobile van, 

which contained the teletype and recording equipment necessary 

for obtaining meteorological data for plotting fallout. The 

mobile van, manned at the time of the detonation, was next to the 

weather station at Camp Mercury. A second fallout prediction 

team, with personnel from the Army Electronic Proving Ground, 

Fort Huachuca, operated near Alamo, Nevada, 92 kilometers 

northeast of the Control Point (19; 39; 52). 

During the shot, a DOD civilian, while obtaining 

meteorological data about 18 kilometers from ground zero, may 

have developed mild conjunctivitis from the flash. He was 

examined by the Deputy Surgeon of Field Command, who found no 

evidence of retinal injury. 

Project 50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and Radioactive 

Fallout, was conducted by the Army Air Defense Board, supported 

by the 495th Antiaircraft Missile Battalion. The project, which 

involved an estimated 105 DOD personnel, was designed to 

35 
determine how well equipment found in a Army unit could 

(32; 39; 57-60): 

Determine the location, height of burst, and yield of

a nuclear detonation 

Track targets and guided missiles through a radioactive

cloud or fireball. 

Personnel operated radar sets about 70, 19, and 17 kilometers 

from the NTS. In addition, participants manned a project control 

point southeast of ground zero, at LJTM coordinates 832962 

(11; 57-59). 

3.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP, 

OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT 

In addition to participating in Exercise Desert Rock 

activities, Department of Defense personnel took part in other 

test activities during Shot that required them to enter 

the forward area. Table 3-1, given on the next page, identifies 

the test group projects involving DOD participants. The Air 

Force also sponsored one operational training project at the 

shot. In addition to the test group projects and the operational 

training AFSWC and other support activities accounted 

for a number of other DOD participants. The Air Force Special 

Weapons Center supported LASL Project 11.2 and flew four routine 

air missions for the Test Manager. 

3.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group Projects 

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted three projects 

during Shot 

2.0, Neutron and Gamma Radiation from Shot 

was fielded by personnel from the Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory, the Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories, and other 

36 
 participants outside of the Weapons Effects Test Group. 

The personnel fielding this project included the same individuals 

participating in Projects 2.2, 2.3, and 2.10 at other shots, plus 

other members of the Program 2 staff (11; 21). The primary 

objective of this project was to obtain information correlating 

neutron-flux with radioactivity induced in surface soils. Shot 

was chosen for this activity because it was to be an 

event of reasonably predictable neutron flux (11; 21). 

Table 3-1: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT 

Estimated 

DOD 

Project Participants Personnel 

Weapons Effects Test Group 

Neutron and Gamma from Shot 

Title 

Naval Defense Laboratory; 6 

Army Warfare Laboratones 

Accuracy and of the NAROL Force Research Center 

System 

Support Photography 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group 

11 2 

AFSWP; EC and G 

7 

Force Weapons Center 

Los Laboratory, 4926th Test Squadron 

Civil Effects Test Group 

39 1 Measurements the Force Force School of 24 

Unknown 

Personnel placed neutron detectors, film badges, survev 

meters, and dosimeters in a line extending 90 to 2,740 meters 

from ground zero. They attached the neutron detectors to a cable 

at intervals from about 90 to 1,000 meters from ground 

zero. One hour after the detonation, three Project 2.10 

37 
personnel recovered the neutron detectors by towing the cable on 

which the detectors were attached out of the radiation field. 

Three Project 2.3 participants entered the shot area two, three, 

four, seven, eight, 14, and 15 hours after the detonation to 

monitor instruments 730 meters northwest of ground zero (11; 21; 

45). 

Another part of the involved using chemical dosimeters 

to measure gamma radiation from the detonation. This experiment, 

discussed in section 3.2.3, was performed by personnel from the 

Civil Effects Test Group in conjunction with Project 39.1, 

Radiation Measurements Utilizing the Air Force Chemical 

Dosimeters. 

Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline 

NAROL System, used the Long Range Aids to Navigation (LORAN) 

system in an inverse fashion to detect the electromagnetic pulse 

from the nuclear burst in order to determine the position and 

measure the yield of that burst. The Indirect Bomb Damage 

Assessment NAROL system had nets in Albuquerque, New Mexico; 

Vale, Oregon; and Rapid City, South Dakota. Each NAROL net consisted of two unmanned slave stations and one manned station (34). 

Project 9.1, Support Photography, was sponsored by AFSWP to 

provide the following support services: 

Technical photographic support of the military

effects program 

Documentation of the overall military effects 

program and production of an effects motion picture 

Documentation of the detonation for release through

the Joint Office of Test Information and for 

historical purposes 

General photographic support to Department of 

Defense projects. 

Eight personnel established and then manned a photography station 

at UTM coordinates 852975 from five hours before to 30 minutes 

38 
after the detonation (11). In addition, EG and G personnel 

provided technical photographic support to AFSWP and the AEC, 

operating camera stations to record fireball and cloud growth. 

After the detonation, EG and G participants entered the shot area 

to recover the film (11; 24). 

3.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in Los 

Scientific Laboratory Test Group Projects 

Of the ten projects conducted the LASL Test Group at 

only Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, had DOD 

personnel participation. The project involved cloud-sampling 

missions, discussed in section 3.2.5. 

3.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in Civil Effects 

Test Group Projects 

The CETG conducted six projects at Among these 

six, only Project 39.1, Radiation Measurements Utilizing the Air 

Force Chemical Dosimeters, involved DOD personnel. The objective 

of this project was to use film dosimetry techniques, 

particularly chemical dosimeters, to measure initial gamma 

radiation from a nuclear detonation. An estimated 24 military 

personnel from the Air Force School of Aviation Medicine, 

Randolph AFB, Texas, performed and exposure 

analvses (55). DOD personnel of Projects 2.3 and 2.10 placed 

dosimeters on the project's recovery cable in the forward area 

and helped retrieve the instruments after the detonation. Three 

Project 39.1 personnel recovered chemical dosimeters one hour 

after the shot from stations 270 to 1,830 meters from ground zero 

(11; 45; 55). 

3.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training Project 

The one operational training project conducted by the Air 

Force at Shot was Project 53.5, Aircrew Indoctrination 

39 
(Early Cloud Penetration). Sponsored by the Air Defense Command, 

the project was to enable Air Defense Command to witness 

a nuclear detonation and to penetrate its cloud. One T-33 

aircraft, with a crew of two, flew a left-hand pattern at 25,000 

feet heading inbound so as to be approximately ten nautical miles 

north of ground zero at the time of the detonation (3; 27). The 

aircraft penetrated the cloud after given clearance by the 

sampler control aircraft, discussed in section 3.2.5. 

In addition, two F-84 aircraft from Project 53.9, 

Photographic Reconnaissance Training, were scheduled to 

participate at The aircraft, which were from the 

Tennessee National Guard, did not, however, take part as 

scheduled (3; 27). 

3.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC support at Shot consisted of cloud-sampling 

and sample courier missions in support of the test group 

project, cloud-tracking missions, security sweeps, and aerial 

surveys (3). 

Cloud Sampling 

Five F-84 aircraft, with one pilot each, collected samples 

of the nuclear cloud for LASL Project 11.2, Radiochemistry 

Sampling. A B-57 sampler control aircraft, manned by a pilot and 

a LASL scientific advisor, also participated. Pilots of the 

4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) flew all six aircraft (1; 3; 61). 

The sampler control aircraft, which guided the other five 

sampler aircraft through their missions, left Indian Springs AFB 

at 0510 hours, 50 minutes before the detonation. The aircraft 

reached an altitude of 35,000 feet and began an orbit pattern at 

0525 hours. After the detonation, the control aircraft left its 

orbit to view the cloud (3). 

40 
The five sampler aircraft proceeded as follows. At 0615, the 

first F-84 sampler aircraft entered the area of the cloud at 

35,000 feet and established visual contact with the B-57 sampler 

control aircraft. The scientific advisor in the B-57 then 

directed the sampler to penetrate the cloud at the altitude 

necessary to acquire the samples. The F-84 left the area at 0650 

hours and landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0655 hours. The next 

two F-84 samplers followed the first sampler aircraft and entered 

the area of the cloud at altitudes of 35,000 feet at 0630 hours 

and 0645 hours. The last two aircraft entered the area at 0700 

hours. All four aircraft followed the same procedures as did the 

first F-84, and remained in the area of the cloud for about 35 

minutes. The last two F-84 samplers landed at Indian Springs AFB 

at 0740 hours. The control aircraft ended its pattern at 0730 

hours, after the sampler aircraft had completed their missions, 

and landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0741 hours (1; 3; 61). 

Upon landing, each sampler aircraft taxied to the strip 

farthest from base operations. There, ground personnel used 

long-handled poles to remove the samples and place them in metal 

containers to be sent by courier aircraft to LASL. With the 

mission complete, the aircraft and pilots were decontaminated as 

described in the Operation volume (1; 3; 61). 

Courier Missions 

The 4900th Air Base Group from Kirtland AFB flew the courier 

sample return missions. Three C-47 aircraft flew samples out of 

Indian Springs AFB to LASL for analysis (1; 3; 61). 

Cloud Tracking 

At 0535 hours, one B-25 (serial number 118) left Indian 

Springs AFB and orbited at 15,000 feet over Mormon Mesa, 150 

kilometers east of the NTS. The purpose of the mission was to 

determine the direction the cloud traveled and to keep the 

41 
airways clear of any aircraft unrelated to the test projects. In 

addition to the B-25, a B-50 aircraft was scheduled for cloud 

tracking, but the Test Manager canceled its mission prior to 

takeoff (1; 3; 61). 

Security Sweep 

The evening before the detonation, one L-20 aircraft, with 

at least two personnel aboard, left the airstrip near Camp 

Mercury and flew a survey mission over the NTS to ensure that the 

area was clear of unauthorized personnel (1; 3; 61). 

Helicopter Surveys 

After the detonation, one H-21 helicopter, with an AFSWC 

crew of two and at least two monitors, left the airstrip 

near Camp Mercury and flew survey missions over the area to 

assess detonation damage. Crew members wore anticontamination 

clothing and respirators during the flight. Following the 

mission, the H-21 returned to the helicopter area, and aircraft 

and crew were monitored and decontaminated as required. The 

initial aerial radiological survey team, with an AFSWC crew of 

two and two monitors, departed from the Control Point 

helicopter pad at 0733 hours, about 90 minutes after the 

detonation. After completing the mission, the team returned to 

the Control Point helicopter pad (1; 3; 45). 

3.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

for Operation was to ensure that individuals would avoid 

unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation while accomplishing 

their missions. Records that enabled the Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the effectiveness of its radiation protection 

programs include isointensity contour maps, monitoring data, and 

some personnel dosimetry information. The Operation 

42 
volume provides a description of radiological safety procedures 

and presents total dosimetry information for Desert Rock and 

AFSWC participants. 

Dosimetry Records 

From 7 to 12 September 1957, including the 8 September 

detonation of the Personnel Dosimetry Branch issued 

1,289 film badges and 392 pocket dosimeters (60). A film badge 

turned in after Shot indicates that one Desert Rock 

participant from the 232nd Signal Company exceeded three 

roentgens of cumulative gamma exposure. The exposure recorded 

was, however, accumulated during previous shots. Six NTO/DOD 

personnel, four of whom were from the 1st Radiological Safety 

Support Unit and two from the Ballistic Research Laboratories, 

received cumulative gamma exposures greater than two roentgens, 

ranging from 2.03 to 3.07 roentgens (39). Another participant 

listed in the dosimetry records was from the Desert Rock 

Instructor Group, who received 2.43 roentgens. it is not known 

why he wore an film badge in addition to his Desert Rock film 

badges. If no duplication occurred, his cumulative gamma 

exposure was 5.63 roentgens, which exceeded the five roentgens 

authorized for Desert Rock personnel (39; 54). 

Logistics 

The Logistics Branch issued protective clothing and 

equipment to 1,153 personnel. These supplies included 

coveralls, shoe covers, respirators, and other items (60). 

Monitoring Procedures and Support 

About one hour after the detonation, 12 monitors traveling 

in eight vehicles entered the shot area to perform the initial 

ground survey. The survey took about 90 minutes to complete. 

Resurveys were made later on shot-day and again on 9, 10, 11, and 

13 September (45; 60). 

43 
The initial aerial survey team, consisting of an crew 

of two and two monitors, departed by helicopter from the 

Control Point helicopter pad at 0733 hours, about 90 minutes 

after the detonation. The highest radiation intensity was 23 

R/h, encountered 50 feet above ground zero of the most recent 

safety shot, COULOMB B. An intensity of 22 R/h was encountered 

in the shot area (45; 60). 

Plotting and Briefing 

Using information from the initial surveys, the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch developed isointensity contour maps. Figure 3-1 

presents a copy of the initial contour map, with a mid-time of 

0712 hours. Figure 3-2 shows the data resulting from the 

resurveys performed from to 11 September (60). 

Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch to establish Full and Limited Radiological Exclusion Areas, identified in the Operation volume. The 

Plotting and Briefing Branch also issued the access permits 

required for entry into these areas. During the period 7 through 

12 September, access permits were issued to 631 personnel 

involved in 60 (60). 

Decontamination Activities 

During the period covering Shot personnel of the 

Decontamination Branch decontaminated 28 vehicles (60). 

44 
Stake 

Meters . . . . . . . . . 0.01 

I J 0 1000 - - - - - - 0 

Figure 3-1: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT 

8 SEPTEMBER 1957, MID-TIME 0712 

45 
0 1000 

Meters 

I 

0 1000 

8 September 1957, Mid-Time: 1213 9 September 1957, Mid-Time: 0620 

N 

1.0 

I I 

0 1000 

10 September 1957, Mid-Time 0554 

Meters 

0 1000 

11 September 1957, Mid-Time: 0620 

Stake 

. . . . . . . . . 0.01 

------ 0.1 R/h 

Figure 3-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT 
Objectives: 

Weather: 

Radiation Data: 

Participants: 

SHOT FIZEAU SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VII and VIII 

DATE/TIME:

YIELD: 

14 September 1957, 0945 hours

11 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 500 feet (tower shot) 

(1) To evaluate newly designed devices for

possible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal

(2) To evaluate the nuclear yield and the

blast, thermal, and radiation phenomena produced

by these nuclear devices

(3) To evaluate the capability of military 

personnel and equipment to detect nuclear

detonations 

(4) To evaluate the effects of nuclear

radiation for civil defense purposes. 

At shot-time, the temperature was and the 

surface winds were calm. Winds were four knots 

from the east-southeast at 10,000 feet, 15 knots 

from the east-southeast at 20,000 feet, 34 knots

from the east-southeast at 30,000 feet, and 12 

knots from the south-southwest at 40,000 feet 

(cloud top height). 

The initial survey, mid-time of 1118 hours, 

determined that radiation intensities of 1.0 R/h

and greater were limited to within 950 meters of

ground zero to the east through southwest and 

within 1,800 meters to the northeast and west. 

Most of the was in the northwestern 

quadrant. 

Exercise Desert Rock troops, Armed Forces

Special Weapons Project, Air Force Special

Weapons Center and other Air Force personnel, 

Los Scientific Laboratory, Federal Civil

Defense Administration, other contractors. 

47 
CHAPTER 4 

SHOT FIZEAU 

Shot FIZEAU was detonated with a yield of 11 kilotons at 

0945 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 14 September 1957. The 

device was positioned on top of a 500-foot steel tower in Area 3 

of the Nevada Test Site. The fallout pattern both and 

extended to the northwest of ground zero (29). 

4.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT FIZEAU 

Two technical service projects were conducted at Shot 

FIZEAU: Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonationdetection and Cloud Tracking Svtems, and Project 50.8, Detection 

of Atomic Burst and Radioactive Fallout. These projects involved 

an estimated 133 Desert Rock participants. In addition, ten Camp 

Desert Rock personnel witnessed the detonation from a location 

near News Nob, ten kilometers south of ground zero. The ten 

observers probably returned to Camp Desert Rock following the 

detonation (33). 

Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonationdetection and Cloud Tracking Svstems, was fielded by the Army 

Signal Research and Development Laboratories. The which 

involved an estimated 28 DOD personnel, had two purposes: 

to test the capacity of Armv radar equipment in detecting the 

nuclear detonation and tracking the radioactive cloud, and to 

examine Armv fallout prediction methods. Project participants 

were divided into a radar section and two fallout prediction 

teams. The radar section detected and tracked the nuclear cloud, 

recorded fireball growth, and determined the rate of rise of the 

cloud, the height of burst, and the yield. In addition, the 

radar section collected data to determine the use of radar equipment in cloud detection. Four radar sets were used: one was 

48 
about 170 kilometers south of ground zero near Boulder City, 

Nevada; one was about 50 kilometers from ground zero, at Angel's 

Peak; one was about 13 kilometers from ground zero; and one was 

approximatelv 12 kilometers from ground zero on the ridge between 

Yucca Lake and Frenchman Flat. All sets were manned at the time 

of the detonation. The personnel at the Angel's Peak location 

were from the 865th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron. 

One of the fallout prediction teams used upper wind data to 

test an Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories technique for predicting fallout patterns. The fallout team 

consisted of personnel from the Meteorological Division, 4rmy 

Signal Research and Development Laboratories. This team operated 

out of an M-109 mobile van, which contained the teletype and 

recording equipment necessary for obtaining meteorological data 

for plotting fallout. The mobile van, manned at the time of the 

detonation, was next to the weather station at Camp Mercury. A 

second fallout prediction team, with personnel from the Army 

Electronic Proving Ground, Fort Huachuca, Arizona, operated near 

Alamo, Nevada, 92 kilometers northeast of the Control Point (19; 

52). 

Project 50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and Radioactive 

Fallout, was conducted by the Army Air Defense Board, supported 

by the 495th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion. The 

project, which involved an estimated 105 DOD personnel, was 

designed to determine the capability of Army equipment in 

determining the location, height of burst, and yield of a nuclear 

detonation, and in tracking targets and guided missiles through a 

radioactive cloud or fireball. The Army installed radar-tracking 

equipment about 70 kilometers, 20 kilometers, and ten kilometers 

from ground zero. Project personnel monitored the radar sets 

from few hours before the shot through shot-time. In addition, 

participants manned a project control point southeast of ground 

zero near Yucca Lake, at UTM coordinates 885895 

(13; 57-59). 

49 
4.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP, 

OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT

SHOT FIZEAU 

Besides participating in Exercise Desert Rock activities, 

Department of Defense personnel took part in other test 

activities during Shot FIZEAU that required them to enter the 

forward area. Table 4-1 identifies the test group projects 

involving DOD participants. The Air Force also sponsored two 

operational training projects. In addition to the test group and 

the operational training projects, support activities accounted 

for a number of DOD participants. The Air Force Special Weapons 

Center supported one test group project and four routine missions 

for the Test Manager. 

Table 4-l: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT FIZEAU 

Participants 

DOD 

Personnel 

Weapons Effects Test Group 

64 

65 

91 

Accuracy and of the NAROL 

System 

Effects of Nuclear on Hercules 

Support Photography 

Force Research Center 

Sands Range, Bell Telephone 

Laboratones 

AFSWP; Transport Service 15 

Los Laboratory Test Group 

2 Los Laboratory, 4926th Test Squadron 

Force Weapons Center 

10 

Effects Test Group 

39 la 

39 5 

Gamma by Film-badge Techniques 

Dosrmetry for Human Exposures 

Effects of Nuclear on the 

Monkey 

EG and G 

Force School of Oak 

Laboratory. EG and G, General Company 

Force School of 

17 

24 

Unknown 

50 
4.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group 

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted three projects 

during Shot FIZEAU. Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the 

Short-baseline NAROL System, used the Long Range Aids to Navigation (LORAN) system in an inverse fashion to detect the 

electromagnetic pulse from the nuclear burst in order to 

determine the position and measure the of the burst. The 

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment NAROL system had nets located in 

Albuquerque, New Mexico; Vale, Oregon; and Rapid City, South 

Dakota. Each NAROL net consisted of two unmanned slave stations 

and one manned station (34). 

Project 6.5, Effects of Nuclear Detonations on Nike 

Hercules, was fielded by the White Sands Missile Range, New 

Mexico, with assistance from Bell Telephone Laboratories 

of Whippany, New Jersey. The principal objective was to 

investigate the effects of nuclear radiation on the operational 

and structural characteristics of components, materials, and 

electronic systems of the Nike Hercules guided-missile system. 

Project personnel installed standard vacuum-tube and experimental 

transistorized versions of the guidance system at three sites 

located 180 meters, 410 meters, and 670 meters from ground zero. 

At shot-time, participants manned a radar station ten kilometers 

from ground zero. After the detonation, personnel recovered data 

and equipment at the exposure sites (25). 

Project 9.1, Support Photography, was sponsored by AFSWP to 

provide the following support services: 

• Technical photographic support of the military

effects program 

Documentation of the overall military effects

program and production of an effects motion picture 

• Documentation of the detonation for release through

the Joint Office of Test Information and for 

historical purposes 

51 
General photographic support of Department of

Defense projects. 

Nine personnel established and then manned a photography station 

at UTM coordinates 844920 from five hours before to 30 minutes 

after the detonation (13). Two or three photographers also took 

pictures from an RC-47, operated by a pilot and two or three 

crewmen from the Military Air Transport Service. The aircraft 

flew a holding pattern inbound at 90 degrees (4; 13). The 

photography may have been performed by AFSWP personnel, but documentation concerning personnel is not available. In addition, EG 

and G operated camera stations in support of AFSWP and AEC 

activities (24). One unmanned station was near the Control 

Point, and two unmanned stations were three to eight kilometers 

from ground zero (13). 

4.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in Los 

Scientific Laboratory Test Group Projects 

Of the ten projects conducted by the Los Scientific 

Laboratory Test Group at Shot FIZEAU, only Project 11.2, 

chemistry Sampling, had DOD participation, as shown in table 4-l. 

The project involved cloud-sampling missions, discussed in 

section 4.2.5. 

4.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in Civil Effects 

Test Group Projects 

The Civil Effects Test Group conducted nine projects at 

FIZEAU. Of these, three involved DOD participation, as shown in 

table 4-1. 

Project Gamma Dosimetry by Film-badge Techniques, was 

conducted by personnel from EG and G and probably from the DOD. 

The objective was to obtain information on integrated gamma dose 

at various points along the ground. The day before the 

52 
detonation, EG and G participants placed film badges on stakes at 

intervals from 730 to 1,460 meters from ground zero. 

Personnel recovered the badges about one hour after the shot (55). 

Project 39.5, Radiation Dosimetry for Human Exposures, was 

fielded by personnel from the Air Force School of Aviation 

Medicine, as well as participants from the Oak Ridge National 

Laboratory, EG and G, and General Electric Company. The 

objective was to make shielding and scatter measurements 

simulating the effects from the detonations at Hiroshima and 

Nagasaki. To achieve this objective, personnel constructed two 

light frame houses 910 meters from ground zero and installed 

dosimeters attached to a cable inside. Other structures and 

equipment with neutron and gamma-measuring instruments attached 

were placed in other parts of the forward area, probably in the 

vicinity of the houses. Instrumentation was arrayed from 920 to 

945 meters south of ground zero. Five minutes after the 

detonation, 17 participants recovered instruments in the shot 

area (35). In addition, three participants assisted by Project 

39.1 participants recovered gamma instruments near ground zero 

one hour after the shot (13; 35). 

Project 39.6, Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation on the 

Monkey, was fielded by 24 personnel from the Radiobiological 

Laboratory, Air Force School of Aviation Medicine. The objective 

was to correlate neutron and gamma measurements made on monkeys 

with the biological effects of the exposure. From 2345 hours on 

the day before the detonation to 0030 hours on shot-day, seven 

personnel placed the monkeys and two types of dosimeters at 

stations between 1.3 and 1.5 kilometers from ground zero. Two 

hours after the detonation, seven participants began recovering 

the monkeys and instruments (13). The monkeys were taken to the 

Radiobiological Laboratory for observation (13; 41; 42). 

53 
Twenty-one personnel also took part in a subproject of 

Project 39.6. Between 1730 and 1830 hours on the night before 

the detonation, they entered the shot area to place burros in 

shelters 1,280 to 1,510 meters south-southeast of ground zero. 

They left the area by 2100 hours. One hour after the detonation, 

21 participants reentered the shot area to recover the burros 

from the shelters, a procedure taking about three hours (13; 41; 

42). 

4.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training Projects 

The Air Force conducted two operational training projects at 

Shot FIZEAU: 

Project 53.1, Aerial Sampling Missions 

Project 53.5, Aircrew Indoctrination (Early

Cloud Penetration). 

The primary objective of these projects was to indoctrinate Air 

Force personnel. 

Project 53.1, Aerial Sampling Missions, was designed to 

train Air National Guard units in cloud sampling. This project 

was probably conducted in with LASL Project 11.2. 

Project 53.5, Aircrew Indoctrination (Early Cloud Penetration), was designed to enable Air Defense Command to 

witness a nuclear detonation and to penetrate its cloud. Six 

T-33 aircraft, each with two crewmen, flew holding patterns at 

30,000 feet heading inbound at shot-time. The aircraft were 

then located about ten nautical miles north of ground zero (4; 

27). The T-33s required clearance from the sampler control 

aircraft, discussed in section 4.2.5, before penetrating the 

cloud (4; 27). 

54 
4.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC support at Shot FIZEAU consisted of cloud-sampling and 

sample courier missions in support of the LASL project, 

tracking missions, security sweeps, and aerial surveys. 

Cloud Sampling 

Two B-57B aircraft, with two crewmen each, and four F-84G 

aircraft, with one pilot each, collected samples of the cloud for 

LASL Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. A B-57 sampler 

control aircraft, with a pilot and a LASL scientific advisor, 

also participated. Pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) 

flew the seven aircraft (1; 4; 61). 

The sampler control aircraft, which guided the five sampler 

aircraft through their missions, left Indian Springs AFB at 0615 

hours and reached an altitude of 30,000 feet. At shot-time, the 

aircraft was in a right-hand holding pattern 50 nautical miles 

east of ground zero. The B-57 control aircraft ended its orbit 

after the sampler aircraft completed their missions and landed at 

Indian Springs at 0911 hours (1; 4; 61). 

The six sampler aircraft proceeded as follows. Over an hour 

after the control aircraft began its orbit, the first B-57B 

sampler aircraft entered the vicinity of the burst at 30,000 feet 

and established visual contact with the sampler control aircraft. 

The scientific advisor then directed the samplers to penetrate 

the cloud at the altitude necessary to acquire samples. The 

first B-57B left the area 35 minutes later and proceeded to 

Indian Springs AFB. The four F-84G samplers and the second 

B-57B followed the pattern established by the first sampler 

aircraft. The proceeding two at a time, entered the area 

of the cloud at altitudes of 30,000 feet. The second B-57B 

entered the area 15 minutes after the last two F-84Gs entered. 

Each aircraft remained in the cloud area for 35 minutes and then 

began its return to base (1; 4; 61). 

55 
Upon landing, each sampler aircraft taxied to the strip 

farthest from base operations. There, ground personnel used 

long-handled poles to remove the samples and place them in metal 

containers to be sent by courier to the laboratory. With the 

mission complete, the aircraft and pilots were decontaminated as 

described in chapter 3 of the Operation volume (1; 4; 61). 

Courier Missions 

The 4900th Air Base Group from Kirtland AFB flew the courier 

sample return missions. Three C-47 aircraft flew samples out of 

Indian Springs AFB to LASL for analysis (1; 4; 61). 

Cloud Tracking 

Five minutes after the detonation, one B-25, one B-29, and 

one B-50 aircraft left Indian Springs AFB to conduct cloud 

tracking. The aircraft orbited over Mormon Mesa, about 150 

kilometers east of the NTS, at altitudes of 15,000, 22,000, and 

25,000 feet, respectively. The purpose of the mission was to 

determine the direction the cloud traveled and to keep the 

airways clear of any aircraft unrelated to the test projects 

4; 61). 

Security Sweep 

Before the detonation, one L-20 and one Bonanza aircraft, 

each with at least two participants aboard, left the airstrip 

near Camp Mercury and flew a mission over the NTS to ensure that 

no unauthorized personnel were in the shot area (1; 4; 61). 

Helicopter 

After the detonation, two H-21 helicopters, each with an 

AFSWC crew of two and at least two monitors, left the 

airstrip near Camp Mercury and flew survey missions over the 

FIZEAU shot area to assess and record radiation intensities. 

56 
Another H-21, with an AFSWC crew of two and one monitor, 

made a damage assessment survey of electrical poles along Mercury 

highway. An H-21 photography mission was canceled prior to 

takeoff because it was not needed. After the mission, the helicopters returned to the helicopter area, where aircraft and crew 

were monitored and decontaminated as required (1; 4; 47; 61). 

4.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT FIZEAU 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

for Operation was to ensure that participants would 

avoid unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation while 

accomplishing their missions. Some of the procedures described 

in the Operation volume resulted in records that enabled 

the Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the effectiveness of 

its radiation protection programs. The available information 

includes isointensity contour maps, monitoring data, and some 

personnel dosimetry data. Radiological safety procedures and 

dosimetry information for Desert Rock and AFSWC personnel are 

described in the Operation volume. 

Dosimetry Records 

On 13 and 14 September 1957, including the 14 September 

detonation of FIZEAU, the Personnel Dosimetry Branch issued 376 

film badges and 170 pocket dosimeters (60). A film badge turned 

in on the day of detonation indicates that one Desert Rock 

participant from the 50th Chemical Platoon exceeded three 

roentgens of cumulative gamma exposure. The exposure recorded 

was, however, accumulated during previous shots. The 

Support Report indicates that seven NTO/DOD personnel, 

four of whom were from the 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit 

and three from AFSWC, received gamma exposures greater than two 

roentgens. Five of these personnel had exposures over three 

roentgens, ranging from 3.45 to 4.92 roentgens (47). The most 

significant exposure was during the initial aerial survey, 

57 
discussed below, at which three personnel exceeded the limit 

of three roentgens for 13 weeks. In separate discussions of 

apparently the same incident, the source documents attribute the 

overexposure to the pilot's failure to heed the monitor's 

instruction to leave the radiation field or to improper miss ion 

planning (43; 47; 54). 

Logistics 

The Logistics Branch issued protective clothing and 

equipment to 251 FIZEAU participants. These supplies included 

coveralls, shoe covers, repirators, and other items (60). 

Monitoring Procedures and Support 

Five minutes after the detonation, 12 monitors traveling 

eight vehicles entered the shot area to conduct the initial 

ground survey. The survey took about 2 hours to complete. 

Resurveys were made later that day and again on 15, 16, 17, and 

19 September (60). 

The initial aerial survey team, consisting of two AFSWC 

crewmen and at least two monitors, departed by helicopter 

from the Control Point helicopter pad at 1050 hours, about one 

hour after the detonation. The highest reading was R/h, 

encountered 150 feet above ground zero at 1116 hours. An aerial 

survey team, with two AFSWC crewmen and at least two 

monitors, resurveyed the area around ground zero on 15 and 16 

September. The maximum intensity was 20 R/h, detected 500 feet 

above ground zero on 16 September, two days after the detonation 

•

Plotting and Briefing 

Using information from the initial surveys, the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch developed isointensity contour maps. Figure 4-l 

shows a copy of the initial contour map, and figure 4-2 shows 

58 
. . . . . . . . . 

. . . 

. . . .

I I . I

I .

I

.

I I . I . I

 I .

I

.

Stake 

0 01 

0 1 

1 OR/h 

Figure 4-l: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT FIZEAU, 

14 SEPTEMBER 1957, MID-TIME 1118 

59 

Meters

I 

0 1000 
 

 

14 September 1957, Mid-Time: 1557 15 September 1957, Mid-Time: 0625 

Meters 

0 

16 September 1957, 0947 

Stake 

. . . . . . . . . 01 R/h 

1 

Figure 4-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT 

60 
copies of the resurveys performed from 14 to 16 September 

The last resurvey presented includes a contribution in the 

northeast corner from Shot NEWTON, fired on 16 September. 

Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch to establish Full and Limited Radiological 

Exclusion Areas, discussed in the Operation volume. 

The Plotting and Briefing Branch also issued the access permits 

required to enter these areas. During the period 13 and 14 September, access permits were issued to 140 individuals involved in 

17 projects (60). 

Decontamination Activities 

During the period covering Shot FIZEAU, personnel of the 

Decontamination Branch decontaminated 82 vehicles (60). 

61 
SHOT NEWTON SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VII and VIII 

DATE/TIME: 16 September 1957, 0550 hours

YIELD: 12 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 1,500 feet (balloon shot) 

Objectives: (1) To evaluate newly designed devices for

possible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal

(2) To evaluate the nuclear yield and the

blast, thermal, and radiation phenomena produced

by these nuclear devices 

(3) To evaluate military equipment for

monitoring nuclear events 

(4) To evaluate the effects of nuclear 

radiation for civil defense purposes. 

Weather: At shot-time, the temperature was and 

surface winds were calm. Winds were 17 knots 

from the south-southwest at 10,000 feet, 28 

knots from the west-southwest at 20,000 feet, 

and 71 knots from the west at 30,000 feet. 

Radiation Data: At the time of the initial survey, mid-time of 

0812 hours, radiation intensities exceeding 1.0

R/h were confined to within 900 meters of ground 

zero. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock troops, Armed Forces

Special Weapons Project, Air Force Special

Weapons Center and other Air Force personnel,

Los Scientific Laboratory, Federal Civil

Defense Administration, other contractors. 

62 
CHAPTER 5 

SHOT NEWTON 

Shot NEWTON was detonated with a of 12 kilotons at 

0550 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 16 September 1957. The 

device was suspended from a balloon and fired 1,500 feet above 

the ground in Area 7 of the Nevada Test Site. The cloud top rose 

to 32,000 feet and traveled northeast. Most radiation was 

neutron induced activity around ground zero (29). 

5.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT NEWTON 

Two technical service projects were conducted at Shot 

NEWTON: 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-detection 

and Cloud Tracking Systems, and 50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst 

and Radioactive Fallout. These projects involved an estimated 78 

Desert Rock personnel. 

Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range 

detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded by a detachment 

from the Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories. The 

project was designed to test the capacity of Army radar equipment 

in detecting the nuclear detonation and tracking the radioactive 

cloud and to examine Army fallout prediction methods. The 28 

project participants were divided into a radar section and two 

fallout prediction teams (19; 52). 

The radar section detected and tracked the cloud, recorded 

fireball growth, and determined the rate of rise of the cloud, 

the height of burst, and the vield. In addition, the radar 

section collected data to determine the use of radar equipment in 

cloud detection. Three radar sets were used: one was about 170 

kilometers south of ground zero at Boulder City, Nevada; a second 

63 
was approximatelv 60 kilometers south of ground zero at Angel's 

Peak; and a third was approximately 25 kilometers from ground 

zero on the ridge between Yucca Lake and Frenchman Lake. All 

three sets were manned at the time of detonation. Personnel from 

the 865th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron operated the set 

at Angel's Peak (19; 52). 

One of the fallout prediction teams used upper wind data to 

test an Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories technique for predicting fallout patterns. The fallout team consisted 

of personnel from the Meteorological Division, Army Signal 

Research and Development Laboratories. The team operated out of 

an M-109 mobile van, which contained the teletype and recording 

equipment necessary for obtaining meteorological data for 

plotting fallout. The mobile van, manned at the time of the 

detonation, was next to the weather station at Camp Mercury. A 

second fallout prediction team, with personnel from the Army 

Electronic Proving Ground, Fort Huachuca, Arizona, operated near 

Alamo, Nevada, 92 kilometers northeast of the Control Point (19; 

Project 50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and Radioactive 

Fallout, was conducted by the Army Air Defense Board, supported 

bv the 495th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion. The 

purpose of the project, which involved an estimated 50 DOD 

personnel, was to determine how well equipment found in a typical 

Army unit could determine the location, height of burst, and 

yield of a nuclear detonation, and track targets and guided 

missiles through a radioactive cloud or fireball. From a few 

hours before the detonation through the detonation, Army 

personnel monitored several different types of radar sets about 

18, and 17 kilometers from ground zero. In addition, 

participants at the radar stations operated a B-26 aircraft by 

remote control, placing it within the shot area at the time of 

the detonation. The NEWTON detonation destroved the B-26. 

64 
Personnel also manned a project control point southeast of ground 

zero at Yucca Lake, UTM coordinates 905865 (14; 57-59). 

5.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP, 

OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT NEWTON 

Besides participating in Exercise Desert Rock activities, 

Department of Defense personnel took part in other test 

activities during Shot NEWTON that required them to enter the 

forward area. Table 5-1 identifies the test group projects 

involving DOD participants. The Navy and the Air Force each 

conducted one DOD operational training project. In addition to 

the test group and the operational training projects, support 

activities accounted for a number of DOD participants. The 

Air Force Special Weapons Center supported one test group project 

and flew routine air missions for the Test Manager. 

Table 5-l: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT NEWTON 

Project Title Participants 

DOD 

Personnel 

Weapons Effects Test Group 

64 

91 

Accuracy and of the 

System 

Support Photography 

NAROL Force Cambridge Research Center 

AFSWP, Transport Service, EG and G 9 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group 

112 Los Laboratory, 4926th Test Squadron 

Force Special Weapons Center 

12 

Civil Effects Test Group 

37 2 Aspects of Fallout Force Weapons Center 3 

I 

Unknown 

65 
5.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group Projects 

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted two projects during 

Shot NEWTON. 

Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline 

NAROL System, used the Long Range Aids to Navigation (LORAN) 

svstem in an inverse fashion to detect the electromagnetic pulse 

from the nuclear burst in order to determine the position and 

measure the yield of the burst. The Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment NAROL system consisted of nets located in Albuquerque, New 

Mexico; Vale, Oregon; and Rapid City, South Dakota. Each NAROL 

net had two unmanned slave stations and one manned station (34). 

Project 9.1, Support Photography, was sponsored by AFSWP to 

provide the following support services: 

Technical photographic support of the military

effects program 

Documentation of the overall military effects

program and production of an effects motion picture 

Documentation of the detonation for release through

the Joint Office of Test Information and for 

historical purposes 

General photographic support to Department of 

Defense projects. 

Two or three photographers took pictures in the forward area, 

probably at News Nob or near the Control Point at Yucca Pass. 

Another two or three photographers took pictures from an RC-47 

aircraft operated by at least three crewmen from the Military Air 

Transport Service. In addition, EG and G personnel provided 

technical photography support to AFSWP and the AEC, operating 

camera stations to record fireball and cloud growth (5; 14; 24). 

66 
5.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in Los 

Scientific Laboratory Test Group Projects 

Of the 11 projects conducted by the Test Group at 

NEWTON, only Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, involved DOD 

personnel. The project required AFSWC cloud-sampling missions, 

discussed in section 5.2.5. 

5.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in Civil Effects

Test Group Projects 

The Civil Effects Test Group conducted four projects at 

NEWTON. Of these four, one project involved DOD personnel, as 

shown in table 5.1. Project 37.2, Biophysical Aspects of 

Fallout, required AFSWC support in the form of radio relays. 

This mission is discussed in section 5.2.5 (38). 

5.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training Projects 

Two operational training projects were conducted at Shot 

NEWTON. The primary objectives of these projects were to test 

equipment and techniques and to indoctrinate Air Force personnel. 

Project 51.3, Navy Heavy Attack Indoctrination was 

designed to enable combat crews to witness a nuclear detonation. Conducted by the Navy Pacific Command, the mission was 

staged from San Diego, California, and/or Whidbey Island, 

Washington. At the time of the detonation, two aircraft, 

each carrying three or four crewmen, were flying at 30,000 feet. 

One aircraft was five nautical miles southwest of ground zero 

heading north, and the other was five nautical miles south of 

ground zero heading south. Six aircraft were also planned 

for this project, but they did not arrive at the NTS as scheduled 

and their participation was canceled (5; 27). 

67 
Project 53.8, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, was designed 

by the Strategic Air Command to test Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment equipment and techniques under simulated bomb and actual 

burst conditions. Two B-47s with three crewmen aboard orbited at 

altitudes between 12,000 and 14,000 feet, east of ground zero. 

Just before the detonation, the aircraft were 17 nautical miles 

from ground zero heading north. The two aircraft executed a 

breakaway maneuver at the time of the detonation (5; 27). 

5.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC support consisted of cloud-sampling and sample courier 

missions in support of the LASL test group project, a radio relay 

for one CETG project, and cloud-tracking missions, security 

sweeps, and helicopter surveys. 

Cloud Sampling 

Four B-57 aircraft, each with a crew of two, and two 

each with one pilot, collected samples of the cloud for LASL 

Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. A B-57 sampler control 

aircraft, manned by a pilot and a LASL scientific advisor, also 

participated. Pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) flew 

the seven aircraft (1; 5; 61). 

The control aircraft, which guided the sampler aircraft 

through the sample missions, left Indian Springs AFB at 0530 

hours. The control aircraft reached an altitude of 30,000 feet 

and began a holding pattern 50 nautical miles east of ground zero 

at 0545 hours. After the detonation, the control aircraft left 

its orbit to view the cloud from all sides (1; 5; 61). 

The four B-57 sampler aircraft proceeded as follows. At 

0735, nearly two hours after the control aircraft began its 

holding pattern, the first B-57 sampler entered the area of the 

cloud at 30,000 feet and established visual contact with the 

68 
sampler control aircraft. The scientific advisor in the control 

aircraft then directed the sampler to penetrate the cloud as 

necessary to acquire samples. The B-57 sampler left the area 40 

minutes later, landing at Indian Springs AFB at 0820 hours. The 

other three B-57 samplers followed the pattern established by the 

first sampler aircraft and entered the area of the cloud at 

altitudes of 30,000 feet at intervals between 0755 

hours and 0820 hours. Each aircraft remained in the area 

collecting samples for 35, 40, and 55 minutes. The two T-33 

samplers also collected samples at 30,000 feet. The control 

aircraft ended its orbit at 0910 hours, after the other sampler 

aircraft had completed their missions, and landed at Indian 

Springs at 0940 hours (1; 5; 61). 

Upon landing, each sampler aircraft taxied to the strip 

farthest from base operations. There, ground personnel used 

long-handled tools to remove the samples and place them in metal 

containers to be sent by courier to LASL. With the mission 

complete, both aircraft and pilots were decontaminated, as 

described in chapter 3 of the Operation volume (1; 5; 

61). 

Courier Missions 

The 4900th Air Base Group from Kirtland AFB flew the courier 

sample return missions. Three C-47 aircraft flew samples out of 

Indian Springs AFB to LASL for analysis (1; 5; 61). 

Radio Relav 

AFSWC support for CETG Project 37.2, Biophysical Aspects of 

Fallout, was provided by one C-47, which flew a radio relay. The 

C-47 flew a holding pattern at 17,000 feet 20 nautical miles east 

of ground zero on a northeast heading at the time of detonation 

(1; 5; 38; 61). 

69 
Cloud Tracking 

Five minutes after the detonation, one B-25 aircraft left 

Indian Springs AFB and flew over the NTS at 15,000 feet. The 

objectives were to determine the direction the cloud traveled 

to keep the airways clear of aircraft unrelated to the test 

projects. The missions of two additional cloud-tracking aircraft, a B-25 and a B-29, were canceled before takeoff because 

the aircraft were not needed (1; 5; 61). 

Security Sweep 

Before the detonation, one L-20 and one Bonanza aircraft, 

each with at least two people aboard, left the airstrip near Camp 

Mercury and flew a mission over the NTS to ensure that no 

unauthorized personnel remained in the shot area (1; 5; 61). 

Helicopter Surveys 

One hour after the detonation, one H-21 helicopter, with an 

AFSWC crew of two and at least two monitors, left the 

airstrip near Camp Mercury to survey and record radiation 

intensities in Area 7 and other non-test areas of the NTS. The 

helicopter spent about 40 minutes in the test area. Subsequent 

helicopter radiological surveys occurred on 17 September. 

Following the mission, the helicopter returned to the helicopter 

area. Aircraft and crew were monitored and decontaminated as 

required (1; 5; 48). 

5.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT NEWTON 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

for Operation was to ensure that participants would 

avoid unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation. Some of the 

procedures described in the Operation volume resulted in 

records that enabled the Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the 

70 
effectiveness of its radiation protection programs. The available information includes isointensity contour maps, monitoring data, and some personnel dosimetry data. Radiological 

safety procedures and dosimetry information for Desert Rock and 

AFSWC personnel are described in the Operation volume. 

Dosimetry Records 

From 16 to 21 September 1957, including the 8 September 

detonation of NEWTON, the Personnel Dosimetry Branch issued 1,049 

film badges and 299 pocket dosimeters (60). Three NTO/DOD 

personnel received cumulative gamma exposures slightly greater 

than two roentgens. The personnel included one cloud-sampling 

pilot, one participant from AFSWP, and another participant from 

the 1st Radiological Safety and Support Unit (48; 54; 60). 

Logistics 

The Logistics Branch issued protective clothing and 

equipment to 1,158 NEWTON participants. These supplies included 

coveralls, shoe covers, respirators, and other items (60). 

Monitoring Procedures and Support 

Five minutes after the detonation, 12 monitors traveling in 

eight vehicles performed the initial ground survey of the shot 

area. The survey took about 2 hours to complete. Resurveys 

were made later on shot-day and again on 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 

and 22 September (60). 

The initial aerial survey team, with an AFSWC crew of two 

and at least two monitors, departed by helicopter from the 

Control Point helicopter pad at 0845 hours, about 90 minutes 

after the detonation. The highest radiation intensity 

encountered was 20 R/h, measured 200 feet above the FIZEAU ground 

zero about three hours after the NEWTON detonation. Aerial 

resurveys were made on 17 September (60). 

71 
Plotting and Briefing 

Using information from the initial surveys, the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch developed isointensity contour maps. Figure 5-l 

presents a copy of the initial contour map, and figure 5-2 shows 

copies of isointensity maps developed from the 16 to 19 September 

resurveys (60). The open contours reflect the contribution of 

the residual radiation field from Shot fired on 

14 September. The residual radiation was dominant except within 

about two kilometers of the NEWTON ground zero. 

Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch to establish Full and Limited Radiological 

Exclusion Areas, described in the Operation volume. The 

Plotting and Briefing Branch also issued the access permits 

required for entry into these areas during the period 15 through 

21 September. Access permits were issued to 428 individuals 

involved in 57 projects (60). 

Decontamination Activities 

During the period covering Shot NEWTON, personnel of the 

Decontamination Branch decontaminated 55 vehicles and a number of 

personnel (60). 

72 
Stake 

Meters . . . . . . . . . 0.01

I 

------

Figure 5-1: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT NEWTON, 

16 SEPTEMBER MID-TIME 0612 

73 

0 
- - - -

, , 

0 

16 September 1957, Mid-Time: 1152 

0 1000 

17 September 1957, Mid-Time: 0601 

Meters 

0 1000 

18 September 1957, Mid-Time: 0547 

. 

at Ground 

19 September 1957, Mid-Time: 0637 

Stake 

. . . . . . . . . 

------ 0.1 R/h

 . . . 

Figure 5-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT 
SHOT RAINIER SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXERCISE: None 

DATE/TIME: 19 September 1957, 1000 hours 

YIELD: 1.7 kilotons 

DEPTH OF BURST: 899 feet 

Objectives: (1) To determine the feasibility and safety of 

a deep underground nuclear detonation

(2) To evaluate newly designed devices for

possible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal

(3) To evaluate the nuclear yield and the 

blast, thermal, and radiation phenomena produced 

by underground nuclear devices. 

Weather: Because a cloud did not develop after the

detonation, wind data are not included. 

Radiation Data: No fallout resulted from this detonation. The 

blast collapsed the tunnel wall, and the

radiation was contained in the tunnel. 

Participants: Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Air Force

Special Weapons Center and other Air Force

personnel, University of California Radiation

Laboratory, other contractors. 

75 
CHAPTER 6 

SHOT RAINIER 

Shot RAINIER was detonated with a yield of 1.7 kilotons at 

1000 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 19 September 1957. The 

device was fired 899 feet underground in a sealed tunnel in Area 

12, a mountainous area in the northwest corner of the Nevada Test 

Site. The tunnel went in 1,672 feet horizontally from the 

mountain slope, and the burst was as close as 790 feet to the 

surface on the slope. RAINIER was the first detonation to be 

contained underground. There was no flash of light, no wave of 

heat, and no cloud following the detonation. The blast collapsed 

the tunnel and contained the radiation (29; 60). While test 

group projects were conducted at the shot, there were no Exercise 

Desert Rock VII and VIII operations at RAINIER. 

6.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP, 

OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT

SHOT RAINIER 

Department of Defense personnel took part in a variety of 

tasks during RAINIER that required them to enter the forward 

area. Table 6-1, on the following page, identifies the test 

group projects involving DOD participation. In addition to the 

test group projects, support activities accounted for a number of 

DOD participants. The Air Force Special Weapons Center flew 

routine air missions for the Test Manager. 

6.1.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group Projects 

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted two projects during 

Shot RAINIER, as listed in table 6-l. 

76 
Table 6-1: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT RAINIER 

Estimated 

DOD 

Title Participants Personnel

Weapons Effects Test Group 

6.4 Accuracy and of the Short-baseline NAROL Air Force Research Center

System 

9.1 Support Photography Armed Forces Weapons Project; 9

Air Transport Service 

Unknown 

Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline 

NAROL System, used the Long Range Aids to Navigation (LORAN) 

system in an inverse fashion to detect the electromagnetic pulse 

from the nuclear burst in order to determine the position and 

measure the yield of that burst. The Indirect Bomb Damage 

Assessment NAROL system consisted of nets located in Albuquerque, 

New Mexico; Vale, Oregon; and Rapid City, South Dakota. Each 

NAROL net had two unmanned slave stations and one manned station 

(34). 

Project 9.1, Support Photography, was sponsored AFSWP to 

provide the following support services: 

Technical photographic support of the

effects program 

of the overall military-effects 

program and production of an effects motion picture 

Documentation of the detonation for release through

the Joint Office of Test Information and for 

historical purposes 

• General photographic support to Department of 

Defense projects. 

77 
At shot-time, pictures were taken by two or three photographers 

in the forward area and two or three other photographers from a 

C-47 aircraft flown by at least three members of the Military Air 

Transport Service. The C-47 flew a holding pattern 2,000 feet 

above the terrain so as to be over surface zero at the time of 

the detonation (6; 16; 24). 

6.1.2 Department of Defense Participation in University of 

California Radiation Laboratory Test Group Projects 

Of the nine projects conducted by the Los Scientific 

Laboratory Test Group and the five projects conducted by the 

University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group, only 

UCRL Project 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, was planned to 

include DOD participants. This project was to involve cloud 

sampling but was canceled because RAINIER was totally contained 

underground. 

6.1.3 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

At Shot RAINIER, AFSWC support to the Test Manager consisted 

of security sweeps and helicopter surveys (6). 

Security Sweep 

Prior to the detonation, one Bonanza aircraft with at least 

two personnel aboard left the airstrip near Camp Mercury and flew 

a mission over the NTS to ensure that no unauthorized 

were in the shot area (1; 6). 

Helicopter Surveys 

After the detonation, one or two H-21 helicopters, each with 

at least two AFSWC crewmen and a monitor, left the airstrip 

near Camp Mercury and flew survey missions over the RAINIER test 

area to assess detonation damage. Following the mission, the 

78 
helicopter returned to the helicopter area. Aircraft and crew 

were monitored and decontaminated as required (6; 16; 46). 

6.2 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT RAINIER 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

for Operation was to ensure that participants would 

avoid unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation while 

accomplishing their missions. Some of the procedures described 

in the Operation volume resulted in records that enabled 

the Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the effectiveness of 

its radiation protection programs. The available information 

includes dosimetry, logistics, and monitoring information. 

Radiological safety procedures and dosimetry information for 

AFSWC personnel are described in the Operation volume. 

Dosimetry Records 

For the 19 September 1957 detonation of RAINIER, the Personnel Dosimetry Branch issued 24 film badges and 12 pocket 

meters. Dosimetry records indicate that none of the personnel at 

the shot accumulated a gamma exposure exceeding two roentgens 

(54; 60). 

Logistics 

The Logistics Branch issued protective clothing and 

equipment to 104 personnel. These supplies included coveralls, 

shoe covers, respirators, and other items (60). 

Monitoring Procedures and Support 

The initial ground survey team, consisting of ten monitors, 

left 15 minutes after the detonation to survey the shot area. 

The survey indicated that there was no increase in alpha, beta, 

or gamma radiation due to RAINIER because the tunnel had 

contained the radiation. A ground resurvey conducted 90 minutes 

79 
after the detonation found no increased radiation intensities at 

that time (60). 

The initial aerial survey team, with at least two AFSWC 

crewmen and a monitor, left the helicopter pad after the 

detonation to monitor radiation. No radiation was detected and 

subsequent aerial surveys were not made (60). 

Plotting and Briefing 

Because the ground surveys showed no increase in radiation 

intensities, isointensity maps were not plotted for Shot RAINIER. 

The Plotting and Briefing Branch issued 55 access permits 

required for entry into radiological exclusion areas (60). 

Decontamination Activities 

During the period covering Shot RAINIER, personnel of the 

Decontamination Branch did not decontaminate any vehicles (60). 

80 
Weather: 

Radiation Data: 

Participants: 

SHOT WHITNEY SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VII and VIII 

DATE/TIME:

YIELD: 

23 September 1957, 0530 hours

19 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 500 feet (tower shot) 

(1) To evaluate newly designed devices for

possible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal 

(2) To evaluate the nuclear yield and the

blast, thermal, and radiation phenomena produced

bv these nuclear devices 

(3) To evaluate the effects of nuclear 

radiation for civil defense purposes. 

At shot-time, the temperature was and 

surface winds were calm. Winds were eight knots

from the south-southeast at 10,000 feet, eight

knots from the east at 20,000 feet, and 11 knots 

from the east at 30,000 feet. 

During the initial survey, mid-time of 0725

hours, radiation intensities greater than 1.0

R/h were within 700 meters of ground zero 

confined to the north, east, and south but 

extended to the west. 

Exercise Desert Rock troops, Armed Forces

Special Weapons Project, Air Force Special

Weapons Center and other Air Force personnel,

University of California Radiation Laboratory,

Federal Civil Defense Administration, other 

contractors. 

81 
••••• •

CHAPTER 7 

SHOT WHITNEY 

Shot WHITNEY was detonated with a of 19 kilotons at 

0530 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 23 September 1957. The 

device was positioned on top of a 500-foot steel tower in Area 2 

of the Nevada Test Site. The cloud top rose to 30,000 feet and 

moved west. The fallout pattern turned to the northwest 

7.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT WHITNEY 

An estimated 28 Exercise Desert Rock personnel participated 

in one technical service project. 

Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range 

detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded by the Army 

Signal Research and Development Laboratories. The project was 

to test the capacity of Army radar equipment in detecting the 

nuclear detonation and tracking the radioactive cloud and to 

examine Army fallout prediction methods. The 28 project participants were divided into a radar section and two fallout 

prediction teams (19; 52). 

The radar section detected and tracked the cloud, recorded 

fireball growth, and determined the rate of rise of the cloud, 

the height of burst, and the yield. In addition, the radar 

section collected data to determine the use of radar equipment in 

cloud detection. Three radar sets were used: one was about 145 

kilometers south of ground zero at Boulder City, Nevada, a second 

set was about 30 kilometers from ground zero on the ridge between 

Yucca Lake and Frenchman Flat, and the third was about 25 

kilometers from ground zero. All three sets were manned during 

the detonation (19; 52). 

82 
One fallout prediction team used upper wind data to test an 

Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories technique for 

predicting fallout patterns. This fallout team was composed of 

personnel from the Meteorological Division, Army Signal Research 

and Development Laboratories. The team operated out of an M-109 

mobile van, which contained the teletype and recording equipment 

necessary for obtaining meteorological data for plotting fallout. 

The mobile van, manned at the time of the WHITNEY detonation, was 

next to the weather station at Camp Mercury. A second fallout 

prediction team, composed of personnel from the Armv Electronic 

Proving Ground, Fort Huachuca, Arizona, operated near 

Nevada, 92 kilometers northeast of the Control Point (19, 52). 

7.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE IN TEST GROUP, 

OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT WHITNEY 

Besides participating in an Exercise Desert Rock project, 

Department of Defense personnel took part in other test 

activities during Shot WHITNEY that required them to enter the 

forward area. Table 7-1, on the following page, identifies the 

test group projects involving DOD participants. The Air Force 

conducted two DOD operational training projects. In addition to 

the test group and operational training projects, support 

activities accounted for a number of DOD participants at Shot 

WHITNEY. AFSWC supported one test group project and flew 

routine air missions for the Test Manager. 

7.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group Projects 

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted two projects during 

Shot WHITNEY, as indicated in table 7-l. 

83 
Table 7-1: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT WHITNEY 

Project Title Participants 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

Weapons Effects Test Group 

19 

91 

Spectra of Ground Shocks Produced by Nuclear 

Support Photography 

Research and Development Command, 

AFSWP, Transport EG and G 15 

of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group 

21 2 of Laboratory, 4926th 

Test Squadron (Sampling), Force 

Weapons Center 

16 

Civil Effects Test Group 

37 2 

39 la 

Aspects of Fallout 

Gamma by 

Force Special Weapons Center 

EG and G 

3 

Unknown 

Project 1.9, Spectra of Ground Shocks Produced by Nuclear 

Detonations, was conducted bv the Air Research and Development 

Command and fielded bv personnel from Ramo-Woolridge Corporation. 

The project was to measure and analyze the velocity and movement 

of the ground shock wave produced by a nuclear detonation. 

Project personnel placed two self-contained, mechanical, 

shock gauges inside cylindrical canisters that were fastened 

to a concrete anchor block, buried three feet in the ground about 

180 meters west of ground zero, and surrounded by sandbags. In 

recovering instruments, personnel had difficulty finding the 

canisters, which had been moved by the shock wave some nine 

meters from their original position (31). 

Project 9.1, Support Photography, was sponsored by AFSWP to 

provide the following support services: 

Technical photographic support of the 

effects program 

84 
Documentation of the overall military effects

program and production of an effects motion picture 

Documentation of the detonation for release through

the Joint Office of Test Information and for 

historical purposes 

• General photographic support to Department of

Defense projects. 

Nine personnel established and then manned a photography station 

at UTM coordinates 8431022 from five hours before to 30 minutes 

after the detonation (12). Two or three photographers also took 

pictures from a C-47 aircraft operated at least three crewmen 

from the Military Air Transport Service. The C-47 flew a 

right-hand holding pattern at 8,000 feet, eight nautical miles 

south of ground zero at shot-time. In addition, EG and G 

personnel provided technical photography support to AFSWP and the 

AEC, operating three camera stations to record fireball and cloud 

growth. One manned camera station was near the Control Point, 

and two unmanned stations were three to eight kilometers from 

ground zero (7; 12; 24). 

7.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in University of 

California Radiation Laboratory Test Group Projects 

Of the six projects conducted by the University of 

California Radiation Laboratory Test Group, only Project 21.2, 

Radiochemistry Sampling, involved DOD personnel participation, as 

shown in table 7-l. AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) performed cloud-sampling missions required by the project, as 

discussed in section 7.2.5. 

7.2.3 Department of Defense ipation in Civil Effects

Test Group Project 

Of the four Civil Effects Test Group projects conducted at 

Shot WHITNEY, the two listed in table 7-l involved DOD personnel. 

Project 37.2, Biophysical Aspects of Fallout, required AFSWC 

85 
support for radio relays, discussed in section 7.2.5. Project 

Gamma Dosimetry by Film-badge Techniques, was conducted by 

personnel from EG and G and probably from the DOD. The objective 

was to obtain information on integrated gamma dose at various 

points along the ground. Two days before the shot, personnel 

placed film badges at 228-meter intervals on a stake line 690 to 

1,600 meters from ground zero. Participants recovered the film 

badges on the morning of shot-day after the detonation (12; 23). 

7.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training Projects 

The Air Force conducted two operational training projects, 

the primary objectives of which were to test equipment and 

techniques and to indoctrinate personnel. 

Project 53.5, Aircrew Indoctrination (Early Cloud Penetration), was designed to enable Air Defense Command to 

witness a nuclear detonation and penetrate its cloud. Two T-33 

aircraft, each with two crewmen, took off from Indian Springs Air 

Force Base at 0620 hours and 0720 hours, respectively. Each 

aircraft remained in the vicinity of the cloud for 20 minutes, 

landing at 0705 hours and 0805 hours, respectively (7; 27). 

Project 53.8, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, was sponsored 

by the Strategic Air Command to test Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment equipment and techniques under simulated and actual bomb 

conditions. Two B-47s took part at WHITNEY. The aircraft 

orbited at altitudes of 11,000 to 16,000 feet and were 35 

nautical miles east of ground zero on a northerly heading just 

before the detonation. At the time of detonation, the two 

aircraft executed a breakaway maneuver (7; 27). 

86 
7.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC support consisted of cloud-sampling and sample courier 

missions in support of the UCRL test group project, a radio relay 

mission for CETG, and cloud-tracking missions, security sweeps, 

and aerial surveys. 

Cloud Sampling 

Four F-84 aircraft, with one pilot each, and two with 

five crewmen each, collected samples of the cloud for UCRL 

Project 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. A B-57 sampler control 

aircraft, with a pilot and a UCRL scientific advisor, also 

participated. Pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) flew 

the seven aircraft (1; 7; 61). 

The B-57 sampler control aircraft, which guided the six 

sampler aircraft through the sample missions, left Indian Springs 

AFB at 0510 hours. The control aircraft reached an altitude of 

30,000 feet and began a right-hand holding pattern at 0525 hours. 

After the detonation, the control aircraft left its orbit to view 

the cloud from all sides (1; 7; 61). 

The six sampler aircraft proceeded as follows. At 0630, the 

first F-84 sampler aircraft entered the vicinity of the burst at 

30,000 feet and established visual contact with the control 

aircraft. The scientific advisor then directed the samplers to 

penetrate the cloud as necessary to acquire samples. The F-84 

left the area 35 minutes later and landed at Indian Springs AFB 

at 0710 hours. The other three F-84 samplers and the two B-57 

samplers followed the pattern established by the first sampler 

and entered the area of cloud at altitudes of 30,000 feet at 

and ten-minute intervals between 0635 hours and 0715 hours. 

Each aircraft remained in the area collecting samples for 35 

minutes. The final sampler aircraft landed at Indian Springs AFB 

at 0755 hours. The control aircraft ended its pattern at 0755 

hours, after the six sampler aircraft completed their missions, 

and landed at Indian Springs at 0806 hours (1; 7; 61). 

87 
Upon landing, each sampler aircraft taxied to the strip 

farthest from base operations. There, ground personnel used 

long-handled poles to remove the samples and place them in metal 

containers to be sent bv courier to UCRL. With the mission 

complete, the aircraft and pilots were decontaminated as 

described in the Operation volume (1; 7; 61). 

Courier Missions 

The 4900th Air Base Group from Kirtland AFB conducted the 

courier sample return missions. Three C-47 aircraft, with a 

minimum of three personnel each, flew samples out of Indian 

Springs AFB to UCRL for analyses (1; 7; 61). 

Cloud Tracking 

Five minutes after the detonation, one B-50 and two B-25 

aircraft left Indian Springs AFB and flew over the NTS at 25,000 

and 15,000 feet. One B-25 replaced a B-29 that had been 

scheduled for cloud tracking. The purpose of the mission was to 

determine the direction the cloud traveled and to keep the 

airways clear of any aircraft unrelated to the test projects (1; 

7; 61). 

Radio Relay 

AFSWC support for Project 37.2, Biophysical Aspects of 

out, was provided by one C-47, which flew a radio relay. The 

C-47 flew a right-hand holding pattern at 10,000 feet and was 20 

nautical miles southeast of ground zero at the time of detonation 

7; 61). 

Security Sweep 

Prior to the detonation, two L-20 aircraft, each with at 

least two personnel aboard, left the airstrip near Camp Mercury 

and flew a mission over the NTS to ensure that no unauthorized 

personnel were in the shot area (1; 7; 61). 
Helicopter Surveys 

After the detonation, two H-21 helicopters, each with an 

AFSWC crew of two and two monitors, conducted aerial 

radiological safetv surveys of Area 2 and other non-shot areas. 

The helicopters surveyed for about minutes, whereupon they 

returned to Camp Mercury. Resurveys took place later on 

shot-day. Two other H-21 helicopters, each with an AFSWC crew of 

two and radiological safety monitors, conducted a damage 

assessment survey over the shot area after the detonation. 

After the mission, the helicopters returned to the helicopter 

area at Camp Mercury. The aircraft and crews were monitored and 

decontaminated as required (7; 49). 

7.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT WHITNEY 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

for Operation was to ensure that participants would 

avoid unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation while 

accomplishing their missions. Some of the procedures described 

in the Operation volume resulted in records that enabled 

the Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the effectiveness of 

its radiation protection programs. The available information 

includes isointensity contour maps, monitoring procedures, 

and some personnel dosimetry data. Radiological safety 

procedures and dosimetrv information for Desert Rock and AFSWC 

personnel are described in the Operation volume. 

Dosimetry Records 

From 22 to 26 September 1957, including the 23 September 

detonation of WHITNEY, the Personnel Dosimetry Branch issued 916 

film badges and 166 pocket dosimeters (60). Four NTO/DOD 

personnel received cumulative gamma exposures slightly greater 

than two roentgens. Two of these personnel were from the 1st 

89 
Radiological Safety and Support Unit and one each was from the 

Chemical Warfare Laboratories and AFSWC (54; 60). 

Logistics 

The Logistics Branch issued protective clothing and supplies 

to 480 personnel. These supplies included coveralls, shoe 

covers, repirators, and other items (60). 

Monitoring Procedures and Support 

Ten minutes after the detonation, 14 monitors traveling in 

eight vehicles performed the initial ground survey of the shot 

area. The survey took about 90 minutes to complete. Resurveys 

were made later on shot-day and again on 24, 25, and 26 September 

(49; 60). 

The initial helicopter survey team, consisting of two AFSWC 

crewmen and two radiological monitors, departed from the Control 

Point helicopter pad at 0748 hours, almost 90 minutes after the 

detonation. Aerial resurveys were made for Shot WHITNEY later on 

shot-day. The maximum radiation intensity was 100 R/h, 

encountered 500 feet above a location about 30 meters east of 

ground zero, approximately two-and-one-half hours after the 

detonation (7; 49; 60). 

Plotting and Briefing 

Using information from the surveys, the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch developed isointensity contour maps. Figure 7-l 

presents a copy of the initial contour map, with a mid-time of 

0725 hours, and figure 7-2 shows copies of the iosintensity maps 

resulting from resurveys on 23 to 26 September (60). 

90 
••• • • •• •••• •

• •

•

•

Stake 

. . . . . . . . . 0.01 

Meters ------

I 

0 

Figure 7-l: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT WHITNEY, 

SEPTEMBER 1957, MID-TIME 0725 

91 
23 September 1957, 1152 

Meters I 

0 

-

24 September 1957, 0635 

25 September 1957, 0633 

Meters 

0 1000 

26 September 1957, 0624 

Stake 

. . . . . . . . . 0 01 R./h 

------ 0 

Figure 7-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT WHITNEY 
Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch to establish Full and Limited Radiological Exclusion Areas, described in the Operation volume. The 

Plotting and Briefing Branch also issued the access permits 

required for entry into these areas. From 22 to 26 September, 

access permits were issued to a total of 200 individuals involved 

in a total of 34 projects (60). 

Decontamination Activities 

During the period covering Shot WHITNEY, personnel of the 

Decontamination Branch decontaminated 28 vehicles (60). 

93 
SHOT CHARLESTON SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXERCISE: None 

DATE/TIME: 28 September 1957, 0600 Hours 

YIELD: 12 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 1,500 feet (balloon shot) 

Objectives: To evaluate newly designed devices for

possible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal

(2) To evaluate the nuclear yield and the

blast, thermal, and radiation phenomena produced

by these nuclear devices 

(3) To evaluate the effects of nuclear

radiation for civil defense purposes. 

Weather: At shot-time, surface winds were calm. Winds 

were from the south at 20 knots at 10,000 feet,

34 knots at 20,000 feet, and 38 knots at 30,000 

feet. 

Radiation Data: During the initial survey, mid-time of 0716

hours, radiation intensities greater than 1.0

R/h were confined to within 900 meters of ground 

zero. 

Participants: Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Air Force 

Special Weapons Center and other Air Force

personnel, University of California

Radiation Laboratory, Federal Civil Defense 

Administration, other contractors. 

94 
CHAPTER 8 

SHOT CHARLESTON 

Shot CHARLESTON was detonated with a of 12 kilotons at 

0600 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 28 September 1957. The 

device was suspended from a balloon 1,500 feet above the ground 

in Area 9 of the Nevada Test Site. The cloud top rose to 32,000 

feet and traveled north from the point of detonation (29). 

8.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT 

SHOT CHARLESTON 

According to the Desert Rock Final Report for Operation 

PLUMBBOB, 28 personnel conducted Project 50.3, Evaluation of 

Medium Range Detonation-detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, at 

the time of Shot CHARLESTON. However, the report on Project 50.3 

does not address radar locations for Shot CHARLESTON. The 

schedule of events indicates that a manned station was planned at 

UTM coordinates 859869, but it is not known if the station was 

used (15). Possibly, the 28 personnel were still stationed at 

Camp Desert Rock following the WHITNEY event but did not 

participate in the project at Shot CHARLESTON (19; 33; 52). 

8.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP, 

OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT 

SHOT CHARLESTON 

Department of Defense personnel took part in test activities 

during CHARLESTON that required them to enter the forward area. 

Table 8-l identifies the test group projects involving DOD 

participants. The Air Force sponsored one operational training 

project. In addition to test group projects and the operational 

training project, support activities accounted for a number of 

DOD participants. AFSWC personnel supported one test group 

project and flew routine air missions for the Test Manager. 

95 
Table 8-l: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT CHARLESTON 

Project Title Participants 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

Weapons Effects Test Group 

1 1 

19 

64 

91 

Phenomena 

Spectra of Ground Shocks Produced by Nuclear 

Accuracy and of the NAROL 

System 

Photography 

Research Laboratones 

Research and Development Command, 

Force Cambridge Research Center 

AFSWP, Transport 9 

University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group 

21 2 of Laboratory, 4926th 

Test Squadron Force Special 

Weapons Center 

10 

Civil Effects Test Group 

398 Depth Dose Studies Phantoms Bomb 

Gamma and Neutron 

Naval Research Institute 5 

Unknown 
8.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group Projects 

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted four projects 

during Shot CHARLESTON, as listed in table 8-1. 

Project 1.1, Basic Phenomena, was designed by the 

Ballistic Research Laboratories to obtain data on overpressure 

and dynamic pressure values as a function of time and distance 

from ground zero. Performance of various pressure gauges, 

measurement devices, and measurement techniques was also 

evaluated. To obtain data, project participants installed 

recording pressure time gauges at 12 stations along the main blast 

line between 335 and 22,240 meters south and southeast of ground 

zero. Personnel recovered the gauges after the detonation (15; 

20). 

Project 1.9, Spectra of Ground Shocks Produced by Nuclear 

Detonations, was conducted by the Air Research and Development 

Command and personnel from the Ramo-Woolridge Corporation. The 

objective of the project was to measure and analyze the velocity 

and movement of the ground shock wave produced by the nuclear 

detonation. Project personnel placed one shock gauge in each of 

seven cylindrical canisters that were fastened to concrete anchor 

blocks, buried three feet in the ground at specific overexposure 

levels 335 to 700 meters south of ground zero, and surrounded by 

sandbags. Personnel later reentered the shot area to remove the 

sandbags, excavate the cylinders, and remove the gauges (31). 

Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline 

NAROL System, used the Long Range Aids to Navigation (LORAN) 

system in an inverse fashion to detect the electromagnetic pulse 

from the nuclear burst in order to determine the position and 

measure the yield of that burst. The Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment NAROL system consisted of nets located in Albuquerque, New 

Mexico; Vale, Oregon; and Rapid City, South Dakota. Each NAROL net 

had two unmanned slave stations and one manned station (34). 

97 
Project 9.1, Support Photography, was sponsored by AFSWP to 

provide the following support services: 

Technical photographic support of the military

effects program 

Documentation of the overall military effects

program and production of an effects motion picture 

Documentation of the detonation for release through 

the Joint Office of Test Information and for 

historical purposes 

• General photographic support to Department of

Defense projects. 

Two or three photographers took pictures in the forward area, 

probably at News Nob or near the Control Point at Yucca Pass. 

Another two or three photographers also took pictures from a C-47 

aircraft operated by at least three members of the Military Air 

Transport Service. The C-47 flew a right-hand holding pattern at 

10,000 feet heading east toward ground zero at the time of detonation. In addition, EG and G provided technical photography 

support to AFSWP and the AEC, operating five camera stations to 

record fireball and cloud growth (8; 15; 24). 

8.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in University of

California Radiation Laboratory Test Group Projects 

Of the ten projects conducted by the University of 

California Radiation Laboratory Test Group, only Project 21.2, 

Radiochemistry Sampling, involved DOD personnel participation, as 

shown in table 8-l. The AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) 

performed the cloud-sampling missions required by this project, 

as is discussed in section 8.2.5. 

8.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in Civil Effects Test

Group Projects 

The Civil Effects Test Group performed one project at Shot 

CHARLESTON with DOD involvement, as shown in table 8-l. 

98 
Project 39.8, Depth Dose Studies in Phantoms with Initial 

Bomb Gamma and Neutron Radiation, was fielded by personnel from 

the Naval Medical Research Institute. The objectives were to 

determine the relation of the air exposure or incident dose to 

absorbed dose, and to determine the distribution of absorbed dose 

through tissue material equivalent to human tissue. Personnel 

placed dosimeters in masonite phantoms, which were placed about 

140 meters southeast of ground zero. Five minutes after the 

detonation, five personnel entered the shot area to recover the 

phantoms and to place three additional phantoms on a line 

southeast of ground zero (15; 36; 50). 

8.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training Project 

The operational summary (27) indicates that the Air 

Force sponsored one operational training project at Shot 

CHARLESTON. Project 53.9, Photographic Reconnaissance Training, 

was fielded by the Tactical Air Command to indoctrinate Air 

National Guard Tactical Reconnaissance Units from George AFB, 

California, in conducting photographic missions over a nuclear 

target. Air National Guard Units participated in the project on 

a rotational basis (27). At Shot CHARLESTON, one T-33 with two 

crewmen aboard passed over ground zero ten minutes after the 

detonation at an altitude of 10,000 feet to photograph the 

nuclear target (8; 27). 

8.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC support consisted of cloud-sampling and sample courier 

missions in support of the UCRL test group and 

tracking missions, security sweeps, and aerial surveys. 

Cloud Sampling 

Four F-84 aircraft, with one pilot each, and two with 

two crewmen each, collected samples of the cloud for UCRL Project 

99 
21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. A B-57 sampler control aircraft, 

which had a pilot and a UCRL scientific advisor, also participated. Pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) flew the 

seven aircraft (1; 8; 61). 

The control aircraft, which guided the other six sampler 

aircraft through the sample missions, left Indian Springs AFB at 

0540 hours. The aircraft reached an altitude of 30,000 feet and 

began a right-hand pattern at 0555 hours. After the detonation, 

the control aircraft left its orbit to view the cloud from all 

sides (1; 8; 61). 

The six sampler aircraft proceeded as follows. At 0625 

hours, the first B-57 sampler aircraft entered the vicinity of 

the burst at 30,000 feet and established visual contact with the 

sampler control aircraft. The scientific advisor in the control 

aircraft then directed the samplers to penetrate the cloud as 

necessary to acquire samples. The first B-57 left the area 30 

minutes later and landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0710 hours. 

The second B-57 and four F-84 samplers followed the pattern 

established by the first sampler aircraft. These aircraft 

entered the area of the cloud at altitudes of 30,000 feet at 

ten-minute intervals between 0635 hours and 0715 hours. Each 

aircraft remained in the area collecting samples for 35 to 50 

minutes. The final sampler aircraft landed at Indian Springs AFB 

at 0800 hours. The control aircraft ended its pattern at 0840 

hours, after the six sampler aircraft completed their missions, 

and landed at Indian Springs at 0805 hours (1; 8; 61). 

Upon landing, each sampler aircraft taxied to the strip 

farthest from base operations. There, ground personnel used 

long-handled poles to remove the samples and place them in metal 

containers to be sent by courier to UCRL. With the mission 

complete, the aircraft and pilots were decontaminated as 

described in the Operation volume (1; 8; 61). 

100 
Courier Missions 

The 4900th Air Base Group from Kirtland AFB conducted the 

courier sample return missions. Three C-47 aircraft, with a 

minimum of three personnel each, flew samples out of Indian 

Springs AFB to UCRL for analysis (1; 8; 61). 

Cloud Tracking 

Five minutes after the detonation, one B-29 with a crew of 

ten and one H-25 aircraft with a crew of four left Indian Springs 

AFB and flew over and beyond the NTS at 15,000 feet and 25,000 

feet. The purpose of the mission was to determine the direction 

the cloud traveled and to keep the airways clear of any aircraft 

unrelated to the test (1; 8; 61). 

Security Sweep 

Before the detonation, one L-20 aircraft with at least two 

personnel aboard left the airstrip near Camp Mercury and flew a 

mission over the NTS to ensure that no unauthorized personnel 

were in the shot area. The mission of a second L-20 scheduled 

for a security sweep was cancelled because the aircraft was not 

needed (1; 8). 

Helicopter Surveys 

After the detonation, one H-19 helicopter, with an AFSWC 

crew of two and at least two monitors, conducted a 

radiological survey over the shot area. Two other H-19 survey 

missions were canceled because they were not needed. Following 

the mission, the helicopters returned to the helicopter area. 

Aircraft and crew were monitored and decontaminated as required 

(8; 50). 

101 
8.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT CHARLESTON 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

for Operation was to ensure that participants would 

avoid unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation while 

accomplishing their missions. Some of the procedures described 

in the Operation volume resulted in records that enabled 

the Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the effectiveness of 

its radiation protection programs. The available information 

includes isointensity contour maps, monitoring data, and some 

personnel dosimetry data. Radiological safety procedures and 

dosimetry information for AFSWC participants are described in the 

Operation volume. 

Dosimetry Records 

From 5 to 27 September 1957, including the 28 September 

detonation of CHARLESTON, the Personnel Dosimetry Branch issued 

4,874 film badges and 187 pocket dosimeters (60). Two AFSWC 

personnel received cumulative gamma exposures greater than two 

roentgens; these were 2.01 and 2.55 roentgens (54; 60). 

Logistics 

The Logistics Branch issued protective clothing and supplies 

to 897 personnel. The supplies included coveralls, shoe covers, 

respirators, and other items (60). 

Monitoring Procedures and Support 

Five minutes after the detonation, 11 monitors traveling in 

eight vehicles performed the initial ground survey of the shot 

area. The survey took about two hours to complete. Resurveys 

were made later on shot-day and again on 29 and 30 September, and 

1 and 3 October (60). 

The initial helicopter survey team, consisting of two AFSWC 

crewmen and at least two radiological monitors, departed from the 

102 
Control Point helicopter pad at 0736 hours, about 90 minutes 

after the detonation. The highest radiation intensity was 25 

encountered 100 feet above ground zero 14 minutes later. 

Aerial resurveys were not made for Shot CHARLESTON because the 

necessary measurements could be obtained from the ground 

resurveys (50; 60). 

Plotting and Briefing 

Using information from the initial surveys, the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch developed isointensity contour maps. Figure 8-l 

presents a copy of the initial contour map, and figure 8-2 shows 

copies of the isointensity maps resulting from resurveys on 28 

September to 1 October (60). 

Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch to establish Full and Limited Radiological 

Exclusion Areas, described in the Operation volume. 

The Plotting and Briefing Branch also issued the access permits 

required for entry into these areas. From 27 September through 5 

October, access permits were issued to a total of 454 individuals 

involved in a total of 55 projects (60). 

Decontamination Activities 

During the period covering Shot CHARLESTON, personnel of the 

Decontamination Branch decontaminated 29 vehicles (60). 

103 
 

*

-

•••••. •. I .• .• .• • • • •

• • • • • • • • ••••

01 

1 Meters 

0 

- - - - - - 0 

10.0 R/h 

Figure 8-l: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT CHARLESTON, 

28 SEPTEMBER MID-TIME 0716 

104 
Meters 

I 

0 1000 

Meters 

I 

0 

28 September 1957, Mtd-Time: 1213 29 September 1957, 0533 

. . 

N 

Meters

I I 0 

30 September 1957, 0625 

N 

Meters 

0 

1 October 1957, 

Stake 

. . . . . . . . . 

------ 0 

Figure 8-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT CHARLESTON 
SHOT MORGAN SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXERCISE: None 

DATE/TIME: 

YIELD: 

7 October 1957, 0500 hours 

8 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 500 feet (balloon shot) 

Objectives: (1) To evaluate newly designed devices for

possible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal

(2) To evaluate the nuclear yield and the

blast, thermal, and radiation phenomena produced

by these nuclear devices

(3) To evaluate the effects of nuclear 

radiation for civil defense purposes. 

Weather: At shot-time, the temperature was and 

surface winds were calm. Winds were 12 knots 

from the west-northwest at 10,000 feet, 30 knots 

from the west at 20,000 feet, 41 knots from the 

west at 30,000 feet, and 48 knots from the 

west-southwest at 40,000 feet. 

Radiation Data: During the initial survey, mid-time of 0545

hours, radiation intensities of 1.0 R/h and

greater were confined to within 950 meters of 

ground zero. 

Participants: Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Air Force

Special Weapons Center and other Air Force

personnel, University of California Radiation 

Laboratorv, Federal Civil Defense Administration, other contractors. 

106 
CHAPTER 9 

SHOT MORGAN 

Shot MORGAN, the twenty-fourth and final nuclear weapons 

test of Operation PLUMBBOB, was detonated at 0500 hours Pacific 

Daylight Time on October 1957. The device, which had a yield 

of eight kilotons, was suspended from a balloon 500 feet above 

the ground in Area 9 of the Nevada Test Site. The cloud top rose 

to 40,000 feet and traveled east from the point of detonation. 

Most of the radiation was from neutron activation of the 

soil around ground zero (29). 

9.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP AND 

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT MORGAN 

Department of Defense personnel took part in several test 

groups projects conducted at Shot MORGAN. Table 9-1, on the 

following page, identifies these projects. In addition to the 

projects, AFSWC and other support activities accounted for a 

number of DOD participants. AFSWC personnel supported one test 

group project and flew routine air missions for the Test Manager. 

Exercise Desert Rock activities were not conducted at Shot 

MORGAN. 

9.1.1 AFSWP FIELD COMMAND WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUP PROJECTS 

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted three projects 

during Shot MORGAN, as indicated in table 9-1. 

Project 1.1, Basic Phenomena, was conducted by the 

Ballistic Research Laboratories to obtain data on overpressure 

and dynamic pressure values as a function of time and distance 

from ground zero. The performance of various pressure gauges, 

107 
measurement devices, and measurement techniques was also 

evaluated. To obtain data, personnel placed self-recording 

pressure-time gauges at 13 stations along a blast line between 

90 and 10,660 meters southeast of ground zero. Personnel 

reentered the area after the shot to recover the gauges (7; 20). 

Table 9-1: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT MORGAN 

Project Title 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

Weapons Effects Test Group 

1 1 

65 

91 

Phenomena 

Effects of Nuclear on 

Support Photography 

Hercules 

Research Laboratones 

Sands Range, Bell Telephone 

Laboratones 

AFSWP, Transport EG and G 

18 

15 

of Laboratory Test Group 

21 2 Sampling of Laboratory, 4926th 

Test Squadron Force Special 

Weapons Center 

8 

I 

Effects Test Group 

398 Depth Dose Phantoms 

Gamma and Neutron 

Bomb U Naval Research Institute 

Unknown 

Project 6.5, Effects of Nuclear Detonations on Nike 

Hercules, was fielded by personnel from White Sands Missile 

Range, New Mexico, with assistance from Bell Telephone 

Laboratories personnel. The principal objective was to 

investigate the effects of radiation produced by a nuclear 

detonation on the operational and structural characteristics of 

components, materials, and systems of the Nike Hercules 

missile system. To obtain data, personnel installed standard 

vacuum-tube and experimental transistorized versions of the 

guidance system at sites 180, 410, and 670 meters from ground 

108 
zero. From 2000 to 2330 hours on the day before the detonation, 

five participants checked equipment at the three sites. From 

2330 hours on the day before the shot to two hours after the 

detonation, 18 personnel manned a radar station ten kilometers 

from ground zero, at UTM coordinates 765031 (17; 25). 

Project 9.1, Support Photography, was sponsored by AFSWP to 

provide the following support services: 

Technical photographic support of the military 

effects program 

Documentation of the overall military effects 

program and production of an effects motion picture 

Documentation of the detonation for release through 

the Joint Office of Test Information and for 

historical purposes 

General photographic support to Department of 

Defense projects. 

Nine personnel established and then manned a photography station 

at UTM coordinates 843050 from 0001 on shot-day to 0530 (17). 

Two or three men also took pictures in an L-20 aircraft operated 

by at least three members of the Military Air Transport Service. 

The L-20 flew a right-hand holding pattern heading east toward 

ground zero at 8,500 feet at the time of detonation. In 

addition, EG and G personnel provided technical photography 

support to AFSWP and the AEC, operating camera stations to record 

fireball and cloud growth (9; 17; 24). 

9.1.2 Department of Defense Participation in University of

California Radiation Laboratory Test Group Projects 

Of the three projects conducted by the LASL Test Group and 

the ten projects conducted by the UCRL Test Group, only UCRL 

Project 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, involved DOD personnel 

participation. AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) performed 

the cloud-sampling missions required by this project, as 

discussed in section 9.1.4. 

109 
9.1.3 Department of Defense Participation in Civil Effects Test 

Group Projects 

Of the three CETG projects conducted at Shot MORGAN, one 

involved DOD personnel, as shown in table 9-1. 

Project 39.8, Depth Dose Studies in Phantoms with Initial 

Bomb Gamma and Neutron Radiation, was fielded by the Naval 

Medical Research Institute. The objectives of the project were 

to determine the relation of the air exposure or incident dose to 

absorbed dose, and to determine the distribution of absorbed dose 

through tissue material equivalent to human tissue (36). 

Personnel installed dosimeters in a masonite phantom, which was 

then placed in the shot area. After the detonation, participants 

retrieved the phantom and analyzed the radiation exposure 

obtained (17; 36; 51). 

9.1.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC support consisted of cloud-sampling and sample courier 

missions in support of the UCRL test group project, and 

tracking missions, security sweeps, and aerial surveys. 

Cloud Sampling 

Six F-84 aircraft, with one pilot each, collected samples of 

the cloud for UCRL Project 21.2, Radio-chemistry Sampling. A 

B-57 sampler control aircraft, with one pilot and a scientific 

advisor from UCRL, also participated. Pilots of the 4926th Test 

Squadron (Sampling) flew the seven aircraft (1; 9; 61). 

Upon landing, each sampler aircraft taxied to the strip 

farthest from base operations where ground personnel used 

handled poles to remove the samples and place them in metal 

containers, which were sent by courier to UCRL. With the mission 

complete, the aircraft and pilots were decontaminated as 

described the Operation volume (1; 9; 61). 

110 
Courier Missions 

The 4900th Air Base Group from Kirtland Air Force Base conducted the courier sample returns. Three C-47 aircraft flew 

samples out of Indian Springs AFB to UCRL for analysis (1; 9; 61). 

Cloud Tracking 

One B-25 low-altitude cloud tracker aborted its mission 

after the shot because of communications difficulties (1; 9; 61). 

Helicopter Survevs 

One hour after the detonation, an H-21 helicopter, with an 

AFSWC crew of two and at least two REECo radiological safety 

monitors, conducted an initial radiological survey of Area 9 and 

other locations. A second H-21 helocipter, with an AFSWC crew of 

two, a REECo radiological monitor, and UCRL project participants, 

left the Control Point an hour after the detonation to recover 

project equipment east of Area 9. About two hours after the 

shot, an H-21 helicopter, with an AFSWC crew of two and REECo 

radiological safety monitors, conducted a bomb damage survey 

mission of Area 9. Following the mission, the helicopters 

returned to the helicopter area. Aircraft and crew were 

monitored and decontaminated as required (9; 51). 

9.2 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT MORGAN 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

for Operation was to ensure that participants would 

avoid unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation while 

accomplishing their missions. Some of the procedures described 

in the Operation volume resulted in records that enabled 

the Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the effectiveness of 

its radiation protection programs. The available information 

includes isointensity contour maps, monitoring data, and some 

personnel dosimetrg data. Radiological safety procedures and 

111 
dosimetrv information for AFSWC personnel are described in the 

Operation volume. 

Dosimetrv Records 

From 6 to 12 October 1957, including the 7 October 

of MORGAN, the Personnel Dosimetry Branch issued 286 film 

badges and 147 pocket dosimeters (60). The Support 

Report indicates that ten NTO/DOD personnel received cumulative 

gamma exposures greater than two roentgens, ranging from 2.03 to 

3.59 roentgens. Among the ten personnel, one was from AFSWP, two 

were cloud samplers, and seven were other AFSWC personnel. Three 

of the latter group had cumulative exposures over three roentgens 

(54; 60). 

Logistics 

The Logistics Branch issued protective clothing and supplies 

to 249 personnel. These supplies included coveralls, shoe 

covers, respirators, and other items (60). 

Monitoring Procedures and Support 

Five minutes after the detonation, seven monitors traveling 

by vehicle performed the initial ground survey of the shot area. 

The survey took about one hour to complete. Resurveys were made 

six hours after the detonation and again on 8, 9, and 10 October 

The initial helicopter survey team, with an AFSWC crew of 

two and at least two monitors, departed from the Control 

Point helicopter pad at 0630 hours, 90 minutes after the detonation. Aerial resurveys were not made for Shot MORGAN because the 

Test Director's radiological safety determined that the 

necessary measurements could be obtained from ground resurveys 

(51; 60). The highest radiation intensity was 75 R/h, 

encountered 500 feet above ground zero 100 minutes after the 

detonation. 

112 
Plotting and Briefing 

Using information from the initial surveys, the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch developed isointensity contour maps. Figure 9-l 

shows a copy of the initial contour map, with a mid-time of 0545 

hours. Figure 9-2 presents copies of the isointensity maps 

resulting from resurveys on 7 to 10 October (60). 

Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch to establish Full and Limited Radiological Exclusion Areas, defined in the Operation volume. The 

Plotting and Briefing Branch also issued the access permits 

required for entry into these areas. From 7 through 9 October, 

access permits were issued to a total of 93 individuals involved 

in a total of 15 projects (60). 

Decontamination Activities 

During the period covering Shot MORGAN, personnel of the 

Decontamination Branch decontaminated 93 vehicles (60). 

113 
• • •

• •

• • •

• •

• •

• ••

N 

• •

•

• •

•

•••••

•

Stake 

Meters . . . . . . . . . 0 01 R/h

I 

0 1000 ------

Figure 9-1: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT MORGAN, 7 OCTOBER 1957, MID-TIME 

114 
0 1000 

Meters 

0 

7 October 1957, 1112 8 October 1957, 0648 

N N 

0 1000 

9 October 1957, 0700 10 October 1957, 0928 

. . . . . . . . . 

Stake 

0 01 

0 

Figure 9-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT MORGAN 
116 
REFERENCE LIST 

The following list of references represents 

only those documents cited in the WHEELER

through MORGAN volume. When a DASA-WT or 

DNA-WT document is followed by an EX, the 

latest version has been cited. The 

bibliography of documents consulted during

the preparation of the Series 

volumes is contained in the Operation

volume. 

The WHEELER through MORGAN volume was 

completed after the publication of the series

volume. References 11-17, 24, 39, 44-50, and

59 do not appear in the Series 

bibliography. 

117 
 INFORMATION 

An availabilitv statement has been included at the end of 

the reference citation for those readers who wish to read or 

obtain copies of source documents. The following addresses are

being provided for that purpose. 

Source documents, bearing an availability statement of CIC, 

be reviewed at the following address: 

Department of Energv

Coordination and Information Center 

(Operated Electrical Engineering Co., Inc.)

ATTN: Mr. Richard V. 

2 7 5 s . Highland

Box 14100 Phone: (702) 734-3194

Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194 

Source documents, bearing an availabilitv statement of NTIS, 

may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service.

When ordering bv mail or phone please include both the price code

and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses

before the NTIS order number. 

National Technical Information Service 

5285 Port Roval Road Phone: (703) 487-4650

Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office) 

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained bv

writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer or calling

(703) 

118 
MULTI-SHOT VOLUME REFERENCE LIST: 

SHOTS WHEELER THROUGH MORGAN 

1. Air Force Special Weapons Center. "Air Force Special

Weapons Center Operation Plan Operation

PLUMBBOB." Kirtland, NM.: AFSWC. 1 March 1980. 

139 Pages. (A07) AD/A995 

2. Air Force Special Weapons Center, Air Support Group. Air 

Mission Summary Report for WHEELER Event. Mercury,

NV.: AFSWC, ASG. 7 September 1957. 6 Pages.** 

3. Air Force Special Weapons Center, Air Support Group. Air 

Mission Summary for LA PLACE Event. Mercury, NV.:

AFSWC, ASG. 9 September 1957. 5 Pages.** 

4. Air Force Special Weapons Center, Air Support Group. Air 

Mission Summary for FIZEAU Event. NV.: 

AFSWC, ASG. 16 September 1957. 4 Pages.** 

5. Air Force Special Weapons Center, Air Support Group. Air 

Mission Summary for NEWTON Event. Mercury, NV.:

AFSWC, ASG. 17 September 1957. 3 Pages.** 

6. Air Force Special Weapons Center, Air Support Group. Air 

Mission Summary for RAINIER Event. Mercury, NV.:

AFSWC, ASG. 20 September 1957. 2 Pages.** 

7. Air Force Special Weapons Center, Air Support Group. Air 

Mission Summary for WHITNEY Event. Mercury, NV.: 

AFSWC, ASG. 22 September 1957. 3 Pages.** 

Air Force Special Weapons Center, Air Support Group. Air 

Mission Summary for CHARLESTON Event. Mercury, NV.:

AFSWC, ASG. 29 September 1957. 3 Pages.** 

9. Air Force Special Weapons Center, Air Support Group. Air 

Mission Summary for MORGAN Event. Mercury, NV.: 

AFSWC, ASG. 7 October 1957. 2 Pages.** 

10. Atomic Energy Commission. Annex V to Test Director's 

Operation Plan No. CTDN-22: Special Instructions, 

WHEELER. Mercury, NV.: AEC. August 29, 1957.

9 Pages. 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests to Privacy Act restrictions. 

119 
11. Atomic Energy Commission. Annex Y to Test Director's 

Operation Plan No. CTDN-22: Special Instructions, 

LA PLACE. Mercury, NV.: AEC. September 5, 1957. 

11 Pages. 

12. Atomic Energy Commission. Annex Z to Test Director's 

Operation Plan No. CTDN-22: Special Instructions,

WHITNEY. Mercury, NV.: AEC. September 7, 1957.

10 Pages. 

13. Atomic Energy Commission. Annex BB to Test Director's 

Operation Plan No. CTDN-22: Special Instructions,

FIZEAU. Mercurv, NV.: AEC. September 7, 1957.

13 Pages. 

14. Atomic Energy Commission. Annex CC to Test Director's 

Operation Plan No. CTDN-22: Special Instructions,

NEWTON. Mercurv, NV.: AEC. September 11, 1957.

11 Pages. 

15. Atomic Energy Commission. Annex DD to Test Director's 

Operation Plan No. CTDN-22: Special Instructions, 

CHARLESTON. Mercury, NV.: AEC. September 14, 1957.

11 Pages. 

16. Atomic Energy Commission. Annex EE to Test Director's 

Operation Plan No. CTDN-22: Special Instructions,

RAINIER. Mercury, NV.: AEC. September 15, 1957.

5 Pages. 

17. Atomic Energy Commission. Annex FF to Test Director's 

Operation Plan No. CTDN-22: Special Instructions,

Mercury, NV.: AEC. September 1957. 

11 Pages. 

18. DELETED. 

19. Bastian, C Robbiani, R. "Radar Detection and Observation 

of Nuclear Clouds, Part II: Desert Rock VII and VIII, 

Operation PLUMBBOB, Project 50.3." Army, Signal

Research and Development Laboratory. Ft. Monmouth,

NJ.: ASRDL-TR-2077. 2 November 1959. 50 Pages.

AD 344 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests to Privacy Act restrictions. 

120 
Bryant, E.; Keefer, J.H. Basic Phenomena, Project

1.1. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. 

WT-1401. June 1962. 202 Pages. AD 344 

21. Chiment, J.A.; Goetz, J. "Neutron and Gamma Radiation from 

Shot LA PLACE, Operation PLUMBBOB, Program 2."

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1541. 

November 1959. 9 Pages.** * 

22. Corsbie, R. "Operation Civil Effects Test Group

Summaries." Mercury, NV.: CETG. May 19, 1957.

69 Pages. (A08) AD/B951 

23. Edgerton, Germeshausen 8 Grier, Inc. Gamma Dosimetry by 

Film Badge Techniques, Project la. Civil Effects 

Test Group. Washington, D.C.: DNA. 

January 1981. 103 Pages. (A06) AD/A995 

24. Edgerton, Germeshausen Grier, Inc. Technical 

Photography, Project 9.1 (U). Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1539. July 1958. 

200 Pages.*** 

25. Elder, G. "Effects of Nuclear Detonation on NIKE HERCULES,

Operation PLUMBBOB, Project 6.5." White Sands 

Missile Range. 

26. Evans, W. A. History of 4950th Test Group (Nuclear) in

Operation PLUMBBOB. Air Force Special Weapons Center,

Historical Section. Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 

June 1958. 128 Pages.*** 

27. Field Command, Defense Atomic Support Agency. "Operational

Summary: Operation PLUMBBOB." Washington, D.C.:

DNA. October 1979. 73 Pages.

AD/B951 

28. Field Command, Defense Atomic Support Agency. Technical 

Summary of Military Effects, Programs l-9, Operation

PLUMBBOB. Washington, D.C.: DNA. 

October 1979. 228 Pages. (All) AD 995 

29. General Electric Company--Tempo. Compilation of Local

Fallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962. Vol. 1: 

"Continental US Tests." Washington, D.C.: DNA 

1979. 351 Pages. (A16) AD/A079 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

121 
30. Gerster, M. The Special Weapons Center and Atomic Testing.

Air Force Special Weapons Center. Kirtland AFB, NM.: 

AFSWC. January 1957. 305 Pages. 

31. Halsey, J.; Barton, M. "Spectra of Ground Shocks Produced

by Nuclear Detonations, Operation PLUMBBOB, Project

1.9." Air Research and Development Command. 

Inglewood, CA.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1487. 

1959.1 40 Pages. (A03) AD 491 

32. Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Operation Order

Numbers 20 and 21, Desert Rock VII and VIII: WHEELER 

and LA PLACE. Camp Desert Rock, NV. 28 August 1957.

30 Pages.** * 

33. Headquarters, Sixth Army. Exercise Desert Rock VII and 

VIII: Final Report of Onerations. Presidio of San 

Francisco, CA.:' Sixth US Army. AG-S-9531. 

November 1957. 69 Pages. (A04) 

34. Houghten, R.; Harvey, R. and Reliability of a

Short-Baseline NAROL System, Project 6.4. Air Force 

Cambridge Research Center. Washington, D.C.: DNA. 

February 1980. 78 Pages.

AD 995 

35. Hurst, G. S.; Ritchie, R. H. Radiation Dosimetry for Human 

Exposures, Project 39.5. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge

National Laboratory. WT-1504. September 1958. 

147 Pages. (AO7) AD/B951 

36. Imirie, G. W.; Bond, V. P.; M.; et al. "Depth-Dose

Studies in Phantoms with Initial Bomb Gamma and Neutron 

Radiation, Project 39.8." Naval Medical Research 

Institute and CETG. Oak Ridge, TN.: AEC Technical 

Information Service Extension. WT-1508. October 

1958. 61 Pages. (A03) AD/B951 

37. [Johnson, G. W.] Test Director's Report on Operation 

PLUMBBOB. of California Radiation 

Laboratory. [Washington, D.C.: DNA.]

UCRL-5166-EX. February 1980. 96 Pages. (A05)

AD/A995 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see 4vailabilitg Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

122 
38. Larson, K. H. Distribution, Characteristics, and Biotic

Availability of Fallout, Operation PLUMBBOB, Projects

37.1, 37.2, 37.3, and 37.6. University of California, 

School of Medicine. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, 

DASA. WT-1488. July 1966. 276 pages.

AD/A077 

39. Lexington Signal Depot, Photo Dosimetrv Team. Film Badge 

Service Radiation Report, Exercise Desert Rock VII and 

VIII. Army Signal Corps. Lexington Signal Depot, 

KY. 1957. Microfilm Reels #l-5.** ** 

Visitors Bureau; Company 84th Engineer

Battalion; 1st Battle Group, 12th Infantry

Division; et al. 

50.1, 50.3, 50.5, 50.8, 51.1, 53.4;

Company "C," 1st Battle Group; 232nd Signal

Company; et al. 

Project 53.4; Transportation Companies; Detachment

3; et al. 

Projects 50.1 and 50.8; 84th Engineer Battalion;

Quartermaster Units; et al. 

Projects 50.3, 50.8, and 53.4; 1st Battle Group,

12th Infantry Division; 8th Transportation

Company; et al. 

40. Office of Test Information. "Background Information on 

Nevada Nuclear Tests." Mercury, NV.: Nevada Test 

Organization. July 15, 1957. 72 Pages.** 

41. Pickering, J.; Williams, D.; Melville, G. "Biological

Effects of Nuclear Radiation on the Monkey: Two-year

Evaluation, Project 39.6," (Supplement 1). Oak 

Ridge, TN.: ORNL. June 1959. 51 Pages. WT-1542. 

(A04) AD 611 

42. Pickering, J. Memorandum for Subject: U.S. Air 

Force School of Aerospace Medicine Involvement in

Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests. Brooks AFB, TX. 

8 June 1978. 4 Pages.**** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

123 
-

-

-

-

-

-

-

43. Reeves, J. Operation PLUMBBOB, Report of Test Manager, 

Nevada Test Site. Atomic Energy Commission. 3rd ed. 

Washington, D. C.: DNA. February 1980. 493 Pages. 

(A21) AD/A995 

44. Revnolds Electrical Engineering Company, Inc. Extracts 

from: Rad-Safe Support Activities for WHEELER

(September 5 September 6, 1957). Mercury, NV.: 

REECo. 1957. 26 Pages.**  

45. Reynolds Electrical Engineering Company, Inc. Extracts 

from: Rad-Safe Support Activities for LA PLACE

(September 7 September 12, 1957). Mercury, NV.: 

REECo. 1957. 27 Pages.** 

46. Reynolds Electrical Engineering Company, Inc. Extracts 

from: Rad-Safe Support Activities for RAINIER

(September 19, 1957). Mercury, NV.: REECo. 1957. 

5 Pages.** 

47. Reynolds Electrical Engineering Company, Inc. Extracts 

from: Rad-Safe Support Activities for

(September 13 September 14, 1957). Mercury, NV.:

REECo. 1957. 27 Pages.** 

48. Reynolds Electrical Engineering Company, Inc. Extracts 

from: Rad-Safe Support Activities for NEWTON

(September 16 September 21, 1957). Mercury, NV.: 

REECo. 1957. 21 Pages.** 

49. Revnolds Electrical Engineering Company, Inc. Extracts 

from: Rad-Safe Support Activities for WHITNEY

(September 22 September 26, 1957). Mercury, NV.: 

REECo. 1957. 21 Pages.** 

50. Reynolds Electrical Engineering Company, Inc. Extracts 

from: Rad-Safe Support Activities for CHARLESTON

(September 27 October 5, 1957). Mercury, NV.:

REECo. 1957. 21 Pages.** 

51. Reynolds Electrical Engineering Company, Inc. Extracts 

from: Rad-Safe Support Activities for MORGAN (October

6 October 12, 1957). Mercury, NV.: REECo. 1957. 

18 Pages.** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Act restrictions. 

124 
52. Richards, W.; Watson, B. Operations of the Fallout Group

of Project 50.3. U.S. Army Signal Research and

Development Laboratory. Ft. Monmouth, NJ.:

SRDL-20-TR-581. 15 August 1960. 77 Pages. (A05)

AD 252 

53. Robotti, J. After Action Reports by Technical Services

Chiefs, Operation PLUMBBOB, Camp Desert Rock VII and

VIII. Camp Desert Rock, NV. 1957. 150 Pages.

AD/A080 

54. Science Applications, Inc. Film Badge Dosimetry Analysis:

Exercise Desert Rock VII-VIII. McLean, VA.: SAI. 

February 1981. 345 Pages.** ** 

55. Sigoloff, S. C.; Logie, L.; Borells, H.; et al. "Radiation 

Measurements Utilizing the USAF Chemical Dosimeters,

Project 39.1." Randolph AFB, TX.: U.S. Air Force 

School of Aerospace Medicine. WT-1500. November 

1958. 66 Pages. (A04) AD 339 

56. Taylor, L. B. History of the Air Force Atomic Cloud 

Sampling. Volume I: "Narrative." Volume 2: 

*Appendix." Air Force Special Weapons Center.

AFB, NM.: January 1963. 330 Pages. 

57. The Artillery and Guided Missile School. "Detection of 

Atomic Burst and Radioactive Fallout, Plan of Troop

Test Fort Sill, OK.: School. 15 April 

1957. 132 Pages.*** 

58. US Army Artillery and Missile School. Detection of Atomic 

Burst and Radioactive Fallout, Final Report (U). Fort 

Sill, OK.: USAAMS. December 1957. 364 Pages.*** 

59. US Army Artillery and Missile School. "Supplementary 

Report; Detection of Atomic Burst and Radioactive 

Fallout Fort Sill, OK.: USAAMS. 13 December 

1957. 55 Pages.*** 

60. Wilcox, F.; R.; Weaver, C. Operation 

Radiological Safety Support Report. Las Vegas, NM.:

OTO-57-2. 1957. 193 Pages. 

AD/A077 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

125 
61. 4950th Test Group (Nuclear). Final Report: Operation 

PLUMBBOB. Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 21 October 

1957. 167 Pages. AD/A 995 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests to Privacy Act restrictions. 

126 
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Angelo State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Angelo Iacoboni Public Library 

Librn 

Anoka County Library 

ATTN: 

State 

ATTN: Library 

Arizona State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Arizona 

ATTN: Gov Bower 

Arkansas College Library 

ATTN: Library 

Brooklyn College 

ATTN: 

THER (Continued) 

Arkansas Library 

ATTN: Library 

Arkansas State University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Arkansas 

ATTN: Gov Div 

Austin College 

ATTN: Librn 

Atlanta Public Library 

ATTN: Ivan Allen Dept 

Atlanta University 

ATTN: Librn 

Auburn University Library et Mongomery 

ATTN: Librn 

C. W. Post Ctr Long Island University 

ATTN: Librn 

Bangor Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Bates College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Baylor University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Beloit College Libraries 

ATTN: Serials Dept 

State College 

ATTN: Library 

State University College 

ATTN: Gov 

Akron University 

ATTN: Gov 

Boston Public Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Bowdoin College 

ATTN: Librn 

Bowling Green State i versity 

ATTN: Lib Gov Services 

Bradley University 

ATTN: Librn 

Brandeis University Library 

ATTN: Section 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Librn 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Collection 

Brookhaven National Laboratory 

ATTN: Tech Library 

131 
THER (continued) 

Broward County Library Sys 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Brown 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Bucknell University 

ATTN: Reference Dept 

Buffalo Erie Co Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

State University Library of California at Fresno 

ATTN: Library 

University of at Los Angeles 

ATTN. Pub Affairs Serv U.S. 

University of California at San 

ATTN: Dept 

State College Library of at 

ATTN. Library 

California State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University at Northridge 

ATTN: Gov 

California State Library (Reg) 

ATTN. Librn 

California State at Long Beach 

ATTN: Librn 

California State 

Llbrn 

California State University 

ATTN: Librn 

California 

ATTN. Gov Pub Dept 

California Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Library 

Gov Dept 

California University Library 

ATTN: 

University of 

ATTN: Gov 

College Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Kearney State College 

ATTN: Gov Dept 

County Sys 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Carleton College Library 

ATTN. Librn 

THER (Continued) 

Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Librn 

University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Carson Regional Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Unit 

Case Western Reserve University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Casper College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Central Florida 

ATTN: Library Dept 

Central Michigan University 

ATTN: Library 

Central Missouri State Univ 

ATTN: Gov 

Central State University 

ATTN: Lib Dept 

Central Washington University 

ATTN: Lib 

Central Wyoming College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Charleston County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Charlotte flechlenburg County Public Library 

E. 

County, Library 

Chesapeake Library System 

ATTN: Librn 

Chicago Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

State of Chicago 

Librn 

Chicago University Library 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

ATTN: Processing 

Cincinnati Library 

ATTN Llbrn 

Claremont Colleges 

ATTN: Collection 

Clemson University 

ATTN: of Libraries 
-

OTHER (Continued1 

Cleveland Public Library 

ATTN: Collection 

Cleveland State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Coe Library 

ATTN: Div 

Colgate University Library 

ATTN: Ref Lib 

Colorado State University Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Colorado Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Columbia University Library 

ATTN: Svc Ctr 

Columbus Franklin Cty Public Library 

ATTN: Gen 

Compton Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Connecticut State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Llbrn 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Gov't of Connecticut 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Cornell University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Corpus State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Culver City Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Curry College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Asheville 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Dallas County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dallas Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dalton Junior College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dartmouth College 

ATTN: Librn 

Davenport Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Davidson College 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Dayton Montgomery City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Dayton 

ATTN: Librn 

Decatur Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dekalb College So Cpus 

ATTN: Librn 

Delaware Pauw University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Delaware 

ATTN: Librn 

Delta College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Delta State University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Denver Public Library 

ATTN: Div 

Dept of Library Archives (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

Detroit Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Burlington Library 

ATTN Librn 

Dickinson State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Alabama Agricultural Mechanical University & 

ATTN: Librn 

Drake University 

ATTN: Cowles Library 

Drew University 

ATTN: Librn 

Duke University 

ATTN: Pub Dept 

Duluth Public Library 

ATTN. 

East Carolina University 

ATTN: Lib Dept 

East Central University 

ATTN. Librn 

East Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 
OTHER OTHER (Continued1 

East Orange Library 

ATTN: U.S. Gov't 

Florida Institute of Technology 

ATTN: Library 

East Tennessee State Sherrod Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Florida International University 

ATTN: 

Library 

East Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

Florida State Library 

ATTN: 

Monmouth County Library Eastern Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

Florida State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Illinois University 

ATTN. Librn 

University of Florida 

ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg) . 

ATTN: Dept 

Eastern Kentucky University 

ATTN. Llbrn Fond Du Lac Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Michigan University Library 

ATTN: Library Ft Hays State University 

Ft Hays Kansas State College 

Eastern Montana College ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Dept 

Ft Worth Public Library 

Eastern New Mexico University ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Free Public Library of Elizabeth 

Eastern Oregon College Library ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Librn 

Free Library 

Eastern Washington University ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Public Library 

El Paso Library ATTN: Librn 

ATTN. & Geneology Fresno Cty Free Library 

Elko County ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Library 

Elmira College ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Librn 

Garden Public Library 

Elon College Library ATTN. Librn 

ATTN: Librn 

Gardner Webb College 

Pratt Free Library ATTN. Library 

ATTN: 

Gary Library 

Emory University ATTN: Librn 

Llbrn Geauga Cty Public Library 

Evansville Vanderburgh Cty Public Library ATTN: Librn 

ATTN. Librn 

Georgetown Unlverslty Library 

Everett Public Library ATTN: Gov Room 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Georgia Institute of Technology 

Dickinson University ATTN: Llbrn 

ATTN: Depository Dept Georgia Southern College 

Florida A M University ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Georgia Southwestern College 

Florida Atlantic University Library ATTN: of Libraries 

ATTN: Div of Pub 

Georgia State University 

ATTN: Librn 
 (Continued) OTHER (Continued) 

University of Georgia Herbert H. Lehman College 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) ATTN: Lib Div 

Glassboro State College Hofstra Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Dept 

Library College 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Graceland College Hopkinsville College 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Grand Forks Public City-County Library Wagner College 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Grand Rapids Public Library University of Houston Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib ATTN: Div 

Greenville County Library Houston Public Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

College Library Tulane University 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Dept 

Guam RFK Memorial University Library 

ATTN: Fed Depository 

Hoyt Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Guam Humboldt State College Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Dept 

College Huntington Park Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

South Dakota University Hutchinson Public Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

University Library Idaho Public Library Information Center 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Hartford Public Library Idaho State Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

Idaho State University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Harvard College Library University of Idaho 

ATTN: Serials Div ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

ATTN: 

University of Hawaii Library 

ATTN: Gov University of Illinois Library 

ATTN: 

Hawaii State Library 

ATTN: Fed Unit Illinois State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Gov Br 

University of Hawaii at 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign 

ATTN: P. Watson Lib 

University of Hawaii 

Campus Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Illinois Valley College 

ATTN: Library 

Burns Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Illinois State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Hennepin County Library 

ATTN: Gov 

Indiana State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Serial 

Henry Ford Community College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Indiana State University 

ATTN: Library 

135 
 

OTHER 

Indiana University Library 

Dept 

Indianapolis Marion County Library 

ATTN Social Science 

Iowa State Library 

Gov Dept 

Iowa Library 

A TTN . 

Butler University 

Isaac Delchdo College 

Librn 

James Madison University 

ATTN: 

Jefferson County Public Library 

Regional Library 

Librn 

Jersey City State College 

F. A. Irwin Library Periodicals 

Johns University 

ATTN. Library 

La College 

Librn 

Johnson Free Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Kalamazoo Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kansas Public Library 

ATTN: 

Kansas State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kansas State University 

ATTN: 

University of Kansas 

ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg) 

University of Texas 

Lyndon B. Johnson School of 

Affairs Library 

Maine Maritime Academy 

ATTN: 

University of Maine 

THER (Continued) 

Kent State University Library 

ATTN: Div 

Kentucky Dept of Library & Archives 

ATTN: 

University of Kentucky 

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg) 

Kenyon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lake Forest College 

ATTN: 

Lake Sumter College Library 

ATTN: 

Public Library 

ATTN: 

Lancaster Regional Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lawrence University 

ATTN: Dept 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Map 

Lewis University Library 

ATTN: 

Library and Statutory Dist Svc 

2 cy ATTN: Librn 

College 

ATTN. Librn 

Little Rock Public Library 

ATTN: 

Long Beach Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Los Angeles Public Library 

ATTN: Serials Div U.S. 

Louisiana State University 

ATTN: Gov Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Louisville Free Public Library 

ATTN: 

University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hoover 

ATTN: J. 
 

OTHER (Continued) (Continued) 

Manchester City Library 

ATTN: 

Tech University 

ATTN: Lib Dept 

Mankato State College 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

of Michigan 

ATTN: Acq Unit 

University of Maine at Farmington 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Middlebury College Library 

ATTN: 

Marathon County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State College 

ATTN: Librn 

College 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: 

of Maryland 

ATTN: Library Div 

Milwaukee Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

of Maryland 

ATTN: 

Minneapolis Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

of Massachusetts 

ATTN: Gov 

University of Minnesota 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Public Library 

Branch 

Minot State College 

ATTN: 

ATTN: 

Mississippi State University 

State University ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Librn 

University of 

Memphis Shelby County ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Information Center 

ATTN: Missouri University at Kansas City General 

ATTN: 

State University 

ATTN: Librn University of Missouri Library 

ATTN: Gov 

University 

ATTN: Librn M.I.T. Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Mesa County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn Mobile Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Info Div 

Miami Dade Community College 

ATTN: Librn Midwestern University 

ATTN: 

University of Miami Library 

Gov Pubs Montana State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Miami Public Library 

ATTN: Div Montana State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Miami University Library 

ATTN: Dept University of Montana 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Santa Clara 

ATTN: Div Montebello Library 

ATTN: Librn 

: State College 

Library 

Library 

Mt Prospect Public Library 

ATTN: Info Ctr 

Library 
 

 

 

 

 (Continued) 

Nassau Library System 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: 

Natrona County Public Library 

ATTN Llbrn 

New York State University 

ATTN: Ctr 

Nebraska Library 

Nebraska Clearinghouse 

State University of New York 

ATTN. Dept 

ATTN Llbrn 

New York University Library 

University of Nebraska at Omaha ATTN Dept 

ATTN: Lib 

Newark Free Library 

Nebraska Western College Library ATTN: Librn 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Newark Library 

University of Nebraska ATTN: Librn 

ATTN Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Niagara Falls Public Library 

University of Nebraska Library ATTN: Librn 

ATTN Acquisitions Dept Nicholls State University Library 

University of Nevada Library ATTN. Div 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept M Flores Memorial Library 

University of Nevada at Las Vegas ATTN Llbrn 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Norfolk Public Library 

New Hampshire University Library ATTN. R. Parker 

ATTN Librn 

North Carolina Agricultural Tech State 

New Hanover County Public Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

University 

ATTN. Llbrn 

New State Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

University of North Carolina at Charlotte 

ATTN: Atkins Lib Dept 

New State 

ATTN: 

of North at Greensboro 

ATTN: Librn 

University of New 

ATTN: of Libraries (Reg) 

University of North Carolina at Wilmington 

ATTN Llbrn 

of New Orleans Library 

ATTN Gov 

North Carolina Central 

ATTN. Llbrn 

New Orleans Public Library 

ATTN Llbrn 

North Carolina State University 

ATTN Llbrn 

New Public Library 

ATTN Librn 

University of North 

BA SS Div 

New York State Library 

ATTN Control Cultural Ed Ctr 

North Dakota State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State of New York at Stony Brook 

ATTN. Main 

University of North Dakota 

ATTN: Librn 

North College 

State of New York ATTN: 

at Cortland 

ATTN. Llbrn Div cf Emergency 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of New York 

North Texas State Library 

Llbrn 
THER (Continued) 

Northeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern 

ATTN. 

Oklahoma 

Llbrn 

State University 

Northeastern 

ATTN: 

University 

Dodge Library 

Northern Arizona 

ATTN: Gov 

University Library 

Northern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northern Michigan University 

ATTN. 

Northern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Northwestern Michigan College 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Northwestern State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern State Library 

ATTN Librn 

Northwestern University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Norwalk Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Notre Dame 

Ctr 

Oakland Community College 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Oakland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Oberlin College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ocean County College 

ATTN: Librn 

State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ohro State University 

ATTN: Lib 

Ohio University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Oklahoma City University 

ATTN: Librn 

Oklahoma City 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER 

Oklahoma Department of Libraries 

ATTN: U.S. Gov 

University of Oklahoma 

ATTN: 

Old Dominion University 

ATTN: Dept Lib 

College Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Omaha Public Library Clark Branch 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Onondaga County Public Library 

ATTN: Gov 

Oregon State Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

University of Oregon 

ATTN: 

Ouachita Baptist University 

ATTN: Librn 

Pan American University Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Passaic Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Queens College 

ATTN: 

Pennsylvania State Library 

ATTN. Gov Pubs 

Pennsylvania State University 

ATTN: Lib 

University of Pennsylvania 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Denver 

ATTN: Penrose Library 

Peoria Library 

ATTN. Business, Science Tech Dept 

Free Library of Philadelphia 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Free Public Library 

ATTN: Library 

Phoenix Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

University of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Office, G8 

Plainfield Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 
 

(Continued) OTHER OTHER (Continued) 

Popular Creek Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Association of Portland Library 

Llbrn 

Riverside Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Portland Library 

ATTN Librn 

University of Rochester Library 

ATTN 

Portland State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Rutgers Camden Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Pratt Institute Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of Rutgers 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Louisiana Tech University 

ATTN Librn 

Rutgers 

ATTN. Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Princeton University Library 

ATTN: Oocs Oiv 

Rutgers University Law Library 

ATTN: Fed Dept 

Providence College 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Salem College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Providence Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library Cincinnati Hamilton County 

ATTN: Librn 

San Antonio Public Library 

ATTN. Bus Science Tech Dept 

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County 

ATTN: Llbrn 

San Diego County Library 

ATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions 

University of Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Maps Room 

San Diego Public Library 

ATTN Librn 

Purdue University Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

San Diego State University Library 

ATTN. Gov Pubs Dept 

Valley College 

ATTN: Llbrn 

San Francisco Public Library 

ATTN. Gov Dept 

Auburn University 

Microforms Dept 

San Francisco State 

ATTN. Gov Pubs 

Rapid 

Llbrn 

San Jose State College Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Reading Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

San City-County Library 

4TTN Librn 

Reed College Llbrary 

ATTN Llbrn 

Savannah Public Efflngham Liberty 

Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Regional 

Augusta College 

ATTN: Librn Scottsbluff Public 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Rhode Island Library 

Gov Pubs Scranton Public Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

University of Rhode Island 

ATTN. Dir of Libraries Seattle Public Library 

ATTN- Ref Asst 

Rice University 

ATTN of Libraries 

Louisiana College 

4TTN: Llbrn 
- -

OTHER (Continued) 

Selby Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Shawnee Library System 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Shreve Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Silas Bronson Public Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Sioux City Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

College 

ATTN. Librn 

Slippery Rock State College Library 

ATTN. Librn 

South Carolina State Library 

ATTN Llbrn 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Librn 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Gov 

South Dakota School of Mines & Technical Library 

ATTN Llbrn 

South Dakota State Library 

ATTN: Fed 

University of South Dakota 

ATTN. Llbrn 

South Florida University Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Southeast Missouri State University 

ATTN. Librn 

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library 

ATTN. 

University of Southern Alabama 

ATTN Librn 

Southern California University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Southern Connecticut State College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Oocs Ctr 

Southern Methodist University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Southern Mississippi 

ATTN: Library 

OTHER 

Southern Oregon College 

ATTN. Library 

Southern University in New Orleans Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Utah State College Library 

ATTN. Dept 

Southwest Missouri State College 

ATTN: Library 

University of Southwestern Louisiana Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Southwestern University 

ATTN. Librn 

Spokane Public Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

Springfield City Library 

ATTN: 

St Bonaventure University 

ATTN. Librn 

St Joseph Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

St Lawrence University 

ATTN. Librn 

St Louis Public Library 

ATTN Librn 

St Paul Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Stanford University Library 

ATTN Gov 

State Historical Library 

ATTN: Serials 

State Library of Massachusetts 

ATTN. Llbrn 

State University of New York 

ATTN Llbrn 

Stetson University 

ATTN. Llbrn 

University of Steubenville 

ATTN Librn 

Stockton San Joaquin Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Stockton State College Library 

ATTN Librn 

Albion College 

ATTN Librn 
OTHER ntlnued) 

Superior Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Swarthmore College 

ATTN. Ref Dept 

Syracuse Library 

ATTN: 

Tacoma Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

County Public Library at Tampa 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Temple University 

ATTN- Llbrn 

Tennessee Technological University 

ATTN. Llbrn 

University of Tennessee 

Dir of Libraries 

College of Idaho 

Librn 

Texas A M University Library 

Librn 

University of Texas at Arlington 

ATTA: Library 

Unlverslty of Texas at San Antonio 

Library 

Texas Christian University 

Llbrn 

Texas State Library 

S. 

Texas Tech Unlverslty Library 

ATTN Gov 

Texas at Austin 

ATTN. 

University of Toledo Library 

Llbrn 

Toledo Library 

ATTN. Social Science Dept 

Torrance Center Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Traverse Public Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Trenton Free 

ATTN Llbrn 

Trinity College Library 

ATTN Llbrn 

Trinity University Library 

ATTN. 

OTHER (Continued) 

Tufts University Library 

ATTN. Dept 

University of Tulsa 

ATTN. Librn 

UCLA Research Library 

ATTN. Pub Affairs 

Uniformed Services University of the Health 

Sciences 

ATTN: LRC Library 

Unlverslty Libraries 

ATTN. Dir of Lib 

University of Maine at 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Northern Iowa 

ATTN. Library 

Upper Iowa College 

ATTN: 

Utah State University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

University cf Utah 

ATTN: Special Collections 

of Utah 

ATTN: of Libraries 

ATTN: Dept of Pharmacology 

Utica Public Library 

ATTN Librn 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Valparaiso University 

ATTN Librn 

Vanderbilt University Library 

ATTN: Gov 

University of Vermont 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Commonwealth University 

ATTN: Librn 

Military Institute 

ATTN: Librn 

Polytechnic Institute Library 

ATTN. Dept 

State Library 

ATTN. Serials 

University of Virginia 

ATTN Pub 

County Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 
OTHER (Continued) (Continued) 

Washington State Library 

ATTN: 

Whitman College 

ATTN: Librn 

Washington State University Wichita State University Library 

ATTN: Lib ATTN: Librn 

Washington University Libraries Williams Mary College 

ATTN: Dir of Lib ATTN: Dept 

University of Washington Emporia Kansas State College 

ATTN: Div ATTN: Gov Div 

Wayne State University Library William College Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Wayne State University Law Library Willimantic Public Library 

ATTN: Dept ATTN: Librn 

Weber State College Library Winthrop College 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Dept 

Wesleyan University University of Wisconsin at Whitewater 

ATTN: ATTN: Gov Lib 

West Chester State College 

ATTN. Dept 

University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee 

ATTN. Lib 

West Library University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

University of West Florida 

Librn 

University of Wisconsin at Platteville 

ATTN: Unit Lib 

West Georgia College University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: 

West Hills Community College University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Library ATTN. Gov Pubs Dept 

West Texas State University University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Library ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

West Virginia College of Grad Studies Library Worcester Public Library 

ATTN Librn ATTN: Librn 

University of West Virginia Wright State University Library 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) ATTN: Gov Librn 

Westerly Public Library Wyoming State Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Western Carolina University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Wyoming 

ATTN. 

Western Illinois University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Yale University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Western Washington University 

ATTN: Librn 

Yeshiva University 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Wyoming College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Yuma City County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Westmoreland City Community College 

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr 

Simon Mem Lib, Columbus 

ATTN: Librn 
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS 

Research Applications Corp 

H Lee 

JAYCOR 

ATTN: A Nelson 

10 cy ATTN. Health Div 

DASIAC 

E. Martin 

R. 

Inc 

Associates 

cy L. Novotney 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (Continued) 

Kaman Tempo 

C. Jones 

National Academy of Sciences 

ATTN: C. Robinette 

ATTN: Med Follow-up Agency 

ATTN: Nat Mat Bd 

Research Corp 

ATTN: H. Brode, Chairman SAGE 

Science Applications, Inc 

ATTN: Tech 

R Associates 

ATTN: P.