THE ELECTION ADMINISTRATION

AND VOTING SURVEY

2016 Comprehensive Report

U.S. ELECTION

ASSISTANCE

COMMISSION

THE ELECTION ADMINISTRATION 

AND VOTING SURVEY 

SURVEY FINDINGS OVERVIEW

NATIONAL VOTER 

REGISTRATION ACT (NVRA) 

SURVEY FINDINGS 

UNIFORMED AND OVERSEAS CITIZENS 

ABSENTEE VOTING ACT (UOCAVA) 

SURVEY FINDINGS 

A Report to the 115th Congress 

i

Executive Summary

Since 2004, the Election Assistance Commission (EAC) has conducted the Election 

Administration and Voting Survey (EAVS). The EAVS asks all 50 states, the District of Columbia, 

and four U.S. territories—American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands—to 

provide data about the way in which Americans voted in each Federal election. The EAVS is the 

preeminent source of state and local jurisdiction-level election administration data collected 

after each Federal election. It provides policymakers and the public with key information about 

how their democracy functioned in the election. In 2016, only 30 of the 6,467 jurisdictions in 

the survey did not provide any response.

Turnout: Data reported to the EAVS show a total of 140,114,502 citizens who voted in the 

2016 General Election, representing a national turnout rate of 63 percent of the Citizen Voting 

Age Population.

Voter Registration: Between the close of voter registration for the 2014 election and the 

close of voter registration for the 2016 election, more than 77.5 million voter registration 

applications were received by states. State motor vehicle offices remain the most common 

place where individuals register to vote (32.7 percent of all registrations) but online 

registration (17.4 percent of the total) has increased dramatically over the past four years as a 

source of registrations.

Pre-Election Voting: Voting before Election Day—either absentee by mail or using in-person 

early voting—continues to be a very popular way to vote. Nationally, 41 percent of all votes 

cast in the 2016 election were cast before Election Day. 

Absentee Voting: Absentee voting rates vary dramatically across states, depending on the 

ease with which individuals can cast an absentee ballot in a state. Nationally, 80.1 percent of 

absentee ballots transmitted to voters were returned, and most states reported that over 90 

percent of absentee ballots “returned and submitted for counting” were ultimately counted in 

the 2016 General Election. 

Military and Overseas Voting: Members of the uniformed services and their dependents, as 

well as civilians living overseas, receive special protections voting under the Uniformed and 

Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA). In 2016, 930,156 UOCAVA ballots were 

transmitted and 68.1 percent of these ballots were returned. 

Precinct and Polling Places: Administration of the November 8, 2016, General Election was a 

massive undertaking. Nationwide, there were 178,217 individual precincts (geographic voting 

areas to which individuals are assigned and that determine the ballot type that voters receive) 

and 116,990 physical polling places (the locations where people can vote on Election Day). In 

addition, jurisdictions operated more than 8,500 early voting locations in the days leading up 

to the election. 
ii

Poll Workers: Recruiting poll workers continues to be a challenge for many jurisdictions: nearly 

half reported that they had a somewhat difficult or very difficult time recruiting poll workers. 

The poll worker population remains skewed toward older Americans, with 24 percent of poll 

workers ages 71 and older and another 32 percent ages 61–70. 

Provisional Voting: There were 2.5 million provisional ballots cast in 2016, with nearly half of 

those ballots cast in California. Of the provisional ballots cast, 71 percent were counted either 

partially or in full.
iii

Table of Contents

Election Administration and Voting Survey: Survey Findings Overview................................1

Registering to Vote........................................................................................... 6

Pre-Election Voting .......................................................................................... 8

Election Day Voting ........................................................................................ 13

Overview Appendix A: Overview Tables ................................................................... 19

National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) Findings ..................................................................35

The Registration Process ............................................................................... 38

Sources of Registrations ................................................................................ 41

Valid, Rejected, and Duplicate Registration Forms ............................................ 43

List Maintenance ........................................................................................... 45

Confirmation Notices ..................................................................................... 46

State Registration Policies ............................................................................. 49

NVRA Appendix A: NVRA Tables ............................................................................. 54

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA) Findings ................... 105

Changes to the UOCAVA Section for the 2016 Survey .................................... 109

UOCAVA Ballots Transmitted ......................................................................... 110

UOCAVA Ballots Returned ............................................................................. 113

UOCAVA Ballots Counted and Rejected .......................................................... 117

UOCAVA Appendix A: Additional Information ......................................................... 124

UOCAVA Appendix B: Section B Skipped Questions ............................................... 126

UOCAVA Appendix C: UOCAVA Tables.................................................................... 128

Survey Methodology ............................................................................................................... 159

Methodology Appendix A: Survey Response Rates .......................................... 166

Methodology Appendix B: Validation Rules ..................................................... 170

Methodology Appendix C: External Data Validations ........................................ 176

2016 Survey Instrument........................................................................................................ 181

THE ELECTION ADMINISTRATION 

AND VOTING SURVEY

SURVEY FINDINGS OVERVIEW

U.S. ELECTION

ASSISTANCE

COMMISSION

THE ELECTION ADMINISTRATION

AND VOTING SURVEY 

SURVEY FINDINGS OVERVIEW

T H E E L E C T I O N 

A D M I N I S T R AT I O N 

AND VOTING

SURVEY

3

Introduction 

Since 2004, the Election Assistance Commission (EAC) has conducted the Election 

Administration and Voting Survey (EAVS). The EAVS asks all 50 states, the District of Columbia 

and U.S. four territories—American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands—to 

provide data about the way in which Americans voted in each Federal election, and includes 

questions regarding voter registration, absentee voting, voting by individuals covered by the 

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA), provisional voting, election 

technology, poll workers, polling places, and total turnout.1

 The EAVS satisfies the EAC’s 

requirements under the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) to serve as a clearinghouse of election 

data. The sections of the EAVS related to voter registration and UOCAVA voting allow states 

to satisfy their data reporting requirements established by the National Voter Registration Act 

(NVRA) and under the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA).

In 2016, 50 states, the District of Columbia, and three U.S. territories (Guam, Puerto Rico, 

and the Virgin Islands) submitted and certified EAVS data. These states and territories are 

comprised of 6,467 jurisdictions, of which 6,437 (99 percent) are included in the 2016 

EAVS data. It is important to note that state and national totals include all jurisdictions for 

which data were available on a given item. Response rates for each section of the survey 

are available in the methodological appendix at the end of this report.2

 Efforts were made 

to maximize the completeness and accuracy of the data reported here. Where possible, 

information missing for a state or jurisdiction was competed using responses to other survey 

items. All such corrections and adjustments are described in the table notes that follow each 

data table.

Since 2008, the EAC has also administered the Statutory Overview survey, which asks 

states to report on their election laws, definitions, and procedures. Information from the 

Statutory Overview is included throughout this report to provide context for the quantitative 

administrative data reported in the EAVS. 

Election Administration in the United States

Although the specific procedures and practices of election administration are constantly 

evolving, elections in the United States follow a standard process. As shown in Figure 1, 

elections can be viewed as a cycle: eligible citizens are registered to vote; polling places are 

selected; poll workers are hired; and voting systems are chosen.

In 2016, for about 40 percent of the population, voting started weeks before Election Day, 

as voters either cast absentee ballots by mail or voted early in person. U.S. citizens living 

overseas and members of the uniformed services and their eligible family, whose voting rights 

are protected by UOCAVA, voted early or absentee by mail. On Election Day, registered voters 

cast ballots in polling places from coast to coast. On election night and the days after, ballots 

were tabulated, provisional ballots were adjudicated, post-election audits occurred, the final 

canvas of votes was conducted, and the election was certified. 
4

Figure 1: The U.S. Election Process

Election administration outcomes and experiences are then used to evaluate the laws and 

procedures used in elections. Often, the successful innovations implemented in one state 

during an election are adopted by other states in subsequent elections. For example, in 2016, 

Utah saw a marked increase in votes cast by absentee ballot because the state adopted laws 

and procedures that encouraged counties to administer their election using all by-mail voting, 

as had been done previously by other states. 
5

Overall Turnout in 2016

When assessing election administration, one primary outcome of interest is turnout. In this 

report, two different approaches are used to measure voter turnout. The first method is 

to compare the number of Americans who voted as a percentage of the civilian voting age 

population (CVAP). According to the EAVS, 140,114,502 Americans voted in the 2016 General 

Election. This number represents 63 percent of the CVAP nationally. The data in Figure 2 show 

that approximately half of all states had turnout rates between 60 and 70 percent of CVAP. 

Five states—Oregon, Maine, New Hampshire, Minnesota, and Colorado—had CVAP turnout 

rates of more than 70 percent.

Figure 2. Turnout as Percentage of CVAP, 2016
6

Registering to Vote

Beginning in the 1800s, most states have required individuals to register to vote before they 

can participate in an election. Today, every state except North Dakota has voter registration. 

In most states, the deadline for registering to vote is within a few weeks of Election Day. 

However, 15 states allow individuals to register to vote at the polls on Election Day: Colorado, 

Connecticut, District of Columbia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Minnesota, Montana, 

New Hampshire, North Carolina, Vermont, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Seven additional states 

reported allowing some form of Same Day Registration (SDR).3

In almost all states, the processes for maintaining voter registration rolls and the standard 

ways by which individuals can register to vote are governed by the NVRA4

, which created 

uniform requirements for the locations where individuals should be able to register to vote. It 

also established the process by which states maintain their voter registration rolls. 

There are 38 states that differentiate their registered voters as “active” and “inactive” voters.

An inactive voter is typically a person who appears to have moved outside of the jurisdiction 

but has not responded to a confirmation of address notice. With proper notification, a state 

can remove a person from the voter registration rolls if the registrant dies, requests to be 

removed, or moves outside of the jurisdiction where he or she was registered. Individuals 

who do not respond to a confirmation of address notice and then do not vote in two or more 

consecutive Federal general elections can also be removed from the rolls. If state law allows, 

individuals can be removed based on a finding of mental incapacity, or upon a criminal 

conviction. Detailed information about state laws and registration processes can be found in 

the Statutory Overview report and the NVRA report.5

How Americans Register to Vote

The EAVS asks states to report the number of registration forms that they received and the 

source of these registrations. Several specific methods for voter registration are examined:

1. In-Person Registration. This mode of registration occurs at different places, including 

the state motor vehicle agencies, public assistance and disability offices, armed forces 

recruitment offices, other state-funded agencies, and agencies mandated by state law 

but not explicitly listed in the NVRA.

2. Mail, Email, or Fax. These methods allow individuals to use either a federal or state 

registration form—a printed copy or a version downloaded from the Internet—and 

return it to their state or local election offices to be processed.

3. Online Voter Registration. There are differences on the process used for this type of 

registration across states but, in general, this method allows voters to complete a 

form online and submit it electronically to be evaluated by election officials. An online 

registrant typically has to have a valid driver’s license from the state in which they want 

to register online; the driver’s license is used as part of the process of verifying the 

person’s identity. 
7

4. Same Day Voter Registration. This option allows a person to register to vote and cast a 

ballot on the same day. SDR is governed by state laws and is allowed statewide in 15 

states. Alaska and Rhode Island only allow SDR in Presidential elections.

5. Automatic Registration: The state of Oregon approved a law to implement a new 

motor voter act starting on January 1, 2016. Unlike registration in other states and 

territories, Oregon’s registration program uses an opt-out instead of opt-in. This opt-in 

rule means that, when Oregonians who meet eligibility criteria for registering to vote 

use the services of designated state offices (e.g., motor vehicle department), they are 

automatically registered to vote without the need of completing an application.

Figure 3 shows the percentage of voter registration applications for the 2016 General Election 

that came from various sources. The most common source of registrations across the country 

was from departments of motor vehicles (DMV), representing more than 25 million new 

registration applications received. Online registration continued to grow in popularity, with 13.5 

million new applications received in 2016; mail, email, and fax combined accounted for 13.4 

million new applications over this same period. Online registration has grown at a fast pace: 

it accounted for 17.4 percent of new registrations for the 2016 election, compared to 6.5 

percent in 2014 and 5.3 percent in 2012.

Figure 3. Source of New Voter Registration Forms, 2016

Poll Book Technology

When voters go into polling places, their identity is checked against the voter registration rolls 

to ensure that they are registered to vote and did not already vote during in-person early voting 

or by-mail absentee voting.6

 Most jurisdictions across the United States (81.8 percent) use 

preprinted paper registration lists to check in voters at the polls. In 89 percent of jurisdictions 

that only use paper lists, the local jurisdiction prints the poll books.7
8

From 2012 to 2016, there was a 75 percent increase nationally in the use of electronic poll 

books in elections. In 2012, 645 jurisdictions—7.9 percent of all jurisdictions nationally—

reported using e-poll books to sign in voters. By 2016, 1,146 jurisdictions—17.7 percent of 

all jurisdictions—used e-poll books and 1,109 jurisdictions used them to sign in voters at 

the polls. Some of these jurisdictions used e-poll books to update voter history and to locate 

polling places. Figure 4 illustrates how jurisdictions with e-poll books use them to facilitate 

management of the electoral process.

Figure 4. Electronic Poll Book Uses by Jurisdictions, 20168

Pre-Election Voting 

Over the past 20 years, the number of voters casting ballots using by-mail absentee and inperson early voting has increased dramatically. More states have adopted these modes of 

voting in an effort to make voting more convenient, and voters are taking advantage of these 

new options for voting. By-mail absentee voting allows individuals to receive their ballot in the 

mail before the election and then mark their ballot at their leisure. The voter typically puts 

his or her marked ballot in an envelope and then mails it to his or her local election office or 

places it in an absentee ballot drop-off box. In-person early voting—which some states refer 

to as in-person absentee voting—allows a person to have the same experience voting as 

they would if they voted on Election Day. The voter typically votes on the same type of voting 

equipment as they would on Election Day, but does so during the weeks leading up to Election 

Day.

In 2016, 41.3 percent of all ballots were cast before Election Day. Of the total turnout, 17.2 

percent of ballots were cast using in-person early voting and 23.7 percent were cast using bymail absentee voting.9
9

Absentee Voting 

By-mail absentee voting was developed to allow individuals who would be away from their 

polling place on Election Day to receive and return a ballot early, so they could still participate 

in the election. Originally, voters usually had to provide a valid reason why they would not be 

present on Election Day (e.g., they would be away on travel or be physically unable to get to the 

polls). Today, there are generally five types of absentee voter profiles in the United States. 

1. Excuse-Required: These states require voters to provide the reason for why they cannot 

vote in person on Election Day (e.g., will be absent from the county, have an illness, or 

have a physical disability).

2. No Excuse: This is the most common form of absentee voting. In these states, 

registered voters can vote absentee after they request an absentee ballot.

3. Permanent Absentee: Some states have a permanent absentee voter list. Voters who 

request to be a permanent absentee voter receive a ballot by mail for every election, 

without the need to request one for each election.

4. All Vote-by-Mail: In these states, every voter receives a ballot by mail before the 

election. However, all three of the states that currently have vote-by-mail systems 

(Colorado, Oregon, and Washington) also provide voters the option to cast a ballot in 

person.

5. UOCAVA: Members of the uniformed services, their family, and overseas citizens voting 

from abroad can vote absentee using special procedures outlined in the UOCAVA 

statute and its amendments. 

As seen in Figure 5, a greater percentage of by-mail absentee ballots are cast in the western 

United States. Colorado, Oregon, and Washington have the highest rates of by-mail voting 

because of their all vote-by-mail election systems. Colorado, which is the most recent state to 

transition to all vote-by-mail, provides more in-person options than does Oregon, which adopted 

vote-by-mail more than 20 years ago. In 2016, Utah began a move to the model used by 

Colorado and the policy change led to a dramatic increase in the number of ballots cast either 

early or as absentee. California also continues to be a national leader in by-mail voting, with 

absentee ballots representing more than 50 percent of the total ballots cast there. 
10

Figure 5. Absentee Voting Rate, 201610

Nationally, by-mail voting constituted 23.7 percent of all votes cast in the 2016 election. 

Approximately 80.1 percent of absentee ballots that were transmitted to voters were returned 

and processed, with 1.4 percent of transmitted ballots returned as undeliverable and 2 

percent reported as spoiled (e.g., the voter returned the ballot and asked for a replacement). 

Ninety-nine percent of absentee ballots categorized as “returned and submitted for counting” 

were ultimately counted in the 2016 election. Table 1 provides information about the reasons 

for rejecting a ballot as reported by the states and territories. The most common reasons 

for rejection in 2016 were missing the deadline, the signature on the ballot not matching the 

signature on the state’s records, and the ballot not having a signature. Some of the categories 

include several reasons for ballot rejection. For example, the category “problem with return 

envelope” covers reasons such as the envelope was returned but was missing the ballot or 

multiple ballots were returned in one envelope. The category labeled as “Other” encompasses 

additional reasons not listed in the EAVS questionnaire, and included responses such as the 

ballot was not properly notarized, the voter had already cast an absentee ballot, or there was 

incomplete information on the ballot envelope. In 2016, there were seven states that did not 

report the reasons why absentee ballots are rejected, which leaves an incomplete picture of 

why those ballots were not counted.
11

Table 1. Top Reasons for Rejecting Absentee Ballots

Percentage of ballots returned and 

submitted for counting

Rejected (total) 1.0%

Non-matching signature 27.5%

Ballot not received on time/missed deadline 23.1%

No voter signature 20.0%

“Other” reason given 14.8%

Uncategorized 5.7%

No witness signature 3.0%

Problem with return materials 

(e.g., ballot missing from envelope) 1.9%

Voter deceased 1.5%

Voter voted in person 1.3%

First-time voter without proper identification 1.1%

UOCAVA Voting 

Convenience voting—by-mail absentee voting and in-person early voting—was originally 

developed to facilitate voting by individuals in the military.11 The special needs of members of 

the uniformed services and overseas citizens remain an area of critical concern in election 

administration. These individuals are given special voting protections under the UOCAVA and its 

amendments.12 UOCAVA voters are able to vote absentee and are given special considerations 

as to when their ballots are sent to them and how blank ballots can be transmitted to them.13

In 2016, states reported transmitting 930,156 UOCAVA ballots. Six states—California, 

Florida, Texas, Washington, New York, and Colorado—accounted for nearly half of all UOCAVA 

ballots transmitted in the United States. As seen in Figure 6, the number of UOCAVA ballots 

transmitted to voters was similar in 2012 and 2016, but there was a shift between the two 

elections in the percentage of requests coming from uniformed services voters and overseas 

citizens. In 2012, there were 63,842 more ballots transmitted to members of the uniformed 

services than to overseas civilians. In 2016, 109,951 more ballots were transmitted to 

overseas citizens than to uniformed services voters.
12

Figure 6. UOCAVA Ballots Transmitted to Voters, 2016

Once a ballot is marked by a voter, it must be returned to the appropriate election office 

before the state deadline for receiving UOCAVA ballots. This action can be a challenge for 

some voters, depending on when they receive their ballot, how they are able to return their 

ballot, and the location from which they are casting their ballot. In the 2016 election, 633,592 

UOCAVA ballots were returned. A majority of ballots returned were state ballots that had been 

transmitted to the voter by the election office.14 Of the UOCAVA ballots returned by voters, 

512,696 (80.9 percent) were counted. 

Early Voting

The EAC considers early voting to be any in-person voting that occurs prior to Election Day at 

a physical polling location or vote center. This early voting includes in-person absentee voting. 

In the 2016 election, early voting made up more than 60 percent of the total votes cast in 

Arizona, Florida, Montana, North Carolina, Nevada, Oregon, and Texas. 

The rates of early voting vary greatly across states because some states do not allow for 

in-person early voting and, in states with early voting, local jurisdictions within states may 

differ in number of early voting locations they establish. For the 2016 Federal election, there 

were, on average, 6.1 early voting sites per 100,000 voters; however, the number of early 

voting locations per voter may vary based on the size of the jurisdiction and whether multiple 

locations are warranted based on past voting patterns. 
13

Election Day Voting 

Conducting an election is a complex undertaking. In the United States, Federal elections must 

be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in every even-numbered year. 

Election administrators must select polling locations and voting systems for Election Day, and 

then hire and train poll workers to manage the process. In spite of the increasing popularity 

of pre-Election Day voting methods, Election Day voting still remains the most popular voting 

method for citizens of the United States.

Precincts and Polling Places

For an election, each voter is assigned to a precinct, which is a bounded geographic area 

where all individuals are eligible to vote for the same candidates and issues on a ballot. Voters 

are typically also assigned to a polling place, which is the physical location where voting takes 

place. There can be multiple precincts in a polling place. Among states providing information 

about Election Day activities in 2016, there were 178,217 precincts and 116,990 physical 

polling places. Of these polling places, 7.1 percent were election offices and 92.9 percent 

were other locations, such as schools, community centers, and libraries. For early voting, 

states reported that election offices were the primary location used; 5,069 election offices 

were open for early voting compared to 3,547 satellite locations.

Poll Workers

Election Day voting activities are carried out largely by election poll workers who are trained 

to work on a single day and are tasked with coordinating an array of activities. The term “poll 

worker” encompasses many different names across the United States. Poll workers may be 

referred to as election judges, booth workers, wardens, commissioners, or other similar terms. 

As defined in this report, “poll worker” refers to the person or persons who do any of the 

following:

•	 verify the identity of a voter; 

•	 assist the voter with signing the register, affidavits, or other documents required to cast 

a ballot; 

•	 assist the voter by providing a ballot or setting up the voting machine; or 

•	 serve other functions as dictated by state law. 

Staffing the nation’s polling places continues to be a challenge for many jurisdictions: 46.9 

percent of responding jurisdictions reported having a somewhat difficult or very difficult time 

recruiting poll workers, compared with 22.7 percent that reported having a somewhat easy or 

very easy time. States and territories reported deploying an average of 7.8 poll workers per 

polling place for Election Day 2016.15 This average was similar to that of the last Presidential 

election in 2012, when jurisdictions reported having 7.4 workers per polling site. 
14

Figure 7. Distribution of Poll Worker Ages

Jurisdictions were asked to report the age of their poll workers across six age categories. As 

shown in Figure 7, most poll workers are over age 40, with more than half over age 60 and 

24 percent aged 71 or older. Young poll workers are relatively rare: only 17.8 percent of poll 

workers were 40 years old or younger in the 2016 election. A similar age distribution was 

observed in 2012.

Voting Technology

Since the 1960s or early 1970s, most ballots in the United States have been counted using 

computerized tabulators. Direct recording electronic (DRE) voting machines—which often have 

touchscreens—have been used since the late 1980s. Voting technology continues to advance 

in the United States. With the enactment of HAVA, Congress appropriated more than $3.1 

billion for EAC to distribute to states to make election administration improvements, including 

the purchase of voting systems. Now the EAC works to ensure standards are met by certifying 

election equipment to protect the integrity and security of elections.

Voting technology is a difficult topic to measure in the EAVS because many jurisdictions use 

multiple systems. For example, a county may employ a scanner for absentee ballots but DRE 

machines for in-person voting. Polling places may have more than one type of voting system 

technology in use on Election Day. For this reason, the EAVS survey measures the breadth 

of voting technology being used across the country, and the wealth of local-level data is of 

substantial value to researchers.
15

The 2016 survey collected data on the different voting systems used. The primary three 

systems used in the states are:

1. DRE Voting Machines: A voting system (push-button or touchscreen) that records votes 

by means of a ballot display provided with mechanical or electro-optical components 

activated by the voter and in which voting data are stored in a removable memory 

component. Many DREs also record voting data on a paper document that the voter can 

review before officially casting his or her ballot.

2. Optical Scan: These systems count paper ballots by recording the marks in the 

response fields on the ballot cards using an optical scanner or similar sensor. 

3. Hybrid Voting Machines: A hybrid system combines aspects of DREs and optical scan 

voting. The voting interface for selecting votes is similar to that of a DRE: the voter 

uses buttons or a touchscreen to select choices, and then the choices are printed on 

a paper ballot and scanned using an optical scanner. No voting data are stored in the 

system. 

Table 2 shows the number of jurisdictions that reported using various types of voting systems 

in 2016.

Table 2. Types of Voting Machines Used, 201616

Jurisdictions Using Voting System

Number Percentage

Optical Scan 2,745 42.5%

Hybrid 1,419 21.9%

DRE 1,345 20.8%

Other 992 15.3%

Casting and Counting Provisional Ballots

One key provision of HAVA is provisional voting. When an individual declares that he or she 

is a registered voter in the jurisdiction and is eligible to vote in an election for Federal office, 

but either (1) the individual’s name does not appear on the official list of eligible voters for 

the polling place, or (2) an election official asserts that the individual is not eligible to vote, 

the voter can cast a provisional ballot. A provisional ballot is used to record the vote of a 

provisional voter. Once voted, provisional ballots are kept separate from other ballots and are 

not tabulated until the eligibility of the voter is confirmed.

When HAVA was enacted, six states—Idaho, Minnesota, New Hampshire, North Dakota, 

Wisconsin, and Wyoming—were exempt from provisional voting requirements. In 2016, two 

of these states—Wisconsin and Wyoming—did have provisional voters because the voter 

did not have correct identification (Wisconsin) or was challenged (Wyoming). The primary way 
16

that states vary in regard to provisional voting is whether they allow a provisional ballot to be 

counted if the voter casts a ballot in the correct local jurisdiction but not in the voting precinct 

associated with his or her residence.

In 2016, 2,460,421 provisional ballots were cast nationally and 71.1 percent of these ballots 

were counted in full or in part.17 Four states—Arizona, California, New York, and Ohio—each 

reported that more than 100,000 provisional ballots were cast in the 2016 election; California 

had just over 1.3 million provisional ballots cast, more than all other states combined. All 

four of these states also allowed a ballot that was cast by a voter in the wrong precinct to 

be counted, either partially or in full.18 In similar large states that do not allow provisional 

ballots to be counted if the voter is not casting it in the correct precinct—such as Florida, 

Illinois, and Texas—a comparatively smaller number of provisional ballots were cast and a 

higher percentage of provisional ballots were rejected. In addition to the four states that do 

not provide for provisional voting, 12 states and territories reported having fewer than 1,000 

provisional ballots cast in 2016.
17

Endnotes

1 The Northern Mariana Islands is not included in the EAVS because it did not have representation in 

Congress at the time HAVA was enacted.

2 Item-level response rates are difficult to calculate because zero, missing, data not available, and not 

applicable cannot easily be interpreted. Response rates for each survey section include jurisdictions providing 

valid, non-zero responses to any questions within a section. 

3 Arizona reported that its same day registrants were likely UOCAVA registrants. Texas reported that its 

same day registrants were either the result of misreporting or of localities implementing certain policies 

inappropriately.

4 The NVRA was fully implemented after the 1994 election in all states. Several states are not covered by 

the NVRA. North Dakota is exempt because it does not have voter registration. U.S. territories are also not 

subject to the NVRA, and the states of Idaho, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Wisconsin, and Wyoming are 

exempt because they had SDR in 1994 and continue to do so.

5 The Impact of the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 on the Administration of Elections for Federal 

Office, 2015–2016, is available on EAC’s website (https://www.eac.gov/voters/national-voter-registration-actstudies/).

6 North Dakota does not require voters to register but rather keeps a registry of citizens who voted in the past 

and in that election.

7 The printing of poll books was completed by the state shipped to local jurisdictions 6.8 percent of the time 

and 1.5 percent of jurisdictions reported that they used a mix of the two methods; 2.7 percent of jurisdictions 

reported that information was unavailable.

8 There is some overlap in the number of Electronic Poll Books used for each of the reported categories, as 

some jurisdictions use the same Electronic Poll Book for several purposes.

9 The percentages are based on data reported by 50 states and territories. Alabama, Iowa, Utah, and 

Vermont did not provide information about the number of citizens casting absentee ballots or voting at an 

early voting center.

10 The absentee voting rate includes all UOCAVA ballots, domestic civilian absentee ballots, and vote-by-mail 

ballots, as reported in questions F1c, F1d and F1g, respectively.

11 See, for example, R. Michael Alvarez, Thad E. Hall, and Brian F. Roberts. (2007). Military voting and the 

law: procedural and technological solutions to the ballot transit problem. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 34, 

935. 

12 Since 2004, EAC has gathered data on UOCAVA ballots and voters, pursuant to the statutory reporting 

obligations in UOCAVA and HAVA. In the 2016 survey, 18 questions sought to gather detailed information on 

overseas voting. What is presented in this section is explained in more detail in the 2016 Uniformed and 

Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Survey Observations Report, available at EAC’s website, www.eac.gov.

Improved data collection of UOCAVA-related information resulted in high response rates in 2016 and more 

jurisdictions responding overall to this portion of the survey than in previous years. Although gaps remain, 

better data are gradually becoming available on UOCAVA voting.

13 The uniformed services are the armed forces—Army, Navy, Marine Corps and Air Force—as well as the 

Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 

and the U.S. Merchant Marine. Uniformed service members, their spouses, and their dependents are, 

together, referred to as uniformed services voters. Overseas citizens are U.S. citizens living outside of the 

United States who are not uniformed services voters and are also protected by UOCAVA.
18

14 UOCAVA voters can also cast a Federal Write-in Absentee Ballot (FWAB). Information about those ballots is 

discussed in some detail in the UOCAVA EAVS report.

15 Only Oregon and Massachusetts did not provide information about number of poll workers, and Iowa did not 

report number of physical polling places for the 2016 Presidential Election.

16 Some jurisdictions may have used more than one voting system, thus, the percentages may have some 

degree of overlap between jurisdictions.

17 Of the 1,748,883 provisional ballots that were counted, 87.7% of them were counted in full. 

18 Ballots are typically counted for all races for which the voter would have been eligible. 
19

Overview Appendix A: Overview Tables
20

Overview Table 1: Voter Turnout

Total Voter 

Turnout Total CVAP Turnout as Pct. CVAP

Total 

Registration

Turnout 

as Pct. 

Registration

Alabama 2,137,452 3,620,994 59.03 3,333,946 64.11

Alaska 323,288 523,747 61.73 587,303 55.05

Arizona 2,722,660 4,526,594 60.15 4,080,680 66.72

Arkansas 1,048,513 2,164,083 48.45 1,765,513 59.39

California 14,610,494 24,280,349 60.17 24,486,638 59.67

Colorado 2,884,199 3,750,953 76.89 3,840,303 75.1

Connecticut 1,675,955 2,574,178 65.11 2,331,684 71.88

Delaware 448,217 681,606 65.76 675,663 66.34

District of 

Columbia 311,841 485,116 64.28 493,287 63.22

Florida 9,613,669 13,933,052 69 13,505,571 71.18

Georgia 4,147,161 6,978,660 59.43 6,657,621 62.29

Guam 35,854 0 . 51,720 69.32

Hawaii 437,697 1,001,729 43.69 751,483 58.24

Idaho 710,495 1,130,550 62.85 936,529 75.86

Illinois 5,562,009 8,979,999 61.94 8,843,038 62.9

Indiana 2,831,540 4,801,113 58.98 4,839,038 58.51

Iowa 1,581,371 2,285,126 69.2 2,222,380 71.16

Kansas 1,223,491 2,053,919 59.57 1,785,834 68.51

Kentucky 1,949,254 3,297,108 59.12 3,306,120 58.96

Louisiana 2,049,802 3,410,634 60.1 3,058,741 67.01

Maine 771,892 1,048,274 73.63 1,065,100 72.47

Maryland 2,807,326 4,182,241 67.12 3,900,090 71.98

Massachusetts 3,378,801 4,850,598 69.66 4,534,974 74.51

Michigan 4,874,619 7,380,136 66.05 7,514,055 64.87

Minnesota 2,973,744 3,950,807 75.27 3,473,972 85.6

Mississippi 1,209,357 2,210,424 54.71 2,072,395 58.36

Missouri 2,973,855 4,525,035 65.72 4,215,860 70.54

Montana 516,901 781,250 66.16 694,370 74.44

Nebraska 869,815 1,333,860 65.21 1,211,101 71.82

Nevada 1,128,492 1,863,799 60.55 1,678,883 67.22

New Hampshire 757,669 1,020,130 74.27 988,398 76.66

New Jersey 3,957,303 6,053,893 65.37 5,751,090 68.81

New Mexico 804,073 1,457,632 55.16 1,289,420 62.36

New York 7,793,078 13,531,404 57.59 16,200,892 48.1

North Carolina 4,690,195 7,107,998 65.98 6,924,469 67.73
21

Overview Table 1: Voter Turnout

Total Voter 

Turnout Total CVAP Turnout as Pct. CVAP

Total 

Registration

Turnout 

as Pct. 

Registration

North Dakota 349,945 546,486 64.04 0 .

Ohio 5,607,641 8,709,050 64.39 7,861,025 71.33

Oklahoma 1,465,505 2,768,561 52.93 2,157,450 67.93

Oregon 2,051,452 2,867,670 71.54 2,553,810 80.33

Pennsylvania 6,223,150 9,710,416 64.09 8,722,975 71.34

Puerto Rico 1,589,991 0 . 2,867,558 55.45

Rhode Island 469,547 776,565 60.46 754,065 62.27

South Carolina 2,124,952 3,566,508 59.58 3,157,027 67.31

South Dakota 372,988 621,461 60.02 595,322 62.65

Tennessee 2,545,271 4,828,366 52.72 4,110,318 61.92

Texas 8,701,152 16,864,962 51.59 14,382,387 60.5

U.S. Virgin 

Islands 20,967 0 . 46,076 45.51

Utah 1,114,567 1,868,008 59.67 1,577,069 70.67

Vermont 323,623 493,124 65.63 472,289 68.52

Virginia 3,996,302 5,953,612 67.12 5,604,106 71.31

Washington 3,363,452 4,937,212 68.12 4,872,385 69.03

West Virginia 732,362 1,455,848 50.3 1,254,768 58.37

Wisconsin 2,993,000 4,294,321 69.7 3,768,373 79.42

Wyoming 256,553 430,026 59.66 284,203 90.27

U.S. TOTAL 140,114,503 222,469,187 62.98 214,109,367 65.44
22

Overview Table 1 Calculation Notes

(1) Total Voter Turnout uses question F1a

(2) Total CVAP uses estimates of the Citizen Voting Age Population from the U.S. Census Bureau

(3) Percentage of CVAP that voted in the past election uses question F1a divided by the CVAP estimate

(4) Total Registration uses question A1a

(5) Percentage of total Registrants that Voted in Election uses question F1a divided by question A1a

Overview Table 1 Data Notes

General note: CVAP (Citizen Voting Age Population) and calculations using CVAP are not available for U.S. 

territories. CVAP was taken from the U.S. Census Bureau. 

Illinois: did not provide the total turnout (item F1a). The total turnout was re-recorded using the sum of 

items F1b to F1j (i.e., turnout categories for which the state provided data)

North Dakota: does not have voter registration.
23

Overview Table 2: Absentee Voting

Total Voter 

Turnout

Total Ballots 

Transmitted

Total 

Ballots 

Returned

Counted Rejected Other

Total Pct. 

Returned

Total Pct. 

Transmitted

Total Pct. 

Alabama 2,137,452 98,474 88,601 87,553 98.82 0 0 1,048 1.18

Alaska 323,288 31,817 27,626 26,750 96.83 876 2.75 0 0.00Arizona 2,722,660 2,478,063 2,017,722 1,991,683 98.71 10,769 0.43 15,270 0.76Arkansas 1,048,513 29,902 27,525 26,655 96.84 1,614 5.4 -744 -2.70California 14,610,494 12,018,267 8,511,992 8,453,683 99.31 58,309 0.49 0 0.00Colorado 2,884,199 3,411,107 2,654,993 2,631,744 99.12 23,249 0.68 0 0.00Connecticut 1,675,955 129,480 132,012 129,480 98.08 2,532 1.96 0 0.00Delaware 448,217 15,924 14,025 13,809 98.46 216 1.36 0 0.00District of Columbia 

311,841 21,362 16,625 16,592 99.8 33 0.15 0 0.00

Florida 9,613,669 3,421,930 2,679,049 2,657,064 99.18 21,973 0.64 12 0.00Georgia 4,147,161 236,925 213,033 199,356 93.58 13,677 5.77 0 0.00Guam 35,854 1,634 1,527 1,508 98.76 19 1.16 0 0.00Hawaii 437,697 218,487 190,553 189,225 99.3 1,244 0.57 84 0.04Idaho 710,495 207,409 201,256 200,380 99.56 876 0.42 0 0.00Illinois 5,562,009 428,748 377,551 371,557 98.41 5,994 1.4 0 0.00Indiana 2,831,540 946,408 943,924 923,455 97.83 2,095 0.22 18,374 1.95Iowa 1,581,371 671,415 650,551 646,313 99.35 4,238 0.63 0 0.00Kansas 1,223,491 196,910 179,557 177,701 98.97 4,361 2.21 -2,505 -1.40Kentucky 1,949,254 42,519 38,112 35,967 94.37 2,145 5.04 0 0.00Louisiana 2,049,802 76,120 59,747 57,476 96.2 2,271 2.98 0 0.00Maine 771,892 260,033 254,153 251,701 99.04 2,452 0.94 0 0.00Maryland 2,807,326 206,063 160,508 158,120 98.51 2,388 1.16 0 0.00Massachusetts 3,378,801 174,655 155,894 150,742 96.7 5,152 2.95 0 0.00
24

Overview Table 2: Absentee Voting

Total Voter 

Turnout

Total Ballots 

Transmitted

Total 

Ballots 

Returned

Counted Rejected Other

Total Pct. 

Returned

Total Pct. 

Transmitted

Total Pct. 

Michigan 4,874,619 1,342,421 1,260,218 1,253,980 99.5 6,171 0.46 67 0.01

Minnesota 2,973,744 726,026 671,261 665,180 99.09 6,081 0.84 0 0.00Mississippi 1,209,357 110,148 103,606 102,025 98.47 1,581 1.44 0 0.00Missouri 2,973,855 293,076 279,188 273,336 97.9 5,849 2 3 0.00Montana 516,901 351,575 333,666 332,541 99.66 1,125 0.32 0 0.00Nebraska 869,815 248,424 238,660 233,889 98 2,695 1.08 2,076 0.87Nevada 1,128,492 86,991 73,425 72,248 98.4 1,177 1.35 0 0.00New Hampshire 757,669 74,547 71,939 70,376 97.83 1,563 2.1 0 0.00New Jersey 3,957,303 411,574 355,457 344,897 97.03 9,957 2.42 603 0.17New Mexico 804,073 69,529 61,287 47,429 77.39 95 0.14 13,763 22.46New York 7,793,078 495,520 402,151 364,747 90.7 22,849 4.61 14,555 3.62North Carolina 4,690,195 212,489 179,263 174,402 97.29 4,861 2.29 0 0.00North Dakota 349,945 86,442 82,148 81,536 99.25 611 0.71 1 0.00Ohio 5,607,641 1,286,430 1,206,416 1,193,227 98.91 10,189 0.79 3,000 0.25Oklahoma 1,465,505 122,864 101,905 98,381 96.54 2,965 2.41 559 0.55Oregon 2,051,452 2,553,810 2,051,452 2,033,878 99.14 17,574 0.69 0 0.00Pennsylvania 6,223,150 292,191 266,208 262,877 98.75 2,534 0.87 797 0.30Puerto Rico 1,589,991 1,543 818 818 100 0 0 0 0.00Rhode Island 469,547 42,687 39,727 38,567 97.08 1,060 2.48 100 0.25South Carolina 2,124,952 508,508 497,436 494,529 99.42 2,907 0.57 0 0.00South Dakota 372,988 107,128 106,415 106,055 99.66 360 0.34 0 0.00Tennessee 2,545,271 59,388 53,903 53,310 98.9 593 1 0 0.00Texas 8,701,152 520,027 468,150 449,258 95.96 8,177 1.57 10,715 2.29U.S. Virgin Islands 

20,967 204 143 143 100 0 0 0 0.00
25

Overview Table 2: Absentee Voting

Total Voter 

Turnout

Total Ballots 

Transmitted

Total 

Ballots 

Returned

Counted Rejected Other

Total Pct. 

Returned

Total Pct. 

Transmitted

Total Pct. 

Utah 1,114,567 1,090,192 772,888 765,886 99.09 7,002 0.64 0 0.00

Vermont 323,623 96,281 0 0 . 0 0 0 .Virginia 3,996,302 570,144 538,711 535,563 99.42 3,148 0.55 0 0.00Washington 3,363,452 4,312,805 3,333,260 3,300,241 99.01 30,312 0.7 2,707 0.08West Virginia 732,362 13,761 12,558 16,373 130.38 341 2.48 -4,156 -33.09Wisconsin 2,993,000 158,846 139,988 138,542 98.97 284 0.18 1,162 0.83Wyoming 256,553 82,303 79,667 79,463 99.74 184 0.22 20 0.03U.S. TOTAL 140,114,502 41,651,526 33,378,450 32,982,211 98.81 318,728 0.77 77,511 0.23
26

Overview Table 2 Calculation Notes

(1) Total Voter Turnout uses question F1(2) Total Number of Ballots Transmitted uses question C1a(3) Total Number of Ballots Returned uses question C1b(4) Ballots Counted, Total uses question C4a(5) Ballots Counted, Pct uses question C4a divided by question C1b(6) Ballots Rejected, Total uses question C4b(7) Ballots Rejected, Pct uses question C4b divided by question C1a(8) Other, Total uses question C1b minus the sum of questions C4a and C4b(9) Other, Pct uses question C1b minus the sum of question C4a and C4b, all divided by question C1b

Overview Table 2 Data Notes

General comment: negative numbers in the column “Other”, mean that the sum of counted and rejected absentee ballots account for more than the total number of returned absentee ballots reported by the state.Connecticut: misinterpreted the item “Returned for counting” (C1b) and added only those ballots that were counted (item C4a). Item C1b was re-recorded using the sum of counted and rejected absentee ballots (C4a and C4b)Hawaii: Hawaii County did not report the number of absentee ballots returned by voters (item C1b). This was re-recorded using the sum of counted and rejected absentee ballots by that county (items C4a to C4d).Texas: Hidalgo County and Dallas County either not reported or reported a very small number that did not match the expected number of absentee ballots returned by voters (item C1b). This was re-recorded using the sum of counted and rejected absentee ballots by those counties (items C4a to C4d).Vermont: did not provide data about absentee ballots returned.West Virginia: all jurisdictions reported more absentee ballots counted (item C4a) than received back (item C1b).
27

Overview Table 3: Provisional Voting

Total 

Ballots 

Submitted

Counted Full Ballot Counted Partial Ballot Rejected Other

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. 

Alabama 13,088 0 0 0 0 6,008 45.9 7,080 54.10

Alaska 19,822 5,277 26.62 14,274 72.01 271 1.37 0 0.00Arizona 102,510 78,532 76.61 13 0.01 23,959 23.37 6 0.01Arkansas 4,303 1,093 25.4 9 0.21 3,199 74.34 2 0.05California 1,307,190 898,441 68.73 151,783 11.61 193,534 14.81 63,432 4.85Colorado 5,910 4,126 69.81 301 5.09 1,483 25.09 0 0.00Connecticut 66 0 0 30 45.45 36 54.55 0 0.00Delaware 296 23 7.77 0 0 273 92.23 0 0.00District of Columbia 

3,447 1,990 57.73 0 0 1,457 42.27 0 0.00

Florida 24,460 10,998 44.96 0 0 13,461 55.03 1 0.00Georgia 16,739 7,592 45.36 0 0 9,147 54.64 0 0.00Guam 121 12 9.92 16 13.22 93 76.86 0 0.00Hawaii 845 114 13.49 0 0 711 84.14 20 2.37Idaho 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .Illinois 26,360 14,090 53.45 0 0 12,270 46.55 0 0.00Indiana 3,033 644 21.23 0 0 2,389 78.77 0 0.00Iowa 2,553 1,871 73.29 0 0 682 26.71 0 0.00Kansas 40,872 0 0 22,726 55.6 13,717 33.56 4,429 10.84Kentucky 291 58 19.93 0 0 233 80.07 0 0.00Louisiana 4,938 1,284 26 0 0 3,654 74 0 0.00Maine 193 193 100 0 0 0 0 0 0.00Maryland 78,660 51,576 65.57 17,661 22.45 9,423 11.98 0 0.00Massachusetts 7,349 2,199 29.92 0 0 5,145 70.01 5 0.07Michigan 1,891 338 17.87 0 0 1,553 82.13 0 0.00
28

Overview Table 3: Provisional Voting

Total 

Ballots 

Submitted

Counted Full Ballot Counted Partial Ballot Rejected Other

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. 

Minnesota 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

Mississippi 21,493 16,139 75.09 0 0 5,354 24.91 0 0.00Missouri 5,511 1,701 30.87 0 0 3,803 69.01 7 0.13Montana 7,615 7,301 95.88 0 0 314 4.12 0 0.00Nebraska 16,212 12,350 76.18 0 0 3,860 23.81 2 0.01Nevada 6,857 2,324 33.89 0 0 4,533 66.11 0 0.00New Hampshire 

0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

New Jersey 56,091 45,503 81.12 0 0 10,588 18.88 0 0.00New Mexico 5,607 2,462 43.91 0 0 3,162 56.39 -17 -0.30New York 266,369 135,368 50.82 0 0 120,778 45.34 10,223 3.84North Carolina 60,643 21,717 35.81 5,170 8.53 33,756 55.66 0 0.00North Dakota 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .Ohio 154,965 130,533 84.23 1,454 0.94 22,978 14.83 0 0.00Oklahoma 7,374 1,954 26.5 1 0.01 5,419 73.49 0 0.00Oregon 136 71 52.21 0 0 65 47.79 0 0.00Pennsylvania 26,451 7,994 30.22 0 0 9,392 35.51 9,065 34.27Puerto Rico 8,719 6,589 75.57 233 2.67 1,851 21.23 46 0.53Rhode Island 3,963 1,313 33.13 734 18.52 1,916 48.35 0 0.00South Carolina 10,100 5,261 52.09 0 0 4,835 47.87 4 0.04South Dakota 379 50 13.19 0 0 170 44.85 159 41.95Tennessee 11,688 3,272 27.99 0 0 8,416 72.01 0 0.00Texas 67,273 12,305 18.29 30 0.04 54,850 81.53 88 0.13U.S. Virgin Islands 

303 149 49.17 0 0 54 17.82 100 33.00

Utah 34,360 30,281 88.13 0 0 4,079 11.87 0 0.00
29

Overview Table 3: Provisional Voting

Total 

Ballots 

Submitted

Counted Full Ballot Counted Partial Ballot Rejected Other

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. 

Vermont 11 2 18.18 0 0 3 27.27 6 54.55

Virginia 13,100 3,534 26.98 0 0 9,566 73.02 0 0.00Washington 6,179 3,358 54.35 0 0 1,653 26.75 1,168 18.90West Virginia 3,285 2,294 69.83 0 0 807 24.57 184 5.60Wisconsin 752 152 20.21 0 0 600 79.79 0 0.00Wyoming 48 20 41.67 0 0 28 58.33 0 0.00U.S. TOTAL 2,460,421 1,534,448 62.37 214,435 8.72 615,528 25.02 96,010 3.90
30

Overview Table 3 Calculation Notes

(1) Total Ballots Submitted uses question E1a(2) % Counted Full Ballot, Total uses question E1b(3) % Counted Full Ballot, Pct uses question E1b divided by question E1a(4) % Counted Part Ballot, Total uses question E1c (5) % Counted Part Ballot, Pct uses question E1c divided by question E1a(6) % Rejected Ballot, Total uses question E1d(7) % Rejected Ballot, Pct uses question E1d divided by question E1a(8) % Other, Total uses question E1a minus the sum of question E1b, E1c and E1d(9) % Other, Pct uses question E1a minus the sum of question E1b, E1c and E1d, all divided by question E1a

Overview Table 3 Data Notes

Alabama: did not report number of partially or fully counted provisional ballots (items E1b and E1c)Idaho: did not provide information about provisional voting. This state reported: “Idaho is not required to use provisional ballots due to election day registration and being NVRA exempt” Kansas: reported ballots fully counted and partially counted together in the category “Counted Partial Ballot” (item E1c). Minnesota: did not provide information about provisional voting. This state reported: “Minnesota does not have provisional ballots”North Dakota: does not have voter registration.New Hampshire: did not provide information about provisional voting.
31

Overview Table 4: Voting Technology

Total Voting 

Equipment, 

All Types

DRE Hybrid DRE/Optical Scan Optical or Digital Scan Other

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. 

Alabama 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

Alaska 902 448 49.67 0 0 317 35.14 137 15.19Arizona 9,864 1,274 12.92 388 3.93 8,192 83.05 10 0.10Arkansas 5,180 2,876 55.52 1,107 21.37 990 19.11 207 4.00California 47,360 18,596 39.27 1,493 3.15 27,107 57.24 164 0.35Colorado 1,567 1,286 82.07 0 0 281 17.93 0 0.00Connecticut 744 0 0 744 100 0 0 0 0.00Delaware 1,383 1,376 99.49 0 0 4 0.29 3 0.22District of Columbia 

539 0 0 376 69.76 163 30.24 0 0.00

Florida 74,297 2,562 3.45 2,418 3.25 68,791 92.59 526 0.71Georgia 27,886 27,886 100 0 0 0 0 0 0.00Guam 1 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0.00Hawaii 684 342 50 0 0 342 50 0 0.00Idaho 1,295 75 5.79 733 56.6 0 0 487 37.61Illinois 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .Indiana 19,866 8,632 43.45 8,346 42.01 2,873 14.46 15 0.08Iowa 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .Kansas 5,872 4,918 83.75 626 10.66 207 3.53 121 2.06Kentucky 11,685 4,224 36.15 0 0 7,461 63.85 0 0.00Louisiana 9,597 8,926 93.01 0 0 93 0.97 578 6.02Maine 6,971 0 0 0 0 6,185 88.72 786 11.28Maryland 2,517 0 0 0 0 2,517 100 0 0.00Massachusetts 3,763 0 0 1,664 44.22 2,099 55.78 0 0.00Michigan 8,257 0 0 3,447 41.75 4,810 58.25 0 0.00
32

Overview Table 4: Voting Technology

Total Voting 

Equipment, 

All Types

DRE Hybrid DRE/Optical Scan Optical or Digital Scan Other

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. 

Minnesota 38,315 0 0 2,909 7.59 35,167 91.78 239 0.62

Mississippi 7,556 7,246 95.9 233 3.08 77 1.02 0 0.00Missouri 26,409 3,216 12.18 0 0 22,936 86.85 257 0.97Montana 4,738 0 0 435 9.18 4,098 86.49 205 4.33Nebraska 1,312 0 0 1,109 84.53 203 15.47 0 0.00Nevada 6,620 6,586 99.49 0 0 34 0.51 0 0.00New Hampshire 10,954 0 0 0 0 9,602 87.66 1,352 12.34New Jersey 11,408 11,368 99.65 0 0 40 0.35 0 0.00New Mexico 1,737 0 0 0 0 1,737 100 0 0.00New York 12,651 0 0 4,958 39.19 7,693 60.81 0 0.00North Carolina 11,690 7,567 64.73 1,694 14.49 2,429 20.78 0 0.00North Dakota 684 0 0 0 0 385 56.29 299 43.71Ohio 36,839 21,930 59.53 567 1.54 13,983 37.96 359 0.97Oklahoma 21,737 0 0 0 0 21,737 100 0 0.00Oregon 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .Pennsylvania 24,424 23,265 95.25 1,159 4.75 0 0 0 0.00Puerto Rico 11,032 0 0 0 0 11,032 100 0 0.00Rhode Island 5,172 0 0 0 0 4,710 91.07 462 8.93South Carolina 11,732 11,686 99.61 0 0 46 0.39 0 0.00South Dakota 750 0 0 653 87.07 97 12.93 0 0.00Tennessee 10,641 8,672 81.5 317 2.98 1,652 15.52 0 0.00Texas 49,842 35,025 70.27 965 1.94 13,576 27.24 276 0.55U.S. Virgin Islands 

72 0 0 72 100 0 0 0 0.00

Utah 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .
33

Overview Table 4: Voting Technology

Total Voting 

Equipment, 

All Types

DRE Hybrid DRE/Optical Scan Optical or Digital Scan Other

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. 

Vermont 1,122 0 0 0 0 210 18.72 912 81.28

Virginia 13,593 1,422 10.46 0 0 12,171 89.54 0 0.00Washington 141 27 19.15 43 30.5 71 50.35 0 0.00West Virginia 5,323 3,647 68.51 554 10.41 1,103 20.72 19 0.36Wisconsin 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .Wyoming 1,156 302 26.12 363 31.4 491 42.47 0 0.00U.S. TOTAL 567,880 225,381 39.69 37,373 6.58 297,712 52.43 7,414 1.31
34

Overview Table 4 Calculation Notes

(1) Sum of All Voting Equipment uses the sum of questions: F7a_Number, F7b_Number, F7c_Number, F7d_NumCounters, F7d_NumBooths, F7e_NumCounters, F7e_NumBooths, F7f_Number, F7g_Number, F7h_Number and F7i_Number; this sum will be referred to as the “grand sum” in the following notes.(2) DRE, Total uses the sum of questions F7a_Number and F7b_Number(3) DRE, Pct uses the sum of questions F7a_Number and F7b_Number divided by the grand sum(4) Hybrid of DRE / Optical Scan, Total uses question F7c_Number(5) Hybrid of DRE / Optical Scan, Pct uses question F7c_Number divided by the grand sum(6) Optical or Digital Scan, Total uses the sum of question F7d_NumCounters and F7d_NumBooths(7) Optical or Digital Scan, Pct uses the sum of question F7d_NumCounters and F7d_NumBooths divided by the grand sum

Overview Table 4 Data Notes

General note: the category “Other” includes all other voting systems not listed in the other columns, such as: punch card, lever and hand-counted paper ballots.Alabama, Illinois, Iowa, Oregon, Utah and Wisconsin: did not report information about voting technology used in the Presidential Election.
NATIONAL VOTER

REGISTRATION ACT (NVRA)

SURVEY FINDINGS 

NATIONAL VOTER

REGISTRATION ACT (NVRA) 

SURVEY FINDINGS 

U.S. ELECTION

ASSISTANCE

COMMISSION

T H E E L E C T I O N 

A D M I N I S T R AT I O N 

AND VOTING

SURVEY

37

Introduction

Voter registration is perhaps the most complex aspect of election administration. Once the 

rules have been established regarding who is eligible to vote—in the United States, this 

is typically all citizens who are ages 18 and older who are not convicted felons or currently 

incarcerated—there has to be a process for ensuring that only eligible individuals vote and that 

each person only votes once. Voter registration is the process by which a person’s eligibility 

to vote is confirmed and his or her place of residence is established. Voter registration also 

serves to assign each voter to a precinct—a geographic area where all individuals are eligible 

to vote for the same candidates and issues on a ballot—so that he or she receives the correct 

ballot in the election. The voter registration system tracks each voter’s electoral participation 

so that an individual can be given credit for voting in an election, which ensures each person 

casts only one ballot per election.

Figure 1: The Registration Process

The National Voter Registration Act (NVRA)

ELECTION

PROCESS

• Modes of

Registration

Voter Submits

Registration

Valid Registrants

Added toDatabase

Voter Registration

Database Updated

Registration

Form Reviewed

Voter Registration

Database Checked

for Accuracy

Registration

• Valid

• Invalid

• Active

• Inactive

Registration
38

The primary Federal law governing voter registration in the United States is the National Voter 

Registration Act (NVRA). In the NVRA, Congress provides a clear statement regarding the 

importance of voter registration. Specifically, Congress finds that:

(1) the right of citizens of the United States to vote is a fundamental right; 

(2) it is the duty of the Federal, State, and local governments to promote the exercise 

of that right; and 

(3) discriminatory and unfair registration laws and procedures can have a direct 

and damaging effect on voter participation in elections for Federal office and 

disproportionately harm voter participation by various groups, including racial 

minorities.1

The primary purposes of the NVRA are: 

(1) to establish procedures that will increase the number of eligible citizens who 

register to vote in elections for Federal office; 

(2) to make it possible for Federal, State, and local governments to implement [the 

NVRA] in a manner that enhances the participation of eligible citizens as voters in 

elections for Federal office; 

(3) to protect the integrity of the electoral process; and 

(4) to ensure that accurate and current voter registration rolls are maintained.

The NVRA was fully implemented after the 1994 election in all states. Several states 

are not covered by the NVRA. North Dakota is exempt because it does not have voter 

registration. U.S. territories are also not subject to the NVRA, and the states of Idaho, 

Minnesota, New Hampshire, Wisconsin, and Wyoming are exempt because they had Same 

Day Registration (SDR) in 1994 and continue to make this option available.

The Registration Process 

The NVRA’s first purpose is to expand opportunities for voters to register by creating more 

uniform processes for voter registration and designating more places as voter registration 

agencies. The NVRA requires states and territories to allow people to register to vote through 

four venues: (1) at the state department of motor vehicles (DMV) when a person obtains or 

renews his or her driver’s license, (2) through the mail, using a standard registration form, (3) 

at all offices for state public assistance agencies, and (4) at all offices or agencies that provide 

services to people with disabilities. In addition, states can, at their discretion, designate other 

offices—libraries, public schools and universities—as voter registration agencies.
39

When a person registers to vote, the state checks the registration form to ensure that the 

individual is eligible to vote. This process typically involves requiring the person to demonstrate 

proof of identity and proof of residency. Once the person proves his or her eligibility, he or she 

is added to the voter registration rolls. 

Every person with a valid registration is considered an active, registered voter. However, at 

times, a question arises as to whether a person is still living at the residence where he or she 

is registered to vote. When such situations arise, the state or local election office will send 

the registrant a confirmation of address notice. In many states, if the person fails to return the 

form or the form is returned undeliverable, he or she is placed on a list of inactive voters.

Inactive voters are still part of the voter registration rolls and they are allowed to vote in most 

jurisdictions.2

 However, before they can vote, inactive voters are typically required to show 

approved documentation of their eligibility, most commonly proof that they still reside at the 

address where they registered to vote. In some cases, inactive voters may have to cast a 

provisional ballot when their eligibility cannot be established at the polls on Election Day. 

The NVRA also requires list maintenance. For example, if a registrant fails to return the 

confirmation notice and does not vote in two subsequent Federal elections, he or she might be 

removed from the registration rolls of a particular jurisdiction. In addition, registrants can be 

removed for other reasons like death, request by the registrant to be removed from registration 

rolls, or due to criminal conviction or mental incompetence as provided by a state’s laws. 

Registration Rates

The NVRA requires each state and territory to report its number of “registered and eligible” 

voters, as well as the total active and inactive voters, to the EAC. The way in which the number 

of registered voters is reported differs by state. Most states report the number of “registered 

and eligible” voters as the sum of active and inactive voters. Some states consider only active 

voters as registered but may separately provide information about voters on the inactive list. 

In some states, local jurisdictions within a state differ in how they report registration. These 

distinctions are important to recognize when interpreting EAVS data on voter registration. 

For the 2016 Presidential election, states reported that 214,109,360 citizens were registered 

to vote.3

 This represents a 10.6 percent increase in registered voters compared with the 2012 

Presidential election. Nationally, 86.7 percent of all registrants are considered active voters, 

and 8.7 percent are on an inactive voter registration list.4
40

Figure 2. Percentage of Active and Inactive Voters per State5
41

Sources of Registrations

Between 2014 and 2016, U.S. states and territories reported receiving a total of 77,516,592 

registration applications.6

 NVRA requires states to provide several options for registering to 

vote. As reported in Table 1, the DMV was the most common source of registration for the 

2016 Presidential election. The four major sources of registration—DMV, mail, in person, and 

online—accounted for nearly 80 percent of registrations. The remaining applications were from 

sources such as registration drives by political parties (3.4 percent), agencies designated by 

each particular state (2.1 percent), and Armed Forces recruiting offices (0.1 percent), among 

others.

Table 1. Registrations Received by Source of Registration

Registrations Received

Total Percentage 

Department of Motor Vehicles 25,373,246 32.7%

Online 13,485,127 17.4%

Mail, Email, Fax 13,407,280 17.3%

Other 11,827,506 15.3%

In Person at Local Election 

Office 9,424,298 12.2%

When comparing the modes that Americans used to register for the 2016 Presidential 

election with those used in previous election years, a few differences stand out. First, 

internet applications constituted only 6.5 percent total registrations in the 2014 election, 

but accounted for 17.4 percent of registrations in the 2016 Presidential election. Since its 

inception, the act of registering to vote online has grown in popularity as it has been adopted 

by more states. The DMV still receives the most registration applications (32.7 percent), but 

other registration methods, like mail and in person registration, have declined in use since the 

2012 Presidential election. Figure 3 shows the percentage of registration forms from various 

sources for the previous three Federal election cycles.

A good example of a state whose registration numbers track the national registration trend is 

Kansas (NVRA Table 2a). The largest percentages of registration forms came from the DMV 

(39.2 percent), mail (14 percent), in person (11.6 percent), and the internet (19.9 percent, 

nearly double the previous Presidential election). 
42

Figure 3. Percentage of Registrations Received by Source and Year

15

16

20

17

7

5

17

16

23

12

11

16

33

35

32

5 10 15 20 25 30 35

% of registrations

Other

Online

Mail

In Person

DMV

2012 2014

2016

Although Kansas is an example of a typical state when it comes to voter registration, several 

states have very different patterns of registration. For example, Mississippi reported receiving 

most of its registrations in person (44.7 percent) and by mail (32.5 percent), with DMV 

applications representing just 11.1 percent of the total (less than half the national average). In 

Nevada (24.3 percent) and Colorado (12.6 percent), the rate of registrations coming from voter 

registration drives and political parties was more than three times higher than the national 

average (3.4 percent). The data in these two states suggest that political parties and other 

organizations are more active in collecting registration applications from citizens, reducing 

the percentage of registrations coming from other popular application methods, like mail or in 

person registration.

Voter Registration Forms Processed

There are several reasons why citizens decide to complete the registration process, such as 

registering for the first time in a jurisdiction, change of address, change of name, or change 

of party affiliation. States and territories were asked to report on the types of applications 

they processed from each of the available sources during the 2016 election cycle (Figure 4). 

These data show that only 37.3 percent of voter registration forms processed nationally were 

new, valid registrations. Most valid registrations that are processed are changes to existing 

registrations; for example, changes of address within a jurisdiction (39.7 percent). In 2016, 

cross-jurisdiction changes of address accounted for 5.9 percent of applications. Some states 

also allowed citizens who turned 18 years old before or on Election Day to pre-register so 

that they could vote in the general election, but these pre-registrations only accounted for 

0.5 percent of registrations in the 33 states and territories that reported having this type of 
43

registration. Combined, duplicate and invalid registrations constituted 10.3 percent of the total 

applications received.

Figure 4. Percentage of Applications by Outcome

Valid, Rejected, and Duplicate Registration Forms 

Although millions of registration forms are received each year, not all of them are accepted. 

Once the registration applications are received, the election officials from the corresponding 

jurisdiction examine the application and decide whether or not the citizen meets eligibility 

requirements. States and territories reported processing 77,516,596 applications, 83.4 

percent of which were accepted by election officials.7

Almost 8 million registration applications for the 2016 Presidential election were not 

accepted as valid (10.3 percent of the total registrations received).8

 This is a decrease of 

about 700,000 compared to the 2012 Presidential election, when 13.9 percent of the total 

registration applications were not valid. The reasons to categorize a registration as not 

valid were that either (1) the registration was a duplicate (registrant already submitted an 

application or was registered in the jurisdiction), or (2) the registration was rejected by the 

election officials for not complying with eligibility rules.9

Figure 5 shows the registration sources that accounted for the most rejected and duplicate 

registrations in 2016. Motor vehicle offices were responsible for 32.1 percent of all new valid 

registrations and only 14.9 percent of invalid registrations. However, one-third of all duplicate 

registrations originate from a DMV. The high percentage of duplicate registrations originating 

from a DMV suggests that many are not able to see in real time if a person is already 

registered to vote at a given address and are processing applications for individuals who are 

already registered in a jurisdiction. 
44

Figure 5. Source of Registration Applications by Outcome

15

24

10

14

8

15

18

15

14

9

7

11

33

15

32

5 10 15 20 25 30 35

% of registrations by outcome

Other

Online

Mail

In Person

DMV

New Valid Rejected

Duplicate

Online voter registration also has a low percentage of invalid registrations (8.2 percent) 

compared to its percentage of valid registrations (15 percent). However, as is the case with 

state DMVs, many online voter registration systems do not seem to inform registered voters 

that they already have a valid registration. In person and mail registrations show similar 

rates between valid, invalid, and duplicate registration processed. Sources of registration 

categorized as “Other” accounted for about 10 percent of the total new valid registrations and 

for one-quarter of the invalid registrations in 2016. However, “Other” encompassed several 

sources and modes of registration, which showed differing rates of invalid registrations (see 

NVRA Table 2d). 

It is important to note that each state has its own particularities related to voter registration 

rejection and duplicate rates, making it difficult to assess national-level rates by registration 

source. In some cases, a state did not use a certain mode of registration (e.g., online 

registration) in 2016. In other cases, a state did not classify the source of duplicate and 

rejected applications, making it difficult to track trends in invalid or duplicate registration 

applications.10
45

Figure 6. Percentage of Rejected and Duplicate Registrations

Figure 6 provides information about the percentage of rejected and duplicate registrations in 

each state. It shows that South Dakota (29.9 percent) and Kentucky (32 percent) reported the 

highest percentages of duplicate and rejected registrations. Less than one percent of voter 

registrations in Missouri and Maryland were rejected or had duplicates, and Arkansas and New 

Hampshire reported that less than 0.2 percent of the registrations processed were duplicates. 

List Maintenance

One of the NVRA’s goals is to ensure that voter registration lists are accurate and current. 

In order to facilitate this maintenance, NVRA requires that any change of address submitted 

to a motor vehicle driver’s license agency serve as notification of a change of address 

for voter registration, unless the individual indicates that the change is not for voter 

registration purposes.11 The law also requires states and territories to conduct a uniform and 

nondiscriminatory general program to remove the names of ineligible voters.12 However, states 

and territories have considerable freedom to choose when, where, and how these functions 

are performed. 
46

According to Section 8 of the NVRA, States can only remove registrants from rolls for the 

following reasons:

•	 upon the death of the registrant;

•	 upon the registrant’s written confirmation that his or her address has changed to a 

location outside the registrar’s jurisdiction;

•	 on the registrant’s failure to respond to certain confirmation mailings along with 

failure to appear to vote in two consecutive Federal general elections subsequent to 

the mailing;

•	 on the request of the registrant;

•	 for mental incapacity of the registrant, as provided for in state law; and

•	 on criminal conviction of the registrant, as provided for in state law.

Confirmation Notices 

A central part of voter registration list maintenance is the use of confirmation notices. When a 

state or territory has evidence that a registrant has moved outside the registrar’s jurisdiction, 

the state or local election office is required to start a process of address confirmation. This 

process begins by sending a confirmation notice by mail to the individual, which contains a 

postage-prepaid and pre-addressed return card so that the registrant can confirm his or her 

current address. If the registrant fails to return the completed confirmation notice before the 

registration deadline, the person can be asked to provide proof of address when attempting 

to vote in a Federal election. If the registrant does not to vote in either of the two Federal 

elections after failing to return the confirmation notice, this person can be removed from the 

registration rolls.

The 47 states and territories that responded to this section of the EAVS survey reported 

sending a total of 19,058,066 confirmation notices to registrants during the 2016 election 

cycle (NVRA Table 4a).13 This represents a 1.5 million increase compared to the number of 

confirmation notices sent in the period leading to the 2012 Presidential election. However, only 

41 states reported data about this matter in 2012.

The response rate by registrants to confirmation notices nationwide was 12.8 percent. 

Alabama and Maryland reported response rates of only 0.7 percent and 1.2 percent, 

respectively, whereas Connecticut and South Carolina reported receiving more than 70 percent 

of confirmation notices back from registrants (see NVRA Table 4a).
47

Figure 7. Status of Confirmation Notices Sent

More than 3 million confirmation notices were either returned as undeliverable or the response 

to the confirmation notice was deemed invalid by election officials. However, most confirmation 

notices were categorized as “status unknown” (47 percent, indicating that notices were neither 

returned as undeliverable nor received back from the registrant [Figure 7]). Some states like 

Arizona (48.2 percent) and South Dakota (57.1 percent) reported having more confirmation 

notices returned back as undeliverable than they did in the status unknown category. A total of 

18 states and territories did not report the status of confirmation notices.14

Removal from Voter Rolls

With the implementation of the NVRA in 1994, states are required to have evidence that a 

citizen is no longer living in the jurisdiction where they were registered before removing him 

or her from the registration rolls. From 2014 to 2016, 16,696,470 citizens (8.8 percent of 

all registrants) were removed from state voter registration rolls (NVRA Table 4b). The number 

of registrants removed from rolls between 2014 and 2016 was 1.9 million greater than in 

the same period leading to the 2014 Federal election (i.e., 2012–2014), a 12.8-percent 

increase.15Most states and territories that provided information about the number of citizens 

removed from registration rolls reported removing between 5 and 10 percent of their 

registered voters. At one end of the spectrum was Indiana, which removed 22.4 percent of its 

registered voters, and at the other extreme was New Mexico, which reported removing only 0.2 

percent of its registered voters.
48

Figure 8. Percentage of Voters Removed from Registration Rolls

The most common reason for a registrant’s removal from the rolls was cross-jurisdiction 

change of address (31.1 percent), followed by the NVRA process of failing to respond to 

a confirmation notice and not voting in the following two Federal elections (26.1 percent). 

These two reasons accounted for 9,546,871registrant removals. Although the total number of 

registrants removed from the rolls increased, the reasons for removing voters were similar in 

2016 to what was reported in the 2012 Presidential election. Overall, 4,110,047 registrants 

(24.6 percent) were removed due to death. Felony conviction—a disqualifier in most states 

and territories— was the reason that 334,253 registrants were removed from the rolls during 

the past election cycle, representing only 2 percent of removals. At the state level, however, 

we find cases like that of New Mexico, which reported that the main reason for removing 

voters from rolls was felony, accounting for 48.5 percent of the 2,993 removals in that state. 

Other reasons for removing voters from the rolls included requests by voters and mental 

incompetence, which accounted for a combined 1.9 percent for the removals at the national 

level.

Delaware removed registrants from its registration rolls at a rate similar to the national 

average. It reported that the main reason for removal was cross-jurisdiction change of address 

(38.8 percent) followed by failure to vote and return a certification notice (30.1 percent) and 

death of the registrant (27 percent). In general, felony and mental incompetency represented 

a small portion of the reason for voter removal in this state (3.7 percent) and at the national 

level (2.1 percent).
49

Figure 9. Reason for Removal from Registration Rolls

State Registration Policies 

Same Day Registration (SDR)

EAC asked states and territories to provide information on voters who register to vote and 

cast their ballots on the same day. Same Day Registration (SDR) depends on local laws and, 

thus, is only allowed in some states and territories. Moreover, those states and territories 

that allow SDR vary widely in the application of this measure. For example, states like Idaho, 

Minnesota, New Hampshire, Wisconsin, and Wyoming allow SDR for all citizens of age meeting 

the requirements to register. On the other hand, some states allow SDR only for particular 

elections (e.g., Rhode Island only allows SDR for President and Vice President), or particular 

subsets of the population (e.g., UOCAVA voters, recently discharged from the military). Table 5 

in the Appendix shows the distribution of SDR categories across U.S. states and territories for 

the 2016 Presidential election.

It is also important to note that SDR is defined here as the ability to register to vote on a day 

when it is also possible to cast a ballot. In most cases, Election Day is not the only day that 

citizens are allowed to vote. Many states (e.g., Illinois and Iowa) have an overlap between the 

date when registration closes and the date when early voting starts, so that there are days 

when citizens can both register and cast a ballot.

For the 2016 Presidential election, a total of 1,289,578 voters registered to vote on a day 

when casting a ballot was allowed (1.7 percent of the total registrations were SDR). Twenty-two 

states and territories reported having such voters; however, the number of registrations using 

this method varied widely across states. For example, Idaho reported registering 131,455 

citizens on a voting day (14 percent of the state’s total registrations). Nebraska, which allows 

citizens to register to vote and vote early on the same day during the period between the 

opening of early voting and the close of in-person voter registration, had only 1,237 voters use 
50

SDR (0.1 percent of the state’s total). Among those states that allowed SDR to all citizens, 

those that do not follow the NVRA and have maintained this registration option for decades 

(Idaho, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) were among the states that 

reported the highest rates of SDR (Figure 10.)

Figure 10. Percentage of Same Day Registrations (SDR) in non-NVRA States

Internet Registration 

As of January 27, 2017, 35 states offered online registration; four other states had enacted 

legislation to create online voter registration systems, but had not yet implemented them. 

Online voter registration systems are intended to supplement the traditional paper-based 

process. In general, instead of filling out a paper application, the voter uses a website or 

phone app to complete a form that is then submitted electronically to election officials. 

The review process for those applications completed online follows a series of steps. First, the 

application is reviewed electronically and, if it is valid, the person is added to the state’s voter 

registration list. Typically, the validation process compares the data from the online registration 

form with driver’s license records (or state-issued identification card records). The driver’s 

license signature becomes the signature on record for voting. If the information does not 

match, the application is reviewed for further action.16

There was a notable increase in the number of online registrations received in the 2016 

election cycle. A total of 13,485,127 registrations was received electronically (17.4 percent 

of the total registrations), a marked growth over the rate in 2012 (5.3 percent). Online 

applications were also rejected at a lower rate, as online applications only accounted for 8.3 

percent of the total registrations deemed invalid. 
51

When looking at the total results for internet registrations received for the 2016 Presidential 

election, Arizona is one of the states where internet registrations account for a large portion 

of the total registrations processed. Arizona reported that 40.5 percent of the registration 

applications they received were from the internet. This report is not surprising considering that 

Arizona was the first state to implement internet registration in 2002.

Automatic Registration

On January 1, 2016, Oregon became the first state to implement a program of automatic 

registration. The main difference of this program compared to those in place in the rest of 

states and territories is that Oregon’s registration program now uses an opt-out instead of 

opt-in method. This opt-out rule means that when Oregonians who meet eligibility criteria 

for registering to vote use the services of designated state offices (e.g., motor vehicle 

department),s they are automatically registered to vote without the need to complete an 

application. Once the automatic registration occurs, the Oregon Election Division sends a letter 

to the citizen offering three options:

1. do nothing and remain registered as a non-affiliated voter;

2. choose a political party by filling and returning an enclosed postcard; or

3. choose to opt out and decline to register to vote by returning an enclosed postcard.

If the voter does not return the enclosed post card to opt out within 21 days, he or she is 

considered as registered to vote. But, if an individual is already registered to vote, no action is 

taken.

Since Oregon’s DMV requires proof of legal status in order to issue a driver’s license or ID 

card, the DMV can distinguish between those persons who are U.S. citizens and those who 

provide the information to the Elections Division to add them to the system and send them a 

voter registration mailing.

During the two years leading to the 2016 Presidential election, Oregon has seen a 14-percent 

increase in the number of citizens registered to vote compared to the past two Federal 

elections. The number of citizens registered in the 2012 and 2014 Federal elections was 

about 2.2 million, and it increased to more than 2.5 million for the 2016 Presidential election. 

Data Sharing

The Electronic Registration Information Center (ERIC) is a non-profit corporation governed by 

a board of directors drawn from its 21 member states (including the District of Columbia). 

The goal of ERIC is to assist states in identifying inaccurate or out-of-date voter registration 

records, as well as reach out to eligible but unregistered residents. Members of ERIC submit 

their voter registration and motor vehicle license data, which include names, addresses, date 

of birth, and the last four digits of their social security number. Before personally identifiable 
52

information (PII) are transmitted to ERIC, these data are anonymized by states in a way in 

which privacy is maintained but which can still be used in the ERIC data-matching process. 

At the end of this matching process, states are provided several reports, including (1) of voters 

who have potentially moved, (2) of voters who have potentially died, and (3) of voters who are 

potentially eligible to vote but are unregistered. States can then begin the process of updating 

problematic voter registrations or encouraging eligible individuals to register to vote. A number 

of states also participate in the Interstate Voter Registration Crosscheck, which is used to 

identify possible double registrations and double votes.
53

Endnotes

1 52 U.S.C. §20501

2 Jurisdictions in some states (e.g., Wyoming) do not include inactive voters as “those people registered and 

eligible to vote.”

3 The states and territories that did not provide information are North Dakota (does not require voters to 

register) and American Samoa (did not complete the EAVS).

4 Not all jurisdictions reported the number of active and inactive voters. Thus, the total number of active and 

inactive voters does not add up to the total registered voters.

5 The sum of active (item A3a) and inactive (item a3b) voters did not equal the total registrants (item A1a) 

reported by AL, LA, and TX. Also, SC reported a number of inactive voters (275,292) even though the state 

does not consider inactive voters as registered and report the same number for active and registered voters 

(3,157,027).

6 This number includes both valid and invalid registration applications.

7 Only those registrations in the categories “new valid registration,” “change of address” (within jurisdiction 

and cross jurisdiction), and “pre-registrations” are included as valid in this case, as the category “other” 

contains cases of both valid and invalid registrations.

8 Some jurisdictions did not report if the registration applications they received were valid or not. Thus, the 

sum of valid and not valid applications does not add up the total number of registrations received (about 6 

percent of registrations were not categorized.)

9 The survey did not ask states and territories to provide the reasons for these rejections.

10 The states of KS, NH, and OR did not report the source of invalid registrations, whereas GU, MS, UT, WI, 

and WV did not report the source of duplicate registrations, and CT, ID, PR, RI, SC, VI, and WY did not report 

the source of either duplicated or invalid registrations (ND does not use voter registration).

11 52 U.S.C. §20501

12 52 U.S.C. §20507

13 There was no information about confirmation notice’s use from AS, DC, IN, KY, PR, RI, WI or ND (does not 

have voter registration).

14 DC, IA, ID, IN, KY, LA, MA, MN, MS, NC, NJ, OR, PR, RI, VT, WI, and WY did not provide the status of the 

confirmation notices sent. ND does not use confirmation notices as they do not require a voter’s registration.

15 Fifty states provided data about voters’ removal from rolls in the 2014–2016 period compared to the 48 

states that provided the data for the 2012–2014 stretch, thus, accounting for some of the increase in this 

topic. However, the increase was much larger than what could be expected for the addition of the data for two 

states.

16 Information retrieved from the National Council of State Legislatures (NCSL), http://www.ncsl.org/

research/elections-and-campaigns/electronic-or-online-voter-registration.aspx
54

NVRA Appendix A: NVRA Tables
55

NVRA Table 1: Registration History

State Year CVAP total Reported registrations Reported registration % of CVAP Ranking of % of CVAP Total Active + Inactive Registrations Active Registrations (total) Active Registrations (% of total) Inactive Registrations (total) Inactive Registrations (% of total)

Alabama 2016 3,620,994 3,333,946 92.07 27 3,189,293 3,049,655 91.47 139,638 4.19

2014 3,600,135 2,986,782 82.96 37 2,986,782 2,873,356 96.2 113,426 3.8

2012 3,544,659 3,162,135 89.21 25 3,162,135 2,833,938 89.62 328,197 10.382010 3,481,374 2,964,070 85.14 38 2,964,070 2,586,282 87.25 377,788 12.752008 3,437,238 2,978,339 86.65 34 2,978,339 2,806,671 94.24 171,668 5.76

Alaska 2016 523,747 587,303 112.13 2 587,303 528,671 90.02 58,632 9.98

2014 519,016 574,441 110.68 1 574,441 509,011 88.61 65,430 11.39

2012 503,361 579,304 115.09 2 579,304 506,432 87.42 72,872 12.58

2010 483,060 560,146 115.96 2 560,146 494,876 88.35 65,270 11.65

2008 483,534 495,731 102.52 2 570,666 495,731 100 74,935 15.12

American Samoa 2016 . . . . . . . . .

2014 . 16,776 . . 16,776 16,776 100 0 0

2012 . 17,764 . . 17,764 17,764 100 0 0

2010 . 16,124 . . 16,124 16,124 100 0 0

2008 . 16,780 . . 16,780 16,780 100 0 0

Arizona 2016 4,526,594 4,080,680 90.15 31 4,080,680 3,589,084 87.95 491,596 12.05

2014 4,444,236 3,802,786 85.57 30 3,802,786 3,235,901 85.09 566,885 14.912012 4,285,736 3,725,362 86.92 34 3,725,362 3,124,712 83.88 600,650 16.122010 4,110,889 3,502,743 85.21 37 3,502,743 3,146,418 89.83 356,325 10.172008 4,182,834 2,987,451 71.42 46 3,441,141 2,987,451 100 453,690 15.19

Arkansas 2016 2,164,083 1,765,513 81.58 47 1,765,513 1,422,393 80.57 343,120 19.43

2014 2,152,344 1,695,208 78.76 43 1,695,208 1,453,485 85.74 241,723 14.262012 2,126,799 1,610,364 75.72 46 1,610,364 1,282,491 79.64 327,873 20.362010 2,090,151 1,638,135 78.37 45 1,638,135 1,326,681 80.99 311,454 19.01
56

NVRA Table 1: Registration History

State Year CVAP total Reported registrations Reported registration % of CVAP Ranking of % of CVAP Total Active + Inactive Registrations Active Registrations (total) Active Registrations (% of total) Inactive Registrations (total) Inactive Registrations (% of total)

2008 2,074,761 1,684,240 81.18 40 1,684,240 1,364,741 81.03 319,499 18.97

California 2016 24,280,349 24,486,638 100.85 7 24,501,602 19,435,856 79.37 5,065,746 20.69

2014 23,881,288 18,139,232 75.96 45 23,110,142 17,785,312 98.05 5,324,830 29.36

2012 23,072,672 18,996,338 82.33 43 25,599,182 18,255,385 96.1 7,343,797 38.662010 22,329,319 17,299,348 77.47 46 23,666,464 17,299,348 100 6,367,117 36.812008 22,944,128 17,394,200 75.81 44 23,424,160 17,394,226 100 6,029,935 34.67

Colorado 2016 3,750,953 3,840,303 102.38 3 3,840,303 3,336,663 86.89 503,640 13.11

2014 3,679,122 3,649,105 99.18 3 3,649,105 2,889,034 79.17 760,071 20.832012 3,541,578 3,651,091 103.09 3 3,651,091 2,612,360 71.55 1038731 28.452010 3,403,804 3,293,942 96.77 9 3,293,942 2,477,202 75.2 816,740 24.8

2008 3,395,483 3,214,382 94.67 14 3,214,382 2,645,793 82.31 568,589 17.69

Connecticut 2016 2,574,178 2,331,684 90.58 29 2,331,684 2,162,797 92.76 168,887 7.24

2014 2,564,233 2,160,979 84.27 33 2,160,979 1,968,094 91.07 192,885 8.93

2012 2,529,371 2,202,278 87.07 33 2,202,278 2,081,650 94.52 120,628 5.48

2010 2,493,096 2,150,633 86.26 35 2,150,633 2,026,874 94.25 123,759 5.75

2008 2,492,127 2,090,788 83.9 37 2,144,301 2,090,788 100 53,513 2.56

Delaware 2016 681,606 675,663 99.13 10 675,663 642,334 95.07 33,329 4.93

2014 674,336 642,022 95.21 9 642,022 596,284 92.88 45,738 7.12

2012 655,782 632,805 96.5 9 632,805 594,200 93.9 38,605 6.1

2010 638,160 623,425 97.69 7 623,425 603,456 96.8 19,969 3.2

2008 626,923 602,726 96.14 10 602,726 560,705 93.03 42,021 6.97

District of Columbia 2016 485,116 493,287 101.68 5 493,287 493,287 100 0 0

2014 475,399 456,633 96.05 7 456,633 456,633 100 0 0

2012 454,205 557,774 122.8 1 557,774 483,600 86.7 74,174 13.3
57

NVRA Table 1: Registration History

State Year CVAP total Reported registrations Reported registration % of CVAP Ranking of % of CVAP Total Active + Inactive Registrations Active Registrations (total) Active Registrations (% of total) Inactive Registrations (total) Inactive Registrations (% of total)

2010 435,873 512,897 117.67 1 512,897 454,695 88.65 58,202 11.35

2008 436,062 426,671 97.85 5 561,671 426,671 100 135,000 31.64

Florida 2016 13,933,052 13,505,571 96.93 16 13,505,571 12,853,866 95.17 651,705 4.83

2014 13,673,536 12,689,081 92.80 13 12,689,081 11,869,224 93.54 819,857 6.46

2012 13,207,184 11,934,446 90.36 22 11,934,446 11,934,446 100 0 0

2010 12,812,527 12,551,969 97.97 6 12,551,969 11,228,681 89.46 1,323,288 10.54

2008 12,732,631 12,562,978 98.67 4 12,562,978 11,251,114 89.56 1,311,864 10.44

Georgia 2016 6,978,660 6,657,621 95.4 20 6,657,621 5,463,014 82.06 1,194,607 17.94

2014 6,882,879 6,029,703 87.6 25 6,029,703 5,158,372 85.55 871,331 14.452012 6,693,989 6,050,050 90.38 21 6,036,864 5,389,596 89.08 647,268 10.7

2010 6,476,089 5,748,459 88.76 26 5,748,459 5,027,430 87.46 721,029 12.54

2008 6,576,814 5,755,750 87.52 32 5,755,750 5,184,912 90.08 570,838 9.92

Guam 2016 . 51,720 . . 51,720 51,720 100 0 0

2014 . 51,975 . . 51,975 51,975 100 0 0

2012 . 50,701 . . 50,701 50,701 100 0 0

2010 . 52,821 . . 52,821 52,821 100 0 0

2008 . 50,806 . . 50,806 50,806 100 0 0

Hawaii 2016 1,001,729 751,483 75.02 49 751,483 666,573 88.7 84,910 11.3

2014 989,250 708,721 71.64 47 708,721 630,640 88.98 78,081 11.02

2012 962,794 705,668 73.29 47 705,668 638,883 90.54 66,785 9.46

2010 941,595 692,745 73.57 49 690,745 605,532 87.41 85,213 12.3

2008 917,666 691,356 75.34 45 592,119 526,672 76.18 65,447 9.47

Idaho 2016 1,130,550 936,529 82.84 46 936,529 936,529 100 0 0

2014 1,116,710 793,709 71.08 48 793,709 793,709 100 0 0
58

NVRA Table 1: Registration History

State Year CVAP total Reported registrations Reported registration % of CVAP Ranking of % of CVAP Total Active + Inactive Registrations Active Registrations (total) Active Registrations (% of total) Inactive Registrations (total) Inactive Registrations (% of total)

2012 1,087,265 895,834 82.39 42 895,834 895,834 100 0 0

2010 1,056,003 790,531 74.86 48 790,531 790,531 100 0 0

2008 1,043,915 861,869 82.56 39 861,869 861,869 100 0 0

Illinois 2016 8,979,999 8,843,038 98.47 12 8,843,038 8,055,096 91.09 787,942 8.91

2014 8,939,894 8,336,548 93.25 12 8,253,161 7,333,048 87.96 920,113 11.042012 8,826,635 8,116,660 91.96 18 8,551,866 7,505,775 92.47 1046091 12.892010 8,717,363 8,542,380 97.99 5 8,542,380 7,455,059 87.27 1,087,321 12.73

2008 8,908,592 0 0 . 8,895,584 7,600,829 . 1,294,755 .

Indiana 2016 4,801,113 4,839,038 100.79 8 4,839,038 4,149,560 85.75 689,478 14.25

2014 4,773,227 4,587,021 96.1 6 4,587,021 3,855,819 84.06 731,202 15.942012 4,712,808 4,562,268 96.81 8 4,562,268 4,407,876 96.62 154,392 3.38

2010 4,649,341 4,329,977 93.13 15 4,329,977 4,196,884 96.93 133,093 3.07

2008 4,631,777 4,515,057 97.48 6 4,515,057 4,137,606 91.64 377,451 8.36

Iowa 2016 2,285,126 2,222,380 97.25 14 2,222,380 2,047,368 92.13 175,012 7.87

2014 2,273,765 2,142,572 94.23 11 2,142,572 1,937,709 90.44 204,863 9.56

2012 2,249,702 2,236,068 99.39 5 2,169,779 1,960,086 87.66 209,693 9.38

2010 2,222,850 2,116,170 95.2 11 2,116,170 1,984,995 93.8 131,175 6.2

2008 2,217,983 2,143,665 96.65 8 2,143,665 2,003,901 93.48 139,764 6.52

Kansas 2016 2,053,919 1,785,834 86.95 41 1,785,834 1,601,818 89.7 184,016 10.3

2014 2,043,785 1,747,792 85.52 31 1,710,125 1,560,327 89.27 149,798 8.57

2012 2,019,955 1,771,252 87.69 30 0 0 0 0 0

2010 1,989,383 1,725,012 86.71 34 1,725,012 1,580,688 91.63 144,324 8.37

2008 1,998,454 1,749,756 87.56 31 1,749,756 1,579,928 90.29 169,828 9.71

Kentucky 2016 3,297,108 3,306,120 100.27 9 3,306,120 3,306,120 100 0 0
59

NVRA Table 1: Registration History

State Year CVAP total Reported registrations Reported registration % of CVAP Ranking of % of CVAP Total Active + Inactive Registrations Active Registrations (total) Active Registrations (% of total) Inactive Registrations (total) Inactive Registrations (% of total)

2014 3,281,582 3,147,100 95.9 8 3,227,461 3,147,100 100 80,361 2.55

2012 3,238,364 3,037,153 93.79 15 3,128,264 3,037,153 100 91,111 3

2010 3,189,843 2,885,775 90.47 21 3,024,241 2,880,155 99.81 144,086 4.99

2008 3,174,252 2,906,809 91.57 20 3,045,858 2,906,809 100 139,049 4.78

Louisiana 2016 3,410,634 3,058,741 89.68 34 3,023,241 2,891,902 94.55 131,339 4.29

2014 3,385,548 2,935,692 86.71 28 2,935,692 2,772,069 94.43 163,623 5.57

2012 3,323,626 2,965,751 89.23 24 2,965,751 2,786,355 93.95 179,396 6.05

2010 3,241,183 2,935,062 90.56 20 2,935,062 2,711,974 92.4 223,088 7.6

2008 3,174,725 2,942,160 92.67 17 2,942,160 2,714,586 92.27 227,574 7.73

Maine 2016 1,048,274 1,065,100 101.61 6 1,065,100 1,059,270 99.45 5,830 0.55

2014 1,044,335 1,014,674 97.16 5 1,014,674 989,331 97.5 25,343 2.5

2012 1,038,188 1,026,086 98.83 6 1,026,086 984,750 95.97 41,336 4.03

2010 1,029,240 1,028,501 99.93 4 1,028,501 984,455 95.72 44,046 4.28

2008 1,018,687 1,065,064 104.55 1 1,065,064 987,431 92.71 77,633 7.29

Maryland 2016 4,182,241 3,900,090 93.25 25 3,900,090 3,900,090 100 0 0

2014 4,142,452 3,701,666 89.36 20 3,701,665 3,701,665 100 0 0

2012 4,045,434 3,694,658 91.33 20 3,694,658 3,694,658 100 0 0

2010 3,964,251 3,468,287 87.49 31 3,468,287 3,468,287 100 0 0

2008 3,971,433 3,432,645 86.43 35 3,641,728 3,432,645 100 209,083 6.09

Massachusetts 2016 4,850,598 4,534,974 93.49 24 4,534,974 3,994,635 88.09 540,339 11.91

2014 4,799,876 4,301,118 89.61 19 4,301,118 3,769,892 87.65 531,226 12.35

2012 4,698,978 4,340,000 92.36 17 4,340,000 3,670,305 84.57 669,695 15.43

2010 4,602,185 4,121,180 89.55 23 4,121,180 3,684,321 89.4 436,859 10.6

2008 4,667,918 4,220,488 90.41 26 4,220,488 3,883,031 92 337,457 8
60

NVRA Table 1: Registration History

State Year CVAP total Reported registrations Reported registration % of CVAP Ranking of % of CVAP Total Active + Inactive Registrations Active Registrations (total) Active Registrations (% of total) Inactive Registrations (total) Inactive Registrations (% of total)

Michigan 2016 7,380,136 7,514,055 101.81 4 7,514,055 6,748,385 89.81 765,670 10.19

2014 7,347,661 7,446,280 101.34 2 7,446,280 6,578,733 88.35 867,547 11.652012 7,293,126 7,454,553 102.21 4 7,454,553 6,537,332 87.7 917,221 12.3

2010 7,266,065 7,276,237 100.14 3 7,276,237 7,276,237 100 0 0

2008 7,379,745 7,470,764 101.23 3 7,470,764 7,470,764 100 0 0

Minnesota 2016 3,950,807 3,473,972 87.93 39 3,473,972 3,473,972 100 0 0

2014 3,920,514 3,197,751 81.56 39 3,197,751 3,197,751 100 0 0

2012 3,850,635 3,387,783 87.98 29 3,387,783 3,387,783 100 0 0

2010 3,783,732 3,220,844 85.12 39 3,220,844 3,220,844 100 0 0

2008 3,781,858 3,472,312 91.81 18 3,472,312 3,472,312 100 0 0

Mississippi 2016 2,210,424 2,072,395 93.76 23 2,072,395 1,888,433 91.12 183,962 8.88

2014 2,201,531 1,484,859 67.45 49 1,528,686 1,423,206 95.85 105,480 7.1

2012 2,174,109 1,399,209 64.36 49 1,398,591 1,328,196 94.92 70,395 5.03

2010 2,146,421 1,978,463 92.17 17 1,729,159 1,624,981 82.13 104,178 5.27

2008 2,127,914 1,068,776 50.23 49 1,103,088 1,033,228 96.67 69,860 6.54

Missouri 2016 4,525,035 4,215,860 93.17 26 4,215,860 3,812,576 90.43 403,284 9.57

2014 4,502,998 4,090,939 90.85 16 4,090,939 3,627,153 88.66 463,786 11.342012 4,445,706 4,191,778 94.29 14 4,191,778 3,738,791 89.19 452,987 10.812010 4,384,196 4,137,495 94.37 12 4,137,495 3,674,460 88.81 463,035 11.192008 4,367,368 4,154,113 95.12 12 4,154,113 3,770,193 90.76 383,920 9.24

Montana 2016 781,250 694,370 88.88 36 694,370 574,334 82.71 120,036 17.29

2014 774,019 674,264 87.11 27 674,264 555,005 82.31 119,259 17.692012 759,474 681,608 89.75 23 681,608 553,048 81.14 128,560 18.862010 742,844 651,335 87.68 30 651,335 549,683 84.39 101,652 15.61
61

NVRA Table 1: Registration History

State Year CVAP total Reported registrations Reported registration % of CVAP Ranking of % of CVAP Total Active + Inactive Registrations Active Registrations (total) Active Registrations (% of total) Inactive Registrations (total) Inactive Registrations (% of total)

2008 729,754 668,085 91.55 21 668,085 562,141 84.14 105,944 15.86

Nebraska 2016 1,333,860 1,211,101 90.8 28 1,211,101 1,091,951 90.16 119,150 9.84

2014 1,324,464 1,160,169 87.6 26 1,160,167 1,017,575 87.71 142,592 12.292012 1,305,336 1,163,871 89.16 26 1,163,871 1,035,285 88.95 128,586 11.052010 1,284,814 1,142,247 88.9 25 1,142,247 1,020,637 89.35 121,610 10.652008 1,277,174 1,157,034 90.59 24 1,157,034 1,157,034 100 0 0

Nevada 2016 1,863,799 1,678,883 90.08 32 1,678,883 1,468,559 87.47 210,324 12.53

2014 1,830,238 1,476,337 80.66 41 1,476,337 1,212,051 82.1 264,286 17.9

2012 1,764,037 1,258,409 71.34 48 1,497,822 1,258,409 100 239,413 19.032010 1,701,526 1,375,848 80.86 42 1,371,346 1,114,395 81 256,951 18.682008 1,667,936 1,446,538 86.73 33 1,447,046 1,208,382 83.54 238,664 16.5

New Hampshire 2016 1,020,130 988,398 96.89 17 988,398 988,398 100 0 0

2014 1,013,648 877,514 86.57 29 877,514 877,514 100 0 0

2012 1,001,684 878,136 87.67 31 878,135 878,135 100 0 0

2010 987,480 945,341 95.73 10 945,341 945,341 100 0 0

2008 989,070 958,528 96.91 7 958,528 958,528 100 0 0

New Jersey 2016 6,053,893 5,751,090 95 21 5,751,090 5,321,542 92.53 429,548 7.47

2014 6,002,841 5,552,481 92.5 14 5,552,481 4,943,194 89.03 609,287 10.97

2012 5,918,655 5,415,639 91.5 19 5,415,639 5,016,550 92.63 399,089 7.37

2010 5,838,036 5,135,830 87.97 29 5,135,830 4,719,468 91.89 416,362 8.11

2008 5,948,987 5,386,427 90.54 25 5,386,415 4,917,772 91.3 468,643 8.7

New Mexico 2016 1,457,632 1,289,420 88.46 38 1,288,336 1,136,059 88.11 152,277 11.81

2014 1,448,022 1,287,325 88.9 23 1,279,323 1,002,610 77.88 276,713 21.5

2012 1,420,961 1,252,438 88.14 28 647,100 541,077 43.2 106,023 8.47
62

NVRA Table 1: Registration History

State Year CVAP total Reported registrations Reported registration % of CVAP Ranking of % of CVAP Total Active + Inactive Registrations Active Registrations (total) Active Registrations (% of total) Inactive Registrations (total) Inactive Registrations (% of total)

2010 1,383,780 1,147,177 82.9 41 1,147,177 1,066,970 93.01 80,207 6.99

2008 1,364,409 908,052 66.55 47 805,662 742,901 81.81 62,761 6.91

New York 2016 13,531,404 16,200,892 119.73 1 16,200,892 16,200,892 100 0 0

2014 13,425,020 11,806,742 87.95 24 11,805,572 10,827,434 91.71 978,138 8.28

2012 13,204,950 11,720,541 88.76 27 5,913,605 5,403,806 46.11 509,799 4.35

2010 13,004,817 11,806,744 90.79 19 11,807,027 10,680,536 90.46 1,126,491 9.54

2008 13,397,989 12,031,312 89.8 27 12,031,312 10,816,500 89.9 1,214,812 10.1

North Carolina 2016 7,107,998 6,924,469 97.42 13 6,924,469 5,930,252 85.64 994,217 14.36

2014 7,015,219 6,628,521 94.49 10 6,628,521 5,873,618 88.61 754,903 11.392012 6,826,612 6,655,291 97.49 7 6,655,291 5,986,515 89.95 668,776 10.052010 6,607,031 6,207,093 93.95 14 6,207,093 5,756,403 92.74 450,690 7.26

2008 6,501,803 6,226,204 95.76 11 6,264,733 5,847,456 93.92 417,277 6.7

North Dakota 2016 546,486 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 .

2014 535,556 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 .

2012 517,098 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 .

2010 503,755 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 .

2008 489,562 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 .

Ohio 2016 8,709,050 7,861,025 90.26 30 7,861,025 7,861,025 100 0 0

2014 8,678,486 7,748,201 89.28 21 7,748,201 6,374,206 82.27 1,373,995 17.73

2012 8,613,174 7,987,697 92.74 16 7,987,697 6,621,906 82.9 1,365,791 17.1

2010 8,547,606 8,044,315 94.11 13 8,048,315 8,048,315 100.05 0 0

2008 8,567,464 8,113,307 94.7 13 6,909,368 5,521,203 68.05 1,388,165 17.11

Oklahoma 2016 2,768,561 2,157,450 77.93 48 2,157,450 1,817,461 84.24 339,989 15.76

2014 2,749,197 2,022,456 73.57 46 2,022,456 1,632,500 80.72 389,956 19.28
63

NVRA Table 1: Registration History

State Year CVAP total Reported registrations Reported registration % of CVAP Ranking of % of CVAP Total Active + Inactive Registrations Active Registrations (total) Active Registrations (% of total) Inactive Registrations (total) Inactive Registrations (% of total)

2012 2,699,981 2,114,489 78.31 45 2,114,489 1,811,650 85.68 302,839 14.322010 2,647,106 2,082,428 78.67 44 2,082,428 1,773,975 85.19 308,453 14.812008 2,613,005 2,184,086 83.59 38 2,184,086 1,879,809 86.07 304,277 13.93

Oregon 2016 2,867,670 2,553,810 89.06 35 2,553,810 2,553,810 100 0 0

2014 2,830,526 2,174,763 76.83 44 2,174,763 2,174,763 100 0 0

2012 2,763,608 2,199,360 79.58 44 2,199,360 2,199,360 100 0 0

2010 2,692,193 2,068,798 76.84 47 2,068,798 2,068,798 100 0 0

2008 2,687,996 2,153,914 80.13 41 2,628,479 2,153,914 100 474,565 22.03

Pennsylvania 2016 9,710,416 8,722,975 89.83 33 0 0 0 0 0

2014 9,676,902 8,072,589 83.42 34 8,072,589 7,322,470 90.71 750,119 9.29

2012 9,590,431 8,352,342 87.09 32 8,352,342 7,771,517 93.05 580,825 6.95

2010 9,475,231 8,220,759 86.76 33 8,220,756 7,499,183 91.22 721,573 8.78

2008 9,394,395 8,755,588 93.2 16 8,599,364 7,858,607 89.76 740,757 8.46

Puerto Rico 2016 . 2,867,558 . . 2,867,558 2,867,558 100 0 0

2014 2,747,208 . . . . . . . .

2012 . 2,402,941 . . 2,733,843 2,402,941 100 330,902 13.77

2010 2,754,346 . . . . . . . .

2008 . 2,458,141 . . 3,762,658 2,458,036 100 1,304,622 53.07

Rhode Island 2016 776,565 754,065 97.1 15 753,457 721,211 95.64 32,246 4.28

2014 773,774 752,051 97.19 4 752,051 691,804 91.99 60,247 8.01

2012 766,303 725,309 94.65 11 725,309 661,028 91.14 64,281 8.86

2010 761,674 706,161 92.71 16 706,161 647,569 91.7 58,592 8.3

2008 765,788 701,307 91.58 19 701,207 653,793 93.22 47,414 6.76

South Carolina 2016 3,566,508 3,157,027 88.52 37 3,432,319 3,157,027 100 275,292 8.72
64

NVRA Table 1: Registration History

State Year CVAP total Reported registrations Reported registration % of CVAP Ranking of % of CVAP Total Active + Inactive Registrations Active Registrations (total) Active Registrations (% of total) Inactive Registrations (total) Inactive Registrations (% of total)

2014 3,515,423 2,881,293 81.96 38 3,327,827 2,881,293 100 446,534 15.5

2012 3,417,898 2,875,121 84.12 40 3,070,965 2,875,121 100 195,844 6.81

2010 3,312,716 2,630,363 79.4 43 2,957,555 2,630,363 100 327,192 12.442008 3,252,631 2,553,923 78.52 43 2,973,290 2,553,923 100 419,367 16.42

South Dakota 2016 621,461 595,322 95.79 18 595,322 544,930 91.54 50,392 8.46

2014 616,015 563,201 91.43 15 563,141 521,030 92.51 42,111 7.48

2012 602,612 523,410 86.86 35 428,764 393,379 75.16 35,385 6.76

2010 590,643 575,150 97.38 8 575,150 519,396 90.31 55,754 9.69

2008 592,883 530,462 89.47 28 575,632 530,462 100 45,170 8.52

Tennessee 2016 4,828,366 4,110,318 85.13 44 4,110,318 3,534,800 86 575,518 14

2014 4,785,582 3,975,587 83.07 36 3,975,587 3,453,397 86.87 522,190 13.13

2012 4,689,693 4,024,960 85.83 38 4,024,959 3,571,628 88.74 453,331 11.26

2010 4,582,658 3,952,404 86.25 36 3,952,394 3,604,935 91.21 347,459 8.79

2008 4,548,259 3,994,556 87.83 30 3,994,556 3,664,853 91.75 329,703 8.25

Texas 2016 16,864,962 14,382,387 85.28 43 13,230,876 11,942,651 83.04 1,288,225 8.96

2014 16,529,533 14,020,405 84.82 32 14,015,973 12,298,251 87.72 1,717,722 12.25

2012 15,891,108 13,690,729 86.15 36 13,690,729 11,845,118 86.52 1,845,611 13.48

2010 15,276,966 13,269,233 86.86 32 13,269,233 11,370,934 85.69 1,898,299 14.31

2008 15,371,662 13,575,062 88.31 29 13,575,062 11,677,018 86.02 1,898,044 13.98

U.S. Virgin Islands 2016 . 46,076 . . 46,076 46,076 100 0 0

2014 . 51,326 . . 51,326 51,326 100 0 0

2012 .2010 .2008 . 50,948 . . 50,948 50,948 100 0 0
65

NVRA Table 1: Registration History

State Year CVAP total Reported registrations Reported registration % of CVAP Ranking of % of CVAP Total Active + Inactive Registrations Active Registrations (total) Active Registrations (% of total) Inactive Registrations (total) Inactive Registrations (% of total)

Utah 2016 1,868,008 1,577,069 84.43 45 1,577,069 1,414,758 89.71 162,311 10.29

2014 1,831,260 1,485,705 81.13 40 1,485,705 1,246,191 83.88 239,514 16.122012 1,765,346 1,508,372 85.44 39 1,508,372 1,325,786 87.9 182,586 12.1

2010 1,696,058 1,500,305 88.46 28 1,500,305 1,338,747 89.23 161,558 10.772008 1,734,576 1,575,310 90.82 23 1,575,310 1,342,326 85.21 232,984 14.79

Vermont 2016 493,124 472,289 95.77 19 472,289 440,347 93.24 31,942 6.76

2014 491,548 444,199 90.37 17 444,199 412,872 92.95 31,327 7.05

2012 487,804 460,817 94.47 13 431,005 394,636 85.64 36,369 7.89

2010 481,702 439,333 91.2 18 414,889 386,501 87.97 28,388 6.46

2008 481,093 454,186 94.41 15 454,687 430,916 94.88 23,771 5.23

Virginia 2016 5,953,612 5,604,106 94.13 22 5,604,106 5,066,666 90.41 537,440 9.59

2014 5,877,485 5,280,744 89.85 18 5,280,744 4,865,892 92.14 414,852 7.86

2012 5,732,827 5,428,091 94.68 10 5,428,091 4,847,630 89.31 580,461 10.692010 5,578,950 5,032,135 90.2 22 5,032,135 4,720,451 93.81 311,684 6.19

2008 5,537,581 5,034,664 90.92 22 5,034,664 4,911,892 97.56 122,772 2.44

Washington 2016 4,937,212 4,872,385 98.69 11 4,872,385 4,277,499 87.79 594,886 12.21

2014 4,866,911 3,922,378 80.59 42 4,416,027 3,922,378 100 493,649 12.592012 4,737,815 3,904,959 82.42 41 4,319,827 3,904,959 100 414,868 10.622010 4,593,029 4,066,517 88.54 27 4,066,517 3,601,268 88.56 465,249 11.442008 4,574,027 3,630,118 79.36 42 4,024,335 3,630,118 100 394,217 10.86

West Virginia 2016 1,455,848 1,254,768 86.19 42 1,254,768 1,142,180 91.03 112,588 8.97

2014 1,456,966 1,213,759 83.31 35 1,213,759 1,113,298 91.72 100,461 8.28

2012 1,451,004 1,246,559 85.91 37 1,246,559 1,166,161 93.55 80,398 6.45

2010 1,440,478 1,216,023 84.42 40 0 0 0 0 0
66

NVRA Table 1: Registration History

State Year CVAP total Reported registrations Reported registration % of CVAP Ranking of % of CVAP Total Active + Inactive Registrations Active Registrations (total) Active Registrations (% of total) Inactive Registrations (total) Inactive Registrations (% of total)

2008 1,412,127 1,212,117 85.84 36 1,212,380 1,160,245 95.72 52,135 4.3

Wisconsin 2016 4,294,321 3,768,373 87.75 40 3,768,373 3,768,373 100 0 0

2014 4,269,769 3,801,533 89.03 22 3,801,533 3,801,533 100 0 0

2012 4,215,824 3,987,248 94.58 12 3,987,248 3,987,248 100 0 0

2010 4,160,993 3,709,229 89.14 24 3,709,229 3,709,229 100 0 0

2008 4,167,163 4,023,961 96.56 9 3,754,535 3,754,535 93.3 0 0

Wyoming 2016 430,026 284,203 66.09 50 284,203 284,203 100 0 0

2014 427,302 264,930 62 50 264,930 264,930 100 0 0

2012 417,624 240,438 57.57 50 240,438 240,438 100 0 0

2010 405,100 270,083 66.67 50 270,083 270,083 100 0 0

2008 391,234 244,818 62.58 48 0 0 0 0 0

U.S. Total 2016 222,469,187 214,109,360 96.24 n/a 204,343,292 185,714,229 86.74 18,629,063 8.70

2014 222,802,566 190,669,639 85.58 n/a 196,570,199 173,518,745 91.00 23,051,454 12.092012 215,144,520 193,653,908 90.01 n/a 193,576,017 170,434,383 88.01 23,141,634 11.952010 212,989,525 186,358,221 88.64 n/a 191,698,993 170,923,470 91.72 20,775,523 11.152008 211,223,390 180,984,324 85.68 n/a 197,610,942 174,101,505 96.20 23,509,437 12.99
67

NVRA Table 1 Calculation Notes

(1) Year is the election year.(2) CVAP Total is the estimate Citizen Voting Age Population for the state, taken from the U.S. Census Bureau. (3) Reported Registration uses question A1a. (4) Reported Registration % of CVAP is calculated using question A1a divided by the state CVAP estimate.(5) Ranking of % of CVAP ranks states according to the proportion of their CVAP that is registered.(6) Total Active + Inactive Registrations uses questions A3a and A3b.(7) Active Registrations (total) uses question A3a.(8) Active Registrations (% of total) uses question A3a divided by A1a.(9) Inactive Registrations (total) uses question A3b.(10) Inactive Registrations (% of total) uses question A3b divided by A1a.

NVRA Table 1 Data Notes

General notes: CVAP and calculations using CVAP are not available for U.S. territories. CVAP was taken from U.S. Census Bureau. CVAP is an estimate of the voting age population. Thus, percentages higher than 100% in the column “Reported registration % of CVAP” mean that the estimate is smaller than the actual number of registered citizens. The column “Ranking of % of CVAP” reports how each state compares with the rest in terms of percentage of registered citizens compared with their CVAP. Those states that did not report registrations or CVAP are not included in the ranking. The U.S. total is calculated by adding the information from each state and territory reporting information. Percentages of Active and Inactive registrations may not add up to 100% as they were calculated based on total registration reported by each state.American Samoa, District of Columbia, Florida, Guam, Idaho, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming: did not provide information about inactive voters at some point between 2008 and 2016. In many cases, because the state considers as registered only active voters.Iowa: reported that: “A1a [registered voters], A3a [active voters] numbers are of November 1, 2016, and does not include election day registrations.” This was addressed by adding up Same Day Registration data (A4a) to total active voters (A3a) and total registered voters (A1a).Nebraska: this state reported: “Nebraska does not have “inactive” voters. The numbers in line a3b reflect the number of voters who were sent a section 8(d)(2) notice and have not responded.”North Dakota: does not have voter registration.Pennsylvania: this state reported: “at this time, we cannot differentiate between active and inactive from our point in time snapshot of the voter registration numbers.”
68

NVRA Table 2a: Application Sources – Total Forms Received

Total 

Applications

Application Source

Mail, email, fax. In-person Internet Motor Vehicle Offices Public Assistance Offices Disability Services Offices Armed Forces Recruitment Offices Other State Agencies Registration Drives— Advocacy Groups or Parties Other Sources Not Categorized

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

Alabama 1,212,493 142,080 11.72 206,077 17 299,433 24.7 396,281 32.68 119,261 9.84 13,900 1.15 325 0.03 5,893 0.49 51,445 4.24 0 0 -22,202 -1.83

Alaska 259,227 48,247 18.61 98,486 37.99 32,554 12.56 70,837 27.33 6,626 2.56 215 0.08 1,824 0.7 438 0.17 0 0 0 0 0 0.00Arizona 2,081,889 261,235 12.55 17,398 0.84 844,088 40.54 768,978 36.94 13,135 0.63 1,382 0.07 4,185 0.2 13,429 0.65 107,929 5.18 52,079 2.5 -1,949 -0.09Arkansas 696,300 96,677 13.88 110,757 15.91 0 0 273,391 39.26 33,908 4.87 269 0.04 57 0.01 2,902 0.42 12,855 1.85 10,325 1.48 155,159 22.28California 10,621,987 2,315,778 21.8 636,153 5.99 5,110,692 48.11 694,209 6.54 274,329 2.58 16,171 0.15 7,059 0.07 40,336 0.38 320,574 3.02 1,176,126 11.07 30,560 0.29Colorado 1,580,143 225,180 14.25 54,442 3.45 548,799 34.73 468,901 29.67 33,077 2.09 518 0.03 22 0 0 0 199,124 12.6 50,080 3.17 0 0.00Connecticut 996,091 996,091 100 219,923 22.08 325,788 32.71 180,240 18.09 6,113 0.61 70 0.01 1,404 0.14 0 0 0 0 262,553 26.36 -996,091 -100.00Delaware 458,644 11,449 2.5 74,648 16.28 40,320 8.79 315,079 68.7 672 0.15 10 0 0 0 429 0.09 1,519 0.33 0 0 14,518 3.17District of Columbia 169,889 4,760 2.8 22,576 13.29 39,983 23.53 101,760 59.9 458 0.27 89 0.05 74 0.04 189 0.11 0 0 0 0 0 0.00Florida 1,887,951 1,056,101 55.94 838,476 44.41 0 0 1,557,884 82.52 38,040 2.01 2,398 0.13 892 0.05 50,819 2.69 473,262 25.07 2,174 0.12 . -112.93Georgia 2,678,361 463,392 17.3 170,457 6.36 581,295 21.7 1,199,069 44.77 39,826 1.49 73,226 2.73 146 0.01 0 0 0 0 150,950 5.64 0 0.00Guam 8,858 8,858 100 8,323 93.96 405 4.57 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -8,728 -98.53Hawaii 223,251 0 0 0 0 55,904 25.04 52,189 23.38 6,646 2.98 142 0.06 2,288 1.02 0 0 0 0 72,992 32.69 33,090 14.82Idaho 302,862 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 302,862 100.00Illinois 2,237,296 228,606 10.22 287,217 12.84 546,834 24.44 757,159 33.84 63,014 2.82 4,667 0.21 2,051 0.09 126,964 5.67 57,369 2.56 0 0 163,415 7.30Indiana 1,718,748 164,236 9.56 4,531 0.26 400,806 23.32 742,463 43.2 41,496 2.41 271 0.02 609 0.04 60 0 5,085 0.3 302,793 17.62 56,398 3.28Iowa 675,685 22,968 3.4 47,501 7.03 0 0 94,674 14.01 1,978 0.29 54 0.01 33 0 0 0 0 0 29,687 4.39 478,790 70.86Kansas 678,797 94,933 13.99 78,881 11.62 134,989 19.89 266,101 39.2 3,120 0.46 105 0.02 58 0.01 586 0.09 29,242 4.31 30,409 4.48 40,373 5.95Kentucky 1,550,136 41,133 2.65 206,518 13.32 157,552 10.16 1,041,906 67.21 43,753 2.82 2,203 0.14 791 0.05 9,095 0.59 0 0 0 0 47,185 3.04Louisiana 1,222,542 220,260 18.02 214,500 17.55 354,678 29.01 378,449 30.96 34,671 2.84 4,636 0.38 2,850 0.23 0 0 12,498 1.02 0 0 0 0.00Maine 286,269 18,082 6.32 206,113 72 0 0 27,643 9.66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15,234 5.32 19,197 6.71 0 0.00Maryland 1,981,596 34,863 1.76 5,796 0.29 76,285 3.85 251,398 12.69 11,983 0.6 298 0.01 77 0 2,647 0.13 0 0 27,497 1.39 1,570,752 79.27Massachusetts 1,678,290 178,803 10.65 124,850 7.44 499,618 29.77 813,951 48.5 54,940 3.27 2,744 0.16 0 0 3,006 0.18 0 0 378 0.02 0 0.00
69

NVRA Table 2a: Application Sources – Total Forms Received

Total 

Applications

Application Source

Mail, email, fax. In-person Internet Motor Vehicle Offices Public Assistance Offices Disability Services Offices Armed Forces Recruitment Offices Other State Agencies Registration Drives— Advocacy Groups or Parties Other Sources Not Categorized

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

Michigan 2,461,847 126,760 5.15 397,411 16.14 152,931 6.21 1,767,560 71.8 15,564 0.63 277 0.01 1,344 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Minnesota 1,484,767 50,324 3.39 439,547 29.6 353,621 23.82 108,781 7.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14,671 0.99 517,812 34.88 11 0.00Mississippi 212,780 69,258 32.55 95,193 44.74 326 0.15 23,657 11.12 22,315 10.49 0 0 0 0 2,031 0.95 0 0 433 0.2 -433 -0.20Missouri 2,133,688 237,573 11.13 89,037 4.17 25,661 1.2 288,438 13.52 67,436 3.16 541 0.03 170 0.01 75 0 0 0 39 0 1,424,718 66.77Montana 266,402 31,006 11.64 37,822 14.2 0 0 56,547 21.23 12,705 4.77 363 0.14 101 0.04 541 0.2 14,000 5.26 113,317 42.54 0 0.00Nebraska 799,056 189,109 23.67 27,902 3.49 149,494 18.71 368,502 46.12 1,094 0.14 1,217 0.15 137 0.02 0 0 0 0 61,601 7.71 0 0.00Nevada 716,373 61,922 8.64 134,680 18.8 155,007 21.64 136,014 18.99 50,342 7.03 1,160 0.16 62 0.01 774 0.11 173,864 24.27 2,548 0.36 0 0.00New Hampshire 827,036 2,414 0.29 824,622 99.71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00New Jersey 1,865,833 50,184 2.69 0 0 0 0 867,555 46.5 37,478 2.01 8,381 0.45 15,488 0.83 820,261 43.96 0 0 66,326 3.55 160 0.01New Mexico 337,543 14,847 4.4 35,670 10.57 106,632 31.59 49,914 14.79 12,863 3.81 0 0 0 0 120,400 35.67 0 0 0 0 -2,783 -0.82New York 2,964,829 1,104,994 37.27 0 0 0 0 825,007 27.83 0 0 0 0 0 0 103,833 3.5 44,322 1.49 0 0 886,673 29.91North Carolina 3,330,649 741,023 22.25 1,039,999 31.23 0 0 1,108,923 33.29 80,601 2.42 3,050 0.09 21 0 6,099 0.18 0 0 350,933 10.54 0 0.00North Dakota 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .Ohio 3,498,036 819,906 23.44 505,461 14.45 0 0 1,252,978 35.82 322,889 9.23 4,314 0.12 1,110 0.03 174,657 4.99 397,257 11.36 19,464 0.56 0 0.00Oklahoma 729,397 188,603 25.86 141,440 19.39 0 0 231,263 31.71 43,481 5.96 1,453 0.2 49 0.01 283 0.04 0 0 90,419 12.4 32,406 4.44Oregon 1,799,438 131,270 7.3 0 0 515,604 28.65 683,103 37.96 12,582 0.7 13,580 0.75 138 0.01 26,028 1.45 0 0 417,101 23.18 32 0.00Pennsylvania 4,198,246 410,871 9.79 58,584 1.4 799,519 19.04 2,115,232 50.38 140,673 3.35 2,370 0.06 467 0.01 2,968 0.07 372,684 8.88 285,824 6.81 9,054 0.22Puerto Rico 307,200 0 0 307,200 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00Rhode Island 144,944 24,041 16.59 18,018 12.43 15,723 10.85 70,480 48.63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14,943 10.31 1,739 1.20South Carolina 1,494,527 344,820 23.07 299,539 20.04 137,005 9.17 660,513 44.2 41,043 2.75 472 0.03 435 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 10,700 0.72South Dakota 154,280 27,152 17.6 8,856 5.74 0 0 72,811 47.19 1,101 0.71 383 0.25 49 0.03 3,245 2.1 6,271 4.06 0 0 34,412 22.30Tennessee 916,435 317,426 34.64 174,128 19 0 0 308,015 33.61 69,758 7.61 0 0 6,106 0.67 15,638 1.71 0 0 25,364 2.77 0 0.00Texas 5,717,560 1,283,244 22.44 583,992 10.21 103,728 1.81 2,413,413 42.21 237,318 4.15 3,122 0.05 39,829 0.7 78,147 1.37 1,516 0.03 502,721 8.79 470,530 8.23
70

NVRA Table 2a: Application Sources – Total Forms Received

Total 

Applications

Application Source

Mail, email, fax. In-person Internet Motor Vehicle Offices Public Assistance Offices Disability Services Offices Armed Forces Recruitment Offices Other State Agencies Registration Drives— Advocacy Groups or Parties Other Sources Not Categorized

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

U.S. Virgin Islands 4,806 0 0 4,806 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Utah 661,093 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 661,093 100.00Vermont 88,544 1,516 1.71 37,123 41.93 27,706 31.29 17,392 19.64 0 0 0 0 0 0 666 0.75 4,091 4.62 0 0 50 0.06Virginia 2,569,158 282,426 10.99 152,332 5.93 648,447 25.24 1,020,146 39.71 16,540 0.64 552 0.02 97 0 28,084 1.09 239,332 9.32 168,865 6.57 12,337 0.48Washington 1,163,266 153,687 13.21 48,474 4.17 214,895 18.47 439,341 37.77 29,728 2.56 130 0.01 9,836 0.85 4,166 0.36 46,415 3.99 50,559 4.35 166,035 14.27West Virginia 572,037 31,953 5.59 29,512 5.16 26,815 4.69 35,099 6.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17,007 2.97 431,651 75.46Wisconsin 650,944 73,423 11.28 194,440 29.87 1,990 0.31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 3,078 0.47 378,001 58.07 0 0.00Wyoming 238,577 3,796 1.59 104,887 43.96 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,177 0.49 0 0 128,717 53.95U.S. Total 77,516,596 13,407,280 17.3 9,424,298 12.16 . 17.4 . 32.73 2,042,557 2.63 164,733 0.21 100,184 0.13 1,644,701 2.12 2,604,814 3.36 5,270,517 6.8 3,999,139 5.16
71

NVRA Table 2a Calculation Notes

(1) Total Applications uses question A5a(2) Mail, Email, Fax, Total uses question A6a(3) Mail, Email, Fax, Pct uses question A6a divided by question A5a(4) In-person, Total uses question A6b(5) In-person, Pct uses question A6b divided by question A5a (6) Internet, Total uses question A6c(7) Internet, Pct uses question A6c divided by question A5a(8) DMV, Total uses question A6d(9) DMV, Pct uses question A6d divided by question A5a(10) Public Assistance Offices Mandated per NVRA, Total uses question A6e(11) Public Assistance Offices Mandated per NVRA, Pct uses question A6e divided by question A5a(12) State Funded Agencies Primarily Serving Persons with Disabilities, Total uses question A6f(13) State Funded Agencies Primarily Serving Persons with Disabilities, Pct uses question A6f divided by question A5a(14) Armed Forces Recruitment offices, Total uses question A6g(15) Armed Forces Recruitment offices, Pct uses question A6g divided by question A5a(16) Agencies Designated by the State not Mandated by NVRA, Total uses question A6h(17) Agencies Designated by the State not Mandated by NVRA, Pct uses question A6h divided by question A5a(18) Registration Drives or Political Parties, Total uses question A6i(19) Registration Drives or Political Parties, Pct uses question A6i divided by question A5a(20) Other, Total uses question A6j, A6k, A6l, A6m, A6n and A6o(21) Other, Pct uses question A6j, A6k, A6l, A6m, A6n and A6o, all divided by question A5a(22) Not Categorized, Total uses question A5a minus the sum of all question A6 sub-items(23) Not Categorized, Pct uses question A5a minus the sum of all question A6 sub-items, all divided by A5a
72

NVRA Table 2a Data Notes

General note: negative numbers in the “Not Categorized” column mean that the sum of the registrations from each source (items A6a to A6o) add up to more registrations than the total applications reported by the state (item A5a). Connecticut and Guam: both reported receiving 100% of the registration applications via mail. However, they also broke down the registrations received into the other categories, so that the sum of the registrations reported per source accounts for 200% of the total registrations in the state/territory.Idaho: this state reported that: “The Idaho statewide voter registration system does not track how the registration forms are received by the county clerks. Also, Idaho code did not allow for registration cards to be submitted via the internet or email.Indiana, Missouri, Nebraska, Minnesota, Montana, Vermont, Virginia and New Jersey: reported FPCA applications or by mail NVRA codes as “Other” (items A6i –A6o). These were re-recorded as “Mail” (itemA6a).Iowa: this state offers online voter registration through the Department of Transportation (DOT)Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri: classified High Schools or Department of Labor as “Other” (items A6i –A6o). These were re-recorded as “Other state agencies non-mandated by NVRA” (itemA6h).Minnesota: recorded “UOCAVA/FPCA online registration” as “Other” (item A6m). This was re-recorded as “Online registration” (item A6c).New Mexico: the data for the total registrations and the registrations per channel come from different sources and do not completely match.North Dakota: does not have voter registration.South Carolina: this state reports: “total forms received by source include additions and changes that are processed. System does not allow capture of data on duplicates and incomplete forms”Utah: did not report the source of the registrations received.West Virginia: the data reported for “total registrations” per source is well below the expected and is almost the same as that reported for “new valid registrations” (NVRA Table 2b)Wisconsin: this state reports: only military voters were able to register by fax, email or internet in Wisconsin during the reporting period. Wisconsin is exempt from NVRA and does not receive registrations from NVRA agencies.Wyoming: forms from voter registration drives were classified as “Other” (item A6j). This item was re-recorded as “Registrations from drives” (item A6i)
73

NVRA Table 2b: Application Sources – New Registrations

Total 

Applications

Application Source

Mail, email, fax. In-person Internet Motor Vehicle Offices Public Assistance Offices Disability Services Offices Armed Forces Recruitment Offices Other State Agencies Registration Drives— Advocacy Groups or Parties Other Sources Not Categorized

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

Alabama 692,167 83,878 12.12 83,683 12.09 184,230 26.62 172,276 24.89 58,919 8.51 5,025 0.73 182 0.03 1,935 0.28 30,623 4.42 0 0 71,416 10.32

Alaska 51,083 5,318 10.41 7,653 14.98 8,152 15.96 27,528 53.89 1,892 3.7 103 0.2 249 0.49 188 0.37 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Arizona 689,921 42,047 6.09 4,708 0.68 225,734 32.72 301,359 43.68 5,264 0.76 465 0.07 1,163 0.17 183 0.03 43,225 6.27 11,825 1.71 53,948 7.82

Arkansas 279,286 54,001 19.34 41,846 14.98 0 0 151,693 54.31 19,067 6.83 166 0.06 8 0 1,597 0.57 6,361 2.28 4,547 1.63 0 0.00

California 3,457,664 562,621 16.27 250,892 7.26 1,595,415 46.14 269,108 7.78 51,242 1.48 1,954 0.06 2,428 0.07 14,934 0.43 71,968 2.08 117,465 3.4 519,637 15.03Colorado 536,680 38,685 7.21 13,888 2.59 119,605 22.29 249,418 46.47 12,823 2.39 99 0.02 7 0 0 0 78,112 14.55 24,043 4.48 0 0.00Connecticut 252,904 252,904 100 46,082 18.22 100,334 39.67 23,085 9.13 4,188 1.66 193 0.08 1,289 0.51 0 0 0 0 77,733 30.74 -252,904 -100.00Delaware 80,718 3,232 4 2,452 3.04 10,609 13.14 63,084 78.15 206 0.26 5 0.01 0 0 387 0.48 743 0.92 0 0 0 0.00

District of Columbia 24,345 2,836 11.65 13,288 54.58 1,555 6.39 6,180 25.39 294 1.21 59 0.24 6 0.02 127 0.52 0 0 0 0 0 0.00Florida 1,661,699 376,575 22.66 295,651 17.79 0 0 825,241 49.66 15,707 0.95 1,080 0.07 376 0.02 31,576 1.9 275,560 16.58 0 0 -160,067 -9.63

Georgia 712,035 152,092 21.36 39,049 5.48 154,104 21.64 319,381 44.85 19,777 2.78 22,006 3.09 36 0.01 0 0 0 0 5,590 0.79 0 0.00

Guam 8,608 8,858 102.9 8,453 98.2 405 4.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -9,108 -105.81

Hawaii 82,565 0 0 0 0 24,724 29.94 24,233 29.35 3,109 3.77 76 0.09 971 1.18 0 0 0 0 28,979 35.1 473 0.57

Idaho 109,705 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 109,705 100.00Illinois 1,318,925 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,318,925 100.00

Indiana 416,227 30,117 7.24 4,510 1.08 118,177 28.39 181,225 43.54 11,181 2.69 128 0.03 132 0.03 19 0 5,085 1.22 65,653 15.77 0 0.00Iowa 151,589 17,251 11.38 36,807 24.28 0 0 77,575 51.17 1,568 1.03 39 0.03 29 0.02 0 0 0 0 13,066 8.62 5,254 3.47

Kansas 226,854 21,743 9.58 29,470 12.99 43,251 19.07 115,627 50.97 655 0.29 17 0.01 29 0.01 180 0.08 10,024 4.42 4,312 1.9 1,546 0.68

Kentucky 242,278 9,637 3.98 39,696 16.38 37,175 15.34 140,797 58.11 6,873 2.84 930 0.38 154 0.06 6,365 2.63 0 0 0 0 651 0.27

Louisiana 369,879 67,685 18.3 35,255 9.53 138,009 37.31 114,472 30.95 9,408 2.54 1,830 0.49 890 0.24 0 0 2,330 0.63 0 0 0 0.00Maine 95,367 5,338 5.6 76,764 80.49 0 0 1,570 1.65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7,116 7.46 4,579 4.8 0 0.00

Maryland 382,980 33,804 8.83 5,669 1.48 75,245 19.65 242,455 63.31 11,622 3.03 293 0.08 74 0.02 2,641 0.69 0 0 26,530 6.93 -15,353 -4.01

Massachusetts 487,479 82,426 16.91 53,780 11.03 141,755 29.08 186,621 38.28 20,199 4.14 1,286 0.26 0 0 1,319 0.27 0 0 92 0.02 1 0.00
74

NVRA Table 2b: Application Sources – New Registrations

Total 

Applications

Application Source

Mail, email, fax. In-person Internet Motor Vehicle Offices Public Assistance Offices Disability Services Offices Armed Forces Recruitment Offices Other State Agencies Registration Drives— Advocacy Groups or Parties Other Sources Not Categorized

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

Michigan 1,428,655 75,171 5.26 93,691 6.56 0 0 1,256,632 87.96 2,913 0.2 131 0.01 117 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00Minnesota 479,232 23,237 4.85 239,203 49.91 169,348 35.34 34,223 7.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9,830 2.05 3,388 0.71 3 0.00Mississippi 201,891 69,258 34.3 95,193 47.15 326 0.16 23,657 11.72 22,315 11.05 0 0 0 0 2,031 1.01 0 0 0 0 -10,889 -5.39Missouri 620,571 6,658 1.07 3,905 0.63 6,863 1.11 10,234 1.65 2,199 0.35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 590,712 95.19

Montana 68,986 12,830 18.6 15,778 22.87 0 0 26,204 37.98 5,083 7.37 143 0.21 39 0.06 214 0.31 6,901 10 1,772 2.57 22 0.03

Nebraska 178,569 40,379 22.61 146 0.08 43,176 24.18 92,358 51.72 200 0.11 39 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,271 1.27 0 0.00Nevada 249,700 20,884 8.36 45,331 18.15 26,612 10.66 81,757 32.74 15,666 6.27 134 0.05 54 0.02 402 0.16 58,511 23.43 349 0.14 0 0.00

New Hampshire 128,932 1,104 0.86 127,828 99.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00New Jersey 597,518 2,859 0.48 0 0 0 0 315,217 52.75 18,817 3.15 1,848 0.31 1,503 0.25 243,963 40.83 0 0 13,179 2.21 132 0.02

New Mexico 144,802 17,518 12.1 31,748 21.93 35,789 24.72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 59,747 41.26

New York 1,530,255 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,530,255 100.00

North Carolina 1,231,105 236,379 19.2 381,872 31.02 0 0 538,754 43.76 42,365 3.44 1,701 0.14 8 0 694 0.06 0 0 29,332 2.38 0 0.00

North Dakota 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .Ohio 1,176,976 256,044 21.75 180,090 15.3 0 0 471,414 40.05 79,599 6.76 1,356 0.12 429 0.04 70,752 6.01 111,745 9.49 4,566 0.39 981 0.08

Oklahoma 386,368 111,716 28.91 76,000 19.67 0 0 147,842 38.26 28,070 7.27 1,148 0.3 25 0.01 264 0.07 0 0 21,303 5.51 0 0.00

Oregon 518,493 37,513 7.23 0 0 94,086 18.15 327,734 63.21 4,805 0.93 4,448 0.86 42 0.01 7,649 1.48 0 0 42,216 8.14 0 0.00

Pennsylvania 940,633 157,052 16.7 17,659 1.88 360,392 38.31 232,352 24.7 33,641 3.58 1,263 0.13 188 0.02 0 0 109,213 11.61 25,602 2.72 3,271 0.35

Puerto Rico 178,032 0 0 178,032 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00Rhode Island 86,227 13,296 15.42 10,715 12.43 9,761 11.32 42,115 48.84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10,122 11.74 218 0.25South Carolina 223,413 19,323 8.65 7,754 3.47 67,342 30.14 126,487 56.62 2,495 1.12 7 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.00

South Dakota 59,055 57 0.1 64 0.11 0 0 7 0.01 9 0.02 0 0 0 0 5 0.01 0 0 0 0 58,913 99.76

Tennessee 642,137 224,881 35.02 156,165 24.32 0 0 197,116 30.7 45,436 7.08 0 0 5,176 0.81 12,780 1.99 0 0 583 0.09 0 0.00

Texas 2,515,912 612,442 24.34 214,982 8.54 2,364 0.09 1,073,306 42.66 73,877 2.94 2,544 0.1 2,323 0.09 27,949 1.11 129 0.01 85,869 3.41 420,127 16.70
75

NVRA Table 2b: Application Sources – New Registrations

Total 

Applications

Application Source

Mail, email, fax. In-person Internet Motor Vehicle Offices Public Assistance Offices Disability Services Offices Armed Forces Recruitment Offices Other State Agencies Registration Drives— Advocacy Groups or Parties Other Sources Not Categorized

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

U.S. Virgin Islands 4,800 0 0 4,806 100.13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6 -0.13Utah 615,470 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 615,470 100.00

Vermont 85,321 1,516 1.78 37,123 43.51 25,413 29.79 16,512 19.35 0 0 0 0 0 0 666 0.78 4,091 4.79 0 0 0 0.00

Virginia 1,146,594 145,151 12.66 88,597 7.73 310,188 27.05 432,731 37.74 8,510 0.74 325 0.03 60 0.01 5,978 0.52 127,702 11.14 22,798 1.99 4,554 0.40

Washington 688,606 83,955 12.19 33,629 4.88 185,205 26.9 327,608 47.58 14,528 2.11 94 0.01 6,605 0.96 3,592 0.52 26,169 3.8 6,787 0.99 434 0.06

West Virginia 140,030 31,846 22.74 29,452 21.03 26,771 19.12 35,007 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16,954 12.11 0 0.00

Wisconsin 241,599 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 241,599 100.00Wyoming 94,490 1,714 1.81 91,365 96.69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 740 0.78 0 0 671 0.71U.S. Total 28,935,330 4,053,831 14.01 3,250,724 11.23 4,342,115 15.01 9,302,195 32.15 654,522 2.26 50,935 0.18 24,594 0.08 438,390 1.52 986,178 3.41 671,505 2.32 5,160,341 17.83
76

NVRA Table 2b Calculation Notes

(1) Total Applications uses question A5b(2) Mail, Email, Fax, Total uses question A7a(3) Mail, Email, Fax, Pct uses question A7a divided by question A5b(4) In-person, Total uses question A7b(5) In-person, Pct uses question A7b divided by question A5b(6) Internet, Total uses question A7c(7) Internet, Pct uses question A7c divided by question A5b(8) DMV, Total uses question A7d(9) DMV, Pct uses question A7d divided by question A5b(10) Public Assistance Offices Mandated per NVRA, Total uses question A7e(11) Public Assistance Offices Mandated per NVRA, Pct uses question A7e divided by question A5b(12) State Funded Agencies Primarily Serving Persons with Disabilities, Total uses question A7f(13) State Funded Agencies Primarily Serving Persons with Disabilities, Pct uses question A7f divided by question A5b(14) Armed Forces Recruitment offices, Total uses question A7g(15) Armed Forces Recruitment offices, Pct uses question A7g divided by question A5b(16) Agencies Designated by the State not Mandated by NVRA, Total uses question A7h(17) Agencies Designated by the State not Mandated by NVRA, Pct uses question A7h divided by question A5b(18) Registration Drives or Political Parties, Total uses question A7i(19) Registration Drives or Political Parties, Pct uses question A7i divided by question A5b(20) Other, Total uses question A7j, A7k, A7l, A7m, A7n and A7o(21) Other, Pct uses question A7j, A7k, A7l, A7m, A7n and A7o, all divided by question A5b(22) Not Categorized, Total uses question A5b minus the sum of all question A7 sub-items(23) Not Categorized, Pct uses question A5b minus the sum of all question A7 sub-items, all divided by A5b
77

NVRA Table 2b Data Notes

General note: negative numbers in the “Not Categorized” column mean that the sum of the registrations from each source (items A7a to A7o) add up to more registrations than the total valid applications reported by the state (item A5b). Connecticut and Guam: both reported receiving about 100% of their new valid registration applications via mail. However, they also broke down the registrations received into the other categories, so that the sum of the registrations reported per source accounts for about 200% of the total new registrations in the state/territory.Nebraska, Minnesota, Montana, Vermont, Virginia and some jurisdictions in Texas: reported FPCA applications as “Other” (items A7i –A7o). These were rerecorded as “Mail” (itemA7a).Idaho: this state reported that: “The Idaho statewide voter registration system does not track how the registration forms are received by the county clerks. Also, Idaho code did not allow for registration cards to be submitted via the internet or email.Illinois, New York and Utah: these states did not report the registration source for new valid registrations.Kentucky and Maryland: classified High Schools as “Other” (items A7i –A7o). These were re-recorded as “Other state agencies non-mandated by NVRA” (itemA7h).Minnesota: recorded “UOCAVA/FPCA online registration” as “Other” (item A7m). This was re-recorded as “Online registration” (item A7c).New Mexico: the data for the total new valid registrations and data for the new valid registrations per channel come from different sources and do not completely match. For seven jurisdictions, the total number of registrations (item A5a) was filled with the sum of items A5b to A5l. North Dakota: does not have voter registration.South Dakota: only a few jurisdictions reported information about source of new valid registrations.Wisconsin: this state reported: “We cannot pull both the registration type and the registration source”Wyoming: forms from voter registration drives were classified as “Other” (item A7j). This item was re-recorded as “Registrations from drives” (item A7i)
78

NVRA Table 2c: Application Sources – Duplicate Registrations

Total 

Applications

Application Source

Mail, email, fax. In-person Internet Motor Vehicle Offices Public Assistance Offices Disability Services Offices Armed Forces Recruitment Offices Other State Agencies Registration Drives— Advocacy Groups or Parties Other Sources Not Categorized

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

Alabama 3,604 27 0.75 119 3.3 2 0.06 26 0.72 512 14.21 0 0 0 0 18 0.5 10 0.28 0 0 2,890 80.19

Alaska 32,747 2,679 8.18 25,586 78.13 434 1.33 3,545 10.83 443 1.35 7 0.02 40 0.12 13 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Arizona 63,773 19,630 30.78 516 0.81 10,228 16.04 14,096 22.1 673 1.06 109 0.17 596 0.93 0 0 6,418 10.06 7,432 11.65 4,075 6.39Arkansas 133 23 17.29 1 0.75 0 0 0 0 109 81.95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

California 1,266,962 146,256 11.54 79,508 6.28 415,231 32.77 65,487 5.17 24,703 1.95 1,023 0.08 1,209 0.1 4,971 0.39 32,957 2.6 133,180 10.51 362,437 28.61Colorado 5,406 1,333 24.66 0 0 780 14.43 2,518 46.58 54 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 232 4.29 489 9.05 0 0.00Connecticut 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .Delaware 67,664 297 0.44 546 0.81 2,336 3.45 64,326 95.07 21 0.03 3 0 0 0 2 0 119 0.18 0 0 14 0.02

District of Columbia 

33,204 459 1.38 2,881 8.68 7,823 23.56 21,984 66.21 36 0.11 11 0.03 2 0.01 8 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Florida 17,116 4,441 25.95 2,586 15.11 0 0 5,442 31.79 294 1.72 7 0.04 10 0.06 326 1.9 4,032 23.56 0 0 -22 -0.13

Georgia 106,546 14,085 13.22 4,755 4.46 16,520 15.5 68,111 63.93 176 0.17 1,743 1.64 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,156 1.09 0 0.00Guam 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

Hawaii 39,149 0 0 0 0 265 0.68 14,684 37.51 992 2.53 37 0.09 207 0.53 3 0.01 20 0.05 16,741 42.76 6,200 15.84Idaho 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

Illinois 118,952 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 118,952 100.00

Indiana 121,312 17,971 14.81 16 0.01 36,523 30.11 55,917 46.09 4,919 4.05 22 0.02 215 0.18 8 0.01 0 0 5,721 4.72 0 0.00

Iowa 52,444 5,717 10.9 10,694 20.39 0 0 17,099 32.6 410 0.78 15 0.03 4 0.01 0 0 0 0 16,621 31.69 1,884 3.59Kansas 3,528 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,528 100.00Kentucky 72,005 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 72,005 100.00

Louisiana 13,081 6,973 53.31 141 1.08 1,780 13.61 2,315 17.7 1,680 12.84 125 0.96 8 0.06 0 0 59 0.45 0 0 0 0.00Maine 4,518 527 11.66 2,203 48.76 0 0 790 17.49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 276 6.11 722 15.98 0 0.00

Maryland 6,575 926 14.08 114 1.73 996 15.15 3,399 51.7 307 4.67 5 0.08 3 0.05 4 0.06 0 0 821 12.49 0 0.00Massachusetts 173,214 4,616 2.66 1,493 0.86 35,891 20.72 128,029 73.91 2,964 1.71 39 0.02 0 0 143 0.08 0 0 39 0.02 0 0.00
79

NVRA Table 2c: Application Sources – Duplicate Registrations

Total 

Applications

Application Source

Mail, email, fax. In-person Internet Motor Vehicle Offices Public Assistance Offices Disability Services Offices Armed Forces Recruitment Offices Other State Agencies Registration Drives— Advocacy Groups or Parties Other Sources Not Categorized

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

Michigan 194,166 4,449 2.29 3,932 2.03 0 0 184,098 94.81 1,653 0.85 25 0.01 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Minnesota 212,956 9,018 4.23 55,723 26.17 101,132 47.49 35,550 16.69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,583 0.74 9,945 4.67 5 0.00Mississippi 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .Missouri 2,835 322 11.36 140 4.94 601 21.2 264 9.31 437 15.41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,071 37.78

Montana 4,205 1,136 27.02 142 3.38 0 0 1,900 45.18 359 8.54 0 0 1 0.02 3 0.07 463 11.01 194 4.61 7 0.17Nebraska 39,556 8,811 22.27 0 0 8,077 20.42 20,823 52.64 10 0.03 941 2.38 0 0 0 0 0 0 894 2.26 0 0.00Nevada 15,662 598 3.82 296 1.89 195 1.25 2,984 19.05 917 5.85 21 0.13 0 0 42 0.27 10,605 67.71 4 0.03 0 0.00New Hampshire 1,414 13 0.92 1,401 99.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

New Jersey 21,576 81 0.38 0 0 0 0 8,846 41 859 3.98 24 0.11 94 0.44 11,188 51.85 0 0 484 2.24 0 0.00

New Mexico 331 81 24.47 1 0.3 249 75.23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

New York 219,880 73,244 33.31 8,249 3.75 0 0 89,920 40.89 0 0 10,029 4.56 23 0.01 15,779 7.18 0 0 0 0 22,636 10.29North Carolina 837,948 293,225 34.99 207,430 24.75 0 0 175,428 20.94 7,552 0.9 298 0.04 7 0 4,952 0.59 0 0 149,056 17.79 0 0.00

North Dakota 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

Ohio 652,921 188,922 28.93 81,368 12.46 0 0 132,033 20.22 80,717 12.36 229 0.04 27 0 8,484 1.3 69,952 10.71 17,128 2.62 74,061 11.34

Oklahoma 1,216 237 19.49 145 11.92 0 0 362 29.77 145 11.92 5 0.41 0 0 1 0.08 0 0 321 26.4 0 0.00

Oregon 2,077 218 10.5 0 0 990 47.66 513 24.7 22 1.06 26 1.25 0 0 40 1.93 0 0 259 12.47 9 0.43

Pennsylvania 316,875 34,336 10.84 2,919 0.92 55,336 17.46 137,575 43.42 21,785 6.87 144 0.05 10 0 200 0.06 51,099 16.13 12,844 4.05 627 0.20Puerto Rico 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .Rhode Island 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .South Carolina 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .South Dakota 46,064 9,580 20.8 171 0.37 0 0 29,890 64.89 271 0.59 223 0.48 19 0.04 1,920 4.17 3,990 8.66 0 0 0 0.00

Tennessee 68,999 22,849 33.12 5,240 7.59 0 0 34,302 49.71 4,940 7.16 0 0 429 0.62 1,220 1.77 0 0 19 0.03 0 0.00Texas 398,683 96,067 24.1 12,516 3.14 69,063 17.32 282,926 70.97 12,067 3.03 171 0.04 62 0.02 3,685 0.92 73 0.02 6,807 1.71 -84,754 -21.26
80

NVRA Table 2c: Application Sources – Duplicate Registrations

Total 

Applications

Application Source

Mail, email, fax. In-person Internet Motor Vehicle Offices Public Assistance Offices Disability Services Offices Armed Forces Recruitment Offices Other State Agencies Registration Drives— Advocacy Groups or Parties Other Sources Not Categorized

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

U.S. Virgin Islands 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .Utah 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .Vermont 2,324 0 0 0 0 1,996 85.89 328 14.11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Virginia 275,848 28,827 10.45 8,867 3.21 20,669 7.49 178,608 64.75 1,462 0.53 59 0.02 4 0 4,221 1.53 23,881 8.66 8,694 3.15 556 0.20

Washington 143,560 42,491 29.6 2,528 1.76 11,515 8.02 64,464 44.9 7,513 5.23 15 0.01 2,120 1.48 300 0.21 7,235 5.04 5,379 3.75 0 0.00West Virginia 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .Wisconsin 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .Wyoming 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .U.S. Total 5,661,029 1,040,465 18.38 522,227 9.22 798,632 14.11 1,848,582 32.65 179,002 3.16 15,356 0.27 5,099 0.09 57,531 1.02 213,004 3.76 394,950 6.98 586,181 10.35
81

NVRA Table 2c Calculation Notes

(1) Total Applications uses question A5d(2) Mail, Email, Fax, Total uses question A8a(3) Mail, Email, Fax, Pct uses question A8a divided by question A5d(4) In-person, Total uses question A8b(5) In-person, Pct uses question A8b divided by question A5d(6) Internet, Total uses question A8c(7) Internet, Pct uses question A8c divided by question A5d(8) DMV, Total uses question A8d(9) DMV, Pct uses question A8d divided by question A5d(10) Public Assistance Offices Mandated per NVRA, Total uses question A8e(11) Public Assistance Offices Mandated per NVRA, Pct uses question A8e divided by question A5d(12) State Funded Agencies Primarily Serving Persons with Disabilities, Total uses question A8f(13) State Funded Agencies Primarily Serving Persons with Disabilities, Pct uses question A8f divided by question A5d(14) Armed Forces Recruitment offices, Total uses question A8g(15) Armed Forces Recruitment offices, Pct uses question A8g divided by question A5d(16) Agencies Designated by the State not Mandated by NVRA, Total uses question A8h(17) Agencies Designated by the State not Mandated by NVRA, Pct uses question A8h divided by question A5d(18) Registration Drives or Political Parties, Total uses question A8i(19) Registration Drives or Political Parties, Pct uses question A8i divided by question A5d(20) Other, Total uses question A8j, A8k, A8l, A8m, A8n and A8o(21) Other, Pct uses question A8j, A8k, A8l, A8m, A8n and A8o, all divided by question A5d(22) Not Categorized, Total uses question A5d minus the sum of all question A8 sub-items(23) Not Categorized, Pct uses question A5d minus the sum of all question A8 sub-items, all divided by A5d
82

NVRA Table 2c Data Notes

General note: negative numbers in the “Not Categorized” column mean that the sum of the duplicate registrations from each source (items A8a to A8o) add up to more registrations than the total duplicate registrations reported by the state (item A5d).Connecticut, Guam, Idaho, Mississippi, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Carolina, U.S. Virgin Islands, Utah, West Virginia and Wisconsin: did not report any duplicate registrations.Illinois, Kansas and Kentucky: did not break down duplicate registrations per source of registration.Indiana, Nebraska, Minnesota and Montana: reported FPCA duplicate applications as “Other” (items A8i –A8o). These were re-recorded as “Mail” (itemA8a).Maryland: classified duplicate registrations from High Schools as “Other” (items A8l). These were re-recorded as “Other state agencies non-mandated by NVRA” (itemA8h).Minnesota: recorded “UOCAVA/FPCA online registration” duplicate registrations as “Other” (item A8m). This was re-recorded as “Online registration” (item A8c).North Dakota: does not have voter registration.New Jersey: this state reported: “07/2015 system started recording duplicate transactions.”Wyoming: does not report duplicate registrations because: “our voter registration system alerts when entering a registration whether or not the voter already exists in the system. This prevents duplicate registrations.”
83

NVRA Table 2d: Application Sources – Invalid or Rejected Forms

Application Source

Armed Forces Registration Drives— Total Public Assistance Disability Other State Mail, email, fax. In-person Internet Motor Vehicle Offices Recruitment Advocacy Groups or Other Sources Not Categorized Applications Offices Services Offices Agencies Offices Parties

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

Alabama 11,306 922 8.15 306 2.71 351 3.1 1,513 13.38 2,085 18.44 1,152 10.19 5 0.04 626 5.54 1,135 10.04 0 0 3,211 28.40

Alaska 6,420 1,000 15.58 1,310 20.4 884 13.77 2,392 37.26 721 11.23 12 0.19 79 1.23 22 0.34 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Arizona 29,325 5,856 19.97 249 0.85 2,224 7.58 281 0.96 967 3.3 356 1.21 22 0.07 8,578 29.25 6,121 20.87 4,217 14.38 454 1.55

Arkansas 9,766 872 8.93 815 8.35 0 0 8,819 90.3 176 1.8 0 0 0 0 5 0.05 107 1.1 17 0.17 -1,045 -10.70

California 651,320 87,779 13.48 61,858 9.5 156,598 24.04 48,989 7.52 13,500 2.07 419 0.06 336 0.05 638 0.1 18,976 2.91 178,657 27.43 83,570 12.83

Colorado 18,309 2,668 14.57 258 1.41 1,809 9.88 3,335 18.22 1,733 9.47 2 0.01 0 0 0 0 8,355 45.63 149 0.81 0 0.00

Connecticut 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

Delaware 6,620 323 4.88 285 4.31 988 14.92 4,877 73.67 49 0.74 0 0 0 0 17 0.26 81 1.22 0 0 0 0.00

District of 123 43 34.96 49 39.84 4 3.25 21 17.07 2 1.63 3 2.44 0 0 1 0.81 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Columbia 

Florida 106,360 19,992 18.8 14,564 13.69 0 0 10,116 9.51 2,756 2.59 243 0.23 20 0.02 1,393 1.31 57,274 53.85 0 0 2 0.00

Georgia 2,095 2,054 98.04 17 0.81 0 0 1 0.05 1 0.05 2 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0.95 0 0.00

130 250 192.31 130 100 120 92.31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -370 Guam -284.62

11,342 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11,342 Hawaii 100.00

Idaho 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

46,552 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46,552 Illinois 100.00

Indiana 29,396 1,169 3.98 5 0.02 1,884 6.41 7,933 26.99 985 3.35 12 0.04 5 0.02 0 0 0 0 17,403 59.2 0 0.00

916 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 916 Iowa 100.00

Kansas 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

496,315 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 496,315 Kentucky 100.00

Louisiana 20,645 12,526 60.67 145 0.7 1,955 9.47 3,145 15.23 2,393 11.59 301 1.46 5 0.02 0 0 175 0.85 0 0 0 0.00

Maine 1,079 79 7.32 2 0.19 0 0 2 0.19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0.93 986 91.38 0 0.00

Maryland 591 133 22.5 13 2.2 30 5.08 213 36.04 54 9.14 0 0 0 0 2 0.34 0 0 146 24.7 0 0.00

Massachusetts 16,892 2,374 14.05 432 2.56 5,193 30.74 8,103 47.97 709 4.2 44 0.26 0 0 34 0.2 0 0 3 0.02 0 0.00
84

NVRA Table 2d: Application Sources – Invalid or Rejected Forms

Total 

Applications

Application Source

Mail, email, fax. In-person Internet Motor Vehicle Offices Public Assistance Offices Disability Services Offices Armed Forces Recruitment Offices Other State Agencies Registration Drives— Advocacy Groups or Parties Other Sources Not Categorized

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

Michigan 1,032 235 22.77 327 31.69 0 0 456 44.19 13 1.26 1 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Minnesota 316 80 25.32 85 26.9 59 18.67 15 4.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 18.35 19 6.01 0 0.00

Mississippi 442 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 433 97.96 9 2.04

Missouri 3,230 434 13.44 33 1.02 19 0.59 32 0.99 56 1.73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,656 82.23

Montana 419 82 19.57 49 11.69 0 0 55 13.13 45 10.74 0 0 1 0.24 1 0.24 20 4.77 105 25.06 61 14.56

Nebraska 320 50 15.63 0 0 2 0.63 11 3.44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 257 80.31 0 0.00

Nevada 34,099 3,039 8.91 5,894 17.29 1,152 3.38 2,849 8.36 5,673 16.64 5 0.01 5 0.01 6 0.02 15,453 45.32 23 0.07 0 0.00

New Hampshire 

0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

New Jersey 6,515 1 0.02 0 0 0 0 227 3.48 16 0.25 122 1.87 25 0.38 915 14.04 0 0 5,207 79.92 2 0.03

New Mexico 14,678 111 0.76 51 0.35 50 0.34 90 0.61 1,622 11.05 116 0.79 0 0 0 0 54 0.37 0 0 12,584 85.73

New York 103,486 42,055 40.64 0 0 0 0 22,914 22.14 11,024 10.65 6,302 6.09 21 0.02 11,678 11.28 9,355 9.04 0 0 137 0.13

North Carolina 145,667 10,882 7.47 30,957 21.25 0 0 93,004 63.85 2,380 1.63 69 0.05 0 0 16 0.01 0 0 8,559 5.88 -200 -0.14

North Dakota 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

Ohio 70,666 11,421 16.16 12,427 17.59 0 0 4,572 6.47 22,207 31.43 35 0.05 4 0.01 2,292 3.24 7,150 10.12 3,681 5.21 6,877 9.73

Oklahoma 28,097 7,560 26.91 3,233 11.51 0 0 10,033 35.71 2,899 10.32 99 0.35 1 0 18 0.06 0 0 3,254 11.58 1,000 3.56

Oregon 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

Pennsylvania 97,811 8,410 8.6 433 0.44 8,040 8.22 2,115 2.16 7,450 7.62 67 0.07 0 0 99 0.1 38,169 39.02 1,148 1.17 31,880 32.59

Puerto Rico 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

Rhode Island 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

South Carolina 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

South Dakota 23 7 30.43 2 8.7 0 0 3 13.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4.35 0 0 10 43.48

Tennessee 50,787 19,421 38.24 1,265 2.49 0 0 21,913 43.15 7,001 13.79 0 0 347 0.68 840 1.65 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Texas 144,346 86,438 59.88 22,608 15.66 801 0.55 33,761 23.39 6,999 4.85 160 0.11 64 0.04 2,365 1.64 11 0.01 5,347 3.7 -14,208 -9.84
85

NVRA Table 2d: Application Sources – Invalid or Rejected Forms

Total 

Applications

Application Source

Mail, email, fax. In-person Internet Motor Vehicle Offices Public Assistance Offices Disability Services Offices Armed Forces Recruitment Offices Other State Agencies Registration Drives— Advocacy Groups or Parties Other Sources Not Categorized

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

U.S. Virgin Islands 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

Utah 37,251 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37,251 100.00

Vermont 849 0 0 0 0 297 34.98 552 65.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Virginia 106,959 17,380 16.25 3,407 3.19 7,336 6.86 52,961 49.52 1,361 1.27 53 0.05 5 0 875 0.82 22,952 21.46 360 0.34 269 0.25

Washington 7,738 1,775 22.94 27 0.35 1,313 16.97 1,095 14.15 809 10.45 4 0.05 296 3.83 76 0.98 1,846 23.86 439 5.67 58 0.75

West Virginia 261 107 41 60 22.99 44 16.86 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 19.16 0 0.00

Wisconsin 501 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 501 100.00

Wyoming 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

U.S. Total 2,320,995 347,528 14.97 161,296 6.95 191,153 8.24 346,398 14.92 95,686 4.12 9,579 0.41 1,241 0.05 30,497 1.31 187,303 8.07 230,480 9.93 719,834 31.01
86

NVRA Table 2d Calculation Notes

(1) Total Applications uses question A5e(2) Mail, Email, Fax, Total uses question A9a(3) Mail, Email, Fax, Pct uses question A9a divided by question A5e(4) In-person, Total uses question A9b(5) In-person, Pct uses question A9b divided by question A5e(6) Internet, Total uses question A9c(7) Internet, Pct uses question A9c divided by question A5e(8) DMV, Total uses question A9d(9) DMV, Pct uses question A9d divided by question A5e(10) Public Assistance Offices Mandated per NVRA, Total uses question A9e(11) Public Assistance Offices Mandated per NVRA, Pct uses question A9e divided by question A5e(12) State Funded Agencies Primarily Serving Persons with Disabilities, Total uses question A9f(13) State Funded Agencies Primarily Serving Persons with Disabilities, Pct uses question A9f divided by question A5e(14) Armed Forces Recruitment offices, Total uses question A9g(15) Armed Forces Recruitment offices, Pct uses question A9g divided by question A5e(16) Agencies Designated by the State not Mandated by NVRA, Total uses question A9h(17) Agencies Designated by the State not Mandated by NVRA, Pct uses question A9h divided by question A5e(18) Registration Drives or Political Parties, Total uses question A9i(19) Registration Drives or Political Parties, Pct uses question A9i divided by question A5e(20) Other, Total uses question A9j, A9k, A9l, A9m, A9n and A9o(21) Other, Pct uses question A9j, A9k, A9l, A9m, A9n and A9o all divided by question A5e(22) Not Categorized, Total uses question A5e minus the sum of all question A9 sub-items(23) Not Categorized, Pct uses question A5e minus the sum of all question A9 sub-items, all divided by A5e
87

NVRA Table 2d Data Notes

General note: negative numbers in the “Not Categorized” column mean that the sum of the rejected applications from each source (items A9a to A9o) add up to more applications than the total rejected applications reported by the state (item A5e).Connecticut, Idaho, Kansas, New Hampshire, Oregon, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Carolina, U.S. Virgin Islands and Wyoming: did not report information about invalid or rejected applications.Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Mississippi, Utah, Vermont and Wisconsin: did not break down duplicate registrations per source of registration.Indiana and Montana: reported FPCA applications or by mail NVRA codes as “Other” (items A9i –A9o). These were re-recorded as “Mail” (itemA9a).North Dakota: does not have voter registration.
88

NVRA Table 3: Registration Applications Processed

Total Reported 

Registrations

Total 

Registration 

Forms 

Received

Registration Category

Change of Name, Party 

or Address (within 

Jurisdiction)

Change of Address 

(Cross-Jurisdiction) Duplicate Invalid or Rejected Other Not Categorized New Valid Registrations

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

Alabama 3,333,946 1,212,493 880,967 72.66 9,665 0.8 3,604 0.3 11,306 0.93 0 0 -385,216 -31.77 692,167 57.09Alaska 587,303 259,227 168,977 65.18 0 0 32,747 12.63 6,420 2.48 0 0 0 0 51,083 19.71Arizona 4,080,680 2,081,889 1,245,507 59.83 23,853 1.15 63,773 3.06 29,325 1.41 501 0.02 29,009 1.39 689,921 33.14

Arkansas 1,765,513 696,300 407,113 58.47 0 0 133 0.02 9,766 1.4 0 0 2 0 279,286 40.11

California 24,486,638 10,621,987 1,457,546 13.72 152,419 1.43 1,266,962 11.93 651,320 6.13 2,505,011 23.58 1,131,065 10.65 3,457,664 32.55Colorado 3,840,303 1,580,143 688,833 43.59 296,665 18.77 5,406 0.34 18,309 1.16 34,250 2.17 0 0 536,680 33.96

Connecticut 2,331,684 996,091 539,016 54.11 190,466 19.12 0 0 0 0 13,705 1.38 0 0 252,904 25.39Delaware 675,663 458,644 220,433 48.06 10,613 2.31 67,664 14.75 6,620 1.44 72,596 15.83 0 0 80,718 17.60District of Columbia 493,287 169,889 110,910 65.28 0 0 33,204 19.54 123 0.07 1,307 0.77 0 0 24,345 14.33Florida 13,505,571 1,887,951 258,055 13.67 59,603 3.16 17,116 0.91 106,360 5.63 78,320 4.15 -293,202 -15.53 1,661,699 88.02Georgia 6,657,621 2,678,361 1,324,433 49.45 516,908 19.3 106,546 3.98 2,095 0.08 16,344 0.61 0 0 712,035 26.58Guam 51,720 8,858 0 0 1,548 17.48 0 0 130 1.47 57 0.64 -1,485 -16.76 8,608 97.18Hawaii 751,483 223,251 71,330 31.95 0 0 39,149 17.54 11,342 5.08 5,404 2.42 13,461 6.03 82,565 36.98Idaho 936,529 302,862 92,541 30.56 3 0 0 0 0 0 79,584 26.28 21,029 6.94 109,705 36.22

Illinois 8,843,038 2,237,296 824,239 36.84 0 0 118,952 5.32 46,552 2.08 37,212 1.66 -108,584 -4.85 1,318,925 58.95

Indiana 4,839,038 1,718,748 1,036,646 60.31 0 0 121,312 7.06 29,396 1.71 115,167 6.7 0 0 416,227 24.22

Iowa 2,222,380 675,685 470,651 69.66 0 0 52,444 7.76 916 0.14 85 0.01 0 0 151,589 22.43

Kansas 1,785,834 678,797 572,979 84.41 19,739 2.91 3,528 0.52 0 0 0 0 -144,303 -21.26 226,854 33.42Kentucky 3,306,120 1,550,136 0 0 171,546 11.07 72,005 4.65 496,315 32.02 0 0 567,992 36.64 242,278 15.63Louisiana 3,058,741 1,222,542 800,129 65.45 0 0 13,081 1.07 20,645 1.69 18,808 1.54 0 0 369,879 30.25

Maine 1,065,100 286,269 84,717 29.59 85,566 29.89 4,518 1.58 1,079 0.38 15,022 5.25 0 0 95,367 33.31

Maryland 3,900,090 1,981,596 1,363,866 68.83 227,510 11.48 6,575 0.33 591 0.03 0 0 74 0 382,980 19.33
89

NVRA Table 3: Registration Applications Processed

Total Reported 

Registrations

Total 

Registration 

Forms 

Received

Registration Category

Change of Name, Party 

or Address (within 

Jurisdiction)

Change of Address 

(Cross-Jurisdiction) Duplicate Invalid or Rejected Other Not Categorized New Valid Registrations

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

Massachusetts 4,534,974 1,678,290 540,601 32.21 457,834 27.28 173,214 10.32 16,892 1.01 2,270 0.14 0 0 487,479 29.05

Michigan 7,514,055 2,461,847 819,631 33.29 0 0 194,166 7.89 1,032 0.04 18,357 0.75 6 0 1,428,655 58.03Minnesota 3,473,972 1,484,767 491,906 33.13 294,028 19.8 212,956 14.34 316 0.02 6,329 0.43 0 0 479,232 32.28

Mississippi 2,072,395 212,780 0 0 0 0 0 0 442 0.21 10,447 4.91 0 0 201,891 94.88Missouri 4,215,860 2,133,688 1,507,052 70.63 0 0 2,835 0.13 3,230 0.15 0 0 0 0 620,571 29.08Montana 694,370 266,402 135,868 51 55,472 20.82 4,205 1.58 419 0.16 1,452 0.55 0 0 68,986 25.90

Nebraska 1,211,101 799,056 580,611 72.66 0 0 39,556 4.95 320 0.04 0 0 0 0 178,569 22.35Nevada 1,678,883 716,373 409,951 57.23 121 0.02 15,662 2.19 34,099 4.76 6,840 0.95 0 0 249,700 34.86New Hampshire 988,398 827,036 597,039 72.19 99,629 12.05 1,414 0.17 0 0 22 0 0 0 128,932 15.59New Jersey 5,751,090 1,865,833 1,240,224 66.47 0 0 21,576 1.16 6,515 0.35 0 0 0 0 597,518 32.02New Mexico 1,289,420 337,543 229,586 68.02 0 0 331 0.1 14,678 4.35 345 0.1 -52,199 -15.46 144,802 42.90New York 16,200,892 2,964,829 333,156 11.24 285,744 9.64 219,880 7.42 103,486 3.49 0 0 492,308 16.6 1,530,255 51.61

North Carolina 6,924,469 3,330,649 1,115,792 33.5 0 0 837,948 25.16 145,667 4.37 139 0 -2 0 1,231,105 36.96North Dakota 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

Ohio 7,861,025 3,498,036 1,580,506 45.18 0 0 652,921 18.67 70,666 2.02 16,967 0.48 0 0 1,176,976 33.65

Oklahoma 2,157,450 729,397 310,713 42.6 0 0 1,216 0.17 28,097 3.85 0 0 3,003 0.41 386,368 52.97Oregon 2,553,810 1,799,438 1,245,219 69.2 0 0 2,077 0.12 0 0 33,649 1.87 0 0 518,493 28.81Pennsylvania 8,722,975 4,198,246 1,677,855 39.97 723,890 17.24 316,875 7.55 97,811 2.33 0 0 441,182 10.51 940,633 22.41Puerto Rico 2,867,558 307,200 0 0 129,054 42.01 0 0 0 0 114 0.04 0 0 178,032 57.95Rhode Island 754,065 144,944 53,854 37.16 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,863 3.36 0 0 86,227 59.49

South Carolina 3,157,027 1,494,527 1,271,114 85.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 223,413 14.95

South Dakota 595,322 154,280 68,196 44.2 24,040 15.58 46,064 29.86 23 0.01 1,388 0.9 -44,486 -28.83 59,055 38.28
90

NVRA Table 3: Registration Applications Processed

Total Reported 

Registrations

Total 

Registration 

Forms 

Received

Registration Category

Change of Name, Party 

or Address (within 

Jurisdiction)

Change of Address 

(Cross-Jurisdiction) Duplicate Invalid or Rejected Other Not Categorized New Valid Registrations

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

Tennessee 4,110,318 916,435 144,666 15.79 0 0 68,999 7.53 50,787 5.54 9,846 1.07 0 0 642,137 70.07Texas 14,382,387 5,717,560 2,217,190 38.78 349,388 6.11 398,683 6.97 144,346 2.52 53,069 0.93 38,972 0.68 2,515,912 44.00

U.S. Virgin Islands 46,076 4,806 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0.12 0 0 4,800 99.88

Utah 1,577,069 661,093 0 0 0 0 0 0 37,251 5.63 8,372 1.27 0 0 615,470 93.10Vermont 472,289 88,544 0 0 0 0 2,324 2.62 849 0.96 0 0 50 0.06 85,321 96.36Virginia 5,604,106 2,569,158 1,039,757 40.47 0 0 275,848 10.74 106,959 4.16 0 0 0 0 1,146,594 44.63

Washington 4,872,385 1,163,266 159,530 13.71 139,193 11.97 143,560 12.34 7,738 0.67 24,218 2.08 421 0.04 688,606 59.20West Virginia 1,254,768 572,037 107,338 18.76 0 0 0 0 261 0.05 170,248 29.76 154,160 26.95 140,030 24.48Wisconsin 3,768,373 650,944 147,810 22.71 216,755 33.3 0 0 501 0.08 42,072 6.46 2,207 0.34 241,599 37.12Wyoming 284,203 238,577 144,087 60.39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 94,490 39.61

U.S. Total 214,109,367 77,516,596 30,788,140 39.72 4,541,252 5.86 5,661,029 7.3 2,320,995 2.99 3,404,386 4.39 1,865,464 2.41 28,935,330 37.33
91

NVRA Table 3 Calculation Notes

(1) Total Reported Registrations uses question A1a(2) Total Registration Forms Received uses question A5a(3) Change of Name, Party or Address (Within Jurisdiction), Total uses question A5f(4) Change of Name, Party or Address (Within Jurisdiction), Pct uses question A5f divided by question A5a(5) Change of Address (Cross-Jurisdiction), Total uses question A5g(6) Change of Address (Cross-Jurisdiction), Pct uses question A5g divided by question A5a(7) Duplicate, Total uses question A5d(8) Duplicate, Pct uses question A5d divided by question A5a(9) Invalid or Rejected, Total uses question A5e(10) Invalid or Rejected, Pct uses question A5e divided by question A5a(11) Other, Total uses the sum of questions A5c, A5h, A5i, A5j, A5k and A5l(12) Other, Pct uses the sum of questions A5c, A5h, A5i, A5j, A5k and A5l divided by question A5a(13) Not Categorized, Total uses question A5a minus the sum of questions A5b, A5c, A5h, A5i, A5j, A5k and A5l(14) Not Categorized, Pct uses question A5a minus the sum of questions A5b, A5c, A5h, A5i, A5j, A5k and A5l, all divided by question A5a(15) New Valid Registrations, Total uses question A5b(16) % Applications Received Added to List, Pct uses question A5b divided by A5a

NVRA Table 3 Data Notes

General note: negative numbers in the “Not Categorized” column mean that the sum of the registration forms received for each category (items A5b to A5l) add up to more applications than the total applications received reported by the state (item A5a).Iowa, Louisiana, Oregon, Wyoming, New Jersey, Delaware and Idaho: classified updates and corrections to registrations as “Other” (items A5b to A5l). These were re-recorded as “Change to name, party, etc” (item A5f).Louisiana: this state reports that: “address changes across jurisdictions are counted as new registrations”Michigan: this state reports that: “’New valid registrations’ (item A5b) reflects voters who registered from the first time in Michigan and voters who moved from one jurisdiction to another”Missouri, Iowa: categorized “Returned first ID” or “Received incomplete” as “Other” (A5h-A5l). They were re-categorized as “Invalid or Rejected” (A5e)Nebraska: this state reports: “Nebraska law does not allow for pre-registrations under 18 years”
92

New Mexico: the data for total registrations and data for registrations per category come from different sources and do not completely match. Most jurisdictions did not provide information for “Duplicate registrations” (item A5d) and “Invalid or rejected registrations” (item A5e). These were re-recorded with the data provided in items A7a to A7o (for item A5b), and items A9a to A9o (for item A5e). Additionally, seven jurisdictions did not report the total number of registrations (item A5a), which was filled with the sum of items A5b to A5l.North Dakota: does not have voter registration.South Carolina: only reported “New Registrations” (item A5b) and “Changes to Name/Address” (item A5f). As reported by the state: “A5a shows total records marked as a new registration or change. Changes include any change to the voter’s record. Complete data for duplicate and incomplete applications n/a.”Vermont: did not report information about “New Registrations” (A5b) and “Duplicate Registrations” (A5d). These items were re-recorded with the sum of the data reported in items A7a to A7o (for item A5b), and items A8a to A8o (for item A5d).West Virginia: does not report address changes within/cross-jurisdiction separately, and does not track duplicates.Wisconsin: does not follow NVRA and does not collect information of duplicate and rejected registrations.
93

NVRA Table 4a: Voter List Maintenance – Confirmation Notices

Confirmation Notices Sent

Result of Confirmation Notice

Received Confirmation From Voter Confirmation Returned as 

Undeliverable Status Unknown Other Not Categorized Valid Invalid

Total Pct. Active Voters Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

Alabama 253,316 8.31 1,790 0.71 39,012 15.4 3 0 0 0 0 0 212,511 83.89

Alaska 24,835 4.7 837 3.37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23,998 96.63

Arizona 578,631 16.12 122,599 21.19 43,266 7.48 278,619 48.15 118,611 20.5 149 0.03 15,387 2.66

Arkansas 403,725 28.38 114,588 28.38 31,119 7.71 56,802 14.07 201,216 49.84 0 0 0 0.00

California 1,423,191 7.32 136,335 9.58 130,063 9.14 126,225 8.87 660,569 46.41 107,264 7.54 262,735 18.46

Colorado 461,029 13.82 19,933 4.32 6,780 1.47 0 0 434,316 94.21 0 0 0 0.00

Connecticut 55,023 2.54 39,757 72.26 1,096 1.99 14,170 25.75 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Delaware 29,442 4.58 5,352 18.18 18,739 63.65 554 1.88 4,797 16.29 0 0 0 0.00

District of Columbia 0 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

Florida 1,109,098 8.63 270,447 24.38 39,649 3.57 252,340 22.75 533,445 48.1 12,683 1.14 534 0.05

Georgia 1,026,062 18.78 65,022 6.34 4,234 0.41 270,797 26.39 686,009 66.86 0 0 0 0.00

Guam 5,218 10.09 5,218 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Hawaii 41,120 6.17 2,749 6.69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38,371 93.31

Idaho 35,180 3.76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35,180 100.00

Illinois 648,722 8.05 43,943 6.77 24,659 3.8 183,048 28.22 0 0 0 0 397,072 61.21

Indiana 0 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

Iowa 112,535 5.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 60,803 54.03 0 0 51,732 45.97

Kansas 211,769 13.22 9,548 4.51 38,376 18.12 18,728 8.84 143,201 67.62 0 0 1,916 0.90

Kentucky 0 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

Louisiana 331,301 11.46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 331,301 100.00

Maine 110 0.01 0 0 6 5.45 0 0 76 69.09 28 25.45 0 0.00

Maryland 773,802 19.84 9,233 1.19 29,119 3.76 0 0 705,493 91.17 0 0 29,957 3.87
94

NVRA Table 4a: Voter List Maintenance – Confirmation Notices

Confirmation Notices Sent

Result of Confirmation Notice

Received Confirmation From Voter Confirmation Returned as 

Undeliverable Status Unknown Other Not Categorized Valid Invalid

Total Pct. Active Voters Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

Massachusetts 980,890 24.56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 980,890 100.00

Michigan 203,389 3.01 64 0.03 23,008 11.31 12,041 5.92 168,276 82.74 0 0 0 0.00

Minnesota 67,728 1.95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 67,728 100.00

Mississippi 78,104 4.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 78,104 100.00

Missouri 483,037 12.67 14,221 2.94 532 0.11 110,468 22.87 0 0 130,118 26.94 227,698 47.14

Montana 126,024 21.94 15,161 12.03 2,799 2.22 18,403 14.6 89,647 71.13 14 0.01 0 0.00

Nebraska 150,449 13.78 12,347 8.21 73,069 48.57 9,423 6.26 55,610 36.96 0 0 0 0.00

Nevada 260,568 17.74 36,043 13.83 15,563 5.97 44,417 17.05 51,522 19.77 84 0.03 112,939 43.34

New Hampshire 11,942 1.21 0 0 11,320 94.79 0 0 0 0 0 0 622 5.21

New Jersey 334,287 6.28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 334,287 100.00

New Mexico 50,687 4.46 6,767 13.35 1,205 2.38 13,799 27.22 30,065 59.31 0 0 -1,149 -2.27

New York 554,590 3.42 0 0 30,767 5.55 164,947 29.74 294,930 53.18 17,459 3.15 46,487 8.38

North Carolina 1,330,264 22.43 0 0 0 0 299,283 22.5 928,441 69.79 102,540 7.71 0 0.00

North Dakota 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

Ohio 2,195,778 27.93 567,194 25.83 90,563 4.12 154,127 7.02 1,330,787 60.61 33,860 1.54 19,247 0.88

Oklahoma 266,004 14.64 54,470 20.48 4,475 1.68 27,997 10.53 165,826 62.34 13,236 4.98 0 0.00

Oregon 285,048 11.16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 285,048 100.00

Pennsylvania 392,246 . 57,827 14.74 4,599 1.17 77,467 19.75 251,697 64.17 656 0.17 0 0.00

Puerto Rico 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

Rhode Island 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

South Carolina 385,429 12.21 297,983 77.31 6 0 39,229 10.18 38,781 10.06 0 0 9,430 2.45

South Dakota 21,446 3.94 701 3.27 543 2.53 12,240 57.07 7,405 34.53 0 0 557 2.60
95

NVRA Table 4a: Voter List Maintenance – Confirmation Notices

Confirmation Notices Sent

Result of Confirmation Notice

Received Confirmation From Voter Confirmation Returned as 

Undeliverable Status Unknown Other Not Categorized Valid Invalid

Total Pct. Active Voters Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

Tennessee 457,472 12.94 83,242 18.2 5,119 1.12 72,941 15.94 296,170 64.74 0 0 0 0.00

Texas 1,623,778 13.6 187,441 11.54 25,773 1.59 206,128 12.69 1,023,365 63.02 17,910 1.1 163,161 10.05

U.S. Virgin Islands 

8,170 17.73 0 0 1,600 19.58 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,570 80.42

Utah 66,583 4.71 4,545 6.83 0 0 3,723 5.59 0 0 0 0 58,315 87.58

Vermont 17,385 3.95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17,385 100.00

Virginia 566,128 11.17 127,950 22.6 0 0 33,056 5.84 405,122 71.56 0 0 0 0.00

Washington 499,688 11.68 118,202 23.66 121,435 24.3 31,422 6.29 218,452 43.72 0 0 10,177 2.04

West Virginia 70,804 6.2 2,954 4.17 15,511 21.91 1,860 2.63 50,479 71.29 0 0 0 0.00

Wisconsin 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

Wyoming 46,039 16.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46,039 100.00

U.S. Total 19,058,066 10.26 2,434,463 12.77 834,005 4.38 2,534,257 13.3 8,955,111 46.99 436,001 2.29 3,864,229 20.28
96

NVRA Table 4a Calculation Notes

(1) Total Confirmation Notices Sent uses question A10a(2) % of Active Voters uses question s\A10a divided by question A3a(3) Received Confirmation from Voter – Valid, Total uses question A10b(4) Received Confirmation from Voter – Valid, Pct uses question A10b divided by A10a(5) Received Confirmation from Voter – Invalid, Total uses question A10c(6) Received Confirmation from Voter – Invalid, Pct uses question A10c divided by A10a(7) Confirmation Returned as Undeliverable, Total uses question A10d(8) Confirmation Returned as Undeliverable, Pct uses question A10d divided by question A10a(9) Status Unknown, Total uses question A10e(10) Status Unknown, Pct uses question A10e divided by question A10a(11) Other, Total uses question A10f, A10g and A10h(12) Other, Pct uses the sum of question A10f, A10g and A10h divided by question A10a(13) Not Categorized, Total uses question A10a minus the sum of all A10 sub-items(14) Not Categorized, Pct uses question A10a minus the sum of all A10 sub-items, all divided by question A10a

NVRA Table 4a Data Notes

General note: negative numbers in the “Not Categorized” column mean that the sum of the confirmation notices for each category (items A10b to A10h) add up to more confirmation notices than those reported in the total (item A10a).Idaho: this state reports about information regarding confirmation notices: “this figure only includes the number of notices mailed to voters for being purged for not voting in the last two federal primary and general elections. Idaho law does not require cancellation notices to be mailed to voters except for purging.”Louisiana, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, Oregon, Vermont and Wyoming: report number of confirmation notices sent but do not break them down in categories.District of Columbia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Puerto Rico and Rhode Island: did not report information about confirmation notices.Minnesota: this state reports that: “Minnesota is NVRA exempt. Minnesota sends a notice if a registration will be inactivated because of an NCOA or ERIC out-ofstate move.North Dakota: does not have voter registration.Wisconsin: this state reports: “Wisconsin is exempt from NVRA and does not send these types of confirmation notices”
NVRA Table 4b: Voter List Maintenance – Removal Actions

Voters Removed Reason for Removal

Total

Pct. 

Registered 

Voters

Moved Out of Jurisdiction Death Failure to Return Confirmation Notice Voter’s Request Felony or Conviction Mental Incompetence Other Not Categorized

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

Alabama 116,434 3.90 11,598 9.96 68,730 59.03 0 0 35 0.03 10,793 9.27 140 0.12 0 0 25,138 21.59

Alaska 44,567 7.76 5,311 11.92 7,407 16.62 29,705 66.65 2,082 4.67 62 0.14 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Arizona 386,813 10.17 132,737 34.32 61,338 15.86 142,978 36.96 18,125 4.69 17,653 4.56 234 0.06 13,748 3.55 0 0.00

Arkansas 154,326 9.10 15,558 10.08 38,881 25.19 80,244 52 804 0.52 8,961 5.81 101 0.07 9,777 6.34 0 0.00

California 1,135,742 6.26 145,923 12.85 436,603 38.44 1,454 0.13 24,134 2.13 25,929 2.28 556 0.05 501,097 44.12 46 0.00Colorado 261,836 7.18 41,979 16.03 19,496 7.45 176,471 67.4 20,299 7.75 1,166 0.45 0 0 2,425 0.93 0 0.00

Connecticut 74,770 3.46 34,475 46.11 16,680 22.31 5,345 7.15 17,112 22.89 1,158 1.55 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Delaware 46,351 7.22 18,000 38.83 12,506 26.98 13,952 30.1 169 0.36 1,715 3.7 0 0 9 0.02 0 0.00

District of Columbia 83,519 18.29 13,287 15.91 13,702 16.41 56,526 67.68 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Florida 771,949 6.08 64,502 8.36 312,086 40.43 297,847 38.58 45,246 5.86 46,292 6 2,281 0.3 3,807 0.49 -112 -0.01Georgia 732,791 12.15 548,986 74.92 115,941 15.82 11,300 1.54 2,481 0.34 29,845 4.07 124 0.02 24,114 3.29 0 0.00Guam 5,228 10.06 0 0 10 0.19 0 0 219 4.19 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,999 95.62

Hawaii 32,914 4.64 2,446 7.43 10,923 33.19 13,306 40.43 1,662 5.05 106 0.32 0 0 0 0 4,471 13.58

Idaho 65,167 8.21 6,452 9.9 13,366 20.51 35,180 53.98 155 0.24 1,535 2.36 0 0 4,855 7.45 3,624 5.56

Illinois 861,985 10.34 337,160 39.11 161,699 18.76 239,455 27.78 1,767 0.2 0 0 0 0 485 0.06 121,419 14.09Indiana 1,026,502 22.38 13,971 1.36 94,892 9.24 40,778 3.97 0 0 7,935 0.77 0 0 5,452 0.53 863,474 84.12

Iowa 80,331 3.75 29,742 37.02 43,243 53.83 0 0 551 0.69 3,398 4.23 71 0.09 3,326 4.14 0 0.00

Kansas 128,809 7.37 20,659 16.04 38,924 30.22 60,710 47.13 387 0.3 3,889 3.02 42 0.03 592 0.46 3,606 2.80Kentucky 158,000 5.02 6,498 4.11 72,005 45.57 67,743 42.88 642 0.41 9,994 6.33 1,118 0.71 0 0 0 0.00

Louisiana 292,885 9.98 109,362 37.34 68,043 23.23 69,407 23.7 17,263 5.89 15,322 5.23 119 0.04 13,369 4.56 0 0.00

Maine 168,829 16.64 121,442 71.93 21,609 12.8 20,162 11.94 1,236 0.73 0 0 0 0 4,380 2.59 0 0.00

Maryland 285,393 7.71 117,166 41.05 79,469 27.85 83,365 29.21 679 0.24 3,113 1.09 12 0 1,589 0.56 0 0.00

Massachusetts 678,112 15.77 367,865 54.25 83,256 12.28 164,012 24.19 8,040 1.19 880 0.13 0 0 54,059 7.97 0 0.00
98

NVRA Table 4b: Voter List Maintenance – Removal Actions

Voters Removed Reason for Removal

Total

Pct. 

Registered 

Voters

Moved Out of Jurisdiction Death Failure to Return Confirmation Notice Voter’s Request Felony or Conviction Mental Incompetence Other Not Categorized

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

Michigan 400,793 5.38 53,394 13.32 161,813 40.37 167,581 41.81 18,005 4.49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00

Minnesota 189,347 5.92 74,918 39.57 54,401 28.73 58,533 30.91 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,495 0.79 0 0.00

Mississippi 126,223 8.50 22,792 18.06 45,148 35.77 45,389 35.96 1,797 1.42 1,273 1.01 26 0.02 9,798 7.76 0 0.00

Missouri 349,510 8.54 98,051 28.05 92,042 26.33 139,024 39.78 2,357 0.67 14,092 4.03 2,015 0.58 0 0 1,929 0.55

Montana 82,421 12.22 7,240 8.78 13,313 16.15 47,895 58.11 2,473 3 235 0.29 4 0 11,261 13.66 0 0.00

Nebraska 83,518 7.20 24,149 28.91 27,065 32.41 27,428 32.84 320 0.38 2,972 3.56 0 0 1,584 1.9 0 0.00

Nevada 181,974 12.33 23,486 12.91 20,444 11.23 88,609 48.69 10,104 5.55 2,070 1.14 41 0.02 37,220 20.45 0 0.00

New Hampshire 125,588 14.31 110,373 87.88 13,975 11.13 0 0 0 0 47 0.04 0 0 1,193 0.95 0 0.00

New Jersey 328,045 5.91 54,184 16.52 96,375 29.38 135,078 41.18 4,662 1.42 10,493 3.2 10 0 25,076 7.64 2,167 0.66New Mexico 2,993 0.23 432 14.43 580 19.38 0 0 53 1.77 1,453 48.55 0 0 0 0 475 15.87New York 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

North Carolina 930,154 14.03 426,972 45.9 126,045 13.55 324,862 34.93 2,259 0.24 17,747 1.91 0 0 32,269 3.47 0 0.00North Dakota 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

Ohio 1,032,427 13.32 384,451 37.24 173,182 16.77 426,781 41.34 34,120 3.3 13,778 1.33 36 0 79 0.01 0 0.00

Oklahoma 251,965 12.46 93,826 37.24 38,395 15.24 108,347 43 747 0.3 5,248 2.08 191 0.08 5,211 2.07 0 0.00

Oregon 120,275 5.53 23,599 19.62 51,213 42.58 39,553 32.89 5,460 4.54 0 0 0 0 450 0.37 0 0.00Pennsylvania 855,524 10.60 376,659 44.03 207,688 24.28 261,718 30.59 3,509 0.41 15 0 161 0.02 5,774 0.67 0 0.00

Puerto Rico 724,699 . 58,478 8.07 664,730 91.72 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,491 0.21 0 0 0 0.00

Rhode Island 43,595 5.80 3,009 6.9 10,835 24.85 25,528 58.56 492 1.13 1,684 3.86 0 0 1,345 3.09 702 1.61

South Carolina 152,334 5.29 87,363 57.35 51,844 34.03 0 0 52 0.03 9,315 6.11 0 0 0 0 3,760 2.47

South Dakota 25,903 4.60 2,722 10.51 11,141 43.01 9,967 38.48 570 2.2 1,463 5.65 3 0.01 17 0.07 20 0.08

Tennessee 411,497 10.35 150,126 36.48 88,616 21.54 156,412 38.01 4,042 0.98 12,292 2.99 0 0 1 0 8 0.00

Texas 1,227,180 8.75 198,702 16.19 184,034 15 453,428 36.95 16,418 1.34 18,079 1.47 799 0.07 358,584 29.22 -2,864 -0.23
99

NVRA Table 4b: Voter List Maintenance – Removal Actions

Voters Removed Reason for Removal

Total

Pct. 

Registered 

Voters

Moved Out of Jurisdiction Death Failure to Return Confirmation Notice Voter’s Request Felony or Conviction Mental Incompetence Other Not Categorized

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

U.S. Virgin Islands 8,170 15.92 0 0 507 6.21 0 0 0 0 122 1.49 0 0 0 0 7,541 92.30Utah 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

Vermont 36,479 8.21 6,101 16.72 4,422 12.12 12,929 35.44 6,179 16.94 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,848 18.77

Virginia 808,079 15.30 535,654 66.29 92,058 11.39 135,400 16.76 12,294 1.52 26,756 3.31 955 0.12 4,962 0.61 0 0.00

Washington 476,266 12.14 198,650 41.71 56,393 11.84 14,545 3.05 10,622 2.23 4,965 1.04 107 0.02 190,984 40.1 0 0.00West Virginia 76,487 6.30 6,862 8.97 28,474 37.23 23,551 30.79 46 0.06 306 0.4 5 0.01 17,242 22.54 1 0.00

Wisconsin 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

Wyoming 51,771 19.54 1,494 2.89 4,505 8.7 45,567 88.02 48 0.09 98 0.19 2 0 35 0.07 22 0.04

U.S. Total 16,696,470 8.76 5,188,806 31.08 4,110,047 24.62 4,358,065 26.1 299,717 1.8 334,253 2 10,644 0.06 1,347,664 8.07 1,047,274 6.27
100

NVRA Table 4b Calculation Notes

(1) Voters Removed uses question A11a(2) % of Reported Registrations uses question A11a divided by total registrations in 2014 (A1a from 2014)(3) Moved out of Jurisdictions, Total uses question A11b(4) Moved out of Jurisdictions, Pct uses question A11b divided by question A1a(5) Death of Registrant, Total uses question A11c(6) Death of Registrant, Pct uses question A11 divided by question A1a(7) Voter’s Request, Total uses question A11g(8) Voter’s Request, Pct uses question A11g divided by question A1a(9) Felony or Conviction, Total uses question A11d(10) Felony or Conviction, Pct uses question A11d divided by question A1a(11) Mental Incompetence, Total uses question A11f(12) Mental Incompetence, Total uses question A11f divided by question A1a(13) Other, Total uses the sum of questions A11h, A11i, A11j and A11k(14) Other, Pct uses the sum of questions A11h, A11i, A11j and A11k divided by question A1a(15) Not Categorized, Total uses question A11a minus the sum of all A11 sub-items(16) Not Categorized, Total uses question A11a minus the sum of all A11 sub-items, all divided by question A11a

NVRA Table 4b Data Notes

General note: the percent of registered voters removed from the rolls was calculated using the number of registered citizens in 2014. So the percentage shows what percentage of those citizens registered in 2014 were removed leading to the 2016 Presidential Election.Colorado: this state reports: “the relocation outside of jurisdiction includes only moved out of state. Under Colorado law, if a voter moves within the state his or her record is transferred in the statewide database to the new county.”Connecticut: reported removals from “DMV notice of move outside jurisdiction” as “Other” (item A11h). These were re-recorded as “Move outside jurisdiction” (item A11b)Minnesota: this state reports: “[For items] A11d and A11f: voter is not removed but status changes to “challenged.” [For item] A11e: Did not vote or update registration in prior four years. [For item] A11g: Voter request not tracked separately is included in A11h.”Nebraska: this state reports: “Nebraska does not completely remove any voter from the voter registration application. The numbers in [item] A11 represent voters who were put into a “removable” or “not eligible” status, but their voter record history is still in the database.”
101

New York and Utah: did not report information about voter removal.North Dakota: does not have voter registration.Wisconsin: this state reported: “data on the total voters removed and the reasons for removal is not available due to a system migration”Wyoming: this state reports: “our office now receives data from the department of transportation that flags potential noncitizens. If a potential noncitizen did not confirm their eligibility, they were removed from the rolls.”
102

NVRA Table 5: Same Day Registration

New Same Day Registrations

Total

Pct. Reported 

Registration (only 

states with SDR)

Pct. Applications 

Received

Alaska 4,809 0.82 1.86

Arizona 4 0 0.00

Colorado 19,190 0.5 1.21

Connecticut 34,929 1.5 3.51

District of Columbia 9,836 1.99 5.79

Hawaii 2,632 0.35 1.18

Idaho 131,455 14.04 43.40

Illinois 137,757 1.56 6.16

Iowa 51,215 2.3 7.58

Maine 74,270 6.97 25.94

Maryland 7,884 0.2 0.40

Minnesota 197,552 5.69 13.31

Montana 12,055 1.74 4.53

Nebraska 1,237 0.1 0.15

New Hampshire 80,995 8.19 9.79

North Carolina 119,035 1.72 3.57

Rhode Island 7,001 0.93 4.83

Texas 10,045 0.07 0.18

Utah 10,272 0.65 1.55

Vermont 1,546 0.33 1.75

Wisconsin 355,948 9.45 54.68

Wyoming 19,911 7.01 8.35

U.S. Total 1,289,578 2.03 5.16
103

NVRA Table 5 Calculation Notes

(1) Total New Same Day Registrations uses question A4a

(2) % of Reported Registrations uses question A4a divided by question A1a

(3) % of Total Applications Received uses question A4a divided by question A5a

NVRA Table 5 Data Notes

General note: this table only includes those states that provided any data about Same Day Registration 

(SDR).

Alaska: the law in this state allows for same day voter registration for the office of president/vice 

president only.

Arizona and Texas: do not have Same Day Registration. However, some jurisdictions reported allowing 

some individuals to register on a day when voting was also occurring. For example, the jurisdiction of 

Gila, AZ reported: “UOCAVA voters are allowed to register and vote on Election Day.”

Hawaii: “Same day registration was offered during early voting only”

Nebraska: this state reports an overlap between close of registration and opening of early voting.

Rhode Island: only allows same day registration for president and vice president.

Vermont: this state reports: “all of Vermont, allowed SDR thorough affirmation form when DMV 

application form was not received.”

UNIFORMED AND OVERSEAS CITIZENS

ABSENTEE VOTING ACT (UOCAVA) 

SURVEY FINDINGS 

U.S. ELECTION

ASSISTANCE

COMMISSION

T H E E L E C T I O N 

A D M I N I S T R AT I O N 

AND VOTING

SURVEY

UNIFORMED AND OVERSEAS CITIZENS 

ABSENTEE VOTING ACT (UOCAVA)

SURVEY FINDINGS

107

Introduction

The Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act, or UOCAVA, was enacted to improve 

the voting process for the more than 1.3 million members of the uniformed services stationed 

away from home; their 700,000 eligible family members; and the 5.7 million U.S. citizens 

living, studying, and working overseas.1

 The voting process for overseas civilians and military 

members stationed away from their voting residence is different from the regular absentee 

voting process. Voters covered under UOCAVA face unique voting obstacles due to their 

mobility and the time required to transmit and return ballots. 

The Election Assistance Commission (EAC) partners with the Federal Voting Assistance 

Program (FVAP) to collect and evaluate data on the voting experiences of citizens covered 

under UOCAVA, and some of that data is presented in this report. Before 2014, the EAC asked 

states about UOCAVA voting as a part of the Election Administration and Voting Survey (EAVS), 

and FVAP asked local jurisdictions about UOCAVA voting as a part of its biennial Post-Election 

Survey of Local Election Officials. In 2014, FVAP and the EAC entered into a memorandum 

of understanding under which FVAP and the EAC combined their survey efforts. FVAP added 

certain questions to the EAVS, and the EAC agreed to provide FVAP with all data associated 

with UOCAVA voting after the EAVS had been administered. This collaboration reduced the data 

collection burden on local election officials while still allowing both the EAC and FVAP to fulfill 

their congressionally mandated requirements to study UOCAVA voters.

Figure 1 provides an overview of the UOCAVA voting process, which can be divided into six 

basic steps: (1) a voter registers to vote and requests a ballot; (2) the election office receives 

the request and accepts or rejects it; (3) a ballot is transmitted from the election office to the 

voter; (3) the ballot is marked by the voter and returned to the election office; (5) the election 

office receives the ballot; and (6) the ballot is accepted and counted, or it is rejected.
108

Figure 1: The UOCAVA Voting Process

Uniformed Service and Overseas Citizen Voting

The UOCAVA section of the EAVS captures information regarding UOCAVA registrations, ballots 

that are transmitted from and received by state and local election offices, and the outcomes 

for the transmitted and received ballots. This includes:

•	 registration and ballot requests by UOCAVA voters;

•	 ballots transmitted to voters by election offices;

•	 ballots returned by voters to election offices; 

•	 ballots accepted and counted, and ballots rejected; and

•	 Federal Write-In Absentee Ballots (FWAB) returned by UOCAVA voters.
109

Many of the questions in the UOCAVA section of the EAVS ask for totals at each step in the 

UOCAVA voting process to be divided into categories based on the type of voter—members 

of the uniformed services or overseas citizens. Other questions ask for data to be reported 

based on whether the ballot is a transmitted ballot—a ballot sent from the election office to 

the voter—or a FWAB.2

 Additionally, the survey collects information on specific forms used by 

UOCAVA voters, including the Federal Post Card Application (FPCA), which is a registration and 

ballot request form for UOCAVA voters.

The uniformed services are the Armed Forces—Air Force, Army, 

Marine Corps, and Navy—the commissioned corps of the Public Health 

Service, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 

and the U.S. Merchant Marine. Uniformed service members, their 

spouses, and their dependents are referred to together as uniformed 

services voters. Overseas citizens are U.S. citizens living outside 

of the United States who are not uniformed service voters but are 

protected by UOCAVA. 

Changes to the UOCAVA Section for the 2016 Survey 

In 2014, the UOCAVA section of the EAVS was expanded to include questions from FVAP’s 

Post-Election Quantitative Survey of Local Election Officials. The goal of combining the surveys 

was to reduce the survey burden on election officials by asking them to answer a single set of 

questions about UOCAVA voting. Although the questions from the two surveys were phrased 

differently and asked for different levels of specificity, they captured many of the same data 

points. For example, both surveys asked questions pertaining to ballots transmitted, ballots 

returned, and ballots rejected. After combining the surveys, the new EAVS UOCAVA section 

contained questions that were redundant and, in places, the question language was not clear 

and concise. In order to streamline and improve the 2016 EAVS UOCAVA section, FVAP worked 

with the Council of State Governments’ Overseas Voting Initiative to create a working group 

consisting of state and local election officials. This group identified the redundant questions in 

the UOCAVA section and the wording issues associated with several questions. 

No changes were made to the survey instrument itself between 2014 and 2016, but additions 

and edits were made to the Supplemental Instruction Manual (SIM) to reflect the suggestions 

of the Section B Working Group. Nine questions were identified as being redundant, and four 

questions contained subitems that asked for data that most states do not record.3

 The SIM 

instructed states to skip these 13 questions and their 62 subitems, and the items were 

grayed out in the data templates. Table 1 in Appendix B lists the questions that were to be 

skipped and explains what items in the survey replace the skipped items.
110

Improvements to the language that was used in the SIM were also made according to 

recommendations from the working group. The improvements addressed four issues: 

Defining UOCAVA status more clearly: The 2014 survey referred to uniformed services 

voters and overseas citizens without providing a detailed explanation of the meaning 

of each term. This issue was addressed by including the FPCA’s language for the 

definition of UOCAVA voters.

Clarifying what “transmit” means when discussing “transmitted ballots”: The survey 

refers to transmitted ballots as a way of differentiating between ballots that are sent 

to UOCAVA voters by state or local election offices and FWABs that are not transmitted 

by election offices. The SIM was updated to differentiate between where the ballot 

originates. A transmitted ballot originates in an election office and is sent via postal 

mail, email, fax, or other mode, and a FWAB originates with the UOCAVA voter. 

Clarifying the meaning of “returned and submitted for counting”: The phrase “returned 

and submitted for counting” suggests that a ballot has to meet two criteria to be 

included in this category. First, the ballot has to be returned by the voter, and second, 

the ballot has to meet the criteria for being counted. Many states and localities 

excluded ballots that were received from voters but had obvious problems, such as 

not being signed by the voter, in this total. Because the EAC and FVAP want the total 

number of ballots returned, regardless of whether the ballot was subsequently counted 

or rejected, the SIM was updated to clarify that questions with this phrasing should 

include all ballots returned by voters, regardless of whether the ballot was counted or 

rejected.

Improving the usability of the SIM: Previously, the SIM did not provide definitions for all 

items in the survey. Additionally, the information was not presented in an easy-to-use 

format. In the revised SIM, definitions of election terms were added to each item, and 

the SIM was reformatted for greater clarity using plain language principles. 

UOCAVA Ballots Transmitted 

Election offices in each jurisdiction are responsible for transmitting blank ballots, either 

through the mail or electronically, to all registered UOCAVA voters who request them. State 

election policies can affect the difference between the number of registered UOCAVA voters 

and the number of ballots transmitted to voters. For example, in some states where UOCAVA 

voters are permanently registered, UOCAVA voters can be designated as “inactive”. 
111

In 2016, the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and three U.S. territories reported 

transmitting 930,156 ballots. The UOCAVA population is distributed unevenly across the 

states. Together, California, Florida, Washington, Texas, New York, and Colorado accounted for 

almost half of all UOCAVA ballots transmitted to voters. 

States and Transmitted UOCAVA Ballots

States with high numbers of UOCAVA ballots transmitted:

California transmitted 119,740 UOCAVA ballots to voters.

Florida transmitted 116,674 UOCAVA ballots to voters.

Washington transmitted 100,994 UOCAVA ballots to voters.

The 2016 EAVS found that nearly all states were able to provide data concerning the UOCAVA 

ballots transmitted by the type of voter. In 2016, 51.4 percent of UOCAVA ballots transmitted 

nationally were sent to U.S. civilians living overseas, 39.6 percent were sent to members 

of the uniformed services and their families, 9 percent of transmitted ballots were not 

differentiated by the type of voter. The proportion of ballots sent to overseas civilians or 

uniformed services members varied by state. In Virginia, for example, UOCAVA ballots were 

split about evenly between uniformed services and overseas civilian voters; in Massachusetts, 

91.6 percent of UOCAVA ballots were transmitted to overseas civilians. In three-fifths of all 

states, a larger number of ballots were transmitted to uniformed services members. 

A similar number of ballots were transmitted to UOCAVA voters in 2012 and 2016. However, 

as seen in Figure 2, the percentage of ballots transmitted to overseas citizens and uniformed 

services voters changed substantially between 2012 and 2016. The number of ballots sent 

to members of the uniformed services decreased by 18.6 percent nationally from 2012 to 

2016. By contrast, there was a 23 percent increase in the number of ballots sent to overseas 

citizens from 2012 to 2016. 
112

Figure 2. Number of Ballots Transmitted to UOCAVA Voters, 2012 and 2016

The change in the distribution of transmitted ballots across voter types was driven by several 

factors. First, 39 states reported transmitting fewer ballots to uniformed services members in 

2016 than in 2012. California alone reported transmitting 35,960 fewer ballots to uniformed 

services members in 2016 than were reported in 2012. However, this is likely due, at least in 

part, to the large number of jurisdictions in California that did not categorize their transmitted 

ballots by voter type; 43 of California’s 58 jurisdictions did not report transmitted ballots 

according to voter type in 2016 compared to only one jurisdiction that did not provide this 

information in 2012. In addition to the changes in the reported numbers of ballots transmitted 

to uniformed services members, 46 states reported transmitting a larger number of ballots to 

overseas civilians in 2016 than in 2012. Illinois, New Jersey, and Massachusetts accounted 

for almost 50 percent of the increase in ballots transmitted to overseas civilians.

Table 1. States with the Largest Change in UOCAVA Ballots Transmitted, by Voter Type

Uniformed Services Overseas Citizens

2012 2016 % Change 2012 2016 % Change

California 52,312 16,352 -68.7% Illinois 5,431 19,396 +257.1%

Texas 51,470 29,062 -43.5% New Jersey 3,076 16,349 +431.5%

Virginia 12,036 7,445 -38.1% Washington 22,297 35,230 +58.0%
113

Transmitted Ballot Statuses

The EAVS tracks a variety of outcomes of ballots that are transmitted to UOCAVA voters. Of all 

the ballots transmitted in 2016, 70.5 percent were returned by voters. Another 19.4 percent 

of ballots were reported to have an unknown status, which may include ballots not received or 

returned. Other ballot dispositions included spoiled or replaced ballots (3.1 percent), ballots 

returned as undeliverable (0.8 percent), other dispositions (0.8 percent), and those unable to 

be categorized by their disposition (5.5 percent). Most states provided the number of ballots 

submitted for counting, but fewer states were able to provide counts of ballots returned as 

undeliverable and spoiled or replaced ballots.

UOCAVA Ballots Returned

Once a ballot is marked by the voter, it must be returned to the election office in the voter’s 

jurisdiction before their state’s deadline for receiving UOCAVA ballots. This can be a challenge 

for some voters, depending on when they receive their ballot, how they are able to return their 

ballot, and the location from where they are casting their ballot. For example, voters living in 

another country who must return their ballots by mail may have more difficulty submitting a 

ballot before their state’s deadline compared to a voter who can return their ballot by email, 

especially if they do not receive their ballots until shortly before Election Day. To resolve 

the issues presented by mailing times, a few states have adopted online ballot submission 

systems. However, due to security and privacy concerns associated with voted ballots, online 

ballot submission from voters is much less common than online transmission of ballots to 

voters. All UOCAVA voters have the option to use the FWAB in case their regular absentee 

ballot does not arrive in time to vote.

The Federal Write-In Absentee Ballot (FWAB)

The FWAB is a special type of UOCAVA ballot that may be used by 

UOCAVA voters in the event that the voter’s regular UOCAVA ballot does 

not arrive in time to vote. In order to use a FWAB, a voter must have 

registered and requested a ballot.

A total of 633,613 ballots were returned by UOCAVA voters during the 2016 general election.4

Consistent with previous election cycles, a large majority of the ballots submitted by UOCAVA 

voters during the 2016 general election were transmitted ballots rather than FWABs. States 

reported that 96.3 percent of the ballots submitted in 2016 were regular UOCAVA absentee 

ballots issued by the voters’ jurisdiction. Figure 3 compares the number of ballots transmitted 

by each state to the number of ballots returned by voters. Although California transmitted the 

largest number of ballots to UOCAVA voters, Florida had the largest number of ballots returned. 
114

Figure 3. UOCAVA Ballots Transmitted and Returned, 20165
115

Of the 368,516 ballots transmitted by election offices to uniformed services members, 65.8 

percent were returned. Overseas civilians returned transmitted ballots at a higher rate of 73.7 

percent. Overall, 18 states reported more uniformed services ballots submitted than overseas 

civilian ballots, whereas 29 states had more overseas civilian ballots than uniformed services 

ballots submitted. The remaining seven states did not provide data categorizing the ballots by 

voter type.

Federal Write-In Absentee Ballots (FWABs) Received6

Section 103 of UOCAVA provides a mechanism for uniformed services and overseas civilian 

voters to cast a FWAB (see 52 U.S.C.§ 20303). These ballots are available to uniformed 

aervices voters and voters living outside the United States who requested but did not receive 

the regular absentee ballots after having submitted a timely application for the ballot. The 

FWAB allows all UOCAVA voters to cast a ballot for Federal offices (President/Vice President as 

applicable, U.S. Senator, U.S. Representative, Delegate or Resident Commissioner), and some 

states allow these ballots to be used for elections other than Federal elections.

If a regular absentee ballot does not arrive in time for the individual to vote, the FWAB 

functions as a back-up ballot. The FWAB is available through voting assistance officers at 

military installations, at U.S. embassies or consulates, and on the FVAP website. An absentee 

uniformed services voter typically must:

•	 be absent from his or her voting residence;

•	 have applied for a regular ballot early enough so that the request is received by the 

appropriate local election officer not later than the state deadline or the date that is 30 

days before the general election, unless the state grants additional permission; and

•	 not have received the requested regular absentee ballot from the state, unless the state 

grants additional permission.

A citizen outside the United States typically must:

•	 be located outside the United States (including those located at APO/FPO addresses);

•	 have applied for a regular ballot early enough so that the request is received by the 

appropriate local election officer not later than the state deadline or the date that is 30 

days before the general election, unless the state grants additional permission; and

•	 not have received the requested regular absentee ballot from the state, unless the state 

grants additional permission (52 U.S.C. § 20301).

States reported that 23,391 FWABs were submitted in 2016, which accounted for 3.7 percent 

of all UOCAVA ballots submitted. This small proportion makes sense in the context of the 

FWAB’s purpose, serving as a back-up ballot when the regular requested absentee ballot does 

not arrive in time to vote. However, three states—Iowa and North Carolina—and the District 

of Columbia reported that more than 20 percent of the UOCAVA ballots they received were 

FWABs.
116

The number of FWABs received in the 2016 general election was much lower than in the 

2012 general election, when 44,766 FWABs, representing 7.4 percent of the total number of 

UOCAVA ballots, were submitted (see Figure 4). This could be due, in part, to improvements 

in UOCAVA ballot transmission processes used by election offices. FWAB usage remains a 

relatively small proportion of UOCAVA voting among both uniformed services and overseas 

civilian voters. In 2016, FWABs accounted for 3.3 percent of the total ballots returned by 

uniformed services voters and 3.6 percent returned by overseas civilian voters.

Figure 4. Number of FWABs Received, 2008–2016

Ballot Return Rates7

Return rates for UOCAVA ballots are calculated in a unique way, relating to the differences 

between regular UOCAVA ballots and FWABs. As previously discussed, regular UOCAVA ballots 

originate with an election office and must be transmitted to the voter. FWABs, however, do not 

originate with an election office, so they cannot be tracked in this manner. Voters can get a 

FWAB, either from the internet or from voting assistance personnel, in the event that they do 

not receive their requested UOCAVA ballot. Under the assumption that voters who submitted 

a FWAB also requested that a regular UOCAVA ballot be transmitted to them, we include 

the counts of FWABs in both the transmitted and returned portions of the ballot return rate 

calculation.
117

The rate of return of UOCAVA ballots in 2016 was slightly lower than in the Presidential election 

in 2012. In 2016, 68.1 percent of UOCAVA ballots were returned compared to 69 percent 

in 2012.8

There are many reasons other than non-voting that can explain why a ballot that 

was transmitted to a voter might not be received by the election office. For example, a blank 

UOCAVA ballot that is sent in the mail by an election office might not get to a voter due to an 

error in the format of the address on file or difficulties with the postal system in the voter’s 

country of residence. Likewise, when the voter returns his or her ballot, it can also fail to reach 

the election office because the voter might have failed to apply correct postage or might have 

used the wrong address for the election office. 

Ballot Return Rates: National and State-level

National UOCAVA ballot return rate: 68.1%

States with high UOCAVA ballot return rates:

Alaska has a UOCAVA ballot return rate of 93.2%

Idaho has a UOCAVA ballot return rate of 91.7%

Nevada has a UOCAVA ballot return rate of 91.2%

UOCAVA Ballots Counted and Rejected

Once a UOCAVA ballot is received by an election office, election officials determine whether 

it should be accepted and counted, or rejected. The rejection rates of UOCAVA ballots are of 

particular interest because of the variation across states related to ballot return methods, 

deadlines for ballot return, and other factors.

Of the 633,592 regular ballots and FWABs that were received from voters in 2016, 512,696, 

or 80.9 percent, were counted by the states.9

 In 2012, the reported number of regular ballots 

and FWABs that were counted was 478,889. The proportions of ballots counted in 2016 

differed for uniformed services members and overseas civilians: 88.6 percent of the ballots 

returned by uniformed services members were counted, whereas only 78.7 percent of ballots 

from overseas civilians were counted. The number of UOCAVA ballots counted in each state 

in 2016 range from 44 in Rhode Island to 78,361 in Florida.10 Figure 5 displays the number 

of ballots counted as a percentage of the ballots transmitted to UOCAVA voters. Many states 

with smaller UOCAVA populations tended to count higher proportions of the ballots they sent 

out to voters. Several states, such as New York and Massachusetts, were unique in that they 

transmitted a large number of UOCAVA ballots and counted a large proportion of those ballots.
118

Figure 5. Percentage of Ballots Transmitted to UOCAVA Voters That Were Counted, 2016

Overall in 2016, the rejection rate for UOCAVA ballots and FWABs was relatively low at the 

national level. In total, 19,039 regular UOCAVA ballots and FWABs were rejected, for a national 

rejection rate of 3 percent. Rejection rates ranged from zero percent in seven states to 13.7 

percent in Idaho.11 Ballots were rejected at approximately equal rates for uniformed services 

members (3 percent) and overseas civilians (2.9 percent). Additionally, the rejection rate is 

slightly inflated due to a number of FWABs that were rejected because a regular absentee 

ballot was received from the same voter. These “rejections” still resulted in a vote being 

counted, so after correcting for those FWABs, the national rejection rate was 2.8 percent.

The reasons UOCAVA ballots were rejected are of particular interest. The most common reason 

for rejection was that the ballot was not received on time: 44.4 percent of the rejected ballots 

in 2016 were not counted for this reason. Another 16.2 percent were rejected because of 

problems with a required voter signature; for example, the signature may not have matched 

the signature on file or it may have been missing altogether. An additional 3.2 percent were 

rejected because the ballot lacked a postmark. Figure 6 displays the reasons that ballots were 

rejected in 2012 and 2016. More ballots were rejected due to missed deadlines and voter 

signature issues in 2012 than in 2016; in 2016, more ballots were rejected because they 

lacked a postmark.
119

Figure 6. Reasons for Rejecting UOCAVA Ballots, 2016

Transmitted Ballots Counted

A total of 495,649 transmitted ballots were counted in the 2016 general election. About 43.6 

percent of these ballots were submitted by uniformed service members, and 56.1 percent 

were submitted by overseas civilians. The remaining ballots were from other voter types or 

were not classified. 

FWABs Counted

Use of the FWAB resulted in at least 17,047 ballots being counted in the 2016 general 

election.12 FWABs made up 3.3 percent of UOCAVA ballots counted in the 2016 election.13 Of 

the number of FWABs counted, 33.3 percent were from uniformed services members and 58.8 

percent were from overseas civilians. The largest numbers of FWABs were counted in California 

(3,059), North Carolina (1,628), and Pennsylvania (1,485).

Transmitted Ballots Rejected 

In the 2016 election, the states reported rejecting 14,964 UOCAVA ballots that had originated 

with the elections office. Ballots received back from uniformed services members and 

overseas civilians were rejected at a roughly equal rate (about 2.5 percent). Several states 

rejected UOCAVA ballots at much higher rates than other states, as measured by the ratio of 

rejected to counted UOCAVA ballots. Missouri, Puerto Rico, and South Carolina counted all of 

their submitted ballots and rejected zero. Idaho, on the other hand, counted 2,352 transmitted 

ballots (88.3 percent) and rejected 311 (11.7 percent). 
120

FWABs Rejected

Of the 23,391 FWABs submitted in 2016, 4,075 (17.4 percent) were rejected.14 FWAB 

rejection rates ranged from zero percent in seven states to 59.8 percent in Idaho and 68.5 

percent in Indiana. Unlike transmitted ballots, the rejection rate for FWABs was higher for 

uniformed services members than overseas civilians. FWABs received from uniformed service 

members were rejected at a rate of 20.0 percent, whereas FWABs from overseas civilians were 

rejected at a rate of 14.3 percent.

Figure 7. Reasons for Rejecting FWABs, 2016

The EAVS collects data on two reasons that FWABs can be rejected. Of all the FWABs that 

were rejected in the 2016 general election, 1,184 were rejected because they were received 

after the ballot receipt deadline. An additional 1,139 were rejected because the voters’ regular 

absentee ballot was received. Figure 7 displays the reasons FWABs were rejected in 2016. 

Roughly equal proportions of ballots were rejected due to a missed deadline or because a 

regular UOCAVA ballot was received from the voter. However, for nearly half of the rejected 

FWABs (43 percent), the reason for rejection was not specified. This could indicate one of 

two things: either states do not track the reasons that FWABs were rejected or FWABs were 

rejected for some other reason not listed.
121

Comparison: Transmitted Ballots versus FWABs

FWABs were used at similar rates by uniformed service members and overseas civilians in the 

2016 general election. Of the 250,683 ballots received from uniformed services members, 

3.1 percent were FWABs, and of the 365,854 ballots received from overseas civilians, 3.6 

percent were FWABs.

Table 2. Returned Ballots by Ballot and Voter Type, 2016

Transmitted Ballots FWABs

Uniformed Services 

Members 242,468 8,215

Overseas Civilians 352,657 13,197

Notably, and consistent with past survey data, FWABs were more likely to be rejected than 

regular state absentee ballots. FWABs made up 21.4 percent of the 19,039 rejected UOCAVA 

ballots, although FWABs were only 3.7 percent of the ballots returned by voters. States 

reported receiving 23,391 FWABs and rejecting 4,075, or 17.4 percent. For transmitted 

ballots, the rejection rate was much smaller at 2.5 percent. Almost half of all rejected FWABs 

were in three states—Texas, Maryland, and California.

Table 3. Returned Ballots by Type and Outcome, 2016

Transmitted Ballots FWABs

Counted 495,649 17,047

Rejected 14,964 4,075
122

Endnotes

1 Overseas Citizen Population Analysis. (2016). Federal Voting Assistance Program. https://www.fvap.gov/

uploads/FVAP/Reports/FVAP-OCPA_201609_final.pdf

2 The FWAB is a back-up ballot that can be used by UOCAVA voters to cast a vote, if their requested absentee 

ballot does not arrive in time.

3 The subitems that were removed related to ballots transmitted to voters 45 days before the election and 

then ballots transmitted closer to the election.

4 The report will only use counts of transmitted “regular” UOCAVA ballots and FWABs that were returned. 

Although the EAVS generally collects data on all types of UOCAVA ballots, even those that cannot be classified 

by type, the questions in the 2016 EAVS concerning the number of ballots returned only collected information 

on the two main ballot types of interest—regular UOCAVA ballots and FWABs. These changes in data 

collection and reporting from previous years are due to the questions that were marked for skipping in the 

2016 SIM, discussed on pages 119–120 and Appendix B of this report.

5 In this figure, four states are not included because they did not report B26a–e, which asked about 

the number of ballots transmitted to UOCAVA voters that were returned. Those states are Connecticut, 

Mississippi, New Jersey, and Oregon. Data on the number of ballots transmitted by those states can be found 

in UOCAVA Table 1.

6 When discussing the rest of the voting process, special attention will be given to discussing transmitted 

ballots and FWABs separately. Transmitted ballots are sent from the elections office to the voter, but FWABs 

originate with the voter. A FWAB can be supplied by a voting assistance officer, found at consulates and 

the offices of overseas voting groups, or downloaded from the internet. Due to these differences in ballot 

origination, there are several different ways to calculate ballot return rates. Additionally, transmitted ballots 

and FWABs look different and have different requirements for being counted, so their rejection rates and 

reasons for rejection may also differ.

7 Calculations of UOCAVA ballot return rates in this report intend to include two types of ballots: regular 

UOCAVA ballots and FWABs. Due to changes in how states were asked to complete the survey in 2016, the 

survey did not collect information on the numbers of ballots returned that were an “other” ballot type or could 

not be categorized by ballot type.

8 The return rate for a given state may be slightly higher or lower than average because of the way cases in 

which a voter returned multiple ballots were handled. For example, if a voter returned both a FWAB and a 

transmitted ballot, typically the transmitted ballot is counted. However, if a state counted both as returned, it 

could inflate the rate of returned ballots.

9 When discussing these counts of ballots, we focus solely on transmitted ballots and FWABs because we 

do not have counts of “other” or “uncategorized” types of ballots that were returned. Due to the skipped 

questions in the 2016 survey, we do not have data on how many of these other ballots were returned. If we 

had included all returned UOCAVA ballots in our calculations of count rates and return rates, the rates would 

be artificially inflated.

10 The numbers of ballots counted that were reported here only include regular UOCAVA ballots (B10a–c) and 

FWABs counted (B11a–c). States and territories that did not categorize their counted ballots (B9a–c) into 

these subitems are not included.

11 The U. S. Virgin Islands were not able to report the number of ballots rejected, so they are not included in 

this analysis. Three states were not able to report a breakdown of the number of ballots rejected.

12 The actual number of FWABs that were counted may be higher as some states were not able to provide a 

breakdown of their UOCAVA ballots by type of ballot.
123

13 This is the percentage of FWABs that were counted out of the total number of regular UOCAVA ballots and 

FWABs that were counted.

14 The numbers of FWABs that were counted and rejected do not add up to the number of FWABs that 

were returned. The disposition of the remaining 2,270 FWABs is unknown due to non-response from some 

jurisdictions and the use of different questions to make these calculations. There was no check within the 

data template to ensure that states reported a number of counted and rejected FWABs that was equal to the 

number returned. Additionally, some states differ in how they define rejected ballots. For example, in a few 

states, ballots that are returned after the submission deadline are neither counted nor rejected—they are 

simply considered returned ballots.
124

UOCAVA Appendix A: 

Additional Information 

Laws Affecting UOCAVA Voters

The Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA) requires states 

and territories to provide a means for these citizens to register and to vote in elections 

for Federal office using absentee procedures. Under UOCAVA, citizens can use the Federal 

Post Card Application (FPCA) to register to vote and to request their absentee ballot. 

UOCAVA also provides for the use of a Federal Write-In Absentee Ballot (FWAB), which 

can be cast under certain conditions by voters who have applied for but who have not yet 

received their absentee ballot. 

The Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment (MOVE) Act amended UOCAVA in October 

2009. The purpose of the amendment is to ensure that military personnel and overseas 

citizens have sufficient time to request and receive ballots and that states allow enough 

time for the submitted ballots to be counted toward the election results. Provisions of the 

act include requirements for states to transmit ballots at least 45 days before Federal 

elections and to offer electronic transmission of voting information and blank ballots. 

The MOVE Act also eliminated the Federal requirement that ballots be automatically 

transmitted for two subsequent general election cycles. This requirement changed to a 

minimum of the calendar year in which the FPCA was submitted.

The Help America Vote Act (HAVA ) was passed in 2002, and section 703(a) HAVA 

amended section 102 of UOCAVA by adding the requirement that each state must report 

certain election data to the EAC no more than 90 days after each Federal election. 

The data is to include the number of absentee ballots transmitted to absent uniformed 

services voters and overseas voters for the election and the number of those ballots that 

were returned. HAVA also provided that the EAC work with its board of advisors and its 

standards board to create a standardized format for collecting the data and that the data 

be made available to the public.
125

Data Collection Requirements

The Help America Vote Act of 2002 (HAVA), 42 U.S.C. § 15301 et seq., mandates that, 

for each regularly scheduled general election for Federal office, the EAC shall collect 

comprehensive data from the states on all of the ballots sent and received by voters 

covered by UOCAVA, 42 U.S.C. § 1973ff. The UOCAVA statute also requires FVAP to collect 

data on UOCAVA voting. 

Beginning in 2014, the EAC and FVAP consolidated their data collection efforts related to 

UOCAVA voters, using Section B of the EAVS as the sole method of collecting these data. 

The 2016 EAVS used a new and improved UOCAVA section that aimed to ease survey 

completion for the states while also improving the quality of the data being collected. 

Stakeholders and subject matter experts worked together to combine repetitive items 

and make the survey language more easy to interpret. These updates were provided in an 

instruction manual that was distributed along with the survey instrument. This report on 

UOCAVA voting will contain more information than past years on the use of special forms 

such as the FPCA and the FWAB.
126

UOCAVA Appendix B: Section B 

Skipped Questions

Skipped Questions Reason for Skipping

B3. Enter the total number of all UOCAVA ballots 

(including regular UOCAVA absentee ballots and 

Federal Write-in Absentee Ballots [FWAB]) returned by UOCAVA voters and submitted for counting for the November 2016 general election.

This item can be skipped because the total 

number of ballots received from UOCAVA voters 

can be determined by adding together the total 

number of UOCAVA absentee ballots counted (B8) 

and the total number of UOCAVA absentee ballots 

rejected (B13)

B4a through B4c. Divide the total number of 

UOCAVA ballots returned by UOCAVA voters and 

submitted for counting (as entered in B3) into 

each category of UOCAVA voter (uniformed service members, overseas civilians, other).

These items can be skipped because the subtotals of ballots for each type of voter can be determined by adding up the total number of UOCAVA 

ballots that were counted (B9a–c) and the total 

number of UOCAVA ballots that were rejected 

(B15a–c).

B5a through B5c: Regular UOCAVA absentee ballots returned and submitted for counting, divided 

into each category of UOCAVA voter (uniformed 

service members, overseas civilians, and other).

These items can be skipped because the subtotals of ballots for each type of voter can be 

determined by adding up the total number of regular UOCAVA absentee counted (B10a–c) and the 

total number of regular UOCAVA absentee ballots 

rejected (B16a–c).

B6a through B6c: FWABs returned and submitted 

for counting, divided into each category of UOCAVA voter (uniformed service members, overseas 

civilians, and other).

These items can be skipped because the 

sub-totals of FWABS for each type of voter can 

be determined by adding the number of FWABs 

counted (11a–c) to the number of FWABs rejected 

(17a–c).

B7a through B7c: Other type of ballots returned 

and submitted for counting, divided into each 

category of UOCAVA voter (uniformed service 

members, overseas civilians, and other).

These items can be skipped because the subtotals of FWABS for each type of voter can be determined by adding the number of other UOCAVA 

ballots counted (12a–c) to the number of other 

UOCAVA ballots rejected (18a–c).

B23. Enter the date your jurisdiction first started 

transmitting absentee ballots to UOCAVA voters 

for the November 2016 election.

This item can be skipped because states typically 

do not track the date of transmission for UOCAVA 

ballots.

B24. How many UOCAVA absentee ballots did 

your jurisdiction transmit to UOCAVA voters using 

the following modes of transmission, before and 

after the 45-day deadline?

The timing component of this question can be 

skipped because states do not track the date of 

transmission. The remaining components of the 

question still capture the total number of UOCAVA ballots transmitted by mail, email, and other 

modes. 

B27. How many UOCAVA absentee ballots were 

received using the following modes of transmission, before and after the 45-day deadline?

The timing component of this question was 

dropped because states do not track the date of 

transmission. The remaining components of the 

question still capture the total number of UOCAVA 

ballots received by mail, email, and other modes.
127

Skipped Questions Reason for Skipping

B28: Of the total number of UOCAVA absentee 

ballots received (as reported in B26a), how many 

were rejected for the following groups (uniformed 

service members, overseas civilians, and other)?

This item can be skipped because it can be determined by subtracting the total number of ballots 

counted for each type of voter (10a–c) from the 

total number of ballots received from each type of 

voter (26b–e). 

B29. Of the total number of UOCAVA absentee 

ballots that were rejected (as reported in B28e), 

how many were rejected because they were received after the statutory deadline by the following modes of transmission, before and after the 

45-day deadline?

The timing component of this question can be 

skipped because states do not track the date of 

transmission. The remaining components of this 

question still capture the total number of UOCAVA 

ballots rejected by mail, email, and other modes.

B30. Enter the total number of UOCAVA ballots 

counted in your jurisdiction by the following 

modes of transmission, before and after the 45-

day deadline.

The timing component of this question can be 

skipped because states do not track the date of 

transmission. The remaining components of the 

question still capture the total number of UOCAVA 

ballots counted by mail, email, and other modes.

B32. Of the total number of Federal Write-In 

Absentee Ballots (FWABs) received from UOCAVA 

voters (as reported in B31e), how many were 

rejected for the following groups?

This item can be skipped because it can be determined by subtracting the total number of ballots 

counted for each type of voter (11a–c) from the 

total number of ballots received from each type of 

voter (31a–d).

B35. Enter the total number of Federal Write-In 

Absentee Ballots (FWABs) received from UOCAVA 

voters that were counted for the following groups.

This question is duplicative of B11. Simple use 

the subtotals reported in B11.
128

UOCAVA Appendix C: UOCAVA Tables
129

UOCAVA Table 1: UOCAVA Ballots Transmitted by Voter Type

Ballots Transmitted

All UOCAVA 

Voters

Uniformed Services 

Members Overseas Civilians Not Categorized by Voter Type

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

Alabama 4,888 2,549 52.15 1,433 29.32 906 18.54

Alaska 9,674 7,587 78.43 2,087 21.57 0 0.00

Arizona 14,761 5,502 37.27 8,995 60.94 264 1.79

Arkansas 2,455 1,381 56.25 1,062 43.26 12 0.49

California 119,740 16,352 13.66 44,827 37.44 58,561 48.91

Colorado 38,625 11,913 30.84 26,712 69.16 0 0.00

Connecticut 6,426 2,496 38.84 3,930 61.16 0 0.00

Delaware 2,000 726 36.3 1,274 63.7 0 0.00

District of Columbia 4,158 170 4.09 3,988 95.91 0 0.00

Florida 116,674 73,009 62.58 43,304 37.12 361 0.31

Georgia 18,634 8,218 44.1 10,416 55.9 0 0.00

Guam 131 66 50.38 65 49.62 0 0.00

Hawaii 3,436 87 2.53 682 19.85 2,667 77.62

Idaho 3,030 1,703 56.2 1,327 43.8 0 0.00

Illinois 28,139 8,760 31.13 19,398 68.94 -19 -0.07

Indiana 9,928 3,634 36.6 6,123 61.67 171 1.72

Iowa 4,806 0 0 0 0 4,806 100.00

Kansas 4,432 1,624 36.64 2,808 63.36 0 0.00

Kentucky 7,690 4,162 54.12 3,528 45.88 0 0.00

Louisiana 7,249 3,940 54.35 3,309 45.65 0 0.00

Maine 4,821 1,194 24.77 3,627 75.23 0 0.00

Maryland 22,489 7,031 31.26 15,458 68.74 0 0.00

Massachusetts 23,479 1,969 8.39 21,510 91.61 0 0.00

Michigan 21,574 7,537 34.94 14,037 65.06 0 0.00

Minnesota 15,907 4,318 27.15 11,589 72.85 0 0.00

Mississippi 3,431 2,211 64.44 1,220 35.56 0 0.00

Missouri 11,327 5,892 52.02 5,435 47.98 0 0.00

Montana 4,979 3,053 61.32 1,926 38.68 0 0.00

Nebraska 2,486 1,065 42.84 1,421 57.16 0 0.00

Nevada 6,990 3,047 43.59 3,943 56.41 0 0.00

New Hampshire 5,904 1,986 33.64 3,918 66.36 0 0.00

New Jersey 18,856 2,507 13.3 16,349 86.7 0 0.00

New Mexico 4,201 2,128 50.65 2,001 47.63 72 1.71

New York 46,582 8,467 18.18 38,115 81.82 0 0.00
130

UOCAVA Table 1: UOCAVA Ballots Transmitted by Voter Type

Ballots Transmitted

All UOCAVA 

Voters

Uniformed Services 

Members Overseas Civilians Not Categorized by Voter Type

Total Pct. Total Pct. Total Pct.

North Carolina 21,447 8,563 39.93 12,884 60.07 0 0.00

North Dakota 1,734 1,019 58.77 715 41.23 0 0.00

Ohio 21,830 8,566 39.24 13,264 60.76 0 0.00

Oklahoma 6,848 4,359 63.65 2,489 36.35 0 0.00

Oregon 16,473 6,047 36.71 6,459 39.21 3,967 24.08

Pennsylvania 30,184 10,833 35.89 19,351 64.11 0 0.00

Puerto Rico 886 642 72.46 244 27.54 0 0.00

Rhode Island 2,379 0 0 0 0 2,379 100.00

South Carolina 8,618 4,614 53.54 4,004 46.46 0 0.00

South Dakota 2,581 1,716 66.49 821 31.81 44 1.70

Tennessee 13,950 9,374 67.2 4,572 32.77 4 0.03

Texas 65,193 29,062 44.58 32,685 50.14 3,446 5.29

U.S. Virgin Islands 13 13 100 0 0 0 0.00

Utah 6,959 3,065 44.04 3,894 55.96 0 0.00

Vermont 2,763 406 14.69 2,357 85.31 0 0.00

Virginia 14,710 7,445 50.61 7,265 49.39 0 0.00

Washington 100,994 60,473 59.88 35,230 34.88 5,291 5.24

West Virginia 2,271 792 34.87 1,363 60.02 116 5.11

Wisconsin 9,259 4,686 50.61 4,573 49.39 0 0.00

Wyoming 1,162 557 47.93 480 41.31 125 10.76

U.S. TOTAL 930,156 368,516 39.62 478,467 51.44 83,173 8.94
131

UOCAVA Table 1 Calculation Notes

(1) Ballots Transmitted, All UOCAVA Voters uses question B1a.

(2) Ballots Transmitted to Uniformed Services Members, Total uses question B1b.

(3) Ballots Transmitted to Uniformed Services Members, Pct is the percentage of all transmitted UOCAVA ballots 

that were sent to uniformed services members. It uses B1b divided by B1a

(4) Ballots Transmitted to Overseas Civilians, Total uses question B1c.

(5) Ballots Transmitted to Overseas Civilians, Pct is the percentage of all transmitted UOCAVA ballots that were sent 

to overseas civilians. It uses question B1c divided by B1a.

(6) Ballots Transmitted, Not Categorized by Voter Type, Total uses question B1a minus the sum of B1b and B1c.

(7) Ballots Transmitted, Not Categorized by Voter Type, Pct is the percentage of all transmitted UOCAVA ballots that 

could not be categorized by the type of voter they were sent to. It uses question B1a minus the sum of B1b and B1c, 

all divided by B1a.

UOCAVA Table 1 Data Notes

Alabama: Some jurisdictions reported ballots transmitted to Military spouses in B1d. For this report, they were added 

to the Uniformed Services members category, B1b.

California: The state reported a much lower number of ballots transmitted to Uniformed Services members in 2016 

than in 2012 due to many of its jurisdictions not categorizing transmitted ballots by voter type in 2016.

Florida: One jurisdiction reported ballots transmitted to Military spouses in B1d. For this report, they were added to 

the Uniformed Services members category, B1b.

Hawaii: One jurisdiction reported ballots transmitted to Military dependents in B1d. For this report, they were 

added to the Uniformed Services members category, B1b. Additionally, the jurisdiction with the largest number 

of transmitted ballots in Hawaii did not categorize those ballots by voter type, so the reported number of ballots 

transmitted to Uniformed Services Members in 2016 is much lower than in 2012.

Iowa: The state did not categorize its transmitted ballots by voter type. 

Rhode Island: The state did not categorize its transmitted ballots by voter type. 

Texas: Some jurisdictions reported ballots transmitted to Military spouses in B1d. For this report, they were added to 

the Uniformed Services Members category, B1b.

Virginia: Ballots transmitted to Military spouses and their dependents were reported in B1d. For this report, they 

were added to the Uniformed Services Members category, B1b.
132

UOCAVA Table 2: UOCAVA Ballots Received by Ballot Type, Uniformed Services Members

Total Return Rate

Regular UOCAVA Ballots FWAB

Total Pct. 

Received Total Pct. Received

Alabama 1,643 64.46 1,569 49.71 74 2.34

Alaska 7,056 93 6,627 73.53 429 4.76

Arizona 4,361 79.26 4,181 34.47 180 1.48

Arkansas 1,307 94.64 1,148 51.69 159 7.16

California 14,788 90.44 14,153 18.79 635 0.84

Colorado 6,730 56.49 6,704 28.91 26 0.11

Connecticut 0 0 0 . 0 .

Delaware 595 81.96 534 30.69 61 3.51

District of Columbia 238 140 111 2.54 127 2.91

Florida 52,300 71.63 51,979 63.87 321 0.39

Georgia 5,666 68.95 5,666 41.82 0 0

Guam 33 50 32 42.11 1 1.32

Hawaii 37 42.53 37 1.41 0 0

Idaho 1,564 91.84 1,509 54.28 55 1.98

Illinois 6,183 70.58 6,183 27.25 0 0

Indiana 4,098 112.77 4,036 39.14 62 0.6

Iowa 504 . 87 2.63 417 12.61

Kansas 1,395 85.9 1,250 31.26 145 3.63

Kentucky 1,997 47.98 1,943 47.69 54 1.33

Louisiana 2,270 57.61 2,245 49.88 25 0.56

Maine 931 77.97 899 21.28 32 0.76

Maryland 4,249 60.43 3,913 23.23 336 1.99

Massachusetts 1,363 69.22 1,272 6.53 91 0.47

Michigan 5,697 75.59 5,571 32.41 126 0.73

Minnesota 3,025 70.06 2,912 23.06 113 0.89

Mississippi 0 0 0 . 0 .

Missouri 4,323 73.37 4,079 46.35 244 2.77

Montana 2,511 82.25 2,494 58.53 17 0.4

Nebraska 818 76.81 766 37.81 52 2.57

Nevada 2,702 88.68 2,570 40.33 132 2.07

New Hampshire 1,697 85.45 1,683 32.55 14 0.27

New Jersey 0 0 0 . 0 .

New Mexico 1,963 92.25 1,851 43.44 112 2.63

New York 6,411 75.72 6,307 14.92 104 0.25

North Carolina 10,934 127.69 10,147 139.44 787 10.81

North Dakota 850 83.42 850 56.67 0 0

Ohio 7,058 82.4 6,819 37.46 239 1.31
133

UOCAVA Table 2: UOCAVA Ballots Received by Ballot Type, Uniformed Services Members

Total Return Rate

Regular UOCAVA Ballots FWAB

Total Pct. 

Received Total Pct. Received

Oklahoma 2,622 60.15 2,120 48.66 502 11.52

Oregon 0 0 0 . 0 .

Pennsylvania 7,788 71.89 7,207 32.28 581 2.6

Puerto Rico 324 50.47 324 53.11 0 0

Rhode Island 0 . 0 0 0 0

South Carolina 4,614 100 4,614 53.54 0 0

South Dakota 1,360 79.25 1,329 60.74 31 1.42

Tennessee 7,467 79.66 7,200 64.05 267 2.38

Texas 17,594 60.54 16,600 37.08 994 2.22

U.S. Virgin Islands 0 0 0 0 0 0

Utah 0 0 0 0 0 0

Vermont 235 57.88 235 11.4 0 0

Virginia 4,568 61.36 4,318 34.36 250 1.99

Washington 32,488 53.72 32,156 54.53 332 0.56

West Virginia 979 123.61 924 55.76 55 3.32

Wisconsin 2,911 62.12 2,878 43.39 33 0.5

Wyoming 436 78.28 436 47.08 0 0

U.S. TOTAL 250,683 68.03 242,468 38.27 8,215 1.3
134

UOCAVA Table 2 Calculation Notes

(1) Total UOCAVA Ballots Received, Uniformed Services Members uses questions B26b and B31a.

(2) Ballot Return Rate, Uniformed Services Members is the rate at which regular UOCAVA ballots and FWABs were 

returned by uniformed service voters. It uses the sum of questions B26b and B31a divided by B1b.

(3) Regular UOCAVA Ballots Received, Uniformed Services Members, Total uses question B26b.

(4) Regular UOCAVA Ballots Received, Uniformed Services Members, Pct. Received is the percentage of regular 

UOCAVA ballots and FWABs received that were regular UOCAVA ballots submitted by uniformed services voters. It 

uses question B26b divided by the sum of questions B26a, B31a, B31b, B31c and B31d.

(5) FWABs Received, Uniformed Services Members, Total uses question B31a.

(6) FWABs Received, Uniformed Services Members, Pct. Received is the percentage of regular UOCAVA ballots and 

FWABs received that were FWABs submitted by uniformed services voters. It uses question B31a divided by the sum 

of questions B26a, B31a, B31b, B31c and B31d.

UOCAVA Table 2 Data Notes

General note: Some percentages and rates in this table are greater than 100% due to difference in how states 

reported transmitted and received ballots. 

Alabama: Some jurisdictions reported ballots received from Military spouses in B26d. For this report, they were 

added to the Uniformed Services Members category, B26b. 

Iowa: The state did not categorize its transmitted ballots by voter type. 

Rhode Island: The state did not categorize its transmitted or received ballots by voter type. 

Texas: One jurisdiction reported ballots received from Military spouses in B26d. For this report, they were added to 

the Uniformed Services Members category, B26b. 

Utah: The state did not categorize the regular UOCAVA ballots it received by voter type. It also did not report data on 

the number of FWABs returned. 
135

UOCAVA Table 3: UOCAVA Ballots Received by Ballot Type, Overseas Citizens

Total Return Rate

Regular UOCAVA Ballots FWAB

Total Pct. 

Received Total Pct. Received

Alabama 1,114 77.74 1,085 34.38 29 0.92

Alaska 1,957 93.77 1,862 20.66 95 1.05

Arizona 7,526 83.67 7,413 61.11 113 0.93

Arkansas 897 84.46 892 40.16 5 0.23

California 54,506 121.59 51,589 68.48 2,917 3.87

Colorado 16,459 61.62 16,386 70.66 73 0.31

Connecticut 0 0 0 . 0 .

Delaware 1,144 89.8 1,074 61.72 70 4.02

District of Columbia 4,128 103.51 3,258 74.62 870 19.93

Florida 29,038 67.06 28,670 35.23 368 0.45

Georgia 7,882 75.67 7,882 58.18 0 0

Guam 43 66.15 42 55.26 1 1.32

Hawaii 538 78.89 522 19.95 16 0.61

Idaho 1,216 91.64 1,154 41.51 62 2.23

Illinois 15,706 80.97 15,706 69.23 0 0

Indiana 6,215 101.5 6,134 59.48 81 0.79

Iowa 626 . 128 3.87 498 15.06

Kansas 2,604 92.73 2,478 61.97 126 3.15

Kentucky 2,074 58.79 2,055 50.44 19 0.47

Louisiana 2,231 67.42 2,205 48.99 26 0.58

Maine 3,293 90.79 3,191 75.54 102 2.41

Maryland 12,515 80.96 11,550 68.58 965 5.73

Massachusetts 18,103 84.16 17,430 89.54 673 3.46

Michigan 11,490 81.86 11,306 65.78 184 1.07

Minnesota 9,603 82.86 9,359 74.11 244 1.93

Mississippi 0 0 0 . 0 .

Missouri 4,478 82.39 4,283 48.66 195 2.22

Montana 1,750 90.86 1,737 40.77 13 0.31

Nebraska 1,208 85.01 1,141 56.32 67 3.31

Nevada 3,670 93.08 3,511 55.1 159 2.5

New Hampshire 3,473 88.64 3,424 66.23 49 0.95

New Jersey 0 0 0 . 0 .

New Mexico 1,311 65.52 1,247 29.27 64 1.5

New York 35,872 94.12 35,212 83.28 660 1.56

North Carolina 16,637 129.13 15,777 216.81 860 11.82
136

UOCAVA Table 3: UOCAVA Ballots Received by Ballot Type, Overseas Citizens

Total Return Rate

Regular UOCAVA Ballots FWAB

Total Pct. 

Received Total Pct. Received

North Dakota 650 90.91 650 43.33 0 0

Ohio 11,147 84.04 10,856 59.63 291 1.6

Oklahoma 1,735 69.71 1,529 35.09 206 4.73

Oregon 0 0 0 . 0 .

Pennsylvania 14,540 75.14 13,635 61.07 905 4.05

Puerto Rico 286 117.21 286 46.89 0 0

Rhode Island 0 . 0 0 0 0

South Carolina 4,004 100 4,004 46.46 0 0

South Dakota 675 82.22 661 30.21 14 0.64

Tennessee 3,771 82.48 3,650 32.47 121 1.08

Texas 15,142 46.33 14,171 31.66 971 2.17

U.S. Virgin Islands 0 . 0 0 0 0

Utah 0 0 0 0 0 0

Vermont 1,775 75.31 1,775 86.08 0 0

Virginia 6,119 84.23 5,765 45.88 354 2.82

Washington 21,911 62.19 21,221 35.99 690 1.17

West Virginia 672 49.3 656 39.59 16 0.97

Wisconsin 3,722 81.39 3,697 55.74 25 0.38

Wyoming 398 82.92 398 42.98 0 0

U.S. TOTAL 365,854 76.46 352,657 55.66 13,197 2.08
137

UOCAVA Table 3 Calculation Notes

(1) Total UOCAVA Ballots Received, Overseas Civilians uses questions B26c and B31a.

(2) Ballot Return Rate, Overseas Civilians is the rate at which regular UOCAVA ballots and FWABs were returned by 

overseas civilians. It uses the sum of questions B26c and B31b divided by B1c.

(3) Regular UOCAVA Ballots Received, Overseas Civilians, Total uses question B26c.

(4) Regular UOCAVA Ballots Received, Overseas Civilians, Pct. Received is the percentage of regular UOCAVA ballots 

and FWABs received that were regular UOCAVA ballots submitted by overseas civilians. It uses question B26c divided 

by the sum of questions B26a, B31a, B31b, B31c and B31d.

(5) FWABs Received, Overseas Civilians, Total uses question B31b.

(6) FWABs Received, Overseas Civilians, Pct. Received is the percentage of regular UOCAVA ballots and FWABs 

received that were FWABs submitted by overseas civilians. It uses question B31b divided by the sum of questions 

B26a, B31a, B31b, B31c and B31d.

UOCAVA Table 3 Data Notes

General note: Some percentages and rates in this table are greater than 100% due to difference in how states 

reported transmitted and received ballots.

Iowa: The state did not categorize the number of transmitted ballots by voter type. 

Rhode Island: The state did not categorize the number of transmitted or received ballots by voter type. 

Virginia: FWABs received from Military spouses and their dependents were reported in B31c. For this report, they 

were added to the Uniformed Services Members category, B31a.
138

UOCAVA Table 4: UOCAVA Ballots Counted by Voter Type

All UOCAVA Voters Uniformed Services Members Overseas Citizens

Total Pct. Transmitted Pct. Received Total Pct. Transmitted Pct. Received Total Pct. Transmitted Pct. Received

Alabama 2,991 61.19 94.77 1,478 57.98 89.96 959 66.92 86.09

Alaska 8,298 85.78 92.07 6,498 85.65 92.09 1,800 86.25 91.98

Arizona 12,045 81.6 99.3 4,472 81.28 102.55 7,520 83.6 99.92Arkansas 1,947 79.31 87.66 997 72.19 76.28 681 64.12 75.92

California 79,677 66.54 105.77 17,984 109.98 121.61 59,792 133.38 109.70

Colorado 22,816 59.07 98.39 6,575 55.19 97.7 16,241 60.8 98.68

Connecticut 5,253 81.75 . 1,562 62.58 . 3,691 93.92 .

Delaware 1,610 80.5 92.53 542 74.66 91.09 1,068 83.83 93.36

District of Columbia 4,189 100.75 95.95 127 74.71 53.36 4,062 101.86 98.40Florida 81,379 69.75 100 50,036 68.53 95.67 28,342 65.45 97.60Georgia 12,432 66.72 91.76 5,203 63.31 91.83 7,229 69.4 91.72Guam 72 54.96 94.74 32 48.48 96.97 40 61.54 93.02

Hawaii 2,592 75.44 99.04 42 48.28 113.51 504 73.9 93.68

Idaho 2,398 79.14 86.26 1,377 80.86 88.04 1,021 76.94 83.96Illinois 21,028 74.73 92.69 6,028 68.81 97.49 15,322 78.99 97.56

Indiana 6,880 69.3 66.71 3,285 90.4 80.16 3,595 58.71 57.84Iowa 3,707 77.13 112.13 39 . 7.74 40 . 6.39Kansas 3,687 83.19 92.2 1,239 76.29 88.82 2,449 87.22 94.05Kentucky 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00Louisiana 4,228 58.33 93.93 2,142 54.37 94.36 2,086 63.04 93.50Maine 4,049 83.99 95.86 897 75.13 96.35 3,152 86.9 95.72Maryland 15,558 69.18 92.38 4,002 56.92 94.19 11,551 74.73 92.30Massachusetts 19,281 82.12 99.05 1,335 67.8 97.95 17,946 83.43 99.13Michigan 16,755 77.66 97.49 5,592 74.19 98.16 11,163 79.53 97.15
139

UOCAVA Table 4: UOCAVA Ballots Counted by Voter Type

All UOCAVA Voters Uniformed Services Members Overseas Citizens

Total Pct. Transmitted Pct. Received Total Pct. Transmitted Pct. Received Total Pct. Transmitted Pct. Received

Minnesota 11,601 72.93 91.87 2,890 66.93 95.54 8,711 75.17 90.71

Mississippi 2,089 60.89 . 1,262 57.08 . 827 67.79 .

Missouri 8,429 74.42 95.77 4,107 69.7 95 4,316 79.41 96.38

Montana 4,227 84.9 99.2 2,490 81.56 99.16 1,737 90.19 99.26

Nebraska 1,931 77.67 95.31 796 74.74 97.31 1,135 79.87 93.96

Nevada 6,290 89.99 98.71 2,677 87.86 99.07 3,613 91.63 98.45

New Hampshire 4,928 83.47 95.32 1,637 82.43 96.46 3,291 84 94.76

New Jersey 15,103 80.1 . 1,784 71.16 . 13,319 81.47 .

New Mexico 3,401 80.96 79.82 1,993 93.66 101.53 1,414 70.66 107.86New York 41,130 88.3 97.27 6,236 73.65 97.27 34,894 91.55 97.27North Carolina 17,201 80.2 236.37 6,317 73.77 57.77 10,884 84.48 65.42North Dakota 1,451 83.68 96.73 819 80.37 96.35 632 88.39 97.23

Ohio 17,877 81.89 98.2 6,573 76.73 93.13 11,304 85.22 101.41Oklahoma 4,253 62.11 97.61 2,560 58.73 97.64 1,693 68.02 97.58Oregon 12,396 75.25 . 4,149 68.61 . 5,063 78.39 .Pennsylvania 22,327 73.97 100 7,788 71.89 100 14,539 75.13 99.99Puerto Rico 610 68.85 100 324 50.47 100 286 117.21 100.00Rhode Island 1,915 80.5 99.79 0 . . 0 . .

South Carolina 6,820 79.14 79.14 3,391 73.49 73.49 3,429 85.64 85.64South Dakota 2,984 115.61 136.38 1,582 92.19 116.32 1,032 125.7 152.89Tennessee 10,881 78 96.79 7,266 77.51 97.31 3,614 79.05 95.84Texas 41,801 64.12 93.38 19,364 66.63 110.06 21,095 64.54 139.31U.S. Virgin Islands 6 46.15 100 6 46.15 . 0 . .

Utah 4,036 58 104.99 1,476 48.16 . 2,466 63.33 .
140

UOCAVA Table 4: UOCAVA Ballots Counted by Voter Type

All UOCAVA Voters Uniformed Services Members Overseas Citizens

Total Pct. Transmitted Pct. Received Total Pct. Transmitted Pct. Received Total Pct. Transmitted Pct. Received

Vermont 2,062 74.63 100 287 70.69 122.13 1,775 75.31 100.00Virginia 11,696 79.51 93.08 6,143 82.51 134.48 5,553 76.44 90.75

Washington 57,168 56.61 96.95 32,472 53.7 99.95 21,553 61.18 98.37West Virginia 2,260 99.52 136.39 1,577 199.12 161.08 683 50.11 101.64Wisconsin 6,084 65.71 91.72 2,690 57.4 92.41 3,394 74.22 91.19

Wyoming 912 78.49 98.49 434 77.92 99.54 390 81.25 97.99

U.S. TOTAL 656,741 70.61 103.65 252,574 68.54 100.75 382,896 80.03 104.66
141

UOCAVA Table 4 Calculation Notes

(1) Total UOCAVA Ballots Counted, All Voters, Total Counted uses question B8a.(2) Total UOCAVA Ballots Counted, All Voters, Pct. Transmitted is the number of UOCAVA ballots that were counted as a percentage of the number that were transmitted to UOCAVA voters. It uses question B8a divided by B1a.(3) Total UOCAVA Ballots Counted, All Voters, Pct. Received is the number of UOCAVA ballots that were counted as a percentage of the number that were received from UOCAVA voters. It uses question B8a divided by the sum of question B26a, B31a, B31b, B31c and B31d.(4) Total UOCAVA Ballots Counted, Uniformed Services Members, Total Counted uses question B9a.(5) Total UOCAVA Ballots Counted, Uniformed Services Members, Pct. Transmitted is the number of UOCAVA ballots that were counted for uniformed services voters as a percentage of the number that were transmitted to uniformed services voters. It uses question B9a divided by B1b.(6) Total UOCAVA Ballots Counted, Uniformed Services Members, Pct. Received is the number of UOCAVA ballots that were counted for uniformed services voters as a percentage of the number that were received from uniformed services voters . It uses question B9a divided by the sum of question B26b and B31a.(7) Total UOCAVA Ballots Counted, Overseas Civilians, Total Counted uses question B9b.(8) Total UOCAVA Ballots Counted, Overseas Civilians, As % of Transmitted is the number of UOCAVA ballots that were counted for uniformed services voters as a percentage of the number that were transmitted to overseas civilians. It uses question B9b divided by B1c.(9) Total UOCAVA Ballots Counted, Overseas Civilians, As % of Received is the number of UOCAVA ballots that were counted for uniformed services voters as a percentage of the number that were received from uniformed services voters. It uses question B9b divided by the sum of question B26c and B31b.

UOCAVA Table 4 Data Notes

General note: Some percentages and rates in this table are greater than 100% due to difference in how states reported transmitted, received and counted ballots.Alabama: Some jurisdictions reported ballots transmitted to Military spouses in B1d. For this report, they were added to the Uniformed Services Members category, B1b. Some jurisdictions reported ballots received from Military spouses in B26d. For this report, they were added to the Uniformed Services Members category, B26b.Arkansas: One jurisdiction did not report the total number of ballots counted, B8a. This number was back-filled with the sum of its parts (B9a, B9b and B9c).California: One jurisdiction in California reported ballots counted from permanent overseas citizens in B9c. For this report, they were added to the overseas civilians category, B9b. Additionally, one jurisdiction did not report the number ballots counted for overseas civilians. This number was back-filled with the sum of its parts (B10b, B11b and B12b).Connecticut: The state did not report receiving any UOCAVA ballots.Florida: One jurisdiction reported ballots transmitted to Military spouses in B1d. For this report, they were added to the Uniformed Services Members category, B1b. One jurisdiction did not report the number of ballots counted from Uniformed Services Members, B9a. This number was back-filled with the sum of its parts (B10a, B11a and B12a).
142

Hawaii: One jurisdiction reported ballots transmitted to Military dependents in B1d. For this report, they were added to the Uniformed Services Members category, B1b. Iowa: Some jurisdictions did not report the number of ballots counted for overseas civilians in B9b. For this report, the number was back-filled with the sum of its parts (B10b, B11b and B12b).Kansas: One jurisdiction did not report the total number of ballots counted, B8a. This number was back-filled with the sum of its parts (B9a, B9b and B9c). Some jurisdictions did not report the number of ballots counted from Uniformed Services Members, B9a. For this report, the number was back-filled with the sum of its parts (B10a, B11a and B12a). Kentucky: The state did not report B8a, the total number of ballots counted, that was used in this column. However, in the B9-12 battery, they reported counts in B9c, B10a, and B10b, for a total of 6,754 ballots counted.Mississippi: The state did not report receiving any UOCAVA ballots.New Jersey: The state did not report receiving any UOCAVA ballots.Oregon: The state did not report receiving any UOCAVA ballots.Rhode Island: The state did not categorize its transmitted, received or counted ballots by voter type. Texas: Some jurisdictions reported ballots counted from Military spouses in B9c. For this report, they were added to the Uniformed Services Members category, B9a. Some jurisdictions did not report either B9a or B9b, so those numbers were back-filled with the sum of their parts (B10a, B11a and B12a, or, B10b, B11b and B12b). Additionally, one jurisdiction reported ballots received from Military spouses in B26d. For this report, they were added to the Uniformed Services Members category, B26b. Virginia: Ballots counted from Military spouses were reported in B9c. For this report, they were added to the Uniformed Services Members category, B9a. FWABs received from Military spouses and their dependents were reported in B31c. For this report, they were added to the Uniformed Services Members category, B31a.
143

UOCAVA Table 5: UOCAVA Ballots Counted and Rejected by Type of Ballot, Uniformed Services Members

All UOCAVA Ballots Regular Absentee Ballots FWAB Other Types

Counted Rejected Rejection Rate Counted Rejected Rejection Rate Counted Rejected Rejection Rate Counted Rejected

Alabama 1,478 82 4.99 1,237 46 2.93 41 12 16.22 200 24

Alaska 6,498 558 7.91 6,297 330 4.98 201 228 53.15 0 0

Arizona 4,472 45 1.03 4,108 23 0.55 157 17 9.44 207 5Arkansas 997 128 9.79 804 70 6.1 11 7 4.4 182 51California 17,984 1,014 6.86 17,054 701 4.95 331 249 39.21 599 64

Colorado 6,575 157 2.33 6,549 157 2.34 26 0 0 0 0Connecticut 1,562 20 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 1,562 20Delaware 542 15 2.52 492 4 0.75 50 11 18.03 0 0District of Columbia 127 1 0.42 111 0 0 16 1 0.79 0 0Florida 50,036 1,826 3.49 49,833 1,747 3.36 193 74 23.05 10 5Georgia 5,203 455 8.03 0 0 0 0 0 . 5,203 455Guam 32 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Hawaii 42 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 . 12 0Idaho 1,377 187 11.96 1,352 157 10.4 25 30 54.55 0 0Illinois 6,028 153 2.47 0 0 0 0 0 . 6,028 153Indiana 3,285 66 1.61 3,183 37 0.92 102 29 46.77 0 0Iowa 39 8 1.59 0 0 0 39 5 1.2 0 3Kansas 1,239 20 1.43 1,236 15 1.2 117 28 19.31 -114 -23Kentucky 0 113 5.66 3,968 113 5.82 0 0 0 -3,968 0Louisiana 2,142 124 5.46 2,122 123 5.48 20 1 4 0 0Maine 897 34 3.65 865 34 3.78 32 0 0 0 0Maryland 4,002 247 5.81 3,810 103 2.63 192 144 42.86 0 0

Massachusetts 1,335 28 2.05 1,245 27 2.12 90 1 1.1 0 0Michigan 5,592 115 2.02 5,521 47 0.84 71 68 53.97 0 0
144

UOCAVA Table 5: UOCAVA Ballots Counted and Rejected by Type of Ballot, Uniformed Services Members

All UOCAVA Ballots Regular Absentee Ballots FWAB Other Types

Counted Rejected Rejection Rate Counted Rejected Rejection Rate Counted Rejected Rejection Rate Counted Rejected

Minnesota 2,890 119 3.93 2,779 116 3.98 111 3 2.65 0 0

Mississippi 1,262 14 . 1,262 14 . 0 0 . 0 0Missouri 4,107 0 0 3,866 0 0 241 0 0 0 0Montana 2,490 20 0.8 2,476 17 0.68 14 3 17.65 0 0Nebraska 796 22 2.69 744 22 2.87 52 0 0 0 0Nevada 2,677 27 1 2,553 19 0.74 124 8 6.06 0 0New Hampshire 1,637 64 3.77 1,625 62 3.68 12 2 14.29 0 0New Jersey 1,784 24 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 1,784 24New Mexico 1,993 21 1.07 1,219 4 0.22 69 15 13.39 705 2New York 6,236 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,236 0North Carolina 6,317 99 0.91 5,536 94 0.93 781 5 0.64 0 0North Dakota 819 31 3.65 819 31 3.65 0 0 . 0 0Ohio 6,573 96 1.36 6,358 63 0.92 211 29 12.13 4 4Oklahoma 2,560 149 5.68 2,155 52 2.45 405 97 19.32 0 0Oregon 4,149 103 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 4,149 103Pennsylvania 7,788 94 1.21 2,897 30 0.42 581 1 0.17 4,310 63Puerto Rico 324 0 0 324 0 0 0 0 . 0 0Rhode Island 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0South Carolina 3,391 24 0.52 3,391 0 0 0 0 . 0 24South Dakota 1,582 46 3.38 1,571 42 3.16 1 1 3.23 10 3Tennessee 7,266 241 3.23 7,090 162 2.25 176 70 26.22 0 9Texas 19,364 1,136 6.46 15,898 580 3.49 488 435 43.76 2,978 1

U.S. Virgin Islands 6 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 6 0Utah 1,476 0 . 1,383 0 . 93 22 . 0 -22
145

UOCAVA Table 5: UOCAVA Ballots Counted and Rejected by Type of Ballot, Uniformed Services Members

All UOCAVA Ballots Regular Absentee Ballots FWAB Other Types

Counted Rejected Rejection Rate Counted Rejected Rejection Rate Counted Rejected Rejection Rate Counted Rejected

Vermont 287 4 1.7 287 4 1.7 0 0 . 0 0

Virginia 6,143 245 5.36 5,916 225 5.21 227 20 8 0 0Washington 32,472 536 1.65 31,678 517 1.61 307 19 5.72 487 0West Virginia 1,577 5 0.51 1,534 1 0.11 43 4 7.27 0 0Wisconsin 2,690 17 0.58 2,666 13 0.45 24 4 12.12 0 0Wyoming 434 6 1.38 432 6 1.38 0 0 . 2 0U.S. TOTAL 252,574 8,539 3.41 216,308 5,808 2.4 5,674 1,643 20 30,592 1,088
146

UOCAVA Table 5 Calculation Notes

(1) All UOCAVA Ballots Counted, Uniformed Services Members, Total Counted uses question B9a.(2) All UOCAVA Ballots Counted, Uniformed Services Members, Total Rejected uses question B15a.(3) All UOCAVA Ballots Counted, Uniformed Services Members, Rejection Rate uses question B15a divided by the sum of question B26b and B31a.(4) Regular Absentee Ballots, Uniformed Services Members, Counted uses question B10a.(5) Regular Absentee Ballots, Uniformed Services Members, Rejected uses question B16a.(6) Regular Absentee Ballots, Uniformed Services Members, Rejection Rate uses question B16a divided by B26b.(7) FWABs, Uniformed Services Members, Counted uses question B11a.(8) FWABs, Uniformed Services Members, Rejected uses question B17a.(9) FWABs, Uniformed Services Members, Rejection Rate uses question B17a divided by B31a.(10) Other Ballots, Uniformed Services Members, Counted uses question B9a minus the sum of questions B10a and B11a.(11) Other Ballots, Uniformed Services Members, Rejected uses question B15a minus the sum of questions B16a and B17a.

UOCAVA Table 5 Data Notes

General note: Some percentages and rates in this table are greater than 100% due to difference in how states reported transmitted and received ballots. California: Some jurisdictions did not report the number of ballots rejected from Uniformed Services members, B15a, so those numbers were back-filled with the sum of its parts (B16a, B17a and B18a).Connecticut: The state did not report receiving any UOCAVA ballots.Florida: One jurisdiction did not report the number of ballots counted from Uniformed Services Members, B9a. This number was back-filled with the sum of its parts (B10a, B11a and B12a).Iowa: Some jurisdictions did not report the number of ballots rejected from Uniformed Services members, B15a, so those numbers were back-filled with the sum of its parts (B16a, B17a and B18a).Kansas: Some jurisdictions did not report the number of ballots counted from Uniformed Services Members, B9a. For this report, the number was back-filled with the sum of its parts (B10a, B11a and B12a). Some jurisdictions did not report the number of ballots rejected from Uniformed Services members, B15a, so those numbers were back-filled with the sum of its parts (B16a, B17a and B18a).Kentucky: The state did not report B8a, the total number of ballots counted, that was used in this column. However, in the B9-12 battery, they did report B9c, B10a, and B10b, for a total of 6,754 ballots counted.Mississippi: The state did not report receiving any UOCAVA ballots.New Jersey: The state did not report receiving any UOCAVA ballots.New Mexico: Some jurisdictions did not report the number of ballots rejected from Uniformed Services members, B15a, so those numbers were back-filled with the sum of its parts (B16a, B17a and B18a).Oregon: The state did not report receiving any UOCAVA ballots.
147

Rhode Island: The state did not provide a breakdown of voter type for counted or rejected ballots.Texas: Some jurisdictions reported ballots counted from Military spouses in B9c. For this report, they were added to the Uniformed Services Members category, B9a. Some jurisdictions did not report the number of ballots counted from Uniformed Services Members, B9a, so those numbers were back-filled with the sum of their parts (B10a, B11a and B12a). Some jurisdictions did not report the number of ballots rejected from Uniformed Services members, B15a, so those numbers were back-filled with the sum of its parts (B16a, B17a and B18a).Virginia: Ballots counted from Military spouses were reported in B9c. For this report, they were added to the Uniformed Services Members category, B9a. Ballots rejected from Military spouses were reported in B15c. For this report, they were added to the Uniformed Services members category, B15a.Wisconsin: Some jurisdictions did not report the number of ballots rejected from Uniformed Services members, B15a, so those numbers were back-filled with the sum of its parts (B16a, B17a and B18a).
148

UOCAVA Table 6: UOCAVA Ballots Counted and Rejected by Type of Ballot, Overseas Citizens

All UOCAVA Ballots Regular Absentee Ballots FWAB Other Types

Counted Rejected Rejection Rate Counted Rejected Rejection Rate Counted Rejected Rejection Rate Counted Rejected

Alabama 959 17 1.53 875 7 0.65 19 10 34.48 65 0

Alaska 1,800 157 8.02 1,758 104 5.59 42 53 55.79 0 0

Arizona 7,520 53 0.7 7,326 36 0.49 94 8 7.08 100 9

Arkansas 681 53 5.91 607 48 5.38 3 0 0 71 5

California 59,792 2,806 5.15 55,889 2,494 4.83 2,330 274 9.39 1,573 38

Colorado 16,241 217 1.32 16,171 214 1.31 70 3 4.11 0 0

Connecticut 3,691 76 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 3,691 76

Delaware 1,068 33 2.88 1,021 11 1.02 47 22 31.43 0 0

District of Columbia 4,062 176 4.26 3,148 110 3.38 914 66 7.59 0 0

Florida 28,342 836 2.88 28,034 725 2.53 301 110 29.89 7 1

Georgia 7,229 647 8.21 0 0 0 0 0 . 7,229 647

Guam 40 2 4.65 40 2 4.76 0 0 0 0 0

Hawaii 504 9 1.67 431 1 0.19 1 8 50 72 0

Idaho 1,021 195 16.04 1,000 154 13.34 21 40 64.52 0 1

Illinois 15,322 384 2.44 0 0 0 0 0 . 15,322 384

Indiana 3,595 58 0.93 3,551 29 0.47 44 29 35.8 0 0

Iowa 40 3 0.48 0 0 0 40 3 0.6 0 0

Kansas 2,449 33 1.27 2,449 24 0.97 82 45 35.71 -82 -36

Kentucky 0 61 2.94 2,786 61 2.97 0 0 0 -2,786 0

Louisiana 2,086 143 6.41 2,060 143 6.49 23 0 0 3 0

Maine 3,152 134 4.07 3,050 134 4.2 102 0 0 0 0

Maryland 11,551 964 7.7 10,911 639 5.53 640 325 33.68 0 0

Massachusetts 17,946 157 0.87 17,276 154 0.88 670 3 0.45 0 0

Michigan 11,163 317 2.76 11,054 231 2.04 109 86 46.74 0 0
149

UOCAVA Table 6: UOCAVA Ballots Counted and Rejected by Type of Ballot, Overseas Citizens

All UOCAVA Ballots Regular Absentee Ballots FWAB Other Types

Counted Rejected Rejection Rate Counted Rejected Rejection Rate Counted Rejected Rejection Rate Counted Rejected

Minnesota 8,711 832 8.66 8,478 820 8.76 233 12 4.92 0 0

Mississippi 827 5 . 827 5 . 0 0 . 0 0

Missouri 4,316 0 0 4,121 0 0 195 0 0 0 0

Montana 1,737 13 0.74 1,724 13 0.75 13 0 0 0 0

Nebraska 1,135 73 6.04 1,068 73 6.4 67 0 0 0 0

Nevada 3,613 57 1.55 3,465 46 1.31 148 11 6.92 0 0

New Hampshire 3,291 192 5.53 3,248 186 5.43 43 6 12.24 0 0

New Jersey 13,319 140 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 13,319 140

New Mexico 1,414 5 0.38 1,244 2 0.16 55 2 3.13 115 1

New York 34,894 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34,894 0

North Carolina 10,884 122 0.73 10,037 110 0.7 847 12 1.4 0 0

North Dakota 632 18 2.77 632 18 2.77 0 0 . 0 0

Ohio 11,304 169 1.52 11,061 108 0.99 247 53 18.21 -4 8

Oklahoma 1,693 85 4.9 1,529 43 2.81 164 42 20.39 0 0

Oregon 5,063 85 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 5,063 85

Pennsylvania 14,539 532 3.66 3,701 118 0.87 904 7 0.77 9,934 407

Puerto Rico 286 0 0 286 0 0 0 0 . 0 0

Rhode Island 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0

South Carolina 3,429 18 0.45 24 0 0 0 0 . 3,405 18

South Dakota 1,032 46 6.81 1,029 43 6.51 1 1 7.14 2 2

Tennessee 3,614 229 6.07 3,541 187 5.12 74 45 37.19 -1 -3

Texas 21,095 982 6.49 17,766 534 3.77 454 388 39.96 2,875 60

U.S. Virgin Islands 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0

Utah 2,466 0 . 2,375 0 . 91 68 . 0 -68
150

UOCAVA Table 6: UOCAVA Ballots Counted and Rejected by Type of Ballot, Overseas Citizens

All UOCAVA Ballots Regular Absentee Ballots FWAB Other Types

Counted Rejected Rejection Rate Counted Rejected Rejection Rate Counted Rejected Rejection Rate Counted Rejected

Vermont 1,775 67 3.77 1,775 67 3.77 0 0 . 0 0

Virginia 5,553 511 8.35 5,266 446 7.74 287 65 18.36 0 0

Washington 21,553 669 3.05 20,813 601 2.83 628 68 9.86 112 0

West Virginia 683 6 0.89 673 2 0.3 10 4 25 0 0

Wisconsin 3,394 26 0.7 3,386 9 0.24 8 17 68 0 0

Wyoming 390 9 2.26 390 9 2.26 0 0 . 0 0

U.S. TOTAL 382,896 12,422 3.4 277,896 8,761 2.48 10,021 1,886 14.29 94,979 1,775
151

UOCAVA Table 6 Calculation Notes

(1) All UOCAVA Ballots Counted, Overseas Civilians, Total Counted uses question B9b.(2) All UOCAVA Ballots Counted, Overseas Civilians, Total Rejected uses question B15b.(3) All UOCAVA Ballots Counted, Overseas Civilians, Rejection Rate uses question B15b divided by the sum of question B26c and B31b.(4) Regular Absentee Ballots, Overseas Civilians, Counted uses question B10b.(5) Regular Absentee Ballots, Overseas Civilians, Rejected uses question B16b.(6) Regular Absentee Ballots, Overseas Civilians, Rejection Rate uses question B16b divided by B26c.(7) FWABs, Overseas Civilians, Counted uses question B11b.(8) FWABs, Overseas Civilians, Rejected uses question B17b.(9) FWABs, Overseas Civilians, Rejection Rate uses question B17b divided by B31b.(10) Other Ballots, Overseas Civilians, Counted uses question B9b minus the sum of questions B10b and B11b.(11) Other Ballots, Overseas Civilians, Rejected uses question B15b minus the sum of questions B16b and B17b.

UOCAVA Table 6 Data Notes

General note: Some percentages and rates in this table are greater than 100% due to difference in how states reported transmitted and received ballots. Iowa: Some jurisdictions did not report the number of ballots counted from overseas civilians, B9b, so those numbers were back-filled with the sum of its parts (B10b, B11b and B12b).Kansas: Some jurisdictions did not report the number of ballots counted from overseas civilians, B9b, so those numbers were back-filled with the sum of its parts (B10b, B11b and B12b). Some jurisdictions did not report the number of ballots rejected from overseas civilians, B15b, so those numbers were back-filled with the sum of its parts (B16b, B17b and B18b).Kentucky: The state did not report B8a, the total number of ballots counted, that was used in this column. However, in the B9-12 battery, they did report B9c, B10a, and B10b, for a total of 6,754 ballots counted.Rhode Island: The state did not provide a breakdown of voter type for counted or rejected ballots.Texas: Some jurisdictions did not report the number of ballots counted from overseas civilians, B9b, so those numbers were back-filled with the sum of its parts (B10b, B11b and B12b).
152

UOCAVA Table 7: UOCAVA Ballots Received, Counted, and Rejected as Percent of Transmitted, Uniformed Services Members

Transmitted

Received Counted Rejected

Total Pct. 

Transmitted Total Pct. Transmitted Total Pct. Transmitted

Alabama 2,549 1,643 64.46 1,478 57.98 82 3.22

Alaska 7,587 7,056 93 6,498 85.65 558 7.35

Arizona 5,502 4,361 79.26 4,472 81.28 45 0.82

Arkansas 1,381 1,307 94.64 997 72.19 128 9.27

California 16,352 14,788 90.44 17,984 109.98 1,014 6.2

Colorado 11,913 6,730 56.49 6,575 55.19 157 1.32

Connecticut 2,496 0 0 1,562 62.58 20 0.8

Delaware 726 595 81.96 542 74.66 15 2.07

District of Columbia 170 238 140 127 74.71 1 0.59

Florida 73,009 52,300 71.63 50,036 68.53 1,826 2.5

Georgia 8,218 5,666 68.95 5,203 63.31 455 5.54

Guam 66 33 50 32 48.48 0 0

Hawaii 87 37 42.53 42 48.28 0 0

Idaho 1,703 1,564 91.84 1,377 80.86 187 10.98

Illinois 8,760 6,183 70.58 6,028 68.81 153 1.75

Indiana 3,634 4,098 112.77 3,285 90.4 66 1.82

Iowa 0 504 . 39 . 8 .

Kansas 1,624 1,395 85.9 1,239 76.29 20 1.23

Kentucky 4,162 1,997 47.98 0 0 113 2.71

Louisiana 3,940 2,270 57.61 2,142 54.37 124 3.15

Maine 1,194 931 77.97 897 75.13 34 2.85

Maryland 7,031 4,249 60.43 4,002 56.92 247 3.51

Massachusetts 1,969 1,363 69.22 1,335 67.8 28 1.42

Michigan 7,537 5,697 75.59 5,592 74.19 115 1.53

Minnesota 4,318 3,025 70.06 2,890 66.93 119 2.76

Mississippi 2,211 0 0 1,262 57.08 14 0.63

Missouri 5,892 4,323 73.37 4,107 69.7 0 0

Montana 3,053 2,511 82.25 2,490 81.56 20 0.66

Nebraska 1,065 818 76.81 796 74.74 22 2.07

Nevada 3,047 2,702 88.68 2,677 87.86 27 0.89

New Hampshire 1,986 1,697 85.45 1,637 82.43 64 3.22

New Jersey 2,507 0 0 1,784 71.16 24 0.96

New Mexico 2,128 1,963 92.25 1,993 93.66 21 0.99

New York 8,467 6,411 75.72 6,236 73.65 0 0

North Carolina 8,563 10,934 127.69 6,317 73.77 99 1.16

North Dakota 1,019 850 83.42 819 80.37 31 3.04
153

UOCAVA Table 7: UOCAVA Ballots Received, Counted, and Rejected as Percent of Transmitted, Uniformed Services Members

Transmitted

Received Counted Rejected

Total Pct. 

Transmitted Total Pct. Transmitted Total Pct. Transmitted

Ohio 8,566 7,058 82.4 6,573 76.73 96 1.12

Oklahoma 4,359 2,622 60.15 2,560 58.73 149 3.42

Oregon 6,047 0 0 4,149 68.61 103 1.7

Pennsylvania 10,833 7,788 71.89 7,788 71.89 94 0.87

Puerto Rico 642 324 50.47 324 50.47 0 0

Rhode Island 0 0 . 0 . 0 .

South Carolina 4,614 4,614 100 3,391 73.49 24 0.52

South Dakota 1,716 1,360 79.25 1,582 92.19 46 2.68

Tennessee 9,374 7,467 79.66 7,266 77.51 241 2.57

Texas 29,062 17,594 60.54 19,364 66.63 1,136 3.91

U.S. Virgin Islands 13 0 0 6 46.15 0 0

Utah 3,065 0 0 1,476 48.16 0 0

Vermont 406 235 57.88 287 70.69 4 0.99

Virginia 7,445 4,568 61.36 6,143 82.51 245 3.29

Washington 60,473 32,488 53.72 32,472 53.7 536 0.89

West Virginia 792 979 123.61 1,577 199.12 5 0.63

Wisconsin 4,686 2,911 62.12 2,690 57.4 17 0.36

Wyoming 557 436 78.28 434 77.92 6 1.08

U.S. TOTAL 368,516 250,683 68.03 252,574 68.54 8,539 2.32

UOCAVA Table 7 Calculation Notes

(1) Total UOCAVA Ballots Transmitted and FWABs, Uniformed Services Members uses question B1b.

(2) UOCAVA Ballots Received, Uniformed Services Members, Total uses questions B26b and B31a.

(3) UOCAVA Ballots Received, Uniformed Services Members, Pct. Transmitted is the number of regular UOCAVA 

ballots and FWABs received from uniformed services members as a percentage of the total ballots transmitted to 

uniformed services members. It uses the sum of questions B26b and B31a divided by question B1b.

(4) UOCAVA Ballots Counted, Uniformed Services Members, Total uses question B9a.

(5) UOCAVA Ballots Counted, Uniformed Services Members, Pct. Transmitted is the number of UOCAVA ballots 

that were counted from uniformed services members as a percentage of the total ballots transmitted to uniformed 

services voters. It uses question B9a divided by question B1b.

(6) UOCAVA Ballots Rejected, Uniformed Service Members, Total uses question B15a.

(7) UOCAVA Ballots Rejected, Uniformed Service Members, Pct. Transmitted is the number of UOCAVA ballots 

that were rejected from uniformed services members as a percentage of the total ballots transmitted to uniformed 

services voters. It uses question B15a divided by question B1b.
154

UOCAVA Table 7 Data Notes

General note: Some percentages and rates in this table are greater than 100% due to difference in how states 

reported transmitted and received ballots. 

Alabama: Some jurisdictions reported ballots transmitted to Military spouses in B1d. For this report, they were 

added to the Uniformed Services Members category, B1b. Some jurisdictions reported ballots received from Military 

spouses in B26d. For this report, they were added to the Uniformed Services Members category, B26b. 

California: The state reported a much lower number of ballots transmitted to Uniformed Services members in 2016 

than in 2012 due to many of its jurisdictions not categorizing transmitted ballots by voter type in 2016.

Connecticut: The state did not report receiving any UOCAVA ballots.

Florida: One jurisdiction reported ballots transmitted to Military spouses in B1d. For this report, they were added to 

the Uniformed Services members category, B1b.One jurisdiction did not report the number of ballots counted from 

Uniformed Services Members, B9a. This number was back-filled with the sum of its parts (B10a, B11a and B12a).

Hawaii: One jurisdiction reported ballots transmitted to Military dependents in B1d. For this report, they were 

added to the Uniformed Services members category, B1b. Additionally, the jurisdiction with the largest number 

of transmitted ballots in Hawaii did not categorize those ballots by voter type, so the reported number of ballots 

transmitted to Uniformed Services Members in 2016 is much lower than in 2012.

Iowa: The state did not categorize its transmitted ballots by voter type. 

Kansas: Some jurisdictions did not report the number of ballots counted from Uniformed Services Members, B9a. For 

this report, the number was back-filled with the sum of its parts (B10a, B11a and B12a). Some jurisdictions did not 

report the number of ballots rejected from Uniformed Services members, B15a, so those numbers were back-filled 

with the sum of its parts (B16a, B17a and B18a).

Mississippi: The state did not report receiving any UOCAVA ballots.

New Jersey: The state did not report receiving any UOCAVA ballots.

New Mexico: Some jurisdictions did not report the number of ballots rejected from Uniformed Services members, 

B15a, so those numbers were back-filled with the sum of its parts (B16a, B17a and B18a).

Oregon: The state did not report receiving any UOCAVA ballots.

Rhode Island: The state did not provide a breakdown of voter type for transmitted, received, counted or rejected 

ballots.

Texas: Some jurisdictions reported ballots transmitted to Military spouses in B1d. For this report, they were added to 

the Uniformed Services Members category, B1b. Some jurisdictions reported ballots counted from Military spouses in 

B9c. For this report, they were added to the Uniformed Services Members category, B9a. Some jurisdictions did not 

report B9a, so those numbers were back-filled with the sum of their parts (B10a, B11a and B12a). Some jurisdictions 

did not report the number of ballots rejected from Uniformed Services members, B15a, so those numbers were backfilled with the sum of its parts (B16a, B17a and B18a). Additionally, one jurisdiction reported ballots received from 

Military spouses in B26d. For this report, they were added to the Uniformed Services Members category, B26b

Virginia: Ballots counted from Military spouses were reported in B9c. For this report, they were added to the 

Uniformed Services Members category, B9a. Ballots rejected from Military spouses were reported in B15c. For this 

report, they were added to the Uniformed Services members category, B15a. FWABs received from Military spouses 

and their dependents were reported in B31c. For this report, they were added to the Uniformed Services Members 

category, B31a.

Wisconsin: Some jurisdictions did not report the number of ballots rejected from Uniformed Services members, 

B15a, so those numbers were back-filled with the sum of its parts (B16a, B17a and B18a).
155

UOCAVA Table 8: UOCAVA Ballots Received, Counted, and Rejected as Percent of Transmitted, Overseas Citizens

Transmitted

Received Counted Rejected

Total Pct. 

Transmitted Total Pct. Transmitted Total Pct. Transmitted

Alabama 1,433 1,114 77.74 959 66.92 17 1.19

Alaska 2,087 1,957 93.77 1,800 86.25 157 7.52

Arizona 8,995 7,526 83.67 7,520 83.6 53 0.59

Arkansas 1,062 897 84.46 681 64.12 53 4.99

California 44,827 54,506 121.59 59,792 133.38 2,806 6.26

Colorado 26,712 16,459 61.62 16,241 60.8 217 0.81

Connecticut 3,930 0 0 3,691 93.92 76 1.93

Delaware 1,274 1,144 89.8 1,068 83.83 33 2.59

District of Columbia 3,988 4,128 103.51 4,062 101.86 176 4.41

Florida 43,304 29,038 67.06 28,342 65.45 836 1.93

Georgia 10,416 7,882 75.67 7,229 69.4 647 6.21

Guam 65 43 66.15 40 61.54 2 3.08

Hawaii 682 538 78.89 504 73.9 9 1.32

Idaho 1,327 1,216 91.64 1,021 76.94 195 14.69

Illinois 19,398 15,706 80.97 15,322 78.99 384 1.98

Indiana 6,123 6,215 101.5 3,595 58.71 58 0.95

Iowa 0 626 . 40 . 3 .

Kansas 2,808 2,604 92.73 2,449 87.22 33 1.18

Kentucky 3,528 2,074 58.79 0 0 61 1.73

Louisiana 3,309 2,231 67.42 2,086 63.04 143 4.32

Maine 3,627 3,293 90.79 3,152 86.9 134 3.69

Maryland 15,458 12,515 80.96 11,551 74.73 964 6.24

Massachusetts 21,510 18,103 84.16 17,946 83.43 157 0.73

Michigan 14,037 11,490 81.86 11,163 79.53 317 2.26

Minnesota 11,589 9,603 82.86 8,711 75.17 832 7.18

Mississippi 1,220 0 0 827 67.79 5 0.41

Missouri 5,435 4,478 82.39 4,316 79.41 0 0

Montana 1,926 1,750 90.86 1,737 90.19 13 0.68

Nebraska 1,421 1,208 85.01 1,135 79.87 73 5.14

Nevada 3,943 3,670 93.08 3,613 91.63 57 1.45

New Hampshire 3,918 3,473 88.64 3,291 84 192 4.9

New Jersey 16,349 0 0 13,319 81.47 140 0.86

New Mexico 2,001 1,311 65.52 1,414 70.66 5 0.25

New York 38,115 35,872 94.12 34,894 91.55 0 0

North Carolina 12,884 16,637 129.13 10,884 84.48 122 0.95

North Dakota 715 650 90.91 632 88.39 18 2.52
156

UOCAVA Table 8: UOCAVA Ballots Received, Counted, and Rejected as Percent of Transmitted, Overseas Citizens

Transmitted

Received Counted Rejected

Total Pct. 

Transmitted Total Pct. Transmitted Total Pct. Transmitted

Ohio 13,264 11,147 84.04 11,304 85.22 169 1.27

Oklahoma 2,489 1,735 69.71 1,693 68.02 85 3.42

Oregon 6,459 0 0 5,063 78.39 85 1.32

Pennsylvania 19,351 14,540 75.14 14,539 75.13 532 2.75

Puerto Rico 244 286 117.21 286 117.21 0 0

Rhode Island 0 0 . 0 . 0 .

South Carolina 4,004 4,004 100 3,429 85.64 18 0.45

South Dakota 821 675 82.22 1,032 125.7 46 5.6

Tennessee 4,572 3,771 82.48 3,614 79.05 229 5.01

Texas 32,685 15,142 46.33 21,095 64.54 982 3

U.S. Virgin Islands 0 0 . 0 . 0 .

Utah 3,894 0 0 2,466 63.33 0 0.00

Vermont 2,357 1,775 75.31 1,775 75.31 67 2.84

Virginia 7,619 6,119 80.31 5,553 72.88 511 6.71

Washington 35,920 21,911 61 21,553 60 669 1.86

West Virginia 1,379 672 48.73 683 49.53 6 0.44

Wisconsin 4,598 3,722 80.95 3,394 73.81 26 0.57

Wyoming 480 398 82.92 390 81.25 9 1.88

U.S. TOTAL 491,664 365,854 74.41 382,896 77.88 12,422 2.53
157

UOCAVA Table 8 Calculation Notes

(1) Total UOCAVA Ballots Transmitted and FWABs, Overseas Civilians uses question B1c.

(2) UOCAVA Ballots Received, Overseas Civilians, Total uses questions B26c and B31b.

(3) UOCAVA Ballots Received, Overseas Civilians, Pct. Transmitted is the number of regular UOCAVA ballots and 

FWABs received from overseas civilians as a percentage of the total ballots transmitted to overseas civilians. It uses 

the sum of questions B26c and B31b divided by question B1c.

(4) UOCAVA Ballots Counted, Overseas Civilians, Total uses question B9b.

(5) UOCAVA Ballots Counted, Overseas Civilians, Pct. Transmitted is the number of UOCAVA ballots that were 

counted from overseas civilians as a percentage of the total ballots transmitted to overseas civilians. It uses question 

B9b divided by question B1c.

(6) UOCAVA Ballots Rejected, Overseas Civilians, Total uses question B15b.

(7) UOCAVA Ballots Rejected, Overseas Civilians, Rejected as % of Transmitted is the number of UOCAVA ballots 

that were rejected from overseas civilians as a percentage of the total ballots transmitted to overseas civilians. It 

uses question B15b divided by question B1c.

UOCAVA Table 8 Data Notes

General note: Some percentages and rates in this table are greater than 100% due to difference in how states 

reported transmitted and received ballots. 

California: One jurisdiction in California reported ballots counted from permanent overseas citizens in B9c. For this 

report, they were added to the overseas civilians category, B9b. Additionally, one jurisdiction did not report the 

number ballots counted for overseas civilians. This number was back-filled with the sum of its parts (B10b, B11b and 

B12b). 

Connecticut: The state did not report receiving any UOCAVA ballots.

Iowa: The state did not categorize its transmitted ballots by voter type. Some jurisdictions did not report the number 

of ballots counted for overseas civilians in B9b. For this report, the number was back-filled with the sum of its parts 

(B10b, B11b and B12b). 

Kansas: Some jurisdictions did not report the number of ballots counted from overseas civilians, B9b, so those 

numbers were back-filled with the sum of its parts (B10b, B11b and B12b). Some jurisdictions did not report the 

number of ballots rejected from overseas civilians, B15b, so those numbers were back-filled with the sum of its parts 

(B16b, B17b and B18b).

Kentucky: The state did not report B8a, the total number of ballots counted, that was used in this column. However, 

in the B9-12 battery, they did report B9c, B10a, and B10b, for a total of 6,754 ballots counted.

Mississippi: The state did not report receiving any UOCAVA ballots.

New Jersey: The state did not report receiving any UOCAVA ballots.

Oregon: The state did not report receiving any UOCAVA ballots.

Rhode Island: The state did not categorize its transmitted, received, counted or rejected ballots by voter type.

Texas: Some jurisdictions did not report B9b, so those numbers were back-filled with the sum of their parts (B10b, 

B11b and B12b).

Virginia: FWABs received from Military spouses and their dependents were reported in B31c. For this report, they 

were added to the Uniformed Services Members category, B31a.

159

Survey Methodology

Since 2004, the Election Assistance Commission (EAC) has conducted the Election 

Administration and Voting Survey (EAVS). The EAVS asks all 50 states, the District of Columbia, 

and four U.S. territories—American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands—

questions about voter registration, absentee voting, voting by individuals covered by the

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA), provisional voting, election 

technology, poll workers and polling places, and total turnout.1

 The EAVS satisfies the EAC’s 

requirements under the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) to serve as a clearinghouse for election 

data. The sections of the EAVS related to voter registration and UOCAVA voting allows states 

to satisfy their data reporting requirements established, respectively, by the National Voter 

Registration Act (NVRA) and UOCAVA.

The EAVS data reported here reflect the data submitted and certified by 50 states, the District 

of Columbia, and three U.S. territories (Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands).2

 Data 

for each state was collected at the jurisdiction level, with 6,437 of the 6,467 jurisdictions 

nationwide (99 percent) included in data for the 2016 EAVS. Only four states had a jurisdictionlevel response rate under 100 percent: Hawaii, Illinois, and Maine—each had one nonreporting jurisdiction—and Texas was missing data for 27 of its 254 jurisdictions. Appendix A 

shows the number of jurisdictions and the response rate by state (overall and for each section 

of the EAVS).

Survey Questionnaire

The 2016 EAVS questionnaire was the same one used in 2014, except that several questions 

in the 2016 survey could be skipped. The EAVS is divided into six sections, each of which 

collects data on a different aspect of voting and election administration: 

•	 Section A is the voter registration section. Questions about the total number of registered 

voters, the number of new voter registrations, and the sources of voter registrations were 

included in this section. 

•	 Section B focuses on voting activities related to UOCAVA. 

•	 Section C focuses on domestic civilian absentee ballots. 

•	 Section D collects data on election administration, such as the numbers of precincts, 

polling places, and election workers. 

•	 Section E asks for information on provisional ballots. 

•	 Section F covers Election Day activities, including voter turnout, use of electronic poll 

books, and types of voting equipment.

Though the survey instrument was unchanged in 2016, additions and edits were made to the 

Supplemental Instruction Manual (SIM) so that it was easier to use and contained complete 
160

definitions for all key terms in the survey. The 2016 EAVS consisted of 438 fields that required 

an answer, but 171 of those fields were “other” categories or comment boxes that were 

optional to the respondents.

Revisions to Section B

In 2014, the UOCAVA section of the EAVS was expanded to include questions from the 

Federal Voting Assistance Program’s (FVAP) Post-Election Quantitative Survey of Local Election 

Officials. The goal of combining the surveys was to reduce the survey burden on election 

officials by asking them to answer a single set of questions about UOCAVA voting. Although 

the questions from the two surveys were phrased differently and asked for different levels 

of specificity, they captured many of the same data points. For example, both surveys asked 

questions pertaining to ballots transmitted, ballots returned, and ballots rejected. In order to 

streamline and improve the UOCAVA section in the 2016 EAVS, no response was required for 

several redundant questions and subitems requesting data that most states do not record.3

 In 

the SIM, states were instructed to skip 13 questions with 62 subitems. These items were also 

grayed out in the data templates. Appendix B lists the questions that were to be skipped and 

explains what items in the survey replaced the skipped items. A more detailed explanation of 

the process for streamlining Section B is available in the 2016 EAVS UOCAVA Report.

The Data Collection Templates

The EAVS data were collected from states—or jurisdictions within states—using two versions 

of an Excel data template. The data templates were state specific; each state received a 

version that contained the name and FIPS code for each of its local jurisdictions. Until this 

year, the EAVS data were collected using an Excel workbook called the Data Entry Template. 

The Data Entry Template could be viewed either as a worksheet or in a form view, which walked 

respondents through each survey question. 

For the 2016 implementation of the EAVS, a new template, the Data Aggregation Template, 

was developed. The Data Aggregation Template served several purposes. The template made 

it easier for states with centralized, top-down election management systems to complete the 

EAVS at the state level without having to enter data for each jurisdiction individually. For states 

that sent out the Data Entry Template to their local jurisdictions, the aggregation template 

could be used to compile responses from each jurisdiction. To facilitate state aggregation 

of data, the Data Entry Template was updated to include a feature that exported data for all 

sections of the EAVS onto a single sheet. Data could then be pasted into the Data Aggregation 

Template to compile a single state submission. An instruction manual and training videos were 

provided to help with the use of the data templates.

Data Validation

One of the key issues associated with any data collection project is ensuring that the data 

collected are accurate. It is relatively easy to make mistakes, such as copying and pasting 

data into the wrong columns or rows or transposing numbers, when entering data. Both EAVS 

templates included built-in, “internal” validation checks that flagged specific types of errors. In 
161

addition, data analyses were run to check to see if reported data were very different from the 

data reported in similar localities. These validations are discussed in more detail below.

Internal Validations

The EAVS internal validations checked flagged data because they appeared to have been 

entered incorrectly, based on other data points entered into the template. For example, 

question C1b in the EAVS asked jurisdictions to report the total number of by-mail absentee 

ballots that were returned by voters. Question C4a asked how many of the returned ballots 

were counted, and question C4b asked how many of these ballots were rejected. The internal 

validations checked that the total number of ballots counted and the total number of ballots 

rejected equaled the total number of ballots returned. In addition, the internal validations were 

designed to catch blank cells where necessary information should have been included.4

 

In the Data Entry Template, when a validation check was violated, the corresponding cell was 

highlighted and the violated rule was reported in an error window.5

 In the Data Aggregation 

Template, the error check function reported all internal validation errors in two separate error 

tabs. One tab reported items that were left blank and another tab listed places where there 

were internal validation issues. These error tabs listed the errors by jurisdiction, then by 

question. The validation checks were designed so that if a state’s officials thought it had a 

legitimate reason for violating a validation, they could ignore a validation error and certify that 

the state’s data were complete and accurate to the best of their knowledge. 

External Validations

After each state submitted its data, external validation checks were run to highlight any 

discrepancies between the “expected” values for certain items and the data reported by the 

state. These external validation checks were run for the first time in 2016. These checks 

served as an additional way to flag potential errors in either the data entry or data collection 

procedures. External validations flagged jurisdictions if the value reported in the 2016 

EAVS was significantly higher or lower than might be expected for jurisdictions with similar 

characteristics (e.g., population, urbanization, median household income, other demographic 

characteristics). 

Although external validations sometimes incorrectly flagged jurisdictions that were outliers—

for example, jurisdictions with large military populations were sometimes flagged by external 

validations in relation to UOCAVA voting—they were particularly effective in identifying cases 

in which data had been entered into the wrong column or other data layout issues affected 

accuracy. Based on the initial use of these validations, the EAC learned how these might be 

improved to better detect true data errors. See Appendix C for a more detailed discussion of 

the external validation methodology. 

Data Processing

States were given the data templates before the 2016 general election, and states could 

submit data at any time, with the final deadline for initial, complete submissions being 
162

February 1, 2017. Once submitted, both internal and external validations were run on each 

state’s data. In addition, a state’s data submission was examined for completeness. When 

errors, questions about missing data, or other questions emerged, a memo outlining every 

issue was prepared, and the data were referred back to the states for review and correction, 

as appropriate. States had two weeks to review and correct their submissions and certify their 

state’s 2016 EAVS data submission. The final data certification deadline was March 1, 2017.6

Data Reporting and Calculations

All calculations included in the EAVS report used the 2016 jurisdiction-level data provided by 

each state. Most of the data were reported at the state or national level. State totals were 

calculated by summing the data from all jurisdictions within a state, and national totals were 

calculated aggregating the state-level totals. Whenever possible, the EAVS Comprehensive 

Report uses percentages and rates for comparative purposes. For these computations, 

items were combined, as necessary, to create the numerator and denominator to produce a 

percentage or rate. For example, the following formula was used to calculate the percentage of 

registered voters who voted in the 2016 Presidential Election: 

•	 [ Item F1a (total voters) / Item A1a (registered voters) ] x 100

When jurisdictions did not report data for a particular question (i.e., left the item blank), that 

cell, as well as any rate derived from that question, was treated as a missing value. When the 

calculation included items for which a limited number of states or jurisdictions responded, 

only the data from those jurisdictions that reported all data were included. This decision rule 

means that there were instances in which the rates that were reported were not available 

for all 50 states, Washington, D.C., and four U.S. territories. For this reason, the number of 

jurisdictions that reported data was throughout the EAVS when results are reported (e.g., 47 

out of the 55 states and territories provided information about confirmation notices). 

Statutory Overview

The Statutory Overview (SO) survey was distributed to the point of contact (POC) in all 

50 states, the District of Columbia, and four U.S. territories on August 29, 2016. The 

questionnaire used in 2016 was identical to the one used in 2014. The SO survey was 

transmitted to each POC by email and was available in a password-protected section of a 

website used for the EAVS project. The survey was sent as a fillable PDF, with state responses 

to the 2014 survey included in the document. States were then asked to either confirm that 

each law or policy that was asked about in the survey had not changed between 2014 and 

2016. States were asked to submit their completed SO surveys by September 30, 2016. All 

jurisdictions except for American Samoa responded to the survey. 

Once all of the responses were received, analysts and subject matter experts reviewed the 

2016 responses by examining the descriptive phrases used for each category. States often 

use different wording to describe the same concept, and analysts looked for the common 
163

denominator in the responses for purposes of coding the response. A data set was created by 

examining the key features of each question captured. 

Data Quality Improvement Through Training and Technical Assistance

In 2016, the EAC continued its efforts to improve the EAVS and SO survey instruments and 

to provide effective technical assistance. In the months preceding the survey administration, 

preparations were made to simplify the process of completing the EAVS and to address 

challenges faced by state and local election officials completing the survey. For example, 

the EAC used feedback gathered from the states—especially the EAVS state POC—and 

other stakeholders to improve the 2016 EAVS process and provide effective outreach to 

jurisdictions. Changes made to the EAVS included revising the SIM, improving the Excel Data 

Entry Template, and creating a Data Aggregation Template. The EAC also conducted two 

webinars and created a set of videos explaining how to use the data templates and providing a 

detailed, question-by-question description of each section of the survey. 

Revisions to the SIM

Based on feedback received from state POCs and other stakeholders, revisions were made to 

the SIM. The purpose of the SIM is to provide states with additional instructions for completing 

the EAVS and more in-depth explanations of what the questions are asking. In 2016, the 

instructions for each question were updated to address some of the issues and confusion 

expressed by the states.7

 Some of the updates to the SIM clarified the definitions of terms 

used in the survey. For example, the 2016 SIM provides definitions for “active voter” and 

“inactive voter” that states should use to answer question A2 and subsequent questions in 

the survey. Additionally, more descriptive language was added to the 2016 SIM to make it 

clearer for how to answer certain questions. For example, the descriptions of the different 

types of registration—such as new valid registrations, new pre-registrations, and invalid or 

rejected registrations—that question A5 refers to were added to the SIM. 

Webinars and “Boot Camp” Videos

In addition to revisions in the SIM, new resources were developed to assist states with the 

EAVS process. To help states prepare for the 2016 EAVS, a webinar was conducted on August 

31, 2016. The goal of this webinar was to describe steps that states could take in advance 

to be ready for the data collection phase. On December 5, 2016, a second webinar was 

conducted that highlighted the steps for completing the EAVS and submitting data. During each 

webinar, email and direct messaging capabilities were available for listeners to submit their 

questions and for EAC to answer them live. The webinars were recorded and posted on the 

EAVS portal so that they could be viewed at any time.

Several other videos were created as a part of the EAC’s effort to ease the completion of the 

EAVS. A data “Boot Camp” video was created for each section of the EAVS. This video series 

walked through each section of the survey, question by question, explaining the meaning of the 

question and the type of data that should and should not be included in the reported numbers. 
164

A set of EAVS technical boot camp videos were also created. These videos demonstrated how 

to use a few EAVS resources, including the EAVS portal and the EAVS data templates. 

Technical Assistance

Technical assistance was provided throughout the entire EAVS process by the EAVS team. 

Two elections subject matter experts were available at all times to handle more challenging 

questions and assistance requests. During the busiest data collection period from January 

through March 2017, an additional team of nine trained technical assistants was available 

to assist states with data collection and submission. The technical assistance help desk 

answered inquiries via email and phone. In total, the team assisted with more than 400 

technical assistance requests over the data collection period. 
165

Endnotes

1 The Northern Mariana Islands are not included in the EAVS because this territory did not have 

representation in Congress at the time HAVA was enacted.

2 American Samoa did not respond to the EAVS.

3 FVAP worked with the Council of State Government’s Overseas Voting Initiative to create a working group 

consisting of state and local election officials. This group identified ways to streamline and improve Section B 

of the EAVS by removing redundant and particularly challenging questions. The subitems that were removed 

were related to ballots transmitted to voters 45 days before the election and then ballots transmitted closer 

to the election. However, most states do not track the date that each ballot was transmitted in a way that 

could be used to answer this question.

4 In some cases, cells were left blank because the question was not applicable (N/A) or data were not 

available (also N/A).

5 See Methodology Appendix A for the complete list of internal validation rules.

6 Data were received from 54 states and territories by the March 1, 2017 deadline.

7 These improvements were made based upon recommendations made by the CSG Section B working group. 
166

Methodology Appendix A: 

Survey Response Rates

Survey Response Rates, by Section (A-C)

Total 

Jurisdictions

Total 

Responding

Section A Section B Section C

Response 

Rate

CVAP 

Response 

Rate

Response 

Rate

CVAP 

Response 

Rate

Response 

Rate

CVAP 

Response 

Rate

Alabama 67 67 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Alaska 1 1 1.00 1.00 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.00

Arizona 15 15 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.95 0.92 0.93

Arkansas 75 75 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

California 58 58 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00

Colorado 64 64 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Connecticut 169 169 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.00

Delaware 3 3 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

District of 

Columbia 1 1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Florida 67 67 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00

Georgia 159 159 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00

Guam 1 1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Hawaii 5 4 0.80 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.80 1.00

Idaho 44 44 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Illinois 110 109 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00

Indiana 92 92 0.99 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.98 1.00

Iowa 99 99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Kansas 105 105 1.00 1.00 0.92 0.99 1.00 1.00

Kentucky 120 120 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Louisiana 64 64 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Maine 501 500 1.00 1.00 0.93 0.97 0.96 0.98

Maryland 24 24 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Massachusetts 351 351 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.97 0.98

Michigan 83 83 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Minnesota 87 87 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Mississippi 82 82 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00

Missouri 116 116 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.00
167

Survey Response Rates, by Section (A-C)

Total 

Jurisdictions

Total 

Responding

Section A Section B Section C

Response 

Rate

CVAP 

Response 

Rate

Response 

Rate

CVAP 

Response 

Rate

Response 

Rate

CVAP 

Response 

Rate

Montana 56 56 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00

Nebraska 93 93 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Nevada 17 17 0.00 0.00 0.92 0.99 1.00 1.00

New Hampshire 320 320 1.00 1.00 0.84 0.99 1.00 1.00

New Jersey 21 21 0.94 0.99 0.88 0.95 0.93 0.98

New Mexico 33 33 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

New York 62 62 1.00 1.00 0.91 0.98 1.00 1.00

North Carolina 100 100 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00

North Dakota 53 53 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Ohio 88 88 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Oklahoma 77 77 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00

Oregon 36 36 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Pennsylvania 67 67 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Puerto Rico 1 1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Rhode Island 39 39 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

South Carolina 46 46 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

South Dakota 66 66 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.99 1.00 1.00

Tennessee 95 95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Texas 254 227 0.88 0.95 0.77 0.94 0.84 0.95

U.S. Virgin Islands 1 1 1.00 1.00 0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00

Utah 29 29 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00

Vermont 246 246 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Virginia 133 133 1.00 1.00 0.92 0.94 0.98 0.99

Washington 39 39 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

West Virginia 55 55 1.00 0.74 0.95

Wisconsin 1854 1854 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Wyoming 23 23 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

U.S. TOTAL 6467 6437 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.96 0.99 0.98
168

Survey Response Rates, by Section (D-F)

Total 

Jurisdictions

Total 

Responding

Section D Section E Section F

Response 

Rate

CVAP 

Response 

Rate

Response 

Rate

CVAP 

Response 

Rate

Response 

Rate

CVAP 

Response 

Rate

Alabama 67 67 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Alaska 1 1 1.00 1.00 0.79 0.78 1.00 1.00

Arizona 15 15 0.95 0.96 0.89 0.92 0.93 0.96

Arkansas 75 75 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

California 58 58 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00

Colorado 64 64 1.00 1.00 0.66 0.97 1.00 1.00

Connecticut 169 169 1.00 1.00 0.15 0.19 1.00 1.00

Delaware 3 3 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

District of Columbia 1 1 1.00 1.00 0.67 0.77 1.00 1.00

Florida 67 67 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00

Georgia 159 159 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.99 1.00 1.00

Guam 1 1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Hawaii 5 4 0.80 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.80 1.00

Idaho 44 44 1.00 1.00 0.83 0.92 1.00 1.00

Illinois 110 109 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00

Indiana 92 92 0.99 1.00 0.41 0.84 0.99 1.00

Iowa 99 99 1.00 1.00 0.85 0.94 1.00 1.00

Kansas 105 105 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Kentucky 120 120 1.00 1.00 0.30 0.62 1.00 1.00

Louisiana 64 64 1.00 1.00 0.81 0.93 1.00 1.00

Maine 501 500 1.00 1.00 0.61 0.69 1.00 1.00

Maryland 24 24 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Massachusetts 351 351 1.00 1.00 0.14 0.15 0.99 1.00

Michigan 83 83 1.00 1.00 0.82 0.96 1.00 1.00

Minnesota 87 87 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00

Mississippi 82 82 1.00 1.00 0.73 0.86 1.00 1.00

Missouri 116 116 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.98 1.00 1.00

Montana 56 56 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00

Nebraska 93 93 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Nevada 17 17 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00

New Hampshire 320 320 1.00 1.00 0.91 0.99 1.00 1.00

New Jersey 21 21 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.99
169

Survey Response Rates, by Section (D-F)

Total 

Jurisdictions

Total 

Responding

Section D Section E Section F

Response 

Rate

CVAP 

Response 

Rate

Response 

Rate

CVAP 

Response 

Rate

Response 

Rate

CVAP 

Response 

Rate

New Mexico 33 33 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

New York 62 62 0.97 0.99 0.91 0.99 1.00 1.00

North Carolina 100 100 1.00 1.00 0.76 0.99 1.00 1.00

North Dakota 53 53 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Ohio 88 88 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Oklahoma 77 77 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00

Oregon 36 36 1.00 1.00 0.25 0.60 1.00 1.00

Pennsylvania 67 67 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00

Puerto Rico 1 1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Rhode Island 39 39 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

South Carolina 46 46 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00

South Dakota 66 66 1.00 1.00 0.67 0.89 1.00 1.00

Tennessee 95 95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Texas 254 227 0.86 0.95 0.77 0.95 0.85 0.94

U.S. Virgin Islands 1 1 1.00 1.00 0.59 0.95 1.00 1.00

Utah 29 29 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00

Vermont 246 246 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Virginia 133 133 1.00 1.00 0.02 0.02 1.00 1.00

Washington 39 39 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.98 1.00 1.00

West Virginia 55 55 1.00 0.10 1.00

Wisconsin 1854 1854 0.91 0.91 0.84 0.79 1.00 1.00

Wyoming 23 23 1.00 1.00 0.61 0.80 1.00 1.00

U.S. TOTAL 6467 6437 0.99 0.98 0.73 0.80 0.99 0.98
170

Methodology Appendix B: 

Validation Rules

Table 1: Internal Validation Rules – Data Entry Template

Data Entry Template Rules

Validation Rule Error Text

If A2 “Jurisdiction uses only active 

voters” is not selected, the sum of 

A3a and A3b cannot exceed A1.

If “Jurisdiction only uses active registered voters” is not selected (A2), the sum of Active (A3a) and Inactive (A3b) registered 

persons cannot exceed the total number of persons who are 

registered to vote in jurisdiction (A1a).

The sum of A5b–l cannot exceed 

A5a.

The sum of the various types of total forms received (A5b–A5l) 

cannot exceed the total number of forms received (A5a).

The sum of A6a–o cannot exceed 

A5a.

The sum of the various sources of total forms received (A6a–

A6o) cannot exceed the total number of forms received (A5a).

The sum of A7a–o cannot exceed 

A5b.

The sum of the various sources of new, valid registrations (A7a–

A7o) cannot exceed the total number of new, valid registrations 

excluding pre-registrations of persons under 18 (A5b).

The sum of A8a–o cannot exceed 

A5d.

The sum of the various sources of duplicate registrations (A8a–

A8o) cannot exceed the total number of duplicate or existing 

registrations (A5d).

The sum of A9a–o cannot exceed 

A5e.

The sum of the various sources of invalid or rejected registrations (A9a–A9o) cannot exceed the total number of invalid or 

rejected registrations other than duplicate registrations (A5e).

The sum of A7a + A8a + A9a cannot 

exceed A6a.

The sum of mail, fax, or email new registrations (A7a), duplicate 

or existing registrations (A8a), and invalid or rejected registrations (A9a) cannot exceed the total number of forms received 

from individual voters submitting by mail, fax, or email (A6a).

The sum of A7b + A8b + A9b cannot 

exceed A6b.

The sum of in-person new registrations (A7b), duplicate or existing registrations (A8b), and invalid or rejected registrations (A9b) 

cannot exceed the total number of registrations in person at the 

election/registrar’s office (A6b).
171

Data Entry Template Rules

Validation Rule Error Text

The sum of A7c + A8c + A9c cannot 

exceed A6c.

The sum of internet new registrations (A7c), duplicate or existing 

registrations (A8c), and invalid or rejected registrations (A9c) 

cannot exceed the total number of registrations forms submitted 

via the internet (A6c).

The sum of A7d + A8d + A9d cannot 

exceed A6d.

The sum of motor vehicle or other drivers’ license offices new 

registrations (A7d), duplicate or existing registrations (A8d), and 

invalid or rejected registrations (A9d) cannot exceed motor vehicle or other drivers’ license offices forms received (A6d).

The sum of A7e + A8e + A9e cannot 

exceed A6e.

The sum of public assistance offices new registrations (A7e), 

duplicate or existing registrations (A8e), and invalid or rejected 

registrations (A9e) cannot exceed the total number of forms 

received from public assistance offices (A6e).

The sum of A7f + A8f + A9f cannot 

exceed A6f.

The sum of State-funded agencies new registrations (A7f), duplicate or existing registrations (A8f), and invalid or rejected registrations (A9f) cannot exceed the total number of forms received 

from State-funded agencies (A6f).

The sum of A7g + A8g + A9g cannot 

exceed A6g.

The sum of Armed Forces recruitment offices new registrations 

(A7g), duplicate or existing registrations (A8g), and invalid or 

rejected registrations (A9g) cannot exceed the total number of 

forms received from Armed Forces recruitment offices (A6g).

The sum of A7h + A8h + A9h cannot 

exceed A6h.

The sum of other agencies designated by the State but not 

mandated by NVRA new registrations (A7h), duplicate or existing 

registrations (A8h), and invalid or rejected registrations (A9h) 

cannot exceed the total number of forms received from other 

agencies designated by the State but not mandated by NVRA 

(A6h).

The sum of A7i + A8i + A9i cannot 

exceed A6i.

The sum of registration drives from advocacy groups’ new registrations (A7i), duplicate or existing registrations (A8i), and invalid 

or rejected registrations (A9i) cannot exceed the total number of 

forms received from registration drives from advocacy groups’ 

new registrations (A6i).

The sum of A7j + A8j + A9j cannot 

exceed A6j.

The sum of “Other” new registrations (A7j), duplicate or existing registrations (A8j), and invalid or rejected registrations (A9j) 

cannot exceed the total number of forms received from “Other” 

sources (A6j).

The sum of A7k + A8k + A9k cannot 

exceed A6k.

The sum of “Other” new registrations (A7k), duplicate or existing 

registrations (A8k), and invalid or rejected registrations (A9k) 

cannot exceed the total number of forms received from “Other” 

sources (A6k).
172

Data Entry Template Rules

Validation Rule Error Text

The sum of A7l + A8l + A9l cannot 

exceed A6l.

The sum of “Other” new registrations (A7l), duplicate or existing registrations (A8l), and invalid or rejected registrations (A9l) 

cannot exceed the total number of forms received from “Other” 

sources (A6l).

The sum of A7m + A8m + A9m cannot exceed A6m.The sum of “Other” new registrations (A7m), duplicate or existing 

registrations (A8m), and invalid or rejected registrations (A9m) 

cannot exceed the total number of forms received from “Other” 

sources (A6m).

The sum of A7n + A8n + A9n cannot 

exceed A6n.

The sum of “Other” new registrations (A7n), duplicate or existing 

registrations (A8n), and invalid or rejected registrations (A9n) 

cannot exceed the total number of forms received from “Other” 

sources (A6n).

The sum of A7o + A8o + A9o cannot 

exceed A6o.

The sum of “Other” new registrations (A7o), duplicate or existing 

registrations (A8o), and invalid or rejected registrations (A9o) 

cannot exceed the total number of forms received from “Other” 

sources (A6o).

A10a should not exceed 30% of A1. The total removal notices sent to voters between close of 2014 

election registration and close of 2016 election registration 

(A10a) cannot be more than 30% of the total number of persons 

who are registered to vote in a jurisdiction (A1a).

The sum of A10b–A10h cannot exceed A10a.The sum of the categories of removal notices sent (A10Total) 

cannot exceed the total number of removal notices sent to 

voters between close of 2014 election registration and close of 

2016 election registration (A10a).

The sum of A11b–k cannot exceed 

A11a.

The sum of the categories of reasons why voters were removed 

(A11Total) cannot exceed the total number of voters removed 

from the voter registration rolls (A11a).

B1a should not exceed 2.5% of A1. The total number of absentee ballots transmitted to UOCAVA 

voters (B1a) cannot be more than 2.5% of the total number of 

persons who are registered to vote in a jurisdiction (A1a).

The sum of B1b–e cannot exceed 

B1a.

The sum of the categories of types of UOCAVA ballots transmitted (B1Total) cannot exceed the total number of absentee ballots 

transmitted to UOCAVA voters (B1a).

The sum of B2a–g cannot exceed 

B1a.

The sum of the categories of what happened to UOCAVA ballots 

that were transmitted (B2Total) cannot exceed the total number 

of absentee ballots transmitted to UOCAVA voters (B1a).
173

Data Entry Template Rules

Validation Rule Error Text

The sum of B9a + B9b + B9c cannot 

exceed B8a.

The sum of the categories of UOCAVA voter types counted (B9Total) cannot exceed the total number of UOCAVA ballots counted 

(B8a).

The sum of B10a + B11a + B12a 

cannot exceed B9a.

The sum of uniformed service absentee ballots counted (B10a), 

FWABs counted, and “Other” types of ballot counted (B12a) 

cannot exceed all ballots counted from uniformed service voters 

(B9a).

The sum of B10b + B11b + B12b 

cannot exceed B9b.

The sum of civilian overseas absentee ballots counted (B10b), 

FWABs counted (B11b), and “Other” types of ballot counted 

(B12b) cannot exceed all civilian overseas ballots that were 

counted (B9b).

The sum of B10c + B11c + B12c 

cannot B9c.

The sum of Other UOCAVA voter absentee ballots counted 

(B10c), FWABs counted (B11c), and “Other” types of ballot 

counted (B12c) cannot exceed all Other UOCAVA voter ballots 

that were counted (B9c).

The sum of B14a–f cannot exceed 

B13a.

The sum of the subcategories of rejected UOCAVA ballots 

(B14Total) cannot exceed the total number of UOCAVA ballots 

rejected (B13a).

The sum of B15a + B15b + B15c 

cannot exceed B13a.

The sum of the subcategories of types of rejected UOCAVA voters 

(B15Total) cannot exceed the total number of rejected UOCAVA 

ballots (B13a).

The sum of B16a + B17a + B18a 

cannot exceed B15a.

The total number of uniformed services voters UOCAVA absentee 

ballots rejected (B16a), FWABs rejected (B17a), and “Other” 

types of ballot rejected (B18a) cannot exceed the total number of UOCAVA ballots rejected from uniformed services voters 

(B15a).

The sum of B16b + B17b + B18b 

cannot exceed B15b.

The total number of civilian overseas UOCAVA absentee ballots 

rejected (B16b), FWABs rejected (B17b), and “Other” types of 

ballot rejected (B18b) cannot exceed all civilian overseas UOCAVA ballots rejected (B15b).

The sum of B16c + B17c + B18c 

cannot exceed B15c.

The total number of Other UOCAVA absentee ballots rejected 

(B16c), FWABs rejected (B17c), and “Other” types of ballot 

rejected (B18c) cannot exceed Other UOCAVA ballots rejected 

(B15c).

The sum of C1b–h cannot exceed 

C1a.

The sum of the categories of what happened to transmitted 

domestic civilian absentee ballots (C1Total) cannot exceed the 

total number of transmitted domestic civilian absentee ballots 

(C1a).
174

Data Entry Template Rules

Validation Rule Error Text

C3 cannot exceed C1a. The total number of domestic civilian absentee ballots sent to 

voters in jurisdiction because they appear on permanent absentee list (C3) cannot exceed the total number of domestic civilian 

absentee ballots transmitted (C1a).

C4b should not exceed 15% of C1b. The number of absentee ballots returned by voters and submitted for counting that were rejected (C4b) should not be more 

than 15% of the number of absentee ballots transmitted to voters and returned by voters and submitted for counting (C1b).

The sum of C4a–d cannot exceed 

C1b.

The sum of the categories of the outcomes of the absentee 

ballots returned and submitted for counting (C4Total) cannot 

exceed the number of absentee ballots transmitted to voters and 

returned by voters and submitted for counting (C1b).

The sum of C5a–v cannot exceed 

C4b.

The sum of the subcategories of rejected domestic civilian absentee ballots (C5Total) cannot exceed the number of absentee 

ballots returned by voters and submitted for counting that were 

rejected (C4b).

The sum of D2b–g cannot exceed 

D2a.

The sum of the categories of physical polling places (D2Total) 

cannot exceed the total number of physical polling places in your 

jurisdiction (D2a).

The sum of D4a–f cannot exceed 

D3a.

The sum of the categories of poll worker ages (D4Total) cannot 

exceed the total number of poll workers in your jurisdiction (D3a).

The sum of E1b–f cannot exceed 

E1a.

The sum of the categories of what happened to the submitted 

provisional ballots (E1Total) cannot exceed the total number of 

submitted provisional ballots (E1a).

The sum of E2a–p cannot exceed 

E1d.

The sum of the categories of reasons why provisional ballots 

were rejected (E2Total) cannot exceed the total number of rejected provisional ballots (E1d).

F1a cannot exceed A1. The number of voting participants (F1a) should not exceed the 

number of registered voters (A1a).

The sum of F1b–j cannot exceed F1a. The sum of the categories of voting participants (F1Total) should 

not exceed the total number of voting participants (F1a).

If A7a is greater than 0, then F3 

cannot exceed A7a. If A7a is null 

and if A6a is greater than 0, then F3 

cannot exceed A6a.

When A7a is greater than 0, the number of first-time mail registrants who showed ID and were able to vote (F3) should not 

exceed new registrants submitting applications by mail, fax or 

email (A7a). If A7a is null and if the total number of voters submitting applications by mail, fax, or email (A6a) is greater than 0, 

then F3 cannot exceed A6a.
175

Table 2: Internal Validation Rules – Data Aggregation Template

Data Aggregation Template Rules

Validation Rule Error Text

If your state has traditional or same 

day registration, you should not 

select “No,” “Other,” or “Not Applicable” in response to A4b.

If a state has traditional or same day registration, in other words 

they select “Yes” in response to A4b, they should not select 

“No, no formal Election Day or Same Day Registration,” “Other,” 

or “Not Applicable” in response to A4b.

If A10a is greater than 0, then A11a 

should not exceed A10a.

The total number of voters removed from the voter registration 

rolls (A11a) cannot exceed the total removal notices sent to 

voters between close of 2014 election registration and close of 

2016 election registration (A10a).

If a jurisdiction does not have permanent absentee status, you can only 

mark “No” on question C2.

If a jurisdiction does not have permanent absentee status, you 

can only mark “No” on question C2.

F1d cannot exceed C1a. If there were more than 0 domestic civilian absentee ballots 

transmitted to voters (C1a), then the number who voted using 

a domestic civilian absentee ballot (F1d) should not exceed the 

total number of domestic civilian absentee ballots transmitted 

(C1a).

F1e cannot exceed E1a. If there were more than 0 total provisional ballots that were 

submitted (E1a), then the number who voted using a provisional 

ballot (F1e) cannot exceed the total number of provisional ballots 

submitted (E1a).

If early in-person voting is not allowed, then F1f should not exceed 0.If you indicated that early in-person voting is not allowed, the 

number who voted at an early vote center (F1f) should not exceed 0.
176

Methodology Appendix C: 

External Data Validations

Introduction

The major limitation of only using other items within a complete survey to identify error in 

a response item is that response items might be perfectly consistent with each other but 

still contain substantial measurement error. For example, the number of absentee ballots 

transmitted might be lower than the total number of registrants; this would not violate a 

validation rule that the transmission number has to be smaller than the registrant number. 

However, if the total number of registrants is twice the size of the civilian voting age population 

(CVAP) then both the absentee ballot transmission number and the registration number could 

be incorrect. 

To account for this, the EAC used external data to form an expectation for what each 

jurisdiction should have reported, based on the jurisdiction’s geography and demographics. 

Responses with the highest probability of having error were those with substantially higher 

or lower than expected values for that item in 2016, based on the average (logged) count 

for the counties with similar characteristics (e.g., similar population, urbanization, fraction of 

foreign born). Each county is unique, so differences between what the local election office 

(LEO) reports and what we expect does not always represent inaccuracy in what is reported by 

the LEO. Consequently, the external validations only identified items as potentially mistaken 

if the discrepancy between what the LEO reported and what was expected was quite large. 

Generally speaking, only jurisdictions that reported data at the largest or smallest 2.5 percent 

of respondents were flagged as being outside the expected range. 

Technical Approach 

If it is assumed that the probability of an entry in the EAVS being subject to measurement error 

increases with the difference between what one would expect from a jurisdiction and what the 

EAVS indicates the count is, then a simple decision rule for identifying suspect entries can 

take the following form:

Error = Yes if | Ln(1+yi ) – Ln(1+yi ) | >2M and No Otherwise

Where is the relevant count (i.e. number of absentee ballots) for jurisdiction i and is defined 

as follows:

1) M = med (| (Ln(1+yi ) – Ln(1+yi )) – med ((Ln(1+yi ) – Ln(1+yi )) |)

In other words, an entry for a jurisdiction would be identified as being subject to measurement 

error due to a miss entry if the absolute difference between (the natural log1

 XXX of ) the entry 

and the expected (logged) entry for that jurisdiction, from now on referred to as the residual, 

exceeded seven times the median absolute deviation from the median residual. The choice of 
177

seven is largely arbitrary and can be smaller or larger based on whether one wants to be more 

conservative or lenient with respect to identifying entries as being subject to measurement 

error.

The expected logged entry Ln(yi

)

2

 will vary based on the characteristics of the county. For 

example, one would typically expect larger counties to have higher counts. The expected 

(logged) count can be modeled as follows:

2) Ln(1+yi

) = βXi

Where Xi is a vector of determinants of the “true” number of ballots being counted, but which 

is assumed to not be systematically related to measurement error. Table 1 lists the variables 

used in these analyses and their sources.

Table 1. Variable Descriptions and Sources

Variable Source

Ln(Voting-Age Population) 2014 5-year American Community Survey (ACS)

% of Population which is Foreign Born 2014 5-year ACS

Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (Metro >1 million; 250k-1million;<250k;non-Metro)US Department of Agriculture

Census Division Census

Ln(Median Household Income) 2014 5-year ACS

Two-party Vote Difference in 2012 Presidential 

Election

Federal Election Commission

Electronic Ballot Policies (Accepts Absentee 

Ballots by Email/Web)

Federal Voting Assistance Program (FVAP)

Automatic Registration Policies* FVAP

Ln(Land Area) Census

Ln(Military Employment) Bureau of Economic Analysis

Age (% 25-34; 35-44; 45-64; 65+) 2014 5-year ACS

% Female 2014 5-year ACS

Race/Ethnicity (% Black; Native American; 

Asian; Hawaiian; Other; Two or More Races; 

Hispanic)

2014 5-year ACS

Education (% Some College; College Graduate; 

Graduate)

2014 5-year ACS

*Interacted with Ln(Voting-Age Population).

The challenge in estimating β to generate the expected logged counts was that the expected 

or true counts could not be observed, but rather only what was reported in the EAVS. To the 

degree that there was substantial measurement error in the EAVS, β

^

estimated via ordinary 

least squares (OLS) reflected the relationship between Xi

 and the measurement error and not 
178

just the average marginal effect of Xi on (1+yi), resulting in a biased estimate for Ln(1+yi). To 

mitigate this issue, Equation 2 was estimated using robust regression (rreg 3in Stata), which 

iteratively re-estimated equation 2, down weighting observations based on residuals in the 

previous iteration. This procedure mitigated the influence of measurement error on the final 

model.

The deviation from the expected logged count (Ln(1+yi

) – Ln(1+yi)) was calculated, and 

jurisdictions that had large deviations from the expected response were flagged using the 

decision rule above. Because some of the predictors (Xi

) were measured with error, a relatively 

conservative decision rule was applied.

The Auditing Process

For each question in the survey, two items were provided:

1) The “expected” (natural log of 1 plus the) response to that item based on the 

characteristics of the jurisdiction and responses to the 2016 EAVS. This differed between 

jurisdictions for a given question.

2) M, which captured the variability in the difference between the actual 2016 response and 

the expected 2016 response. This item varied across questions but would not vary by 

jurisdiction for a given question.

The following steps were taken for each response in each completed survey:

1) For each greater than zero count, the natural log of 1 plus the count was taken.

2) The absolute difference between the actual 2016 (log transformed) item and the 

expected (log transformed) item was calculated. 

3) The absolute difference was divided by M.

4) If the ratio from step 3 exceeded that of step 2, this item was flagged as having a 

potential error.
179

Endnotes

1 Count variables were typically logged so that 1) the expected y did not take negative values, 2) to minimize 

the effect of outliers on model estimates, and 3) because the differences in the logs of the predicted and 

natural counts could be interpreted as a percentile difference, which is arguably of more interest than the 

absolute difference because it is invariant to jurisdiction size, with the exception of cases where 1) the 

response was zero and 2) the expected count was close to zero. The analysis took 1 + the count in order to 

admit zero observations into the estimates, although this somewhat complicated the interpretation of the 

coefficients.

2 http://www.stata.com/manuals13/rrreg.pdf

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2016 Survey Instrument
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U.S. ELECTION ASSISTANCE COMMISSION

2016 Election Administration & Voting Survey

The ongoing process of improving America’s election systems relies in part on having accurate data about the way 

Americans cast their ballots. In 2002, Congress chartered the U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC) to collect 

information on the state of American elections and make it widely available to policy makers, advocates, scholars, 

journalists and the general public. Since 2004, the Commission has sponsored a biennial survey as its primary tool for 

fulfilling that mission. We are pleased to present the 2016 Election Administration and Voting Survey, and we ask for 

your help in making it the most complete and accurate survey in its history. 

The questions below ask for information about ballots cast, voter registration, overseas and military voting, Election Day 

activities, voting technology, and other important issues. The section concerning the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens 

Voting Act (UOCAVA) serves as the EAC’s standardized format for State reporting of UOCAVA voting information as 

required by 42 U.S.C. §1973ff-1. States that complete and timely submit this section to the EAC will fulfill their UOCAVA 

reporting requirement under 42 U.S.C. §1973ff-1(c). Additionally, EAC is mandated by the National Voter Registration Act 

(NVRA) to collection information from states concerning the impact of that statute on the administration of Federal 

elections. With this information, EAC is required to make a report to Congress and provide recommendations for the 

improvement of Federal and State procedures, forms, and other NVRA matters. States that timely respond to all 

questions in this survey concerning voter registration related matters will meet their NVRA reporting requirements under 

42 U.S.C. § 1973gg-7 and EAC regulations. 

The EAC recognizes the burden that asking for these data places on State and local election officials, and we have 

worked to minimize that burden as much as possible. 

In advance, we thank you for your cooperation and look forward to answering any questions you might have. 

Information supplied by:

Name Title

Office/Agency name

Address 1

Address 2

City State Zip Code

E-mail address

Telephone (area code and number) Extension Fax number (area code and number)
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Instructions for Completing the 2016 Election Administration & Voting Survey 

1. This survey collects information on election administration issues in local election offices (typically counties or townships) that 

are responsible for the administration of the November 2016 general election. As such, all data should be reported at the level of 

the local jurisdiction. However, the State or Territorial level election office may fill out any or all of the information on behalf of the 

local election offices under its jurisdiction. 

2. Do not leave items blank - always provide an answer to the question asked using the “Data not available” or “Other” categories

discussed below, if needed. 

3. Use the “Data not available” box if the question asks for details that are not required by your State law or the question asks for 

information that is not currently collected. 

4. You may find it helpful to read an entire section before answering any of the questions in that section.

5. Please attempt to record data according to the categories as they are defined in the question. If your jurisdiction uses a different 

data classification scheme (for instance, collects data in such a way that combines two or more categories listed in a question), 

you can use the space provided for “Other” to provide numbers and details on these categories. Use as many “Other” categories 

as you need to adequately report the relevant statistics for your jurisdiction. If you enter information into the “Other” field, please 

use the comments field to provide an explanation for the answer. 

In the example below, the jurisdiction does not collect separate statistics on the number of duplicate and rejected registration 

forms, but instead has only one number that represents the total number of registration forms that are either duplicated or 

rejected. 

EXAMPLE:

A5. In order to evaluate the workflow of your office over the last election cycle, enter the total number of registration forms 

your jurisdiction received from all sources during the period from the close of registration for the November 2014

general election until the close of registration for the November 2016 general election. Include here any Election Day or 

Same Day registrations, if applicable. Also include any special categories of voters who may have extended deadlines, such as 

returning military personnel, if applicable. 

A5a. Total .......................................................................................... 5000 .................. Data not available

Next, divide the total number of registration application forms received (as entered in A5a) into the following categories. The 

amounts should sum to the total provided in A4a. 

Data not 

available

▼

 A5b. New registrations.................................................................................................. 4000 ...........

 A5c. Invalid or rejected (other than duplicates).............................................................. ...........

 A5d. Duplicate of existing registration .......................................................................... ...........

 A5e. Changes to name, party or within-jurisdiction address change ............................. 500 ...........

 A5f. Moved into jurisdiction but was registered elsewhere in the State.......................... 200 ...........

A5g. Other comments: duplicate and invalid registrations combined......................... 300 

A5h. Other comments: ................................................... 

 TOTAL ..........................................................................................................................  5000 
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SECTION A VOTER REGISTRATION

EAC is mandated by the National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) to collect information from States concerning the 

impact of that statute on the administration of Federal elections. With this information EAC is required to make a 

report to Congress and provide recommendations for the improvement of Federal and State procedures, forms, and 

other NVRA matters. States that timely respond to all questions in this survey concerning voter registration related 

matters will meet their NVRA reporting requirements under 42 U.S.C. § 1973gg-7 and EAC regulations. 

Roadmap to Section A:

 A1, A2 and A3 ask for information about the number of registered voters in your jurisdiction and how you calculate 

those statistics.

 A4 asks for information about registration activity on days in which it was possible for a person to both register and 

vote on the same day. 

 A5 asks for information on all registration forms for all types of registration transactions (successful and 

unsuccessful) received by your office. 

 A6 asks for the sources of all registration forms (both successful and unsuccessful). 

 A7 asks for the sources of new registrations. 

 A8 asks for the sources of duplicate registrations. 

 A9 asks for the sources of invalid or rejected registrations.

 A10 asks for information on confirmation notices sent under NVRA Section 8(d) 2. 

 A11 asks for the number of voters removed from the voter registration rolls and the reason for their removal.

A1. Enter the total number of persons in your jurisdiction who were registered and eligible to vote in the November 

2016 general election. Include all persons eligible to vote in the election including special categories of voters with 

extended deadlines (such as returning military). Do not include any persons under the age of 18 who may be registered 

under a “pre-registration” program.

 A1a. Total .................................................. Data not available

A1 Comments 

A2. When you report the number of registered voters in your jurisdiction for the November 2016 general election (as in 

A1a) do you include both active and inactive voters in the count, or does your jurisdiction only include active 

voters? (Select only one) 

 A2a. Jurisdiction uses both active and inactive registered voters ..............................................................

 A2b. Jurisdiction only uses active registered voters ...................................................................................

 A2c. Other  comments: ____________________...................................................................................

 

A2 Comments 
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A3. Enter the total number of persons who were registered and eligible to vote in the November 2016 general election 

into the following categories. Do not include any persons under the age of 18 who may be registered under a “pre-registration” 

program. 

Data not 

available

▼

A3a. Active .......................................................................................  ..........................................

A3b. Inactive ....................................................................................  ..........................................

A3 Comments 

A4. If your State’s laws allowed any voters to register and then to vote on the same day, enter the total number of 

registration forms received on those days in which it was possible to both register for and vote in the November 

2016 general election on the same day. This question includes jurisdictions in States that have formal Election Day 

Registration or Same Day Registration and those States that have other situations that provide Election Day Registration or 

Same Day Registration. This question includes jurisdictions in States that permit Election Day Registration for voting for 

office of President, such as Alaska and Rhode Island.

A4a. Total new Same Day registrations... ...................................................... Data not available

 .................................................................................................................................... Not applicable

A4b. Are the numbers you provided for question A4a because your State allows Election Day Registration or Same 

Day Registration for all voters, or does your answer come from a different circumstance?

 .....Yes, our State has Election Day Registration or Same Day Registration. 

 

.... No, our State does not have formal Election Day Registration or Same Day Registration, but some voters were able to

 register and vote on the same day for the 2016 election. 

 

.... Other  comments: ________________________________

.... Not applicable.

A4 Comments 
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A5. In order to evaluate the workflow of your office over the last election cycle, enter the total number of forms your 

jurisdiction received from all sources during the period from the close of registration for the November 2014 general 

election until the close of registration for the November 2016 general election. Include any forms that were processed, 

such as changes to name, party or address, duplicates, or pre-registrations. Include here any Election Day or Same Day 

registrations, if applicable. Also include any special categories of voters who may have extended deadlines such as returning

military personnel, if applicable. 

A5a. Total ........................................................................................ ................ Data not available

 Next, divide the total number of registration application forms received (as entered in A5a) into the following 

categories. The amounts should sum to the total provided in A5a. 

Data not available

▼

A5b. New valid registrations (excluding pre-registrations of persons under 18)...  ..................

A5c. New “pre” registrations of persons under age 18 ........................................  ..................

A5d. Duplicate of existing valid registration ..........................................................  ..................

A5e. Invalid or rejected (other than duplicates) ....................................................  ..................

A5f. Changes to name, party or within-jurisdiction address change ....................  ..................

A5g. Address changes that cross jurisdiction borders..........................................  ..................

A5h. Other  comments: ____________________............................................  

A5i. Other  comments: ____________________............................................  

A5j. Other  comments: ____________________............................................  

A5k. Other  comments: ____________________............................................  

A5l. Other  comments: ____________________............................................   

TOTAL............................................................................................................. A5a 

A5 Comments 
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A6a through A6o: Divide the total number of all registration forms received (as entered in A5a) into the following sources. 

A7a through A7o: Divide the total number of new registration forms received (as entered in A5b) into the following sources. 

A8a through A8o: Divide the total number of duplicate registration forms received (as entered in A5d) into the following sources. 

A9a through A9o: Divide the total number of invalid or rejected registration forms (as entered in A5e) received into the following sources. 

(from A5a) (from A5b) (from A5d) (from A5e)

*Sub-question “e” should include all forms handled through the

public assistance agency process (i.e., paper, online). A6. Total forms 

received

A7. New

registrations

A8. Duplicate of

existing 

registrations

A9. Invalid or

rejected

Data not 

available

Data not 

available

Data not 

available

Data not 

available

▼ ▼ ▼ ▼

a. Individual voters submitting applications by mail, fax, or email ................

b. Individual voters registering in person at the election/registrar’s office ...............................................

c. Individual voters submitting registration forms via the Internet.................

d. Motor vehicle offices or other offices that issue drivers licenses .........................................................

e.* Public assistance offices mandated as registration sites under NVRA ...............................................

f. State funded agencies primarily serving persons with disabilities .......................................................

g. Armed forces recruitment offices..............................................................

h. Other agencies designated by the State not mandated by NVRA.......................................................

i. Registration drives from advocacy groups or political parties ..................

j. Other  comments: _______________________________ .................

k. Other  comments: _______________________________ ...............

l. Other  comments: ______________________________ ...............

m. Other  comments: _______________________________ ...............

n. Other  comments: ______________________________ ...............

o. Other  comments: _______________________________ ...............

TOTAL............................................................................................................. A5a A5b A5d A5e
188

OMB Control No. 3265-0006 7 Expiration Date 04/30/2017

A6, A7, A8, and A9 Comments 

A10. Enter the total number of confirmation notices sent to voters in the period between the close of registration for 

the November 2014 general election and the close of registration for the November 2016 general election because 

either 1) there is an indication that the registrant no longer resides in the registrar’s jurisdiction, or 2) the voter 

has not voted or appeared to vote in a Federal election during the period. 

 

A10a. Total ................................................. ... Data not available

 Next, divide the total number of confirmation notices mailed (as entered in A10a) into the following categories. 

The amounts should sum to the total provided in A10a. 

Data not available

▼

A10b. Received back from voters confirming registration ...............................................  ......

A10c. Received back confirming registration should be invalidated................................  ......

A10d. Returned back as undeliverable ...........................................................................  ......

A10e. Status unknown (neither received confirmation nor returned undeliverable) ........  ......

A10f. Other  comments: ____________________ .................................................... 

A10g. Other  comments: ____________________ .................................................... 

A10h. Other  comments: ____________________ .................................................... 

TOTAL ....................................................................................................................... A10a 

A10 Comments 
189

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A11. Enter the total number of voters removed from the voter registration rolls in your jurisdiction in the period 

between the close of registration for the November 2014 general election and the close of registration for the 

November 2016 general election. Note this question asks for those ineligible to vote, not merely those moved into an 

“inactive” status. 

A11a. Total ................................................. Data not available

 Next, divide the total number of voters removed (as entered in A11a) into the following categories. The amounts 

should sum to the total provided in A11a. 

Data not available

▼

A11b. Moved outside jurisdiction .......................................................................... .................

A11c. Death .......................................................................................................... .................

A11d. Disqualifying felony conviction.................................................................... .................

A11e. Failure to respond to notice sent and failure to vote in the two most recent 

 Federal elections ........................................................................................ .................

A11f. Declared mentally incompetent ................................................................... .................

A11g. Voter requested to be removed for reasons other than felony conviction, 

 mental status, or moved outside jurisdiction............................................... .................

A11h. Other  comments: ____________________ .......................................... 

A11i. Other  comments: ____________________ .......................................... 

A11j. Other  comments: ____________________ .......................................... 

A11k. Other  comments: ____________________ .......................................... 

TOTAL ............................................................................................................. A11a 

A11 Comments 
190

OMB Control No. 3265-0006 9 Expiration Date 04/30/2017

SECTION B UNIFORMED & OVERSEAS CITIZENS ABSENTEE VOTING ACT (UOCAVA)

For 2016, Section B includes the FVAP Post-Election Voting Survey of Local Election Officials. EAC incorporated 

these questions for the States' reporting of UOCAVA voting information as required by 42 U.S.C. §1973ff-1. States 

that complete and timely submit this section to the EAC will fulfill their UOCAVA reporting requirement under 42 

U.S.C §1973ff-1(c). 

Pursuant to UOCAVA, this section collects various data elements needed to determine: (1) the combined number of 

absentee ballots transmitted to UOCAVA voters; (2) the combined number of ballots returned by UOCAVA voters; 

and (3) the combined number of returned ballots cast by UOCAVA voters (the number of cast ballots is practically 

determined by collecting data concerning the total votes counted and rejected). 

Roadmap to Section B: 

 B1 and B2 ask for information about the number and type of UOCAVA absentee ballots transmitted. 

 B3 asks for the number and type of all UOCAVA ballots returned and submitted for counting.

 B4, B5, B6, and B7 ask for information on the type of UOCAVA ballot returned by type of UOCAVA voter. 

 B8 asks for the number and type of all UOCAVA ballots counted.

 B9, B10, B11, and B12 ask for information on the type of UOCAVA ballot counted by type of UOCAVA voter. 

 B13 asks for the number and type of all UOCAVA ballots rejected.

 B14 asks for information on reasons why UOCAVA ballots were rejected. 

 B15, B16, B17, and B18 ask for information on the type of UOCAVA ballot rejected by type of UOCAVA voter. 

 B19 asks for information about the number and type of registered and eligible UOCAVA voters. 

 B20, B21, and B22 ask for information concerning the Federal Post Card Applications (FPCAs). 

 B23 asks about the date when transmission of absentee ballots to UOCAVA voters began for the November 

election cycle. 

 B24 asks about UOCAVA ballots transmitted by mode of transmission. 

 B25 asks about transmitted UOCAVA ballots that were returned as undeliverable by transmission mode. 

 B26 and B27 ask about UOCAVA ballots returned by voters, excluding Federal Write-In Absentee Ballots 

(FWABs).

 B28 and B29 ask about UOCAVA ballots returned by voters and rejected, excluding FWABS.

 B30 asks about UOCAVA ballots counted by mode of transmission, excluding FWABS.

 B31, B32, B33, B34, and B35 ask for information about FWABs.

B1. Enter the total number of absentee ballots transmitted to UOCAVA voters for the November 2016 general election. 

 B1a. Total   ....................... Data not available

 Next, divide the total number of absentee ballots transmitted to UOCAVA voters (as entered in B1a) into the 

following categories. The amounts should sum to the total provided in B1a.

Data not available

▼

B1b. Uniformed services voters – domestic or foreign.......................................... .................

B1c. Non-military/civilian overseas voters............................................................. .................

B1d. Other  comments: ____________________............................................  

B1e. Other  comments: ____________________ ............................................  

TOTAL ............................................................................................................. %D

B1 Comments
191

OMB Control No. 3265-0006 10 Expiration Date 04/30/2017

B2. Of the UOCAVA absentee ballots transmitted (as entered in B1a) how many were: 

Data not available

▼

B2a. Returned by voter and submitted for counting (include both those that 

 were counted and those that were rejected) ........................................................ ................. 

 B2b. Returned as undeliverable ........................................................................... .................

B2c. Spoiled or replaced ballots............................................................................ .................

B2d. Status unknown (neither returned undeliverable nor returned from voter).... .................

 B2e. Other  comments: ____________________ ............................................  

B2f. Other  comments: ____________________ ............................................ 

 B2g. Other  comments: ____________________............................................  

TOTAL ............................................................................................................. %D 

B2 Comments

B3. Enter the total number of all UOCAVA ballots (including regular UOCAVA absentee ballots and Federal Write-in 

Absentee Ballots (FWABs)) returned by UOCAVA voters and submitted for counting for the November 2016

general election. Please include both those ballots that were later counted and those that were rejected. Do not include 

ballots that were returned undeliverable.

 B3a. Total   .......................... Data not available

B3 Comments

B4a through B4c. Divide the total number of UOCAVA ballots returned by UOCAVA voters and submitted for counting

(as entered in B3) into each category of UOCAVA voter below. 

Next, for each type of UOCAVA voter, enter the number of: 

 B5a through B5c: Regular UOCAVA absentee ballots returned and submitted for counting. 

 B6a through B6c: FWAB returned and submitted for counting. 

 B7a through B7c: Other type of ballots returned and submitted for counting. 

Of the total UOCAVA ballots returned (as entered in B3a), 

how many were ballots of each of the following ballot types:

B4. All UOCAVA 

ballots

B5. Absentee 

ballots

B6. FWAB B7. Other type of 

ballot 

Data not 

available

Data not 

available

Data not 

available

Data not 

available

▼ ▼ ▼ ▼

Type of UOCAVA voter:

a. Uniformed services voters – domestic or 

foreign 

b. Non-military/civilian overseas voters ........................................................

c. Other type of voter ..............................................................................

comments: 

TOTAL B3a
192

OMB Control No. 3265-0006 11 Expiration Date 04/30/2017

B4, B5, B6, and B7 Comments 

B8. Enter the total number of all UOCAVA ballots (including regular UOCAVA absentee ballots and FWAB) counted in 

the November 2016 general election. 

B8a. Total   ....................... Data not available

B8 Comments 

B9a through B9c. Divide the total number of UOCAVA ballots counted (as entered in B8) into each category of 

UOCAVA voter below. 

Next, for each type of UOCAVA voter, enter the number of: 

 B10a through B10c: Regular UOCAVA absentee ballots counted. 

 B11a through B11c: FWAB counted. 

 B12a through B12c: Other type of ballots counted. 

 

Of the total UOCAVA ballots counted (as entered in B8a), 

how many were ballots of each of the following ballot types:

B9. All 

UOCAVA 

ballots

B10. Absentee 

ballots

B11. FWAB B12. Other type 

of ballot 

Data not 

available

Data not 

available

Data not 

available

Data not 

available

▼ ▼ ▼ ▼

Type of UOCAVA voter:

a. Uniformed services voters – domestic or 

foreign ......................................................................................

b. Non-military/civilian overseas voters ........................................

c. Other type of voter ...............................................................

comments: _________________________

 TOTAL......................................................................................... B8a 

B9, B10, B11 and B12 Comments 
193

OMB Control No. 3265-0006 12 Expiration Date 04/30/2017

B13. Enter the total number of UOCAVA ballots (including regular UOCAVA absentee ballots and FWAB) rejected in

the November 2016 general election. 

B13a. Total   .......................... Data not available

B13 Comments 

B14. Please divide the total number of all UOCAVA ballots rejected (as entered in B13a) into the following categories 

indicating the reason the absentee ballots were rejected. The amounts should sum to the total provided in B13a. 

Data not available

▼

B14a. Ballot not received on time/missed deadline. .............................................. .................

B14b. Problem with voter signature....................................................................... .................

B14c. Ballot lacked a postmark ............................................................................. .................

 B14d. Other  comments: ________________________________ ..................  

B14e. Other  comments: ________________________________...................  

B14f. Other  comments: ________________________________ ..................  

TOTAL ................................................................................................................... B13a 

B14 Comments 

B15a through B15c. Divide the total number of UOCAVA ballots rejected (as entered in B13a) into each category of 

UOCAVA voter below. 

Next, for each type of UOCAVA voter, enter the number of: 

 B16a through B16c: Regular UOCAVA absentee ballots rejected. 

 B17a through B17c: FWAB rejected. 

 B18a through B18c: Other type of ballots rejected. 

Of the total UOCAVA ballots rejected (as entered in B13), 

how many were ballots of each of the following ballot types:

B15. All UOCAVA 

ballots

B16. Absentee 

ballots B17. FWAB B18. Other type of 

ballot 

Data not 

available

Data not 

available

Data not 

available

Data not 

available

▼ ▼ ▼ ▼

Type of UOCAVA voter:

a. Uniformed services voters – domestic or 

foreign ................................................................................................... 

b. Non-military/civilian overseas voters ........................................................

c. Other type of voter  .............................................................................

comments ____________________________

TOTAL................................................................................................ B13a ..........

B15, B16, B17, and B18 Comments 
194

OMB Control No. 3265-0006 13 Expiration Date 04/30/2017

B19. Enter the total number of registered and eligible voters in your jurisdiction who were covered by UOCAVA in the 

November 2016 General Election. 

B19a. Total ................................................ Data not available

 Next, divide the total number of registered and eligible UOCAVA voters (as entered in B19a) into the following 

categories. The amounts should sum to the total provided in B19a.

Data not available

▼

B19b. Uniformed services voters – domestic or foreign........................................ .................

B19c. Non-military/civilian overseas voters ........................................................... .................

B19d. Other  comments: ____________________..........................................  

B19e. Other  comments: ____________________ ..........................................  

TOTAL ............................................................................................................. B19a 

B19 Comments 

B20. Enter the total number of Federal Post Card Applications (FPCAs) received from UOCAVA voters for the 

November 2016 General Election. 

 B20a. Total ................................................ Data not available

 Next, divide the total number of FPCAs received from UOCAVA voters into the following categories. The amounts 

should sum to the total provided in B20a. 

Data not available

▼

B20b. Uniformed services voters – domestic or foreign........................................ .................

B20c. Non-military/civilian overseas voters ........................................................... .................

B20d. Other  comments: ____________________..........................................  

B20e. Other  comments: ____________________ ..........................................  

TOTAL ............................................................................................................. B20a 

B21. Of the total number of Federal Post Card Applications (FPCAs) that your jurisdiction received as reported in 

B20a, how many were rejected for the following groups? 

Data not available

▼

B21a. Uniformed services voters – domestic or foreign........................................ .................

B21b. Non-military/civilian overseas voters .......................................................... .................

B21c. Other  comments: ____________________ ..........................................  

B21d. Other  comments: ____________________..........................................  

B21e.TOTAL ......................................................................................................... 
195

OMB Control No. 3265-0006 14 Expiration Date 04/30/2017

B22. Of the total number of Federal Post Card Applications (FPCAs) that were rejected (as reported in B21e), how 

many were rejected because they were received after the absentee ballot request deadline? 

 B22a. Total ................................................ Data not available

B20, B21, and B22 Comments 

B23. Enter the date your jurisdiction first started transmitting absentee ballots to UOCAVA voters for the November 

2016 election. Please provide the exact date your jurisdiction began mailing the ballots. If you do not know the exact 

date, please enter an approximate date, and select "Approximate" in the box below. 

Month Day Approximate

B23 Comments 

B24. How many UOCAVA absentee ballots did your jurisdiction transmit to UOCAVA voters using the following 

modes of transmission, before and after the 45-day deadline? 

a. Postal mail b. Email c. Other

Date not 

available

Date not 

available

Date not 

available

▼ ▼ ▼

a. Sent ON OR BEFORE the 45 day 

deadline 

b. Sent AFTER the 45 day deadline.............................................................

TOTAL (All UOCAVA voters)

B24 Comments 

B25. Of the total number of UOCAVA absentee ballots transmitted how many were returned as undeliverable by the 

following modes of transmission: 

Data not available

▼

B25a. Postal mail .................................................................................................. ................. 

 B25b. Email .......................................................................................................... .................

B25c. Other........................................................................................................... .................

TOTAL ............................................................................................................. 
196

OMB Control No. 3265-0006 15 Expiration Date 04/30/2017

B25 Comments 

B26. How many UOCAVA absentee ballots were received for the November 2016 general election? Please EXCLUDE 

Federal Write-In Absentee Ballots (FWABs) from your totals.

B26a. Total UOCAVA absentee ballots excluding FWABS Data not available

 Next, divide the total number of UOCAVA absentee ballots received (as entered in B26a) into the following 

categories. Please EXCLUDE Federal Write-In Absentee Ballots (FWABs) from your totals. The amounts should sum to 

the total provided in B26a. 

Data not available

▼

B26b. Uniformed services voters – domestic or foreign........................................ .................

B26c. Non-military/civilian overseas voters ........................................................... .................

B26d. Other  comments: ____________________..........................................  

B26e. Other  comments: ____________________ ..........................................  

TOTAL ............................................................................................................. B26a 

B26 Comments 

B27. How many UOCAVA absentee ballots were received using the following modes of transmission, before and 

after the 45-day deadline? Please EXCLUDE Federal Write-In Absentee Ballots (FWABs) from your totals.

a. Postal mail b. Email c. Other

Date not 

available

Date not 

available

Date not 

available

▼ ▼ ▼

a. Sent ON OR BEFORE the 45 day 

deadline 

b. Sent AFTER the 45 day deadline.............................................................

TOTAL

 B27 Comments 
197

OMB Control No. 3265-0006 16 Expiration Date 04/30/2017

B28. Of the total number of UOCAVA absentee ballots received (as reported in B26a), how many were rejected for the 

following groups? Please EXCLUDE Federal Write-In Absentee Ballots (FWABs) from your totals.

Data not available

▼

B28a. Uniformed services voters – domestic or foreign........................................ .................

B28b. Non-military/civilian overseas voters .......................................................... .................

B28c. Other  comments: ____________________ ..........................................  

B28d. Other  comments: ____________________..........................................  

B28e.TOTAL ......................................................................................................... 

 

B28 Comments 

B29. Of the total number of UOCAVA absentee ballots that were rejected (as reported in B28e), how many were 

rejected because they were received after the statutory deadline by the following modes of transmission, before 

and after the 45-day deadline? Please EXCLUDE Federal Write-In Absentee Ballots (FWABs) from your totals.

a. Postal mail b. Email c. Other

Date not 

available

Date not 

available

Date not 

available

▼ ▼ ▼

a. Sent ON OR BEFORE the 45 day 

deadline 

b. Sent AFTER the 45 day deadline.............................................................

TOTAL

B29 Comments 

B30. Enter the total number of UOCAVA ballots counted in your jurisdiction by the following modes of transmission, 

before and after the 45-day deadline. Please EXCLUDE Federal Write-In Absentee Ballots (FWABs) from your totals.

a. Postal mail b. Email c. Other

Date not 

available

Date not 

available

Date not 

available

▼ ▼ ▼

a. Sent ON OR BEFORE the 45 day 

deadline 

b. Sent AFTER the 45 day deadline.............................................................

TOTAL

B31. Enter the total number of Federal Write-In Absentee Ballots (FWABs) received from UOCAVA voters for the 
198

OMB Control No. 3265-0006 17 Expiration Date 04/30/2017

following groups. 

Data not available

▼

B31a. Uniformed services voters – domestic or foreign........................................ .................

B31b. Non-military/civilian overseas voters .......................................................... .................

B31c. Other  comments: ____________________ ..........................................  

B31d. Other  comments: ____________________..........................................  

B31e.TOTAL ......................................................................................................... 

B32. Of the total number of Federal Write-In Absentee Ballots (FWABs) received from UOCAVA voters (as reported in 

B31e), how many were rejected for the following groups? 

Data not available

▼

B32a. Uniformed services voters – domestic or foreign........................................ .................

B32b. Non-military/civilian overseas voters .......................................................... .................

B32c. Other  comments: ____________________ ..........................................  

B32d. Other  comments: ____________________..........................................  

B32e. TOTAL ........................................................................................................ 

B33. Of the total number of Federal Write-In Absentee Ballots (FWABs) received from UOCAVA voters that were 

rejected (as reported in B32e), how many were rejected because they were received after the ballot receipt 

deadline? 

B33a. Total FWABs rejected because received 

 after ballot receipt deadline ........................................... Data not available

B34. Of the total number of Federal Write-In Absentee Ballots (FWABs) received from UOCAVA voters that were 

rejected (as reported in B32e), how many were rejected because the voter’s regular absentee ballot was received 

and counted? 

 

B34a. Total FWABs rejected because voter's regular

 absentee ballot received and counted ......................... ..... Data not available

B35. Enter the total number of Federal Write-In Absentee Ballots (FWABs) received from UOCAVA voters that were 

counted for the following groups.

Data not available

▼

B35a. Uniformed services voters – domestic or foreign........................................ .................

B35b. Non-military/civilian overseas voters .......................................................... .................

B35c. Other  comments: ____________________ ..........................................  

B35d. Other  comments: ____________________..........................................  

B35e.TOTAL ......................................................................................................... 
199

OMB Control No. 3265-0006 18 Expiration Date 04/30/2017

SECTION C Domestic Civilian Absentee Ballots

Roadmap to Section C.

 C1 asks for information about absentee ballots transmitted and the status of the transmitted ballots.

 C2 and C3 ask for information on any voters who may be registered as permanent absentee voters.

 C4 asks for information on the status of absentee ballots returned and submitted for counting. 

 C5 asks for information on the reasons absentee ballots were rejected.

C1. Enter the total number of domestic civilian absentee ballots transmitted to voters for the November 2016 general 

election. Do not include absentee ballots transmitted to UOCAVA voters. 

 C1a. Total .................................................. Data not available

 Next, divide the total number of absentee ballots transmitted to voters (as entered in C1a) into the following 

categories. The amounts should sum to the total provided in C1a.

Data not available

▼

C1b. Returned by voters and submitted for counting (include both 

 those that were later counted and those that were rejected) ........................ ................. 

 C1c. Returned as undeliverable ........................................................................... .................

C1d. Spoiled or replaced ballots ........................................................................... .................

 C1e. Status unknown (neither returned undeliverable nor returned from voter).... .................

C1f. Other  comments: ____________________ ............................................ 

C1g. Other  comments: ____________________ ............................................ 

C1h. Other  comments: ____________________ ............................................ 

 TOTAL ............................................................................................................. C1a 

C1 Comments

C2. Does your jurisdiction have a permanent absentee voter registration list in which voters may apply to receive an 

absentee (or mail) ballot for subsequent elections without further application? Do not include UOCAVA voters. 

....... Yes  Continue to question C3.

....... No  Skip to question C4.

C2 Comments
200

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C3. Of the total number of domestic civilian absentee ballots transmitted (as entered in C1a) how many ballots were 

sent to voters in your jurisdiction because they appear on a permanent absentee (or mail) ballot voter 

registration list? 

C3a. Total ..................................................... Data not available

C3 Comments

C4. Of the total number of absentee ballots returned by voters and submitted for counting (as entered in C1b) how 

many ballots were: 

Data not available

▼

C4a. Counted in the November 2016 general election.......................................... .................

 C4b. Rejected in the November 2016 general election......................................... .................

C4c. Other  comments: ____________________ ............................................ 

C4d. Other  comments: ____________________ ............................................ 

TOTAL ............................................................................................................. C1b 

C4 Comments
201

OMB Control No. 3265-0006 20 Expiration Date 04/30/2017

C5. Please divide the total number of domestic civilian absentee ballots rejected (as entered in C4b) into the following 

categories indicating the reason why the absentee ballots were rejected. The amounts should sum to the total 

provided in C4b. 

Data not available

▼

C5a. Ballot not received on time/missed deadline. ................................................ .................

C5b. No voter signature......................................................................................... .................

C5c. No witness signature..................................................................................... .................

C5d. Non-matching signature................................................................................ .................

C5e. No election official’s signature on ballot ........................................................ .................

C5f. Ballot returned in an unofficial envelope ........................................................ .................

C5g. Ballot missing from envelope ........................................................................ .................

C5h. Envelope not sealed ..................................................................................... .................

C5i. No resident address on envelope................................................................... .................

C5j. Multiple ballots returned in one envelope. ...................................................... .................

C5k. Voter deceased. ............................................................................................ .................

C5l. Voter already voted in person ........................................................................ .................

C5m. First-time voter without proper identification ................................................ .................

C5n. No ballot application on record...................................................................... .................

C5o. Other  comments: ________________________________ ....................  

C5p. Other  comments: ________________________________ ....................  

C5q. Other  comments: ________________________________ ....................  

C5r. Other  comments: ________________________________ ....................  

C5s. Other  comments: ________________________________.....................  

C5t. Other  comments: ________________________________ ....................  

C5u. Other  comments: ________________________________ ....................  

C5v. Other  comments: ________________________________.....................  

TOTAL ............................................................................................................. C4b 

C5 Comments
202

OMB Control No. 3265-0006 21 Expiration Date 04/30/2017

SECTION D Election Administration

 D1 asks for information on the number of precincts in your jurisdiction. 

 D2 asks for information on the number and type of polling places in your jurisdiction. 

 D3, D4, and D5 ask for information on poll workers utilized in the November 2016 general election.

D1. Enter the total number of precincts in your jurisdictions for the November 2016 general election. 

D1a. Total ...................................................... Data not available

D1 Comments

D2. Enter the total number of physical polling places in your jurisdiction for the November 2016 general election. 

Please include physical polling places in operation on Election Day and physical polling places in operation before 

Election Day (such as early vote centers). 

D2a. Total .................................................... Data not available

 Next, divide the total physical polling places in your jurisdiction (as entered in D2a) into the following categories. 

The amounts should sum to the total provided in D2a. If you do not include election offices in your count of polling places, 

enter 0. 

Data not available

▼

Election Day voting 

D2b. Physical polling places other than election offices ........................................ .................

D2c. Election offices.............................................................................................. .................

 D2d. Other  comments: ________________________________....................  

Early voting

D2e. Physical polling places other than election offices ........................................ .................

D2f. Election offices .............................................................................................. .................

D2g. Other  comments: ________________________________ ....................  

 TOTAL.......................................................................................................................... D2a 

D2 Comments
203

OMB Control No. 3265-0006 22 Expiration Date 04/30/2017

D3. Enter the total number of poll workers used in your jurisdiction for the November 2016 general election. 

 Poll workers may include election judges, booth workers, wardens, commissioners, or other similar terms that refer to 

persons who verify the identity of a voter; assist the voter with signing the register, affidavits or other documents 

required to cast a ballot; assist the voter by providing the voter with a ballot or setting up the voting machine for the 

voter; and serving other functions as dictated by State law. 

 Include all people recruited specifically for the purposes of working at physical polling places in operation on and/or 

before Election Day but do not include observers stationed at the polling places or regular office staff. 

D3a. Total ................................................. Data not available

D3 Comments

D4. If your jurisdiction has data on the ages of its poll workers (for example, from voter registration records, from 

payroll records, or from poll worker applications), enter the total number of poll workers in each age category.

 D4a. Under 18 years old ....................................................................................... 

 D4b. 18 to 25 ........................................................................................................ 

D4c. 26 to 40......................................................................................................... 

 D4d. 41 to 60......................................................................................................... 

D4e. 61 to 70 ......................................................................................................... 

D4f. 71 years old and over .................................................................................... 

 Data not available

D4 Comments 

D5. How difficult or easy was it for your jurisdiction to obtain a sufficient number of poll workers for the November 

2016 general election? 

....... Very difficult 

....... Somewhat difficult

....... Neither difficult nor easy

....... Somewhat easy

....... Very easy 

....... Not enough information to answer

D5 Comments 
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SECTION E Provisional Ballots

 E1 asks for information on the number and status of provisional ballots submitted. 

 E2 asks for information on reasons why provisional ballots were rejected.

E1. Enter the total number of voters who submitted provisional ballots in the November 2016 general election. 

E1a. Total .................................................... Data not available

Next, divide the total number of voters who submitted provisional ballots in the November 2016 general election (as

entered in E1a) into the following categories. 

Data not available

▼

E1b. Counted the full ballot ................................................................................... 

 E1c. Counted part of the ballot.............................................................................. 

 E1d. Rejected ballot.............................................................................................. 

E1e. Other  comments: ____________________............................................. 

E1f. Other  comments: ____________________ ............................................. 

TOTAL ............................................................................................................. E1a 

E1 Comments 
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E2. Please divide the total number of provisional ballots rejected (as entered in E1d) into the following categories 

indicating the reason the provisional ballots were rejected. The amounts should sum to the total provided in E1d. 

Data not available

▼

 E2a. Voter not registered in the State .................................................................... 

E2b. Voter registered in State but attempted to vote in the wrong jurisdiction....... 

E2c. Voter registered in State but attempted to vote in the wrong precinct ...........  

E2d. Failure to provide sufficient identification ...................................................... 

E2e. Envelop and/or ballot was incomplete and/or illegible ................................... 

E2f. Ballot missing from envelope ......................................................................... 

E2g. No signature.................................................................................................. 

E2h. Non-matching signature ................................................................................ 

E2i. Voter already voted ........................................................................................ 

E2j. Other  comments: ________________________________...................  

E2k. Other  comments: ________________________________...................  

E2l. Other  comments: ________________________________...................  

E2m. Other  comments: ________________________________...................  

E2n. Other  comments: ________________________________...................  

E2o. Other  comments: ________________________________...................  

E2p. Other  comments: ________________________________...................  

 

TOTAL ................................................................................................................... 

E2 Comments 

 E1d 
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OMB Control No. 3265-0006 25 Expiration Date 04/30/2017

SECTION F Election Day Activities

 F1 and F2 ask for turnout figures for the November 2016 general election and the source used to arrive at this 

number.

 F3 asks for the number of first time voters who registered to vote by mail and, under HAVA 303(b), were required to 

provide identification in order to vote. 

 F4 asks for information on electronic poll books or electronic lists of voters that may have been used.

 F5 and F6 ask for information on printed poll books or printed lists of voters that may have been used.

 F7 asks for the type of primary voting equipment used.

 F8 solicits any additional comments jurisdictions may wish to share regarding their Election Day experiences.

F1. Enter the total number of people in your jurisdiction who participated in the November 2016 general election. 

Include all types of voters (civilian and military) by all types of ballots. Include rejected provisional ballots only if your 

jurisdiction credits the person’s vote history even though the provisional ballot was rejected. 

F1a. Total ..................................................... Data not available

 Next, divide the total number of people who participated in the November 2016 general election (as entered in 

F1a) into the following categories. The amounts should sum to the total provided in F1a. 

Data not available

▼

F1b. Voted at a physical polling place on Election Day (not including provisional ballots 

 or absentee ballots dropped off at the polls)................................................. 

F1c. UOCAVA voters who voted via absentee or FWAB (as in B3a) .................... 

 F1d. Voted using a domestic civilian absentee ballot (as in C1b) .......................... 

F1e. Voted using a provisional ballot..................................................................... 

 F1f. Voted at an early vote center (as in D2e,f,g)........................................... 

F1g. Voted by mail in a vote by mail jurisdiction.................................................... 

F1h. Other  comments: ____________________............................................. 

F1i. Other  comments: ____________________............................................. 

F1j. Other  comments: ____________________............................................. 

TOTAL ............................................................................................................. F1a 

F1 Comments 
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F2. Indicate the source used to arrive at the total number of voters entered in F1a. (Select only one source.) 

....... Number of voters checked off by poll workers or who signed poll books at physical polling places plus the 

number of UOCAVA and other absentee or early voters. 

....... Number of ballots counted at precincts and/or at a central location (including UOCAVA and other absentee or 

early vote ballots). 

....... Number of voters generated after "vote history" has been added. 

....... Number of votes cast for the highest office on the ballot. 

....... Other: comments: ________________________________

F2 Comments 

F3. HAVA 303(b) states that all first-time voters in a State who registered by mail are required to provide 

identification in order to vote and have their ballot counted. Enter the number of first-time voters who provided 

identification and had their ballot counted for the November 2016 general election in your jurisdiction. 

F3a. Total ........... Data not available ........... Not applicable

F3 Comments 

F4. Were electronic poll books or electronic lists of voters used at the polling place for the November 2016 general 

election in your jurisdiction to (select either Yes or No for each item): 

 Yes No

 a. Sign voters in ....................................................................... 

b. Update voter history ............................................................. 

c. Look up polling places.......................................................... 

d. Other  comments: _____________________________ . 

e. Information unavailable ........................................................ 

 

F4 Comments 
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F5. Did your jurisdiction use printed lists of registered voters at the polls in the November 2016 Federal general 

election? 

Yes ............................................  Continue to F6 

No..............................................  Skip to F7 

Information unavailable ..............  Skip to F7 

F5 Comments 

F6. Did your State print and ship the printed poll books to your local jurisdiction or did your jurisdiction arrange for 

the printing of the poll books? (Select only one.) 

State printed poll books and shipped to jurisdiction......................................

Jurisdiction arranged for printing of poll books .............................................

Combination of printing by the State and local jurisdiction ..........................

Information unavailable ................................................................................ 

F6 Comments
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F7. Enter information on the number and type of voting equipment used for the 2016 November general election. Then, for each type of voting equipment, 

please identify how the machines were used in the voting process and where the ballots from that machine type were tallied. Do not include backup systems 

that were not actually used. 

Type of Equipment Number 

Used Make Model Version Vendor Machine Use (select all that apply) Location of Vote Tally 

(select all that apply)

F7a. Direct Recording 

Electronic (DRE) 

(Not Equipped with Voter 

Verified Paper Audit Trail 

(VVPAT))

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

In-Precinct regular ballot voting

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

Special device accessible to disabled voters

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

Provisional Ballot voting 

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

 Early Vote Site voting 

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

 Not Available 

F7a Comments
210

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Type of Equipment Number 

Used Make Model Version Vendor Machine Use (select all that apply) Location of Vote Tally 

(select all that apply)

F7b. Direct Recording 

Electronic (DRE) 

(Equipped with VVPAT) 

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

In-Precinct regular ballot voting

A Central Location 

 Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

Special device accessible to disabled voters

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

Provisional Ballot voting

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

 Early Vote Site voting 

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

 Not Available 

F7b Comments
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Type of Equipment Number 

Used Make Model Version Vendor Machine Use (select all that apply) Location of Vote Tally 

(select all that apply)

F7c. Electronic system 

that prints voter choices 

on an optical scan ballot 

(hybrid of a DRE and an 

optical scan system)

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

In-Precinct regular ballot voting

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

Special device accessible to disabled voters

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

Provisional Ballot voting

A Central Location 

 Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

 Early Vote Site voting 

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

 Not Available 

F7c Comments
212

OMB Control No. 3265-0006 31 Expiration Date 04/30/2017

Type of Equipment Number 

Used Make Model Version Vendor Machine Use (select all that apply) Location of Vote Tally 

(select all that apply)

F7d. Optical/Digital Scan

Number of

counters: 

______

Number of

booths:

______

 Not 

Available Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

In-Precinct regular ballot voting

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

Special device accessible to disabled voters

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

Provisional Ballot voting

A Central Location 

 Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

 Early Vote Site voting 

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

 Absentee A Central Location 

Not Available

 Not Available 

F7d Comments
213

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Type of Equipment Number 

Used

Make Model Version Vendor Machine Use 

(select all that apply)

Location of Vote Tally 

(select all that apply)

F7e. Punch Card

Number of 

counters: 

______

Number of 

booths:

______

 Not 

Available Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

In-Precinct regular ballot voting

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

Special device accessible to disabled voters

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available 

 Provisional Ballot voting

A Central Location 

 Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

 Early Vote Site voting 

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available Place

 Absentee A Central Location 

Not Available

Not Available

F7e Comments
214

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Type of Equipment Number 

Used Make Model Version Vendor Machine Use (select all that apply) Location of Vote Tally 

(select all that apply)

F7f. Lever

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

In-Precinct regular ballot voting

 A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

Special device accessible to disabled voters

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

 Early Vote Site voting 

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available 

Not Available

F7f Comments
215

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Type of Equipment Number 

Used

Make Model Version Vendor Machine Use 

(select all that apply)

Location of Vote Tally 

(select all that apply)

F7g. Hand-counted 

paper ballots (not optical 

scan system)

Number of 

booths: 

______

 Not 

Available

In-Precinct regular ballot voting

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available Place

Special device accessible to disabled voters

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available Place

 Provisional Ballot voting

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available Place

 Early Vote Site voting 

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

 Absentee A Central Location 

Not Available 

 Not Available 

F7g Comments
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Type of Equipment Number 

Used Make Model Version Vendor Machine Use (select all that apply) Location of Vote Tally 

(select all that apply)

F7h. Other

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

In-Precinct regular ballot voting

 A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

Special device accessible to disabled voters

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available 

 Provisional Ballot voting

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

 Early Vote Site voting 

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available Place

 Absentee A Central Location 

 Not Available 

 Not Available 

F7h Comments
217

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Type of Equipment Number 

Used

Make Model Version Vendor Machine Use 

(select all that apply)

Location of Vote Tally 

(select all that apply)

F7i. Other

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

 Not 

Available

In-Precinct regular ballot voting

 A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

Special device accessible to disabled voters

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available 

 Provisional Ballot voting

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available

 Early Vote Site voting 

A Central Location 

Precinct/Polling Place

Not Available Place

 Absentee A Central Location 

Not Available

Not Available

F7i Comments
218

OMB Control No. 3265-0006 37 Expiration Date 04/30/2017

F8. The U.S. Election Assistance Commission welcomes any general comments the jurisdiction may wish to share regarding its Election Day experiences 

(e.g., problems with voting system anomalies*, recounts, staffing, challenges to eligibility, long lines, etc.), or noteworthy success in administering the 

November 2016 general election. Please feel free to attach additional pages as necessary.

* An anomaly is defined as an irregular or inconsistent action or response from the voting system or system component resulting in some disruption to the election 

process. Incidents resulting from administrator error or procedural deficiencies are not considered anomalies for purposes of this survey question (EAC Voting Systems 

Testing and Certification Program Manual). 

END OF SURVEY 

THANK YOU FOR RESPONDING TO THIS SURVEY 

* This information collection is required for the U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC) to meet its statutory requirements under the Help America Vote Act 

(HAVA) of 2002 (42 U.S.C. 15301), the National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) (42 U.S.C. 1973gg-1 et seq.), and the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee 

Voters Act (UOCAVA) (42 U.S.C. 1973ff-1). Respondent’s obligation to reply to this information collection is mandatory as required under NVRA (42 U.S.C. 1973gg-1 

et seq.) and UOCAVA (42 U.S.C. 1973ff-1); respondents include the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Territories. This information will be made publicly 

available on the EAC Web site (http://www.eac.gov). According to the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, an agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not 

required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a valid Office of Management and Budget (OMB) control number. The valid OMB control number 

for this information collection is OMB Control No. 3265-0006 (expires 5/31/2013). The time required to complete this information collection is estimated to average 88 

hours per State response. This estimate includes the time for reviewing the instructions, gathering information, and completing the form. Comments regarding this burden 

estimate should be sent the U.S. Election Assistance Commission – 2016 Election Administration and Voting Survey, 1335 East West Highway, Suite 4300, Silver 

Spring, MD 20910.