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DNA 6021F 

SHOTS 

EASY, FOX, GEORGE, 

AND HOW 

The Final Tests of the 

TUMBLER-SNAPPER Series 

7 MAY - 5 JUNE 1952 

United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests 

Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

Prepared by h Defense Nuclear Agency as Executive Agency 

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. TITLE (ad Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT 4 PERIOD COVERED 

SHOTS EASY, FOX, GEORGE, AND HOW 

The Final Tests of the TUMBLER-SNAPPER Series 

7 May - 5 June 1952 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 

- AUTHOR(~) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(a) 

Jean Ponton DNA 001-79-C-0473 

:arl Maag 

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II’his work was sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under RDT&E RMSS Code 

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9.KEY WORDS (continue OII mv~ae •Ida if nec*may md fdentfly bv block number) 

>peration TUMBLER-SNAPPER Nevada Proving Ground 

WSWP Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests 

1FSWC Radiation Exposure 

Exercise Desert Rock IV 

&is report describes the activities of DOD personnel, both civilian and 

nilitary, in Shots EASY, FOX, GEORGE, and HOW, the final Operation TUMBLERSNAPPER shots, conducted from 7 May to 5 June 1952. These tests involved 

jarticipants from Exercise Desert Rock IV, AFSWP, AFSWC, and an AEC nuclear 

weapons development laboratory. This volume also describes the radiological

safety activities at each of these shots. 

DD EDllIOW OF 1 UOV 6S IS OBSOLETE 

UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLAUtFtCATrOW OF TNtS PACE (- Dmta Entsr.d) 
UNCLASSIFIED 

18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (Continued) 

The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Lt. Col. H. L. Reese, USAF, 

under whom this work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research and 

editing contribution of numerous reviewers in the military services 

and other organizations in addition to those writers listed in block 7. 

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PREFACE 

Between 1945 and 1962, the U.S. Government, through the 

Manhattan Engineer District and its successor agency, the Atomic 

Energy Commission (AEC), conducted 235 atmospheric nuclear 

weapons tests at sites in the United States and in the Atlantic 

and Pacific Oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 Department of 

Defense (DOD) participants, both military and civilian, were 

present at the tests. Of these, approximately 90,000 participated in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests conducted at the 

Nevada Proving Ground* (NPG), northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada. 

In 1977, 15 years after the last above-ground weapons test, 

the Center for Disease Control+ noted a possible leukemia cluster 

among a small group of soldiers at Shot SMOKY, one weaponsrelated test of Operation PLUMBBOB, the Nevada test series 

conducted in 1957. Since that initial report by the Center for 

Disease Control, the Veterans Administration has received a 

number of claims for medical benefits from former military 

personnel who believe their health may have been affected by 

their participation in the weapons testing program. 

In late 1977, the Department of Defense began a study to 

provide data to both the Center for Disease Control and the 

Veterans Administration on potential exposures to ionizing radiation among the military and civilian participants in atmospheric 

nuclear weapons testing. The DOD responded by organizing an 

effort to: 

0 Identify DOD personnel who had taken part in the 

atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 

*Renamed the Nevada Test Site in 1955. 

+The Center for Disease Control is an agency of the U.S. 

Department of Health and Human Services (formerly the U.S. 

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare). 
• Determine the extent of the participants' exposure 

to ionizing radiation 

0 Provide public disclosure of information concerning 

participation by DOD personnel in the atmospheric 

nuclear weapons tests. 

METHODS AND SOURCES USED TO PREPARE THIS VOLUME 

This report on the final four nuclear events of Operation 

TUMBLER-SNAPPER is based on the military and technical documents 

associated with these atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. Many of 

the documents pertaining specifically to DOD involvement at Shots 

EASY, FOX, GEORGE, and HOW were found in the Defense Nuclear 

Agency Technical Library, the Office of Air Force History, and 

the Modern Military Branch of the National Archives. 

In certain cases, the surviving historical documentation of 

activities conducted during Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER addresses 

test specifications and technical information rather than the 

personnel data critical to the study undertaken by the Department 

of Defense. Moreover, these documents sometimes reveal 

inconsistencies in vital facts. Efforts have been made to 

resolve these inconsistencies wherever possible or to bring them 

to the attention of the reader. 

In addition to these inconsistencies, the documents describing projects of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) 

do not always refer to project titles and agencies in the same 

way. To make this information as uniform as possible, this 

report uses weapons test report titles for each project. Information concerning the dates and yields of the test detonations is 

taken from the Department of Energy, Announced United States 

Nuclear Tests, July 1945 through 1979 (NVO-209). Other facts, 

such as meteorological conditions and dimensions of the clouds 

formed by the detonations, are taken from DNA 1251-1, Compilation 

of Local Fallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962, Volume 1, 

except in instances where more specific information is available 

elsewhere. 
For several of the Exercise Desert Rock and test organization projects discussed in this volume, the only documents 

available are the Sixth Army Desert Rock operations orders and 

the Test Director's schedule of events from "Operation Order 

l-52." These sources detail the plans developed by DOD and AEC 

personnel during Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, but it is not known 

if all the projects addressed in the planning documents were 

conducted exactly as planned. Although some of the after-action 

documents summarize the projects performed during Operation 

TUMBLER-SNAPPER, they do not always supply shot-specific information. In the absence of shot-specific after-action reports, 

projects are described in this volume according to the way they 

were planned. The references indicate whether the description of 

activities is based on the schedule of events, operation orders, 

or after-action reports. 

ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT OF OPERATION TUMBLER-SNAPPER REPORTS 

This volume details participation by DOD personnel in the 

last four events of the Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER atmospheric 

nuclear weapons testing series. Two other publications address 

DOD activities during this series: 

• Series volume: Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, 1952 

a Multi-shot volume: Shots ABLE, BAKER, CHARLIE, and 

DOG, the First Tests of the 

TUMBLER-SNAPPER Series. 

The volumes addressing the test events of Operation TUMBLERSNAPPER are designed for use with one another. The series volume 

provides general information on topics such as the historical 

context of the TUMBLER-SNAPPER test program, its overall 

objectives, and the layout of the Nevada Proving Ground. In 

addition, the series volume contains a bibliography of works 

consulted in the preparation of all three Operation TUMBLERSNAPPER reports. The multi-shot volumes do not contain this 

3 
general information. Instead, each multi-shot volume combines 

shot-specific descriptions of several nuclear events and presents 

a bibliography only of the sources referenced in the text. 

Descriptions of activities concerning any particular shot in 

Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER may be supplemented by the general 

organizational and radiological safety information contained in 

the Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER volume. 

The first chapter of this volume describes the physical 

setting and general characteristics of Shots EASY, FOX, GEORGE, 

and HOW and briefly introduces the Desert Rock exercises and the 

joint AEC-DOD organization scientific activities in which DOD 

personnel participated. Desert Rock IV exercises were not 

conducted at Shots EASY and HOW. The remaining four chapters 

address each of the four shots in turn. Each chapter describes 

the specific setting and characteristics of one detonation and 

details DOD personnel activities in the scientific projects 

sponsored by the joint organization. In the chapters on FOX and 

GEORGE, Exercise Desert Rock IV activities are described. The 

chapters also discuss the radiological protection procedures 

used to minimize the potential for exposures to ionizing 

radiation. Details of the overall radiological protection 

program at Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER are provided in the series 

volume. 

The information in this report is supplemented by the 

Reference Manual: Background Materials for the CONUS Volumes. 

The manual summarizes information on radiation physics, radiation 

health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement techniques. 

It also has a list of acronyms and a glossary of terms used in 

the DOD reports addressing test events in the continental United 

States. 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PAGE 

PREFACE.......................... 1 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

CHAPTER 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 

LIST OF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 

1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 

1.1 Department of Defense Participation at the Final 

Four TUMBLER-SNAPPER Events . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 

1.2 Department of Defense Involvement in Joint 

AEC-DOD Organization Activities at the Final 

Four TUMBLER-SNAPPER Events . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 

1.3 Exercise Desert Rock IV Activities at the Final 

Four TUMBLER-SNAPPER Events . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 

ShotEASYSynopsis..................... 19 

2 SHOTEASY........................ 20 

2.1 Exercise Desert Rock IV Operations at Shot EASY . . 20 

2.2 Department of Defense Participation in Scientific 

and Support Activities at Shot EASY . . . . . . . . 20 

2.2.1 Military Effects Test Group Projects . . . . 24 

2.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in 

Weapons Development Test Group Projects. . . 35 

2.2.3 Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 

2.3 Radiation Protection at Shot EASY . . . . . . . . . 42 

Shot FOX Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 

3 SHOTFOX........................ 48 

3.1 Exercise Desert Rock IV Operations at Shot FOX. . . 48 

3.1.1 Participation of Camp Desert Rock Support 

Troops................... 48 

3.1.2 Troop Observer Activities. . . . . . . . . . 59 

3.2 Department of Defense Participation in Scientific 

and Support Activities at Shot FOX. . . . . . . . . 56 

5 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

CHAPTER 

3.2.1 Military Effects Test Group Projects . . . . 

3.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in 

Weapons Development Test Group Projects. . . 

3.2.3 Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

3.3 Radiation Protection at Shot FOX. . . . . . . . . . 

3.3.1 Desert Rock Radiation Protection 

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

3.3.2 Joint AEC-DOD Radiation Protection 

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Shot GEORGE Synopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4 SHOT GEORGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4.1 Exercise Desert Rock IV Operations at 

Shot GEORGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4.1.1 Participation of Camp Desert Rock Support 

Troops ................... 

4.1.2 Troop Observer Activities. ......... 

4.1.3 Tactical Troop Maneuver. .......... 

4.2 Department of Defense Participation in Scientific 

and Support Activities at Shot GEORGE . . . . . . . 

4.2.1 Military Effects Test Group Projects . . . . 

4.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in 

Weapons Development Test Group Projects. . . 

4.2.3 Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4.3 Radiation Protection at Shot GEORGE . . . . . . . . 

4.3.1 Desert Rock Radiation Protection 

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4.3.2 Joint AEC-DOD Radiation Protection 

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Shot HOW Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

5 SHOTHOW........................ 

5.1 Department of Defense Participation in Scientific 

and Support Activities at Shot HOW. . . . . . . . . 

PAGE 

56 

68 

72 

75 

76 

77 

82 

83 

83 

84 

85 

86 

92 

92 

103 

107 

111 

111 

114 

118 

119 

119 

6 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

CHAPTER PAGE 

5.1.1 Military Effects Test Group Projects . . . . 123 

5.1.2 Department of Defense Participation in 

Weapons Development Test Group Projects. . . 134 

5.1.3 Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 

5.2 Radiation Protection at Shot HOW. . . . . . . . . . 142 

REFERENCE LIST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

FIGURE PAGE 

l-l Location of Shots EASY, FOX, GEORGE, and HOW at the 

Nevada Proving Ground in Relation to Other Shots in 

the TUMBLER-SNAPPER Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 

2-1 One of the 300-Foot Shot Towers Used during the 

TUMBLER-SNAPPER Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

2-2 Ground Zero and Military Effects Test 

Group Instrument Layouts at Shot EASY. . . . . . . . . 25 

2-3 Initial Radiation Isointensity Map for Shot EASY, 

7May1952,0530Hours................ 43 

2-4 Subsequent Radiation Isointensity Maps 

for Shot EASY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 

3-1 Observer Trenches, Display and Parking Areas, and 

Routes of Advance for Exercise Desert Rock IV 

Activities at Shot FOX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 

3-2 Representative Orbit Patterns for Projects 6.4 

and9.1AircraftatShotFOX..i.......... 62 

3-3 Initial Radiation Isointensity Map for Shot FOX, 

25 Ma.y 1952, 0530 Hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 

3-4 Subsequent Radiation Isointensity Maps 

forShot FOX..................... 81 

4-l Trenches, Equipment Display and Parking 

Areas, and Routes of Advance for Exercise Desert 

Rock IV Activities at Shot GEORGE. . . . . . . . . . . 87 

4-2 AFSWP Instrument Layouts at Shot GEORGE. . . . . . . . 95 

7 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) 

FIGURE PAGE 

4-3 Reconstructed Route of Desert Rock Survey 

Teams, Shot GEORGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 

4-4 Initial Radiation Isointensity Map for Shot GEORGE, 

1 June 1952, 0530 Hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 

4-5 'Subsequent Radiation Isointensity Maps for 

Shot GEORGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 

5-l Shot HOW, Detonated at 0355 Hours on 5 June 1952 . . . 120 

5-2 HOW Ground Zero Area and AFSWP Military Effects Test 

Group Instrument Layouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 

5-3 Project 4.4 Personnel Prepare Lucite Spheres Used to 

Measure Gamma Ray Depth Dose . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 

5-4 Initial Radiation Isointensity Map for Shot HOW, 

5 June 1952, 0600 Hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 

5-5 Subsequent Radiation Isointensity Maps for 

ShotHOW....................... 145 

LIST OF TABLES 

TABLE PAGE 

l-l Summary of the Final Four Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER 

Events (1952). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

2-l Test Group Activities with Department of Defense 

Participation, Shot EASY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 

3-l Test Group Activities with Department of Defense 

Participation, Shot FOX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 

4-l Test Group Activities with Department of Defense 

Participation, Shot GEORGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 

5-1 Test Group Activities with Department of Defense 

Participation, Shot HOW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 

8 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 

The following 

volume: 

AEC 

AFB 

AFSWC 

AFSWP 

BJY 

CBR 

DOD 

EGBG 

HumRRO 

IBDA 

LASL 

NPG 

OR0 

R/h

SAC 

UCLA 

UTM 

abbreviations and acronyms are used in this 

Atomic Energy Commission 

Air Force Base 

Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project 

BUSTER-JANGLE Y 

Chemical, Biological, and Radiological 

Department of Defense 

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Inc. 

Human Resources Research Office 

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

Nevada Proving Ground 

Operations Research Office 

Roentgens per hour 

Strategic Air Command 

University of California at Los Angeles 

Universal Transverse Mercator 

9 
CHAPTER 1 

INTRODUCTION 

Shots EASY, FOX, GEORGE, and HOW were tests of nuclear 

devices conducted from 7 May to 5 June 1952 at the Nevada Proving 

Ground, the continental test site northwest of Las Vegas. The 

shots were the final four detonations of Operation TUMBLERSNAPPER, the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests conducted from 

1 April to 5 June 1952. Shots EASY, FOX, GEORGE, and HOW were 

all detonated from 300-foot* towers (62; 67).+ 

The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL), an AEC nuclear 

weapons development laboratory, designed and built these four 

nuclear devices. All four shots were part of the SNAPPER phase 

of Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER. They were weapons development 

studies, intended to test weapons for the nuclear stockpile and 

to study techniques to be used during Operation IVY, scheduled 

for the fall of 1952 (62; 67). 

Table l-l presents data on Shots EASY, FOX, GEORGE, and HOW. 

It includes such information as the UTM** coordinates of the 

points of detonation and the heights of burst. Figure l-l 

displays a 1952 map of the Nevada Proving Ground, with the 

positions of each TUMBLER-SNAPPER test (62). 

*In this report, vertical distances are expressed in feet. 

Altitudes are usually stated from mean sea level, while heights 

are measured from the surface. 

+A11 sources cited sin the text are listed alphabetically and 

numbered in the Reference List at the end of this volume. The 

number given in the text is the number of the source document 

in the Reference List. 

**Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in 

this report. The first three digits refer to a point on an 

east-west axis, and the second three refer to a point on a 

north-south axis. The point so designated is the southwest 

corner of an area 100 meters square. 

10 
Table l-l: SUMMARY OF THE FINAL FOUR OPERATION 

TUMBLER-SNAPPER EVENTS (1952) 

Shot 

Height of Burst 300 300 300 300 

(feet above terrain) 

Yield (kilotons) 12 11 15 14 

••Pacific Standard Time is used throughout this report for reasons of consistency. Although Pacific 

Daylight Time came into effect on 27 April 1952, many of the source documents continued to use 

Pacific Standard Time. 

11 
---- 

--- 

I

---1 

I N 

10i I 1 HOW -* F I 

12_-_-_

I 

FOX -* 

I4_-_-

EASY 

I

YUCCA 1 FIAT I 

ABLE 

Frenchma? Lake 

I 

Ll I i5-- -l --- Camp Mercury I 

0 Camp Desert Rock d -1 

Kilometers 

Figure l-l: LOCATION OF SHOTS EASY, FOX, GEORGE, AND HOW AT THE 

NEVADA PROVING GROUND IN RELATION TO OTHER SHOTS 

IN THE TUMBLER-SNAPPER SERIES 

12 
1.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION AT THE FINAL FOUR 

TUMBLER-SNAPPER EVENTS 

The joint AEC-DOD organization was established to plan, 

coordinate, and conduct atmospheric nuclear weapons tests during 

Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER. Composed of personnel from the Atomic 

Energy Commission and the Department of Defense, the joint 

AEC-DOD organization included representatives of various weapons 

development laboratories, AFSWP Test Command, and AFSWC. The 

many scientific and diagnostic projects conducted at the final 

four TUMBLER-SNAPPER events were fielded by two test groups and 

coordinated by the joint AEC-DOD organization. Other activities 

were conducted as part of the military training programs 

associated with Exercise Desert Rock IV. These activities, 

planned and conducted by the armed services, were reviewed and 

approved by the Test Manager to ensure coordination with the AEC 

and the test groups. 

Department of Defense participation at Shots EASY through 

HOW was in four general areas: 

0 Administrative and support services for the joint 

AEC-DOD organization 

0 Test group scientific and diagnostic activities, 

especially those of AFSWP 

0 Exercise Desert Rock IV military maneuvers and 

support 

• Air support. 

Although the AEC was responsible for planning, coordinating, 

and executing the programs and activities associated with Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, DOD personnel assisted the AEC Test Manager 

in these duties. The DOD personnel attached to the joint AEC-DOD 

organization were responsible for overseeing DOD's technical and 

military planning objectives. 

DOD personnel also participated in the scientific and diagnostic projects conducted by two test groups: the Military 

13 
Effects Test Group, directed by Test Command, AFSWP, and the 

Weapons Development Test Group, with scientists from the Los 

Alamos Scientific Laboratory, from Edgerton, Germeshausen, and 

Grier, Inc. (EGLG), from the Naval Research Laboratory, and from 

the Sandia Corporation. The Military Effects Test Group involved 

more DOD participants than did the other test group. Drawn from 

various DOD civilian and military laboratories, these particiPants conducted experiments to learn more about weapons effects. 

Activities of the AEC Weapons Development Test Group were 

conducted primarily by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. 

However, some DOD personnel were assigned to LASL and participated in its experiments. 

Participants in test group projects generally placed 

instruments and experimental material around the intended ground 

zero in the days and weeks before the scheduled detonation. 

After the detonation, when the Test Manager had determined that 

the radiological environment in the shot area would permit 

access, they returned to recover the equipment. During a 

detonation, project personnel were generally positioned at 

designated observer locations or were operating equipment or 

aircraft at substantial distances from ground zero. 

Military training maneuvers involving DOD personnel were 

conducted through the Exercise Desert Rock IV programs at Shots 

FOX and GEORGE. The Desert Rock IV programs usually involved 

more DOD participants than did the test group projects. Desert 

Rock activities generally included orientation and indoctrination 

programs, highlighted by the observation of a nuclear burst. At 

Shot GEORGE, Exercise Desert Rock IV also included tactical troop 

maneuvers after the detonation. 

Approximately 1,500 soldiers from various Army units 

provided support for the Exercise Desert Rock programs. They 

maintained and operated Camp Desert Rock, an installation of the 

14 
Sixth Army. These soldiers provided essential services, such as 

food and housing, as well as transportation, communications, 

construction, and security support. Some of the Desert Rock 

support troops worked in the forward areas of the NPG to 

construct observer trenches, lay communication lines, provide 

transportation, and assist with other preparations for Desert 

Rock IV activities. Many of the Camp Desert Rock support 

personnel observed at least one detonation during Operation 

TUMBLER-SNAPPER, and some were called upon to perform support or 

staff duties in the test areas during nuclear detonations. 

Finally, DOD personnel provided air support for the Test 

Manager and the test groups. The Air Force Special Weapons 

Center provided air support to the Test Manager. AFSWC conducted 

cloud sampling, sample courier missions, cloud tracking, aerial 

radiation surveys of the terrain, and other air support as 

requested. AFSWC consisted of units of the 4925th Test Group 

(Atomic) and the 4901st Support Wing (Atomic). Units from the 

4925th Test Group and 4901st Support Wing from Kirtland AFB 

staged out of Indian Springs AFB, 30 kilometers* east of Camp 

Mercury. 

1.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE INVOLVEMENT IN JOINT AEC-DOD 

ORGANIZATION ACTIVITIES AT THE FINAL FOUR TUMBLERSNAPPER EVENTS 

The Military Effects Test Group and the Weapons Development 

Test Group conducted scientific and diagnostic projects at Shots 

EASY, FOX, GEORGE, and HOW. Information on the numbers of 

participants in the test group projects and the times of their 

activities has been obtained from the Test Director's "Operation 

*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metric 

units. The metric conversion factors include: 1 meter = 3.28 

feet; 1 meter = 1.09 yards; 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles. 

15 
Order l-52" for the four shots (63). This document gives plans 

developed by DOD and AEC personnel before each TUMBLER-SNAPPER 

shot, but it does not describe the projects as actually 

conducted. In many instances, no documentation has been found 

that indicates whether or not the recovery times and numbers of 

personnel mentioned in project plans were the times and numbers 

in the actual tests. The description of test group activities in 

the following chapters assumes that projects were performed to 

specifications given in the "Operation Order l-52." 

Department of Defense participants followed radiological 

protection procedures established by the joint AEC-DOD organization and AFSWC. These procedures, described in the Operation 

TUMBLER-SNAPPER volume, were designed to minimize exposure 

to ionizing radiation. Documents differ as to the exposure limit 

for test group participants. The radiological safety report 

indicates that 3.9 roentgens was the limit (43), but other 

planning and after-action reports give the limit as 3.0 

roentgens. AFSWC sampling pilots, however, were authorized to 

receive up to 3.9 roentgens during the series (36). 

To implement the safety criteria, the AFSWP Radiological 

Safety Group controlled access to radioactive areas, and 

radiological safety monitors accompanied project personnel 

recovering test instruments from radioactive areas. The 

monitors, who continuously measured the radiation intensity in 

the recovery area, kept the participants informed of the 

radiological environment. To monitor cumulative exposures, 

project personnel were issued film badges. These film badges 

were collected, developed, and evaluated at regular intervals, 

and any individual whose cumulative exposure exceeded the 

established limits was barred from further participation in 

project activities conducted in the forward area. Personnel 

decontamination procedures were implemented, and emergency 

evacuation plans were prepared for all test events. 

16 
Complete decontamination, including showering and changing 

into clean clothing, was required of cloud-sampling personnel who 

were in the aircraft during each project mission, regardless of 

the exposure received on the flight. Other aircrew members 

underwent decontamination as necessary. Aircraft were either 

decontaminated by washing or were isolated until radiation 

intensities decayed to predetermined levels. 

1.3 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK IV ACTIVITIES AT THE FINAL FOUR 

TUMBLER-SNAPPER EVENTS 

Exercise Desert Rock IV was part of the Armed Forces' 

continuing program to train personnel in the use and effects of 

nuclear weapons and to test battlefield doctrine and tactics 

during the continental nuclear weapons tests. At Shot EASY, 

1,000 Camp Desert Rock support personnel viewed the detonation 

from the vicinity of the Control Point. The majority of DOD 

personnel involved in Shots FOX and GEORGE were participants in 

two Desert Rock IV programs: 

0 The observer program, which involved watching a 

nuclear detonation, engaged a total of 1,950 

DOD personnel at FOX. 

0 The tactical troop maneuver, which engaged troops 

after they had witnessed the detonation, involved 

1,300 participants at GEORGE. 

In addition, Camp Desert Rock support troops provided 

Communication, transportation, traffic control, and radiological 

safety monitoring for Desert Rock projects at FOX and GEORGE. 

Radiation protection procedures of Exercise Desert Rock IV, 

like those of the test groups and AFSWC, are detailed in the 

Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER volume. Camp Desert Rock personnel and 

exercise participants were limited to 3.0 roentgens of exposure 

during Exercise Desert Rock IV. The radiation protection 

17 
procedures of Exercise Desert Rock IV included provisions for (4; 

6; 25; 36; 43): 

0 Maintaining minimum safe distances from nuclear 

detonations 

0 Controlling access to radiation areas 

0 Issuing film badges to Desert Rock personnel 

0 Monitoring individuals working in radiation areas 

0 Monitoring the cumulative doses of personnel 

0 Decontaminating personnel and equipment 

0 Establishing emergency evacuation plans similar to 

those formulated by the test groups and AFSWC. 

These procedures were intended to minimize exposure while 

allowing Desert Rock personnel to accomplish their missions. The 

Exercise Desert Rock IV radiation protection procedures are 

described in more detail in the Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER volume. 

18 
SHOT EASY SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: TUMBLER-SNAPPER 

DOD EXERCISE: None 

DATE/TIME: 7 May 1952, 0415 hours 

YIELD: 12 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 300 feet (tower) 

DOD Objective: To determine the military value of weapons 

effects for offensive and defensive deployment. 

Weather: At shot-time, the surface winds were calm. 

Winds were 36 knots from the south at 10,000 

feet, 67 knots from the southwest at 20,000 

feet, and 93 knots from the southwest at 

30,000 feet. The temperature was 16"C, the 

relative humidity was 40 percent, and the 

pressure was 868 millibars. 

Radiation Data: Onsite residual radioactivity was heaviest 

around and to the north of ground zero. The 

initial survey team was unable to complete the 

survey on shot-day because of the large

radiation area and the rough terrain. On the 

day after the shot, the 0.01 R/h line was 

located about 1,000 meters east, south, and 

west of ground zero but extended offsite to 

the north of ground zero. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock IV participants; Los 

Alamos Scientific Laboratory; Armed Forces 

Special Weapons Project; Atomic Energy 

Commission; Air Force Special Weapons Center; 

contractors. 

19 
CHAPTER 2 

SHOT EASY 

Shot EASY, the fifth event of Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, was 

detonated at 0415 hours Pacific Standard Time on 7 May 1952. The 

first detonation to be part of only the SNAPPER phase of Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, Shot EASY was a weapons development test. 

The shot had originally been planned for 6 May, but it was 

postponed for one day because of adverse weather. Developed by 

the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, the nuclear device was 

fired on a 300-foot tower in Area 1 of Yucca Flat, UTM coordinates 798009. Figure 2-l shows the type of shot-tower used for 

Shot EASY and the other TUMBLER-SNAPPER tower detonations. EASY 

had a yield of 12 kilotons. The top of the Shot EASY cloud 

reached a height of 34,000 feet and moved northeast from the 

point of detonation (7; 30; 40; 67). 

2.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK IV OPERATIONS AT SHOT EASY 

There were no official Desert Rock IV exercises at Shot 

EASY. However, about 1,000 Camp Desert Rock support personnel 

viewed the detonation from the vicinity of the Control Point at 

Yucca Pass (15). 

2.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND 

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT EASY _ 

Department of Defense personnel took part in scientific and 

diagnostic experiments conducted by the Military Effects Test 

Group and the Weapons Development Test Group. Table 2-l lists 

the test group projects and identifies the participating 

organizations. In addition to the DOD_ personnel participating in 

test group experiments, AFSWC personnel provided air support to 

the test groups and to the Test Manager (24). 

20 

_ 

Table 2-1: TEST GROUP ACTIVITIES WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT EASY 

Project/ 

Progmm Title 

Milftary Effects 

1.1 Measurement of Free-air Atomic Blast 

Pressures 

2.1 Total Gamma Exposure versus Distance 

2.2 Gamma Ray Energy Spectrum of Residual 

Contamination 

4.2 Biomedical Exposure Equipment 

4.4 Gamma Depth Dose Measurement in Unit Density 

Material 

6.1 Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment 

6.3 Evaluation of a Filtration System for 

Pressurized Aircraft 

6.4 Operational Tests of Radar and Photographic 

Techniques for IBDA 

6.5 Decontamination of Aircraft 

7.la Electromagnetic Effects from Atomic Explosions 

7.lb Long Range Light Measurements 

7.2 Detection of Airborne Low-frequency Sound from 

Atomic Explosions 

7.3 Radiochemical and Physical Analysis of Atomic 

Bomb Debris 

7.4 Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a 

Desert Valley 

9.1 Technical and Training Photography 

9.2 Air Weather Service Participation 

9.4 Effects of Atomic Explosions on the Ionosphere 

9.5 Electromagnetic Radiation over the Radio Spectrum 

from Nuclear Detonations 

Participants 

Test Group 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center; 

Rome Air Development Center 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Naval Medical Research Institute 

Naval Medical Research Institute 

Bureau of Ships; Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories 

Army Chemical Center 

Wright Air Development Center; 

Strategic Air Command 

Wright Air Development Center; Naval 

Radiological Defense Laboratory 

National Bureau of Standards; Air Force 

Cambridge Research Center; Air Weather 

Service; Geophysical Laboratory of the 

University of California at Los Angeles 

EG&G; Headquarters, Air Force 

Headquarters, Air Force; Signal Corps 

Engineering Laboratories; National Bureau 

of Standards 

Headquarters, Air Force 

Air Force lO@th Special Weapons 

Squadron; Coast and Geodetic Survey 

Naval Medical Research Institute; 

Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory; 

Army Pictorial Service Division; Wright Air 

Development Center; 4825th Test Group 

(Atomic); SAC 5th and 28th Reconnaissance 

Technical Squadrons; Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories 

Air Weather Service 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; 

8471 st Technical Service Unit 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; 

8467th Technical Service Unit 

22 
Table 2-1: TEST GROUP ACTIVITIES WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT EASY (CONTINUED) 

P!ojacti

Program Title Participants 

Weapons Development last Group 

10.1 Measurement of Alpha Naval Research Laboratory 

11.1 Measurement of Transit Time Naval Resaarch Laboratory 

12.1 Technical Photography EG&G 

12.lc Bhangmeter Mod II EG&G 

12.2a-d High-speed Photography Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; 

EGEKi 

13 Radiochemistry Sampling Program 4925th Test Group (Atomic) 

15.2 Gamma Radiation Exposure as a Function of Distance Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

17.1 External Neutron Measurements Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

and 

17.2 

18.1 Total Thermal Radiation and Atmospheric Naval Research Laboratory 

Transmission 

19.3 Color Temperatures Naval Research Laboratory 

18.4 High-resolution Spectroscopy Naval Research Laboratory 

19.lc-d Shock-gauge Evaluations Tests Sandia Laboratory; Los Alamos 

Scientific Laboratory 

19.le Air Shock Pressures as Affected by Hills and Dales Sandia Corporation 

19.2a-b Blast-wave Material Velocity Measurements Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; 

EGW.3 

23 
2.2.1 Military Effects Test Group Projects 

At Shot EASY, the Military Effects Test Group conducted a 

n,umber of scientific projects. Figure 2-2 shows the instrument 

layout for these projects. The following project descriptions 

often discuss recovery operations as occurring after the 

announcement of recovery hour. Recovery hour was usually 

announced about an hour after the detonation, but for Shot EASY, 

the actual time of recovery hour is not known. However, it was 

reported that recovery parties were delayed several hours or 

rescheduled for entry on subsequent days because of the high 

radiation levels (43). 

Project 1.1, Measurement of Free-air Atomic Blast Pressures, 

was conducted by the Air Force Cambridge Research Center, with 

support from the Rome Air Development Center. The objective was 

to measure the pressures produced by a nuclear detonation over a 

wide range of altitudes and distances (46). 

At 2000 hours on the night before the detonation, one 

Project participant traveled to a telemetry station 13 kilometers 

from ground zero, near the Control Point. He remained at the 

station through the detonation. Three other personnel went to 

locations east and south of ground zero to check instruments used 

to track the position of canisters that would be airdropped. 

They remained in the area for four hours. 

At 2200 hours, the following activities began (46; 63): 

0 Two participants checked instruments for the tracking system, about three kilometers from ground zero. 

They returned to the Control Point within two hours. 

0 Two individuals checked the tracking beacon eight 

kilometers southwest of ground zero. They remained 

there for three hours and then traveled to one of 

the two manned tracking stations 11 kilometers 

south-southeast of ground zero. 

24 
N 

P

Ground Zero 

Main Access Road 

Program 2 

Testing of Radiac Nuclear Measurements 

Biomedical Line Equipment Line Line 

Kilometer 

Figure 2-2: GROUND ZERO AND MILITARY EFFECTS TEST GROUP 

INSTRUMENT LAYOUTS AT SHOT EASY 

25 
0 Four project personnel manned the other tracking

stations, 11 kilometers east of ground zero. They

operated the stations through shot-time and then 

returned to the Control Point. 

• Fourteen participants proceeded to a telemetry

station 730 meters north of the Control Point to 

check instruments. They remained there through

shot-time. 

• Three individuals traveled to the radar tracking 

station 11 kilometers south-southeast of ground zero 

to check instruments. They also remained there 

through shot-time. 

0 Fourteen project personnel traveled to the radar 

tracking station 11 kilometers south-southeast of 

ground zero. They remained at the station through

shot-time to guide the two B-29s over the drop

point. 

Four hours before the detonation, two B-29s began 

calibration runs over ground zero. The aircraft, which staged 

from Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, were from the 6531st Flight Test 

Squadron of the Rome Air Development Center. The aircraft 

dropped the instrumented canisters about one minute before the 

detonation. The following list details the activities of these 

two B-29 aircraft (73): 

SERIAL TAKEOFF ARRIVED DEPARTED LANDING 

NUMBER TIME SHOT AREA SHOT AREA TIME 

1742 2221 0119 0422 0634 

1863 2250 0132 0424 0625 

Forty-five minutes after the announcement of recovery hour, 

two Project 9.1 participants photographed Project 1.1 activities. 

They remained in the shot area for three hours, approaching as 

close as five kilometers to ground zero. At 0900 hours on the 

day after the shot, ten men, traveling in four vehicles and a 

26 
helicopter, were scheduled to begin locating the canisters 

dropped in the area east-northeast of ground zero. Three days 

were allotted for this activity (46; 63; 73). 

Project 2.1, Total Gamma Exposure versus Distance, was 

conducted by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. The 

objective was to measure gamma radiation exposure as related to 

distance. Shortly before the detonation, project personnel 

placed film packets at go-meter intervals between 610 and 2,750 

meters east of ground zero. Three hours after the Test Manager 

opened the area for recovery operations, four personnel and a 

radiological safety monitor drove by truck into the shot area to 

retrieve film. They spent about three hours in this activity 

(57; 63). 

Project 2.2, Gamma Ray Energy Spectrum of Residual Contamination, was conducted by the Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories. The objective was to determine the relative dose 

contribution of various gamma radiation energies in contaminated 

areas after a nuclear detonation. To perform this experiment, 

personnel used radiation survey meters modified to shield 

portions of the gamma ray energy spectrum. 

Before each shot, personnel calibrated five AN/PDR-TlB 

radiac instruments. After the Test Manager announced recovery 

hour, participants entered the shot area and placed the 

instruments on wooden tripods facing ground zero. They took the 

first radiac reading four hours after the detonation at 1,370 

meters from ground zero. The intensity was 0.014 R/h. Personnel 

then moved their instruments to 1,050 meters from ground zero and 

took another reading a few minutes later. The intensity there 

was 0.145 R/h. A third reading was taken 730 meters from ground 

zero four hours and 19 minutes after the detonation, when the 

intensity was 1.2 R/h. The last reading of the day, 0.008 R/h, 

was taken 1,690 meters from ground zero four hours and 25 minutes 

27 
after the burst. The next day, participants took readings at 

distances of 1,800, 1,600, 1,500, and 1,100 meters from ground 

zero. At the conclusion of the field work, they dismantled 

equipment and returned to Camp Mercury to analyze the data 

(63; 77). 

Project 4.2, Biomedical Exposure Equipment, was conducted by 

the Naval Medical Research Institute to measure blast and radiation effects on animals. To measure exposure to direct air 

blast, personnel instrumented wood models of dogs with accelerometers and then placed'them in containers fitted with pressure 

recorders. Before the detonation, they placed the containers 

340, 430, and 640 meters from ground zero. They also placed two 

movie cameras in the shot area to record the displacement of the 

containers by the blast wave. About four hours after the 

declaration of recovery hour, three project participants began 

recovering film from the cameras, a process that took about two 

hours. 

TO measure radiation effects, participants placed dosimeters 

in mouse cages located at distances of 90 to 180 meters from 

ground zero. Recovery personnel found that the cages had been 

destroyed by excessive blast pressure (34; 63). 

Project 4.4, Gamma Depth Dose Measurement in Unit Density 

Material, was performed by the Naval Medical Research Institute. 

The experiment was designed to improve techniques used to 

evaluate biological effects of radiation on living tissue, 

particularly of the human body. To measure initial and residual 

gamma doses, participants placed dosimeters inside lucite 

spheres, which approximated the density of human tissue. Before 

the detonation, personnel placed lucite spheres of various wall 

thicknesses on A-frames located approximately 1,010 to 1,550 

meters southeast of ground zero. After the declaration of 

recovery hour, seven personnel in a weapons carrier and a pickup 

truck spent about one hour retrieving the spheres (22; 63). 

28 
Project 6.1, Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment, was 

conducted by the Bureau of Ships and the Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories to evaluate radiac survey equipment. Before the 

shot, project personnel placed dosimeters 910 to 2,740 meters 

east of ground zero. Three hours after the announcement of 

recovery hour, six personnel began recovering the dosimeters, an 

activity that took three hours. In addition, Project 6.1 

personnel furnished standard and experimental radiation survey 

instruments to other projects so that the instruments could be 

evaluated (63; 72). 

Project 6.3, Evaluation of a Filtration System for 

Pressurized Aircraft, was conducted by the Army Chemical Center. 

The objective was to determine the adequacy of a system for 

filtering particulate airborne fission products from the cabin 

air supply of an AFSWC B-29 sampler aircraft from the 4925th Test 

Group (Atomic) (66). 

The B-29 had penetrated the cloud three times at altitudes 

between 32,000 and 33,000 feet. After the aircraft returned to 

Indian Springs AFB, project personnel removed equipment used to 

sample the influent and effluent from the air filter. They 

sealed these samples in clear film and then placed them in 

plastic bags, which were packed in wooden boxes and shipped to 

the Army Chemical Center for analysis. A B-25 courier aircraft 

left with the samples within about six hours of the detonation. 

The filter used in the pressurization system was not removed 

for at least 24 hours to reduce the potential radiation exposure 

of the removal team. After the filter was removed, it too was 

packaged for shipment to the Army Chemical Center. Cloud 

sampling and courier flights are both discussed in section 2.2.3, 

on AFSWC activities at EASY (63; 66). 

29 
Project 6.4, Operational Tests of Radar and Photographic 

Techniques for IBDA, was conducted by the Wright Air Development 

Center, assisted by the Strategic Air Command (SAC). The 

objective was to evaluate the Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment 

(IBDA) system under development at the Wright Air Development 

Center. The 509th Bombardment Group of SAC provided three B-50D 

aircraft to make a postshot test of the IBDA system. The 

following listing summarizes the flight times for the aircraft, 

which staged from Kirtland AFB (18; 36): 

AIRCRAFT DEPARTURE TIME LANDING TIME 

B-50 0045 1045 

B-50 0105 0635 

B-50 0127 0845 

At shot-time, the three aircraft, flying at altitudes of 

25,000, 26,000, and 30,000 feet, were more than six kilometers 

south of the shot-tower, with cameras pointed toward the burst 

(18; 36). 

Project 6.5, Decontamination of Aircraft, was conducted by 

the Wright Air Development Center and by the Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory. The project was designed to investigate 

methods of reducing radiation exposure to maintenance and flight 

crews. 

To study adhesion of contamination to differently treated 

surfaces, project personnel treated various parts of two T-33 and 

one F-84G sampling aircraft with acid, polish, oil, or a combination of the three. These aircraft conducted the cloud 

sampling described in section 2.2.3. Five Air Force personnel, 

wearing protective clothing, film badges, and pocket dosimeters , 

30 
surveyed each aircraft immediately upon its landing. Using 

AN/PDR-TlB instruments, they surveyed radiation intensities at 32 

locations on the aircraft before and after decontamination. 

Aircraft were considered decontaminated when all intensities were 

less than 0.02 R/h. 

In the second part of this project, personnel monitored beta 

radiation on various parts of the same three aircraft. They used 

the USNRDL Mark V Model I beta radiation monitor to determine the 

distribution of beta-emitting contamination on these aircraft 

before and after decontamination. 

For the third part of this project, participants measured 

radiation levels inside the cockpit of the F-84G aircraft before 

and after decontamination operations. With these measurements, 

they evaluated the contributions of various aircraft sections to 

exposure rates inside the cockpit (76). 

Project 7.la, Electromagnetic Effects from Atomic 

Explosions, was conducted by the National Bureau of Standards, 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Air Weather Service, and the 

Geophysical Laboratory of the University of California at Los 

Angeles. The project was designed to study the electromagnetic 

pulses produced by a nuclear detonation. Data were evaluated as 

a means of determining the location of distant nuclear detonations. Onsite stations were at Frenchman and Yucca Flats, and 

offsite stations in Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Massachusetts, 

New Mexico, Virginia, Bermuda, Germany, and Puerto Rico. Three 

hours before the detonation, five project participants proceeded 

to Station 7.la, about 12 kilometers from ground zero, and 

remained there until after the shot (63; 64). 

Project 7.lb, Long Range Light Measurements, was conducted 

entirely offsite by EGSG and Headquarters, Air Force. The 

objective was to study the long-range detection of light produced 

31 
by a nuclear detonation. EGLG and the Air Force established 

light-detecting stations in Arizona, Idaho, Texas, and 

Washington. An estimated two EG&G employees and ten Air Force 

personnel from the Sacramento Air Materiel Area, McClellan AFB, 

operated each station from about six hours before to one hour 

after the detonation (35). 

Project 7.2, Detection of Airborne Low-frequency Sound from 

Atomic Explosions, was conducted by Headquarters, Air Force, 

assisted by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories and the 

National Bureau of Standards. The objective was to determine the 

accuracy of long-range acoustic detection methods. The Signal 

Corps Engineering Laboratories operated stations in Washington, 

Alaska, Hawaii, Kentucky, New Jersey, and Texas. The National 

Bureau of Standards operated a station in Washington, D.C. (65). 

Project 7.3, Radiochemical and Physical Analysis of Atomic 

Bomb Debris, was conducted by Headquarters, Air Force. The 

project, which involved analysis of particulate and gaseous 

samples from the Shot EASY cloud, was conducted in conjunction 

with Program 13, Radiochemistry Sampling. Cloud sampling, 

performed by the 4925th Test Group (Atomic) of Kirtland AFB, is 

discussed in section 2.2.3 of this chapter (71). 

Project 7.4, Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a 

Desert Valley, was conducted by the Air Force 1009th Special 

Weapons Squadron and the Coast and Geodetic Survey. The 

objective was to determine the seismic properties of the geological structure of the test area. Four unmanned stations were 

located 300, 1,000, 4,500, and 7,500 meters from ground zero. At 

0900 hours on the day after the shot, two personnel began 

retrieving records from the stations, an activity that took about 

one hour (20). 

32 
Project 9.1, Technical and Training Photography, was 

conducted by personnel from the following agencies (36; 63): 

0 Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

0 Army Pictorial Service Division 

a Naval Medical Research Institute 

a Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

a SAC 5th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron 

0 SAC 28th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron 

0 Wright Air Development Center 

0 4925th Test Group (Atomic). 

To photograph the detonation, project personnel went to 

three stations about 15 kilometers and one station about 11 kilometers from ground zero about three hours before the shot. 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory personnel photographed Shot EASY from 

a C-47 aircraft that left Indian Springs AFB at 0335 hours and 

returned at 0440 hours (36; 63). Project 9.1 personnel also took 

still photographs and motion pictures of various Military Effects 

Test Group projects. 

Project 9.2, Air Weather Service Participation, involved Air 

Force personnel who compiled data from various weather stations 

at the NPG and offsite, prepared weather maps, and briefed NPG 

officials on current and predicted weather conditions. Project 

participants were from the 6th Weather Squadron (Mobile) of the 

2059th Air Weather Wing, Tinker AFB, Oklahoma. These personnel 

were deployed as follows (54): 

0 Eight forecasters, 13 weather observers, and two 

equipment operators at the Control Point Weather 

Station near Yucca Pass 

• Twelve airmen in the Rawinsonde Weather Observation 

Section at the Control Point and 11 airmen from that 

section at a station in Tonopah, Nevada 

Three airmen in the Pibal Weather Observation 

Section at Beatty, Caliente, Crystal Springs, 

Currant, and Warm Springs, Nevada, and St. George, 

Utah. 

0 

33 
At 2000 hours the evening before the detonation, two of the 

project personnel stationed at the Control Point entered the shot 

area to check instruments near the tower. They rechecked the 

instruments hourly until three hours before shot-time, when they 

returned to the Control Point (54; 63). 

Project 9.4, Effects of Atomic Explosions on the Ionosphere, 

was conducted by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, with 

assistance from personnel of the 9471st Technical Service Unit. 

The objective was to obtain data on the effects of a nuclear 

detonation on ionospheric radiowave propagation. Project 

personnel worked at transmitter and receiver stations. The only 

onsite facility was a transmitter at Station 9.4, 910 meters 

north of the Control Point. Two other transmitters were at 

Mather AFB, Sacramento, California. The radio receiver stations 

were at the Navaho Ordnance Depot, Flagstaff, Arizona; White 

Sands Proving Ground, New Mexico; and Fort Sill, Oklahoma. 

On the day before the shot, personnel practiced operating 

the transmitters and receivers. On shot-day, they operated 

instruments from one hour before to one hour after the shot. 

Information obtained at the project stations was sent for 

analysis to the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories (28; 63). 

Project 9.5, Electromagnetic Radiation over the Radio 

Spectrum from Nuclear Detonations, was conducted by the Signal 

Corps Engineering Laboratories, with assistance from the 9467th 

Technical Service Unit, Electronic Warfare Center. The objective 

was to determine the wave shape and the amplitude of radio 

frequency energy emanating from a nuclear detonation. During the 

shot, project personnel operated two stations 16 to 24 kilometers 

from ground zero. In addition, project participants manned one 

station at White Sands Proving Ground in New Mexico and another 

at the Evans Signal Laboratory in Belmar, New Jersey (19). 

34 
2.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in Weapons Development 

Test Group Projects 

Although most of the Weapons Development Test Group 

activities were performed by agencies under contract to the 

Atomic Energy Commission, some of the projects were conducted by 

DOD agencies. For example, the Naval Research Laboratory 

performed the experiments for Program 18, Thermal Measurements. 

In addition, a few DOD personnel were assigned to LASL or to the 

Weapons Development Test Group to assist in the projects listed 

in table 2-l. 

Project 10.1, Measurement of Alpha, was conducted by the 

Naval Research Laboratory. Two hours and 30 minutes before the 

detonation, four participants left the tower area after checking 

their instruments. After the detonation, five personnel entered 

the shot area to recover film from a station 910 meters from 

ground zero. They remained for one hour. At 0800 hours on the 

day after the detonation, a party of five returned to the station 

and remained there for two hours (55; 63). 

Project 11.1, Measurement of Transit Time, was conducted by 

the Naval Research Laboratory. Project participants performed 

the same activities as those described for Project 10.1 (55; 63). 

Project 12.1, Technical Photography, was conducted by 

personnel from EGIG, with assistance from Navy personnel. They 

provided technical photography support, including dust studies, 

preshock turbulence studies, light absorption and mirage studies, 

fireball growth measurement, thermal effects studies, and other 

coverage required by the Weapons Development Test Group. 

Two days before the shot, project personnel prepared the 

film at the Control Point Building. The afternoon before Shot 

EASY, personnel loaded film into remote-controlled cameras 

located at various stations in the ground zero area. After the 

35 
detonation, EGbG personnel recovered the exposed film and 

processed some of it in the mobile unit set up in the Control 

Point area. The remaining film was flown to laboratories of 

Consolidated Film Industries in Hollywood, California, or in the 

city of Fort Lee, New Jersey, for processing (42). 

Project 12.lc, Bhangmeter Mod II, was conducted by EGIG. 

The objective was to evaluate and test a new bhangmeter, which 

was used to measure the yield of a detonation. Project personnel 

installed these instruments at the Control Point. Bhangmeter 

readings recorded at shot-time were analyzed after the shot (41). 

Project 12.2a-d, High-speed Photography, was conducted by 

LASL and EG&G. The objectives were to study early fireball 

growth and obtain measurements correlating shock arrival time 

with the appearance of the fireball. Project personnel installed 

cameras 1,600 meters from the shot-tower. After the detonation, 

project personnel retrieved the film for analysis (38). 

Program 13, Radiochemistry Sampling, involved cloud sampling 

by personnel from the 4925th Test Group (Atomic). Sampling 

missions are discussed in section 2.2.3, on AFSWC activities (36). 

Project 15.2, Gamma Radiation Exposure as a Function of 

Distance, was conducted by personnel from LASL. The objective 

was to measure gamma radiation exposure at various distances from 

the detonation. Project personnel placed gamma-detecting 

instruments in the ground at distances of 1,370 to 3,480 meters 

from ground zero. After the detonation, two men in a weapons 

carrier entered the shot area to recover the instruments. This 

activity was scheduled to take about 30 minutes (75). 

Projects 17.1 and 17.2, External Neutron Measurements, were 

conducted by personnel from LASL. The objective of these 

projects was to use threshold detectors to measure external 

36 
neutron flux as a function of distance. LASL also provided some 

threshold detectors to the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

and to the Naval Research Laboratory. 

Project personnel attached some threshold detectors to 

horizontal steel bars about four feet above the ground along a 

radial line 460 to 1,470 meters from the shot-tower. Other 

detectors were fastened to a steel cable. Participants also 

installed an underground shelter containing oscilloscopes set to 

run automatically at shot-time. After the detonation, personnel 

retrieved the steel cable by using a tractor to drag it out of 

the test area. Other personnel recovered records from the 

underground shelters and retrieved the steel bars with the 

threshold detectors. At Yucca Lake, the detectors were removed 

from the bars and from the cable. AFSWC courier aircraft then 

transported the detectors to LASL for analysis (27). 

Project 18.1, Total Thermal Radiation and Atmospheric 

Transmission, was conducted by the Naval Research Laboratory to 

study the transmission of light and thermal radiation emitted by 

nuclear detonations of various yields. To measure the transmission of light, project personnel placed one photoelectric 

brightness meter at the Control Point and another in Area 2 of 

the NPG. In addition, they installed a transmissometer near the 

BUSTER-JANGLE Y and a receiver at the Control Point. Participants manually operated the instruments at the Control Point 

during the shot. To obtain data on thermal radiation emissions, 

personnel installed four thermopile recorder systems and operated 

them from the Control Point during the shot. They shut down 

equipment after the detonation to analyze recorded data (60). 

Project 18.3, Color Temperatures, was conducted by the Naval 

Research Laboratory to measure the spectral characteristics of a 

nuclear fireball as a function of time. Measurements were taken 

with a high-speed spectrograph (39). 

37 
Project 18.4, High-resolution Spectroscopy, was conducted by 

the Naval Research Laboratory to supplement information obtained 

from spectroscopy measurements taken during previous nuclear 

weapons testing series, such as Operations GREENHOUSE and BUSTERJANGLE. Personnel installed a spectrograph at the Control Point, 

14 kilometers from ground zero (16). 

Projects 19.lc and 19.ld, Shock-gauge Evaluations Tests, 

were conducted by Sandia Laboratory. Personnel from LASL and 

contractors assisted in calibrating and installing instruments. 

The project was intended to develop and test new instruments for 

measuring dynamic and static pressures, wind directions, sound 

and wind speeds, and temperature rises resulting from a shock 

wave. Project personnel installed instruments at a station 

located 670 meters from ground zero. Cables connected the 

instruments to equipment that recorded the information (26). 

Project 19.le, Air Shock Pressures as Affected by Hills and 

Dales, was conducted by personnel from Sandia Corporation and AEC 

contractors. The objective was to collect more information about 

the influence of hills and valleys on the shock waves from airbursts and to study the shielding effects of hills. Personnel 

installed gauges to record air shock pressure at six locations, 

from 5,010 to 5,510 meters west of ground zero, in a line running 

over a hill. Cables connected the gauges to recording equipment 

in a nearby mobile van. Sometime after the detonation, participants recovered the records from the van (61). 

Projects 19.2a and 19.2b, Blast-wave Material Velocity 

Measurements, were conducted by LASL. EGLG provided photography 

services. The objective was to photograph peak overpressure 

phenomena associated with a nuclear burst. Smoke canisters were 

fired into the air from 90-millimeter guns immediately before the 

burst so that air disturbances would be visible. The guns were 

fired by an electronic timing device. Before the shot, project 

38 
personnel entered the shot area to set up four 90-millimeter gun 

stations southwest of ground zero and load the guns. Other 

participants placed film in the automatically operated camera 

stations. EGLG personnel retrieved the film after the shot (68). 

2.2.3 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

During Shot EASY, AFSWC personnel conducted cloud-sampling 

missions and sample courier missions for the test groups, and 

cloud-tracking missions and aerial radiological surveys of the 

terrain for the Test Manager. The Air Force Special Weapons 

Center also provided personnel to staff the Air Operations 

Center, located at the Control Point. The following listing 

indicates the types and numbers of aircraft and the estimated 

numbers of AFSWC aircrew personnel involved in missions at Shot 

EASY (l-3; 5; 36; 37; 52; 69): 

TYPE OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF 

TITLE AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Sampling

Sampler Control B-29 1 9 

Sampler B-29 1 8 

Sampler T-33 3 6 

Sampler F-84 4 4 

Sample Courier Service B-25 2 10 

c-47 2 8 

Cloud Tracking B-25 1 5 

B-29 2 20 

Aerial Surveys of c-47 2 10 

Terrain L-20 1 2 

Cloud Sampling 

One B-29, three T-33s, and four F-84s collected particulate 

and gaseous samples of the Shot EASY cloud for Project 7.3, 

39 
Radiochemical and Physical Analysis of Atomic Bomb Debris, and 

for Program 13, Radiochemistry Sampling. Two other T-33s aborted 

their missions shortly after leaving Indian Springs AFB. A B-29 

sampler control aircraft, with an AFSWC aircrew and a LASL 

scientific advisor onboard, directed the operations of the 

sampler aircraft. The samplers flew at altitudes of 31,000 to 

33,000 feet and made a total of 17 penetrations of the cloud. 

The following listing details their activities (l-3; 36; 37; 52; 

69): 

TOTAL 

AIRCRAFT TYPE AND TAKEOFF TOTAL TIME DOSIMETER LANDING 

TAIL NUMBER TIME IN CLOUD READING TIME 

(seconds) (roentgens) 

Sampler Control B-29 

(386) 0350 1030 

B-29 (285) 0400 NR* 0.675 0925 

T-33 (920) 0535 NR 0.700 0725 

T-33 (048) 0526 NR NR 0625 

T-33 (913) 0535 NR 0.440 0725 

F-84 (040) 0558 NR 0.050 0815 

F-84 (054) 0605 120 0.030 0735 

F-84 (043) 0608 NR NR 0735 

F-84 (042) 0610 NR 0.800 0745 

*NR indicates not reported. 

On completing their mission, the samplers returned to Indian 

Springs AFB and parked in the northeast corner of the parking 

area. Pilots then shut down the engines and opened the aircraft 

canopies. The B-29 crews left the aircraft through the rear door 

between the stabilizer and the wing. The T-33 and F-84 crews 

40 
disembarked by stepping onto a boarding ladder attached to the 

side of the aircraft. The sample-removing team and radiological 

safety monitors used long-handled tools to take samples from the 

aircraft and place them in shielded containers. They used the 

same method to remove the bottles containing the gaseous samples. 

They then loaded the sample containers onto courier aircraft for 

delivery to laboratories for analysis (l-3; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions had been completed, two B-25 and 

two C-47 aircraft left Indian Springs AFB on shot-day to transport samples and filter papers to various laboratories. The 

4901st Support Wing (Atomic) conducted these courier missions 

(1-3; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

At about 0715 hours, a B-25 flew from Indian Springs AFB to 

McClellan AFB with Project 7.3 samples. At 0815 hours, a C-47 

flew from Indian Springs AFB to LASL with Program 13 samples. A 

B-25 also left Yucca Lake airstrip at 0815 hours with Project 

17.1 samples for LASL. At 0915 hours, a B-25 flew from Indian 

Springs AFB to the Army Chemical Center with Project 6.3 samples 

(l-3; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

Cloud Tracking 

One B-25 and two B-29s from Indian Springs AFB flew 

cloud-tracking missions over and beyond the Nevada Proving 

Ground. The B-25 (tail number 099) left at 0433 hours, tracked 

the cloud at heights ranging from 4,000 to 14,000 feet above the 

terrain, and returned at 0950 hours. One B-29 (tail number not 

given) took off at 0430 hours to track the cloud at heights of 

10,000 to 24,000 feet. This aircraft was forced to abort its 

mission and was replaced by a second B-29 (tail number 826), 

which left Indian Springs at 0556 hours and returned at 0700 

hours (l-3; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

41 
Aerial Surveys of Terrain 

After the detonation, two C-47s and one L-20, based at 

Indian Springs AFB, conducted radiological surveys of the onsite 

and offsite terrain. One C-47 (tail number 386) left at 0530 

hours, flew at heights of 700 to 5,000 feet, and returned at 1200 

hours. The other C-47 (tail number 308) left at 0715 hours, 

conducted its survey at an altitude of 10,000 feet, and returned 

at 1230 hours. The L-20 (tail number 464) left at an undesignated time, conducted its survey at 1,000 to 7,500 feet above the 

terrain, and landed at an unreported time (l-3; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

2.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT EASY 

The main purpose of the radiation protection procedures 

developed by the test groups and AFSWC for Operation TUMBLERSNAPPER was to keep individual exposures to ionizing radiation to 

a minimum, while still allowing participants to accomplish their 

missions. 

Logistics and Materiel 

During the period 7 May to 24 May 1952, which covered the 

7 May detonation of Shot EASY, the Logistics and Materiel Department issued about 525 film badges to test group personnel (both 

DOD and AEC personnel are included in this group). The department also issued 1,174 sets of protective clothing and 253 

radiation survey instruments (43). 

Monitoring 

The initial gro.und radiation survey began at 0522 hours, 

slightly more than an hour after the detonation, and continued 

until 0650 hours. Because of the relatively large radiation area 

and the rough terrain, it was not possible to complete the 

survey, as indicated in figure 2-3. The closest that the initial 

42 
••

Stake Lines 

. . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

- - - - 0.1 R/h 

10.0 R/h 

Meters 

Figure 2-3: INITIAL RADIATION ISOINTENSITY MAP FOR SHOT EASY, 

7 MAY 1952,053O HOURS 

43 
survey monitors approached to ground zero was 365 meters, where 

the maximum intensity recorded was 10.0 R/h. 

A helicopter conducted an aerial survey of the shot area 30 

minutes after the detonation. The intensity recorded near ground 

zero was 50 R/h. The height at which this reading was taken is 

not known (43). 

Mobile ground teams participated in offsite monitoring. 

During the night preceding the detonation, they traveled to 

monitoring stations in the expected path of the fallout. Most of 

the fallout was to the north and northeast of the Nevada Proving 

Ground. The teams recorded a maximum intensity of 1.2 R/h two 

hours after the detonation at a location approximately 75 kilometers north of ground zero (43). 

Two C-47 and one L-20 aircraft also conducted offsite aerial 

surveys of the terrain. The maximum intensity encountered was 

0.02 R/h, 150 feet above a location southeast of Lincoln Mine, 

Nevada, approximately 70 kilometers northeast of ground zero, 

almost four hours after the detonation (36; 43). 

Plotting and Briefing 

Monitoring teams provided survey data used in plotting 

radiation isointensity contours. The radiation intensity map 

resulting from the initial, incomplete survey is shown in figure 

2-3. The early surveys did not locate the extent of the 

contamination northeast of ground zero. The isointensity maps 

generated from resurveys are shown in figure 2-4 (43). The 

labels of the maps in the source document do not always reflect 

the range of survey times given in the tables of intensity 

readings that accompany the maps. 

44 
: ‘. 

: ‘, : .

. N 

P

4 

9 MAY 1952,053O HOURS 12 MAY 1952, 0530 HOURS 

: P 

N 

. 

15 MAY 1952,053O HOURS 23 MAY 1952,053O HOURS 

Stake Lines 

. . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

----a- 0.1 R/h 

- . - . - . - l.OR/h 

10.0 R/h 

Figure 2-4: SUBSEQUENT RADIATION ISOINTENSITY MAPS FOR SHOT EASY 

45 
Decontamination 

Because Shot EASY produced high levels of radioactivity, 

contamination of recovery equipment and vehicles was a significant problem. A complete crew worked through the night at the 

Vehicle Decontamination Center (43). 

Dosimetry Data 

No individual at Shot EASY exceeded the 3.0 roentgen 

exposure limit. However, exposures for individuals working in 

radiation areas showed a sharp rise, as compared to earlier 

shots. No cumulative exposure from the four previous shots 

exceeded 0.55 roentgens, but 82 individuals who turned in film 

badges during the period 7 May through 24 May accumulated 

exposures between 0.5 and 2.0 roentgens (43). 

46 
SHOT FOX SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: TUMBLER-SNAPPER 

DOD EXERCISE: Exercise Desert Rock IV 

DATE/TIME: 25 May 1952, 0400 hours 

YIELD: 11 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 300 feet (tower) 

DOD Objective: To determine the military value of weapons 

effects for offensive and defensive deployment. 

Weather: At shot-time, the surface winds were calm. 

Winds were ten knots at 10,000 feet, eight 

knots at 20,000 feet, and 25 knots at 30,000 

feet, all from the southwest. The temperature 

was 14OC, the relative humidity was 41 percent, and the pressure was 868 millibars. 

Radiation Data: Most onsite fallout occurred northeast of 

ground zero, overlapping residual radiation 

from Shot EASY. Ninety minutes after the 

shot, the 0.01 R/h line extended farther than 

6.5 kilometers to the east. High radiation 

levels to the northeast prevented completion 

of the initial survey on shot-day. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock IV troops; Los Alamos 

Scientific Laboratory; Armed Forces Special

Weapons Project; Atomic Energy Commission; 

Air Force Special Weapons Center; contractors. 

47 
CHAPTER 3 

SHOT FOX 

Shot FOX was detonated with a yield of 11 kilotons at 

0400 hours Pacific Standard Time on 25 May 1952. FOX, the sixth 

nuclear test of Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, was originally 

scheduled for 13 May 1952 but was rescheduled for 25 May because 

of a misfiring of the device and adverse weather conditions. 

Shot FOX, a weapons development test, was part of the SNAPPER 

phase of Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER. Developed by the Los Alamos 

Scientific Laboratory, the FOX device was detonated on a 300-foot 

tower in Area 4 of Yucca Flat, UTM coordinates 795056. The 

Shot FOX cloud reached a height of about 41,000 feet and drifted 

east into Utah (1; 2; 8; 30; 31; 40; 67). 

3.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK IV OPERATIONS AT SHOT FOX 

Approximately 1,450 military observers participated in 

Desert Rock IV programs at Shot FOX. Camp Desert Rock support 

troops provided radiological safety, transportation, communications, and control functions for the observers in the forward 

area. No tactical troop maneuver was conducted at the shot (11; 

12; 15; 50; 51; 58). 

3.1.1 Participation of Camp Desert Rock Support Troops 

In providing support for the observer program, the Camp 

Desert Rock troops sometimes entered the forward area. Two 

special staff sections, the Desert Rock Radiological Safety Group 

and the Instructor Group, were particularly involved in shot-day 

operations. 

48 
The Desert Rock Radiological Safety Group implemented 

radiological safety procedures and was assisted by the AFSWP 

Radiological Safety Group in radiation surveys. Each survey team 

consisted of one driver, one radio operator, and one radiological 

safety monitor from the Radiological Safety Group. An AFSWP 

radiological safety team accompanied Companies A, B, C, and D of 

the 701st Armored Infantry Battalion into the forward area. The 

7OIst provided additional radiological monitoring for its units 

that went into the shot area (49; 51; 53). 

The Instructor Group consisted of AFSWP personnel who 

replaced the less experienced Army personnel used at Shots 

CHARLIE and DOG. After the detonation, the instructors led 

observers through the display area to view the damage. They 

noted differences between the predicted and actual effects of the 

burst (51). 

In addition to the Instructor Group and the Desert Rock 

Radiological Safety Group, several other Desert Rock support 

elements participated in activities at Shot FOX. 

Before the shot, personnel from the 369th Engineer 

Amphibious Support Regiment spent several days in the equipment 

display area placing military vehicles and ordnance at various 

distances from ground zero. Observers compared the preshot and 

postshot condition of these displays (49; 51). 

The 31st and 23rd Transportation Truck Companies transported 

military personnel to and from the forward area. At shot-time, 

the vehicles were parked about 1,000 meters south of the observer 

trenches (49; 51). 

The Desert Rock Signal Detachment established wire and radio 

communications within the forward area, as well as at Camp Desert 

Rock. After the shot, signal personnel operated the two mobile 

49 
public address systems in the display area to assist the 

Instructor Group in its presentations (49; 51). 

The medical detachment provided medical support in the 

forward area and at Camp Desert Rock. One doctor and six 

enlisted men set up an aid station in the parking area south of 

the trenches and remained there throughout the exercise (49; 51). 

During the shot-day activities, nine officers and 39 

enlisted men from Company A, 505th Military Police Battalion, 

maintained traffic control for Desert Rock convoys in the forward 

area of the test site and at the FOX trench area (49; 51). 

3.1.2 Troop Observer Activities 

The observers at FOX consisted of 950 soldiers from the 

701st Armored Infantry Battalion, 1st Armored Division, from Fort 

Hood, Texas, and an additional 500 participants from the 

continental armies and service schools (15). 

Two Army contractors, the Human Resources Research Office 

(HumRRO) of George Washington University and the Operations 

Research Office (ORO) of Johns Hopkins University, conducted 

psychological tests on 670 of the observers from the 701st 

Armored Infantry Battalion. The general objective of these 

studies was to evaluate the participants' psychological reactions 

to various aspects of their Desert Rock IV experience. These 

psychological tests were a continuation of similar studies 

conducted by HumRRO and OR0 at Exercise Desert Rock I during 

Operation BUSTER-JANGLE in 1951 (53). 

At TUMBLER-SNAPPER, HumRRO and OR0 research was conducted 

mainly at Shots CHARLIE, FOX, and GEORGE. In particular, the 

experiments were designed to gather data on (17; 51; 53; 78): 

50 
a The effectiveness of a special preshot 

indoctrination in increasing troops' retention 

of information as compared to the effectiveness 

of a more limited presentation on nuclear 

effects 

0 The reactions of the troops to the exercise as 

related to the indoctrination they had received 

• The nature and extent of fears relating to the 

nuclear detonation and its effects 

0 The participants' self-confidence and adjustment 

to the situation as reflected in their attitude 

and their willingness to volunteer for future 

potentially hazardous missions or maneuvers 

• The extent to which participating troops talked 

about the exercise and the nuclear detonation 

with nonparticipants after their return to their 

home stations. 

HumRRO and OR0 personnel used questionnaires, tests that involved 

the interpretation of pictured activities, sweat tests in which 

hand-sweating was an index of fear, and rifle disassemblyassembly tests that examined to what extent witnessing a burst 

affected manual dexterity. 

Originally, Camp Desert Rock support units were to participate in these experiments. However, because of delays in the 

detonation and the arrival of the 701st Armored Infantry 

Battalion for Shot GEORGE, the 701st was allowed to witness Shot 

FOX and return to its home station before Shot GEORGE. Three 

Army battalions were part of the HumRRO and OR0 experiments and 

were divided into the following groups (48; 53): 

• "Indoctrinated troops" (483 men) 

- Companies .A, B, and C, 701st Armored Infantry

Battalion 

0 "Briefed troops" (189 men) 

- Company D, 701st Armored Infantry Battalion 

0 "Nonparticipants" (914 men) 

- 634th Armored Infantry Battalion 

- 702nd Armored Infantry Battalion. 

51 
In the months preceding the Desert Rock IV maneuver, the 

"indoctrinated troops" were instructed on chemical, biological, 

and radiological topics at their home stations. At Camp Desert 

Rock, these troops were given an additional four hours of special 

indoctrination in nuclear effects. The "briefed troops" received 

the four-hour onsite indoctrination but were not instructed at 

their bases. At Shot FOX, both the "indoctrinated troops" and 

"briefed troops" took part in the psychological tests at the 

Nevada Proving Ground. The "nonparticipants" remained at Fort 

Hood throughout the Desert Rock IV exercises and were given 

psychological tests before, during, and after the Desert Rock 

maneuver. 

Troops from Companies A, B, C, and D of the 701st left Fort 

Hood by train on 20 May 1952. They arrived at Camp Desert Rock 

on 22 May 1952. On 23 May, Companies A, B, and C attended four 

one-hour indoctrination lectures on bomb effects and on the 

previous TUMBLER-SNAPPER detonations (53). 

On 24 May 1952, at 1120 hours, Companies A, B, C, and D 

boarded trucks at Camp Desert Rock and traveled to the FOX shot 

area to practice their shot-day activities. While in the trench 

area, shown in figure 3-1, these troops were briefed on what to 

expect at the detonation and the specific precautions to take 

during the nuclear test. This onsite briefing also included an 

inspection of the equipment display area and a drill using an 

artillery shell fired to simulate the FOX detonation. Following 

these activities, the troops returned to Camp Desert Rock and 

underwent psychological testing from 2000 to 2200 hours (49; 51). 

At about 0050 hours on 25 May, the entire 701st Armored 

Infantry Battalion again moved by truck convoy from Camp Desert 

Rock to the shot area. The convoy proceeded north along Mercury 

Highway to the FOX trench area, arriving at about 0220 hours. 

The trenches, located in Area 1, were about 6,400 meters from 

52 
Equipment Display Areas 

/ 

JY 

Trench Area 

)+--,I+ 

Parking Area 

Route of Advance 

- Foot route 

F Truck route 

O1: 

Kilometers 

I 

Figure 3-l: OBSERVER TRENCHES, DISPLAY AND PARKING AREAS, 

AND ROUTES OF ADVANCE FOR EXERCISE DESERT ROCK IV 

ACTIVITIES AT SHOT FOX 

53 
ground zero. The troops went to their trenches, and the 

Instructor Group used the public address system to conduct a 

30-minute preshot briefing, similar to that given during the 

practice on the previous day. The troops participating in this 

maneuver wore fatigue uniforms, web belts with canteens, and 

combat boots and film badges. They carried rifles and protective 

masks (48; 49). 

At 0345 hours, 15 minutes before the detonation, the HumRRO 

and OR0 monitors began administering the sweat tests to 248 men. 

At 0350 hours, the troops were ordered to enter the trenches. 

Then at 0356, HumRRO and OR0 monitors administered another sweat 

test to selected individuals. At 0358 hours, all personnel were 

given the two-minute warning for the shot. Troops were ordered 

to crouch below ground level and await the order to stand up 

following the detonation (17; 48; 49; 53; 78). 

At 0400 hours, the FOX device was detonated as planned, and 

five seconds later a Desert Rock instructor gave the command over 

the public address system for the troops to rise in the trenches. 

Twenty seconds after the detonation, the blast wave passed over 

the observer trenches. Soon after, all troops participating in 

the sweat test were directed to hand in instruments to the 

monitors (17; 48; 49; 53; 78). 

Selected troops performed the rifle disassembly-assembly 

task at the trench area, probably in the first few minutes after 

the detonation. At 0415 hours, the HumRRO and OR0 monitors gave 

the troops in the trench area a brief psychological test, 

consisting of a questionnaire about their reactions to the 

detonation. Meanwhile, AFSWP and Desert Rock radiological safety 

monitors went forward to survey the shot area. 

At about 0630 hours, when the area was declared radiologically safe for operations, troops boarded the trucks, which had 

54 
been brought to the trench area. The troops were then taken to 

the shot area to view the damage to the equipment displays, 

located southwest of ground zero, as shown in figure 3-l. The 

trucks were parked in a predesignated area southwest of the 

equipment display, and the troops walked to the displays with 

radiological safety monitors from Camp Desert Rock in the lead. 

Army Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) monitors, 

without AFSWP supervision, surveyed the approach route to the 

equipment display. At the equipment displays, Instructor Group 

personnel used the public address systems and loudspeakers posted 

throughout the area to comment on the damage caused by the 

detonation (17; 48; 49; 53; 78). 

After viewing the equipment displays, the troops returned to 

the truck parking area for the trip to Camp Desert Rock. The 

troops probably left the parking area at 0930 hours for Camp 

Desert Rock, which they reached by 1130 hours. Beginning at 1400 

hours, HumRRO and OR0 monitors gave the troops a postshot psychological test, consisting of a questionnaire. 

The next day at 0500 hours, troops were given a second sweat 

test to compare the data obtained during the nuclear detonation 

with data obtained from the same troops in a less stressful situation. At 0900 hours, monitors gave a "volunteer" test, in which 

the troops were asked if they would like to participate in 

another nuclear weapons maneuver. 

On 28 May 1952, the 701st Armored Infantry Battalion began 

its return to Fort Hood, arriving there on 30 May. At Fort Hood, 

the monitor teams continued to conduct psychological testing from 

3 to 16 June 1952, when the HumRRO and OR0 experiment was 

completed (17; '47-49; 51; 53; 78). 

55 
3.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND 

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT FOX 

Department of Defense personnel took part in scientific and 

diagnostic projects conducted by the Military Effects Test Group 

and the Weapons Development Test Group. Table 3-l lists the test 

group projects and identifies the participating organizations. 

In addition to the DOD personnel participating in test group 

experiments, Air Force Special Weapons Center personnel provided 

air support to the test groups and to the Test Manager. 

3.2.1 Military Effects Test Group Projects 

As table 3-l shows, the Military Effects Test Group fielded 

18 projects involving DOD personnel at Shot FOX (8). The following descriptions of these projects often discuss recovery operations as occurring after the announcement of recovery hour. 

Recovery hour was declared at about 0630 hours. 

Project 1.4, Air Blast Measurements, was conducted by the 

Ballistic Research Laboratories. The objective was to use radiotelemetering systems to determine blast arrival time. Before the 

detonation, project personnel installed two lines of blast 

switches 370 to 610 meters and 760 to 1,070 meters from ground 

zero. Transmitter stations were placed 640 and 950 meters from 

ground zero. In addition, participants established a receiver 

station about 16 kilometers from the transmitters. A recovery 

party entered the shot area two days after the detonation to 

inspect and retrieve the instruments (14; 63). 

Project 2.1, Total Gamma Exposure versus Distance, was 

conducted by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. The 

objective was to measure gamma radiation exposure as a function 

of distance. Project personnel placed National Bureau of 

Standards film packets at go-meter intervals along a radial line 

extending 1,100 to 2,740 meters east of ground zero. About two 

56 
Table 3-1: TEST GROUP ACTIVITIES WITH 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT FOX 

Projecti 

Program Title 

Military Effects 

1.4 Air Blast Measurements 

2.1 Total Gamma Exposure versus Distance 

2.2 Gamma Ray Energy Spectrum of Residual 

Contamination 

6.1 Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment 

6.3 Evaluation of a Filtration System for 

Pressurized Aircraft 

6.4 Operational Tests of Radar and Photographic 

Techniques for IBDA 

6.5 Decontamination of Aircraft 

6.7 Evaluation of Air Monitoring instruments 

7.la Electromagnetic Effects from Atomic Explosions 

7.lb Long Range Light Measurements 

7.2 Detection of Airborne Low-frequency Sound from 

Atomic Explosions 

7.3 Radiochemical and Physical Analysis of Atomic 

Bomb Debris 

7.4 Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a 

Desert Valley 

8.7 Thermal Radiation Measurements 

9.1 Technical and Training Photography 

9.2 Air Weather Service Participation 

9.4 Effects of Atomic Explosions on the Ionosphere 

9.5 Electromagnetic Radiation over the Radio Spectrum 

from Nuclear Detonations 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

Participants 

Test Group 

Ballistic Research Laboratories 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Bureau of Ships; Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories 

Army Chemical Center 

Wright Air Development Center; Strategic 

Air Command 

Wright Air Development Center; Naval 

Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Army Chemical Center 

National Bureau of Standards; Air Force 

Cambridge Research Center: Air Weather 

Service; Geophysical Laboratory of the 

University of California at Los Angeles 

EGBG; Headquarters, Air Force 

Headquarters, Air Force; Signal Corps 

Engineering Laboratories; National Bureau 

of Standards 

Headquarters, Air Force 

Air Force 1009th Special Weapons 

Squadron; Coast and Geodetic Survey 

Department of Engineering, University of 

California at Los Angeles 

Naval Medical Research Institute; 

Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory; 

Wright Air Development Center; Army Pictorial 

Service Division; 4925th Test Group (Atomic); 

SAC 5th and 28th Reconnaissance Technical 

Squadrons; Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories 

Air Weather Service 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; 

9471st Technical Service Unit 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; 

9467th Technical Service Unit 

57 
Table 3-1: TEST GROUP ACTIVITIES WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT FOX (Continued) 

Project/

Program Title Participants 

Weapons Dsvalopmsnt Test Group 

10.1 Measurement of Alpha Naval Research Laboratory 

10.2 Test of Scintillator Optical Path Technique Naval Research Laboratory 

11.1 Measurement of Transit Time Naval Research Laboratory 

12.1 Technical Photography EGBG 

12.lc Bhangmeter Mod II EGBG 

12.2ad High-speed Photography EGBG; Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory 

13 Radiochemistry Sampling Program 4925th Test Group (Atomic) 

14 Test of an External Initiator Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

15.2 Gamma Radiation Exposure as a Function of Distance Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

15.3 Radiation Monitoring Measurements Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

17.1 External Neutron Measurements Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

and 

17.2 

18.1 Total Thermal Radiation and Atmospheric Naval Research Laboratory 

Transmission 

18.4 High-resolution Spectroscopy Naval Research Laboratory 

19.lc-d Shock-gauge Evaluations Tests Sandia Leboratorv 

58 
hours after the declaration of recovery hour, four men drove by 

truck into the area to retrieve film packets. They recovered the 

film farthest from ground zero and then worked their way toward 

ground zero. This task was scheduled to take three hours. 

Information gained from the film was eventually shared with 

Projects 1.13, 3.1, and 6.1; the Office, Chief of Army Field 

Forces; and the Marine Corps (57; 63). 

Project 2.2, Gamma Ray Energy Spectrum of Residual Contamination, was conducted by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. The objective was to determine the relative dose contribution of various gamma radiation energies in radiation areas 

following a nuclear detonation. Project personnel used radiation 

survey meters that had been modified to shield portions of the 

gamma ray energy spectrum. The information gained was to be used 

to determine the radiation exposure potential in test areas and 

to design survey instruments (77). 

Before the shot, project personnel calibrated five 

AN/PDR-TlB radiac instruments. After the Test Manager announced 

recovery hour, participants placed the instruments in the shot 

area 3.5 feet above the ground on wooden tripods facing ground 

zero. About three hours after the burst, personnel took the 

first set of radiac instrument readings. At 1,450 meters from 

ground zero, the intensity was 1.2 R/h. At 3,000 meters from 

ground zero, the intensity was 0.02 R/h. The day after the shot, 

personnel returned to the shot area to take more gamma Spectral 

readings. The first reading was taken at about 650 meters from 

ground zero, where the intensity was 1.09 R/h. Personnel made 

four other measurements that day at distances up to 1,290 meters 

from ground zero. Two days after the detonation, Project 2.2 

personnel again entered the test area to take another set of 

gamma energy spectral measurements. The highest intensity, 0.22 

R/h, was measured 650 meters from ground zero (63; 77). 

59 
Project 6.1, Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment, was 

conducted by the Bureau of Ships and the Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories. The objective was to evaluate radiac survey and 

dose-alarm equipment, dosimeters, and the instruments and techniques used for rapid aerial surveys. Two hours after recovery 

hour, six project personnel in one vehicle spent three hours 

recovering dosimeters from radial lines 910 to 2,740 meters east 

of ground zero. At 0900 hours on the day after the detonation, 

eight personnel in two vehicles took new readings where the 

radiation intensity was 8.0 R/h. In addition, Project 6.1 

personnel furnished standard and experimental radiation survey 

instruments to other projects so that the instruments could be 

evaluated (63; 72). 

Project 6.3, Evaluation of a Filtration System for Pressurized Aircraft, was conducted by the Army Chemical Center. The 

objective was to determine the adequacy of a system for filtering 

particulate airborne fission products from the cabin air supply 

of a B-29 aircraft. Air samples taken before and after passing 

through the filtering unit were compared for levels of radioactivity. The results showed that the filter unit removed more 

than 99.9 percent of the airborne fission products from the air 

stream entering the unit (66). 

The 4925th Test Group (Atomic) provided the two B-29 aircraft that participated in this project. After five cloud penetrations at altitudes ranging from 30,000 to 33,000 feet, the 

aircraft returned to Indian Springs AFB. The filter samples were 

then removed from the B-29s and transported by B-25 courier aircraft to the Army Chemical Center (36; 63; 66). Courier flights 

are discussed in section 3.2.3 of this chapter, on AFSWC support 

missions at Shot FOX. 

Project 6.4, Operational Tests of Radar and Photographic 

Techniques for IBDA, was conducted by the Wright Air Development 

60 
Center, assisted by the Strategic Air Command. The 509th 

Bombardment Group of SAC provided three B-50D aircraft from 

Kirtland AFB to test the Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDA) 

system. At altitudes of 22,000, 23,000, and 24,000 feet, the 

aircraft flew simulated bomb runs with the following departure 

and landing times: 

AIRCRAFT NO. DEPARTURE TIME LANDING TIME 

1 2300 0927 

2 0015 0615 

3 0025 0627 

Two aircraft reached their simulated release point on time, and 

the third was five seconds late. After the simulated release, 

aircraft 1 made a 40-degree banking turn to the right, and 

aircraft 2 made a 40-degree ban.king turn to the left. The third 

aircraft was above and behind the actual drop aircraft. Figure 

3-2 shows representative orbit patterns for these aircraft and 

their positions at shot-time (18; 36). 

After the simulated bomb runs, aircraft 1 was to make one 

pass at 38,200 feet, and then to make three cloud penetrations, 

at 38,000, 33,400, and 34,600 feet. A radiation detection 

officer sat in the bombardier's position. The pass at 38,200 

feet took 90 seconds, and the maximum radiation intensity noted 

was 5.0 R/h. The first penetration lasted 220 seconds and 

registered a peak intensity of 40 R/h, with background readings 

in the aircraft after penetration of 0.5 R/h. The second 

penetration lasted 229 seconds and registered a maximum intensity 

of 20 R/h. The third penetration lasted 150 seconds, with a 

maximum intensity of 30 R/h. Background radiation levels in the 

aircraft after the third penetration were 1.8 R/h. This test 

indicated that radiation intensities encountered in the cloud had 

no apparent effect on the operation of the AN/APQ-24 radar set (18). 

61 
N 

B-W I1 IBDA 

---- -----

0 -\ 

/ \ 

/

I 

I ‘, 

!

\

\ 

\ 

\ \ --

B-50 1 and 2 Start 

Breakaway Turn 2 Seconds 

Before Reler--

Yucca 

Lake \ /’ 

c-47/ 

Project 9.1 

Not to scale 

Figure 3-2: REPRESENTATIVE ORBIT PAlTERNS FOR PROJECTS 

6.4 AND 9.1 AIRCRAFT AT SHOT FOX 

62 
Project 6.5, Decontamination of Aircraft, was conducted by 

the Wright Air Development Center and the Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory. The objective was to study methods of reducing the radiation exposures of maintenance and flight crews. 

To study adhesion of contamination to differently treated 

surfaces, personnel treated various parts of T-33 sampler 

aircraft with acid, polish, oil, or some combination of the 

three. After the aircraft returned from the cloud-sampling 

missions described in section 3.2.3, personnel surveyed radiation 

intensities in aircraft before and after decontamination. 

In another part of this project, personnel attempted to 

decontaminate the engines of the sampler aircraft. They sprayed 

water into the air intakes while the engines were running. 

Measurements were taken at the turbine and in the cockpit, before 

and after decontamination. 

For the third part of the project, participants decontaminated various aircraft sections, one at a time, to study their 

relative influence on cockpit exposure. Measurements were taken 

in the cockpit, which remained closed during decontamination, and 

on exterior surfaces of the aircraft to determine whether 

reducing the radiation levels on the exterior of the aircraft had 

any effect on the levels of radiation in the cockpit (63; 76). 

Project 6.7, Evaluation of Air Monitoring Instruments, was 

conducted by the Army Chemical Center to determine the adequacy 

of a Chemical Corps air sampler for radiological air monitoring. 

Before the shot, project personnel placed six air samplers at 

each of four stations located 9.0, 9.2, 10.1, and 10.3 kilometers 

northeast of ground zero. When instruments were recovered eight 

hours after the detonation, radiation intensities were 0.018, 

0.09, 1.0, and 0.6 R/h, respectively (45). 

63 
Project 7.la, Electromagnetic Effects from Atomic Explosions, was conducted by the National Bureau of Standards, the Air 

Force Cambridge Research Center, the Air Weather Service, and the 

Geophysical Laboratory of the University of California at Los 

Angeles. The project was designed to study the electromagnetic 

pulses produced by a nuclear detonation at onsite and offsite 

stations. The onsite stations were at Frenchman and Yucca Flats. 

Two project participants were at Station 7.la at Yucca Lake from 

three hours before the detonation until one hour after recovery 

hour. The offsite stations were in Colorado, Florida, Georgia, 

Massachusetts, New Mexico, Virginia, Bermuda, Germany, and Puerto 

Rico. Data were evaluated to determine the location of distant 

nuclear detonations (64). 

Project 7.lb, Long Range Light Measurements, was conducted 

offsite by EG8G and Headquarters, Air Force. The objective was 

to study the long-range detection of light produced by a nuclear 

detonation. EG&G and the Air Force established light-detecting 

stations in Arizona, Idaho, Texas, and Washington. An estimated 

two EGLG employees and ten Air Force personnel from the 

Sacramento Air Materiel Area, McClellan AFB, operated each 

station from about six hours before to one hour after the 

detonation (35). 

Project 7.2, Detection of Airborne Low-frequency Sound from 

Atomic Explosions, was conducted by Headquarters, Air Force, 

assisted by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories and the 

National Bureau of Standards. The objective was to determine the 

accuracy of long-range acoustic detection methods. The Signal 

Corps Engineering Laboratories operated stations in Alaska, 

Hawaii, Kentucky, New Jersey, Texas, and Washington. The 

National Bureau of Standards operated a station in Washington, 

D.C. (65). 

64 
Project 7.3, Radiochemical and Physical Analysis of Atomic 

Bomb Debris, was conducted by Headquarters, Air Force. The 

project, which involved analysis of particulate and gaseous 

samples from the Shot FOX cloud, was conducted in conjunction 

with Program 13, Radiochemistry Sampling. Cloud sampling, 

performed by the 4925th Test Group (Atomic) of Kirtland AFB, is 

discussed in section 3.2.3 of this chapter (36; 71). 

Project 7.4, Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a 

Desert Valley, was conducted by the Air Force 1009th Special 

Weapons Squadron and the Coast and Geodetic Survey. The 

objective was to determine the seismic properties of the 

geological structure of the test area. Three hours before the 

detonation, four project members in a jeep and panel truck went 

to a station at Frenchman Flat, where they stayed until several 

hours after the detonation. At 0900 hours on the day after the 

detonation, two personnel in a weapons carrier went to the shot 

area to recover records. Two days after the detonation, records 

were recovered from a station one kilometer from Area 4. Records 

were retrieved from a station 300 meters from ground zero four 

days after the detonation (20; 63). 

Project 8.7, Thermal Radiation Measurements, was performed 

by the Department of Engineering at UCLA, under contract to the 

Air Research and Development Command. The project was designed 

to train personnel of the Department of Engineering in the use Of 

instruments for measuring thermal radiation. These instruments 

were being developed for Operation IVY. Another objective was to 

collect data on the thermal radiation emitted from nuclear tests. 

Data on thermal radiation were recorded at Building 400, located 

near the Control Point and 18.5 kilometers from the FOX ground 

zero (70). 

65 
Project 9.1, Technical and Training Photography, was 

conducted by personnel from the following agencies (36; 63): 

Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

Army Pictorial Service Division 

Naval Medical Research Institute 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

SAC 5th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron 

SAC 28th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron 

Wright Air Development Center 

4925th Test Group (Atomic). 

In addition to photographing Shot FOX from the ground, 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory personnel conducted an aerial 

photography mission in a C-47. The C-47 left Indian Springs AFB 

at about 0320 hours to be in orbit at shot-time near the shot 

area. The aircraft was about 13 kilometers south of the FOX 

tower at shot-time at an altitude of 10,000 feet. The aircraft 

remained in the area photographing the burst and resulting cloud 

formation until 0404 hours. It then returned to Indian Springs 

AFB, arriving at about 0415 hours (36). Project 9.1 personnel 

also took still photographs and motion pictures of various 

Military Effects Test Group projects. 

Project 9.2, Air Weather Service Participation, involved Air 

Force personnel who compiled data from various weather stations 

at the NPG and offsite, prepared weather maps, and briefed NPG 

officials on current and predicted weather conditions. Project 

participants were from the 6th Weather Squadron (Mobile) of the 

2059th Air Weather Wing, Tinker AFB, Oklahoma. These personnel 

were deployed as follows (54): 

0 Eight forecasters, 13 weather observers, and two 

equipment operators

Station near Yucca 

at the Control 

Pass 

Point Weather 

• Twelve airmen from the Rawinsonde Weather 

Observation Section at the Control Point and 11 

airmen at a station in Tonopah, Nevada 

66 
a Three airmen in the Pibal Weather Observation 

Section at Beatty, Caliente, Crystal Springs, 

Currant, and Warm Springs, Nevada, and St. George, 

Utah. 

The evening before the shot, two project personnel entered 

the shot area at 2000 hours to take readings and check 

instruments near the shot-tower. The two participants left the 

tower area and returned to the Control Point about three hours 

before shot-time. Several hours after the detonation, two 

participants began retrieving records from the stations, a 

procedure that took two hours. The next day, personnel reentered 

the shot area to complete recovery operations (54; 63). 

Project 9.4, Effects of Atomic Explosions on the Ionosphere, 

was conducted by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, with 

assistance from personnel of the 9471st Technical Service Unit. 

The objective was to obtain data on the effects of a nuclear 

detonation on ionospheric radiowave propagation. Project 

personnel worked at transmitter and receiver stations. The only 

onsite facility was the transmitter at Station 9.4, 910 meters 

north of the Control Point. Two other transmitters were at 

Mather AFB, Sacramento, California. The radio receiver stations 

were at the Navaho Ordnance Depot in Flagstaff, Arizona; White 

Sands Proving Ground, New Mexico; and Fort Sill, Oklahoma (28). 

On the day before the shot, personnel practiced operating 

the transmitters and receivers. On shot-day, they operated 

instruments from one hour before to one hour after the detonation. Information obtained at the project stations was sent for 

analysis to the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories (28; 63). 

Project 9.5, Electromagnetic Radiation over the Radio 

Spectrum from Nuclear Detonations, was conducted by the Signal 

Corps Engineering Laboratories, with assistance from the 9467th 

Technical Service Unit, Electronic Warfare Center. The project 

67 
was designed to determine the wave shape and amplitude of radio 

frequency energy emanating from a nuclear detonation. Project 

personnel operated two stations 15 to 25 kilometers from ground 

zero through the detonation. In addition, project participants 

manned one station at White Sands Proving Ground in New Mexico and 

another at the Evans Signal Laboratory in Belmar, New Jersey (19). 

3.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in Weapons Development

Test Group Projects 

Although most of the Weapons Development Test Group projects 

were conducted by agencies under contract to the AEC, a few DOD 

personnel were assigned to LASL or to the Weapons Development 

Test Group. They assisted in the projects listed in table 3-l. 

Project 10.1, Measurement of Alpha, and Project 11.1, 

Measurement of Transit Time, were conducted by the Naval Research 

Laboratory. After the detonation, four project participants and 

a radiological safety monitor entered the target area by jeep to 

recover film from stations about 910 and 1,310 meters east of 

ground zero. Their estimated working time was one hour (55; 63). 

Project 10.2, Test of Scintillator Optical Path Technique, 

was performed by the Naval Research Laboratory to evaluate 

experimental equipment for use at Operation IVY. This experiment 

measured the optical (light) output of a nuclear detonation. 

Experimental equipment was located within about ten meters of 

ground zero. The light signal was to be transmitted to a distant 

detector. This system required that the experimental equipment 

be positioned where the levels of gamma radiation far exceeded 

those of any other type of radiation (56; 63). 

Project 12.1, Technical Photography, was conducted by 

personnel from EGLG, with assistance from Navy personnel. They 

provided technical photography support, including dust studies, 

68 
preshock turbulence studies, light absorption and mirage studies, 

fireball growth measurement, thermal effects studies, and other 

coverage required by the Weapons Development Test Group. 

Two days before the shot, project personnel prepared the 

film at the Control Point Building. The afternoon before Shot 

FOX, project personnel loaded film into remote-controlled cameras 

located at various stations in the ground zero area. After the 

detonation, EG&G personnel recovered the exposed film and 

processed some of it in the mobile unit set up in the Control 

Point area. The remaining film was flown for processing to 

laboratories of Consolidated Film Industries in Hollywood, 

California, or in the city of Fort Lee, New Jersey (42). 

Project 12.lc, Bhangmeter Mod II, was conducted by EGIG. 

The objective was to evaluate and test a new bhangmeter. Project 

personnel installed these instruments, which measured the yield 

of a detonation, at the Control Point. Bhangmeter readings 

recorded at shot-time were analyzed after the shot (41). 

Project 12.2a-d, High-speed Photography, was conducted by 

LASL and EG&G. The objectives were to study early fireball 

growth and obtain measurements correlating shock arrival time 

with the appearance of the fireball. Personnel placed cameras in 

a bunker 460 meters from the shot-tower and in a trailer 3,200 

meters southwest of the shot-tower. After the detonation, 

personnel retrieved the film for analysis (38). 

Program 13, Radiochemistry Sampling, involved cloud sampling 

conducted by personnel from the 4925th Test Group (Atomic). The 

sampling missions are discussed in section 3.2.3, on AFSWC 

activities (36). 

Program 14, Test of an External Initiator, was conducted by 

the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (13). 

69 
Project 15.2, Gamma Radiation Exposure as a Function of 

Distance, was conducted by personnel from LASL. The objective 

was to measure gamma radiation exposure at various distances from 

the detonation. Project personnel placed gamma-detecting 

instruments in the ground at distances of 1,370 to 3,660 meters 

from ground zero. At recovery hour, two men fn a vehicle entered 

the shot area to recover the instruments. This activity was 

scheduled to take 30 minutes (75). 

Project 15.3, Radiation Monitoring Measurements, was 

conducted by LASL. The objectives were to monitor gamma 

radiation levels from the radioactive fallout after a nuclear 

detonation and to test several prototype radiation monitoring 

instruments for use at Operation IVY in the fall of 1952. The 

information on radiation levels was also used by recovery 

parties. Project personnel installed recording equipment in 

stations located about 460 meters and 1,830 meters east of ground 

zero. The recording equipment was set to telemeter information 

on gamma radiation levels to the Control Point (59). 

Projects. 17.1 and 17.2, External Neutron Measurements, were 

conducted by personnel from LASL. The objective of these 

projects was to use threshold detectors to measure external 

neutron flux as a function of distance. LASL also provided some 

threshold detectors to the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

and to the Naval Research Laboratory. 

Project personnel attached some threshold detectors to 

horizontal steel bars about four feet above the ground along a 

radial line 180 to 2,010 meters from the shot-tower. Other 

detectors were fastened to a steel cable. Participants also 

installed an underground shelter containing oscilloscopes set to 

run automatically at shot-time. After the detonation, personnel 

retrieved the steel cable by using a tractor to drag it out Of 

the shot area. Other participants recovered the records from the 

underground shelter and retrieved the steel bars with the 

70 
threshold detectors. At Yucca Lake, the detectors were removed a 

from the steel bars and from the cable. AFSWC courier aircraft 

then transported them to LASL for analysis (27). 

Project 18.1, Total Thermal Radiation and Atmospheric 

Transmission, was conducted by the Naval Research Laboratory to 

obtain information on the transmission of light and thermal 

radiation emitted by nuclear detonations of various yields. To 

measure the transmission of light, project personnel placed one 

photoelectric brightness meter at the Control Point and another 

in Area 2 of the NPG. In addition, they installed a transmissometer near the BJY and a receiver at the Control Point. 

Participants manually operated the instruments at the Control 

Point during the shot. To obtain thermal radiation data, 

personnel installed four thermopile recorder systems and operated 

them from the Control Point during the shot. They shut down 

equipment after the detonation to analyze recorded data (60). 

Project 18.4, High-resolution Spectroscopy, was conducted by 

the Naval Research Laboratory to supplement information obtained 

from spectroscopy measurements taken during earlier nuclear 

weapons testing series, such as Operations GREENHOUSE and 

BUSTER-JANGLE. Project personnel installed a spectrometer at 

the Control Point, located almost 19 kilometers south of the FOX 

ground zero. The procedures for this experiment have not been 

documented, but project personnel probably operated the spectrograph manually through shot-time and shut down the instrument 

shortly after the detonation to process and analyze the data 

recorded (16). 

Projects 19.lc and 19.d, Shock-gauge Evaluations Tests, were 

conducted by Sandia Laboratory. Personnel from LASL and contractors assisted in calibrating and installing instruments. The 

project was intended to develop and test new instruments for 

measuring dynamic and static pressures, wind directions, sound 

and wind speeds, and temperature rises resulting from a shock 

71 
wave. Project personnel installed instruments at a station 790 

meters from ground zero. Cables connected the instruments to 

equipment that recorded the information (26). 

3.2.3 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

The Air Force Special Weapons Center provided personnel to 

Staff the Air Operations Center, located at the Control Point. 

AFSWC also conducted cloud sampling and sample courier missions 

for the test groups and cloud tracking and aerial radiological 

surveys of the terrain for the Test Manager. In addition, 

Strategic Air Command personnel witnessed the detonation. 

Although the SAC observers were not part of AFSWC, they are 

discussed in this section because they were under the operational 

control of AFSWC while over the NPG (l-3; 5; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

The following listing indicates the types and numbers of 

aircraft and the estimated numbers of personnel involved in 

missions at Shot FOX: 

TYPE OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF 

TITLE AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Sampling 

Sampler 

Sampler 

Sampler 

Sampler 

Control B-29 

T-33 

F-84 

B-29 

1 

4 

6 

1 

9 

8 

6 

8 

Sampler Courier Service 

B-25 

c-47 

15 

4 

Cloud Tracking B-25 

B-29 

5 

10 

Aerial Surveys 

Terrain 

of c-47 

L-20 

10 

2 

Observer Activities B-50 108 

72 
Cloud Sampling 

One B-29, four T-33s, and six F-84s collected particulate 

and gaseous samples of the Shot FOX cloud for Project 7.3, 

Radiochemical and Physical Analysis of Atomic Bomb Debris, and 

for Program 13, Radiochemistry Sampling. The sampler control 

aircraft, with an AFSWC aircrew and a LASL scientific advisor 

onboard, directed the operations of the sampler aircraft. The 

sampler aircraft flew at altitudes of 30,000 to 40,000 feet and 

made a total of 35 penetrations of the cloud. The following 

listing details their activities (l-3; 36; 37; 52; 69): 

TOTAL 

TOTAL TIME DOSIMETER 

AIRCRAFT TYPE AND TAKEOFF IN CLOUD READING LANDING 

TAIL NUMBER TIME (seconds) (roentgens) TIME 

Sampler Control 

B-29 (285) 0344 0918 

B-29 (386) 0345 NR* 0.550 0700 

T-33 (951) 0625 NR 0.550 0740 

T-33 (920) 0637 NR 0.250 0815 

T-33 (048) 0630 NR 0.250 0735 

T-33 (913) 0645 NR 0.215 0910 

+F-84 (834) 0408 NR 0.140 0445 

F-84 (030) 0711 NR 0.100 0820 

F-84 (791) 0746 NR 0.085 0900 

F-84 (846) 0753 NR 0.005 0910 

F-84 (782) 0805 NR NR 0945 

F-84 (717) 0900 NR 0.050 0930 

*NR indicates not reported. 

+The six F-84 sampler aircraft were part of Task Group 132.4. 

These pilots were gaining experience in sampling techniques for 

their participation in Operation IVY in the fall of 1952. 

73 
Upon completion of their mission, the samplers returned to 

Indian Springs AFB and parked in the northeast corner of the 

parking area. Pilots then shut down the engines. The crews of 

the B-29s left the aircraft through the rear door between the 

stabilizer and the wing. The crews of the T-33s and F-84s 

disembarked by stepping onto a boarding ladder attached to the 

side of the aircraft. The sample-removing team and radiological 

safety monitors used long-handled tools to take samples from the 

aircraft and place them in shielded containers. They used the 

same method to remove the bottles containing the gaseous samples. 

They then loaded the sample containers onto courier aircraft for 

delivery to AEC laboratories for analysis (l-3; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions had been completed, three B-25 

and one C-47 aircraft left Indian Springs AFB and Yucca Lake 

airstrip on shot-day to transport samples and filter papers to 

various laboratories for analysis. The 4901st Support Wing 

(Atomic) conducted these courier missions. 

At an unreported time, a B-25 flew from Indian Springs AFB 

to McClellan AFB with Project 7.3 samples. At 0800 hours, a C-47 

flew from Indian Springs AFB to LASL with Program 13 samples. At 

about 0800 hours, a B-25 left Yucca Lake airstrip for LASL with 

Project 17.1 samples. At an unspecified time, a B-25 flew from 

Indian Springs AFB to the Army Chemical Center with Project 6.3 

samples (l-3; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

Cloud Tracking 

Soon after the shot, one B-25 and one B-29 from Indian 

Springs AFB flew cloud-tracking missions over and beyond the 

NPG. The B-25 (tail number 099) took off at 0418 hours, tracked 

the cloud at altitudes ranging from 5,000 to 16,000 feet, and 

landed at 0805 hours. The B-29 (tail number 826) took off at 

0415 hours, tracked the cloud at altitudes of 22,000 to 24,000 

feet, and landed at 1018 hours (l-3; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

74 
Aerial Surveys of Terrain 

After the detonation, two C-47 and two L-20 aircraft, 

based at Indian Springs AFB, conducted radiological surveys of 

the onsite and offsite terrain. The following list summarizes 

the times and heights of the missions (l-3; 36; 37; 52; 69): 

AIRCRAFT TYPE AND DEPARTURE HEIGHT LANDING 

TAIL NUMBER TIME (feet) TIME 

C-47 (386) 0625 300-7,000 0840 

C-47 (308) NR* 10,000 NR 

L-20 (464) NR 200-10,000 NR 

L-20 (467) 0927 50-200 1125 

*NR indicates not recorded. 

Observer Activities 

Nine B-50 aircraft from the Strategic Air Command participated in an orientation and indoctrination exercise in nuclear 

weapons effects. On shot-day, the B-50s, possibly from Biggs 

AFB, El Paso, Texas, with SAC observers aboard entered the Nevada 

Proving Ground area between 0156 and 0340 hours. The aircraft 

remained in an orbiting pattern through shot-time so that the 

observers could witness the detonation and subsequent cloud 

development. At 0405 and 0407 hours, all aircraft left the test 

area (l-3; 5; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

3.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT FOX 

The primary purpose of the radiation protection procedures 

developed for participants in Exercise Desert Rock IV, the test 

groups, and AFSWC for Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER was to keep 

individual exposure to ionizing radiation to a minimum, while 

still allowing participants to accomplish their missions. 

75 
3.3.1 Desert Rock Radiation Protection Activities 

Personnel in the FOX observer program witnessed the 

detonation from trenches 11 kilometers from ground zero. The 

Desert Rock Radiological Safety Group devised plans and supplied 

personnel for radiation protection activities. Although the Army 

generally conducted these activities under the supervision of 

AFSWP monitors, Desert Rock monitors were permitted tc survey the 

approach route to the display area without the supervision of 

AFSWP monitors. This was the first time in Operation TUMBLERSNAPPER that Desert Rock monitors operated without AFSWP 

supervision (43; 51). 

Orientation and Briefing 

The indoctrination course, covering personal protection 

procedures and medical effects, as well as basic characteristics 

of nuclear weapons, was conducted from 12 to 24 May. The course 

was extended because adverse weather conditions and mechanical 

problems delayed the FOX detonation. For the first time in the 

series, members of the Instructor Group were from AFSWP. At the 

two previous shots with Desert Rock activities, instructors had 

not been familiar with the material that they presented (15; 51). 

Dosimetry and Protective Equipment 

The Signal Section issued film badges, which were supplied 

and processed by the AFSWP Radiological Safety Group, and the 

Quartermaster Section issued field protective masks to all 

participants. At the indoctrination course, all personnel were 

instructed to place their film badges in their left breast 

pocket, with the numbers on the badge facing outward from the 

body. In addition, participants were instructed in the proper 

use of their field protective masks, which were to be worn if the 

command was given to evacuate the area (49; 51). 

76 
Monitoring 

Following the detonation, Desert Rock monitors surveyed the 

approach route to the equipment display area. These monitors, 

unaccompanied by AFSWP monitors, noted radiation intensities 

along the route and located and marked the 0.5 R/h line, the 

forward limit for troops. After the monitors had surveyed the 

display route and AFSWP monitors had completed the survey of the 

rest of the shot area, the Test Manager declared the area safe to 

enter. Desert Rock monitors accompanied the troops as they moved 

up to and through the equipment display area (49; 51). 

Decontamination 

Personnel were brushed with brooms to remove contaminated 

dust when they returned from the trench area. Monitors then 

checked all personnel with AN/PDR-TlB meters. Those individuals 

whose readings could not be reduced to less than 0.01 R/h were 

ordered to the decontamination station at Yucca Pass to shower 

and change into clean clothing. Monitors checked these 

individuals after they had showered to ensure that intensities 

on their skin were less than 0.0015 R/h (49; 51). 

Vehicles were also monitored and sent to the decontamination 

station if brushing could not reduce their level of contamination 

to less than 0.01 R/h (49; 51). 

3.3.2 Joint AEC-DOD Radiation Protection Activities 

Information on Shot FOX has been obtained from the radiological safety report prepared by AFSWP (43). The document includes 

data on radiological safety equipment, onsite and offsite 

monitoring procedures, and radiation isointensity contour maps. 

77 
Logistics and Materiel 

During the period 25 through 31 May 1952, which covers the 

25 May detonation of Shot FOX, the Logistics and Materiel 

Department issued film badges to about 340 AEC and DOD personnel 

involved in test group activities. The department also issued 

549 sets of protective clothing and 260 radiation survey meters 

(43). 

Monitoring 

Initial ground survey monitors began recording radiation 

intensities at 0512 hours, slightly more than one hour after the 

detonation. They continued their survey until 0645 hours, 

approaching as close as 460 meters north of ground zero, where 

the radiation intensity was 10.0 R/h. Initial survey monitors, 

however, could not survey the area to the northeast of ground 

zero because of radiation levels in excess of 10.0 R/h. Monitors 

conducted resurveys on subsequent days. Part of the FOX 

radiation overlapped the residual radiation from Shot EASY, as 

indicated by the radiation contours to the south-southeast of 

ground zero (43). . 

Significant fallout also occurred northeast of the NPG, 

particularly in the area of Groom Mine, Nevada, about 30 

kilometers from ground zero, where the highest recorded intensity 

was 0.32 R/h, seven hours after the detonation. 

Eight to 13 two-man mobile teams participated in the offsite 

monitoring. About six hours before the detonation, they left the 

test area for assigned offsite locations. 

In addition to the ground survey teams, two C-47s and two 

L-20s conducted offsite surveys of the terrain. The C-47 

aircraft measured radiation intensities of up to 0.03 R/h 

approximately 75 kilometers northeast of ground zero. The 

highest radiation intensity encountered by the L-20s was 

0.0025 R/h (43). 

78 
Plotting and Briefing 

Ground monitoring teams provided survey data for the isointensity plots. Plotting and Briefing personnel consolidated 

these data to make the initial isointensity plot, a copy of which 

is shown in figure 3-3. Copies of the isointensity maps generated from resurveys are shown in figure 3-4 (43). The labels of 

the maps in the source document do not always reflect the range 

Of survey times given in the tables of intensity readings that 

accompany the maps. 

Dosimetry Data 

Seven AFSWP participants who were issued film badges for the 

period 25 to 31 May 1952 accumulated exposures between 3.0 and 

6.0 roentgens (43). 

79 
••

. 

. 

. . 

. 

. . 

. . 

. . . . . . . ’ . . . •

Stake Lines 

. . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

- - - - • 0.1 R/h 

0 --0-0 - 1.0 R/h 

I 10.0 R/h 

Meters 

Figure 3-3: INITIAL RADIATION ISOINTENSITY MAP FOR SHOT FOX, 

25 MAY 1952,053O HOURS 

80 
Lit . 

:Meten *. 

26 MAY 1952, 0530 HOURS 28 MAY 1952,‘0530 HOURS 

0 500 

Meters Meters 

30 MAY 1952,053O HOURS 2 JUNE 1952,053O HOURS 

. . . . 

------

-.-•-*- 

. . . . . 

Stake Lines 

0.01 R/h 

0.1 R/h 

l.OR/h 

10.0 R/h 

Figure 3-4: SUBSEQUENT RADIATION ISOINTENSITY MAPS FOR SHOT FOX 
SHOT GEORGE SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: TUMBLER-SNAPPER 

DOD EXERCISE: Exercise Desert Rock IV 

DATE/TIME: 1 June 1952, 0355 hours 

YIELD: 15 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 300 feet (tower) 

DOD Objective: To determine the military value of weapons

effects for offensive and defensive deployment. 

Weather: At shot-time, the surface winds were calm. 

Winds were 15 knots from the south-southeast 

at 10,000 feet, 44 knots from the south at 

20,000 feet, and 36 knots from the south at 

30,000 feet. The temperature was ll°C, the 

relative humidity was 48 percent, and the 

pressure was 872 millibars. 

Radiation Data: The initial radiation survey established the 

0.01 R/h line about 1.3 kilometers to the 

west, south, and east of ground zero at 0530 

hours. The area north of ground zero could 

not be surveyed on shot-day because of 

radiation levels in excess of 10.0 R/h. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock IV troops; Armed Forces 

Special Weapons Project;'Air Force Special

Weapons Center; Atomic Energy Commission; Los 

Alamos Scientific Laboratory; contractors. 

82 
CHAPTER 4 

SHOT GEORGE 

Shot GEORGE, the seventh test of Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, 

was a weapons development test and thus part of the SNAPPER phase 

of the operation. Developed by the Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory, the nuclear device was detonated on a 300-foot tower 

at 0355 hours Pacific Standard Time on 1 June 1952. First 

scheduled for 20 May, the shot had been postponed because of 

adverse weather. The original plans called for Shot GEORGE to be 

detonated in Area 2, but residual radioactivity from Shots EASY 

and FOX delayed preparation of the area. Consequently, the Test 

Manager decided to detonate GEORGE in Area 3, UTM coordinates 

871004, and use Area 2 for Shot HOW. Consequently, the Desert 

Rock activities originally scheduled for Shot HOW were rescheduled for Shot GEORGE (1; 2; 30; 40; 67; 74). 

The top of the Shot GEORGE cloud reached an altitude of 

37,000 feet. At 30,000 feet, the winds were from the south at 36 

knots. The cloud drifted north from the point of detonation 

(40). 

4.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK IV OPERATIONS AT SHOT GEORGE 

About 1,300 Army maneuver troops, consisting of Camp Desert 

Rock support troops, participated in Desert Rock IV programs at 

Shot GEORGE. In addition, approximately 500 Army troops from 

various service schools and commands took part in the observer 

program at this shot (23; 51). 

83 
4.1.1 Participation of Camp Desert Rock Support Troops 

The Camp Desert Rock units that performed the tactical 

maneuver included the 23rd and 31st Transportation Truck 

Companies 

Amphibious 

and the following 

Support Regiment: 

elements of the 369th Engineer 

• Headquarters and Headquarters Service Company 

0 Headquarters 

Battalion 

and Headquarters Company Shore 

• D, E, and F Companies. 

The Desert Rock Radiological Safety Group and the Instructor 

Group were the Exercise Desert Rock IV staff sections most 

involved in shot-day operations. The Desert Rock Radiological 

Safety Group enforced radiological safety criteria and conducted 

radiation surveys. One important postshot function of this group 

was a survey of the shot area, conducted by Army Chemical, 

Biological, and Radiological survey teams. The CBR teams moved 

both ahead of and with the attacking troops. 

The Instructor Group led the maneuver units through the 

display area to view the damage caused by the burst. The 

instructors noted differences between the predicted and actual 

effects. 

In addition to the Instructor Group and the Desert Rock 

Radiological Safety Group, several other Desert Rock support 

elements participated at GEORGE. 

Before the shot, personnel from the 369th Engineer 

Amphibious Support Regiment spent several days preparing the 

equipment display area by placing military vehicles and ordnance 

at various distances from ground zero. Exercise troops examined 

the condition of these displays before and immediately after the 

detonation. 

84 
The 23rd and 31st Transportation Truck Companies transported 

military personnel to and from the forward area. The 23rd provided transportation for observers, while the 31st transported 

the 369th Engineer Amphibious Support Regiment. At shot-time, 

vehicles from the 23rd and 31st Truck Companies were parked south 

of the trench area. 

The Camp Desert Rock Signal Detachment established wire and 

radio communications in the forward area, as well as at Camp 

Desert Rock. The detachment operated the mobile public address 

systems in the display area after the shot to assist the 

Instructor Group in its presentations. 

The Camp Desert Rock Medical Detachment provided medical 

support in the forward area during the Desert Rock maneuver. A 

medical officer and three aidmen established an aid station in 

the truck parking area, just south of the trenches. 

Company A, 505th Military Police Battalion, controlled 

Desert Rock vehicles moving in the forward area on shot-day. 

Military police were stationed at all gates, junctions, and 

checkpoints along the route to the shot area. They also accompanied convoys to the forward area. Approximately 58 military 

policemen participated at Shot GEORGE (50; 51). 

4.1.2 Troop Observer Activities 

Observer activities at Shot GEORGE involved about 500 Army 

personnel. These observers included Camp Desert Rock personnel 

and officials and personnel from various continental Army 

commands and service schools throughout the United States. 

All observers took part in the same orientation and training 

activities. Most observers arrived at Camp Desert Rock between 

16 and 19 May, but the nuclear test was delayed until 1 June. 

85 
The week before the detonation, the observers rehearsed their 

shot-day activities, including an inspection of the equipment 

display area, shown in figure 4-l. The Instructor Group provided 

the observers with an orientation, consisting of films and 

lectures on the characteristics of a nuclear detonation and the 

procedures to follow during a detonation. When GEORGE was postponed for ten days, the Instructor Group presented additional 

information to the observers (23; 50; 51). 

At about 0100 hours on 1 June, the observers, wearing 

fatigues, combat boots, fatigue caps, field jackets, cartridge 

belts, and canteens, left Camp Desert Rock for the trench area, 

which they reached by about 0230 hours. The Instructor Group 

then conducted the preshot orientation. Ten minutes before 

shot-time, the observers were directed to enter the trenches to 

witness the shot. The trenches were 6,400 meters south of ground 

zero (51; 63). 

Ten minutes after recovery hour was declared, the observers 

traveled by truck to the equipment display areas, extending 3,200 

meters southwest of ground zero. They returned to Camp Desert 

Rock after approximately six hours in the forward area (51; 63). 

4.1.3 Tactical Troop Maneuver 

An estimated 1,300 personnel took part in the maneuver at 

Shot GEORGE, the last Army maneuver in Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER. 

The objectives of the maneuver were to (15; 50; 51): 

0 Provide training in the tactical employment of 

a nuclear weapon 

0 Provide training in essential protective 

measures 

0 Determine psychological reactions of 

participating troops 

86 
BJY 

Ground 

ZWO 

AREA 3 

Area P 

J Trench = 

Area - ._. 1 

Route of Advance J 

_ Troops on foot 

- Trucks and tanks 

Aid Station Parking Areas 

Not to scale 

Figure 4-1: TRENCHES, EQUIPMENT DISPLAY AND PARKING AREAS, 

AND ROUTES OF ADVANCE FOR EXERCISE DESERT ROCK IV 

ACTIVITIES AT SHOT GEORGE 

87 
• Determine the effects of the detonation on 

military equipment located at various distances 

from ground zero. 

Camp Desert Rock support units provided most of the participants for this maneuver. Participating troops included the 23rd 

and 31st Transportation Truck Companies and elements of the Shore 

Battalion of the 369th Engineer Amphibious Support Regiment. 

These units, in camp since the beginning of the Desert Rock IV 

exercises in April, provided logistical support for the earlier 

Desert Rock maneuvers. A tank platoon of the 1st Armored 

Division, which was not a Camp Desert Rock support unit, also 

took part in the maneuver (51). 

The tactical troop maneuver at Shot GEORGE was a ground 

assault toward an objective near ground zero. The Army developed 

this troop maneuver according to the following scenario. An 

aggressor with overwhelming forces had invaded the northwestern 

United States and launched an offensive attack eastward to 

conquer the entire country. Friendly forces wanted to force the 

aggressor into conducting an all-out mass attack so that its main 

forces could be drawn into the open. The aggressor had advanced 

to a line of strong defensive positions in Yucca Flat, near the 

ground zero area, and was readying itself to launch another 

attack. In the meantime, .friendly forces were entrenched south 

of ground zero and were preparing to counterattack with a nuclear 

weapon, fired from a 280-millimeter cannon. The shot would 

destroy most of the aggressor force. The 1st Armored Division 

and the 31st and 44th Infantry Divisions were then to attack and 

destroy the remaining aggressor force in the area (51). 

Troops of the 369th Engineer Amphibious Support Regiment 

were attached to the 1st Armored Division for this exercise. At 

shot-time, this regiment was to occupy prepared positions in 

Yucca Flat, 6,400 meters from ground zero. Immediately following 

88 
the nuclear detonation and passage of the shock wave, the regiment was to attack on foot to secure an objective in the GEORGE 

shot area. Tanks from the 1st Armored Division were to lead the 

maneuver troops in the attack. On arriving at the objective, 

troops were to inspect the equipment displays. 

In the days before Shot GEORGE, the Instructor Group 

presented an orientation for the observers and maneuver troops. 

The course consisted of films and lectures on the characteristics 

of a nuclear detonation and the procedures to follow during a 

nuclear test. This course was the best one conducted in Exercise 

Desert Rock IV since the Instructor Group was now composed of 

experienced AFSWP officers familiar with nuclear weapons theory 

and effects (51). 

For Shot GEORGE, two Army contractors, the Human Resources 

Research Office (HumRRO) and the Operations Research Office 

(ORO), observed the psychological reactions of those who 

witnessed the detonation. Two days before the shot, HumRRO and 

OR0 monitors interviewed and administered polygraph tests to 

about 30 servicemen from the 369th Engineer Amphibious Support 

Regiment, 31st Transportation Truck Company, 562nd Transportation 

Staging Area Company, and the 360th Army Band. The HumRRO and 

OR0 teams sought to determine the psychological reactions of the 

participants to their upcoming participation in a nuclear event. 

On the day before the detonation, these same troops answered a 

questionnaire about nuclear combat topics and general attitudes 

toward the Army (17; 53; 78). 

At about 0100 hours on 1 June 1952, the battalion combat 

teams began the trip by truck convoy to the trench area, shown in 

figure 4-l. The convoy reached the area at about 0230 hours, 

approximately 90 minutes before the detonation. Tactical troops 

wore fatigues, combat boots, steel helmets, field jackets, and 

89 
cartridge belts with a canteen. They carried field protective 

masks and individual weapons (17; 53; 78). 

From 60 minutes before the detonation to about 15 minutes 

after shot-time, a Desert Rock instructor gave information and 

final instructions to the troops over the public address system. 

Two minutes before shot-time, he ordered all personnel to crouch 

in their trenches, cover their faces with their hands, lean 

against the forward trench wall, and remain below ground level 

until after the detonation (17; 51; 78). 

Three seconds after the flash of light from the detonation 

at 0355 hours, the instructor cleared all personnel to stand up 

and view the fireball and cloud. Approximately 20 seconds 

after the shot, the blast wave reached the trench area and the 

resulting dust obscured vision temporarily (17; 51; 78). 

In addition to the troops in the trenches, there were five 

tanks with crews from the 1st Armored Division in the shot area. 

These tanks had moved to a position just east of the trench area 

during the 12 hours before the detonation. The crews remained in 

their tanks during the detonation. Immediately after the blast 

wave passed, the tanks started their engines and, on orders from 

the Exercise Director, moved forward to attack the objective 

south of ground zero. Figure 4-1 shows the probable route of 

this maneuver (51). 

Also by order of the Exercise Director and without requiring 

an AEC radiological safety clearance, the maneuver troops left 

the trenches. The troops were divided into two groups. They 

advanced on foot in column formation along the two roads leading 

to the GEORGE shot area, as shown in figure 4-l. The tanks and 

one l/4-ton communications vehicle led each column. Desert Rock 

CBR monitors accompanied each group to the shot area (51; 74). 

90 
The troops and tanks proceeded towards ground zero until 

radiation intensities reached 0.5 R/h, the limit that had been 

agreed on by the AEC Test Manager and the Army. On reaching this 

limit, the troops and tanks proceeded to the parking area near 

the equipment display areas located within three kilometers 

southwest of ground zero (17; 51; 74; 78). 

Available information suggests that the tank crews left 

their vehicles in Parking Area P and accompanied the ground 

troops in viewing the equipment displays. After inspecting all 

equipment display areas, troops and tank crews returned to 

Parking Area P, where they were probably monitored for radiation 

before they returned to Camp Desert Rock. The times when the 

maneuver troops and tank crews reached the display areas and 

returned to Camp Desert Rock are not known. However, based on 

similar Desert Rock IV activities at Shots CHARLIE, DOG, and FOX, 

troops probably boarded the trucks for the return trip to Camp 

Desert Rock by about 0730 hours. The trip to Camp Desert Rock by 

truck would have taken about 90 minutes, placing the arrival time 

at about 0900 hours (15; 17; 51; 74; 78). 

Upon their arrival, all participants were required to shower 

to reduce radiation intensities, the procedure followed after the 

DOG maneuver. Sometime around noon of shot-day, HumRRO and OR0 

monitors again administered polygraph tests and questionnaires 

and interviewed soldiers who had taken the first tests two days 

before the detonation. 

Upon completion of the troop maneuver at Shot GEORGE, Desert 

Rock IV activities ended. Temporary facilities and tents at Camp 

Desert Rock were dismantled, and all units returned to their home 

stations by the end of June 1952 (15; 17; 51; 74; 78). 

91 
4.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND 

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT GEORGE 

Department of Defense personnel took part in scientific and 

diagnostic projects conducted by the Military Effects Test Group 

and the Weapons Development Test Group. Table 4-l lists the test 

group projects and identifies the participating organizations. 

In addition to participating in test group experiments, the Air 

Force Special Weapons Center provided air support to the test 

groups and to the Test Manager (24). 

4.2.1 Military Effects Test Group Projects 

The participants in the Military Effects Test Group projects 

at Shot GEORGE spent several weeks before the detonation placing 

and calibrating instruments. Project personnel usually completed 

these activities and left the area by the day before the detonation. Figure 4-2 shows the AFSWP instrument layout at Shot 

GEORGE (32). 

The following project descriptions often discuss recovery 

operations as occurring after the announcement of recovery hour. 

The actual time of recovery hour was 0548 hours. 

Project 2.1, Total Gamma Exposure versus Distance, was 

conducted by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. The 

objective was to measure gamma radiation exposure as a function 

of distance. Shortly before the burst, project personnel placed 

National Bureau of Standards film packets at go-meter intervals 

along a radial line extending 1,100 to 2,750 meters outward from 

the point of detonation. About two hours after recovery hour was 

declared, four men drove by truck into the test area to begin 

retrieving film packets. They recovered the film farthest from 

ground zero and then worked their way toward ground zero, up to 

the 0.1 R/h area. This task was scheduled to take three %hours. 

Information gained from the film was eventually shared with 

92 
Table 4-1: TEST GROUP ACTIVITIES WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT GEORGE 

Project/ 

Program Title 

Military Effects 

2.1 Total Gamma Exposure versus Distance 

2.2 Gamma Ray Energy Spectrum of Residual 

Contamination 

6.1 Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment 

6.3 Evaluation of a Filtration System for 

Pressurized Aircraft 

6.5 Decontamination of Aircraft 

6.7 Evaluation of Air Monitoring Instruments 

7.la Electromagnetic Effects from Atomic Explosions 

7.lb Long Range Light Measurements 

7.2 Detection of Airborne Low-frequency Sound from 

Atomic Explosions 

7.3 Radiochemical and Physical Analysis of Atomic 

Bomb Debris 

7.4 Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a 

Desert Valley 

a.7 Thermal Radiation Measurements 

9.1 Technical and Training Photography 

9.2 Air Weather Service Participation 

9.4 Effects of Atomic Explosions on the Ionosphere 

9.5 Electromagnetic Radiation over the Radio Spectrum 

from Nuclear Detonations 

Participants 

Test Group 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Bureau of Ships; Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories 

Army Chemical Center 

Wright Air Development Center; Naval 

Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Army Chemical Center 

National Bureau of Standards; Air Force 

Cambridge Research Center; Air Weather 

Service; Geophysical Laboratory of the 

Universiw of California at Los Angeles 

EG&G; Headquarters, Air Force 

Headquarters, Air Force; Signal Corps 

Engineering Laboratories; National Bureau 

of Standards 

Headquarters, Air Force 

Air Force 1009th Special Weapons 

Squadron; Coast and Geodetic Survey 

Department of Engineering, University of 

California at Los Angeles 

Naval Medical Research Institute; 

Air Force Lockout Mountain Laboratory; 

Wright Air Development Center; Army Pictorial 

Service Division; 4925th Test Group (Atomic); 

SAC 5th and 26th Reconnaissance Technical 

Squadrons; Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories 

Air Weather Service 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; 

9471 st Technical Service Unit 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; 

9467th Technical Service Unit 

93 
Table 4-I: TEST GROUP ACTIVITIES WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT GEORGE (Continued) 

ProjectI 

Program Title Participants 

Weapons Development Test Group 

10.2 Test of Scintillator Optical Path Naval Research Laboratory 

Technique 

11.1 Measurement of Transit Time Naval Research Laboratory 

12.1 Technical Photography EGBG 

12.lc Bhangmeter Mod II EGSG 

13 Radiochemistry Sampling Program 4925th Test Group (Atomic) 

14 Test of an External Initiator Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

15.2 Gamma Radiation Exposure as a Function of Distance Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

External Neutron Measurements Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

and 

17.2 

17.1 

18.1 Total Thermal Radiation and Atmospheric Naval Research Laboratory 

Transmission 

18.3 Color Temperatures Naval Research Laboratory 

18.4 High-resolution Spectroscopy Naval Research Laboratory 

19.1cd Shock-gauge Evaluations Tests Sandia Laboratory; Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory 

94 
BJY 

Program 6 

Testing-of Padiac 

Equipment Line 

\ 

Program 2 

Measurements Line _Nuc’ear 

Main Access Road 

Ground Zero 

,,: 

Kilometer 

Figure 4-2: AFSWP INSTRUMENT LAYOUTS AT SHOT GEORGE 

95 

0 
Projects 1.13, 3.1, and 6.1; the Office, Chief of Army Field 

Forces; and the Marine Corps (57; 63). 

Project 2.2, Gamma Ray Energy Spectrum of Residual 

Contamination; was conducted by the Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories. The objective was to determine the relative dose 

contribution of various gamma radiation energies in radiation 

areas following a nuclear detonation. To perform this experiment, personnel used radiation survey meters that had been 

modified to shield portions of the gamma ray energy spectrum 

(77). 

Before the shot, project personnel calibrated five AN/PDR-TlB 

radiac instruments. After the Test Manager announced recovery 

hour, participants placed the instruments on wooden tripods 

facing ground zero in the shot area. After taking readings with 

the instruments, they moved the equipment to other locations in 

the radiation field to determine any dependence of the gamma ray 

spectrum on distance from the point of detonation (63; 77). 

Project personnel took five instrument readings on shot-day. 

The first was taken about three hours and 20 minutes after the 

burst at a distance of 570 meters from ground zero, where the 

intensity was 1.19 R/h, the maximum recorded that day. Soon 

after, four other readings were taken in the shot area at 

distances of 730, 890, 1,130, and 1,210 meters from the point of 

detonation. The last reading was taken about three hours and 45 

minutes after the shot. 

The following day, project personnel reentered the test area 

to take three additional instrument readings at distances of 480 

to 970 meters from ground zero. The intensity at 480 meters was 

1.29 R/h. Two days after the detonation, project personnel took 

four more readings at locations 400 to 730 meters from ground 

zero. The maximum intensity measured was 1.19 R/h, 400 meters 

from ground zero (63). 

96 
Project 6.1, Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment, was 

conducted by the Bureau of Ships and the Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories. The objective was to evaluate radiac survey and 

dose-alarm equipment, dosimeters, and the instruments and techniques used for rapid aerial surveys. Project 6.1 personnel also 

furnished standard and experimental radiation survey instruments 

to other projects so that the instruments could be evaluated (72). 

After the announcement of recovery hour, six project 

personnel in one vehicle recovered dosimeters 910 to 2,740 meters 

north and 80 degrees west of ground zero. Their working time was 

three hours. At 0900 hours on the day after the detonation, 

eight participants in two vehicles took new readings where the 

radiation intensity was 8.0 R/h. To study the techniques and 

instruments for the rapid aerial survey, two personnel used 

portable radiac meters to conduct a survey of the shot area from 

an LC-126 aircraft. They began their survey about 30 minutes 

after the detonation (63; 72). 

Project 6.3, Evaluation of a Filtration System for 

Pressurized Aircraft, was conducted by the Army Chemical Center. 

The objective was to determine the adequacy of a system for 

filtering particulate airborne fission products from the cabin 

air supply of a B-29 aircraft. Shot GEORGE used the same B-29 

that participated at Shot FOX (66). 

Provided by the 4925th Test Group (Atomic), the B-29 

aircraft staged from Indian Springs AFB. After one penetration 

of the Shot GEORGE cloud at an altitude of 27,500 feet, the 

aircraft returned to base. The filter samples were then removed 

from the B-29 and transported by B-25 courier aircraft to the 

Army Chemical Center. Courier flights are discussed in section 

4.2.3 of this chapter, on AFSWC support missions. Air samples 

taken before and after passing through the filtering unit were 

compared for levels of radioactivity. The results indicated that 

97 
the filter unit removed more than 99.9 percent of the airborne 

fission products from the air stream entering the unit (1; 66). 

Project 6.5, Decontamination of Aircraft, was conducted by 

the Wright Air Development Center and the Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory. The project was designed to investigate 

methods of reducing the radiation exposure of maintenance and 

flight crews. 

To study adhesion of contamination to differently treated 

surfaces, project personnel prepared various parts of two T-33A 

aircraft by treating with acid, polishing, oiling, or using 

combinations of these methods. Five Air Force personnel, wearing 

protective clothing, film badges, and pocket dosimeters, surveyed 

each aircraft as soon as it landed after completing the cloud 

sampling missions described in section 4.2.3. Using AN/PDR-TlB 

instruments, they surveyed radiation intensities at 32 locations 

on the aircraft before and after decontamination. Aircraft were 

considered decontaminated when intensities were less than 0.02 R/h. 

For the second part of this project, participants measured 

radiation levels inside the cockpits of a T-33A and two F-84G 

aircraft. These aircraft had not been used in the first part of 

the project. With these measurements, they evaluated the contributions of various aircraft sections to exposure rates inside 

the cockpit (76). 

Project 6.7, Evaluation of Air Monitoring Instruments, was 

conducted by the Army Chemical Center. The objective was to 

determine the adequacy of a Chemical Corps air sampler for radiological air monitoring. Before the shot, project personnel 

placed six air samplers at each of four stations, positioned in 

the areas of expected fallout. Project personnel recovered the 

instruments eight hours after the detonation. The radiation 

level at a station 8.2 kilometers north-northwest of ground zero 

98 
was 5.0 R/h at the time of recovery. The level at the station 

8.8 kilometers north-northwest of ground zero was 1.2 R/h. At 

two stations 7.7 and 8.5 kilometers north-northeast of ground 

zero, the radiation intensity was at background levels (45; 63). 

Project 7.la, Electromagnetic Effects from Atomic Explosions, was conducted by the National Bureau of Standards, Air 

Force Cambridge Research Center, Air Weather Service, and the 

Geophysical Laboratory of the University of California at Los 

Angeles. The project was designed to study at onsite and offsite 

stations the electromagnetic pulses produced by a nuclear detonation. Data were evaluated as a means of determining the location 

of distant nuclear detonations. The onsite stations were at 

Frenchman and Yucca Flats, and the offsite stations in Colorado, 

Florida, Georgia, Massachusetts, New Mexico, Virginia, Bermuda, 

Germany, and Puerto Rico (64). 

Three hours before the detonation, four project personnel in 

two vehicles left the Control Point area to occupy the onsite 

stations. One participant proceeded to a station 1.6 kilometers 

south of the Control Point, while the remaining three personnel 

traveled to Station 460 at Yucca Lake (63; 64). 

Project 7.lb, Long Range Light Measurements, was conducted 

entirely offsite by EG&G and Headquarters, Air Force. The 

objective was to gain information on the long-range detection of 

light produced by a nuclear detonation. EGLG and the Air Force 

established light-detecting stations in Arizona, Idaho, Texas, 

and Washington. An estimated two EGbG employees and ten Air 

Force personnel from the Sacramento Air Materiel Area, McClellan 

AFB, operated each station from about six hours before to one 

hourafter the detonation (35). 

Project 7.2, Detection of Airborne Low-frequency Sound from 

Atomic Explosions, was conducted by Headquarters, Air Force, with 

99 
assistance from the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories and the 

National Bureau of Standards. The objective was to determine the 

accuracy of long-range acoustic detection methods. The Signal 

Corps Engineering Laboratories operated stations in Alaska, 

Hawaii, Kentucky, New Jersey, Texas, and Washington. The 

National Bureau of Standards operated a station in Washington, 

D.C. (65). 

Project 7.3, Radiochemical and Physical Analysis of Atomic 

Bomb Debris, was conducted by Headquarters, Air Force. The 

project, which involved analysis of particulate and gaseous 

samples from the Shot GEORGE cloud, was conducted in conjunction 

with Program 13, Radiochemistry Sampling. Cloud sampling, 

performed by the 4925th Test Group (Atomic) of Kirtland AFB, is 

discussed in section 4.2.3 of this chapter (71). 

Project 7.4, Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a 

Desert Valley, was conducted by the Air Force 1009th Special 

Weapons Squadron and the Coast and Geodetic Survey. The objective was to determine the seismic properties of the geological 

structure of the test area. At 0900 hours on the day after the 

detonation, two project participants in a jeep went to the tower 

area to recover seismic records from Stations 7.2a South and 7.2a 

North. On the second day after the detonation, they retrieved 

records from a station 910 meters from ground zero. At 0900 

hours on the third day after the detonation, participants began 

recovering records from a station 310 meters from ground zero 

(20; 63). 

Project 8.7, Thermal Radiation Measurements, was performed 

by the UCLA Department of Engineering, under contract to the Air 

Research and Development Command. The project was designed to 

train Department of Engineering personnel in the use of thermal 

radiation measuring instruments being developed for Operation 

100 
IVY. Another objective was to collect data on the thermal radiation emitted from nuclear tests. Data on thermal radiation were 

recorded at Building 400, 13 kilometers from ground zero, near 

the Control Point (63; 70). 

Project 9.1, Technical and Training Photography, was 

conducted by personnel from the following agencies (63): 

0 Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

Army Pictorial Service Division 

Naval Medical Research Institute 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

SAC 5th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron 

SAC 28th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron 

Wright Air Development Center 

4925th Test Group (Atomic). 

Project 9.1 personnel photographed Shot FOX from the ground 

and from the air. Lookout Mountain Laboratory personnel in a 

C-47 aircraft took aerial photographs. The C-47, which left 

Indian Springs AFB at about 0327 hours, was at an altitude of 

about 10,000 feet at shot-time. Participants photographed the 

detonation and the resulting cloud formation until 0400 hours, 

when they left the area and returned to Indian Springs AFB. They 

reached base at 0416 hours (36; 63). 

At the announcement of recovery hour, two photographers with 

a vehicle joined the Desert Rock observers in the trench area. 

This group stayed with the observers during the remainder of 

Desert Rock operations on shot-day. Project 9.1 personnel also 

took still photographs and motion pictures of various Military 

Effects Test Group projects (63). 

Project 9.2, Air Weather Service Participation, involved Air 

Force personnel, who compiled data from various weather stations 

at the NPG and offsite, prepared weather maps, and briefed NPG 

101 
officials on current and predicted weather conditions. Project 

participants were from the 6th Weather Squadron (Mobile) of the 

2059th Air Weather Wing, Tinker AFB, Oklahoma. These personnel 

were deployed as follows (54): 

0 Eight forecasters, 13 weather observers, and two 

equipment operators at the Control Point Weather 

Station near Yucca Pass 

0 Twelve airmen from the Rawinsonde Weather 

Observation Section at the Control Point and 11 

airmen at a station in Tonopah, Nevada 

0 Three airmen from the Pibal Weather Observation 

Section at Beatty, Caliente, Crystal Springs, 

Currant, and Warm Springs, Nevada, and St. George, 

Utah. 

Before Shot GEORGE, project participants installed wind and 

humidity measuring instruments at two stations along the blast 

line 910 and 1,830 meters from ground zero. From about eight to 

three hours before the detonation, two project participants 

checked the instruments in the shot area on an hourly basis. 

About four hours after the announcement of recovery hour, two 

project participants began retrieving records from the two 

stations, a procedure that took two hours. On the day after the 

detonation, project personnel reentered the shot area to complete 

recovery operations (54; 63). 

Project 9.4, Effects of Atomic Explosions on the Ionosphere, 

was conducted by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, with 

assistance from personnel of the 9471st Technical Service Unit. 

The objective was to obtain data on the effects of a nuclear 

detonation on ionospheric radiowave propagation. 

Project personnel worked at transmitter and receiver stations. 

The only onsite facility was a transmitter at Station 9.4, 910 

meters north of the Control Point. Two other transmitters were at 

Mather AFB, Sacramento, California. The radio receiver stations 

were at the Navaho Ordnance Depot, Flagstaff, Arizona; White Sands 

Proving Ground, New Mexico; and Fort Sill, Oklahoma. 

102 
On the day before the shot, project personnel practiced 

operating the transmitters and receivers. On shot-day, four 

participants operated instruments from one hour before to one 

hour after the detonation. All information obtained at the project stations was sent for analysis to the Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories (28). 

Project 9.5, Electromagnetic Radiation over the Radio 

Spectrum from Nuclear Detonations, was conducted by the Signal 

Corps Engineering Laboratories, assisted by the 9467th Technical 

Service Unit, Electronic Warfare Center. The project was 

designed to determine the wave shape and amplitude of radiofrequency energy emanating from a nuclear detonation. 

Project personnel operated two stations 15 to 25 kilometers 

from ground zero through the detonation. In addition, project 

participants manned one station at White Sands Proving Grounds in 

New Mexico and another at the Evans Signal Laboratory in Belmar, 

New Jersey (19). 

4.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in Weapons Development 

Test Group Projects 

Although most of the Weapons Development Test Group activities were performed by agencies under contract to the Atomic 

Energy Commission, some of the projects were conducted by DOD 

agencies. For example, the Naval Research Laboratory performed 

all of the experiments for Program 18, Thermal Measurements. 

In addition, a few DOD personnel were assigned to LASL or to the 

Weapons Development Test Group to assist in the projects listed 

in table 4-l. 

Project 10.2, Test of Scintillator Optical Path Technique, 

was performed by the Naval Research Laboratory to evaluate 

experimental equipment for use at Operation IVY. This experiment 

measured the optical (light) output of a nuclear detonation. 

103 
Experimental equipment was located within about ten meters of 

ground zero, and the light signal was to be transmitted to a 

distant detector. This system required that the experimental 

equipment be positioned where the levels of gamma radiation far 

exceeded those of any other type of radiation (56). 

Project 11.1, Measurement of Transit Time, was conducted by 

the Naval Research Laboratory. After the detonation, five project 

personnel in two vehicles entered the tower area to recover film 

from shelters located at stations 1,000 and 900 meters west of 

ground zero. Their working time was one hour. At 0800 hours on 

the day after the detonation, five project personnel in two 

vehicles went to stations 980 and 920 meters west of ground zero. 

Their working time was three hours (55; 63). 

Project 12.1, Technical Photography, was conducted by 

personnel from EG&G, with assistance from Navy personnel. They 

provided technical photography support, including dust studies, 

preshock turbulence studies, light absorption and mirage studies, 

fireball growth measurement, thermal effects studies, and other 

coverage required by the Weapons Development Test Group. 

Two days before the shot, project personnel prepared the 

film at the Control Point Building. The afternoon before Shot 

GEORGE, project personnel loaded film into remote-controlled 

cameras located at various stations in the ground zero area. 

After the detonation, EG8G personnel recovered the exposed film 

and processed some of it in the mobile unit set up in the Control 

Point area. The remaining film was flown to laboratories of 

Consolidated Film Industries in Hollywood, California, or in the 

city of Fort Lee, New Jersey, for processing (42). 

Project 12.lc, Bhangmeter Mod II, was conducted by EGBG. 

The objective was to evaluate and test a new bhangmeter. Project 

personnel installed these instruments, which measure the yield of 

104 
a detonation, at the Control Point. Bhangmeter readings recorded 

at shot-time were analyzed after the shot (41). 

Program 13, Radiochemistry Sampling, involved cloud-sampling, 

conducted by personnel from the 4925th Test Group (Atomic). The 

sampling missions are discussed in section 4.2.3, on AFSWC 

activities (36). 

Program 14, Test of an External Initiator, was conducted by 

the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (13). 

Project 15.2, Gamma Radiation Exposure as a Function of 

Distance, was conducted by personnel from LASL. The objective 

was to measure gamma radiation exposure at various distances from 

the detonation. Project personnel placed gamma-detecting instruments in the ground at distances of 1,290 to 3,480 meters from 

ground zero. After recovery hour, four men in two vehicles 

entered the shot area to recover the instruments. They were 

scheduled to work in the area for one hour (75). 

Projects 17.1 and 17.2, External Neutron Measurements, were 

conducted by personnel from LASL. The objective of these projects 

was to use threshold detectors to measure external neutron flux as 

a function of distance. LASL also provided some threshold detectors to the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory and to the 

Naval Research Laboratory. 

Project personnel attached some threshold detectors to horizontal steel bars about four feet above the ground along a radial 

line 180 to 2,010 meters from the shot-tower. Other detectors 

were fastened to a steel cable. Project participants also 

installed an underground shelter containing oscilloscopes set to 

run automatically at shot-time. After the detonation, project 

personnel retrieved the steel cable by using a tractor to drag i,t 

out of the shot area. Other participants recovered the records 

from the underground shelter and retrieved the steel bars with 

105 
the threshold detectors. At Yucca Lake, the threshold detectors 

were removed from the bars and from the cable. AFSWC 

courier aircraft then transported the detectors to LASL for 

analysis (27). 

Project 18.1, Total Thermal Radiation and Atmospheric Transmission, was conducted by the Naval Research Laboratory to obtain 

information on the transmission of light and thermal radiation 

emitted by nuclear detonations of various yields. To measure the 

transmission of light, project personnel placed one photoelectric 

brightness meter at the Control Point and another in Area 2 of 

the NPG. In addition, they installed a transmissometer near the 

BJY and a receiver at the Control Point. Participants manually 

operated the instruments at the Control Point during the shot. 

To obtain data on thermal radiation emissions, personnel 

installed four thermopile recorder systems and operated them from 

the Control Point during the shot. They shut down equipment 

after the detonation to analyze recorded data (60). 

Project 18.3, Color Temperatures, was conducted by the Naval 

Research Laboratory to measure the spectral characteristics of a 

nuclear fireball as a function of time. Measurements were taken 

with a high-speed spectrograph (39). 

Project 18.4, High-resolution Spectroscopy, was conducted by 

the Naval Research Laboratory to supplement information obtained 

from spectroscopy measurements taken during previous nuclear 

weapons testing series, such as Operations GREENHOUSE and BUSTERJANGLE. Project personnel installed spectrometers at the Control 

Poinnt, located 13 kilometers from ground zero (16). 

Projects 19.lc and 19.ld, Shock-gauge Evaluations Tests, 

were conducted by Sandia Laboratory. Personnel from LASL and 

contractors assisted in calibrating and installing instruments. 

The project was intended to develop and test new instruments for 

measuring dynamic and static pressures, wind directions, sound 

106 
and wind speeds, and temperature rises resulting from a shock 

wave. Project personnel installed instruments at a station 940 

meters from ground zero. Cables connected the instruments to 

equipment that recorded the information (26). 

4.2.3 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

The Air Force Special Weapons Center provided personnel to 

staff the Air Operations Center, located at the Control Point. 

AFSWC also conducted cloud sampling and sample courier missions 

for the test groups and cloud tracking and aerial radiological 

surveys of the terrain for the Test Manager. In addition, 

Strategic Air Command personnel witnessed the detonation as part 

of an undesignated observer activity. Although the SAC observers 

were not part of AFSWC, they are discussed in this section 

because they were under the operational control of AFSWC while 

flying over the NPG. The following listing indicates the types 

and numbers of aircraft and the estimated numbers of personnel 

involved in missions at Shot GEORGE (l-3; 5; 36; 37; 52; 69): 

TYPE OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF 

TITLE AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Sampling

Sampler Control B-29 1 9 

Sampler B-29 1 8 

Sampler T-33 4 8 

Sampler F-84 7 7 

Sample Courier Service B-25 3 15 

c-47 1 4 

Cloud Tracking B-25 5 

B-29 20 

Aerial Surveys of c-47 10 

Terrain L-20 2 

Observer Activities B-50 24

107 
Cloud Sampling 

One B-29, four T-33s, and seven F-84s collected particulate 

and gaseous samples of the Shot GEORGE cloud for Project 7.3, 

Radiochemical and Physical Analysis of Atomic Bomb Debris, and 

for Program 13, Radiochemistry Sampling. A B-29 sampler control 

aircraft, with an AFSWC aircrew and a LASL scientific advisor 

onboard, flew from Indian Springs AFB at 0404 hours and directed 

the operations of the sampler aircraft. The samplers flew at 

altitudes of 27,000 to 35,000 feet and made a total of 20 penetrations of the cloud. The following listing details the 

activities of each sampler (l-3; 36; 37; 52; 69): 

TOTAL 

TOTAL TIME DOSIMETER 

AIRCRAFT TYPE AND TAKEOFF IN CLOUD READING LANDING 

TAIL NUMBER TIME (seconds) (roentgens) TIME 

Sampler Control 

B-29 (285) 0404 1000 

B-29 

T-33 

(386) 

(951) 

0352 

0622 

NR* 

NR 

0.750 

0.260 

0627 

0744 

T-33 (048) 0634 NR 1.400 0803 

T-33 (913) 0629 120 0.380 0736 

T-33 (920) 0407 53 6.000 0505 

F-84 (791) 0725 180 0.100 0840 

F-84 (834) 0639 NR 0.075 0800 

F-84 (717) 0730 100 0.050 0843 

F-84 (859) 0733 NR 0.100 0838 

F-84 (781) 0506 NR 0.080 0532 

F-84 (781) 0852 120 0.070 0958 

F-84 (030) 0407 NR 0.400 0525 

*NR indicates not reported. 

108 
After the detonation, the sampler control aircraft was 

delayed on takeoff because of hydraulic trouble. It was airborne 

by 0404 hours. One T-33 sampler aircraft (tail number 920) 

encountered a highly radioactive part of the cloud during its 

sampling pass. After reporting a radiation intensity of 140 R/h 

to the scientific advisor aboard the sampler control aircraft, 

the T-33 returned to Indian Springs AFB (36). 

On completing their mission, the samplers returned to Indian 

Springs AFB and parked in the northeast corner of the parking 

area. Pilots then shut down the engines. The crews of the B-29s 

left the aircraft through the rear door between the stabilizer 

and the wing. The crews of the T-33s and F-84s disembarked by 

stepping onto a boarding ladder attached to the side of the aircraft. The sample-removing team and radiological safety monitors 

used long-handled tools to remove the filter papers and place 

them in shielded containers. They used the same method to 

remove the bottles containing the gaseous samples. They then 

loaded the sample containers onto courier aircraft for delivery 

to laboratories for analysis (l-3; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions had been completed, three B-25s 

and one C-47 aircraft left Indian Springs AFB on shot-day to 

transport samples and filter papers to various laboratories for 

analysis. The 4901st Support Wing (Atomic) conducted these 

missions (l-3; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

At about 0700 hours, a B-25 flew from Indian Springs AFB to 

McClellan AFB with Project 7.3 samples. Soon after, a C-47 flew 

from Indian Springs AFB to LASL with Program 13 samples. At 0800 

hours, a B-25 left Yucca Lake airstrip with Project 17.1 samples 

for LASL. At an unspecified time, a B-25 flew from Indian 

Springs AFB to the Army Chemical Center with Project 6.3 samples 

(l-3; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

109 
Cloud Tracking 

Soon after the detonation, one B-25 and two B-29s from 

Indian Springs AFB flew cloud-tracking missions over and beyond 

the Nevada Proving Ground. The B-25 (tail number 099) took off 

at 0418 hours, tracked the cloud at heights ranging from 900 to 

14,000 feet, and landed at 0905 hours. The B-29 (tail number 

unknown) took off at 0410 hours and landed at 1155 hours. The 

second B-29 (tail number 826) left at 0917 hours, tracked the 

cloud at heights ranging from 18,000 to 22,000 feet, and landed 

at 1300 hours. The C-47 (tail number unknown) left at 0650 hours 

and returned at 1255 hours. The flight profile of the C-47 is 

not known (l-3; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

Aerial Surveys of Terrain 

After the detonation, two C-47s and one L-20 aircraft, all 

based at Indian Springs AFB, conducted radiological surveys of 

the onsite and offsite terrain. One C-47 (tail number 386) left 

at 0630 hours, flew at 300 to 1,500 feet above the terrain, and 

returned at 1125 hours. A second C-47 aircraft (tail number 308) 

took off at 0650 hours, flew at heights of 1,000 to 10,000 feet, 

and landed at 1255 hours. The L-20 (tail number 467) took off at 

0530 hours, conducted its survey at 100 to 500 feet above the 

terrain, and landed at 0805 hours (l-3; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

Observer Activities 

Observers from the Strategic Air Command participated in an 

orientation and indoctrination exercise in nuclear weapons 

effects. On shot-day, two B-50s, possibly from Carswell AFB, 

Texas, with SAC observers onboard entered the Nevada Proving 

Ground area between 0100 and 0300 hours. One B-50 aircraft 

remained in an orbiting pattern through shot-time to allow the 

observers to witness the detonation and subsequent cloud 

development. This aircraft left the shot area at 0400 hours to 

return to its base. The other B-50 conducted a weather 

110 
reconnaissance mission. It is not known when the B-50 weather 

reconnaissance aircraft returned to its home base (l-3; 5; 36; 

37; 52; 69). 

4.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT GEORGE 

The primary purpose of the TUMBLER-SNAPPER radiation protection procedures developed by Exercise Desert Rock IV, the test 

groups, and AFSWC was to minimize individual exposure to ionizing 

radiation, while still allowing participants to accomplish their 

missions (43). 

4.3.1 Desert Rock Radiation Protection Activities 

For the maneuver conducted at Shot GEORGE, responsibility 

for the radiological safety of personnel was delegated to the 

Army (51). 

Orientation and Briefing 

Participants at Shot GEORGE attended the final indoctrination course conducted from 28 May to 1 June by members of the 

Instructor Group. The instructors for this course were from 

AFSWP. The orientation covered personal protection procedures 

and medical effects, as well as basic characteristics of nuclear 

weapons (43; 51). 

Dosimetry and Protective Equipment 

The Desert Rock Signal Section issued film badges, and the 

Quartermaster Section issued protective masks to participants in 

the maneuver. At the indoctrination course, the instructors told 

the participants to place their film badges in their left breast 

pocket, with the numbers of the badge facing outward from the 

body. In addition, they instructed participants in the proper 

use of their masks, which were to be worn if evacuation of the 

111 
area was necessary. The AFSWP Radiological Safety Group 

processed all film badges (51). 

Monitoring 

After the passage of the blast wave, two monitoring teams 

from the Desert Rock Radiological Safety Group left Parking Areas 

0 and N, shown in figure 4-3, to precede the advancing troops. 

Using AN/PDR-TlB meters, they marked the 0.5 R/h line. The teams 

followed the routes through the maneuver area shown in figure 

4-3. One team monitored intensities in the equipment display 

area, and the other surveyed Parking Area P. The teams reported 

the intensities to the Control Point (51). 

After the troop monitors had surveyed the maneuver area, 

troops and observers inspected the equipment displays. Monitors 

accompanied each advancing column to advise the officer in charge 

of radiation intensities. Troops were able to advance within 460 

meters of ground zero before encountering the 0.5 R/h line, which 

was the forward limit for maneuver troops. They were able to 

view the entire equipment display area (51). 

Decontamination 

In Parking Area P, shown in figure 4-3, decontamination 

personnel brushed troops with brooms to remove contaminated dust. 

They then surveyed all personnel with AN/PDR-TlB meters. 

Individuals whose contamination levels had not been reduced to 

less than 0.01 R/h were directed to take showers at the decontamination station at Yucca Pass. 

Decontamination personnel also monitored vehicles. They 

sent vehicles to the decontamination station if brushing could 

not reduce the level of contamination to less than 0.01 R/h (51). 

112 
Equipment 

a--

* RJ-3 

, RJ-27 1 RJ-8 

I 

I

I 

A 

RJ-26 i ._.-.-.-.-._+ ~----------. 

f RJ-25 

.-.-.-.-._-) *----_-_--_-_-. -\ c I 

I 

I 

! 

I I 

’ RJ-22 ; RJ-21 

i I 

.-.-.-.-.- Route of Team #l 

-------- Route of Team #2 

Not to scale 

Figure 4-3: RECONSTRUCTED ROUTE OF DESERT ROCK SURVEY TEAMS, 

SHOT GEORGE 

113 
4.3.2 Joint AEC-DOD Radiation Protection Activities 

Information concerning Shot GEORGE has been obtained from 

the radiological safety report prepared by AFSWP (43). This 

document includes logistical data on radiological safety 

equipment, onsite and offsite monitoring procedures, and 

isointensity contour maps. 

Logistics and Materiel 

During the period 1 to 4 June 1952, which covers the 1 June 

detonation of Shot GEORGE, the Logistics and Materiel Department 

issued film badges to about 300 DOD and AEC participants in 19 

programs and 38 projects. The department also issued 460 sets of 

protective clothing and 250 radiation survey instruments (43). 

Monitoring 

Shot GEORGE was detonated in Area 3. The initial ground 

survey began at 0530 hours and continued until 0548 hours. 

Monitors could not complete the survey on shot-day because of 

radiation intensities in excess of 10.0 R/h to the north. Later 

surveys showed a considerable amount of fallout from GEORGE 

through Area 7, about five kilometers north of Area 3, and 

through the BUSTER-JANGLE area about ten kilometers north of Area 

3. The Test Manager closed Area 7, which had been open since 11 

May 1952. 

From eight to 13 two-man mobile teams participated in offsite monitoring. About six hours before the detonation, they 

left the test area for their assigned locations. They found that 

fallout occurred mostly to the north. The maximum recorded 

intensity was 1.3 R/h, about 50 kilometers north of ground zero 

an hour after the detonation (43). 

Two C-47s and an L-20 aircraft began aerial surveys of the 

terrain shortly after the detonation. The maximum intensity 

114 
encountered was 0.07 R/h, 500 feet above a location a few 

kilometers north of the NPG (43). 

Plotting and Briefing 

Ground monitoring teams provided survey data used in 

plotting radiation isointensity contours. The initial radiation 

isointensity map is shown in figure 4-4. The isointensity maps 

generated from resurveys of the area are shown in figure 4-5 

(43). Labels of the maps in the source document do not always 

reflect the range of survey times given in the tables of 

intensity readings that accompany the maps. 

Decontamination 

Shot GEORGE produced more fallout than expected in the 

target area, resulting in "unusually extensive" decontamination 

activities (43). 

Dosimetry Data 

The AFSWP radiological safety report indicates that six AFSWP 

participants who were issued film badges during the period 1 to 

4 June 1952 accumulated exposures between 3.0 and 10.0 roentgens 

(43). 

115 
. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. . . . . . . 

• • • . •

Stake Lines 

. . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

- - - - • 0.1 R/h 

--•-- - • 1.0 R/h

0

UT 10.0 R/h

Meters 

Figure 4-4: INITIAL RADIATION ISOINTENSITY MAP FOR SHOT GEORGE, 

1 JUNE 1952,053O HOURS 

116 
2 JUNE 1952, 0530 HOURS 3 JUNE 1952, 0530 HOURS 

4 JUNE 1952, 0530 HOURS 

Stake Lines 

.o... . 0.01 R/h 

- - - - • 0.1 R/h 

‘-‘-•- 1.0 R/h 

10.0 R/h 

Figure 4-5: SUBSEQUENT RADIATION ISOINTENSITY MAPS 

FOR SHOT GEORGE 

117 
SHOT HOW SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: TUMBLER-SNAPPER 

DOD EXERCISE: None 

DATE/TIME: 5 June 1952, 0355 hours 

YIELD: 14 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 300 feet (tower) 

DOD Objective: To determine the military value of weapons for 

offensive and defensive deployment. 

Weather: At shot-time, the surface winds were calm. 

Winds were 13 knots from the southeast at 

10,000 feet, 15 knots from the south-southeast 

at 20,000 feet, and 25 knots from the southsoutheast at 30,000 feet. The temperature was 

18OC, the relative humidity was 45 percent,

and the pressure was 863 millibars. 

Radiation Data: The onsite fallout pattern extended north and 

northwest of ground zero. The initial 

radiological survey team did not monitor that 

area because no recovery operations were 

necessary there. In other directions, the 

survey team measured radiation intensities of 

0.01 R/h as far as two kilometers from ground 

zero. 

Participants: Armed ForcesSpecial Weapons Project; Air 

Force Special Weapons Center; Atomic Energy

Commission; Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; 

contractors. 

118 
CHAPTER 5 

SHOT HOW 

Shot HOW was detonated with a yield of 14 kilotons at 0355 

hours Pacific Standard Time on 5 June 1952. HOW, the last 

nuclear test of Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, was originally planned 

for 27 May but was rescheduled because of adverse weather. Part 

of the SNAPPER phase of Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, Shot HOW was a 

weapons development test. Developed by the Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory, the nuclear device was detonated on a 300-foot tower 

in Area 2 of Yucca Flat, UTM coordinates 784104 (67). Figure 5-l 

shows the Shot HOW detonation. 

The top of the cloud formed by Shot HOW reached an altitude 

of 41,800 feet. The cloud dispersed in several directions, the 

lower portion moving northwest and the upper portion moving 

northeast (1; 2; 30; 40; 67). 

5.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND 

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT HOW 

The Desert Rock activities originally planned for Shot HOW 

had been conducted at Shot GEORGE several days earlier, but DOD 

personnel did take part in scientific and diagnostic experiments 

conducted by the Military Effects Test Group and the Weapons 

Development Test Group. Table 5-l lists the test group projects 

and identifies the participating organizations. In addition to 

participating in test group experiments, the Air Force Special 

Weapons Center provided air support to the test groups and to the 

Test Manager. 

119 

Table 5-1: TEST GROUP ACTIVITIES WITH 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT HOW 

Project/ 

Program Title 

Military Effects 

1.1 Measurement of Free Air Atomic Blast 

Pressures 

2.1 Total Gamma Exposure versus Distance 

2.2 Gamma Ray Energy Spectrum of Residual 

Contamination 

2.3 Neutron Flux and Energy Measurements 

4.2 Biomedical Exposure Equipment 

4.3 Biological Effectiveness of Neutron Radiation from 

Nuclear Weapons 

4.4 Gamma Depth Dose Measurement in Unit Density 

Material 

6.1 Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment 

6.5 Decontamination of Aircraft 

6.7 Evaluation of Air Monitoring instruments 

7.la Electromagnetic Effects from Atomic Explosions 

7.lb Long Range Light Measurements 

7.2 Detection of Airborne Low-frequency Sound from 

Atomic Explosions 

7.3 Radiochemical and Physical Analysis of Atomic 

Bomb Debris 

7.4 Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a 

Desert Valley 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

Participants 

Test Group 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center; 

Rome Air Development Center 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Medical Research institute 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Naval Medical Research institute 

Bureau of Ships; Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories 

Wright Air Development Center; Naval 

Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Army Chemical Center 

National Bureau of Standards; Air Force 

Cambridge Research Center; Air Weather 

Service; Geophysical Laboratory of the 

University of California at Los Angeles 

EGErG; Headquarters, Air Force 

Headquarters, Air Force; Signal Corps 

Engineering Laboratories; National Bureau 

of Standards 

Headquarters, Air Force 

Air Force 1009th Special Weapons 

Squadron; Coast and Geodetic Survey 

121 
Table 51: TEST GROUP ACTIVITIES WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT HOW (CONTINUED) 

Project/ 

Program Title 

Military Effects Test 

a.7 Thermal Radiation Measurements 

9.1 Technical and Training Photography 

9.2 Air Weather ServiceParticipation 

9.4 Effects of Atomic Explosions on the Ionosphere 

Weapons Development 

10.1 Measurement of Alpha 

11.1 Measurement of Transit Time 

12.1 Technical Photography 

12.lc Bhangmeter Mod II 

12.2ad High-speed Photography 

13 Radiochemistry Sampling Program 

15.2 Gamma Radiation Exposure as a Function of Distance 

15.3 Radiation Monitoring Measurements 

17.1 External Neutron Measurements 

and 

17.2 

18.1 Total Thermal Radiation and Atmospheric 

Transmission 

18.3 Color Temperatures 

18.4 High-resolution Spectroscopy 

19.lc-d Shock-gauge Evaluations Tests 

19.2a-b Blast-wave Material Velocity Measurements 

PartIcipanta 

Group (Continued) 

Department of Engineering, University of 

California at Los Angeles 

Naval Medical Research Institute; 

Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory; 

Wright Air Development Center; Army Pictorial 

Service Division; 4925th Test Group (Atomic); 

SAC 5th and 28th Reconnaissance Technical 

Squadrons; Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories 

Air Weather Service 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories; 

9471 st Technical Service Unit 

Test Group 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

EGBG 

EG&G 

EG&G; Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory 

4925th Test Group (Atomic) 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; 

AFSWC 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Sandia Laboratory 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; EG&G 

122 
5.1.1 Military Effects Test Group Projects 

In conducting the Military Effects Test Group projects at 

Shot HOW, participants spent several weeks before the detonation 

placing and calibrating instruments. They usually completed 

these operations on the day before the detonation and then left 

the area. Figure 5-2 shows the instrument layout for the Military Effects Test Group projects at HOW (33). 

The following project descriptions often discuss recovery 

operations as occurring after the announcement of recovery hour. 

The actual time of recovery hour is not known, although it 

probably was declared shortly after the completion of the initial 

radiological survey at 0700 hours. 

Project 1.1, Measurement of Free Air Atomic Blast Pressures, 

was conducted by the Air Force Cambridge Research Center, with 

support from the Rome Air Development Center. The objective was 

to measure the pressures produced by a nuclear detonation over a 

wide range of altitudes and distances (46; 63; 73). 

At 2000 hours the evening before the detonation, three 

project participants checked instruments for tracking the 

position of airdropped canisters east and south of the shot area. 

They remained in the area until three hours before the detonation 

and then proceeded to a telemetry station 730 meters north of the 

Control Point, where they remained through shot-time. 

At 2100 hours, four men traveled to a station 800 meters 

northwest of the telemetry station, where they remained during 

the shot. Also at 2100 hours, two men spent one hour adjusting 

equipment at an underground canister-tracking station 1,830 

meters southeast of ground zero. The following activities began 

at 2300 hours (46; 63): 

0 Two men traveled to another of the underground

canister-tracking stations, about three 

123 
Ground Zero 

Program 4 

Biomedical 

Line Progrim 2 

Nuclear Measurements 

Line 

p,‘I 

Kilometer 

Figure 52: HOW GROUND ZERO AREA AND AFSWP MILITARY 

EFFECTS TEST GROUP INSTRUMENT LAYOUTS 

124 
kilometers southeast of ground zero, and spent 

two hours checking instruments. 

• Two individuals spent three hours checking the 

radar homing beacon 460 meters from ground 

zero. 

0 Ten participants traveled to a telemetry 

station 730 meters north of the Control Point. 

After remaining at the station through shottime, they returned to the Control Point. 

0 Fourteen personnel traveled to the radar 

station about 24 kilometers from ground zero, 

where they remained until 15 minutes after the 

detonation. 

0 Two participants went to a canister-tracking 

beacon 16 kilometers southeast of ground zero 

to check instruments, Three hours before the 

detonation, they proceeded to the manned 

canister-tracking station 14 kilometers southsouthwest of ground zero. 

0 Four men traveled to the manned tracking 

station 22 kilometers southeast of ground zero 

to operate the station until an hour after 

shot-time. 

0 Three personnel traveled to the manned tracking 

station 14 kilometers south-southwest of ground 

zero, where they remained through shot-time. 

Several hours before the detonation, two B-29 aircraft from 

the 6531st Flight Test Squadron, Rome Air Development Center, 

began calibration runs over ground zero. The aircraft dropped 

the instrumented canisters about one minute before the detonation. 

The following list details the activities of these two aircraft: 

SERIAL TAKEOFF ARRIVED DEPARTED LANDING 

NUMBER TIME SHOT AREA SHOT AREA TIME 

1863 2150 0128 0401 0510 

1742 2155 0045 0358 0510 

The aircraft staged from Kirtland AFB, New Mexico (46; 63; 73). 

125 
At 0900 hours on the day after the detonation, four persons 

began recovering instruments from the underground instrument 

tracking station 1,830 meters east of ground zero. This procedure took about three hours. Also at 0900 hours, ten personnel 

located and recovered the canisters (46; 63; 73). 

Project 2.1, Total Gamma Exposure versus Distance, was conducted by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories to measure 

gamma radiation exposure as a function of distance. Shortly 

before the detonation, project personnel placed film packets in 

instrument shelters at go-meter intervals along a radial line 

extending 1,100 to 2,740 meters from the point of detonation. 

When the Test Manager opened the area for recovery operations, 

four project personnel drove a truck into the shot area and spent 

about two hours retrieving film located nearly 2,740 meters from 

ground zero (57; 63). 

Project 2.2, Gamma Ray Energy Spectrum of Residual Contamination, was conducted by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. The objective was to determine the spectral distribution 

of gamma radiation in the test area follbwing a nuclear detonation. The project was also intended to evaluate radiac 

instruments (77). 

Before the shot, project personnel modified and calibrated 

five AN/PDR-TlB radiac instruments. At recovery hour, project 

participants carried the instruments into the shot area and set 

them up in a line on wooden tripods facing ground zero. 

Project personnel took the first radiac instrument reading 

1,290 meters from ground zero, approximately four hours after the 

detonation. Additional readings were taken during the two days 

following the shot at distances of 650 to 1,770 meters from 

ground zero (63; 77). 

126 
Project 2.3, Neutron Flux and Energy Measurements, was 

conducted by the Naval Research Laboratory. The objectives were 

to measure neutron flux for the interpretation of biological 

studies and to study neutron dosimetry techniques. Project 

personnel placed gold and sulphur neutron flux detectors at 

stations along a radial line at distances of 200 to 1,830 meters 

from the shot-tower (44). 

Two men who entered the shot area to retrieve the neutron 

detectors from the Project 4.3 line 200 to 1,830 meters east of 

ground zero also recovered the neutron flux detectors. In 

addition, two men entered the shot area with LASL Project 17.1 

personnel and spent about three hours recovering records. 

Project 4.2, Biomedical Exposure Equipment, was conducted by 

the Naval Medical Research Institute to measure nuclear blast 

effects on animals. Wood models of dogs that contained accelerometers were put in open mesh cages on blast barriers to measure 

and record various blast and pressure phenomena. The wooden 

blast barriers were 550, 640, and 790 meters from ground zero. 

Two movie cameras were placed at one side of each wooden barrier 

to record the movement of the cages when the blast wave arrived. 

After recovery hour was declared, three personnel recovered the 

film. The task took about one hour (34; 63). 

Project 4.3, Biological Effectiveness of Neutron Radiation 

from Nuclear Weapons, was conducted by the Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory. The objective was to study the biological 

effects of neutron radiation on mice (21). 

On the day before the detonation, eight participants placed 

approximately 30 mice at each of 28 field stations. They spent 

about one hour in this assignment and then left the shot area. 

The stations, which were shielded with lead, bismuth, or aluminum, were approximately 200 to 1,830 meters from ground zero. 

127 
After the area was opened for recovery operations, 19 

project participants spent about 30 minutes retrieving mice and 

neutron detectors at stations 870 meters from ground zero. 

Laboratory personnel performed a pathological analysis to 

determine the effects of neutron radiation on the mice (21; 63). 

Project 4.4, Gamma Depth Dose Measurement in Unit Density 

Material, was performed by the Naval Medical Research Institute. 

The objective was to improve the techniques used to evaluate the 

biological effects of radiation on the human body. Project personnel used lucite spheres approximating human tissue in density. 

Ionization chambers or other radiation detecting instruments were 

installed in the spheres, shown in figure 5-3, to measure the 

initial and residual gamma doses at various depths. Before the 

detonation, participants placed five spheres of various 

thicknesses on A-frames approximately 1,370 to 1,700 meters 

southeast of ground zero. After the declaration of recovery 

hour, seven project personnel in a weapons carrier and a pickup 

truck spent about one hour retrieving the spheres (22; 63). 

Project 6.1, Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment, was 

conducted by the Bureau of Ships and the Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories to evaluate radiac survey equipment. Before the 

shot, project personnel placed dosimeters at ranges of 910 to 

2,750 meters from ground zero. At recovery hour, six project 

Personnel began recovering the dosimeters, an activity taking 

three hours. In addition, Project 6.1 personnel furnished 

standard and experimental radiation survey instruments and 

dosimeters to other projects so that the instruments could be 

evaluated (63; 72). 

Project 6.5, Decontamination of Aircraft, was conducted by 

the Wright Air Development Center and the Naval Radiological 

128 

Defense Laboratory. The objective was to study methods of 

reducing the radiation exposures of maintenance and flight crews. 

To study adhesion of contamination to differently treated 

surfaces, project personnel treated various parts of a T-33A and 

an F-84G aircraft with acid, polish, oil, or some combination of 

the three. They surveyed the aircraft before and after 

decontamination with the USNRDL Mark V Model I beta contamination 

monitor and the AN/PDR-TlB survey meter. The highest level of 

contamination, 5.0 R/h, was measured with the AN/PDR-TlB meter on 

the oiled surfaces (36; 76). 

Project 6.7, Evaluation of Air Monitoring Instruments, was 

conducted by the Army Chemical Center to determine the adequacy 

of a Chemical Corps air sampler for radiological air monitoring. 

Samplers were placed at four stations located 9.2 kilometers 

north, 9.2 kilometers north-northeast, 10.5 kilometers northnortheast, and 10.5 kilometers northeast of ground zero. Because 

fallout from Shot HOW was to the northwest, there was no measurable radiation intensity at the first two stations when instruments were recovered eight hours after the shot. At the other 

two stations, radiation levels were 0.18 and 0.25 R/h, respectively, because of residual radiation from previous shots (45). 

Project 7.la, Electromagnetic Effects from Atomic Explosions, was conducted by the National Bureau of Standards, Air 

Force Cambridge Research Center, Air Weather Service, and the 

Geophysical Laboratory of the University of California at Los 

Angeles. The project was designed to study at onsite and offsite 

stations the electromagnetic pulses produced by a nuclear 

detonation. Data were evaluated as a means of determining the 

location of distant nuclear detonations. The onsite stations 

were at Frenchman and Yucca Flats, and the offsite stations in 

Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Massachusetts, New Mexico, Virginia, 

Bermuda, Germany, and Puerto Rico (64). 

130 
At 2400 hours on the night before the shot, three men 

adjusted equipment at stations ten and 14 kilometers from ground 

zero. It is not known which of the stations was at Frenchman and 

which at Yucca Flats. Three hours before the detonation, project 

personnel went to another Yucca Lake station, 21 kilometers from 

ground zero, and remained there through shot-time. Two hours 

after the detonation, project participants returned to Camp 

Mercury. At 0900 hours on the day after the detonation, two men 

spent three hours recovering records from these stations (63; 64). 

Project 7.lb, Long Range Light Measurements, was conducted 

entirely offsite by EGIG and Headquarters, Air Force. The 

objective was to gain information on the long-range detection of 

light produced by a nuclear detonation. EGIG and the Air Force 

established light-detecting stations in Arizona, Idaho, Texas, 

and Washington. An estimated two EGLG employees and ten Air 

Force personnel from the Sacramento Air Materiel Area, McClellan 

AFB, operated each station from about six hours before to one 

hour after the detonation (35). 

Project 7.2, Detection of Airborne Low-frequency Sound from 

Atomic Explosions, was conducted by Headquarters, Air Force, with 

assistance from the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories and the 

National Bureau of Standards. The objective was to determine the 

accuracy of long-range acoustic detection methods. The Signal 

Corps Engineering Laboratories operated stations in Alaska, 

Hawaii, Kentucky, New Jersey, Texas, and Washington. The 

National Bureau of Standards operated a station in Washington, 

D.C. (65). 

Project 7.3, Radiochemical and Physical Analysis of Atomic 

Bomb Debris, was conducted by Headquarters, Air Force. The 

project, which involved analysis of particulate and gaseous 

samples from the Shot HOW cloud, was conducted in conjunction 

with Program 13, Radiochemistry Sampling. Cloud sampling, 

131 
performed by the 4925th Test Group (Atomic) of Kirtland AFB, is 

discussed in section 5.1.3, on AFSWC participation at HOW (71). 

Project 7.4, Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a 

Desert Valley, was conducted by the Air Force 1009th Special 

Weapons Squadron and the Coast and Geodetic Survey. The objective was to determine the seismic properties of the geological 

structure of the test area. Five unmanned seismic stations 

functioned 

detonation, 

northwest 

recovering 

during shot-time. 

two men traveled 

and five kilometers 

records, a process 

At 0900 hours on the day after 

to stations seven kilometers 

northeast of ground zero and began 

that took about three hours. 

the 

They 

retrieved instruments and other data several days after the 

detonation (20; 63). 

Project 8.7, Thermal Radiation Measurements, was performed 

by the UCLA Department of Engineering, under contract to the Air 

Research and Development Command. The purpose was to train 

employees of the UCLA Department of Engineering in the use of 

thermal radiation measuring instruments that were being devised 

for Operation IVY. Another objective was to collect data on the 

thermal radiation emitted from a nuclear test. Project personnel 

at Station 400, 23 kilometers from ground zero and near the 

Control Point at Yucca Pass, recorded data with an 18-channel 

oscillograph, among other instruments (63; 70). 

Project 9.1, Technical and Training Photography, was conducted by personnel from the following agencies (9; 63): 

Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

a Army Pictorial Service Division 

0 Naval Medical Research Institute 

Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 

SAC 5th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron 

SAC 28th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron 

Wright Air Development Center 

4925th Test Group (Atomic). 

132 
Personnel from these agencies photographed Shot HOW from 

the ground and the air. Lookout Mountain Laboratory personnel in 

a C-47 aircraft conducted the aerial photography mission. The 

C-47, which left Indian Springs AFB at about 0320 hours, was at 

an altitude of 10,000 feet approximately 11 kilometers south of 

ground zero at shot-time. Participants photographed the detonation and the resulting cloud formation and then returned to 

Indian Springs AFB, landing at 0430 hours (36; 63). Project 9.1 

personnel also took photographs and motion pictures of various 

Military Effects Test Group projects. 

Project 9.2, Air Weather Service Participation, involved Air 

Force personnel who compiled data from various weather stations 

at the NPG and offsite, prepared weather maps, and briefed NPG 

officials on current and predicted weather conditions. Project 

participants were from the 6th Weather Squadron (Mobile) of the 

2059th Air Weather Wing, Tinker AFB, Oklahoma. These personnel 

were deployed as follows (54): 

0 Eight forecasters, 13 weather observers, and two 

equipment operators at the Control Point Weather 

Station near Yucca Pass 

0 Twelve airmen from the Rawinsonde Weather 

Observation Section at the Control Point and 11 

airmen at a station in Tonopah, Nevada 

• Three airmen from the Pibal Weather Observation 

Section at Beatty, Caliente, Crystal Springs,

Currant, and Warm Springs, Nevada, and St. George,

Utah. 

Project 9.4, Effects of Atomic Explosions on the Ionosphere, 

was conducted by the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories. They 

were assisted by personnel of the 9471st Technical Service Unit. 

The objective was to obtain data on the effects of a nuclear 

detonation on ionospheric radiowave propagation. Project 

personnel worked at transmitter and receiver stations. The only 

onsite facility was a transmitter at Station 9.4, 910 meters 

north of the Control Point. Two other transmitters were at 

133 
Mather AFB, Sacramento, California. The radio receiver stations 

were at the Navaho Ordnance Depot, Flagstaff, Arizona; White 

Sands Proving Ground, New Mexico; and Fort Sill, Oklahoma. 

The day before the shot, personnel practiced operating the 

transmitters and receivers. On shot-day, they operated instruments from one hour before to one hour after the detonation. 

Information obtained at the project stations was sent for 

analysis to the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories (28). 

5.1.2 Department of Defense Participation in Weapons Development 

Test Group Projects 

Although most of the Weapons Development Test Group activities were performed by agencies under contract to the Atomic 

Energy Commission, some of the projects were conducted by DOD 

agencies. For example, the Naval Research Laboratory performed 

all of the experiments for Program 18, Thermal Measurements. 

In addition, a few DOD personnel were assigned to LASL or to the 

Weapons Development Test Group to assist in the projects listed 

in table 5-l. 

Project 10.1, Measurement of Alpha, and Project 11.1, 

Measurement of Transit Time, were conducted by the Naval Research 

Laboratory (55). 

Project 12.1, Technical Photography, was conducted by 

personnel from EGIG, with assistance from Navy personnel. They 

provided technical photography support, including dust studies, 

preshock turbulence studies, light absorption and mirage studies, 

fireball growth measurement, thermal effects studies, and other 

coverage required by the Weapons Development Test Group. 

Two days before the shot, project personnel prepared the 

film at the Control Point Building. The afternoon before Shot 

134 
HOW, project personnel loaded film into remote-controlled cameras 

located at various stations in the ground zero area. After the 

detonation, EGBG personnel recovered the exposed film and 

processed some of it in the mobile unit set up in the Control 

Point area. The remaining film was flown to laboratories of 

Consolidated Film Industries in Hollywood, California, or in the 

city of Fort Lee, New Jersey, for processing (42). 

Project 12.lc, Bhangmeter Mod II, was conducted by EGIG to 

evaluate and test a new bhangmeter. Project personnel installed 

these instruments for measuring the yield of a detonation at the 

Control Point. Bhangmeter readings recorded at shot-time were 

analyzed after the shot (41). 

Project 12.2a-d, High-speed Photography, was conducted by 

LASL and EG&G. The objectives were to study early fireball 

growth and obtain measurements correlating shock arrival time 

with the appearance of the fireball. At Shot HOW, project 

participants mounted cameras in a trailer 3,200 meters from the 

shot-tower and, after the detonation, retrieved the film for 

analysis (38). 

Program 13, Radiochemistry Sampling, involved cloud sampling 

conducted by personnel from the 4925th Test Group (Atomic). The 

sampling missions are discussed in section 5.1.3, on AFSWC 

activities (36). 

Project 15.2, Gamma Radiation Exposure as a Function of 

Distance, was conducted by personnel from LASL. The objective 

was to measure gamma radiation exposure at various distances from 

the detonation. Project personnel placed gamma-detecting instruments in the ground at distances of 1,370 to 3,480 meters from 

ground zero. At recovery hour, four men in a vehicle entered the 

shot area to recover the instruments. They were scheduled to 

work in the area for 30 minutes (75). 

135 
Project 15.3, Radiation Monitoring Measurements, was 

conducted by personnel from LASL. The objectives were to monitor 

gamma radiation levels from the radioactive fallout after a 

nuclear detonation and to test several prototype radiation 

monitoring instruments for use at Operation IVY. The information 

on radiation levels was also used by recovery parties. Project 

personnel installed recording equipment in a station located 

about 460 meters east of ground zero. The recording equipment 

was set up to telemeter information on gamma radiation levels to 

the Control Point (59). 

Projects 17.1 and 17.2, External Neutron Measurements, were 

conducted by personnel from LASL. The objective of these projects 

was to use threshold detectors to measure external neutron flux as 

a function of distance. LASL also provided some threshold detectors to the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory and to the 

Naval Research Laboratory. 

Project personnel attached some threshold detectors to horizontal steel bars about four feet above the ground along a radial 

line 370 to 1,470 meters from the shot-tower. Other detectors 

were fastened to a steel cable. Project participants also 

installed an underground shelter containing oscilloscopes set to 

run automatically at shot-time. After the detonation, project 

personnel retrieved the steel cable by using a tractor to drag it 

out of the shot area. Other project participants recovered the 

records from the underground shelter and retrieved the steel bars 

with the threshold detectors. At Yucca Lake, the threshold 

detectors were removed from the bars and the cable. AFSWC 

courier aircraft then transported the detectors to LASL for 

analysis (27). 

Project 18.1, Total Thermal Radiation and Atmospheric 

Transmission, was conducted by the Naval Research Laboratory to 

study the transmission of light and thermal radiation emitted by 

136 
nuclear detonations of various yields. To measure the transmission of light, project personnel placed one photoelectric 

brightness meter at the Control Point and another in Area 2 of 

the NPG. In addition, they installed a transmissometer near the 

BJY and a receiver at the Control Point. Participants manually 

operated the instruments at the Control Point during the shot. 

To obtain data on thermal radiation emissions, personnel 

installed four thermopile recorder systems and operated them from 

the Control Point during the shot. They shut down equipment 

after the detonation to analyze recorded data (60). 

Project 18.3, Color Temperatures, was conducted by the Naval 

Research Laboratory to measure the spectral characteristics of a 

nuclear fireball as a function of time. Measurements were taken 

with a high-speed spectrograph (39). 

Project 18.4, High-resolution Spectroscopy, was conducted by 

the Naval Research Laboratory to supplement information obtained 

from spectroscopy measurements taken during previous nuclear 

weapons testing series, such as Operations GREENHOUSE and BUSTERJANGLE. Project personnel installed a spectrograph at the 

Control Point, about 24 kilometers from ground zero (16). 

Projects 19.lc and 19.ld, Shock-gauge Evaluations Tests, 

were conducted by Sandia Laboratory. Personnel from LASL and 

contractors assisted in calibrating and installing instruments. 

The project was intended to develop and test new instruments for 

measuring dynamic and static pressures, wind directions, sound 

and wind speeds, and temperature rises resulting from a shock 

wave. Personnel installed instruments at a station 945 meters 

from ground zero. Cables connected the instruments to equipment 

that recorded the information on shock wave phenomena (26). 

Projects 19.2a and 19.2b, Blast-wave Material Velocity 

Measurements, were conducted by LASL. An officer and six men 

137 
from the Antiaircraft Artillery and Guided Missile Center, Fort 

Bliss, Texas, installed and maintained a 90-millimeter battery. 

EGbG provided photography services. The objective was to photograph peak overpressure phenomena associated with a nuclear 

burst. Smoke canisters were fired into the air from 90-millimeter 

guns immediately before the burst so that air disturbances would 

be visible. 

Project personnel set up four 90-millimeter gun stations 

northeast of ground zero. These guns were fired by an electronic 

timing device. Project personnel entered the area before the 

shot to load smoke canisters into the guns. Other participants 

placed film in the automatically operated camera stations. EGIG 

personnel retrieved the film from these stations after the 

detonation (68). 

5.1.3 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

The Air Force Special Weapons Center provided personnel to 

staff the Air Operations Center, located at the Control Point. 

AFSWC also conducted cloud sampling and sample courier missions 

for the test groups and cloud tracking and aerial radiological 

surveys for the Test Manager. In addition, Strategic Air Command 

personnel witnessed the detonation. Although the SAC observers 

were not part of AFSWC, they are discussed in this section 

because they were under the operational control of AFSWC while 

over the NPG (l-3; 5; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

The following listing indicates the types and numbers of 

aircraft and the estimated numbers of personnel involved in air 

missions at Shot HOW: 

138 
TYPE OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF 

TITLE AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Sampling 

Sampler Control B-29 1 9 

Sampler B-29 1 8 

Sampler T-33 4 8 

Sampler F-84 6 6 

Sample Courier Service B-25 3 15 

c-47 1 4 

Cloud Tracking B-25 1 5 

B-29 1 10 

Aerial Surveys of c-47 2 10 

Terrain L-20 2 4 

Observer Activities B-36 1 16 

Cloud Sampling 

One B-29, four T-33s, and six F-84s collected particulate 

and gaseous samples of the Shot HOW cloud for Project 7.3, Radiochemical and Physical Analysis of Atomic Bomb Debris, and for 

Program 13, Radiochemistry Sampling. A B-29 sampler control 

aircraft, with an AFSWC aircrew and a LASL scientific advisor 

onboard, flew from Indian Springs AFB at 0346 hours and was in 

position to direct sampling activities at 0410. The sampler 

control aircraft, however, encountered difficulties finding the 

Shot HOW cloud and vectoring the sampling aircraft to the cloud. 

The cloud rose quickly to a height of 41,800 feet and then began 

to disperse. The lower portion of the cloud, 17,000 to 20,000 

feet, moved rapidly to the northwest, and the upper part moved to 

the northeast. The velocity of the leading edge of this cloud 

was about 50 knots, causing maximum dispersion at the most 

important sampling levels. The sampler aircraft were vectored to 

the lower cloud where most of the air sampling took place. The 

samplers flew at altitudes of 17,000 to 36,000 feet and made a 

139 
total of 22 penetrations of the cloud. The listing below details 

the activities of each sampler (l-3; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

TOTAL TOTAL 

TIME DOSIMETER 

AIRCRAFT TYPE AND TAKEOFF IN CLOUD READING LANDING 

TAIL NUMBER TIME (seconds) (roentgens) TIME 

Sampler Control B-29 0346 0916 

(285) 

B-29 (386) 0346 NR* 0.375 0836 

T-33 (951) 0431 NR 0.200 0519 

T-33 (048) 0631 NR 0.200 NR 

T-33 (913) 0640 NR 0.000 NR 

T-33 (920) 0627 NR 0.000 0743 

F-84 (859) 0402 180 0.075 NR 

F-84 (030) 0510 NR 0.040 0621 

F-84 (791) 0703 180 0.025 NR 

F-84 (834) 0642 0 0.000 NR 

F-84 (717) 0706 240 0.015 NR 

F-84 (NR) 0714 NR 0.020 NR 

*NR indicates not reported. 

Upon completion of their missions, the samplers returned to 

Indian Springs AFB and parked in the northeast corner of the 

parking area. Pilots then shut down the engines and opened the 

aircraft canopies. The crews of the B-29s left the aircraft 

through the rear door between the stabilizer and the wing. The 

crews of the T-33s and F-84s disembarked by stepping onto a 

boarding ladder attached to the side of the aircraft. The 

sample-removing team and radiological safety monitors used longhandled tools to remove the filter papers and place them in 

shielded containers. They used the same method to remove the 

bottles containing the gaseous samples. They then loaded the 

sample containers onto courier aircraft for delivery to AEC 

laboratories for analysis (l-3; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

140 
Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions had been completed, three B-25 

and one C-47 aircraft left Indian Springs AFB and Yucca Lake 

airstrip on shot-day to transport samples and filter papers to 

various laboratories for analysis. The 4901st Support Wing 

(Atomic) conducted these courier missions. 

At about 0655 hours, a B-25 flew from Indian Springs AFB to 

McClellan AFB with Project 7.3 samples. Soon after, a C-47 flew 

from Indian Springs AFB to LASL with Program 13 samples. At 0745 

hours, a B-25 left Yucca Lake airstrip with Project 17.1 samples 

for LASL. At 0855 hours, a B-25 flew from Indian Springs to the 

Army Chemical Center with Project 6.3 samples and to Bolling AFB 

with Project 2.3 samples (l-3; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

Cloud Tracking 

After the detonation, one B-25 and one B-29 from Indian 

Springs AFB flew cloud-tracking missions over and beyond the 

Nevada Proving Ground. The B-25 (tail number 099) took off at 

0413 hours, tracked the cloud at altitudes of 9,000 to 14,000 

feet, and returned at 0847 hours. The B-29 (tail number 826) 

took off at 0410 hours, tracked the cloud at altitudes of 18,000 

to 22,000 feet, and landed at 1000 hours (l-3; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

Aerial Surveys of Terrain 

After the detonation, two C-47 and two L-20 aircraft, all 

based at Indian Springs AFB, conducted radiological surveys of 

the onsite and offsite terrain. One C-47 (tail number 308) left 

at 0555 hours, flew its mission at 500 to 1,000 feet above the 

terrain, and returned at 1139 hours. The other C-47 (tail number 

unidentified) took off at 0605 hours, conducted its survey at 

1,700 feet and higher, and landed at 1131 hours. The L-20 aircraft (tail number 467) flew two missions about 100 feet above 

the terrain. For the first mission, the aircraft took off at 

141 
0925 hours to perform a special radiological safety mission. It 

returned to Indian Springs at 1155 hours, and then proceeded to 

the Yucca Lake airstrip. The aircraft then returned to Indian 

Springs, arriving at 1238 hours (l-3; 36; 37; 52; 69). The 

activities of the second L-20 are not known. 

Observers 

The crew of one SAC aircraft, a B-36 possibly from Carswell 

AFB, Texas, witnessed the HOW detonation. The B-36 entered the 

area over the NPG at 0338 hours and left the area at 0408 hours 

(l-3; 5; 36; 37; 52; 69). 

5.2 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT HOW 

The primary purpose of the radiation protection procedures 

developed by the test groups and AFSWC for Operation TUMBLERSNAPPER was to keep individual exposures to ionizing radiation to 

a minimum, while still allowing participants to accomplish their 

missions. 

Logistics and Materiel 

From 5 June to 9 June 1952, which covers the 5 June detonation of Shot HOW, the Logistics and Materiel Department issued 

300 sets of protective clothing and 250 radiation survey meters. 

The department also issued film badges (43). 

Monitoring 

The initial ground survey team began recording radiation 

intensities at 0545 hours. The survey was completed along all 

but the north stake line by 0700 hours. Measurements were made 

along the north stake line between 0915 and 0940 hours. Winds 

resulted in a large amount of fallout northwest of the shot 

area, but no effort was made to complete the survey in that 

direction since early recovery operations were not necessary 

there (43). 

142 
Offsite ground monitoring teams and personnel who were to 

operate fixed sampling stations left for their assigned locations 

the day before the shot. The maximum intensity encountered by 

these offsite monitors was 0.045 R/h, about six hours after the 

detonation, between Tonopah and Warm Springs, Nevada, on U.S. 

Route 6 (about 110 kilometers northwest of ground zero). For 

about ten days after the detonation, offsite personnel rechecked 

all areas surrounding the NPG where any readings greater than 

0.02 R/h had been noted. In addition, all water holes and 

potable water supplies in these areas were sampled. None of the 

water samples showed detectable amounts of radioactivity. 

Two C-47 and one L-20 aircraft conducted radiological 

surveys of the onsite and offsite terrain. The maximum intensity 

encountered by these aircraft was 0.011 R/h, 400 feet above a 

location about 50 kilometers northwest of ground zero, four hours 

after the detonation (43). 

Plotting and Briefing 

Monitors working in the field with recovery parties provided 

survey data for the radiation isointensity plots. Plotting and 

Briefing personnel consolidated these data to make the initial 

radiation isointensity map, a copy of which is shown in figure 

5-4. Copies of the isointensity maps generated from resurveys on 

subsequent days are shown in figure 5-5 (43). The labels of the 

maps in the source document do not always reflect the range of 

survey times given in the tables of intensity readings that 

accompany the maps. 

Dosimetry Data 

The AFSWP radiological safety report indicates that no 

individual who was issued a film badge during the period 5 to 

9 June 1952 received an exposure in excess of 3.0 roentgens (43). 

143 
Stake Lines 

. . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

- - - - • 0.1 R/h 

--•-- - • 1.0 R/h 

L_J_Y 10.0 R/h 

Meters 

Figure 5-4: INITIAL RADIATION ISOINTENSITY MAP FOR SHOT HOW 

5 JUNE 1952,060O HOURS 

144 

0 
7 JUNE 1952,050O HOURS 

L 

9 JUNE 1952,050O HOURS . . . . . . 

Stake Lines 

0.01 R/h 

-- -- -0.1 R/h 

--0-0 - • 1.0 R/h 

10.0 R/h 

Figure 5-5: SUBSEQUENT RADIATION ISOINTENSITY MAPS 

FOR SHOT HOW 

145 
146 
SHOTS EASY THROUGH HOW 

REFERENCE LIST 

The following list of references represents

only those documents cited in the EASY through

HOW volume. When a DNA-WT document is 

followed by an EX, the latest version has been 

cited. A complete list of documents reviewed 

during the preparation of the TUMBLER-SNAPPER 

reports is contained in the Operation TUMBLERSNAPPER volume. 

147 
AVAILABILITY INFORMATION 

An availability statement has been included at the end of 

the reference citation for those readers who wish to read or 

obtain copies of source documents. Availability statements were 

correct at the time the bibliography was prepared. It is 

anticipated that many of the documents marked unavailable may

become available during the declassification review process. The 

Coordination and Information Center (CIC) and the National 

Technical Information Service (NTIS) will be provided future 

DNA-WT documents bearing an EX after the report number. 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of CIC 

may be reviewed at the following address: 

Department of Energy 

Coordination and Information Center 

(Operated by Reynolds Electrical 8 Engineering Co., Inc.) 

ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley 

2753 S. Highland 

P.O. Box 14100 Phone: (702) 734-3194 

Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of NTIS 

may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service. 

When ordering by mail or phone, please include both the price 

code and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses 

before the NTIS order number. 

National Technical Information Service 

5285 Port Royal Road Phone: (703) 487-4650 

Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office) 

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by 

writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or by calling 

(703) 487-4660. 

148 
SHOTS EASY THROUGH HOW 

REFERENCE LIST 

1. Air Force Special Weapons Center, Historical Division. 

History of the Air Force Special Weapons Center in 

Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, April-June. Vol. I: 

"Narrative Account." Kirtland AFB. NM.: AFSWC. 

January 1953. 204 Pages.*** 

2. Air Force Special Weapons Center, Historical Division. 

History of the Air Force Special Weapons Center in 

Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER. Vol. II: "Pictorial 

Account." Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. January 1953. 

66 Pages.*** 

3. Air Force Special Weapons Center, SWO. D/F to Adjutant 

General Command Historian, Subject: Aircraft 

Participation in TUMBLER-SNAPPER. Kirtland AFB, NM.: 

AFSWC, Special Weapons Office. 9 June 1952. 

43 Pages.** 

4. Anonymous. [Correspondence File, Subject: Rad Safety for 

Troops, from AEC; AFSWP; D/A, G-3.1 April 1952. 

12 Pages.** 

5. Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Test Command. 

Letter to Test Director; Nevada Proving Grounds, 

Subject: SAC Participation in Operation 

TUMBLER/SNAPPER, w/l incl: Outline of SAC 

Participation. Mercury, NV. 27 March 1951. 

3 Pages.** 

6. Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Test Command. 

"Operations Plan 1-52 (TUMBLER-SNAPPER)."

Albuquerque, NM.: Test Command, AFSWP. 17 March 

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7. Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Test Command. 

"Weekly Activities Summary, Period Ending 9 May 1952." 

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8. Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Test Command. 

"Weekly Activities Summary, Period Ending 30 May 

1952." Mercury, NV.: TC, AFSWP. 30 May 1952. 

12 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

149 
9. Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Test Command, Deputy

Commander. Letter to Deputy Test Director [Subject:

Manned Camera Positions for Shot 8.1 Mercury, NV. 

26 May 1952. 2 Pages.**  

10. DELETED. 

11. Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Military Application.

Memorandum for BGEN. Fields, USA, Subject:

Participation of Additional Fifteen Hundred Troops in 

Operation SNAPPER. Washington, D.C. May 9, 1952. 

5 Pages.** 

12. Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Military Application.

Memorandum for M. W. Boyer, General Manager, AEC, 

Subject: Approval of Additional Troop Participation 

in T/S. Washington, D.C. May 1, 1952. 3 Pages.** 

13. Baggett, Lester M.; Kike, Robert S.; Dunaway. Robert E.; et 

al. Test of External Initiator, Program 14 (U). _ 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Washington, D.C. 

WT-557. December 1952. 141 Pages.*** 

14. Ballistic Research Laboratories. "Air Blast Measurements, 

Project 1.4." Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. WT-515. 

December 1952. 75 Pages. (A04) AD/A078 547.* 

15. Banks, C. E., LTC, USA. "Final Report--TUMBLER/SNAPPER 

Desert Rock, Liaison Section J-3, Test Command, 

AFSWP." w/o 3 incls. Mercury, NV.: Test Command,

AFSWP. 2 June 1953. 10 Pages.** 

16. Beck, C. A.; Campbell, J. H. "High Resolution

Spectroscopy, Project 18.4." Washington, D.C.: 

Naval Research Laboratory. WT-571. April 1955. 

28 Pages.*** 

17. Billingsley, S. G.; Balloch, J. C.; Hausrath, A. H. 

Reactions of Troops in Atomic Maneuvers, Exercise 

Desert Rock IV. Chevy Chase, MD.: Operations 

Research Office. ORO-T-240. July 1953. 

116 Pages. (A06) AD 026 280.* 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

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150 
18. Boone, H. F., Lt. Col., USAF. "Operational Tests of 

Radar and Photographic Techniques for IBDA, Operation

SNAPPER, Project 6.4." Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. 

WT-534. Augus.t 1952. 54 Pages. 

(A04) AD/A080 269.* 

19. Brown, P.; Carp, G.; Castellini, N.; et al. Electromagnetic Radiation over the Radio Spectrum from 

Nuclear Detonations, Project 9.5. Washington, D.C.: 

AFSWP. WT-548. June 1953. 82 Pages.*** 

20. Carder, D. S. "Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over 

a Desert Valley, Operation SNAPPER, Project 7.4." 

Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. WT-541. February 1953. 

53 Pages.*** 

21. Carter, R. E.; et al. The Biological Effectiveness of 

Neutron Radiation from Nuclear Weapons, Project 4.3. 

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WT-528-EX. February 1980. 90 Pages.

(A05) AD/A995 016.* 

22. Chambers, F. W., Jr. "Gamma Depth Dose Measurement in 

Unit Density Material, Project 4.4." Washington, 

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(A03) AD/B950 689.* 

23. Chief of Army Field Forces. Letter to Commanding General, 

Sixth Army, Subject: Desert Rock IV w/incl: 

Directive for Exercise Desert Rock IV. Fort Monroe, 

VA. ATTNG-43354/115. 19 March 1952. 11 Pages.** 

24. Clark, J. C. Deputy Test Director, [Summaries of Shots 

l-3, 5, and 7.1 1952. 20 Pages.** 

25. Commanding General, Camp Desert Rock. Message to 

Distribution, Subject: Military Participation in 

Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER. Camp Desert Rock, NM.: 

Hqs., Camp Desert Rock. 1952. 2 Pages. 

AMCDR-ADR 04-23.*** 

26. Cook, Thomas B., Jr.; Kammermeyer, Karl. Sandia 

Laboratory Shock-Gauge Evaluations Tests, Projects 

19.lc and 19.ld (U). Sandia Corporation.

Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. WT-505. October 1952. 

Y-03 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

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151 
27. Cowan, C. L. (ed). External Neutron Measurements, 

Project 17.1 and 17.2 (U). Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory. Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. WT-555-EX. 

January 1979. 79 Pages. (A05) AD/B951 747.* 

28. Daniels, F. B.; Harris, A. K. "Effects of Atomic 

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Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. WT-547. January 1953. 

69 Pages.*** 

29. DELETED. 

30. Department of Energy, Office of Public Affairs; Los Alamos 

Scientific Laboratory; Lawrence Livermore Laboratory; 

Sandia Laboratories. "Announced United States 

Nuclear Tests, July I945 through 1979." [Mercury, 

NV.]: Nevada Operations Office. NVO-209. January 

1980. 38 Pages. 

31. Department of the Air Force, Asst. DCS/O. Memorandum for 

General Bunker, Subject: Change of Schedule. 

Washington, D.C. 20 May 1952. 1 Page.** 

32. Director, Military Effects Test Group. Memorandum for Dr. 

J. C. Clark, Deputy Test Director, Subject: 

Preliminary Report of TUMBLER-SNAPPER Shot 7. 

Mercury, NV.: Test Command, AFSWP. 3 June 1952. 

3 Pages.*** 

33. Director, Military Effects Test Group. Memorandum for Dr. 

J. C. Clark, Deputy Test Director, Subject: H-Day 

Preliminary Report of TUMBLER-SNAPPER Shot 8. 

Mercury, NV.: Test Command, AFSWP. 5 June 1952. 

4 Pages.*** 

34. Draeger, R. H.; Either, M.; Ely, T. S.; et al. 

"Biomedical Exposure Equipment, Project 4.2." 

Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. WT-527. December 1952. 

81 Pages. (A05) AD/A078 564.* 

35. Edgerton, Germeshausen and Grier, Inc. "Long Range Light 

Measurements for AFOAT-1, Project 7.lb." Washington, 

D.C.: AFSWP. WT-538. March 1953. 51 Pages.*** 

36. Fackler, P. H. Technical Air Operations, Operation 

TUMBLER-SNAPPER. Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 

January 1953. 184 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

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152 
37. Fackler, P. H. Interview with Col. Paul H. Fackler, USAF 

(Ret.), Former Air Operations Officer, 4925th Test 

Group, Subject: CONUS Tests. McLean, VA. April 

22, 1981.** * 

38. Felt, G. L.; et al. "High-Speed Photography -- Project 

12.2a to d (U)." Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. 

Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-563. September 1952. 

41 Pages.*** 

39. Fussell, W. B. "Color Temperatures at Operation 

TUMBLER-SNAPPER, Project 18.3." Washington, D.C.: 

Naval Research Laboratory. NRL 4615. August 1955. 

18 Pages.*** 

40. General Electric Company--TEMPO. Compilation of Local 

Fallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962. Vol. 

1: Continental US Tests. Washington, D.C.: Defense 

Nuclear Agency. DNA 1251-l-EX. 1979. 619 Pages. 

(A99) AD/A079 309.* 

41. Grier, Herbert E. and Staff. "Bhangmeter MOD II (U)." 

Edgerton, Germeshausen 8 Grier, Inc. Washington, 

D.C.: AFSWP. WT-562. January 1953. 15 Pages. 

Secret.*** 

42. Grier, Herbert E. Technical Photography, Operation 

TUMBLER-SNAPPER Project 12.1. Edgerton, Germeshausen 

& Grier, Inc. Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. WT-569. 

April 1954. 155 Pages. (A08) AD/A995 066.* 

43. Gwynn, P. S., Lt. Col., USAF. Radiological Safety, 

Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER. Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. 

WT-558-EX. February 1980. 334 Pages. 

(A15) AD/A995 071.* 

44. Hanscome, T. D.; Willett, D. K.; Malich, C. W.; et al. 

"Neutron Flux Measurements, Project 2.3." 

Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. WT-524-EX. February 

1980. 53 Pages. (A04) AD/A995 033.* 

45. Hardin, L. M.; Littleton, D., Jr. "Evaluation of Air 

Monitoring Instruments, Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, 

Project 6.7." Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. WT-536. 

November 1952. 54 Pages. (A04) AD/A077 499.* 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

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153 
46. Haskell, N. A.; Vann, J. O., Lt. Col., USAF. "The 

Measurement of Free Air Atomic Blast Pressures, 

Operation SNAPPER, Project 1.1." Washington, D.C.: 

AFSWP. WT-511. February 1953. 59 Pages. 

(A04) AD/A078 574.* 

47. Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. [Comments and 

Recommendations of Officer Observers at Exercise 

Desert Rock IV, Shot FOX.] Camp Desert Rock, NV.: 

Hqs-, Camp Desert Rock. 15 May 1952. 25 Pages.** 

48. Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock, Visitors Bureau. Visitors 

Bureau Observer Roster for Shot Number 6. Camp

Desert Rock, NV.: Hqs-, Camp Desert Rock. 16 May

1952. 18 Pages.** 

49. Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock IV. Operation Order 6, 

Exercise Desert Rock IV, Fox. Camp Desert Rock, NV.: 

Hqs-, Camp Desert Rock. 8 May 1952. 95 Pages.** 

50. Headquarters, Sixth Army. [Desert Rock IV Letter of 

Instruction No. 1, w/7 incls.] Presidio of San 

Francisco, CA.: Sixth US Army. 19 March 1952. 

14 Pages. AMGCT-4 354.2. ** 

51. Headquarters, Sixth Army. Exercise Desert Rock IV: 

April-June 1952. Presidio of San Francisco, CA.: 

Sixth US Army. 1952. 236 Pages. (All) 

AD/A078 565.* 

52. Headquarters, Special Weapons Command. Extracts from: 

"Operations Plan 2-52: Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER." 

Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 26 February 1952. 

51 Pages.** 

53. Human Resources Research Office. Desert Rock IV: 

Reactions of an Armoured Infantry Battalion to an 

Atomic Bomb Maneuver. Washington, D-C.: HumRRO. 

TR-2. August 1953. 225 Pages. (AlO) AD 016 451.* 

54. Karstens, E. H., Lt. Col., USAF; Dyer, C- L-, Jr., S/Sgt, 

USAF. Air Weather Service Participation, Project

9.2. Washington, D-C.: AFSWP. WT-508. March 

1953. 77 Pages. (A05) AD/A995 045.* 

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**Available at CIC. 

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64. 

Krause, E. H.; and Staff. Measurement of Alpha and 

Transit Time, Projects 10.1 and 11.1. Washington, 

D.C.: Naval Research Laboratory. WT-554. November 

1952. 181 Pages.** * 

Krause, E. H.; and Staff. Test of Scintillator OpticalPath Technique, Project 10.2. Washington, D.C.: 

Naval Research Laboratory. WT-567. June 1953. 

95 Pages.*** 

Larrick, R. G.; Fuller, E. J.; Smith, L. J.; et al. 

"Total Gamma Exposure vs. Distance, Project 2.1." 

Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. WT-522. September 1952. 

45 Pages. (A03) AD/A077 502.* 

Loper, H. B., BGEN., USA, Chief, AFSWP. Letter to 

Director, Division of Military Application, Subject: 

Department of Army Participation at Shot 6. 

Washington, D.C. 23 April 1952. 1 Page.*** 

Mailik, John S. "Radiation Monitoring Measurements, 

Project 15.3 (U)." Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. 

Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. WT-507. June 1952. 

18 Pages.*** 

Man, E. M., Jr. "Total Thermal Radiation and Atmospheric

Transmission, Project 18.1." Washington, D. C.: 

Naval Research Laboratory. NRL 5434. February 

1960. 20 Pages.*** 

Merritt, M. L. "Air Shock Pressures as Affected by Hills 

and Dales, Project 19.le." Sandia Corporation.

Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. WT-502. September 1952. 

37 Pages.*** 

Office of Test Information. "Background Information on 

Nevada Nuclear Tests." Mercury, NV.: Nevada Test 

Organization. 15 July 1957. 72 Pages.** 

Office of the Test CDirector. Operation Order l-52 

(TUMBLER-SNAPPER). Los Alamos, NM.: LASL. 

February 2, 1952. 200 Pages.** 

Oleson, M. H. "Electromagnetic Effects from Atomic 

Explosions, Operation SNAPPER, Project 7.la.I' 

Washington, D.C.: Defense Nuclear Agency. 

WT-537-EX. February 1980. 57 Pages.

(A04) AD/B951 763.* 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

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155 
65. Olmsted, G. B. "Detection of Low Frequency Sound from 

Atomic Explosions, Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, Project

7.2." Washington, D.C.: Defense Nuclear Agency.

WT-539-EX. February 1980. 34 Pages. (A03)

AD/B951 746.* 

66. Ort, F. G.; Schumchyk, M. J. "Evaluation of a Filtration 

System for Pressurized Aircraft, Operation TUMBLERSNAPPER, Project 6.3." Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. 

WT-533. November 1952. 73 Pages. 

(A04) AD/B951 597.* 

67. Page, G. B., Lt. Col., USAF. "Operation SNAPPER, Final 

Report." Washington, D.C.: Defense Nuclear Agency. 

WT-564-EX. October 1979. 48 Pages.

(A03) AD/B951 764.* 

68. Porzel, F. B. (ed). Blast Measurements--Projects 

19.2a--19.2f. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. 

Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. WT-556. August 1952. 

171 Pages.*** 

69. Power, T. S., Maj. Gen., USAF. Letter to Deputy Chief of 

Staff, Operations, Hqs. USAF, Subject: SAC 

Participation in Operation TUMBLER-SNAPPER, w/2 

enclosures. Offutt AFB, NB. 8 March 1952. 

5 Pages.*** 

70. Romie, Fred E.; Sanders, Victor D. "Thermal Radiation 

Measurements, Project 8.7." Washington, D.C.: 

AFSWP. WT-565. June 1953. 31 Pages.*** 

71. Singlevich, Walter. "Radiochemical and Physical Analysis 

of Atomic Bomb Debris, Project 7.3." Washington, 

D.C.: AFSWP. WT-540. March 1953. 44 Pages.*** 

72. Sisk, F. J., LCDR., USN; Nielsen, D. E., 1st LT., USA. 

Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment, Operation 

SNAPPER, Project 6.1. Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. 

WT-532. January 1953. 77 Pages. 

(A05) AD/A077 498.* 

73. Stensvaag, James T. Letter to Jean Ponton [Subject: 

Excerpts from Test Air Operations Report, for 

TUMBLER-SNAPPER. USAF Occupational and Environmental 

Health Laboratory.] Brooks AFB, Texas. 24 November 

1981. 1 Page.** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

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156 
74. Storke, H. P., BGEN, USA. Letter to Carroll L. Tyler, 

Subject: Desert Rock Participation in Shot No. 8, w/o 

incl. Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. Las Vegas, 

Nevada. AMCDR-CG. 19 May 1952. 3 Pages.**  

75. Storm, Ellery. "Gamma Radiation Exposure as a Function of 

Distance --Project 15.2." Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory. Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. WT-549. 

July 1952. 54 Pages.*** 

76. Teres, J.; Wellhouser, H. N.; Hawkins, M. B. 

"Decontamination of Aircraft, Operation SNAPPER, 

Project 6.5." Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. WT-535. 

March 1953. 69 Pages. (A04) AD/A995 023.* 

77. Ungar, S. H. "Gamma Ray Spectrum of Residual 

Contamination, Project 2.2." Washington, D.C.: 

AFSWP. WT-523. February 1953. 39 Pages. 

(A03) AD 460 277.* 

78. Winograd, B. "Gain in Information in the Desert Rock 

A-Bomb Maneuvers." Washington, D.C.: HumRRO. 

March 1954. 18 Pages. (A02) AD 482 184.* 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

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Boise, ID 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Detroit, MI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Nashville, TN 

ATTN: Director 

The White House 

ATTN: Domestic Policy Staff 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTORS 

Lawrence Livensore National Lab 

ATTN: Tech Info Dept Library 

Los Alamos National Lab 

ATTN: Library 

2 cv ATTN: ADPA MMS 195 

Sandia National Lab 

ATTN: W. Hereford 

ATTN: Central Library 

Reynolds Electrical & Engr Co., Inc 

ATTN: CIC 

ATTN: W. Brady 

162 
OTHER 

Adams State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Akron Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Alabama State Dept of Archives I History 

ATTN: Military Records Oiv 

gniversity of Alabama 

ATTN: Reference Dept/Docs 

University of Alaska Library at Anchorage 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Alaska 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Albany Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Alexander City State Jr College 

ATTN: Librn 

Allegheny College 

ATTN: Librn 

Allen County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Altoona Area Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

American Statistics Index 

Congressional Info Service, Inc 

ATTN: Cathy Jarvey 

Anaheim Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

College of Wooster 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

Angelo State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Angelo Iacoboni Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Anoka County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Appalachian State University 

ATTN: Library Dots 

Arizona State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Arizona 

ATTN: Gov Dot Oept/C. Bower 

Arkansas College Library 

ATTN: Library 

Brooklyn College 

ATTN: Dot Div 

_OTHER (Continued) 

Arkansas Library Comm 

ATTN: Library 

Arkansas State University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Arkansas 

ATTN: Gov Dots Div 

Austin College 

ATTN: Librn 

Atlanta Public Library 

ATTN: Ivan Allen Dept 

Atlanta University 

ATTN: Librn 

AuburnA~q~yer;~;;nLibrary et Mongomery (Reg) 

C. W. Post Ctr Long Island University 

ATTN: Librn 

Bangor Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Bates College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Baylor University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Beloit College Libraries 

ATTN: Serials Dots Dept 

Bemidji State College 

ATTN: Library 

State University College 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

Akron Ur&ersity 

: Gov Dots 

6ostonA;;ilic Library (Reg) 

: Dots Dept 

Bowdoin College 

ATTN: Librn 

Bowling Green State University 

ATTN: Lib Gov Dots Services 

Bradley University 

ATTN: Librn 

Brandeis University Library 

ATTN: Dots Section 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Librn 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Dots Collection 

Brookh;;;; National Laboratory 

: Tech Library 

163 
_OTHER (Continued) 

Broward County Library Sys 

ATTN: Librn 

Brown University 

ATTN: Librn 

Bucknell University 

ATTN: Reference Dept 

Buffalo & Erie Co Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State University Library of California at Fresno 

ATTN: Library 

University Library of California at Los Angeles 

ATTN: Pub Affairs Serv U.S. Dots 

University of California at San Diego 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

State College Library of California at Stanislaus 

ATTN: Library 

California State Polytechnic University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University at Northridge 

ATTN: Gov Dot 

California State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University at Long Beach Library 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University 

ATTN: Librn 

California University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept 

California University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

California University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

California University Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of California 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Calvin College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kearney State College 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Carleton College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

QTHER (Continued) 

Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Librn 

Carnegie Mellon University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

CarsaRegional Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Unit 

Case Western Reserve University 

ATTN: Librn 

Casper College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Central Florida 

ATTN: Library Dots Dept 

Central Michigan University 

ATTN: Library Dots Set 

Central Missouri State Univ 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

Central State University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept 

Central Washington University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Set 

Central Wyoming College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Charleston County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Charlotte & Mechlenburg County Public Library 

ATTN: E. Correll 

Chattano;? Hamilton County, Bicentennial Library 

: Librn 

Chesapeake Public Library System 

ATTN: Librn 

Chicago Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

State University of Chicago 

ATTN: Librn 

Chicago University Library 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

ATTN: Dots Processing 

Cincinnati University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Claremont Colleges Libraries 

ATTN: Dot Collection 

Clemson University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

164 
OTHER (Continued) 

Cleveland Public Library 

ATTN: Dots Collection 

Cleveland State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Coe Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Colgate University Library 

ATTN: Ref Lib 

Colorado State University Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Colorado Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Columbia University Library 

ATTN: Dots Svc Ctr 

Columbus & Franklin Cty Public Library 

ATTN: Gen Ret Div 

Compton Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Connec;;;;t State Library (Reg) 

: Librn 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Gov't of Connecticut 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Cornell University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Corpus Christi State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Culver City Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Curry College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dallas County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dallas Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dalton Junior College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dartmouth College 

AT-TN: Librn 

Davenport Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Davidson College 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Dayton & Montgomery City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Dayton 

ATTN: Librn 

Decatur Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dekalb Community College so cpus 

ATTN: Librn 

Delaware Pauw University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Delaware 

ATTN: Librn 

Delta College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Delta ;:;;f U;i;;;sitY 

Denison University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

DenverAy;blic Library (Reg) 

: Dots Div 

Dept o;T;;bra;;b;nArchives (Reg) 

Detroit Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Burlington Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dickinson State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Alabama Agricultural Mechanical University & Co11 

ATTN: Librn 

Drake University 

ATTN: Cowles Library 

Drew University 

ATTN: Librn 

Duke University 

ATTN: Pub Dots Dept 

DuluthA;;;lic Library 

: Dots Set 

East Carolina University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept 

East C;;:al University 

: Librn 

East Islip Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

165 
DTHER (Continued) 

East Orange Public Library 

ATTN: U.S. Gov't Depository 

East Tennessee State University Sherrod Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

East Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

Monmouth County Library Eastern Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Kentucky University 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Michigan University Library 

ATTN: Library 

Eastern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Eastern New Mexico University 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Oregon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Washington University 

ATTN: Librn 

El Paso Public Library 

ATTN: Dots & Geneology Dept 

Elko County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Elmira College 

ATTN: Librn 

Elon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Enoch Pratt Free Library 

ATTN: Dots Oft 

Emory University 

ATTN: Librn 

Evansville & Vanderburgh Cty Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Everett Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Fairleigh Dickinson University 

ATTN: Depository Dept 

Florida A & M University 

ATTN: Librn 

Florida Atlantic University Library 

ATTN: Div of Pub Dots 

OTHER (Continued) 

Florida Institute of Technology 

ATTN: Library 

Florida International University Library 

ATTN: DLCS Set 

Florida State Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Florida State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Florida 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Fond Du Lac Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ft Hays State University 

Ft Hays Kansas State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Ft Worth Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Free Public Library of Elizabeth 

ATTN: Librn 

Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Freeport Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Fresno Cty Free Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Gadsden Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Garden Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Gardner Webb College 

ATTN: Dots Library 

Gary Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgetown University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Room 

Georgia Institute of Technology 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgia Southern College 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgia Southwestern College 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Georgia State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

166 
DTHER (Continued) DTHER (Continued) 

University of Georgia Herbert H. Lehman College 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) ATTN: Lib Dots Div 

Glassboro State College Hofstra University Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Dots Dept 

Gleeson Library Hollins College 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Graceland College Hopkinsville Community College 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Grand Forks Public City-County Library Wagner College 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Grand Rapids Public Library University of Houston Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib ATTN: Dots Div 

Greenville County Library Houston Public Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Guam RFK Memorial University Library Tulane University

ATTN: Fed Depository Co11 ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Guam Hoyt Public Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Gustavus Adolphus College Humboldt State College Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Dots Dept 

South Dakota University Huntington Park Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Hardin-Simnons University Library Hutchinson Public Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Hartford Public Library Idaho Public Library I Information Center 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Harvard College Library Idaho State Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib ATTN: Librn 

Harvard College Library Idaho State University Library 

ATTN: Serials Ret Div ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Hawaii Library University of Idaho 

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11 ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Hawaii State Library 

ATTN: Fed Dots Unit University of Illinois Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Hawaii at Monoa 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) Illinois State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Gov Dots Br 

University of Hawaii 

Hilo Campus Library Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: P. Watson Dots Lib 

Haydon Burns Library Illinois Valley Community College 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Library 

Hennepin County Library Illinois State University 

ATTN: Gov Dots ATTN: Librn 

Henry Ford Community College Library Indiana State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Serial Set 

Indiana State University 

ATTN: Dots Library 

167 
DTHER (Continued) 

Indiana University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Indianapolis Marion County Public Library 

ATTN: Social Science Div 

Iowa State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Iowa University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Butler University 

ATTN: Librn 

Isaac Delchdo College 

ATTN: Librn 

James Madison University 

ATTN: Librn 

Jefferson County Public Library 

Lakewood Regional Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Jersey City State College 

ATTN: F. A. Irwin Library Periodicals 

Dot Set 

Johns Hopkins University 

ATTN: Dots Library 

La Roche College 

ATTN: Librn 

Johnson Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kalamazoo Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kansas City Public Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Kansas State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kansas State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Kansas 

ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg) 

University of Texas 

ATTN: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public 

Affairs Library 

Maine Maritime Academy 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Maine 

ATTN: Librn 

!THER (Continued) 

Kent State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Kentucky Dept of Library & Archives 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Kentucky 

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg) 

Kenyon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lake Forest College 

ATTN: Librn 

Lake Sumter Community College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lakeland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lancaster Regional Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lawrence University 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Dots & Map Set 

Library and Statutory Dist & Svc 

2 cy ATTN: Librn 

Earlham College 

ATTN: Librn 

Little Rock Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Long Beach Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Los Angeles Public Library 

ATTN: Serials Div U.S. Dots 

Louisiana State University 

ATTN: Gov Dot Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Louisville Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Louisville University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hoover Institution 

ATTN: J. Bingham 

168 
OTHER (Continued) 

Manchester City Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Mankato State College 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

University of Maine at Farmington 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Marathon County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Principia College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: McKeldin Library Dots Div 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Massachusetts 

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11 

Maui Public Library 

Kahului Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

McNeese State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library & 

Information Center 

ATTN: Librn 

Memphis State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Mercer University 

ATTN: Librn 

Mesa County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Miami Dade Community College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Miami Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

Miami Public Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Miami University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Santa Clara 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Michig;;T;;atfibJ;rary 

Michig;yT;tate University Library 

: Librn 

MurrayA;;;te L(;;ersity Library 

; 

DTHER [Continued) 

Michigan Tech University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept 

University of Michigan 

ATTN: Acq Set Dots Unit 

Middlebury College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Millersville State College 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

Milwaukee Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Minneapolis Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Minnesota 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Minot State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Mississippi State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Univer;;;$ of Mississippi 

: Dir of Libraries 

Missouri University at Kansas City General 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Missouri Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

M.I.T. Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Mobile Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Info Div 

Midwestern University 

ATTN: Librn 

Montana State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Montana State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Montana 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Montebello Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Moorhead State College 

ATTN: Library 

Mt Prospect Public Library 

ATTN: Cov't Info Ctr 

169 
DTHER (Continued) 

Nassau Library System 

ATTN: Libtn 

Natrona County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Nebraska Library Community 

Nebraska Public Clearinghouse 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Nebraska at Omaha 

ATTN: Univ Lib Dots 

Nebraska Western College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Nebraska 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Nebraska Library 

ATTN: Acquisitions Oept 

University of Nevada Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

University of Nevada at Las Vegas 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

New Hampshire University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New Hanover County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New Mexico State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New Mexico State University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Div 

University of New Mexico 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of New Orleans Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Div 

New Orleans Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New York Public Library 

ATTN: Libm 

New York State Library 

ATTN: Dots Control Cultural Ed Ctr 

State University of New York at Stony Brook 

ATTN: Main Lib Dots Set 

State University of New York Co1 Memorial Lib 

at Cortland 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Lib Dots Set 

North Texas State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

_OTHER (Continued) 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Librn 

New York State University 

ATTN: Dots Ctr 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

New York University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Newark Free Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Newark Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Niagara Falls Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Nicholls State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Norfolk Public Library 

ATTN: R. Parker 

North Carolina Agricultural & Tech State 

University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Charlotte 

ATTN: Atkins Lib Dot Dept 

University Library of North Carolina at Greensboro 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Wilmington 

ATTN: Librn 

North Carolina Central University 

ATTN: Librn 

North Carolina State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina 

ATTN: DA SS Div Dots 

North Dakota State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

University of North Dakota 

ATTN: Librn 

North Georgia College 

ATTN: Librn 

Minnesota Div cf Emergency Svcs 

ATTN: Librn 

170 
_OTHER (Continued) OTHER (Continued) 

Northeast Missouri 

ATTN: Librn 

State University Oklahoma Department of Libraries 

ATTN: U.S. Gov Dots 

Northeastern 

ATTN: 

Oklahoma 

Librn 

State University University of Oklahoma 

ATTN: bcs Div 

Northeastern 

ATTN: 

University 

Dodge Library 

Old Dominion University 

ATTN: Dot Dept Univ Lib 

Northern Arizona University 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Library Olivet College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Omaha Public Library Clark Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

Northern Michigan University 

ATTN: Dots 

Onondaga County Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Set 

Northern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Oregon State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern 

ATTN: 

Michigan College 

Librn 

University of Oregon 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Northwestern 

ATTN: 

State University 

Librn 

Ouachita Baptist University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern 

ATTN: 

State University 

Librn 

Library Pan American 

ATTN: 

University Library 

Librn 

Northwestern 

ATTN: 

University Library 

Gov Pubs Dept 

Passaic Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Norwalk Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Queens College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Northeastern 

ATTN: 

Illinois University 

Library 

Pennsylvania 

ATTN: 

State Library 

Gov Pubs Set 

University of Notre Dame 

ATTN: Dot Ctr 

Pennsylvania 

ATTN: 

State University 

Lib Dot Set 

Oakland Community College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Pennsylvania 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Oakland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Denver 

ATTN: Penrose Library 

Oberlin College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Peoria Public Library 

ATTN: Business, Science & Tech Dept 

Ocean County College 

ATTN: Librn 

Free Library of Philadelphia 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Ohio State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Philipsburg 

ATTN: 

Free Public Library 

Library 

Ohio State University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Div 

Phoenix Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ohio University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Dots Office, G8 

Oklahoma City University 

ATTN: Librn 

Library Plainfield Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Oklahoma City University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

171 
OTHER (Continued) 

Popular Creek Public Library District 

ATTN: Librn 

Association of Portland Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Portland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Portland State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Pratt Institute Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Louisiana Tech University 

ATTN: Librn 

Princeton University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Providence College 

ATTN: Librn 

Providence Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library Cincinnati & Hamilton County 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Dot & Maps Room 

Purdue University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Quinebaug Valley Community College 

ATTN: Librn 

Auburn University 

ATTN: Microforms & Dots Dept 

Rapid City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Reading Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Reed College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Augusta College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Rhode Island Library 

ATTN: .Gov Pubs Oft 

University of Rhode Island 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Rice University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Louisiana College 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Richland County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Riverside Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Unitfersity of Rochester Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Rutgers Camden Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of Rutgers 

ATTN: Librn 

Rutgers University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Rutgers University Law Library 

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept 

Salem College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Samford University 

ATTN: Librn 

San Antonio Public Library 

ATTN: Bus Science & Tech Dept 

San Di;p;NCounty Library 

: C. Jones, Acquisitions 

San Diego Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

San Diego State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

San Francisco Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

San Francisco State College 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Co11 

San Jose State College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

San Luis Obispo City-County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Savannah Public & Effingham Liberty Regional 

Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Scottsbluff Public Librarv 

ATTN: Librn 

Scranton Public Librarv 

ATTN: Librn 

Seattle Public Librarv 

ATTN: Ref Dots Asst 

University of Richmond 

ATTN: Library 

172 
OTHER (Continued) 

Selby Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Shawnee Library System 

ATTN: Librn 

Shreve Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Silas Bronson Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Sioux City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Skidmore College 

ATTN: Librn 

Slippery Rock State College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

South Carolina State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Librn 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

South Dakota School 07 Mines & Technical Library 

ATTN: Librn 

South Dakota State Library 

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept 

University of South Dakota 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

South Florida University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Southeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Southern Alabama 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern California University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Southern Connecticut State College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Dots Ctr 

Southern Methodist University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Southern Mississippi 

ATTN: Library 

OTHER (Continued) 

Southern Oregon College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern University in New Orleans Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Utah State College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Southwest Missouri State College 

ATTN: Library 

University of Southwestern Louisiana Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Southwestern University 

ATTN: Librn 

Spokane Pub1 ic Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

Springfield City Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

St Bonaventure University 

ATTN: Librn 

St Joseph Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

St Lawrence University 

ATTN: Librn 

St Louis Pub1 ic Library 

ATTN: Librn 

St Paul Pub1 ic Library 

ATTN: Li brn 

Stanford University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

State Historical Sot Library 

ATTN: Dots Serials Set 

State Library of Massachusetts 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of York 

ATTN: Librn 

Stetson University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Steubenville 

ATTN : Librn 

Stockton & San Joaqu in Pub1 ic Li brary 

ATTN : Librn 

Stockton State College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

173 
IJITHER (Continued) _OTHER (Continued)_ 

Superior Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Tufts University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Swarthmore College Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

University of Tulsa 

ATTN: Librn 

Syracuse University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

UCLA Research Library 

ATTN: Pub Affairs Svc/U.S. Dots 

Tacoma Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Uniformed Services University of the Health 

Sciences 

ATTN: LRC Library 

Hillsborough County Public Library 

ATTN'z Librn 

at Tampa 

University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

Temple University 

ATTN: Librn University of Maine at Oreno 

ATTN: Librn 

Tennessee Technological University 

ATTN: Librn University of Northern Iowa 

ATTN: Library 

University of Tennessee 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries Upper Iowa College 

ATTN: Dots Co11 

College of Idaho 

ATTN: Librn Utah State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Texas A & M University Library 

ATTN: Librn University of Utah 

ATTN: Special Collections 

University of Texas at Arlington 

ATTN: Library Dots University of Utah 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Texas at San Antonio ATTN: Dept of Pharmacology 

ATTN: Library 

Valencia Library 

Texas Christian University ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Librn 

Vanderbilt University Library 

Texas State Library ATTN; Gov Dots Set 

ATTN: U.S. Dots Set 

University of Vermont 

Texas Tech University Library ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Virginia Commonwealth University 

Texas University at Austin ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Dots co11 

Virginia Military Institute 

University of Toledo Library ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Librn 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute Library 

Toledo Public Library ATTN: Dots Dept 

ATTN: Social Science Dept 

Virginia State Library 

Torrance Civic Center Library 

ATTN: Librn 

ATTN; Serials Set 

University of Virginia 

Traverse City Public Library ATTN: Pub Dots 

ATTN: Librn 

Volusia County Public Library 

Trenton Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Librn 

Trinity College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Trinity University Library 

ATTN: Dots Co11 

174 
OTHER (Continued) 

Washington State Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Washington State University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Set 

Washington University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

University of Washington 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Wayne State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wayne State University Law Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Weber State College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wesleyan University 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

West Chester State College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

West Covina Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of West Florida 

ATTN: Librn 

West Hills Conunity College 

ATTN: Library 

West Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

West Virginia College of Grad Studies Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of West Virginia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Westerly Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Carolina University 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Illinois University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Washington University 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Wyoming Community College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Westmoreland City Community College 

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr 

_OT.HER (Continued) 

Whitman College 

ATTN: Librn 

Wichita State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Williams & Mary College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Emporia Kansas State College 

ATTN: Gov Dots Div 

William Co11 ge Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Willimantic Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Winthrop Co1 ege

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Wisconsin at Whitewater 

ATTN: Gov Dots Lib 

University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee 

ATTN: Lib Dots 

University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Wisconsin at Platteville 

ATTN: Dot Unit Lib 

University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

Worcester Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wright State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Librn 

Wyoming State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Wyoming 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Yale University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Yeshiva University 

ATTN: Librn 

Yuma City Cou;:;r;ibrary 

ATTN: 

Simon Schwab Mem Lib, Columbus Co1 

ATTN: Librn 

175 
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued) 

Advanced Research & Applications Corp Kaman Tempo 

ATTN: H. Lee ATTN: C. Jones 

JAYCOR National Academy of Sciences 

ATTN: A. Nelson ATTN: C. Robinette 

10 cy ATTN: Health & Environment Div ATTN: Med Follow-up Agency 

ATTN: Nat Mat Advisory Bd 

Kaman Tempo 

ATTN: DAS IAC Pacific-Sierra Research Corp 

ATTN: E. Martin ATTN: H. Brode, Chairman SAGE 

Kaman Tempo Science Applications, Inc 

ATTN: R. MiTler ATTN: Tech Lib 

Science Applications, Inc R & D Associates 

JRB Associates Div ATTN: P. Haas 

10 cy ATTN: L. Novotney 

176