* T hi s di s p o s i t i o n i s n o t ap p r o p r i a t e f o r p u b l i c a t i o n a n d i s n o tp r e c e de nt e xc e pta s pr ovi de d by 9th C i r . R . 36- 3.

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A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f o rth e C e n tr a l D is tr ic t o f C a lif o rn ia J a m e s V . S e l na , D i s tr i c tJ udge , P r e s i di ng A r gue d a nd S ubm i tt e d A pr i l 11, 2013 P a s a d e n a , C a lif

o rn ia B ef ore: R E IN H A R D T and M U R G U IA , C i rc ui tJudg es , and Z O U H A R Y , D i stri ct Judg e. ** 

# FI LED APR25 2 013 M OLLY C. DW Y ER, CLERK U
. S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS2

D e f e nda nt - A ppe l l a ntQ ua y P hi pps appe a l s hi s c onvi c t i on of one c ountof tr a ns por t a t i on of

c hi l d pornogr aphy , i n v i ol a t i on of 18 U . S . C . § 2252A ( a ) ( 1) , a nd t h r e e c o u n t s o f

p o s s e s s i o n o f

c h i l d p o rn o g r ap h y , i n v i o l a t i o n o f 1 8 U. S . C. § 2 25 2A (a )( 5)(B ). P hi pp s r ai se s f i ve chal l enges t o h i s c on vi ct i on . W e rejec t e ac h c h a l l e n g e a n d a f

f i r m. 1. P hi pp s c on t ends the di stri ctcourtvi ol at ed the D ou bl e J eopardy C l ause w hen i tde ni e d hi s m ot i on t o di s m i s s the pos s e s s i on c ount s a s l e s s e r - i nc l ude d of f e ns e s of the tra nspo rt at i on coun t . H ow ever , no do ub l e j eopardy prob l em exi st s w here the charges a r e s u p p o r te d b y d is c r e te c o n d u c t. U ni te d S t ate s v . O v e r ton , 573 F . 3d 679, 697–98 ( 9th C i r . 2009) . “ [ T ] he gove rnm e ntm us ta l l e ge a nd pr ove di s t i nc tc onduc tunde r l y i ng e a c h c ha r ge , w he the rthe c onduc tunde r l y i ng e a c h c ha r ge oc c urr e d on the s a m e or di ff er entdat es . ” U

ni t e d Stat e s v . L

y nn , 6 3 6 F .3 d 1 1 2 7 , 1 1 3 7 ( 9 th C ir . 2 0 1 1 ) . C ou ntO ne of the S up er se di ng Indi ctm entchar ged P hi pp s w i th tra nspo rt i ng at l e a s tone i m a ge of

c hi l d pornogr aphy on or about D e c e m be r 26, 2009, i n vi ol a t i on of 18 U . S . C . § 2252A ( a ) ( 1) . T he c onduc ts uppor t i ng C ountO ne w a s a n e m ai l sentby P h i p p s wi th a n a t t a c h me n tc o n t a i n i n g a v i d e o o f c h i l d p o rn o g r ap h y . C o u n t s T wo throu gh F ou r c harged P hi pp s w i th p osse ss i ng chi l d p orno graphy on or abou tM ar ch 23, 2010 on thr e e s e pa r a t e de vi c e s - - tw o thum bdr i ve s a nd one ha r d dr i ve , i n vi ol a t i on of 18 U . S . C . § 2 25 2A (a )( 5)(B ). B ec ause the cond uctun d er ly i ng ea ch charge w as di st i nct , P hi pp s’ prosec ut i on di d n otvi ol at e the D ou bl e J eopardy C l ause .3

2 . P h ip p s n e x t a r g u e s h e h a s a F ir s t A m e n d m e n t r i g h t t o v ie w c h ild p o rn o g r ap h y , a n d h is c o n v ic tio n s f o rtr a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p o s s e s s io n v io la te th a t r ig h t. H o w e v e r , S u p r e m e C o u r t p r e c e d e n t f o r e c lo s e s th is a r g u m e n t. N ew Y ork v
. Fer ber , 4 5 8 U . S . 7 4 7 , 7 6 4 (1 9 8 2 ) ( h o l d i n g ch i l d p o rn o g rap h y i s n o tsu b j ectt o F i rst A m e n d m e n t p r o te c tio n s ) ; s e e a ls o O s b o r n e v . O h io , 495 U . S . 103, 111 ( 1990) (uph ol di ng l aw s prohi bi t i ng the po ss es si on and v i ew i ng of chi l d p orno graphy). 3. In a si m i l ar vei n, P hi pp s c on t ends the l aw s und erw hi ch he w as prosec ut ed de ny hi m f

unda m e nt a l due pr oc e s s be c a us e he w a s s e nt e nc e d t o 240 m onths i m pri sonm entfor “ m er el y vi ew i ng ” c hi l d p orno graphy. H ow ever , as di sc usse d abo ve, the S up re m e C ou rtha s det erm i ned l aw s c ri m i nal i zi ng such cond uctar e c o n s titu tio n a lly p e r m is s ib le . See Fer ber , 4 5 8 U .S . a t 7 6 4 ; O s bor ne , 495 U . S . a t111. 4. P hi pps ’ a r gum e nt , tha t the di s tr i c t c our t abus e d i t s di s c r e t i o n b y a dm i tt i ng in to e v id e n c e th r e e ( o u to f th o u s a n d s ) w r itte n p o rn o g r ap h ic s to r ie s f o u n d o n h is com pu t erand thu m bd ri ves a s “ other a ct s” evi dence un d er F ed eral R ul e of E vi dence 404( b) , i s l i ke w i s e w i thoutm e r i t . T he s t or i e s w e r e pr oba t i ve o f P h i p p s ’ know l e dge tha tthe i m a ge s he pos s e s sed co n t a i ne d pornogr aphy f e a tur i ng c hi l dr e n, a nd thus a d m is s ib le u n d e rR u le 4 0 4 ( b ) . Se e U n ite d S ta te s v . C u r tin , 4 8 9 F .3 d 9 3 5 , 9 5 8

– 5 9 ( 9 th C i r. 20 07 ) ( en banc). O nce the go vernm entes t abl i shes evi dence i s a dm i ss i bl e und er R ul e 404 (b), the on l y c on di t i on s j ust i fy i ng excl usi on ar e tho se desc ri bed i n F eder al R u le o f E v id e n c e 4 0 3 . I d. at 9 4 4 . T he thr e e s t or i e s e nt e r e d i nt o e vi de nc e w e r e not4

un du l y pre

j ud i ci al un der R ul e 4 03 -- the st ori es w er e p re se nt ed t o the j ury i n a l i m i t ed fa shi on , w er e not di sc usse d atl ength i n t es t i m on y or a rgum ent , and w er e the subj ec t o f a lim itin g in s tru c tio n f

r o m th e d is tr ic t c o u r t. 5 . F i nal l y, P hi pp s a rgues the di stri ctcou rt shou l d h ave grant ed hi s F eder al C ri m i n al R u l e 2 9 m o t i o n fo r acq u i tt al w i th resp ectt o th e tran sp o rt at i o n co u n tb ecau se the go ve rn m en tdi d n otpres entevi dence thathe p h ys ic a lly tr a n s p o r te d c h ild p o rn o g rap h y, rel yin g in s t ead o n ev i d en ce th atP h i p p s em ai l ed ch i l d p o rn o g rap h y. P h ip p s a r g u e s th a t s e n d in g a n e m a il d o e s n o t f it w ith in th e m e a n i n g o f “tr a n s p o r t.” T hi s a r gum e nti s f

r i vol ous . T he s t a tut e s pe c i f i c a l l y c ont e m pl a t e s tr a ns por t a t i on thr ough e m a i l by m a ki ng i ta c r i m e t o “ know i ngl y . . . tr a ns por t . . . us i ng a ny m e a ns o rf a c ility o f

in te r s ta te c o m m e r c e . . . , i nclud i ngby co m p u ter , a n y c h ild po rnog raph y. ” 18 U . S . C . § 2 25 2A (a )( 1) (e m ph as i s a dd ed). AF F I RME D.