DNA-TR-84-338 

RADIAC INSTRUMENTS AND FILM BADGES USED AT 

ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR TESTS 

m JAYCOR 

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2 26 September 1985 

y 

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Technical Report 

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CONTRACT No. DNA 001-83-C-0069 

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DNA-TR-84-338 

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RADIAC INSTRUMENTS AND FILM BADGES USED AT ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR TESTS 

I2 ~E~~a~~Lw*"J1OS'~~ECo); and Nelson, A.G. (JAYCOR) 

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17 COSArl CODES 18 SUBJECT TERMS (Conrrnue on reverse rf necessary and idenrrfy by block number) 

F’ELD GROUP SUB-GROUP Nuclear Test Personnel Review Film Badge 

18 3 NTPR Dosimeter 

6 18 Atmospheric Nuclear Tests Radiac 

I9 ABSTRACT iconttnue on reverse If necessary and !dentlfy by block number) 

This report is part of the Nuclear Test Personnel Review. It summarizes, for the period 

1945-1962, those radiac instruments, pocket dosimeters, and film badges used by participants at atmospheric tests. It also includes the accuracy of each, where documentation 

can be found, or estimates of accuracy based on similar equipment and badges. 

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All other edItions are obsolete 

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This report surunarizes the types of radiac instrLaments and film badges 

used at atmospheric nuclear tests (1945-1962) and discusses accuracies, variance, 

and performance criteria as applicable. The meanings assigned to accuracy by the 

authors of referenced documents cannot be explained in detail or corrected within 

the scope of this report or with docmntation available at this time. 

Because data will be used in answering a variety of inquiries, they are 

as exact and fully docunented as possible. This explains why some instruments are 

listed under a variety of different names. Nevertheless, each is listed -- exactly 

-- as given in the reference. In some cases, different references list different 

accuracies for the same film badge, and both accuracies are listed. Such 

preciseness may somewhat confuse the reader, but ensures historical accuracy. 

As will be seen, not all accuracies have been docmnted. However, 

rather than withhold the report, estimates are used in some instances. In such 

cases these are clearly indicated and the source of the estimate is given in the 

List of References. 

It should be noted that this report only includes those radiac instruments, Docket dosimeters, and film badges tiich were used to measure ionizing 

radiation exposures and assign doses received by participants. It does not cover 

in detail those special types used for various experimental programs or projects. 

More detailed data and additional information are solicited for succeeding revisions. These should be sent (with references or backup material as 

available) to the Defense Nuclear Agency (NI'PR). 
Section Page 

E%EExE ............................................................. 1 

1 IWRODWTICW ........................................................ 5 

CHARACTERISTICS OF ALPHA, BETA, GAMMA, AND X-RADIATIONS ......... 5 

PORTAHIE RADIATION DETECTION (RADIAC) II'GTRUME@7IS ............... 7 

Gas Ionization Detectors ..................................... 7 

Scintillation Detectors ...................................... 9 

Measurement Accuracies ....................................... 9 

PFRSONNJ3LDOSIMmERINSTRDMENIS ................................. 11 

Pocket Chambers .............................................. 11 

Self-reading Pocket Dosimeters ............................... 12 

FILM BADGE DOSIMEYERS .......................................... 14 

Film Hadge Reta and Gxma Dosimetry ......................... 15 

Film Badge Accuracies ....................................... 15 

2 SPECIFICSOFMAJORRADIAI3 B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 

3 t2ExIEs -Es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

TRINITY (1945) ................................................. 26 

CROSSROADS (1946) .............................................. 27 

SANDSTONE (1948) ............................................... 29 

RANGER (1951) .................................................. 31 

GREENHOUSE (1951) .............................................. 33 

BUSTERJANGLE (1951) ........................................... 35 

IwBlxR-SNAPPER (1952) ......................................... 36 

IVY (1952) ..................................................... 37 

UPSHOT-KNOI'HOLEZ (1953) ......................................... 39 

- a 

2 
!WELEi OF CCMCEMS (ConclUaea) 

cAfa!Ix (1954) ................................................. 40 

TJZAPCYT (1955) ................................................. 41 

w1mAM (1955) ................................................. 42 

REXWING (1956) ................................................ 43 

PLUMBBOB (1957) ............................................... 44 

HARMWK I (1958) ............................................. 45 

ARGUS (1958) .................................................. 46 

EIARJXACK II (1958) ............................................ 47 

CCMINIC I (1962) .............................................. 48 

WINIC II (1962) ............................................. 49 

PLCWSHARE (1961-1962) ......................................... 50 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Section 

ma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 

Paqe 

51 

3 

a - 
4 

- - 
While specifics concerning radiation detection instrunents, pocket 

dosimeters, and film badges used during 19451962 are covered in Section 3, this 

introduction provides information on general accuracy considerations in this 

report. It is keyed to the level of the general reader who has had limited 

scientific experience or training. Basic information on alpha, beta, gatnra, and 

x-radiations (especially regarding their detection and measurement) is given first 

to familiarize the reader with their tiracteristics. 

CH?MCIWUSTICSOFALPHA, BEIA,GAMM&, ANDX-RADIATIONS 

Alpha, beta, and gamma radiations are emitted from the nuclei of atoms 

while x-rays originate outside the nucleus. X-rays result &en negatively charged 

electrons release energy by being slowed down &en they come near the positively 

charged nucleus or when electrons orbiting the nucleus release energy as they drop 

into lower energy orbits. X-rays are bundles of electromagnetic energy (like 

radio and TV signals or light) that are called motons. X-ray plotons and gamM 

photons of the same energy are identical except for their origins. 

G~MTH photons originate in the nuclei of unstable nuclides (radionuclides). Gamma aotons are anitted alone or with particles from these nuclei. 

Most radioactive fission products created during a nuclear detonation enit ganma 

photons with beta particles. Wta particles are high-speed electrons of nuclear 

origin. 

The nuclei of all atoms consist of protons, tiich have positive charge, 

and neutrons, which are neutral as indicated by their name. In the nuclei of 

certain radionuclides, aneutron may spontaneously change into a proton, while 

emitting a negative beta particle and an anti-neutrino (a neutral and very light 

particle compared to the electron, with essentially no weight, i.e. mass). E3eta 

particles are emitted with a range of energy up to a rrsximun depending on the 

particular radionuclide. Gamna motons (uncharged) also may be emitted from many 

fission product radionuclides. 
-Another type of radioactive decay involves the emission from the nucleus 

of a particle consisting of two protons and tm neutrons. This emission, called an 

alpha particle, is identical to the nucleus of a helium atom. AllAa particles are 

very heavy colnpared to beta particles or Notons. 

One my plotons (gantna and x-ray) ionize atoms is by stripping orbital 

electrons to create a free negative electron and the positively charged remainder 

of the formerly neutral atom. The negative electron and positively charged 

residual atom are called an ion pair. Beta particles create ion Fairs by collisions with orbital electrons. Alpha particles, with two positively charged 

protons, also form ion pairs by removing electrons. Each ionizing event decreases 

energy of moton or particulate radiation until, eventually, the sm total of 

photon energy is insignificant, the beta prticle joins the sea of electrons around 

us? or the alpha particle acquires and keeps tm electrons to become a neutral 

helix atom. 

Because alpha particles are so heavy, they are relatively slow, and also 

because they have tW positive charges, they create many ion pairs along very short 

path lengths in air. For example, alrJla particles emitted from plutonim239 

travel only 3.7 centimeters in air (about 1 l/2 inches), and most al@ prticles 

can be stopped byasheetof paper. Thus, al@a prticle detection and measurement 

instruments must have very thin "windows" (like mylar or similar lightwight 

material) to permit alpha particles to pass into the detection chamber. 

Beta particles are very light, are relatively fast, do not create as many 

ion pairs per unit of track length as alpha particles, and travel up to several 

tens of feet in air depending on their enerqy. LWst beta particles are stopped by 

a quarter-inch of alumina or a thin steel shield. Thus, beta ,particles enter a 

detection chamber through light material such as mica or plastic. If a metal 

shield is placed over this beta "window," then garsma radiation, tiich still passes 

through the metal shield, produces a maasurernent &ich can be subtracted from the 

beta plus gamma measurement to obtain a beta measurement. 

Garma plotons only have mass because they are moving, are uncharged, 

travel at the speed of light, and produce zero to several ion pairs per centimeter 

of track length in air. Consequently, they theoretically have infinite range, but 

6 
practically penetrate deeply in most materials before being absorbed to insignificant anounts. For example, one inch of lead will reduce average energy fission 

product gama radiation to about one-tenth of its original intensity. Thus, gamna 

measuring instruments Carl have substantial thicknesses of metal or other materials 

around their detection chambers. 

POR7%EW3RADIATICNDETEcTION (FUADIAC) ISeveral different types of portable survey instruments w=re used to 

detect and masure ionizing radiation intensity and ionizing particles emitted from 

radionuclides. All of these instrmnents measure radiation indirectly by detecting 

and evaluating ionization events caused by the radiation in some madim. Thetypes 

of instrunents differ primarily in the medim in tiich an event takes place and in 

the method by which an event is detected and measured. Most portable survey 

instrunents fall into tm general categories: gas ionization detectors and 

scintillation detectors. The gas ionization detector takes advantage of the 

ionization produced when radiation passes through a gas (which may be air); the 

scintillation detectors depend on the property of certain materials to emit light 

(scintillate) when exposed to ionizing radiation. 

Gas Ionization Detectors 

As the name implies, this category of detectors uses a gas as the 

detection tiium. The typical detector consists of a cylindrical, rectangular, or 

other shape chamber with a wire through the cylinder or some distance from a wall 

of the several other chamber shapes. This wire is insulated from the chamber ~311 

and a voltage potential exists with the chamber wall negative and the wire 

positive. The chamber is filled with air or a gas, and this gas-filled space 

serves as the sensitive volme. Radiation entering the sensitive volme can ionize 

the fill gas. Ionization produces free electrons which, because they are 

negatively charged, are attracted to the positive wire (anode). The current or 

pulse of electrons is amplified and a calibrated meter indicates the radiation 

intensity. 

Tne three basic types of gas ionization detectors are the ionization 

7 

- - 
chamber, the proportional counter, and the Geiger-Mueller (GM) detector. The 

primary differences between these detector types are the amount of voltage 

potential applied between the anode and the chamber &l and the radiations 

detected. 

The ionization chamber instrunent operates at a voltage potential great 

enough to cause free electrons produced by ionization events taking place in the 

chamber and walls to rrove rapidly toward the anode with essentially no 

recombination of ions. The rapidly moving ions, howaver, do not nave sufficient 

energy to cause secondary ionizations. Because no secondary electrons are 

produced, ion chamber instrunents are relatively insensitive. Their primary use is 

measuring high-range gamna radiation. 

By increasing the voltage ptential, the free electrons produced by the 

original ionizing events can he accelerated to the -point that they cause additional 

ionization events as they are attracted toward the anode. The secondary ionization 

electrons also rray produce additional ionization, the subsequent electrons may 

produce ionization, and so forth. 'Ihis avalanche of electrons may be as great as 

10,000 times the nrmber of initial negative ions formed, creating a large current 

pulse. 

In this voltage region, individual alpha particles entering the chamber 

volune can be detected. 'Ihe higher ionization of alpha particles causes larger 

pulses than beta particles and gamna photons. E3y setting an electrical gate to 

count only large pulses, the oounter becomes a convenient alpha counter. F?ecause 

the size of the pulse detected is proportional to the initial number of ionizations 

produced by particles entering the chamber, alpha detecting instrlanents operating 

in this voltage region are named proportional alpha counters (PAC). 

If the voltage potential is greatly increased, ionization can be 

amplified to the point that nearly all of the gas in the chamber is ionized in an 

avalanche of electrons tienever a single ionizing event takes place, compared to an 

electron avalanche only in one part of the chamber in a proportional counter. 

Detectors operating at this voltage, thus in this greatly increased sensitivity 

region, are called Geiger-Mueller (W detectors. Such detectors are best suited 

for rnxkitoring low-level radiation where high sensitivity is needed, wlnile 

8 
ionization chamber detectors generally are used as high-range instrunents. 

Gas ionization instrunents can be used to detect all forms of ionizing 

radiation. Since the radiation must penetrate the chamber before it can be 

detected, the type of radiation to be measured mt be considered in the chamber 

design. Fbr example, a chamber wall of an alpha radiation detector must be 

constructed of ultra-thin, lightweight material that will allow entry of a majority 

of incident alpha particles. (x1 the other hand, the chamber walls of a gamna 

detector can be fairly substantial because gamma rays are highly penetrating, 'Ihe 

chamber &ls of beta-gamna detectors normally have a thin window of mica or other 

light material that can be exposed or shielded depending on ðer or not beta 

particles are to be detected. Thus, beta radiation readings are obtained by 

subtraction of closed-shield gamna readings from open-shield beta plus gamM 

of portable survey meter is the scintillation detector. 

of a fluorescent material that emits light (scintillates) 

readings. 

Scintillation Detectors 

Another kind 

This detector consists 

when irradiated, and a system to convert the light into electrical energy, amplify 

it, and measure the electrical output. Scintillation detectors can detect alpha 

and beta prticles, and are especially efficient in measuring gamna radiation. 

Measurement Accuracies 

Accuracies of ion chamber, @I, and scintillation detectors generally are 

specified as plus or minus a percentage of full scale mater deflection or as a 

percentage of any meter position. !Ihese accuracies are the accuracies of the 

meter, and it is assumed that the instrunent is not defective, is operating 

properly, and has been appropriately calibrated for the radiation to be measured. 

Instrument meter accuracies generally are those stated in this report. Were 

references ware not available, instrument accuracies ere estimated by using the 

least accurate of similar instruments referenced. Other factors may decrease 

stated accuracies of the instrunent under field conditions: use of defective 

instrunents, poor calibration procedure, measurement of radiation energies or types 

not calibrated for (particularly if instrument is energy dependent), gross &anges 

9 
in altitude of instrunent use if detection chamber gas pressure changes, and damage 

to the instrunent during use. pctual field errors of these types were minimal if 

technicians and mnitors wre well trained and followed correct procedures. 

Some of the GM detectors used during the early testing years were subject 

to another source of error called "saturation." This problem occurred when the 

instrument PEVS taken into a gamm field mch higher than the maximm range of the 

instrunent. Fbr example, if an MX-5 04 detector wre taken into a 1 roentgen per 

hour (R/h) field, the meter reading could decrease from its maximum of 0.02 R/h to 

a false reading of 0.015 or 0.01 R/h. 

The three types of "quenching" (of the electron avalanche pulse - so 

another could occur) were with organic gas, halogen gas, and external electronic 

circuitry. cxlly the first type, a few percent of plyatomic or ethyl alcohol (a 

gas at low pressure) normally mixed with argon gas, suffered this problem. Because 

pulses wre not being registered during quenching, the ionized organic gas 

molecules could not recombine fast enough in high radiation fields to maintain 

necessary quenching and, subsequently, an adequate number of pulses to register 

full-scale readings. 

If organically quenched r&l detectors wre operated above scale limits 

long enough, or in very high gamna radiation intensities, prmanent tube damage 

occurred. Normally, the organic gas in the tube muld not decompose or "wear out" 

enough to affect instrument operation until after a long period of use. High ganrna 

fields, however, could cause positive residual organic molecules to plate on the 

inside of the tube wall, or negative residual molecules to plate on the anode, 

reducing quenching capability enough to cause instruments to malfunction. 

This problem apparently was observed in 1948 when the procedure ws to 

carry a high range ionization chamber detector with the low range GM detector, and 

turn off the OUI detector if intensities above its range were encountered. Almost 

all organically-quenched @I tubes were replaced with halogen-quenched tubes, tiich 

did not "saturate," before the total test ban kgan in 1958, and use of organically-quenched tubes was rare &en nuclear testing resumed in 1961. 

10 
Pocket dosimeters generally are lrjed to determine the wearer's external 

exposure to x- and gamma radiation. These devices are mm by personnel mrking in 

a radiation environment. Dosimeter is the name applied to a class of radiation 

detection equipment. Dosimeter means dose (radiation) meter (measurement). selfreading pocket dosimeters w-3-e instrunents which enabled wearers to observe 

information on their cumulative exposure &tile in a radiation area, but pocket 

chamber instruments ware read with calibrated equipment after the Waring period. 

These dosimeters were used primarily to measure x- or garnna radiation. 

Pock&Chambers 

Pocket chambers are small dosimeters about the size and shape of a 

fountain pen. They are simplified ionization chambers with the cylindrical chamber 

wall insulated from the central anode which has a capacity for &rge. A known 

amount of positive static charge is pt on the anode with a charger contacting both 

the anode and the outer case (which extrude and are insulated from each other at 

one end of the pocket chamber). During use, electrons released by ionization 

events in the chamber are drawn to and neutralize the ‘anode's positive charge. 

After use, the remaining charge is measured with a combination charger/reader and 

compared with calibration data to determine amount of garruna exposure. 

Disadvantages of pocket &ambers are a number of inaccuracies -almost 

all of them resulting in overestimates of exposure. The chamber all cannot be too 

heavy or electrons from ionization events in the wall will be too numerous, and the 

capacity for charging must be too great to have a useful exposure range. Also, if 

the walls are too heavy, low energy gamM photons cannot penetrate the chamber. 

Calibration of the chamber to the energy spectrum to 'be encountered solves the 

problem of detecting low energy gamma. Maximlnn energies of many fission product 

beta particles, however, are sufficient for them to penetrate the Wlls. With 

greater ionization in air than gamma photons, a relatively small amount of highenergy beta radiation can cause a significant over-estimate of gamM exposure. 

A small munt of moisture at the erd of the chamber r&ere the anode and 

wall contacts are insulated can result in leakage of charge and subsequent wer11 

- - - A -_ 
estimates of exposure. A cracked or otherwise 

same problem. 

The pocket chamber ws not convenient 

deficient insulator can cau.e the 

for use during atmospheric 

because it did not provide exposure information during exposure. 

inconvenience plus the several *sources of error caused the pocket chamber 

limited use. 

Self-reading Pocket Dosimeters 

testing 

This 

to have 

These dosimeters are essentially the same shape as pocket chambers and 

the operating principles are similar. A major difference is inclusion of a 

miniature electroscope and scale. An electroscope has two hinged leaves or arms. 

When a charge is applied, the arms repel themselves, and when the charge is 

neutralized, the arms come together. In a self-reading dosimeter, one arm is fixed 

and the other is a metal-coated quartz fiber tiich moves along an exposure 

scale. 

Positively charging the anode aontact, tJhich is the electroscope, moves 

the quartz fiber to zero on the scale. As ionization neutralizes the electroscope 

charge, the quartz fiber moves u$ scale toward the fixed arm and indicates 

accunulated exposure on the scale. The scale can be observed at any time by 

looking through the dosimeter toward daylight or an artificial light source. An 

optical system magnifies the scale and quartz fiber for viewing. Typical rraxirnm 

ranges of self-reading pocket dosimeters are from 0.2 R to 10 R. 

The same accuracy considerations apply as with pocket chambers. Thus, it 

was not uncomno n under high hmidity conditions (as in the Pacific) to leak charge 

and overestimate garnna exposure or to experience overestimates because high-energy 

beta radiation was present. In addition, dropping and jarring self-reading dosimeters can cause the quartz fiber to m3ve up scale when no exposure has occurred. 

For these reasons, tw.3 dosimeters usually Wre Wrn together, and the 1owas.t 

reading was taken as the exposure estimate. Figure 1 shows typical pocket 

dosimeters. 

12 
Figure 1. Pocket Dosimeters. 

h 

- clro 

/ 

1 

\ 

7 

JI O#r, 

Film 

Windw 

_GUUd 

c/ 

Figure 2. Film Badge Holder. 

13 
Photographic film is sensitive to ionizing radiation just as it is to 

light. Developed and processed film that has been exposed to radiation will 

exhibit a darkening or increased optical density that can be related to the degree 

of exposure. 'Ihe net optical density (above background density) can be measured 

with a densitometer and compared with a calibrated standard to estimate the 

exposure. Using this technique, motographic film worn as a personnel dosimeter 

can be used to measure an individual's cunulative gamM radiation exposure. 

Typically, the film is wrapped in a light-tight paper packet. Over the 

packet are areas filtered by metal or combinations of metal to wcomplish tm 

primary goals. First, the over-response of film emulsions to low energies of the 

same dose from photon radiation must be compensated for. Secondly, metallic 

filters anplify the ionization effects of gamM radiation on the film emulsion so 

that the initially low specific ionization of gamma Notons becomes anplified in a 

filter and the resulting higher net opticaL density is rrore easily measured. 

Metallic filters sometimes ware Wded in a plastic film holder. A typical film 

badge bolder used for occupational exposure dosimetry is shown in Figure 2. 

Photographic film will respond to the ionizing effects of any radiation 

that reaches it. The pper wrapper sto,ps alpha radiation and low energy beta 

radiation. The metallic filter absorbs rrrost of the higher energy beta particles. 

Thus, net optical density of the processed dosimetry film under the n-etal.lic filter 

is a reasonable indication of the gamM dose received by the wearer. 

Although neutron radiation does not cause sufficient ionization to affect 

the film directly, film can record ionization caused by secondary radiations 

produced from neutron interactions with certain metallic filters. Also, high 

energy neutrons cause tiny tracks by proton recoil in specidl film emulsions. 

Under qnification, these tracks can be oounted and dose calculated. However, 

neutron film &simetry clas in its infancy at the time of early atmospheric nuclear 

tests, ard such dosimetry was not widely used. 

14 

-- - - P - - 
FilmBadge BetaandGamnaDosimetry 

Darkening of developed film can be related to gamma exposure of the 

wearer because the same type of film packets and cwnponents have been exposed to 

known anounts of garrnna radiation from sources of similar energies to the exposure 

energies. 

Beta exposures cannot be so easily related. The primary reason is 

low-energy gamma eotons that are partially attenuated by the metallic filters have 

a darkening effect on unfiltered areas of film emulsion that is much greater than 

the same exposure of high-enerqy gamna photons. Thus, the total darkening of film 

outside the metallic filter areas may result from a combination of low-energy gamna 

and beta exposure and cannot be used without additional information for 

quantitative determination of beta exposure. 

Although attempts wzre made to monitor beta radiation exposure during 

early atmospheric testing operations, film dosimetry was mainly applicable only to 

gamma radiation exposure. In addition, accuracy of determining qamna exposure with 

film badges was dependent on a number of factors. For example, similarity of an 

exposure energy spectrun to the calibration spectra determined whether laboratory 

calibrations and accuracies in laboratory processing appli& to field exposure 

conditions. Also, most errors in film dosimetry wzre caused by environmental 

conditions and their effects on film emulsions during storage and use in the field. 

Light, heat, pressure, and age damage were among the causes of increased and 

extraneous optical densities. Only with the rare combination of maintained. high 

hmidity without mter condensing on or in film packets did latent images fade and 

underestimation of doses possibly occur. Conversely and n-ore likely, if packets 

became damp, increased density resulted, and exposure was overestimated. For this 

reason, film packets used in the Pacific during several test operations were 

waterproofed. Thus, almost all errors in film dosimetry from environmental effects 

resulted in assigning more exposure to an individual than actually occurred. 

Film Badge Accuracies 

Film dosimeter accuracies also are a function of dose. All low-exposure15 
range film component exhibit only a slight increase in developed film optical 

density with minimum garnna exposures. At higher levels of a few tenths of a 

roentgen exposure, the film dosimeter becomes more accurate. It is in these 

exposure ranges that r[lDst of the percentages of exposure accuracy in the body of 

this report are guoted. 

Laboratory calibration accuracies for different film packets at still 

higher exposures generally vary from + - 

5 to + 20 percent of the determined - 

exposure. At lower exposures (i.e. 0.05 R), accuracy decreases considerably. Ihat 

is, at minirsLnn film density levels, a slight error in density determination could 

result in a very large percentage error in exposure determination. For example, an 

actual exposure of 0.025 R could be overestimated by 100% as 0.05 R. 

It is fortunate that these very large percentage errors occur only at 

very low exposures, where error in total exposure is small, or at very high 

exposures here a second, higher exposure range film compnent usually was included 

in the packet for density measuremnt and exposure evaluation. Most of the errors 

are positive and result in assigning more exposure than actually occurred. In 

Figure 3, the graph shows laboratory film badge variance at different amounts of 

gamna radiation exposure as determined during testing of 35 film badge processors 

by Rattelle Northwest Laboratory in 1967 (Ref. 81, 82). Film badge accuracies 

during mst atmospheric nuclear weapns testing series probably were similar. Fbr 

TRINITY, 1945, and CROSSROADS, 1946, minimm detectable exposures were only 0.1 R 

and 0.04 R, respectively, and accuracies were somewhat less than in later 

operations. ‘lhs, estimated accuracies for these test operations are indicated by 

the dashed curve on the graph. It is emphasized that essentially all of the errors 

resulted in assigning mre dose than actually Ws received. 

Film dosimeter exposure determinations usually were supported by other 

information. For example, if a film packet for a particular individual exhibited 

signs of damage and unusually high exposure, dosimetry results for a companion or 

recorded exposure rate measurements from the work area could be consulted to 

confirm or reassign a correct exposure anount. Further, if a damaged film muld 

not be interpreted, such additional information auld be used to assign a reasonably correct exposure. 

16 
80 

20 

10 

0 

0.03 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 

EXPOSURE IN ROENTGENS (R) GAMMA 

Figure 3. Estimated Film Badge Processor Error 
SPECIFICS OF M?UOR RADIX! B 

This section contains, in alphabetical order, a brief swry description 

of the chief portable radiation detection instrwnts used during atmospheric 

nuclear testing. It is not all-inclusive nor is it developed in great detail. 

Readers desiring more information should consult the appropriate publications from 

the Reference List in this volume, especially those numbered 53, 77, 78, and 79. 

Many instruments had several designations: a military JAN ("Joint ArmyNavy") number, an AM: number, and the manufacturer's model n&r. Normally the JAN 

designation is given first in this section with other designations in the "remarks" 

portion. All designations or model numbers, *en known, are cross-referenced in the 

Index. 

A#?RR+J?l 

Name: Ionization chamber survey meter 

Purpose: Detect high range gamw radiation 

Manufacturer: Kelly-Koett 

Range (mFVhr): o-5; O-so; O-500; O-5,000; 0-50,000 

Shape: 10" x 6" x 7" 

Weight: lO# 

Rerrrarks: First ionization chamber gamma survey meter built to military 

specifications; also called SIC-18A or K-350. 

AN/PDR+2 

Napne: Geiger-Mueller counter for beta-garrma survey 

Purpose: Detect low range beta-gm radiation 

Manufacturer: El Tronics 

Range (mR/hr gamma): O-0.5, O-5, O-50 

Shape: 10" x 6" x 7" 

Weight: 9# (approx) 

Remarks: Replaced by AN/PDR-27 series. Also termed El Tronics itie PR-2. 

18 
AN,'PDR-5 

NalW: Geiger-Mueller aounter 

Purpose: Detect beta-gamna radiation 

Manufacturer: Victoreen 

Range (mR/hr): O-0.2, o-2, O-20 

Shape: 12 l/4" x 3 l/4" x 8 l/2" 

Weight: 13.4# 

I&mm-ks: Also called Model 263A, SSl-2B, and IM-lA/PD. 

AN/PDF+7 

Name: Geiger-Mueller counter 

Purpose: Detect bata-garnna radiation 

Manufacturer: Nuclear Instrunent and Chemical Co. 

Range (mR/hr): O-0.2, o-2, O-20 

shape: 1 1" x 6" x 4" 

Weight: 11.6# 

Remarks: Also called Model 2610, S+4B, and IM-8/PD. 

AN/PDF+8 

Nanre: Geiger-Mueller aounter 

Purpose: Detect beta-gamma radiation 

Manufacturer: Hoffman, RCA, Admiral 

Range (mR/hr): O-0.5, O-5, O-50, O-500 (beta indication on first two scales) 

Shape: Kidney-shaped, about 10" x 6 l/2" x 7" 

Weight: 11.5-14# 

AN/PDR-1 OA 

Name: "Poppy" 

Purpose: Portable alpha proportional counter 

Manufacturer: General Electric 

Range (full scdle -mater, counts/min): 1,000 and 10,000 

Shape: 12 l/2" x 4 l/2' x 2 l/2" (approx) 

Waight: 5# 

&marks: Required an extremely well-trained operator. 

19 
2u@?DR-15 

Name: Geiger-Mueller counter 

Purpose: Detect lzeta-ganma radiation 

Manufacturer: - 

Range (mR4-c): O-0.5, O-5, O-SO, O-500 (beta indication on first two scales) 

shape: "flat iron" 11 l/4" x 4 3,/8" x 3 l/2" 

Weight: ll# 

At@DR-18 type 

Nanre: Photomultiplier survey meter 

purpose: GamM scintillation cx>unter 

Manufacturer: - 

Range (R/hr): 0.5, 5, 50, 500 

Shape: 6" x 4" x 10" (approx) 

Weight: 8 1/2# b-ax) 

ANJPDR-26 

Naae: Geiger-Mueller counter 

Purpose: Detect beta-garnna radiation 

Manufacturer: El Tronics 

Range (mR/hr): O-0.2, o-2, o-2c 

Shape: 9 3/4" x 5" x 6" 

Weight: 8 3/4# 

Remarks: Also called SM-3 or SQ4-18A. 

AN/PLR-27 type 

wapne: Beta-garm\a survey meter 

Purpose: Detect low range beta-garrrna radiation 

Manufacturer: G.E., Admiral, Hoffman, Wns-Clarke, olatham, .wialty 

Engineering, Watson Electronics, Industrial Electronics Hardware 

Corp., EJortheastern Engineering 

Range (mR/hr): O-0.5, O-5, O-SO, O-500 (beta indication on first tm scales) 

shape: 5 l/4" x 9" x 8" 

Weight: 9# (approx) 

Ibnarks: Rnployed halogen-filled GM tubes. 

20 
Atq/PDR-39 type 

Name: Ionization chamber survey meter 

Purpose: Detect high range gamM radiation 

Manufacturer: Tracerlab and Taffet 

Range (m&h-): o-5; O-50; O-500; O-5,000; ~50,000 

&U%pe: 10 l/2" x 6 l/4" x 8" 

Weight: ll# 

mrks: Included internal deck source. Navy version Ws SD-10 (in orange 

case vice olive green case). Also calledAN/PDR-TlB. 

AN/l?DR-43 

IWE: Geiger-Mueller type, beta-g- survey meter 

Purpose: Detect high range beta-garnna radiation 

Manufacturer: Electronic Products, Electra-Neutronics 

Range (#xl: o-5, O-50, and O-500 

shape: 8" x 4" x 3 l/2" 

Weight: 4 1/2# 

Remarks: Miniature-pulsed, halogen-filled. Utilized scale hanging meter. 

ANpDR-60 

Narrre: Alpha scintillation counter 

Purpose: Alpha detection 

Manufacturer: Eberline 

Range (counts/min): o-2,000; 0-20,000; O-200,000; 0-2,000,000 

shape: Rectangular 

Weight: 6# 11 oz 

RBtiWk3: Eberline designation is PAC-1s. 

cw-700 

Name: bw range survey meter (beta-ganma) 

Purpose: Monitor personnel, food, Wzer, and hLanan habitation areas (for 

Civil Defense) 

Manufacturer: Anton, Victoreen, JZlectro-Neutronics, Lionel, Chatham, 

Universal, Nuclear Measurements 

Range (mR/hr): O-0.5, o-5, O-50 

21 
IM-3pD 

W: Ion chamber survey meter 

Purpose: Detect garma radiation 

Manufacturer: Victoreen 

Range (mWhr): O-2.5; O-25; O-250; O-2,500 

Shape: 10 l/2" x 5 l/2" x 13" 

Weight: 12 7/8# 

IWla&S: Also termed Victoreen 247A and SIC-9B. 'Jhe 247B version had scales 

(mr) of O-25; *250; O-2,500; O-25,000. 

=4/pD 

WlE: " zeuto" 

purpose: Detect alpha-beta-m radiation 

Manufacturer: Victoreen 

Range(mR/hrgarma): 4,40 

Shape: 9 l/2" x 6" x 5" 

Weight: 6# 

RellW-kS: Also called Victoreen 356 or SIC-2A. 

IM-5/F'D 

NElaE: "Cutie Pie" 

purpose: Detect beta and gamta radiation 

Manufacturer: Sylvania, Tracerlab and others 

Range (mR/hr gamna): Sylvania: 50; 500; 5,000 

Tracerlab: 25; 250; 2,500 

shape: 6 l/2" x 3" x 5" 

Weight: 4-4 1/2# 

&ma&s: Had pistol grip and adjustable beta window; also called SIC-7, 

Sylvania RD-316, or Tracerlab SU-Al. 

IM-108/PD 

NapJle: Miniature ion chamber gamna meter 

Purpose: Portable high range survey instrment 

Manufacturer: Iandsverk, ,Jordan 

Range: l-500 R/hr cm logarithmic meter scale and 0.1-15 R/'hr on decade scale 

Shape: 6 l/2" x 4 l/8" x 4 l/4" 

Weight: 2 1/2# 

22 

-- b-__ - 
nx-2 

LJame: "Beckman meter" (ion chamber) 

PWpOSE?: Detect garnna and beta radiation 

Manufacturer: Beckman, National Technical Labs 

Range (mR/hr gama): 20; 50; 200; 500; 2,000 

Shape: 12 l/2" x 7 l/2" x 6 l/2" 

Weight: 12 1/2# 

Remarks: Also called SIC-11A. 

NIX-5 

Name: Geiger-Mueller counter 

Purpose: Detect beta-g- radiation 

Manufacturer: Beckman, National Technical Labs and others 

Range (mR/hr): O-0.2, o-2, O-20 

Shape: 9 l/2" x 5" x 6" 

Weight: 9.6# 

Rs!mXks: Also called IM-39/PD or S@l-15A. 

MX-6 

NEUlK?: Ionization dxufber survey meter 

Purpose: Detect garm\a radiation 

Manufacturer: Rational Technical Labs 

Range (mR/hr): o-5; O-50; O-500; O-5,000 

Shape: 9 l/2" x 5" x 6" 

Weight: 7 3/4# 

F&marks: Also called IM-4O/PD or SIC-15A. 

PAC-3G (AN/PDR-54) 

Naane: Gas flow proportional aI@ counter 

FUpOSe: Measure both low and high range alpha radiation 

Manufacturer: Eberline 

Range (counts/mins): 1,000; 10,000; 100,000 

Shape: Rectangular 

Weight: 8 1/2# 

Remarks: Alternate standard was PAC-2GA. 

23 
Z-100 

Name: " Zeus" 

PLWpOSe: Detect airborne alpha-betaTamna radioactivity 

Manufacturer: Rauland Manufacturing Co. 

Range (mR/hr g-1: 25; 100; 500; 2,500 

shape: 13" x 10 3/8" x 5 3/8" 

Weight: 10 1/3# 

MtBrkS: Also called AN/PDR-20 (by General Electric). 

2111 

NalE: "Pee WePurpoSe: Portable air proportional counter for alpha 

Manufacturer: Nuclear Instrunent and Chemical Corporation 

Range (scale counts/min): O-2,000; O-20,000 

shape: 11 7/8" x 5 3/8" x 8" 

Weight: 16# 

I&?mWks: AEC nunber SFGlC; also Model 41-A and 48-A; also term4 "Pee V&e." 

24 
SECTION 3 

In the following series smry section, radiac instrunents,pxket dosimeters, and film badges used at each test series are itemized. References cited 

refer to those in the subsequent F&ference List: n&rs following the colon refer 

to page n&rs of that reference. 

Precise definition of the term "Accuracy" is not specified herein 

because the many different references do not agree on &at their specific 

"accuracy" data encompasses. Consequently, tiile the reader probably will apply 

the standard dictionary definitions, these may be mxlified or amplified by 

definitions in the specific references. 

In many cases, data given are generalizations. The reader is cautioned 

that data in Section 3 may be anplified or xxdified by the references cited. 

25 
SERIES: TRINITY (1945) 

Radiac 

Instrunent Ref. Accuracv Ref. 

Geiger counter 

Portable gamna 

Portable alpha 

meters 

meters 

Rasterline-Angus 

recording gamna meters 

Pocket 

Dosimeter* 

Landsverk-mllan type 

Film Badae 

1:55 ard 

2:50 

2:95 

2:95 

2:95 

Ref. 

2:112 

- + 25% test) 

+ 25% (est) - 

- + 10% of full scale 

+ 25% - 

Accuracy 

Iowerthanthat 

expected from the 

Watts meter readings 

and time in the area 

Accuracy 

2A 

2A 

14D:22;14B;l4C 

2Fi 

Ref. 

2:112 

Ref. 

Eastman [Kodak] X-ray type K 

(0.1 R minimun) 

DuPont 552 [packet] 

Adlux [catastrophe badge] 

2:113, 167 

2:11;, 166 

+ 30% (est)** - 

+ 30% test)** - 

+20% test) - 

76 

76 

76 

*Also termed "pocket electrometer" in early testing years and "self-reading pocket 

dosimeter" during later series (2:14; 2:52). 

**Accuracy is a function of exposure. Generally, the sensitive film component 

accuracies could vary up to a maximun of + 100 percent at minimum detection levels 

(0.01-0.1 R), + 30 percent in the range %f 0.1-1.0 R and + lo-15 percent in the 

range above 1.0 R until the film density no longer increases with exposure; then 

another higher range film component normally is used. 

26 
Radiac 

Instrunent 

Geiger counter, 

model X-263 

"Cutie Pie" 

Ionization meter, 

model 247 

Victoreen Model 263 

Victoreen Model X-263 

Alpha meter Model 356 

( ” zeuto” ) 

Watts meter (ion chamber) 

Underwater probes: 

Victoreen X-325 

NRL IIspeciaL" 

Pocket 

Dosimeter 

Iandsverk quartz fibre type 

Film 

SS!z 

Personnel: 

@ecial dental film 

holder with lead cross 

shield. Film component 

Kodak type K (0.04-2 R) 

SERIES: 

4:49 

11B 

4:49 

llH, 5 

11D 

6 

+ 25% test) - 

+ 20% 

+ 20% 

NA 

11c 25% test) 

7 Unknown 

11G UtlkIl0Wf-l 

7 Unknown 

Ref. 

llD, 11E 

Accuracy 

+ 3% (or) 

1F 10% 

cw)ssEMADG (1946) 

Ref. 

83 

Accuracy 

+ 20% test) 

+ 10% of full 

scale 

Accuracy 

Ref. 

76 from 11D:lO 

3:73 

2A 

11D:lO 

11D:lO 

30A 

2A 

Ref. 

11F 

11D 

Ref. 

30% (est)* 90, 76, 84 

*Accuracy is a function of exposure. Generally, the sensitive film amponent 

accuracies could vary up to a maximm of + 100 percent at minimum detection levels 

(0.01-0.04 R), + 30 percent in the range-of 0.04-1.0 R and + lo-15 percent in the 

range above 1.0-R until the film density no longer increases with exposure; then 

another higher range film component normaLly is used. 

27 
Film 

SE 

casualty: 

5301 

5302 

SERIES: (XOSIMX (Continued) 

Ref. 

4:49;10 

Accuracy 

12% under lead 

6% w/o lead 

8% under lead 

6% w/o lead 

28 

Ref. 
SERIES: sAM)sToNE (1948) 

Radiac 

Instrmnt 

Instrunent Development 

I&I Model 2610 

National ?echnical Labs 

Model Mx-5 

Victoreen Instrunent Co. 

Model 263A 

AN/PDR-1 

AN,'PDR-8 

National Technical Labs 

Mx-2 

National !Echnical Iabs 

MX-6 

RauIand Manufacturing Co. 

Z-lOO/lOOA (“Zeus”) 

Victoreen 247A 

Victoreen 300 

Victoreen 356 (“Zeuto”) 

Ias Alamos, AEC, SIC-7 

("Cutie Pie" type) 

Ios Alamos, AM:, SPC-1B 

("Pee Waew) 

Pocket 

Dosimeter 

Beckman ModMx-7 

(O-O.2 R) 

Ref. Accuracy Ref. 

12:7 + 10% (est) 76 from 47:63 

12:7 + 10% 19C 

12:7 

12:7 

12:7 

+ 20% test) 

+ 10% 

+ 10% 

76 from 11D:lO 

13: Appendix 

Nov. 16 

12A:60 implies 

same as ?N/PDR-1 

12:7 + 25% (est) 2A, 13 

12:7 + 25% (est) 2A, 13 

12:7 

12:lO 

12:lO 

12:lO 

+ 25% test) 

+ 25% (est) - 

+ 10% 

NA 

2A 

2A 

47:95 

30A 

12:13 

+ 10% of full scale 14A 

12:13 + 10% of full scale 

Ref. Accuracy Ref. 

12A:60 Al.1 8-20% 

higher than 

film badges 

14 

29 

__- ~_~__-_ - -- 
Pocket 

Dosimeter (can't) 

iSERIES: SINWIDE (Continue3 

Ref. Accuracv 

Cambridge (AEC 

# PIC-9A) 

(0.02 R) 

catalogue 

12A:60 

Kelley-Wtt K-100 

(O-0.2 R) 

Kelley-Koett K-150 

(O-10 R) 

Kelley-Koett K-160 

(O-50 R) 

Film 

Badge 

Personnel: 

*-ial dental film 

holder with lead 

cross shield. Film 

component types Kodak 

A & K (0.05-3 R) 

Casualty: 

5301 

5302 

All 8-20% 

higher than 

film badges 

12:lO All 8-20% 

higher than 

film badges 

12:lO All 8-20% 

higher than 

film badges 

12:20 AI1 8-20% 

higher than 

film badges 

Ref. Accuracy 

15:37 and 30% (e&z)* 

8:15 

16, 8:16 

15:37 and 12% under lead 

8:15 6% w/o lead 

15:37 and 8% under lead 

8:15 6% w/o lead 

Ref. 

14 

14 

14 

14 

Ref. 

76 

*Accuracy is a function of exposure. Generally, the sensitive film cornpnent 

accuracies could vary up to a maximum of + 100 percent at minimum detection levels 

(0.01-0.05 R), + 30 percent in the rangexf 0.05-1.0 R and + lo-15 percent in the 

range above 1.0-R until the film density no longer increases with exposure; then 

another higher range film clomponent normally is used. 

30 

-t-e. - -P-h-- -__ 
SERIES: RAEER (1951) 

Radiac 

Instrument Ref. 

TlB ion chamber (AN/PDR-39) 

(Su-10) 

Victoreen 263A 

National Technical 

Mx-5 

Q! type 2610A 

18:70 

18:70 

18:70 

18:72 

"Juno" type ion dmmbers 18:72 

Mel 48-A ("Pee Wee") 

Model 100 (ion d-m&r, 

100 mR/hr-100 R/hr) 

Model 2680 

Model MX-6 

iWelT (G-M) 

Watts (ion chamber) 

18:84 

18:84 

18:84 

18:84 

18:84 

18:84 

Pocket 

Dosimeter 

2-R model 

Ref. Accuracv Ref. 

18.75 

(app. D) 

10-R model 18:75 

(app. D) 

Type unlmom 18:71 

Accuracy 

+ 15% - 

+ 20% test) - 

+ 10% - 

+ 10% test) 

+ 10% full 

Gale gama 

+ 20% of full scale 

+ 25% - 

Ul-kIlOWll 

+ 25% test) - 

+ 25% test) 

+ 25% test) 

Ref. 

19A:6 

76 from 11D:lO 

19C 

47:63 

3:73 

14D:22,14B,l4C 

2A, 13 

2A, 13 

2A, 80 

2A, 80 

UIlkIlOWfl 

LhkIlOWn 

'Ch the average 

pocket dosimeters 

read higher than 

the corresponding 

film badges" 

18:71 

31 

_ A- _ A& - -- _- _ - 
Film 

Mae 

EasManKcdakTypeK 

SERIES: RAMZR (Continued) 

Ref. Accuracy 

89 + 20% test)* - 

Ref. 

89 

*Pccuracy is a function of exposure. Generally, the sensitive film vnent 

accuracies aould vary up to a rn~imlnn of + 100 percent at minimun detection levels 

(0.01-0.05 R), + 20 percent in the range:f 0.05-1.0 R and + lo-15 percent in the 

range above 1.0-R until the film density no longer increask with exposure: then 

another higher range film component normally is used. 

32 

_.a - A_ - -_ _ 
SERIES: -SE (1951) 

Radiac 

Instrmnt 

AN/PDR+A 

AN/PDR-8B 

AN/PDR-27A (IM-57) 

AN/PDR-TlB (SU-10) 

El Tronics SGl-18A 

Victoreen 247A 

Victoreei 2473 

Victoreen 2478 

Victoreen 2638 

2610A 

SU-1B ("Cutie Pie") 

"Pee Wee" model 41A 

Mx-5 

Victoreen 747A 

[probably 247A] 

Pocket 

Dosimeter 

Whnan Model 102 

(O-O.2 R) 

IM-50@?D 

(O-O.2 R) 

Kelley-Koett K-151 

(O-10 R) 

Kelley Koett K-161 

(O-50 R) 

Ref. 

20:67 

20:67 

21B:30 

21B:30 

20:67 

213:30 

20:67 

20:67 

20:67 

213:30 

21B:30 

21:74 

21B:30 

21:74 

Accuracy 

UI-lh0Wf-l 

UlktlOWIl 

+ 20% above 

TO% of full scale 

+ 15% 

+ 10% test) 

+ 20% test) 

+ 25% (est) 

+ 20% test) - 

+ 25% test) 

+ 10% 

+ 10% of full scale 

+ 10% of full scale 

+ 10% - 

thkIl0WI-l 

Ref. Accuracy 

21:35 Lk-lkIlOWn 

20:67 UIlkllOWn 

21:74 Ulktl0WI-l 

21:74 UlkllOWn 

21F 

19B 

76 from 47:61,63 

76 from 19A 

2A 

76 from 19A 

76 from 11D:lO 

47:63 

3:73 

14D:22;14B;l4C 

21E 

Ref. 

33 

__- _a& -A- - _- 
SEXES: (;REENBousE (Continued) 

Pocket 

Dcsimeter 

Kelly-Koett 

(0-0.2 R) 

Victoreen Model 507 

(O-100 R) 

Victoreen Model E-507 

(0-200 R) 

IX'-65/PD 

III?-64/PD 

AISO &SEE REFERENCE 21D 

Ref. Accuracy 

20:67 UdUl0W-l 

21:73 UIlkI-lOWl 

Ref. 

21:73 

21C:3 

21C:3 

lJhIl0Wt-l 

Complex, see p.5 and 

fig. 6 of Ref. 21C 

"2/3 that of IYT-65" 21c:5 

Film 

?z!z Ref. 

DuPont 553 film ,oacket with 

film component types: 20:7'1 

502 

(0.1-10 R) 

606 

(lo-250 R) 

Accuracv Ref. 

+ 10% above 0.4 R* 21:29 

T 12% to 3 R* 8:16 

1.0 to 20% 59B:2 

Also SEE REFEREWES 19, 21A, AIW 30 

*Accuracy is a function of exposure. Generally, the sensitive film component 

accuracies aould vary up to a maximm of + 100 percent at minimm detection levels 

(0.01-0.1 R), + 25 percent in the range of 0.1-1.0 R and + lo-15 percent in the 

range above 1.g R until the film density no longer increases with exposure; then 

another higher range film component normally is used. 

34 

I__ - 
Radiac 

Instrunent 

AN/PDR-27A 

Ref. 

22:118 

Accuracy Ref. 

+ 20 above 21F 

TO% of full scale 

AN/PDRJTlB 23:113 + 15% 19B 

i@Ix-5 23:113 + 10% 21E 

SD-10 24:18 + 15% 19B 

Pocket 

Dosimeter Ref. Accuracy Ref. 

IM-20/PD 

(O-50 R) 

Film 

B;adge 

DuPont 553 film packet with 

film component types: 

502 

(0.02-10 R) 

510 

(5-50 R) 

606 

(lo-300 R) 

ALSOSEEREFEBEKE 19 

23:113, 116 UlkIlOWn 

Ref. 

23:llO 

23:lll and 

31:94 

31:94 

31:94 

Accuracy Ref. 

+ 10% above 0.4 R* 21:29 

i.0 to 1.2% of dose* 30 

0.7 to 2.4% of dose* 30 

2.3 to 16.0% of cbse* 30 

*Accuracy is a function of exposure. GeneraIly, the sensitive film component 

accuracies could vary up to a maximum of + 100 percent at minimum detection levels 

(0.01-0.02 R), + 25 percent in the range>f 0.02-1.0 R and + lo-15 percent in the 

range above 1.0 R until the film density no longer increases with exposure; then 

another higher range film component normally is used. 

35 

- -- 
SERIES: lmBLER-SNAPPER (1952) 

Radiac 

Instrunent 

Mx-5 

AN/PDRqlB 

"B-21" gear 

"Jasper" (IM-71/PD) 

(Modified TlB) 

Pocket 

Dosimeter 

Quartz-fibre type 

(O-l R) 

(O-5 R) 

Film 

Badae 

Wont 558 film packet 

with film component 

types: 

508 

(0.015-6 R) 

1290 

(20-3,000 R) 

Ref. 

28:27 

28:27 

28:42-43 

28:151 

Accuracy 

+ 10 - 

+ 15% 

UIllQ-lOMl 

+ 15% test) - 

Ref. 

21E 

19B 

33:29;19B 

Ref. Accuracy Ref. 

27:136 and 

28:26 

WklOWl 

Ref. Accuracy Ref. 

27:136 

8:16 + 20%* - 

+ 15% (est) - 

71C:2 

(F) 76 

*Accuracy is a function of exposure. Generally, the sensitive film vnent 

accuracies could vary up to a maximun of + 100 percent at mini_mm detection levels 

(0.01-0.015 R), + 20 percent in the range>f 0.015-1.0 R and + lo-15 percent in the 

range above 1.0 R until the film density no longer increases with exposure: then 

another higher range film component norklly is used. 

36 

-- - _a- A__ --- 
SERIES: WY (1952) 

Radiac 

Instrument Ref. 

AN/PDR-TlB 

IM-71/PD (XIX-l) 

("Jasper") (modified TlB) 

BeclQTkanMx-5 

AN/PDR-27C 

Pocket 

Dosimeter 

IM-91PD 

(O-200 mR) 

IN-19PD 

(high range) 

IM-2oPD 

(high range) 

Film 

Badue 

31:91 

31:91 

Accuracy Ref. 

+ 15% 19B 

+ 15% test) 33:29;19B 

31:91 

31:91 

+ 10% 21E 

+ 20% of above 

TO% of full scale 

34 

Ref. Accuracy Ref. 

31:92 

31:92 

31:92 

Ref. 

UflkIl0WI-l 

UIlkI-lOWll 

UIlkIl0Wl-h 

Accuracy Ref. 

Wont 558 film packet with 

film component types: 

508 

(0.015-6 R) 

1290 

(5-750 R) 

Wont 553 film packet with 

film compnent types: 

31:94 

31:94 + 20%* 71C:2 

31:94 + 15% test) 76 

31:94 

see also note 

32 

*Accuracy is a function of exposure. Generally, the sensitive film component 

accuracies muId vary up to a mxinmn of + 100 percent at minimum detection levels 

(0.01-0.015 R), + 20 percent in the range>f 0.015-1.0 R and + lo-15 percent in the 

range above 1.0X until the film density no longer increases with exposure; then 

another nigher range film component normally is used. 

37 

-A_ *-a - A- _- _- 
Film 

Badge 

502 

(0.1-10 R) 

(0.03-15 R) 

510 

(5-50 R) 

606 

(lo-300 R) 

AL&D SEE REFERENCE 19 

SERIES: IVY (Continued) 

Ref Accuracy 

31:94 and + 10% above 0.4 R 21:29 - 

33:80 1.0 to 1.2% 30 

31:94 0.7 to 2.4% 30 

31:94 2.3 to 16.0% 30 

38 
SERIES: UPsm-m ( 1953) 

Radiac 

Instrument 

AN/PDR-Tl@ 

su-10* 

Mx-5 

AN/PDR-39* 

Victoreen ('Ihyac) 389A 

AN/PDR-1OA (air ,proportional 

alpha counter) 

"Pee b&e" 2111 

IM-71/PD ("Jasper") 

(modified TlB) 

Pocket 

Dosimeter 

Types unspecified 

with ranges: 

O-0.2 R 

O-l R 

O-10 R 

O-50 R 

Film Badge 

DuPont 559 film packet with 

component types: 

502 

(0.02-10 R) 

606 

(lo-300 R) 

ALSO SEE REFERENCE 19 

Ref. 

35:27 

35:27 

35:27 

35:27 

35:27 

35:27 

Accuracy 

+ 15% 19B 

+ 15% 19B 

+ 10% - 

+ 15% 

21E 

19A:6 

+ 10% - 

+ 10% of full scale - 

26 

14D:22;14B;l4C; 

66:130;53:70 

35:27 

36:56 

+ 10% of full scale 14D:22;14B,l4C 

+ 15% (est) - 33:29;19B 

Ref. Accuracy Ref. 

37:163 

37:163 

37:163 

37:163 

37:163 

Ref. 

+ 10% 86:15 

T 10% 86:15 

T 10% 86:15 

T 10% 86:15 

T 10% 86:15 

Accuracy Ref. 

86:15 + 10% above 0.4 R** 21:29 

i.0 to 1.2% of dose 30 

86:15 2.3 to 16.0% of dose 30 

*Essentially the same instrunent 

**Accuracy is a function of exposure. Generally, the sensitive film rompnent 

accuracies could vary up to a maximum of + 100 percent at minimum detection levels 

(0.01-0.02 R), + 25 percent in the range>f 0.02-1.0 R and + lo-15 percent in the 

range above 1.0-R until the film density no longer increases with exposure; then 

another higher range film component normally is used. 

39 
SERIES: - (1954) 

Radiac 

Instrcanent 

AN/PDR-27F 

AN/PDR-18A 

Ion chamber with 

Fasterline-Angus 

recorder 

SpeciaLized aircraft 

instruments 

Pocket 

Dosimeter 

Victoreen 

(0-5 R) 

Cambridge 

(O-1 R) 

Kelley-Koett 

(0-0.2 R) 

Film 

E!E 

DuPont 559 film packet with 

film component types: 

502 

(0.02-10 R) 

606 

(10-300 R) 

Ref. 

39:lOOfn 

39:lOOfn 

39:lOl 

40 

Ref. 

39:lOl 

39:lOl 

39:lOl 

Ref. 

41:62 

39:lOl 

39: 101 

Accuracy 

+ 20% above 

TO% of full scdle 

10% of full scale 

+ 25% (est) - 

Accuracy 

"Consistently 

high by a 

factor of two" 

Accuracy 

Film badges averaged 

about 14% too high 

+ 10% above 0.4 R* 21:29 

T 12%.lZo 3 R* 8:16 

7.4 to 28% 59B:2 

1.0 to 20% 

Ref. 

34 

42,3:76 

2A 

- 

Ref. 

39: 101 

Ref. 

41:62 

59B:2 

AISO SEE KEFEKENCES 19 AN) 30 

*Accuracy is a function of exposure. GeneraLly, the sensitive film mponent 

accuracies could vary up to a maximm of + 100 percent at minimm detection levels 

(0.01-0.02 R), + 28 percent in the range%f 0.02-1.0 R and + lo-15 percent in the 

range above 1.0-R until the film density no longer increa& with exposure; then 

another higher range film component normaLly is used. 

40 

- a -- 
Radiac 

Instrment 

AN/PDR-27A 

Ref. 

43: 156 

AN/PDR-T 1 B* 43:156 

Beckman Mx-5 44: 151 

AN/PDR-39” 44: 151 

“Juno” 44: 161 

Victoreen (Thyac) 389 

“Pee We” alpha 

survey meter 

Mcdel 2610 

44:161 

44: 161 + 10% of full scale 14D:22; 

44: 162 + 10% (est) 76 from 

Rocket 

Dosimeter 

O-1 R 

0-5 R 

Ref. 

46:4 

46:4 

Film 

Badge 

Wont 559 film packet with 

film component types: 

502 

(0.02-10 R) 

606 

(lo-300 R) 

SERIES: TEzGwr (1955) 

Accuracy 

+ 20% above 

TO% of full scale 

+ 15% 

+ 10% 

+ 15% 

+ 10% full scale 

SamM 

+ 10% 

Accuracv 

UKlkill0W-l 

Accuracy 

1.4 to 28%** 

+ 25%** 

- 

1.0 to 20% 59B:2 

Ref. 

21F 

19B 

21E 

19A:6 

3:73 

26 

14B,14C 

47:63 

Ref. 

Ref. 

59B:2 

45 

ALSO SEE REFEWKES 19Am 30 

*Essentially the same instrument 

**Accuracy is a function of exposure. Generally, the sensitive film axnponent 

accuracies could vary up to a maximum of + 100 percent at minimum detection levels 

(0.01-0.02 R), + 28 percent in the range>f 0.02-1.0 R and + lo-15 percent in the 

range above 1 .rR until the film density no longer increass with exposure; then 

another higher range film component normaLly is used. 

41 
SERIES: WI- (1955) 

Radiac 

Instrument 

AN/PDR-27 

AN/PDR-18 

AN/PDR-JTlB 

Model 2610 

NRDL &de1 III, W I 

Berkeley Mod 2750 

"Pee We" 

Iqsrithmic response 

meters 

El Tronics CP-3D 

("Cutie Pie") 

Pocket 

Dosimeter 

Type unspecified 

(O-5 R) 

Film 

Biadge 

Wont 559 film packet with 

film component types: 

502 

(0.02-10 R) 

606 

(lo-600 R) 

Ref. 

49 

49:40, 43 

Accuracy 

+ 20% above 

70% of full scale 

+ 10% of full scale - 

+ 15% 

+ 10% test) 

ulhOWn 

UnhOWn 

+ 10% of full scale - 

ulkI-lOWn 

Ref. 

21F 

49:43 

49:43 

49:40 

49:40 

49:40 

49:41 

42,3:76 

19B 

76 from 47:63 

49:43 + 10% - 

14A 

Ref. Accuracy Ref. 

49:72 UI-kl0W-l 

Ref. Accuracy Ref. 

48:2-9 

49:36 

1.4 to 28%* or 

+ 12% to 3 RF - 

1.0 to 20% 

59B: 2 

8:16 

49:36 59B:2 

ALSO SEE REFERENCES 19, 30, AND 50 

*Accuracy is a function of exposure. Generally, the sensitive film c?omponent 

accuracies could vary up to a maximum of + 100 percent at minimm detection levels 

(0.01-0.02 R), + 28 percent in the range>f 0.02-1.0 R and + lo-15 percent in the 

range above 1.0-R until the film density I-CI longer increases with exposure; then 

another higher range film ampnent normally is used. 

42 
SEElIES: FtEZWIW (1956) 

Radiac 

Instrument 

AN/PDR-39 

AN/PDRqlB 

AN/PDR-27F 

Ref. 

51:96 

51:96 

51:97 

AN/PDR-18A 51:97 

AN/PDR-27C 51:98 

Berkeley side-window 

"Cutie Pie" 

51:98 

51:98 

Pocket 

Dosimeter 

Bendix 611 

(O-5) 

UT-60 

52:38 

51:98 

Film 

Badge Ref. Accuracy Ref. 

DuPont 559 film packet with 

film component types: 51:96 

502 

(0.02-10 R) 51:96 

606 

(10-300 R) 51:96 

Accuracy 

+ 15% 

+ 15% 

+ 20% of above 

TO% of full scale 

+ 10% of full scale 

+ 20% of above 

TO% of full scale 

+ 25% test) 

+ 10% 

Accuracy 

UdQ-lOWI-l 

UflkilOWn 

1.4 to 28%* or 

+ 12% to 3 RT - 

1.0 to 20% 

Ref. 

19A:6 

19B 

34 

42,3:76 

34 

2A 

3:73 

Ref. 

59B:2 

8:16 

59B:2 

AISC SEE R.EFRRRNCEs 19AND 30 

*Accuracy is a function of exposure. Generally, the sensitive film component 

accuracies could vary up to a maximm of + 100 percent at minimum detection levels 

(0.01-0.02 R), 2 28 percent in the range%f 0.02-1.0 R and _t lo-15 percent in the 

range above 1.0 R until the film density no longer increases with exposure; then 

another higher range film cmponent normally is used. 

43 
SERIES: PILMBBOB (1957) 

Radiac 

Instrment 

BeckmanMx-5 

AN/PDR-34 (modified TlB with 

alpha, beta windows) 

Eberline PAC-1A 

Nuclear Chicago 

bdel 2111 ("Pee We") 

AN/PDR-39 

AN/PDR-43 

Pocket 

Dosimeter 

(types unknown) 

Film 

Badge 

For NJJS: 

lX&nt 559 film packet with 

film component types: 

502 

(0.02-10 R) 

606 

(lo-300 R) 

Ref. 

54:17 

54:17 

54:17 

54:17 

58:82 

58:82 

Ref. 

57 

Ref. 

54 and 

55:79 

59B: 1 1.4 to 28%* 59B:2 

59B:l 1.0 to 20% 59B:2 

AIS0 SEE -S 19, 30, AND 56 

Accuracy 

+ 10% - 

+ 15% test) - 

+ 10% of full scale - 

+ 10% of full scale 14D:22;14B,14C 

+ 15% - 

+ 20% of above 

TO% of full scale 

19A:6 

59A:l-2 

Accuracy 

UIlkIlOWfl 

Accuracy 

Ref. 

21E 

l9B 

14D:22;59 

Ref. 

Ref. 

*Accuracy is a function of exposure. Generally, the sensitive film mnpnent 

accuracies could vary up to a mximun of + 100 percent at minimun detection levels 

(0.01-0.02 R), + 28 percent in the range:f 0.02-1.0 R and + lo-15 percent in the 

range above 1.0-R until the film density rm longer increas& with exposure; then 

another higher range film component normally is used. 

44 
SERIES: EMM!ACK I (1958) 

Radiac 

Instrument 

AN/PDR-39 

AN/PDR-39 modified 

to 500 R range 

AN/PDR-27C 

Ref. 

60:90 

Accuracy 

+ 15% 

60:90 

60:90 

+ 15% 19A:6 

+ 20% above 

TO% of full scale 

AN/PDR-18 

CD-V-700 [sic] 

'Ihyac (389) 

Beckman Mx-5 

Eberline PAC-3G 

60:90 

60:90 

60:90 

60:90 

60:90 

+ 10% of full scale 

within + 25% - 

+ 10% 

+ 10% 

+ 10% of full scale 

Pocket 

Dosimeter Ref. Accuracv Ref. 

Bendix Model 611 61:47 UnktlOWIl 

Pilm 

Badge Ref. Accuracy 

DuPont 559 film packet with 

film component types: 60:79 

502 

(0.02-10 R) 60:79 

1.4 to 28%* or 59B:2 

+ 12% to 3 RT 8:16 

834 

(5-800 R) 60:79 1.4 to 4.5% 19,71c 

Ref. 

19A:6 

34 

42,3:76 

60A:7 

26 

213 

14D:22;62:8 

Ref. 

*Accuracy is a function of exposure. Generally, the sensitive film component 

accuracies oould vary up to a rnaximun of + 100 percent at minimm detection levels 

(0.01-0.02 R), + 28 percent in the range>f 0.02-1.0 R and + lo-15 percent in the 

range abve 1.0 R until the film density no longer increases with exposure; then 

another higher range film component normally is used. 

45 
Radiac 

Instrment 

"Alpha-detection 

equipnent" 

Pocket 

Dosimeter 

Type unknown 

SERgS: ARGUS (1958) 

Ref. Accuracy 

63:45 @AIlOWn 

Ref. 

63:52 

Film 

Badge Ref. 

Type unhewn (from Army 

Lexington Signal Depot) 63:51 

Afzcuracy 

U&t-lOWfl 

Accuracv 

Ref. 

Ref. 

Ref. 

46 

-a- -*- _A_ 
SERIES: EiMDlXX II (1958) 

Radiac 

Instrument 

Eberline Model PAC-3G 

Becknan Mx-5 

Tracerlab N-10 

AN/PDR-39 

lhyac (389) 

"Juno" B-4 602 

Pocket 

Dosimeter Ref. Accuracy 

Bendix Mel 611 61:47 UI-lkIlOWfl 

Film 

B2bdge 

DuPont 559 film packet with 

film component types: 

502 

(0.02-10 R) 

834 

(5-800 R) 

Ref. 

64:7 

64:7 

64:ll 

64:ll 

64:ll 

64:ll 

Accuracy Ref. 

+ 10% of full scale 14D:22;62:8 

+ 10% 21E 

+ 15% 19B 

+ 15% 19A:6 

+ 10% 26 

+ 10% of full 3:73 

Scalegamna 

Ref. Accuracy 

65:66 1.4 to 28%* or 

64:8 an3 + 12% to 3 Rr 

59B:l 

65:66 and 

64:8 1.2 to 4.5% 

Ref. 

Ref. 

59B:2 

8:16 

19,71c 

*Accuracy is a function of exposure. Generally, the sensitive film cmponent 

accuracies muld vary up to a maximum of + 100 percent at minimun detection levels 

(0.01-0.02 R), + 28 percent in the range;f 0.02-1.0 R and + lo-15 percent in the 

range above 1.0-R until the film density no longer increas& with exposure; then 

another higher range film component normally is used. 

47 
Radiac 

Instrument 

AN/PDR-39 (TlB) 

AN/PDR-39 (TlB) tiified 

to read up to 500 R 

Ibl-108 

AN/PDR-27J 

Mx-5 

PAC-3G (AN/PDR-54) 

Eberline: 

E-500B 

SEiRIES: IXBlINIC I (1962) 

Ref. Accuracy 

+ 15% 

- + 15% 

+ 30% 

+ 20% above 

TO% of full scale 

67:74 

67:74 

67:74 

67:74 

67:74 

67:74 

67:74 

Gadora-2 67:74 

E-l 128 67:74 

FM-3G (alpha floor monitor) 67:74 

Pocket 

Dosimeter 

Bendix Model 611 

(O-5 R) 

Film 

Badge 

DuPont 556 film packet with 

film component types: 

508 

(0.03-5 R) 

834 

(5-800 R) 

AISOSEEREFERENCE69 

*Accuracy is a function of 

Ref. 

68:28 

Ref. 

68:28 

+ 

- 

+ 

+ 

T 

T 

+ 

- 

+ 

+ 

10% 

10% of full scale 

8% to 20 mR/h 

15% to 200 

10% to 2000 

8% of full scale 

15% test) 

10% of full scale 

Accuracy 

U-lh0Wt-l 

Accuracy 

71c:3 1.0 to 20%* 71C:2;38 

65:36 and 1.2 to 4.5% 

64:8 

Ref. 

19A:6 

19A:6 

66:138 

34 

21:E 

14D:22;62:8 

7O:l 

7OA:l 

76 from 70 

14D:22;62:8 

Ref. 

19,71C:2;38 

exposure. Generally, the sensitive film component 

accuracies oDuld vary up to a maximun of + 100 percent at minimum detection levels 

(0.01-0.03 R), + 20 percent in the range of 0.03-1.0 R and + lo-15 percent in the 

range above 1.0 R until the film density no longer increases with exposure; then 

another higher range film component normally is used. 

48 
Radiac 

Instrument 

AN/PDR-39A 

AN/PDR-27J 

BeckmanMx-5 

Eberline E-112B-1 

Tracerlab AN/PDR+l?lB 

Victoreen AGB-500-B-SR 

Eberline E-500 B 

Jordan AGB- 1 OK-SR 

"Juno" BRJ-7, 915-6 

Pocket 

Dosimeter 

Bendix Model 611 

AISOSEEREFEREJXE73 

Film 

Badge 

DuFont type 301-4 film 

packet (also called 556) 

with film components: 

508 

(0.03-S R) 

834 

(5-800 R) 

SERIES: IXMINIC II (1962) 

Ref. 

72:20 

72:20 

Accuracv 

+ 15% 

+ 20% of above 

32% 0f full scale 

71:9 

71:9 

71:9 

71:9 

71:9 

+ 10% 

+ 15% test) 

+ 15% 

+ 15% 

+ 8% to 20 mR,/h 

+ 15% to 200 

T 10% to 2000 - 

71:9 

71:9 

+ 15% 

+ 10% of full scale 

For garmra 

Ref. 

68:28 

Accuracv 

UXkl0Wf-l 

Ref. 

71B:6 

68:28 

Accuracy 

71c:3 

71c:3 

1.0 to 20%* 

1.2 to 4.5% 

Ref. 

19A:6 

34 

21E 

76 from 70 

19B 

3:73 

7O:l 

71A:lO-33 

3:73 

Ref. 

Ref. 

71C:2;38 

71C:2;38 

*Accuracy is a function of exposure. Generally, the sensitive film cmnponent 

accuracies could vary up to a maximum of + 100 percent at minimum detection levels 

(0.01-0.03 R), + 20 percent in the range<f 0.03-1.0 R and + lo-15 percent in the 

range above 1.0-R until the film density no longer increas& with exposure; then 

another higher range film component normally is used. 

49 

_-* _P__- ___ -*a 
SERIES: FIBSmRE (1961-62) 

Radiac 

Instrument 

Precision Model 111 

Eec'kman m-5 

Tracerlab SU-10 

"Juno" Model 6 

Ref. 

74:lO 

74:lO 

74:lO 

74:lO 

Jordan AGB-lo-KG-SR 74:lO 

Jordan AGB-SO&B-SR 74:lO 

Accuracy Ref. 

+ 10% of full scale 3:76 - 

+ 10% 21E - 

+ 15% 19B - 

+ 10% of full 

Scale gamna 3:73 

+ 15% 71A:lO-33 

+ 15% 3:73 - 

Pocket 

Uosimeter 

Bendix Model 611 

Ref. 

68:28 

Accuracy 

U-hOWIl 

Ref. 

Self-reading 

pencil dosimeter 

O-200 mR 

O-l R 

0-5 R 

74:7 

74:7 

74:7 

LklkIlOWll 

UIlh0Wf-l 

UllkI-lOWn 

Film Badge 

DuPPnt type 301-4 film 

packet (also called 556) 

with film components: 

Ref. 

71B:6 

75:7 

68:28 

Accuracy 

__ 

Ref. 

508 

(0.03-S R) 71c:3 1.0 to 20%* 71C:2;38 

834 

(S-800 R) 71c:3 1.2 to 4.5% 71C:2;38 

*Accuracy is a function of exposure. Generdlly, the sensitive film component 

accuracies could vary up to a maximm of + 100 percent at minimum detection levels 

(0.01-0.03 R), 2 20 percent in the range>f 0.03-1.0 R and + lo-15 percent in the 

range above 1 .O R until the film density nc longer increases with exposure; then 

another higher range film clomponent normally is used. 

50 

-Am __- -- -*_ *-- 
The following list of references represents docunents consulted during 

preparation of the report. All specifics concerning radiac instruments, dosimeters, and film badges are backed up in the text by cited references. 

The following addresses are provided for those readers L&O wish to read 

or obtain copies of source docunents. 

Source docunents, bearing an availability statement of DOE CIC, may be 

reviewad at: 

Department of Energy 

Health Physics Division 

Coordination and Information Center 

(Operated by Reynolds Electrical 61 Engineering Co., Inc.) 

2753 S. Highland 

P.O. Box 14100 Phone: (702) 295-3194 

IasVegas,Nevada 89114 ms: 598-3194 

Source docunents, bearing an availability statement of NTIS, may be 

purchased from the National Technical Information Service. When ordering by mail 

or *one please include both the price code and the NTIS nunber. 

National Tzchnical Information Service 

5285 Fort Royal Road Phone: (703) 487-4650 

Springfield, Virginia 22161 (SalesOffice) 

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by writing to the 

NTIS, Attention: Customer Service or calling (703) 487-4660. 

References herein bearing an asterisk availability indicator show the 

document is: 

* available at NTIS (above) 

** available at REECo CIC (above) 

51 
B (Continued) 

1. Ios Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Ios Alamos 1943 - 1945; The Beginning of 

an Era. LASL Public Affairs Office, undated. 

2. Aebersold, Paul. July 16th Nuclear Explosion - Safety and Monitoring of 

Personnel. IDS Alamos, Iw: IDS Alarms Scientific Laboratory, 9 January 

1947. Report LA-616. 

2A. The Geiger-Mueller portable radiation detection instrument with the least 

accuracy listed in this report is the CDV-700 with an accuracy of + 25% in 

Reference 60A. This accuracy is used for other GM instrunents ti?n their 

accuracies are unknown, and for other unknown types of instruments with 

unknown accuracies because only one instrument listed in this text is less 

accurate (IM 108, 2 30%, reference 66:138). 

3. General Dynamics. Health Physics Handbook. Fort mrth Division: Fort 

Worth, TX, April 1963. Report OSP-379. ** 

4. Gladeck, F.R. et al. Operation Crossroads 1946. Wzshington, DC: Defense 

Nuclear Agency. DNA report 6032F. * NTIS n&r ADA146562. 

5. Reference 4, page 6-14, mentions this as being used in the post-CRO!SSROADS 

survey of Bikini in 1947 "for all field and personnel monitoring 

operations." 

6. Reference 4, page 6-14, mentions this also as being in the 1947 Bikini 

resurvey, but adds that 11 ..it proved to be of no value in general terrain 

monitoring and of only limited value in the monitoring of underwater 

samples..." 

7. Reference 4, page 6-15, mentions two speciallyilesigned underwater probes 

used for special analyses. However, these were used only for deep diving 

operations in the post<ROSSRGADS survey of Bikini in 1947. 

8. Perkins, W.W. History of Pacific Proving Ground Dosimetry. San Diego, CA: 

Naval Oceans Systems Center, 1 April 1981. Technical report 725. 

9. Geiszinger, Bruce. Letter dated 12 July 1946 to COL Stafford L. Warren, USA. 

Subj: Calibration results on films 5301 and 5302. Reynolds Electrical & 

Engineering Company, Inc.: CROSSROADS records, 'Iape 1, Box 2. ** Data 

therein applies to gamna only. 

10. Scoville, Herbert (Ilfor COL S.L. Warren, MC, AUS") Joint Iask Ebrce Cne internal memo dated 11 April 1946. ** l'he casualty badges read from 50-2,500 R 

and were placed aboard target ships and drone aircraft; few of the 5,000 

procured were used on personnel (who also mre the standard film b&gel. 

11. The following references are from the Stafford V&ren collected papers, 

University of California at Los Angeles archives: 

11A. U.S. Ehgineer Office, Santa Fe, m, ltr dtd 20 Mar 46 (Box 2, 

folder 4). ** 

52 
B (Continued) 

11B. Latter by Wn G. Myers, MD, to COL hlarren dtd 26 Aug 46 (Box 5, 

folder 3). ** 

1lC. Memo from Wright H. Iangham to Raemer Schreiber dtd 15 June 46 

(Box 2, folder 7). ** 

11D. Collins, D.L. "Operations [sic] Crossroads: F&port to Rad Safe 

Instrunent Division" (Box 5, folder 7). ** 

11E. Landsverk, O.G. "Report on Maintenance and Repair of Quartz-Fibre 

[sic] Instrunents" (Box 5, folder 7). ** 

1lF. "Suggestions for the Operations and Care of the Pocket Dosimeter" 

dtd 13 July 1946 (Box 3, folder 9). ** 

1lG. Faul, Henry. "Report on the Radiological Instrunents Used at 

Crossroads" (aOx 5, folder 7). ** 

1lH. Handwritten notes, apparently by CDL Warren (Box 2, folder 4). ** 

12. Andrews, CDR [Joward L., USPHS and Campbell, I%DR Dxald C., USN. Evaluation 

of Radiological Survey Instruments Used for Health Protection during Ope ration Sandstone. Task Grout, 7.6 Proiect Renort. 1 ADril 1949. ** 

12A. Berkhouse, L. et al. Operation Sandstone: 1948. Washington, DC: Defense 

Nuclear Agency, 19 December 1983. DNA report 6033F. * NTIS number 

ADAl39151. 

13. Reference 12, pages 21-56, contains detailed analyses of the sensitivities 

and probable accuracies of these instrunents. The data are much too 

elaborate to be sxnnarized here. 

14. Reference 12, pages 56-58, contains appreciable detail on probable dosimeter 

accuracies. 

14A. Reference 3, Faqes 73, 74, and 77, lists Cutie Pie instruments from four different manufacturers and all have accuracies of + 10% of full scale. 

14B. Reference 62, pge 8, states that a later proportional alpha aunter, PAC-3G 

(gas flow) is electronically calibrated so that the meter is 100 percent 

efficient for counting alpha particles while the probe is only 30 percent 

efficient in detecting them. 

14c. Dunker, Jerome E., Jr. IosAlamos Handbook of Radiation Monitoring l&S 

Alamos,l@l: November 1958. Statement similar to reference 14B. Also, many 

sources of positive detection errors. ** 

14D. Davis, D.M. and Gupton, E.D. Health Physics Instrlnrent Manual. 

National Laboratory, 16 May 1963, CRNl+332 (third edition). ** 

Ridge 

53 

--La _A_ _- A- -a1 
REFERENCES (Continued) 

15. Atomic Weapons Tests. Operation Sandstone: 1948. Report to the Joint 

Chiefs of Staff. Part 2 of Annex 1 to Volume 1, Section IX (Radsafe). Joint 

Task Force 7, 1948. ** 

16. These casualty badges apparently ware intended to be wrn together with the 

regular film badges by those participants *o might be exposed to high levels 

of radiation. However, there is no evidence that they were mm. 

17. Maag, Carl et al. Operation Ranger Shots Able, Baker, Easy, Baker-2, Fox, 

25 January - 6 February 1951. Whington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency, 26 

February 1982. DIVA report 6022F. * t\TrIS n&r ADA118684. 

18. Shipnan, T.L. Report of the I&d-Safe Group, Operation Ranger Program Reports. Cperational Volume 5. Los Alamos: Ios Alamos Scientific Laboratory, 

July 1952. ** 

19. Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Company, Inc. "Photographic Dosimetry, 

Third Supplemental Evaluation." Wrcury, NV: mo, Inc., 17 October 1957. 

** This is a detailed analysis of the films listed below and is suxmwized 

as follows: 

Densitcmeter Accuracy (Per Cent of Dose) 

Evpsure (r) 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 50.0 

502 film 50.0 25.0 10.0 4.4 2.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 - - 

555 film 20.0 8.0 4.0 1.8 1.0 1.0 - - - - 

606 film 23.0 23.0 4.0 I.8 

834 film 7.0 3.5 3.5 2.0 1.0 

Film Accuracy (Standard Deviation in Per Cent I&e) 

Exposure (r) 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 50.0 

502 film 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.6 1.5 1.1 1.8 3.1 - 

555 film 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.2 2.1 4.6 - - - 

606 film 11.5 1.0 1.6 

834 fib - 3.2 1.0 4.0 1.6 

19A. Department of the Army. Radiac Set AN/PDR-39. Washington, IX: 13 July 

1956. Technical Manual No. II-5314A. ** 

19B. Reference 19A, page 6, lists accuracy of the AN/PDR-39 radiac instrument 

Nhich is essentially the same instrument as the AN/PDRqlB, AN/PDR-39/TlB, 

and SW10 (Navy version). 

19C. Reference 21E lists zcuracy of the Ekckman m-5, tiich should have the same 

specified accuracy as an Mx-5 made by another manufacturer. 

20. Eerkhouse, L. et al. Operation Greenhouse-1951. Wshington, EC: Defense 

Nuclear Agency, 15 June 1983. m report 6034F. * NTIS nunber ADA134735. 

54 
REFERENCES (Continued) 

21. Cooney, James P., Brig Gen, K, USA. Radiological Safety, TU 3.1.5. Washington, DC: July 1951. Report ia'-89. ** 

21A. Reference 8, page 15 (footnote), states that DuPont 554 film pckets with 

film badge types 510 and 606 were used. But reference 21B, page 18, states 

"DuPont film packets containing No. 510 and 605 emulsions were used." The 

same reference, pages 20-21, gives the accuracy of these as + 20%. However, 

it is believed that these film badges ware used in conjGction with the 

various experiments and tests but not for personnel badging. 

21B. Tochilin, E. and Howard, P. Scientific Director's F&port, Annex 6.5: 

Interpretation of Survey Meter Data. San Francisco, CA: Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory, August 1951. F&port WI'-26. ** 

21c. Haselkorn, H. and Cohen, A.E. Scientific Director's F&port, Wnex 5.1: 

Polaroid Dosimeters. Evans Signal Laboratory, April 1952. Report WI'-62. 

Pages 6-7 imply these wzre recently developed and being tested, but not used 

for personnel. ** 

21D. Leroy, G.V. Scientific Director's Report, Annex 2.10: Miscellaneous Studies 

of Dosimeters. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, November 1951. Report 

WT-13. This mentions many types of proposed dosimeters ranging from corn to 

glass, but none were used for personnel. ** 

21E. Beckman Instrunents, Inc. Instructions for Beckman Model MX-5 Radiation 

Meter. South Pasadena, CA: September 1950. Bulletin 192-B. ** 

21F. Reference 34, pages l-5, lists accuracy of the AN/PDR-27T radiac instrument. Other AN/PDR-27 models tiuld have the same accuracy except models 27, 

27A, and 27B did not have lead shields over qeiger tubes to reduce energy 

dependence. Thus, these nodels were less accurate at some photon energies. 

22. Ponton, Jean et al. Operation Buster-Jangle, 1951. bshington, DC: Defense 

Nuclear Agency, 21 June 1982. DNA report 6023F. * NTIS n-r ADA123441. 

23. Headquarters, III Corps. Exercise Desert Rock I. Sixth U.S. Army Fort 

MacArthur, CA: HQS III Corps, 26 June 1952. ** 

24. Shipnan, Thomas, M.D. Radiological Safety, Operation Buster-Janqle. Ios 

Alamos, NM: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, October 1979. F&port 

WI'-425-M. ** 

25. From Reference 23, page 110. This is not in agreement with reference 22, 

page 117, tiich states that W . ..film badges were DuPont #533 with a range of 

0.1 to 50 roentgens." 

26. The Radiac Company. General letter with attached radiation instrument 

advertising: 489 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY; February 1951. ** Page 12 is 

the Victoreen Thyac advertisement giving instrument specifications. Accuracy 

stated is under field conditions. 

55 

A-_* _A_ -1 -- -a- 
27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 

30A. 

31. 

32. 

33. 

34. 

Ponton, Jean et al. 

Defense Nuclear Agency, 

ADA1 22242. 

Gwynn, Philip S., Lt. 

Operation Twbler-Snapper 1952. Washington, IX: 

14 June 1982. DNA report 6019F. * NTIS number 

Colonel, USAF. Radiol*cal Safety, Operation 

Tumbler-Snapper. Whington, EC: Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, 

Decexker 1952. Report WI'-558. ** 

ReFERaJcEs (Continued) 

Merian, Richard F. Evaluation of Portable Alpha Survey Instrents. Kirtland APB, M: Air Force Special Weapons Center, December 1957. Report AFSW 

TR-57-40. ** 

Reynolds Electrical & Enqineerinq Company, Inc. "Supplemental Information 

for Photcqra*ic Dosirretry." Mercury, NV: REEco, Inc., l-d. ** This was 

found attached to reference 59B and was probably produced in 

an analysis of DuPont type 553 film packs; data is sumarized 

Densitometer Accuracy (Per Cent of Dose) 

Exposure (r) 5 10 30 

Component 502 1.2 1.0 

Component 510 2.4 1.1 0.7 

Component 606 16.0 10.0 2.3 

Standard Deviation (Per Cent of bse) 

1957. This is 

below: 

Exposure (r) 5 10 30 

Component 502 6.6 3.2 

Component 510 3.4 2.3 5.1 

Component 606 1.0 4.5 2.3 

The Victoreen 356 "Zeuto" alpha detector meter indicated counts per minute 

(c/m). To convert c/m to alpha disintegrations per minute (d/m), COmTlOn 

practice was to calibrate weekly with a standard alpha source and affix a 

calibration curve relating c/m and d/m to the side of the instrument as 

discussed in reference 47, pages 14 and 15. 

Gladeck, F.R. et al. Operation Ivy: 1952. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear 

Agency, 1 kcember 1982. DNA report 6036F. * NTIS n&r ADA128082. 

Reference 31, page 94, states that sampler pilots wre the DuPont 553 in 

addition to the standard DuPont 558. 

Maynard, R.H., Captain, U.S. heavy, and Servis, J.D., Major, U.S. Army. 

Radiological Safety [IVY]. Ios Alamos: IASL, January 1953. Report W614. 

This states (p. 80) that the 502 film emulsion range ms .03-15R. ** 

Nuclear Research Corporation. Technical Manual, Operation Instructions, 

Maintenance Instructions, Overall Instruc 

Set AN/'PDR-2' 

of the Air Force, 1 Cktcker~1982. ** 

& 

*ions with Parts Bretiom, Radiac 

7T. Warrinaton, PA: Published under authority of the Secretary 

56 

-a- I_ _- -a_ *-A 
35. 

36. 

37. 

38. 

39. 

40. 

41. 

42. 

43. 

44. 

45. 

Collison, Tom D., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army. Radiological Safet 

Operation [UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE]. Albuquerque, W: Field Co-, Armed Force: 

Special Weapons Project, June 1953. Report W&817. ** 

Lassie, Jeannie et al. Shot Simon, a Test of the Upshot-Knothole Series 25 

April 1953. Bshington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency, 13 January 1982. DNA 

report 6016~ * NTIS nunber AW121667. 

Ponton, Jean et al. Operation Upshot-Knothole, 1953. Wtshington, DC: 

Defense Nucler Agency, 11 January 1982. DNA report 6014F. * NTIS nunber 

AlW121624. 

These are l&oratory accuracies; field accuracies wxiLd be somewhat less. 

Martin, Hdwin J. Castle Series, 1954. 

Agency, 1 April 1982. DNA report 6035F. * 

Variants of B-50, E+36, and F-84 aircraft 

types of specialized radiac equipment for 

described in Reference 39, pp. 132-139. 

Washington, DC: IXfense Nuclear 

NTIS nunber ADA117574. 

were equipped with many different 

cloud sampling mrk. These are 

Servis, John D., Major, Chemical Corps [USA]. 

l&s Alamos: LASL, August 1954. ** 

Radiological Safety 

?he AN/PDR-18 was a scintillation detector for high range gamna with four 

ranges: O-0.5, O-5, O-50, and O-500 R/hr. 'Ihe Precision We1 111, although 

a low range gana detector, was also a scintillation detector with three 

ranges. Because the accuracy of the AN/PDR-18 should have been the same or 

better, the accuracy of the Precision Model 111 fram reference 3 was used. 

Ponton, Jean et al. Operation Teapot 1955. &tshington, DC: Defense Nuclear 

Agency, 23 November 1981. DNA report 6009F. * NTIS nunber -113537. 

Collison, T.D., LIE, USA. Radiological Safety [at -1. Albuquerque, W: 

Field Co-, AFSWP; May 1955. AE'SWP report WI'-1166. ** 

Reference 44, page 13, gives the accuracies as follows: 

Table 1.1--F&V RAffiE DATA 

Density deviation 

No. of Span of Average Standard, Single film 

films film Nos. Dosage, P density Standard % maximum Average, % 

166 06650-4 1450 1.00 0.660 0.027 4.09 15.15 3.03 

RR n350-41350 20.00 0.343 0.029 8.40 19.50 6.10 

93 06550-26150 47.43 0.733 0.034 4.70 13.30 3.80 

Evaluation shows that at 1 r 20 r 47 r 

99% of film badges are accurate to +K?? +25% +14% 

95% of film badges are accurate to T8% +178 79% 

68% of film badges are accurate to ?4% 78% 75% 

- 

57 

A__ -_- _- -- A _a 
REFERENCES (Continued) 

46. T&t Division Test Managers Operation Order, Operation Teapot, Part III. 

Santa Fe, m: Operations Otfice, AEC; February 19%. ** 

47. Davis, D.M., Cupton, E.D., and Hart, J.C. -lied Health Physics Radiation 

Survey Instrumentation. Oak Ridge, 'IN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 

1 January 1954. Report ONRL-332 (1st Rev.). ** 

48. eary, S.E. et al. Operation Wigwam (Series Volume). mhington, lX: 

Defense Nuclear Agency, 1 September 1981. DNA report 6000F. * NTIS n&r 

ADA105685. 

49. Baietti, A.L. and Smith, A.L. Radiological Safety for Operation Wigwam. San 

Francisco, CA: U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, January 1957. 

Report WI!-1001. ** 

50. Hawkins, W.B. et al. Determination of Radiological Hazard to Personnel 

[~~I l San Francisco: CA: U.S. Naval Radioloqical Defense Laboratory, 

May 1955. Report WI!-1012. ** This states on pge-55 that DuPont dosimetry 

film packets, types 552 and 558, ware used. However, to jllage fran the 

context of that report, these were only used as experimental badges (e.g. on 

YAG39 and YAG40) but not for personnel. 

51. Bruce-Henderson, S. et al. Operation Redwing: 1956. mshington, DC: Defense 

Nuclear Agency, 1 August 1982. DNA report 6037F. * NITS n&r ADA134795. 

52. Jacks, Cordon L. Radiological Safety [R!XMING]. IDS Alamos, &M: LASL, May 

1957. ** 

53. Campbell, D.C., ICDR, USN. Radiological Defense, Vol IV: An Introduction to 

Radiological Instruments for Military Use. Washington, DC: Z4rme.d Forces 

Special Weapons Project, January 1950. ** 

54. Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Company, Inc., Radiological *Safety Division. Operation Plu&bob On-Site Radiological Safety Report. Mercury, NV: 

Nevada Test Site, undated. REECo report CYIO-57-2. ** 

55. Harris, P.S. et al. Plumbbob Series, 1957. Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear 

Agency, 15 September 1981. DNA report 6065F. * NTIS number ADA107317. 

56. Reference 54, page 239 reported that the following additional film pack 

components were evaluated at PLUMBBOB: DuPont types 510, 555, 824, 825, 834 

and Eastman type 2. However, all personal dosimetry appears to have been 

done with the DuPont film pack type 559 with 502 and 606 components. 

57. Reference 54, page 234, reports that 15,000 pocket dosimeters were issued and 

read. However, no information has yet been found on specific types and 

accuracies. 

58. Field Corsnand, Defense Atomic Support Agency. Operation Plumbbob Operational 

Albuquerque, Nd: Field Conmand, DASA; 23 February 1960. Report 

58 

-a A -- _L- __A I-- 
R (Continued) 

59. Reference 14C, pages 53, 68, and 69 describe the PAC 1-A (proportional alpha 

counter, model nwber 1, air flow) as a transistorized version of the Node1 

2111 Pee We with essentially the same operation and use. 

59A. Electronic Products Company. Technical Manual for Radiac Set AN/PDR-43. 

Mount Vernon, NY: 15 January 1959. Published for Deprtment of the Navy, 

Bureau of E&ips. ** 

59B. Reynolds Electrical & Rngineering Company, Inc. Photographic Dosimetrp. 

Mercury, NV: RRRCO, Inc., 17 January 1957. ** This is a detailed analysis 

of the film badge listed below and is swrrnarized as follows: 

Densitaneter Accuracy (Per Cent of Dose1 

Exposure (r) 0.05 0.1 0.5 1.0 5.0 10.0 50.0 100.0 

EuRmt Type 555 20.0 10.0 2.4 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 

EuFbnt Type 559 

Elm&ion #502 28.0 16.0 4.0 2.5 1.4 1.4 - 

cupont Type 559 

EhnLsion a606 - - - - 20.0 6.0 1.0 1 

Standard Deviation (Per Cent of bse) 

Exposure (r) 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 8 9 10 11 30 50 80 100 

D.&nt Wpe 555 1.8 3.8 - - 6.6 - 7.8 - - 4.1 

CuRmt Spe 5591502 - - 1 

2.1 3.0 6.8 4.3 1.8 4.4 - - IhRmt Type 559/606 - - - - - 6.0 7.8 8.0 5.1 4:3 2.7 1.3 1 

60. Gladeck, F.R. et al. Operation Hardtack I - 1958. Washington, DC: Defense 

Nuclear Agency, 1 December 1982. DNA report 6038F. * NITS rnnnber ADA136819. 

60A. The Victoreen Instrwent Company. Instruction and Maintenance Manual, 

Radiological Survey Meter, OCDM Item No. CD-V-700, Model No. 6 Cleveland, 

OH: 1961. Accuracy better than + 25% when calibrated just 'with a check 

source. ** 

61. Jacks, G.L. and Zimmerman, G.C. Radiological Safety, Operation Hardtack: 

Report to the Scientific Director. mshington, iC: Armed Forces Special 

Weapons Project, 6 October 1959. Report W1685. ** 

62. Eberline Instruwnt Corporation. Technical Manual, Gas Flow Proportional 

Counter Model PAC-3G. Santa Fe, Nl: 28 August 1964. ** Meter is electronically corrected to read as if alpha ,carticle detection efficiency wre lOO%, 

but headphone clicks are actual particles detected by probe (30%). 

63. Jones, C.B. et al. Operation Argus 1958. Washington, DC: Defense Uuclear 

Agency, 30 April 1982. DNA report 6039F. * NITS number ADA 122341. 

64. Reynolds Electrical & mgineering Company, Inc., Radiological .Safety 

Division. Operation Hardtack Phase II On-Site Rad-Safe Report. Nevada Test 

Site: Seiko, undated. Report CYlQ 58-5. ** 

59 
65. 

66. 

67. 

68. 

69. 

70. 

70A. 

71. 

71A. 

71B. 

71c. 

Ponton, Jean et al. Operation Hardtack II, 1958. mshington, DC: Defense 

Nuclear Agency, 3 &ember 1982. DNA report 6026F. * NTIS n-r ADA130929. 

Field ComMnd, DASA (Atomic Weapons Training Group). Basic Nuclear and 

Radiation Physics. Sandia Base, Albuquerque, hM: 29 December 1961. 

B (Continued) 

Berkhouse, L. et al. Operation Dominic I - 1962. mhington, IX: Defense 

Nuclear Agency, 1 February 1983. DNA report 604OF. * NTIS nunber ADA136820. 

m&b Arthur L. Jr. et al. Radiological Safety (Operation Dominic). 

Washington, DC: Headquarters, Joint 'I&k J!brce Eight, 1 April 1963. ** 

Perkins, W.W. and Hammond, R.R. Navy Film Badge Review: Dominic. San 

Diego, CA: Naval Oceans System Center, 28 May 1980. !&chnical report 583. 

This concluded (page i) )l... that there is a high probability that doses over 

400mR include a substantial contribution to the dose that is a result of 

moisture damage to the film badge." 

Eberline Instrument Corporation. Technical Manual, Geiger Counter Model 

E-500B. Santa Fe, NQ Anended 1 August 1965. 

Eberline Instrument Corporation. Technical Manual for Gamna Dose Rate Meter 

Model Gadora-1B. Santa Fe, m: Revised 15 July 1963. Accuracy for Gadora-2 

should be at least as good. ** 

Reynolds Electrical b Engineering Company, Inc. On-Site Radiological Safety 

Report Dominic Series-Nevada Phase. Mercury, NV: REEco, Inc., 23 Gctober 

1962. ** 

Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Company, Inc. Radiological Sciences Department Standard Operating Procedures. Mercury, NV: REECo, Inc., 21 July 

1967. ** 

Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Company, Inc. Radiological Safety Division 

Standard Operating Procedures. Health, Medicine and Safety Department. 

Mercury, NV: January 1961. ** 

Horn, William. "Photographic Dosimetry, Fourth Supplemental Evaluation." 

Mercury, NV: Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Company, Inc., (Radiological 

Safety Division), 1 Nover&er 1960. ** This is a detailed analysis of the 

films listed below and is sunnarized as follows: 

Densitawter Accuracy (Per Cent of Dose) 

Fxpsure (r) 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 50.0 100.0 

508 film 20.0 10.0 4.0 2.0 1.4 1.0 1.0 - - - 

A34 fiL71 4.5 2.5 1.5 1.2 1.2 

Standard Deviation (kr Cent of bse) 

Exposure (r) 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.5 1.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 50.0 100.0 

SO8 film 6.0 4.0 6.0 1.1 3.5 4.2 11.0 - - - 

834 film - 5.2 2.0 2.6 2.4 5.0 

60 

--_ --- -- A-- *- 
72. 

73. 

74. 

75. 

76. 

77. 

78. 

79. 

80. 

81. 

Field C omnand, Defense Atomic Support Agency. Quick-Iook Report, Shot Johnie 

Boy (VI. Albuquerque, K&l: EC, DASA; October 1962. Report FC/10620332. 

B (continued) 

Field Corsnand, Defense Atomic Support Agency. Quick-Iook Report, Shots 

Little Feller I and II (U). Albuquerque, m: JX, t&%; October 1962. 

Report FC/10620436. This mentions use of glass microdosimeters, formic acid 

chemical dosimeters, and then-nolminescent-dosimeters. However, apparently 

the dosimeters were used mainly if not entirely in connection with 

experiments. 

Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Co., Inc. On-Site Radiological Safety 

Report, Final Report, Project Gnome. Washington, IX: 

Conmission] Office of %echnical Services, May 1962. 

[Atomic Energy 

Report PEE-133F. ** 

Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Co., Inc. On-Site Radiological Safety 

Report, the Sedan Event. Washington, DC: [Atomic Energy Conmission] Office 

of !l!echnical Services, 1962. Report PNE-203F. ** 

A general discussion of estimated accuracies was given in the Introduction; 

this particular estimate was provided by William J. Brady, Technical 

Advisor, Ehvironmental Sciences Department of F&ynolds Electrical & 

Engineering Co., Inc., Ias Vegas, NV. Mr. Brady has been associated with the 

testing program for 32 years and has been in the Nevada T&t Site health 

physics program for 28 years. H-rile directing the radsafe laboratory at 

Mercury, NV, he designed analysis equipnent as well as the combination 

personnel dosimeter/security credential holder in use at NIS for the pst 18 

years. References which read "76 fran . .." mean that the instrument accuracy 

is estimated by Mr. Brady based on a closely-related instrmnt given in the 

second reference. 

Research and Developnent Liaison Directorate, Field Corrmand, DA% List of 

Military and Civil Defense Radiac Devices. mshington, DC: Defense Atomic 

Support Agency, August 1969. DASA 1243 Revised. ** 

Defense Atomic Support Agency. List of Military and Civil Defense Radiac 

Devices. Washington, DC: Defense Atomic Support Agency, 1964. DASA 1243 

m. ** This is an earlier edition of reference 77. 

Defense Atomic Support Agency. List of Military Radiac Devices. whington, 

DC: Defense Atomic Support Agency, 1961. DAS?i 1243. ** This appears to be 

a very early if not the earliest edition of reference 77. 

Atomic Energy C&mission. Radiation Instrument Catalogue (Catalogue No. 3 ). 

Oak Ridge, TN: Technical Information Service: 1 July 1952. ** 

Unruh, C. M. et al. The Establishment and Utilization of Film Dosimeter 

Performance Criteria. Richland, WA: Battelle Northwest I&oratory; 

September 1967. Report BNWL-542. ** 

61 

-a --- -_A ._ --- 
82. Brady, William J. "Statement for NRC Meeting Regarding 10 CFR 20 on 

Personnel Dosimeter Performance Testing." Washington, DC: Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Company, Inc.; November 30, 1976. ** 

83. "Personnel Dosimetry, -ration CROSSROADS." Reynolds Electrical c FAgineering Company, Inc., collection of microfilm records, Box 2: "Pacific 

1946, CROSSR~." ** 

84. The CRCSSROADS E&man 'I&e K film packet had a 20-mil-thick lead filter 

shaped like a go-degree cross on one side of the packet which MYI& attached by 

bending the tips of the cross around the edges of the packet. This 

information and an illustration of the pcket are in Roll 1 of the Reynolds 

Electrical & Engineering Company, Inc., microfilms of dosimetry source 

docunents. Film packets worn during later Pacific and continent nuclear 

testing series used a 28-mil-thick lead filter bent around the packet and 

covering an area about one inch Long by one-half inch wide on each side. 

William J. Brady (see reference 76) has estimated response of the Type K film 

packet mder the thin 20-mil-thick filter by comparison with mrk done by Dr. 

Margarete Ehrlich of the National Bureau of Standards. Estimates are shown 

in the following table: 

EYEXCY SENSITIVITY (RELATIVE ‘lt) 6OCJo) OF 

DG0N-T 502, DUFONT 606, AND (ESTIMATED) i?AS’MAN TYPE K 

Estimated Type K 

Fhoton &ergy Cupont 502 Sensitivity* Cupont 606 Sensitivity* Sensitivity** 

(keV) 23 Mils Lead 28 Mils Lead 23 Wils had 28 Wils Lead 20 Kils Lead 

40 0 0 0 0 0 

70 1.83 1.22 1.68 1.23 2.30 

120 1.30 0.99 1.18 0.89 1.55 

170 1.17 1.02 1.L4 0.98 1.28 

210 1.00 0.94 1.03 1.07 1.05 

1250 (6OCo) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 

‘Work by Dr. Mrgarete Ehrlich in 1952, letter to W. Klaus XX/DEL!, personal communication. 

**From DuPont 502 assuming -an exponential relationship between 28, 23, and 20 mils of lead 

filter. 

The over-response of more than 100 percent at 70 keV indicates that all 

positive CROSSROADS exposures determined from film badges w?re overestimated 

to some extent. The amount of overestimated exposure depended upon how much 

of the exposure energy spectrum was in the over-response energy region. For 

example, if 20 percent of a 1 R actual exposure wre overestimated by 100 

percent, this would be 0.4 R added to the remaining 0.8 R tiich would result 

in an apparent exposure of 1.2 R. 

62 

--- -__ IL- II- -- 
mmRWcEs (Concluded) 

85. Du Pont. Dosimeter Films. [Du Pont, Wilmington, DE.] [1952]. 

86. Collision, Tom D., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army. Radiological Saftey 

Operation [UPSHOT-KNCITHOLE]. Albuquerque, m: Field Conmand, Armed Forces 

Special Weapons Project, June 1953. Report WI'-702 (REF).** 

87. Wife, Richard D. Operation RANGW Program Reports - Gross hkapons 

Measurements. Volme 4. Los Akmos: Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, 

1951. Report WT 201." 

88. shipnan, T.L. Operation FIANGEZ Program Reports - Operational. v01urne 5. 

~0s Alms: r_os Alarm Scientitlc Laboratory, July 1952. Report WT 204.* 

89. Private Comnunication betwzen George Littlejohn (LANL) and Jay Brady (REECo) 

on 15 April 1985. 

90. Dessauer, Conrad. "Photographic Dosimetry." Dated "8/47."** 

63 

-A _- -__ - - a-1 
64 

a-- - _ -- -- _- 
Aircraft Instrunents, specialized ......................................... 40 

"Alpha-detection equipent" ............................................... 46 

Alpha-meters, portable .................................................... 26 

AN/PDRqlB .................................... 33, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 49 

AN/PDR-'Fl ................................................................ 18 

AN/PDR-F2 ................................................................ 18 

AN/PDR-1 .................................................................. 29 

AN/PDR-5 .................................................................. 19 

AN/PDR-5A ................................................................. 19, 33 

AN/PDR-7 .................................................................. 19 

AN/PDR-8 type ......................................................... 19, 29, 33 

AN/PDR-1OA ................................................................ 19, 39 

AN/PDR-15 ................................................................. 20 

AN/i?DR-18 type ................................................ 20, 40, 42, 43, 45 

AN/PDR-26 ................................................................. 20 

AN/PDR-27 ................................................................. 20, 42 

AN/PDR-27A (IM-57) ................................................ 20, 33, 35, 41 

ANDDR-27C ........................................................ 20, 37, 43, 45 

AN/PDR-27F ............................................................ 20, 40, 43 

AN/PDR-27J ............................................................ 20, 48, 49 

AN/PDR-34 ................................................................. 44 

AN/PDR-39 ............................................. 21, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47 

AN/PDR-39, modified ....................................................... 21, 45 

AN/'PDR-39, TlB type .................................................... 21, 31, 48 

AN/PDR-39A ................................................................ 21, 49 

AN/PDR-43 ................................................................. 21, 44 

AN/PDR-54 (see PAC-3G) ............................................ 23, 45, 47, 48 

AN/PDR-60 ................................................................. 21 

Berkeley side-window, GM counter .......................................... 43 

"B-21" gear ............................................................... 36 

"Cutie Pie" (see IM-S/PD) ............................................. 22, 27, 43 

CDV-700 ................................................................... 21, 45 

65 

- - -- 
INDEX (Continued) 

Eberline: 

El Tronics 

E-112B ......................................................... 48 

E-112B-1 ....................................................... 49 

E-500B ......................................................... 48, 49 

J?M-3G .......................................................... 48 

Gadora-2 ....................................................... 48 

CP-3D (see "Cutie Pie") ........................................ 22, 42 

Gmm meters, Easterline-Angus recording .................................. 26 

Gama meters, portable .................................................... 26 

Geiger counter ............................................................ 26, 27 

IM-l/PD (see AN/PDR-5) .................................................... 19 

IM-3/'PD (see 247 Victoreen) ........................................... 22, 29, 33 

IM-4/PD (see 356 Victoreen) ........................................... 22, 27, 29 

IM-5/PD (see "Cutie Pie") ............................................. 22, 27, 43 

IM-57 ..................................................................... 33 

IM-71/PD (see "Jasper") ............................................... 36, 37, 39 

IM-108/PD ................................................................. 22, 48 

Ion chamber with Easterline-Angus reorder ................................ 40 

"Jasper" (IM-71/PD) ................................................... 36, 37, 39 

Jordan Am-10 type ........................................................ 49, 50 

Jordan AGB-500-B-.% ....................................................... 50 

"Juno" .................................................................... 41 

"Juno" HRJ-7, sRJ-6 ....................................................... 49 

"Juno" H-4 602 ............................................................ 47 

"Juno" type ion chambers .................................................. 31 

Iogarithnic response meters ............................................... 42 

Mod 2750, Bx-keley ........................................................ 42 

Mod I, NRDL We1 III ..................................................... 42 

Model T ................................................................... 31 

66 

-a -._- a- -- A- 
INXX (Continued) 

Page 

Model 6, "Juno" ........................................................... 50 

Model 41 -A, ("Pee l&e**) ................................................... 33 

Model 48-A, (“Pee We*‘) ................................................... 31 

Model 100 ................................................................. 31 

Model 111, Precision ...................................................... 50 

Mel 356, Alpha mter ("Zeuto") ...................................... 22, 27, 29 

Model 2680 ................................................................ 31 

Mx-2 ...................................................................... 23, 29 

Mx-5 ..................................... 23 . 29, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 44, 

45, 47, 48, 49, 50 

MX-6 .................................................................. 23, 29, 31 

NE& "special" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

PAC-1s .................................................................... 21, 44 

PAC-3G (AN/PDR-54) ................................................ 23, 45, 47, 48 

Vee We" (Model 2111) ........................................ 24, 39, 41, 42, 44 

Sm-18A ................................................................... 20, 33 

SIC-7, Ios Alamos, AZ, (modifieil "Cutie Pie") ............................ 22, 29 

SPC-lB, Ios Alarms, AEC, ("Pee b&e") ...................................... 29 

SU-1B ("Cutie Pie") ....................................................... 33 

SC-10 ................................................. 21, 31, 33, 35, 39, 47, 50 

Victoreen AGE+500-B-SR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Watts (meter) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 31 

X-325, Victoreen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

Z-1 00/l OOA (“!ik_~~“) Rauland Manufacturing Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 29 

67 

-a - -- 
ItElEX (Concluded) 

247 type, Victoreen ............................................... 22, 27, 

263 type, Victoreen ........................................... 19, 27, 29, 

300, Victoreen ............................................................ 

356 (“Zeuto”), Victoreen .............................................. 22, 

389 Victoreen ('Ihyac) ............................................. 39, 41, 

747A Victoreen ............................................................ 

2111 (see "Pee wee") .......................................... 24, 39, 41, 

2610 type ................................................. 19, 29, 31, 33, 

Page 

29, 33 

31, 33 

29 

27, 29 

45, 47 

33 

42, 44 

41, 42 

68 

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OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

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72 
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73 
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74 
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76 

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DIRECTORY OF OTHER (Continued) DIRECTORY OF OTHER (Continued) 

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77 

-_ -A -. ~_- - 
DIRECTORY OF OTHER (Continued) 

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Mercer University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mesa County Public Library 

ATTN: XxX%X 

University of Miami Library 

ATTN: Govt Publications 

Miami Public Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

DIRECTORY OF OTHER (Continued) 

Miami University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Michel Orradre Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Michigan State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Michigan State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Michi, 1 Tech University 

'TN: Library Dots Dept 

Unive.,sity of Michigan 

ATTN: Acq Set Dots Unit 

Middlebury College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Millersville State College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Milne Library, University of New York State 

ATTN: Dots Librarian 

Milwaukee Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Minneapolis Public Library 

ATTN: Govt Documents 

Minnesota Div of Emergency Svcs 

ATTN: Librarian 

Minot State College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mississippi State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Mississippi 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Missouri University at Kansas City Gen 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Missouri Library 

ATTN: Govt Dots 

MIT Libraries 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mobile Public Library 

ATTN: Govt Info Div 

Moffett Library, Midwestern University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Montana State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Montana State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Montana 

ATTN: Dots Div, Regional 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: Librarian 

- -_ -- 
DIRECTORY OF OTHER (Continued) DIRECTORY OF OTHER (Continued) 

Moorhead State College 

ATTN: Library 

Mt Prospect Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Murray State University Library 

ATTN: Library 

Nassau Library System 

ATTN: Librarian 

Natrona County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Nebraska Library Comm 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Nebraska Omaha 

ATTN: Librarian 

Nebraska University Lib 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

Nebraska Western College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Nebraska 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries, Regional 

University of Nevada Library 

ATTN: Govt Public Dept 

University of Nevada at Las Vegas 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

New Hampsire University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

New Hanover County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

New Mexico State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

New Mexico State University 

ATTN: Library Dots Div 

University of New Mexico 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries, Regional 

New Orleans Library University 

ATTN: Govt Dots Div 

New Orleans Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

New York Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

New York State Library 

ATTN: Dots Control Cultural Ed Ctr 

New York State University at Stony Brook 

ATTN: Main Library Dots Section 

New York State University Co1 at Cortland 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of New York State 

ATTN: Library Documents Section 

University of New York State 

ATTN: Librarian 

New York State University 

ATTN: Dots Center 

University of New York State 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

New York University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Newark Free Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Newark Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Niagra Falls Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Nicholls State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Norfolk Public Library 

ATTN: R. Parker 

North Carolina Agri & Tech State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of North Carolina at Charlotte 

ATTN: Atkins Library Dots Dept 

North Carolina University Library at Greensboro 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Carolina Central University 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Carolina State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Carolina University at Wilmington 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of North Carolina 

ATTN: BA SS Div Dots 

North Dakota State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Librarian 

University of North Dakota 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Georgia College 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Texas State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northeast MO State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

79 

I__ - P _- - -I_ 
DIRECTORY OF OTHER (Continued) 

Northeastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Library 

Northeastern Oklahoma State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northeastern University 

ATTN: Dodge Library 

Northern Arizona University Library 

ATTN: Govt Dots Dept 

Northern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northern Iowa University 

ATTN: Library 

Northern Michigan University 

ATTN: Documents 

Northern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northwestern Michigan College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northwestern State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northwestern State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northwestern University Library 

ATTN: Govt Publications Dept 

Norwalk Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Notre Dame 

ATTN: Dot Ctr 

Oakland Comn College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oakland Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oberlin College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Ocean County College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Ohio State University 

ATTN: Libraries Dots Div 

Ohio University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Oklahoma City University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oklahoma City University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oklahoma Dept of Libraries 

ATTN: US Govt Dots 

DIRECTORY OF OTHER (Continued) 

Oklahoma University Library 

ATTN: Govt Dot Collection 

Old Dominion University 

ATTN: Dot Dept University Library 

Olivet College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Omaha Public Library, Clark Branch 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oregon State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Oregon 

ATTN: Dots Section 

Ouachita Baptist University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Pan American University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Passaic Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Paul Klapper Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Pennsylvania State Library 

ATTN: Govt Publications Section 

Pennsylvania State University 

ATTN: Library Dot Section 

University of Pennsylvania 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Penrose Library, University of Denver 

ATTN: Penrose Library 

Peoria Public Library 

ATTN: Business, Science & Tech Dept 

Philadelphia Free Library of Logan Square 

ATTN: Govt Publications Dept 

Philipsburg Free Public Library 

ATTN: Library 

Phoenix Public Library 

ATTN: XXXXX 

University of Pittsburg 

ATTN: Dots Office G 8 

Plainfield Public Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Popular Creek Public Lib District 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Port1 and Library Assoc 

ATTN: XXXXX 

of Social Sci & Sci Dept 

Portland Public Library 

ATTN: XXXXX 

80 
DIRECTORY OF OTHER (Continued) 

Portland State University Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Prescott Memorial Library, Louisiana Tech University 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Princeton University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Providence College 

ATTN: Physics Dept 

Providence Public Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Public Library Cincinnati & Hamilton County 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Public Library of Nashville 

ATTN: xxxxx 

University of Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Dot & Maps Room 

Purdue University Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Quinebaug Valley Community College 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Ralph Brown Draughon Lib 

ATTN: Microforms & Dots Dept 

Rapid City Public Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Reading Public Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Reed College Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Reese Library, Augusta College 

ATTN: xxxxx 

University of Rhode Island Library 

ATTN: Govt Publications Office . 

University of Rhode Island 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Rice University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Richard W. Norton Memorial Library, Louisiana College 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Richland County Public Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

University of Richmond 

ATTN: Library 

Riverside Public Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

University of Rochester Library 

ATTN: Documents Section 

DIRECTORY OF OTHER (Continued) 

University of Rutgers, Camden Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

The State University of Rutgers 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Library of Science & Medicine, Rutgers University 

ATTN: Govt Dots Dept 

Rutgers University Law Library 

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept 

Salem College Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Samford University 

ATTN: xxxxx 

San Antonio Public Library 

ATTN: Bus Science & Tech Dept 

San Diego County Library 

ATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions 

San Diego Public Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

San Diego State University Library 

ATTN: Govt Pubs Dept 

San Francisco Public Library 

ATTN: Govt Dots Dept 

San Francisco State College 

ATTN: Govt Publications Collection 

San Jose State College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

San Luis Obispo City-County Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Savannah Public & Effingham Liberty Regional Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Scottsbluff Public Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Scranton Public Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Seattle Public Library 

ATTN: Ref Dots Asst 

Selby Public Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Shawnee Library System 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Shreve Memorial Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Silas Bronson Public Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Simon Schwab Memorial Library, Columbus College 

ATTN: XXXXX 

81 
DIRECTORY OF OTHER (Continued) 

Sioux City Public Library 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Skidmore College 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Slippery Rock State College Library 

ATTN: XXXXX 

South Carolina State Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: xxxxx 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Govts Dots 

South Dakota School of Mines & Tech Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

South Dakota State Library 

ATTN: Federal Dots Dept 

University of South Dakota 

ATTN: Dots Librarian 

South Florida University Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Southdale-Hennepin Area Library 

ATTN: Govt Dots 

Southeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library 

ATTN: Dots Section 

University of Southern Alabama 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Southern California University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Southern Connecticut State College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Dots Ctr 

Southern Methodist University 

ATTN: xxxxx 

University of Southern Mississippi 

ATTN: Library 

Southern Oregon College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern University in New Orleans Library 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Southern Utah State College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

DIRECTORY OF OTHER (Continued) 

Southwest Missouri State College 

ATTN: Library 

University of Southwestern Louisiana Libraries 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Southwestern University 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Spokane Public Library 

ATTN: Reference Dept 

Springfield City Library 

ATTN: Documents Section 

St Bonaventure University 

ATTN: XXXXX 

St Joseph Public Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

St Lawrence University 

ATTN: XXXXX 

St Louis Public Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

St Paul Public Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Stanford University Library 

ATTN: Govt Documents Dept 

State Historical Sot Library 

ATTN: Dots Serials Section 

State Library of Massachusetts 

ATTN: xxxxx 

State Library of Ohio 

ATTN: Librarian 

State University of New York 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Stetson University 

ATTN: xxxxx 

University of Steubenville 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Stockton & San Joaquin Public Library 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Stockton State College Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Superior Public Library 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Swarthmore College Library 

ATTN: Reference Dept 

Syracuse University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Tacoma Public Library 

ATTN: XXXXX 

82 
DIRECTORY OF OTHER (Continued) 

Tampa, Hillsborough County Public Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Temple University 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Tennessee Technological University 

ATTN: xxxxx 

University of Tennessee 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Terteling Library, College of Idaho 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Texas A&M University Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

University of Texas at Arlington 

ATTN: Library Documents 

University of Texas at San Antonio 

ATTN: Library 

Texas Christian University 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Texas State Library 

ATTN: US Dots Section 

Texas Tech University Library 

ATTN: Govt Dots Dept 

Texas University at Austin 

ATTN: Dots Co11 

Texas University at El Paso 

ATTN: 

University of 

ATTN: 

Toledo Public 

ATTN: 

Dots & Maps Library 

Toledo Library 

XXXXX 

Library 

Social Science Dept 

Torrance Civic Center Library 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Traverse City Public Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Trenton Free Public Library 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Trinity College Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Trinity University Library 

ATTN: Dots Collection 

Tufts University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Tulane University 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Tulsa 

ATTN: xxxxx 

DIRECTORY OF OTHER (Continued) 

UCLA Research Library 

ATTN: Public Affairs Service, US Dots 

Uniformed Svcs University of the Health Sciences 

ATTN: LRC Library 

University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Upper Iowa College 

ATTN: Dots Collection 

Utah State University 

ATTN: xxxxx 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Special Collections 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Dept of Pharmacology 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Valencia Library 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Vanderbilt University Library 

ATTN: Govt Dots Section 

University of Vermont 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Virginia Commonwealth University 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Virginia Military Institute 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Virginia Polytechnic Inst Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Virginia State Library 

ATTN: Serials Section 

University of Virginia 

ATTN: Public Documents 

Volusia County Public Libraries 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Wagner College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Washington State Library 

ATTN: Dots Section 

Washington State University 

ATTN: Library Dots Section 

Washington University Libraries, FM-25 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Washington 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Wayne State University Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Wayne State University Law Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

83 
DIRECTORY OF OTHER (Continued) 

Weber State College Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Wesleyan University 

ATTN: Dots Librarian 

West Chester State Co11 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

West Covina Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

University of West Florida 

ATTN: XXXXX 

West Hills Community Co11 

ATTN: Library 

West Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

West Virginia Co11 of Grad Studies Library 

ATTN: XXXXX 

University of West Virginia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries, Regional 

Westerly Public Library 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Western Carolina University 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Western Illinois University Library 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Western Washington University 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Western Wyoming Community College Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Westmoreland City Comm Co11 

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr 

Whitman College 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Wichita State University Library 

ATTN: XXXXX 

William & Mary College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

DIRECTORY OF OTHER (Continued) 

William Allen White Library 

ATTN: Govt Documents Div 

William College Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Willimantic Public Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Winthrop College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Wisconsin at Whitewater 

ATTN: Govts Oocs Library 

Wisconsin Milwaukee University 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Wisconsin Oshkosh University 

ATTN: xxxxx 

Wisconsin Platteville University 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Wisconsin University at Stevens Point 

ATTN: Dots Section 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Govt Pubs Dept 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

Worcester Public Library 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Wright State University Library 

ATTN: Govts Dots Dept 

Wyoming State Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

University of Wyoming 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Yale University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Yeshiva University 

ATTN: XXXXX 

Yuma City County Library 

ATTN: xxxxx 

84 
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