Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 92A04-1609-CC-2041 | May 11, 2017 Page 1 of 21

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

Tina M. Bell

Katherine A. Brown-Henry

Cline Farrell Christie & Lee, P.C.

Indianapolis, Indiana

ATTORNEY FOR AMICUS CURIAE

INDIANA TRIAL LAWYERS 

ASSOCIATION

Jerry Garau

Garau Germano, P.C.

Indianapolis, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Karl L. Mulvaney

Nana Quay-Smith

Jessica Whelan

Bingham Greenebaum Doll LLP

Indianapolis, Indiana

Mark W. Baeverstad

Rothberg Logan & Warsco LLP

Fort Wayne, Indiana

I N T H E

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

David Oaks,

Appellant-Plaintiff,

v.

Timothy R. Chamberlain, M.D.,

Appellee-Defendant.

May 11, 2017

Court of Appeals Case No.

92A04-1609-CC-2041

Appeal from the Whitley Circuit 

Court

The Honorable David J. Avery, 

Special Judge

Trial Court Cause No.

92C01-1303-CC-112

Najam, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 92A04-1609-CC-2041 | May 11, 2017 Page 2 of 21

Statement of the Case

[1] In this medical malpractice case, David Oaks appeals the trial court’s decision 

to exclude his cross-examination of an adverse expert witness about the expert’s 

personal medical practices. He raises two issues on appeal, which we restate as 

follows:

1. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it excluded 

the cross-examination of a medical expert about his personal 

medical practices, which Oaks sought to elicit for the purpose 

of impeaching the expert’s testimony on the standard of care. 

2. Whether the exclusion of that testimony was harmless error.

[2] We reverse and remand with instructions.

Facts and Procedural History

[3] On December 7, 2009, Oaks presented to the emergency room at Whitley 

County Hospital with shortness of breath and a cough. He was fifty-six years 

old at the time and had a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 

(“COPD”). By December 9, Oaks had developed a low-grade fever and was 

having gastrointestinal problems and abdominal pain. A CT scan of Oaks’ 

chest revealed several gallstones and a dilated transverse colon, which 

measured around seven centimeters in diameter. 

[4] On December 10, Dr. Timothy R. Chamberlain saw Oaks for a consultation

and noted that Oaks had moderate distention of the abdomen, particularly in 

the upper-right quadrant, had guarding of the upper-right quadrant, and 
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complained of mild bloating and upper abdominal discomfort. Dr. 

Chamberlain also noted that Oaks had an elevated temperature and that CT 

and ultrasound results showed he had gallstones. Dr. Chamberlain noted the 

risk of surgery for a patient with Oaks’ medical history but stated in his plan 

that he wanted to “recheck [Oaks’] abdominal films and consider the possibility 

of a laparoscopic cholecystectomy.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 211-12. On 

December 11, Dr. Chamberlain ordered an x-ray of Oaks’ abdomen. The 

imaging report revealed that Oaks had a “gas distended transverse colon,” 

consistent with Oaks’ prior chest CT scan, and that those “findings could 

represent local ileus[1] or low grade left hemicolon/proximal descending colon 

obstruction.” Id. at 224. 

[5] Based on the x-ray results and the entire clinical picture, Dr. Chamberlain 

suspected that Oaks had an early infection in his gallbladder. Dr. Chamberlain 

determined that gallbladder removal surgery was the proper course of treatment 

and that it would likely resolve the ileus in Oaks’ colon, which Dr. 

Chamberlain believed was secondary to the gallbladder infection.

[6] Dr. Chamberlain performed laparoscopic surgery to remove Oaks’ gallbladder 

on December 11. During surgery, Dr. Chamberlain saw that Oaks’ colon was 

swollen. After surgery, Dr. Chamberlain carefully monitored Oaks’ condition, 

specifically, his swollen colon and continued ileus. Following Oaks’ surgery, 

 

1

 An ileus is a mild paralysis of the bowel in which the bowel becomes enlarged or dilated. Tr. Vol. III at 

243.
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he had no fever, his right upper quadrant pain was “minimal,” and he began 

ambulating. Tr. Vol. III at 245. In order to stimulate the bowel and alleviate 

the ileus, Dr. Chamberlain reduced the amount of narcotics Oaks was taking 

and ordered the drug neostigmine. Subsequently, Oaks began passing gas on a 

regular basis, had several bowel movements, and his abdomen went from firm 

and distended to soft and not distended. Because he believed the clinical 

picture showed marked improvement, Dr. Chamberlain did not obtain x-ray 

images of Oaks’ abdomen in the days following surgery. 

[7] On the afternoon of December 15, Oaks’ colon perforated, allowing air and 

fecal matter to escape into his abdomen. The perforation of the colon was due 

to a combination of enlargement of, and a lack of blood supply to, the colon. 

Dr. Chamberlain performed emergency surgery during which he repaired and 

resected the bowel and performed an anastomosis—a surgical procedure in 

which he reconnected the two ends of the bowel after the resection. During the 

surgery, Oaks’ spleen was removed. Following the surgery, Oaks had various 

complications—including another perforation—and he required additional 

treatment and surgeries by other medical providers and a stay in a rehabilitation 

facility.

[8] On November 30, 2011, Oaks filed a proposed complaint for damages against 

Dr. Chamberlain with the Indiana Department of Insurance. On November 19, 

2012, a medical review panel issued its opinion in favor of Dr. Chamberlain. 
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[9] On February 27, 2013, Oaks filed a complaint against Dr. Chamberlain with 

the trial court. The parties served their expert witness disclosures and, on 

October 10, 2014, Dr. Chamberlain filed a motion in limine seeking an order 

precluding any testimony that a medical expert would have treated a patient 

differently in the same situation as that in which Dr. Chamberlain treated Oaks. 

Oaks filed a response and, on October 28, the trial court held a hearing on the 

motion in limine and denied it. 

[10] On July 27, 2015, the trial court conducted a telephonic status conference 

during which Oaks agreed to submit a written offer of proof regarding the 

testimony he would elicit at trial from Dr. Chamberlain’s experts, namely, that 

they would have provided different medical treatment to a patient in the same 

situation. Both parties filed briefs on that issue. Oaks argued that the evidence 

of differing treatment would not be elicited to establish the applicable standard 

of care but only to impeach Dr. Chamberlain’s experts’ opinions on the 

standard of care. Oaks noted that one of Dr. Chamberlain’s witnesses, Dr. 

Wayne Moore, had testified at a deposition that his personal practices differed 

from his opinion on the applicable standard of care.2 Dr. Chamberlain renewed 

 

2

 Dr. Moore’s relevant deposition testimony was as follows:

Oaks’ Counsel: [W]ould you want to get an x-ray at this point [the afternoon of August 14, 2009]?

Dr. Moore: Are you asking me what I most likely would have done?

Oaks’ Counsel: Yes.

Dr. Moore: I probably would have gotten an x-ray.

Oaks’ Counsel: And why would you probably have gotten an x-ray at this point?
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his motion in limine on that issue. He argued that testimony regarding differing 

treatment cannot be offered either to establish the applicable standard of care or 

to impeach Dr. Moore’s testimony because it did not conflict with his standard 

of care testimony. 

[11] The trial court conducted a five-day jury trial from August 15-19, 2016. Oaks 

offered the expert testimony of two general surgeons, Dr. David Befeler and Dr. 

Jeffrey Freed, both of whom testified that the standard of care for a general 

surgeon under the circumstances of the case required serial x-rays of Oaks’ 

abdomen post-surgery and that Dr. Chamberlain had breached that standard of 

care. 

[12] Dr. Chamberlain also offered the expert testimony of two general surgeons, Dr. 

Wayne Moore and Dr. Alex Cocco. These experts testified that, in their 

opinion, Dr. Chamberlain did not violate the standard of care for a general 

surgeon in treating Mr. Oaks. But Dr. Cocco did not testify about what the 

 

Chamberlain’s Counsel: Objection, relevancy.

Dr. Moore: To help me confirm what’s going on with the patient.

Oaks’ Counsel: . . . When you say, “what’s going on,” what do you fear might be going on? . . .

Dr. Moore: I would use the x-ray to help look at the NG [tube] placement if he still had an 

NG [tube] at the time. I would use it to help me get an idea are the intestines 

backing up more, like more of an ileus, or are they backing up less. If I had 

thought of an ileus from the beginning as opposed to Ogilvie’s, I wouldn’t have 

necessarily been thinking, oh, I need to check a film for Ogilvie’s, because at this 

point the clinical picture is ileus.

Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 159.
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standard of care was, only that Dr. Chamberlain did not violate whatever Dr. 

Cocco thought the standard of care might be.

[13] Dr. Moore, on the other hand, testified that the standard of care required 

clinical monitoring of symptoms to determine whether the patient was 

improving and that x-rays would only be obtained if the patient was not 

showing “signs of progress.” Tr. Vol. IV at 104. Dr. Moore testified that 

clinical monitoring of Oaks’ post-operative symptoms indicated that Oaks’ 

condition was improving; specifically, Oaks began having regular bowel 

sounds, bowel movements, and passing of gas, his bowel distention was slowly 

improving over time, and he reported that he felt better. Therefore, Dr. Moore 

testified, the standard of care did not require further x-rays.3

[14] Following Oaks’ cross-examination of Dr. Moore and outside the presence of 

the jury, Oaks made an offer of proof and elicited testimony from Dr. Moore 

that showed that, if Oaks had been permitted to question Dr. Moore about his 

own personal medical practices, Dr. Moore would have testified that he would 

have obtained an x-ray in a post-operative situation like Oaks’.4 The trial court 

 

3

 Dr. Chamberlain is incorrect when he asserts that Dr. Moore testified that both clinical monitoring and xrays were accepted treatment options within the standard of care in Oaks’ situation. Dr. Chamberlain’s 

counsel asked Dr. Moore on direct examination, “Do you believe that the standard of care require[d] Dr. 

Chamberlain to order serial x-rays of Mr. Oaks after his surgery?” Cite. Dr. Moore responded, “No, it does 

not.” Tr. Vol. IV at 104.

4

 Specifically, after incorporating by reference his previously filed brief regarding his offer of proof, which 

included relevant parts of Dr. Moore’s deposition testimony, Oaks’ counsel asked Dr. Moore: “[I]s it in fact 

true that you would have gotten an x-ray in this situation?” Tr. Vol. IV at 168. Dr. Moore replied: “Yes.” Id.
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affirmed its prior decision5to exclude such testimony relating to Dr. Moore’s 

personal medical practices, stating in relevant part:

I don’t disagree that there [are] instances where a 

physician . . . who is giving an opinion on standard of 

care . . . [can] have their opinion attacked by . . . demonstrating 

[that] even though they say this is the standard of 

care[,] . . . they do contrary to . . . the standard of care but 

they’ve testified what the standard of care would be. I think the 

distinction in this situation was[,] you know[,] what was represented to 

me in argument, at least this afternoon, was that the doctor said standard 

of care was this but in his own personal practice, he practices above what 

he believes the standard of care to be and that’s why I did not permit that. 

If I can see other instances where that may come into play, that 

somebody says . . . this is the standard of care but then learn 

from their practice that they don’t — that’s not the practice that 

they would follow, so I think that’s the distinction.

Tr. Vol. IV at 169-70 (emphasis added). 

[15] On August 19, 2016, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Dr. Chamberlain 

and against Oaks. This appeal ensued.

Discussion and Review

Standard of Review

[16] Oaks contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it excluded Dr. 

Moore’s expert medical testimony about his personal medical practices. The 

 

5

 Although both parties state that the trial court had previously ruled to exclude testimony relating to Dr. 

Moore’s personal medical practices, no such ruling appears in the record. Oaks states that the ruling was 

made off the record, and Dr. Chamberlain does not suggest otherwise. Appellant’s Br. at 10.
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decision to admit or exclude evidence and the scope and extent of crossexamination all lie within the sound discretion of the trial court, and we will 

not disturb the trial court’s decision absent a showing of an abuse of that 

discretion. See Jacobs v. State, 22 N.E.3d 1286, 1288 (Ind. 2015). An abuse of 

discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision is against the logic and effect of 

the facts and circumstances before the court or if the court has misinterpreted 

the law. See Kosarko v. Padula, 979 N.E.2d 144, 146 (Ind. 2012).

Issue One: Testimony Concerning the Personal Practices 

of a Medical Expert Witness

Waiver

[17] Before we reach the merits of Oaks’ appeal with respect to the exclusion of Dr. 

Moore’s testimony, we must address Dr. Chamberlain’s assertion that Oaks 

waived the issue because he failed to object to Jury Instruction 15. See, e.g., 

Washington v. State, 808 N.E.2d 617, 625 (Ind. 2004) (holding that, generally, a 

party waives an argument or issue on appeal if he did not raise it before the trial 

court). Jury Instruction 15, to which no one objected, stated: 

A general surgeon is allowed broad discretion in selecting 

treatment methods and is not limited to those most generally 

used.

When more than one method of treatment is available, a general 

surgeon must use sound judgment in choosing which method to 

use.
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If a general surgeon uses sound judgment in selecting from a 

variety of accepted treatments, and uses reasonable care and skill 

in treating a patient, then the general surgeon is not responsible if 

the treatment does not succeed.

The fact that other methods existed, or that another general surgeon 

would have used a different method, does not establish medical 

negligence.

Appellee’s App. at 17 (emphasis added).

[18] Dr. Chamberlain contends that Jury Instruction 15 means that, in Indiana, 

personal medical practices of an expert witness are “irrelevant to the standard of 

care.” Appellee Br. at 26. However, as Oaks points out, that is not what the 

instruction says. Rather, the instruction correctly notes that, when the standard 

of care allows for two or more different methods of treatment, a physician 

cannot be held liable simply for choosing one accepted method over another.6 

Fridono v. Chuman, 747 N.E.2d 610, 622 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied.

[19] But that is not the question presented in this case. Dr. Moore testified that the 

standard of care did not require x-rays for a patient in Oaks’ post-operative 

condition but that, nevertheless, he would have ordered an x-ray in the same 

 

6

 In fact, the last section of the jury instruction actually contemplates that medical malpractice cases will

include testimony of “other methods” used by other surgeons and it simply instructs that such testimony 

cannot establish negligence. Of course, this section of the instruction would not be necessary if testimony about 

other physicians’ personal practices were inadmissible to begin with.
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situation.7 Thus, Dr. Moore’s testimony was not that he would personally 

prefer one accepted treatment (x-rays) over another (clinical monitoring), but 

that he would have ordered a procedure that he testified was not included in the 

standard of care at all (x-rays). Dr. Moore’s testimony did not address other

methods of accepted treatment. Thus, Jury Instruction 15 does not apply, and 

Oaks did not waive his appeal by failing to object to it.

Admissibility of the Expert’s Personal Practices

[20] In medical malpractice cases, the parties usually must present medical expert 

testimony to establish the standard of care and whether particular acts or 

omissions by the health care provider met the standard of care. Perry v. 

Anonymous Physician 1, 25 N.E.3d 103, 107 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied. 

Here, Oaks’ experts opined that the standard of care in Oaks’ post-operative 

situation required serial x-rays, which Dr. Chamberlain did not order. But Dr. 

Chamberlain’s expert, Dr. Moore, opined that the standard of care did not 

require x-rays. Thus, the jury had before it conflicting evidence on the standard 

of care. Oaks wished to use Dr. Moore’s testimony that Dr. Moore would have 

ordered an x-ray in Oaks’ situation to impeach Dr. Moore’s testimony that the 

standard of care did not require x-rays. The trial court ruled that such

 

7

 Dr. Chamberlain periodically asserts that Dr. Moore’s excluded testimony was that he only “probably” 

would have ordered an x-ray. While that was Dr. Moore’s deposition testimony, Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 

159, his trial testimony during the offer of proof was that he would have ordered an x-ray, Tr. Vol. IV at 168.
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impeachment testimony was inadmissible. We hold that the trial court’s 

exclusion of this impeachment evidence was an abuse of discretion.

[21] Under Indiana Rule of Evidence 607, a witness’s credibility may be attacked by 

any party, Ingram v. State, 715 N.E.2d 405, 407 (Ind. 1999), including through 

cross-examination, Turner v. State, 953 N.E.2d 1039, 1050-51 (Ind. 2011). 

“Cross-examination is permissible as to the subject matter covered on direct 

examination, including any matter which tends to elucidate, modify, explain, 

contradict or rebut testimony given during direct examination by the witness.” 

Hicks v. State, 510 N.E.2d 676, 679 (Ind. 1987). Thus, in Walker v. Cuppett, 808 

N.E.2d 85, 95 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), we held that “[d]octors and other expert 

witnesses are not oracles whose opinions, once stated, cannot be questioned or 

refuted by other evidence, even if that evidence does not come in the form of 

another expert’s testimony.” And, as the United States Supreme Court has 

noted, “the time-honored process of cross-examination [is] the device best 

suited to determine the trustworthiness of testimonial evidence.” Watkins v. 

Sowders, 449 U.S. 341, 349 n.4 (1981) (quoting with approval 5 J. Wigmore, 

Evidence § 1367 (Chadbourn rev. 1974) (“[cross-examination] is beyond any 

doubt the greatest legal engine ever invented for the discovery of truth.”)).

[22] As the parties note, the specific question in this case is whether crossexamination of an adversary’s medical expert on his or her personal practices

can be used to impeach the expert’s credibility regarding his or her opinion on 

the standard of care. There are no Indiana cases that directly address this issue. 

Some Indiana cases hold, in contexts other than medical malpractice, that 
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industry custom and practice is not admissible to establish the standard of care 

in the first instance but may be relevant to the standard of care once that 

standard has been established by other means. See, e.g., Hagerman Constr., Inc. v. 

Copeland, 697 N.E.2d 948, 958 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998) (construction industry), 

opinion amended on reh’g, trans. denied; Van Duyn v. Cook-Teague P’ship, 694 

N.E.2d 779, 782 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998) (laundromat industry), trans. denied. And 

our Supreme Court has held in the context of a medical malpractice case that a 

medical expert’s affidavit that stated only what the expert would have done 

(and not what the standard of care was) was insufficient to establish the 

standard of care in the first instance. Oelling v. Rao, 593 N.E.2d 189, 190 (Ind. 

1992). However, Oelling did not address the specific issue here: whether

personal practices testimony would be relevant and admissible to impeach the

credibility of the expert’s standard of care testimony. Id.

[23] Oaks argues that we should allow evidence of personal medical practices to 

attack the testimony of a medical expert who has testified about the standard of 

care.8 In support, both Oaks and amicus curiae Indiana Trial Lawyers 

Association note that the majority of other states to address this issue have held 

that an expert can be impeached with his personal practices when those

practices differ from the expert’s opinion about what is required under the 

standard of care. 

 

8

 Oaks does not assert that he wishes to use the excluded testimony as evidence of the standard of care itself 

but, rather, only to question Moore’s credibility with respect to his testimony about the standard of care.
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[24] For example, in Jaynes v. McConnell, 358 P.3d 632, 638 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2015), 

the court held that, where the personal practices of the medical expert went 

above and beyond the minimum standard of care the expert had described at 

trial, testimony about such personal practices was “relevant to assist the jury in 

its factually intensive determination of the relevant standard of care,” and the 

testimony was also pertinent to the expert’s “credibility as an expert witness by 

suggesting that his personal practices differ from the standard of care he 

espoused.” See also Smethers v. Campion, 108 P.3d 946, 955 (Ariz. Ct. App. 

2005); Wallbank v. Rothenburg, 74 P.3d 413, 416-17 (Colo. Ct. App. 2003); 

Condra v. Atlanta Orthopaedic Group, P.C., 681 S.E.2d 152 (Ga. 2009). Similarly, 

other courts have held that, although the standard of care cannot be established 

solely through an expert’s personal practices testimony, such testimony is 

nevertheless relevant to the expert’s credibility and the persuasive value of his 

opinion on the standard of care. See Jones v. Rallos, 890 N.E.2d 1190, 1208 (Ill. 

Ct. App. 2008) (citing Schmitz v. Binette, 857 N.E.2d 846, 856-57 (Ill. Ct. App. 

2006)). 

[25] As Dr. Chamberlain notes, there is one case from Missouri in which that state’s

intermediate appellate court upheld the exclusion of an expert’s personal 

practices testimony either as evidence of the standard of care or to impeach the 

expert’s opinion on the standard of care. Vititoe v. Cox Med. Ctrs., 27 S.W.3d 
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812, 819-820 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000).

9

 However, the majority of states to address 

this issue have allowed expert testimony of personal medical practices, at least 

for the purpose of impeaching the expert’s opinion on the standard of care. 

Given the prevailing view in other states, Indiana’s long-standing rule that a 

witness’ credibility may be attacked by any party, and the essential role of crossexamination in determining the trustworthiness of testimonial evidence, we join 

the abundant authority from other states and hold that the admission of an 

expert’s testimony about his or her personal practices in medical malpractice 

cases is permissible for the purpose of impeaching that expert’s testimony about 

the standard of care. However, we need not address the separate issue of 

whether an expert’s testimony about personal medical practices is relevant to 

what the standard of care might be since Oaks does not raise that issue for our 

review.

[26] Here, the trial court agreed that an expert’s personal practices are admissible for 

credibility purposes if the expert’s opinion on the standard of care is 

inconsistent with his personal practices. Nonetheless, the trial court concluded, 

and Dr. Chamberlain argues on appeal, that Dr. Moore’s personal practices 

testimony should have been excluded because it would only have shown that 

 

9

 The other cases cited by Dr. Chamberlain as support for the exclusion of Dr. Moore’s personal practices 

testimony are inapplicable. For example, in Carbonnell v. Bluhm, 318 N.W.2d 659, 663 (Mich. Ct. App. 

1982), the court upheld exclusion of expert testimony as irrelevant because the expert testified only on what 

he would have done and not on what the standard of care was. Similarly, in Curran v. Buser, 711 N.W.2d 

562, 570 (Neb. 2006), the court excluded personal practices testimony when it was offered as the only means 

to establish the standard of care in the first instance, which is not the case here. 
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Dr. Moore would go “above” the standard of care by taking an x-ray. Dr. 

Chamberlain maintains that, because that testimony did not conflict with Dr. 

Moore’s testimony about the standard of care but merely showed he would go 

“above” it, the testimony was correctly excluded as irrelevant. 

[27] However, the record contains no evidence that Dr. Moore would have ordered 

an x-ray simply to go “above” the standard of care. At trial, during the offer of 

proof, Dr. Moore only testified that he would have obtained an x-ray—he did 

not give the reason why he would have done so. And, in his deposition, Dr. 

Moore said he probably would have obtained an x-ray to “confirm what [was] 

going on” with the patient and, specifically, to “look at the NG placement” and 

“get an idea” whether the intestines were “backing up” more or less. App. Vol. 

II at 159. Although, in its ruling, the trial court indicated that it was 

“represented” to the court “in argument” that Dr. Moore “practices above what 

he believes the standard of care to be,” neither party directs us to any evidence 

of such a representation. Tr. Vol. IV at 169-70.

[28] Dr. Moore’s testimony about his personal practices was in conflict with his 

testimony on the standard of care. Therefore, his personal practices testimony 

was relevant and admissible. E.g., Rallos, 890 N.E.2d at 1208. Moreover, even 

if Dr. Moore had testified that he would merely go “above” the standard of care 

by ordering an x-ray, his personal practices testimony would be relevant and 

admissible. As the Appellate Court of Illinois stated, 

although an expert who personally exceeds the standard that he 

testifies to is not as readily impeached as an expert who provides 
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wholly different treatment than that which he contends is 

adequate, we cannot deny that such a disparity would, 

nevertheless, be quite relevant to a jury that is charged with 

determining which of two highly qualified experts should be 

believed.

Schmitz, 857 N.E.2d at 856-57; see also Jaynes, 358 P.3d at 638. The disparity in 

Dr. Moore’s testimony was relevant for impeachment purposes. 

[29] Still, Dr. Chamberlain argues that, even if the personal practices testimony was 

relevant, it should have been excluded under Indiana Rule of Evidence 403 

because its probative value was substantially outweighed by its potential to 

cause unfair prejudice and confuse the jury. Dr. Chamberlain contends that the 

jury would confuse and conflate Dr. Moore’s testimony on the standard of care 

with his testimony on his personal practices. That is, he maintains that the 

personal practices testimony would invite the jury to believe that the evidence

was offered to establish the standard of care and not just to impeach Dr. 

Moore’s credibility.

[30] We cannot agree. A jury is capable of understanding that the standard of care 

and a witness’ credibility about the standard of care are not one and the same 

but present separate issues, especially when the jury is given clear instructions

to that effect. As the Supreme Court of Georgia has noted,

any potential confusion created by the admission of such 

evidence may be remedied through the use of careful jury 

instructions. Such instructions should, for example, clearly 

define the legal meaning of standard of care; enunciate the 

principle that a mere difference in views between physicians does 
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not by itself prove malpractice . . . ; and clarify concepts such as 

burden of proof and credibility of witnesses. In addition, the 

party whose expert has been cross-examined will have the ability 

to elicit explanations for why the expert’s practices differ from 

what that expert attested to as the standard of care. Armed with

complete information regarding the expert’s opinion and 

personal practices, jurors can make intelligent judgments about 

the reliability of the expert’s testimony.

Condra, 681 S.E.2d at 155-56. Similarly, in Smethers, 108 P.3d at 955, the 

Arizona Court of Appeals stated:

[T]he jury is entitled to fully evaluate the credibility of the 

testifying expert, and the fact that an expert testifies that the 

standard of care does not require what that expert personally 

does in a similar situation may be a critical piece of information 

for the jury’s consideration.

We agree with those courts. Therefore, we hold that the trial court abused its 

discretion in excluding Dr. Moore’s testimony about his personal practices.

Issue Two: Harmless Error

[31] Finally, Dr. Chamberlain asserts that, even if it was error to exclude Dr. 

Moore’s testimony that he would have ordered an x-ray, the error was harmless 

because it did not “affect the substantial rights of the parties” and it was 

“cumulative.” Appellee’s Br. at 60 (citing Ind. Trial Rule 61). Dr. 

Chamberlain cites Rodgers v. State, 422 N.E.2d 1211, 1214 (Ind. 1981), for the 

proposition that it is harmless error to exclude impeachment evidence that 

involved a subject that “neither bore directly on an element of the offense or a 
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matter at issue in the case” because such evidence did not affect Oaks’ 

substantial rights.

[32] Here, we cannot agree. Indiana Trial Rule 61 and Appellate Rule 66 require

that we assess the probable impact of an error on the outcome of the case. The 

probable impact determination can be difficult because, in the final analysis, we 

do not usually know on appeal what went on in the mind or minds of the trier 

of fact. However, we face no such difficulty in this case because, here, the 

standard of care, and whether Dr. Chamberlain followed it, were the central 

questions. As noted above, Dr. Moore’s excluded testimony was relevant to 

whether he was credible when he testified that the standard of care did not 

require x-rays.10 And Dr. Moore was Dr. Chamberlain’s only witness on the 

central question of the standard of care. Given the lack of any other evidence 

that the standard of care did not require x-rays, we conclude that the exclusion 

of Dr. Moore’s personal practices testimony had a probable impact on Oaks’

substantial rights.

[33] Nor was the excluded testimony cumulative, as Dr. Chamberlain asserts. 

Although it is harmless error to exclude testimony that is merely repetitive of 

 

10

 Dr. Chamberlain also contends that the exclusion of the testimony was harmless error because Jury 

Instruction 15 would have required the jury to ignore Dr. Moore’s testimony that he would have chosen one 

of two acceptable treatments (i.e., x-rays and clinical monitoring). However, as already noted, Dr. 

Chamberlain mischaracterizes Dr. Moore’s excluded testimony. Dr. Moore never said that x-rays were one 

of the acceptable treatments within the standard of care; rather, he specifically said x-rays were not required 

by the standard of care in Oaks’ situation but that Dr. Moore would have obtained an x-ray anyway. Jury 

Instruction 15 would not have required the jury to ignore such relevant testimony. 
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other evidence, see, e.g., Spaulding v. Harris, 914 N.E.2d 820, 830 (Ind. Ct. App. 

2009), trans. denied, such is not the case here. Dr. Chamberlain asserts that Dr. 

Moore’s testimony that he would have ordered an x-ray is merely cumulative of 

Oaks’ own experts’ testimony that the standard of care required serial x-rays. 

This is a bold argument, and we reject it. First, Dr. Moore did not testify that 

he would have ordered serial x-rays, only that he “would have gotten an x-ray 

in this situation.” Tr. Vol. IV at 168 (emphasis added). Therefore, his 

testimony would not have been repetitive of Oaks’ experts’ testimony. Second, 

the testimony of Oaks’ experts on the standard of care does not address the 

credibility of Dr. Chamberlain’s expert. That is, their testimony does not 

impeach Moore but simply conflicts with his opinion of the standard of care. 

Dr. Moore’s testimony, excluded from cross-examination, that he would have 

done something that he said was not required by the standard of care, on the 

other hand, speaks directly to his own credibility regarding the standard of care. 

Accordingly, we hold that the exclusion of the relevant impeachment evidence 

was not harmless error.

Conclusion

[34] Oaks did not waive his claim on appeal by failing to object to Jury Instruction 

15, as that instruction did not address the issue in this case where a medical 

expert would have testified upon cross-examination that he personally would 

have ordered a treatment or procedure above what he had testified was the 

standard of care. And we hold that that the admission of Dr. Moore’s expert 

testimony about his personal practices is relevant and admissible for the 
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purpose of impeaching his testimony about the standard of care. Such 

testimony by Dr. Moore was not more prejudicial than probative, and the trial 

court abused its discretion in excluding it. Moreover, because Dr. Moore’s 

testimony was the only expert testimony that Dr. Chamberlain had met the 

standard of care, the exclusion of impeachment evidence from crossexamination was not harmless error. We reverse the jury’s verdict and remand 

for a new trial. 

[35] Reversed and remanded with instructions.

Riley, J., and Bradford, J., concur.