DNA 6037F 

OPERATION 

REDWING 

1956 

United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests 

Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

Prepared by the Defense Nuclear Agency as Executive Agency 

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OPERATION REDWING: 1956 Technical Report - 

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This work was sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under RDT&E RMSS Code 

B350079464 U99QAXMK50609 H2590D. For sale by the National Technical Information 

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19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side i/ necessary and Identify by block number) 

Nuclear testing Bikini ERIE OSAGE NAVAJO 

Nuclear Test Personnel Review (NTPR) LACROSSE SEMINOLE INCA TEWA 

REDWING CHEROKEE FLATHEAD DAKOTA HURON 

Pacific Proving Ground ZUNI BLACKFOOT MOHAWK 

Enewetak Y UMA KICKAPOO APACHE 

20. ABSTRACT (Contlnus on reveras aide If nscmaamy mad ldsntffy by block number) 

REDWING was a 17-detonation atmospheric nuclear weapons test series conducted in the Marshall Islands at Enewetak and Bikini atolls in spring and 

summer 1956. This is a report of DOD personnel in REDWING with an emphasis on 

operations and radiological safety. 

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SECURITY CLASIFICATION OF THIS PAGE Illhen Dmte Entered) 
UNCLASSIFIED 

ECUAITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(llh- Data Entorod) 

7. Author(s) continued) 

P. Sturman, L. Berkhouse, S. Davis, H. DeSant 

M.K. Doyle, D.S. Patterson 

is, P. Dean, 


FACT SHEET 

REDWING was a 17-detonation nuclear weapon test series (see table) held at 

the Atomic Energy Commission's (AEC) Pacific Proving Ground (PPG) in spring 

and summer 1956. The PPG consisted principally of Enewetak* and Bikini atolls 

in the northwestern Marshall Islands in the Central Pacific Ocean. 

REDWING test events, 1956a 

Ass i gned 

Name Location 

Date 

(local time) 

LACROSSE 

CHEROKEE 

ZUNI 

Y UMA 

ERIE 

SEMINOLE 

FLATHEAD 

BLACKFOOT 

K I CKAP 00 

OSAGE 

INCA 

DAKOTA 

MOHAWK 

APACHE 

NAVA J 0 

TEWA 

HURON 

Enewetak; surface on Runit Island 5 May 

Bikini; airdrop near Nam Island 21 May 

Bikini; surface on Eneman Island 28 May 

Enewetak; tower on Aomon Is1 and 28 May 

Enewetak; tower on Run it Island 31 May 

Enewetak; surf ace on Boken Is1 and 6 June 

Bikini; barge of Irij Island 12 June 

Enewetak; tower on Runit Island 12 June 

Enewetak; tower on Aomon Island 14 June 

Enewetak; airdrop over Runit Island 16 June 

Enewetak; tower on Lujor Island 22 June 

Bikini; barge off Iroij Island 26 June 

Enewetak; tower on Eleleron Island 3 July 

Enewetak; barge off Dridrilbwij Island 9 July 

Bikini; barge off Iroij Island 11 July 

Bikini; barge over Nam Island reef 21 July 

Enewetak; barge off Dridrilbwij Island 22 July 

Note: 

aY ields not announced except: LACROSSE (40 KT) , CHEROKEE ("several MT"), ZUNI (3.5 MT), SEMINOLE (13.7 KT), TEWA (5 MT). One 

kiloton equals the approximate energy release of the explosion 

of one thousand tons of TNT; one megaton equals the approximate 

energy release of the explosion of one million tons of TNT. 

* The spelling of Marshall Island place names has changed in recent years in 

order to more accurately render the sounds of the Marshall Island names using 

English spelling. 

1 
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 

The REDWING series was held primarily to test high-yield thermonuclear devices that could not be tested in Nevada. The development and testing of these 

devices, which generate their explosive power through the fusion or joining of 

hydrogen atoms, began in 1950 and had advanced to the stage that one of these 

was dropped from a B-52 bomber in REDWING. This test drop, although of some 

scientific interest, was probably more a demonstration to the world of the deliverability of these weapons than an experiment. The drop was witnessed by a 

group of U.S. newsmen, the first such group invited to view a Pacific nuclear 

test since 1946. 

The devices were tested at the PPG by a joint military and civilian organization designated Joint Task Force 7 (JTF 7). This was a military organization 

in form, but was populated by military personnel, Federal civilian employees, 

and contractor personnel of the Department of Defense (DOD) and the AEC. The 

commander of this force was the appointed representative of the AEC and reported also to the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) and the Commander in Chief, 

Pacific (CINCPAC). The peak DOD numerical strength of REDWING was approximately as follows: 

Uniformed ilitary 9,710 

DOD civil service 600 

DOD contractors 14 0 

Total DOD personnel 10,450 

In addition, several thousand men from the AEC and its contractors, a few from 

other Government agencies, and some foreign observers were present. 

Numerous technical experiments were carried out in conjunction with each 

of the 17 detonations. These experiments measured the yield and efficiency of 

the devices and attempted to gauge the military effects of the explosions. 

DOD personnel participated in this test operation as individuals whose duty 

stations were at the AEC design laboratories, as units performing separate 

experiments, and as units performing various support roles. The REDWING operations placed most 

vided living space 

each test. 

Of the Navy support group at Bikini, where its ships profor personnel who were evacuated from the islands before 

2 
An extensive radiological safety (radsafe) program was instituted whose 

objectives were: 

1. Maintenance of personnel radiation exposure at the lowest 

possible level consistent with medical knowledge of radiation effects and the importance of the test series. 

2. Avoidance of inadvertent contamination of populated islands or transient shipping. 

The program established an organization to provide radsafe expertise and services to the separate components of the task force who were responsible for 

personnel safety within their commands. Personnel were trained in radiological 

safety, and standards governing maximum permissible exposures (WE) were established. The MPE was set at 3.9 R for the series. Film badges were provided 

for all of the participating personnel. Persons likely to be exposed to radiation were often provided with additional badges for more complete recording of 

exposure. An extensive weather forecasting group was established inorder to 

predict wind directions and areas of potential fallout. Personnel were evacuated from danger areas before each detonation, and reentry to radioactive areas 

was restricted to the personnel required to retrieve important data. 

TEST OPERATIONS AND EXPOSURES 

Tests were conducted at both Enewetak Atoll and Bikini Atoll some 190 nmi 

(352 km) to the east of Enewetak. The Marshall Islanders were evacuated from 

Bikini in 1946 and Enewetak in 1948. Enewetak served as a base of operations 

and the place where smaller-yield devices were tested, and Bikini was an advance camp where the larger-yield devices were tested. 

Most of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps personnel were on ships operating 

around Bikini providing supply, evacuation capability, and other support to 

the tests there. Most of the Army and Air Force personnel were on Enewetak. 

All the Services had personnel assigned to laboratory organizations whose 

operations were conducted on both atolls as well as other locations in the 

Pacific area. 

The operations ran smoothly except for two incidents. The airdropped demonstration test, CHEROKEE, was considerably off target; and the edge of the 

cloud from the last event fired at Bikini, TEWA, passed over Enewetak causing 

fallout there. The missed airdrop caused no exposure of personnel to ionizing 

3 
radiation as the entire Bikini Atoll had been evacuated, and the miss was in 

the direction of the open sea. But the TEWA fallout on the Enewetak base camp 

did lead to the exposure of the personnel there. The incident occurred toward 

the end of the series when some personnel had already returned to the United 

States, but the remaining Enewetak personnel received about an additional 1.5 R 

exposure from this incident. The overall average exposure for the series was 

approximately 1.7 R. The highest exposures were recorded by Air Force flight 

officers whose aircraft penetrated the nuclear clouds on scientific missions. 

The recorded REDWING exposures are summarized in the table below by service 

affiliation. Civilians employed by the Services have been included with the 

uniformed personnel. Other participants included personnel from other U.S. 

Government agencies including the AEC, AEC contractors, and foreign military 

and U.S. media observers. 

Summary of REDWING Exposures 

Exposure Ranges (roentgens) 

No. of High 

Persons Not 0.001- 1.000- 3.000- 5.000- Over Recorded 

Badged Available 0 0.999 2.999 4.999 9.999 10 (R) 

Army 1,612 

% of Total 

Navy 5,638 

% of Total 

Air Force 2,780 

% of Total 

Marine Corps 249 

% of Total 

Other Mi 1 itary 379 

% of Total 

DOD Contractors 138 

% of Total 

Other Participants 3,847 

% of Total 

Total 14,643 

% of Total 

0 19 

0 1 

23 31 2 

<1 5 

0 220 

0 8 

17 2 

7 (1 

2 23 

<1 6 

1 4 

<1 3 

78 426 

2 11 

121 1,006 

<1 7 

398 

25 

3,674 

65 

823 

30 

116 

47 

126 

33 

58 

42 

1,237 

32 

6,432 

44 

500 

31 

1,474 

26 

1,010 

36 

108 

43 

143 

38 

66 

48 

844 

22 

4,145 

28 

650 

40 

147 

3 

638 

23 

6 

2 

74 

19 

9 

7 

1,038 

27 

2,562 

18 

45 0 7.2 

3 0 

8 0 6.2 

<1 0 

77 12 16.4 

3 <1 

0 0 3.6 

0 0 

11 0 7.4 

3 0 

0 0 4.7 

0 0 

224 0 6.8 

6 0 

365 12 16.4 

2 <1 

4 
PREFACE 

From 1945 through 1962, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) conducted 

235 atmospheric nuclear weapon tests at sites in the United States and in the 

Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In all, about 220,000 Department of Defense (DOD) 

participants, both military and civilian, were present at the tests. Of these, 

approximately 142,000 participated in the Pacific test series and approximately 

another 4,000 in the single Atlantic test series. 

In 1977, 15 years after the last aboveground nuclear weapon test, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services noted more leukemia cases than would normally be expected among about 

3,200 soldiers who had been present at shot SMOKY, a test of the 1957 PLUMBBOB 

Series. Since that initial report by the CDC, the Veterans Administration (VA) 

has received a number of claims for medical benefits from former military personnel who believe their health may have been affected by their participation 

in the weapon testing program. 

In late 1977, the DOD began a study that provided data to both the CDC and 

the VA on potential exposures to ionizing radiation among the military and civilian personnel who participated in the atmospheric testing 15 to 32 years 

earlier. In early 1978, the DOD also organized a Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

(NTPR) to: 

0 Identify DOD personnel who had taken part in the atmospheric nuclear weapon tests 

0 Determine the extent of the participants' exposures to 

ionizing radiation 

Provide public disclosure of information concerning participation by DOD personnel in the atmospheric nuclear 

weapon tests. 

This report on Operation REDWING is one of many volumes that are the product of the N'I'PR. The DOD Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA), whose Director is the 

executive agent of the NTPR program, prepared the reports, which are based on 

5 
military and technical documents reporting various aspects of each of the 

tests. Reports of the NTPR provide a public record of the activities and 

associated radiation exposure risks of MID personnel for interested former 

participants and for use in public health research and Federal policy studies. 

Information from which this report was compiled was primarily extracted 

from planning and after-action reports of Joint Task Force 7 (JTF 7) and its 

subordinate organizations. What was desired were documents that accurately 

placed personnel at the test sites so that their degree of exposure to the 

ionizing radiation resulting from the tests could be assessed. The search for 

this information was undertaken in archives and libraries of the Federal Government, in special collections supported by the Federal Government, and by 

some discussion or review with participants. 

For REDWING, the most important archival source is the Washington National 

Records Center in Suitland, Maryland. The Naval Archives at the Washington 

Navy Yard also was helpful, as was the collection of documents assembled by the 

Air Force Special Weapons Center Historian, the collection now being housed in 

the Air Force Weapons Laboratory Technical Library at Kirtland Air Force Base, 

Albuquerque, New Mexico. Other archives searched were the Department of Energy 

(DOE) archives at Germantown, Maryland, its Nevada Operations Office (DOE/NV) 

archives at Las Vegas, and the archives of the Test Division of the Los Alamos 

National Laboratory. 

JTF 7 exposure records were retrieved from the Records Center, and an additional file of exposure-related documents that had been microfilmed by the Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company, Inc., support contractor for DOE/NV, 

was also useful. 

There is little primary documentation of personnel movement in areas of potential radiation exposure. This has been compensated for, where possible, with 

inferences drawn from secondary sources and the exposure records themselves. 

The work was performed under RDT&E RMSS B350079464 U99 QAXMK 506-09 H2590D 

for the Defense Nuclear Agency by personnel from Kaman Tempo and subcontractor 

R.F. Cross Associates. Guidance was provided by Mr. Kenneth W. Kaye of the 

Defense Nuclear Agency. 

6 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

FACT SHEET 

PREFACE 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

LIST OF TABLES 

wter 

1 OVERVIEW 

Introduction 

Purpose 

Historical Perspective 

Report Organization 

Nuclear Tests and Radi ation Exposures 

Experimental Program 

Weapon Development 

Yield Measurements 

Di agnostic Meas uremen t s 

Effects Experiments 

Environmental Measurements 

Systems Response Experiments 

Sumnary of Radiation Exposure Potential 

Oceanic Testing Operations 

Marshal 1 I sl ands Setti ng 

Physical Conditions in 1956 

Radiological Conditions 

Special Problems in Oceanic Testing 

Joint Task Force 7 

Task Group 7.1 (Scientific) 

Task Units 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 -- 

Weapon Laboratories 

Page 

1 

5 

14 

18 

21 

21 

21 

21 

23 

24 

27 

27 

27 

28 

32 

32 

33 

33 

34 

34 

39 

43 

45 

46 

48 

49 

7 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (conti nued) 

C haDt er 

1 ( cont i nued) Task Unit 3 -- DOD Programs 

Task Unit 4 -- Sandia Corporation 

Task Units 5 and 6 -- Weapon Experiment 

Support 

Task Unit 7 -- Radiological Safety 

Task Group 7.2 (Army) 

7126th Army Unit 

505th Military Police Battalion Company C 

8600th Army Unit, 2nd Army Security Agency 

Detachment 

Task Group 7.3 (Navy) 

Flagship Unit (Task Unit 7.3.0) 

Carrier Unit (Task Unit 7.3.1) 

Utility Unit (Task Unit 7.3.2) 

Surface Patrol and Transport Unit 

(Task Unit 7.3.3) 

Patrol Squadron Unit (Task Unit 7.3.4) 

Naval Station Unit (Task Unit 7.3.5) 

Radiological Support Unit (Task Unit 7.3.6) 

Boat Pool Unit (Task Unit 7.3.7) 

Special Devices Unit (Task Unit 7.3.8) 

Accomnodation Ship Unit (Task Unit 7.3.9) 

Task Group 7.4 (Air Force) 

Headquarters Task Group 7.4 

Test Aircraft Unit 

Test Services Unit 

Test Base Unit 

Task Group 7.5 (Base Facilities) 

Task Force in Place 

Supply 

Housing and Meals 

Trans port at i on 

Communications 

Page 

51 

51 

51 

51 

51 

52 

52 

55 

55 

58 

58 

58 

58 

58 

59 

59 

59 

59 

59 

60 

61 

61 

63 

64 

65 

65 

66 

68 

68 

70 

8 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 

C haDt er 

1 (continued) Security 

Medical 

Recreation 

Mi scel 1 aneous Services 

2 RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY 

Radiological Safety Planning 

Organization and Responsi bi 1 iti es 

Task Group 7.1 

Task Group 7.2 

Task Group 7.3 

Task Group 7.4 

Task Group 7.5 

Trai ni ng 

Task Group 7.1 

Task Group 7.2 

Task Group 7.3 

Task Group 7.4 

Task Group 7.5 

Safety Cri teri a 

Radiological Safety Standards 

Radi ation Exposure Waivers 

Radsafe Monitoring and Instrumentation 

Pre-Event Safety Measures 

Danger Area 

Fa1 1 out Predi cti on 

Recording Personnel Exposures 

Off-Atoll Radiological Safety 

Shipboard Modifications 

Post-Event Safety Measures 

General Procedures 

Surveys and Recovery P1 anni ng 

" Pa2 

70 

71 

72 

73 

75 

76 

76 

78 

81 

82 

82 

84 

84 

85 

85 

86 

90 

91 

92 

92 

93 

96 

99 

99 

101 

106 

110 

112 

113 

113 

115 

9 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (conti nued) 

Chapter " 

2 (continued) Emergency Evacuation 

Decontamination 

Transport of Radi oac t i ve Mat eri a 1 

Special Missions 

DOD EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM 

Weapon Laboratories Task Units 

Weapon Experiment Support Task Units 

Sandia Task Unit 

DOD Programs (Task Unit 3) 

Program 1 -- Blast Effects 

Program 2 -- Nuclear Radi ation 

Program 3 -- Effects on Structures 

Program 4 -- Biological Effects 

Program 5 -- Effects on Aircraft Structures 

Program 6 -- Studies of Electromagnetic Effects 

Program 8 -- Thermal Radiation and Effects 

Program 9 -- Supporting Photography 

Radiological Safety (Task Unit 7) 

4 BIKINI TEST OPERATIONS 

DOD Bikini Experiments 

Program 2 -- Nuclear Radiation Program 

Land Stations 

Moored Stations 

Fallout-Collection Ships 

Survey Ships 

Survey Aircraft 

Cloud-Penetration Rockets 

Cloud-Penetration Aircraft 

Laboratory Faci 1 iti es 

Program 3 -- Structures Effects Program 

Program 5 -- Aircraft Effects Program 

Test Preparations and Evacuation 

Page 

119 

120 

130 

130 

132 

132 

132 

133 

133 

133 

139 

148 

149 

149 

154 

156 

159 

160 

161 

165 

165 

165 

165 

166 

166 

166 

169 

169 

169 

16 9 

169 

170 

10 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (conti nued) 

Chapter 

4 (cont'd) Reentry and Recovery 

Radiological Safety Services 

CHEROKEE 

ZUNI 

FLATHEAD 

DAKOTA 

NAVAJ 0 

TEWA 

5 ENEWETAK TEST OPERATIONS 

DOD Experimental Program 

Project 1.10 

Project 5.9 

Project 6.6 

Evacuation and Test Preparation 

Recovery 

Radiological Safety Services 

LACROSSE 

Y UMA 

ERIE 

SEMINOLE 

BLACKFOOT 

K I CK AP 00 

0 SAG E 

INCA 

MOHAWK 

APACHE 

HURON 

Anomalous Radiation Exposures 

Post-REDWING Activity 

Page 

174 

175 

177 

182 

188 

193 

198 

203 

214 

215 

215 

215 

215 

215 

217 

218 

220 

223 

2 28 

230 

2 34 

235 

239 

240 

244 

247 

251 

254 

254 

6 U.S. ARMY PARTICIPATION IN OPERATION REDWING 255 

11 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont i nued) 

Chapter 

7 U.S. NAVY PARTICIPATION IN OPERATION REDWING 

Navy Ships 

Other Naval Units 

- Pas 

261 

261 

300 

8 U.S. AIR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN OPERATION REDWING 30 5 

Headquarters, Joint Task Force 7 310 

Task up 

Task p 7.4 312 

Headquarters, Task Group 7.4 312 

Headquarters, Test Base Unit 312 

4931st Operations Squadron 312 

4932nd Maintenance Squadron 312 

Helicopter Element 312 

Test Aircraft Unit 312 

Sampling and Decontamination Element 31 2 

Early Penetration Element 312 

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment Element 31 3 

WADC Effects Element 313 

Technical Photo Element 31 3 

Ionosphere Element 313 

Drop and Canister Element 313 

Hq USAF Element 3 14 

Test Services Unit 3 14 

Headquarters Test Services Unit 314 

Weather Central and Weather Reporting Elements 314 

Weather Reconnaissance Element 314 

Documentary Photo Element 315 

C-54 Element 315 

Communications Element 315 

Search and Rescue Element 315 

MATS Terminal Element 316 

Air Transport Units 316 

Mi scel 1 aneous 316 

12 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont i nued ) 

Chapter 

9 U.S. MARINE CORPS PARTICIPATION IN OPERATION REDWING 

10 JOINT DEFENSE AGENCIES, OTHER GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES, 

ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION ORGANIZATIONS, CONTRACTOR, AND 

OBSERVER AND VIP PARTICIPATION IN OPERATION REDWING 

Joint DOD Organizations 

Atomic Energy Commission Organizations 

Other Government Organizations 

Contractors and Civilian Organizations 

Observers and VIP Visitors 

Unidentified Affiliation 

11 PERSONNEL EXPOSURES 

REFERENCES 

Append i x 

A RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY AND RELATED DOCUMENTS 

B TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND UNITS 

C ISLAND SYNONYMS 

D INDEX OF PARTICIPATING ORGANIZATIONS 

Page 

317 

32 0 

320 

324 

3 24 

325 

329 

330 

331 

336 

353 

39 5 

409 

415 

13 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

Figure 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

a 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

Frontispiece: Shot ZUNI, Operation REDWING, viewed from Eneu Island 

Camera tower on Eneu, Station 70 in background, REDWING. 

Surface detonation cab, showing pipe array for diagnostic 

experiments, REDWING. 

The Central Pacific. 

Enewetak Atoll, 1956, with pre-REDWING detonation sites. 

Bikini Atoll, 1956, with pre-REDWING detonation sites. 

Recording bunker, Bikini Atoll, REDWING. 

Construction on Runit Island, Enewetak Atoll, construction 

camp in foreground, REDWING. 

Manmade islands on Bikini Atoll constructed for REDWING 

showing structures response experiment. 

Smoke rocket launch platform on reef, REDWING. 

Joint Task Force 7 organization chart, REDWING. 

Task Group 7.1 organization chart, REDWING. 

Task Group 7.2 organization chart, REDWING. 

Task Group 7.3 organization chart, REDWING. 

Task Group 7.4 organization chart, REDWING. 

Joint Task Force 7 Radsafe Office organization chart, 

REDWING. 

Radiological safety organization of Task Group 7.1, REDWING. 

Radiological safety organization of Task Group 7.2, REDWING. 

Radiological safety organization of Task Group 7.4, REDWING. 

Danger area established for REDWING operations. 

14 

Pas - 

29 

30 

35 

36 

37 

40 

41 

41 

42 

47 

50 

53 

57 

62 

76 

80 

a1 

83 

100 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (cont i nued) 

." Figure 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

Issuing REDWING film badges; dosimeter being read 

in background. 

Off-site radiation detection equipment on Utirik Island, 

REDWING. 

Monitoring a recovery party at a radsafe check station, 

REDWING. 

Scientific personnel wearing radsafe clothing rehearsing 

an early-time recovery in a radex area, REDWING. 

Decontamination monitor locating and marking spots of 

radioactivity on personnel returning from a radex area, 

REDWING. 

Personnel spot decontamination, REDWING. 

Decontaminating a Project 2.62 skiff prior to retrieval, 

REDWING. 

Monitoring the radiation level on a Project 2.62 skiff after 

retrieval and before removing samples and data, REDWING. 

Removing samples from YAG-40 (USS Granville S. Hall), 

REDWING. " " 

Scrubbing helicopter to remove contamination, REDWING. 

Removing radioactivity from a helicopter, REDWING. 

Helicopter in decontamination "bathtub" on USS Badoeng Strait 

(CVE-116), REDWING. I 

Decontaminating a B-57 sampler aircraft after f 1 ight through 

a nuclear cloud, REDWING. 

Test device installed in its cab on its barge, REDWING. 

FLATHEAD device barge being removed from the well of 

USS Catamount - (LSD-17), REDWING. 

NAVAJO device barge moored at detonation site, Bikini 

Atoll, REDWING. 

General arrangement of YAG-39 (USS George Eastman1 and 

YAG-40 (USS Granville S. Hall). 

Page 

107 

111 

117 

118 

121 

122 

124 

124 

125 

125 

126 

126 

127 

162 

16 3 

16 3 

167 
LIST OF 

FiAure 

37 

38 

39 

" 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

ILLUSTRATIONS (continued) 

General arrangement of USS Crook County (LST-611). 

CHEROKEE cloud as viewed from fleet sortie area, REDWING. 

Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participati ng aircraft for CHEROKEE, REDWING . 

Radex areas, predicted f a1 1 out areas, 1 ocati ons of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for ZUNI, REDWING. 

Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for FLATHEAD, REDWING. 

Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for DAKOTA, REDWING. 

Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for NAVAJO, REDWING. 

Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locat 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and 

pating aircraft for TEWA, REDWING. 

TEWA cloud viewed from Enewetak Atoll, REDW 

ions of task force 

list of particiING. 

TEWA fallout on Parry, Enewetak Atoll, REDWING. 

MOHAWK detonation viewed from Japtan Island, Enewetak 

Atoll, REDWING. 

ERIE detonation, REDWING; observers facing away from burst. 

Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for LACROSSE, REDWING. 

Radiation levels on Runit Island, Enewetak, after LACROSSE, 

REDWING. 

Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for YUMA, REDWING. 

Page 

168 

174 

178 

184 

190 

194 

200 

204 

208 

21 1 

214 

218 

222 

225 

226 

16 
LIST OF 

Fiiure 

52 

” 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

sa 

59 

60 

ILLUSTRATIONS (continued) 

Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for ERIE, REDWING. 

Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locat 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and 

pating aircraft for SEMINOLE, REDWING. 

Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locat 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and 

pati ng aircraft for BLACKFOOT, REDWING. 

ions of task force 

list of particiions of task force 

list of particiRadex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for KICKAPOO, REDWING. 

Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participati ng aircraft for OSAGE, REDWING. 

Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for INCA, REDWING. 

Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for MOHAWK, REDWING. 

Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for APACHE, REDWING. 

Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for HURON, REDWING. 

Page 

229 

232 

235 

237 

239 

242 

24 5 

248 

252 

17 
LIST OF TABLES 

”- 

Table 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

REDWING detonations , 1956. 

7126th Army Unit personnel strength at Enewetak, 1955-1956. 

Task Group 7.2 personnel strength, REDWING buildup phase. 

Geographic distribution of Joint Task Force 7 personnel 

on 10 May 1956. 

Task Group 7.3 radiological safety training, REDWING. 

REDWING Maximum Permissible Limits for radiation exposure 

and contamination. 

Weather island radiological instruments, REDWING. 

Typical fallout prediction activities, REDWING. 

Joint Task Force Weather Central resources, REDWING. 

REDWING personnel exposure identifiable by scientific 

Department of Defense project. 

Bikini test preparations, REDWING. 

Bikini evacuation schedule, REDWING. 

Number of people evacuated from Bikini during REDWING. 

H-hour positions of effects aircraft, CHEROKEE, REDWING. 

H-hour positions of effects aircraft, ZUNI, REDWING. 

Sumnary of Bikini radiological surveys after ZUNI, REDWING. 

ZUNI contamination at offsite locations, REDWING. 

H-hour positions of effects aircraft, FLATHEAD, REDWING. 

Sumnary of Bikini radiological surveys after FLATHEAD, 

REDWING. 

H-hour positions of effects aircraft, DAKOTA, REDWING. 

Page 

22 

54 

54 

66 

88 

94 

99 

102 

106 

135 

171 

172 

173 

181 

186 

187 

188 

192 

192 

196 

18 
LIST OF TABLES (continued) 

Tab1 e 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

__. 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

Sumnary of Bikini radiological surveys after DAKOTA, REDWING. 

H-hour positions of effects aircraft, NAVAJO, REDWING. 

Sumnary of Bikini radiological surveys after NAVAJO, REDWING. 

H-hour positions of effects aircraft, TEWA, REDWING. 

Sumnary of Bikini radiological surveys after TEWA, REDWING. 

Enewetak test preparations, REDWING. 

Enewetak evacuation activities, REDWING. 

H-hour positions of effects aircraft, LACROSSE, REDWING. 

Sumnary of Enewetak radiological surveys after LACROSSE, 

REDWING . 

Sumnary of Enewetak radiological surveys after YUMA, REDWING. 

H-hour positions of effects aircraft, ERIE, REDWING. 

Sumnary of Enewetak radiological surveys after ERIE, REDWING. 

Summary of Enewetak radiological surveys after SEMINOLE, 

REDWING. 

Summary of Enewetak radiological surveys after BLACKFOOT, 

REDWING. 

H-hour positions of effects aircraft, KICKAPOO, REDWING. 

Sumnary of Enewetak radiological surveys after OSAGE, REDWIFIG. 

H-hour positions of effects aircraft, INCA, REDWING. 

Sumnary of Enewetak radiological surveys after INCA, REDWING. 

H-hour positions of effects aircraft, MOHAWK, REDWING. 

Sumnary of Enewetak radiological surveys after MOHAWK, REDWING. 

H-hour positions of effects aircraft, APACHE, REDWING. 

Sumnary of Enewetak radiological surveys after APACHE, REDWING. 

Paqe 

197 

20 2 

202 

20 6 

207 

216 

217 

22 3 

224 

227 

22 9 

231 

233 

236 

238 

241 

24 2 

244 

24 6 

247 

24 9 

250 

19 
LIST OF TABLES (continued) 

Tab1 e 

43 H-hour positions of effects aircraft, HURON, REDWING. 

44 Summary of Enewetak radiological surveys after HURON, REDWING. 

45 REDWING personnel exposure, U.S. Amy organizations. 

46 REDWING personnel exposure, U.S. Navy organizations. 

47 Air Force units badged for REDWING. 

48 REDWING personnel exposure, U.S. Air Force organizations. 

49 Mari ne He1 i copter Transport Squadron 363 (HMR-363) 

operational statistical summary, REDWING. 

50 REDWING personnel exposure, U.S. Marine Corps organizations. 

51 REDWING personnel exposure, joint defense and other government 

agencies, Atomic Energy Commission organizations, contractors, 

observers, and visitors. 

52 REDWING personnel exposure sumnary. 

53 Summary of task force exposure, REDWING. 

Page 

252 

253 

256 

26 2 

306 

31 1 

318 

318 

321 

333 

334 

20 
CHAPTER 1 

OVERVIEW 

INTRODUCTION 

Purpose 

REDWING was a test series in which 17 nuclear devices were detonated at 

the Atomic Energy Commission's (AEC) Pacific Proving Ground (PEG) at Enewetak* 

and Bikini atolls in spring and summer of 1956. Table 1 lists the detonations. 

This report documents the participation of Department of Defense (WD) 

personnel who were active in this atmospheric nuclear test series. Its purpose is to bring together the available information about this series pertinent to the exposure of DOD personnel, both uniformed and civilian employees. 

The report explains the reasons why DOD personnel were present at these tests

lists the DOD organizations represented, and describes their activities. It 

discusses the potential radiation exposure involved in these activities and 

the measures taken to protect personnel in the participating WD organizations. 

It presents the exposures recorded by the participating DOD units. The information is limited to these points. 

Historical Perspective 

REDWING was the sixth nuclear test series to be conducted by the United 

States in the Marshall Islands. During the fifth series in 1954 a serious 

fallout contamination incident occurred that involved not only U.S. personnel 

but Marshall Island residents and Japanese fishermen as well. 

Because of the unfavorable effect of this incident on world opinion, the 

government recognized the need to issue a statement that specifically addressed 

the health and safety concerns. A joint DOD-AEC press release of April 27, 

1956, presented the precautions being taken in REDWING (Reference B.0.8). The 

* A better understanding of the Marshall Islands language has permitted a more 

accurate transliteration of Marshall Island names into English language 

spelling. These newer transliterations are used in this report with few 

exceptions. Appendix C is a list of the names and their variant spelling. 

21 
Table 1. REDWING detonations, 1956. 

Local Assigned 

Date Name Locat i on Yielda 

5 May 

21 May 

28 May 

28 May 

31 May 

6 June 

12 June 

12 June 

14 June 

16 June 

22 June 

26 June 

3 July 

9 July 

11 July 

21 July 

22 July 

LACROSSE 

CHEROKEE 

ZUNI 

Y UMA 

ERIE 

SEMINOLE 

FLATHEAD 

BLACKFOOT 

KI CKAPOO 

OSAGE 

INCA 

DAKOTA 

MOHAWK 

APACHE 

NAVAJO 

TE WA 

HURON 

Enewet ak; surf ace 

Bikini; airdrop 

Bikini; surface 

Enewetak; tower 

Enewet ak; tower 

Enewetak; surf ace 

Bikini; barge 

Enewetak; tower 

Enewet ak; tower 

Enewetak; airdrop 

Enewet ak ; tower 

Bikini; barge 

Enewet ak; tower 

Enewetak; barge 

Bikini; barge 

Bikini; barge 

Enewetak; barge 

40 KT 

Several megatons 

3.5 MT 

Not announced 

Not announced 

1.37 KT 

Not announced 

Not announced 

Not announced 

Not announced 

Not announced 

Not announced 

Not announced 

Not announced 

Not announced 

5 MT 

Not announced 

Note: 

aOne kiloton (KT) equals the approximate energy release of the 

explosion of one thousand tons of TNT; one megaton (MT) equals 

the approximate energy release of the explosion of one million 

tons of TNT. 

release described the improved fallout prediction capability available and the 

extensive monitoring that was to be done both at the PPG and beyond. It also 

described programs for surveying marine life in the Pacific. The release 

stated that the yields of the devices to be tested were expected to be lower 

than the largest of those detonated in 1954. 

Press observers were invited to view part of the series. These were the 

first to observe a PPG test series since 1946. The 15 press observers, along 

with 17 invited civil defense officials, viewed the LACROSSE and CHEROKEE 

22 
detonations. The latter was the detonation of a multimegaton-yield device 

dropped from an operational B-52 bomber, the first such event conducted by the 

United States. Although CHEROKEE provided the opportunity to make some unique 

measurements, its purpose was primarily a demonstration of the ability of the 

United States to deliver large-yield thermonuclear weapons. 

REDWING was the first test series in the PPG in which dosimeters that 

would record exposure to ionizing radiation were provided for all joint task 

force personnel. 

Report Organization 

Subsequent sections of this overview chapter discuss the form of experimental nuclear weapon test programs with the emphasis on the potential radiation exposure of participating DOD personnel. The experimental activities are 

considered first without particular reference to the geographic location of 

the testing, and are then related to the geographic limitations on such activities at the PPG. The portion of the experimental program of heaviest 

participation is emphasized. 

The chapter concludes with a description of Joint Task Force 7 (JTF 7), 

the organization that conducted Operation REDWING, and indicates how the DOD 

elements within JTF 7 functioned. 

Chapter 2 is concerned with the radiological safety (radsafe) aspects of 

the tests. These chapters document the procedures, training, and equipment 

used to protect participants from the radiation exposure potential inherent in 

the test operations. 

Chapter 3 focuses on the role of the DOD in the experimental program of 

REDWING in general, leading to a discussion of the DOD operations for the test 

events in Chapters 4 and 5. Chapter 4 discusses the Bikini detonations, and 

Chapter 5 the Enewetak detonations. 

Chapters 6 through 9 report participation by the Army, Navy, Air Force, 

and Marine Corps, respectively. Chapter 10 summarizes the participation Of 

other government agencies and contractors. A listing of participating units 

and a statistical characterization of their personnel exposures are included 

in these chapters. The personnel exposures are discussed in Chapter 11. 

23 
-- --- 

NUCLEAR TESTS AND RADIATION EXPOSURES 

Nuclear testing before 1963 usually consisted of the unconfined detonation 

of nuclear devices (usually not weapons) in the atmosphere. The devices might 

be placed on a platform or a barge on the surface, placed atop a tower, supported by a balloon, dropped from an airplane, or flown on a rocket. On occasion devices were detonated underwater or buried in the earth, or in underground tunnels and shafts. 

In theory, personnel could be exposed either by the radiation emitted at 

the time of explosion and for about 1 minute thereafter -- usually referred to 

as initial radiation -- or the radiation emitted later (residual radiation). 

In the PPG there was no direct exposure of personnel to initial radiation during testing. This is part of the violent nuclear explosion process itself, 

and to be close enough €or initial radiation exposure would place an observer 

within the area swept by lethal blast and thermal effects. 

The neutron component of initial radiation did indirectly contribute to 

the possibility of personnel exposure. Neutrons are emitted in large numbers 

by nuclear weapon explosions. They have the property of altering certain nonradioactive materials so that they become radioactive. This process, called 

activation, works on sodium, silicon, calcium, manganese, and iron, as well as 

other common materials. Activation products thus formed are added to the 

inventory of the radioactive products formed in the explosion process. The 

radiation emitted by this inventory more than 1 minute after detonation is 

referred to as residual radiation. 

The potential for personnel exposure to residual radiation was much greater 

than the potential for exposure to initial radiation. Inthe nuclear explosion 

process, fissioning atoms of the heavy elements, uranium and plutonium, split 

into lighter elements, releasing energy. These lighter atoms are themselves 

radioactive and decay, forming another generation of descendants from the original fissions. This process is rapid immediately after the explosion but slows 

later and continues for years at very low levels of radioactivity. 

Overall radioactivity of all the fission products formed decays at a rate 

that is closely approximated by a rule that states that for each sevenfold 

24 
increase in time the intensity of the radiation will decrease by a factor Of 

ten. Thus, a radiation rate of 1 roentgen per hour (R/hr) at 1 hour after the 

detonation would be expected to be 0.1 R/hr after 7 hours and 0.01 R/hr after 

49 hours. This rule seems to be valid for about 6 months following an explosion, after which the observed decay is somewhat faster than that predicted b

this relationship. Activation products, in general, decay at a faster rate 

than the fission products. 

Fission products and the activation products, along with unfissioned uranium or plutonium from the device, are the components of the radioactive material in the debris cloud, and this cloud and its fallout are the primary 

sources of potential exposure to residual radiation. 

In a nuclear airburst in which the central coreof intensely hot material, 

or fireball, does not touch the surface, the device residues (including the 

fission products, the activation products resulting from neutron interaction 

with device materials, and unfissioned uranium and/or plutonium) are vaporized. 

These vapors condense as the fireball rises and cools, and the particles formed 

by the condensation are small and smoke-like. They are carried up with the 

cloud to the altitude at which its rise stops, usually called the cloud stabilization altitude. Spread of this material then depends on the winds and 

weather. If the detonation is small, the cloud stabilization altitude will be 

in the lower atmosphere and the material will act like dust and return to the 

Earth's surface in a matter of weeks. Essentially all debris from detonations 

with yields equivalent to kilotons of TNT will be down within 2 months (Reference A.1). Areas in which this fallout material will be deposited will appear 

on maps as bands following the wind's direction. Larger detonations (yields 

equivalent to megatons of TNT) will have cloud stabilization altitudes in the 

stratosphere (above about 10 miles [16 km] in the tropics); the radioactive 

material from such altitudes will not return to Earth for many months and its 

distribution will be much wider. Thus, airbursts contribute little potential 

for radiation exposure to personnel at the testing area, although there may be 

some residual and short-lived radiation coming from activated surface materials 

under the burst if the burst altitude is sufficiently low for neutrons to reach 

the surface. 

25 
Surface and near-surface bursts pose larger potential radiation exposure 

problems. These detonations create more radioactive debris because more material is available for activation within range ofthe neutrons generated by the 

explosion. In such explosions the extreme heat vaporizes device materials and 

activated Earth materials as well. These materials cool in the presence of 

additional material gouged out of the burst crater. This extra material causes 

the particles formed as the fireball cools to be larger in size, with radioactivity embedded in them or coating their surfaces. The rising cloud will 

lift these particles to altitudes that will depend on the particle size and 

shape and the power of the rising air currents in the cloud, which in turn 

depend on the yield of the detonation. The largest particles will fall back 

into the crater or very near the burst area with the next largest falling 

nearby. It has been estimated that as much as 80 percent of the radioactive 

debris from a land-surface burst falls out within the first day following the 

burst (Reference A.l). 

-. - 

Bursts on the surface of seawater generate particles consisting mainly of 

salt and water drops that are smaller and lighter than the fallout particles 

from a land burst. As a consequence, water-surface bursts produce less early 

fallout than similar devices detonated on land. Large-yield surface bursts in 

the PPG over relatively shallow lagoon waters or on very little truly dry land 

probably formed a complex combination of land-surface- and water-surface-burst 

particle-size characteristics. 

Several surface detonations at the PPG were of such a large size that they 

formed underwater craters. These craters retained a fraction of the device's 

radioactive debris and activated materials. Water that overlay these craters 

acted as a shield to protect surface operations from the radiation from this 

material, but it also provided a means for the material to move from the craters into the general circulation system of the lagoon waters. Craters were 

subject to washing, and silt plumes were observed to come from them for long 

periods after the shots; it is reported that plumes from the MIKE crater (Operation IVY, 1952) were visible a year after the detonation (Reference D.4). 

Detonations on towers may be considered as low airbursts or ground bursts, 

depending upon whether the fireball touches the ground. A larger burst will 

26 
create more fallout than a smaller burst on equal-height towers not only because of the additional fission products and device debris, but also because 

it will pull up mre Earth materials, or even form a crater. In addition, the 

materials of the tower itself provide a source of easily activated materials. 

Particles of the tower material may also act as centers for the debris vapors 

to condense on to form the larger particles that lead to heavier early fallout. 

Devices that fission uranium or plutonium inefficiently will cause more of

these radioactive components of the device residue to be dispersed. 

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM 

Central to the test series was the experimental program. This program and 

its requirements dictated the form of the test organization and the detail of 

personnel participation. Like most of the preceding nuclear test series, 

REDWING'S experimental program incorporated two aspects, the most important of 

which was the development of the weapons themselves; the secondary experiments 

involved the measurement of the explosive and radiation effects. 

These two aspects can serve as a rough measure of differentiation of interest between the major participants: the AEC interest in weapon development, 

and the DOD interest in the military application of the effects of thexplosions. The several parts of the weapon development and the effects studies 

each had particular features that led to the possibility of radiation exposure. 

Weapon Development 

In testing devices, weapon designers are interested in two classes of 

measurements: the total energy release of the device, and the rate of release. 

Total energy release measurements are called yield measurements, and the rate 

of release measurements are called diagnostic measurements. 

YIELD MEASUREMENTS. Device yield is usually determined by several methods, 

two of which involve photo-optical techniques. Growth of the intensely hot and 

radiating mass of device debris and air that constitute the nuclear fireball 

varies with its yield. Very-high-speed cameras were therefore used to record 

this growth, and film records subsequently analyzed to infer yield. Duration 

and intensity of the energy pulse in the optical-thermal spectral region also 

vary with yield: thus, light detectors coupled to recorders were used to derive yield. 

27 
In addition, yield may be determined by collecting and analyzing a representative sample of the device debris. Inferences are then drawn regarding 

the yield, based on knowledge of the materials in the unexploded device. 

Construction, instrumentation placement, and data recovery for the photooptical yield determinations did not usually require personnel to be in areas 

with a high potential for exposure to radiation. Cameras and light detectors 

need only a clear field of view of the burst point and enough breadth of view 

to encompass the fireball. Camera placement did not involve personnel activities at times and places of high radiation levels. Film recovery generally 

did not involve high exposure potential, as the photo stations (see Figure 1) 

were usually at ranges and in directions not heavily contaminated by fallout. 

Sampling of device debris, however, necessitated much closer contact with 

higher levels of radioactivity. The technique used in REDWING and most atmospheric tests was to fly aircraft with collectors directly through portions of 

the radioactive cloud, although for some shots during some tests rockets and 

drone aircraft were used. About 90 percent of the fission debris was usually 

considered to be in the upper or cap portion of the mushroom cloud (Reference 

A.1). Several aircraft were used to obtain a representative sample. Aircrews 

were exposed to the radiation emitted by the radioactive particles in the cloud 

as they flew through. Aircraft flying these sampling missions picked up significant amounts of radioactive material on their surfaces, posing additional 

and continuing radiation exposures to the aircrews as they returned to base, 

as well as to decontamination ground crews. Samples collected were radiologically "hot" and required special handling as they were taken from the aircraft 

and prepared for shipment to the laboratory fo analysis. 

DIAGMSTIC MEASUREMENTS. The explosion of a nuclear device is a progressive release of increasing amounts of nuclear radiation, some of which directly 

escapes the device. The rest of the radiant energy interacts with the associated material of the device itself and is converted into differing forms Of 

radiation and into the kinetic energy of the remaining materials in a small 

fraction of a second. The intensely hot core then reradiates, heating the surrounding air and creating a shock wave that propagates outward from the burst 

point. 

28 
P 

Other methods of detecting radiation involve the shielding (attenuation) 

properties of Earth materials, water, and other substances. These materials 

are also used to baffle or collimate radiation to ensure that radiation is 

directed toward the detecting instrument. 

Radiofrequency energy produced by the explosion can be detected by radio 

receivers and, with the addition of filtering and processing circuitry, can 

also provide information about the energy flow from the explosion. Such measurements permit remote placement of receiving and recording instruments. 

Preshot preparation included the hazards normally associated with heavy 

construction, and some exposures of workers to radiation occurred in areas 

contaminated by earlier tests. 

The potential for radiation exposure of personnel associated with weapon 

diagnostic experiments depended upon the proximity of the measurement or data 

recovery point to ground zero and the time lapse between the detonation and 

the data collection. 

The primary radiation hazard is from fission* products and materials made 

radioactive by neutron activation of device and Earth materials in the vicinity of ground zero. Thus, the distance from ground zero is a principal factor 

in assessing exposure to persons engaged in the experimental program. 

Since radioactive material decays with time, the time lapse between the 

explosion and exposure is a critical factor in dose assessment. Primary recording media for these experiments were photographic films from oscilloscope, 

streak, or framing cameras located in survivable bunkers near the detonation 

point. Because radiation fogs film in time, these films and other timesensitive data were removed from the bunkers by helicopter-borne personnel 

within hours of the detonation to minimize damage by fogging. This recovery 

constituted the main potential for exposure of weapon diagnostics participants. 

* Although many of the REDWING devices were therwnuclear, or fusion, devices, a significant portion of their energy release resulted from fission 

processes. 

31 
Effects Experiments 

All REDWING shots except CHEROKEE tested new weapon developments. Priorities of time and space and go or no-go considerations favored the weapon development experiments over the effects experiments. Although the effects 

experiments were clearly secondary, they directly involved a relatively large 

number of DOD organizations and individuals and are therefore of prime importance for this report. 

The effects experiments were intended to acquire urgently needed military 

data that could not be obtained from the smaller yield tests at the Nevada 

Test Site. These experiments may be classed into two general kinds. The 

first class of measurements was made to document the hostile environment created by the nuclear detonation. The second class of effects experiments documented the response of systems tothe hostile environment: these measurements 

are termed systems response experiments. 

ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS. The purpose of environmental measurements was 

to gain a comprehensive view of the hostile environment created by a nuclear 

detonation to allow military planners to design survivable military hardware 

and systems and train personnel to survive. Examples of environmental measurements include static overpressure (crushing) and dynamic pressure (blast wind) 

in the blast wave, heat generated by the detonation, and fallout radiation. 

The measurement techniques employed for REDWING varied with the effect being 

measured, but usually measuring devices or gauges were placed at a variety of 

ranges from ground zero and their measurement recorded in some way. A wide 

variety of gauges and data recording techniques was used. In some cases, measurements were similar to those being made by the weapon designers, but at 

greater distances or longer after the detonation, which simplified the recording of the data, although the recovery problems were by no means trivial. 

Rugged, self-recording gauges had been developed for blast and thermal radiation measurements before the REDWING series so that complete loss of data 

from a project would not occur if instrument recovery were delayed, for example, by heavy fallout. For nuclear radiation measurements, however, prompt 

data recovery was still desirable as the gauges used might be thin foils of 

some material that would be made radioactive by the burst-time neutrons: hence 

32 
early observation was necessary, before the information contained in the induced radiation pattern decayed away. 

The potential for radiation exposure of personnel responsible for environmental measurements in general depended on the proximity of the instruments t

the device and the time that elapsed between detonation and instrument recovery, as was the case for weapon development experimentation: the nearer in 

space or time to the detonation, the greater the potential for exposure. 

SYSTEMS RESPONSE XPERIMENTS. To document the response of systems to the 

hostile environment, military hardware (such as aircraft or naval mines) was 

exposed to the effects of nuclear detonations. 

Techniques used for the systems response experiments were conceptually 

simple: exposure of the system of interest and observation of its response. 

Actual conduct of the experiments was far mre complex. The level of the 

threat to which the system was exposed almost always required documentation SO 

that the response could be properly understood, necessitating an environmental 

experiment along with the systems response experiment. Itwas often not enough 

to know whether the system survived or not, but rather the response of the component parts and their interactions was required, entailing the placement Of 

sophisticated instrumentation and recording devices. 

While the potential radiological exposure for these systems response experiments was governed primarily b the closeness in space or time, an additional problem arose. Often, when the subject of the exposure itself was 

recovered for closer examination, it could be contaminated by device debris or 

even be radioactive because of the activating effects of the device's neutron 

output . 

SUYMARY OF RADIATION EXPOSURE POTENTIAL 

The potential for personnel radiation exposure can be categorized by the 

activity performed: 

1. Construction or preplacement of an experiment in a radioactive area 

2. Manning an experimental location within a fallout field 

3. Obtaining a sample or recovering an experiment 

33 
4. Sample handling for shipment or onsite analysis 

5. Maintenance or cleanup of contaminated aircraft and other 

equipment . In addition, two other potential exposure possibilities are related to the 

geographical location of the PPG and the resultant requirement for shipboard 

operations. These are: 

1. Fallout on inhabited atolls or ships participating in or 

servicing the tests 

2. Radiation exposure of ships passing through contaminated 

water. 

Ships operating in contaminated waters might collect and concentrate 

radioactivity in seawater intake systems. 

OCEANIC TESTING OPERATIONS 

Implications of oceanic testing have only incidentally been remarked upon. 

These are now discussed, especially as they relate to DODperations leading 

up to and during REWING. 

Marshall Islands Setting 

The Marshall Islands are in the easternmost part of the area known as 

Micronesia ("tiny islands"). The Marshalls spread over about 770 thousand mi 

(2 million km ) of the Earth's surface but, the total land area is only about 

70 mi2 (180 km ). Two parallel chains form the islands: Ratak (or Sunrise) 

to the east, and Ralik (or Sunset) to the west; both Enewetak and Bikini are 

in the Ralik chain at its northern extreme. Figure 3 shows these islands in 

the Central Pacific, Figure 4 is a map of Enewetak Atoll, and Figure 5 is a 

map of Bikini Atoll. 

2 

2 

2 

Typical atolls, Enewetak and Bikini are coral caps set on truncated, submerged volcanic peaks that rise to considerable heights from the ocean floor. 

Coral and sand have gradually built up narrow islands into a ring-like formation with open ocean on one side and a relatively sheltered lagoon on the 

inside. Both atolls have two passages, a wide passage and a deep one, that 

permit access to their lagoons from the sea. Enewetak also has a third. All 

the islands are low-lying, with elevations seldom over 20 feet (6 meters) 

above high tide. 

34 
"--/""-+""""" 3w , I 

I I 

35 
BOKAlDRlKDRlK 

DRlDRlLBWlJ 

1948 X-RAY (37 KT), TOWER 

BOKINWOTME 1951 DOG,' 

1951 ITEM,' TOWER 

1951 GEORGE," TOWER 

48 YOKE (49 KT), TOWER 

52 KING (500 KT), AIR 

1948 ZEBRA 118 KT), TOWER 

1951 EASY (47 KT), TOWER 

DREKATIMON 

0123456 

STATUTE MILES 

(1IIII1 I 0246810 162' 20' EASl 

L1III11111j 

KILOMETFRS 'YIELD NOT ANNOUNCED 

Figure 4. Enewetak Atoll, 1956, with pre-REDWING detonation sites. 

36 
IROlJ 

N 1954 BRAVO (5 MT), SURFACE 

1954 ROMEO 111 MT), BARGE LOMlLlK 1 

ODRlK 

EOKDROLUL 

BOKONFUAAKU - 

COCA 

EOKAETOKTOK 1946 ABLE (23 KT), AIR I 

OROKEN 1946 BAKER (23 KT), UNDERWATER 1- 

ADRIKAN ROCHIKARAIIONCHEEIJELETE 

/ LUKOJ ENEU 

ENlDRlK / 5NEMAN 

165' 30' EAST 

I 

1954 KOON (110 KTI,SURFACE 

- / 

LELE 

LUKOJ PASS 

t 

I 1 lo 30' NORTH 

ElKDRlN 

AEROKOJLOL 0123456 

L I I I 1 I 

AEROKOJ NAUTICAL MILES 

0123456 

STATUTE MILES 11'1'11 

0246810 

KILOMETERS 

11111111111 

Figure 5. Bikini Atoll, 1956, with pre-REDWING detonation sites. 

During nuclear testing, the more populated, support-oriented sections were 

the south and southeast areas of the atolls where the larger islands exist. 

Devices were detonated on the northern islands and over the northern reefs. 

The western sections of the atolls were not involved in test activities except 

for limited use as instrumentation sites. 

Elliptically shaped, Enewetak is approximately 550 mi (1,020 km) southwest of Wake Island and 2,380 nmi (4,410 km) southwest of Honolulu. It encloses a lagoon 23 miles (37 km) in diameter and has a total land area of 2.75 

37 
2 2 mi (7.12 km ), with elevations averaging 10 feet (3 meters) above mean Sea 

level. The support section of Enewetak (Enewetak, Parry, and Japtan islands) 

constitutes about 34 percent of the atoll's land surface. The string of islands from Runit to Bokoluo, the detonation area, constitutes about 32 percent. 

The various names used for 

"I sland Synonyms. " 

Bikini is 189 nmi (350 

2.7 mi2 (7 km ) of surface 2 

the islands of the atoll are listed in Appendix C, 

km) east of Enewetak. Its islands consist of about 

area and encircle a lagoon that is 25 miles (40.2 

km) long and 15 miles (24.1 km) wide, with a maximum depth of about 200 feet 

(61 meters). The land area is concentrated in the eastern islands, from Bikini 

to Eneu islands, which form about 53 percent of the land total, with 24 percent 

taken up by the southern section of Enidrik to Aerokoj. The detonation area in 

the north occupies about 19 percent of the land area. 

The climate of Enewetak and Bikini is tropical marine, generally warm and 

humid. Temperature changes are slight, ranging from 70 to 90°F (21O to 32OC) 

Rainfall is moderate, and prolonged droughts may occur. North of both atolls 

is open ocean for a thousand miles, with the only inhabited island being Wake. 

Storms are infrequent, although typhoons occur; nevertheless, both wind and 

sea are continuous erosional agents. Although possible at any time, most 

tropical storms occur from September to December. Cumulus clouds are abundant 

in the area. 

0 

The Enewetak-Bikini region incorporates three basic wind systems. Northeast trade winds extend from the surface to 25,000 to 30,000 feet (7.6 to 9.1 

km) , the upper westerlies from the top of the trades to the base of the tropopause at 55,000 to 60,000 feet (16.8 to 18.3 km), and the Krakatoa easterlies 

from the tropopause up into the stratosphere. These systems are all basically 

east-to-west or west-to-east currents. Day-to-day changes reflect the relatively small north-south components, which are markedly variable. Greatest 

variation occurs in the upper westerlies, particularly during late summer and 

fall. 

The steady northeast trade winds in the lower levels cause the water at 

the surface of the lagoons to flow from northeast to southwest, where it sinks 

38 
to the bottom and returns along the lower levels of the lagoons, rises to the 

surface along the eastern arc of the reefs and islands, and is moved by the 

winds to the southwest again. Lagoon waters moving in this closed loop also 

mix with those of the open Ocean, resulting in a flushing action. 

At Bikini, ocean water flows in over the northern and eastern reefs and 

flows out of the western portion of Eneu Channel. The water exchanges Over 

the western reefs with the tides, ocean water flowing in and mixing with flood 

and lagoon water that flows out with the lows. The net rate of flushing of 

Bikini waters is such that half of the lagoon waters are replaced by ocean 

water in 22 days and the original volume will account for only 10 percent of 

the lagoon volume after 211 months. 

At Enewetak, the flushing is more rapid and has two major routes. The 

first is directly through the eastern reefs to the western reefs; the second 

is through Deep Entrance between Japtan and Parry and out Wide Entrance west 

of Enewetak. These two routes also function to keep the waters of the northern part of the lagoon separate from the southern waters. 

The land areas of Enewetak and Bikini atolls, their lagoons, and the waters 

within 3 miles (4.8 km) of their seaward sides constituted the PPG. These islands are part of the Trust Territory, a strategic area trusteeship of the 

United Nations, administered by the United States. The U.S. agency in charge 

of the PPG itself was the AEC. 

The Test Division of the AEC Division of Military Applications administered the test site through its Enewetak Branch Office, which supervised 

engineering, construction, maintenance, operation, and management activities 

performed by its contractor, Holmes & Narver, Inc. (H&N) 

PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN 1956. Enewetak had been the site of nuclear testing since 1948: the islands in the southeast quadrant served as the base for 

the task forces, and the islands from north through east-northeast were used 

for the tests themselves. The test islands had been graded extensively. The 

principal base islands were Enewetak, which bordered Wide Entrance, and Parry, 

northeast of Enewetak, which bordered Deep Entrance. These two islands constitute about 30 percent of the atoll's land area. 

39 



Numerous improvements were made to the two permanent camps during buildup. 

On Enewetak Island, these included a guest house, a chapel, three quartermaster 

warehouses, an operations and administration building, three field maintenance 

shops, an electronics and communications building, a crash fire station, an 

ordnance warehouse, a naval warehouse, and an addition to the laundry. Also, 

physical improvements to Air Force facilities in the PPG were made by H&N. 

The Operations and Administration Building was constructed, which housed 

the Air Force task unit headquarters, the aircrew briefing rmm,and a personal equipment room. Five other buildings were erected for the Air Force 

Support group, an electronics maintenance shop, an engine buildup facility, 

and three warehouses. Lack of sheltered working space was solved through loan 

Of seven Complete Assembly Shelters from the Armed Forces Special Weapons 

Project (AFSWP) . 

Runway arrest barriers to accommodate emergency landings for jet aircraft 

were installed at the northeast end of the runway on Enewetak and at the southeast end of the runway on Eneu; in addition, a Navy-type net barrier was added 

at Enewetak. Other barriers were installed on the emergency landing strips at 

Enjebi and Aerokoj-Aerokojlol. 

TO avoid electrical noise on Enewetak Island and to allow more space for 

antennas, H&N built a high-frequency (HF) and Loran receiving station on Japtan, lying just across Deep Entrance from Parry, for joint use by the Air 

Force, the Army support group, and the Coast Guard. Although this required 

new construction, the record is unclear on whether any of the buildings already on the island were refurbished and used for the supporting camp or only 

new buildings were used. The island also had a joint task force recreational 

facility under Navy control, and still contained a considerable stand of coconut palms, pandanus, scaevola, and other tropical vegetation. 

RADIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. No radiological survey report has been found 

that details the radiological conditions on Enewetak in 1955 before the REDWING 

series. Enewetak had been used for nuclear tests in 1948, 1951, 1952, and 

1954. The Operation SANDSTONE (1948) detonations on Enjebi, Aomon, and Runit 

left portions of these islands radioactive. In October 1948, an H&N reconnaissance party described areas of radioactivity with radii of about 1,000 feet 

43 
(305 meters) around each shot tower. Radioactivity within each area would 

have resulted in exposure beyond the then-accepted daily limit of 0.1 R/hr. 

The GREENHOUSE (1951) detonations were on Enjebi, Eleleron, and Runit and 

left these islands and other areas contaminated. The DOG and ITEM tower residues were left in place on Enjebi after GREENHOUSE. Shot GEORGE of GREENHOUSE 

left a large crater on Eleleron that had readings of 0.050 to 0.095 R/hr in 

February 1953. 

MIKE, the first thermonuclear device, was detonated on Eluklab, Enewetak 

Atoll, in 1952 during Operation IVY, destroying the island and leaving an 

underwater crater. Eluklab had been located just west of Boken, at the northernmost extension of the atoll. A large, airdropped device was exploded over 

the reef just off Runit as the second event of the IVY series. In 1954, a 

large-yield device was detonated on a barge in the water overlying the MIKE 

crater. Locations of the pre-REWING detonation sites at Enewetak are shown 

in Figure 4. 

Bikini was the location of the first postwar nuclear detonation. In July 

1946, the CROSSROADS tests were conducted in the lagoon. Two 23-KT devices 

were detonated: an airburst over a target fleet, and an underwater burst in 

the lagoon about 2 miles (3 km) west of Bikini Island. No continuing radiological exposure of personnel on the surface at Bikini occurred from these 

tests, although the lagoon bottom had very-low-level contamination. 

Bikini was not used again for testing until the CASTLE Series in 1954, 

when five devices were detonated there. The first of these was the 15-MT 

BRAVO device that spread radioactive contamination over the entire atoll and 

well beyond, but especially in an easterly direction from its detonation point, 

which was a manmade island on the reef near Nam Island in the northwest corner 

of the atoll. Three other large-yield devices were detonated on barges at Bikini in 1954, one in the BRAVO crater and two in the lagoon about a mile (1.5 

km) south of Iroij, near the center of the string of islands on the atoll's 

northern perimeter. These formed an underwater crater, usually called the 

UNION crater after the name of the first of the two tests. 

44 
The western end of Eneman Island on the southern perimeter of Bikini Atoll 

was the site of a 110-KT surface detonation, also in 1954. This lower-thanplanned yield may have resulted in the deposit of fissionable materials (manium and plutonium) near the burst point. 

The locations of the pre-REDWING detonation sites at Bikini are shown in 

Figure 5. 

Special Problems in Oceanic Testing 

Testing in the Marshalls offered a large uninhabited area for test activities and for the favorable disposition of the test debris if the winds were i

the right direction. However, the area was almost all water, offering little 

land for shot towers, instrumentation shelters, support structures, and housing. At Enewetak Atoll, the total land area is only about 1,800 acres (730 

hectares), and the prime acreage in the southeastern quadrant (about one-third 

Of the total) housed that part of the task force not based on ships. The land 

area of Enewetak Island, the largest of the atoll, is only about 320 acres 

(130 hectares), and about half of this was occupied by an airstrip and associated activities. Furthermore, the land suitable for testing was not necessarily distributed in the appropriate directions and sizes for instrument 

placement. Lack of land area was one of the factors necessitating the use of 

both Bikini and Enewetak atolls, starting in 1954 with CASTLE. The addition 

of Bikini also precluded damage to the Enewetak facilities by very large 

devices. 

The lack of land was compensated for in part by civil engineering projects. 

Causeways were constructed that linked strings of islands to support the long 

pipe runs of some experiments over thousands of feet. These also permitted 

the land transportation from construction camps to proposed zero points, thus 

allowing more time during the workday to be expended on the job rather than in 

comuting by water from base islands. Some artificial islands were created as 

shot points and instrument locations. 

Floating data-collection stations compensated for the lack of land area. 

These were used extensively in the nuclear radiation program. Anchored rafts 

and buoys, serving as fallout-collection stations, were placed in the lagoon 

45 
and in the open sea. Ships also acted as fallout collectors. These offered 

the advantage of moving to the most desirable collection areas, that is, areas 

of heaviest fallout, and following the fallout within the limits of their 

speed. Three ships were modified for remote operation and control from other 

locations or below decks, where heavily shielded quarters protected skeleton 

crews and scientific parties. 

Barge-mounted test devices, a technique first used in 1954, also compensated for the lack of land at the PPG. This allowed the available land area 

to be used for the placement of measurement instrumentation and reuse of the 

same burst point without the long delays required for radiological decay and 

expensive or long decontamination procedures. Reuse of zero points also allowed use of instrument locations and recording shelters for multiple tests, 

saving construction costs and time and increasing test-scheduling flexibility. 

The use of shot barges, however, precluded acquisition of some weapon development data that required a precise line of sight between the test device 

and the recording instrumentation. Barge movement by lagoon currents was minimized by special mooring techniques, but not to the degree necessary for some 

measurements. The barges also precluded the use of the pipe runs required for 

some other diagnostic measurements. 

Shot barges fitted well into the two-atoll testing scheme that had been 

developed for the PPG, and barges were used at both Bikini and Enewetak for 

six REDWING shots. Enewetak was the base of operations and Bikini was like 

another shot island, except that its remoteness allowed very-large-yield tests 

without endangering the permanent facilities at Enewetak or requiring its 

evacuation. Bikini was without permanent facilities and depended on Enewetak 

for its overhead support. Part of this support was the combination of personnel, equipment, and materials required to assemble the test devices themselves. 

The device assembly area at Enewetak and the barge-zero stations allowed most 

of the support function to remain at Enewetak. 

JOINT TASK FORCE 7 

JTF 7 was established as a permanent organization in 1953 to conduct nuclear weapon testing in the Pacific. It existed through 1958 when it conducted HARDTACK, the last test series before the nuclear test moratorium of 

46 
1958-1961. JTF 7 was the successor to JTF 132, which had conducted the IW 

test series in 1952. 

The joint task force incorporated into its organization elements of the 

four services, other governmental agencies including the AEC, and civilian 

organizations. The AEC, charged with responsibility for nuclear energy development by the Atomic Energy Acts of 1946 and 1954, designated CJTF 7 as its 

representative. JTF 7 was also a subordinate command of the Commander in 

Chief of the Pacific (CINCPAC), who provided overall security and logistic 

support. The Chief AFSWP exercised technical direction of the weapon effects 

tests of primary concern to the Armed Forces. The complexity of these relationships is illustrated in Figure 10. 

The resulting organization, though complex, had worked well enough in 1954 

(CASTLE), as it conformed with the realities of the situation. The realities 

in 1956 were the same as in 1954: the tests were being conducted to develop 

ATOMIC ENERGY FS 

COMMISSION 

I 

CHIEF OF NAVAL 

OPERATIONS 

EXECUTIVE AGENT I - 

I h 

1 

DEPUTY FOR 

SCIENTIFIC MATTERS JOINTTASK FORCE 7 "" "" SPECIAL WEAPONS 

r 1""- 1 

I I 

TASK GROUP 7.5 TASK GROUP 7.1 TASK GROUP 7.2 TASK GROUP 7.3 TASK GROUP 7.4 

(BASE FACILITIES) (ARMY) 

(AIR FORCE) 

OPERATIONAL CONTROL 

SCIENTIFIC SUPERVISION 

TECHNICAL DIRECTION 

"- ""_ 

Figure 10. Joint Task Force 7 organization chart, REDWING. 

47 
nuclear weapons, an activity limited by law to a civilian agency, the AEC. 

The tests were being conducted in an area that came under the jurisdiction of 

the AEC (in the sense that the AEC was the U.S. government agency primarily responsible for the islands that were included in the PPG). The United States, 

however, did not actually own the territory being used but rather held it in 

trust. Furthermore, the territory was remote from the United States and required special supply and security arrangements appropriate to military operations. Finally, the organization for which the weapons were being developed 

was the U.S. military establishment. 

DOD requirements for nuclear weapons came to the AEC weapons laboratories 

through the Military Liaison Committee. The AEC laboratories then designed 

the devices that were tested at the appropriate proving ground, either the 

Nevada Test Site or the PPG. The special location of the PPG required a military operation to conduct the tests. The JTF 7 Scientific Director actually 

directed the tests and CJTF 7 enforced his decisions. 

The task force was composed of a headquarters group and five task groups 

(see Figure 10). Three were organized by service -- the Army as Task Group 

7.2 (TG 7.2) , Navy (TG 7.3) , and Air Force (TG 7.4) -- and two along functional lines. The latter were !E 7.1 (Scientific) and TG 7.5 (Base Support) 

The basic mission of the headquarters and all task groups was to execute or 

support the experimental program. The way task groups carried out this mission varied with the special capabilities of the organizations in each group. 

All five task groups contributed to alleviating common task force concerns 

such as security and safety. Radsafe activities are the subject of Chapter 2. 

Headquarters elements were located at Parry during FEDWING, but there were 

small contingents at Eneu as well as many other offsite locations. Composition of the headquarters staff was almost entirely military. Total headquarters personnel numbered 202, with 146 of these at the test site. 

Task Group 7.1 (Scientific) 

TG 7.1 was made up of AEC laboratory personnel, DOD agency personnel, service laboratory personnel, other government agency civil servants, and civilian contractors. Peak strength was approximately 1,630 persons. The function 

48 
of this group was to conduct the experiments. This included the following 

task responsibilities: 

1. Position, arm, and detonate the atomic devices 

2. Make technical diagnostic measurements of the detonations 

3. Integrate the AEC and DOD measurement programs 

4. Provide technical assistance during loading, interatoll 

movement, and positioning of the experimental devices 

5. Be responsible for the removal of all TG 7.1 personnel 

and necessary equipment from the destruction area for 

each detonation 

6. Integrate into TG 7.1 a task unit (TU 3) representing 

AFSWP to conduct weapon effects measurements for the DOD 

7. Conduct postshot damage and radiological contamination 

surveys and recommend to CJTF 7 a reentry schedule 

8. Provide special communications required for the conduct 

of scientific test programs and voice countdown for all 

elements of the task force 

9. Provide radiological laboratory services, ground monitoring, and technical assistance for all elements of the 

task force. 

The organization of the scientific task group is shown in Figure 11. TG 

7.1 was divided into several staff and administrative units and twelve task 

units that corresponded with each of the AEC laboratories or the DOD's experimental program, or that provided a key element of support for the scientific 

programs such as timing, firing, and radiological safety. The task units were 

quite unequal in size, varying from nearly 800 personnel for TU 3 (DOD Programs), to a half-dozen for TU 6 (Firing). 

TASK UNITS 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, AND 12 -- WEAPON LABORATORIES. The first 

two task units were from the weapon laboratories, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) (TU 1) and University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRC) 

(TU 2). These task units manned the weapon development experiments conducted 

by each laboratory in conjunction with the tests of the devices each laboratory 

provided. Each laboratory had small support groups that actually assembled the 

weapons (TU 10 for LASL, and TU 11 and TU 12 for UCRC) and provided specialized 

documentary photographic services (TU 8 for LASL and TU 9 for UCRL). 

49 
I 

50 
TASK UNIT 3 -- DOD PROGFWS. The DOD effects program was subdivided into 

programs focused in areas such as blast, nuclear radiation, thermal radiation, 

etc. These programs were subdivided into projects, whose compositions described in Chapter 3. 

TASK UNIT 4 -- SANDIA CORPORATION. The Sandia Corporation, a subsidiary 

of the Western Electric Company, operated Sandia Laboratory for the AEC. Saridials function in nuclear weapon development activities was to design and coordinate the transformation of the devices designed by the weapon laboratories 

into the operational weapons for the DOD. Sandia conducted several experiments 

appropriate to this activity as TU 4. TU 4 was composed entirely of Sandia 

Corporation employees. 

TASK UNITS 5 AND 6 -- WEAPON EXPERIMENT SUPPORT. These two task units 

performed special activities that were directly connected with the conduct Of 

the tests. TU 5 (Timing) provided the circuitry that connected the nuclear 

device and the firing center and carried the detonation signal to the device. 

TU 6 (Firing) was a small group that activated the firing mechanism through 

circuits leading from the firing center. For Bikini events, except ZUNI, firing was initiated from a bunker on Eneu. 

TASK UNIT 7 -- RRDIOLOGICAL SAFETY. TU 7 was the basic radsafe Unit for 

the entire task force. TU 7 did not provide monitors for all activities in 

radiological exclusion (radex) areas, as these were usually provided by the 

project or activity itself. TU 7 did provide monitors in radiological survey 

activities. The activities of TU 7 are described in Chapter 2. 

Personnel for TU 7 were provided by an Army unit, the 1st Radiological 

Safety Support Unit (RSSU) of Fort McClellan, Alabama, supplemented by a few

Air Force and Navy personnel and civilians from naval shipyards throughout the 

United States . 

Task Group 7.2 (Army) 

TG 7.2 consisted of Army units, the largest of which was permanently stationed at the PPG. This group provided certain housekeeping functions at the 

Enewetak base camp and special services such as long-range communications. 

51 
Peak strength was approximately 1,280 persons. The group was charged with the 

following tasks during REDWING: 

1. Provide communications and cryptographic facilities for 

all elements of the task force on Enewetak Island and for 

Hq JTF 7 on Parry Island to major ships in the PPG and to 

terminals at Oahu and Kwajalein 

2. Operate communication facilities on Japtan Island and all 

base facilities at Enewetak Island, except those specifically allocated to CTG 7.4 and CTG 7.5 

3. Provide, in coordination with CTG 7.5, for security of 

exclusion areas, and security at ports of entry at Enewetak and Bikini atolls 

4. Be prepared to conduct emergency postshot evacuation of 

all personnel based on Enewetak and Japtan islands. 

The organization of TG 7.2 is shown in Figure 12. During the interim phase 

between CASTLE and REDWING (June 1954 to June 1955), TG 7.2 was the primary 

operational military unit within the PPG under CJTF 7 control. 

7126th ARMY UNIT. This organization provided most of the personnel for

TG 7.2. It was the permanent garrison force at Enewetak between CASTLE and 

REDWING. Except for its military police detachment and several mail clerks On 

Eneu and Parry, the 7126th was stationed on Enewetak Island. Military police 

were used throughout the atoll. Personnel strength is listed in Table 2- 

TO accommodate the buildup to REDWING'S operational phase, the 7126th AU 

was reorganized into the following four detachments: Headquarters, Service, 

Transportation, and Military Police (see Table 3). TG 7.2 was, in effect, a 

housekeeping unit, providing garrison and support elements for the joint task 

force in the PPG. The 7126th AU operated base facilities on Enewetak Island 

for tenant units and its own components. It provided security and ground defense for the atoll, operated the military communications System, and conducted 

radsafe functions on Enewetak Island. 

505th MILITARY POLICE BATTALION COMPANY C. This organization was brought 

in to supplement the military police detachment of the 7126th AU. They were 

part of TG 7.2 and reported to the TG 7.2 Provost Marshal. The personnel arrived in three groups in February and March. They were stationed throughout 

both Bikini and Enewetak atolls and in early April were distributed as follows: 

52 
COMMANDER 

pq[-l COMMANDER 'l" 0 COMPTROLLER 

PERSONNEL 

CHAPLAIN 

ORDNANCE 

ENGINEERING 

MEDICAL 

POST EXCHANGE 

I 

TRANSPORTATION 

b 

OPERATIONAL CONTROL 

"- STAFF SUPEHVISION 

TRANSPORTATION 

DETACHMENT DETACHMENT 

Figure 12. Task Group 7.2 organization chart, REDWING. 

53 
Table 2. 7126th Army Unit personnel strength at Enewetak, 1955-1956. 

Temporary Duty 

Enlisted En1 i sted 

Date Off i cers Men Officers Men 

31 Jul 55 

31 Aug 55 

30 Sep 55 

31 Oct 55 

30 Nov 55 

31 Dec 55 

31 Jan 56 

29 Feb 56 

31 Mar 56 

30 Apr 56 

31 May 56 

30 Jun 56 

31 Jul 56 

53 

52 

52 

62 

60 

64 

66 

65 

67 

70 

66 

66 

71 

56 7 

5 65 

578 

654 

640 

671 

69 8 

759 

76 9 

7 84 

806 

791 

71 9 

-" 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

6 

3 

3 

1 

2 

4 

4 

3 

6 

17 

20 

21 

44 

40 

36 

38 

34 

23 

Table 3. Task Group 7.2 personnel strength, REDWING buildup phase. 

En1 i sted 

Officers Men Total 

7126th Army Unit (by detachmentla 

Hq & Hq Detachment 

Service Detachment 

Mi 1 i tary Pol ice Detachment 

Transportation Detachment 

Tota 1 

39 34 8 38 7 

15 235 250 

3 38 41 

6 147 153 

63 7 68 831 

- - - 

Company C 505th Military Police Battalion 8 2 29 237b 

8600th Administrative Area Unit, 2nd Army 

Security Agency DetachmentC 4 38 42 

Notes : 

aAssigned authorized strength. 

bAssi gned actual strength (March 1956). 

C Assigned actual strength (January 1956). 

54 
Enewe tak Ato 11 Bikini Atoll 

Enewetak Island 17 Eneu 39 

Run it 20 Lomilik 16 

Lo j wa 20 Eneman 30 

Dr idr ilbwi j 29 

An additional guard post was set up on 27 June at Ananij, Enewetak Atoll. The 

policy of the CTG 7.2 was to rotate the personnel among the guard posts (Reference C. 2.2) . 

As the advance camps were progressively closed, the requirements for guard 

posts were reduced, and as early as June 1956, 71 of these Company C MPs had 

been withdrawn. Following HURON, all but 24 were returned to the United 

States. The last group left about 1 August. 

8600th ARMY UNIT, 2nd ARMY SECURITY AGENCY DETACHMENT. This detachment 

provided comnunications transmission security support for CJTF 7. The detachment, which consisted of four officers and thirty-eight enlisted men, arrived 

at Enewetak in January 1956. It established monitoring stations on Enewetak 

Island that month and one on Eneu in February. 

The Enewetak Detachment consisted of three officers and twenty-six enliste

men. This unit discontinued operations on 14 July. The Eneu Detachment of one 

officer and twelve enlisted men discontinued Eneu operations 10 July. The entire group was evacuated from Enewetak to the United States by air on15 July. 

Task Group 7.3 (Navy) 

TG 7.3 was composed of naval ships and units whose functions included 

evacuating Bikini at shot time, manning ships and aircraft bearing experimental teams, and sealift support. This group also contained a Marine Corps helicopter unit. TG 7.3 peak strength was approximately 6,600 persons, primarily 

based aboard ships at Bikini. Tasks specified for this group were: 

1. Before each shot conduct aircraft patrols of significant 

sector(s) of the danger area to detect, report, and warn 

surface shipping; be prepared to escort shipping out of 

the danger area 

2. Provide support for Navy and Air Force aircraft at Kwajalein in connection with the operation 

55 
3. Provide a boat pool to augment existing interisland 

transportation at Enewetak and Bikini atolls 

4. Provide an interatoll surface transportation system to 

support joint task force elements in the PPG area 

5. Operate a ship-to-shore and interisland helicopter lift 

system at Bikini to support preshot operations and postshot flights for damage and radsafe surveys and for recovery of scientific data; be prepared to assist CTG 7.4 

in the conduct of this activity at Enewetak 

6. Provide surface transportation for radioactive samples 

from Bikini to Enewetak as required 

7. Provide capability for emergency postshot evacuation of 

personnel where preshot evacuation is not conducted 

8. Transport devices on barges between Enewetak and Bikini 

atolls 

9. Provide shipboard assembly facilities on USS Curtiss for 

the experimental devices and laboratory, shop, office, 

and stateroom space for TG 7.1 

10. Provide space on USNS Fred C. Ainsworth as required by 

TG 7.1 for the radsafe operation center, a mobile radiochemistry laboratory, and a photodosimetry laboratory; 

provide space on USS Badoenq Strait for a radsafe checkpoint and radsafe briefing, and on USS Estes and Curtiss 

for radsafe checkpoints 

11. Provide comnand, communication, and cryptographic facilities for CJTF 7 and staff afloat and intra-TG 7.3 communications as required 

12. Provide shipboard facilities to accommodate the joint 

task force while afloat at Bikini during those shots requiring preshot evacuation of personnel 

13. Provide facilities aboard Estes for Joint Task Force 

Weather Central and communications security monitoring 

per sonne 1 

14. Provide for the radiological safety of embarked task 

force personnel during the period when the joint task 

force is afloat 

15. Be responsible for all aircraft decontamination at Bikini 

16. Provide decontamination crews for TG 7.3 aircraft at Enewetak Atoll, under supervision of the TG 7.4 decontamination officer, in the event any TG 7.3 aircraft must be 

decontaminated there 

17. Assist in positioning and mooring barges involved in the 

18. Assist TG 7.1 in placement and recovery of floating detest programs 

vices for pressure and fallout measurements 

56 
19. Control harbor operations of TG 7.3 vessels at Enewetak 

and Bikini 

20. Assist CTG 7.4 in search and rescue (SAR) operations as 

required. 

TG 7.3 was organized into ten units, several of which were subdivided into 

elements (see Figure 13). The ten main units were: Flagship Unit, Carrier 

Unit, Utility Unit, Surface Patrol and Transport Unit, Patrol Plane Unit, Nav

Station Unit, Radiological Support Unit, Boat Pool Unit, Special Devices Uni

and Accommodation Ship Unit. 

TASK UNIT 7.3.0 

FLAGSHIP UNIT 

TASK ELEMENT 7.3.0.1 

FLAGSHIP ELEMENT 

USS ESTES (AGC-12) 

TASK ELEMENT 7 3.0.2 

ESCORT ELEMENT 

AS REQUIRED 

SURFACE PATROL AND 

TASK UNIT 7.3.3 

TRANSPORT UNIT 

USS SHELTON (DD-790) 

USS KYES (DD-787) 

USS SILVERSTEIN (DE-534) 

USS McGlNTY (DE-3651 

USNS LST-306 

USS KNUDSON (APD 10) 

USNS LSTBl8 

TASK UNIT 7.3.6 

RADIOLOGICAL SUPPORT UNIT 

k 

COMMANDER - TASK GROUP 7.3 - 

TASK UNIT 7.3.1 

CARRIER UNIT 

TASK ELEMENT 7 3 1 1 

CARRIER ELEMENT 

EADOENG STRAIT (CVE-116) 

TASK ELEMENT 73.1.2 

HELICOPTER ELEMENT 

MARINE HELICOPTER TRANSPORT 

SOUADRON 363 IHMR-363) 

PATROL PLANE UNIT 

TASK UNIT 7.3.4 

PATROL SQUADRON ONE (VP-1) 

BOAT POOL UNIT 

TASK ELEMENT 7.3.7 1 

LSD ELEMENT 

USS GEORGE EASTMAN IYAG-39) USS CATAMOUNT ILSD-17) 

USS GRANVILLE S. HALL (YAG401 TASK ELEMENT 7.3.7.2 

USSCROOKCOUNTY (LST611) BOAT POOL ELEMENT BIKINI 

TASK ELEMENT 7.3.7.3 

ACCOMMODATION 

TASK UNIT 73.9 

SHIP UNIT 

L 

TASK UNIT 7.3.2 

UTILITY UNIT 

USS SIOUX (ATF 75) 

USS CHICKASAW (ATF-83) 

USS LlPAN (ATF-85) 

USS ABNAKI IATF-961 

YC-1420 

YCV-10 

YON-182 

NAVAL STATION UNIT 

TASK UNIT 73.5 

NAVAL AIR STATION KWAJALEIN 

TASK UNIT 7.3.8 

SPECIAL DEVICES UNIT 

TASK ELEMENT 7.3.8.1 

SPECIAL DEVICES TRANSPORT ELEMENl 

USS CURTISS (AV-4) 

TASK ELEMENT 7.3.8 2 

ESCORT ELEMENT 

Figure 13. Task Group 7.3 organization chart, REDWING. 

57 
FLAGSHIP UNIT (TU 7.3.0). As the name implies, the Flagship Unit provided 

the element (Estes) that was the comnand center for TG 7.3 (in addition to 

serving as the flagship for the CJTF 7 and CTG 7.3) . Estes also functioned as 

Program 2 (Nuclear Radiation and Effects) control center, the Joint Operations 

Center (JOC), and the Combat Intelligence Center (CIC) for Bikini operations. 

An escort element provided destroyers as required. 

CARRIER UNIT (TU 7.3.1) . The Carrier Unit consisted of a carrier element 

and a helicopter element. The Carrier Element was Badoeng Strait and operated 

the ship-to-shore and interisland helicopter airlift at Bikini, in addition to 

supporting several projects with the Raydist navigation system master unit installed on its forward flight deck. Decontamination facilities were another 

aspect of the carrier element. 

The Helicopter Element was Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron (HMR-363) 

and provided ship-to-shore and interisland airlift at Bikini. This element 

was also assigned certain radiological survey and aerial probe missions. 

UTILITY UNIT (TU 7.3.2). The Utility Unit consisted of four fleet tugs 

and three unmanned service craft; in addition, the unit operated three other 

unmanned service craft and four nonpropelled rafts that were not formally part 

of the task unit. The tugs assisted in mooring ships and other seacraft, provided towing services, and positioned skiffs in support of scientific projects. 

SURFACE PATROL AND TRANSPORT UNIT (TU 7.3.3). The Surface Patrol and 

Transport Unit performed several tasks. Four of its ships escorted the Special 

Devices Unit during shipment of device materials from the United States to the 

PPG. The unit also collected meteorological information, acted as barrier and 

antisubmarine patrol, and assisted in radiological surveys. Interatoll surface transportation was provided by this unit, as were lifeguard and personnel 

evacuation services. 

PATROL SQUADRON UNIT (TU 7.3.4). This unit incorporated 15 P2V-5 aircraft 

based at Kwajalein. The aircraft conducted preshot patrol and scientific 

project flights to determine dispersion of radioactive material. 

58 
NAVAL STATION UNIT (TU 7.3.5). In addition to being the base for Patrol 

Squadron One (VP-l), the Naval Air Station at Kwajalein provided facilities 

for Military Air Transport Service (MATS) aircraft supplying the task force. 

The unit also served amphibious aircraft on supply trips to outlying weather 

islands. 

RADIOLOGICAL SUPPORT UNIT (TU 7.3.6). This unit supported the scientific 

projects of Program 2. The three ship elements involved carried extensive 

instrumentation for fallout sampling and had previously undergone substantial 

modifications to allow operation from shielded control rooms. 

BOAT POOL UNIT (TU 7.3.7). Three elements constituted this unit: the 

Landing Ship Dock (LSD) Element and the Bikini and Enewetak Boat Pool Element

The LSD Element, USS Catamount, resupplied and maintained the Bikini Boat Poo

and assisted in evacuation at Bikini Atoll. In addition, this element transported some devices from Enewetak to Bikini and served as a radsafe checkpoint

The Bikini Boat Pool Element shared responsibility for intra-atoll Surface 

transportation with the TG 7.5 boat pool, in addition to providing scientific 

project support. 

The Enewetak Boat Pool Element was responsible for intra-atoll surface 

transportation of JTF 7 personnel. 

SPECIAL DEVICES UNIT (TU 7.3.8). This unit consisted of two elements: 

transport and escort. The Transport Element (Curtiss) had the important mission Of carrying a number of devices from the United States to the PPG, escorted by ships from the Surface Patrol and Transport Unit. The Transport 

Element was also a major communications control center for the task group and 

during operations afloat served as CTG 7.1 flagship. 

ACCOMMODATION SHIP UNIT (TU 7.3.9). This unit, composed of a Military Sea 

Transportation Service (FISTS) ship, Ainsworth, assisted in evacuating TG 7.5 

personnel from Bikini before all shots there. In addition, it was prepared to 

support some evacuations at Enewetak, if necessary. The unit also provided 

radiological situation data and acted as a radiological checkpoint. 

59 
Task Group 7.4 (Air Force) 

TG 7.4 was made up of Air Force units whose function was to provide airborne data collection platforms for the experiments and airlift for scientific 

personnel. This included operation of the air traffic control system. General 

air support for the task force, including operation of the main PPG airbase at 

Enewetak and forward airstrips, was furnished. This group also conducted most 

of the weather reconnaissance work for the task force. Peak strength was about 

2,140 persons. The group was charged with the following specific tasks: 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

Exercise air traffic control over all aircraft and be responsible for the safe positioning of test and other aircraft at shot time 

Provide and operate terminal facilities for MATS operations at Enewetak 

Operate and resupply task force weather stations 

Provide resupply services and required airlift fortask 

force personnel on Ujelang, Utirik, and Wotho 

Conduct weather reconnaissance flights for the joint task 

force 

Provide personnel for Joint Task Force Weather Central 

Provide, maintain, and operate aircraft in support of the 

following diagnostic and weapon effects test missions: 

a. Cloud sampling, cloud tracking , and early cloud penetration 

b. Measurement of blast, gust, and thermal effects 

c. Documentary and certain technical photography 

d. Drop aircraft 

e. Hq USAF indirect bomb damage assessment (IBDA) , and 

ionospheric studies 

f. Radsafe survey 

Install, operate, and maintain an Air Operations Center 

(AOC) at Enewetak Island and provide air controller personnel for the joint task force AOC afloat 

Provide air-to-ground, aircraft movement and positioning, 

and navigational and weather communications facilities 

required at Enewetak and Bikini atolls 

Provide and operate aircraft decontamination facilities 

at Enewetak 

Provide decontamination crews for TG 7.4 aircraft at Bikini Atoll under the supervision of the TG 7.3 decontamination officer in the event any TG 7.4 aircraft must be 

decontaminated there 

60 
12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

Be responsible for removal of radiological samples from 

sampler aircraft and provide personnel to assist in 

placement of samples aboard sample-return aircraft 

Operate an interatoll air transportation system at Enewetak, Bikini, Kwajalein, and other atolls as required 

Operate an interisland liaison and helicopter airlift 

system at Enewetak Atoll 

Provide SAR service in the air control area, with assistance by CTG 7.3 and within the cognizance of the SAR 

area commander; operate and maintain a rescue boat at 

Enewetak and a rescue boat at Bikini for SAR missions 

On Enewetak Island, operate petroleum, oil, and lubricants (POL) facilities and all firefighting facilities, 

provide share of kitchen police, and provide orderlies in 

barracks assigned to TG 7.4; in addition, assist TG 7.2 

with vehicle maintenance. 

TG 7.4 was organized into a headquarters section and three subordinate 

units: Test Aircraft Unit (TAU), Test Services Unit (TSU), and Test Base Unit 

(TBU). Each subordinate unit was comprised of several elements as shown in 

Figure 14. 

HEADQUARTERS TASK GROUP 7.4. Hq TG 7.4, located at Enewetak, was manned 

by personnel from the Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC), Kirtland AFB, 

New Mexico. The headquarters activity was organized into staff sections for 

the supervision of the major areas shown in Figure 14 and included an Air Control Element. 

TEST AIRCRAFT UNIT. The TAU was responsible for the maintenance and operation of all test aircraft assigned to TG 7.4; these test aircraft were the 

aerial platforms for TG 7.1 and other scientific projects. All the TAU aircraft operated from the Enewetak airstrip, and the personnel of all the TAU 

elements were billeted there except for a few on Parry. The aircraft in the 

TSU (see below) were used in support operations. The nine subordinate elements of the TAU performed the following tasks: 

a Sampling and Decontamination Element. Operated and maintained six B-57B and ten F-84G aircraft that served as 

sampler aircraft. Personnel and aircraft were from the 

4926th Test Squadron. 

0 Early Penetration Element. Operated and maintained the 

five B-57B aircraft that flew into the nuclear clouds for 

61 
rn TASK GROUP 7.4 

TEST BASE UNIT 

4930th TEST SUPPORT GROUP 

1 

SQUADRON SQUADRON 

-1 AIR CONTROL ELEMENT I 

-4 TEST AIRCRAFT UNIT I 

DECONTAMINATION 

SAMPLING AND 

ELEMENT 

" IONOSPHERE ELEMENT 

I 

EARLY PENETRATION 

ELEMENT l-H

NAVY EFFECTS ELEMENT 

I 'I' I 

I STRATEGIC AIR COMMAND 

INDIRECT BOMB DAMAGE 

ASSESSMENT ELEMENT 

DROP AND CANISTER 

ELEMENT 

WRIGHT AIR DEVELOPMENT 

CENTER EFFECTS ELEMENT " 

HEADQUARTERS 

U.S. AIR FORCE 

ELEMENT 

I TECHNICAL PHOTO 

ELEMENT 

TEST SERVICES 

1 

UNIT 

t 

I I 

WEATHER CENTRAL 

ELEMENT 

WEATHER 

ELEMENT RELZi:;: 

RECONNAISSANCE 

WEATHER DOCUMENTARY COMMUNICATIONS 

PHOTO ELEMENT 

MILITARY AIR TRANSPORT 

SERVICES TERMINAL 

ELEMENT ELEMENT 

L 

I 1- 

I 

I I 1 1 iI I 

DETACHMENT ELEMENT ELEMENT 

OPERATIONAL CONTROL "- TECHNICAL SUPERVISION 

Figure 14. Task Group 7.4 organization chart, REDWING. 

TG 7.1 Project 2.66. Tactical Air Command aircraft and 

crews were used from Langley AFB, Virginia (345th Group, 

498th and 499th Squadrons), and from Blytheville AFB, 

Arkansas (764th, 765th, and 766th Squadrons). 

0 Wright Aeronautical Development Center (WADC) and Navy Effects Elements. Operated and maintained the aircraft used 

in Program 5 of TG 7.1. This included a B-52, a B-47, a 

B-57, a B-66, two F-84Fs, and an F-101, as well as a Navy 

A3D. The Navy crew and maintenance crews were from the 

62 
Naval Air Special Weapons Facility, Kirtland AFB, New 

Mexico. Personnel from the Aircraft Laboratory of WADC 

were involved in the other Program 5 aircraft effects 

experiments. 

0 Ionospheric Element. Operated and maintained the C-97 

aircraft used by TG 7.1 Projects 6.1 and 6.3. Project 

Personnel were from the Air Force Cambridge Research Center (AE'CRC) , Bedford, Massachusetts. 

0 Drop and Canister Element. Operated and maintained the 

B-52 aircraft used to drop the CHEROKEE device, and the 

B-36 used to drop the OSAGE device. A B-36 from this element was also used to deploy airblast instrumentation canisters for Project 1.5 in the CHEROKEE event. Aircraft 

personnel were from the 4928th Test Squadron, Kirtland 

AFB, New Mexico, and other personnel for the Project 1.4 

experiment were from AFCRC. 

0 Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDA) Element. Operated 

and maintained the three B-47 aircraft that took long-range 

radar scope photos of the bursts to ascertain if such a 

technique would be valuable to measure burst yield. AirCraft and personnel were from the 301st Bombardment Wing, 

2nd Air Force, Barksdale AFB, Louisiana. 

0 Hq USAF Element. Consisted of a small group from Hq USAF 

conducting that agency's experimental program. 

0 Technical Photograpy Element. Operated and maintained 

three B-50E aircraft for technical and cloud measurement 

photography in support of TG 7.1 Project 1.8 (Crater Survey) and Project 9.1 (Cloud Photography). Aircraft and 

personnel were from the 6091st Reconnaissance Squadron, 

Far East Air Force (FEAF') , according to TG 7.4 Final History (Reference C.4.2). 

TEST SERVICES UNIT. The TSU had eight elements that performed the following functions : 

0 Search and Rescue Element. Operated and maintained seven 

SA-16 amphibious aircraft for rescue operations and for 

weather and project island resupply and support missions. 

The aircraft and personnel were from the 49th Air Rescue 

Squadron, Selfridge AF'B, Mississippi. 

0 Weather Reporting Element. Performed weather reporting 

functions on Enewetak Island and operated remote reporting 

detachments at Rongerik, Kusaie, Tarawa, and Kapingamarangi. Personnel were from the 6th Weather Squadron, 

Tinker AFB, Oklahoma. 

0 Weather Reconnaissance Element. Operated and maintained 

ten WB-50 aircraft for weather and typhoon reconnaissance 

and for postshot cloud tracking. This element also was 

63 
prepared to support backup sample controller aircraft op 

erations. Personnel and aircraft were from the 55th and 

57th Air Weather Squadrons. 

0 Communications Element. Provided airways and air communications services and navigational aids to the joint task 

force. Personnel from many Airways and Air Communication 

Service (AACS) organizations contributed personnel to augment the 1253rd AACS Squadron, which was a part of the 

permanent force at Enewetak. Most personnel were located 

at Enewetak, but a few were at Parry, Eneu, and on the 

weather islands. 

0 Weather Central Element, Provided weather forecasts and 

gave preshot weather briefings to air crewmen. 

0 MATS Terminal Detachment. Operated the terminal at Enewetak with personnel drawn fran the Pacific Division of MATS. 

0 Documentary Photography Element. Provided documentary 

photo services for JTF 7, except that LASL and UCRL had 

special documentary photo units for their TG 7.1 programs. 

Personnel for this element were from the 1352nd Motion 

Picture Squadron from Lookout Mountain Air Force Station, 

Hollywood, California. 

0 C-54 Support Element. Operated three C-54 aircraft for 

documentary photographic missions and for radio-telephone 

relay, augmenting TG 7.4 airlift missions to Tarawa, Wake, 

Majuro, Truk, Bikini, Guam, and Hawaii. Aircraft and personnel were from the 1371st Mapping and Charting Squadron, 

Palm Beach AFB, Florida. 

BASE UNIT. The 4930th Support Group (Test) (SG[T]) and its component 

squadrons, the 4931st (Operations) and 4932nd (Maintenance), were permanent 

elements at Enewetak, operating the airfield there. During the testing phase 

at REDWING, these units were designated the TBU. 

The TBU also operated the airstrip on Eneu. In conjunction with the operation of the airfield at Enewetak, the TBU operated the POL-dispensing facilities and the firefighting facilities at Enewetak, as well as a crash boat. 

Similar services were provided by the TBU at Bikini. 

The TBU operated the interatoll air service and the interisland fixed wing 

(L-20) air service. Helicopter service at Enewetak was provided by the Lift 

Element, and this service at Bikini was provided by HMR-363 (Marine Corps). 

The Lift, or Chopper, Element was manned by 310th Troop Carrier Squadron personnel with ten H-19B helicopters from the Tactical Air Command, Pope AFB, 

North Carolina, which were not permanent elements at the PFG. 

64 
Task Group 7.5 (Base Facilities) 

TG 7.5 consisted of a small number of AEC civil servants and a large number of H&N contractor personnel. This company was responsible for practically 

all construction in the PPG. The PPG was administered by the AEC and was operated by the company under supervision of an AEC field office. Peak strength 

was approximately 2,800 persons, located mostly at Parry, but with contingents 

at other sites on both atolls. Responsibilities of this group were to: 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

Operate camp facilities for personnel ashore at Bikini 

Atoll and on all islands of Enewetak Atoll except Enewetak and Japtan islands, including food services, housing, 

laundry, medical and recreational services, and stevedoring and trucking operations 

Furnish camp facilities at Wotho, Ujelang, Utirik, 

Ailinginae, Kapingamarangi, Kusaie, Rongerik, and Tarawa 

Operate all utilities in the PPG, except the POL farm on 

Enewetak Island 

Provide internal communications for TG 7.1, TG 7.5, and 

interatoll communications service for all elements of the 

task force; in addition, provide telephone facilities at 

Enewetak and Bikini atolls (except on Enewetak Island) 

for all elements of the task force 

Operate and maintain a TG 7.5 boat pool at Enewetak and 

Bikini atolls 

Operate decontamination facilities for TG 7.1 and TG 7.5 

equipment; on Parry Island, operate the radsafe barge: 

and on Eneu Island, operate laundries for contaminated 

clothing in support of all task force elements, except 

for such services performed by TG 7.3 on certain vessels 

and by TG 7.2 at the TG 7.2 laundry on Enewetak Island 

Be prepared to conduct emergency postshot evacuation of 

TG 7.5 personnel from Enewetak and Bikini atolls. 

As the agent for the AEC, H&N built and maintained all base facilities except those on Enewetak Island, where the engineers of the TG 7.2 7126th AU did 

some light construction and maintenance work. H&N ran a large boat pool that 

both supported the company's programs and provided, in cooperation with resident naval units, marine transportation within the proving ground. 

Task Force in Place 

The geographic distribution of personnel on 10 May 1956 is given in "able 4. 

65 
Table 4. Geographic distribution of Joint Task Force 7 personnel 

on 10 May 1956. 

~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ 

Task Groups 

Location Headquarters 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 

Enewetak Atoll 

Enewetak 

Parry 

Loj wa 

Runit 

Japtan 

Dri dri lbwi j 

Bikini Atoll 

Shipboard 

En eu 

Lomi 1 ik 

Eneman 

Weather Is1 ands 

Rongeri k 

Kusaie 

Kapingamarangi 

Tarawa 

Wotho 

Ujel ang 

Uti ri k 

Palmyra 

Johns ton 

Kwajalein 

Hawai i 

Other Off Atoll 

Tota 1 s 

12 

133 1,597 

1 

3 

60 

4 

2 

1 

1 

12 

2 09 1,641 

88 8 

120 

23 

23 

9 

8 

51 

16 

29 

1,167 

381 2,015 160 

76 1,313 

170 

348 

6 4 

130 

4,120 

194 52 344 

2 00 

110 

23 

20 

22 

22 

3 

3 

3 

4,695 2,236 2,788 

To understand better the day-to-day functioning of the 13,000-man force at 

this remote site, several of the important services provided for the task force 

are discussed below. 

SUPPLY. Overall responsibility for provisioning rested with CINCPAC, acting through the commanders of the Navy Service Force (ComServPac) and Naval. 

Air Force Pacific (CamAirPac) . CmServPac was the principal logistics agent 

and scheduled resupply of fresh provisions and fuel. ComAirPac ensured that 

necessary supplies were available for operations at the Naval Air Station, 

66 
Kwajalein. All other scheduling and coordinating of provisions were the responsibility of Commander Western Sea Frontier (Reference C.3.2). 

Two refrigerated cargo ships, USS Karin ("33) and USS Merapi (AF-38) , 

operated from Pearl Harbor, carrying fresh and frozen provisions to the PPG 

approximately every 3 weeks. Generally, the ships steamed first to Bikini, a 

trip of about 10 days. Unloading there took about 36 hours. The ships then 

steamed to Enewetak, taking 2 days. Average unloading time at Enewetak was 23 

days. After departing Enewetak, the ships proceeded to Kwajalein, thence to 

Pearl Harbor. 

A cargo ship, USS Sussex (AK-213), carried dry goods, medical supplies, 

and spare parts to the PPG at 6-week intervals. In addition, two MSTS ships, 

USNS Pvt Joe E. Mann (T-AK-253) and USNSgt Archer T. Gammon (T-AK-243), provided cargo and logistic support during REDWING. When necessary, MATS flights 

handled priority cargo for the joint task force (Reference C.3.2, p. 141). 

Cargo unloading at both atolls followed a consistent and similar pattern 

during REDWING. When a cargo ship anchored at Bikini, the representative of 

CTG 7.3 assigned a liaison officer to coordinate the activities with the ship. 

Both CTG 7.3 and the ship's crew supplied men for the working parties, which 

operated on continuous 8-hour shifts. During daylight unloading operations, 

TG 7.5 supplied winchmen and hatch captains from Enewetak if scheduling permitted. Otherwise the ship supplied these men. Boat pool LCMs transferred 

goods either to TG 7.3 ships or to shore. 

A major difference in Enewetak operations was the cargo pier at Parry, 

which allowed the cargo ship to dock alongside. TG 7.5 supplied stevedore 

services and also sorted, routed, and, if necesssary, stored arriving cargo. 

Four fleet oilers, uSS Mispillion (AO-105) , USS Navasota (AO-106) , 

Caliente (AO-53), and USS Cimarron (AO-22), supplied diesel oil, naval standard fuel oil, and aviation gasoline to the task force. Only Cimarron, which 

arrived in August after the final shot (HURON), was not present during the operational phase of REDWING. Each oiler remained in the PPG for about 6 weeks, 

with 7 days between its departure and arrival of a replacement. In addition, 

67 
six small gasoline tankers supplied the task force with motor gasoline. Each 

made frequent brief trips into the PPG, none lasting more than a week. 

Major differences between fuel-handling operations at Bikini and Enewetak 

reflected the marked contrast between activities at the two atolls. Fleet 

oilers spent protracted periods at Bikini because of the presence of most TG 

7.3 ships. The oilers refueled most units at anchor. There was also a HLN 

POL barge at Bikini, which stored both diesel oil and aviation gas, the latter 

for "363 and TG 7.4 aircraft. Generally, only smaller ships stayed at Enewetak long enough to require refueling. YON-182, the fuel oil barge at berth 

L-4, carried enough to meet this requirement. 

HOUSING AND MEALS. TG 7.2 housed and fed its Own personnel and thosef 

other task groups stationed on Enewetak and Japtan islands. This included a 

large Air Force contingent and a smaller Navy group that included the Enewetak 

Boat Pool and the seamen assigned to operate YON-182. TG 7.2 also provided 

temporary lodging and meals for personnel passing through to other locations 

in the PPG. H&N provided food and lodging at Parry and all other camps. The 

Navy units afloat took care of their own crews, and the Bikini Boat Pool lived 

aboard Catamount. 

TRANSPORTATION. TG 7.3 supplied interatoll surface transportation to the 

task force, mainly through ships of the Surface Patrol and Transport Unit, TU 

7.3.3. The two MSTS LSTs, USNS Bernalillo County and T-EST-618, regularly 

scheduled trips at 3- to 4-day intervals between the atolls, carrying light 

freight and passengers. USS Knudson was originally assigned the early transfer of Bikini shot data to Enewetak if contamination rendered the Eneu airstrip 

unusable. This situation did not arise; nevertheless, Knudson made several 

trips to Enewetak for other reasons. 

The only other ship that made regularly scheduled trips to Enewetak was 

Catamount. In addition to supporting the Bikini boat pool, Catamount transported shot deviczs to Bikini from Enewetak. 

Other ships, such as Ainsworth, Curtiss, and Estes, as well as the destroyers and destroyer escorts, made occasional trips from Bikini to Enewetak 

and would have been available to a limited number of passengers. Finally, USS 

68 
Mount McKinley (AX-71, as the press and observer ship, carried its passengers 

between the atolls a number of times in May before LACROSSE and CHEROKEE. 

The major function of the Navy boat pools at both atolls was intra-atoll 

surface transportation. TG 7.5 had a large boat pool -- about 100 vessels -- 

that provided service both between Enewetak and Bikini atolls and among the 

camps at each atoll. In addition, the crews of this boat pool assisted in 

laying marine cables, moved and moored shot barges, and provided houseboats 

when land camps could not be used because of contamination. Vessels from the 

TG 7.3 boat pool assisted with operations at Bikini Atoll. 

Control and administration of surface transportation were conducted similarly at both atolls. Overall authority for surface transportation rested 

with the TG 7.5 Transportation Control Agent, assisted by a TG 7.3 Control and 

Dispatch Officer. At Enewetak Atoll, this activity was located on Parry, and 

at Bikini it was located on Eneu. 

Interatoll air transportation was provided regularly by TG 7.4, with departures at the same time fran each atoll. These flights were made with C-47s, 

but a 4-engine R5D was available to transport CJTF 7 to Bikini in preparation 

for Bikini shots. These flights were designated Reflector flights. 

Intra-atoll air transportation was provided by Air Force helicopters and 

light planes at Enewetak and at Bikini in the early stages of the operation. 

After certain equipment problems were resolved, the Bikini intra-atoll lift 

was provided by the HMR-363 helicopters. 

The considerable coordination required of this airlift capacity was another 

assignment of the TG 7.5Transportation Control Agent, through whom priorities 

and scheduling were resolved. 

TG 7.2 ran the motor pool and bus line on Enewetak. The pool had 275 vehicles, including 4 buses and several trucks used as buses. The motor pool 

maintained about 30 TG 7.1 vehicles on the island. TG 7.5 performed the same 

services on Parry and had 233 vehicles. TG 7.5 also maintained the TG 7.2 

military police vehicles used in the forward camps. 

69 
COMMUNICATIONS. Coordinating the movement of large groups of ships and 

aircraft for evacuation, scientific support, and logistics required a considerable communications network. 

In summary, TG 7.4 controlled aircraft throughout the PPG Air Control Area. 

The AOC was located on Enewetak with complete communications capability. A CIC 

on Estes assumed primary control during Bikini shots. Control of the fleet was 

also centered on Estes in the Flag Message Center. Long-range communications 

were handled by the TG 7.2 Joint Relay Center on Enewetak. 

TG 7.5 had responsibility for all TG 7.1 and TG 7.5 communications. The 

TG 7.5 Communications Department ran communications centers on Parry and Eneu 

and aboard Curtiss and Ainsworth. From the Parry communications center, much 

of the task group's overseas traffic was routed through the Army Administrative 

and Command Network via relay stations in Enewetak, Hawaii, and San Francisco. 

TG 7.5 provided both Enewetak and Bikini with telephone service. The main 

switchboard on Parry was joined by submarine cable to switchboards at Dridrilbwij, Lojwa, and Runit and with the Army-operated switchboard on Enewetak Island. The TG 7.5 main switchboard at Bikini was on Eneu and was connected to 

switchboards on Lomilik and Eneman. 

The communications center for the headquarters of JTF 7 was on Parry, with 

the receiver station located on Japtan. The transmission station, the relay 

and cryptography center, the facilities control center, and TG 7.2's headquarters communications center were all on Enewetak Island. 

SECURITY. Aspects of security were off-atoll patrol, ground defense, control of personnel movement, and communications. Security of the nuclear devices themselves is covered in Chapter 3, which discusses DOD participation in 

device placement. 

Off-atoll patrol was chiefly a Navy function. VP-1, based on Kwajalein, 

was primarily responsible with support from ships of the Surface Patrol and 

Transport Unit of TG 7.3. 

Ground defense was never required. It was to be provided for by personnel 

of the 7126th AU, which formed a battalion-level combat organization with a 

70 
defense plan that was sharpened by occasional target practice with light infantry weapons (Reference C.2.1, Installment 3). 

Control of personnel movement was a more substantial activity. TG 7.2 

military police guarded sensitive areas and regulated movement of personnel by 

enforcing a security badge system, replacing H&N guards used in the interim 

phase at Eneu and Parry. Apparently, all islands in both atolls were considered controlled areas. within these controlled areas were limited regions, 

requiring clearances, and exclusion areas. Exclusion areas, requiring special 

access permits, were the sites of nuclear device assembly or storage and areas 

immediately surrounding points where nuclear devices had been detonated. No 

badges were required for "Joint Task Force Recreational. Islands," a term prob

ably referring to the Navy-controlled recreational areas on Japtan and Eneu. 

For access to limited and exclusion areas, a system of badges and lists was 

employed. Military police posts were established at all airstrips and marine 

ramps where badges of personnel in transit were checked. 

Communications security (crypt0 guard facilities) was a TG 7.2 function 

(Reference B.0.3). Circuits were monitored by the 8600th ASA Detachment from 

facilities on Enewetak and Eneu. 

MEDICAL. The 7126th AU of TG 7.2 maintained a 30-bed hospital on Enewetak 

Island that provided medical care for military and civilian personnel living 

or working on the island. All personnel from elsewhere in the PPG were referred to the hospital if they could not be treated locally. During the operational period, the hospital was staffed by three doctors, three dentists, and 

27 enlisted men. TG 7.4 contributed one Air Force doctor and several enlisted 

men to the medical staff. Patients requiring more elaborate treatment than 

that available were flown to Hawaii. 

A Staff Medical Officer supervised general health care for personnel of 

TG 7.3. Six medical officers and three dentists were attached to various task 

group units. Badoeng Strait had a senior medical officer and complete surgical facilities aboard; the medical officer on Catamount was a specialist in 

internal medicine; and the medical officer from the staff of Destroyer Squadron Three served at the TG 7.5 Infirmary on Parry to care for Navy personnel 

71 
ashore. Moreover, the Navy medical staff was responsible for entering personnel radiation exposures into individual medical records. In compliance with 

this assignment (Reference C.3.2, p. 169): 

. . . a uniform method of recording exposure of personnel 

to ionizing radiation, in health and medical records as 

required by NavMed P-1325, was issued as CTG 7.3 Instruction 6150.1. 

Concurrently, the medical staff assisted the Department of Biophysics, 

Walter Reed Institute of Research, in a study of internal radiation hazards. 

The staff collected 24-hour urine specimens from 10 volunteers, 2 from each of 

five ships, over a 20-week period for radiochemical analysis (Reference C.3.2, 

p. 170). 

TG 7.5 maintained a 10-bed infirmary on Parry, an 8-bed infirmary on Eneu, 

and first-aid stations at all its other camps. The medical staff consisted Of 

three doctors, two dentists, and a number of laboratory technicians and firstaid men. The doctors and dentists were stationed at Parry and Eneu. At least 

one first-aid man was assigned to each first-aid station. In an emergency, a 

doctor could be helicoptered to an aid station. The TG 7.5 medical staff 

worked closely with the Army medical staff at the Enewetak hospital and serious cases were sent there or flown to Hawaii. 

RECREATION. Because of the duty station's isolation, TG 7.2's leadership 

gave considerable attention to recreational activity fortask group personnel. 

Enewetak Island had two movie theaters, a TV station, a hobby shop, a swimming 

pro1 and beach areas designated for swimming, a skeet range, playing fields, 

basketball and handball courts, and a service club with snack bar, library, 

game room, and rooms for adult education classes and clubs. Competitive 

leagues were organized for many sports. 

Both TG 7.2 and TG 7.5 personnel participated in shell-gathering and fishing trips during the interim and buildup phases. However, exact locations involved are unknown (Reference C.2.1, Installment 1; Reference C.5.2, pp. 3-19). 

Recreational facilities under Navy control were at Camp Blandy on Eneu 

and at Camp Parsons on Japtan. Neither was ready for use when the task group 

72 
arrived. Consequently, crewmembers from Estes and construction battalion personnel from Kwajalein worked at Camp Parsons so it could open on 10 April 1956. 

Working parties from Badoeng Strait worked at Camp Blandy prior to its opening 

on 13 April (Reference C.3.2, p. 38) . 

The Navy facilities at Camp Blandy could accommodate as many as 600; those 

at Camp Parsons as many as 250. Both had swimming beaches and boating areas. 

Camp Parsons remained accessible throughout REDWING, whereas the Camp Blandy 

swimming area had to be closed for several days following Bikini shots (Reference C.3.2, pp. 37-38). Finally, after NAVAJO, the Camp Blandy swimming beach 

was closed for the rest of the operation (Reference C.3.1, Installment 12, Po 

12) . This decision was based on the philosophy that exposure to 

radiological hazards should be kept to a minimum in the absence of reliable exposure criteria. Swimming was prohibited 

when radiation levels at one foot above the surface were 

greater than background or when contaminants were present in 

amounts greater than 1 times 10 to the minus 5 microcuries 

per millimeter, depending on the age of the contaminants. 

To supplement shore-based recreation, Badoenq Strait operated an Armed 

Forces television station aboard ship, broadcasting to ships and installations 

capable of receiving programs. The programming presented not only live entertainment and commercial shows, but also educational broadcasts, including radsafe presentations. 

MISCELLANEOUS SERVICES. Laundry service was provided by TG 7.5 at its 

camps and by TG 7.2 at Enewetak. Contaminated laundry was brought fran outlying camps to Parry for cleaning (Reference C.5.2). Contaminated clothing at 

Enewetak was laundered in a mobile laundry van maintained by TG 7.2 (Reference 

(2.2.1). 

During the garrison phase and most of the buildup phase, the 7126th AU 

Postal Section, operating as APO 187 on Enewetak Island, served all units in 

the PPG, including the AEC and H&N. In April 1956, three additional Army Post 

Offices (APO) were established: APOs 435 and 437 on Parry and APO 436 on Eneu. 

The organizational positions of these post offices is not clear, but APO 187 

73 
acted as the central post office. APO 435 was manned by HLN personnel. Although APO 437 also was on Parry, no information has been found on who staffed 

it. TG 7.2 supplied the personnel for APO 436. The Navy boat pool delivered 

and collected mail for the ships. 

74 
SECTION 2 

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY 

A substantial program was organized in Operation REDWING to protect people 

from initial and residual radiation exposures resulting from the tests themselves or from residual radioactive material from previous operations at the 

Pacific Proving Ground (PPG) . 

This protection was accomplished in three ways. First, specific radiological safety (radsafe) responsibilities were delegated early, and accountability for radiological safety was specified as a duty of each task group 

commander. Units within each task group were charged with radiological safety 

and personnel training. This training included informing all project participants of the potential dangers of radioactivity and instructing certain personnel about radiation-measuring equipment used to perform radiation monitoring. 

Second, safety criteria, based on existing recognized standards, were 

established by Commander, Joint Task Force 7 (CJTF 7). The environment was 

monitored and personnel activities controlled to preclude, to the extent possible, exceeding these standards. State-of-the-art techniques were employed 

to predict the extent and intensity of radioactive fallout from the tests. 

Assessments, reflecting relationships between these predictions and the safety 

criteria, were incorporated in the decision to conduct a particular test. 

Finally, laboratory services for radioactivity analyses, personnel dosimetry, and decontamination for people and equipment were provided. 

The emphasis on safety was apparent in early planning and stressed throughout the operation. Radsafe planning proceeded with the concurrence of other 

agencies when required. For example, preliminary plans for improved offsite 

monitoring, new meteorological techniques to assist in fallout prediction, and 

advanced fallout forecasts were presented to the Department of State on 10 February 1956 (see Appendix A). Covering all phases of Operation REDWING, safety 

measures were designed to protect both test participants and native populations

75 
RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY PLANNING 

Organization and Responsibilities 

Since radiological safety was a command responsibility, elements of control existed through all comand levels, and operational control through normal command channels (Reference B.0.2, Annex C). CJTF 7 established a Radsafe 

Office under 5-3 of the headquarters staff (see Figure 15). Acting for CJTF 7, 

this office assigned responsibilities to each task group and issued directives 

specifying safety regulations and requirements. The Radsafe Office was also 

responsible for weather data necessary for fallout prediction models, a fallout prediction unit, technical advisory assistance to Trust Territory personnel, and radiological monitoring stations on certain populated islands of the 

Trust Territory. 

The Radsafe Office, composed of the Task Force Radsafe Section and the 

Fallout Prediction Unit (FOPU), operated as the task 

I I COMMANDER 

JOINT TASK FORCE 7 

force staff agency 

I 

J -3 

I 

OTHER STAFF 

ELEMENTS 

I I 1 

MILITARY SCIENTIFIC 

OPERATIONS TECHNICAL 

BRANCH BRANCH 

n WEATHER CENTER 

FALLOUT 

PREDICTION 

Figure 15. Joint Task Force 7 Radsafe Office organization chart, 

REDWING. 

76 
responsible for the presentation of radiological shot briefing materials and 

the operation of the radsafe program. 

The Radsafe Office disseminated the forecast air and surface radiological 

exclusion (radex) areas before shot time and transmitted messages after detonations to announce reentry hour, radiological clearances of previously closed 

areas, radiological directives to task groups, advisories to commands external 

to the task force, and revisions of the air and surface radex areas as required. 

The FOPU prepared the radsafe forecast information (fallout plot and surface and air radex areas) for each shot. The Fallout Plotting Center (FOPC) 

maintained displays of radiological information pertinent to the test area, in 

addition to radiation levels on atoll islands and lagoons, radex information, 

cloud trajectories and their relation to occupied atolls, air and surface 

routes within the danger area, ship movements in the danger area, and the results of water sampling tests. The Bikini Atoll Radsafe Office was on the 

command ship (USS Estes), and the Enewetak Atoll Office was in the Operations 

Division (J-3) JTF 7 Headquarters Building, Parry Island. 

JTF 7 also staffed 16 ground stations outside the PPG with persons trained 

in radiological detection. Stations periodically reported radiation readings, 

and in the event of contamination, personnel were qualified to assist in decontamination procedures. 

These radsafe ground stations were located at eight primary and eight auxiliary sites. Primary sites -- on the atolls of Wotho, Ujelang, Utirik, Kwajalein, Rongerik, Tarawa, and Kapingamarangi, and the island of Kusaie -- were 

linked to the JTF 7 Radsafe Office by direct two-way radio: Wotho, Ujelang, 

and Utirik, regarded as perhaps more vulnerable to fallout, were staffed by 

U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) radiologists. Auxiliary stations at Wake, 

Majuro, Ponape, Truk, Guam, Midway, Johnston, and Iwo Jima employed the 

weather-reporting net for their communications. 

In order to carry out its responsibilities to provide radiological services, monitoring, and technical assistance to all elements of the task force, 

Task Group 7.1 (TG 7.1) set up the Radsafe Center. The Radsafe Center maintained radiological situation data for lagoon waters and islands of the shot 

77 
atoll. Based on air and ground surveys provided by monitors' reports, this 

information was the foundation of periodic situation reports, maps, and briefings furnished to task force and task group commanders. Information was also 

provided for planning TG 7.1 radsafe operations and for disposition of all 

working parties within contaminated areas. Radsafe checkpoints were established, and operations tables were designed for all groups who entered contaminated areas. Included in the operations planning tables were the names of 

monitors, destinations, project mission number, and departure and return times. 

In addition to providing special clothing to designated recovery personnel, 

the Radsafe Center arranged the working schedules for the radiochemical laboratory, photodosimetry developing facilities, decontamination facilities, and 

radiac (radiation detection, indication and computation) instrumentation repair 

stations of TG 7.1. The Radsafe Center for the Bikini shots operated from 

USNS Fred C. Ainsworth; the Enewetak Center operated from the radsafe building 

on Parry (Reference B.0.3, Annex K). 

Within each task group was a radsafe office assigned to the group headquarters staff, or, in the case of !CG 7.1, an entire task unit, responsible 

for the radiological safety of the group. This office wrote and disseminated 

the implementing directives from CJTF 7, in addition to regulations particular 

to the task group or the service it represented. 

Each task group was responsible for its own radiological safety. This included radiation monitoring, decontaminationf equipment, radiac instrumentation and repair, protective clothing, issuing film badges, and maintaining 

exposure records for all personnel. 

In addition, each task group provided some general support to the joint 

task force. Responsibilities for each task group are summarized below. 

TASK GROUP 7.1. As the major technical radsafe unit, Task Unit 7 (TU 7) 

of TG 7.1 performed the following tasks: 

0 All ground and aerial monitoring services associated with 

the scientific program except those in conjunction with 

aircraft and airborne collection of data 

e Radiological laboratory services for all groups 

78 
0 Maintenance of radsafe plotting centers to apprise all 

groups of the radiological situation at each atoll 

Personnel decontamination facilities at Enewetak 

All official dosimetry services. 

The maintenance of a simultaneous firing capability at both Bikini and 

Enewetak atolls necessitated that TG 7.1 provide two complete and independent 

radsafe organizations, as shown in Figure 16. Overall control was assigned to 

the CTU 7 of TG 7.1. Each organization contained the following sections: 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

Monitoring -- for providing all monitoring services and 

manning checkpoints 

Plotting and briefing -- for conducting all aerial surveys and briefing personnel entering radex areas 

Supply -- for maintenance of radsafe supplies, including 

laundry (facilities furnished by TG 7.5) 

Instrument repair -- for maintenance of radsafe 

instruments 

Laboratory -- for determining radioactivity in soil and 

water samples 

Decontamination -- for operating personnel and equipment 

decontamination. 

CTU 7 directly controlled the official Dosimetry and Records Section, a 

procedure necessitated by the double-badge system (permanent and mission) used 

throughout the operation. A small photodosimetry section was maintained at 

Bikini for processing mission film badges used at that atoll. All permanent 

badges were processed at Enewetak, where the master record file for all JTF 7 

personnel was kept. 

The majority of the TU 7 staff was from the Army's 1st Radiological Safety 

Support Unit (RSSU), a Chemical Corps unit stationed at Fort McClellan, Alabama. Some were from the Navy and the Air Force. The Army provided 102 officers and enlisted men; the Navy, 8 officers and enlisted men and 30 civilians: 

and the Air Force, 12 officers and enlisted men. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) provided 4 advisors. 

Scientific projects in TG 7.1 and contractor groups in TG7.5 provided 

their own monitors for recovery and construction missions. Most were trained 

by members of TU 7 at either Fort McClellan, Alabama, or the PPG. 

79 
80 
TASK GROUP 7.2. TG 7.2 organized radiological safety under its operations 

staff (see 

0 

a 

0 

0 

Figure 17). Specific responsibilities included: 

All monitoring services at Enewetak except those assigned 

to other task groups 

Availability to all task groups of military radiac equipment and spare parts? high-density goggles, and special 

clothing, including shoes 

Contaminated clothing laundry facilities for TG 7.4 

Contaminated miscellaneous equipment storage area with the 

necessary security. 

+ 

COMMANDER 

TASK GROUP 7.2 

TASK GROUP CONTAMINATION 

RADIOLOGICAL . I 

STORAGE AREA 

SAFETY SECTION PERSONNEL 

1 OFF CHANGE STATION 

I 

I I 

I 

DETACHMENT AREA EMERGENCY BACKUP 

MONITORING TEAMS MONITOR TEAMS 

3 OFF 18 EM 

I 4 

HEADQUARTERS AND 

HEADQUARTERS 

DETACHMENT 2 

1 OFF 6 EM 

I I 

SERVICE 

DETACHMENT 2 FOOT PATROL 

6 EM 3 EM 

I 1 

TRANSPORTATION 

DETACHMENT 2 I FOOT PATROL 

1 OFF 6 EM 1 3 EM 

I I 

I I b 2 

FOOT PATROL 

3 EM 

""_ UNDER OPERATIONAL CONTROL OF TASK GROUP 7.2 

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY OFFICER 

I SPECIAL TASK GROUPS I 

I i 

DEPOT SUPPLY 

1 OFF 2 EM 

I A 

f 

LAUNDRY 

1 OFF 5 EM 

I 

VEHICLE DECONTAMINATION 

1 OFF 2 EM 

1 

Figure 17. Radiological safety organization, Task Group 7.2, REDWING. 

81 
TASK GROUP 7.3. Planning was done by the Assistant Plans and Operations 

Officer (Atomic Defense). At the working level, the organization of TG 7.3 

radiological safety was based on existing damage control and atomic, biological, and chemical defense organizations for each ship and unit. Special responsibilities of TG 7.3 included: 

a 

0 

Certain TG 

0 

a 

a 

a 

0 

a 

a 

a 

a 

Helicopters for radiation surveys and postshot recovery at 

Bikini 

Decontamination of all aircraft at Bikini 

Personnel decontamination facilities on selected ships 

Collection of lagoon-water samples for radiation analysis 

Aerial reconnaissance in the vicinity of the task force 

and shot atoll after detonation 

Transportation of supplies to joint task force monitors On 

remote islands. 

7.3 units had specific radsafe assignments: 

USS Curtiss -- headquarters afloat for TG 7.1; served as 

the Bikini weather-reporting station and contained a personnel decontamination station 

USNS Fred C. Ainsworth -- Radsafe Center for Bikini shots; 

contained a radsafe laboratory and personnel decontamination station 

USS Badoeng Strait -- personnel and helicopter decontamination station 

USS Mount McKinley (AGC-7) -- personnel decontamination 

station 

USS Shelton - high-altitude rocket weather soundings 

USS McGinty and USS Silverstein -- conducted surface fallout surveys 

USS Sioux -- tended moored fallout collecting stations 

USS Crook County (LST-611), YAG-39 (USS George Eastman) , YAG-40 (USS Granville S. Hall) -- equipped for prolonged 

operation in heavy fallout areas 

Patrol Squadron One ("1) -- conducted preshot patrol 

and search in forecast fallout areas and postshot fallout 

surveys. 

TASK GROUP 7.4. The headquarters organization of TG 7.4 included a radsafe office reporting to the Director of Operations. This function was probably managed by the Nuclear Research Officer who monitored all TG 7.4 technical 

operations and advised CTG 7.4 on radsafe matters. It is not clear whether 

82 
this position was an extra assignment or a specific position with prime duty 

responsibilities. In contrast to the CJTF 7 directive that all task groups 

provide themselves with radsafe units, no reference to such a TG 7.4 unit can 

be found. Nevertheless, as shown in Figure 18, the radsafe responsibilities 

of the test units were clearly defined. A unique group requirement was that 

one airborne monitor be provided for each multiengine aircraft crew assigned 

to TG 7.4. 

The ground radiological monitoring assigned to the Test Aircraft Unit 

(TAU) was only for the Enewetak airfield; sample transportation pertained to 

movement from the recovery area to the sample-return, or flyaway, aircraft. 

The TAU personnel control responsibility was as follows (Reference B.4.5, 

Annex A) : 

Establish a badge system to control the access of personnel 

to the Sample Recovery Area, Decontamination Area, and such 

other areas in which a serious radiation hazard is felt to 

exist . 

No record of such a badge system, separate and distinct from the regular 

badge system being used, can be located. Decontamination crews were composed 

JOINT TASK FORCE 7 

COMMANDER 

I t 

- 

NUCLEAR 

RESEARCH 

OFFICER 

TASK GROUP 7.4 

I 

a AIRCRAFT UNIT a BASE UNIT Q SUPPORT UNIT 

I 

GROUND 

RADIATION PERSONNEL 

AIR SERVICES 

TRAINING 

CONTROL PROGRAM TRANSPORTATION SURVEY DATA 

SAMPLE RADIATION 

RECOVERY 

CLOUD-TRACKING 

AIRCRAFT 

d - - 

RADIATION 

PROTECTIVE GEAR CENTERS 

Figure 18. Radiological safety organization, Task Group 7.4, REDWING. 

83 
of personnel throughout TG 7.4, with each major subunit providing a pro rata 

share depending on the number of airmen allotted. The Test Base Unit (TBU) 

maintained a duty roster of these personnel and made assignments for decontamination requirements from the duty roster. 

Specific TG 7.4 responsibilities included: 

0 Aircraft decontamination at Enewetak 

Helicopter sample recovery at Enewetak (monitors provided 

by TG 7.1) 

0 Postshot radioactive cloud tracking 

0 Postshot aerial radiometric survey of the northern Marshall 

Islands 

0 Establishing the air radex area for each shot 

0 Off-atoll weather stations and weather reconnaissance 

flights 

0 Administration of JTF 7 Weather Central 

0 Training of weather island monitors. 

TASK GROUP 7.5. CTG 7.5 was directly responsible for the safety of TG 7.5 

personnel and implementing the directive of CJTF 7. During the operational 

phase of REDWING, the Holmes & Narver (H&N) radsafe monitoring unit was integrated into the TG 7.1 radsafe unit (TU 7), which provided radiological safety 

for TG 7.5. 

TG 7.5 provided to JTF 7: 

0 Decontamination facilities and laundry services for contaminated clothing 

0 Facilities for the TG 7.1 radsafe centers including the 

radsafe barge and decontamination areas and equipment 

(except for specific facilities provided by TG 7.1 and 

TG 7.3). 

Training 

Ftadsafe training was designed to educate and train personnel to work more 

effectively reducing the potential for radiological exposure. Each task group 

was responsible for training its own radsafe monitoring personnel. Additionally, TG 7.2, TG 7.3, and TG 7.4 provided information on radiological safety 

to project participants. 

04 
TASK GROUP 7.1. Project radsafe monitors were trained at Fort McClellan, 

Alabama, during the week of 9 January 1956. The 43-day course was conducted 

by members of the 1st RSSU, LASL, and the University of California Radiation 

Laboratory (UCRL). Moreover, during the operation itself several courses were 

conducted by TU 7 to provide additional project monitors. Five chemical laboratory technicians were trained in basic radiochemistry and photodosimetry 

techniques at LASL, and four members of TU 7 were trained in alpha monitoring 

at LASL and the Nevada Test Site (NTS). The Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL) trained 30 individuals from various naval shipyards to be TU 7 

monitors for NRDL experiments. The JTF 7 Radsafe Officer (Reference C.1.7.1) 

reports that all Navy civilians employed by the task units received 4 weeks Of 

instruction at NRDL before departure for the PPG. It is not clear if this referred to the monitor training itself or was in addition to it. Six men were 

trained in radiac instrument repair at Treasure Island and LASL. 

TASK GROUP 7.2. Two general levels of training were required for TG 7.2: 

basic indoctrination and technical training. 

Basic indoctrination included primary, nontechnical instruction in radsafe 

measures and techniques. All personnel of the task group received this instruction. 

Technical training was given to the majority of personnel who staffed the 

task group radsafe organizations. This instruction was designed particularly 

to train radiological defense monitors, decontamination personnel, and radiological instrument repairmen. 

In September 1955, the TG 7.2 Radsafe Officer attended classes in radsafe 

monitoring at the Fleet Training Center, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. He also attended a 3-day conference on radiological safety held at Hq JTF 7, Washington, 

D.C., and later presided over a 4-hour Radsafety Instructor's Refresher Course 

for officers and noncommissioned officers engaged in detachment instruction 

duties. 

In February 1956, a course was held for all personnel expected to be actively engaged in radsafe monitoring and decontamination during REDWING. Ten 

3-man monitoring teams and twenty replacement monitoring personnel were trained. 

85 
In addition, the laundry decontamination team and some personnel of the Japtan 

Island receiver station successfully completed the TG 7.2 radsafe course. 

Initial radsafe training was given by the task group Radsafe Office tofficers and enlisted personnel who were to become instructors for the program. 

The second phase was conducted in February and March, for all monitor personnel of TG 7.2 and included 24 hours of conference and practical work in radsafe theory, instrument use, and monitoring techniques. The third and final 

phase involved orientation of all task group personnel on radsafe matters. 

Two training films, "Operation GREENHOUSE" and "The Effects of an Atomic Bomb," 

were shown to enhance radsafe training and stimulate interest for the operational phase. Continued training consisted of weekly practice monitoring surveys and make-up classes on individual orientation. 

Four TG 7.2 officers received specialized training at a 5-day course at 

Tripler Army Hospital, Hawaii, on the subject of "Treatment of Traumatic Injuries and Thermo Nuclear Burns." 

Routine radiological surveys provided excellent monitor training. The 

surveys were conducted within 2 hours following detonation of each shot on 

Enewetak Atoll and within 8 hours following shots on Bikini. Although these 

surveys were a precautionary measure inthe event of unplanned fallout, they 

were not a postshot requirement. Fallout detected during this period never 

exceeded 0.002 R/hr on Enewetak and Japtan islands. 

TASK GROUP 7.3. A radsafe training program was initiated early during 

planning and continued throughout the operational phase. 

The Assistant Plans and Operations Officer (Atomic Defense) organized the 

program in October 1955. After consulting NRDL and Naval Schools Command, 

Treasure Island (NSC, TI), he met with radsafe officers of CJTF 7, CTG 7.1, 

and CTG 7.4 at LASL and discussed TG 7.4 participation in the TG 7.3 radsafe 

training program at Kirtland AFB (Reference C.3.1, Installment 3, p. 12). 

Meanwhile, in December 1955 the commanding and operations officers Of 

VP-1 discussed air operational and radiological safety with CTG 7.3 staff in 

Washington (Reference C.3.1, Installment 5, p. 11). In the same month, a 

86 
radiological safety training officer from NSC, TI, a chief damage controlman, 

and a civilian head of Health Physics Division, NRDL, were assigned to CTG 7.3 

to supervise a radsafe and indoctrination program for all naval units at the 

PFG. This training team reported to the flagship Estes in March 1956 (Reference C.3.1, Installment 4, p. 4; Installment 7, pp. 4-5; Installment 8, pp. 

13-14; Installment 9, p. 15). Before embarking, the team proceeded "to develop course curriculum, prepare and obtain training aids, and conduct unit 

training" (Reference C.3.2, p. 108). The team also adopted the manual, "Radiation and Contamination Control," prepared by the Health and Physics Division, 

NRDL, for use in TG 7.3 training courses and prepared a booklet entitled, 

"Field Notes on Radiological Safety," for radsafe officers. These publications were distributed to all units contacted (Reference C.3.2, p. 108; Reference 7.3.1, Installment 8, p. 14) * 

The radiological training team performed limited instruction before departure of units from the U.S. west coast, but held courses on board Estes en 

route to the PPG and on Badoenq Strait and other ships after their arrival. 

Altogether, 24 sessions involving 1,036 personnel were conducted. Table 5 

displays this training by ship or unit, class date(s), class size, and location. These full-day sessions were designed to provide a concentrated radsafe 

briefing to key officers, chief and leading petty officers, monitors, and decontamination team members, who in turn were expected to provide instruction 

to all hands as appropriate. It is not clear, however, to what extent this 

information was disseminated to the crews. Although exact course content is 

not known, the curriculum did include the following: 

1. A Resume of Nuclear Weapon Phenomena 

2. Nuts and Bolts of Nucleonics 

3. The Bomb, Its Effects, and You 

4. Basic Radiological Safety 

5. How to Monitor and the Use of Radiac Instruments 

6. Principles of Radiation and Contamination Control (an 

introduction to the manual) 

7. General Discussion: Questions and Answers. 

Staff personnel also held practical exercises on monitoring, decontamination, 

use of personnel decontamination stations, and other duties aboard USS Chickasaw, 

87 
Table 5. Task Group 7.3 radiological safety training, REDWING. 

~~ 

Number Course Presented 

~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~ . 

Ship or Unit Date Attendees on/at 

YAG-39 (USS George Eastman 2 /8 -9 95 Naval Rdiological 

YAG-40 (USS Granville S. Hill) Defense Laboratory 

USS Grook County (LST-611) 

Patrol Squadron One 

USS Estes (AGC-12) 

Staff CTG 7.3 8, Officers 

USS Estes 

USS Lipan (ATF-85) 

USS Chi ck as aw ( ATF-83) 

USNS Bernal i 11 o County 

(T-LST -306) 

Mari ne He1 i copter Transport 

Squadron 363 

USS Knudson (APD-10) 

USS Badoena Strait 

USS Silverstein (DE-534) and 

USS McGi nty (DE-365) 

CTG 7.3 Boat Pool Bikini 

USS Sioux (ATF-75) 

USS Ch i ck asaw 

USS Catamount (LSD-17) 

USS Abnaki (ATF-96) 

USS Si 1 verste i n 

USS Curtiss (AV-4) 

MPi'ine Helicopter Transport 

Squadron 363 

USS Badoeng Strait 

USNS Fred C. Ainsworth 

(T-AP-181) 

USS She1 ton (DD-790) 

USS James E. Kyes (DD-787) 

Kwajalein NAS 

Total 

2/27 to 312 32 2 

3/19 to 3/21 20 

3/26 to 3/30 30 

4/4 to 4/5 15 

414 to 415 19 

4 110 20 

41 16 42 

41 17 30 

4/18 and4/21 48 

4/19 17 

4/20 

4/23 

4/23 

41 24 

4/26 

41 30 

4/30 

513 

34 

15 

10 

36 

16 

19 

35 

18 

5 /3 21 

514 and 5/7 28

518 and 5/15 25 

6/28 and 6/29 30 

715 and 716 55 

1,000 

Whidbey Island NAS 

USS Estes 

USS Estes 

Enewet ak 

Enewet ak 

USNS Bernal i 11 o County 

USS Badoeng Strait 

USS BadoeA Strait 

USS Badoeng Strait 

USS Badoeng Strait 

(CVt-116) 

" 

USS Badoeng Strait 

USS Badoeng Strait 

- USS Badoeng Strait 

USS Badoeng Strait 

USS Badoencl Strait 

USS Badoeng Strait 

USS Curtiss 

USS Badoeng Strait 

USS Badoeng Strait 

USNS Fred C. Ainsworth 

USNS Fred C. Ainsworth 

Kwajalein Naval Air 

Station (NAS) 

Kwajalein NAS 

.. 

88 
Sioux, USNS Bernalillo County, Badoeng Strait, and Curtiss at the PPG during 

April. 

As indicated previously, radsafe training continued into the testing period. "Prior to the first shot all units not previously participating in 

CTG 7.3 radsafe courses were given a 1-day briefing by staff personnel" (Reference C.3.1, Installment 9, p. 14). Moreover, shortly before the shots began, 

films and interviews on radiological safety were presented over the television 

network from Badoeng Strait. From 5 through 14 May, the radsafe training officer was assigned aboard Mount McKinley, the press and observers' ship. He

worked with the ship's personnel on radsafe organization, briefed the officers 

and press representatives on radiological safety, and conducted monitoring and 

decontamination drills with the ship's repair parties (Reference C.3.1, Installment 10, p. 15). 

Training exercises aboard ships during the operational phase proved to be 

impractical: crews were preoccupied with test preparations, and the unpredictability of ship movements hindered organized training. Assignment of radsafe personnel to ships during the Bikini shots was "discontinued since very 

little can be accomplished with the ships during such periods when they are 

more concerned with operational commitments'' (Reference C.3.1, Installment 11, 

P. 15). In any case, radiological training personnel were needed to oversee 

radsafe operations and to assist the radsafe officer in "effecting liaison and 

coordination with project personnel in the decontamination of test ships and 

barges by Task Group 7.3 personnel" (Reference C.3.2, p. 109). 

Nevertheless, radiological training was continued "on a reduced scale" 

during the test period (Reference C.3.1, Installment 11, p. 11). For example, 

the last six courses listed in Table 5 took place from May through July. In 

addition, USS Walton (DE-361) and USS Caliente (AO-53) were given radiological 

briefings by staff personnel on 6 June and 6 July, respectively, and "all 

arriving transient units . . . were contacted . . . and briefed on radiological safety matters" (Reference C.3.1, Installment 9, pp. 14-15). Specifically, 

"a boarding folder containing all pertinent radiological safety information and 

directives was made up and utilized for visits to Navasota, Walton, and othe

transient units" (Reference C.3.1, Installment 10, p. 15). 

89 
Because Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron 363 (HMR-363) was to be engaged in postshot radiological surveys and recovery operations, the unit was 

particularly careful to promote radiological safety. Preparations included 

(1) weekly lectures, films, and decontamination drills, (2) field monitoring 

problems on outlying islands where low-level radiation existed, (3) simulated 

"hot" helicopter drills in the washdown bathtub on Badoeng Strait, and (4) familiarization with aircraft decontamination procedures of the two portable decontamination trailers on Eneu (Reference C.3.1.4, pp. 13, 68-69). 

On 7 May, a conference of all TG 7.3 radsafe officers was held aboard 

Estes, at which time a directive on radsafe procedures and other radiological 

matters was discussed. 

On 8 July, an 8-hour conference was held on Curtiss attended by all TG 7.3 

radsafe officers as well as commanding officers, executive officers, medical 

Officers, repair party officers, and representatives from NRDL, Navy Bureau of 

Medicine and Surgery (Baed), and several of the effects programs. Fallout 

experience, decontamination operations, and procedures for previous and future 

shots were discussed, and a lecture on meteorological aspects ofradiological 

safety was given. It is not known how many attended this conference, but the 

historian for TG 7.3 remarked: "It is felt this and other conferences are 

extremely beneficial and promote a very healthy interchange of ideas and problems" (Reference C.3.1, Installment 11, p. 14). 

TASK GROUP 7.4. Time constraints were critical in TG 7.4 planning for 

radiological monitor training. The objective was to organize a single program 

to meet the needs for aircraft monitors, weather-island monitors, and monitors 

for TG 7.4 operational areas. However, insufficient time and funds precluded 

sending personnel to established service schools (Reference C.4.1, pp 69-71). 

During 29 and 30 November 1955, representatives of TG 7.4 and NRDL agreed 

to establish a joint TG 7.4-TG 7.3 monitor course to be conducted by NRDL and 

the 4926th Test Squadron (TAU) (Reference C.4.1, p. 26). The course outline 

is contained in Appendix A. After coordinating with TG 7.1 in efforts to acquire 150 copies of the LASL radsafe manual, TG 7.4 allotted a few spaces in 

the course for TG 7.1 personnel. Assistance from TG i.1 to TG 7.4 in providing 

90 
training aids was also negotiated. TG 7.4 sought assistance from TG 7.1 because TG 7.3 was unable to provide copies of the NRDL manual for TG 7.4 withOut funding support (Reference C.4.1, pp. 23-24). 

In February 1956, the lesson plans had been drafted for most of the 40-hour 

course of instruction, the first day being for general matters of joint TG 7.3- 

TG 7.4 interest. The last 2 days were allocated for separate instruction in 

areas peculiar to TG 7.4 operations (Reference C.4.1, pp. 18-19). 

By early March it was recognized that because of immediate operational 

requirements, weather-island personnel could not wait for the two course sessions beginning on 9 and 16 April. TG 7.4 consulted with TG 7.5 to arrange 

for training ten TG 7.4 personnel in the TG 7.5 course already underway. This 

was settled, and the TG 7.5 course was "essentially the same in content and 

duration as the planned TG 7.4 course" (Reference C.4.1, p. 22). 

TASK GROUP 7.5. TG 7.5 monitors completed radsafe training before integration of the radsafe unit into TG 7.1.Radiological safety at PPG during 

the period between CASTLE and REDWING was supervised by the Test Division, 

Albuquerque Operations Office (ALOO), and operated by the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) contractor, H&N. A specialist in radiological safety was assigned 

from USPHS as staff advisor to the Director, Test Division, ALOO (Reference 

C.5.2). 

On 15 August 1954, the HbN radsafe unit was activated with the Industrial 

Relations Division (later changed to Administration Division) as a section of 

'the Safety Department. This unit functioned independently, except for policy 

direction by the AEC Radiological Officer, until 15 April 1956, at which time 

it was integrated into the TG7.1 radsafe unit. 

The senior radsafe electronics technician, the head of H&N's radsafe unit, 

was sent to Fort McClellan, Alabama, and then to Los Alamos for a 3-week training period. Upon his return, a course on radsafe measures was given to selected personnel. This on-the-job training, supervised by the AEC Radiological Safety Officer, qualified four other technicians who, in turn, conducted 

courses in monitoring as well as radiological safety in general. Graduates of 

these courses formed the HLN monitoring unit. 

91 
SAFETY CRITERIA 

Radiological Safety Standards 

Radsafe standards for REDWING were set by CJTF 7 after consultation with 

the Surgeons General of the Army and the Air Force, the Chief of BuMed (Navy), 

and the Director, Division of Biology and Medicine, AEC (Reference B.0.3, 

Annex K). These standards are reproduced in Appendix A. Eash task group 

issued safety regulations based on the JTF 7 standards. Changes between the 

JTF 7 and the task group regulations either referred to task group reporting 

procedures or to amplifications of the standards particular to the mission of 

the task group. 

CJTF 7 recognized that sometimes the standards might have to be waived. 

Possible circumstances included, for example, an air-sea rescue in a radioactive area. In these tactical situations, service exposure limits, based on

prompt health effects, would apply. When possible, a radsafe monitor would 

accompany the tactical operation to determine the extent of overexposure so 

that medical action could be initiated if required. Such a tactical situation 

did not occur during REWING. For all other cases of possible overexposure, a 

case-by-case evaluation was required by CJTF 7 before permission to exceed the 

limits was given. This evaluation weighed personnel exposure, importance of 

the tests, and costs of delays related to the existing limits. 

REDWING exposure limits were based on continuous occupational exposure 

standards that assumed that personnel might have been previously exposed to 

radiation or might be continuously occupationally exposed in the future. The 

basic exposure limit was a Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) of 3.9 R for any 

13-week period with no restriction on exposure rate. This limit was based on 

the then-accepted National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurements 

(NCRP) and International Commission on Radiological Protection occupational 

limits of 0.3 R per week or 15 R per year.* A few special MPEs were also established. An MPE of 20 R (gamma only) was authorized for the aircrews doing 

the cloud sampling for the weapons laboratories and the cloud penetration for 

~~ ~ ~ 

* Since the operational phase of ReDWING was 24 weeks, it would be possible 

for a participant to accumulate 7.2 R (0.3 R/week x 24 weeks) and not exceed 

the exposure limits. 

92 
Project 2.66* with the stipulation that if an aircrew member accumulated 3.9 R 

or more on any one mission, no second mission would be authorized before a 

lapse of 13 weeks had occurred. An exposure rate limit of 0.02 R/hr was established as the maximum for aircraft passengers on flights returning samples 

to the home labs. 

Planning documents warned the task groups that previous exposure records 

should be checked to assure the MPE was not exceeded for individuals with 

prior exposure (Reference B.0.3). This warning was probably directed to the 

scientific projects of TG 7.1, whose personnel may have been exposed in the 

laboratory since the previous field tests, TEAPOT at the Nevada Test Site and 

WIGWAM in the Pacific, were completed about a year before REDWING. 

In addition to the overall exposure limits, specific Maximum Permissible 

Limits (MPLs) related to radioactive contamination onparts of the body, clothing and personal effects, food, water, air, vehicles and equipment, and materials. These MPLs specified either the level of decontamination required or 

the upper limit for restriction of activity. Table 6 lists the REDWING MPLs. 

Individuals exposed to icnizing radiation above the established limits 

were informed that appropriate remarks would be included in their medical records. Military personnel in this category were then advised to avoid exposure 

to additional radiation until sufficient time had elapsed to lower their average radiation exposures to 0.3 R per week. Limitations on further radiation 

exposure for civilians would be determined by the agency having appropriate 

administrative jurisdiction. 

Radiation Exposure Waivers 

Various assignments called for waivers of the MPE. The rationale was that 

use of alternative personnel was not feasible because of the technical nature 

of the work. Lack of properly trained personnel apparently necessitated extension of the radiation exposure limits for specified individuals so that 

certain projects could be completed. 

* For planning purposes, no crewmember was to receive a total exposure over 

12 R. The 20-R limit was authorized to account for device yields larger 

than expected (Reference C.4.1, April-May, p. 8). 

93 
Table 6. REDWING Maximum Permissible Limits for radiation exposure 

and contamination. 

EXPOSURE 

Personnel 

Skin 

Hands 

CONTAM I NATION 

Clothing 

Outer clothing 

Under cl othi ng 

Vehicles and Equipment 

Vehicles, interior surfaces 

Vehi cl es, exteri or surf aces 

Ships and boats, fixed a1 pha 

Ships and boats, final clearance 

Aircraft, cloud tracking 

turnout required 

Respirators, interior surfaces 

- Airb 

Particles 4 microns 

Particles >5 microns 

Water, potable 

Lagoon, water contact sports 

0.001 R/hr (about 1,000 CPM)a 

30 rep (beta) for the operational 

peri od 

0.007 R/hr 

0.002 R/hr 

0.007 R/hr (beta plus gamma) 

0.007 R/hr (gamma only measured at 

5 to 6 inches) 

2,500 DPM/150 an2 for enclosed 

areas 

5,000 DPM/150 cm2 for open surfaces 

0.015 R/day (= 0.0006 R/hr) 

3.0 R/hr 

0.002 R/hr 

pCi/cc (24-hour average) 

pCi /cc (24-hour average) 

5 x pCi/cc (beta plus gama 

calcul ated at 3 days after burst) 

50,000 DPM per 1 iter 

Notes : 

a The acronyms CPM, rep, and DPM are defined in the Glossary of Terms, Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Units (Appendix C). 

bOmitted by Joint Task Force 7; MPL cited is from TG 7.4 (Reference B.4.5) 

Source: Reference B.0.3, Annex K. 

94 
For instance, waivers were requested from TG 7.1 for two Sandia employees. 

The two men were involved in the recovery, analysis, and shipment of experimental samples and components, and it was expected they would receive a total 

exposure of about 7 R. CTU 7 informed the Surgeon JTF 7 that one individual 

had accumulated a total exposure of 5 R and another had accumulated 3.9 R. 

The project on which these individuals were working required approximately 

three more recovery missions. The response to the waiver requests was that 

the individual with the higher exposure could not participate in any more mis

sions. It was estimated, however, that the other would accumulate less than 

1.1 R in the remaining missions. Thus approval was granted for a specific 

Sandia person to exceed the maximum of 3.9 R, but he could not exceed a total 

of 5 R (Reference C.O.AG903). 

Another request for a waiver on radiation exposure came from !CG 7.1. An 

analysis of desired aircraft positions for certain remaining shots indicated 

that crews of two effects aircraft (Program 5) would be exposed to predicted 

exposures in excess of the 3.9 R limit. The planned aircraft positions attempted to balance the project's data needs with the radiation commitment of 

the crews. The request stressed. that changes to the positions selected would 

substantially reduce the value of participation. 

The two crews in question were those of the F-1OlA and the A3D. The single 

pilot of the F-1O1A had accumulated 0.715 R to date, and the expected exposure 

by completion of the planned program was a maximum of 7.1 R. The 4-man crew 

Of the A3D had received 0.06 R to date and expected a maximum of 6 to 7 R. The 

response to the waiver request was that the authorized exposure for aircrews 

of Program 5 would be 7 R total (gamma only) for Operation REDWING. This exposure could be acquired without limitation on rate of exposure, and every effort would be made to ensure that no crewmember was knowingly subjected to a 

total exposure greater than 7 R (Reference C.O.AG903). 

A request for waiver concerned the personnel involved in the rollup operations after REDWING. Shot TEWA at Bikini contaminated Enewetak to the extent 

that the personnel would be exposed to radiation that might be in excess of 

3.9 R in 13 weeks. CJTF 7 authorized an exposure of a maximum of 7 R to these 

personnel. 

95 
Radsafe Monitoring and Instrumentation 

Film badge dosimeters worn by the personnel in REDWING were the primary 

radsafe control to assure that MPE safety criteria were met. The film in 

these badges darkens when exposed to radiation, and darkening is a measure of 

radiation exposure. 

Both permanent and mission badges were issued. Each consisted of two types 

of film in a light-tight container: DuPont Type 502 with a range of 0.1 to 

10 R, and DuPont Type 606 with a range of 10 to 300 R. Lower exposures (less 

than 0.1 R) could be measured, but accuracy suffered. Density measurements 

were made on a Los Alamos FD-1 densitometer. Recording of the badge readings 

is discussed below in the section on "Recording Personnel Exposures." 

Self-reading pocket dosimeters and hand-held radiation detection instruments were routinely used to determine the existence and intensity of radiation 

and to evaluate the need and efficiency of decontamination. Complete details 

regarding types of instruments used or the calibrations performed have not been 

found. Furthermore, information on measurement procedures and distances from 

[ 2.5 cm ] or 3 feet [l meter] ) is often 

that the instruments and calibrafor radiation detection and measuggest 

the art 

radioactive surfaces (e.g., at 1 inch 

incomplete. The data found, however, 

tion methodology represented state of 

surement in the mid-1950s. 

TU 7 of TG 7.1 issued direct-read ing Bendix Model 611 pocket dosimeters (0 

to 5 R range) to personnel receiving mission badges to enter radex areas. 

These dosimeters could be read in the field to determine cumulative exposure, 

thus precluding inadvertent overexposure. Upon return to the radsafe checkpoint, the dosimeter reading was recorded and the device recharged. 

The standard monitoring instrument for TG 7.1 and TG 7.5 was the AN/PDR-39* 

(Reference D.1). The radiological safety report, WT-1366 (Reference C.1.7.1), 

states the basic instrument for the aerial surveys "was a special ionization 

* The AN/PDR-39 ionization chamber radiation detector is essentially the same 

as the AN/PDR-TlB, with modifications in the electronics to produce a faster 

meter response when the scale is changed. The T1B was in use as late as 

1958, so presumably some were used in REDWING. 

96 
chamber built by Jordan Electronics, Inc., to the desired specifications." In 

addition, some AN/PDR-39 survey meters converted to read to 500 R/hr from 

their normal range of 100 R were used. The probe was attached to the landing 

gear of a helicopter; on monitoring surveys both the radiation reading and the 

helicopter altitude were recorded (Reference D.l). Project 2.6 also performed 

early-time helicopter radiometric surveys of some of the atolls (Reference 

C.1.1319). Their aerial survey instrument was a Jordan AGB-1OK-SR metalshelled ionization chamber; sealed inside was a subminiature tube in 10 atmof 

argon. A 2,000-foot (610-meter) cable connected the chamber to the electronics, allowing the probe to be lowered from a hovering helicopter. The measurement range was reported to be from 0.01 mR/hr to 10,000 R/hr in three logarithmic scales, with reported accuracy of f10 percent. The instrument was 

calibrated against a Co source belonging to Project 2.1. 60 

The TG 7.2 final report (Reference C.2.2) indicates that monitor training 

suffered because of instrument deficiencies resulting from the inexperience of 

maintenance personnel. As a result, the AN/PDR-TlB ion chamber instrument was 

abandoned and the AN/PDR-27 Geiger-Mueller (GM) detector substituted. It is 

unclear if this was only for training orif the AN/PDR-27 was also used operationally, or if the AN/PDR-39 ion chamber was the basic instrument. 

TG 7.3 used the AN/PDR-27F (GM) and the AN/PDR-lSA ion chamber for monitoring, with the ion chamber instrument reportedly employed in the greater 

radiation fields (Reference C.3.1). Many TG 7.3 ships did not possess the 

complete allowance of radiac equipment, so the Navy Bureau of Ships (Buships) 

issued additional instruments that were inspected, tested, and calibrated by 

NRDL before their transport to the PPG. Badoeng Strait maintained a pool of 

radiac spare parts, tubes, batteries, and tools. 

Radiac instrument allowances were established by request to BuShips for 

HMR-363 and VP-1, and instruments were shipped directly to these units. In 

view of its remote location at Kwajalein during the operation, VP-1 was advised to be as self-sufficient as possible, and that qualified radiac repair 

technicians should be trained at the Naval Schools Command, Treasure Island. 

This reconnnendation was also made to all large ships. 

97 
Special instruments were provided to supplement available Navy standard 

types. Twenty Berkeley side-window GM counters were borrowed from NRDL for 

personnel monitoring instruments. Twenty "cutie-pies" (ionization radiation 

detectors) were ordered for monitoring and evaluating high beta-gamma intensities. These instruments were not received until late in the series and many 

were inoperative and were little used. DT-60 dosimeters were issued to most 

personnel of TG 7.3. The initial reading, recording, and issue of these dosimeters presented no problems, and since no exposures in the high range measured by these dosimeters occurred during REDWING, their serviceability was 

not evaluated further. 

Radiation sources for instrument calibration and training were obtained 

from BuShips, but were received without calibration information or convenient 

individual containers. Calibration was determined and lead "pigs" fabricated 

in the forward area. The use of actual sources, under close supervision for 

monitoring drills, appeared to be very effective. A 7-Ci Cs source was 

also borrowed from NRDL for instrument calibration. 

137 

TG 7.4 provided instruments for monitoring inflight aircraft, aircraft decontamination, and determining the existence of radioactivity on the weatherreporting islands. The AN/PDR-39 was used to measure aircraft contamination 

for Project 2.66b (Reference C.1.7.1). 

Multiengine aircraft, except the B-57 sampler and early penetration planes, 

were equipped as follows (Reference 8.4.5, Annex C, Appendix 8): 

AN/PDR-39 ionization chambers (1 per aircraft) 

AN/PDR-~~C Geiger-Mueller instrument (1 per aircraft) 

Film badges (mission type) (1 each crewmember) 

0-200 mR pocket dosimeters (2 per aircraft) 

0-10 R pocket dosimeters (2 per aircraft) 

Single-engine planes and the B-57 sampler and early penetration aircraft 

were not equipped with the AN/PDR-39 and AN/PDR-27C instruments. The sampler 

and early penetration aircraft carried special radiation-measuring instruments 

mounted on the aircraft instrument panel that were readily visible to the pilot. These instruments measured the existing radiation environment and the 

98 
total exposure. All crewmembers carried mission film badges and the criteria 

for both types of dosimeters were one per crewmember, in lieu of two per 

aircraft. 

According to a Standard Operating Procedure covering weather-island radiological safety (Reference B.4.5, Tab B to Appendix 6 to Annex A), weatherisland detachments were issued the radiological instruments listed in Table 7. 

All instruments for these detachments were exhanged routinely onweather island 

resupply flights. 

Table 7. Weather island radiological instruments, REDWING. 

Instrument Kusaie Kapingamarangi Tarawa Rongerik 

AN/PDR-2 0 0 

AN/PDR-39 2 2 

AN/PDR-27 2 2 

GM counter 0 0 

0 1 

2 4 

2 4 

0 2 

PRE-EVENT SAFETY MEASURES 

Danger Area 

Part of the REDWING planning phase was spent defining an area in which local fallout could occur without encountering inhabited islands or normal shipping and aircraft lanes. Shots would be detonated only if predicted winds 

would deposit local fallout within this specified area. 

The danger area recommended by JTF 7, Figure 19, encompassed roughly 1.29 

million square kilometers. Other governmental agencies consulted in planning 

this area were: 

0 AEC, Division of Biology and Medicine, on the adequacy of 

the zone 

0 Department of Commerce and its various Transportation Control Agencies, on the effect of the zone on established 

air and sea routes 

e Department of State, on international implications of the 

zonal boundaries. 

99 
2o't 

1 5' 

1 0' 

158'0' 

0 100 200 

L I 1 

NAUTICAL MILES 

0 90 180 270 - 

KILOMETERS 

lB *' PONAPE 

0 

5' t 

155'E 1 

1 WAKE 

9 

9 

UJELANG 

WOTHO 

KWAJALEIN LIKIEP +woTJE 

0 

MAJUAO ' JALUIT 

0 

&& 

KUSAIE OD 

0 Q 1 I 

60' 165' 170' 1 

Figure 19. Danger area established for REDWING operations. 

After approval by all agencies involved, the AEC publicly announced the limits 

of the zone. The Navy Hydrographic Office published warning notices to mariners and airmen of the danger area, effective 20 April 1955 through the duration of testing. 

To assure that vessels did not venture into this region, the squadron of 

TG 7.3 P2V aircraft based at Kwajalein frequently patrolled the danger area. 

Imnediately before each shot, these planes intensively searched the area of 

expected fallout so that unauthorized vessels could be warned and requested to 

clear. If the vessel could not depart before the scheduled detonation, CJTF 7 

was to postpone the shot. If radioactive cloud trajectories seemed to be 

100 
headed outside the danger area, CJTF 7 was to inform Commander in Chief, Pacific (CINCPAC) and the Civil Aeronautics Administration so that water and air 

traffic could be diverted (Reference C.O.1). 

Fallout Prediction 

The Fallout Prediction Unit (FOPU) was responsible for preparing radsafe 

forecast information for each shot. Accurate prediction was important for two 

reasons. First, it was needed to guard against local fallout descending upon 

inhabited atolls or upon project personnel. Secondly, the agencies studying 

fallout as part of the experimental program did not want fallout from a second 

shot to add more than 1 percent to the fallout of a preceding shot, as this 

would interfere with the study of decay rates. If an accurate fallout prediction was not available, a 7-day waiting period between shots would be required 

to achieve this condition (Reference B.1.3.1). 

The unit was manned by personnel from the U.S. Weather Bureau (USWB), the 

Air Weather Service, Sandia Corporation, and the two weapon development laboratories, UCRL and LASL. It was divided into two groups, each capable of providing the necessary pre- and postshot forecasts. One group operated at Parry 

and was responsible for Enewetak forecasts. The second group, aboard Estes, 

performed the forecasts for Bikini. 

The FOPU predictions were designed to show contours of equal radiation exposure. Basic to these predictions were weather data indicating how masses Of 

air at various altitudes were moving in both time and space and yield-dependent 

empirical fallout models resulting' from previous tests. 

Table 8 shows typical FOPU activities for a single detonation. I practice, two to four forecasts per day were made as shot day approached. This 

procedure continued if the winds near shot time became unfavorable. At the 

PPG, winds are not from a constant direction, and significant changes are observed in periods as short as 3 hours. The proper detonation conditions, which 

required winds that would deposit fallout in the uninhabited danger area north 

of the shot islands, occurred only during situations of rather short duration 

(Reference D.2). This required almost continuous prediction (and weather data) 

as shot time approached. . 

10 1 
Table 8. Typical fallout prediction unit activities, REDWING. 

Day Time Event 

D- 1 0800-0830 

0830-0900 

0900-1100 

1100-1200 

1300-1400 

1900-2000 

2200-2400 

D-Day 2400-0030 

0330-0430 

0430-0500 

0800-0930 

Sector and gross pattern forecast made 

Outlook briefing 

Det ai 1 ed forecast made 

Main planning briefing 

New forecast issued 

New forecast issued 

Detailed forecast issued 

Main briefing 

Pattern made for 0200 winds 

Final briefing 

Shot 

Shot pattern constructed from shot time 

winds 

Four different hand calculations were available to FOPU: the Gaussian, 

for off-atoll prediction; and the Feld, USWB, and Sherman for both on- and offatoll predictions. Planning documents indicate that the actual technique(s) 

to be used operationally was to be determined by the speed and accuracy Of 

each method measured at the beginning of the series. The final predictive 

method(s) adopted has not been determined. 

Fallout cloud dimensions and the total amount of radioactivity appearing 

as local (as opposed to worldwide) fallout were predicted according to analysis based on previous shots. Each of the calculational techniques apportioned 

the total radioactivity in the cloud into a maximum of 20 levels of discs. 

Each disc was allowed to fall through the various winds until the ground was 

reached. Sumnation of the ground intensities resulting from each disc defined 

the predicted pattern. The various hand methods differed in the way the radioactivity was apportioned among the discs, the way the radioactivity was apportioned among different fallout particle sizes, and the calculational techniques 

used to transport the fallout by the winds. 

102 
Correlating weather and radiation data by hand is tedious. So, because 

the value of radsafe information is directly related to its promptness, computers were used to reduce the time interval of calculation. The AEC made three 

types of analog computers available to the FOPU. An electronic analog developed by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in conjunction with the USWE 

took weather information and estimates of the diameter, height, and distribution of the expected atomic cloud, and within 1/20 second presented the prediction fallout pattern on a cathode ray tube similar to a television screen. 

The varying brilliance of the marking coincided with the radiation intensity 

at any point up to 250 nmi (463 km), and sometimes farther, from ground zero. 

Two such instruments were available to JTF 7 during REDWING. The initial unit 

was on Estes, and in May a second unit was installed on Parry. An optical 

analog built by LASL projected the fallout pattern on a film to provide a permanent record. A mechanical computer based on the Gaussian hand method was 

developed by Sandia Corporation. This computer could predict the radiation 

level found in traverses across the pattern at different distances. 

At the main briefing for CJTF 7, a pattern representing a best-estimate 

compromise of the various methods was presented by a member of the FOPU. Variations of this pattern, which could be caused by possible wind fluctuations, 

were indicated by the NBS computer. It was planned that two scales ofpatterns be given at the briefing: an on-atoll (or close-in) pattern, and a distant (or off-atoll) pattern. The FOPU predictions along with measurements Of 

the actual fallout patterns are presented in Chapters 4 and 5. 

Two other groups also prepared fallout predictions, with data being exchanged. Program 2 of TG 7.1 required positioning infomation so ships could 

be located properly within the fallout field. This group made predictions Of 

the axis of the "hot" line and the lateral extent of fallout. The expected 

levels of gamma activity were not quantified, nor were radiation contour lines 

developed. 

The Hq USAF element on Parry prepared trajectories of particle fall from 

different altitudes and transmitted the data to JTF 7 at 0800 and 2000 daily. 

For the Bikini shots, this information was transmitted to Estes through Weather 

Central communications circuit. (Reference C.O.1) 

10 3 
Weather prediction was crucial to E'OPU. Weather data collection was a 

joint responsibility of TG 7.3 and TG 7.4. Experience during CASTLE had shown 

that over a wide area, prediction of fallout movement for higher-yield tests 

required estimating weather phenomena that might affect the test site during 

the 24 to 48 hours before and after each shot. The required data included 

wind currents from the Earth's surface to altitudes above 100,000 feet (30.5 

km). Since the technology available and information on the area's climatology 

were inadequate to meet this requirement, "JTF-7 devoted much effort to climatological research, technological improvement of weather collecting equipment, 

and expansion of weather facilities" (Reference C.0.2). 

After CASTLE, JTF 7 detailed several staff weather officers to study tropical meteorology at the University of California, Institute of Geophysics. During their research, they investigated the climatology of the Marshall Islands 

and established a methodology for daily computation of vertical air movements 

and graphic presentation of the computed results. 

Technology available at the time of CASTLE permitted upper air observations to about 30,000 feet (about 9 km) by aircraft and to about 55,000 feet 

(about 17 km) by weather balloons carrying radiosondes (devices that measure 

weather phenomena and transmit the information to ground stations). At about 

55,000 feet (about 17 km), the latex weather balloons in use became brittle 

and shattered because of the extreme cold. In preparation for REDWING, the 

Amy, the Air Force, and commercial balloon manufacturers developed a plasticized balloon that permitted observations to altitudes above 100,000 feet 

(about 31 km). Supplementing balloon soundings for spot observations, the 

destroyer weather ships employed 5-inch (12.75-cm) gun "window" projectiles. 

Developed during World War I1 for radar jamming, these projectiles burst at a 

preset range, releasing a cloud of metal foil strips ("window") that could 

then be tracked by radar to determine wind direction and velocity at various 

altitudes as the strips fell. Window projectiles were helpful for altitudes 

UP to about 35,000 feet (about 11 km). 

In addition, the Window Aerological Sounding Projectile (WASP) attached to 

a Loki rocket motor was developed for REDWING. The WASP/Loki combination, 

fired from a simple tube installed on ships, was used like the window projectile but reached altitudes of about 100,000 feet (about 31 km). 

104 
Owing to the lack of weather facilities in the Central Pacific, it was necessary to expand in extent and density the coverage of the area relevant to 

Operation REDWING. Accordingly, in the summer of 1955, representatives of

JTF 7, the Navy, the Air Weather Service, the Airways and Air Communications 

Service, and H&N surveyed existing facilities and certain islands with a view 

to expanding the weather-predicting capability. Based upon the survey (Reference C. 0.1, p. 29) , 

JTF-7 financed improvements of upper air observing facilities 

at Koror, Yap, Truk and Ponape, and the reopening of a station at Majuro; a station formerly operated at Rongerik was 

renovated, and new stations were built on Kusaie, Kapingamarangi, and Tarawa . . . . By the spring of 1955, militarystaffed stations at Enewetak and Kwajalein, JTF-7-staffed 

stations at Rongerik, Tarawa, Kusaie, and Kapingamarangi, and 

Weather Bureau stations at Truk, Ponape, Majuro, and Wake 

Islands were ready to function in support of the operation. 

In addition, all available routine weather reports were collected from throughout the Pacific. To collect, analyze, and correlate reports and to forecast 

weather, JTF 7 established a Weather Central at Parry staffed by civilian, 

Navy, and Air Force personnel. Weather Central was controlled by JTF 7 and 

supported by an extensive communications network. It provided charts and 

forecasts by facsimile and teletype circuits to JTF7 staff and weather support to participating ships and units. More than 500 men under the immediate 

Control Of JTF 7 directly supported JTF 7 weather activities (Reference C.O.1, 

p. 32). Table 9 provides a list of the weather resources available toJTF 7. 

To supplement local coverage and to investigate unusual conditions, such 

as storms, ten Air Force weather reconnaissance planes flew sorties as needed. 

These aircraft were available for a minimum of two daily flights covering a 

1,200-nmi (2,224-km) radius from Bikini. The modified seaplane tender, x- 

- tiss, provided upper air observations at Bikini, and the two destroyers 

signed to the operation employed balloons, window projectiles, and WASP rockets 

at any of five designated stations northwest and northeast of Bikini or east 

of Enewetak. In addition, all ships and patrol and search aircraft routinely 

reported the weather. 

The accuracy of FOPU's forecasts and early warning of deviations from fore

cast fallout patterns were checked by a radiation-plotting program organized 

105 
Table 9. Joint Task Force Weather Central resources, REDWING. 

Location Communication Means 

Guam, Tokyo, Pearl Harbor, Canberra Radioteletypewriter intercept 

Pearl Harbor, Tokyo Radiofacsimile intercept 

Nando CW radio intercept 

Rongerik, Kusaie, Tarawa, Kapingamarangi Direct CW radio 

Weather Reconnaissance Aircraft (WB-50) CW radio via the Air Operations Center 

around a fallout plotting unit composed of AEC and USPHS personnel. Sources 

for determining actual postshot fallout patterns included ships and aircraft 

specifically tasked to monitor radiation. Aircraft (code-named Wilson) tracked 

the radioactive clouds for 24 to 48 hours after each shot. JTF 7 established 

16 ground stations outside the PPG for radiological monitoring. In addition, 

units collecting scientific data contributed information to the radsafe plotters, and all units in the PPG area submitted routine observations. 

Recording Personnel Exposures 

Experience during the 1954 CASTLE series indicated the advisability of being able to determine the radiation exposure of all test series participants. 

Accordingly, a film badge dosimeter program was implemented to provide a radiation exposure record for every person engaged in REDWING operations. The 

readings from these film badge dosimeters were the basis of the "consolidated 

list of exposures" called for in paragraph 19 of the JTF 7 Radiological Safety 

Regulation (see Appendix A). The Consolidated List of Exposures (Reference 

C.1.7.3) was the medium through which the task groups were to notify their 

personnel's "unit of permanent assignment" of the exposures accrued in REDWING. 

Two types of badges were issued: a "permanent" badge given to all project 

personnel and a "mission" badge given to those required to enter radioactive 

areas. Exposure records were kept for both types of badge for each individual. 

The first permanent badges were issued on 15 April 1956, with exchanges scheduled every 6 weeks. Uniquely identified by embossed, red serial numbers, permanent badges were to be worn at all times; it was strongly recommended that 

they be attached to dog-tag chains rather than carried in pockets. As the 

106 

were turned in for processing upon the wearers' return. Identified by either 

green or black serial numbers, mission badges were issued only at a TG 7.1 

radsafe checkpoint before an individual's entry into the radex area. Exceptions to this policy applied to certain aircrews of TG 7.3 and n; 7.4, who 

were issued mission badges before flights that might intersect airborne 

radioactivity. 

The mission badge program was designed to rapidly determine the exposure an 

individual had received while participating in recovery or construction missions in radex areas. No watermark deficiencies were noted with these badges, 

as the usual period of wear was approximately 12 hours. About 45,000 mission 

badges were processed. Bendix Model 611 (0 to 5 R) quartz fiber, self-reading 

pocket dosimeters were also issued with the mission badges, so an individual's 

exposure while in a radioactive area could be quickly checked. Inaccuracies 

were noted in the dosimeter readings, however; consequently, this information 

became primarily a guide as to how quickly mission badges should be processed. 

If so indicated by the dosimeter reading, a mission badge would be processed 

immediately upon badge return. 

The radsafe unit of each task group was responsible for issuing badges, 

usually through a film badge control officer. Each task group requested the 

necessary number of badges from Tu 7 of TG 7.1 by 1 April 1956. TU 7 would 

then deliver the badges required along with an equal number of dosimeter issue, 3- x 5-inch cards (PS-103 cards) serially numbered to correspond with 

film badge numbers, plus an equal number of 5- x 8-inch cards (cumulative 

exposure records). 

All film badges were to be returned to TG 7.1 authorities without delay; 

i.e., within 5 to 10 days after the last shot, or, for more remote units, 15 

days. All film badges and PS-103 cards were arranged numerically before return to Parry Radsafe. The date of return was marked on each card, to ensure 

that all time periods were covered by a film badge. After completion of film 

badge processing, the cards corresponding to the processed film badges were 

returned to the task group with the recorded exposures indicated. 

108 
All film processing and record posting were done manually. As a result, 

as many as 40 individuals were assigned to the Dosimetry and Records Section. 

Manual reading and posting operations were tedious and subject to many errors. 

The Consolidated List of Exposures for all personnel in JTF 7 was maintained 

at Enewetak Atoll. At Bikini, a file ofonly those personnel present on the 

atoll was maintained. This split filing system necessitated a daily exchange 

Of exposure information, primarily from Bikini to Enewetak to maintain the 

Consolidated List. Exchange was via the radioteletype circuits. 

Individual records of military and civilian personnel were forwarded in 

accordance with service regulations to units of permanent assignment for inclusion in individual field military files orcivilian personnel files. These 

records provided the exposure date, amount of exposure in milliroentgens, approximate duration of any overexposure in hours and minutes, and a space for 

remarks such as limitations on assignment because of overexposures. 

Individual records of AEC-controlled and -administered civilian personnel 

were processed in accordance with special instructions prescribed by the laboratory or agency with administrative jurisdiction over the personnel. 

Letter reports were submitted to the Surgeon General, U.S. Army; the Chief 

Of Staff, BuMed; the Surgeon General, U.S. Air Force; and the Director, Division of Biology and Medicine, AEC. These reports indicated the action taken 

on the disposition of individual exposure records, comments o overexposures, 

if applicable, and other pertinent remarks. 

Although the intent to badge all personnel entering PPG is clear, records 

do not exist for all people. This often reflects badges lost before processing 

or neglect by departing personnel to turn in badges. There is evidence, however, that personnel of a few units, mostly on ships operating only occasionally 

in the PPG, were not badged, and evidently some records have been lost. For 

example, exposure information does not exist for the following transient or attached units that arrived at Enewetak or Bikini during the testing period: % 

Agawam (AOG-6), USS Cimarron (AO-22), USS Elkhorn (AOG-7), USNS Sgt Archer T. 

Gammon (T-AK-243) , USS Karin (AF-33) , USS Kishwaukee (AOG-9) , USNS Pvt Joe E. 

Mann (T-AK-253), USS Menasket (AOG-lo), USS Merapi (AF-38), USS Mispillion 

109 
(AO-105) , USS Namakagon (AOG-53), USS Natchaug (AOG-59), USS Sussex (AK-213), 

and USS Walton (DE-361). In addition, the Consolidated List for USS Navasota 

(AO-106) is incomplete since it contains only 31 names, though the Bureau of 

Naval Personnel muster roll for the ship during REDWING lists a complement Of 

242. The unclassified incoming correspondence log for TG 7.3 notes a message 

of 28 May on the subject of "badges for the USS Karin (AI?'-33) ," but there is no 

evidence specifying whether this was a request for dosimetry (rather than 

security) badges or whether such badges were provided. In any event, either 

personnel on these transient ships were not badged or the information was not 

recorded on the Consolidated List. The final report of CTG 7.3 states more 

emphatically that film badges "were also furnished to transient ships where 

indicated" (Reference C.3.2, p. 117). Elsewhere, it is stated that film badges 

and other radsafe equipment were provided to transient vessels "as needed" 

(Reference C.3.1, Installment 9, p. 14), but the available evidence does not 

define this need. 

Off-Atoll Radiological Safety 

Radioactive fallout was possible in the area outside the PPG, where 16 offsite locations were assigned radsafe representatives by CJTF 7. The weather 

stations at Wake, Majuro, Ponape, Johnston, Guam, Truk, Iwo Jima, Kwajalein, 

and Midway were instrumented to detect radiation. In addition, radiation monitoring stations were established at the TG 7.4 weather stations at Rongerik, 

Kusaie, Kapingamarangi, and Tarawa. Monitoring was also performed at Ujelang, 

Wotho, and Utirik by USPHS personnel. They provided hourly radiation intensity 

reports following all shots. Figure 21 shows a monitoring station on Utirik. 

The offsite radsafe monitoring net was equipped with GM types of automatic 

indicating and recording instruments (Figure 21). These instruments were installed at the eight primary stations by AEC New York Operations Office personnel during April 1956 and operated continuously without a single failure, 

at least through May 1956 (Reference C.O.l). The other islands were monitored 

with AN/PDR-39 ion chamber and AN/PDR-27 instruments. In addition, Rongerik 

was issued an AN/PDR-2160 for beta measurements. 

Each offsite representative was responsible for safeguarding the health, 

safety, and welfare of all JTF 7 personnel at the location in question, in 

110 
r" 

xa B 
through D+6. To ensure that no portion of the radioactive cloud would drift 

undetected toward the populated areas of the Marshall Islands, aircraft 

searched a 30 sector along the predicted midline to a radius of 500 nmi (927 

km) for 24 hours after each detonation of megaton yield (Reference C.O.AG903). 

0 

The radsafe monitoring stations were established and operated by trained 

personnel equipped with radiac instruments and two-way radio communications. 

In the event of fallout at the populated atolls, radsafe monitoring personnel 

could advise the local inhabitants, through interpreters, of safety measures. 

Populated areas not covered by monitoring stations were surveyed by aerial 

flights (Reference C.O.AG903). 

General safety instructions were prepared by the Office of CJTF 7 for the 

islands populated by the Marshallese. Basic health measures were planned to 

help reduce medical problems among the islanders resulting from radioactivity, 

and they were instructed as to what precautions to take in case fallout was 

suspected or confirmed (Reference C.O.AG903). 

Detailed safety instruction plans for the island populations indicate 

there was concern for the welfare of the island inhabitants. On one Occasion, 

a followup visit was conducted to check the island environment. On 25 May 

1956, members of the JTF 7 5-3 Division and the Staff Surgeon visited Rongelap 

to determine the condition of facilities. Samples of the native food plants 

were collected for radioactive analysis, and the reports indicated that no unusual problems were encountered (Reference C.O.1). 

Shipboard Modifications 

Radsafe modifications to certain ships and aircraft were undertaken as 

indicated below: 

0 Three ships to be used to steam directly into the path of 

fallout, YAG-39, YAG-IO, and Crook County, were Supplemented with special crew shielding 

0 Water washdown systems were installed on all ships in the 

formal TG 7.3 organization plus Mount McKinley and E 

Horizon (there is no evidence regarding the installation 

of washdown systems on other attached or transient ships) 

(Reference C.3.1, pp. 112-1131 

11 2 
0 New personnel decontamination stations were established 

aboard Badoeng Strait, Mount McKinley, Estes, and Curtiss 

e All ships were provided with radiation-monitoring devices, 

monitoring points were marked, and monitoring procedures 

were established and exercised 

A helicopter decontamination "bathtub" on Badoeng Strait 

was prw ided. 

POSTEVENT SAFETY MEASURES 

General Procedures 

Detailed plans and checklists were issued for each shot indicating the 

time sequence of various actions, the task groups and individuals involved, 

and the time expected in radioactive areas. Appendix A shows a representative 

checklist, in this case for the INCA detonation. 

For shots at Bikini Atoll, all personnel were evacuated to shipboard except for the firing party on Emu.* The ships left the lagoon, took assigned 

positions upwind of the atoll, then returned after the shot. People were advised to take personal belongings on each evacuation. Average evacuation time 

(from island to ship) was 8 hours. Since Eneu was not contaminated by any 

REDWING events, evacuation never lasted longer than overnight. Return was not 

authorized until a radiation survey had been performed, however. 

The extent of evacation from Enewetak Atoll depended on the size of the 

shot. The maximum withdrawal required everyone to mve from the northeastern 

islands to either Japtan, Parry, or Enewetak, with a small party permitted on 

Anani j. 

A system of messages was devised to inform REDWING participants of the 

schedule and conditions during shot detonations. Messages were sent to command headquarters before and after each detonation. 

On D-5, the expected time of detonation and information concerning the 

closing of Enewetak airstrip to transient traffic were announced. At H-18, the 

radiological outlook for populated areas and expected radiological impact on 

air and surface routes (including recommendations relative to closing routes) 

* For the ZUNI event, the firing party was aboard the Curtiss. 

113 
were announced. Thirty minutes following the detonation (H+30), the exact time 

of detonation and reports concerning the safety of task force personnel ad the 

populated islands were announced. Daily at 2000 hours, starting on D-day and 

continuing until information was no longer significant, the radiological situation was noted, and confirmation or revision of expected radiological impact 

was recorded (Reference C.O.AG903). 

The general safety information summarized below guided TG 7.2 personnel on 

Enewetak and Japtan islands during the operational period. Similar instructions applied to other task groups, and all personnel were issued general 

safety instructions for D-day. 

One minute before shot time, personnel with high-density goggles were instructed to put them on. Goggles were not to be removed until at least 10 

seconds after the initial blast, and then only gradually, to accommodate the 

light change. Those without goggles were to face away from zero point, shield 

their eyes, and not view the fireball until at least 10 seconds after the 

burst. Personnel were instructed not to look at the fireball with binoculars 

at any time and were warned that sunglasses were not to be used in lieu of 

high-density goggles, as they would afford no protection againsthe light Of 

the fireball. 

The shock wave would reach Japtan in about 35 to 105 seconds and the observation site at Enewetak Island in approximately 60 to 130 seconds, as timed 

from the first flash of light. Personnel were advised to keep a firm footing 

until the shock wave had passed. 

Personnel were not to climb buildings or other structures to observe the 

shot. Gusts of wind were expected, and normal precautions were undertaken to 

secure light objects. Normal duty uniform was worn. 

Safety precautions were developed to safeguard building facilities and 

equipment during shot conditions. Each area required preventive measures ta 

ensure minimum contamination. Safety plans for the mess hall included preparations to cover food, dry stores, and canned goods that were not in closed 

buildings before D-day. Upon the first detection of fallout, the mess was to 

. be notified, and the building closed and all food covered. A survey would 

114 
then be made by the TG 7.2 Surgeon and the Radsafe Officer before serving food 

after the fallout. If the survey indicated contamination of food, dry Stores, 

canned goods, or utensils, such items would be washed, if possible before 

preparation or serving. , If no fallout was detected, no restrictions on food 

preparation or serving were enforced. 

No restrictions other than buttoning-up were required for the hospital 

during a fallout period. Activities such as swimming, boating, and fishing 

were prohibited until appropriate radsafe clearance was received (Reference 

C.O.AG903). 

Surveys and Recovery Planning 

It was expected that following each detonation, areas of surface and air 

radioactivity would appear. These areas were designated as radex areas. Before shot times, the forecast air and surface radex areas were disseminated by 

CJTF 7 throughout the PPG. These forecast radex areas were in effect from 

H-hour until dissemination of later surface and air radex areas at about H+6. 

The later radex areas were based on the master radiological situation map 

maintained in the Radsafe Office of CJTF 7. 

The surface radex area was determined by survey with radiac equipment after 

shot time. The most rapid method of surface survey in the early stages was 

aircraft and helicopter flights in and around radioactive areas. From the radiation intensities measured at a known altitude, it was possible to obtain an 

estimate of exposure rates on the surface of the ground or water. Water samples from the lagoon were also collected. Ground surveys followed these initial surveys to clearly delineate radioactive regions. As feasible, a ground 

survey of the shot atoll was scheduled for H+24 (Reference B.0.3). 

All atoll land and lagoon areas in, near, or downwind from the detonation 

location were considered contaminated until cleared for operations by the task 

force comander . 

Surveys were normally conducted by helicopter supplied by the Marine Corps 

("363) for TG 7.1 and included a preentry survey between H+1 and H+3 followed by a detailed survey at H+6 to H+8. Detailed surveys were also normally 

made on the mornings of D+l and D+2 as required. The preentry survey noted 

115 
the level of radioactivity and condition of test and data-gathering structures 

so that a sample recovery schedule could be established. Monitoring teams conducted the ground radsafe surveys. Each team consisted of three members: an 

instrument man, a recorder, and a communications man. Ground radsafe surveys 

were of two types: a detailed survey adapted to assessing areas of generally 

low radiation, and a predetermined level survey where the team approached a 

known area of radioactivity, such as a ground zero, until a prespecified level 

of radioactivity was recorded. The point reached was marked on a map and (usually) a stake driven to mark the location before the team moved back to a lower 

radiation area. 

Results of these surveys were the establishment of two types of radex 

areas: 

1. Limited radex area -- gamma radiation level between 0.010 

and 0.100 R/hr 

2. Full radex area -- radiation levels above 0.100 R/hr. 

Admission to and exit from any radex area was through a radsafe checkpoint. 

A mission film badge, pocket dosimeter, and booties were required in all radex 

areas. In addition, admission to full radex areas required complete protective clothing and accompaniment by a qualified radsafe monitor. Personnel and 

equipment were monitored at the checkpoint as they left the radex area (as 

shown in Figure 22) and decontaminated if necessary. The Radsafe Center maintained radiation situation maps that were modified after each radsafe survey. 

Early-time recovery parties were requested to meet at the Radsafe Center at 

least one hour before planned entry into a radex area to be apprised Of the 

possible radiation contamination and the allowable time in the area. 

Altogether, 1,560 parties, containing from 1 to 50 men per party, were 

processed through the Enewetak checkpoints from 5 May to 20 July 1956. Approximately 9,500 personnel were processed through Bikini checkpoints during 

the same period. The personnel decontamination station at Enewetak handled a 

total of 1,558 individuals, while the facility at Bikini processed 3,350 (Reference C.l. 3). 

Radsafe monitors were assigned to individuals or groups working in radioactive areas or with contaminated equipment during recovery operations. They 

116 


and was based at Kwajalein NAS. VP-1 provided radiation reconnaissance for 

five shots during May using fixed flight patterns (Yoke and Zebra), which were 

modified to meet the changing conditions of each shot. 

For example, the Zebra I flight, acting as the fleet radiation scout, was 

directed to make a low-altitude radiation and damage survey at ~+1 for the ZUNI 

shot- P2V aircraft performed an early postshot survey, and reentry time was 

advanced by 1 hour as a result of information provided by Zebra I. 

Postshot surveys of the northern Marshall Islands were conducted using 

WB-50 aircraft. Three flights, designated Baker, Charlie and Dog, monitored 

the following atolls: 

Baker Kwajalein, Kusaie, Pingelap, Mokil, Ponape, Ujelang 

Charlie Kwajalein, Namu, Ailinglapalap, Namorik, Ebon, Jailut, Mili, 

Arno, Majuro, AUK, Maloelap, Urikub, Wotje 

Dog Kwajalein, Makin, Marakei, Ebaiang, Tarawa, Malana, Abamama, 

Aramika, Nonouti, Tabitenea, Onotoa, Tamana, Arorae, Nukunau, 

Beru. 

The WB-50s were used principally after Bikini shots and the P2Vs were used for 

most Enewetak shots. 

Weather reconnaissance aircraft provided 48 hours of aerial radiation 

reconnaissance (four flights) and flew flight-plan Able after each shot. 

Emergency Evacuation 

CJTF 7 prepared an emergency evacuation plan in the event of extreme radioactive fallout that would seriously affect joint task force operations. The 

plan was adaptable to both partial and full-scale evacuation; it also pertained 

to danger-alert situations such as typhoons, tidal waves, or other dangerous 

natural phenomena. The plan assumed that conditions would permit small craft 

to aid personnel and equipment movement. In an emergency, other activities 

would cease and all energies would be directed to the emergency evacuation. 

The following code names indicate the degrees of radioactive fallout alert 

conditions (Reference 8.0.3, p. N-1-1): 

1. Evacuation Condition Dog -- significant radioactive contamination expected; all personnel alerted 

119 
2. Evacuation Condition Charlie -- significant radioactive 

contamination present; preliminary preparation for 

evacuation 

3. Evacuation Condition Baker -- Radioactive contamination 

increasing; all activities directed to evacuate 

4. Evacuation Condition Able -- full-scale evacuation ordered 

5. E-hour -- Commencement of emergency evacuation. 

CTG 7.2 was responsible for designating evacuation assembly areas for Enewetak and Japtan islands, although exact area locations were not mentioned. 

(CTG 7.5 was responsible for the other islands of Enewetak or Bikini atolls.) 

The embarkation phase was coordinated with CTG 7.3 who would provide smallCraft transport to ships if evacuation was required (Reference B.0.3, p. 

N-1-11 

NO emergency evacuations of land-based personnel occurred during REDWING. 

Nevertheless, fallout was detected several times on inhabited base islands. 

Eneu received 0.012 R/hr for a short period after the TEWA shot and 0.010 R/hr 

for a short period after the NAVAJO shot. Enewetak Atoll received slight fallout from MOHAWK and significant fallout from TEWA. The islands of Enewetak 

and Parry both received fallout from TEWA for several hours the afternoon and 

night of 21 July 1956 and throughout the following day. Maximum intensities 

recorded were 0.100 and 0.120 Whr. 

TG 7.4 weather stations on the islands of Rongerik, Tarawa, Kusaie, and 

Kapingamarangi were not evacuated during REDWING as significant fallout was 

not detected. Rongerik reportedly received fallout from several shots during 

REINING, however, amounting to a cumulative exposure of between 2 and 3 R 

(Reference C.4.3, p. 129-130). 

Decontamination 

Decontamination of personnel and equipment was stressed throughout REDWING. 

Shower facilities and laundry vans were used to decontaminate personnel and 

clothing, and special trucks were employed to clean buildings and equipment. 

Decontamination of clothing became an additional function of TG 7.2 during the 

operational period. A specially selected team was trained for radsafe laundry 

work. Laundry vans were located at the western tip of Enewetak Island, ready 

120 


had satisfactorily decontaminated local spot areas, he would proceed to the 

regular decontamination shower. Upon completion of a general shower, the individual would be remonitored by the exit monitor. 

By use of hand counters, it was determined that approximately 75 percent 

of spot contamination on hands was removable with soap and fresh water. DeContamination personnel suggested that the portable unit be routinely used 

just before showering. The unit was capable of hand decontamination at a rate 

of about 100 men per hour. 

Other than for personnel, general decontamination procedures for TG 7.3 

called for spraying the topside of ships with hoses. The spray should hit the 

surface 15 to 20 feet (4.6 to 6.1 meters) in front of and downwind from personne1 handling the hoses. A coverage rate of approximately 4 ft /min (0.4 m / 

min) was desired. Contamination on surface craft and aircraft "shall be reduced as much as practicable, and except in unusual cases to a value lower th

7 mr/hr (gamma only)." A surface was considered insufficiently decontaminated 

if 2 in2 (13 cm ) of filter paper rubbed lightly over 12 in (77 cm ) of contaminated surface read more than 0.0005 R/hK above background when held 2 inches 

(5 cm) from the open window of an AN/PDR-27 rate meter (Reference B.3.1, p. 

2 2 

2 2 

G-5-4) 

The Radiological Safety Plan required that protective clothing be obtained 

by all units for repair parties and all other personnel who might be involved 

in decontamination or other duties with a potential exposure to radiological 

contamination (Reference 8.3.1, p. G-3). Figures 26 through 32 show personnel 

decontaminating equipment. 

Ainsworth and USS Catamount served as checkpoints and radsafe centers for 

afloat operations. The latter served as a checkpoint for boat pool personnel 

in the contaminated environment at Bikini (Reference C.1.7.2, p. 127). Checkpoints and radsafe centers were also established on Estes, Badoeng Strait, and 

Curtiss. "These radsafe centers included plotting and briefing areas, clothing and equipment issue points, and personnel decontamintion stations . . . . Control points were established as required" (Reference C.1.7.2, p. 29). 

123 

, ... 

4"::. 

I 
excess of 0.020 R/hr, the radiation from the aircraft was allowed to decay to 

0.020 R/hr before decontamination. 

A detailed survey was made of each aircraft, and results were recorded on 

forms and sketches. Both beta and gamma intensities were noted. The first 

washing was made with water and detergent (1 pound to 100 gallons [0.45 kg to 

380 liters] of water). The aircraft was then resurveyed. The second washing 

(if required) consisted of a mixture of one part "gunk" and three parts kerosene followed by another water-detergent rinse. Readings on interior surfaces 

(occupied areas) had to be reduced to 0.007 R/hr or less. Decontamination 

personnel were always checked into and out of the wash area. The runoff area 

was monitored and, if necessary, marked as a contaminated area. 

A reply by the Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) to NRDL concerning 

the effectiveness of decontamination procedures is quoted in the History of 

Air Force Atomic Cloud Sampling (Reference A.6): 

Normal decontamination procedures are 95-98% effective 

on smooth contaminated surfaces of the aircraft. However, 

the radiation level in the cockpit or next to the engine is 

only reduced by a factor of about 10% after the initial 

high-pressure hosing, and about 50% after the first manual 

scrubbing. 

Manpower requirements for the scrubbing process depend 

on the aircraft type, the degree of decontamination required, 

and the time available before the aircraft is needed by the 

operational organization. Normally decontamination requires 

approximately sixteen manhours on the F-84 and twenty to 

twenty-two manhours on the B-57. This does not include manhours for support personnel. Area decontamination rates vary 

from .009 manhours/sq ft. on the F-84 to .006 manhours/sq ft. 

on the B-57. 

I wish to emphasize that although we are sending this 

information, as requested, this should not be construed to 

mean that we approve the decontamination of contaminated aircraft as a part of operational activities. The 4950th Test 

Group (Nuclear) decontaminates their sampler aircraft primarily for the purpose of avoiding cross contamination during 

sampling operations. 

128 
After REIlWING concluded, AFSWC continued to question the need for aircraft 

decontamination and indicated to the AEC that they intended to reduce considerably the manhours for monitoring and decontaminating aircraft. AFSWC indicated that they expected some ground crew personnel might exceed the 0.300 

R/week or the 3.9 R total. When apprised of this, the LASL project officer 

for cloud sampling wrote a note, also reproduced in Reference A.6, to the 

REIlWING Scientific Director as follows: 

I found that [the AFSW officer replying to NRDL] simply 

could not understand the philosophy which regards every radiation exposure as injurious but accepts minimum exposures for 

critical jobs . . . . I find [his] approach to be extremely 

discouraging. I would like to recommend that he be informed 

of the following facts of life: 

a. That the aircraft are assigned to support our requirements for bomb cloud sampling and would not 

otherwise be participating in test operations. 

b. That there would appear to be no reason why their 

use in sampling should be required to support some 

Air Force objective, particularly when it is clear 

that the two purposes are not compatible. 

c. That the AEC Test Manager supports a philosophy of 

minimal exposure for critical jobs within limits 

established by competent scientific authority. 

d. That all of the precautions have been found to be 

necessary for the operational management and accurate technical control of the radiation exposures of 

the people concerned. 

e. That our experience indicates that the discard of 

any of the precautions is a movement back toward our 

SANDSTONE experience in which people were injured, 

and that this experience covers eight operations in 

which the sampling mission was accomplished by the 

USAF in an outstanding manner with no known injuries. 

f. That, specifically, routine decontamination of sampling aircraft is required to permit the instrumentation and sample support technicians to work on and 

in the aircraft, to prevent the build-up of longlived activity, and increases in the relative background acquired by the airplane on cloud penetration 

from an otherwise sticky traffic film. 

Another from LASL added the following comments (published in Reference 

A.6) : 

129 
We have always gone on the theory that the only good exposure is zero . . . . I could not disagree more violently 

[with the AFSW position]. Perhaps this means that the Air 

Force is so superior that exposure which might hurt other 

people dotes] not damage them and the rules necessary for 

other people [do] not apply to the Air Force personnel. In 

any event, I feel that this was a most unfortunate statement 

. . . . I can think of no finer argument to justify the decontamination procedures which have been used in the past. 

This sentence, in effect, says that we may be able to permit 

sloppy methods and still Squeak by. To this philosophy I 

take a strong exception. It is my recommendation that the 

philosophy expressed in this letter should be firmly rejected 

as it applies to test operations in Nevada and Eniwetok, and 

most particularly as it applies to sampling planes. What the 

Air Force wishes to do at their own bases and in their own 

tactical operation is, of course, no concern of ours. 

Transport of Radioactive Material 

The arrival and proposed use of radioactive sources at the PPG were reported to the Radsafe Officer, TG 7.1. Transport of radioactive material to 

and from the forward area was in accordance with AEC regulations, but assignment of couriers and radsafe monitors was subject to separate instructions. 

No radioactive material could be removed from the test site except as authorized in experimental projects. 

All samples of radioactive material transported by aircraft were packaged 

and loaded to reduce radiation levels to a minimum. Prior to the departure of 

such aircraft, the Sample Return Director, JTF 7, surveyed the aircraft cargo 

hold to determine if precautions were adequate. The following criteria were 

used to determine space and packaging requirements: 

0 Prior exposure of aircraft crew, courier, and passengers 

0 Expected future exposures considering length ofthe trip, 

compartmental loading requirements, and capability toisolate personnel from radioactive material. 

Speci a 

On 

load i n 

1 Missions 

all flyaway, or sample-return, flights the aircraft was monitored, after 

g, by an officer monitor of TU 7 of TG 7.1. The aircrew, couriers, and 

passengers were briefed by the TG 7.4 Sample Return Coordinator and/or the TG 

7.1 monitor about the radioactive samples on board, and the aircraft commander 

was briefed on the air radex area. 

130 
Radsafe monitors on all aircraft were equipped with at least one radiac 

instrument with sufficient range to accomplish all duties. Each monitor took 

an orientation course on radiological safety and use of the radiac several 

days before the flight. Immediately before the flight, the monitor received a 

situation briefing by the TG 7.4 Nuclear Research Officer or a TG 7.1 radsafe 

monitor. 

On flyaway #1 flights, all passengers and crewmembers were issued film 

badges, and film badges were provided for issue at crew change stops. Badges 

intended for issue to new crews were stored in the forward section of the aircraft, outside any measurable radiation field. If any measurable radiation 

intensity appeared in the cockpit, control badges were included with the crew 

badges. On flyaway 12 and 13 flights, film badges were issued whenever any 

individual sample reading was greater than 0.100 R/hr owhen the total radiation intensity readings of all the samples was greater than 0.010 R/hr at one 

meter. 

Hq JTF 7 requested 30 officers from “G 7.2 and 20 officers from ‘E 7.4 to 

complete a specialized course for sample-return duty. Either task group would 

designate one officer from the list before each flight, and he would be brie

in detail by the JTF 7 Sample Return Director (Reference C.O.AG903) 

131 
CHAPTER 3 

DOD EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM 

The REDWING experimental program was focused on the development of weapons, 

with a secondary interest in their effects. The Department of Defense (DOD) 

participated in both weapon development and effects experiments but concentrated on the latter. Within Joint Task Force 7(JTF 7), execution of the experimental program was the function of Task Group 7.1 (TG 7.1). TG 7.1 was 

divided into task units that corresponded with each of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) laboratories or the DOD's experimental program, or that provided 

a key element of support for the scientific programs such as timing, firing, 

and radiological safety. Task units were quite unequal in size, varying from 

nearly 800 men for Task Unit 3 (TU 3), DOD Programs, to a half-dozen for TU6, 

Firing. 

WEAPON LABORATORIES TASK UNITS 

The first two task units were from the weapon laboratories, Los Alamos 

Scientific Laboratory (LASL) (TU 1) and University of California Radiation 

Laboratory (UCRL) (TU 2). These task units manned the weapon development experiments conducted by each laboratory in conjunction with the tests of the 

devices each laboratory provided. Each laboratory had small support groups 

that actually assembled the weapons (TU 10 for LASL and TU 11 and TU 12 for 

UCRL) and provided specialized documentary photographic services (TU 8 for 

LASL and TU 9 for UCRL). Composition of these LASL and UCRL task units was 

primarily civilian with some military personnel. The civilians were employees 

of the University of California, which operated the two weapon laboratories 

for the AEC. hrposure data for the personnel of these task units are not 

available by unit but are available for the organizations involved, LASL and 

UCRL. These are presented in Table 51 (Chapter 10). 

WEAPON EXPERIMENT SUPPORT TASK UNITS 

Two task units performed special activities that were directly connected 

with the conduct of the tests. The first of these was TU 5, Timing. This 

unit provided the circuitry that interconnected the nuclear device and the 

132 
firing center and carried the detonation signal to the device. The firing 

signal was also used by other activities requiring a detonation-time reference 

signallor instrument start signals at various preshot times. This unit was 

staffed by personnel from Edgerton, Germeshausen & Grier (EG&G), an AEC contractor. Exposure data for personnel of this task unit are not available but 

are available for all EG&G personnel at the Pacific Proving Ground (PPG). 

TU 6, Firing, was a small group that activated the firing mechanism through 

circuits leading from the firing center. For Bikini events, the firing was 

initiated from a bunker on Eneu. This bunker was occupied by the firing party 

on all Bikini events except ZUNI, a large, surface burst on Eneman relatively 

close by. On that test, the firing party was aboard USS Curtiss and a radio 

signal activated the mechanisms in the bunker on Eneu, which in turn detonated 

the device. Personnel from the AEC weapon laboratories staffed this task unit. 

SANDIA TASK UNIT 

Sandia Corporation, a subsidiary of Western Electric Company, operated 

Sandia Laboratory for the AEC. Sandia's function in nuclear weapon development activities was transformation of the devices designed and developed by 

the weapons laboratories into weapons usable by DOD. Sandia conducted several 

experiments appropriate to this activity as TU 4. TU 4 was composed entirely 

of Sandia Corporation employees. Exposure data for Sandia personnel are presented in Table 51 (Chapter 10). 

DOD PROGRAMS TASK UNIT 3 

The DOD Effects Program was subdivided into programs focused in areas such 

as blast, nuclear radiation, thermal, etc. These programs were subdivided 

into projects, whose composition is provided below. 

Program 1 -- Blast Effects 

This program was designed to establish basic blast and shock phenomenology 

of specific shots in various environments by measuring blast-wave parameters 

in free air and along the surface. 

The technique for measuring the static overpressure and the dynamic pressure on the surface involved placement of gauges and recording instruments at 

appropriate ranges from the burst point. Measurement of blast parameters in 

133 
free air was attempted in two ways. The first involved dropping blast gauges 

supported by parachute from an aircraft at the time of the detonation and 

telemetering their data to a recording station. A second technique involved 

launching rockets carrying smoke generators just before burst. The smoke 

trails formed a reference grid against which the burst took place. Visible 

effects of the shock's passage were photographed, the resulting films analyzed, and pertinent blast information extracted. 

Besides measurement of basic blast parameters, other experiments were conducted in the blast effects program. For example, ground shock induced by a 

nuclear burst was measured by underground gauges on the shot island. Another 

experiment measured the craters formed by several of the bursts. Techniques 

used were aerial photomapping and direct plumbing of the crater. 

Blast effects personnel were subject to potential radiation exposure during 

construction, instrument placement, and data recovery. None of these projects, 

however, required very much preshot construction in possibly contaminated 

areas; nor did instrumentation placement involve extraordinary exposure potential. Finally, data were either telemetered or in self-recorded formats so 

that early reentry (with incumbent high exposure potential) was not necessary. 

Project 1.1 -- Ground Surface Airblast Pressure versus Distance 

Agency : Army Ballistic Research Laboratories (BRL) 

Operations: Airblast gauges and pressure transducers were installed to 

gain information on propagation of blast waves over different surfaces 

from various yields and heights of burst. Overpressure and dynamic pressure were measured in support of other projects. 

Shots: LACROSSE, YUMA, INCA (Enewetak); CHEROKEE, ZUNI (Bikini). 

Staffinq: Ten persons, all BRL personnel, were associated with this project: three enlisted men and seven civilians. Exposure data for personnel 

are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1301 (Reference C.1.3.1301). 

134 
Table 10. REDWING personnel exposures identifiable by Department of 

Defense scientific projects. 

No. of 

Exposure Ranges (roentgens) 

Element 

Persons 

Badged 0 0.001-0.5 0.5-1 1-1.5 1.5-2 2-2.5 2.5-3 3-4 4-5 5 3.9a 

Over Over 

Project 1.1 

Project 1.2 

Project 1.3 

Project 1.4 

Proiect 1.5 

10 2 4121 

Project 1.6 91 7 1 

Project 1.8 4 21 1 

Project 1.9a 4 1 

Project 1.9b 

Project 1.10 1 1 

11 1 

11 

Program 1 Total 78 7 40 11 7 4 6 111 1 

Project 2.1 

Project 2.2 

6 1 

3 

1 1 213 

123 

Project 2.4 

Project 2.51 4 

2 2 

Project 2.52 1 1 

Project 2.62 

Project 2.61 5 2 1 1 1 

11 3 1321 1 

Project 2.63 

Project Management 6 

Program 2 Control Center 3 1 

11 121 

Enewetak Operations 8 3 111 2 3 

Bikini Operations 27 6 6 4 533 

14 1 2 2342 

3 

Laboratorv ODerations 

1 111 1 

11 

Ship Operations 15 1 13 

Radsafe Operations 14 

4 42 

223241 

2 

Total Project 2.63 87 1 4 

91 4 

7 13 17 10 17 10 6 2 8 

Project 2.64 11 11 

Project 2.65 30 3 

Project 2.66a 

2 

12 1 3 

Project 2.66b 

Project 2.71 2 

Project 2.72 5 2 1 1 1 

2 

Project 2.8 5 

Project 2.9 2 

Project 2.10 3 111 

14 89 314 

2 31 2 4 

2 1 1 

32 

1 11 

Program 2 Total 189 3 20 19 20 25 13 28 30 20 11 34 

Project 3.1 4 3 1 

Project 4.1 14 1 3 541 

Project 5.1 

Project 5.7 

Project 5.3 

Project 5.4 

Project 5.5 

Project 5.6 

Project 5.7 

Project 5.8 

Project 5.9 

Program 5 Total 

Project 6.la-b 

Project 6.3 

Project 6.4 

Project 6.5 

Project 6.6 

Program 6 Total 

Project 8.la 

Project 8.lb 

Project 8.lc 

Project 8.2 

Project 8.3 

Project 8.4 

Project 8.5 

Program 8 Total 

3 

37 1 6 1413 8 3 1 1 

2 1 

25 3 4 

1 1 

2364 

71 4 

3 3 

2 

23 

71 2 

18 2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

I I 

71 1 11 12 

111 7 37 7 8 23 15 8 6 6 

5 1 1 1 11 1 

Offsite non-PPG experiments 

41 1 

53 

3 3 

11 

1 1 

17 1 8 1 22 21 1 

17 

4 

5 

4 

4 

31 2 

1 1 

12 4 

3 1 

5 

3 1 

2 1 1 

1 

38 1 25 7 11 

Hi h (Rq 

7.1 

2.3 

0.6 

0.9 

2.4 

0.6 

1.1 

4.7 

0 

2.3 

4.7 

5.7 

5.7 

3.2 

4.7 

0.1 

3.7 

3.3 

3.8 

2.9 

4.9 

5.9 

2.4 

4.7 

3.6 

5.9 

3.0 

15.8 

6.8 

3.7 

2.9 

2.5 

1.2 

5.4 

3.1 

15.8 

0.5 

1.9 

2.2 

4.5 

4.9 

2.7 

4.5 

1.7 

2.7 

2.3 

2.7 

4.9 

4.1 

2.4 

0.4 

3.0 

4.1 

3.2 

0.6 

0.2 

0.5 

2.7 

0.2 

0.4 

3.2 

Note: 

aBasic Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) was 3.9 R (gama) per 13-week period; a special MPE of 20 R (gama) 

Source: Reference C.1.7.3. 

per 13-week period was established for cloud samplers. 

135 
Project 1.2 -- Blast Measurements on a Medium-Yield Surface Burst 

Agency: Sandia Corporation (SC) 

Operations: Static overpressure and dynamic pressure gauges were installed 

on Runit. Readings on the closest gauge were recorded by wireless telemetry on Parry. Naval Ordnance Laboratory also took blast measurements in 

conjunction with the project. 

- Shot: LACROSSE (Enewetak) . 

Staffinq: The only identified person involved was the project officer. 

He received 2.270 R. 

Project Report: WT-1302 (Reference C.1.3.1302). 

Project 1.3 -- Blast Measurements by Shock Photography 

Agency: Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL) 

Operations: Rocket launchers were placed on Bokbata to obtain blast measurements vertically above the burst point and at horizontal ranges via 

photography and smoke rockets. Photography was by EGG, Project 9.la. 

Shots: LACROSSE, SEMINOLE, INCA, MOHAWK (Enewetak); CHEROKEE, ZUNI 

(Bikini). 

Staffing,: Eight persons were associated with this project, all from NOL

(five civilians, three servicemen). Exposure data are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1303. 

PLoject 1.4 -- Free-Air Pressure Measurements at Altitude 

Agency : Air Force Cambridge Research Center (AF'CRC) 

Operations: Drop aircraft deployed a vertical array of 12 parachute-borne, 

telemetering, blast-pressure canisters to measure free-air peak overpressure and overpressure versus time vertically above an airburst. The results were telemetered to ES Catamount. 

- Shot: CHEROKEE (Bikini). 

Staffing: Twenty persons participated, although a discrepancy exists 

between the Consolidated List and the project report regarding the 

136 
affiliation of certain of them. Eight civilians were involved who may 

have been either Bendix Corporation (Reference C.1.3.1304) or AFCRC 

(Consolidated List) personnel. Of the other twelve, one was a civilian 

and eleven were military, including four identified as aircraft crewmen. 

Exposure data are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1304 (Reference C.1.3.1304). 

Project 1.5 -- Transient Drag Loading of Actual and Idealized Shapes 

Agency : Army Ballistic Research Laboratories (BRL) 

Operations: Structural components, jeeps, and recording and structure 

instrumentation were emplaced to investigate aerodynamic-drag characteristics, drag coefficients, response of drag-type targets, and airblast diffraction and drag-loading. Full-scale beams, spherical shapes, military 

vehicles, and a concrete cubicle were used in the experiment. 

Shots: LACROSSE, YUMA (Enewetak); CHEROKEE, ZUNI (Bikini). 

Staffing: Twenty participated (ten civilians, ten military), including 

one serviceman from Sandia Base. Exposure data are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1305 (Reference C.1.3.1305). 

Project 1.6 -- Drag Loading on Model Targets 

Agency : Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL) 

Operations: Mode1 targets (cubes, spheres, cylinders, parallelepipeds) 

were emplaced and equipped with pressure gauges to measure drag foces as 

function of time. Dynamic pressure gauges were also installed, with recording at a more distant station via land lines. 

Shot: LACROSSE (Enewetak) . 

Staffing: Nine persons worked on this project, all from NOLI including 

two servicemen and seven civilians. Exposure data are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1306 (Reference C.1.3.1306). 

Project 1.8 -- Crater Measurements 

Agency : Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratories (ERDL) 

137 
Operations: Physical characteristics of craters produced by detonations 

were measured to promote crater-prediction phenomenology. Crater radius, 

depth, and approximate profile were determined by aerial photography, helicopter soundings, and lead-line measurements from LCMs. Holmes & Narver 

survey crews performed lead-line soundings, and the Raydist system was used 

to position LCM. Preshot activities required a survey ofground zero; as 

ZUNI ground zero was the KOON crater from the 1954 CASTLE series, this 

preshot activity could have entailed some radiation exposure for participating personnel. 

Shots: LACROSSE, SEMINOLE, MOHAWK (Enewetak); ZUNI, TEWA (Bikini). 

Staffinq: Discrepancies exist between the Consolidated List and the project report regarding the affiliation of project personnel. Nevertheless, 

four persons can be associated with Project 1.8: three military (one probably from ERDL and two from the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project) and 

one civilian (probably from Raydist Corporation). Exposure data are shown 

in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1307 (Reference C.1.3.1307). 

Project 1.9a -- Direct Water-Wave Measurements 

Agency : Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) 

Operations: Water-wave data from Bikini and Enewetak lagoons were analyzed. Principal observations were made by bottom-pressure-versus-time 

recorders adapted to different locations and by technical photography. 

Instrumentation sites were on shore, floating, and submerged. Divers 

placed and recovered subsurface instrumentation. Inundation surveys were 

conducted by aerial photography and placement and retrieval of empty cans 

at selected points. The camera station on Eneu was manned by EG&G 

employees. 

Shots: YUMA, ERIE, SEMINOLE, OSAGE, INCA, MOHAWK, APACHE, HURON (Enewetak) ; all Bikini shots. 

Staffinp: Four badged personnel can be associated with this project, all 

SI0 civilians. Exposure data are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1369 (Reference C.1.3.1369). 

138 
Project 1.9b -- Indirect Water Waves from Large-Yield Bursts 

Agency : Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) 

Operations: Long-period, water-wave recording systems were installed at 

Ailinginae, Wake, Johnston, and Enewetak to measure waves from Bikini sho

in order to determine the capability to predict the nature and characteristics of long-period waves produced by tests at ranges well beyond the 

zone of significant blast damage. There is no indication that project personnel were closer than the Enewetak installation to the Bikini test site. 

Shots: All Bikini shots. 

Staffing: One SI0 civilian can be definitely associated with this project. 

His badge had zero exposure. 

Project Report: WP-1308 (Reference C.1.3.1308). 

Project 1.10 -- Blast over Vegetated and Cleared Areas 

Agency : Sandia Corporation (SC) 

Operations: Gauges to measlire blast overpressure and dynamic pressure 

were installed on Lujor to determine differences in blast effects over 

vegetated and sandy surfaces. 

Shots: INCA (Enewetak) . 

Staffing: The only identified person involved is the project officer, 

whose exposure was 2.270 R. 

Project Report: WP-1309 (Reference C.1.3.1309). 

Program 2 -- Nuclear Radiation 

The program was planned to obtain complete fallout data to assist in constructing a fallout model that would permit extrapolation to different devices, 

burst heights, and surface conditions. In addition, several projects involved 

decontamination and nuclear-radiation countermeasures. Finally, projects to 

study initial gamma and neutron radiations were scheduled to secure data in 

areas where existing knowledge was considered unreliable or incomplete. 

139 
This program was oriented primarily to Bikini operations, and a more detailed discussion of this program is contained in Chapter 4. Projects conducted for this program are summarized below. 

Project 2.1 -- Gama Exposure versus Distance 

Agencies: Army Signal Engineering Laboratories (SEL) 

Army Evans Signal Laboratory (ESL) 

Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) 

Operations: Dosimeters were installed at various stations throughout 

Bikini Atoll and exposed to initial and residual gama radiation to determine gamma exposures versus distance from the point of detonation. The 

dosimeters were collected after each shot (usually within a week) and new 

dosimeters set up before the next shot. 

Shots: All Bikini shots. 

Staffing: Four persons from either SEL or ESL were associated with this 

project (three civilians and one military). In addition, two military 

from AFSWC were involved. Exposure data are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: W-1310 (Reference C.1.3.1310). 

Project 2.2 -- Gamma Exposure Rate versus Time 

Agencies: Army Signal Engineering Laboratories (SEL) 

Army Evans Signal Laboratory (ESL) 

Operations: Initial and residual gamma exposure rates as a function Of 

time were obtained at various distances from the detonations. Initial and 

residual gamma instrumentation was installed at sites on Bikini Atoll at 

the latest practical time before each shot and recovered postshot as soon 

as radsafe conditions permitted. A Marine helicopter was used in an attempt to determine crater-lip exposure by dropping a detector and then 

orbiting at safe distance to receive measurements. 

Shots: All Bikini shots except DAKOTA. 

Staffing: Three persons from SEL were definitely associated with this 

project. Exposure data are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: W-1311 (Reference C.1.3.1311). 

14 0 
Project 2.4 -- Decontamination and Protection 

Agency: Army Chemical Research Labs/Chemical Warfare Labs (CRL) 

Operations: To investigate decontamination techniques for construction 

materials, panels of various construction materials were mounted on YAG-39 

(USS George Eastman) and YAG-40 (USS Granville S. Hall), which operated 

through regions of fallout. The panels were removed at Parry for decontamination tests. 

Shots: CHEROKEE, ZUNI, FLATHEAD, NAVAJO, TEWA (Bikini). 

Staffing: Two civilians can be identified with this project, both from 

CIU. Exposure data are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1312 (Reference C.1.3.1312). 

Project 2.51 -- Neutron-Flux Measurements 

Agencies: Army Chemical Research Labs/Chemical Warfare Labs (CRL) 

Air Force School of Aviation Medicine (AF'SAM) 

Operations: Neutron detectors were placed in predetermined locations at 

distances of about 200 to 1,000 yards (183 to 915 meters) from the device 

to measure the neutron flux and spectrum. 

Shots: YUMA, ERIE, BLACKFOOT, KICKAPOO, OSAGE (Enewetak); CHEROKEE 

(Bikini). 

Staffing: Four persons were affiliated with this project: three from CRL 

(two civilians, one military) and one military from AFSAM. Exposure data 

are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1313 (Reference C.1.3.1313). 

Project 2.52 -- Neutron-Induced Soil Radioactivity 

Agency : Sandia Corporation (SC) 

Operations: Soil samples were exposed to neutron radiation to help establish the importance of neutron-induced residual gamma radiation. The soil 

samples were encased in containers and attached by cable to a concrete 

deadman. Recovery was accomplished by helicopter shortly after detonation. 

141 
Shots: YUMA (Enewetak); CHEROKEE (Bikini). 

Staffing: The project officer is the only identified person. He received 

0.090 R. 

Project Report: WT-1314 (Reference C.1.3.1314). 

Project 2.61 -- Rocket Determination of Activity Distribution Within 

the Stabilized Cloud 

Agencies: Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL) 

Horning-Cooper (also noted as Cooper Development Corp.) 

Operations: Forty rockets were fired from Eneu through the radioactive 

clouds and the results telemetered to Eneu and USS Knudson. 

Shots: CHEROKEE, ZUNI, NAVAJO, TEWA (Bikini). 

Staffing: Five persons were asociated with this project: four from NRDL 

(three civilians, one uniformed) and one from Horning-Cooper. Exposure 

data are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1315 (Reference C.1.3.1315). 

Project 2.62 -- Fallout Studies by Oceanographic Methods 

Agency : Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) 

Operations: USS McGinty, USS Silverstein, and MV Horizon surveyed fallout 

area, making various radiometric and oceanographic measurements in contaminated water and collecting water samples. Ship movements were coordinated by the Control Center on USS Estes. Horizon met YAG-39 to conduct 

certain measurements. LCU-1136 performed a radiological survey of lagoon, 

and USS Sioux picked up deep-moored skiffs. Pretest surveys of the nearby 

ocean waters were also made. 

Shots: All Bikini shots. 

Staffing: Eleven civilians from SI0 can definitely be associated with the 

project. Exposure data are shown in Table 10. 

Project Reports: WT-1316 (Reference C.1.3.1316); WT-1349 (C.1.3.1349). 

142 
Project 2.63 -- Characterization of Fallout 

Participating Agencies 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Bureau of Ships 

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 

New York Naval Shipyard 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project 

Hanford Atomic Power Operations (GE) 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory 

Total 

Identified Personnel 

Civilian Military Total 

51 

2 

- 

1 

3 

6 

2 

65 

- 

69 

4 

1 

1 

4 

6 

2 

87 

- 

Operations: Fallout samples were collected from all the Bikini tests except DAKOTA. Radiological surveys were made of the Ocean waters in the 

fallout zones for these shots. Collection stations were land based on 

Bikini, Nam, Jelete, and Aomen islands at Bikini Atoll; on unmanned rafts, 

skiffs, and barges YFNB-13 and YFNB-39 moored in Bikini Lagoon and in the 

open sea northwest to northeast of Bikini; and from the manned and radiologically shielded ships YAG39, YAG-40, and USS Crook County. Activities 

included : 

Control Center -- aboard USS Estes doing fallout prediction, 

data interpretation, and manned ship control. 

Bikini Operations -- placement, arming, and data recovery 

from collectors on land and moored stations. Subdivided into 

Barge Team, Raft Team, and Skiff Team. 

Ship Operations -- operations of ship-borne instrumentation, 

water sampling, and sample preparation. Subdivided into 

YAG30 Team, YAG-40 Team, and Crook County Team. 

Laboratory Operations -- laboratory analysis was done on 

YAG-40 while underway and at Parry Island at Enewetak. 

Enewetak Operations -- preparation and forwarding of samples 

to NRDL for further analysis and also routine administrative 

functions. 

Radsafe Operation -- individual monitors accompanied the 

teams in their work. All persons cited as being from the New 

York Naval Shipyard, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Hanford Atomic Power Operation were part of this operation. 

143 
Project 2.64 -- Fallout Location and Delineation by Aerial Surveys 

Agency : Atomic Energy Commission, New York Operations Office 

(AEC-NYKOPO) 

Operations: Radiation detectors were mounted in P2V-5 aircraft that surveyed ocean areas of expected fallout. Four planes, stationed at Enewetak 

Island, were available but only oner two were used on a single day. Helicopters and P2V-5 aircraft were used for air-absorption measurements. 

Shots: SEMINOLE, MOHAWK (Enewetak) ; CHEROKEE, ZUNI, FLATHEAD, NAVAJO, 

TEWA (Bikini). 

Staffing: Nine AEC (civilian) personnel were associated with this project. 

Exposure data are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1318 (Reference C.1.3.1318). 

Project 2.65 -- Land Fallout Studies 

Agencies: Army Chemical Research Labs/Chemical Warfare Labs (CRL) 

Army 9710th Test Unit, ACC Detachment, Edgewood Arsenal 

Operations: Fallout samples were collected on Bikini and Enewetak atolls, 

a barge, and three ships to make radiochemical and radiophysical measurements and exposure-rate contours, and assess the role of base surge in 

radioactive transport. A probe was lowered from a helicopter to within 

3 feet (1 meter) of the ground to record radiation,readings. 

Shots: LACROSSE (Enewetak); CHEROKEE, ZUNI, FLATHEAD, NAVAJO, TEWA 

(Bikini). 

Staffing: Thirty persons were associated with Project 2.65: twenty-five 

affiliated with CRL (thirteen military and twelve civilians), and five 

affiliated with the 9710th. The group's overall exposure data are shown 

in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1319 (Reference C.1.3.1319). 

Project 2.66a -- Early Cloud Penetrations 

Agencies: Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) 

Kaiser Electric 

14 4 
Operations: To measure radiation exposure and exposure rate received when 

flying through a radioactive cloud, 27 penetrations of six nuclear clouds 

at times from 20 to 78minutes after detonation and at altitudes from 

20,000 to 50,000 feet (6.2 to 15.3 km). Maximum radiation rates as high 

as 800 R/hr were observed and several flights yielded total individual 

exposures of 15 R to the crew. Kaiser Electric advised on the electronic 

instrumentation. The TG 7.4 Early Penetration Element contributed aircrews and aircraft. Aircrews were later monitored for possible internal 

dose. 

Shots: APACHE (Enewetak); CHEROKEE, ZUNI, FLATHEAD, DAKOTA, NAVAJO 

(Bikini). 

Staffing: Eleven from AFSWC were identified with the project (all military), in addition to one civilian from Kaiser Electric. Exposure data 

for the 12 men identified with the project are shown in Table 10.(Exposure data for the Early Penetration Element is covered in Chapter 8.) 

Project Report: WT-1320 (Reference C.1.3.1320). 

Project 2.66b -- Contact Radiation Hazard Associated with Aircraft 

Contaminated by Early Cloud Penetrations 

Aqency: Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) 

Operations: F-84 and/or B-57 aircraft (Project 2.66a see above) penetrated the cloud at times from 24 to 40 minutes, returning to Enewetak 

within 1 hour. Measurements were taken over the next 21 hours to establish the radiation levels on various sections of planes and assess the 

protection to the aircrew afforded by wearing different types of gloves. 

Crews from TG 7.4 Early Penetration Element assisted. 

Shots: ERIE, INCA, APACHE (Enewetak); ZUNI, FLATHEAD, DAKOTA (Bikini). 

Staff inq: Exposure data for the TG 7.4 Early Penetration Element is cOVered in Chapter 8. Two men from AFSWC were identified with the project 

and exposure data for these personnel are shown in Table 10. These men 

were also participants in Project 2.66a. 

Project Report: WT-1368 (Reference C.1.3.1368). 

14 5 
Project 2.71 -- Ship-Shielding Studies 

Agency : Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL) 

Operations: To determine the relative gamma radiation fields on ships and 

environments and the interaction of gamma radiation with steel, detectors 

were installed at various locations on YAG39 and YAG40, which maneuvered 

in vicinity of fallout. The data were returned to Parry for evaluation. 

Shots: CHEROKEE, ZUNI, FLATHEAD, NAVAJO, TEWA (Bikini). 

Staffing: Two civilians from NRDL can be identified with the project. 

Exposure data are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1321. 

Project 2.72 - Evaluation of Two Standard Navy Dosimeters in Residual 

Radiation Fields Aboard Ships 

Agencies: Navy Bureau of Ships (Buships) 

Navy Bureau Medicine and Surgery (BuMed) 

Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL) 

Operations: Many dosimeters were mounted on Masonite phantoms (a representation of a human form) and exposed to fallout on YAG-39 and YAG-40, 

which maneuvered through fallout fields. The YAGs departed Bikini on the 

day preceding each shot and returned to Enewetak postshot, where slides 

and dosimeters were removed. A week elapsed between loading and reading 

dosimeters. 

Shots: FLATHEAD, TEWA (Bikini). 

Staffing: Five persons can be identified with this project: four civilians (two from NRL, one frm NRDL, one from Buships) and one military from 

BuMed. Exposure data for identified personnel are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: W-1350 (Reference C.1.3.1350). 

Project 2.8 -- Shipboard Radiological-Countermeasure Methods 

Agency: Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL) 

14 6 
Operations: Various test surfaces and specimens were exposed to fallout 

on YAG-39, YAG-40, Crook County, and YFNB-29. Contaminability-decontaminability studies were performed when ships returned to Enewetak Lagoon. 

Shots: ZUNI, FLATHEAD, NAVAJO, TEWA (Bikini). 

Staffing: Five civilians from NRDL were associated with this Project. 

(The decontamination work itself was performed by a crew from USS Estes 

brought Over from Bikini.) Exposure data for the NmL personnel identified are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1322 (Reference C.1.3.1322). 

Project 2.9 -- Standard Recovery Procedure for Tactical Decontamination 

of Ships 

Agencies: Navy Bureau of Ships (Buships) 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL) 

Operations: YAG-39, YAG-40, and Crook County were contaminated by fallout 

and then subjected to decontamination procedures such as firehosing, handscrubbing, and hot-liquid-jet cleaning. Some sections of the ships were 

washed down previously, others not. 

Shots: ZUNI, FLATHEAD, NAVAJO, TEWA (Bikini). 

Staffing: Two civilians, one from BuShips and one from NRDL, can be identified with this project. (Actual decontamination was performed by a crew 

from Estes brought to Enewetak.) Exposure data for identified personnel 

are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1323 (Reference C.1.3.1323). 

Project 2.10 -- Verification of Shipboard Washdown Countermeasures 

Agencies: Navy Bureau of Ships (BuShips) 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL) 

Operations: YAG-39 and YAG40 were equipped with washdown systems that 

sprayed the aft portion of the ship, but not the forward. The YAGs 

maneuvered throughout fallout operating their washdown systems, delivered 

samples to Bikini, and returned to Enewetak for decontamination. 

14 7 
Shots: (3HEROKEE, ZUNI, FLATHEAD, NAVAJO, TEWA (Bikini). 

Staffing: Three were assigned to this project: one civilian from BuShips, 

one civilian from NRDL, and one military from NRDL. (Actual decontamination was performed by a crew from Estes brought to Enewetak.) Exposure 

data for the identified personnel are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1324 (Reference C.3.1.1324). 

Program 3 -- Effects on Structures 

This program was chiefly concerned with checking the effect of blast from 

multimegaton devices on structures and consisted of one basic experiment: exposure of several steel-framed, industrial-type buildings to airblast loading 

from CHEROKEE. 

Project 3.1 -- Effect of Length of Positive Phase of Blast on 

Drag-Type and Semidrag-Type Industrial Buildings 

Agencies: Blast Effects Group, Air Force Wright Air Development Center 

(WAX) 

University of Illinois 

Army Ballistic Research Laboratories (BRL) 

Operations: Six steel-frame, industrial-type buildings constructed on 

Iroij and three manmade islands were instrumented and exposed to the 

CHEROKEE blast. To set the structures at the proper ranges from burst 

point, three manmade islands were constructed along the reef between Nam 

and Iroij at Bikini from material dredged from the lagoon bottom and retained by bulkheads. The buildings constructed on these were instrumented 

for reaction to the blast (see Figure 8). Films also recorded the response 

of the buildings. Both self-recording gauges and electronic recording was 

used. Instrumentation installation and recording was done by BRL. 

Shot: CHEWKEE (Bikini) 

Staffing: Four persons were associated with this project: two civilians, 

one from BRL and one from University of Illinois, and two military, from 

(WAX). Exposure data for the identified personnel are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1325 (Reference C.1.3.1325). 

14 8 
Program 4 -- Biological Effects 

This program consisted of one project, which exposed animals in order to 

study the induction of chorioretinal burns as the result of viewing the fireball. Rabbits and monkeys were exposed in holding devices so their eyes looked 

at the burst point. Data recovery was by medical examination of test animals. 

Project 4.1 -- Chorioretinal Burns 

Agencies: Air Force School of Aviation Medicine (AFSAM) 

Air Force Wright Air Development Center (WAX) 

Operations: The eyes of rabbits and monkey were exposed to thermal radiation from six shots. The animals were placed at various exposure sites 

and then recovered and returned to Japtan. Placement of the test animals 

and their postshot recovery required careful timing and prompt reentry to 

protect the general health of the test subjects. Exposure stationsn 

Eneu and Bikini islands for the Bikini shots and Japtan and Runit for the 

Enewetak shots were not particularly close-in, however. 

Shots: LACROSSE, ERIE, MOHAWK (Enewetak); CHEROKEE, ZUNI, NAVAJO (Bikini) 

Staffing: Fourteen were associated with this project: twelve from AFSAM 

(ten military and two civilians) and two military from WAX. Exposure 

data are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1326 (Reference C.1.3.1326). 

Program 5 -- Effects on Aircraft Structures 

Program 5 was implemented primarily to ensure that current weapon-delivery 

criteria were reliable and that the maximum delivery capability of the aircraft 

was correctly defined. A secondary objective was the collectionf basic data 

for use in the theoretical analyses of the delivery capability of other aircraft types. 

Most experiments in this program required direct inflight exposure of Air 

Force and Navy aircraft. The aircraft were specially instrumented to record 

response to the thermal pulse and airblast wave. A ground-based project exposed missile materials on towers very close to the burst points ofeveral 

shots, with sample recovery requirements. 

149 
Project 5.1 -- Thermal and Blast Load Effects on a B-47E Aircraft in Flight 

Agencies: Air Force Wright Air Development Center (WADC) 

Cook Research Laboratories 

Hastings Instrument Company 

Operations: B-47E aircraft instrumented to measure thermal, overpressure, 

gust, and aircraft response were exposed inflight for nine shots: side-on 

for MOHAWK and HURON, and heading away from ground zero for all others. 

Shots: MOHAWK, APACHE, HURON (Enewetak); all Bikini shots. 

Staffinq: Three persons were definitely associated with this project: two 

from WAX (one military, one civilian), and one from CokResearch Laboratories. Their exposures are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: W-1327 (Reference C.1.3.1327). 

Project 5.2 -- In-Flight Participation of a B-52 

Agencies: Air Force Wright Air Development Center (WADC) 

Wing Aircraft Company 

Operations: A B-52 was extensively instrumented to obtain measured-energy 

input and aircraft response data. The major instrumentation for aircraft 

response positioning was done by a Bombing Navigation System (BNS). Participation was scheduled for nine shots, but on one shot the aircraft 

aborted just before detonation because of BNS difficulties. 

Shots: MOHAWK, APACHE, HURON (Enewetak); CHEROKEE, ZUNI, DAKOTA, NAWO, 

"WA (Bikini). 

Staffinq: At least 37 persons were associated with this project: 29 civilians (including 3 from Boeing and 26 from WAX) and 8 military personnel from WAX. Exposure data are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1328 (Reference C.1.3.1328). 

Project 5.3 -- In-Flight Participation of B-66 Aircraft 

Agencies: Air Force Wright Air Development Center (WAX) 

Douglas Aircraft Company 

150 
Operations: A B-66B was exposed inflight to shock wave and thermal pulse, 

primarily to define delivery capabilities of aircraft. 

Shots: LACROSSE, ERIE, INCA, MOHAWK, APACHE, HURON (Enewetak); all Bikini 

shots. 

Staffing: One civilian from WAX is definitely associated with this project; he received 2.735 R. Exposure data are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1329 (Reference C.1.3.1329). 

Project 5.4 -- In-Flight Participation of a B-57B 

Agencies: Air Force Wright Air Development Center (WADC) 

Mar tin Company 

Operations: A B-57B was instrumented to measure overpressure, gust, and 

thermal inputs, plus response of components during flight. 

Shots: LACROSSE, ERIE, INCA, APACHE, HURON (Enewetak); ZUNI, FLATHEAD, 

DAKOTA (Bikini). 

Staffing: Twenty-five were associated with this project: five military 

and twenty civilians (nineteen from WADC and one from Martin). Exposure 

data are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1330 (Reference C.1.3.1330). 

Project 5.5 -- In-Flight Participation of F-84F Aircraft 

Agencies: Air Force Wright Air Development Center (WADC) 

Cook Research Laboratories 

Operations: Two F-84F aircraft were exposed inflight to nuclear blast and 

thermal loads. One aircraft was designated for "capabilities" and the 

other for "research." Both were instrumented with numerous sensors and 

were positioned by the Raydist system for Bikini operations and radar at 

Enewetak. 

Shots: LACROSSE, ERIE, MOHAWK, APACHE, HURON (Enewetak); CHEROKEE, ZUNI, 

FLATHEAD, DAKOTA, NAVAJO (Bikini) . 

'15 1 
Staffing: Seven were associated with this project: six military from 

WAX and one civilian from Cook Research Laboratories. Exposure data for 

these are in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1331 (Reference C.1.3.1331). 

Project 5.6 -- In-Flight Participation of F-1O1A Aircraft 

Agencies: Air Force Wright Air Development Center (WADC) 

McDonne11 Aircraft Company 

Operations: An F-1OlA aircraft was instrumented to measure inflight gust, 

blast, and thermal inputs and responses to these on components of airframe 

and engine. The aircraft was positioned at predetermined points in the 

vicinity of detonations. 

Shots: LACROSSE, ERIE, MOWHAK, APACHE, HURON (Enewetak); FLATHEAD, DAKOTA, 

NAVAJO (Bikini). 

Staffing: Twenty-three persons were associated with this project: six 

military from WADC and seventeen civilians (three from McDonnell and fourteen from WADC). Exposure data are given in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1332 (Reference C.1.3.1332). 

Project 5.7 -- Albedo and Thermal-Flux Measurements from Aircraft 

Aqencies: Air Force Cambridge Research Center (AFCRC) 

Technical Operations, Inc. (TechOps) 

Allied Research Associates (AM) 

Operations: Calorimeters, radiometers, spectrographs, and cameras were 

placed in each of four aircraft provided by WADC Aircraft Effects Program 

(Projects 5.1 through 5.4). WAX also checked instrumentation. NRDL furnished thermal sensors. 

Shots: LACROSSE, ERIE, INCA, MOHAWK, APACHE, HURON (Enewetak); CHEROKEE, 

ZUNI, FLATHEAD, DAKOTA, NAVAJO, TEWA (Bikini) . 

Staffing: Seven persons were definitely associated with Project 5.7, two 

military and four civilians from AFCRC. Another civilian was from either 

AE'CRC or Am. Exposure data for personnel are shown in Table 10. 

152 
Project Report: WT-1333 (Reference C.1.3.1333). 

Project 5.8 -- Evaluation of the A3D-1 Aircraft for Special Weapons 

Delivery Capability 

Agencies: Navy Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) 

Naval Air Special Weapons Facility (NASWF) 

Douglas Aircraft Company 

Operations: An A3D-1 aircraft was instrumented to record thermal radiation and blast and gamma data and exposed to seven shots. The aircraft 

was heading away from all shots at time of burst. 

Shots: APACHE, HURON (Enewetak); CHEROKEE, ZUNI, FLATHEAD, NAVAJO, TEWA 

(Bikini). 

Project Report: WT-1334 (Reference C.1.3.1334). 

Project 5.9 -- Weapon Effects on Missile Structures and Materials 

Agencies: Air Force Wright Air Development Center (WADC) 

University of Day ton 

University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCFtL) 

Allied Research Associates (AM) 

General Electric Company 

Operations: A total of 103 specimens (covering 30 different designs) was 

exposed to fireballs of two shots. Samples were located at varying distances from ground zero, some on lightweight towers. Eighty-eight specimens were recovered at varying times, up to 1 November 1956. 

Shots: ERIE, MOHAWK (Enewetak) . 

Staffing: Seven persons were definitely associated with this project: 

one from WADC, three from University of Dayton, two from UCRL, and one 

from ARA. All were civilians except he person from WAX. Exposure data 

are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1335 (Reference C.1.3.1335). 

153 
Program 6 -- Studies of Electromagnetic Effects 

Program 6 emphasized long-range detection of nuclear explosions, utilizing 

the electromagnetic signal generated by the explosion. An additional aim was 

the study of effects of nuclear explosions on the ionosphere and the attenuation of radio waves in highly ionized regions. Experimental close-in telemetry links were tested to determine if the propagation path was affected by the 

bur st. 

Program 6 activities did not present an opportunity for radiation exposure 

of project personnel. The only project having close-in instrumentation telemetered data back to the base islands, and early reentry was not required. 

Project 6.la -- Short-Baseline Narol Measurements 

Agency : Air Force Cambridge Research Center (AFCRC) 

Operations: Stations located in Hawaiian Islands and California used 

time-to-arrival bomb detector nets to study the feasibility of using the 

electrmagnetic pulse from a nuclear detonation to determine ground-zero 

position and yield. 

Shots: All. 

Staffing: Since stations were not at Pacific Proving Ground, no radiation 

exposure potential existed for the personnel involved in this project. 

Project Report: WT-1336 (Reference C.1.3.1336). 

Project 6.lb -- Field-Strength Measurement for Accurate Location Of 

Electromagnetic Pulse Sources 

Aqencies: Air Force Cambridge Research Center (AFCRC) 

Sperry Gyroscope Company 

Operations: To determine the accuracy with which sources of electromagnetic radiation resulting from atomic explosions could be located at remote 

ranges, stations were established in the Central Pacific and continental 

United States. Sperry Gyroscope Company operated two networks. 

Shots: All. 

Staffing: The closest station was 1,450 nmi (2,685 km) from the test site, 

so no exposure potential existed for the personnel of this project. One 

154 
civilian from AFCRC is listed in the Consolidated List; he has a recorded 

exposure of zero, but apparently he did not return all of his film badges. 

Project Report: WT-1350 (Reference C.1.3.1350). 

Project 6.3 -- Ionospheric Effects of Nuclear Detonations 

Agencies: Army Signal Engineering Laboratories (SEL) 

Army Evans Signal Laboratories (ESL) 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center (AFCRC) 

Operations: Ionospheric disturbances were recorded by instrumentation 10- 

cated at Rongerik and Kusaie, and on aircraft within 400 km of ground zero. 

Shots: MOHAWK, APACHE, HURON (Enewetak); all (Bikini). 

Staffing: Since stations were not at the Pacific Proving Ground, personnel involved were not exposed for this project. However, five men were 

badged and are shown on Table 10. The exposures shown on Table 13 would 

have not resulted fran project activities. 

Project Report: WT-1337 (Reference C.1.3.1337). 

Project 6.4 -- Airborne Antennas and Phototubes for Determination Of 

Nuclear-Weapon Yield 

Aqencies: Air Force Wright Air Development Center (WADC) 

Advance Industries, Inc . Convair-General Dynamics Company 

Operations: Measurements were taken on 14 shots (10 from aircraft and 4 

from ground) of electromagnetic radiation and thermal radiation. For inflight measurements the aircraft was exposed with its right side broadside 

to burst and generally at 18,000 feet (5.5 km) altitude. 

Shots: LACROSSE, YUMA, BLACKFOOT, KICKAPOO, OSAGE, INCA, MOHAWK, APACHE, 

HURON (Enewetak); CHEROKEE, ZUNI, DAKOTA, NAVAJO, TEWA (Bikini). 

Staffing: Four persons, all civilians with Advance Industries, are associated with this project and are shown on Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1352 (Reference C.1.3.1352). 

155 
Project 6.5 -- Measurement of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation 

from Nuclear Detonations 

Agencies: Army Signal Engineering Laboratories (SEL) 

9677th Test Unit, Ft. Monmouth 

Operations: Detection and recording instrumentation was installed at Enewetak (Parry) and Kwajalein to obtain oscillographic waveforms of electromagnetic pulses generated by the detonations. 

Shots : All except LACROSSE. 

Staffing: Five persons are definitely associated with the project: three 

civilians from SEL, one military from SEL, and one military from 9677th 

Test Unit. Exposure data for identified personnel are shown in Table 10.

Project Report: WT-1353 (Reference C.1.3.1353). 

Project 6.6 -- Attenuation of Telemetry Frequencies by Nuclear 

Detonations 

Agency : Naval Research Laboratory (NFU) 

Operations: Electromagnetic propagation anomalies were measured at an 

early time after detonation with telemetry links, receivers, and transmitters. Three shots were involved, but data were acquired from only two. 

Shots: BLACKFOOT, OSAGE, INCA (Enewetak) . 

Staffing: Three NRL civilians identified with the project are shown on 

Table 10. 

Program 8 -- Thermal Radiation and Effects 

Program 8 primarily documented the thermal output of the CHEROKEE airburst. 

A secondary objective was to collect data on thermal phenomenology and thermal 

effects on materials. 

Basic thermal radiation measurements were made from ground and aircraft 

stations. These experiments placed some instrumentation in the aircraft Of 

Program 5. Thermal effects on materials were also measured from ground 

stations. 

156 
Instrument placement and data recovery for the thermal projects did not 

expose personnel to radiation. 

Project 8.la -- Basic Thermal Radiation Measurements from Ground Stations 

Aqency : Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL) 

Operations: Stations were set up on Runit and Billae for LACROSSE; Iroij, 

Aomen, and Bikini for CHEROKEE; and Aerokoj, Jelete, and Eneu for ZUNI. 

Shots: LACROSSE (Enewetak) ; CHEROKEE, ZUNI (Bikini). 

Staffing: Seventeen from NRDL were affiliated with this project, all but 

one were civilians. Exposure data for personnel are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1338 (Reference C.1.3.1338). 

Project 8.lb -- Measurement of Irradiance at High Time Resolution 

Agency: Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL) 

Operations: Trailer instrument stations were set up on Aomen and Bikini 

for CHEROKEE and Eneu for ZUNI to study the distribution of thermal radiant power as a function of time. 

Shots: CHEROKEE and ZUNI (Bikini). 

Staffing: Four persons from NRDL were associated with this project, three 

civilians and one military. Exposure data for personnel are shown in 

Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1347 (Reference C.1.3.1347). 

Project 8.lc -- Spectral Distribution of Irradiance with High Time 

Resolution 

Agencies: Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL) 

Naval Air Special Weapons Facility (NASW) 

Operations: Two remotely operated spectrometers were placed on Aomen and 

Bikini for CHEROKEE and on Eneu for ZUNI at same station as Project 8.lb. 

Shots: CHEROKEE, ZUNI (Bikini). 

157 
Staffinq: Five were associated with this project: four from NRDL (three 

civilians, one military) and one from NASWF (military). ExPosure data are 

shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1348 (Reference C.1.3.1348). 

Project 8.2 -- Thermal Effects on Cellulosic Materials 

Agencies California Forest and Range Experiment Station (CFRES) 

U.S. Forest Service -- Forest Products (USFS) 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL) 

Operations: Specimens of cellulosic materials were set up at sites on 

Aomen and Iroij for exposure to thermal radiation from CHEROKEE and were 

retrieved after the shot. 

Shots: CHEROKEE (Bikini). 

Staffing: Four civilians were associated with this project: two from 

NRDL, one from USFS, and one from CFRES. The exposure data for these are 

shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1347 (Reference C.1.3.1347). 

Project 8.3 -- Evaluation of Self-Recording Thermal Radiation Instruments 

Agencies: Army Chemical Research Labs/Chemical Warfare Labs (CRL) 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) 

Operations: Thermal radiation detection instruments were installed at 

Iroij, Aomen, and Bikini for CHEROKEE. 

Shots: CHEROKEE (Bikini). 

Staffing: Four persons were associated with this project: three from CRL 

(one civilian, two military) and one from LASL (civilian). Exposure data 

are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1340 (Reference C.1.3.1340). 

Project 8.4 -- Thermal Effects on Strength of Aircraft Structural 

Sandwich-Type Panels 

Aqencies: Navy Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) 

Cook Research Laboratories 

158 
Operations: Test panels of varied materials and facing thicknesses were 

subjected to transient heat pulses in unloaded and prestressed conditions. 

Forty unloaded panels and two FJ-4 elevators were exposed. Recorders were 

located in an underground shelter and recovered by helicopter. 

Shots: CHEROKm, ZUNI, NAVAJO, TEWA (Bikini) ; APACHE (Enewetak) . 

Staffing: Three men were associated with this project: two from BuAer 

(one civilian, one military), and one civilian from Cook Research Laboratories. The exposure data for these are shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1341 (Reference C.1.3.1341). 

Project 8.5 -- Airborne High-Resolution Spectral Analysis 

Agencies: Navy Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) 

Naval Air Special Weapons Facility (NASWF) 

Operations: Comparison was made of the thermal radiation spectral region 

from five detonations by P2V-2 aircraft. On all shots, the aircraft 

courses were outbound during shock-loading period. 

Shots: LACROSSE, ERIE, (Enewetak); CHEROKEE, ZUNI, FLATHEAD (Bikini). 

Staffing: One person, a civilian from BuAer is definitely associated with 

this project. He received 0.4 R. The exposure for this individual is 

shown in Table 10. 

Project Report: WT-1342. 

Program 9 -- Supporting Photography 

This program had the missions of photographing the history of the radioactive cloud and supplying technical and documentary photographic coverage to 

essentially every project in the military effects programs. Several photographic stations were set up from which motion pictures were taken, but their 

locations were generally such that radiation exposure potential was minimal. 

Project 9.la -- Cloud Photography 

Agencies: Edgerton, Germeshausen & Grier (EG&G) 

Air Force 6007th Reconnaissance Group 

159 
Operations: Three RB-50 aircraft (Nos. 7120, 7131, and 7135) at altitudes 

from 18,000 to 30,000 feet (5.5 to 9.2 km) and ranges of 40 to 120 nmi (75 

to 222 km) from ground zero photographed the clouds at times to 17 minutes 

pos tshot . 

Shots: LACROSSE, MOHAWK, APACHE (Enewetak); CHEROKEE, ZUNI, FLATHEAD, 

DAKOTA, NAVAJO, TEWA (Bikini). 

Staffing: Only the project officer was identifiable. He was an Armed 

Forces Special Weapons Project military officer and also acted as the 

Project 9.lb Project Officer; it is not clear that his exposure reflects 

Project 9.la operations. 

Project Report: ITR-1343 (Reference C.1.3.1343). 

Project 9.lb -- Documentary Photography 

Agency : Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) 

Operations: Planning and coordination 

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY (TASK UNIT 7) 

TU 7 was the basic radsafe unit for the entire task force. TU 7 did not 

provide monitors for all activities in radiological exclusion (radex) areas as 

these were provided usually by the project or activity itself. TU 7 did provide monitors in radiological survey activities. The other activities of TU 7 

are covered in Chapter 2.

Personnel for TU 7 were provided by an Army unit, the 1st Radiological 

S?..fety Support Unit (RSSU), supplemented by a few Air Force and Navy personnel. Civilians from naval shipyards throughout the United States served in 

this task unit also. Specific exposure data for this task unit as a whole are 

not available, but are available for the 1st RSSU in Table 45. 

160 
CHAPTER 4 

BIKINI TEST OPERATIONS 

Bikini Atoll was used for the large-yield tests that, had they been conducted at Enewetak, would have required evacuation of personnel and threatened 

the physical facilities with contamination or damage. During REDWING, six devices were tested at Bikini, four detonated on barges, one airdropped, and one 

detonated at the surface. (See Table 1 for a list of REDWING detonations.) 

In early May, the task force at Bikini numbered about 1,000 on Eneu and in 

the various advance camps and about 4,200 aboard the naval units stationed 

there. These 4,200 constituted almost the entire naval component of Joint 

Task Force 7 (JTF 7) . 

Operations at Bikini depended on support from Enewetak for certain key 

elements of testing. For example, test devices were brought from Enewetak 

ready to be armed and fired, so that technical personnel and special facilities to store and assemble the devices were not needed at Bikini. 

The process for device placement at Bikini was as follows. After devices 

were readied in the assembly area on Parry Island, Enewetak Atoll, by personnel of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) laboratories, the devices were moved 

to Bikini Atoll. For barge tests this meant that the devices were placed in 

final position in cabs aboard the barges at a special slip within the assembly 

area. This slip was equipped with a gantry to handle the transfer of heavy 

equipment to the barges. Cabs were merely shelters to protect devices and 

personnel working on them from weather and unauthorized viewers. A view of a 

device installed in a cab aboard a barge is shown in Figure 33. 

Device-bearing barges were then towed to USS Catamount. Catamount would 

have come over from Bikini the prior day after boarding a special detail of 

Marine Corps guards from USS Curtiss. The barge would then be moved into the 

Well Of Catamount with the aid of the TG 7.5 Boat Pool, and the Catamount would 

leave for Bikini. Surface escort was provided by a destroyer escort vessel, 

and a P2V from Patrol Squadron One (VP-1) provided continuous air cover. 

161 


The ZUNI device, detonated on the surface at Eneman, was loaded On a 

trailer and driven aboard a Navy TG 7.3 LCU at Parry. The LCU then moved 

aboard Catamount like a shot barge. At Bikini the LCU left Catamount and 

proceeded to a ramp on Eneman where the device could be driven off and taken 

to the zero point. 

The core Of the scientific programs personnel was housed at Enewetak and 

traveled to Bikini as required as shot time approached. All operations at 

Bikini were predicated on the fact that the atoll was to be evacuated at shot 

time, and the task force was prepared to live aboard the fleet while working 

ashore should the atoll become contaminated. 

In spite of dependence on facilities at, and personnel from, Enewetak 

Atoll, test operations were conducted at both Bikini and Enewetak. On 28 May 

and 12 June, detonations were fired at both atolls with simultaneous detonations on the 12 June shots. 

Department of Defense (DOD) operations were centered on weapon-effects 

testing, and tests at Bikini were of particular interest to effects experiments. The effects programs to which DOD assigned the highest priority were 

the nuclear radiation program, which was almost exclusively a Bikini operation, and the aircraft effects program, which was heavily oriented toward 

Bikini shots. The structural response program, "an important and costly 

experiment" (Reference B.1.3.1), depended entirely on one event at Bikini. 

The large yields at Bikini were perceived as capable of introducing new 

effects in fallout development that would require new mathematical models in 

order to calculate the distribution of radioactive fallout, the aim of the 

nuclear radiation program. 

The large yields also provided higher static overpressures over larger 

areas and much longer pulses of dynamic pressure than were possible with the 

lower-yield Nevada Test Site or Enewetak detonations. The longer duration 

pulse is an effective destructive agent against many targets of military interest, thus explaining the interest of the blast and structural response program in the Bikini shots. 

16 4 
Knowledge of the capability of delivery aircraft to survive delivery Of 

large-yield weapons motivated the aircraft effects program. 

These Bikini-oriented, high-priority programs are discussed below. 

DOD BIKINI EXPERIMENTS 

Program 2 -- Nuclear Radiation Program 

The major effort of Program 2 was directed toward gathering data on the 

nature and distribution of radioactive products from high-yield thermonuclear 

devices detonated on or near the surface. Such data could eventually be applied to predicting fallout from any specified burst. Inparticular, this 

goal involved measurement of radiation fields inside the mushroom cloud, above 

land surfaces, and above and in seawater, as well as collection of fallout material. Other experiments dealt with initial radiation from nuclear detonations; still others used fallout contamination to perform tests of shielding, 

decontamination, and instrumentation. Stations used in this program were both 

land- and sea-based, manned and unmanned. 

A control center instructed survey vessels as to which stations to take UP 

for data collection. The control center also received data from these stations and coordinated further movement of the vessels. To position ships 

properly the control center had to predict the direction of fallout. This

fallout-prediction capability was separate from that maintained by the Task 

Force Commander, Fallout Prediction Unit (FOPU). The program also prepared 

samples for return to the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL) and 

maintained laboratory and shipment facilities at Enewetak. 

LAND STATIONS. The islands of Bikini Atoll were utilized extensively as 

bases for fallout-collection and radiation-measuring devices. In general, 

fallout-collection and residual-radiation measurements were performed throughout the atoll, whereas station locations for gamma and neutron initialradiation measurements were on islands near surface zero. Fallout collection 

included both total and time-increment collections; radiation measurements included fallout time of arrival, exposure rate versus time, and total exposure. 

MOORED STATIONS. Because available land areas covered only a small portion of the fallout pattern, an array of floating instrument stations was 

16 5 
moored within Bikini Lagoon and north ofthe atoll. Three pontoon rafts, instrumented to measure time of arrival and total exposure and to collect totalfallout samples, were located along an east-west line approximately bisecting 

the lagoon. Two YE'NB barges with complete total and time-incremental samplers 

and radiation detectors were moored at various locations in the lagoon for the 

different shots, as determined by expected fallout zones and peak overpressures. Approximately 16 skiffs were moored in the deep ocean northf the 

atoll by a special technique devised by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO). These were instrumented to collect total-fallout samples and to 

measure integrated exposure, time of arrival, and, in some cases, penetration 

of activity to various Ocean depths. 

FALLOUT-COLLECTION SHIPS. Three ships (YAG-39 [USS George Eastman], YAG-40 

[USS Granville S. Hall], and USS Crook County), which had been modified to permit operation from a shielded control room (Figures 36 and 37), were positioned 

in the expected fallout zone prior to arrival of fallout. These ships collected 

fallout on their surfaces and in incremental and total collectors. The Crook 

County and the aft sections of the YAGs were washed down during fallout. Panels 

of various building materials, samples of common shipboard items, and Masonite 

phantoms were exposed on the YAG decks that were not washed down. 

Instruments aboard the ships performed the following functions: (1) exposure-rate measurements versus time at locations above and below decks, (2) incremental air filtering, (3) gamma spectroscopy of individual particles and 

samples, (4) early-time decay studies on particles and samples, (5) exposurerate measurements versus depth in the water, (6) exposure-rate measurements 

versus time above water, and (7) incremental and total fallout collection. 

SURWY SHIPS. Tvo Navy destroyer escorts and the SI0 research vessel, E, 

Horizon, proceeded into the ocean fallout area after radioactive material had 

been deposited and performed the following functions: (1) exposure-rate measurements just below the ocean surface along the ships' tracks, (2) occasional 

measurement of exposure rate versus depth, and (3) water sampling. 

SURVEY AIRCRAFT. Two P2V-5 aircraft, instrumented to measure exposure rate 

versus time, were flown at constant altitude over the Ocean fallout area. 

166 
167 
C 

I 

"i Y ""_ 

J e 

c 

Y 

I 

c 

Y 

0 

0 

L 

0 

v, 

v, 

3 

cc 

0 

h 

M 

168 
Their records provided the data for constructing contours of equal exposure 

rate above the ocean surface. 

A radiation-sensitive probe, suspended on a long cable below a helicopter, 

was lowered to a position 3 feet (1 meter) above the surface of radioactive 

islands. Probe readings were noted inside the helicopter. 

CLOUD-PENETRATION ROCKETS. A salvo of six rockets was fired at H+7 and 

another at H+15 into the mushroom clouds of shots CHEROKEE, ZUNI, and NAVAJO. 

Four rockets were fired at H+7 into the TEWA cloud. Data from ion-chamber 

radiation detectors in the rockets were telemetered to receiver-recorder stations at Eneu and aboard USS Knudson. 

CLOUD-PENETRATION AIRCRAFT. Several B-57B aircraft, instrumented to measure exposure rate and total exposure, were flown through the radioactive 

clouds and stems from shots CHEROKEE, ZUNI, FLATHEAD, DAKOTA, APACHE, and 

NAVAJO as early as 20 minutes and as late as 78 minutes after detonation. 

Upon return to base at Enewetak, the aircraft were subjected to contaminati

decontamination studies. 

LABORATORY FACILITIES. Principal laboratory facilities available to the 

fallout-documentation projects included equipment to perform chemical analysis, 

particle-size analysis, radioautography, gamma and beta counting, gamma spectroscopy, and photographic development and densitometry. These facilities 

were located, in part, aboard YAG-40, on Parry, and at NRDL and the Chemical 

Warfare Laboratories (CWL) . 

Program 3 -- Structures Effects Program 

This program participated only in the CHEROKEE test and is further discussed below with the CHEROKEE shot. 

Program 5 -- Aircraft Effects Program 

This program required close control and coordination of aircraft in flig

in order to achieve a precise burst-time position for the aircraft. To place 

the aircraft correctly and to obtain a complete record of flight paths at 

H-hour and at the time of shock arrival, various aircraft and ground electronic positioning systems were utilized. 

169 
TEST PREPARATIONS AND EVACUATION 

In preparing for tests at Bikini two kinds of activity occurred. The 

first was the winding down ofconstruction and general support activities in 

preparation for the evacuation of the atoll and then evacuation itself. The 

second was an acceleration of installation activities, arming the test device, 

and final preparation for the scientific program. 

Bikini events were detonated with all personnel evacuated except for a 

Small firing party in a heavily shielded bunker on Eneu, although even this 

bunker was evacuated for one shot. The withdrawal process began 5 days before 

a shot and culminated when task force ships sailed out of Bikini Lagoon the 

afternoon before the shot, carrying Bikini-based personnel. The nature and 

scheduling of these operations are suggested by the accompanying tables (Tables 

11 and 12). Overall consideration in these activities was identification Of 

personnel and material resources that would not be needed at Bikini again and 

could be evacuated to Enewetak, or even withdrawn from the Pacific Proving 

Ground (PPG). The flow of men and materials was from the advance camps either 

to the evacuation ships directly or to the main camp at Eneu where transfer to 

ships took place. 

As support personnel left Bikini, special flights were being added to the 

Enewetak-to-Bikini shuttle flights (Reflectors) to accommodate an influx Of 

personnel assigned to the command structure of the task force or to the scientific program. Among these late arrivals were the teams to prepare or arm the 

device for detonation and make final adjustments on instrumentation for recording data. 

USS Estes became the center of command-and-control activities. It not only 

was the flagship for Comnander JTF 7 (CJTF 7) and the commanders of TG 7.3 and 

TG 7.4 (afloat), but also housed control facilities for the extensive nuclear 

radiation program, the center controlling aircraft in the aircraft effects program, the FOPU and the Fallout Prediction Center (FOPC). Command ship activities were fully engaged in the early afternoon before the burst. 

In general, other housing afloat at Bikini was assigned as follows: 

170 
Table 11. Bikini test preparations, REDWING. 

Act i vi ty Day/Time 

Ship Movement 

Designate destroyer weather station 

Destroyer on station and comnences weather observations 

USS Crook County (LST-611) departs for fallout 

collection station 

MV Horizon, USS McGint (DE-365), and USS Silverstein 

(Dt-534) depart + or rogram 2 activiti es 

YAG-39 (USS George Eastman) and YAG-40 (USS Granville S. Hall) depart for fallout collection station 

Al fleet sortie 

Search and rescue (lifeguard destroyer on station 

30 nmi [56 kml east of Enewetak) 

Weather and Fallout Prediction 

Command weather-radsafe briefing at Parry 

Comnand weather-radsafe briefing at Parry 

Forecast of air and surface radex areas 

Fallout Prediction Unit embarks on USS Estes (AGC-12) 

H-18 advisory on cloud trajectories and fallout 

Comnand Post Movement 

Special flights to Bikini with Task Group 7.1, 

Hq Joint Task Force 7 personnel and Comnander, 

Joint Task Force 7 

Joint Operations Center, Hq Task Group 7.1, Task 

Unit 3, program control on Estes 

Aircraft Movement 

Prepare WB-50 cloud-tracker Wilson 1 

Begin aircraft takeoffs from Enewetak 

Patrol Squadron One radiological reconnaissance 

pl anes from Kwajal ei n

Commander, Task Group 7.4 to flag plot on Estes; 

all aircraft in position 

D-4 

D-3 

D-1/0700 

D-1/1300 

D-1/1600 

D-1/1700 

D-day/OOOO 

D- 2/0830 

D-1/0830 

D- 1/1200 

0-1/1300 

D-1/1415 

begin 

D- 1 /09OO 

D-1/1300 

D-1/2130 

D-day/0300 

D-day/0500 

17 1 
Table 12. Bikini evacuation schedule, REDWING. 

Activity D ay/T i me 

Security 

P2V aeri a1 survei 11 ance 

Destroyer escort or PAD sweeps 

Commander Task Group 7.3 report Danger Area clear 

Physical Plant Closedown -- Camps 

Dismantle unneeded camps 

Evacuation of unneeded equipment and trailers 

Last P.O., P.X., etc. service at Lomilik 

Last P.O., P.X., etc. service at Enenman, Eneu 

Last hot meals at advance camps 

Last hot meals at Eneu 

Barricade Aerokojlol-Aerokoj airstrip 

Barricade Eneu airstrip 

Physical Plant Closedown -- Afloat 

ATF tow YFNB to safe anchorage 

Tow barges and lighters to anchorage 

Land LCM aboard USS Catamount (LSD-17) 

Personnel Evacuation 

Excess personnel to Enewetak aboard regular Ref lector 

and special flights 

All personnel except assembly and arming teams 

evacuated at least as far as Eneu 

Musteri ng (accounti ng) for a1 1 personnel 

Reports on evacuation and mustering 

F 1 eet Sorti e 

Task force personnel aboard; sortie begins 

Report all ships clear of 1 agoon 

Begi n D-1 

Begin D-1 

D-1/2100 

Begin D-5 

Begin D-4 

D- 3 

D-2 

D-1/(AM) 

D-1/12OO 

D- 1/1500 

D-1/1600 

D-4 

D-2 

D-1/1300 

Begin 

D-2 

D-1/1530 

Begin D-1 

0-1/1600 

D-1/1800 

D-1/2000 

D-1/2200 

D- 1/1700 

D-1/1900 

17 2 
The 

USS Curtiss (AV-4) -- TG 7.1 Command Section (less those at 

the control station on Eneu) and key scientific, staff section, and task unit personnel 

USS Badoeng Strait (CVE-116) -- Radiological safety (radsafe) 

team and persons scheduled for early reentry and recovery by

helicopter 

USNS Fred C. Ainsworth (T-AP-181) -- Scientific project personnel, CTG 7.5, and Holmes & Narver (H&N) civilians 

USS Catamount (LSD-17) -- Early TG. 7.1 boat reentry-recovery 

parties and a small number of radsafe personnel. 

number of persons evacuated from Bikini for each of the tests is shown 

in Table 13. As the series progressed, requirements for personnel onBikini 

Table 13. Number of persons evacuated from Bikini during REDWING. 

CHEROKEE ZUNI FLATHEAD DAKOTA NAVAJO TE WA 

Vessel (May 21) (May 28) (June 12) (June 26) (July 11) (July 21) 

USS Curtiss (AV-4) 

USNS Fred C. Ainsworth " 1 

USS Badoeng Strait 

USS Estes (AGC-12) 

USS McGi nty (DE-365) 

USS Catamount (LSD-17) 

MV Hori zon 

USS Sioux (ATF-75) 

USS Knudson (APD-10) 

USS Mount McKinley 

ICVE-116) 

IAGC-7) 

YAG-39 

(USS George Eastman) 

(USS Granville S. Hall) 

YAG-40 

USS Crook County 

(LST-611) 

USS Si 1 verstei n 

(DE-534) 

Total 

75 

225 

73 

21 

3 

21 

26 

3 

6 

3 

10 

15 

4 

3 

4 88 

96 

173 

a2 

19 

3 

5 

26 

6 

12 

0 

11 

16 

6 

3 

458 

77 

14 5 

48 

18 

3 

7 

26 

3 

0 

0 

11 

17 

5 

2 

362 

72 

134 

30 

4 

0 

9 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

249 

80 

104 

46 

16 

3 

5 

24 

3 

0 

0 

10 

14 

5 

4 

320 

60 

103 

36 

18 

3 

5 

24 

3 

6 

0 

10 

16 

5 

3 

292 

17 3 

received that Eneu and the anchorage were clar, permission was obtained to 

proceed with early recovery missions and with the initial phase of reentry. 

Priority for reentry on helicopters was (1) ten TG 7.4 personnel to activate 

the Eneu airstrip, (2) five TG 7.1 personnel to establish the Operations Section ashore, (3) twenty TG 7.5 personnel to begin essential camp services 

ashore, and (4) seven TG 7.1 personnel to man radsafe checkpoints. In all 

cases, this ship-to-shore shuttle was completed before declaration of reentry 

hour. Recovery operations varied from shot to shot, depending on radiological 

conditions resulting from the event and the number and location of experimental projects. 

Once it had been determined that Eneu radioactivity was not at a level prohibiting 24-hour occupancy, general movement of personnel was initiated. After 

reentry of Catamount into Eneu anchorage and discharge of the LCMs, scheduled 

water-taxi service was established, generally by H+7. On a half-hour schedule, 

LCMs provided a continuous ship-to-shore-to-ship circuit. Radsafe staff and 

sections were normally fully operational ashore no later than 1200, and a noon 

meal was served on Eneu to early reentrants. However, to decrease the load on 

camp facilities, most of the Eneu residents ate lunch aboard ship on shot days. 

The camp was normally fully operational again by H+8. 

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY SERVICES 

Control points for entry into radiological exclusion (radex) areas were 

established at the boat landing and helicopter pad at Eneu. Records of individual entry and exit into radex areas were evidently made at the control 

points, but these records have not been located. In addition, control points 

and radsafe centers were established on Ainsworth, Curtiss, Badoeng Strait, 

-I Estes and Catamount. These radsafe centers included plotting and briefi

areas, mission film badging, clothing and equipment issue points, and personnel decontamination stations. 

Personnel decontamination facilities, consisting of clean and "hot" change 

areas and showers, were established on Eneu Island adjacent to the Radsafe 

Building. Approximately 3,400 persons were processed during REIIWING. Laundry 

services for protective clothing were provided by H&N personnel using laundry 

facilities installed on radsafe barge. This barge provided complete personnel 

175 
decontamination facilities as well as laundry facilities and was to be used in 

the event that Eneu was contaminated and operations had to be conducted entirely from shipboard. Only the laundry facilities on the barge were used 

(Reference C.1.3.1). 

Equipment decontamination (vehicles and Marine Corps helicopters) wasaccomplished by the Army Chemical Corps decontamination trucks, since no steam 

generator was available at Bikini. 

The Plotting and Briefing Section of TU 7 was responsible for all radiation surveys. These surveys were conducted by helicopters of Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron-363 (HMR-363). A preentry survey was flown at H+2 to 

H+4, with a detailed one following at approximately H+6. Other detailed surveys of the entire atoll were flown on succeeding days after each shot as 

required. Data were sent back via the flight-operations radio net when necessary. These surveys delineated radex areas of the atolls. 

Atoll evacuation required that the preentry survey originate from afloat. 

Normally, the helicopter selected for the mission departed from Badoeng Strait 

and made its first stop at Curtiss to pick up the radsafe personnel. The helicopter then stopped on Eneu to pick up CTG 7. l, who was with the firing party 

and the mission was carried out. Once the island of Eneu was declared clear 

by CTG 7.1, personnel returned to the island andll operations were conducted 

from ashore (Reference C.1.3.1) . 

Radiation monitors for recovery parties were provided by TU 7 when required. Usually, scientific projects supplied their own monitors and demand 

for TU 7 monitoring assistance was small. 

The radiochemistry trailer, obtained from the Army Signal Corps, was deckloaded on Ainsworth. All radiochemistry work was carried out in this trailer. 

The Laboratory Section handled approximately 400 water samples, which were 

taken from the water supplies of the various ships and from the swimming beach 

on Eneu. No chemical analysis was required; gross beta-gamma activity was 

determined. 

176 
Little interference with preparations for firing the various devices was 

caused by radioactivity from previous tests. In certain cases, exact placement of the shot barge was delayed for a day or so as radiation levels were 

excessive in those areas in which surveyors had to work. Generally speaking, 

however, no delay was encountered as a result of radioactivity (Reference 

C.1.3.1). 

CHEROKEE 

CHEROKEE was the first test at Bikini, a test event called for by DOD, and 

the only shot of the series not expressly for weapon development. The shot was 

rather a demonstration that the United States could air-deliver multimegaton

yield thermonuclear weapons using B-52 jet bombers. The device, designed and 

developed by Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL), was airdropped from a 

B-52 and exploded at an altitude of 5,000 feet (1.5 km) above Nam on 21 May 

1956. Although a demonstration, the shot provided a large-yield burst well 

above the surface, and it was therefore of considerable interest for airblast 

effects experiments. However, the explosion was considerably off target, 

lessening its value. 

The DOD scientific experiments for CHEROKEE are listed below. 

0 Program 1 -- Blast Effects: Projects 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 

1.9 

Program 2 -- Nuclear Radiation: Projects 2.1, 2.2, 2.51, 

2.52, 2.61, 2.62, 2.63, 2.64, 2.65, 2.66 

0 Program 3 -- Structures Effects: Project 3.1 

Program 4 -- Biological Effects: Project 4.1 

Program 5 -- Aircraft Effects: Projects 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 

5.5, 5.7, 5.8 

Program 6 -- Electromagnetic Effects: Projects 6.1, 6.3, 

6.4, 6.5 

0 Program 8 -- Thermal Radiation: Projects 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 

8.4, 8.5 

Program 9 -- Photography: Project 9.1. 

Full descriptions of the various projects are presented in Chapter 3. The 

surface radex area, predicted fallout pattern, and locations of DOD project 

instrumentation and task force ships are shown in Figure 39. Two experiments 

were unique and were not repeated on other tests. 

17 7 
PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT 

. ELEMENT PROJECT ___ DROP -~ NO. TYPE 

1 B-52 

1 6 36 

1 647 

1 6-52 

2 F-84 

1 €3.66 

1 A3D 

1 c-97 

1 6-57 

1 F84 

6 F84G 

4 6-57 

2 c54 

1 SA 16 

CANISTER 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

5.1 

1.4 

5.2 

5.3 

5.5 

EFFECTS 5.8 

IONOSPHERE 6.3. 6.4 

EARLY PENETRATION 2 66 

EARLY PENETRATION 2 66 

SAMPLER 

SAMPLER 

DOCUMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHY 

SEARCH AND RESCUE 

0 ENEWETAK 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 

I I I I I I 

NAUTICAL MILES 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

I I 1 I I I 

KILOMETERS 

Figure 39. Radex areas, predlcted fallout areas, locations of task force shlps 

and DO0 project Instrument sltes, and llst of partlclpatlng alrcraft 

for CHEROKEE, REDWING. Heavy llne defines a predlcted fallout area 

of 10-roentgen lnfinlte gamma exposure. Shlp posltlons are shot 

tlme except YAG-39 (USS George Eastman), YAG-40 (USS Granvllle S. 

Hall), and USS Crook County (LST-611), whlch are posltlons at tlrnes 

of maxlrnurn fallout actlvlty. 

17 8 
\ 

0 YAG 40 

AT 130 nml 

TO RANGE 300 nmi 

SKIFFS (PROJ 2.63) 

RAFTS AND YFNB (PROJECT 2.631 

WESTERN AND SOUTHERN ISLANDS. BOKDROLUL 

TO AEROKOJ (PROJECTS 1.9A. 2.1. 2.2) 

0 USS CATAMOUNT (LSD-17) 

(PROJECT 1.4) 

USS SILVERSTEIN (DE-543) 0 MV HORIZON 0 

USS MOUNT McKlNLEY (AGC-710 

USSCURTISS (AV-4). 0 USS LIPAN (ATF-851 

USS ESTES IAGC-12). 0 USS ABNAKI (ATF-96) 

USS KNUDSON (APD-10). 

USNS FRED C. AINSWORTH IT-AP-181). 0 0 USS CHICKASAW (ATF-831 

USS BADOENG STRAIT (CVE-116) sloux (ATF-75) 

(PROGRAM 5) 

Figure 39. Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locatlons of task force ships 

and DOD project Instrument sltes, and list of participatlng aircraft 

for CHEROKEE, REDWING. Heavy line deflnes a predicted fallout area 

of 10-roentgen infinite gamma exposure. Ship posltlons are shot 

time except-YAG-39 (USS Georqe Eastman), YAG-40 (USS Granvllle S. 

- Hall), and USS Crook County (LST-611), which are positions at times of maxlmum fallout actlvlty. (continued) 

179 
The first was Project 1.4. This experiment measured blast-wave parameters 

in free air and required an aircraft to precede the drop aircraft over the 

burst point. The preceding aircraft dropped airblast instrument canisters that 

were supported by parachute above and to the side ofthe burst point. Considerable planning and coordination was required to place these canisters properly. 

Data from these experimental canisters were telemeter4 to Catamount, which was 

with the remainder of the fleet southeast of Bikini. 

A second DOD experiment unique to CHEROKEE was Project 3.1, in which three 

sets of steel-framed industrial buildings of the type that were felt to be especially vulnerable to blast-wind damage were built at increasing distances 

from the proposed burst point so that gradations of damage could be correlated 

with range. There were no islands at the desired ranges from the intended 

burst point, however, and it was therefore necessary to construct three islands 

on which to place the buildings. These islands were built over the reef between Nam and Iroij along the northern perimeter of this atoll. A picture of 

one of these islands is shown in Figure 8. 

The manmade islands and Bokbata, Iroij, Bikini, and Coca islands were also 

instrumented by other projects in the blast program to measure blast parameters 

on the ground. Aircraft of Program 5 were instrumented with thermal instrumentation provided by Program 8. Ground-based thermal measurements were made at 

Iroij, Aomen, and Bikini islands. Animals from the biomedical program's retinal burns project were exposed at Eneu. Ionospheric effects experiments, conducted from aircraft stations and from remote locations, also participated. 

A total of 38 mission aircraft took part in the test. The Raydist system, 

positioned on Badoeng Strait, controlled the maneuvers and positioning of aircraft for the shot. Effects aircraft were one A3D-1, one B-47, one B-52, one 

B-66, and one F-84F. A B-36 was used for the canister drop. Three B-57s and 

six F-84s accomplished the sampling effort. A fourth B-57 was used as sampler 

control aircraft. Table 14 shows locations at detonation time for the effects 

air- craft for which information is available. 

USS Mount McKinley (AGC-7) was used as an observer platform for this event. 

This Special Observer Group was made up of 16 members of the press and news media, 17 civilian state and federal civil defense administrators, and 20 members 

180 
Table 14. H-hour positions of effects aircraft, CHEROKEE, REDWING. 

A3D B-52 B-47E B-66 F-84F 

Direction from burst (O) " " 00 7 184 194 

S1 ant range (km) 19.6 14.3 19.3 18 41.8 

Altitude (km) 10.4 9.5 10.1 10.4 8.5 

Head i ng (O) " " 257 223 050 

of the Joint Office of Test Information. This latter group had ten AEC personnel, seven DOD (four military, three civilian) representatives, two Federal 

Civil Defense Administration employees, and one State Department representative. Mount McKinley was positioned with the bulk of the fleet off Bikini. 

Surface and air radex area predictions were based on the fallout expected 

if the device failed to detonate in the air and produced a ground burst instead. The radex areas for H-hour to Ht6 were: 

Surface to 30,000 feet Bearing 270° to 3609, 

(9 km) altitude: 100-nmi (185-km) range 

Surface to all altitudes: Bearing Oo to 60°T, 

300-mi (555-km) range. 

The radex notices were withdrawn by Ht12. 

The B-52 released the device too soon on its bomb run, which was from the 

northeast toward Narn. In consequence the detonation was about 20,000 feet 

(6.1 km) northeast of the intended burst point. 

The detonation cloud reached an estimated height of 80,000 feet (24 km) 

with the lower portion moving to the northwest and upper and main portion mving generally east-northeast at approximately 10 knots (18.5 km/hr) (Reference 

C.1.7.2). 

The initial radsafe helicopter preentry survey at Ht2 showed the atoll to 

be free of radiation except for readings of about 0.010 R/hr at Nam. Reentry 

was scheduled for 1000, about H+4. Fallout activity on both YAG-39 and YAG-40 

was much less than 0.001 R/hr (Reference C.1.3.1312). 

18 1 
The early-penetration B-57 made three flights through the cloud at 59 to 

75 minutes after burst and averaged readings of about 3.6 R/hr with a peak 

rate of 8.4 Whr. 

The Wilson 1 WB-50 cloud-tracking aircraft conducted a survey beginning at 

H+6 in a 30° sector bearing 60° to 90° extending about 260 mi (480 km) from 

Rongerik. Only two contacts with the cloud were made, both less than 0.01 R/hr. 

The second aerial monitoring flight (Wilson 2) at H+18 to H+26 covered a triangular pattern from Bikini to Utirik to Wake to Enewetak and return without encountering radiation in excess of background. Off-atoll monitoring stations 

reported no exposures higher than background through D+3- 

Because of heavy participation in CHEROKEE, a very tight recovery schedule 

was predicted, with the full commitment of available helicopters. The total 

absence of detectable radioactivity, however, alleviated the demand for helicopters in several ways. First, the need for early recovery trips to pick up 

instrumentation before it became contaminated was obviated. Second, 60 percent 

of the missions devoted to recovering fallout samples were cancelled because 

there was nothing to recover. One carefully rehearsed mission to the intended 

surface zero area to recover neutron threshold samples was greatly simplified, 

inasmuch as only one recovery team was required rather than the two that had 

been planned. Two teams had been anticipated as necessary to keep the individual radiation exposures low. Several D+l missions were accomplished on 

D-day as a result of availability of helicopters. 

ZUNI 

ZUNI was detonated at 0556 on 28 May at the surface of the western end of 

Eneman Island. Ground zero was near the KOON crater from Operation CASTLE. 

The yield of the University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL) device 

was 3.5 MT. The bunker of Eneu was evacuated for this shot, the firing sequence being initiated by a radio signal from Curtiss. 

The DOD scientific experiments for ZUNI are listed below:. 

0 Program 1 -- Blast Effects: Projects 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.8, 

1.9 

0 Program 2 -- Nuclear Radiation: Projects 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 

2.61, 2.62, 2.63, 2.64, 2.65, 2.66, 2.71, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10 

18 2 
0 Program 4 -- Biological Effects: Project 4.1 

0 Program 5 -- Aircraft Effects: Projects 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 

5.4, 5.5, 5.7 

a Program 6 -- Electromagnetic Effects: Projects 6.1, 6.3, 

6.4 

a Program 8 -- Thermal Radiation: Projects 8.1, 8.5 

0 Program 9 -- Photography: Project 9.1. 

The surface radex area, predicted fallout pattern, and locations of DOD project 

instrumentation and task force ships are shown in Figure 40. Table 15 indicates positions at detonation for effects aircraft for which information is 

available. 

L-20s and H-19s from !X 7.4 supported TG 7.1 from D-3 through D+1. These 

aircraft were used for H+1 radsafe surveys, damage assessment, and recovery of 

high-priority experiments. 

Surface and air radex areas in force from H-hour to H+6 were: 

Surface to 30,000 feet Bearing 240° to 3609; 

(9 km) altitude: 100-mi (185-km) range 

Surface to all altitudes: Bearing Oo to 809; 

300-mi (555-km) range. 

The ZUNI cloud topped at 85,000 feet (26 km) . The cloud base was at about 

30,000 feet (9 km). Its diameter at time of maximum height was about 75,000 

feet (23 km). General cloud movement was to the north at 15 knots (28 km/hr) i 

however, the lower portion of the stem moved to the west at about the same 

speed. The 30,000-foot (9-km) winds turned to the southeast sometime late on 

shot day causing light fallout on atolls southeast of Bikini. 

ZUNI, with its high yield (3.5 MT) and surface placement, formed a large 

crater. The western end of Eneman Island was destroyed and its constituent 

materials pulled up into the cloud. Among the materials in the cloud was part 

of the residue from the KOON device, which apparently detonated inefficiently 

at the same site in 1954. This crater was flooded by the lagoon waters and 

the truncated western tip of the island measured 0.450 R/hr 4 days after the 

burst (Reference C.1.3.1332). 

18 3 
___ 

NO. TYPE 

1 847 

1 6-57 

1 8-52 

1 E-66 

2 847 

1 F-B4F 

1 c 97 

3 P2V 

1 A30 

5 8-57 

3 RE-50 

6 F-B4G 

5 8-57 

2 c-54 

1 SA-16 

PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT 

_~_____~". ELEMENT - 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

IBDA 

NAVY 

IONOSPHERE 

.. .. 

RADIOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE 

EARLY PENETRATION 

TECHNICAL PHOTOGRAPHY 

SAMPLER 

SAMPLER 

DOCUMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHY 

SEARCH AND RESCUE 

PROJECT 

5.1 

5.2 

5.4 

5.3 

5.5 

6.3 

58 

9.1 

0 ENEWETAK 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 

L I I I I I I 

NAUTICAL MILES 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

L I I I I I 

KILOMETERS 

I 

1R 

I 

Figure 40. Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for ZUNI, REDWING. Dashed lines define predicted 

fallout areas (infinite gamma exposure, roentqens). Ship posiI 

\ 

10 R 

tions are shot 'time except YAG-39 (USS-George-Eastman), YAG-40 

(USS Granvi 11 e S. Hal 1 ) , and USS Crook County (LST-611), which 

are positions at times of maximum fallout activity. 

18 4 
. 

" 

/ 

Figure 40. Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for ZUNI, REDWING. Dashed lines define predicted 

fallout areas (infinite gama exposure, roentgens). Ship positions are shot time except YAG-39 (USS George Eastman), YAG-40 

(USS Granville S. Hall), and USS Crook County (LST-611), which 

are positions at times of maximum fallout activity. (continued) 

18 5 
Table 15. H-hour positions of effects aircraft, ZUNI, REDWING. 

A3D F-84F B-47E B-66 B-57Ba B-52 

Direction from burst (O) " - 322 000 070 --- e- - 

S1 ant range (km) 13 80.8 13.5 9.3 11.6 12 

Altitude (km) 8.6 10 9.5 4 5.2 9.8 

Heading (O) " - 130 250 070 081 --- 

a B-57B pilot and engineer received no gamma radiation exposure. 

Heavy radioactivity was measured throughout most of Bikini. At H+4, an 

exposure rate of 75 R/hr was determined for Bokbata, and exposure rates of 50 

Whr at H+4 extended along the northern rim of the atoll from Nam to Odrik. 

Fortunately, Eneu was only lightly touched by fallout; an H+4 value of 0.003 

R/hr was reported (Reference C.1.3.1). Initial radiological surveys for the 

Bikini Atoll islands are summarized in Table 16. 

The Zebra I aircraft, positioned south of Eneu between surface zero and the 

fleet, reported no radiation levels greater than background at H+1. Zebra I 

was instructed to make a low-altitude survey of Eneu and the lagoon anchorage. 

At H+1.5 both areas were reported "clean." 

Initial helicopter radsafe surveys began at H+1.5 and confirmed the Zebra I 

readings. Reentry was then scheduled to begin at 0900, about H+2, and was complete at about 1400. 

At H+3, the P2V reconnaissance aircraft intercepted a segment of the cloud 

about 60 nmi (111 km) west of Bikini at 12,000 feet (3.7 km) (Reference 

C.1.7.2). Low-level activity was recorded at Enewetak at H+9.5 (0.00015 to 

0.0003 R/hr). Peak exposure rate was at about H+ll, when values of 0.001 R/hr 

were reported at "places where dust and dirt congregate" (Reference C.2.2, 

p. 97). 

Early-penetration B-57 aircraft (Project 2.66) made three flights through 

the ZUNI cloud at H+52 to H+78 minutes. Average exposure rates in the cloud 

were about 25 R/hr with a peak of 60 R/hr. The pilots on these penetration 

flights received 1.2 to 2.1 R. 

18 6 
Table 16. Sumnary of Bikini radiological surveys after ZUNI, REDWING. 

~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~~___ ~~ ~ ~~~~ ____~ ~~ 

Survey Reading (R/hr) 

(on ground except as noted) Unshi el ded 

Exposure (R ) 

I sl and H+3a H+6a H+8a D+2 H+76C 

Bokbata 

Nm 

Iroi j 

Lomi 1 i k 

Bikini 

E neu 

Aerokoj 

Le1 e 

E nem an 

Enidrik 

Jel ete 

Oroken 

" - 

Id 

0 

29 

0. gh 

45 

28 

28 

30 

0.8-3 

0.002 

10 

60 

"- 

50 

a 

3.5 

-" 

50 -60 

50- 60 

50-60 

" - 

0 

" - 

20 

-" 

20 

" - 

0.9 

1.3 

0.9 

1.5 

0.06-0.26 

e --- 

0.28 

0.48 

18 .gf 

0.2-0.3 

0.4 

0.26 

605 

42 0 

485 

62 0 

52 

0.3 

" - 

24 5 

145 

Sources and Notes: 

aRef erence C . 1 .7.2. 

bReference C.1.7.1. 

'Reference C.1.3.1317. 

dAt 200 feet (about 60 meters) altitude south of Bikini. 

eEneu had fallout from H+28 to H+40, peak 0.12 R/hr. 

fOn shore, west tip next to crater. 0.45 R/hr at D+4 

gAt 20 feet (6 meters) altitude. 

hAt 1,000 feet (about 300 meters) altitude. 

(Reference C. 1.3.1307). 

Wilson 1 conducted a survey beginning at H+6 in a 20 sector bearing 75O 

to goo with an apex at Rongerik and extending 480 km to the east. No radiation 

in excess of background was encountered. Wilson 2 flew the triangular UtirikWake-Enewetak survey at 3 km altitude at H+10 and H+18 and found no radiation 

in excess of background (Reference C.1.7.2). The maximum radiation levels 

were 0.32 RJhr at H+25 on YAG-39 and 7.2 R/hr at H+7 on YAG-40 (Reference 

C.1.3.1312). 

0 

18 7 
Aerial monitoring flight Able (described in Chapter 2) flew at 60 meters 

altitude on D+1. Exposure rates above background, but less than 0.010 R/hr, 

were recorded at Kwajalein, Alinginae, Rongelap, Rongerik, Utirik, Bikar, and 

Tongi. Maximum fallout levels at some offsite monitoring stations are given 

in Table 17. Eneu experienced light fallout on D+l with "average intensities" 

of about 0.005 R/hr (Reference C.1.7.2). Fallout began at about H+28 and continued until about H+40. The peak intensity was reported to be 0.012 R/hr. 

The swimming beach was closed for an unknown time because of lagoon contamination (Reference C.1.7.1). Enewetak is also reported to have received "very 

light fallout" on D+1, but the exposure rates were not given (Reference 

C.1.7.2). 

Table 17. ZUNI contamination (R/hr) at offsite islands, REDWING. 

Location 

Date Time Ronger i k Utirik Wotho Ujelang 

29 May 0800 

1200 

1800 

2 200 

30 May 0400 

0600 

0800 

1200 

1800 

2400 

0.003 

0.006 

0.013 

0.012 

" - 

0.010 

" - 

0.009 

- 

0.008 

" - 

0.00003 

" - 

0.00003 

" - 

0.00003 

" - 

0.00003 

0.00003 

0.00003 

" - 

-" 

0.0003 

0.0012 

0.006 

0.0045 

0.0045 

0.0045 

0.0045 

0.004 

" - 

0.00001 

0.00010 

0.00012 

"- 

0.0002 5 

0.00024 

"- 

FLATHEAD 

The FLATHEAD shot, a device developed by LASL, was detonated on a barge 

located about 0.4 km south of Iroij Island in the vicinity of the UNION crater 

at 0626, 12 June 1956. 

The DOD scientific experiments for FLATHEAD are listed below. 

Program 1 -- Blast Effects: Project 1.9 

18 8 
e Program 2 -- Nuclear Radiation: Projects 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 

2.62, 2.63, 2.64, 2.65, 2.66, 2.71, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10 

e Program 5 -- Aircraft Effects: Projects 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 

5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8 

0 Program 6 -- Electromagnetic Effects: Projects 6.1, 6.3, 

6.4, 6.5 

Program 8 -- Thermal Radiation: Project 8.5 

0 Program 9 -- Photography: Project 9.1. 

The surface radex area, predicted fallout pattern, and locations of DOD project instrumentation and ships of the task force are shown in Figure 41- 

There were 32 aircraft participating. Seven effects aircraft and four B-57 

sampler (Reference C.1.1F) aircraft participated. Table 18 gives the locations 

at shot time for the effects aircraft listed. One of the F-84Fs and the F-1O1A 

were directly over surface zero at detonation time. 

Surface and air radex areas were: 

Surface to all altitudes: Within 10 nmi (18.5 km) of Bikini 

(H-hour to H+1) 

Surface to all altitudes: Bearing 260° to 209; 

(H-hour to H+6) 10 O-nmi (185-km) range. 

The estimated cloud height was 60,000 feet (18 km). The middle and upper 

portions of the cloud moved to the northeast; the lower cloud and the stem 

moved to the west at 15 knots (28 km/hr) . An early-penetration B-57 (Project 

2.66) made one flight through the cloud at H+49 minutes. The average exposure 

rate was about 120 R/hr with a maximum of 240 R/hr. 

FLATHEAD heavily contaminated the northern islands of Bikini. The exposure rate at H+4 was from 20 to 40 R/hr between Bokbata and Lomilik. No radiation was reported from Eneu, and neither recovery operations nor preparations 

for the next shot were delayed by the fallout (Reference C.1.7.1). 

Reentry hour was 0830, 12 June, based on aerial monitoring by the P2V aircraft. The initial radsafe survey began at H+3 and reported that fallout was 

Still occurring over the reef and lagoon in the vicinity of Iroij. A complete 

helicopter survey was made at H+7 to H+8. Results of these surveys and later 

Bikini surveys are shown in Table 19. 

189 
Q ENEWETAK 

- NO. 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

4 

3 

TYPE 

6-47 

6-57 

6-66 

F-84F 

F-101 

647 

A3D 

P2V 

6-57 

RB 50 

__ 

6-57 

RB-50 

C-54 

SA. 16 

PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT 

ELEMENT 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

NAVY 

IBDA 

EARLY PENETRATION 

RADIOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE 

TECHNICAL PHOTOGRAPHY 

SAMPLER 

WEATHER RECONNAISSANCE 

DOCUMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHY 

SEARCH AND RESCUE 

5.1 A' 

58 

9.1 

0 10 20 30 40 50 GO 

1 I 1 I I I I 

NAUTICAL MILES 

0 20 40 GO 80 100 

I 1 I I I I 

KILOMETERS 

Flgure 41. Radex areas, predlcted fallout areas, locatlons of task force shlps 

and DO0 project Instrument sites, and list of partlclpatlng alrcraft 

for FLATHEAD, REDWING. Heavy llne deflnes a predlcted fallout area 

of l0-roentgen lnflnlte gamma exposure. Shlp posltlons are shot 

tlme except YAG-39 (USS George Eastman), YAG-40 (USS Granvllle S. 

Hall), and USS Crook County (LST-611), whlch are posltlons at tlmes 

of maxlmum fallout actlvity. 

19 0 
I 110 

SURFACE TO ALL ALTITUDES 

TO RANGE 100 nmi (185 km) 

USS CROOK COUNTY ILST-61110 

+ SKIFFS (PROJ 2.63)"t 

TO 100 nml 

NORTHERN ISLANDS, BOKBATA TO BIKINI 

(PROJECTS 1.9A. 2.1. 2.2. 2.63.8.4) 

ENEU (PROJECT 1.9A, 2.2) 

RAFTS AND YFNB (PROJECTS 2.63.2.8 HERN ISLANDS, BOKDROLUL 

CTS 1.9A, 2.1,2.2) 0 MV HORIZON (PROJECTS 1.9B. 2.62A) 

USS CURTISS (AV-4). 0 USS KNUDSON (APD-IO) 

USS CATAMOUNT (LSD-171. 

0 USS CHICKASAW (ATF-83) 

USS ESTES (AGC-121 (PROJECT 2.62A1. OUSSSILVERSTEIN (DE-543) 

USS LIPAN (ATF-85) 

-10 R 

USNS FRED C. AINSWORTH (T-AP-1811. 

USS BADOENG STRAIT (CVE-116)' 0 OUSSSHELTON (DD-790) 

(PROGRAM 5) USS SIOUX (ATF-75). (ATF-961 

(PROJECT 2.62A) 0 USS McGlNTY (DE-365) (PROJECT 2.62A) 

Flgure 41. Radex areas, predlcted fallout areas, locatlons of task force shtps 

and DO0 project Instrument sltes, and llst of partlcipatlng alrcraft 

for FLATHEAD, REDWING. Heavy llne deflnes a predlcted fallout area 

of 10-roentgen lnflnlte gamma exposure. Ship posltlons are shot 

tlme except-YAG-39 (USS George Eastman), YAG-40 (USS Granville S. u), and USS Crook County (LST-bll), whlch are posltlons at tlrnes 

of maxlmum fallout actlvlty. (continued) 

19 1 
Table 18. H-hour positions of effects aircraft, FLATHEAD, REDWING. 

Direction from burst (O) --- 000 220 000 118 --- 304 

S1 ant range (km) 3.9 6.4 13.5 11.6 7.7 8.8 8.2 

A1 ti tude (km) 4.3 6.4 5.5 11.6 5.5 7.9 8.2 

Heading (O) " - 122 097 303 118 119 124 

Notes : 

aB-57B pilot and engineer received no radiation exposure. 

bF-lOIA pilot received no gama radiation. 

Table 19. Sumnary of Bikini radiological surveys after FLATHEAD, REDWING. 

Survey Read i ng (R/ hr ) 

I sl and H+3a H+7-8a,b D+lC D+3C H+76d 

(on ground except as noted) Unshielded 

Exposure (R) 

Bokbata 

N am 

Iroi j 

Lomilik 

Aomen 

Bikini 

En eu 

Aerokoj 

Lele 

Eneman 

Jel ete 

Oroken 

30 

10 

10 

4.5 

5.0 

7 .O 

5.5 

2.5 

0.006 

-" 

0.025 

-" 

0.500 

0.018 

0.020 

1.05 

1.925 

1.815 

1.225 

0.665 

0.010 

-" 

0.018 

0.045 

0.900 

0.020 

0.010 

0.465 

0.785 

0.875 

0.530 

0.320 

0.010 

-" 

0.014 

0.040 

0.600 

0.020 

0.010 

528 

665 

1,180 

1,100 

375 

Sources and Notes: 

'Reference C.1.7.2. 

bAt 25 feet (8 meters) altitude. 

'Reference C.1.7.1. 

dRef erence C. 1.3.1317. 

192 
The Wilson 1 cloud-track aircraft flew a sector bearing 30 through 60° 

0 

with an apex on Bikini. The flight began at H+6 and returned via Utirik and 

Rongerik. Wilson 1 also encountered exposure rates of 0.01 to 0.05 R/hr to 

the north and west of Bikini. The Wilson 2 flight between Enewetak, Utirik, 

and Wake at H+10 to H+18 reported exposure rates above background but less 

than 0.01 R/hr throughout the flight, indicating a general smearing of the 

debris by variable winds at various levels. Radiation above background was 

reported by Wilson 2 south of Bikini, at Rongelap, Rongerik, Utirik, southeast 

of Wake and northwest and west of Wake (Reference C.1.7.2). The maximum exposure rate reported on the YAGs was 0.15 R/hr at H+11 for YAG-39 and 0.25 R/hr 

at H+17 for YAG-40 (Reference C.1.3.1312). 

No increase in background radiation was reported by the off-atoll monitoring stations (Reference C.1.7.2). 

The lagoon waters of Bikini were contaminated by FLATHEAD. Most of the 

lagoon showed elevated readings on the shot day, with surface waters in the 

vicinity of the shot being between 0.150 and 3 R/hr. After 7 days, readings 

of 0.002 R/hr on the surface and at a depth of 30 meters were obtained in the 

northern portion of the lagoon. Areas still read 0.002 R/hr in the northwest 

quadrant of the lagoon after 11 days. The swimming beach on Eneu was closed 

because of this contamination. 

DAKOTA 

DAKOTA, provided by LASL, was detonated at 0606, 26 June 1956, on a barge 

0.4 km south of Iroij Island in the UNION crater. 

The DOD scientific experiments are listed below. 

0 Program 1 -- Blast Effects: Project 1.9 

0 Program 2 -- Nuclear Radiation: Project 2.66 

0 Program 5 -- Aircraft Effects: Projects 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 

5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8 

0 Program 6 -- Electromagnetic Effects: Projects 6.1, 6.3, 

6.4, 6.5 

0 Program 9 -- Photography: Project 9.1. 

The surface radex area, predicted fallout pattern, and locations of DOD project instrumentation and task force ships are shown in Figure 42. 

193 
NO. JYPJ 

1 E47 

1 8 52 

1 E 57 

1 8-66 

2 FRDF 

1 F ;Ol 

1 A3D 

3 PZV 

5 8 57 

6 F 84G 

1 SA 16 

PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT 

ELEMENT ~~ . ~ PROJECT 

EFFECTS 5.1 

EFFECTS 57 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

54 

5.3 

5.5 

" 

NAVY 

RADIOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE 

SAMPLER 

SAMPLER 

SEARCH AND RESCUE 

58 

0 ENEWETAK 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 

L I 1 I I 1 I 

NAUTICAL MILES 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

L I I I I I 

KILOMETERS 

Figure 42. Radex areas, predlcted fallout areas, locatlons of task force shlps 

and DO0 project Instrument sltes, and llst of partlclpatlng alrcraft 

for DAKOTA , REDWING. Heavy llne deflnes a predlcted fallout area 

of 10-roentgen lnflnlte gamma exposure. Ship posltlons are shot 

tlme except YAG-39 (USS George Eastman), YAG-40 (USS Granvllle S. 

Hall), and USS Crook County (LST-611), whlch are posltlons at tlmes 

of maximum fallout actlvlty. 

19 4 
WX. .\w 

MANMADE ISLANDS (PROJECT 2.1) 

NORTHERN ISLANDS, IROlJ TO AOMEN (PROJECT 2.1) 

ASTERN ISLANDS, BIKINI AND ENEU (PROJECT 1 9A) 

S. LUKOJ AND AEROKOJ IPROJECT 1.9Al 

COCA (PROJECT 1.9A) 

0 USS CURTISS (AV-4) 

USS CATAMOUNT (LSD-1 7). 

USS CHICKASAW (ATF-83) 

USSSILVERSTEIN (DE-543) 

USS ESTES (AGC-12) (PROJECT 2.62A). USS LIPAN (ATF-851 

USNS FRED C. AINSWORTH (T-AP-181). USS JAMES E. KYES (DD-787) 

USS BADOENG STRAIT (CVE-116) 0 USS ABNAKI (ATF-961 (PROGRAM 51 0 USS McGlNTY IDE-365) 

(PROJECT 2.62A) 

0 T-LST-618 

I 110 

Flgure 42. Radex areas, predlcted fallout areas, locatlons of task force shlps 

and DOD project Instrument sites, and llst of partlclpatlng alrcraft 

for DAKOTA, REDWING. Heavy llne deflnes a predlcted fallout area 

of 10-roentgen lnflnlte gamma exposure. Shlp posltlons are shot 

time except-YAG-39 (USS George Eastman), YAG-40 (USS Granvllle S. u), and USS Crook County (LST-611), which are posltlons at tlmes 

of maxlmum fallout actlvlty. (contlnued) 

19 5 
A total of 33 aircraft participated in this shot (Reference C.4.2). Seven 

effects aircraft and eight sampling aircraft were aloft. One B-57 controller 

guided the samplers (Reference C.4.3). Table 20 lists the effects aircraft 

positions . 

The B-52 was diverted to Hickam after the shot because of possible blast 

damage to flaps, brakes, or brake chute that would make its landing at Enewetak 

impossible. 

Table 20. H-hour positions of effects aircraft, DAKOTA, REDWING. 

F-84F F-84F B-47E B-66 B-57B F-1O1A B-52 

Direction from burst 

S1 ant range (km) 6.2 14 7.9 4.9 7.5 7.9 7.5 

Altitude (km) 6.2 7.1 7.3 3.1 5.4 7.9 6.7 

Heading (O) 120 095 270 127 119 119 " - 

(O) 289 225 000 127 --- 29 9 " - 

Sources: F-84 aircraft (Reference C.1.3.1331) 

B-47E aircraft (Reference C.1.3.1327) 

B-66 aircraft (Reference C .l .3.1329) 

B-57B aircraft (Reference C . 1 .3.1330) 

F-1O1A aircraft (Reference C.1.3.1332) 

8-52 aircraft (Reference C . 1 .3.1328) 

Surface and air radex areas, based on prediction, in force from H-hour to 

H+6 were : 

Surface to 30,000 feet (9 km) Bearing 270° to 3109; 

altitude 100-mi (185-km) range 

Surface to all altitudes: Bearing 310° to 509; 

200-mi (370-km) range. 

Height to the top of DAKOTA'S cloud was 81,000 feet (24.7 km). Diameter 

at stabilization was 93,000 feet (28.3 km). The upper portion of the cloud 

moved west-northwest, the middle cloud east-northeast, and the bottom cloud 

and stem northwest. The upper umbrella of the cloud extended almost from 

Bikini to Enewetak, and sampling aircraft returning to Enewetak at higher 

altitudes encountered patches of radioactive material. Bikini radiological 

surveys are sumarized for DAKOTA in Table 21. 

196 
Table 21. Summary of Bikini radiological surveys after 

DAKOTA, REDWING. 

Survey Reading on Ground (R/hr ) 

I sl and H+1.5a H+3 H+8b D+lC D+2C 

Bokbata 

N am 

Iroi j 

Lomi 1 i k 

Aomen 

Bikini 

Eneu 

Aerokoj 

Le1 e 

Eneman 

Jelete 

Orok en 

" - 

0.002 

0.0002 

0.003 

" - 

0.050 

"L 

- 

3.000 

-" 

0.100 

0.010 

" - 

"- 

0.900 

1.200 

1. 400d 

0. 048d 

0.003 

" - 

0.025 

" - 

0.700 

0.010 

0.016 

0.270 

0.660 

0.565 

0.325 

" - 

0.004 

" - 

0.025 

0.030 

0.700 

0.010 

0.015 

0.165 

0.195 

0.170 

0.060 

0.038 

0.004 

" - 

0.015 

0.015 

0.260 

0.010 

0.015 ~~___ ~ 

Sources: 

'From Zebra P2V at 200 feet (61 meters) (Reference C .1.7.2). 

bFrom helicopter at 30 feet (9 meters) (Reference C.1.7.2). 

'Reference C.1.7.1. 

dReading at 10 feet (3 meters). 

The highest exposure rate encountered by a sampling aircraft was about 150 

R/hr. That plane penetrated the cloud at 50,000 feet (15.3 km), and the pilot 

received 7.5 R in the cloud and about 1.3 R on the return flight. Planes penetrating at lower altitudes encountered considerably lower levels of radiation. 

The Marine helicopter squadron (HMR-363) providing airlift for data recovery and survey operations noted that in "the immediate area surrounding ground 

zero . . . a very low intensity fine dust and atomized water . . . of about 20 

mR/hr. . . . The pilots and personnel embarked in the aircraft were found to 

be reading 30-40 mR/hr." (Reference C.3.1.4, p. 72). 

197 
Wilson 1 WB-50 cloud-tracking aircraft working in a sector defined by Eriewetak in the west, Taongi in the northeast, and Utirik due east recorded readings in the 0.002 to 0.020 R/hr range 6 to 8 hours after the shot at an altitude of about 10,000 feet (3 km). Over Bikini the reading was only background 

at H+6 but at H+11 on its return to Enewetak, Wilson 1 recorded a reading of 

0.110 R/hr about one-third of the way between Bikini and Enewetak at an altitude of 9,600 feet (2.9 km) . 

The Wilson 2 WB-50 cloud tracker covering the same area except going as 

far north as Wake, outbound from Enewetak in the west, starting at about H+10 

hac! readings less than 0.0005 R/hr over Bikini, Rongelap, Utirik, and Bikar. 

On the northernmost portion of the flight over Wake, 0.0002 R/hr was recorded 

at about H+12. On the return flight over the same path readings similar to 

those outbound values were noted. The flight was at about 10,000 feet (3 km). 

Flight Able, the WB-50 tracker flying the D+l AEC New York Operations Office Marshall Island survey made the following readings at lower altitudes: 

Taongi, 0.015 to 0.020 R/hr at an altitude of 1,000 feet (305 meters); Utirik, 

0.025 R/hr at an altitude of 500 feet (153 meters). Jemo had no radiation at 

400 feet (122 meters), nor did Kwajalein at 100 feet (31 meters). 

Ground level readings at Parry Island at Enewetak were less than 0.00025 

R/hr during shot day with two periods of higher readings of 0.003 to 0.004 R/hr 

during late afternoon and early evening hours. 

NAVAJO 

The LASL NAVAJO experimental device was exploded on a barge 0.4 km south 

of Iroij Island in the vicinity of the UNION crater at OS56 on 11 July 1956. 

The DOD scientific experiments for NAVAJO are given below. 

a Program 1 -- Blast Effects: Project 1.9 

0 Program 2 -- Nuclear Radiation: Projects 2.1, 2.2, 2.61, 

2.62, 2.63, 2.64, 2.65, 2.66, 2.71, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10 

a Program 4 -- Biological Effects: Project 4.1 

a Program 5 -- Aircraft Effects: Projects 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 

5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8 

198 
0 Program 6 -- Electromagnetic Effects: Projects 6.1, 6-3, 

6.4, 6.5 

0 Program 9 -- Photography: Project 9.1. 

The surface radex area, predicted fallout pattern, and locations of DOD project instrumentation and task force ships are given in Figure 43. 

Thirty-five aircraft participated in the shot. Two of the fifteen effects 

aircraft scheduled to participate (the B-66 and B-57) aborted the mission. 

Known positions of the effects aircraft at burst time are given in Table 22

Nonmission TG 7.4 aircraft (H-19s and L-20s) supported TG 7.1 personnel. 

TG 7.4 aircraft ferried 38 persons on D-day, 20 on D+l, and 25 on D+2. At H+3, 

two H-19s were used to retrieve animals exposed to the detonation (Reference 

C.1.1N). Also, an H-19 was used to check the rocket launching station at H+3. 

Surface and air radex areas, established on the basis of FOPU predictions

were: 

Surface to all altitudes: Within 10 mi (18.5 km) of Bikini 

(H-hour to H+1) 

Surface to all altitudes: Bearing 260° to 3609; 

(H-hour to H+6) 20 0-mi (370-km) range . 

The NAVAJO cloud stabilized at an altitude of 103,000 feet (31 km) with a 

diameter of 140,000 feet (43 km). The lower and upper portion moved to the 

west while the middle cloud moved east-northeast. 

The initial radsafe survey began at H+3 and a second survey at H+5. No 

contamination was noted at Eneu or the fleet anchorage. The northern portion 

Of the atoll experienced contamination levels of 5 to 8 R/hr at H+5 (Reference 

C.1.7.2). Bikini radiological surveys are shown in Table 23. Measured radiation levels did not present an obstacle to recovery operations. 

Six early cloud penetrations were made by Project 2.66 B-57s at H+22 to 

H+38. In-cloud exposure rates to about 60 R/hr were noted. YAG-39 recorded a 

maximum contamination level of 1.3 R/hr at Ht5, and YAG-40 experienced 0.110 

R/hr at H+13 (Reference C.1.3.1312). 

199 
PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT 

No. TYPE - ___ ELEMENT PROJECT 

1 5-47 EFFECTS 

1 5-52 EFFECTS 

2 F-84F EFFECTS 

1 F 101 EFFECTS 

3 847 IBDA 

1 C97 IONOSPHERE 

1 A3D NAVY 

3 P2V RADIOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE 

3 RB 50 TECHNICAL PHOTOGRAPHY 

5 8-57 EARLY PENETRATION 

5 8-57 SAMPLER 

4 F 84G SAMPLER 

2 C 54 DOCUMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHY 

2 SA 16 SEARCH AND RESCUE 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 

1 I I I I I I 

NAUTICAL MILES 

0 20 4P 6,O 190 

Flgure 43. Radex areas, predlcted fallout areas, locations of task force shlps 

and DO0 project Instrument sltes, and list of participating alrcraft 

for NAVAJO, REDWING. Heavy llne deflnes a predlcted fallout area 

of 10-roentgen lnflnite gamma exposure. Shlp posltlons are shot 

tlme except-YAG-39 (USS George Eastman), YAG-40 (USS Granvllle S. w), and USS Crook County (LST-611). whlch are posltlons at tlmes 

of maxlmum fallout activity. 

20 0 
SURFACE TO ALL ALTITUDES 

TO RANGE 200 nmi (370 km) 

RADE~ 

0 YAG-40 

+ 

tSKlFFS IPROJ 2.63)- / 

EASTERN ISLANDS, BIKINI AND ENEU 

(PROJECTS 1.9A. 2 2. 2.61, 2.63,4.1) - COCA (PROJECT 1.9Al WESTERN AND SOUTHERN ISLANDS, BOKDROLUL 

TO AEROKOJ (PROJECTS 1 9A. 2.1. 2.2) 

0 USS LIPAN (ATF-851 

USS SILVERSTEIN (DE-543). 

USS CATAMOUNT (LSD-1 7) 

USS CURTISS (AV-4). PROJECT 2.62A) 

USS KNUDSON (APD-IOIO 

(PROJECT 2.61) 

0USS CHICKASAW (ATF-831 

USS CALIENTE IAO-531 

USS ESTES (AGC-12) 'USS ABNAKI (ATF-961 

0 

USNS FRED C. AINSWORTH IT-AP-181) 0 0 OUSS SHELTON (DD-7901 

USS BADOENG STRAIT (CVE-116). USS SIOUX (ATF 75) 

(PROGRAM 51 

MV HORIZON (PROJECTS 1.9B. 2.62A) 

0 (PROJECT 2.62A) 

I USSCROOK 0 COUNTY (LST-611) (PROJECTS NORTHERN ISLANDS, BOKBATA TOZOMEN k 2.1, 2.2. 2 63, 2 8) 

/- 

- COCA (PROJECT 1.9Al WESTERN AND SOUTHERN ISLANDS, BOKDROLUL 

TO AEROKOJ (PROJECTS 1 9A. 2.1. 2.2) 

0 USS LIPAN (ATF-851 

USS SILVERSTEIN (DE-543). 

ly 

uss CI IRTISS IAV.AI~ PROJECT 2.62Al 

/ 

OUSS McGlNTY (DE-365) 

(PROJECT 2.62A) 

Flgure 43. Radex areas, predlcted fallout areas, locations of task force shlps 

and DO0 project Instrument sltes, and llst of partlclpatlng aircraft 

for NAVAJO , REDWING. Heavy llne deflnes a predlcted fallout area 

of 10-roentgen lnflnlte gamma exposure. Shlp posltlons are shot 

tlrne except-YAG-39 (USS George Eastrnan), YAG-40 (USS Granvllle S. w), and USS Crook County (LST-611). whlch are posltlons at tlrnes 

of maxlmum fallout actlvlty. (contlnued) 

201 
Table 22. H-hour positions of effects aircraft, NAVAJO, REDWING. 

A3D F-84F F-84F 6-47E F-lOIAa B-52 

Direction from burst (O) " - 124 20 5 360 30 7 " - 

S1 ant range (km) 8 9.2 29.3 12.5 8.7 12.8 

Altitude (km) 11 5.2 9.8 10.4 4.5 11.6 

Heading (0) " - 120 03 3 270 122 " - 

Note: 

aF-lOIA pilot received 0.03 R. 

Table 23. Summary of Bikini radiological surveys after NAVAJO, REDWING. 

~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ 

Survey Reading (R/hr) 

~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~- 

(on ground except as noted) Unshielded 

Exposure (R) 

I sl and H+3-5' H+7-8b D+lC D+ZC H+48d 

Bokbata 

N am 

Iroij 

Lomi 1 ik 

Aomen 

Bikini 

Aerok o j 

Le1 e 

E nem an 

Jel ete 

Orok en 

"- 

5.5 

"- 

2.4 

1.5 

6.2 

6.0 

8.0 

6.0 

4.5 

0.11 

background 

0.62 

0.7 

0.9 

0.7 

-" 

0.05 

0.005 

0.015 

0.010 

0.015 

0.035 

0.25 

0.45 

0.26 

0.20 

"- 

0.01 

0.005 

0.015 

0.050 

0.015 

0.035 

310 

108 

228 

180 

"- 

"- 

"- 

"- 

Sources : 

aHelicopter survey at 15 to 25 feet (4.5 to 7.6 meters) altitude 

bDet ai 1 ed survey (Reference C. 1.7.2) . 'Reference C.1.7.1. 

dRef erence C. 1.3.1317. 

(Reference C.1.7.2). 

202 
An increase in the radioactive level was detected on Parry Island, Enewetak, in the early afternoon of NAVAJO shot day. This persisted for only 

2 hours before dropping back to the previous reading. Parry readings (R/hr) 

on D+l (11 July) are listed below (Reference C.1.7.2): 

Time Read i nq Time 

0652 0.00052 1600 

1435 0.00052 16 15 

1450 0.00094 1630 

1500 0.0015 1645 

1520 0.002 1700 

1545 0.0018 17 15 

1800 

- Read i ng 

0.0018 

0.0015 

0.001 

0.000 58 

0.00052 

0.00052 

0.00052 

On 12 July at 0800 the reading was 0.00043 Whr . 

Durirg this same period, Ujelang to the southwest recorded a steady background of 0.00005 Whr. Wotho to the southeast of Bikini and Utirik to the 

east were steady at about 0.00010 Whr. Rongerik's background was zero during 

this same period (Reference C.1.7.2). 

TEWA 

The UCRL 5-MT TEWA device was fired on a barge anchored on the reef west 

of Iroij Island on 21 July 1956. 

The DOD scientific experiments for TEWA are listed below. 

0 Program 2 -- Nuclear Radiation: Projects 2.1, 2.61, 2.62, 

2.63, 2.64, 2.65, 2.66, 2.71, 2.72, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10 

0 Program 5 -- Aircraft Effects: Projects 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 

5.7, 5.8 

0 Program 6 -- Electromagnetic Effects: Projects 6.1, 6.3, 

6.4, 6.5 

0 Program 9 -- Photography: Project 9.1. 

The surface radex area, predicted fallout pattern, and locations of DOD project instrumentation and task force ships are shown in Figure 44. 

Twenty-four aircraft, including three concerned with effects experiments 

and eight sampling aircraft, participated in the shot. Table 24 gives the 

known positions of the effects aircraft. 

203 
\ / 

\ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

100 R 

\ 

\ \ 

\ \ 

\ \ 

\ \ 

\ 

\ \ 

\ 

0 ENEWETAK 

NO. TYPE 1 6-47 

1 6 52 1 6-66 

3 P2V 

1 A3D 

5 6-57 

4 F84G 

- 

\ \ 

PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT \ -" \ 

~ __.____ ~ 

ELEMENT PROJECT ". \ 

EFFECTS 5.1 -" 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

NAVY 

SAMPLER 

RADIOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE 

SAMPLER 

5.2 

5.3 

5.8 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 

I I I 1 I I I 

NAUTICAL MILES 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

I I I I I I 

KILOMETERS 

Figure 44. Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for TEWA, REDWING. Dashed lines define predicted 

fallout areas (infinite gama exposure, roentgens). Ship positions are shot time except YAG-39 (USS George Eastman), YAG-40 

(USS Granvi 1 le S. Hal 1 ), and USS Crook County (LST-611), which 

are positions at times of maximum fallout activity. 

204 
-543) 

USS KNUDSON (APD-1010 USS CALIENTE (AO-53) 

USS ABNAKI (ATF-9610 0 

USS BADOENG STRAIT lCVE.116lO USS ESTES (AGC-1210 0 

USS JAMES E KYES IDD-787) 

PROGRAM 5 

USNS FRED C. AINSWORTH (T-AP-181). USS SIOUX (ATF-75) (PROJECT 2.62Al 

USNS BERNALILLO COUNTY (T-LST-306). 

I 110 0 USS McGlNTY (DE-365) 

Figure 44. Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for TEWA, REDWING. Dashed lines define predicted 

fallout areas (infinite gama exposure, roentgens). Ship positions are shot time except YAG-39 (USS George Eastman), YAG-40 

(USS Granville S. Hall), and USS Crook County (LST-611), which 

are positions at times of maximum fallout activity. (continued) 

205 
Table 24. H-hour positions of effects aircraft, TEWA, REDWING. 

A3D B-47E 6-66 8-52 

Direction from burst (O) " - 000 121 " - 

SI ant range (km) 9.1 13.8 10.0 14.9 

A1 ti t ude (km) 11.1 10.4 5.8 12 /5 

Headi ng (O) " - 270 121 " - 

The air radex areas effective from H-hour to H+6 enclosed an area bearing 

290° to 30°T from the surface to all altitudes to a range of 300 nmi (555 km). 

The surface radex was an area around ground zero with a radius of 15 nmi (28 

km) from H-hour to H+1. 

The TEWA cloud reached 99,000 feet (30 km), with its base at about 30,000 

feet (9 km). The lower 10,000 feet (3 km) of cloud moved to the east, but the 

stem and upper portion of cloud moved west toward Enewetak. 

TEWA heavily contaminated the northern islands at Bikini. Bikini radsafe 

surveys began at H+4 and are summarized in Table 25. The southern islands 

(except Eneu) were also contaminated. Because of the heavy fallout, recovery 

and rollup were delayed. 

Early-penetration sampling pilots received a maximum exposure of 3.1 R 

(Reference C.1.1T). The maximum contamination levels were 25 R/hr at H+4.5 on 

YAG39, and 5.2 R/hr at H+7 on YAG-40 (Reference C.1.3.1312). 

A slight change in predicted postshot winds caused a shift in TEWA fallout 

toward Enewetak. A small vortex that had not been forecast appeared Over 

Bikini at shot time at the 30,000- to 40,000-foot (9- to 12-km) level, reducing appreciably the southerly component of the winds. This development had 

the effect of bringing the "hot" line counterclockwise to about 290° and placing Enewetak in the fringe of the fallout pattern. Figure 45 is a photograph 

Of the TEWA cloud approaching Enewetak backlit by the morning sun. 

As the cloud approached Enewetak it was carefully monitored by as many as 

four aircraft. Cloud track results from the WB-50 Wilson aircraft noted a 

206 
Table 25. Summary of Bikini radiological 

surveys after TEWA, REDWING. 

Survey Reading (R/hr) 

(on ground except as noted) ~ ~~ ~~ ~ 

I sl and H+4a D+lb D+2b 

Bokbata 

N am 

Iroi j 

Lomi 1 i k 

Aomen 

Bikini 

Eneu 

Aer oko j 

Le1 e 

E nem an 

Jel ete 

Oroken 

-" 

50 

-" 

30 

0.25 

-" 

50 

"- 

18' 

2OC 

7.5c 

4. 500d 

0.150 

e "- 

0.30 

0. 060d 

0. lood 

2.5 d 

4.2d 

10d 

10d 

4.5d 

3. gd 

qd 

0.050 

0.015 

0.075 

0.100 

1 .qd 

2 .gd 

Sources: 

aAt 25 feet (7.6 meters) altitude 

bReference C.1.7.1. 

'At 5 feet (1.5 meters). 

dAt 10 feet (3.1 meters). 

e 

(Reference C.1.7.2). 

At H+18 Eneu had fallout reading of 

0.004 R/hr (Reference C.1.7.1). 

207 

0.040 R/hr was taken south of Bikini 45 minutes later at 10,000 feet (3.1 km). 

This was about 190 nmi (350 km) due east of the last mentioned reading and may 

not have been made by the same WB-50. 

At H+11 a WB-50 tracker observed radioactivity about 50 nmi (93 km) due 

south of Parry at 10,000 feet (3.1 km). Probably the same flight proceeded 

eastward and noted readings of 0.040 to 0.090 R/hr about 30 nmi (56 km) south 

of Bikini at H+12. At the same time other readings at the same altitude, 50 

nmi (93 km) southwest of Bikini, showed 0.090 R/hr. The flight proceeded 

eastward to a point about 50 nmi (93 km) north and slightly east of Rongerik 

where it read 0.035 R/hr at 10,500 feet (3.3 km) altitude. On its return toward Enewetak, the flight registered 0.050 R/hr at 8,000 feet (2.4 km) altitude at the midway point between Bikini and Enewetak at about H+14. 

Readings about 30 nmi (56 km) north of Enewetak and over the atoll itself 

at 10,000 feet (3.1 km) were 0.030 R/hr at H+12. At this Same time readings 

north of Rongerik, 340 nmi (630 km) east of Enewetak, showed 0.035 R/hr at the 

same altitude. The cloud was at least this extensive. The recorded fallout 

on Ujelang (R/hr) is listed below (Reference C.1.7.2): 

Date Time 

21 July 0700 

1200 

1600 

2000 

2300 

22 July 0000 

1000 

1100 

1200 

1300 

1400 

- Read i nq 

0.00004 

0.00004 

0.00004 

0.00004 

0.00004 

0.00004 

0.00004 

0.00018 

0.00037 

0.00035 

0.001 

Date Time 

22 July 1500 

1600 

1800 

1900 

2000 

2100 

2200 

2300 

23 July 0700 

1200 

- Read i nq 

0.0012 

0.0015 

0.0015 

0.0012 

0.0012 

0.0012 

0.0012 

0.0012 

0.0015 

0.0015 

Note that the Ujelang radiation log record does show an increase at about H+30, 

which may have been due to the arrival of the TEWA cloud. It may, however, 

signal the arrival of the cloud from the HURON event detonated 24 hours after 

TEWA in the MIKE crater at Enewetak. 

209 
Fallout on Enewetak commenced at approximately H+9. Two peak intensities 

in air concentrations were observed, as shown in Figure 46. The increase in 

the background was quite rapid, with a peak of 0.100 to 0.120 R/hr throughout 

Parry Island. The same intensities were noted for Enewetak Island, but no radiation was reported for other islands in the atoll (Reference D.3). During 

the fallout period, which lasted approximately 17 hours, several rain showers 

occurred; rain samples assayed showed counts in excess of 5,000,000 disintegrations per minute per liter. Puddles of rainwater, especially on the Enewetak runway and parking area, indicated activities up to ten times the general 

area level. 

Three ships, Curtiss, Ainsworth, and Knudson, were dispatched from Bikini 

to Enewetak to be available for atoll evacuation if necessary. 

In a teletype message to the Director of Military Applications of the AEC, 

on 27 July 1956 (Reference D.3) (6 days after the TEWA fallout incident), the 

acting commander of TG 7.1 described the situation confronting Curtiss during 

the trip from Bikini: 

Ainsworth, Curtiss, [and] Knudson ran into fallout while traveling to Enewetak for possible use in [an] emergency evacuation. [There is] no information on details for Ainsworth and 

Knudson. . . . Curtiss sailed with [the] ship buttoned up 

and activated [the] washdown equipment every fifteen minutes 

and all night long as he stood off [the atoll] southeast of 

Parry. By noon Sunday local time he had reduced background 

to about five Mike Roger/How Roger [Whr 1. 

The acting commander went on to say that he currently had no further information on the other ships concerned. 

The first of the ships to enter the lagoon was Curtiss. At 0651 the ship 

anchored at mooring C-1 at 0749. Ainsworth anchored in the lagoon at 0749 and 

the crew began decontaminating exposed surfaces on the ship at 0800. Beginning 

at 0825 and continuing for the next hour, the passengers on board Ainsworth 

left the ship for unspecified destinations. Knudson was last to anchor, entering the lagoon at 0753 and proceeding to mooring C-2 at 0825. 

When USS Agawam (A%-6) arrived at Enewetak in the early afternoon following the TEWA detonation, the Parry reading was about 0.040 Vhr. Agawam had 

210 
AIR CONCENTRATION (DPMhter) 

F) 

z 

Ill I I I Ill1 I I I 

+ 

z 

w 

It 

E 

w 

II 

N 

I c 

- 

“”,””” 

Ill1 I1 1 0 

82 N7 

ON N 

0 

0 

N 

N 

0 

211 
come from Guam and the last 90 nmi (165 km) had been a due north run. As the 

extent of the TEWA cloud in that directions not defined, the extent of any 

exposure is not clear. Agawam log does not note the presence of fallout, the 

activation of washdown systems, or decontamination activities. 

Heavy rain squalls throughout the fallout period probably increased the 

fallout rate by a large factor. They also tended to wash the radioactive particles from the roofs of buildings where personnel were billeted or worked but, 

at the same time, concentrated the contamination in the areas under the eaves 

of the buildings. 

At a conference on the evening of 21 July at Hq JTF 7, it was decided: 

1. Not to attempt evacuation until the gamma levels exceeded 

0.250 R/hr and probably not before 0.500 R/hr 

2. To secure the mess hall prior to the midnight feeding. 

Initial estimates (Reference C.1.7.2) indicated that exposures of personnel would be "a probable maximum of 2.5 roentgens." Later estimates indicated 

about 10 R infinity dose (e.g., the exposed person remaining outdoors in the 

fallout field forever) and about 3 to 6 R actual exposure (Reference D.3). 

JTF 7 later authorized raising the maximum permissible exposure from 3.9 R 

to 7 R for the REDWING operation. Under this waiver, it was not necessary to 

evacuate H&N personnel with high exposures to Eneu Island, Bikini Atoll. Prior 

to receiving this waiver, it had been planned to evacuate about 50 persons per 

day to Bikini and have others, who were necessary for recovery and rollup, live 

aboard LCUs anchored in the Enewetak Lagoon. 

After the fallout, a survey was made of Parry, and work orders for decontamination of hot spots were initiated. Because of lack of equipment and 

personnel, however, little was accomplished until all recovery for the HURON 

detonation the morning of 22 July and some of the rollup was finished. Living 

quarters and the movie theater area were decontaminated. Owing to planned 

deactivation within 1 week, the tent area was not decontaminated. 

Grading adjacent 

age factor of three. 

to barracks and offices reduced exposure rates by an averAt the outdoor theater, removal of the seats and removal 

212 
of the top layer of dirt, with subsequent backfilling with clean dirt, reduced 

the gamma levels by a factor of about ten. 

During the actual fallout period, personnel were requested to remain indoors as much as possible and to take full advantage of shower facilities. 

There was "no evidence of gross personnel contamination . . . as a result of 

this fall-out" (Reference C.1.3.1). Film badges located within aluminum 

buildings showed reduction to about 60 percent of outside integrated exposure. Exposure-rate survey meters indicated about 30 percent of the outside 

exposure at positions greater than 8 feet (2.4 meters) from interior building 

walls. Film badges worn by office workers indicated an exposure of about 60 

percent of the outside integrated exposure, while personnel working outside 

most of the day accumulated about 80 percent of the outside integrated 

exposure (Reference D.3). A report sent to the AEC 6 days after TEWA 

(Reference D.3) indicated that no fallout was observed at weather station 

islands, on Eneu, or on Rongelap. 

213 
-._. . "~."&& . .I_. . 
DOD EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM 

Enewetak experiments were definitely less important to the Department of 

Defense (DOD) than those at Bikini, and the DOD was involved in fewer projects 

and shots at Enewetak than at Bikini. However, three WD projects were unique 

to the Enewetak experimental program. 

Project 1.10 

Although a DOD project, this experiment was staffed by Sandia Corporation, 

an Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) contractor. Blast gauges were placed on the 

shot island for INCA and differences in blast parameters over land cleared of 

vegetation versus uncleared land were observed. 

Project 5.9 

This project concentrated on the fireball's effect on missile materials. 

During two events, sample materials and self-recording instruments were suspended on lightweight towers near the shot towers. Data evaluation required 

recovery of these materials, which proved difficult because of the radiologically hot environment after the shot. Because of this environment, most of the 

sample-recovery work was actually done in September and October of 1956, well 

after the series concluded. 

Project 6.6 

This project tested telemetry links close to burst point and involved setting up such a link using a transmitter very close to ground zero. The data 

were recorded at Parry, and the project did not expose project personnel to 

ionizing radiation. 

EVACUATION AND TEST PREPARATION 

As evacuation of Enewetak involved only camps in the upper islands, it was 

considerably simpler than the Bikini evacuation. Scheduling of Enewetak evacuation is shown in Table 26; test preparations were similar to those at Bikini 

and are listed in Table 27. 

The nearest manned island to the shots was Ananij, where a small experimental team operated from a trailer. The rest of the Enewetak contingent of 

the task force was on Enewetak, Parry, or Japtan islands, or on the few naval 

units at Enewetak . 

215 
Table 26. Enewetak test preparations, REDWING. 

Ship Movement 

Weather ships on station and begin weather observations 

Fleet sortie (if required) 

USNS Fred C. Ainsworth (T-AP-181) leaves Bikini for 

standby ( if required) 

Weather and Fallout Prediction 

Command weather-radsafe briefing 

Comnand weather-radsafe briefing 

Command weather-radsafe briefing 

H-18 advisory on cloud trajectories and fallout 

Forecast of air and surface radex areas 

Command 

Joint Operations Center in operation at Parry 

Aircraft Movement 

Weather reconnaissance flights (3 per day) 

Begin scientific aircraft takeoffs 

Patrol Squadron One radiological reconnaissance 

planes from Kwajalein 

Search and rescue units in position 

D-3/0600 

0-1/1700 

D- 1/ 1800 

D-1/0830 

D-1/2130 

D-day/0230 

D-1/1145 

D-1/1200 

D-1/1200 

D- 4 

D-day/H-2 

D-day/H-2 

D-day/0400 

216 
Table 27. Enewetak evacuation activities, REDWING. 

Activity Day/Time 

Security 

P2V aerial surveillance 

Surf ace vessel sweep 

Commander, Task Group 7.3 reports Danger Area clear 

Physical Plant Closedown -- Camps 

Dismantle unneeded camps 

Personal equipment removed from camps 

Secure trailers not being evacuated 

Last P.O., P.X., etc. at advance camps 

Physical Plant Closedown -- Afloat 

Evacuate houseboats and helicopter barges 

Small boats to safe anchorage if not needed 

Personnel Evacuation 

Al personnel except vital scientific from upper islands 

Mustering for all personnel 

Report task group evacuation officer to task force 

evacuation officer (final) 

Report task group evacuation officer to Commander, 

Joint Task Force 7 

USNS Fred C. Ainsworth (T-AP-181) leaves Bikini 

to standby Enewetak 

Fleet sortie (if required) 

Begin D-6 

D- 1 

D-1 

Begin D-5 

D-5 

D-3 

D-3/2000 

D-1 

D-1/1300 

D-1/1600 

Begin D-1 

D- l/ 1800 

D-l/2OOO 

D- 1/ 1800 

Begin 

D-1/1700 

Details of the safety-related preparation of personnel on the base islands 

are covered in Chapter 2. Figure 48 shows a group on Enewetak faced away from 

the burst point of ERIE as the predawn darkness was dissipated by the detonation light. 

RECOVERY 

At H+1, Task Group 7.4 (TG 7.4) helicopters began the radiological safety 

(radsafe) survey of the atoll, with a report available by H+2. Recovery of 

217 
- .- --? 
decontamination station. Laundry services necessary to maintain the protective 

clothing were provided by Holmes & Narver (H6N) under the direction of the Supply Section of the Radsafe Center. Two complete laundry units consisting Of 

washers and driers were used for contaminated clothing only (Reference C.1.3.1). 

The equipment decontamination station on Parry processed a total of 225 

vehicles, ranging from jeeps to large mobile cranes. Inaddition, numerous 

pieces of small equipment were cleaned for the various projects and for H&N. 

Normal procedure called for all heavy equipment returning from shot islands to 

be monitored upon removal from the boats at the landing and directed to the 

decontamination station if necessary. Versene and citric acid were the common 

decontaminating agents employed, and a steam generator was used to provide hot 

solutions for the necessary washing. When equipment was not needed immediately, the vehicles were held in a "hot" parking lot for varying lengths of 

time before decontamination, in order to reduce contamination levels by radioactive decay of the contaminants. 

Tu 7 was responsible for the conduct of all radiological surveys on the 

atoll, the majority of which were made by helicopter. Normal operations included a preentry survey with CTG 7.1 at H+1 and H+3, a detailed survey of the 

entire atoll at H+4 and H+8, and detailed surveys on the mornings of D+l and 

D+2. Additional surveys were made as required. When necessary, data were 

radioed back to the Radsafe Center from the survey helicopter. Plotting and 

briefing stations were maintained in the Radsafe Center and the J-3 office. 

Ground surveys of islands in the atoll were reported to be conducted when required; however, no indication was made regarding when this occurred (Reference C.1.3.1). 

TU 7 also provided radsafe monitors for the experiment recovery parties 

when necessary. The demand was reported to be small, usually not more than two 

or three after each shot, since the projects generally included their own monitors as members of the recovery team. The monitors were responsible to the 

party leaders, who were expected to accept their advice (Reference C.1.3.1). 

The records show no indication of conflict between a monitor's advice and the 

actual recovery operations. 

219 
An Army radiochemistry trailer (AN/MDQ-7) was used for radsafe sample preparation and counting. The work load was reported as small (Reference C.1.3.1). 

No chemical analyses were performed, but samples were analyzed for gross betagamma activity or total alpha activity. Major analyses included samples of 

lagoon water after APACHE, HURON, and MOHAWK detonations. Rain samples were 

reportedly collected periodically and analyzed, and several tritium urinanalyses were performed; however, the data have not been located. 

During the operational phase, the contamination fran any one shot did not 

interfere with preparations for the next. It was reported that occasionally 

crude decontamination measures were necessary to reduce radioactive contamination to a point where normal labor would not result in excessive exposure. 

Road-scraping and bulldozing operations were used for this field decontamination, but there is no indication of where or when it occurred (Reference 

C.1.3.1). 

Fallout on Enewetak and Parry islands was observed after one detonation at 

Enewetak. Approximately 2 hours after the MOHAWK detonation, radiation was 

noted at Parry. Peak intensity at about H+3, near the end of the fallout period, was reported to be about 0.022 R/hr. Rain showers later in the day were 

said to have removed most of the contamination (Reference C.1.3.1). Enewetak 

Atoll was significantly contaminated by the TEWA detonation at Bikini. Fallout commenced about 9 hours after detonation and lasted approximately 17 hours. 

Peak radiation intensity was about 0.120 R/hr. 

LACROSSE 

The LACROSSE device, designed and developed by Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL), was fired at ground level on the north end of Runit Island at 

0625 on 5 May 1956. The yield was 40 KT. 

The DOD scientific experiments for LACROSSE are listed below. 

0 Program 1 -- Blast Effects: Projects 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 

1.6, 1.8 

0 Program 2 -- Nuclear Radiation: Projects 2.64, 2.65 

0 Program 4 -- Biological Effects: Project 4.1 

0 Program 5 -- Aircraft Effects: Projects 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 

5.6, 5.7 

220 
0 Program 6 -- Electromagnetic Effects: Projects 6.1, 6.3, 

6.4, 6.5 

8 Program 8 -- Thermal Radiation: Projects 8.1, 8.5 

0 Program 9 -- Photography: Project 9.1. 

The surface radiological exclusion (radex) area, predicted fallout pattern, 

and locations of DOD project instrumentation and task force ships are shown in 

Figure 49. 

A total of 25 aircraft participated, including 2 Navy planes. Six F-84Gs 

and one B-57B were used as the cloud Samplers, and one B-57B served as sampler 

control aircraft. The sampler aircraft entered the cloud at 1.5 to 2 hours 

after the burst and encountered exposure rates of 10 to 20 R/hr during initial 

penetrations. Specific locations at burst time for all of the 25 participating aircraft cannot be determined; however, there is information on some effects aircraft, as shown on Table 28. 

Nonmission TG 7.4 aircraft supported the operational and administrative 

requirements of the other task groups. Flight service to Runit, Dridrilbwij, 

and Bijire was suspended on D-1. Four L-20s were provided to TG 7.1 at 1300 

on D-1. Two H-19s were prorided to TG 7.1 on D-day for radsafe survey, damage 

assessment, and priority recovery. For the LACROSSE shot all Enewetak Atoll 

islands were evacuated except Ananij, Japtan, Parry, and Enewetak. 

Surface and air radex areas in force from H-hour to H+6 were: 

Surface to 5,000 feet (1.5 km) Bearing 250' to 3609; 

altitude: 100-mi (185-km) range 

Surface to 50,000 feet (15 km) Bearing Oo to 709; 

altitude: 170-nmi (315-km) range. 

All radex notices were withdrawn at 1310 and the area opened to aircraft. 

The LACROSSE cloud reached only about 35,000 feet (10.7 km), about 10,000 

to 15,000 feet (3.1 to 4.5 km), less than average for similar weapons tested 

at the Nevada Test Site. After about half an hour, the cloud separated into a 

thin upper portion and a thicker, pancake-like portion at between 20,000 and 

22,000 feet (6.1 to 6.7 km). The two portions were joined by a patchy zigzag 

tail. The lower portion of the cloud was a pronounced brown color and easily 

distinguished from natural clouds in the area. 

221 
t; 

.c .- 

-PC@ 

222 
Table 28. H-hour positions of effects aircraft, LACROSSE, REDWING. 

~~ 

F-84F F-84F B-57Ba F-101Ab 

~~ 

Direction from burst (O) 230 288 " - 000 

S1 ant range (km) 5.3 8.6 4.6 3.7 

Altitude (km) 4.6 3.1 4.2 3.7 

Heading (*) 04 7 049 134 138 

Notes: 

aB-57B pilot received 0.08 R; engineer received 0.045 R. 

bF-lOIA pi lot received 0.585 R. 

The initial radsafe survey by helicopter began at H+0.5. Exposure rates 

as high as 24 R/hr (measured at 500 feet [153 meters] altitude) were found 

south of Dridrilbwij (Reference C.1.7.2). The entire northern set of islands 

was contaminated to a level of 9 to 10 R/hr gamma radiation at H+4 (Reference 

C.1.3.1). Table 29 shows the results of the Enewetak surveys. 

Because of contamination of all islands north of Runit, the camps on Lojwa 

and Dridrilbwij were permanently closed after this shot. The camp on the south 

end of Runit, however, was not significantly contaminated and it was reoccupied. The H+l Runit radiation levels are shown in Figure 50. Decontamination 

around the air dispatcher's office on Bijire and along the roads within the 

Aomon-Lojwa complex was accomplished by using road scrapers and bulldozers. 

This materially reduced the exposure that personnel received in transit to 

working sites. In addition, the areas around the tower sites onRunit, Eleleron, and Aomon were decontaminated by scraping and filling, which permitted 

personnel to continue working there in a normal manner without exceeding the 

maximum permissible exposure (MPE). 

Y UMA 

YUMA was fired on a tower at the north end of Aomon Island at 0756 on 

28 May, 1 hour after the ZUNI detonation at Bikini. This was the first instance of near-simultaneous detonation on two atolls. The device was designed 

and developed by the University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL) 

223 
Table 29. Sumnary of Enewetak radiological surveys 

after LACROSSE, REDWING. 

~ ~~~ ~~~ ~ ~ 

Survey Reading (R/hr) 

(on ground except as noted) 

Is1 and H+aa D+1 D+2 

Bokol uo --- 1.8' 0.gc 

Dridrilbwij 4.2 1.0 0.5 

Enjebi 

Lujor 

El eleron 

Aomon 

Bi ji re 

Billae 

Runi t 

North 

South 

Anan i j 

Japt an 

Parry 

2 .oL 

2 .oc 

3 .O' 

1.6 d 

2 .o d 

0.5 d 

1 .oe 

0.005 

--- 

"- 

0.8 

0.5 

0.5 

0.5 

0.08' 

1 .o 

0.001 

0 

0 

0 

0.48 

0.26' 

0.18' 

0.2c 

0.f 

0.03' 

1.0 

0.010 

0 

0 

0 

Notes and Sources: 

aReference C.1.7.2. 

bRef erence C. 1.1L 

'Survey made at 25 feet (7.6 meters) a1 ti tude. 

dSurvey made at 50 feet (15.2 meters) altitude. 

e Survey made at 1,000 feet (305 meters). 

2 24 
3,740 

140 0 

LACROSSE CRATER ON REEF 

57.000.,. . 4,760 . 

N 

? 5? 1 .yo0 

0 100 200 300 

1 I I I 

METERS 

Figure 50. Radiation levels (R/hr) on Runit Island, 

Enewetak, after LACROSSE, REDWING. 

The few DOD scientific experiments are listed below. 

0 Program 1 -- Blast Effects: Projects 1.1, 1.5 

0 Program 2 -- Nuclear Radiation: Project 2.51 

0 Program 6 -- Electromagnetic Effects: Projects 6.1, 6.3, 

6.4, 6.5. 

The surface radex, predicted fallout pattern, and locations of DOD project 

instrumentation and task force ships are given in Figure 51. 

Equipment was evacuated from the northern islands commencing D-5; personnel evacuation began on D-1. All islands were evacuated except Ananij, Enewetak, aud Parry. Two L-20s and two H-19s were provided to TG 7.2 by TG 7.4 on 

D-1 for special missions. H-19s were used on D-day for radsafe surveys, damage assessment, and recovery of high-priority experiments. Regular air service to Lojwa, Runit, and Dridrilbwij was terminated at approximately 1200 on 

225 
HEAVY LINE DEFINESA PREDICTED FALLOUT AREA 

OF 10-ROENTGEN INFINITE GAMMA EXPOSURE 

SHIP POSITIONS ARE SHOT TIME 

INSTRUMENTATION ON THE BASE ISLANDS OF 

ENEWETAK, PARRY, AND JAPTAN IS NOT NOTED 

ROJECT 1 1, 1 5, 2 

PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT 

NO. TYPE ELEMENT - 4 F-WF SAMPLER 

1 SA 16 SEARCH AND RESCUE 

52 

E KYES (DD -1871 

0 USSSHELTON IDD-7901 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 

I I I 1 I I 1 

NAUTICAL MILES 

0 20 40 GO 80 100 

I I I I I I 

KILOMETERS 

Figure 51. Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for YUMA, REDWING. 

D-1. H-19s and L-20s ferried 37 persons on D-3, 44 persons on D-2, 40 persons 

on D-1, 23 persons on D-day and 2 persons on D+1. These personnel were from 

TG 7.1 on device placement and project recovery missions. 

The YUMA cloud reached an estimated height of 10,000 feet (3 km), and the 

base was at about 5,000 feet (1.5 km). The cloud moved to the n.orthwest at 

approximately 10 knots (18.5 km/hr). 

Eleven aircraft, including four F-84G cloud samplers, participated in the 

event. No data could be found on the shot-time location of these aircraft. 

Exposures to the pilots flying the sampling F-84Gs ranged from 0.150 to 0.323 R. 

226 
The Yoke P2V aircraft made a preliminary radiation survey at H+1 and reported very light to no falloutn the islands on either side of the shot site 

(Reference C.1.7.2). Reentry hour was established at H+1.5. 

Radsafe monitoring indicated a maximum intensity of 3.3 R/hr north of Runit 

at H+4; however, this was probably residual radiation from LACROSSE. Theexposure intensity on the shot island was 0.800 R/hr at H+4. No detectable increase in radiation background was noted at the radsafe monitoring stations 

located on Parry (Reference C.1.7.2). Radiological survey results are shown 

in Table 30. 

Table 30. Sumnary of Enewetak radiological surveys after YUMA, REDWING. 

~~ ~~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~ 

Ground Survey Reading (R/hr) 

I sl and H+la H +qb D+Zb 

Bokol uo 0.08 0.08 

Dri drilbwi j 0.04 0.037 

Boken 0.04 0.036 

Enjebi 0.04 0.036 

Mijikadrek 0.04 0.04 

Lu jor 0.02 0.02 

E 1 el eron 0.02 0.02 

Aomon 0.80 0.30 

Bi jire 0.05 0.02 

Lo jwa 0.02 0.02 

Bil lae 0.01 0.01 

Run it 0.01-1.5 0.01-1.5 

0.08 

0.035 

0.035 

0.032 

0.04 

0.02 

"- 

0.14 

0.02 

0.015 

" - 

0.01-1 

Sources: 

aReference C.1.7.2. 

bReference C.1.7.1. 

Although YUMA's firing left radioactivity only at the shot area, added 

precautions were taken in checking personnel returning from recovery operations because some of this contamination was alpha-emitting. Aomon was also 

227 
the site for the planned test of KICKAPOO, but preparations were little affected (Reference C.1.3.1). 

ERIE 

The LASL-designed ERIE device was detonated on a tower near the center of 

Runit at 0615 on 31 May. 

The DOD scientific projects are listed below. 

0 Program 4 -- Biological Effects: Project 4.1 

0 Program 5 -- Aircraft Effects: Projects 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 

5.6, 5.7, 5.9 

0 Program 6 -- Electromagnetic Effects: Projects 6.1, 6.3, 

6.5 

0 Program 8 -- Thermal Radiation: Project 8.5. 

The surface radex area, predicted fallout pattern, and locations of DOD project instrumentation and task force ships are shown in Figure 52. 

Seventeen TG 7.4 aircraft were involved in the experiment in addition to 

two P2Vs from Kwajalein. Effects aircraft included the B-57, F-101, and F-84F. 

Table 31 indicates the location of these aircraft at detonation time. Six 

F-86Gs and one B-57 cloud sampler aircraft were under positioning control of a 

B-57. 

Nonmission TG 7.4 aircraft supported TG 7.1 personnel extensively in preparation for the shot. H-19 aircraft were used at H+l for radsafe surveys and 

damage assessment and later for recovery of high-priority experiments. 

Surface and air radex areas from H-hour to H+6 enclosed an area bearing 

240° to 3OO0T from the surface to 30,000 feet (9 km) altitude, to a range of 

150 nmi (280 km). In addition, an area with a radius of 5 nmi (9 km) around 

the shot island to 30,000 feet (9 km) altitude was established as a radex area 

from H-hour to H+1. 

The cloud reached an estimated altitude of 32,000 feet (9.8 km) in about 

10 minutes. The portion below 20,000 feet (6.1 km) moved to the west, and the 

upper portion moved to the east. Strong directional wind shears stretched the 

228 
’”\ SHIP POSITIONS ARE SHOT TIME 

HEAVY LINE DEFINESA PREDICTED FALLOUT AREA 

OF 10-ROENTGEN INFINITE GAMMA EXPOSURE 

////4 PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT 

Figure 

No. TVPE ” ~ ~ ELEMENT ~ PROJECT 

1 F 84F EFECTS 

1 B 57 EFFECTS 5.4 

1 F 101 EFFECTS 55 

3 P2V RADIOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE 

2 6-57 SAMPLER 

Y ILST-6111 

IDD-787). 

6 F 84G SAMPLER 1 SA 16SEARCH AND RESCUE 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 

L i I I I I I 

NAUTICAL MILES 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

I 1 I I I I 

KILOMETERS 

52. Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for ERIE, REDWING. 

Table 31. H-hour positions of effects aircraft, ERIE, REDWING. 

F -84F B-57Ba F-IOIA~ ~ ~~ 

Direction from burst (O) 

Slant Range (km) 

Altitude (km) 

Head i ng (0) 

~~ 

17 2 

4.8 

1.9 

05 1 

- 

3.4 

3.2 

049 

27 4 

4.3 

3.6 

04 9 

Notes: 

aB-57B pilot received 1.07 R; engineer received 0.68 R. 

bF-lOIA pilot received 0.130 R. 

2 29 
cloud into a long, thin spiral shape. The cloud had a pronounced red color, 

making it easy for sampling pilots to find their targets. 

The postshot radiation survey was performed from H+1.5 to H+3. Based on 

this survey, reentry hour was set as 0830, 31 May. 

ERIE produced high radioactivity only on the shot island. North of Runit 

only slight radioactivity was left, and preparations for later shots were not 

delayed. Radiation surveys are summarized in Table 32. The area around the 

BLACKFOOT tower on the southern end of Runit was bulldozed to reduce radiation 

to acceptable levels (Reference C.1.3.1). 

Monitoring stations at Wotho, Utirik, and Ujelang reported no significant 

increase in radiation background during the three days following ERIE (Reference C.1.7.2). 

SEMINOLE 

SEMINOLE was fired at ground level on the west side of Boken Island at 

1255, 6 June 1956. The LASL device was detonated in a chamber within a tank 

of water. 

The DOD scientific experiments for SEMINOLE are listed below. 

0 Program 1 -- Blast Effects: Projects 1.3, 1.8, 1.9 

0 Program 2 -- Nuclear Radiation: Project 2.64 

0 Program 6 -- Electromagnetic Effects: Projects 6.1, 6.3, 

6.5 

0 Program 8 -- Thermal Radiation: Project 8.5. 

The surface radex area, predicted fallout pattern, and locations of DOD project instrumentation and task force ships are shown in Figure 53. 

Six F-84G cloud samplers, one B-57 sampler, and one B-57 controller participated. 

Effective surface and air radex areas from H-hour to H+6 enclosed an area 

bearing 230° to 320°T from the surface to 30,000 feet (9 km) altitude to a 

range of 150 nmi (280 km). In addition, an area with a radius of 5 nmi (9 km) 

230 
Table 32. Summary of Enewetak radiological surveys after 

ERIE, REDWING . 

Survey Reading (R/hr) 

(on ground except as noted) 

I sl and H+1 .5-3a H+4b H+7 a H+3C H+58C 

Bokol uo 

Dridrilbwij 

Boken 

Enjebi 

Mi jikadrek 

Lujor 

Eleleron 

Aomon 

Bi jire 

Bil lae 

Runit 

North 

South 

-" 

0.030 

0.022 

" - 

"- 

"a 

0.020 

0. lood 

0.040e 

80. OOOd 

0.190 

0.070 

0.070 

0.040 

" - 

0.040 

0.040 

0.165 

"- 

0.100 

" - 

200.000 

0.070 

0.030 

0.033 

0.022 

0.038 

0.020 

0.020 

0.085 

" - 

0.050 

" - 

100.000 

0.070 

0.029 

0.028 

0.021 

" - 

0.020 

0.020 

0.060 

" - 

0.040 

" - 

100.000 

0.070 

0.028 

0.028 

0.020 

" - 

0.020 

0.020 

0.050 

" - 

0.008 

" - 

70.000 

Notes and Sources: 

aReference C.1.7.2. 

bReference C.1.7.1. 

'Reference C. 1.1E. 

dSurvey at 25 feet (7.6 meters) altitude, 

e Survey at 200 feet (61 meters) altitude. 

231 
HEAVY LINE DEFINES A PREDICTED FALLOUT AREA 

OF 10 ROENTGEN INFINITE GAMMA EXPOSURE 

SHIP POSITIONS ARE SHOT TIME 

ENEWETAK. PARRY, AND JAPTAN IS NOT NOTED 

INSTRUMENTATION ON THE BASE ISLANDS OF 

10 R 

RADEX 

SURFACE TO 30,000 ft (9 km) ALTITUDE 

TO RANGE 150 nmi (94.5 km) 

PROJECTS 16 

264,12 1 

I 

PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT 

No. TYPE ELEMENT ____ PROJECT 

3 P2V RADIOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE 

6 

7 

2 

//// I RE 50 TECHNICALPHOTOGRAPHY B 57 SAMPLER 

F 84G SAMPLER 

C 54 DOCUMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHY 

91 

1 SA 16 SEARCH AND RESCUE 

/ 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 

I I 1 1 I 1 I 

NAUTICAL MILES 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

I I I I I 1 -..r "" 

KILUMt I tKb 

Figure 53. Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force ships 

and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft 

for SEMINOLE, REDWING. 

armnd the shot point to 30,000 feet (9 km) altitude was established as a radex 

area from H-hour to H+1. 

The cloud rose in a uniform cylinder to 16,000 feet (4.9 km) with no mushrooming and considerable initial fallout of entrained water. By 45 minutes 

after burst, the cloud had separated into three portions: (1) a cloud at 5,000 

feet (1.5 km) moving slowly north, (2) a portion at 10,000 feet (3 km) moving 

slowly north, and (3) a portion at 15,000 feet (4.6 km) moving very slowly 

northeast and remaining partially over surface zero. 

232 
The initial radsafe survey was made at H+1,5. Ground-level readings of 

600 to 900 R/hr were noted (Reference C.1.7.2). Reentry hour was announced as 

1530. 

The radioactivity on Boken and Dridrilbwij was very high and recoveries on 

the south end of Dridrilbwij were delayed for two days; however, the bunker of 

Boken was visited on schedule by helicopter. Radiological surveys are summarized in Table 33. 

Table 33. Sumnary of Enewetak radiological surveys after 

SEMINOLE, REDWING. 

Ground Survey Reading (R/hr) 

Island H+1. 5a H4-3 D+l D+Zb 

Bokol uo 

Dridrilbwij 

Bokaidrikdrik 

Boken 

Enjebi 

Lu jor 

Eleleron 

Aomo n 

Bi jire 

Lojwa 

Bi 11 ae 

Run i t 

Anan i j 

Japtan 

Parry 

0.08 

900.0 

-" 

600.0 

0.020 

0.020 

0.015 

0.4 

0.02 

0.015 

0.007 

0.005-16 

-" 

"- 

-" 

0.06 

100.0 

300 .O 

20.0 

0.02 

0.02 

0.016 

0.35 

0.02 

0.02 

0.008 

0.005-13 

0 

0 

0 

0.06 

50 .O 

170.0 

4.2 

0.015 

0.015 

0.015 

0.33 

0.02 

0.15 

0.005 

0.003-3.2 

"- 

" - 

-" 

Sources : 

aReference C.1.7.2. 

bReference C.1.1S. 

The Yoke flight, a P2V from Kwajalein, flew radiological reconnaissance 

southeast of Enewetak and encountered no radiation by 1700 when the pattern 

233 
was completed. Yoke I flew a pattern over Enewetak Lagoon calculated to intercept movement of fallout in the direction of the task force ships. NO 

radiation was encountered. Yoke I also conducted a lagoon and atoll survey. 

No increase in background was noted by off-atoll radsafe stations, "in view of 

this, no cloud tracking missions were flown" (Reference C.1.7.2). 

BLACKFOOT 

The BLACKFOOT device, provided by LASL, was detonated on a tower at Runit 

Island at 0626, 12 June 1956. It was detonated simultaneously with FLATHEAD 

at Bikini. 

The DOD scientific experiments for BLACKFOOT are listed below. 

0 Program 1 -- Blast Effects: Project 1.9 

e Program 2 -- Nuclear Radiation: Project 2.51 

e Program 6 -- Electromagnetic Effects: Projects 6.1, 6.3, 

6.4, 6.5, 6.6. 

The surface radex area, predicted fallout pattern, and locations of DOD project instrumentation and task force ships are shown in Figure 54. 

Nine aircraft participated; none were effects aircraft. Cloud samples 

were obtained by six F-84G sanpler aircraft. TG 7.4 provided an H-19 for the 

radsafe and damage survey: a second H-19 was used to recover high-priority 

exper imen ts . 

Effective surface and air radex areas from H-hour to H+6 enclosed an area 

bearing 230° to 320°T from the surface to 30,000 feet (9 km) altitude to a 

range of 100 nmi (185 km). In addition, an area with a radius of 5 nmi (9 km 

around the shot point to 30,000 feet (9 km) altitude was established as a radex 

area from H-hour to H+1. Reentry hour was set at 0830. 

The detonation produced an anvil-headed cloud, rising to about 32,000 feet 

(9.8 km), about 10,000 feet (3.1 km) higher than expected. The bottom of the 

cloud was at about 15,000 feet (4.6 km). Initial cloud movement was to the 

west. The cloud separated into three major portions, all reddish-brown, making them readily visible to sampling pilots. At sampling time, the three portions were at 15,000 feet (4.6 km), 25,000 feet (7.6 km), and 30,000 feet (9.1 

km) . 

234 
OF 10-ROENTGEN INFINITE GAMMA EXPOSURE 

SHIP POSITIONS ARE SHOT TIME 

HEAVY LINE DEFINES A PREDICTED FALLOUT AREA 

ENEWETAK, PARRY, AND JAPTAN IS NOT NOTED 

INSTRUMENTATION ON THE EASE ISLANDS OF 

OJECTS 12 1.30.2 

PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT 

No. E ~~ 

ELEMENT 

3 P2V RADIOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE 

6 F 84G SAMPLER 

1 6-57 SAMPLER 

1 C 54 DOCUMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHY 

1 SA 16 SEARCH AND RESCUE 

30 40 50 60 I 1 I I 

NAUTICAL MILES 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

I I I I I I KILOMETERS 

Figure 54. Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force ships 

and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft 

for BLACKFOOT, REDWING. 

The initial radsafe survey began at H+1.5. The north end of Runit and the 

northernmost islands of the atoll showed the highest radioactivity, but the 

radioactivity at the northernmost islands was residual from SEMINOLE. Levels 

of 2,000 R/hr at H+l were determined. High radioactivity from BLACKFOOT was 

limited mostly to Runit, but the photography tower on Unibor was badly contaminated. This complicated preparations for later tests because it interferred 

with work on the tower. Summary of the Enewetak surveys is shown in Table 34. 

K I CKAP 00 

The KICKAPOO device was provided by UCRL and was detonated on a tower on 

Aomon at 1126, 14 June 1956. DOD participation was primarily remotely sited 

235 
Table 34. Summary of Enewetak radiological 

surveys after BLACKFOOT, REDWING. 

Ground Survey 

Reading (R/hr) 

I sl and H+4a H+1.5-5. gb 

Bokol uo 

Dridrilbwij 

Bokaidrikdrik 

Bok en 

Enjebi 

Aomon 

Bi jire 

Lojwa 

Billae 

Runi t 

North 

Center 

South 

Unibor 

J apt an 

Parry 

0.050 

13.000 

47.000 

140.000 

0.015 

"e 

0.010 

0.005 

17.000 

34.000 

0.015 

6.400 

0 

0 

"- 

" - 

1.200 

6.000 

80.000 

0.450 

2.200 

"- ~~~ ~ 

Sources : 

aReference C.1.7.1. 

bReference C.1.7.2. 

projects except for some neutron measurements and one effects aircraft experiment. 

The DOD scientific experiments are listed below. 

0 Program 2 -- Nuclear Radiation: Project 2.51 

0 Program 5 -- Aircraft Effects: Project 5.6 

0 Program 6 -- Electromagnetic Effects: Projects 6.1, 6.3, 

6.4 

23 6 
The surface radex area, predicted fallout pattern, and locations of DOD instrumentation and task force ships are shown in Figure 55. 

'"\ 

'"% PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT 

-~ ELEMENT ~ ~~ ~" 

3 P2V RADIOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE 

1 F 101 EFFECTS 

1 6-57 SAMPLER 6 F 84G SAMPLER 

2 C 54 DOCUMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHY 

/ "/A 1 SA 16 SEARCH AND RESCUE 

HEAVY LINE DEFINES A PREDICTED FALLOUT AREA 

OF 10 ROENTGEN INFINITE GAMMA EXPOSURE 

'"\ 

SHIP POSITIONS ARE SHOT TIME 

I .'vA INSTRUMENTATION ON THE EASE ISLANDS OF 

ENEWETAK, PARRY, AND JAPTAN IS NOT NOTED 

L I I 1 I I I 

NAUTICAL MILES 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

L I 1 I I I 

KILOMETERS 

Figure 55. Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force ships 

and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft 

for KICKAPOO, REDWING. 

A total of eleven aircraft participated. Six F-84G samplers, their B-57 

controller, and the F-1O1A effects aircraft participated. Table 35 gives some 

specifics about the effects aircraft at detonation time. The F-1O1A was almost 

directly over ground zero at detonation time. It was supersonic and outran the 

blast effect. 

Effective surface and air radex areas from H-hour to H+6 enclosed an area 

bearing 250° to 320°T from the surface to 20,000 feet (6 km) altitude to a 

237 
Table 35. H-hour positions of effects aircraft, 

KICKAPOO, REDWING. 

Direction from burst (O) 218 

Slant Range (km) 2.4 

Altitude (km) 2.3 

Heading (O) 038 

Note: 

aThe F-1O1A pilot received 1.6 R. 

The cloud top was at 18,000 feet (5.5 km) and the base about 12,000 feet 

(3.7 km). Initial movement was to the west. The six sampler aircraft pilots 

received exposures of between about 0.4 and 0.7 R from cloud penetrations. 

Yoke and Yoke I flights were flown following the detonation until 1400 for 

radiological reconnaissance. Cloud-tracking WB-50 aircraft were not flown. 

Initial radsafe measurements were made at H+S. High radioactivity was 

noted only on Aomon, and the tower sites for the MOHAWK and INCA shots on 

Eleleron and Lujor were not materially affected (Reference C.1.3.1). Results 

of the radsafe surveys (R/hr) at H+10 are summarized below (Reference C.1.7.2): 

Bokoluo 0.05 

Dr idr ilbwi j 6.3 

Bokaidrikdrik 33. 

Boken 0.9-78 

Lu jor 0.22 

Eleleron 0.003 

Aomon 0.2-170 

Bi jire 0.150 

Lo jwa 0.004 

Run it 0.7-17.5 

Local alpha contamination was heavy on Aomon, and a special checkpoint and 

personnel decontamination facility was set up on the south end of that island. 

Air-breathing devices were used on occasion because of this. 

238 
Off-atoll stations, with the exception of Ujelang, reported no increases 

in background. Ujelang reported an increase to 0.00003 R/hr, which was quite 

low (Reference C.1.7.2). 

OSAGE 

OSAGE was dropped from a B-36 and detonated at 1314 on 16 June 1956. The 

target island was Runit and the burst altitude about 700 feet (214 meters). 

The DOD scientific experiments for OSAGE were all concerned with electromagnetic effects: Projects 6.1, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, and 6.6. The surface radex 

area, predicted fallout pattern, and the locations of DOD project instrumentation and task force ships are shown on Figure 56. 

PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT 

ELEMENT 

3 P2V RADIOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE 1 B 36 DROP AND CANISTER 

6 F 84G SAMPLER 1 B 57 SAMPLER 

1 SA-16 SEARCH AND RESCUE 

DASHED LINES DEFINE PREDICTED FALLOUT AREAS 

IlNFlNlTE GAMMA EXPOSURE, ROENTGENS) 

SHIP POSITIONS ARE SHOT TIME 

INSTRUMENTATION ON THE BASE ISLANDS OF 

ENEWETAK. PARRY. AND JAPTAN IS NOT NOTED 

PROJECT 6 6 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 

NAUTICAL MILES 

I I I I 

0 20 40 60 BO 100 

L I I I I 1 KILOMETERS 

Figure 56. Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for OSAGE, REDWING. 

0 USS JAMES E KYES (DD-7871 

239 
A total of 12 aircraft took part in the operation, including six F-84G 

sampler aircraft and the B-57 controller. 

The predicted cloud trajectory was southwest of the burst point. Effective 

surface and air radex areas from H-hour to H+6 enclosed an area bearing 240 

to 300°T from the surface to 20,000 feet (6 km) altitude to a range of 100 nmi 

(185 km). In addition, an area with a radius of 5 nmi (9 km) around the intended ground zero to an altitude of 20,000 feet (6 km) was declared a radex 

area from H-hour to H+1. 

0 

The detonation cloud stabilized with its top at about 21,000 feet (6.5 km), 

8,000 feet (2.4 km) higher than predicted. The cloud spread out widely and, 

being nearly transparent, was hard to see. There were three layers: at 21,000 

feet (6.4 km), at 19,000 to 20,000 feet (5.6 to 6.1 km), and at 16,000 feet 

(4.9 km). Movement of the cloud was not apparent to observers on Parry, but 

aircraft reported it moving north at less than 10 knots (18.5 km/hr). 

The P2V aerial reconnaissance aircraft surveyed the islands north of Japtan 

at H+1. This survey indicated OSAGE deposited very little fallout on Enewetak 

(Reference C.1.7.2). Surface and air radex notices were withdrawn and reentry 

hour was set at 1500, 16 June. A summary of the Enewetak surveys is shown in 

Table 36. 

Off-atoll ground-monitoring stations reported an increase in background 

through D+2. 

INCA 

INCA was a UCRL device detonated on a tower on Lujor at 0926 on 22 June 

1956. 

The DOD scientific experiments for INCA are listed below. 

0 Program 1 -- Blast Effects: Projects 1.3, 1.8, 1.10 

0 Program 5 -- Aircraft Effects: Projects 5.4, 5.6, 5.7 

0 Program 6 -- Electromagnetic Effects: Projects 6.la, 

6.lb, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6 

0 Program 9 -- Photography: Projects 9.la, 9.lb. 

24 0 
Table 36. Summary of Enewetak radiological 

surveys after OSAGE, REDWING. 

Ground Survey 

Reading (R/hr) 

I sl and H+2 a D+Zb 

Bokol uo " - 0.04 

Dridri lbwi j -" 5.5 

Bokaidrikdrik " - 20 

Bok en -" 48 

Enjebi " - 0.012 

Lu jor 0.06 0.02 

Aomon 0.06 7 

Bi jire 0.02 0.007 

Lojwa 0.002 0.005 

Billae 0.04 0.002 

Runit 0.008-8.8 0.003-3 

Sources : 

a 

bRef erence C .l. 10. 

Reference C.1.7.2. 

The surface radex area, predicted fallout pattern, and locations of DOD project instrumentation and task force ships are shown in Figure 57. 

A total of 12 aircraft was used, including three effects planes and six 

F-84G cloud-sampling aircraft. Table 37 provides position information for two 

of the effects aircraft on this shot. 

Effective surface and air radex areas from H-hour to H+6 enclosed an area 

bearing 270° to 360°T from the surface to 30,000 feet (9 km) altitude to a 

range of 100 nmi (185 km). In addition, an area with a radius of 5 nmi (9 km) 

around the shot island to an altitude of 30,000 feet (9 km) was established as 

a radex area from H-hour to H+1. 

241 
SURFACE TO 30 000 h 19 km) ALTITUDE 

RADEX 

TO RANGi 100 nrni (185 km) 

ENEWETAK 

NO. TvpE 

1 B 57 

3 P2V 

1 F-101 

6 F WG 

1 B 57 

1 SA 16 

PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

SAMPLER 

RADIOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE 

SAMPLER 

SEARCH AND RESCUE 

". ELEMENT- PROJECT 

5.4 

HEAVY LINE DEFINES A PREDICTED FALLOUT AREA 

OF 10 ROENTGEN INFlNlTE GAMMA EXPOSURE 

SHIP POSITIONSARE SHOTTIME 

INSTRUMENTATION ON THE BASE ISLANDS OF 

ENEWETAK. PARRY, AND JAPTAN IS NOT NOTED 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 

1 I I I I I I 

NAUTICAL MILES 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

1 I 1 I I I 

KILOMETERS 

PROJECTS 1 3.1 10 

PROJECT 13 

OUSSSHELTON IDO-790) 

Figure 57. Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for INCA, REDWING. 

Table 37. H-hour positions of effects aircraft, 

INCA, REDWING. 

B-57Ba F-IOIA~ ~~ ~ ~~~ 

Direction from burst (O) 

Slant range (km) 

Altitude (km) 

Heading (O) 

3.1 

3 .O 

050 

06 0 

3.2 

27 

04 1 

Notes : 

aThe B-57B pilot received 2.66 R; the engineer 

bThe F-1O1A pilot received 2.005 R (Reference 

received 1.71 R (Reference C.1.3.1330). 

C.1.3.1332). 

242 
The cloud reached 42,000 feet (12.8 km), with the bottom at 30,000 feet 

(9.1 km) . The stem and cloud moved to the west at approximately 10 knots 

(18.5 km). The stem appeared to contain more surface debris than usual for 

similar-yield tower shots (Reference C.1.7.2). 

The shot island and lagoon were the only areas showing appreciable radiation during the initial radsafe survey made at H+1 to H+3.5. Exposure rates 

of 2700 R/hr were reported at H+l from the shot island, but adjoining islands 

gave H+1 values of about 1 R/hr (Reference A.4). Contamination on the adjacent island of Eleleron did not interfere with preparations for firing MOHAWK 

(Reference C.1.3.1). Enewetak Atoll surveys are summarized in Table 38. 

The radioactive cloud was tracked by P2V aircraft to a range of 100 nmi 

(185 km). At that point the cloud was approximately 50 mi (93 km) long and 

15 nmi (28 km) across, with an average radiation intensity of 0.050 R/hr at 

10,000 feet (3.1 km). 

The pilot of the F-1O1A and the pilot and engineer of the B-57B effects 

aircraft all received exposures on this shot (see Table 37). No detailed information concerning their flight plans has been found, but it seems probable 

that they received this radiation exposure from "initial radiation" and not 

from subsequent cloud debris. The following extract from the report detaling 

the effects on the B-57B aircraft indicates that operational adjustments were 

made to maximize test results and still stay within the limits of the MPE 

(Reference C.1.3.1330). 

In the preceding events, the one rem positions were not 

limiting and gust remained the limiting factor (for aircraft 

positioning). It was desired that gust loading be limiting 

for this event (Inca) also. The total radiation received UP 

to this time was 1.15 rem from Shots Lacrosse and Erie. 

Since Shot Blackfoot participation was cancelled and none Of 

the remaining devices were expected to result in the receipt 

of measurable radiation, this permitted a total of 2.75 rem 

to be received from this detonation before the 3.9 rem specified limit would be attained. The aircraft was thus positioned for the limiting gust loads and an actual value of 

2.66 rem of nuclear radiation was received by the pilot of 

the aircraft. 

243 
Table 38. Sumnary of Enewetak radiological surveys after 

INCA, REDWING. 

Survey Reading (R/hr) 

(on ground except as noted) 

I sl and H+l .5a H+3.5b D+1 D+ZC 

Bokol uo 

Dri dri 1 bwi j 

Bokaidrikdrik 

Bok en 

Enjebi 

Ae j 

Lu jor 

El el eron 

Aomon 

Bijire 

Lo j wa 

Billae 

Run i t 

Anan i j 

Mu t 

Biken 

" - 

-" 

" - 

" - 

-" 

0.2 

0.01 

0.008 

0.008 

0.008 

0 

0 

"- 

"- 

-" 

0.010 

-" 

" - 

0.01-0.05 

0-0.1 

--- 

5-10 

0.5-1 

" - 

0.01-0.05 

-- - 

--- 

0.01-0.05 

0.01-0.05 

0-0.1 

0 

0.03 

3 

12 

30 .O 

0.010 

0.2 

1-70 

0.01 

2 

0.05 

0.006 

0.003 

0.05-3 

-" 

" - 

-" 

0.5 

"- 

" - 

27 

0.02 

0.12 

30 

"- 

2.5 

"- 

"- 

"- 

3 

"- 

" - 

"- ~~ ~ ~~ 

Notes and Sources: 

aReference C.1.7.2. 

bYoke flight readin s at 1,000 feet (305 meters); 

'Reference C. 1.11. 

(Reference C.1.7.2 4 

MOHAWK 

MOHAWK, a UCRL device, was fired on a tower on Eleleron Island. The shot 

was detonated at 0606, 3 July 1956. 

The DOD scientific experiments for MOHAWK are listed below. 

e Program 1 -- Blast Effects: Projects 1.3, 1.8, 1.9 

0 Program 2 -- Nuclear Radiation: Projects 2.64, 2.65 

244 
0 Program 4 -- Biological Effects: Project 4.1 

0 Program 5 -- Aircraft Effects: Projects 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 

5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.9 

0 Program 6 -- Electromagnetic Effects: Projects 6.la, 

6.lb, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5 

Program 9 -- Photography: Project 9.1. 

The surface radex area, predicted fallout pattern, and locations of DOD project instrumentation and task force ships are shown in Figure 58. 

FROJECT 4 1 

-PROJECT 13 

HEAVY LlNk DEFINES A PREDICTED FALLOUT AREA 

OF 10 ROENTGEN INFINITE GAMMA EXPOSURE 

SHIP POSITIONS ARE SHOT TIME 

ENEWETAK 

INSTRUMENTATION ON THE BASE ISLANDS OF 

ENEWETAK. PARRY, AND JAPTAN IS NOT NOTED 0 USS SHELTON IDD-790) 

PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT 

No. TVPE "____I_~_" ___ ELEMENT PROJECT 

1 852 EFFECTS 

1 847 EFFECTS 

2 F-84F EFFECTS 

1 F 101 EFFECTS 

1 A30 NAVY 68 

3 P2V RADIOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE 3 RE 50 TECHNICAL PHOTOGRAPHY 

6 8-57 SAMPLER 

. .- 

9.1 

2 F-84G SAMPLER 

1 SA 16 SEARCH AND RESCUE CROOK COUNTY (LST-6111 YAG 39 AND YAG 40 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 

L I I I 1 I I 

NAUTICAL MILES 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

1 I I I I I 

KILOMETERS 

Figure 58. Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for MOHAWK, REDWING. 

24 5 
Twenty-seven aircraft participated in this shot, five of which were effects 

aircraft. Table 39 shows locations and headings for these effects aircraft at 

shot time. The F-1O1A was about 4 nmi (7.4 km) from the detonation and the 

pilot received no radiation exposure. Sampler aircraft consisted of five 

F-84Gs and five B-57s. There was one B-57 controller aircraft. 

Table 39. H-hour positions of effects aircraft, MOHAWK, REDWING. 

F-84F F-84F 6-47E F-1O1A 6-52 

Direction from burst (O) 07 2 18 7 12 3 22 0 " 

S1 ant range (km) 6.1 11 19.1 7.1 8.1 

Altitude (km) 6.1 7.1 11.2 6.9 7.6 

Head i ng (O) 07 1 06 1 02 0 040 " 

The effective surface and air radex areas from H-hour to H+6 were: 

Surface to 30,000 feet Bearing 270' to 360%'; 

(9 km) altitude: 100-nmi (185-km) range. 

Surface to all altitudes: Bearing Oo to 509; 

100-nmi (185-km) range 

Surface to all altitudes: 5 nmi (9 km) around shot island. 

The cloud rose to 65,000 feet (19.8 km). Cloudy conditions at Enewetak 

Atoll prevented early lagoon and atoll survey by P2V aircraft. The P2Vs established barrier monitoring patterns on bearings of 260 and 80°, 20 mi (37 km) 

west and 5 nmi (9 km) east of Japtan. No radiation above background was noted 

on these flights and reentry was set for 0800 (Reference C.1.7.2). 

0 

High radioactivity on the shot island was measured. In addition, radioactive fallout was deposited on the northern islands of the atoll. Intensity 

was such that the aircraft taking photographs for Project 1.8 had fogged film 

at H+2. Sampler pilot exposures were from 2.4 to 3.2 R. Recovery operations 

on Eleleron and adjacent islands were delayed for several days as a result of 

the contamination. 

An unforecast wind shift at about shot time at the 15,000- to 20,000-foot 

(4.6- to 6.1-km) level brought radioactive material, along with intermittent 

246 
Off-atoll stations, with the exception of Ujelang, reported no increases 

in background. Ujelang reported an increase to 0.00003 R/hr, which was quite 

low (Reference C.1.7.2). 

OSAGE 

OSAGE was dropped from a B-36 and detonated at 1314 on 16 June 1956. The 

target island was Runit and the burst altitude about 700 feet (214 meters). 

The DOD scientific experiments for OSAGE were all concerned with electromagnetic effects: Projects 6.1, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, and 6.6. The surface radex 

area, predicted fallout pattern, and the locations of DOD project instrumentation and task force ships are shown on Figure 56. 

PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT 

No. TYPE __~"_________~ ELEMENT 

3 P7V RADIOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE 

1 6-36 DROP AND CANISTER 

6 F-MG SAMPLER 

1 857 SAMPLER 

1 SA 16 SEARCH AND RESCUE 

DASHED LINES DEFINE PREDICTED FALLOUT AREAS 

IINFINITE GAMMA EXPOSURE, ROENTGENS) 

SHIP POSITIONS ARE SHOT TIME 

INSTRUMENTATION ON THE BASE ISLANDS OF 

ENEWETAK, PARRY, AND JAPTAN IS NOT NOTED 

PROJECT 6 6 

0 USS JAMES E KYES (DO-787) 

0 10 70 30 40 50 60 

1 I I I 1 I 1 

NAUTICAL MILES 

0 20 ~~ 40 60 80 100 

I I 1 I 1 I 

KILOMETERS 

Figure 56. Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for OSAGE, REDWING. 

239 
A total of 12 aircraft took part in the operation, including six F-84G 

sampler aircraft and the B-57 controller. 

The predicted cloud trajectory was southwest of the burst point. Effective 

surface and air radex areas from H-hour to H+6 enclosed an area bearing 240° 

to 300°T from the surface to 20,000 feet (6 km) altitude to a range of 100 nmi 

(185 km). In addition, an area with a radius of 5 nmi (9 km) around the intended ground zero to an altitude of 20,000 feet (6 km) was declared a radex 

area from H-hour to H+1. 

The detonation cloud stabilized with its top at about 21,000 feet (6.5 km), 

8,000 feet (2.4 km) higher than predicted. The cloud spread out widely and, 

being nearly transparent , was hard to see. There were three layers: at 21,000 

feet (6.4 km), at 19,000 to 20,000 feet (5.6 to 6.1 km), and at 16,000 feet 

(4.9 km). Movement of the cloud was not apparent to observers on Parry, but 

aircraft reported it moving north at less than 10 knots (18.5 km/hr). 

The P2V aerial reconnaissance aircraft surveyed the islands north of Japtan 

at H+1. This survey indicated OSAGE deposited very little fallout on Enewetak 

(Reference C.1.7.2). Surface and air radex notices were withdrawn and reentry 

hour was set at 1500, 16 June. A summary of the Enewetak surveys is shown in 

Table 36. 

Off-atoll ground-monitoring stations reported an increase in background 

through D+2. 

INCA 

INCA was a UCRL device detonated on a tower on Lujor at 0926 on 22 June 

1956. 

The DOD scientific experiments for INCA are listed below. 

0 Program 1 -- Blast Effects: Projects 1.3, 1.8, 1.10 

0 Program 5 -- Aircraft Effects: Projects 5.4, 5.6, 5.7 

a Program 6 -- Electromagnetic Effects: Projects 6.la, 

6.lb, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6 

0 Program 9 -- Photography: Projects 9.la, 9.lb. 

24 0 
Table 36. Summary of Enewetak radiological 

surveys after OSAGE, REDWING. 

Ground Survey 

Reading (R/hr) 

Island 

Bok0 1 uo 

Dri dri lbwi j 

Bokaidrikdrik 

Bok en 

Enjebi 

Lu jor 

Aomon 

Bijire 

Lojwa 

Billae 

Run i t 

"- 

"e 

0.06 

0.06 

0.02 

0.002 

0.04 

0.008-8.8 

0.04 

5.5 

20 

48 

0.012 

0.02 

7 

0.007 

0.005 

0.002 

0.003-3 

Sources : 

aReference C.1.7.2. 

bRef erence C. 1.10. 

The surface radex area, predicted fallout pattern, and locations of DOD project instrumentation and task force ships are shown in Figure 57. 

A total of 12 aircraft was used, including three effects planes and six 

F-84G cloud-sampling aircraft. Table 37 provides position information for two 

of the effects aircraft on this shot. 

Effective surface and air radex areas from H-hour to H+6 enclosed an area 

bearing 270° to 360°T from the surface to 30,000 feet (9 km) altitude to a 

range of 100 nmi (185 km). In addition, an area with a radius of 5 nmi (9 km) 

around the shot island to an altitude of 30,000 feet (9 km) was established as 

a radex area from H-hour to H+1. 

24 1 
PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT 

No. TVPE - " ~" 

ELEMENT PROJECT 

1 8-57 EFFECTS 54 

1 F 101 EFFECTS 

3 P2V RADIOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE 

6 F 64G SAMPLER 1 8-57 SAMPLER 

1 SA 16SEARCH AND RESCUE 

OF 10 ROENTGEN INFINITE GAMMA EXPOSURE 

HEAVY LINE DEFINES A PREDICTED FALLOUT AREA 

SHIP POSITIONS ARE SHOT TIME 

km) ALTITUDE 

INSTRUMENTATION ON THE EASE ISLANDS OF 

ENEWETAK. PARRY, AND JAPTAN IS NOT NOTED 

10 20 30 40 50 60 I I I I I I NAUTICAL MILES 

20 40 60 EO 100 I 1 I I J 

KILOMETERS 

PROJECTS 13. 1 10 

PROJECT 13 

ENEWETAK 0 USS SHELTON (DD-7901 

Figure 57. R adex 

ships 

ing ai 

Tab 1 

areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participatrcraft for INCA, REDWING. 

e 37. H-hour positions of effects aircraft, 

INCA, REDWING. 

B-57Ba F-IOIA~ 

Direction from burst (O) "- 060 

Slant range (km) 3.1 3.2 

Altitude (km) 3 .O 27 

Heading (O) 05 0 04 1 

Notes : 

aThe B-57B pilot received 2.66 R; the engineer 

received 1.71 R (Reference C.1.3.1330). 

bThe F-1O1A pi lot received 2.005 R (Reference 

C.1.3.1332). 

24 2 
The cloud reached 42,000 feet (12.8 km), with the bottom at 30,000 feet 

(9.1 km). The stem and cloud moved to the west at approximately 10 knots 

(18.5 km). The stem appeared to contain more surface debris than usual for 

similar-yield tower shots (Reference C.1.7.2). 

The shot island and lagoon were the only areas showing appreciable radiation during the initial radsafe survey made at H+1 to H+3.5. Exposure rates 

of 2700 R/hr were reported at H+1 from the shot island, but adjoining islands 

gave H+1 values of about 1 R/hr (Reference A.4). Contamination on the adjacent island of Eleleron did not interfere with preparations for firing MOHAWK 

(Reference C.1.3.1). Enewetak Atoll surveys are summarized in Table 38. 

The radioactive cloud was tracked by P2V aircraft to a range of 100 nmi 

(185 km). At that point the cloud was approximately 50 mi (93 km) long and 

15 nmi (28 km) across, with an average radiation intensity of 0.050 R/hr at 

10,000 feet (3.1 km). 

The pilot of the F-1O1A and the pilot and engineer of the B-57B effects 

aircraft all received exposures on this shot (see Table 37). No detailed information concerning their flight plans has been found, but it seems probable 

that they received this radiation exposure from "initial radiation" and not 

from subsequent cloud debris. The following extract from the report detaling 

the effects on the B-57B aircraft indicates that operational adjustments were 

made to maximize test results and still stay within the limits of the MPE 

(Reference C.1.3.1330). 

In the preceding events, the one rem positions were not 

limiting and gust remained the limiting factor (for aircraft 

positioning). It was desired that gust loading be limiting 

for this event (Inca) also. The total radiation received up 

to this time was 1.15 rem from Shots Lacrosse and Erie. 

Since Shot Blackfoot participation was cancelled and none of 

the remaining devices were expected to result in the receipt 

of measurable radiation, this permitted a total of 2.75 rem 

to be received from this detonation before the 3.9 rem specified limit would be attained. The aircraft was thus positioned for the limitingust loads and an actual value of 

2.66 rem of nuclear radiation was received by the pilot of 

the aircraft. 

24 3 
Table 38. Summary of Enewetak radiological surveys after 

INCA, REDWING. 

Survey Read i ng (R/hr ) 

(on ground except as noted) 

I sl and H+l .5a H+3.5b D+l D+ZC 

Bo ko 1 uo 

Dri dri lbwi j 

Bokaidrikdrik 

Bok en 

Enjebi 

Ae j 

Lu jor 

El el eron 

Aomon 

Bijire 

Lo j wa 

Bill ae 

Run i t 

Anan i j 

Mu t 

Biken 

--- 

"- 

0.2 

0.01 

0.008 

0.008 

0.008 

0 

0 

"- 

0.010 

0.01-0.05 

0-0.1 

-" 

5-10 

0.5-1 

" - 

0.01-0.05 

" - 

-" 

0.01-0.05 

0.01-0.05 

0-0.1 

0 

0.03 

3 

12 

30 .O 

0.010 

0.2 

1-70 

0.01 

2 

0.05 

0.006 

0.003 

0.05-3 

0.5 

" - 

27 

0.02 

0.12 

30 

"- 

2.5 

"- 

"- 

-" 

3 

"- 

"- 

Notes and Sources: 

aReference C.1.7.2. 

bYoke flight readin s at 1,000 feet (305 meters); 

'Reference C. 1.11. 

(Reference C. 1.7.2 3 

MOHAWK 

MOHAWK, a UCRL device, was fired on a tower on Eleleron Island. The shot 

was detonated at 0606, 3 July 1956. 

The DOD scientific experiments for MOHAWK are listed below. 

e Program 1 -- Blast Effects: Projects 1.3, 1.8, 1.9 

e Program 2 -- Nuclear Radiation: Projects 2.64, 2.65 

244 
0 Program 4 -- Biological Effects: Project 4.1 

0 Program 5 -- Aircraft Effects: Projects 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 

5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.9 

0 Program 6 -- Electromagnetic Effects: Projects 6.la, 

6.lb, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5 

0 Program 9 -- Photography: Project 9.1. 

The surface radex area, predicted fallout pattern, and locations of DOD pro]- 

ect instrumentation and task force ships are shown in Figure 58. 

FROJECT 4 1 

OF IO-ROENTGEN INFINITE GAMMA EXPOSURE 

SHIP POSITIONS ARE SHOT TIME 

ENEWETAK 

INSTRUMENTATION ON THE EASE ISLANDS OF 

ENEWETAK. PARRY, AND JAPTAN IS NOT NOTED 

NO. TvpE 1 E47 

2 F-84F 

1 E 52 

1 F 101 

1 A3D 

3 P2V 

3 RE50 

6 8-57 2 F-84G 

1 SA 16 

PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT 

_" ELEMENT . ___ 

PROJECT 

EFFECTS 51 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

52 

55 

NAVY ~ 5.8 

RADIOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE 

TECHNICAL PHOTOGRAPHY 9.1 

SAMPLER 

SAMPLER 

SEARCH AND RESCUE 

)JECT 4 1 

0 USS SHELTON (DD-790) 

0 CROOK COUNTY (LST-6111 YAG 39 AND YAG 40 

0 IO 20 30 40 50 60 

I I 1 1 1 1 J 

NAUTICAL MILES 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

1 I 1 1 1 1 

KILOMETERS 

Figure 58. Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for MOHAWK, REDWING. 

24 5 
Twenty-seven aircraft participated in this shot, five of which were effects 

aircraft. Table 39 shows locations and headings for these effects aircraft at 

shot time. The F-1O1A was about 4 nmi (7.4 km) from the detonation and the 

pilot received no radiation exposure. Sampler aircraft consisted of five 

F-84Gs and five B-57s. There was one B-57 controller aircraft. 

Table 39. H-hour positions of effects aircraft, MOHAWK, REDWING. 

F-84F F-84F B-47E F-1O1A B-52 

Direction from burst (O) 07 2 187 123 220 " 

S1 ant range (km) 6.1 11 19.1 7.1 8.1 

A1 t i tude (km) 6.1 7.1 11.2 6.9 7.6 

Heading (O) 07 1 06 1 02 0 040 " 

The effective surface and air radex areas from H-hour to H+6 were: 

Surface to 30,000 feet Bearing 270° to 3609; 

(9 km) altitude: 100-nmi (185-km) range. 

Surface to all altitudes: Bearing Oo to 509; 

100-nmi (185-km) range 

Surface to all altitudes: 5 nmi (9 km) around shot island. 

The cloud rose to 65,000 feet (19.8 km). Cloudy conditions at Enewetak 

Atoll prevented early lagoon and atoll survey by P2V aircraft. The P2Vs established barrier monitoring patterns on bearings of 260 and 80°, 20 nmi (37 km) 

west and 5 mi (9 km) east of Japtan. No radiation above background was noted 

on these flights and reentry was set for 0800 (Reference C.1.7.2). 

0 

High radioactivity on the shot island was measured. In addition, radioactive fallout was deposited on the northern islands of the atoll. Intensity 

was such that the aircraft taking photographs for Project 1.8 had fogged film 

at H+2. Sampler pilot exposures were from 2.4 to 3.2 R. Recovery Operations 

on Eleleron and adjacent islands were delayed for several days as a result of 

the contamination. 

An unforecast wind shift at about shot time at the 15,000- to 20,000-foot 

(4.6- to 6.1-km) level brought radioactive material, along with intermittent 

246 
showers, to Parry throughout the morning (Reference C.1.7.2). The radioactivity was first recorded about 2 hours after burst and continued for 1 hour. 

Peak intensity was 0.002 R/hr (Reference A.4). Off-atoll stations reported no 

increase in background through D+3 (Reference C.1.7.2). Enewetak radsafe surveys are summarized in Table 40. 

Table 40. Sumnary of Enewetak radiological surveys 

after MOHAWK, REDWING. 

Ground Survey Reading (R/hr) 

I sl and H+3a H+gb D+2 

Boko 1 uo 

Dri dr i lbwi j 

Bokai dr i kdr i k 

Bok en 

Enjebi 

Aej 

Lujor 

Eleleron 

Aomon 

Run it 

Parry 

0.2 

3 

4.4 

0.8 

0.4 

1 

20 

3 20 

1.2 

-" 

0.012 

0.54 

2.4 

4.5 

2.7 

0.9 

" - 

560 

12 

4 

0.2 

2.4 

4.4 

-" 

0.3 

0.07 

3.6 

49 

3 

1.2-4 

Sources : 

aReference C.1.7.2. 

b(Reference C.1.1M). 

APACHE 

APACHE was a UCRL device detonated on a barge anchored in the MIKE crater 

between Bokinwotme and Dridrilbwij islands. The event was fired at 0606 on 

9 July 1956. 

The DOD scientific experiments for APACHE are listed below. 

8 Program 1 -- Blast Effects: Project 1.9 

0 Program 2 -- Nuclear Radiation: Project 2.65 

247 
0 Program 5 -- Aircraft Effects: Projects 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 

5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8 

0 Program 6 -- Electromagnetic Effects: Projects 6.la, 

6.lb, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5 

0 Program 9 -- Photography: Projects 9.la, 9.lb. 

The surface radex area, predicted fallout pattern, and locations of DOD project instrumentation and task force ships are shown in Figure 59. 

Thirty-five aircraft took part in the shot, seven of which were effects 

aircraft. The positions and headings of these effects aircraft are shown in 

Table 41. 

.. 

TO RANGE 200 nmi (370 km) 

SURFACE TO ALL ALTITUDES 

TO RANGE 100 nmi (185 km) 

I 1 I I I I I 

NAUTICAL MILES 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

1 I I I I I 

KILOMETERS ENEWETAK 

NIP_ 

1 6-47 

1 B 52 

1 B 57 

1 B 66 

2 F 84F 

1 F 101 

2 847 I C97 

3 P2V 

1 A30 

4 B 57 

3 RE-50 

5 B 57 

4 F84G 2 c54 

1 SA 16 

PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT 

ELEMENT ~~ ~ PROJECT ~ ~~~~~~~~~~ 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

51 

52 

54 

53 

55 

IBDA 

IONOSPHERE 63 

NAVY 58 

RADIOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE 

EARLY PENETRATION 

TECHNICAL PHOTOGRAPHY 91 

SAMPLER 

SAMPLER 

DOCUMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHY 

SEARCH AN0 RESCUE 

0 

USS JAMES E KYES (DD-787) 

OUSNSFRED C AINSWDRTH (T-AP-1811 

HEAVY LINE OEFINESA PREDICTED FALLOUT AREA 

OF 10 ROENTGEN INFINITE GAMMA EXPOSURE 

SHIP POSITIONS ARE SHOT TIME 

INSTRUMENTATION ON THE BASE ISLANDS OF 

ENEWETAK, PARRY, AND JAPTAN IS NOT NOTED 

Figure 59. Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for APACHE, REDWING. 

24 8 
Table 41. H-hour positions for effects aircraft, APACHE, REDWING. 

A30 F-84F F-84F B-47E 6-66 6-576 F-lOlA 6-52 

Direction from 

burst (O) 078 187 360 080 -- 220 " 

S1 ant range 

Altitude (km) 7.9 9.6 10.9 9.1 2.4 3.1 4.5 10.4 

(km) 7.9 11.2 17.3 12.5 7.5 9.2 7.6 11.8 

Heading (O) " 072 060 320080 055 040 

The effective surface and air radex areas from H-hour to H+6 were: 

Surface to all altitudes: Bearing 270° to 310°T; 

100-mi (185-km) range. 

Surface to all altitudes: Bearing 310° to 209; 

200-mi (370-km) range 

Surface to all altitudes: 10 nmi (19 km) around shot island 

until H+1. 

The cloud reached an altitude of about 67,000 feet (20.4 km). It retained 

a symmetrical shape in low winds for about an hour, then the section of stem 

below 15,000 feet (4.6 km) began to drift west-northwest. Radar observed the 

major portion of the cloud drifting ona course of about 30 . The cloud center was about 65 mi (120 km) from surface zero in about 4 hours. 

0 

While conducting the lagoon and atoll survey, a P2V aircraft encountered a 

radiation field of 1.1 R/hr in the vicinity of the shot site at 1020 while 

flying at 1,000 feet (305 km). The aircraft was contaminated to a level Of 

about 1 R/hr until the pilot was able to fly through a rain shower and reduce 

his aircraft background to about 0.15 R/hr. The aircraft immediately returned 

to base (Reference C.1.7.2). It is unknown if the P2V returned to Kwajalein 

or to Enewetak Island for decontamination. 

A rise in radioactivity was recorded at Parry at 2300 (H+17). A maximum 

level of 0.0011 R/hr occurred at 0200 (H+20) (Reference C.1.7.2). 

The APACHE detonation produced exceptionally heavy fallout throughout the 

northern islands of the atoll. Water in the northern end of the lagoon was 

ah0 highly radioactive (Reference A.4). On D+2, the swiming beach at Japtan 

249 
was closed because of lagoon radioactivity. On D+3, beaches at Parry and Enewetak islands were also closed (Reference C.1.3.1). 

No fallout was reported at any of the offsite monitoring stations. Survey 

information for Enewetak Atoll is summarized in Table 42. 

Table 42. Sumary of Enewetak radiological surveys after 

APACHE, REDWING. 

Ground Survey Reading (R/hr) 

I sl and H+4a H+gb D+2 

Bokoluo 

Dri dri lbwi j 

Boken 

Enjebi 

Lujor 

Eleleron 

Aomon 

Bijire 

Lo jwa 

Billae 

Run i t 

North 

Center 

South 

71 

3,000 

91 

61 

41 

41 

18 

10.5 

12.5 

4 

10.5 

7.8 

0.0 

28 

1,200 

38 

24 

16 

-" 

" - 

-" 

"- 

-" 

4 

3 

2.6 

10 

3 

3 

2.2 

2.2 

0.9 

0.7 

0.7 

"- 

0.5 

0.5 

20 0.008 0.00 

Anan i j 0.020 0.008 "- 

Parry 0 " - " - 

3 

Sources : 

aReference C.1.7.2. 

bRef erence C .l. 1A. 

Measurement of the APACHE fireball required that a line of sight be constructed across the SEMINOLE crater. Radiation levels at the crater were 4 to 

5 R/hr at the time construction was required, and a shielded bulldozer was used 

to move the earth. Operators were frequently changed. The highest exposure 

250 
reportedly received by any one operator was 0.7 R after about 6 hours of 

bulldozer operation (Reference C.1.3.1). 

HURON 

HURON, the last shot of the REWING series was detonated at 0612, 22 July 

1956, from a barge moored in the MIKE crater off Dridrilbwij at Enewetak. 

A circular surface radex area was in force until H+1, centered on the burst 

point with a radius of 10 nmi (19 km) and extended upward. Effective surface 

and air radex areas for H-hour to H+6 were the sector bearing 270 to 360° to 

all altitudes to a range of 100 nmi (185 km). 

0 

DOD scientific experiments are listed below. 

0 Program 5 -- Aircraft Effects: Projects 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 

5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8 

0 Program 6 -- Electromagnetic Effects: Projects 6.la, 

6.lb, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5 

0 Program 9 -- Photography: Projects 9.la, 9.lb. 

The surface radex area, predicted fallout pattern, and locations of DOD project instrumentation and task force ships are shown are Figure 60. 

Twenty-one aircraft participated in the shot (Reference C.4.3). Five effects aircraft were in position for this shot, as shown in Table 43. Three 

B-57s and four F-84F sampler aircraft were used for this shot. As usual, there 

was one B-57 control plane. Ships were not withdrawn from the lagoon for this 

event. 

Nonmission TG 7.4 aircraft supported TG 7.1 special missions as before. 

Eighteen personnel were ferried back and forth on D-1 and twenty-one on D-day. 

Helicopters performed radsafe surveys at H+1 and were used to recover highpriority experiments. 

Cloud tracking by radar showed the major portion of the cloud at H+2 was 

centered on a bearing of 275O with the tip at a distance of 39 nmi (72 km). 

The southern edge was on a bearing of 255 , and there was a bulge to the north 

at 315O at 30 nmi (56 km) (Reference C.1.7.2). 

0 

251 
SURFACE TO ALL ALTITUDES 

RADEX PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT 

TO RANGE 100 nmi (185 km) No. !"YE ELEMENT ~ 

/ EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

EFFECTS 

A 

IONOSPHERE 

/A 1 A3D NAVY 

SAMPLER 

RADIOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE 

YA 4 F U4G SAMPLER 

DOCUMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHY 

SEARCH AND RESCUE 

PROJECI 

51 

52 

54 

53 

63 

55 

58 

USNSFRFOC AINSWORTHIT AP 1811 e 

OUSS KNUDSON IAPO-101 

I10R OUSS CUftTISS IAV-41 

HEAVY LINE DEFINES A PREDICTED FALLOUT AREA 

OF 10 ROENTGEN INFINITE GAMMA EXPOSURE 

SHIP POSITIONSARF SHOTTIME 

INSTRUMENTATION ON THE BASE ISLANDSOF 

ENEWETAK. PARRY, AND JAPTAN IS NOT NOTED 

0 10 70 30 40 50 60 

1 I I I I I I 

NAUTICAL MILES 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

KILOMETERS 

Figure 60. Radex areas, predicted fallout areas, locations of task force 

ships and DOD project instrument sites, and list of participating aircraft for HURON, REDWING. 

Table 43. H-hour positions for effects aircraft, HURON, REDWING. 

A3D B-84F B-47E B-66 B-57B B-52 

Direction from burst (O) " 192 117 040 -- " 

S1 ant range (km) 5.1 6.8 15.9 4 5.8 6.3 

A1 t i tude (km) 3.7 5.5 6.7 2.65 4.9 6.1 

Head i ng (O) " 058 000 040 051 " 

252 
Fallout on the northern islands was heavy (2 R/hr). At Enjebi at H+4 it 

was 2 R/hr. Closer into the detonation point it was about 200 R (Reference 

C.1.7.1). Surveys of the Enewetak radiological condition are summarized in 

Table 44. 

Table 44. Sumnary of Enewetak radiological surveys after 

HURON, REDWING . 

Survey Reading (R/hr) 

(on ground except as noted) 

I sl and H+2-3aD+l D+2 D+3 

Bokoluo 

Dri dri 1 bwi j 

Bokaidrikdrik 

Boken 

Enjebi 

Eleleron 

Aomon 

Bi jire 

Billae 

Run i t 

0.5' 

--- 

" - 

0.6 

" - 

0.2 

0.16 

0.15 

" - 

0.2 

8.8-25 

2.3 

0.115 

0.17-0.24 

1.1 

0.04 

-" 

0.05 

0.50 

0.2 

4.4-60 

2.4 

0.140 

0.15-0.20 

1.1 

--- 

0.05 

0.38 

0.19 

18-53 

4.4 

0.170 

0.14-0.18 

0.12 

"- 

0.04 

0.25 

Notes and Sources: 

a Reference C .l. 1H. 

bReference C.1.7.2. 

C At 1,000 feet (305 meters) over shot area. 

HURON was fired while the base islands were still receiving radioactive 

fallout from the TEWA cloud, but HURON did not add any more to this. The 

fallout from HURON apparently did not reach farther south on Enewetak Atoll 

than Runit, which was showing 0.5 R/hr at H+4 (Reference C.1.7.1). Off-atoll 

fallout may have reached Ujelang, although the increased radioactivity there 

about 6 hours after the shot could have resulted from TEWA. A summary of the 

Ujelang radiation is given in Chapter 4 with the discussion of TEWA. 

253 
ANOMALOUS RADIATION EXPOSURES 

In connection with Project 2.51, a plutonium foil spilt open, releasing an 

estimated 100 mg of oxidized plutonium into the counting trailer. Alpha contamination was spread to other areas, unfortunately, as project personnel continued to use the trailer after the accident. Monitoring subsequently showed 

that ten persons had been contaminated. Twenty-hour urine specimens contained 

low levels of plutonium. One barracks and four tents required decontamination, 

and some clothing and personal belongings were confiscated and destroyed. Mess 

hall and latrine facilities were monitored, but did not reveal contamination. 

Three contaminated trailers were sealed and moved to the decontamination pad, 

and contaminated equipment and other items were disposed of at sea (Reference 

C.1.7.1). 

A second incident was the 5-R exposure of a dental technician aboard a 

Badoeng Strait from X-rays, apparently due to faulty X-ray equipment (Reference C.3.2). 

POST-REDWING ACTIVITY 

Sane post-REDWING activity involving DOD personnel probably posed a potential for radiological exposure, but this was delayed data-recovery activity, 

not activity associated with closing down the operation. TG 7.1 Project 5.9 

(WAX and contractors) returned to Enewetak in September and October of 1956 

to recover material samples on the islands of Runit and Eleleron. These samples had been exposed on lightweight towers near the ERIE and MOHAWK shots, 

and the completion of the project required recovery and direct inspection of 

the samples. The area in which the samples were expected to be found was tW 

radioactive immediately after the test to permit work, and so the later recovery was done. This later recovery involved digging in the surface layers Of

the island. 

254 
CHAPTER 6 

U.S. ARMY PARTICIPATION IN OPERATION REDWING 

Army participation in REDWING involved about 1,600 men. The primary function of the Army units involved was garrisoning Enewetak Island. Army units 

had been at Enewetak since the first nuclear tests there in 1948. When tests 

were not being conducted, these units remained and provided a continuing military presence. After the establishment of the permanent task force organization in 1953, the commander of the major Army unit at Enewetak, who was commander of the task force's Task Group 7.2 (TG 7.2), acted as Atoll Commander 

for Commander, Joint Task Force 7 (JTF 7). 

Army units also provided long-distance communications facilities and military police for the task force. Various Army laboratories conducted experiments during REDWING, and one unit provided radiological safety (radsafe) 

services for TG 7.1 and for the rest of the task force. 

Army units at REDWING and Army units having representatives badged during 

the series are listed below. Table 45 summarizes personnel exposures for the 

men identified as U.S. Army or civilian personnel employed by Army organizations except the men assigned tojoint Department of Defense (DOD) agencies 

and the Army observers discused in Chapter 10. 

Anti-Aircraft Artillery and Guided Missile (AA&GM) Center, Fort Bliss, Texas. 

AA&GM was represented by one person badged with Hq JTF7. This organization had provided radsafe personnel for CASTLE, and this man may have 

served in this capacity or, perhaps, as liaison or observer. His exposure 

is combined with Misc Army in Table 45. 

Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. A single representative 

from this organization was badged with Hq JTF 7. His function is not 

known. His exposure is combined with Misc Army in Table 45. 

Ballistic Research Laboratories (BRL), Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. 

Twenty-nine men from this organization participated in Projects 1.1 and 

255 
or. 

uw m34 ... 

NdN 

mID 

NU7 hm .. 

00 

"9? 

COW 3 

l9 

NN 

0) 

" L cz w au3 I 

UVIC 

- QE -xV 

ow 

worn 

m3 . .9 ~3m 

m,-. 

3 

m3lq .. 

w,-.u 

NO uN 

mm 

4 

25 

m Im 

- 

VI 

c 

W 

42 

cn 

c 

W 

0 

- 

VI 

W 

C 

X 

W 

L 

3 

v) 

0 

a 

X 

u 

m 

m 

u,-. 

N 

4 

3 

N4 Irn 

D 

0 

L 

W 

.r 

a ,-.m lo ma -4N hN N,-..- 4 IN 

m Im 

L 

0, 

,-.m lw mmlm m i I,-. ah4 a W 

E 

m 

- m 

a -mlu m o 3 3 Q 

rn 

m 

m 

3 

VI 

.++IN N ,-. -4 UN"lCU - 

W 

a VI - E Q-co 

OOW 

.Lo 

mm 

oam 

=am 

r.co 

N-4 

U 

Uc, W W 

cc, 

c c EO W WZ EEUW 

" u u c, .r 

UTI m u 

3c,Yl=l 0 c m m who a c, WW a 

51 v am 

Id 2- C'.- .r VI c, 

c, ~m- ID WW L" N1cok-E 

4 

r. 

wrn 

E,W'o,h 

L 

0 

c, 

L 

0 

ll 

2 

m 

m 

n 

d 

e 

L 

W 

W 

c 

.r 

m 

c 

W 

3 

-z 

ID 

I 

c, 

N 

3 

r. 

- 

m 

c, 

0 

lr 

U 

W 

- 

c, 

* 

0 

c 

256 
1.5 and provided instrumentation for Projects 1.2, 1.9, 1.10, 3.1, and 

Sandia experiments as part of TG 7.1. 

Chemical Corps Activities, Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland. Several related organizations participated and were designated variously "ACC," "Chemical Research Lab," or "Chemical Warfare Lab." This group of 45 was responsible 

for Projects 2.4, 2.51, 2.65, and 8.3, together with the "9710th TU CC." 

In the presentation of their exposures (Table 45), all personnel with 

these designations have been grouped under the Chemical Corps personnel. 

Over one-quarter of these men exceeded the series maximum permissible 

exposure (MPE) of 3.9 R. 

Continental Army Command (CONARC). Two representatives Were badged with Hq 

JTF 7, but their duties have not been established. Their exposures have 

been included in Misc Army in Table 45. 

Department of the Army. Two representatives were badged simply as "DEPTAR" in 

the Hq JTF 7 group. No further identification is available. Exposures 

are included with Misc Army. 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratory (ERDL), Fort Belvoir, Virginia. 

ERDL was responsible for the Project 1.8 crater surveyI although only one 

person has been found in the Consolidated List for this agency. Actual 

project measurements were made byHolmes & Narver (HLN) personnel. 

Naval Supply Center (NSC), Oakland, California. Two men identified as Army by 

serial number were noted as being affiliated with this organization on the 

Hq JTF 7 list. Their exposures are included with Misc Army. 

Office of Chief Signal Officer (OSCIGO). One man was identified who was affiliated with this office in the Hq JTF 7 list. His exposure is included 

under Misc Army. 

Pictorial Center, Long Island City, New York. This agency operated a Tv transmitter that brought weather information from Enewetak to Parry, and six 

men, three on the TG 7.1 and three on the TG 7.4 lists, have been identified as either "SCPC" or "Army Pictorial Center." However, a sampling Of 

257 
the 5x8 dosimetry cards (Reference C.1.7.4) showed that one of the TG 7.1 

"SCPC" men had several mission badges, which is inconsistent with EnewetakIsland-only duty. Exposures for this group are included in Table 45 under 

Signal Corps Pictorial Center. 

Signal laboratories and test units including, Signal Corps Engineering Laboratory, Evans Siqnal Laboratory, 9045th and 9677th Test Units, and simply 

Fort Monmouth. These designations were used to identify the men listed 

with a 33-man group that staffed Projects 2.1, 2.2, and 6.5. Exposures 

have been combined in Table 45 under Signal Laboratories. 

Signal Plant Engineering Aqency. This agency surveyed the radio communication 

facilities of TG 7.2 and oversaw their improvements in the pre-REDWING 

phase. One person with this affiliation was badged with Hq JTF 7 and his 

exposure has been included under Misc ArmySoutheastern Signal School, Fort Gordon, Georgia. This group provided "operating teams" for radio stations at Wotho, Utirik, and Ujelang (Reference 

C.2.2). Three men from the "9600 S.E. School Camp Gordon" were listed on 

the Hq JTF 7 list. 

Walter Reed Medical Center, Washington, D.C. One man from this organization 

was badged with Hq JTF 7, and his exposure is included in Table 45 with 

Misc Army. 

1st Radiological Safety Support Unit, Fort McClellan. This unit provided 135 

men for TU 7 (Radiological Safety) of TG 7.1. This unit's activities are 

the subject of Chapter 2 of this report. 

8th Signal Co., 8th Infantry Division. One person was included in the TG 7.1 

list and may have either been involved with Signal Corps experimental activity or with communications. His exposure is in Table 45 included with 

Signal Laboratories. 

505th Military Police Battalion Co. "C". The organization was brought in to 

supplement the military police detachment of the 7126th Army Unit. It was 

part Of TG 7.2 and reported to the TG 7.2 Provost Marshal. Personnel 

258 
arrived in three groups in February and March. They were stationed 

throughout both Bikini and Enewetak atolls, and in early April the guard 

posts were located as follows: 

Enewetak Atoll Bikini Atoll 

Enewetak Island 17 Eneu 39 

Run it 20 Lomilik 16 

Lo jwa 20 Eneman 30 

Dridrilbwij 29 

An additional guard post was set up 27 June at Ananij (Enewetak). The 

policy of CTG 7.2 was to rotate the personnel among the guard posts (Reference C. 2.2). 

As the advance camps were progressively closed, the requirements for 

guard posts were reduced, and as early as June 1956, 71 of these Company C 

MPs had been withdrawn. Following HURON, all but 24 returned to the United 

States and the last group left on about 1 Agust. 

902nd CIC Detachment, Sub Detachment C. Eight men from this organization were 

part of Hq JTF 7. Five were stationed at Enewetak, three were on Parry, 

and one on Eneu. Exposure data are given in Table 45. 

4054th SU, Fort Bliss, Texas. One scientific officer was affiliated with this 

group on the TG 7.1 list. He may have been a scientific observer or an 

unacknowledged project participant. His exposure is in Table 45 under 

Misc Army. 

7126th Army Unit. This organization provided the bulk of the personnel for 

TG 7.2. It was the permanent garrison force at Enewetak between CASTLE 

and REDWING. Except for its military police detachment and several mail 

clerks on Eneu and Parry, the 7126th was stationed on the island of Enewetak. Military police were used throughout the atoll. The 7126th Army 

Unit was reorganized for REDWING into the following four detachments: 

Headquarters, Service, Transportation, and Military Police. The 7126th 

operated base facilities on Enewetak Island for tenant units and its own 

components. It provided security and ground defense for the atoll, operated the military comunications system, and conducted radsafe functions 

on Enewetak Island. 

259 
8452nd AAU, Sandia Base. One man, whose organization was noted as "8542 

Sandia Base," was probably from this Army unit, which provided administrative services to Army personnel serving with the Armed Forces Special 

Weapons Project (AFSWP) Field Comnand at Sandia Base, or at LASL. 

8600th Army Unit of the 2nd Army Security Agency Detachment. The 8600th provided security support for CJTF 7 as an element of TG 7.2. This group arrived at Enewetak in January 1956 and established monitoring stations on 

Enewetak Island that month and one on Eneu in February. The total strength 

of the unit was four officers and thirty-eight enlisted men. 

The Enewetak detachment consisted of three officers and twenty-six 

enlisted men. This unit discontinued operations on 14 July. The Eneu 

detachment of one officer and twelve enlisted men discontinued Eneu operations on 10 July and moved to Bikini. The entire group was evacuated 

from Enewetak to the United States by air on 15 July. 

In addition, several Army personnel were present whose only permanent unit 

identification was a notation of an Army post. These have been grouped under 

Misc Army and include one from Fort Eustis, Virginia, two from Fort Lewis, 

Washington (these three were badged with TG 7.1), one from Fort Gordon, Georgia (badged with TG 7.5), and one from Fort Shafter, Hawaii (badged with Hq 

JTF 7). 

260 
CHAPTER 7 

U.S. NAVY PARTICIPATION IN OPERATION REDWING 

Navy participation in REDWING involved about 5,700 men, primarily based on 

ships operating around Bikini Atoll. Other Navy personnel served ashore at 

Enewetak in various command, scientific, and support capacities. 

Important functions performed by the Navy were surveillance of the test 

area by air and sea, provision of ship-based scientific instrumentation stations, movement of test devices and supplies, weather observations, and bulk 

logistic support. The Comander of Joint Task Force 7 (CJTF 7) was a naval 

officer . 

Personnel from Navy organizations participated in REDWING primarily in 

Task Group 7.3 (TG 7.3). The organization of TG 7.3 is described in Chapter 1 

in detail. Naval laboratories provided personnel for scientific projects in 

TG 7.1, which are detailed in Chapter 3. 

These naval units are discussed below in two groupings. The first is Navy 

ship units, and the second is composed of the various Navy aircraft units, 

laboratories, bureaus, and specialized support agencies that participated in 

REDWING. For each organization treated a brief description of its REDWING 

activities is given. Table 46, which is arrayed in the same order as the discussion, presents a summary of the available exposure information for the personnel from each unit. 

NAVY SHIPS 

The following ships participated in REDWING. Most of the ship units participated in Bikini operations. The standard operating area for the ships 

during the shots and until Eneu Anchorage was given a radiological clearance 

was southeast of the atoll at ranges from 20 to 40 nmi (37 to 74 km). The 

summary of activities provided in this chapter for the most part comes from 

ships' deck logs (Reference C.3.1.1) and occasionally from the TG 7.3 History 

(Reference C.1.3.1), the TG 7.3 Commander's Report (Reference C.1.3.2), and 

other sources as noted. 

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26 3 
USS Abnaki (ATF-96) 

USS Abnaki (ATF-96) 

An ocean-going tug with a normal complement of 73, Abnaki arrived at the 

PPG on 15 April and departed on 27 July. It was an element of the Utility 

Unit (TU 7.3.2). It participated in Bikini shots only. It decontaminated 

YF'NBs after shot ZUNI. Exposure data are summarized in Table 46. Operational 

activities for each shot are summarized below. 

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LACROSSE (Enewetak, 5 May, 0625). No data available. 

CHEROKEE (Bikini, 21 May, 0551). In assigned operating area at 

time of detonation. Anchored in Bikini Lagoon at 1200, according 

to USS Curtiss Deck Log (Reference C.3.1.1). 

ZUNI (Bikini, 28 May, 0556). On 27 May at 1150 underway with 

Holmes & Narver POL barge 352 in tow; at 1731 arrived in operating 

area. In assigned operating area at time of detonation. On 28 May 

at 1200 anchored in Bikini Laqoon, accordins - to the Curtiss Deck 

Log (Reference C.3.1.1). Assisted USS Lipan in decontaminating 

YFNB-13 and YFNB-29. 

YUMA (Enewetak 28 May 0756). At sea for ZUNI. 

ERIE (Enewetak, 31 May, 0615). Anchored at mooring N-15. At 1134 

underway from alongside USS Catamount at mooring N-4, Bikini, to 

transfer fuel; then moored alongside USS Navasota at mooring N-17, 

Bikini, to take on fuel. At 1644 reanchored mooring N-15, Bikini. 

SEMINOLE (Enewetak, 6 June, 1255). Anchored in Bikini Lagoon, 

Eneu anchorage, based on log weather observation sheet coordinates. 

FLATHEAD (Bikini, 12 June, 0626). On 11 June at 2008 recovered 

YCV-10 from FLATHEAD shot site off Iroij Island and anchored mooring N-3, Bikini. Underway for operating area at 2036. On 12 June 

at 0550 all hands on atomic defense stations in assigned operating 

area; at 0626 observed nuclear detonation bearing 333O, 25 mi (46 

km). At 0631 secured from atomic defense stations; at 0851 maneuvered to reenter lagoon. Anchored mooring N-17, Bikini, at 0917. 

BLACKFOOT (Enewetak, 12 June, 0626). At sea for FLATHEAD. 

KICKAPOO (Enewetak, 14 June, 1126). Anchored in Bikini Lagoon, 

Eneu mooring, according to log weather observation sheet coordinates. 

OSAGE (Enewetak, 16 June, 1314). Anchored mooring N-15, Bikini. 

INCA (Enewetak, 22 June, 0956). Anchored mooring N-15, Bikini. 

At 1249 took YCV-10 in tow and moved to DAKOTA shot site off Iroij 

Island. Arrived off Iroij at 1616. 

DAKOTA (Enewetak, 26 June, 0606). On 25 June moved YCV-10 from 

DAKOTA shot site off Iroij Island to an unspecified anchorage in 

26 4 
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USS Abnaki (ATF-96) 

lagoon. Underway for sortie at 1807. On 26 June at 0545 crew stationed on atomic defense stations in assigned operating area; at 

0606 observed nuclear detonation bearing 320°, 25 nmi (46 km) . At 

0610 secured from atomic defense stations; at 0625 formed column 

with Catamount as a guide ship. Reentered lagoon at 0900; anchored 

mooring N-15, Bikini, at 0923. 

MOHAWK (Enewetak, 3 July, 0606). Anchored at NAVAJO shot site off 

Iroij Island YCV-10 in tow. 

APACHE (Enewetak, 9 July, 0606). Anchored mooring N-15, Bikini. 

At 0815 underway with YCV-10 in tow to NAVAJO shot site off Iroij 

Island: at 1026 anchored off Iroij at shot site. Underway at 1708 

with YCV-10 in tow; anchored YCV-10 in lagoon at 1905 en route to 

securing tow of Holmes & Narver POL barge 352. Underway at 1941 

with barge 352 on shot NAVAJO sortie. Returned to Bikini anchorage the following morning, after postponement of shot NAVAJO. 

NAVAJO (Bikini, 11 July, 0556). On 10 July at 0710 cast off barge 

352 with assistance of Boat Pool LCM-41 and LC"35 and proceeded 

to YCV-10 anchorage. Underway at 0828 with YCV-10 in tow; at 1034 

anchored at NAVAJO shot site off Iroij Island. Underway on sortie 

for assigned operating area at 1955 with YCV-10 in tow. On 11 July 

at 0545 stationed crew on atomic defense stations in assigned operating area; at 0556 observed nuclear detonation bearing 310°, 30 

mi (56 mi) . At 0603 secured from atomic defense stations. Left 

operating area at 0625 to take station in reentry formation. At 

0800 astern USS Shelton with Catamount as guide ship reentering 

lagoon. Within lagoon at 0917; anchored mooring N-15, Bikini, at 

1015. 

TEWA (Bikini, 21 July, 0546). On 20 July anchored off TEWA shot 

site on reef between Nam and Iroij islands. Underway at 2045 to 

tow YCV-10 to Eneu anchorage; at 2247 moored YCV-10, secured YE'N994 and underway for sortie to assigned operating area. On 21 July 

at 0531 crew stationed on atomic defense stations in assigned opererating area; secured atomic defense station at 0533. At 0546 observed nuclear detonation bearing 350°, 35 mi (65 km). Departed 

operating area at 0619. Reentered lagoon at 0947; anchored mooring N-15, Bikini, at 1023. Underway at 1730 to go alongside = 

Caliente (AO-53). 

HURON (Enewetak, 22 July, 0616). Anchored mooring N-15, Bikini; 

at 0616 observed nuclear detonation bearing 260°T. 

See USS Karin 

"38. See USS Merapi 

26 5 
USS Agawam (AOG-6) 

USS Aqawam (AOG-6) 

A gasoline tanker with a normal complement of 131, Aqawam was in the PPG 

during 21, 27, 28, 31 May and 11 July and possibly remained through 16 July, 

returning 20 July and remaining until 26 July. The location of Agawam is of 

considerable interest because of the possibility that she was in the TEWA fallout zone for some time. Agawam arrived at Enewetak when the Radsafe Building 

on Parry was reading about 0.050 R/hr, but the extent of this fallout zone toward the south is not established. Agawam crew did not have film badges, or

the records have not survived. There is no information if the ship was equipped with a washdown system. It is therefore possible that the crew received 

an exposure from TEWA. 

AGC-7. See USS Mount McKinley 

AGC-12. See USS Estes 

USNS Fred C. Ainsworth (T-AP-181) 

This troop transport vessel participated as the Accommodation Ship Unit 

(TU 7.3.9), arriving in the PPG on 25 April and departing on 23 July. It was 

the hotel ship for TG 7.5 evacuees during Bikini shots. Ainsworth encountered 

TEWA fallout when sailing to Enewetak for possible evacuation of the atoll on 

21 July. The crew of 188 was primarily civilian. Exposure data are presented 

in Table 46. Operational activities for each shot are summarized below. 

LACROSSE (Enewetak, 5 May, 0625). At sea in assigned operating 

area with five passengers embarked on duty assigned by SOPA, 

Bikini. Engines stopped and drifting between 0445 and 1118, approximately halfway between Enewetak and Bikini. Underway at 1118 

en route to Bikini. 

CHEROKEE (Bikini, 21 May, 0551). Took on 225 passengers at Bikini 

and sortied for assigned operating area. Between 0536 and 0550 

all persons were instructed in safety precautions, put on goggles 

and faced away from ground zero; at 0551 all persons were cautioned 

about shock wave. At 0611 all hands went below; turned sprinkler 

system on between 0618 and 0644; weather decks remained off limits 

from 0644 until 0934. Reentered lagoon at 0956; at 1049 anchored 

mooring N-1 . ZUNI (Bikini, 28 May, 0556). At sea in assigned operating area 

with 173 passengers embarked. Between 0528 and 0554 all persons 

26 6 
USNS Fred C. Ainsworth (T-AP-181) 

were instructed in safety precautions, put on goggles, and faced 

away from ground zero; at 0556 all persons were cautioned about 

shock wave. At 0616 all hands went below; sprinkler system turned 

on between 0628 and 0702; maintained station until 1019, Reentered 

lagoon and anchored mooring N-1. Radsafe barge moored alongside 

from 1320 to 1620. 

0 YUMA (Enewetak, 28 May, 0756). At sea for ZUNI. 

0 ERIE (Enewetak, 31 May, 0615). On 30 May departed Bikini Lagoon 

at 1654. On 31 May between 0400 and 0721 in designated area halfway between Bikini and Enewetak. At 0721 en route to Bikini Atoll. 

On 1 June anchored mooring N-1, Bikini. Monitoring of decks between 0800 and 1200 showed decrease from 0.0012 to 0.00104 R/hr. 

0 SEMINOLE (Enewetak, 6 June, 0626). Anchored mooring N-1, Bikini. 

0 FLATHEAD (Bikini, 12 June, 0626). At sea in assigned area with 145 

passengers embarked. Between 0605 and 0624 passengers instructed 

in safety procedures, and put on goggles. At 0645 sprinkler SyStern connected and all passengers sent below deck; weather decks 

off limits; sprinkler system on between 0702 and 0722. Returned 

to Bikini at 0845. Anchored mooring N-1 at 0909; all passengers 

ashore by 1100. 

0 BLACKFOOT (Enewetak, 12 June, 0626). At sea for FLATHEAD. 

0 KICKAPOO (Enewetak, 14 June, 1126). Anchored mooring N-1, Bikini. 

0 OSAGE (Enewetak, 16 June, 1314). Anchored mooring N-1, Bikini. 

0 INCA (Enewetak, 22 June, 1314). Anchored mooring N-1 at 0614 following sortie for aborted shot DAKOTA. 

0 DAKOTA (Bikini, 26 June, 0606). At sea in assigned area with 134 

passengers embarked. Between 0550 and 0604 all persons instructed 

in safety procedures and put on goggles. At 0626 passengers and 

crew sent below; sprinkler system on at 0645; maneuvering on various courses; sprinkler system turned off at 0655. Moved astern of 

USS Curtiss prior to reentry and reentered lagoon at 0844; anchored 

mooring N-1 at 0952. 

0 M3HAWK (Enewetak, 3 July, 0606). At sea on MOHAWK sortie. In assigned operating area at time of detonation, probably halfway between Bikini and Enewetak. At 0719 left operating area en route 

to Bikini. Arrived at Bikini at 1845; anchored in the lagoon at 

1904. 

0 APACHE (Enewetak, 9 July, 0606). At sea on APACHE sortie proceeding to assigned Enewetak operating area. At 0603 all hands put on 

goggles; continuous monitoring of bridge. At 0635 began closing 

on Deep Entrance, Enewetak Lagoon; at 0744 lying to on assigned 

Station. At 0921 proceeded en route to Bikini; arrived at Bikini 

at 2132; at 2240 anchored mooring N-1, Bikini. 

26 7 
USNS Fred C. Ainsworth (T-AP-181) 

NAVAJO (Bikini, 11 July, 0556). Underway at 0236 from Bikini 

Lagoon for assigned operating area with 104 passengers embarked. 

At 0536 all hands to quarters. At 0617 all passengers sent below 

decks. Prepared to reenter lagoon at 0722; anchored mooring N-1, 

Bikini, at 0913 and debarked passengers. Radsafe barge moored 

alongside between 1040 and 1523. 

TEWA (Bikini, 21 July, 0546). At sea in assigned area with 103 

passengers embarked. Ainsworth, Curtiss, and USS Knudson dispatched in late morning for possible evacuation of Enewetak Atoll 

due to TEWA fallout. Employed sprinkler system freely through 

2400 while underway to Enewetak. 

HURON (Enewetak, 22 July, 0616). At sea off Enewetak in operating 

area EG 1014. At 0625 en route to Deep Entrance, Enewetak; entered 

lagoon at 0655; at 0729 anchored in lagoon. Commenced decontamination at 0800. Passengers debarked between 0825 and 0925. 

Additional Ainsworth source: Reference C.1.2. 

AK-213. See USS Sussex 

AO-53. See USS Caliente 

AO-105. See USS Mispillion 

AO-106. See USS Navasota 

AOG-6. See USS Agawam 

AOG-7. See USS Elkhorn 

AOG-9. See USS Kishwaukee 

AOG-10. See USS Nemasket 

AOG-53. See USS Namakagon 

AOG-59. See USS Natchaug 

APD-10. See USS Knudson 

~~"75. see uSS Sioux 

26 8 
USS Badoeng Strait (CVE-116) 

ATF-83. See USS Chickasaw 

ATF-85. See USS Lipan 

ATF-96. See USS Abnaki 

AV-4. See USS Curtiss - 

USS Badoeng Strait (CVE-116) 

This escort carrier with a complement of 767 men for REDWING was the carrier element of the Carrier Unit ("E 7.3.1.1), arriving in the PPG on 16 March 

and departing on 26 July. Badoeng Strait participated in Bikini shots only, 

assisting in evacuating personnel from the atoll and providing afloat decontamination facilities to Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron-363 (HMR-363). 

The ship carried a Raydist navigational positioning system on the foredeck to 

Position aircraft of the TG 7.4 Aircraft Effects Element (TG 7.1, Program 5) 

for the Bikini shots. Exposure data for the crew are in Table 46. Operational 

activities for each shot are summarized below. 

0 LACROSSE (Enewetak, 5 May, 0625). Anchored mooring N-14A, Bikini. 

0 CHEROKEE (Bikini, 21 May, 0551). On 20 May sortied from Bikini 

late in the evening. On 21 May in assigned operating area at time 

of detonation; at 0551 saw detonation over Bikini; at 0552 felt 

shock wave. Between 0814 and 1310 conducted helicopter flight 

operations. Reentered the lagoon at 0920; anchored mooring N-14A 

at 1002. 

0 ZUNI (Bikini, 28 May, 0556). On 27 May underway from Bikini at 

1857 for assigned operating area. On 28 May observed detonation 

bearing 355O, 27 mi (50 km) ; at 0558 felt shock wave. At 0645 

set flight quarters. Reentered lagoon at 0850. At 0905 began 

helicopter flight operations. Anchored mooring N-14A at 0944. 

Secured from flight quarters at 1603. 

0 WMA (Enewetak, 28 May, 0756). At sea for ZUNI. 

0 ERIE (Enewetak, 31 May, 0615). On 30 May between 0000 and 0400 

anchored mooring N-14A, Bikini; repair parties standing by in the 

event of radioactive fallout. Underway at 1905 for Kwajalein for 

rest and recreation. Steaming for Kwajalein at time of detonation. 

On 31 May at 1026 anchored mooring 14, Kwajalein. 

0 SEMINOLE (Enewetak, 6 June, 1255). Anchored mooring N-14A, Bikini. 

269 
USS Badoeng Strait (CVE-116) 

FLATHEAD (Bikini, 12 June, 0626). On 11 June sortied from Bikini 

late in the evening (precise time unavailable). On 12 June in 

assigned operating area at time of detonation; at 0626 observed 

detonation bearing So, 20 nmi (37 km). At 0725 set flight quarters. Reentered lagoon at 0835; at 0852 anchored mooring N-15A'. 

Secured from flight quarters at 1444. 

BLACKFOOT (Enewetak, 12 June, 0626). At sea for FLATHEAD. 

KICKAPOO (Enewetak, 14 June, 1126). Anchored mooring N-14A, 

Bikini. 

OSAGE (Enewetak, 16 June, 1314). Anchored mooring N-14A, Bikini. 

INCA (Enewetak, 22 June, 0956). At 0848 returned to Bikini from 

night steaming area after shot DAKOTA aborted. Anchored mooring 

N-14A, Bikini, at time of detonation. 

DAKOTA (Bikini, 26 June, 0606). On 25 June underway from Bikini 

at 1924 for assigned operating area. On 26 June in assigned operating area and at 0606 observed deto,lation bearing Oo, 23 nmi (43 

km); at 0608 shock wave passed ship. At 0745 set flight quarters; 

began launching helicopters at 0815. Reentered lagoon at 0847; at 

0855 anchored mooring N-15A. Secured from flight quarters at 1115. 

MOHAWK (Enewetak, 3 July, 0606). Anchored mooring N-14A, Bikini. 

APACHE (Enewetak, 9 July, 0606). Anchored mooring N-14A, Bikini; 

at 0606 observed detonation at Enewetak. 

NAVAJO (Bikini, 11 July, 0556). On 10 July underway from Bikini 

at 2234 for assigned operating area. On 11 July at 0556 observed 

detonation in assigned operating area. Reentered lagoon at 0800; 

at 0830 began launching helicopters. Anchored mooring N-14A at 

0843. Secured from flight quarters at 1337. 

TEWA (Bikini, 21 July, 0546). On 20 July underway at 2159 from 

Bikini for assigned operating area. On 21 July in assigned operating area and saw detonation bearing 2O, 26 nmi (48 km) . Set 

flight quarters at 0732; at 0745 on station astern of USS Estes; 

launched helicopters at 0803. Reentered lagoon at 0830; anchored 

mooring N-15A at 0905. Secured from flight quarters at 0929. 

HURON (Enewetak, 22 July, 0616). Anchored mooring N-14A, Bikini. 

Underway for Kwajalein at 1645. 

Additional Badoeng Strait source: Reference C.3.1.2. 

USNS Bernalillo County (T-LST-306) 

Bernalillo County, a tank landing ship with a civilian crew of 49, arrived 

in the PPG on 27 February and departed on 25 July. The ship operated as a 

270 
USNS Bernal i 1 lo County (T-LST-306) 

surface interatoll transport for light freight and passengers as a TG 7.3 element. 

0 

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Operational activities for each shot are summarized below: 

LACROSSE (Enewetak, 5 May, 0625). Underway to Enewetak at 0619, 

308OT, 30 nmi (56 km) off Enewetak by radar, and turned on water 

decontamination system. At 1230 in Enewetak Lagoon. Secured to 

deep water pier at 1350. Departed Enewetak at 1718 en route Bikini. Monitor reading 0.003 R/hr at 2200, turned on water decontamination system; system turned off at 2330. 

CHEROKEE (Bikini, 21 May, 0551). Underway to Bikini at time of 

detonation (no data on position). Engines stopped at 0604, ship 

lying to; at 0851 started on course 310'. Moored to Eneu pier at 

1223 with bow on beach and remained there through 22 May. 

ZUNI (Bikini, 28 May, 0556). Anchored mooring C-1, Enewetak. 

"A (Enewetak, 28 May, 0756). Anchored mooring C-1, Enewetak. 

Underway to old cargo pier, Parry Island, at 1059; at 1115 moored 

to pier. 

ERIE (Enewetak, 31 May, 0615). No data available. 

SEMINOLE (Enewetak, 6 June, 1255). No data available. 

FLATHEAD (Bikini, 12 June, 0626). Moored to old cargo pier, Parry 

Island . BLACKFOOT (Enewetak, 12 June, 0626). Moored to old cargo pier, 

Parry Island. At 1431 left dock en route Bikini. On 13 June at 

0200 radiometer readings 0.0025 to 0.0042 R/hr; washdown system 

turned on at 0303, system secured at 0353. At 0400 reading 0.0015 

to 0.002 R/hr; washdown system on at 0445, system secured at 0505. 

Crew decontaminated areas of vessel with washdown hose at 0800; 

maximum reading 0.001 R/hr at 0900. Anchored mooring N-16, Bikini 

at 1430. 

KICKAPOO (Enewetak, 14 June, 1126). Anchored Bikini. 

OSAGE (Enewetak, 16 June, 1314). No data available. 

INCA (Enewetak, 22 June, 0956). Moored to old cargo pier, Parry 

Island, until 1200; no data available for rest of day. 

DAKOTA (Bikini, 26 June, 0606). No data available. 

MOHAWK (Enewetak, 3 July, 0606). Lying to in assigned sortie area 

off Enewetak Atoll, between 15.8 and 6 nmi (29.3 and 11.1 km) off 

Parry Island. At 0856 moored to old cargo pier at Parry. 

APACHE (Enewetak, 9 July, 0606). At 0529 14.8 mi (27.4 km) off 

Parry Island, Enewetak, in assigned sortie area. Between 0551 and 

0752 ship steamed to Deep Entrance off Parry Island; no data available for rest of day. 

NAVAJO (Bikini, 11 July, 0556). No data available. 

271 
USNS Bernal i 11 o County (T-LST-306) 

0 TEWA (Bikini, 21 July, 0546). In assigned sortie area, approximately 20.2 nmi (37.4 km) south of Eneu Island. At 1101 moored to 

dock, Eneu Island, Bikini. 

e HURON (Enewetak, 22 July, 0616). At Bikini. 

USS Caliente (AO-53) 

A fleet oiler, Caliente, with a complement of 220, was probably in the PPG 

from 3 July through 1 August. She sortied with the task force fleet for NAVAJO 

and TEWA. Exposure data are in Table 46. 

USS Catamount (LSD- 17 ) 

Catamount, a landing ship dock, arrived at the PPG on 2 February and departed on 23 July. It provided boat pool housekeeping facilities at Bikini, 

evacuated boat pool personnel during Bikini shots, and transported shot devices from Enewetak to Bikini as TE 7.3.7.1, LSD Element. Exposure data for 

the 275-man crew is in Table 46. Operational activities are described below. 

0 LACROSSE (Enewetak, 5 May, 0625). Anchored mooring N-4, Bikini. 

CHEROKEE (Bikini, 21 May, 0551). On 20 May anchored mooring N-4, 

Bikini; took on personnel for TG 7.1 (20), TG 7.3 (193), TG 7.4 

(71, TG 7.5 (25). At 1907 completed embarking 18 LCMs and 1 AVR; 

at 1916 left berth for operating area BF 25-30-L. On 21 May at 

0551 observed shot CHEROKEE in assigned operating area; evacuated 

topside spaces at 0604. At 0955 reentered lagoon. Debarked 18 

LCMs at 1018. Returned and anchored to mooring N-4, Bikini, at 

1025. Underway for Enewetak Atoll at 1457; at 1628 joined by USs 

James E. Kyes en route to Enewetak. 

0 ZUNI (Bikini, 28 May, 0556). On 27 May anchored mooring N-4, 

Bikini. Underway for operating area BH 30-35-L at 1950 with 18 

LCMs, 2 AVPRs, 1 AVR embarked and 5 TG 7.1 personnel (a 2nd LT 

from the 1st RSSU and 4 enlisted men of TU 7) , 194 TG 7.3 personnel, 6 TG 7.4 personnel, and 25 TG 7.5 personnel. On 28 May at 

0556 observed shot ZUNI in assigned operating area. At 0927 reentered lagoon in formation with USS Estes. Anchored mooring N-4, 

Bikini, at 1020. Completed debarking boats at 1050. 

0 YUMA (Enewetak, 28 May, 0756). At sea for ZUNI. 

0 ERIE (Enewetak, 31 May, 0615). Anchored mooring N-4, Bikini. 

0 SEMINOLE (Enewetak, 6 June, 1255). Anchored mooring N-4, Bikini. 

0 FLATHEAD (Bikini, 12 June, 0626). On 11 June at 2315 underway 

from N-4, Bikini, for operating area with 18 LCMs and 1 AVR 

embarked. In assigned operating area on 12 June at time of 

272 
USS Chickasaw (ATF-83) 

detonation; at 0640 all hands below the main deck. At 0800 prepared to reenter lagoon; at 0926 anchored mooring N-4, all boats 

debarked. Underway for Enewetak at 1451 with 3 TG 7.4 enlisted 

men as passengers. 

BLACKFOOT (Enewetak, 12 June, 0626). At sea for FLATHEAD. 

KICKAPOO (Enewetak, 14 June, 1126). Anchored mooring C-2, Enewetak. Ships present included USS Mer api (AF-38) and Kyes. Underway for Bikini at 1613 with Kyes and a VP-1 P2V-5 as escort. 

OSAGE (Enewetak, 16 June, 1314). Anchored mooring N-4, Bikini. 

INCA (Enewetak, 22 June, 1314). On 21 June sortied for shot 

DAKOTA. On 22 June reentered lagoon at 0715 after shot DAKOTA 

aborted; anchored mooring N-4 at 0806. 

DAKOTA (Bikini, 26 June, 0606). On 25 June underway at 2351 for 

assigned operating area with undetermined number of boats embarked, 

9 TG 7.1 personnel, 5 TG 7.4 personnel, 23 TG 7.5 personnel. On 

26 June at 0606 observed shot DAKOTA in assigned operating area. 

At 0713 maneuvered in formation with Estes to reenter lagoon. 

Anchored mooring N-4 at 0904; at 0908 all boats debarked. Underway at 1318 for Enewetak with a Marine 1st LT and a 10-man Marine 

detachment. 

M3HAWK (Enewetak, 3 July, 0606). Anchored mooring N-4, Bikini. 

APACHE (Enewetak, 9 July, 0606). Anchored mooring N-4, Bikini. 

NAVAJO (Bikini, 11 July, 0556). At 0247 underway from N-4, Bikini, 

for assigned operating area; 18 LCMs, 5 TG 7.1 personnel, 6 TG 7.4 

Personnel, 22 TG 7.5 personnel embarked. At 0556 observed shot 

NAVAJO in assigned operating area. At 0600 maneuvered to reenter 

Bikini Lagoon. Anchored mooring N-4 at 0838; at 0911 all boats 

debarked. Underway for Enewetak the following morning with a 

Marine 1st LT, and a 10-man Marine detachment aboard. 

TEWA (Bikini, 21 July, 0546). Underway at 0211 from N-4, Bikini, 

en route to assigned operating area BF 30-35-L with 10 LCMs, 1 AVR, 

and 1 LCU, 5 TG 7.1 personnel, 6 TG 7.4 personnel, 22 TG 7.5 personnel embarked. At 0546 observed nuclear detonation in assigned 

operating area. At 0810 maneuvered in formation with Estes to reenter lagoon. Anchored at N-4 at 0839; at 0925 all boats debarked. 

HURON (Enewetak, 22 July, 0616). Anchored mooring N-4, Bikini. 

At 1354 left for Enewetak. 

Additional Catamount source: Reference C.1.3. 

USS Chickasaw (ATF-83) 

This fleet tug participated in Bikini shots only, arriving in the PPG on 

5 April and departing 26 July. Personnel from its 68-man crew participated in 

273 
USS Chickasaw (ATF-83) 

the decontamination of the YFNBs at Bikini after NAVAJO. Exposure data for 

the crew are in Table 46. Operational activities are summarized below. 

LACROSSE (Enewetak, 5 May, 0625). Anchored mooring N-5, Bikini. 

CHEROKEE (Bikini, 21 May, 0551). On 20 May at 1129 sortied with 

YC-1420 and Army barge 294 in tow for assigned operating area. In 

assigned operating area on 21 May at time of detonation. From 

0611 to 0625 operated washdown system. Reentered lagoon at 1112; 

at 1258 released YC-1420 to Boat Pool LCM. Anchored mooring N-5, 

Bikini, at 1314; at 1327 released Army barge 294 to Boat Pool LCM. 

ZUNI (Bikini, 28 May, 0556). On 27 May at 1126 sortied with YC1420 and Army barge 294 in tow for assigned operating area. In 

assigned operating area on 28 May at time of detonation. From 

0620 to 0629 operated washdown system. Reentered lagoon at 1117; 

at 1153 released YC-1420 to Boat Pool LCM. Released Army barge 

294 to Boat Pool LCM at 1207 and anchored mooring N-5, Bikini. 

YUMA (Enewetak, 28 May, 0756). At sea for ZUNI. 

ERIE (Enewetak, 31 May, 0615). Present in Bikini Lagoon in the 

early morning, according to USS Curtiss Deck Loq (Reference 

C.3.1.1) for 31 May. 

SEMINOLE (Enewetak, 6 June, 1255). Anchored mooring N-5, Bikini. 

At 0758 sortied for gunnery practice. Reentered lagoon at 1321; 

at 1329 anchored mooring N-5, Bikini. 

FLATHEAD (Bikini, 12 June, 0626). On 11 June at 1431 sortied with 

YC-1420 and Army barge 294 in tow for assigned operating area. In 

assigned operating area on 12 June at time of detonation. From 

0652 to 0705 operated washdown system. Reentered lagoon at 0940; 

at 1009 released YC-1420 to Boat Pool LCM; at 1025 released Army 

barge 294 to Boat Pool LCM. Anchored mooring N-5, Bikini, at 1035. 

BLACKFOOT (Enewetak, 12 June, 0626). At sea for FLATHEAD. 

KICKAPOO (Enewetak, 14 June, 1126). Anchored mooring N-5, Bikini. 

OSAGE (Enewetak, 16 June, 1314). Anchored mooring N-5, Bikini. 

INCA (Enewetak, 22 June, 0956) 

DAKOTA (Bikini, 26 June, 0606) 

YC-1420 and Army barge 294 in 

assigned operating area on 26 

tered lagoon at 0845; at 1020 

1027 released YC-1420 to Boat 

barge 294 to Boat Pool LCM. 

. Anchored mooring N-5, Bikini. 

. On 25 June at 1838 sortied with 

tow for assigned operating area. In 

June at time of detonation. Reenanchored mooring N-5, Bikini; at 

Pool LCM; at 1034 released Army 

MOHAWK (Enewetak, 3 July, 0606). Anchored mooring N-5, Bikini. 

APACHE (Enewetak, 9 July, 0606). Anchored mooring N-5, Bikini. 

Underway at 1809 with YC-1420 and Army barge 294 in tow for shot 

274 
USS Crook County (LST-611) 

NAVAJO sortie. On 10 July returned to lagoon and anchored mooring 

N-5, Bikini, after postponement of shot NAVAJO. 

0 NAVAJO (Bikini, 11 July, 0556). On 10 July at 1924 sortied with 

YC-1420 and Army barge 294 in tow for assigned operating area. In 

assigned operating area on 11 July at time of detonation. At 0835 

maneuvered to reenter lagoon. Released Army barge 294 to Boat 

Pool LCM at 0938; at 1006 anchored mooring N-5, Bikini; at 1116 

released YC-1420 to Boat Pool LCM. 

0 TEWA (Bikini, 21 July, 0546). On 20 July at 0811 refueled from 

USS Caliente (AO-53). Sortied for assigned operating area at 1858 

with POL barge 352 and Army barge 293 in tow. In assigned operating area on 21 July at time of detonation. At 0835 maneuvered to 

reenter lagoon; released Army barge 294 to Boat Pool LCM at 0938. 

Anchored mooring N-5, Bikini at 1006; at 1116 released YC-1420 to 

Boat Pool LCM. 

0 HURON (Enewetak, 22 July, 0616). Anchored mooring N-5, Bikini. 

USS Crook County (LST-611) 

This specially modified LST was a floating fallout collection station for 

Program 2 (Nuclear Radiation) as part of TU 7.3.6, Radiological Support Unit. 

It was modified so that it could be operated by a skeleton crew housed in heavily shielded compartments usually below decks. The remaining crew remained at

Parry Island. It participated in the Bikini shots except NAVAJO, operating as 

the northernmost of the fallout-collecting stations; thus itwas less contaminated than YAG39 (USS George Eastman) and YAG-40 (USS Granville S. Hall), the 

other two manned collection stations. Exposure data for the crew are on Table 

46. Exposure data for scientific personnel on Crook County during the fallout 

collection periods are shown in Table 10 under Project 2.63. Operational activities are summarized below. 

LACROSSE (Enewetak, 5 May, 0625). On 4 May sent all hands ashore 

at Parry Island except a 28-man operating team; following personnel came aboard: 6 boat operations men from Project 2.63 and 2 

naval officers assigned to Hq TG 7.3, Parry Island, on temporary 

duty. At 1408 ship got underway for Program 2 project support. 

On 5 May in formation with YAG-39 and YAG-40 en route to Bikini 

Atoll at time of detonation. At 1217 entered Bikini Lagoon. 

Anchored mooring N-16, Bikini at 1235. 

CHEROKEE (Bikini, 21 May, 0551) On 20 May underway from Bikini at 

0945 with reduced crew, also embarked Project 2.63 boat operations 

Party. On 21 May in assigned Program 2 operating area north of 

275 
USS Crook County (LST-611) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

e 

Bikini at time of detonation; at 0551 observed shot CHEROKEE. On 

22 and 23 May continued to maneuver in predicted fallout path 

under direction of Program 2 plot. Fallout was very light from 

CHEROKEE and was measured only at the stations nearer the shot 

than Crook County, whose operational area wasabout 185 nmi (345 

km), bearing 325O from surface zero (Reference C.1.3.1317). Returned to Enewetak Lagoon and anchoring at 0857. 

ZUNI (Bikini, 28 May, 0551). On 27 May underway at 0925 with reduced crew of 2 officers and 14 enlisted men; also embarked 6 passengers from TG 7.1 and 2 ship's party aboard Ainsworth and Estes 

on temporary duty. On 28 May in operating area north of Bikini 

assigned by Program 2 plot aboard the Estes. At 0556 observed nuclear detonation at approximately 125O relative, 155 nmi (287 km) 

distant. Continued to maneuver in predicted fallout path after 

detonation. Position at the time of peak fallout activity was 

about 145 nmi (about 270 km), bearing 335O from surface zero. An 

unshielded film badge topside registered an exposure of less than 

0.05 R for the 62-hour period the ship wasin the operating area 

(Reference C.1.3.1317). 

YUMA (Enewetak, 28 May, 0756). At sea for ZUNI radiological survey north of Bikini. 

ERIE (Enewetak, 31 May, 0616). On 30 May at sea with reduced crew 

of 2 officers and 12 enlisted men. Rendezvoused with MV Horizon 

at 0348 to receive Project 2.63 radsafe personnel as passenger to 

Enewetak. On 31 May underway in night operating area off Enewetak. 

Observed nuclear detonation bearing 30° relative, 15 nmi (28 km) 

distant. Entered Enewetak Lagoon at 0857; at 0935 anchored mooring D-3. 

SEMINOLE (Enewetak, 6 June, 1255). Anchored mooring D-3, Enewetak. 

FLATHEAD (Bikini, 12 June, 0626). On 11 June underway from Bikini 

at 1424 with reduced crew of 3 officers and 14 enlisted men; also 

embarked 5 Project 2.63 personnel and 1 ship's officer aboard Estes 

on temporary duty. On 12 June underway in operating area north of 

Bikini assigned by Program 2 plot aboard Estes. At 0626 observed 

nuclear detonation bearing 25O relative, approximately 40 nmi (74 

km) distant. From 12 to 14 June continued to maneuver in predicted 

fallout path. On 12 June at 1325 encountered fallout; at various 

times ship was operated from remote control station. Position at 

the time of peak falllout activity was about 48 nmi (90 km), bearing 300° from surface zero. An unshielded film badge topside registered an exposure of about 1.7R for the 52 hours the ship ship 

was operating in the fallout area (Reference C.1.3.1317). Returned 

to Enewetak on 14 June and anchored mooring D-1 at 1220. 

BLACKFOOT (Enewetak, 12 June, 0626). At sea for FLATHEAD. 

KICKAPOO (Enewetak, 14 June, 1126). At sea for FLATHEAD Program 2 

project support. At time of detonation maneuvering at sea off 

276 
USS Crook County (LST-611) 

Enewetak to enter the lagoon; at 1126 observed detonation bearing 

350° relative, approximately 25 nmi (46 km) distant. Entered lagoon at 1154; anchored mooring D-1 at 1220. 

0 OSAGE (Enewetak, 16 June, 1314). Anchored mooring D-1, Enewetak. 

0 INCA (Enewetak, 22 June, 0956). Anchored mooring D-1, Enewetak. 

0 DAKOTA (Bikini, 26 June, 0626). Anchored mooring D-1, Enewetak. 

0 MOHAWK (Enewetak, 3 July, 0606). On 2 July underway at 1910 from 

Enewetak for assigned operating area. On 3 July in operating area 

E1 off Enewetak in company with USS Shelton at time of detonation. 

Returned to the lagoon at 0849; anchored mooring D-1 at 0915. 

0 APACHE (Enewetak, 9 July, 0626). Anchored mooring N-21, Bikini. 

At 1441 got underway for NAVAJO operating area. 

0 NAVAJO (Bikini, 11 July, 0556). On 10 July underway from Bikini 

Atoll for assigned operating area. No information on crew, but 

probably 2 officers and 12 enlisted men: also embarked four Project 2.63 personnel. On 11 July in assigned Program 2 operating 

area north of Bikini at time of detonation. At 0600 observed detonation to port, distance approximately 45 mi (83 km). At 0603 

shock wave passed ship. At 0700 began figure-eight maneuver to 

maintain assigned station (about 40 nmi [about 75 km] from surface 

zero); mission completed at 2119 and set course for Enewetak Atoll 

at direction of Program 2 plot aboard Estes. On 12 July at 0936 

entered Enewetak Lagoon: anchored mooring D-1 at 1138. An unshielded film badge topside registered 0.8 R for the 27 hours of 

operation in the fallout area (Reference C.1.3.1317). 

0 TEWA (Bikini, 21 July, 0546). On 20 July underway at 1518 for assigned operating area; crew not participating sent aboard Ainsworth. 

No information on operating crew, but probably 2 officers and 12 

enlisted men; also embarked 5 Project 2.63 personnel. On 21 July 

in assigned Program 2 operating area north of Bikini at time of 

detonation. On 21 and 22 July maneuvered in predicted fallout path 

under direction of Program 2 plot aboard Estes. Position at the 

time of peak fallout activity was about 48 nmi (90 km), bearing 

325O from surface zero. An unshielded film badge topside registered 3.7 R for the 51-hour period the ship was in the fallout 

area (Reference C.1.3.1317). On 22 July at 1744 entered Enewetak 

Lagoon; anchored in lagoon at 1808. 

a HURON (Enewetak, 22 July, 0616.) At sea on TEWA Program 2 project 

support. Located off Bikini Atoll at time of detonation. Entered 

Enewetak Lagoon at 1744; anchored in lagoon at 1808. 

CVE-116. See USS Badoeng Strait 

27 7 
USS Curtiss (AV-4) 

USS Curtiss (AV-4) 

This converted seaplane tender was the major component of the Special Devices Unit (TU 7.3.8.1), arriving at the PPG on 10 April and departing 26 July. 

Curtiss transported nuclear components to the PPG, assisted in collection of 

weather data, supported scientific projects, and sortied for the six Bikini 

shots (served as the firing center on the ZUNI event). Curtiss ran through 

TEWA fallout when sailing to Enewetak for possible evacuation of the atoll On 

21 July. Exposure data for the 564-man crew are in Table 46. Operational activities are summarized below. 

LACROSSE (Enewetak, 5 May, 0625). Anchored mooring N-10, Bikini; 

saw flash of light on horizon from Enewetak explosion. 

CHEROKEE (Bikini, 21 May, 0551). In operating area B 25-30-R. At 

0550 all hands faced aft and donned high-density goggles, at 0551 

saw blast, at 0553 shock wave passed ship. At 0908 maneuvered to 

take position astern of USS Estes; at 0933 recovered and launched 

helicopter. Reentered the lagoon at 0945; at 1050 anchored mooring N-10, Bikini. One man admitted to sick bay at 1100 with bilateral conjunctivitis caused by viewing blast directly. 

ZUNI (Bikini, 28 May, 0556). In operating area BG 20-35-L. At 

0556 observed detonation, bearing 318O, Eneu tower, distance 

29,600 yards (27.1 km). Between 0620 and 0635 operated washdown 

system; washdown system activated again between 0746 and 0752. 

Conducted helicopter flight operations between 0806 and 0827. Reentered lagoon at 0852; at 0948 anchored mooring N-11A, Bikini. 

YUMA (Enewetak, 28 May, 0756). At sea for ZUNI. 

ERIE (Enewetak, 31 May, 0615) . On 30 May underway from Enewetak 

for assigned operating area; at 0010 in area EG 1525. In assigned 

operating area on 31 May and at 0615 saw detonation on northwest 

horizon -- Japtan Light bearing 300°, range 12,800 yards (11.7 

km). Reentered lagoon at 0838; at 0920 anchored mooring B-1. 

SEMINOLE (Enewetak, 6 June, 1256). Anchored mooring N-10, Bikini. 

FLATHEAD (Bikini, 12 June, 0626). In operating area BF 20-25-R; 

at 0606 detonation, Eneu south tower bearing 317O, range 17,200 

yards (15.7 km); at 0628 shock wave passed the ship. At 0731 maneuvered to take position astern of Estes; conducted flight operations between 0746 and 0759; at 0806 astern of USS Badoeng Strait. 

Reentered lagoon at 0832; between 0838 and 0853 conducted helicopter flight operations; anchored mooring N-10 at 0858. 

BLACKFOOT (Enewetak, 12 June, 0626). At sea for FLATHEAD. 

27 8 
0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

USS Curti ss (AV-4) 

KICKAPOO (Enewetak, 14 June, 1126). Anchored mooring B-1, Enewetak; at 1111 called crew to view blast off the starboard. On 

15 June at 1755 fifteen men returned aboard, having completed temporary duty as a decontamination team with CTG 7.3. 

OSAGE (Enewetak, 16 June, 1314) . No data available. Ship was almost certainly in the vicinity of Enewetak Atoll on shot OSAGE, 

since it did not depart Enewetak until 17 June. 

INCA (Enewetak, 22 June, 0956). On 21 June at 1938 left berth for 

operating area BF 20-25-R. On 22 June at 0754 returned to mooring 

N-10, Bikini, following DAKOTA postponement. 

DAKOTA (Bikini, 26 June, 0606). On 26 June underway from Bikini 

at 2350 €or assigned operating area. In assigned operating area 

on 26 June at time of detonation; at 0610 maneuvered to take position astern of Estes. Conducted helicopter flight operations between 0758 and 0806; at 0836 resumed helicopter flight operations. 

Reentered lagoon at 0840. Ended flight operations at 0852. Anchored mooring N-10 at 0900. 

MIHAWK (Enewetak, 3 July, 0606). Anchored mooring N-10, Bikini. 

APACHE (Enewetak, 9 July, 0606). Anchored mooring N-10, Bikini. 

NAVAJO (Bikini, 11 July, 0556). At 0226 underway from Bikini for 

operating area BF 20-30-R. At 0556 saw blast bearing 304O, 35 

nmi (65 km). Shock wave passed ship at 0558. At 0559 maneuvered 

to take position astern of Estes; began helicopter flight operations at 0812. Reentered the lagoon at 0826. At 0836 ended helicopter flight operations. Anchored mooring N-10 at 0851. 

TEWA (Bikini, 21 July, 0546). At 0142 underway for operating area 

BF 30-25-R. In assigned operating area at time of detonation. At 

0549 the TEWA shock wave passed the ship. At 0600 maneuvered to 

take position astern of Estes; began helicopter flight operations 

at 0803. Reentered lagoon at 0830; at 0847 anchored 2479, 240 

yards (220 meters) from mooring N-10. Ended helicopter flight 

operations at 0853. Underway for Enewetak at 1147. At 1755 set 

gas-tight envelope. Activated washdown system at 1826; continued 

to operate washdown system every 15 minutes. 

HURON (Enewetak, 22 July, 0616). Prior to detonation operated 

washdown system every 15 minutes while in assigned area EH 1519, 

Enewetak. Experienced mild radiation contamination (average 0.022 

R/hr); damage control teams decontaminated all exposed weather 

decks with soap and salt water. At 0616 observed detonation bearing 343O, distance 24,300 yards (22.2 km). Entered lagoon at 0651; 

at 0749 anchored mooring C-1. 

DD-534. See USS Silverstein 

27 9 
USS Estes (AGC-12) 

DD-787. See USS Kyes 

DD-790. See USS Shelton 

DE-361. See USS Walton 

DE-365. See USS McGinty 

USS George Eastman. See YAG-39 

USS Elkhorn (AOG-7) 

Gasoline tanker in the PPG during May 1956. 

USS Estes (AGC-12) 

Estes, an amphibious force flagship, served as flagship element of the 

Flagship Unit, TE 7.3.0.1 and TG 7.3. Estes arrived at the PFG on 15 March 

and departed 25 July. Estes participated in all Bikini shots, providing communications, air control, and facilities for Program 2 and radsafe activities. 

Exposure data for the 577-man crew are in Table 46. Operational activities 

are summarized below. 

LACROSSE (Enewetak, 5 May, 0625). Anchored mooring N-9, Bikini. 

CHEROKEE (Bikini, 21 May, 0551). On 20 May underway from Bikini 

at 1830 for assigned operating area; 21 personnel from staffs of 

JTF 7, TG 7.3, TG 7.4 and Program 2 embarked. On 21 May in assigned operating area at time of detonation. At 0840 set flight 

quarters; at 0859 secured from flight quarters. Reentered lagoon 

at 0930; at 0955 anchored mooring N-9. 

ZUNI (Bikini, 28 May, 0556). On 27 May at 1958 underway from 

Bikini for assigned operating area; 19 personnel from staffs of 

JTF 7, TG 7.3, TG 7.4 and Program 2 embarked. On 28 May in assigned operation area at time of detonation. Reentered lagoon at 

0925; at 0955 anchored mooring N-9. 

YUMA (Enewetak, 28 May, 0756). At sea for ZUNI, 

ERIE (Enewetak, 31 May, 0615). Anchored mooring N-9, Bikini. 

SEMINOLE (Enewetak, 6 June, 1255). Anchored mooring 8-1, Enewetak. 

FLATHEAD (Bikini, 12 June, 0626). On 11 June underway from Bikini 

for assigned operating area at 2330; 18 personnel from staffs of 

JTF 7, TG 7.3, TG 7.4 and Program 2 embarked. On 12 June in assigned operating area at time of detonation. At 0828 reentered 

lagoon; at 0849 anchored mooring N-9. 

28 0 
USS Ki shwaukee (AOG-9) 

0 BLACKFOOT (Enewetak, 12 June, 0626) . At sea for FLATHEAD. 

0 KICKAPOO (Enewetak, 14 June, 1126). Anchored mooring N-9, Bikini. 

0 OSAGE (Enewetak, 16 June, 1314). Anchored mooring N-9, Bikini. 

0 INCA (Enewetak, 22 June, 0956). Anchored mooring N-9, Bikini. 

0 DAKOTA (Bikini, 26 June, 0606). Underway from Bikini for assigned 

operating area at 0010: 4 personnel from staffs of either JTF 7, 

TG 7.3, TG 7.4 or Program 2. In assigned operating area at time 

of detonation. Reentered lagoon at 0852; at 0848 anchored mooring 

N-9. 

0 MDHAWK (Enewetak, 3 July, 0606). Anchored mooring N-9, Bikini; 

commanding officer of USS Caliente (AO-53) on board from 1010 to 

1017. 

0 APACHE (Enewetak, 9 July, 0606). Anchored mooring N-9, Bikini. 

0 NAVAJO (Bikini, 11 July, 0556). Underway at 0301 from Bikini for 

assigned operating area; 16 personnel from staffs of JTF 7, TG 7.3, 

TG 7.4 and Program 2 embarked. In assigned operating area at time 

of detonation. Reentered lagoon at 0820; at 0846 anchored mooring 

N-9. 

0 TEWA (Bikini, 21 July, 0546). Underway at 0219 from Bikini for 

assigned operating area: 18 personnel from staffs of JTF 7, TG 7.3, 

TG 7.4 and Program 2 embarked. In assigned operating area at time 

of detonation. Reentered lagoon at 0811; at 0840 anchored mooring 

N-9. 

0 HURON (Enewetak, 22 July, 0616). Anchored mooring N-9, Bikini. 

Additional Estes source: Reference C.1.3. 

USNS Sqt. Archer T. Gammon (T-AK-243) 

A civilian-operated naval transport, Gammon was in the PPG in May and between 7 and ll June. No exposure data for the 16-man crew are available. 

USS Granville S. Hall. See YAG-40 

USS Karin ("33) 

Karin, a refrigerated cargo ship operating out of Pearl Harbor, was used 

to resupply PPG and Kwajalein. No exposure data are available. 

USS Kishwaukee (Am-9) 

This gasoline tanker was in PPG sometime in May, from 3 Juneto 1 July, 

and from an unknown date in July to 15 July. No exposure data are available. 

281 
USS Knudson (APD-10) 

USS Knudson (APD-10) 

A high-speed transport ship, Knudson arrived in the PPG on 10 April and 

departed 23 July. As part of the Surface Patrol and Transport Unit (TU 7.3.31, 

Knudson operated as surface transport between Bikini and Enewetak for light 

freight and passengers. She ran through TEWA fallout on late 21 July while 

preparing for a potential evacuation of Enewetak Atoll. Exposure data for 

158-man crew are sumarized in Table 46. Operational activities are summarized below. 

8 LACROSSE (Enewetak, 5 May, 0625). Anchored mooring N-3, Bikini. 

0 CHEROKEE (Bikini, 21 May, 0551). On 20 May at 1722 underway for 

operating area BH 25-30-R. On 21 May in assigned operating area 

and at 0551 saw detonation bearing 328O, 33 nmi (61 km). Between 

0635 and 0639 operated washdown system. Reentered lagoon at 1035; 

at 1056 anchored mooring N-3. 

0 ZUNI (Bikini, 28 May, 0556). On 27 May at 1603 underway for operating area BF 30-35-L. On 28 May in assigned operating area and 

at 0556 observed shot ZUNI, bearing 270°, 28 nmi (52 km) . Reentered the lagoon at 0958; at 1010 anchored mooring N-3. 

0 YUKA (Enewetak, 28 May, 0756). At sea for ZUNI. 

0 ERIE (Enewetak, 31 May, 0615). On 30 May at 1010 underway for 

Bikini Atoll. At sea on 31 May at time of detonation en route 

from Bikini to Bikar Atoll. At 0804 an officer and landing party 

of 12 men left the ship to investigate islands of Bikar Atoll; 

returned at 1415. 

0 SEMINOLE (Enewetak, 6 June, 1255). Anchored mooring N-3, Bikini. 

0 FLATHEAD (Bikini, 12 June, 0626). On 11 June at 1654 underway for 

operating area BE' 30-35-L. On 12 June in assigned operating area 

and at 0626 saw detonation bearing 302O, 33 nmi (61 km). Reentered the lagoon at 0848; at 0911 anchored mooring N-3. 

0 BLACKFOOT (Enewetak, 12 June, 0626). At sea for FLATHEAD. 

0 KICKAPOO (Enewetak, 14 June, 1126). On 13 June at 1912 underway 

from Bikini to Enewetak. On 14 June assumed duty as search and 

rescue (SAR) ship at 0300. At 0856 maneuvered to maintain station 

3 nmi (5.6 km) seaward of Deep Entrance, Enewetak Atoll. On station at 1126; saw shot, bearing 332O, distance about 14 nmi (26 

km). Entered lagoon at 1250; at 1302 anchored mooring B-2. 

0 OSAGE (Enewetak, 16 June, 1314). Anchored mooring C-2, Enewetak; 

saw detonation bearing Oo, 8 mi (14.8 km). Underway at 1910 

for lifeguard station bearing 090°, 30 nmi (56 km) from Enewetak 

Island. 

282 
USS James E. Kyes (DD-787) 

INCA (Enewetak, 22 June, 0956). Anchored mooring C-2, Enewetak. 

DAKOTA (Bikini, 26 June, 0606). On 25 June at 1859 underway from 

Enewetak for SAR duty on lifeguard station, bearing 90°, 30 mi 

(56 km) off Enewetak Island. On SAR lifeguard station on 26 June 

at time of detonation. Relieved of SAR duty at 1128 because of 

steering problem. Reentered lagoon at 1212; at 1244 went alongside YON-182, mooring L-1. 

MOHAWK (Enewetak, 3 July, 0606). Anchored mooring N-3, Bikini. 

APACHE (Enewetak, 9 July, 1806). Anchored mooring N-3, Bikini. 

At 1930 left for night steaming area BG-L. 

NAVAJO (Bikini, 11 July, 0556). On 10 July at 2049 underway from 

Bikini to assigned operating area. On 11 June in assigned operating area and at 0556 observed detonation bearing 314O, distance 

about 27 nmi (50 km). At 0653 maneuvered astern of USS Estes. 

Reentered the lagoon at 0839; at 0858 anchored mooring N-3. 

TEWA (Bikini, 21 July, 0546). On 20 July at 2050 underway for

assigned operating area. On 21 July in assigned operating area 

and at 0546 saw detonation bearing 307O, 35 nmi (65 km) distant. 

At 0636 maneuvered astern of Estes. Reentered the lagoon at 0852; 

at 0912 anchored mooring N-3. Underway for Enewetak at 1045 for 

possible evacuation due to TEWA fallout. Beginning at 2000 operated washdown system for 15 minutes every hour. Entered Enewetak 

operating area EX 1519 at 2202. 

HURON (Enewetak, 22 July, 0616). Between 0001 and 0600 in assigned 

Enewetak operating area EG 1519 off Point Easy, receiving radioactive fallout and periodically activating washdown system. At 0616 

saw detonation bearing 340°, 20 mi (37 km). Entered lagoon at 

0753; at 0825 anchored mooring C-2. Between 1336 and 1520 moored 

alongside YON-182 at L-2 to refuel. Reanchored mooring C-2 at 

1550. 

USS James E. Kyes (DD-787) 

Kyes, a destroyer of the Surface Patrol and Transport Unit (TU 7.3.3), arrived in the PPG on 10 April and departed on 25 July. Kyes served as escort 

for USS Curtiss from the United States to the PPG; also served as weatherinformation collection ship prior toand during shots at both Enewetak and 

Bikini. Exposure data for 247-man crew are in Table 46. Operational activities are summarized below. 

0 LACROSSE (Enewetak, 5 May, 0626). On 4 May at 1208 left anchorage 

B-2, Enewetak for submarine patrol off Runit Island. On 5 May in 

area EG 30 mi (56 km) southeast of Enewetak Atoll for weather 

283 
ljSS James E. Kyes (DD-787) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

data collection at time of detonation. At 0900 anchored mooring 

C- 1, Enewe tak . CHEROKEE (Bikini, 21 May, 0551). In assigned operating area BH 

35-40-L; observed shot bearing 3309 50 nmi (93 km) distant. At 

1043 proceeding to enter Bikini Atoll. Anchored in mooring N-16, 

Bikini at 1129. Underway to Enewetak at 1445. 

ZUNI (Bikini, 28 May, 0556). Probably sortied from Enewetak on 

27 May. On 28 May at 0556 observed shot ZUNI bearing 85O; at 0756 

observed shot YUMA bearing 330°, 15 nmi (28 km) distant. At 0918 

proceeded to Enewetak Atoll. Anchored in mooring C-2, Enewetak, 

at 1005. 

YUMA (Enewetak, 28 May, 0756). Probably sortied from Enewetak on 

27 May. On 28 May at 0756 observed shot ZUNI bearing 85O; at 0756 

observed shot YUMA bearing 330°, 15 nmi (28 km) distant. At 0918 

proceeded to Enewetak Atoll. Anchored in mooring C-2, Enewetak at 

1005. 

ERIE (Enewetak, 31 May, 0615). On 30 May at 1258 left anchorage 

C-2, Enewetak, for barrier patrol east ofRunit Island; at 1701 

left patrol for lifeguard station. On 31 May, steaming in area 

EE, east of Enewetak, at time ofdetonation. At 0953 anchored in 

mooring C-2, Enewetak. 

SEMINOLE (Enewetak, 6 June, 1255) . On 5 June at 1354 lying to in 

Eneu Harbor to take on stores. Underway at 1438 to area EE, 30 to 

40 nmi (56 to 74 km) off Enewetak. On 6 June in assigned operating area off Enewetak at time of detonation. At 1617 anchored 

mooring D-2, Enewetak . BLACKFOOT (Enewetak, 12 June, 0626). On 11 June at 1902 underway 

for weather station EF, 25 to 30 nmi (46 to 56 km) from Enewetak. 

On 12 June in assigned operating area at time of detonation. At 

1140 moored to YON-182 in Enewetak Lagoon. Anchored in mooring 

C-1, Enewetak, at 1501. 

FLATHEAD (Bikini, 12 June, 0626). On 11 June at 1902 underway for 

weather station EF, 25 to 30 nmi (46 to 56 km) from Enewetak. On 

12 June in assigned operating area at time of detonation. At 1140 

moored to YON-182 in Enewetak Lagoon. Anchored in mooring C-1, 

Enewetak, at 1501. 

KICKAWO (Enewetak, 14 June, 1126). Anchored mooring C-3, Enewetak. At 1603 left anchorage for Bikini in company with 

Catamount. 

OSAGE (Enewetak, 16 June, 1314). At 1014 left mooring N-12, Bikini, for weather station Dog, Enewetak. On weather station Dog 

at time of detonation. 

INCA (Enewetak, 22 June, 0956). On 21 June at 1824 left anchorage 

N-18, Bikini, for night steaming area. Returned to Bikini at 0805 

on 22 June and anchored mooring N-18. 

284 
USS Lipan (ATF-85) 

DAKOTA (Bikini, 26 June, 0606). Between 0001 and 0600 in operating area BG, 30 to 34 nmi (56 to 63 km) from Point Baker; observed 

detonation at 0606, 3009, 40 mi (74 km) distant. At 0916 anchored mooring N-18, Bikini. Left anchorage at 1823 for Kwajalein. 

MDHAWK (Enewetak, 3 July, 0606) Anchored mooring N-12, Bikini. 

APACHE (Enewetak, 9 July, 0606). In night steaming area EE, 20 nmi 

(37 km) from Point Easy, Enewetak, conducting weather observations. 

In assigned operating area at time of detonation. At 1042 moored 

to YON-182 in Enewetak Lagoon. Anchored mooring C-1 at 1304. 

NAVAJO (Bikini, 11 July, 0546). On 10 July at 0728 left anchorage 

C-1, Enewetak, for weather station Dog; left area Dog sometime in 

the afternoon or evening for lifeguard station 1. On lifeguard 

station 1 on 11 July at time of detonation. At 0931 anchored 

moor i ng C-1 , Enewe tak . TEWA (Bikini, 21 July, 0546). On 20 July at 1951 left anchorage 

N-8, Bikini, for night steaming area BG-BF. On 21 July in assigned 

operating area BF 40-45 and BG 40-45 for weather observations at 

time of detonation. Reentered lagoon at 0843: at 0900 anchored 

mooring N-8, Bikini. Moved anchorage to mooring N-10 at 1212. 

HURON (Enewetak, 22 July, 0616). Anchored mooring N-10, Bikini. 

On 23 July at 0845 l?ft for Enewetak. 

USS Lipan (ATF”85) 

An Ocean fleet tug, Lipan participated as anelement of the Utility Unit 

(TU 7.3.2) , arriving in.the PFG on 21 March and departing 21 July. Lipan participated in Bikini shots only; decontaminated YFNBs after shots ZUNI and 

FLATHEAD. Exposure data for the 69-man crew are in Table 46. Operational 

activities are summarized below. 

LACROSSE (Enewetak, 5 May, 0625) . Anchored mooring N-6, Bikini. 

CHEROKEE (Bikini, 21 May, 0551). In assigned operating area at 

time of detonation with YFN-994 in tow. Reentered lagoon at 1004; 

at 1127 released YFN-994 to LC”1. Assisted USS Abnaki in decontaminating YF’NB-13 and WNB-29. 

ZUNI (Bikini, 28 May, 0556). On 26 May at 1015 LC”2 brought YFN994 astern for towing. Underway for assigned operating area at 

1140 with tow. On 28 May in assigned operating area at time of 

detonation. At 1010 reentered lagoon; anchored mooring N-6, Bikini at 1100. Released YFN-994 to LCM-1 at 1105. Assisted Abnaki 

in decontaminating YFNB-13 and WNB-29. 

YUMA (Enewetak, 28 May, 0756). At sea for ZUNI. 

285 
USS Lipan (ATF-85) 

ERIE (Enewetak, 31 May, 0615). Anchored mooring N-6, Bikini. At 

0900 underway with YF’NB-13 secured alongside. Anchored YF’NB-13 

mooring N-2, Bikini, at 1425. Returned to mooring N-6 at 1624 and 

anchored. 

SEMINOLE (Enewetak, 6 June, 1255). Anchored mooring N-6, Bikini. 

FLATHEAD (Bikini, 12 June, 0626). On 11 June at 1440 underway 

with YFN-994 in tow for assigned operating area. On 12 June in 

assigned operating area at time of detonation. At 0856 reentered 

lagoon; anchored mooring N-6, Bikini at 0930. Decontaminated 

YFNB-13 and YFNB-20. 

BLACKFOOT (Enewetak, 12 June, 0626). At sea for FLATHEAD. 

KICKAPOO (Enewetak, 14 June, 1126). Anchored mooring N-6, Biki’ni. 

OSAGE (Enewetak, 16 June, 1314). Moored alongside YE’NB-13 at 

mooring N-2, Bikini. At 1426 underway from mooring N-2, Bikini; 

anchored mooring N-6, Bikini, at 1443. 

INCA (Enewetak, 22 June, 0956). Anchored mooring N-6, Bikini. 

DAKOTA (Bikini, 26 June, 0606). On 25 June at 1855 underway with 

YFN-994 in tow for assigned operating area. On 26 June in assigned 

operating area at time of detonation. At 0909 reentered lagoon. 

Anchored mooring N-6, Bikini, at 0925 and released YE’N-994 to 

LC” 1. 

M3HAWK (Enewetak, 3 July, 0606). Anchored mooring N-6, Bikini. 

APACHE (Enewetak, 9 July, 0606). Anchored mooring N-6, Bikini. 

At 1825 underway with YFN-994 in tow for shot NAVAJO sortie; shot 

abor t ed . NAVAJO (Bikini, 11 July, 0556). In assigned operating area at 

time of detonation with Holmes & Narver POL barge 352 and YFN-994 

in tow. At 0849 prepared to enter port. Anchored mooring N-6, 

Bikini, at 0931. At 1115 released POL barge 352 to LCM-1; released 

YJ?N-994 to LCM-1 at 1221. Underway at 1603 to go alongside USs 

Estes at mooring N-9, Bikini. 

TEWA (Bikini, 21 July, 0546). On 20 July at 2144 underway with 

YC-1420 and YCV-10 in tow for assigned operating area. On 21 July 

in assigned operating area at time of detonation. At 0922 reentered lagoon. Anchored mooring N-6, Bikini, at 1005; underway at 

1621 en route to Pearl Harbor with YCV-10 and YC-1420 in tow. Had 

obtained a Final Radiological Safety Clearance prior to departure. 

HURON (Enewetak, 22 July, 0616). Did not sortie for shot (already 

departed the PPG en route to Pearl Harbor ) . 

LSD-17. See USS Catamount 

28 6 
LST-306. See USNS Bernalillo County 

LST-618. See T-LST-618 

USNS Pvt. Joe E. Mann (T-AK-253) 

- Mann was a cargo ship that assisted in the shipment of Sandia Corporation 

experimental material from the United States to the PPG during May and July. 

No exposure data for the 16-man crew are available. 

USS McGinty (DE-365) 

McGinty, a destroyer escort and part of the Surface Patrol and Transport 

Unit (7.3.3) for REDWING, arrived in the PPG on 10 April and departed on 

28 July. McGinty served as escort for USS Curtiss from the United States to 

the PPG, provided support to Project 2.62, and sortied for all Bikini shots. 

Exposure data for the 167-man crew are in Table 46. Operational activities 

are summarized below. 

LACROSSE (Enewetak, 5 May, 0625). Anchored mooring N-8, Bikini. 

CHEROKEE (Bikini, 21 May, 0551). On 20 May conducted search and 

rescue for downed pilot. At 0955 proceeded to Enewetak, arriving 

at 1411 to refuel. Left Enewetak for Bikini at 1749. On 21 May 

in assigned operating area and observed blast bearing 159, 35 

mi (64 km). Rendezvoused with USS Estes at 0914 for mail transfer; at 1618 transferred mail and light freight with USS Mount 

McKinley (AGC-7) , at 1716 transferred mail to USS Kyes. 

ZUNI (Bikini, 28 May, 0556). On 27 May at 1343 left anchorage 

N-12, Bikini, for barrier patrol; at 2017 left barrier patrol for 

operating area BH 40-45; arrived at 2240. On 28 May in assigned 

operating area and observed blast bearing 1509, 40 mi (74 km) 

from Point Baker Tower, Bikini. At 0947 placed probe in water and 

conducted radiological survey. Turned on washdown system at 1206; 

at 1230 system turned off; at 1940 began taking radiological measurements throughout day. On 30 and 31 May continued radiological 

survey . YUMA (Enewetak, 28 May, 0756). At sea for ZUNI Program 2 radiological survey . ERIE (Enewetak, 31 May, 0615). At sea for ZUNI Program 2 radiological survey . SEMINOLE (Enewetak, 6 June, 1255). Moored alongside USS Silverstein at Pier Echo, Kwajalein. At 1345 got underway €or Bikini. 

28 7 
USS McGi nty (DD-365) 

0 FLATHEAD (Bikini, 12 June, 0626). On 11 June at 1536 left berth 

N-19, Bikini, for barrier patrol south of Eneu Island channel entrance. Ceased patrol at 2236 and steamed to operating area BG 

30-35. On 12 June in assigned operating area at time of detonation. After various changes, at 1202 began taking radiological 

measurements. From 13 through 16 June continued radiological 

survey. 

0 BLACKFOOT (Enewetak, 12 June, 0626). At sea for FLATHEAD Program 2 radiological survey. 

0 KICKAPOO (Enewetak, 14 June, 1126). Continued FLATHEAD Program 2 

survey. 

0 OSAGE (Enewetak, 16 June, 1314). Continued FLATHEAD Program 2 

radiological survey. At 1619 anchored mooring N-12, Bikini. 

0 INCA (Enewetak, 22 June, 0956). On 21 June at 1753 left berth 

N-12, Bikini, for steaming area south of Bikini bearing 135O, 30 

mi (56 km) from Point Baker Tower. On 22 June in area south of 

Bikini at time of detonation. At 1005 anchored mooring N-12, 

Bikini. 

0 DAKOTA (Bikini, 26 June, 0606). On 25 June at 1935 left mooring 

N-12, Bikini, for operating area BG 30-35-R. On 26 June in assigned operating area at time of detonation. At 0606 observed 

nuclear explosion. At 0928 anchored mooring N-12, Bikini. 

0 MXAWK (Enewetak, 3 July, 0606). On 2 July at 1815 left mooring 

D-3, Enewetak for operating area EH 30-34; arrived 2005. On 3 July 

in assigned operating area at time of detonation. At 0906 anchored 

moor ing D- 3, Enewe tak . 0 APACHE (Enewetak, 9 July, 0606). Anchored mooring N-11, Bikini. 

At 1123 left anchorage for special radiological survey north and 

west of Bikini; at 1303 took first measurement, continued throughout the day. 

0 NAVAJO (Bikini, 11 July, 0556). On 10 July at 1954 left berth 

N-11, Bikini, for operating area BH 35-40-L. 

signed operating area at time of detonation. 

USS Caliente (AO-53) to take on fuel; ceased 

0840. Began radiological survey at 1450 and 

measurements throughout day. 

0 TEWA (Bikini, 21 July, 0546). On 20 July at 

On 11 July in asAt 0715 alongside 

taking on fuel at 

continued to take 

1929 left berth N-11, 

Bikini, for operating area BH 40-45. On 21 July in assigned operating area at time of detonation. At 1819 began radiological survey; continued for rest of the day. On 22 July continued radiological survey west of Bikini Atoll. 

0 HURON (Enewetak, 22 July, 0616). At sea for TEWA Program 2 radiological survey. 

28 8 
USS Navasota (AO-106) 

USS Merapi (AI?-38) 

This refrigerated cargo ship operated out of Pearl Harbor and was used to 

resupply the PPG and Kwajalein. No exposure data are available. 

USS Mispillion (AO-105) 

Mispillion served as a task group oiler. She accompanied Curtiss and escorts from Hawaii to the PPG and remained during May. 

USS Mount McKinley (AGC-7) 

Mount McKinley, an amphibious force flagship, served as the press and observers' ship for shots LACROSSE and CHEROKEE. She was not included in the 

formal task group organization. Her mission was to supply housing and communications facilities afloat to the Special Observers Group, which included 

members of the press, civil defense administrators, and members of the Joint 

Office of Test Information. Mount McKinley sortied for shot LACROSSE and subsequently reentered Enewetak Lagoon and moored at buoy N-4. On 21 May, she 

was in the operating area for shot CHEROKEE, later reentering Bikini Lagoon 

and anchoring there. Mount McKinley got underway for San Diego from Kwajalein 

on 22 May and was released from TG 7.3 operational control on 1 June 1956. 

The exposure of the crew is summarized in Table 46. The observers' exposures 

are in Table 51. 

USS Namakagon (AOG-53) 

Namakagon, a gasoline tanker, was in the PPG area in May, between 8 and 

12 June, and from 16 to 21 July. No exposure data are available. 

USS Natchaup (AS-59) 

This gasoline tanker was in PPG area in May and 16-19 June. No exposure 

data are available. 

USS Navasota (AO-106) 

Navasota, an oiler, was in the PPG area in May and June. The ship was assigned to an area 40 to 50 nmi (74 to 93 km) southeast of Bikini during shot 

FLATHEAD. For shot OSAGE the ship was anchored off Parry Island, approximately 

8 nmi (15 km) south-southeast from the shot site. 

289 
USS Nemas ket (AOG- 10) 

USS Nemasket (AOG-10) 

Nemasket, a gasoline tanker, was in the PPG during July when no shot activity took place. 

USS Shelton (DD-790) 

Shelton, a destroyer of the Surface Patrol and Transport Unit (TU 7.3.3), 

arrived at the PPG on 10 April and departed on 25 July. Shelton served as escort for USS Curtiss from the United States to the PPG; also served as weatherinformation collection ship prior to and during shots at both Enewetak and 

Bikini. Shelton was in Enewetak Lagoon during the TEWA fallout incident there. 

Exposure data are shown in Table 46. Operational activities are summarized 

below, 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

LACROSSE (Enewetak, 5 May, 0625). At 0530 left anchorage N-11, 

Bikini, to patrol weather station Foxtrot: from patrol center, 

south tower on Bikini bearing 32S0, 3.25 nmi (6.02 km), with patrol length 6.9 mi (12.8 km). In assigned weather patrol area, 

vicinity of Bikini Atoll at time of detonation. On 5 and 6 May 

continued weather observations and released weather balloons for 

tracking. Reentered lagoon on 6 May at 1613; anchored mooring 

N-11 at 1627. 

CHEROKEE (Bikini, 21 May, 0551). On 18 and 19 May conducted search 

and rescue for downed pilot. On 20 May 2205 proceeded to lifeguard 

station 1 off Enewetak. On 21 May on assigned lifeguard station. 

Commenced preparations for shot at Bikini at 0520; at 0551 observed 

detonation bearing 81°, approximately 145 nmi (269 km) distant. At 

0900 released from lifeguard station. Moored alongside YON-182 

Enewetak at 1137. 

ZUNI (Bikini, 28 May, 0556). On 27 May engaged in meteorological 

operations, releasing and tracking weather balloons. At 1617 proceeded to lifeguard station 1, continuing to release and track 

weather balloons until 28 May at 0437. On lifeguard station 1 at 

0556 and observed detonation, bearing 90°. At 0616 fired one WASP 

rocket. Released from lifeguard station 1 at 0836; departed station en route to Enewetak. Entered Deep Entrance channel at 1024; 

at 1052 anchored mooring D-2. 

YUMA (Enewetak, 28 May, 0756). At sea for ZUNI. In assigned weather station l area, 30 nmi (56 km) east of Enewetak Atoll at time 

of detonation. At 0556 observed flash from bomb. At 0836 took 

departure fran weather station 1 for Enewetak. Anchored in berth 

D-2, Enewetak, at 1052. 

ERIE (Enewetak, 31 May, 0618). Anchored in mooring N-12, Bikini. 

290 
USS Shelton (DD-790) 

e SEMINOLE (Enewetak, 6 June, 1255). Anchored in mooring N-12, 

Bikini. 

a FLATHEAD (Bikini, 12 June, 0626). On 11 and 12 June on weather 

station Dog in vicinity of Bikini Atoll conducting weather observations using WASP rockets, 5-inch window shells, and balloons 

until 12 June at 0516. On assigned station BG 30-35-L at 0523. 

At 0626 observed detonation on port side. At 0910 proceeded toward Bikini. Anchored mooring N-ll, Bikini, at 1108. 

a BLACKFOOT (Enewetak, 12 June, 0626). At sea for FLATHEAD. 

0 KICKAPOO (Enewetak, 14 June, 1126). Anchored mooring K-2, Kwajalein; other ships present included USS Sussex (AK-213) and 

Merapi (AF-38). 

0 OSAGE (Enewetak, 16 June, 1314). Anchored mooring K-2, Kwajalein; 

other ships present included Sussex and Merapi. At 1917 left Kwajalein for Enewetak. 

0 INCA (Enewetak, 22 June, 0956). From 19 through 22 June on weather 

station Dog conducting weather observations using WASP rockets, 

5-inch window shells, and balloons until 22 June. On 22 June at 

0520 arrived on lifeguard station 1; continued weather observations. On lifeguard station 1 at time of detonation. At 1045 

proceeded to Enewetak. Entered the lagoon at 1157 and moored 

alongside YON-182. At 1527 anchored mooring C-2. 

a DAKOTA (Bikini, 26 June, 0606). Anchored mooring C-4, Enewetak. 

0 MDHAWK (Enewetak, 3 July, 0606). On 2 July anchored mooring D-4, 

Enewetak. At 1448 received on board a 300-pound (135-kg) drum of 

contaminated waste from Nuclear Application, 4926th Test Squadron, 

to be jettisoned at sea. Underway for lifeguard station at 1830. 

On 3 July between 0001 and 0606 made weather observations using 

weather balloons. At 0606 observed detonation, bearing 90°. At 

0615 went to general quarters, at 0618 rigged washdown system, at 

0636 secured from general quarters. At 0639 discharged can of 

contaminant over the side at 11°20'N, 162O145'E. At 0921 left 

area for Enewetak. Reentered lagoon at 1127; anchored D-8 at 1148. 

0 APACHE (Enewetak, 9 July, 0606). Anchored mooring N-12, Bikini. 

At 1812 underway from anchorage for assigned area. 

0 NAVAJO (Bikini, 11 July, 0556). On 10 July underway from Bikini 

at 2036. In assigned area BF 35-40-L for weather observations at 

time of detonation. Continued weather observations until reentry 

to the lagoon at 0849; anchored mooring N-12 at 0906. 

0 TEWA (Bikini, 21 July, 0546). From 15 through 21 July on weather 

station Dog making weather observations using WASP rockets, 5-inch 

window shells, and ballons. On 21 July en route to lifeguard station 1 and continued weather observations until 0405. On lifeguard 

station 1 at 0546 and observed flash of detonation to the east. At 

29 1 
USS Silverstein (DE-534) 

0945 entered Enewetak Lagoon. Moored alongside YON-182 at 1019; 

at 1255 anchored mooring B-2. 

0 HURON (Enewetak, 22 July, 0616). Anchored in mooring B-2, 

E newe t ak . 

USS Silverstein (DE-534) 

Silverstein, a destroyer escort of the Surface Patrol and Transport Unit 

(TU 7.3.3), arrived in the PPG on 10 April and departed on 25 July. Silverstein served as escort for USS Curtiss from the United States to the PPG, provided support to Project 2.62, and sortied for all Bikini shots. Exposure 

data are in Table 46. Operational activities are summarized below. 

0 LACROSSE (Enewetak, 5 May, 0625). Anchored mooring N-12, Bikini. 

At 0815 set out from Bikini Atoll. Returned to mooring N-12, 

Bikini at 1830. 

0 CHEROKEE (Bikini, 21 May, 0551). On 20 May at 1239 left berth to 

investigate periscope sighting. Proceeded to operating area BF 

25-30 at 1915. On 21 May at 0521 reported on station. At 0551 

observed burst 2909, 25 mi (46 km); "All personnel to quarters 

and all safety precautions specified by TG 7.3 observed". At 0800 

steaming to outline fallout area as part of Program 2; also located 

and checked project skiffs. 

0 ZUNI (Bikini, 28 May, 0556). On 27 May at 2016 left for operating 

area BF 30-35-R. On 28 May at 0530 all hands observed radsafe 

precautions for ZUNI. At 0556 observed shot ZUNI at 2969. Maintained station until directed to conduct Program 2 radiological 

survey at 0935. Took water sample aboard at 1215; at 1250 placed 

drogue in water; at 1714 conducted bathythermograph drop. On 

29 May continued survey in area north of Marshall Islands. 

0 YUMA (Enewetak, 28 May, 0756). At sea for ZUNI. 

0 ERIE (Enewetak, 31 May, 0615). On 30 May operating north of 

Marshall Islands on Program 2 radiological survey. Continued 

Program 2 radiological survey at shot time and after detonation. 

0 SEMINOLE (Enewetak, 6 June, 1255). Anchored mooring Echo, Kwajalein with USS McGinty moored alongside. At 1403 left for Bikini 

Atoll, Eneu Island; McGinty also underway. 

0 FLATHEAD (Bikini, 12 June, 0626). On 11 June at 2242 proceeded 

from barrier patrol to operating area BF 30-35-R. On 12 June in 

assigned operating area at 0626 and observed shot FLATHEAD, 3133, 

range 32.5 mi (60.2 km). Maintained station until directed to 

conduct Program 2 radiological survey at 1235. At 1810 maneuvered 

to avoid radiation. On 13 June continued radiological survey. At 

0122 made vertical cast for Scripps Institution of Oceanography. 

29 2 
USS Sioux (ATF-75) 

Steaming to locate center of radiological contamination in water 

between 1200 and 1600. At 1400 made vertical cast. Stopped to 

take water sample at 1545. Conducted water sample collection between 1600 and 1924; at 1924 stopped to let Scripps personnel take 

water samples. 

BLACKFOOT (Enewetak, 12 June, 0626). At sea for FLATHEAD. 

KICKAPOO (Enewetak, 14 June, 1126). In vicinity of Bikini Atoll, 

continuing Program 2 survey. 

OSAGE (Enewetak, 16 June, 1314). Anchored mooring N-11, Bikini. 

INCA (Enewetak, 22 June, 0956). Anchored mooring N-8, Bikini. 

DAKOTA (Bikini, 26 June, 0606). On 25 June at 1918 left berth for 

operating area BF 30-35-R. On 26 June on station in assigned operating area at 0537; at 0606 observed shot DAKOTA. At 0800 proceeded on course 1809, 10 nmi (18.5 km) from Eneu to hold various 

drills. Reentered lagoon at 1348; at 1411 anchored mooring N-8, 

Bikini. 

MOHAWK (Enewetak, 3 July, 0606). On 2 July at 1750 got underway 

from C-2 Enewetak for assigned operating area EF 35-39. On 3 July 

in assigned Enewetak operating area in company of USS Shelton and 

other ships. At 0606 on Station George for shot MOHAWK. Reentered 

lagoon at 0850; at 0948 anchored mooring C-2, Enewetak. 

APACHE (Enewetak, 9 July, 0606). Anchored mooring N-8, Bikini. 

At 1856 left berth for operating area BF 35-40-L. 

NAVAJO (Bikini, 11 July, 0556). On 10 July at 1955 underway for 

operating area BF 35-40-L. On 11 July reported on station at 0546; 

at 0556 observed shot NAVAJO at 291°, 35 nmi (65 km). At 0600 maneuvering to take position astern of USS Caliente (AO-53) while 

McGinty fueling: refueled between 0900 and 1000. At 1130 commenced 

Program 2 radiological survey. Maneuvered to avoid rain at 2036 

and 2055. 

TEWA (Bikini, 21 July, 0546). On 20 July at 1929 left for operating area BF 40-45-L. On 21 July in assigned operating area and at 

0546 observed shot TEWA, 2803. Maintained station prior to commencing Program 2 radiological survey north of Bikini Atoll at 

1529. 

HURON (Enewetak, 22 July, 0616). Continued Program 2 radiological 

survey. 

USS Sioux (ATF-75) 

A fleet tug of the Utility Unit (TU 7.3.2), Sioux arrived in the PPG on 

2 May and departed on 24 July. Sioux participated in all Bikini shots except 

DAKOTA and was at Enewetak for shot INCA. Sioux supported Project 2.63 

293 
USS Sioux (ATF-75) 

activities by nworing and tending project skiffs in vicinity of Bikini Atoll. 

Exposure data for the 72-man crew are in Table 46. Operational activities are 

summarized below. 

LACROSSE (Enewetak, 5 May, 0625). At sea in vicinity of Bikini 

Atoll recovering and mooring Project 2.63 skiffs. At 1439 returned to lagoon; anchored mooring N-2, Bikini, at 1501. 

CHEmKEE (Bikini, 21 May, 0551). In assigned operating area. At 

0551 observed detonation from port side. Reentered lagoon via 

Wide Entrance at 1051; at 1055 anchored mooring N-2, Bikini. 

ZUNI (Bikini, 28 May, 0556). In assigned operating area. Reentered lagoon at 0815; at 1055 anchored mooring N-3, Bikini. 

YUMA (Enewetak, 28 May, 0756). At sea for ZUNI. 

ERIE (Enewetak, 31 May, 0615). At sea in vicinity of Bikini Atoll 

recovering and mooring Project 2.63 skiffs. Reentered lagoon via 

Wide Entrance at 1421; at 1425 anchored mooring N-3, Bikini. 

SEMINOLE (Enewetak, 6 June, 1255). No data available. 

FLATHEAD (Bikini, 12 June, 0626). In assigned operating area. At 

0926 maneuvered to reenter lagoon via Wide Entrance. Underway at 

2212 to leave lagoon for project station 12. 

BLACKFOOT (Enewetak, 12 June, 0626). At sea for FLATHEAD. 

KICKAPOO (Enewetak, 14 June, 1126). At sea in vicinity of Bikini 

Atoll recovering and mooring Project 2.63 skiffs. Returned to lagoon at 2307; at 2335 anchored mooring N-2, Bikini. 

OSAGE (Enewetak, 16 June, 1314). No data available. 

INCA (Enewetak, 22 June, 0956). Anchored mooring B-2, Enewetak. 

DAKOTA (Bikini, 26 June, 0606). Anchored mooring B-1, Enewetak. 

Underway at 1338 to shift anchorage to mooring D-4; at 1425 anchored at mooring D-4. 

MDHAWK (Enewetak, 3 July, 0606). Anchored mooring N-8, Bikini. 

APACHE (Enewetak, 9 July, 0606). At sea in vicinity of Bikini 

Atoll servicing Project 2.63 skiffs. Returned to lagoon at 1444; 

at 1500 anchored mooring N-2, Bikini. Underway at 1841 for shot 

NAVAJO sortie; shot aborted. 

NAVAJO (Bikini, 11 July, 0556). In assigned operating area. At 

0912 maneuvered to reenter lagoon; anchored mooring N-2, Bikini, 

at 0959. 

TEWA (Bikini, 21 July, 0546). In assigned operating area. At 

0912 maneuvered to reenter lagoon; at 0959 anchored mooring N-2, 

Bikini. 

294 
USS Walton (DE-361) 

0 HURON (Enewetak, 22 July, 0616). At sea in vicinity of Bikini Atoll 

recovering Project 2.63 skiffs. Returned to lagoon at 2351. 

USS Sussex (AK-213) 

A cargo ship with normal complement of 38, Sussex operated from Pearl 

Harbor for resupply of PPG and Kwajalein and was in PPG area the first week i

May, from 11 to 16 June, and from 22 to 27 July. No exposure data are 

available. 

T-AP-181.* See USNS Fred C. Ainsworth 

T-"243. * See USNS Sgt. Archer T. Gammon 

T-AK-253.* See USNS Pvt. Joe E. Mann 

T-LST-306.* See USNS Bernalillo County 

T-LST-618* 

This tank landing ship was operated by a civilian crew of 45 as an element 

of the Surface Patrol and Transport Unit (TU 7.3.3) during REDWING. She arrived in the PPG on 27 February and was used for interatoll transportation of 

light freight and passengers. Exposure data are in Table 46. 

USS Walton (DE-361) 

Walton, a destroyer escort, arrived in the PPG on 5 June and departed on 

23 June. Its mission was to make radiological surveys. There is no record of 

radiation exposure readings for the ship's crew. The ship's mission and operating area were such that there was little likelihood of any exposure. Operational activities at shot times are summarized below. 

0 SEMINOLE (Enewetak, 6 June, 1255). Moored at Enewetak, 20 nmi (37 

km) southeast. 

0 FLATHEAD (Bikini, 12 June 0626). Steaming in assigned survey area, 

400 nmi (741 km) northwest of shot area. 

* Vessels designated T before their hull numbers are Navy vessels operated 

by civilian crews. 

295 
USS Walton (DE-361) 

0 BLACKFOOT (Enewetak, 12 June 0626). Steaming in assigned survey 

area, 285 nmi (530 km) northwest of shot area. 

0 KICKAPOO (Enewetak, 14 June, 1126). Steaming in assigned survey 

area, 140 nmi (260 km) northwest of shot area. 

e OSAGE (Enewetak, 16 June, 1314). Moored at Enewetak, 10 mi (18.5 

km) south. 

0 INCA (Enewetak, 22 June, 0956). Anchored at Enewetak, 13 nmi (24 

km) southeast . 

YAG39 (USS George Eastman) 

YAG39, a converted Liberty ship, was used as floating fallout-collection 

station by Project 2.63 and other projects in the TG 7.1 Program 2 as part of 

TU 7.3.6, Radiological Support Unit. YAG39 arrived in the PPG on 28 March 

and departed 28 July. YAG-39 was equipped with heavily shielded control and 

laboratory facilities that were manned by a skeleton crew from the ship's 

company and personnel from the TG 7.1 projects. Unlike the remainder of the 

fleet, YAG-39, YAG-40, and USS Crook County were based at Enewetak, and the 

crews lived on Parry when not on duty. Exposure data for the crew as a whole 

are shown in Table 46. Exposure data for its scientific passengers are shown 

in Table 10 under Project 2.63. Operational activities are summarized below. 

0 LACROSSE (Enewetak, 5 May, 0625). On 4 May at 1303 left Enewetak. 

On 4 May steaming toward Bikini in company with YAG-40 and Crook 

County at time of detonation. At 1315 anchored mooring N-19, 

Bikini. 

0 CHEROKEE (Bikini, 21 May, 0551). On 20 May left Bikini Lagoon 

with skeleton crew aboard for operating area north of Bikini Atoll 

to conduct Program 2 radiological survey. On 21 May in assigned 

operating area and at 0551 observed shot. Steamed for rest of day 

in operating area on Program 2 radiological survey. Fallout was 

very light. Operating area was about 130 nmi (240 km) , bearing 

315O from surface zero (Reference C.1.3.1317). 

0 ZUNI (Bikini, 28 May, 0556). On 27 May at 1245 left Bikini Lagoon 

for operating area north of Bikini Atoll with skeleton crew aboard 

to conduct Program 2 radiological survey. On 28 May in assigned 

operating area and observed shot ZUNI. At 1800 began receiving 

fallout at 13OO'N, 16S01.5'E; placed drogues over sides; at 1810 

secured all hatches and ports; at 1848 turned on washdown system. 

An unshielded film badge topside recorded an exposure of 0.2 R for 

the 35-hour period YAG-39 was in the fallout area (Reference 

C.1.3.1317). 

29 6 
YAG-39 (USS George Eastman) 

0 YUMA (Enewetak, 28 May, 0776). Continued ZUNI radiological survey 

north of Bikini. Ship remained at sea until 0815 on 30 May when 

anchored at D-2, Enewetak. 

0 ERIE (Enewetak, 31 May, 0615). Anchored mooring D-2, Enewetak. 

0 SEMINOLE (Enewetak, 6 June, 1255). Anchored mooring E-5, Enewetak. 

0 FLATHEAD (Bikini, 12 June, 0626). On 11 June at 1225 left berth 

N-20, Bikini, for operating area north of Bikini Atoll with skeleton crew aboard for Program 2 radiological survey. On 12 June in 

assigned operating area and at 0626 observed shot FLATHEAD. At 

1100 began receiving faloout at 12O4'N, 165O22'E; placed drogue 

over side; at 1810 secured all ports and hatches, turned on washdown system; at 2128 launched second drogue. On 13 June at 0615 

relieved on station by MV Horizon, turned off washdown system, 

opened hatches and ports. An unshielded film badge topside recorded an exposure of 0.05 R for the 26-hour period YAG-39 was in 

the fallout area (Reference C.1.3.1315). 

0 BLACKFOOT (Enewetak, 12 June, 0626). At sea for FLATHEAD. 

0 KICKAPOO (14 June, 1126). At 0845 arrived Enewetak from fallout 

operating area near Bikini. Anchored mooring C-1, Enewetak. 

0 OSAGE (Enewetak, 16 June, 1314). Anchored mooring C-1, Enewetak. 

0 INCA (Enewetak, 22 June, 0959). Anchored mooring C-1, Enewetak. 

0 DAKOTA (Bikini, 26 June, 0606). Anchored mooring C-1, Enewetak. 

0 MDHAWK (Enewetak, 3 July, 0606). On 2 July at 1855 left mooring 

C-1, Enewetak, for operating area IG. On 3 July in assigned operating area about 25 nmi (46 km) southeast of Enewetak at time of 

detonation; at 0606 observed shot MOHAWK. En route to Enewetak at 

0659; 0921 anchored mooring C-1, Enewetak. 

0 APACHE (Enewetak, 9 July, 0606). On 8 July anchored mooring N-21, 

Bikini, until 1503 when underway for operating area. At 1945 shot 

aborted, returned to anchorage. On 8 July anchored mooring N-21, 

Bikini. At 1521 left for operating area; at 2200 shot aborted, 

set course to return to Bikini. On 10 July at 0720 anchored in 

mooring N-21, Bikini Lagoon. 

0 NAVAJO (Bikini, 11 July, 0556). On 10 July at 1815 left mooring 

N-21 for operating area north of Bikini Atoll. On 11 July at 0518 

arrived assigned operating area and maneuvered in figure-eights. 

At 0556 observed shot NAVAJO. At 0602 maneuvered for fallout area 

and steamed for the rest of the day in assigned operating area 

conducting Program 2 radiological survey. Operating area was 

about 20 nmi (37 km) north of surface zero. An unshielded film 

badge topside recorded an exposure of 10 R for the 50-hour period 

the ship was in the fallout area (Reference C.1.3.1317). 

297 
YAG-39 (USS George Eastman) 

0 TEWA (Bikini, 21 July, 0546). On 20 July at 1546 left berth N-21, 

Bikini, for operating area north of Bikini Atoll. In assigned 

operating area on 21 July and at 0546 observed shot TEWA. At 0748 

received fallout for Program 2 radiological survey. At 1030 

steamed in figure-eights in the fallout area about 20 mi (37 km), 

bearing 350° from surface zero. On 22 July at 0204 relieved by 

MV Horizon. At 0815 transferred water samples in Bikini Lagoon. 

Left Bikini at 0830 for operating area to collect water samples. 

At 1500 compared readings with MV Horizon. Completed sampling at 

2113. 

e HURON (Enewetak, 22 July, 0616). In assigned fallout operating 

area for Program 2 radiological survey. At 2113 left operating 

area north of Bikini Atoll for Enewetak. 

YAG-40 (USS Granville S. Hall) 

Converted Liberty ship used like YAG-39 (USS George Eastman) above and 

part of the same TU 7.3.6, Radiological Support Unit. Operational activities 

are summarized below. 

0 LACROSSE (Enewetak, 5 May, 0625). On 4 May at 0747 anchored mooring, C-1 Enewetak. Left mooring at 1340 en route to Bikini in 

company with YAG-39 and USS Crook County. On 5 May steaming en 

route to Bikini at time of detonation. At 1251 anchored mooring 

N-18, Bikini. 

0 CHEROKEE (Bikini, 21 May, 0551) . On 20 May at 1253 left berth 

N-18, Bikini, for operating area. On 21 May in assigned operating 

area and at 0551 observed shot CHEROKEE bearing 153O, 61 mi (113 

km). Steamed for rest of day in operating area conducting Program 2 radiological survey. Light fallout, 0.00025 R/hr encountered with peak at H+9. YAG-40 was about 70 nmi (130 km), bearing 

325O from surface zero (Reference C.1.3.1317). 

0 ZUNI (Bikini, 28 May, 0556). On 27 May at 1230 left berth N-18, 

Bikini, for operating area to conduct Program 2 radiological survey. On 28 May in assigned operating area and at 0556 observed 

shot ZUNI 60 nmi (111 km) distant. At 0920 began receiving fallout, ship experienced rain squalls during washdown, which washed 

deposited material from control area. Operating area was about 50 

nmi (83 km), bearing 350° from surface zero. 

0 YUMA (Enewetak, 28 May, 0756). At sea for ZUNI, continuing ZUNI 

radiological survey north of Bikini. On 30 May at 0703 anchored 

in mooring C-1, Enewetak. 

e ERIE (Enewetak, 31 May, 0615). Anchored mooring C-1, Enewetak. 

0 SEMINOLE (Enewetak, 6 June, 1255). Anchored mooring C-1, Enewetak. 

298 
YAG-40 (USS Granville S. Hall) 

FLATHEAD (Bikini, 12 June, 0626). On 11 June at 1503 left berth 

N-21, Bikini, for operating area for Program 2 radiological surveys. On 12 June in assigned operating area about 50 nmi (83 km), 

bearing 20° from surface zero. At 1438 received fallout. At 1600 

turned north of Bikini with aft washdown system on. On 13 June at 

0600 turned aft washdown system off. Unshielded film badge topside recorded 2.5 R exposure for the 33-hour period YAG-40 was in 

the fallout area (Reference C.1.3.1317). 

BLACKFOOT (Enewetak, 12 June, 0626). At sea for FLATHEAD. 

KICKAPOO (Enewetak, 14 June, 1126). At 0900 returned to Enewetak 

from operating area and anchored mooring D-2, Enewetak. 

OSAGE (Enewetak, 16 June, 1314). Anchored mooring D-2, Enewetak. 

INCA (Enewetak, 22 June, 0956). Anchored mooring D-2, Enewetak. 

DAKOTA (Bikini, 26 June, 0606). Anchored mooring D-2, Enewetak. 

MOHAWK (Enewetak, 3 July, 0606). On 2 July at 1844 left mooring 

D-2, Enewetak, for operating area near Enewetak. On 3 July in 

assigned operating area 23 nmi (43 km) from Enewetak beacon at 

time of detonation, bearing lo. At 0931 anchored mooring D-2, 

Enewetak. 

APACHE (Enewetak, 9 July, 0606). Anchored mooring N-20, Bikini. 

Left for operating area at 1453; shot aborted, returned to Bikini. 

NAVAJO (Bikini, 11 July, 0556). On 10 July at 1811 left berth 

N-20 for operating area. On 11 July at 0130 arrived in assigned 

operating area about 35 nmi (65 km) , bearing 350° from surface 

zero. At 1347 turned on after section of washdown system and 

shifted to remote control as fallout was received. At 2055 secured after section of washdown system. An unshielded film badge 

topside recorded 1.8 R for the 33-hour period the ship was in the 

fallout area (Reference C.1.3.1317) . TEWA (Bikini, 21 July, 0546). On 20 July at 1553 left berth N-20, 

Bikini, for operating area. On 21 July in assigned operating area 

about 35 nmi (65 km), bearing 300° from surface zero. Closed up 

ship at 1030 and at 1049 turned on washdown system as fallout was 

recieved. An unshielded film badge topside recorded an exposure 

of 41.6 R for the 33-hour period YAG40 was in the area (Reference 

C.1.3.1317). 

HURON (Enewetak, 22 July, 0616). At sea for TEWA. Steaming from 

operating area toward Bikini at shot time. At 0715 offloaded samples at Bikini. 

YC-1420 

A large, unmanned covered lighter used at Bikini and towed to sea during 

fleet sorties. 

299 
Yo?-10 

An unmanned aircraft lighter used at Bikini and towed to sea during fleet 

sorties . 

YF'NB-13 and YF'NB-29 

These unmanned fuel barges were moored in Bikini Lagoon and were not towed 

to sea during sorties. They were used as Program 2 fallout collection stations and required decontamination. 

YON-182 

An unmanned fuel-oil barge moored at L-4 in Enewetak and used for refueling small units. 

OTHER NAVAL UNITS 

The following organizations had personnel who participated in REDWING. 

Most of these men participated as part of TG 7.1 or TG 7.4 or other non-TG 7.3 

organizations. Summary of exposure information from the Consolidated List is 

shown in Table 46. 

Amphibious Base -- Coronado, California. Home station for the personnel of the 

Bikini Boat Pool. A single enlisted man on the TG 7.1 roster was listed 

with this affiliation, and his exposure data have been arbitrarily added 

to the Bikini Boat Pool exposure data in Table 46. 

Boat Pool, Bikini. This 203-man organization with home station at the Amphibious Base in Coronado provided intra-atoll transportation and assisted with 

postshot scientific data-recovery operations. It arrived in the PPG on 

27 February and operated as an element of the Boat Pool Unit (TE 7.3.7.2) 

based on USS Catamount, departing on 23 July. 

Reference to the 5x8-card dosimetry records (Reference C.1.7.4) indicates that this group was often issued mission badges, indicating that 

they were required to enter radiological exclusion (radex) areas, probably 

providing transportation for data recovery parties. Some individuals had 

many such badges issued (27 in one case); some had none. The average number of such badges issued to individuals was six. Frequently, individuals 

were given two, and sometimes three, mission badges in a single day. 

300 
Boat Pool, Enewetak. This 39-man contingent had been stationed at Enewetak 

since the 1954 CASTLE test series. In REDWING it was designated TU 7.3.7.3 

and was used for intra-atoll transportation, primarily on the lower islands: 

at least the detailed exposure records (Reference C.1.7.4) show that no 

mission badges were issued, indicating that no radex areas were entered. 

The detailed exposure data also indicate that the last permanent badge 

issued to 29 of the 35 men was read on 30 June, and there is no indication 

that any personnel badges for these 29 were issued after that date. 

Bureau of Aeronautics, Washington, D.C. This organization sponsored and personnel from it participated as part of Projects 5.8, 8.4, and 8.5. Exposure data are in Table 46. 

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Washington, D.C. Personnel participated in 

Project 2.63. Exposure data are in Table 46. 

Bureau of Ships, Washington, D.C. Personnel participated in Projects 2.9 and 

2.63. One of the military participants was the Commander, TU 7.3.6. Exposure data are in Table 46. 

Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), Washington, D.C. CNO was the person through 

whom the Commander JTF 7 (CJTF 7) reported to the Joint Chiefs of Staff 

(JCS). A representative of this office was badged with Hq JTF 7 and is 

included in the Hq JTF 7 exposure data in Table 46 under Misc Navy. 

Clothting] Supply Office. An individual with this affiliation was listed on 

the TG 7.1 Consolidated List, but no other information is available about 

this naval organization or its function in REDWING. Exposure data are 

included under Misc Navy in Table 46. 

Fleet Weather Centers. Representatives of these organizations from North 

Island, California; Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; and Sangley Point, Philippine 

Islands, were badged with the Hq JTF 7. The functions of these groups are 

not identified. Exposure data are in Table 46. 

Hydrographic Office, Washington, D.C. A representative of the organization was 

badged with Hq JTF 7. Exposure data are included in Table 46 under Misc 

Navy. 

301 
Naval Air Special Weapons Facility (NASWF), Albuquerque, New Mexico. The probable function of this group was the provision of the aircraft and crew for 

TG 7.1, Project 5.8. This group also participated inProjects 8.4 and 8.5. 

Exposure data for this organization are presented in Table 46. 

Naval Air Station, Kwajalein. The support unit for VP-1. Was designated a 

part of the Patrol Plane Unit (TU 7.3.4). Exposure data for eight men 

from this station are in Table 46. These men may have been badged as they 

handled aircraft that could have come into contact with radioactive 

material. 

Naval Air Station, Miramar, California. A representative of this station was 

badged as part of Hq JTF 7. Exposure data are in Table 46 under Misc Navy. 

No task force function has been identified for this man. 

Naval Air Station, Moffett, California. This is the base for Transport Squadron Three (VR-3), which was represented in strength. However, there were 

two persons badged in TG 7.1 or TG 7.4 who were identified as simply "NAS 

Moffett" or "Moffett" and who may represent VR-3 personnel incompletely 

identified, or who may represent other organizations. Their exposure data 

are listed with VR-3, Moffett NAS, in Table 46. 

Naval Air Station, Point Mugu, California. No function for the individual 

listed from this station and badged in TG 7.1 has been identified. His 

exposure data are included in Misc Navy in Table 46. 

Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. Participation of this 

group was on Project 2.72. Onsite participation is not confirmed by the 

exposure data. 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL), White Oak, Silver Springs, Maryland. Fifteen 

men from this organization (twelve civilians and three military) manned 

two projects in the airblast program, Projects 1.3 and 1.6. Exposures were 

low, reflecting the low potential for exposure of the projects and the fact 

that NOL personnel were probably not at Enewetak when the TEWA incident 

Occurred, as their last event was MIHAWK. 

302 
Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL), San Francisco, California. This 

organization participated in TG 7.1, TU 3. NRDL staffed Projects 2.61, 

2.63, 2.71, and 2.8, in the area of nuclear radiation, fallout collection, 

and decontamination. NRDL assisted in the same areas with Projects 2.9 

and 2.10. Projects 8.la, 8.1bf 8.1~2, and 8.2, involving thermal radiation 

measurements, were also staffed by NRDL. In addition, NRDL provided thermal instrumentation for Projects 5.5 and 5.7. Exposure data are available 

for 37 uniformed NRDL personnel and for 107 civilians (Reference C.1.7.3) 

and are presented in Table 46. 

Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Washington, D.C. Participated in Project 6.6, 

and staffed an experimental project for Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

(LASL) in TU 1 of TG 7.1. Exposure data are in Table 46. 

Naval Shipyards. Thirty-seven individuals from naval shipyards in Boston, 

Charleston, Mare Island, Norfolk, New York, Pearl Harbor, Philadelphia, 

Portsmouth, Puget Sound, and San Francisco participated in REDWING. They 

served as radsafe monitors in TG 7.1 TU 7, but a few were monitors for 

projects in TU 3 of TG 7.1. A summary of the exposure data are shown in 

Table 46. 

Patrol Squadron One (VP-1). VP-1 was based at Kwajalein and, supported by the 

Naval Air Station personnel there, flew radiological reconnaissance missions for TG 7.1 Program 2 as well as surveillance missions for the task 

force. Exposure data for the squadron is included in Table 46 under 

Tu 7.3.4. 

Patrol Squadron-22 (VP-22). Based in Hawaii and participated in off-site 

radiological reconnaissance. 

Transport Squadron Three (VR-3), Moffett NAS, California. A large contingent 

(181 men) from this squadron was badged with TG 7.4. This squadron probably flew radioactive samples back to the United States for analysis by 

the weapon laboratories. It may have also flown supply missions into the 

PPG . 

30 3 
Transport Squadron Eiqht (VR-8). A 10-man contingent of personnel frun this 

air transport squadron, based on the eastern U.S. coast, were badged with 

TG 7.4. No function has been identified. Exposure data are in Table 46. 

Transport Squadron 21 (VR-21), NAS Barbers Point, Hawaii. A single person 

from this squadron was badged in TG 7.4. His exposure data are included 

in Table 46 under Misc Navy. 

304 
CHAPTER 8 

AIR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN OPERATION REDWING 

Almost 2,800 Air Force personnel participated in the REDWING series, 91 in 

Hq, Joint Task Force 7 (JTF 7), 216 in Task Group (TG) 7.1, and the remainder 

in TG 7.4. Air Force personnel were stationed on Parry and Enewetak islands 

on.Enewetak Atoll, Eneu Island on Bikini Atoll, and at four remote islands 

used as weather stations -- Tarawa, Rongerik, Kusaie, and Kapingamarangi. 

Over 90 percent of Air Force personnel were stationed on Enewetak Island. TG 

7.4 manned, operated, and maintained 84 Air Force aircraft and maintained two 

Navy aircraft during REDWING. Responsibilities for TG 7.4 included cloud Sampling, measuring blast and thermal effects on aircraft, photography, weather 

reconnaissance and reporting, communications, search and rescue, and operations of the airbases at Enewetak and Eneu islands. They also manned JTF 7 

Weather Central office. 

Exposure information on Air Force personnel iscomplete. The newly instituted concept at FEEWING of providing everyone with a permanent badge to be 

worn at all times for the duration of the series worked very well. In addition to permanent badges, mission badges were used extensively for persons 

entering contaminated areas. These were normally l-day badges and were used 

to keep an accurate and up-to-date record of exposure, so that maximum permissible exposures (MPEs) were not exceeded. Within the Air Force, mission 

badges were used by most pilots and crews, sample-removal personnel, and aircraft decontamination personnel. TEWA shot at Bikini caused measurable fallout at Enewetak; however, it is reasonable to assume that an accurate record 

of accumulated exposures for everyone is available since everyone was wearing 

a permanent badge. 

Over 100 Air Force units with personnel listed in the Consolidated List of 

Exposures (Reference C.1.7.3) participated in the REDWING operation. These 

units and the number of men provided by each are shown in Table 47. This table 

also shows the task force functional organization or element into which the 

participants fit. For some participants, home organization and station were 

not given in the Consolidated List; rather the TG 7.4element, such as the 

30 5 
Table 47. Air Force units badged for REDWING. 

"""""""---- 

No. of 

Persons 

Unit Designation Badged 

Headquarters, Task Group 7.4 

Air Force Special Weapons Center, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 

Task Group 7.4a 

4929th Test Squadron, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 

26th District OSI, Hickam AFB, Hawaii 

1009th Special Weapons Squadron, McClellan AFB, California 

4925th Test Group, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 

Headquarters, Test Base Unit (TBU) 

4930th Support Group, Enewetak 

TBU-5, Enewetaka 

4931st Operations Squadron (TBU) 

TBU-2, Enewetak 

1401st Air Base Wing, Andrews AFB, Washington, D.C. 

4931st Operations Squadron, Enewetaka 

747th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, Ellington AFB, Texas 

6486th Air Base Wing, Hickam AFB, Hawaii 

1611th Air Base Group, McGuire AFB, New Jersey 

4900th Air Base Group, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 

4932nd Maintenance Squadron (TBU) 

4932nd Maintenance Squadron, Enewetaka 

TBU-3, Enewetak 

4924th Maintenance Squadron, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 

Warner-Robins Air Materiel Area, Warner-Robins AFB, Georgia 

Sacramento Air Materiel Area, McClellan AFB, California 

3525th Preventive Maintenance Squadron, Williams AFB, Arizona 

6486th Maintenance and Supply Group, Hickam AFB, Hawaii 

106 

6 

2 

5 

4 

1 

60 

33 

2 04 

6 

3 

1 

2 

3 

3 

324 

22 

13 

12 

2 

1 

1 " " 

Not e :

aNo actual home unit was given for these men in the source document. 

(continued) 

306 
Table 47. Air Force units badged for REDWING (continued). 

" "I_""- "--"""""" " 

No. of 

Persons 

Unit Designation Badged I_ """ - 

He1 icopter Element (TBU) 

310th Troop Carrier Squadron, Pope AFB, North Carolina 50 

Sampling and Decontamination Element (Test Aircraft Unit TAU ) 

4926th Test Squadron (Sampl i ng) , Enewetak 207 

Early Penetration Element (TAU) 

461st Bombardment Wing, Blytheville AFB, Arkansas 21 

759th Bombardment Squadron, Blytheville AFB, Arkansas 1 

764th Bombardment Squadron, Blytheville AFB, Arkansas 4 

765th Bombardment Squadron, Blythevi lle AFB, Arkansas 7 

766th Bombardment Squadron, Blythevil le AFB, Arkansas 6 

Early Penetration Element, Enewetaka 4 

345th Bombardment Group, Langley AFB, Virginia 10 

498th Bombardment Squadron, Langley AFB, Virginia 3 

499th Bombardment Squadron, Langley AFB, Virginia 8 

500th Bombardment Squadron, Langley AFB, Virginia 2 

Strategic Air Command (SAC) Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment Element (TAU) 

301st Bombardment Wing, Barksdale, AFB, Louisiana 46 

Hq SAC, Offutt AFB, Nebraska 16 

Wright Air Development Center Element (TAU) 

Wright Air Development Cer, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 82 

Tech Photo (TAU) 52 

Ionosphere Element (TAU) 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Massachusetts 21 

Drop and Canister Element (TAU) 

4928th Test Squadron, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 51 

Note: 

aNo actual home unit was given for these men in the source document. 

- " - - " 

(continued) 

307 
Table 47. Air Force units badged for REDWXNG (continued). 

Unit Designation 

No. of 

Persons 

Badged 

Headquarters USAF, Element (TAU) 

Hq USAF, Washington, D.C. 

Headquarters Test Services Unit (TSU), Enewetak 

Weather Central and Weather Reporting Elements, Enewetak (TSU) 

6th Weather Squadron, Tinker AFB, Oklahoma 

Weather Reporting Element, Enewetaka 

Weather Reconnaissance Element (TSU) 

55th Weather Squadron, McClellan AFB, California 

57th Weather Squadron, Hickam AFB, Hawaii 

Weather Reconnaissance Element, Enewetaka 

4th Weather Group (Detachment 33), Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 

Documentary Photo Element 9TSU) 

1352nd Motion Picture Squadron, Hollywood, California 

Documentary Photo Element, Enewetaka 

C-54 Support Element (TSU) 

1370th Mapping and Charting Squadron, Palm Beach AFB, Florida 

1371st Mapping and Charting Squadron, Palm Beach AFB, Florida 

Air Photo and Charting Service, Scott AFB, Illinois 

Comnuni cations El went (TSU) 

Airways and Air Communications Services squadrons (38 each) 

Airways and Air Comnunications groups (3 each) 

Communications Elementa 

1800th Airways and Air Comnunications Services Wing, Tinker AFB, 

Ok 1 ahoma 

Hq USAF Security Service, Kelly AFB, Texas 

9 

17 

59 

299 

6 

35 

25 

1 

26 

4 

2 

36 

1 

198 

12 

3 

1 

1 

Not e : 

a No actual home unit was given for these men in the source document. 

(continued) 

308 
Table 47. Air Force units badged for REDWING (continued). 

Unit Designation 

No. of 

Persons 

Badged 

Search and Rescue Element (TSU) 

49th Air Rescue Squadron, Selfridge AFB, Michigan 

Search and Rescue Element, Enewetaka 

Military Air Transport Services (MATS) Terminal Element (TSU) 

MATS Terminal Element, Enewetaka 

Hq Pacific Division, MATS, Hickam AFB, Hawaii 

Air Transport Units (USAF) 

47th Air Transport Squadron, Hickam AFB, Hawaii 

1254th Air Transport Group, Washington, D.C. 

48th Air Transport Squadron, Hickam AFB, Hawaii 

50th Air Transport Squadron, Hickam AFB, Hawaii 

1707th Air Transport Wing, Patrick AFB, Florida 

1737th Ferry Squadron, 1502nd Air Transport Wing, 

1703rd Air Transport Group, 1608th Air Transport Wing, 

1734th Air Transport Squadron 

Miscellaneous (USAF) 

503rd Air Defense Group, Portland, Oregon 

Hq Air Materiel Cornand, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 

Hq Far Eastern Air Forces, Yokota AFB, Japan 

Hq Air Defense comnand, Ent AFB, Colorado 

Air University, Maxwell AFB, Alabama 

3331st Technical Training Squadron, Scott AFB, Illinois 

Hq USAF Communications Service, Scott AFB, Illinois 

Hq USAF Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, Washington, D.C. 

Hq 8th Air Force, Westover AFB, Massachusetts 

Hq Air Research and Development Comnand, Eglin AFB, Florida 

Hq 15th Air Force, March AFB, California 

Un k nown 

140 

1 

53 

7 

48 

19 

10 

8 

5 

a 

1 

1 

8 

7 

1 

1 

1 

4 

1 

2 

1 

1 

Note: 

a No actual home unit was given for these men in the source document. 
Early Penetration Element, was given. Such participants are listed under the 

name of the element itself. 

In Table 47, Hq, Strategic Air Command (SAC) personnel have been included 

with the SAC Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDA) element because, although 

a few were visitors, most spent considerable time in the test area. Weather 

Central and Weather Reporting elements have been combined because the 6th Weather Squadron manned both organizations. Note that most men here listed only 

"Weather Reporting Element" on their 5x8 cards (Reference C.1.7.4). The 38 

individual Airways and Air Communications Services (AACS) squadrons have not 

been listed because most provided only a few men. The 1253rd AACS Squadron, 

APO 187, provided most Communications Element personnel. Air transport units 

are listed separately near the end of the table because they were not permanently based at the test area. They were transporting equipment, supplies, and 

personnel to and from the test site. The miscellaneous category includes those 

units that had very few participants, most of whom were probably observers. 

Table 48 provides exposure information for Air Force personnel. It follows the format of Table 47, with the addition of Hq JTF 7 and TG 7.1. 

HEADQUARTERS, JOINT TASK FORCE 7 

Research has identified 91 Air Force men who were assigned to this headquarters. Duties were primarily office staff in nature, although 15 men received more than 3.9 R (see Table 48). 

TASK GROUP 7.1 

Altogether, there were 216 Air Force personnel badged who indicated that 

they worked in this task group. Most were in Task Unit (TU) 3, which conducted 

the Department of Defense (DOD) experimental programs (see Chapters 1 and 3). 

Of the 216 persons, 86 were from the Wright Air Development Center (WAX) at 

Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. All 86 were in TU 7.1.3. There were also 82 WADC 

personnel in the WAX element in TG 7.4 (see below). Personnel in TG 7.1 with 

the highest badge readings were participants in Project 2.66, the early penetration of the clouds by B-57 aircraft. 

310 
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311 
TASK GROUP 7.4 

Headquarters, Task Group 7.4 

There were 124 personnel who were badged working in this headquarters (Fee 

Table 48). Some of the personnel identified as being the Task Group Headquarters may have had other nonadministrative duties as there were five who 

exceeded the MPE of 3.9 R. 

Headquarters, Test Base Unit 

This headquarters unit had 93 badged personnel with exposures as shown in 

Table 48. No one exceeded the 3.9 R MPE. 

4931st OPERATIONS SQUADRON. This squadron ran the airbases at Enewetak 

and Eneu islands. It also operated interisland and interatoll airlifts using 

three C-54~, four C-47s, and eight L-20s. The persons with high badge readings over 5 R were possibly probably associated with aircraft decontamination. 

4932nd MAINTENANCE SQUADRON. This squadron provided maintenance and supply support to the airbases and to TG 7.4 in general. Again, persons with 

high badge readings were probably involved with aircraft decontamination. 

HELICOPTER ELEMENT. This element was formed by the 310th Troop Carrier 

Squadron from Pope AFB, North Carolina. It operated ten H-19 helicopters for 

transportation between the various islands at Enewetak Atoll. These aircraft 

were routinely used for experiment recovery, which may account for the 10 

badge readings over 3.9 R. 

Test Aircraft Unit 

SAMPLING AND DECONTAMINATION ELEMENT. This element operated six B-57B and 

ten F-84G sampler aircraft that were used to collect particulate and gaseous 

samples from the radioactive clouds. Exposure limits for these persons were 

set at 20 R rather than 3.9 R because of their mission. As can be seen from 

Table 48, there were 90 men who exceeded the lower MPE of 3.9 R, but none who 

exceeded 20 R. 

EARLY PENETRATION ELEMENT. This element operated five B-57B aircraft in 

support of a Hq USAF experimental project, Project 2.66 (see Chapter 3). The 

312 
purpose of this project was to measure exposures one would receive by penetrating the radioactive cloud shortly after detonation and to determine factors 

affecting crew safety. This element did not perform any sampling missions. 

AS could be expected, there were some high exposures in this element, one being the highest recorded in the entire task force -- 16.360 R. This organization came under the 20 R MPE waiver. 

INDIRECT BCWB DAMAGE ASSESSMENT (IBDA) ELEMENT. This element operated 

three B-47 aircraft equipped with radar scopes and cameras to photograph the 

scope image of the detonations. A SAC unit, the 301st Bomb Wing from Barksdale 

AE'B, Louisiana, formed this element. Since the aircraft did not approach the 

radioactive cloud, exposures for personnel in this element were comparatively 

low. 

WAX EFFECTS ELEMENT. This element operated one B-47, one B-52, one B-66, 

one B-57BI two F-84FI and one F-1O1A aircraft. These aircraft were subjected 

to various blast and thermal loads by positioning them at known distances from 

the detonations. The F-1O1A pilot received small amounts of initial gamma 

radiation on at least one Occasion, when he was positioned at high altitude 

almost directly over the burst. Exposures to men in this element were about 

average compared to others in TG 7.4. 

TECHNICAL PHOTO ELEMENT. This element operated three B-50E aircraft 

equipped with high-speed cameras to photograph nuclear cloud growth. Planning 

documents showed that the 6091st Reconnaissance Squadron was to man this element; however, no one declared this unit on his 5x8 card so there is no certainty that the 6091st was actually the unit that participated. Fifty-two men 

indicated "Tech Photo El" on their 5x8 card (see Table 47). No one in this 

element exceeded the 3.9 R MPE. 

IONOSPHERE ELEMENT. This element operated one C-97 aircraft to study 

electromagnetic changes in the ionosphere due to the nuclear detonations. Air 

Force Cambridge Research Center (AFCRC) staffed this element. No one exceeded 

the 3.9 R MPE. 

DROP AND CANISTER ELEMENT. This element operated two B-52 and one B-36 

aircraft to airdrop the nuclear devices for shots CHEROKEE and OSAGE. These 

313 
aircraft were also used to drop parachute-suspended canisters on several other 

shots to record various measurements (pressure, temperature, etc.) at several 

different altitudes just before and just after detonations. Exposures were 

quite low for these personnel. 

HQ USAF ELEMENT. This element, manned by personnel from Hq US=, managed 

Project 2.66 (Early Penetrators). These men did not fly the B-57B aircraft 

but recorded and reported results from the flights and subsequent aircraft 

contamination studies (see Chapter 3). The two men shown in Table 48 who received more than 3 R were enlisted personnel -- probably involved in taking 

contamination readings on returning aircraft. Except for these two, readings 

were relatively low for persons in this element. 

Test Services Unit 

HEADQUARTERS, TEST SERVICES UNIT. Seventeen persons listed this unit as 

their organization on the 5x8 cards. Test Services Unit (TSU) was manned by 

Military Air Transport Service (MATS), and dozens of U.S.-based units furnished 

needed manpower. Both persons who exceeded the 3.9 R MPE were enlisted; however, their specific duties are unknown. 

WEATHER CENTRAL AND WEATHER REPORTING ELEMENTS. These two elements have 

been combined because the 6th Weather Squadron manned both elements and it is 

not possible to determine who worked where. The Weather Central was located 

on Parry Island and, except for TEWA fallout, these persons received very little exposure. Weather reporting personnel were on Enewetak and Eneu islands 

and the four remote weather islands. The relatively high exposures for these 

men evidently came from several sources. Eighteen persons exceeded the 3.9 R 

MPE and sixty-one received more than 3 R. The 18 weather personnel on Rongerik 

received between 2 and 3 R from light fallout from several shots. Also personnel on Enewetak received fallout from the TEWA shot, which, depending on length 

of stay, could have contributed as much as 3 R. Some of the weather personnel 

on Enewetak were possibly used to help decontaminate "hot" aircraft as well. 

All three TG 7.4 units (TAU, TSU, and TBU) provided men for decontamination. 

Both men in this group who received more than 5 R were enlisted. 

WEATHER RECONNAISSANCE ELEMENT. Personnel in this element operated and 

maintained ten WB-50 aircraft used for weather reconnaissance for postshot 

314 
tracking of the nuclear clouds. The majority of personnel were from the 57th 

Weather Reconnaissance Squadron at Hickam Field, Hawaii. They were based at 

Enewetak Island for the duration of the REDWING series. Only one person, a 

staff sergeant, received an exposure in excess of 3.9 R. His specific duties 

are not known. 

DOCUMENTARY PHOTO ELEMENT. Personnel from the 1352nd Motion Picture Squadron, Lookout Mountain AFS, Hollywood, California, staffed this element. They 

performed documentary photography for Hq JTF 7 during REDWING. No one in this 

element exceeded the 3.9 R MPE. 

C-54 SUPPORT ELEMENT. Most persons in this element were from the 1371st 

Mapping and Charting Squadron. They operated three C-54 aircraft from Enewetak 

for radio-telephone relay. The aircraft were also used to augment airlift 

missions to Tarawa, Wake, Majuro, Truk, Bikini, Guam, and Hawaii. The one 

person who exceeded the 3.9 R MPE may have been detailed to decontaminate the 

sampler and early-penetration aircraft. 

COMMUNICATIONS ELEMENT. This element was staffed by personnel from 38 

different Airways and Air Communications Services (AACS) squadrons, 3 AACS 

groups and one AACS wing. The 1253rd AACS Squadron, which was a permanent 

organization on Enewetak, prcvided most of the personnel. All five persons 

who exceeded the 3.9 R MPE were enlisted and all were from different AACS squadrons except two who were from the 2049th AACS Squadron. Most of the men in 

this element were on Enewetak; however, there were a few on the weather islands 

and on Eneu at Bikini. High exposures are probably from TEWA fallout and aircraft decontamination duties. 

SEARCH AND RESCUE ELEMENT. Persons in this element were from the 49th Air 

Rescue Squadron. They operated seven SA-16 aircraft for rescue operations. 

The aircraft were also used to resupply the remote weather islands. These men 

were stationed on Enewetak Island and exposed to TEWA fallout, which partly explains the high exposures shown in Table 48. Although there is no indicative 

historical data, perhaps the unusually high exposures -- 10 enlisted men exceeded the 3.9 R MPE -- were the result of aircraft decontamination operations. 

315 
MATS TERMINAL ELEMENT. Some men from this element were probably permanently based at Enewetak Island since air terminal operations were needed at 

all times, not just during test series such as REDWING. The six persons who 

exceeded the 3.9 R MPE were probably exposed to TEWA fallout and, in addition, 

were probably associated with aircraft decontamination. 

Air Transport Units 

As mentioned earlier, air transport units have been separated from the 

rest of TG 7.4 for exposure presentation purposes. For the most part, personnel in these units were in the test area €orvery short periods. They flew 

cargo and personnel in and out ofthe test area. As can be seen from Table 

48, their exposures reflect this, being much lower than other Air Force elements. Some of the individual air transport units (shown in Table 471, such 

as the 48th Air Transport Squadron, reflected zero exposure for all their personnel. Others, such as the 1707th Air Transport Wing, indicate that everyone 

in the unit recived some exposure. In the latter example, the men may have 

been in the test area permanently rather than transients, since three of the 

five had exposures between 1 and 1.5 R. 

Miscell aneous 

This is a grouping of 35 men from 13 different units as shown in Table 47. 

Units were generally major command headquarters and personnel were mostly 

visitors to the test area. Table 48 shows that exposures for these personnel 

were very low except for four who had exposures between 1 and3 R. One person 

listed his home station as Hickam AFB, Hawaii, but no unit was indicated. 

316 
CHAPTER 9 

U.S. MARINE CORPS PARTICIPATION IN OPERATION REDWING 

U.S. Marine Corps personnel participated in support ofhe operation by 

providing helicopter airlift for the scientific projects. Marines from ships 

companies also provided physical security for nuclear devices and may have 

assisted in ship decontamination. Marine Corps units providing personnel for 

REDWING operations included the following. 

Marine """" Helicopter "" 

TransrtSquadron 363 (HMR-363), Santa Ana, California. - """"" 

HMR-363 operated as TE 7.3.1.2 of the naval task group (TG 7.3). Personnel were based on the carrier, USS BadoenA Strait, as were flight operations during shot periods. At other times, flight operations were based 

on the Eneu airstrip at Bikini. The unit arrived at the Pacific Proving 

Ground (PPG) in early spring of 1956 and was in place in March. The squadron had difficulty with their HRS-1 helicopters and did not fly from 

26 March until HRS-3 replacements arrived on 26 April. 

"" "- 

The primary responsibility of this unit was the operation of ship-toshore and interisland airlift at Bikini. The squadron provided air service 

for radiological surveys and for Project 2.65 surveys. HMR-363 provided 

facilities and assistance for limited primary gross decontamination of all 

aircraft ashore at Bikini, as well as decontamination crews for their own 

helicopters aboard Badoezsgrzc. A summary of "363 operations is 

shown in Table 49. 

Personnel dosimetry for the squadron based on the Consolidated List is .""" 

shown in Table 50, and a summary of the exposures and decontamination efforts reported in the squadron history (Reference C.1.3.4) is as follows: 

Average Pilot Exposure: 1.813 R (about 36 pilots) 

Average Intensities of Helicopters 

Returning on Shot Days: 0.150 R/hr 

Hottest Helicopter: 4 R/hr following ZUNI 

3 17 
Table 49. Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron 363 (HMR-363) operational 

statistical summary, REDWING. 

Scientific 

Data Operational 

No. of Aircraft in Recoveries Flights 

Aircraft Comnission Misc. Total Total 

Month Assigned (percent) Tripsa Hoursb TripsC Hoursd Hourse Tripsf Hours9 

May 14 80 49 78 909 89 6 128 958 1,102 

June 15 80 72 100 728 718 57 800 875 

July 14 80 61 94 801 720 38 862 852 

Notes: 

aScientific data recovery flights exclude columns 3 and 5. 

bScienfific data recovery hours exclude columns 4 and 5. 

'Operational flights exclude column 1. 

doperational hours exclude columns 2 and 5 

ePilot training, tests, SAR, etc., where passenger/cargo not involved 

fTotal trips include columns 1 and 3. 

gTotal flight hours include columns 2, 4, and 5. 

Table 50. REDWING personnel exposure, U.S. Marine Corps organizations. 

Exposure Ranges (R) 

No. of 

Persons No Over High 

Element Badged Reading 0 0.001-0.5 0.5-1 1-1.5 1.5-2 2-2.5 2.5-3 3-4 3.gb (R) 

HMR-363' 164 29 56 35 13 16 9 6 0 3.6 

USS Curtiss (AV-4) 66 10 6 15 22 93 1 0 2.6 

USS Estes (AG-12) 17 7 10 0 0.3 

Air Fleet Marine 

Force Pacific 1 1 0 

3rd Wing 1 1 0 

Totals 249 17 2 45 71 57 22 19 10 6 0 3.6 

Notes: 

'Collective Marine Corps exposure was 265.5 man-R; mean exposure was 1.07 R. 

bBasic Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) was 3.9 R (gama) per 13-week period. 

'Ten did not return all badges. 

Source: Reference C.1.7.3. 

3 18 
Average Intensities of Helicopters 

Returning onNon-Shot Days: 0.030 to 0.050 R/hr 

Number of Decontaminations: 36 8 

Hours Expended in Decontamination: 1,680 manhours 

Highest Intensity of All Helicopters 

at End of Operation (TEWA + 4 days): 0.0005 Whr 

"361 (L). This squadron provided 14 pilots to supplement HMR-363 pilots. 

Exposures are included in HMR-363 totals in Table 50. 

Marine Detachment, USS Curtiss. A Marine contingent of 66 was aboard this 

ship. Curtiss was used to transport device components from the United 

States to the PPG and was equipped for device assembly work. The Marines 

aboard Curtiss were undoubtedly involved primarily in providing physical 

security but may have also provided decontamination workers. Curtiss provided such crews for decontamination of the ships of Program 2, but whether 

the Marine company was involved is not clear. Shot-by-shot activities of 

Curtiss are described in Chapter 7. Table 46 presents summary exposure 

data for the total ships' company, while Table 50 shows the Marine component. 

Marine Detachment, USS Estes. This ship had 17 Marines aboard. Estes, like 

Curtiss, provided crews for decontamination of Program 2 ships and the 

Marines aboard could have been involved. Shot-by-shot activities for 

Estes, as well as summary exposure data, are presented in Chapter 7. A 

summary of exposures for the Marine component is shown in Table 50. 

Air Fleet Marine Force Pacific. One man was badged in TG 7.4. What function 

he performed is not known. His badge reading was zero. 

3rd Marine Air Wing (El Toro, California). This parent organization for both 

the helicopter squadrons having personnel at REDWING had a single individual badged as part of TG 7.4. His badge reading was zero. 

Naval Air Station, Kwajalein. In addition to Marines in the proving ground 

proper, there were 61 Marines on Kwajalein. These men were not badged. 

319 
CHAPTER 10 

JOINT DEFENSE AGENCIESy OTHER GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES, 

ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION ORGANIZATIONS, CONTRACTORy 

AND OBSERVER AND VIP PARTICIPATION IN OPERATION REDWING 

Joint defense agencies provided several important elements in REDWING, 

especially the experimental coordination, through the Armed Forces Special 

Weapons Project (AFSWP). The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), through its contractors, provided the devices themselves and, through its base-support contractor, provided the physical plant for the tests. 

JOINT DOD ORGANIZATIONS 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AF'SWP). This agency represented the DOD 

in the nuclear test operations. AE'SWP coordinated Task Unit 3 (TU 3), the 

DOD Effects Program. Its headquarters at Arlington Hall Station near Washington, D.C., was active in integrating service requirements for nuclear 

weapons effects information in the Effects Program, and its Field Command 

at Sandia Base, New Mexico, was responsible for coordinating the practical 

detail of the effects experiments. 

It appears from the after-action project reports that some AFSWP personnel directly participated in several projects, and, where this is clear, 

their exposures have been noted with that project in Table 10. However, 

exposures for AFSWP as a whole are represented in Table 51. 

Because the organizational affiliation of participants on the Consolidated List (Reference C.1.7.3) was not always complete, some interpretations were made in assembling the AFSW entry in Table 51. Personnel from 

"AFSWP," "FCWET," DWET," "WETD," and "Arlington Hall Sta." have been lumped 

together under AFSWP. There is also a group identified simply as "Sandia 

Base," presumably AFSWP, but they have been kept as a separate grouping in 

Table 51. 

Joint Office of Test Information (JOTI). See Observers below. 

Joint Task Force Seven. This was itself a joint-DOD command and had a small 

group of permanently assigned personnel at headquarters levels. 

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k323 
ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION ORGANIZATIONS 

AEC Headquarters and Field Offices (except DMA). Thirty-six persons, almost 

entirely civilian, were badged with these affiliations in Hq JTF7 and 

TG 7.1. Exposure summary is in Table 51. 

Division of Military Applications (DMA). Twelve military personnel from this 

division of AEC. 

Hanford Atomic Power Operation. Six from this GE-operated AEC facility participated as radsafe monitors for Project 2.63. Their exposures are shown in 

Table 51 as well as in the project summary in Table 10. 

Health and Safety Laboratory (HASL), New York. Participated in Project 2.64, 

aerial determination of fallout. Exposures are in Table 51. 

Los Alms Scientific Laboratory (LASL). Primary participation was in TU 1, 

TU 8, and TU 10 of TG 7.1. Exposures for LASL personnel are shown in Table 

51, divided into military and civilians. These latter were employees of 

the University of California who operated the laboratory for the AEC. 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Three men from ORNL were badged at REDWING, two of whom acted as radsafe monitors for Project 2.63. The duties 

of the third are not known. 

Sandia Corporation, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Personnel from this Western Electric subsidiary operated the Sandia Laboratory for AEC and participated in 

REDWING with several projects in the weapon technology area and two in the 

TU 3, WD effects program. Exposures are in Table 51. 

University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL), Livermore, California. 

Like LASL, operated by University of California for the AEC. Participated 

primarily as TU 2, TU 9, TU 11, and TU 12 of TG 7.1. Exposures are presented in Table 51, divided into military and civilian. 

OTHER GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS 

U.S. Coast Guard Loran Station, Enewetak. This Loran station was part of a 

system of navigation aids in the Pacific and its function had no specific 

324 
connection with REDWING. It was located on the north end of Enewetak 

Island. It was administratively integrated into TG 7.2 in the pre-REDWING 

and REDWING testing phase. This group, with a normal complement Of one 

officer and nine enlisted men, was badged with TG 7.2, and exposures are 

shown in Table 51. The number of men on the Consolidated List is slightly 

greater than ten, presumably because of rotations. The Commander, 14th 

Coast Guard District, also was at REDWING, but his exposure is included 

the VIP Observer group below. 

Federal Civil Defense Aqency (FCDA). Personnel from this agency were with 

JOTI, which acted as a source of information for visitors. Two were 

badged with TG 7.1 and two with USS Mount *Kinley (AGC-7) observer group. 

Exposures are in Table 51. 

Forest Products Lab, U.S. Forest Service. Participated in Project 8.2. One 

person identified, and his exposure is shown in Table 51. 

National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado, and Washington, D.C. One man 

participated in the Hq USAF' element of TG 7.4. Exposures are in Table 51. 

U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS). Nine persons from USPHS offices in the 

United States were badged with Hq JTF 7. USPHS was interested in off-site 

fallout monitoring. Exposures are in Table 51. 

U.S. Weather Bureau. Four persons badged, two each with Hq JTF 7 and 

TG 7.1. Weather Bureau interest was in fallout prediction, at least in 

part. Exposures are in Table 51. 

CONTRACTORS AND CIVILIAN ORGANIZATIONS 

ACF Industries, Albuquerque New Mexico. This contractor was probably working 

for LASL supporting device assembly work in TU 1 of TG 7.1. Exposures are 

shown in Table 51. 

Advance Industries, Cambridge, Massachusetts (formerly Ultrasonic Corp.). 

Four men supported the Air Force Cambridge Research Center (AFCRC) in 

Project 6.4, TG 7.1. 

32 5 
Allied Research Associates, Boston, Massachusetts. Four men from this organization provided support to the Air Force Wright Air Development Center 

(WAX) in Projects 5.5 and 5.9 in TG 7.1. 

Allison Division of General Motors, Detroit Michigan. One man from this organization support Program 5, !E 7.1. 

Applied Fisheries Laboratory. See University of Washington. 

Boeing Aircraft, Witchita, Kansas. Five men from this organization worked on 

Projects 5.1 and 5.2 of TG 7.1. 

Bendix Aviation. The project report for Pr ,ject 1.4 credits this contractor 

as participating, but onsite participation is not confirmed by the Consolidated List. 

California Forest and Ranges Experiment Station (CFRES). Two men conducted 

Project 8.2 in TG 7.1. 

Cambridge Corporation, Boulder, Colorado. In prior Pacific tests this contractor had provided specialized services for the AEC in device assembly 

work, and presumably this may have been its function in REIXVING. 

Convair Division, General Dynamics. The project report credits this organization with participation in Project 6.4, but onsite participation is not 

confirmed by the Consolidated List. 

Cook Research Laboratories, Chicago, Illinois. Four men supported the aircraft effects and thermal Projects 5.1, 5.5, and 8.4. 

Cooper Development. See Horning Cooper. 

Douglas Aircraft Company, Long Beach and El Sequndo, California. Fourteen men 

supported the effects aircraft Projects 5.3 and 5.8, which involved Douglas aircraft. 

326 
EG&G Inc., Boston, Massachusetts. As an AEC contractor in !E 7.1, TU 3, TU 5, 

and Project 9.1. 

General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York. The Project 5.9 report indicates General Electric was involved, but onsite participation is not confirmed by the Consolidated List. 

General Electric Company. See Hanford Atomic Power Operation. 

Gilfillan Bros. Inc., Los Angeles, California. One man worked on Program 5 

support activities. 

Hastings (and Hastings Raydist). See Raydist Navigation Corporation. 

Hazeltine Corporation. This contractor provided Air Operations Center equipment for TG 7.4; one man was badged as an onsite participant. 

Holmes 6 Narver, Los Angeles, California. This large organization was the AEX 

base support contractor; over 2,600 men were on site. 

Horning-Cooper, Monrovia, California. This contractor provided small rocket 

support for the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL) in Project 

2.61. One man was on site and badged. 

Herrick L. Johnson, Inc., Columbus, Ohio. In prior tests, this contractor had 

provided special services to the AEC on Parry. Presumably this organization provided the same services for REDWING. 

Kaiser Electric. This organization had one man badged, but what his duties 

were is not known. 

Martin Aircraft Company, Baltimore, Maryland. 'Itrlo men supported WAX in Project 5.4, which tested effects on the B-57 manufactured by Martin. 

McDonne11 Aircraft, St. Louis, Missouri. Three men supported WADC on Project 

5.6 testing the F-101, a McDonne11 plane. 

327 
Philco Corporation. One man, whose function was probably asa representative 

for his firm’s electronic products, was badged and his exposure is in 

Table 51. 

Pratt and Whitney. One man, probably a technical representative of this aircraft engine manufacturer, was badged as part of “G 7.4. 

Radiation, Inc. Four men, whose functions are unknown, were badged with 

TG 7.4. 

Raydist Navigation Corporation, Norfolk, Virginia. This firm provided special 

tracking and navigation for Program 5 and Project 1.8 from a station on 

USS Badoeng Strait. Nine men were badged. 

Reeves Instrument Corp. One man was badged; his function is undetermined. 

Republic Aviation Corporation, Farmingdale, New York. This firm manufactured 

the F-84s used in cloud sampling and on Project 5.5. Two men were badged. 

Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), La Jolla, California. SI0 provided 

60 men and the ship, MV Horizon, for TG 7.1, Projects 1.9a, 1.9b, and 2.62a. 

Sperry Gyroscope Co. One man from Sperry Gyroscope supported AF’CRC in Project 

6.lb. 

United Aircraft Service Corporation. One man from this organization was badged 

as TU 3 of TG 7.1; his exposure was 2.3 R. 

University of California. This organization operated the two weapon design 

laboratories, LASL and the University of California Radiation Laboratory 

(UCRL) , for the AEC. Also several of the Regents were badged as VIPs, and 

there may have been other TG 7.1 interests unconnected with weapon development experiments. Exposures are listed under LASL, UCRL, Observers, and 

University of California in Table 51. 

University of Dayton and UD Research Institute, Dayton, Ohio. Ten from this 

organization assisted WAX on Projects 5.5 and 5.9. 

328 
University of Illinois. One man participated for WAX in the structures experiment, Project 3.1. 

University of Texas. Four from the University of Texas "EMEL" were badged with 

TG 7.5, the base support group. Their role has not been discovered. Their 

exposures were low. 

University of Washington, Applied Fisheries Lab. This AEC contractor operated 

the Enewetak Marine Biology Laboratory. Nine persons were badged. 

Western Electric. This organization is the corporate parent of the Sandia Corporation, but one person from Western Electric was badged with TG 7.4 

OBSERVERS AND VIP VISITORS 

USS Mount McKinley Observers. Press and radio-TV representatives viewed 

LACROSSE and CHEROKEE from the Mount McKinley. Observing also were a 

group of State and Federal civil defense administrators and a group known 

as the Joint Office of Test Information (JOTI), which acted as host for 

these groups of observers. These observer groups' exposures are presented 

in Table 51 under "Mount McKinley Observers." 

VIP Observers. An official observers' program was instituted, and six groups 

of observers attended. All were transported in special air mission 

flights. "The last group which consisted of some British and Canadian 

Observers departed on 22 July 1956" (Reference C.2.1, p. 122). 

These visitors were apparently badged with the Hq JTF 7 group, and 

there are a number of high government officials and important civilians 

who were either labeled VIP on the lists or would probably qualify. There 

were also high-ranking military officers who may have been such observers. If a major operational element of such an officer's command was 

actively involved in REDWING, then the officer's badge exposure was placed 

with the appropriate service group. Otherwise, the exposure went into the 

VIP Observer category in Table 51. The foreign visitors were easily identified. Escort officers also were identified and have been grouped with 

these VIP Observers in Table 51. 

329 
An aircraft crew was also badged with Hq JTF 7. They were listed by 

name with no rank, and their affiliation was given as "C-121 Crew." These 

were perhaps the crew for the C-121 "Viking" call-sign aircraft, which 

provided the VIPs with an aerial view of the detonations. Their dosimetry 

is also listed with this group in Table 51. 

UNIDENTIFIED AFFILIATION 

There were 18 men whose affiliation was not clear or complete in the Con- - 

solidated List. One of these, probably an Army Private, had an exposure of 

6.7 R. 

330 
CHAPTER 11 

PERSONNEL EXPOSURES 

REDWING was the first atmospheric nuclear weapon test at the Pacific Proving Ground in which film badges were provided for all personnel to record their 

exposures to ionizing radiation. In earlier test series, only personnel actually involved in data recovery or other operations involving entrance to radiological exclusion (radex) areas had been badged. Support personnel at the base 

islands and on ships in those earlier tests were either not badged or only selectively badged. The proportion of participants badged had grown during the 

tests Of the 1950s SO that in the 1954 series at the PPG only the service support personnel at Enewetak Atoll were not completely badged. 

For the purposes of understanding how the REDWING collective exposure was 

shared among the participants this universal badging is helpful, especially as 

there was one incident in which the support personnel were more heavily exposed 

than experimental groups conducting the tests. This was the last Bikini shot, 

TEWA, whose cloud drifted west and deposited fallout on the base islands at 

Enewetak Atoll. This one incident contributed about 40 percent of the collective exposure experienced by the task force during REDWING. 

Transient naval ships were an exception to the universal badging, and because of the following instance, complete exposure assessment based on badge 

readings is impossible. 

USS Agawam (Am-6) arrived at Enewetak from Guam just after the fallout 

from the shot T'EWA had begun to wane. Agawam arrived from the west and her 

track shows that this involved a rhumb-line course south of Enewetak with a 

sharp left turn and a northerly run of 165 km into the lagoon. The area affected by fallout from the TEWA cloud has not been well defined. Enewetak 

appears to have been covered by the southern edge of the cloud, so that Agawam 

was coming from the best side for minimum exposure; however, the cloud could 

have continued to the west with a southerly component and crossed the track 

of the incoming Agawam. The offsite fallout record from Ujelang could have 

331 
provided some information on this, but the published tabulation stops many 

hours before the TEWA cloud could have arrived. Aqawam represents a special 

problem because her crew was not badged, or at least the badge readings were 

not recorded with the rest of the task force. Aqawam probably did not have a 

washdown capability. Its deck log makes no mention of any radiological incident. 

The Enewetak Boat Pool personnel apparently did not receive film badges, 

with a few exceptions, after 1 July. Both of the test events (MOHAWK and TEWA) 

that brought fallout to the base island area at Enewetak occurred after this 

date, and thus the exposure assessment based on film badge readings is incomplete with regard to the Enewetak Boat Pool. 

The summary of Joint Task Force 7 (JTF 7) personnel exposures as recorded 

in the Consolidated List of Exposures (Reference C.1.7.3) is presented in 

Table 52 by task group and, as appropriate, by task units and elements. 

The contribution of each task group toward the total radiation exposure is 

summarized in Table 53, and a mean exposure for each individual in each task 

group calculated. The disproportionate contributions of TG 5, TG 4 and TG 2 

are evident. 

The contribution within each task force component may vary considerably, 

as shown in Table 52. For example, the removal of the Radiological Support 

Unit 7.3.6 from the TG 7.3 contribution drops the TG 7.3 mean exposure from 

0.9 to 0.8. The mean for this unit itself is 2.3 R. The separate consideration of this group is reasonable not only because of the higher potential exposures incidental to the TU 7.3.6 activities, but also because this unit was 

based on Enewetak and not Bikini where the majority of TG 7.3 was based. 

Other groups show different levels of exposure due to their activities. 

The Test Aircraft Unit of TG 7.4, containing both the sampler crews and early 

cloud penetration crews, has an expectedly higher exposure than other TG 7.4 

elements. 

332 
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333 
Table 53. Summary of task force exposure, REDWING. 

Hq TG 7.1 TG 7.2 TG 7.3 TG 7.4 TG 7.5 

JTF 7 personnel (percent) 1 15.8 10.5 36.1 15.9 20.6 

Total radiation (percent) 1 13.6 13.6 18.9 21.6 31.1 

Meana(R) 1.7 1.5 2.2 0.9 2.3 2.6 

Note: 

aOverall Joint Task Force 7 mean was 1.7 R. 

A group that can be identified as radsafe personnel, made up of the 1st 

Radiological Safety Support Unit and selected personnel from other organizations, has a mean exposure of 2.8 R, considerably higher than the task force 

as a whole. The Bikini Boat Pool personnel show a higher average than TG 7.3, 

which should be expected because of their work in supporting data-recovery 

activities. 

The Boat Pool mean is, however, lower than the overall task force mean of 

1.7 R and considerably lower than the 2.2 R mean of TG 7.2, whose activities 

primarily centered around the base camp. This reversal is due to the heavy 

contribution from TEWA. The fallout from TEWA contributed considerably to the 

total exposure experienced by the Enewetak-based elements of the task force 

and masks most distinctions that would be expected in their contributions, 

based on operational considerations. 

The actual exposure from TEWA would have varied with an individual's location and activities. There were showers during the day of 22 July, and the 

washed-down fallout materials were concentrated or diluted depending on the 

detail of the drainage patterns (Reference C.1.7.1). The contribution of TEWA 

may be estimated by considering several groups. The USCG Loran station crew 

is a simple example. This group was badged on 9 July, and then again toward 

the end of the month. The mean increment of exposure from these badges was 

1.7 R. 

Another small group was the contingent of United Kingdom and Canadian observers who were flown out of the Pacific Proving Ground on 22 July, according 

334 
to the TG 7.2 final report (Reference C.2.2). This group was one Of Six observer groups brought in, presumably for short periods, to view bursts from 

the VIP aircraft. This group probably came to view TEWA or perhaps HURON. 

The recorded exposures of this group are distributed uniformly around 1.25 R, 

and perhaps this value should be considered a lower boundary for the TEWA contribution. If a mean value of about 1.5 R is assumed for the TEWA contribution 

and extended over the Enewetak-based personnel, then the T'EWA contribution can 

be assumed to be about 40 percent of all that experienced in REDWING. 

335 
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES 

The sources consulted for this report are listed below. They are organized into sections based upon their relationship to the body of nuclear testing information. 

The first section (A) contains basic references pertinent to nuclear weapons development and effects and to all or several atmospheric nuclear tests. 

These are generally monographs published and distributed through regular trade 

channels and are available in bookstores and libraries with the exceptions 

noted . 

The second and third sections are documents generated by Joint Task 

Force 7 (JTF 7) and its subordinate organizations. The second section (B) 

contains planning documents for REDWING, and the third (C) after-action reports. These JTF 7 references are arranged in a fashion that reflects the 

JTF 7 organization. 

The fourth section (D) lists other reports by non-task-force organizations 

concerning REDWING. 

An availability code appears at the end of many reference citations for 

those who wish to read or obtain copies. Availability status was correct at 

the time the reference list was prepared. Many documents indicated as unavailable will become available during the declassification review process. 

The Department of Energy Coordination and Information Center (DOE CIC) and 

NTIS will be provided future DNA-WT documents bearing an "EX" after the report 

number. 

Source documents with an availability code of DOE CIC may be reviewed at 

the following address: 

Department of Energy 

Coordination and Information Center 

(Operated by Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Co., Inc) 

ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley 

2753 S. Highland 

P.O. Box 14100 

Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 

Telephone: (702) 734-3194; FTS: 598-3194. 

Source documents bearing an NTIS availability code may be purchased at the 

following address: 

National Technical Information Service 

(Sales Office) 

5285 Port Royal Road 

Springfield, Virginia 22161 

Telephone: (703) 787-4650. 

3 36 
When ordering by mail or phone, please include both the price code and the 

NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses before the NTIS order num

ber; e.g., (A07) AD 000 000. 

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by writing 

to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or by calling (703) 487-4660. 

Reference citations with no availability codes may be available at the 

location cited or in a library. 

A. BASIC REFERENCES 

A.l 

A. 2 

A. 3 

A. 4 

A. 5 

A. 6 

Environmental Radioactivu, Second Edition 

M. Eisenbud 

Academic Press, New York 

1973 

Effects of Nuclear Weapons 

S. Glasstone, and P.J. Dolan, ed., 

U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO Stock No. 008-046-000-93-01 

1977 

."."""_ 

Trip Rexort of Field Search for Exercise Desert Rock Documentation ConJ.H. Hatcher, Adjutant General Center, U.S. Army 

NTIS (A21/MF A01) AD 070933* 

---.I_"""-"""".""-~ """""."- 

- ducteh- -.- - - by-Rsesentatives ",_ of the Adiutant General "" _." __ 18 """_ June to 14 Ju~ "_" 1978 

C-illation of Local Fallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962 Ex- 

""I-"-.""-__"""" tracted from DASA 1251; Vol. 2 Oceanic "-."" - -"""" U.S. Tests 

H.A. Hawthorne, ed., GE-l"P0 

June 1979 DNA 1251 EX 

NTIS (EX A16/MF A01) AD A079 310* 

"""""" """ "_I_""""__"" 

P-Ground: An Account of Radiobiological Studies in the Pacific 

N.O. Hines 

University of Washington Press, Seattle 

1962 

1946-1961 """""""""" """""" """- 

History of Air Force Atomic Cloud Saml?linq*** 

A.W. Minge 

AF Systems Command Publication Series 61-142-1 

January 1963 

II_ """"--"""""- 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at DOE CIC. 

***Not available. 

33 7 
6. REDWING PLANNING DOCUMENTS 

JUlNl 

B.O.l 

B.0.2 

B.0.3 

B.0.4 

B.0.5 

B.0.6 

B.0.7 

B.0.8 

IH3K FUKCt / 

Operation Order 2-54*** 

7 May 1954 

Planning Directive*** 

10 August 1955 

Operation Plan 1-56 

20 January 1956 

NTIS ( ) A080 272* 

Administrative Order 1-56*** 

20 January 1956 

Movement Directive 1-56*** 

7 March 1956 

Movement Directive 2-56*** 

25 April 1956 

Operational Check List Orders (series)*** 

Dates and classifications vary 

(One per event. Will be cited as "Operational Check List Order 

--SHOT" ) 

"Public Health and Safety Precautions for Eniwetok Tests Announced" 

Press Release, New York Times 

April 27, 1952 

TASK GROUP 7.1 (SCIENTIFIC) 

B.l.l Operations Order 1-54*** 

28 July 1954 

B.1.2 Operations Plan 1-56*** 

20 January 1956 

B. 1.3 Operational Letters (series) *** 

Operations Officer TG 7.1 

Dates vary 

(Designated SHOT -- Number. Subject. About 10 per shot with subjects 

such as "Evacuation," "Reentry and Recovery," etc. Will be cited as 

"Operational Letter OSAGE-3," for example.) 

- 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at DOE CIC. 

***Not available. 

33 8 
Task Unit 1, Program 11 

B.l.l.l Program 11's Standard Cloud Sampling Mission Plan for REDWING*** 

Plank, H.A. , LASL 

16 April 1956 Letter 1174-JFE 

Task Unit 3 

€3.1.3.1 Priority of Effects Program for Operation Redwing*** 

Chief AFSWP Letter to CJTF 7 with attachments 

7/3/56 SWPEF 972.5 

TASK GROUP 7.2 (ARMY) 

B.2.1 Operations Order 2-54*** 

21 June 1954 

B.2.2 Special Instruction Letter (series)*** 

Dates vary 

(One per event. Will be cited as "Special Instructions Letter 

-- SHOT) 

B.2.3 Pre-Shot Evacuation, Reentry, and Muster Order (series)*** 

Dates vary 

(One per event. Will be cited as "Pre-Shot Evacuation, Reentry, and 

Muster Order -- SHOT") 

TASK GROUP 7.3 (NAVY) 

8.3.1 Operations Plan 1-56*** 

24 January 1956 

B.3 .2 Operations Order 2-56*** 

17 February 1956 

TASK GROUP 7.4 (AIR FORCE) 

B.4.1 Operation Plan 4-54*** 

15 Jun 1954 

B.4.2 Planning Directive 1-55*** 

10 October 1955 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at DOE CIC. 

***Not available. 

339 
B.4.3 

B.4.4 

B.4.5 

B.4.6 

B.4.7 

Programming Plan 2-55 (AFSWC)*** 

5 May 1955 

Programming Plan 3-55 (AFSWC) *** 

9 May 1955 

Operation Plan 1-56 (3 volumes) *** 

15 February 1956 

Concept of Air Task Group Operations*** 

30 June 1955 

Concept of Air Operations*** 

7 July 1955 

TASK GROUP 7.5 (BASE SUPPORT) 

B.5.1 Operation Plan 1-56*** 

Santa Fe Operations AEC 

1 March 1956 

C. REDWING AFTER-ACTION REPORTS 

JOINT TASK FORCE SEVEN 

C.O.l Hq Div Installment History*** 

1956 

C.0.2 History of Operation REDWING 

M. Blumenson and H. Hexamer 

1 Dec 1956 

NTIS (A06/MF A01) AD A 951 592* 

Joint Task Force AG Files 

C.O.AG903 Radiation Surveys, Radioactive Fallout, Sample Returns Radsafe*** 

Adjutant General JTF 7 

1956 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at DOE CIC. 

***Not available. 

340 
TASK GROUP 7.1 (SCIENTIFIC) 

C.1.1A 

C.1.1B 

c. 1.1c 

C. 1.1D 

C. 1.1E 

C.1.1F 

C.1.1H 

c. 1.11 

C.1.1K 

C.1.1L 

C. 1.1M 

C.1.1N 

c. 1.10 

c. 1.1s 

C. 1.1T 

C.1.1Y 

Preliminary Report . . . (APACHE)*** 

10/15/56 

Preliminary Report , . . (BLACKFOOT)*** 

7/25/56 

Preliminary Report . . . (CHEROKEE) *** 

7/17/56*** 

Preliminary Report . . . (DAKOTA)*** 

7/26/56 

Preliminary Report . . . (ERIE)*** 

7/21/56 

Preliminary Report . . . (FLATHEAD)*** 

7/23/56 

Preliminary Report . , . (HURON)*** 

7/26/56 

Preliminary Report . . . (INCA) *** 

10/15/56 

Preliminary Report . . . (KICKAPOO)*** 

10/15/56 

Preliminary Report . . . (LACROSSE)*** 

7/5/56 

Preliminary Report . . . (MOHAWK)*** 

10/15/56 

Preliminary Report . . . (NAVAJO)*** 

Preliminary Report . . . (OSAGE)*** 

7/24/56 

Preliminary Report . . . (SEMINOLE) *** 

7/21/56 

Preliminary Report . . . (TEWA)*** 

10/3/56 

Preliminary Report . . . (YUMA) *** 

10/15/56 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at DOE CIC. 

***Not available. 

34 1 
C.1.12 Preliminary Report . . . (ZUNI)*** 

7/5/56 

C.1.2 Task Group 7.1 History (U) 12 installments*** 

G.M. Gillings 

1956 

C.1.3 Report of the Commander, Task Group 7.1 

8/56 WT-1359 EX 

NTIS (A07/” A01) AD A995 026* 

Task Unit 3 (DOD Programs) 

C.1.3.1 Technical Summary of Military Effects, Programs 1-9 

AFSWP, FC WT-1344 EX 

NTIS (A12/MF A01) AD 995 132* 

Task Unit 7.1.3 Project (Weapon Test [WTI) Reports 

C.1.3.1301 Ground Surface Air-Blast Pressure Versus Distance, Operation 

Redw i ng (U) 

C.N. Kingery, C.H. Hoover, J.H. Keefer 

Army Ballistic Research Labs, Aberdeen, MD 

5/60 WT-1301 EX 

NTIS (A05/MF A01) AD A995 110* 

C.1.3.1302 Blast Measurements on a Medium Yield Surface Burst, Operation 

Redwing Project 1.2*** 

C.D. Broyles 

Sandia Corporation 

WT-1302 

C.1.3.1303 Air Blast and Shock Phenomena by Photography, Operation Redwing, 

Project 1.3 (U) 

L.G. Belliveau, P. Hanlon 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD 

9/59 WT-1303 EX 

NTIS (A03/” A01) AD 995 089* 

C.1.3.1304 Measurement of Free-Air Atomic-Blast Pressures, Operation Redwing, 

Project 1.4*** 

N.A. Haskell, J.A. Fava 

Air Force Cambridge Research Labs, Bedford, MD 

2/ 59 WT-1304 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at M3E CIC. 

***Not available. 

34 2 
C.1.3.1305 Transient Drag Loadinq of Actual and Idealized Shapes from HighYield Detonations, Project 1.5*** 

H.S. Burden, J.D. Day 

Army Ballistic Research Labs, Aberdeen, MD 

3/60 W-1305 

C.1.3.1306 Drag Loading on Model Targets, Project 1.6 

J. Petes, L. Slifer 

Naval Ordnance Lab, White Oak, MD 

1/60 WT-1306 

NTIS (A06/MF A01) AD 357 969L* 

C.1.3.1307 Crater Measurements, Operation Redwing, Project 1.8 

F.E. Deeds 

Army Engineer Research & Development Labs, Ft. Belvoir, 

12/56 WT-1307 EX 

NTIS (A03/MF A01) AD 995 097* 

VA 

C.1.3.1308 Indirect Water Waves from Large-Yield Bursts, Operation Redwing, 

Project 19b 

W.G. Van Dorn 

Scripps Institution of Oceanography 

6/59 WT-1308 EX 

NTIS (A03/MF A01) AD 995 111* 

C.1.3.1309 Blast Over Vegetated and Cleared Areas, Operation Redwing, Project 

1.10*** 

C.D. Broyles 

Sandia Corporation 

1/59 WT-1309 

- 

C.1.3.1310 Gamma Exposure Versus Distance, Operation Redwing, Project 2.1 

P. Brown, R.G. Larrick, D.E. Johnson, T.J. Hurley 

Army Signal Engineering Laboratories, Ft. Monmoth, NJ 

2/60 WT-1310 EX 

NTIS (A03/MF A01) AD 995 loo* 

C.1.3.1311 Gamma Exposure Rate Versus Time, Operation Redwing, Project 2.2 

P. Brown, G. Carp, B. Markow, R. Marmiroli 

Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory, Ft. MOnmOuth, NJ 

1/60 WT-1311 EX 

NTIS (A03/MF A01) AD 995 112* 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at DOE CIC. 

***Not available. 

34 3 
C.1.3.1312 

C.1.3.1313 

C.1.3.1314 

C.1.3.1315 

C. 1.3.1316 

C.1.3.1317 

C.1.3.1318 

C. 1.3.1319 

Decontamination and Protection eration Redwing, Pro&t,-22 

J.C. Maloney, M.A. Schmke " - """ - - - .-.- "L" - " "" - - I 

Army Chernicii Center , Edgewood, MD 

NTIS (A03/MF A01) AD 357 965* 

Neutron-Flux Measurements, xation&dwin-i, Project 2.51 

C.W. Luke, et al. 

Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories, MD 

9/49 WT-1313 EX 

NTIS (A04/MF A01) AD A995 142* 

N_e_u_t_r_o_n_,Induced So_L;-Axt&tLon, Oper~~i-~o_n_Redwing, Pro-je_c_t_ LL52** * 

M. Cowan 

Sandia Corp 

12/59 WT-1314 

Rocket Determination of Activity Distribution Within the Stabilized - "" " Clouddration "_. """ Redwing,Project 2.61 

R.R. Soule, T.H. Shirasawa 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, San Francisco, CA 

4/60 WT-1315 

NTIS (AO4/MF A01) AD A995 113* 

4/57 WT-1312 

"""""""_.__"" " I_ 

_"""""" "_."" """""""" "" 

- "c_ 

- Fallout """." Studies byOceanosa&i.-Methods_L ""_ =caL&on Redw&c5q, -Paect 2.62A 

F.D. Jennings, R.A. Schwartzlose, R.P. Huffler, D. Martin, J.D. 

Isaacs 

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 

2/61 W-1316 EX 

NTIS AD A995 034* 

Characterization of Fallout, seration Redwing, Proiect 2.63*** 

T. Triffet, P.D. La Riviere 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, San Francisco, CA 

3/ 61 WT-1317 

_I - "- 

"""."_ "- ."""_ 

Fallout Location and Delineation2 Aerial Survxs, Opera& 

Redwing , Prolect 2.64 

R.T. Graveson, et al. 

_"" """"1" ""_ "" " 

New York Operations Office AEC 

12/60 WT-1318 X 

NTIS (AO4/MF A01) AD A995 090* 

""""""- Land Fallout Studies, Operation """ Redwing, ". Project "I_ 2.65*** 

M. Morgenthau, H.E. Shaw, R.C. Tompkins, P.W. Krey 

Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories, MD 

2/60 WT-1319 

"""""" 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at DOE CIC. 

***Not available. 

34 4 
C.1.3.1320 

C.1.3.1321 

C.1.3.1322 

C.1.3.1323 

C.1.3.1324 

C.1.3.1325 

C.1.3.1326 

Early Cloud Penetrations, Operation Redwing, Project 2.66A*** 

E.A. Pinson, K.C. Kaericher, J.E. Banks, J. DeHord 

Air Force Weapons Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, NM 

2/60 WT-1320 

Ship-Shielding Studies, Operation Redwing, Project 2.71 

H.R. Rinnert 

Naval Radiological Defense Lab, San Francisco, CA 

10/57 WT-1321 

NTIS (A05/MF A01) AD 357 967* 

Shipboard Radiological-Countermeasure Methods, Operation Redwing, 

Project 2.8 

R.H. Heiskell, et al. 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, San Francisco, CA 

1/ 59 WT-13 22 

N"Is (A05/MF A01) AD 362 log* 

Standard Recovery Procedure for Tactical Decontamination of Ships, 

Operation Redwing, Project 2.9 

F.S. Vine, W.L. Owen 

Navy Bureau of Ships, Washington, D.C., Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory, San Franc iSCOI CA 

12/58 WT-1323 

NTIS (A03/" A01) AD 357 962* 

Verification of Shipboard Washdown Countermeasure, Operation 

Redwing I Project 2.10 

W.J. Armstrong, M.M. Bigger, H.B. Curtis 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, San Francisco, CA; Navy 

Department, Washington, D.C. 

2/59 WT-1324 

ITPIS (A03/MF A01) AD 357 963* 

Effect of Length of Positive Phase of Blast on Drag-Type and 

Semidrag-Type Industrial Buildings, Operation Redwing, Project 

~ 

3.1*** 

G.K. Sinnamn, J.D. Haltiwanger, N.M. Newmark 

University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; Air Force Weapons Laboratory, 

Kirtland AFB, NM 

8/59 WT-1325 

Chorioretinal Burns, Operation Redwing, Project 4.1*** 

R.S. Fixott, J.E. Pickering, D.B. Williams, D.V.L. Brown, H.W. Rose 

Air Force School of Aviation Medicine, Randolph AFB, TX 

3/ 59 WT-13 26 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at DOE CIC. 

***Not available. 

34 5 
(2.1.3.1327 

C.1.3.1328 

C.1.3.1329 

C.1.3.1330 

C. 1.3.1331 

C.1.3.1332 

C.1.3.1333 

Thermal and Blast Load Effects on a B-47E Aircraft in Flight, 

Operation Redwing, Project 5.1*** 

R.C. Laumann, W.M. Gran, R.H. Heineman, R.P. Lang 

Cook Technological Center, Morton Grove, IL: Air Force Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 

2/60 WT-1327 

In-Flight Participation of a B-52, Operation Redwing, Project 

5.2*** 

F.L. Williams 

Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH; 

Boeing Aircraft Company 

10/59 WT-1328 

- 

In-Flight Participation of a B-66 Aircraft, Operation Redwing, 

Project 5.3*** 

R.W. Bachman 

Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: 

Douglas Aircraft Company, Long Beach, CA 

3/61 WT-1329 

In-Flight Participation of a B-57BI Operation Redwing, Project 

5.4*** 

H.M. Wells, D.M. Roha, D.V. Sallis, J.V. Ward 

Air Force Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH; Martin 

Company, Baltimore, MD 

7/60 WT-1330 

- 

In-Flight Participation of F-84F Aircraft, Operation Redwing, 

Project 5.5*** 

M. Lewin, R. Heineman 

Cook Technological Center, Morton Grove, IL; Air Force Aeronautical Systems Division, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 

6/60 WT-1331 

In-Flight Participation of an F-1O1A Aircraft, Operation Redwing, 

Air Force Aeronautical Systems Division, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: 

McDonnel Corporation, St. Louis, MO 

7/59 WT-1332 

Thermal Flux and Albedo Measurements from Aircraft, Operation 

Redwing, Project 5.7*** 

R.L. Dresser, et al. 

Air Force Carhbridge Research Labs, Cambridge, MA: Technical Operations, Inc., Bur lington, MA 

9/61 WT-1333 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at DOE CIC. 

***Not available. 

346 
C.1.3.1334 Evaluation of the A3D-1 Aircraft for Special Weapons Delivery Capability, Operation Redwinq, Project 5.8*** 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics, Washington, D.C., Douglas Aircraft 

Corp. , El Segundo, CA 

7/55 WT-1334 

C.1.3.1335 Weapon Effects on Missile Structures and Materials, Operation 

Redwing, Project 5.9*** 

C.J. Cosenza, G.W. Mills, G. J. Roth 

Air Force Aircraft Radiation Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 

5/60 WT-1335 

C.1.3.1336 Short-Baseline Narol Measurements, Operation Redwing, Project 

- 6 .lA*** 

R.A. Houghten, L.C. Humphrey 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Bedford, MA 

7/59 WT-1336 

C.1.3.1337 Ionospheric Effects of Nuclear Detonations, Operation Redwing, 

Project 6.3*** 

A.K. Harris, et al. 

Army Signal Engineering Laboratories, Ft. Monmouth, NJ; Air Force 

Cambridge Research Laboratories, Bedford, MD 

10/59 WT-1337 

C.1.3.1338 Basic Thermal Radiation Measurements frm Ground Stations, Operation Redwing, Project 8.1A*** 

W.B. Plum et al. 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, San Francisco, CA 

5/59 W-1338 

C.1.3.1339 Thermal Effects on Cellulosic Materials, Operation Redwing, 

Project 8.2*** 

W.L. Fons, C.P. Butler, H.D. Bruce 

Calif. Forest Range and Experiment Sta., Forest Products Lab, 

USFS, and U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratories, San 

Francisco, CA 

7/56 WT-1339 

C.1.3.1340 Evaluation of Self-Recording Thermal Radiation, Instruments, Operation Redwing, Project 8.3*** 

J.J. Mahoney et al. 

Army Chemical Center, Edgewood, MD 

3/59 WT-1440 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at DOE CIC. 

***Not available. 

34 7 
C.1.3.1341 Thermal Effects on Strength of Aircraft Structural Sandwich-Type 

Panels, Operation Redwing, Project 8.4*** 

A. Julian, C.E. Eves 

Cook Research Laboratories, Skokie, IL 

3/58 WT-1441 

C.1.3.1342 Airborne High-Resolution Spectral Analysis, Operation Redwing, 

Project 8.5 (U) 

R. Zirkind 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics, Washington, DC 

7/60 WT-1342 

Ref. Copy: DASIAC 07529, AD 338 042L 

C.1.3.1343 Cloud Photography, Operation Redwing, Project 9.la*** 

L. Fussel 

EG&G Inc. 

5/57 ITR-1343 

C.1.3.1344 See Reference C.1.3.1 

C.1.3.1346 Attenuation of Telemetry frequencies by Nuclear Detonations, Operation Redwing, Project 6.6*** 

P.A. Caldwell et al. 

Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 

2/60 Wl'-1346 

C.1.3.1347 Measurement of Irradiance at High Time Resolution, Operation 

Redwing, Project 8.18*** 

W.B. Plum, R.J. Jenkins 

Naval Radiological Defense Lab, San Francisco, CA 

4/57 WT-1347 

C.1.3.1348 Spectral Distribution of Irradiance with High Time Resolution, 

Operation Redwing, Project 8.1C*** 

W.B. Plum, W.J Parker 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, San Francisco, CA 

7/58 WT-1348 

C.1.3.1349 Background Radioactivity and Oceanographic Conditions, Operation 

Redwing, Project 2.62b 

F.D. Jennings et al. 

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, 

4/60 WT-1349 

NTIS AD 361 977* 

*Available from NTH; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at DOE CIC. 

***Not available. 

348 
C.1.3.1350 """- Evaluation of Standard Navy Dosimeters DT 60/PD and IM-l07/PD in 

Residual Radiation Fields Aboard Ships, Operation Redwin2, Project 

2.72*** 

S.C. Rainey 

Navy Bureau of Ships, Washington, DC: Navy Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 

"- " " 

"" "- " 

- 

- 

4/59 WT-1350 

C.1.3.1351 Field-Stren2th"_easurement for Accurate LocationLf-E&ctLoEaJ- 

""""" 

netic Pulse Sources, Operation Redwing, Project 6.1B*** 

Sperry Rand Corp., Great Neck, NY 

5/60 WT-1351 

""" 

C. 1.3.1352 Airborne An@?nas and_xhototubes for ReLermination of NuclearWeapon Yield*** 

A.J. Waters, R.E. Clapp 

Advance Industries 

8/59 WT-1352 

"_IC 

C.1.3.1353 Measurement of Radio-FreTency Electromagnetic Radiation from "-" 

Nuclear Detonations, Operation Redwinp, Project 6.5*** 

C. J. Ong , R.T. Kowalski, DX. Jacoby 

Army Signal Engineering Laboratories, Ft. Monmonth, NJ 

3/60 WT-1353 

""I_" - " 

C.1.3.1366 See Reference C.1.7.1 

C.1.3.1368 Contact Radiation Hazard Associated with Aircraft Contamination "-"""""" by 

EarQ Cloud Penetrations, Operation Redwing, Projecc 2.66B*** 

J.E. Banks, J.L. Dick, E.A. PlGon 

Air Force Weapons Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, NM 

" """ 

5/59 WT-1368 

C.1-3-1369 11_"" Direct Water-Wave Measurements, Operation RedwinSProjecta 

L.W. Kidd 

SCrippS Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 

5/61 WT-1369 EX 

mIS (A07/MF Zo1) AD A995 150* 

Task Unit 7 (Radsafe) 

C.1.7.1 Rad-iological Safety 

G.L. Jacks, LASL 

5/57 WT-1366 EX 

NTIS (A03/MF A01) AD A995 027* 

-"" 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at DOE CIC. 

***Not available. 

34 9 
C.1.7.2 Radial-ogical Safety, Operation Redwing*** 

19 56 

C.1.7.3 ""- Consolidated List of Personnel Exposures*** 

(Lists of Task Forceyersonnel with cumulative whole body ionizing 

radiation received 5/13/66 through 8/6/56. Lists exist at the Task 

Group level and for ships crews. Presumably compiled by TU7 soon 

after the tests.) 

B.H. Purcell 

19 56 

C.1.7.4 Personnel Radiation Exposure Records - Microfilm*** 

(Microfilm of 5x8 cards from which the lists (above) were probably 

derived. Alphabetic by name only.) 

19 56 

" 

TASK GROUP 7.2 (ARMY) 

C.2.1 Task Group 7.2 Installments for Operation Redwing*** 

File 314.7 

Historian JTF7, TG2 

" 

19 56-19 56 

(2.2.2 Final Report, Operation Redwing 

Rober M. Lilly 

Commander TG7.2, JTF7 

7/31/56 

NTIS (AOg/MF A01) AD A995 079* 

c-2.3 "_ Communications Security Monitoring ReErt*** 

8600th AU 

(n.d.1 

I 

TASK GROUP 7.3 (NAVY) 

C.3.1 History of Operation Redwing*** 12 installments 

fi th 1 i sber GGr" 

7/56 

C.3.2 roup 7.3,Operation Redwing 

1/8/67 

NTIS (AO9/" AOL) AD B951 765* 

" - 

"""- 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at DOE CIC. 

***Not available. 

35 0 
Task Group 7.3 Unit Reports 

C.3.1.1 Ships Logs (cited as "log for ships name")*** 

C.3.1.2 U.S.S. Badoeng Strait: Final Report, Redwing*** 

1956 

C.3.1.3 U.S.S. Mount McKinley: Report of Operations at Press and Observers 

Ship for Nuclear Weapons Test in Summer 1956 and Enewetak Provinq 

Groups*** 

Ser. 466 

6/1/56 

C.3.1.4 Easy Report*** 

Marine Helicopter Transport Sq. 363 

8/10/56 

TASK GROUP 7.4 (AIR FORCE) 

C.4.1 History of Task Group 7.4 (June 55 - Mar 45)*** (13 installments) 

C.4.2 Final Report*** 

C.4.3 Final History, Task Group 7.4, Operation Redwing*** 

1957 

Test Aircraft Unit 

C.4.1.1 History of Test Aircraft Unit (Mar - July 56)*** 5 installments 

Test Base Unit 

(2.4.1.2 History, 4930 Support Group (Test) (June 55 - Aug 57)*** 

(installments) 

Test Services Unit 

C.4.1.3 History of Test Services Unit*** (2 vols) 

1956 

C.4.1.4 History of Search and Rescue Element*** 

9/56 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at DOE CIC. 

***Not available. 

35 1 
C.4.1.5 Weather Rezorting Element Activities*** (2 vols) 

1956 

""- """"_ 

C.4.1.6 Meteoroaal "- Report on Operat&c-Redwins Part I, MET Data (12 

vel) ; Part If, MET Angiysis (3 vol) 

Weather Central Element JTF7 

1956 

NTIS (All) AD A995 058 (V. I, Pt. 3) ,* NTIS (A15) AD A995 059 (V. I, 

Pt. 5) ,* NTIS (A14) AD A995 060 (V. I Pt. 7) ,* NTIS (A15) AD A995 061 

(V. I, Pt. 9) ,* NTIS (All) AD A995 (062 (V. I, Pt. 12)* 

TASK GROUP 7.5 

C.5.1 

C.5.2 

c.5.3 

D.1 

D. 2 

D. 3 

D.4 

ReDOrt of the Commander Task GrouD 7.5*** 

- Comzle ".- t ion Report-OEfq+-ion&-dwLnz Holmes b Narver, Inc. 

1954-56 

NTIS (A17/MJ? A01) AD A995 068* 

9r"" eration RedwinLPacif ""- ic Proving Groundc Spring 1956, " R=of_t& 

ManaAEE*** 

Albuquerque Field Office, Atomic Energy Commission ALO 

1956 

" 

0. OTHER REDWING REFERENCES 

Gordon Jacks, personal communication, June 1980. 

"""""""- A Fallout Forecasting Technique with Results Obtained at the Eniwetok """""""- 

Provingrounds " 

N.A. Schuert 

April 1957 USNRDL TR-139 

NTIS (MF A01) AD 133 541* 

DMA letter MAT:EAB to Husler*** 

- Bikini-Eniwetok Studies """ _*_ -."- "-L""-- 1964 Part 1. ""_ Ecaical Observations 

A.D. Welander 

Laboratory of Radiation Biology, University of 

Washington 

September 1966 UWFL-93 (Part I) 

"""" - "" 

NTIS UWFL-93 (PT I) * 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at DOE CIC. 

***Not available. 

35 2 
APPENDIX A 

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY AND RELATED OCUMENTS 

SAFETY MEASURES -- OPERATION REDWING 

Remarks Presented at Department of State, 10 February 1956, by 

Major General John C. MacDonald 

ANNEX C TO CJTF SEVEN PLANNING DIRECTIVE NO. 1-55 

Concept of Radiological Safety Operations for REDWING 

ANNEX D TO CJTF SEVEN PLANNING DIRECTIVE NO. 1-55 

Concept of the Weather Plan for Operation REDWING 

GENERAL OUTLINE FOR RADIOLOGICAL MONITOR COURSE 

APPENDIX 1 TO ANNEX K TO CJTF SEVEN NO. 1-56 

Rad i ol ogi cal Safety Regul ati ons 

OPERATIONAL ETTER INCA-7 -- RE-ENTRY AND RECOVERY PLAN 

ANNEX A TO TASK GROUP 7.4 MATERIEL ROLL-UP PLAN 

Supply Air Force 

ANNEX B TO TASK GROUP 7.4 MATERIEL ROLL-UP PLAN 

Supply Task Group 7.2 

ANNEX R TO CJTF SEVEN NO. 1-56 

Troop and Equipment List 

353 
354 
SAFETY MEASURES -- OPERATION REDWING 

REMARKS PRESENTED AT DEPARTMENT OF STATE 

10 February 1956 

By Major General John C. MacDonald 

I. INTRODUCTION 

Operation Redwing will have many international implications. You are familiar, I am sure, with the unfortunate situation produced by the contamination 

of Marshallese natives by the first shot of Operation Castle on 1 March 1954. 

For the past two years, Joint Task Force SEVEN has been studying new techniques 

in the forecasting of fallout patterns in order that the situation which developed in March 1954 will not occur again. In the next few minutes I will discuss the safety measures which will be taken during Operation Redwing. The 

text of my remarks and same of the charts will be reproduced and sent to you 

within the next week so that you may have this information available during 

the coming months. 

11. IMPROVED WEATHER DATA 

Any forecast of fallout patterns is only as good as the weather information available. Further, meteorology is an inexact science at best. Since 

there are very few weather reporting stations which operate on a year-around 

basis in the Central Pacific, it has become necessary to establish additional 

weather reporting stations which will operate during the periods of atomic 

test series. The weather reporting network which will be utilized for the 

coming operation will be greater than on any previous operation at the Pacific 

Proving Ground. Data from all reporting stations in the Northern Pacific area 

will be utilized in preparing weather forecasts. 

I 11. NEW WEATHER TECHNIQUES 

1. Tropical Meteorology. The Task Force has continued to support an extensive study of tropical meteorology. This research has been conducted in 

Honolulu under the direction of Dr. C.E. Palmer of UCLA. Dr. Palmer's group, 

including a number of Task Force personnel, has developed considerable information concerning the specialized field of tropical meteorology which will be 

very useful in making weather forecasts at Eniwetok. One specific area which 

has been studied has to do with "vertical components." Wind currents do not 

move necessarily in horizontal planes. Previously, it has not been possible 

to include vertical components of winds in the calculation of fallout pattern

We believe that on Operation Redwing these vertical components can be considered so as to make fallout pattern forecasts more reliable. 

2. The radioactive clouds of very high-yield weapons rise above 100,000 

feet. The wind structure at these altitudes is important in forecasting fallout patterns. During Operation Redwing the Task Force plans to use improved 

equipment to obtain wind data at high altitudes: 

a. Better balloons have been developed which will give us much more 

data above 60,000 feet than we have obtained in the past. 

355 
b. We plan to use LOKI missiles which will be fired from destroyers. 

These missiles are expected to reach altitudes of 130,000 feet. They will 

eject at selected altitudes strips of metal foil which can be tracked by the 

radar equipment on the destroyer. If this technique is successful we will 

have wind data above 100,000 feet for the first time. 

IV. IMPROVED FALLOUT FORECAST 

A fallout prediction unit was used during Operation Teapot at the Nevada 

Test Site last Spring. This group of experts made important improvements in 

the forecasting of fallout patterns. We will have a similar fallout prediction unit at the Task Force Headquarters during Operation Redwing. We feel 

that we can make much more reliable forecasts of fallout patterns now than we 

could two years ago. The data obtained during Operation Castle has permitted 

us to develop models of the clouds produced by megaton yield weapons. Therefore, we will be using megaton cloud models to forecast fallout patterns of 

new megaton weapons for the first time. 

The National Bureau of Standards has produced a fallout computer device 

for the U.S. Weather Bureau. The idea for this fallout computer was suggested 

by Dr. Lester Machta of the Weather Bureau. Several of Dr. Machta's assistants, with at least one of his new machines, will be with us in the fallout 

prediction unit during Operation Redwing. Another type of optical fallout 

pattern computer has been developed at Los Alamos, and one or more of these 

optical computers will also be available to us in the fallout prediction 

unit. Lastly, a third type of fallout computer is being developed by Sandia 

Corporation. 

V. CONCLUSION AS TO WEATHER AND FALLOUT FORECASTING 

The Task Force has requested the AEC to effect the establishment of a Danger Area for Operation Redwing. The new Danger Area is shown on the chart 

[Figure 191. The AEC has obtained the approval of the Department of State for 

this proposed area. We believe this Danger Area will be established as shown, 

and announcement of it will be made in the near future. The Department of 

State will notify foreign governments concerned through State Department channels. The Chief of Naval Operations will insure that appropriate notices to 

Mariners and Notices to Airmen are given wide distribution, including distribution to appropriate foreign and international agencies. 

Since the first event of Operation Redwing is scheduled for 1 May, we believe the Danger Area should become effective on 20 April. The Danger Area 

will be kept in force until after the last shot, which may be as late as 1 September. It will not be possible to disestablish the Danger Area between shots, 

since it is impossible to predict more than two or three days in advance when 

we will be able to detonate the next shot. 

A shot will not be fired unless the forecast of the pattern of significant 

fallout is entirely within the Danger Area. Navy P2V patrol aircraft Will 

start searching this area after 20 April and will continue until after the 

last shot. These patrols, which are made for the purpose of discovering any 

356 
transient shipping, will be intensified before each shot, especially in the 

areas of the forecast fallout. 

If a transient ship is discovered in the area of forecast fallout for any 

shot, that shot will not be detonated until the area is cleared. The search 

planes will attempt to advise the master of the transient ship to leave the 

Danger Area, and the plane comander will indicate a course which will permit 

the ship to clear the area assoon as possible. If the search plane cannot 

communicate with the transient ship, the search plane commander will notify 

Task Force Headquarters by radio. A destroyer or other ship will be dispatched 

to communicate to the transient vessel by radio, by flag signal, or otherwise, 

a request to leave the Danger Area. In the event the master of the transient 

ship refuses to leave the area, this information will be passed to . . . [the] 

Task Force Commander, who will request advice from CINCPAC and CNO, meanwhile 

postponing any detonations. 

VII. RADSAFE MONITORING STATIONS 

The Task Force will place qualified RadSafe monitors with equipment on a 

number of inhabited atolls to the east and south of the Pacific Proving Ground. 

This was not done on Operation Castle. The special RadSafe monitoring stations, operated by trained personnel, equipped with two-way radio communications and radiac instruments, will be established on WOTHO, UJELANG, UTIRIK, 

RONGERIK, KUSAIE, KAPINGAMARANGI, TARAWA, KWAJALEIN and RONGELAP . . . . In 

addition, weather stations on MAJURO, PONAPE, WAKE, MIDWAY, JOHNSTON, TRUK, 

GUAM and IWO JIMA . . . will be equipped with radiation detection and measuring instruments. These weather stations will report radiation intensities to 

the Task Force. 

The trained RadSafe monitor personnel at the populated atolls will be able 

to advise the natives, through interpreters, of safety measures they should 

adopt if hazardous fallout occurs. The RadSafe personnel can assist the native inhabitants until they are evacuated, if this becomes necessary. The 

RONGELAP natives who were contaminated on Operation Castle suffered some skin 

lesions, loss of hair, and temporary blood changes because of the contamination they received. If they had been advised to wash themselves repeatedly in 

the lagoon at RONGELAP after the dangerous fallout began, they probably would 

not have suffered any visible ill effects. 

Joint Task Force 7 is developing plans for the evacuation of natives from 

inhabited islands, should the situation demand such action. 

VIII. MARINE BIOLOGY SURVEY 

An extensive program for the study of the contamination of Pacific Ocean 

areas is planned. This ocean study program may be considered in three parts: 

a. Weapons Effects Test. Program 2 of the weapons effects test 

effort will be concerned with fallout. Project 2.62 of this program is known 

as oceanographic analysis of fallout contours. This project will be conducted 

by Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Fast ships will enter the fallout 

area as Soon as possible to take samples for analysis and to measure vertical 

penetration of the contamination over wide sea areas. In addition, the 

357 
Scripps vessel "Horizon" will obtain numerous water and plankton samples for 

analysis. 

b. Radiobiology Marine Survey. The Division of Biology and Medicine of 

the AEC has recently requested that a ship be provided to make two cruises in 

the vicinity of the Pacific Proving Ground. The first cruise will be made 

about a month after the first shot. The second cruise will be made after the 

last shot. Each cruise will traverse the sections indicated on the large 

chart. (Radiobiological Survey Chart) During these cruises, samples of 

plankton, fish and water will be collected every 25 nautical miles at varying 

depths. The Division of Biology and Medicine believes that this radiobiological survey of marine life will be of great importance as a basis for factual 

public statements concerning the extent of radioactivity in the sea and marine 

life near the PPG, and for advice to both Japanese and American fishing 

interests. 

c. Other Marine Surveys. The International North Pacific Fisheries Commission is planning a large operation this summer to study the distribution of 

salmon and other fish. Ships, both commercial and research, from Japan, Canada and United States will participate. None of these ships will enter the 

Danger Area. The Japanese will probably have several ships operating in the 

area north and northwest of the Pacific Prcring Ground, outside the Danger 

Area, where the greatest fallout intensity was noted after Operation Castle. 

Our information on this International Survey was obtained from . . . [the] 

Division of Biology and Medicine, AEC. 

IX. POST SHOT AERIAL SURVEYS 

After each shot of the Redwing series, aircraft will track the radioactive 

cloud so that we will know if unexpected wind changes are carrying significant 

fallout into populated areas. In addition, aircraft with monitoring equipment 

will fly over populated areas south and east of the Pacific Proving Ground to 

detect any contamination on the land masses and on the surface of the sea. 

This area will be searched after each shot to make sure that no contamination 

has fallen near the populated atolls east of Bikini. 

x. SUMMARY 

We believe that the improved weather and fallout forecasting techniques 

which I outlined will insure that all of the significant fallout will occur 

within the Danger Area. We also believe that we will learn promptly of any 

significant fallout which might possibly occur outside the Danger Area. Finally, we believe that we are making adequate arrangements for the proper protection of native populations in the event of an emergency. 

358 
HEADQUARTERS, Joint Task Force SEVEN 

Washington, 25, D.C. 

10 August 1955 

Annex C to CJTF SEVEN Planning Directive No. 1-55 

CONCEPT OF RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY OPERATIONS FOR REDWING 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

Radiological safety of all task force military and civilian personnel is a 

command responsibility and radiological safety activities will be performed 

through normal command channels. 

The Commander, Joint Task Force SEVEN will: 

a. Specify the measures necessary to insure the radiological safety of 

task force personnel and furnish technical advisory assistance to task 

group radiological safety officers. 

b. Inform CINCPAC of radiological hazards which may exist in areas outside the task force responsibility. 

C. Maintain a fallout plotting center (FOPC) with displays of current air 

and surface radexes, radiological situation maps of atolls, peripheral 

aerial and surface areas and such allied data as may be appropriate. 

d. Maintain a fallout prediction unit (FOPU) with the assigned mission of 

preparing a fallout forecast for each shot. 

e. Provide radiological monitoring stations and technical advisory assistance to the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. The number of monitoring stations and extent of other services will be determined later. 

f. Arrange for monitors and couriers to accompany radioactive and special 

cargo shipments on sample return aircraft and to monitor loading and unloading of such cargo. 

Task Group Commanders will: 

a. Provide radiological safety units within their task groups and insure 

that these units are prepared to carry out the radiological safety missions of their respective task groups. 

b. Provide necessary radiac equipment and special clothing. The requirements of CTG 7.5 will be included in the allowances of CTG 7.1 for necessary issue to TG 7.5 personnel during the operational phase and for subsequent loan or sale to CTG 7.5 for post-operational use at the PPG. 

The Comander, TG 7.1, having the major technical radiological safety 

unit, will: 

a. Perform all ground monitoring services associated with scientific missions except those in conjunction with aircraft and airborne collection of 

scientific data. 

b. Provide laboratory services and technical assistance to all task 

groups, to include: 

359 
Annex C to No. 1-55 

Radiological Safety 

(1) Provision of standard type film badges and specified supplementary idems of personnel radiological safety equipment. 

(2) Laboratory services to develop and interpret film badges. 

(3) Records of exposures from film badges. 

(4) Laboratory services for the radiochemical analysis of water 

samples. 

(5) Monitoring the removal and packaging of radioactive sources and 

samples, except as indicated in paragraph 4.a. above. 

c. Provide radiological safety surface situation maps after shot times to 

the task force and task group commanders. 

d. Provide and maintain radiac equipment and protective clothing as necessary for TG 7.1, TG 7.5 and any other specified recovery personnel. 

e. Provide technical personnel to assist task group commanders in the 

inspection of radiologically contaminated items and the certification Of 

destruction, disposal or unserviceability of such items, as required. 

f. Maintain a radiological safety center (RADSAFE CENTER) aboard the TAP 

and other ships as necessary at BIKINI, and on PARRY Island for the control of TG 7.1 radiological safety operations at BIKINI and ENIWETOK 

respectively. 

g. Provide personnel and equipment decontamination facilities for radiological safety recovery and survey operations. 

h. Assume radiological safety responsibilities of TG 7.5 during the operational phase. 

i. Integrate within “G 7.1 key radiological safety personnel made available by CTG 7.5. Such personnel will assist CTG 7.1 during the operational 

phase and will be assigned duties consistent with their training in radiological safety. 

5. The Commander, TG 7.2, will: 

a. Perform all ground monitoring services associated with ENIWETOK Island 

except in those areas or activities assigned to other task groups. 

b. Provide own radiological safety monitors and decontamination personnel. 

c. Provide own radiac equipment and protective clothing. 

d. Provide Own repair, spare parts and calibration facilities for radiac 

equipment. 

e. Make available through Army Depot Supply, on requisition to all task 

groups, military radiac equipment and spare parts, high density goggles, 

and special clothing, including shoes. 

f. Provide contaminated clothing laundry facilities for TG 7.4. 

360 
Annex C to No. 1-55 

Rad 101 og1 cal Safety 

g. Provide contaminated miscellaneous equipment storage area with the 

necessary security. 

6. The Commander, TG 7.3 will: 

a. Provide own radiological safety monitors including one airborne monitor for each multi-engine aircraft crew assigned to TG 7.3. 

b. Provide own radiac equipment. 

c. Provide own repair, spare parts and calibration facilities for radiac 

equipment. 

d. Provide monitors and decontamination crews aboard each ship within the 

task group. 

e. Provide facilities for personnel decontamination on the CURTISS (AV-4) 

and other ships, as required. 

f. Provide space aboard the TAP for the radiological safety unit of 

TG 7.1. 

g. Provide decontamination crews and facilities for own aircraft aboard 

the CVE at ENIWETOK ATOLL. Limited assistance ashore will be furnished by 

CTG 7.4, as required. 

h. Provide decontamination crews and facilities for all aircraft at BIKINI 

ATOLL. 

i. Provide necessary helicopter air service for radiological surveys and 

post-shot recovery operations at BIKINI (monitors furnished by TG 7.1). 

j. Collect lagoon water samples. 

k. Provide water spray equipment aboard all vessels likely to be in the 

fallout area. 

1. Provide radiological aerial reconnaissance service in the vicinity of 

the task force fleet and shot atoll for a period of six hours commencing 

at H-Hour . m. Provide logistic support for CJTF SEVEN radiological monitoring stations located in the Northern Marshall Islands. The number of stations and 

exact location will be determined later. 

n. Provide for air-to-ground reporting of approximate air radiation intensities encountered by all aircraft operating between ENIWETOK and BIKINI 

from H-Hour to H plus 24 hours. It is not contemplated that aircraft 

should be scheduled for this specific requirement alone. Reports will be 

routed to the RADSAFE OFFICE at the task force command post by the most 

expeditious means. Reports will be prepared and coded in accordance with 

paragraph 7.1., below. 

7. The Commander, TG 7.4 will: 

a. Provide own radiological safety monitors, including one airborne monitor for each multi-engine aircraft crew assigned to 7.4. 

361 
Annex C to No. 1-55 

Radiological Safety 

b. Provide own repair and calibration facilities for radiac equipment. 

c. Provide facilities for personnel decontamination on ENIWETOK Island. 

d. Provide decontamination crews and facilities for own aircraft on 

ENIWETOK ATOLL. 

e. At ENIWETOK ATOLL, assist TG 7.3 in aircraft decontamination with 

TG 7.4 equipment, as required. 

f. Provide necessary helicopter and liaison air service for radiological 

surveys and post-shot recovery operations at ENIWETOK ATOLL (monitors furnished by TG 7.1). 

g. Provide monitoring services and crews for the removal of radioactive 

samples or data collected by aircraft. 

h. Provide cloud tracking aircraft for post-shot radiological safety 

"situation data" up to radius of 500 miles in the significant quadrant for 

a period of 48 hours, starting at approximately H plus 6 hours. Reports 

will be prepared and coded in accordance with paragraph 7.1., below. 

i. Provide aircraft for post-shot aerial radiological survey of the 

Northern Marshall Islands starting at approximately H plus 6 hours. Reports will be prepared and coded in accordance with paragraph 7.1, below. 

j. Provide for air-to-ground reporting of approximate radiation (air) intensities encountered by all aircraft operating between ENIWETOK and BIKINI 

from H-Hour to H plus 24 hours. It is not contemplated that aircraft 

should be scheduled for this specific requirement alone. Reports will be 

routed to the RADSAF'E OFFICE at the task force command post by the most 

expeditious means. Reports will be prepared and coded in accordance with 

paragraph 7.1., below. 

k. Provide for the reporting of radiation intensities encountered at oulying weather stations. Reports will be routed to the JTF SEVEN RADSAFE 

OFFICE via the weather CW net. Reports will be prepared and coded inaccordance with paragraph 7.1., below. 

1. Employ simple codes (to be furnished separately by CJTF SEVEN) in conjunction with the periodic weather reconnaissance reports to report approximate air radiation intensities encountered onregularly established 

weather reconnaissance or cloud tracking flights and for reports required 

from aircraft operating during the BIKINI phase between ENIWETOK and BIKINI 

from H-Hour to H plus 24 hours. Reports will indicate the approximate POsition, altitude and order of magnitude of radiation encountered. 

8. The Comander , TG 7.5 will: 

a. Develop a schedule of requirements for radiological safety services 

required from CTG 7.1 and assist CTG 7.1 in a decontamination of AEC facilities and equipment, as necessary. 

362 
Annex C to No. 1-55 

Radio I ogi cal Safety 

b. Provide key radiological personnel for integration into and training 

with the radiological safety organization of 7.1 during the operational 

phase. The total number and qualifications of such personnel will be as 

determined necessary by CTG 7.5, commensurate with the assumption of responsibilities indicated in paragraph 8.c., below. 

c. Assume residual task force radiological safety functions at the PPG 

upon completion of the operational phase. Required equipment and supplies 

will be made available at that time to CTG 7.5 on a loan or sale basis 

from stocks provided by CTG 7.1. 

36 3 
364 
HEADQUARTERS, Joint Task Force SEVEN 

Washington, 25, D.C. 

10 August 1955 

Annex D to CJTF SEVEN Planning Directive No. 1-55 

CONCEPT OF THE WEATHER PLAN FOR OPERATION REDWING 

1. Weather data will be provided to CJTF SEVEN from the following sources: 

a. JTF SEVEN Weather Central to be located on PARRY Island. 

b. Forecasting and observing station located on ENIWETOK Island. 

c. Outlying weather stations to be temporarily established by JTF SEVEN 

at TARAWA, KUSAIE, KAPINGAMARANGI and RONGERIK. 

d. Aircraft Weather Reconnaissance Unit to be based at ENIWETOK Island. 

Kwajalein Naval Air Station will be utilized in case of necessity. 

e. Aerological units afloat normal to TG 7.3 vessels. 

f. Special coded observations from TG 7.3 search aircraft. 

g. Weather Bureau stations at MAJURO, PONAPE, WAKE. 

h. Routine intercept of the Pacific Ocean Area weather broadcast network. 

i. Forecast and observing station located at the KWAJALSIN NAS. 

2. JTF SEVEN Weather unit missions are as follows: 

a. JTF SEVEN Weather Central will: 

(1) Collect, plot, analyze and display weather information covering 

the Pacific Ocean area, with emphasis on the Central Pacific and Marshall 

Islands. 

(2) Prepare weather and upper air forecasts for CJTF SEVEN. 

(3) Prepare briefing charts and forecasts for use in the JTF SEVEN 

Headquarters . (4) Issue operational forecasts to JTF SEVEN subordinate commands as 

required. 

(5) Coordinate the aircraft weather reconnaissance effort with respect to tracks to be flown and typhoon reconnaissance. 

(6) Coordinate the operational effort of the outlying weather stations and the ENIWETOK Island weather station. 

(7) Assume overall responsibility for informing units participating 

in Operation REDWING of tropical storms and typhoons in accordance with 

existing area directives. 

(8) Insure that all weather reports from outlying stations and weather reconnaissance aircraft are delivered promptly to AACS at ENIWETOK 

for transmission on the Pacific Ocean Area weather broadcast network. 

365 
Annex D to No. 1-55 

Meather P 1 an 

b. ENIWETOK Weather Station will: 

(1) Provide in conjunction with JTF SEVEN Weather Central operational 

forecasts and such other weather information and services as may be appropriate to air operations. 

(2) Provide a minimum of four upper air observations daily. 

c. Outlying Weather Stations will: 

in accordance with current procedures: have the capability, during certain 

shot periods, of increasing the upper air observations to eight daily. 

(1) Take a minimum of four surface and upper air observations daily 

(2) Transmit the above observations to the Weather Central. 

d. Aircraft Reconnaissance Unit will: 

(1) Fly two weather missions daily of approximately 12 hours duration, commencing on first shot minus 30 days. 

(2) Fly three weather missions daily of approximately 12 hours duration, commencing on each shot minus four days. 

(3) Fly post-shot radiological safety missions as directed by CJTF 

SEVEN. 

(4) Beginning on first shot minus 35 days, assume typhoon reconnaissance responsibility in the area bounded by the Equator, latitude 2S%, 

the meridian of 180° and longitude of 157O-42'E. 

(5) Fly weather reconnaissance tracks to be established by separate 

directive prior to commencement of the operational phase. 

e. Aerological units afloat in TG 7.3 will: 

(1) Comply with existing weather directives in the Pacific Ocean Area 

when operating outside a 50-mile radius of the JTF SEVEN flagship. 

(2) Make special weather observations as may be directed by JTF SEVEN 

Weather Central. 

f. Anti-submarine aircraft will provide special weather observations in 

accordance with instructions to be issued at a later date. 

3. JTF SEVEN Staff Weather Officer will: 

a. Arrange with the U.S. Weather Bureau to increase the upper air soundings at WAKE, WURO and PONAPE from two to four per day during the on-site 

phase of Operation REWING. 

b. Arrange with the Commanding Officer, KWAJALEIN Naval Air Station to 

increase the upper air soundings at KWAJALEIN Island from two to four per 

day during the on-site phase of Operation REDWING. 

366 
Annex D to No. 1-55 

Weather P lan 

4. CTG 7.4 will organize, man, train, administer and logistically support: 

a. The JTF SEVEN Weather Central. Full scale operations will be established by first shot minus 35 days. Operational control will be exercised 

by CJTF SEVEN. 

b. The forecasting and observing station located on ENIWETOK Island. 

Operational control will be exercised by the Weather Central Commander. 

c. The outlying weather stations at TARAWA, KUSAIE, KAPINGAMARANGI, and 

RONGERIK. They will be fully operational by the first shot minus 35 days. 

Operational control will be exercised by CTG 7.4. 

d. The aircraft weather reconnaissance unit. Operational control will be 

exercised by CTG 7.4. 

5. CTG 7.3 will provide and retain operational control of: 

a. Aerological units afloat. 

b. Anti-submarine aircraft. 

6. Instructions of general nature: 

a. Warnings and advisories for typhoons or other storms will be assigned 

"EMERGENCY" (0) precedence. All transmitted observations, advisories, and 

warnings will list CINBAC and all cognizant Navy and Air Force weather 

centrals in the Pacific Ocean as addressees. 

b. For purposes of standardization, typhoon readiness conditions are 

defined in the Pacific Ocean as follows: 

CONDITION I11 -- Typhoon winds or winds of fifty knots or more are 

anticipated within 48 hours. 

CONDITION I1 -- Typhoon winds or winds of fifty knots or more are 

anticipated within 24 hours. 

36 7 
368 
GENERAL OUTLINE FOR 

RADIOLOGICAL MONITOR COURSE 

First Day 

1. General 

a. General Introduction to Radiological Safety 

b. Elementary Structure of Matter 

c. Radioactivity 

d. Decay and Dosage Calculations 

Second Day 

2. Medical Effects 

a. Medical Aspects 

b. Biological Effects 

3. Instrumentation 

a. Basic Instrumentation 

b. Dosimetric Instruments 

c. Survey Instruments 

Third Day 

4. Basic Radiological Safety 

a. Contamination Control 

b. Monitoring Techniques 

c. Change - House Operations 

d. Personnel Decontamination and Monitoring 

e. Field Monitoring and Calibration 

f. Summary of first three days 

Fourth Day 

5. Airborne and Aircraft Monitoring 

a. Practical Exercise 

- 7.3 - 1 hour 

- 7.4 - 2 hours 

- 7.4 - 2 hours 

- 7.4 - 3 hours 

- 7.3 - 2 hours 

- 7.3 - 2 hours 

- 7.3 - 1 hour 

- 7.3 - 1 hour 

- 7.4 - 2 hours 

- 7.3 - 1 hour 

- 7.4 - 2 hours 

- 7.3 - 1 hour 

- 7.4 - 1 hour 

- 7.4 - 2 hours 

- 7.3/7.4 - 1 hour 

7.4 - 8 hours 

369 
Radiological Monitor Course 

Fifth Day 

6. Airborne and Aircraft Monitoring 

a. Practical Exercise 

7. Sunnnary of the Course 

a. Review and Critique 

- 7.4 - 4 hours 

- 7.3/7.4 - 4 hours 

370 
HEADQUARTERS, Joint Task Force SEVEN 

Washington, 25, D .C. 

20 January 1956 

Appendix 1 to Annex K to CJTF SEVEN No. 1-56 

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY REGULATIONS 

1. General 

a. Radiological Defense (RadDefense) Operations or Radiological Safety 

(RadSafe) Operations, short term RadOps, are general terms. They are 

used to denote the means by which a unit can control and confine the 

damage and radiological effects of an atomic explosion or of radioactive material spread by other means, thereby preventing and avoiding 

health hazards to personnel. They are interpreted to include measures 

such as training, organization, distribution of radiological personnel, development of techniques and procedures, use of detecting equipment, protection or removal of exposed personnel and decontamination 

of personnel, structures and equipment. 

b. Following each detonation there will be areas of surface radiological 

contamination and areas of air radiological contamination. These 

areas are designated as Radiological Exclusion Areas (RADEX). Prior 

to shot times, the forecast air and surface RADEX will be disseminated 

by CJTF SEVEN in the target area. These RADEXES will represent a 

forecast from H-Hour until dissemination of a later surface and air 

RADEX at about H plus 6 hours. The later RADEXES will be based upon 

the master radiological "situation map" maintained in the RADSAFE 

OFFICE of CJTF SEVEN. Since the air RADEX after shot times will be 

based on monitored tracking by aircraft over significant large ocean 

areas, information promulgated from the forecast air RADEX may have to 

be extended beyond the originally anticipated six-hour period. 

c. The surface RADEX will be determined by actual survey with Radiation 

Detection, Indication and Computation (RADIAC) equipment after shot 

time. The most rapid method of accomplishing surface surveys in the 

early stages will be by aircraft and helicopter flight in and around 

the surface of contaminated areas. From the radiation intensities 

measured at a known altitude, it is possible to obtain an estimate of 

radiation dosage rates which would be encountered on the surface of 

the ground or water. Actual water samples from the lagoon wil also be 

utilized. Ground survey will follow these guides to determine definitely the contaminated regions and objects. Formal ground survey Of

the shot atoll, as feasible, will be accomplished on H plus 24 hours. 

2. The Maximum Permissible Exposures (MPE's) and Maximum Permissible Limits 

WE"P's) as stated herein are applicable to a field experimental test of 

nuclear devices in peacetime wherein numbers of personnel engaged in these 

tests have been previously exposed or will be continuously exposed to potential radiation hazards. It may become necessary from a study of personnel records to reduce the MPE for certain individuals who have recently 

371 
Appendix 1 to Annex K to CJTF SEVEN No. 1-56 

Radiological Safety Regulations 

been overexposed to radiation. Further, the MPE's and MPL's are subject 

to revision by the task force commander in individually designated cases 

when circumstances indicate the need and justification thereof. 

3. Due to the special nature of field tests it is considered that a policy Of 

strict adherence to the radiological standards prescribed for routine work 

is not realistic. The regulations set forth herein have been designated 

as a reasonable and safe compromise considering conservation of personnel 

exposures, the international import of the test and the cost aspects Of 

operational delays chargeable to excessive radiological precautions. In 

all cases other than emergencies or tactical situations the ultimate criteria will be limited by the MPE's for personnel. Special instances may 

arise such as in the case of an air-sea rescue within the RADEX or in the 

case of tactical situation in which operations will be carried out without 

regard to the MPE's and MPL's prescribed herein. For such emergency or 

tactical operations the criteria prescribed below for tactical situations 

will be used as a guide. Wherever possible, however, film badges will be 

carried and RadSafe monitors will accompany such operations to determine 

the extent of the actual radiation hazard experienced in order that appropriate medical action may be initiated. 

4. Task force radiation dosage control will start on first shot ready date 

minus fifteen days and terminate upon departure of individuals from the 

forward area, or on the last shot plus fifteen days, whichever occurs 

first. All personnel will be considered to have arrived at the Pacific 

Proving Ground by first shot ready date minus 15 days. Prior and subsequent to the period, radiation dosage control will be as prescribed by C"G 

7.5. 

5. a. The MPE for personnel involved in this operation is 3.9 roentgens 

(gamma only) per 13-week period. This exposure may be acquired without limitation on rate of exposure -- an individual exposure record 

should not indicate a total exposure greater than 3.9 roentgens for 

any given 13-week period. 

b. A special MPE of 20 roentgens (gamma only) is authorized for the operational period as defined by paragraph 4 above, for crew members of 

air sampling aircraft. 

c. Authorization for individual exposures in excess of the established 

MPE will be granted only by Commander, Joint Task Force SEVEN, and 

only in specific cases for which operational requirements provide 

justification. 

d. All exposure to external gamma radiation will be regarded as total 

body irradiation. 

6. Those individuals exposed to ionizing radiation in excess of the value 

computed by paragraph 5.a., above, will be informed that appropriate remarks will be included in their medical records. Military personnel in 

372 
Appendix 1 to Annex K to CJTF SEVEN No. 1-56 

Radiological Safety Regulations 

this category will be advised that they should not be exposed to further 

radiation until sufficient time has elapsed in order to bring their average radiation dose down to 0.3 roentgens per week. Civilian personnel in 

this category will be informed that limitations on further radiation exposure will be as determined by the laboratory or agency having administrative jurisdiction over such personnel. 

7. All atoll land and lagoon areas in or near which a detonation takes place 

will be considered contaminated until cleared for operations by the task 

force commander. Entry to and exit from contaminated areas will be via 

RadSafe check points only. 

8. Contaminated land and water areas will be delineated assuch. Personnel 

entering these areas will be subject to clearances by the RadSafe Center, 

TG 7.1, and will normally be accompanied by a RadSafe monitor. RadSafe 

clothing and equipment will be issued to the personnel. 

9. Contaminated land areas of intensities less than 10 mr/hr (gamma only) 

will be considered unrestricted from a RadSafe standpoint. Coming within 

this limitation will be designated specifically by CJTF SEVEN prior to 

unrestricted entry. 

10. RadSafe monitors assigned to individuals or groups working in contaminated 

areas or within contaminated equipment during recovery operations will act 

in an advisory capacity to keep the recovery party leader informed of radiation intensities at all times. The recovery party leader is expected 

to accept this advice and act accordingly. It is the responsibility of 

both the leader and the members ofthe recovery party to adhere to the 

limit established in these regulations. 

11. Film badges, dosimeters and protective clothing (coveralls, booties, capsl 

gloves, dust respirators, etc.) as deemed necessary will be issued to personnel entering contaminated areas by appropriate task group RadSafe supply 

sections. 

12. All personnel within viewing distance of an atomic detonation who are not 

supplied with protective goggles will turn away from the detonation point 

and close their eyes during the time of burst. At least ten seconds should 

be allowed before looking directly at the burst. 

13. The arrival and proposed use of radioactive sources at the Pacific Proving 

Ground will be reported to the RadSafe Officer of TG7.1. 

14. Transportation of radioactive material to and from the forward area shall 

be in accordance with AEC regulations for escorted shipment of such material. The assignment of couriers and RadSafe monitors will be the subject 

of separate instructions. No radioactive material shall be removed from 

the test site except as authorized in experimental projects. 

373 
Appendix 1 to Annex K to CJTF SEVEN No. 1-56 

Radiological Safety Regulations 

15. All samples of radioactive material which are couriered in aircraft will 

be packaged and loaded so as to reduce radiation to a minimum. Prior to 

departure of such aircraft, Sample Return Director, JTF SEVEN will have a 

survey made of the aircraft cargo to determine if adequate precautions 

have been taken. The following criteria will determine space and packaging requirements: 

a. Prior exposure of aircraft crew, courier and passengers 

b. Anticipated future exposures on trip, considering length of trip, compartmental loading requirements and capabilityo isolate personnel 

from radioactive material. 

16. All air and surface vehicles or craft used in contaminated areas will be 

checked through the appropriate task group decontamination section upon 

return from such areas. 

17. The MPL's listed herein are to be regarded as advisory limits for control 

under average conditions. All readings of surface contamination are to be 

made with Geiger counters, with tube walls not substantially in excess of 

30 mg/cm2 with shield open unless otherwise specified. The surface of the 

probe should be held one inch to two inches from the surface that is under 

observation unless otherwise specified. For operational purposes the contamination MPL's presented below will not be considered applicable to 

spotty contamination provided such areas can be effectively isolated from 

personnel. 

a. Personnel and Clothing MPL's 

(1) Skin readings should not be more than 1.0 mr/hr. Complete decontamination by bathing will be utilized for readings in excess of 

this level. If the body is generally contaminated and especially 

if contamination is on the eyes or gonads, special efforts should 

be made to reduce the contamination level. In general, however, 

it is not considered profitable to abrade the skin or epilate the 

Scalp in an attempt to reduce stubborn contamination below 1 mr/hr 

(about 1,000 cpm). Beta radiation exposure to the hands should 

not exceed 30.0 rep for the operational period, as defined in 

paragraph 4 above. 

(2) Underclothing and body equipment such as the internal surfaces of 

respirators should be reduced to 2 mr/hr. 

(3) Outer clothing should be reduced to 7 mr/hr. 

b. Vehicle MPLJs. The interior surfaces of occupied sections of vehicles 

should be reduced to 7 mr/hr. The outside surfaces of vehicles should 

be reduced to less than 7 mr/hr (gamma only) at five or six inches 

from the surface. 

c. Ship and Boat MPL's 

(1) It is desired to point out that the employment of the ships and 

units in TG 7.3, insofar as radiological safety is concerned, is 

37 4 
Appendix 1 to Annex K to CJTF SEVEN No. 1-56 

Radiological Safety Regulations 

not considered routine usage within the purview of NavMed P-1325, 

"Radiological Safety Regulations." Current revision of NavMed 

P-1325 indicates that its provisions donot apply for special 

operations such as field tests and that for such operations naval 

personnel will operate under regulations set forth by the task 

force commander as approved by the Chief of Naval Operations. 

(2) In general, ships and boats operating in waters near shot sites 

after shot times may become contaminated. Monitors shall be 

aboard all such craft operating after shot time, either as passengers or members of the crew, until such time as radiological 

restrictions are lifted. 

(3) Task group commanders will take necessary action to ensure that 

personnel of ships and boats are not overexposed to radiation and 

that ships and boats are not contaminated excessively. The criterion in both cases is that no personnel will be overexposed as 

defined by paragraph 5.a, above, except in emergencies or tactical 

operations, and that after the operational period no personnel 

will receive more than 0.3 roentgens per week from contaminated 

equipment . (4) For ships and boats operating in contaminated waters, reasonable 

allowances will be made to differentiate between the relative 

contribution to the total flux from fixed contamination and that 

due to "shine" from contaminated waters. Fixed alpha contamination should not exceed 2,500 dpm (disintegrations per minute) per 

150 cm2 of area for enclosed areas (cabins, etc.) and 5,000 dpm 

Per 150 cm2 area for open surfaces where ventilation is good. 

(5) At the conclusion of the operation, final clearances will be 

granted to task group commanders, or by commanding officers if so 

ordered, to those ships and boats showing no point of contamination greater than 15 mr/day (beta and gamma) and no detectable 

alpha. Other ships and boats will be granted operational clearances by task group commanders, or by commanding officers if so 

ordered. An operational clearance implies that contamination 

exists and that special procedures as necessary are instituted 

aboard ship . (6) Individuals on board ships of the task force shall be protected 

collectively from hazards of blast, heat and radioactivity by 

movement and positioning of ships. 

(7) Ships with personnel aboard shall not be permitted inside the 1.0 

P.S.i line unless specifically directed otherwise. Bearings of 

danger from immediate radioactive fallout for ship operations will 

be established by CJTF SEVEN on the basis of forecast wind directions at the intended time of detonation. This danger section 

Will be designated as surface RADEX. All ships of the task force 

shall be required to remain outside the RADEX, unless specifically 

37 5 
Appendix 1 to Annex K to CJTF SEVEN No. 1-56 

Radiological Safety Regulations 

directed otherwise. However, if ships are directed tactically 

into the surface RADEX, movement of ships shall be governed by 

tactical exposure guides. 

d. Aircraft MPL's 

(1) The interior surfaces of occupied sections of aircraft should be 

reduced to 7 mr/hr. 

(2) No aircraft in the air at H-Hour will be at slant ranges from 

ground zero less than as determined by the following effects 

unless specifically directed otherwise. (Based on maximum predicted yield and 20 mile visibility.) 

Blast (at predicted shock arrival): 0.5 p.s.i. 

Thermal (H-Hour): Fabric control surfaces: 1.0 cal/cm2 

Metal control surf aces: 6 .O cal/cm2 

(3) After detonation no aircraft shall operate inside the air RADEX, 

or closer than 10 nautical miles from the rising or visible cloud, 

unless specifically directed otherwise. Non-excepted aircraft 

involved in routine operations encountering unexpected regions Of 

aerial contamination will execute a turnout immediately upon detecting such contamination. Cloud tracking aircraft will execute 

turnout from contaminated areas at a level of not more than 3.0 

r/hr. If a tactical or emergency situation arises where aircraft 

must enter the air RADEX or visible cloud, tactical exposure allowances shall apply. 

(4) All multi-engine task force aircraft in the air at H-Hour within 

100 miles of the detonation point shall carry a person designated 

as radiological safety monitor, equipped with suitable radiac 

equipment and a RADEX plot. This monitor shall be capable of 

calculating allowable exposures under both tactical and operational conditions. 

(5) All persons in aircraft at shot time, or at subsequent times, 

shall wear film badges when engaged in operations in or near the 

cloud or RADEX track. 

(6) Crew members of aircraft in the air at zero hour will take special precautions to avoid (for at least 10 seconds) the direct 

and reflected light resulting from the burst, at the discretion 

of the airplane connnander. This may be accomplished by protective high density goggles, by turning away from the burst with 

eyes closed, by covering the eyes with the forearm, by turning 

cockpit lights up to highest intensity or by any combination of 

the above. 

C. In air and water the following continuous levels of radioactivity are 

considered safe from the standpoint of personnel drinking and breathing (pc-microcur ie) : 

37 6 
Appendix 1 to Annex K to CJTF SEVEN No. 1-56 

Radiological Safety Regulations 

18. 

19. 

Water Beta-Gamma Emitter 

5 x pc/cc (calculated up to H+3 days) 

In tactical situations the military commander must make the decision regarding allowable exposures. As military personnel are normally subject 

to only random exposure, health hazards are at a minimum. Current Department of Defense information on exposure to gamma radiation in tactical 

situations is indicated below: 

a. 

b. 

C. 

d. 

The 

Uniform acute (immediate) exposure of 50 roentgens to a group of Armed 

Forces personnel will not appreciably affect their efficiency as a 

fighting unit. 

Uniform acute exposure of 100 roentgens will produce in occasional 

individuals nausea and vomiting but not to an extent that will render 

Armed Forces personnel ineffective as fighting units. Personnel receiving an acute radiation exposure of 100 or more roentgens should be 

given a period of rest and individual evaluation as soon as possible. 

Uniform acute exposure of approximately 200 roentgens or greater can 

be expected to render Armed Forces personnel ineffective as troops 

within a few hours through a substantial incidence of nausea, vomiting, 

weakness and prostration. Mortality produced by an acute exposure of 

200 roentgens will be very low and eventual recovery of physical fitness may be expected. 

Field Commands should, therefore, assume that if substantial numbers 

of their men receive acute radiation exposures substantially above 100 

roentgens there is a grave risk that their commands will rapidly become 

ineffective as fighting units. 

RadSafe Officer, TG 7.1, will maintain standard-type film badge records 

of radiation exposures for all task force personnel. Records wili indicate 

full name, rank or rate, serial or service number, if applicable, organization, home station or laboratory, date of exposure and remarks such as limitations on assignment because of overexposure. Upon completion of the 

operation, disposition of these records will be as follows: 

a. A consolidated list of exposure listing all personnel in the Task Force 

by full name, rank, or rate, serial or service number, if applicable, 

organization, home station or laboratory and exposure in milliroentgens, will be forwarded to the Chief, AFSWP. 

" 

b. A consolidated list of personnel and exposures, asindicated in paragraph 19.a, above, will be forwarded to the Director, Division of Biology and Medicine, AEC. 

C. A consolidated list of personnel and exposures for each Task Group 

will be forwarded to each Task Group Commander. 

(1) Upon receipt of this list, Task Group Commanders will forward the 

individual records of Navy and Air Force military and civilian 

37 7 
Appendix 1 to Annex K to CJTF SEVEN No. 1-56 

Radio logical Safety Regulations 

d. 

e. 

f. 

personnel to the individual's unit of permanent assignment for 

inclusion in the individual's health record (Medical History 

Sheets, Standard Form 600 and the Individual Health Record for 

Navy and Air Force personnel, respectively). For those military 

personnel exposed to ionizing radiation in excess of that defined 

in paragraph 5.1, above, a statement will be included to the effect that the individual is not to be subjected to ionizing radiation before a specific date, the date to be computed by the Task 

Group RadSafe Officer, to allow sufficient time to elapse in order 

to bring the average dose down to 0.3 roentgens per week. Limitations on Navy and Air Force civilian personnel with reference to 

overexposures will be as determined by the laboratory or agency 

having administrative jurisdiction over such personnel. 

(2) Individual records of Army military and civilian personnel will 

be forwarded by Task Group Commanders in accordance with AR 40-414 

dated 16 December 1954 to their unit of permanent assignment for 

inclusion in the individual's field military 201 file, or the civilian personnel 201 file (whichever is applicable). These records will indicate total exposure and inclusive dates and a space 

for remarks such as limitations on assignment (as indicated in 

paragraph 19.c(l), above) because of overexposures. 

Individual records of AEC controlled and administered civilian personnel will be processed by Task Group commanders in accordance with 

special instructions prescribed by the laboratory or agency having administrataive jurisdiction over such personnel. 

Upon completion of provisions of paragraph 19.a, b, c and d,bove, 

letter reports will be submitted to Task Group Commanders through 

channels to the Surgeon General, USA; the Chief, Bureau of Medicine 

and Surgery, USN: the Surgeon General, USAF: and the Director, Division of Biology and Medicine, AEX, indicating, in general, the action 

taken to dispose of individual dose records, comments on overexposures, 

if applicable, and any pertinent remarks considered of interest tohe 

above off ices. 

All exposed film badges, calibration films and curves, and cumulative 

dosage record cards for all personnel in Joint Task Force SEVEN will 

be forwarded by RadSafe Officer, Task Group 7.1, to the Director, Test 

Division, Albuquerque Operations Office, AEC, for permanent retention 

and storage. 

20. Training. The inclusion of radiological safety organizations throughout 

the task force will require two general levels of training: basic indoctrination and technical training. The scope of instruction within each of 

those levels will vary in accordance with the requirements of different 

operational and staff levels. Basic indoctrination will include primary, 

nontechnical instruction in radiological safety measures and techniques. 

This must be imparted to all personnel of the task force to enable them to 

378 
Appendix 1 to Annex K to CJTF SEVEN No. 1-56 

Radlological Safety Regulations 

perform their assigned duties efficiently within the allowable low exposures regardless of the presence of radioactive contaminants. Technical 

training will include the training of the majority of the personnel who 

will be required to staff the task force radiological safety organizations 

and perform the technical operations involved. This will be accomplished 

through the utilization of existing Service courses and establishment of 

suitable courses at task group level. This instruction will be designed 

to train radiological defense monitors, decontamination personnel and radiological instrument repairmen. 

21. These regulations have the concurrence of the Surgeon General, USA; Chief, 

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, USN; the Surgeon General, USAF; and the 

Director, Division of Biology and Medicine, AEC. 

22. This appendix has been designed for reduced security classification in 

order to facilitate wide dissemination. 

379 
380 
HEADQUARTERS, Task Group 7.1 

Joint Task Force SEVEN 

APO 437, P.O. Box 1 

San Francisco, California 

18 June 1956 

SUBJECT: Operational Letter INCA-7 -- Re-entry and Recovery Plan 

TO : Distribution 

1. GENERAL: The information contained in this letter and its inclosure 

is the Task Group 7.1 re-entry and recovery plan for INCA. 

2. AUTHORITY: TG 7.1 J-3, Eniwetok Atoll, Site Elmer, under the direction of CTG 7.1, is responsible for coordinating and supervising the activities in this re-entry and recovery plan and related D-Day activities for all 

TG 7.1 Task Units, Programs and Projects at Eniwetok Atoll. 

3. COORDINATION : 

a. TG 7.1 J-3 Parry (Elmer) will coordinate all items in the re-entry 

and recovery check list with the TG 7.1 Rad-Safe Officer. A radiological plot 

map will be displayed in the J-3 Office and maintained at that location by 

mu-7. 

b. TG 7.1 J-3 Parry (Elmer) will have a representative at the Parry 

(Elmer) Airstrip during recoveries involving aircraft. 

c. Before proceeding to the Rad-Safe Center, all recovery party leaders should contact 5-3 Elmer at least one hour prior to the published departure 

time to determine if existing conditions permit recovery at the listed time and 

to firm up last minute details concerning the proposed recovery. 

4. SITUATIONAL SURVEY: 

a. A preliminary situational survey by helicopter will be made by 

CTG 7.1 (accompanied by the n; 7.1 Rad-Safe Officer) beginning about H+l and 

upon completion will provide the following information: 

(1) Radiological contamination levels at those points needed in 

establishing a recovery time table. 

(2) Estimate of damage to the major installations cited in the 

re-entry and recovery plan. 

b. If necessary, a more detailed Rad-Safe survey will be conducted 

later on D-Day. 

5. RECOVERY SCHEDULE: The recovery times listed in enclosure No. 1 are 

times desired by the projects. The ACTUAL recovery time table will be drawn 

up by CTG 7.1 on the following basis: 

a. The maximum radiation dose allowable for this event in view of the 

total number of recoveries the personnel must make during this Operation. 

381 
Operational Letter INCA-7 -- Re-entry and Recovery P?an 

10 June 1956 

b. The urgency of obtaining the data. 

6. RAD-SAFE CONTROL: 

a. The Rad-Safe Center and Decontamination Station is located near 

the Airstrip and the Personnel Pier on Parry (Elmer). All recovery teams entering contaminated areas will process through the Rad-Safe Center prior to 

departure. 

b. Upon return from a contaminated area, aircraft recovery teams will 

land at the airstrip and will proceed at once to the Rad-Safe Decontamination 

Station. Boat recovery teams will disembark at the Marine Ramp, or the Personnel Pier (depending upon the type of boat) and will then proceed to the RadSafe Decontamination Station. 

7. DEPARTURE ROUTINE: Once the start time for recoveries has been announced, the party leader of each recovery team should check with the TG 7.1 

J-3 Office to-determine the exact time of his recovery departure. For recovery involving aircraft, the recovery team should process through the Rad-Safe 

Center, and then meet with the 5-3 representative and the pilot at the airstrip 

before takeoff to ensure that all concerned understand the manner in which the 

mission is to be executed. For boat recovery missions, a 5-3 Representative 

will check out each recovery party at the Marine Ramp or Personnel Pier prior 

to departure. 

8. SUPPORT: 

a. AIRCRAFT: 

(1) CTG 7.4 has been requested to make three helicopters available at the Parry (Elmer) Airstrip on call through TCA Parry 

(Elmer) at approximately 0630 hours on D-Day for possible 

hasty evacuation of five personnel at the manned station on 

Aniyaanii (Bruce), for the Rad-Safe survey and later for 

recovery missions. 

(2) Since it is impossible to establish a regular airline schedule for D-Day, CTG 7.4 has been requested to hold L-20's in 

readiness on call through TCA Parry (Elmer). 

bo - BOAT: All boat and DUKW requirements listed in Inclosure NO. 1 

will be arranged for by J-3 Elmer. 

9. RADIOLOGICAL ESTIMATE: It is assumed that the primary area of contamination will be Rojoa (Ursula) Complex and adjacent islands. 

382 
Inclosure No. 1 to Operational Letter INCA-7 

Chronological Re-entry and Recovery Check List 

DATE: D-DAY 

NUMBER 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

TIME 

Midnight 

H-2 

H-l% 

H-30 

mi ns 

H-30 

mi ns 

H-H r 

H-Hr 

H+5 

mi ns 

H+30 

mi ns 

H+ 30 

mi ns 

H+30 

mi ns 

H+1 

H+1 

H+ 1 

ORGAN1 ZATION 

JTF 

JTF 

TU-9 

21.2 

21.2 

Prog 5 

CJTF-7 

21.2 

TU-9 

J-4 

31.1 

CTG 7.1 

TU-7 

TG 7.5 

21.2 

ITEM 

JTF Main Weather Briefing. 

JTF Final Weather Briefing. 

By copter, 4 men . . . plus 200# of gear from 

Elmer to Yvonne Sta 1510. Proj will have POGO 

Net radio (For return info see entry 9.) 

At Fred, Sample Controller B-57 takes off. 

By LCM, 3 men . . . with 3/4-ton truck from 

Elmer to Fred. LCM released on arrival. 

Airborne, 1 B-57, 1 B-66, and 1 F-1O1A in 

assigned pattern. 

Detonation. 

At Fred, 6 F-84's take off at 5 min intervals 

for sampling miss ions. 

By copter, 4 men . . . from Yvonne Sta 1510 to 

Elmer. 

By LCM, Sample Return Team with 2 jeeps . . . from Elmer to Fred. 

By Water Taxi, 1 man with 211 microbarograph 

records from Fred to Elmer. 

By copter, 4 men . . . depart Elmer Airstrip to 

conduct pre-entry radiological and damage survey of Eniwetok Atoll. 

By copter, 1 man . . . from Elmer to USUh 

Baseball Field to check Powerhouse. Time at 

Powerhouse -- 20 minutes. 

At Fred, Sample Controller B-57 and 6 F-84's 

return Fred Airstrip. Samples for Flyaway #I 

and Elmer analysis removed. 

38 3 
Inclosure No. 1 to Operational Letter INCA-7 

Chronological Re-entry and Recovery Check List 

DATE: D-DAY (continued) 

NUMBER TIME ORGANIZATION 

15. H+1+ 21.2 

21.3 

16. H+ 2 

17. H+ 2 

18. H+2 

Tu-2 

EG&G 

EG&G 

19. H+ 2 16.3 

Hq USAF 

20. H+ 235 Tu- 2 

21. H+ 3 

22. H+ 3 

Tu-2 

1.10 

ITEM 

By copter, 1 man . . . with 300P of cloud samples from Fred Sample Compound to Elmer Airstrip. Deliver samples to Proj vehicle. Several 

shuttles will be necessary. 

By copter, 3 men . . . with hand tools from 

Elmer to Sally (Sta 2201) to open steel outer 

door, enter Sta and unfasten lead inner door. 

Copter stand by for return of personnel to 

Elmer. [radsafe monitor is named] Time in Sta 

-- 20 minutes. 

By copter, 2 men . . . from Elmer to Wilma 

Photo Tower for film recovery. [radsafe monitor is named] Time at Tower -- 20 minutes. 

By LCM, 2 men . . . from Elmer to Mack for 

film recovery. LCM will stand by at Mack. 

[radsafe monitor is named] Time at Mack -- 20 

mi nu tes . 

By LCM, 5 men . . . from Bruce to Elmer (by 

copter if emergency prevails). 

By copter, 3 men . . . from Elmer to Sally 

(Sta 2201) to open lead inner door, unload 

cameras and put film in 7 or 8 available lead 

cassettes. Each cassette weighs SO#. 4 loaded 

cassettes will be recovered on this trip. 

Copter will stand by for return of personnel 

and cassettes to Elmer. [radsafe monitor is 

named] Time in Sta -- 20 minutes. 

By copter 3 men . . . from Elmer to Sally (Sta 

2201) to load monitor film in empty cassette 

and bring out four remaining casettes. Copter 

will stand by for return of cassettes and personnel to Elmer. [ radsafe monitor is named] 

Time in Sta -- 20 minutes. 

By copter, 5 men . . . from Elmer to Pearl Sta 

118.01. Project will furnish monitor. Time in 

Sta -- 15 minutes. 

384 
Inclosure No. 1 to Operational Letter INCA-7 

Chronological Re-entry and Recovery Check List 

DATE: D-DAY (continued) 

NUMBER 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

D+1 

27. 

28. 

TIME ORGAN1 ZATION 

H+ 5 J-4 

H+ 6 Tu-9 

H+6 21.2 

H+6 21.2 

0700 Tu-7 

0730 1.10 

29. 0800 1.1 

ITEM 

By LCM, Sample Return Team with 2 jeeps . . . from Fred to Elmer ( . . . will determine time 

and then request LCM via 5-31. 

By copter, 2 men . . . with 501 of equipment 

from Elmer to Sta 4 on Pearl for photo mission. 

Copter will not touch down. [radsafe monitor is 

named ] Time over Sta 4 -- 20 minutes. 

At Fred, Flyaway #1 (with [l man] on board) 

departs for CONUS. 

By LCM, 1 man . . . with 3/4-ton truck from 

Fred to Elmer. 

By copter, 4 men . . . depart Elmer to conduct 

radiological survey of Eniwetok Atoll. Time at 

large -- 14 hours. 

By LCU, 7 men . . . with 2 DUKW's (each having 

an "A" frame) from Elmer to Pearl Sta 118.01 

for recovery. LCU will stand by. Proj will 

furnish monitors. Time required at Pearl -- 

2 hours. 

By LCM, 5 men . . . with DUKW (having an "A" 

frame) from Elmer to Pearl for recovery. PrOj 

will furnish monitors. Time required at Pearl 

-- 2 hours. 

38 5 
386 
Headquarters 

Task Group 7.4, Provisional 

APO 187, San Francisco, California 

ANNEX A TO TASK GROUP 7.4 MATERIEL ROLL-UP PLAN 2-56 

SUPPLY (AIR FORCE) 

1. 

7. 

8. 

Test Base Unit Supply will insure that priorities are arranged for 

return of high-value items to Air Force Supply channels. 

timely 

Under no condition will contaminated property by turned-in. Decontamination Supplies and equipment will be tagged by the Unit Rad-Safe officer, 

showing date cleared for turn-in. A certificate will be placed on each 

turn-in slip, stating, "I certify that to the best of my knowledge and 

belief, no property listed hereon is radiologically contaminated." 

Contaminated equipment and supplies will be disposed of in accordance with 

the provisions of AFM 67-1. 

ANNEX B TO TASK GROUP 7.4 MATERIEL ROLL-UP PLAN 2-56 

SUPPLY (TASK GROUP 7.2) 

1. Property held on Memorandum Receipt from Accountable Officer, Ap 330, will 

be turned-in accompanied by Turn-in Slip (DA AGO Form 447) prepared in 

quintuplicate. . . 

10. Under no circumstances will contaminated property be turned-in. Decontamination supplies and equipment will be tagged by the Unit Rad-Safe Officer, showing date cleared for turn-in. A certificate will be placed on 

each Turn-in Slip, stating, "I certify that to the best of my knowledge 

and belief, no property listed hereon is radiologically contaminated." 

11. Contaminated equipment and supplies will be disposed of in accordance with 

instructions issued by Task Group 7.2. 

387 
388 
HEADQUARTERS, Joint Task Force SEVEN 

APO 437 

San Francisco, California 

10 May 1956 

Annex R to CJTF SEVEN No 1-56 

Troop and Equipment List 

1. This annex lists the personnel and significant major items of equipment of 

the AEC, Army, Navy and Air Force during the operational phase of REDWING. 

It does not indicate the temporary location of personnel during shot 

periods. 

2. It is published for the information and overall planning guidance of all 

concerned. 

A. HEADOUARTERS. JOINT TASK FORCE SEVEN 

Operational Strength 

En 1 i sted C1 osed 

HQ Component Officers Men Civilian Location in PPG 

Connand 12* 11 

Comm an d 1 3 

Command 4 3 

J-1 5 15 

J-1 5 9 

5-2 3 3 

5-2 0 1 

CIC ~~ 3 0 

CI c 5 0 

CIC 1 0 

J -3 20** 15 

J -4 8 21 

3 -4 1 3 

5-4 (LNO) 1 2 

5-4 (LNO) 3 5 

5-4 (LNO) 3 3 

5-4 (LNO) 1 2 

J -5 6*** 5 

J -5 1 6 

5-4 (Logistics) 1 1 

Comptro 11 er 1 4 

Comptroller 2 9 

Total HQ JTF-7 87 121 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Parry I sl and 

Washington, D.C. 

Admiral's Aircraft (R50) 

Parry Island 

Washington, D.C. 

Parry Island 

Washington, D.C. 

Parry Island 

Eniwetok Island 

Enyu I sl and 

Parry Is1 and 

Parry I sl and 

Washington, D.C. 

Travis AFB, California 

Hickam AFB, Hawaii 

NSC, Oakland, California 

Kwajalein NAS 

Ft. Shafter, Tennessee 

Parry I s 1 and 

Washington D.C. 

Parry Is1 and 

Washington D.C. 

19 Apr 

19 Apr 

14 Apr 

15 Apr 

27 Apr 

11 Apr 

18 Apr 

6 Apr 

25 Apr 

* Includes: One (1) Mil Assistant to the Scientific Deputy, one (1) Staff 

Surgeon, one (1) Ai de to Deputy Comnander (for Amy), JTF 7. 

** Includes: One (1) CONARC representative w/Scientific Test Branch, one (1) 

representative from Marine Corps w/Scientific Test Branch, one (1) representative from the Office of the Chief of Army Chemical Corps, one (1) 

technical observer from D.M/AEC. 

Agency. 

*** Includes: one (1) representative from the Army Signal Corps Engineering 

389 
Annex R to CJTF SEVEN No 1-56 

Troop and Equipment List 

B. TASK GROUP 7.1 

Operational Strength 

Date of 

En1 isted Operational Peak 

Unit Name Officers Men Civilian Location Strength 

Hq TG 7.1 30 65 54 Parry Island 1 May 

TASK UNIT 

7.1.1 

( LASL Programs) 6 2 100 Parry Island 1 May 

7.1.2 

(UCRL Programs) 2 115 Parry Island 15 May 

7.1.3 

(DOD Programs ) 24 6 21 7 314 

2 

4 

4 

10 

1 

7.1.4 

(Sandia Programs) 

7.1.5 

(Timi ng) 

7.1.6 

(Firing) 

7.1.7 

(RadSaf e) 

7.1.8 

(LASL Doc Photo) 

7.1.9 

(UCRL Doc Photo) 

7.1.10 

(LASL Assembly) 

7.1.11 

(UCRL Assembly A) 

4 

1 

1 

8 4 

1 

101 

2 

2 

2 

Parry Is 1 and 

Wotho 

Rongerik Island 

Kusaie 

Kwajalein 

Johnston Island 

Wake 

Hawaii 

Palmyra 

Parry Island 

Wotho 

Ujelang 

Rongerik 

1 May 

1 May 

1 May 

1 May 

1 May 

1 May 

1 May 

1 May 

1 May 

1 May 

1 May 

1 May 

1 May 

2 113 Parry Island 14 May 

6 Parry Island 1 May 

24 81 15 Parry Island 1 May 

7 13 Parry Island 17 Apr 

1 5 Parry Island 15 May 

1 51 Parry Island 28 May 

7 Parry Island 15 May 

7.1.12 

(UCRL Assembly B) ~ - 8 Parry Island 15 May 

311 401 920 

- 

NOTE: Operational location indicates Headquarters location only. 

Location of personnel in each Task Unit fluctuate with each shot. 

390 
Annex R to CJTF SEVEN No 1-56 

Troop and tquipment List 

C. TASK GROUP 7.2 

Strength ~~ ~~ 

En 1 isted Operational Closed in 

Unit Officers Men Civi 1 i an Location PPG 

Hq & Hq Det 

Transport Det 

Service Det 

MP Det 

Co. C, 505th 

MP Battalion 

ASA, 8600th AAU 

LORAN Sta, USCG 

Red Cross 

Tota 1 s 

44 

1 

7 

17 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

84 

~ 

328 

35 

8 

4 

4 

4 

131 

23 8 

1 

36 

1 

49 

82 

22 

7 

10 

36 

28 

15 

26 

12 

8 

1,085 

~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ 

7 Eniwetok Is. Permanent 

Parry Is. location is 

Japtan Is. PPG for all 

Ujel ang units except 

Wotho Co. C, 505th 

Ut iri k MP Battalion 

Eniwetok Is. 

Eniwetok Is. 

Enyu Is. 

Eniwetok Is. 

Enyu Is. 

Eniwetok Is. Closed in PPG 

Parry Is. in March 1956 

Rojoa Is. 

Teiteiripucchi Is. 

Runit Is. 

Enyu Is. 

Eninman Is. 

Romurikku Is. 

Eniwetok Is. 

Enyu Is. 

Eniwetok Is. 

- 1Eniwetok Is. 

8 

---""""""""""""""""""- 

VEHICLES: Bus, 37 passenger .............. 6 

Truck, 1/4 ton ............... 120 

Truck, 3/4 ton ............... 121 

Truck, 2 1/2 ton .............. 38 

Truck,Dump ................. 8 

DUKW .................... 50 

Truck, 1 1/2 ton .............. 11 

Truck, Wrecker, 5 ton ............ 2 

Truck, tractor, 5 ton ............ 6 

39 1 
Annex R to CJTF SEVEN No 1-56 

Troop and tquipment List 

D. TASK GROUP 7.3 

Operational Strength 

En1 isted 

Unit Name Officers Men Civilian Equipment 

Closed 

in PPG 

Staff, CTG 7.3 19 

TU 7.3.0 

TE 7.3.0.1 43 

TE 7.3.0.2 

TU 7.3.1 

TE 7.3.1.1 49 

TE 7.3.1 25 

TU 7.3.2 

4 

5 

5 

5 

TU 7.3.3 

___ 

TU 7.3.4 

TU 7.3.5 

TU 7.3.6 

TU 7.3.7 

TE 7.3.7.1 

TE 7.3.7.2 

TE 7.3.7.3 

TU 7.3.8 

TE 7.3.8.1 

TE 7.3.8.2 

7.3.9 

48 

507 

675 

126 

64 

64 

67 

68 

31 Mar 

FLAGSHIP UNIT 

3 USS ESTES (AGC-12) 

Escort Element 

CARRIER UNIT 

US8 BAOOENG STRAIT (CVE-116) 16 Mar 

6 Feb($) 

15 Helicopters 16 Mar(:) 

UTILITY UNIT 

31 Mar 

1 HMR-363 

USS SIOUX (ATF-75) 22 Mar 

USS CHICKASAW (ATF-83) 2 Apr 

USS LIPAN (ATF-85) 30 Mar 

YON-182 

USS ABNAKI (ATF-96) 19 Mar

30 Mar 

YC-1420 19 Mar 

YCV-10 1 Feb 

5 6 

SURFACE PATROL AN0 

VR-3) 

11 

14 

12 

11 

10 

145 

209 

214 

144 

147 

43 

43 

10 Apr 

27 Feb 

10 Apr 

9 Nov 

10 Apr 

10 Apr 

10 Apr 

PATROL PLANE UNIT 

54 292 15 P2V-5 Aircraft 11 Apr 

88 1,735 NAVSTA KWAJALEIN 

RAD SUPPORT UNIT 

4 47 YAG-39 (USS G. EASTMAN) 8 Apr 

5 46 

6 

YAG-40 (US8 GRANVILLE 8. HALL) 8 Apr 

74 USS CROOK COUNTY (LST-611) 8 Apr 

BOAT POOL UNIT 

USS CATAMOUNT (LSD-17) 

Boat Pool Element Bikini 

2 Feb 

2 Feb 

19 LCM, 5 LCU, 1 LCPL, 

2 LCPR, 2 24' pers boats 

1 YFN 

Boat Pool Element Eniwetok 

In Place: 4 LCN, 2 LCPL 

1 Feb 

18 

3 

242 

191 

1 34 

SPECIAL OEVICES UNIT 

29 531 USS CURTIS8 (AV-4) 10 Apr 

Escort Element 

ACCOMMODATION SHIP UNIT 

12 Fleet Oiler 

4 

210 

17 146 USNS AINSWORTH (T-AP-181) 

10 Apr 

25 Apr 

- 27 MV HORIZON 3 Apr 

Totals 442 5,903 263 

__ - 

(TOTALS LESS NAVSTA KWAJ (TU 7.3.5) AND MV HORIZON) 

354 2,168 236 

392 
Annex R to CJTF SEVEN No 1-56 

Troop and tquipment Llst 

E. TASK GROUP 7.4 

Operational Strength 

~~~~~~~~~~~ 

Military Civilian 

Unit Name Officers Men Officers Men 

En1 i sted Enlisted Operational Closed 

Location Equipment in PPG 

HQ TG 7.4 

TEST AIRCRAFT UNIT 

Hq TAU 

Hq USAF Elm 

Hq USAF Elm 

Drop & Cann Elm 

Effects Elm 

IBDA Elm 

Ionosphere Elm 

*Navy Effects Elm 

Early Penetr Elm 

Tech Photo Elm 

Samp & Decon Elm 

TEST SERVICE UNIT 

Hq TSU 

Corn Elm 

Comm Elm 

Corn Elm 

Corn Elm 

Corn Elm 

Corn Elm 

Corn Elm 

Corn Elm 

Doc Photo Elm 

Doc Photo Elm 

MATS Term Elm 

Doc Photo Elm 

SAR & Wx Island 

Resupply Elm 

Wx Cent Elm 

Wx Recon Elm 

Wx Report Elm 

Wx Report Elm 

Wx Report Elm 

Wx Report Elm 

Wx Report Elm 

C-54 Supp Elm 

TEST BASE UNIT 

4930th Supp Gru(T) 

4931st Opns Sq 

4931st Opns Sq 

4932nd Materiel 

4931st Opns sq 

K-19 Lift Elm 

4932nd Materiel 

Tota 1 s 

* TG 7.4 controls 

is exerc ised by 

43 

0 

2 

4 

15 

14 

11 

6 

8 

16 

13 

30 

6 

9 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

0 

2 

30 

4 

12 

52 

8 

0 

0 

0 

1 

9 

12 

23 

0 

2 

15 

0 

16 

57 

0 

4 

3 

41 

7 

35 

12 

31 

40 

170 

34 

113 

11 

10 

38 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

0 

5 

24 

2 

106 

266 

17 

33 

18 

17 

16 

15 

27 

192 

46 

30 

1 

297 

1 

30 

2 

1 

0 

0 

2 

8 

0 

0 

13 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

1 

0 

5 

0 

2 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

53 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

367 1,775 45 53 

Eniwetok 

Eniwetok Is. 

Eniwetok Is. 

Parry Is. 

Eni wetok Is. 

Eniwetok Is. 

Eniwetok Is. 

Eniwetok Is. 

Eniwetok Is. 

Eniwetok Is. 

Eniwetok Is. 

Eniwetok Is. 

Eniwetok Is. 

Enyu Is. 

Japtan Is. Parry Is. 

Ronger i k 

Kapingamarangi 

Tarawa 

Kusaie 

Eniwetok Is. 

Parry Is. 

Enyu Is. 

Eniwetok Is. 

Eniwetok Is. 

Parry Is. 

Eniwetok Is. 

Eniwetok Is. 

Ronger i k 

Kapingamarangi 

Tarawa 

Kusaie 

Eniwetok Is. 

Eniwetok Is. 

Eniwetok Is. 

Enyu Is. 

Parry Is. 

Eniwetok Is. 

Enyu Is. 

Eniwetok 

flight operations only. Operational Control other 

CTG 7.1. 

20 Mar 

20 Mar 

30 Apr 

30 Apr 

1 8-36 16 Mar 

1 8-52 21 Mar 

1 B-47 

1 8-57 

1 8-66 

2 F-84F 

1 F-101 

2 8-52 

3 B-47 30 Apr 

1 A3D 

1 C-97 30 Apr 

1 P2V 

5 8-57 30 Apr 

3 RB-50 21Mar 

6 8-57 26 Mar 

10 F-84G 

11 Mar 

1 Mar 

22 Mar 

1 Mar 

7 SA-16 9Mar 

10 WB-50 26 Mar 

21 Mar 

4 Mar 

3 C-54 23 Mar 

12 Feb 

1 Apr 

4 C-7 12 Feb 

8 L-20 

1 L-21 

Is. 10 H-19 25 Jan 

than flight operations 

393 
Annex R to CJTF SEVEN No 1-56 

Troop and Equipment List 

F. TASK GROUP 7.5 

Operational Strength 

En 1 i sted Operational C1 osed 

Unit Off i cers Men Locat i on in PPG 

Hq TG 7.5 20 

Holmes & 300 

Nar ver 20 

5 

10 

5 

60 

10 

5 

99 3 

140 

16 5 

338 

4 

125 

284 

190 

105 

3 

3 

3 

Parry I sl and In place 

Parry I s 1 and In place 

Eniwetok Island In place Rojoa Is1 and In place 

Run it I sl and In place 

Japtan Is1and In place 

Teiteiripucchi Island In place 

Enyu I sl and In pl ace 

Romurikku Island In place Eninman Island In place 

Wot ho In place 

Ujelang In place 

Utirik In place 

Total 435 2,353 

Boat Pool: 29 LCM, 14 LCU, 41 DUKW, 2 water taxi, 2 YCL (tug) 

394 
APPENDIX B 

TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND UNITS 

Many of the definitions in this glossary relating to nuclear device and 

radiation phenomena have been quoted or extracted from The Effects of Nuclear 

Weapons (3rd edition), S. Glasstone and P.J. Dolan, 1977. 

u. See 8-66. 

M. Antl-Alrcraft Artlllery and Gulded Mlsslle 

Center, Ft. Bllss. Texas (Army). 

- AACS. Alruays and Alr Comnunlcatlon Servlce (Alr 

force). 

m. Admlnlstratlve Area Unlt (Army). 

" ACC. Army Chemlcal Center, Edgewood Arsenal, 

Maryland. 

accelerometer. An Instrument for determlnlng the 

acceleratlon of the system wlth uhlch It moves. 

u. Destroyer tender (Navy). 

- AEC. Atomlc Energy Comnlsslon. Washlngton. D.C. 

Independent agency ofthe Federal government 

ulth statutory responslbllltles for atomlc energy matters. No longer exlsts; Its functlons 

have been assumed by the Department of Energy 

and the Nuclear Regulatory Comnlsslon. 

- AF. Store shlp (Navy); also Alr Forcb. 

- AFB. Alr Force Base. 

m. Alr Force Cambrldge Research Center. 

a. Alr Force Speclal Weapons Center, Klrtland 

AFB, New Mextco. 

m. Armed Forces Speclal Weapons Project. 

- AGC. Amphlblous force flagshlp. later LCC (Navy), 

alrburst. The detonatlon of a nuclear devlce In 

the alr at a helght such that the expandlng 

flreball does not touch te Earth's surface 

when the lumlnoslty (emlsslon of llght) 1s at 

a maxlmum. 

alr Dartlcle trajectory. The dlrectlon. veloclty, 

and rate of descent of wlndbloun radloactlve 

partlcles. 

- AK. Cargo shlp (Navy). 

- AKA.Attack cargo shlp. later LKA (Navy). 

allowable dose. See CIpL. 

m. Albuquerque Operatlons Offlce of the AEC 

(now DOE). 

alDha emltter. A radlonucllde that undergoes 

transformatlon by alpha-partlcle emlsslon. 

alDha Dartlcle. A charged partlcle emltted spontaneously from the nuclel of some radloactlve 

elements. It 1s ldentlcal wlth a hellum nucleus, havlng a mass of 4 unlts and an electrlc 

charge of 2 posltlve unlts. See also rad(oact1vtty. 

alDha raw. A stream of alpha partlcles. Loosely, 

a synonym for alpha partlcles. 

- AMN. Alrman; enllsted Alr Force personnel. 

- AMs. Army Map Servlce. Washlngton. D.C. 

AN/PDR-39. An lon-chamber-type survey meter; this 

was the standard radsafe meter. Others ln use 

lncluded the Navy verslon. the AN/PDR-116. the 

AN/PDR-leA and -186. and lower-range GelgerMueller lnstruments (AN/PDR-27. Beckman MX-5, 

and Nuclear Corporatlon 2610). Other radlac devices were also used. 

- AO.Oller (Navy). 

m. Alr OperatIons Center. 

- AOG. Gasollne tanker (Navy). 

- AP. Transport shlp (Navy). 

m. Army Post Offlce. 

- APD. Hlgh-speed transport shlp (Navy). 

- APG. Aberdeen Provlng Ground, Maryland. 

- ARA. Allled Research Assoclates, Boston. Hassachuset ts. 

armlng. The changlng of a nuclear devlce from a 

safe condltlon (that 1s. a condltlon In whlch 

lt cannot be accldentally detonated) to a state 

of readlness for detonatlon. 

395 
AR S 

m. Salvage shlp (Navy). 

- ARSD. Salvage llftlng shlp (Navy). 

- ASA.Army Securlty Agency. 

m. Auxlllary ocean tug [Navy). 

m. fleet ocean tug (Navy). 

m. A rlng of coral reefs, usually wlth small 

Islets, that surrounds a lagoon. Host are lsolated reefs rlslng from the deep sea that have 

bullt up on submerged volcanoes. They vary conslderably In slze; the largest atoll, Kwajaleln 

In the Marshall Islands, has an Irregular shape 

that extends for 84 mlles (135 km). See also 

coral reef. 

atomlc bomb (or weaponl. A term sometlmes applled 

to a nuclear weapon utlllzlng flsslon energy 

only. See also flsslon. nuclear devlce. 

atomlc exDloslon. See nuclear exploslon. 

attenuatlon. The process by whlch radlatlon 1s 

reduced In lntenslty when passlng through some 

materlal. It Is due to absorptlon or scatterlng 

or both, but It excludes the decrease of Intenslty wlth dlstance from the source (Inverse 

sauare law, whlch see). 

- AU. Army Unlt. 

- AV. Seaplane tender (Navy). 

- AVR. Alrcraft rescue vessel (Navy). 

- AH.Dlstllllng shlp (Navy). 

- 8-29. A 4-englne. propeller-drlven bomber developed by Boelng. used for weather reconnalssance, cloud tracklng, aerlal sampllng and 

photography, and aerlal refuellng at the PPG. 

These verslons deslgnated RB-29. HB-29. and 

KB-29. 

8-36. A long-range, strateglc bomber powered by 

SIX pusher propeller englnes, supplemented by 

four jet englnes. Developed by Consolldated 

Alrcraft. Used as the subject of effects experlments and as a sampler controller alrcraft. 

Also deslgnated FB-36. RB-36, and HB-36. 

E. A 6-jet-englne bomber ulth sweptback ulngs 

and a double-wheel blcycle landlng gear, developed by Boelng. Used as the subject of ef - fects experlments. 

m. A 4-englne bomber developed by Boelng. wlth 

some features llke those of the 8-29, but havlng a taller tall fln and larger englnes and 

nacelles. 

8-52. Elght-englne jet bomber bullt by the Boelng 

Company. 

8-57. U.S. verslon of Engllsh Electrlc Canberra 

bomber used as cloud-sampllng alrcraft. 

blast 

m. Twln-englne Jet bomber bullt by Douglas 

Alrcraft for the Alr Force and for the Navy as 

the A30-1. 

backaround radlatlon. The radlatlon of man's natural envlronment. conslstlng of that uhlch 

comes from cosmlc rays and from the naturally 

radloactlve elements of the Earth. lncludlng 

that from wlthln man's body. The term may also 

mean radlatlon extraneous toan experlment. 

barqe. A floatlng platform used as the support 

for the cab, or shelter, In whlch nuclear devices were belng prepared for testlng. 

base surge. The partlculate dust cloud that rolls 

out from the bottom of the cloud column produced by the detonatlon of a nuclear devlce. 

For underwater bursts, the base surge Is a 

cloud of water droplets, and the flowlng propertles are those of a homogeneous llquld. 

bathtub. A washdown system used used on an alrcraft carrler fllght deck for decontamlnatlng 

hellcopter landlng gear. The bathtub's purpose 

was to prevent water used to hose the alrcraft 

wheels from runnlng onto the fllght deck. It 

was a low-walled canvas rectangle treated wlth 

waterprooflng preservatlves. 

bathythermograDh. A devlce for obtalnlng a record 

of temperature wlth depth In the upper 1,000 

feet (300 meters) of the ocean, from a shlp 

underway. 

becauerel (BaL. See w. 

beta burns. Beta partlcles that come lnto contact 

wlth the skln and remaln for an appreclable 

tlme can cause a form of radlatlon Injury sometlmes referred to as "beta burn." In an area 

of extenslve early fallout, the whole surface 

of the body may be exposed to beta partlcles. 

beta emltter. A radlonucllde that dlslntegrates 

by beta prtlcle ernlsslon. Al beta-actlve 

elements exlstlng In nature expel negatlve 

partlcles. 1.e.. electrons or, more exactly, 

negatrons. Beta-emlttlng partlcles are harmful 

If lnhaled or Ingested or remaln on the skln. 

beta partlcle {ravL. A charged partlcle of very 

small mass emltted spontaneously from the nuclel of certaln radloactlve elements. Most, If 

not all. of the dlrect flsslon products ernlt 

negatlve beta partlcles (negatrons). Physlcally. the beta partlcle 1s ldentlcal to an 

electron movlng at hlgh veloclty. 

bhanameter. A devlce that measures bomb yleld 

based on llght generated by the exploslon. 

blast. The detonatlon of a nuclear devlce. llke 

the detonatlon of a hlgh exploslve such as TNT, 

results ln the sudden formatlon of a pressure 

or shock wave. called a blast wave ln the alr 

and a shock wave when the nergy Is Imparted 

to water or Earth. 

396 
blast wave 

blast wave. An alr pulse ln uhlch the pressure 

lncreases sharply at the front followed by 

wlnds propagated from an exploslon. 

blast yleld. That portlon of the total energy of 

a nuclear exploslon that manlfests ltself as 

blast and shock waves. 

bomb debrls. See weapon debrls. 

- BRL.Balllstlc Research Laboratorles, Aberdeen 

Provlng Ground, Maryland (Army). 

u. Bureau of Aeronautlcs (Navy). 

w. Bureau of Medlclne and Surgery (Navy). 

u. Exploslon; or detonatlon. See also e- 

-. hlph-altltude burst, surface burst. 

BuShlps. Bureau of Shlps (Navy). 

E. A twln-englne transport alrcraft manufactured by Douglas Alrcraft Company (Alr Force 

verslon of the OC-3). 

w. A 4-englne mllltary cargo and personnel 

transport manufactured by Douglas Alrcraft 

Company (Alr Force verslon of the OC-4). 

w. Four-englne propeller drlven transport 

plane bullt by Boelng Alrcraft Company based 

on the 8-29 wlth added fuselage sectlon. 

- cab.The shelter that covers a nuclear devlce 

belng prepared for test. May be located on a 

tower. on the Earth's urface, or on a barge. 

Canberra. An RAF twln-turbojet, all-weather. 

tactlcal bomber developed by Engllsh Electrlc. 

Also bullt n he Unlted States and used by 

the Alr Force as the 8-57. 

cathode-rav tube. A vacuum tube ln uhlch cathode 

rays (electrons) are beamed upon a fluorescent 

screen to produce a lumlnous Image. The character of thls Image 1s related to, and controlled 

by, one or more electrlcal slgnals applled to 

the cathode-ray beam as lnput lnformatlon. The 

tubes are used In measurlng lnstruments such 

as oscllloscopes and ln radar and televlslon 

dlsplays. 

w. A heavlly shlelded enclosure In whlch radloactlve materlals can be remotely manlpulated 

to avold radlatlon exposure of personnel. 

" CDC. Center for Dlsease Control. 

c1:. Abbrevlatlon for u. uhlch see. C1 1s 

preferred now but c was the abbrevlatlon used 

ln the 1950s. 

- CIC. Counter-Intelllgence Corps (Army). 

Combat Informatlon Center (Navy). 

CINCPAC. Commander-ln-Chlef, Paclflc. 

CJTF 7. Commander. Jolnt Task Force 7. 

crater 

closed area. The land areas of Blklnl and Enewetak and the water areas wlthln 3 mlles of them 

that the Unlted States closed to unauthorlzed 

per sons. 

cloud chamber effect. See Wllson cloud. 

cloud column (funnell. The vlslble column of

weapon debrls (and posslbly dust or water droplets) extendlng upward from the polnt of a nuclear burst. 

cloud phenomena. See fallOUt. flreball. radloactlve cloud. 

- CNO. Chlef of Naval Operatlons. 

colllmate. To allgn nuclear weapon radlant outputs wlthln an asslgned solld angle through 

the use of baffles ln order to enhance measurements. 

- Co. Chemlcal symbol for cobalt. 

cobalt. Metalllc element wlth radlonucllde 'OCo 

used as callbratlon source for gama lnstruments. 

ComAlrPac. Comnander Naval Alr Force Paclflc 

(Navy). 

ComServPac. Commander Servlce Forces Paclflc 

(Navy 1. 

Condltlon "Purple". See Purple condltlons. 

Consolldated Llst. Consolldated Llst of Radloloqlcal Exposures. The llst that covers all 

recorded lndlvldual radlologlcal exposures for 

jolnt task force partlclpants. 

contamlnatlon. The deposlt ofradloactlve Mterlal on the surfaces of tructures, areas, 

objects. and personnel folowlng a nuclear 

detonatlon. Thls materlal generally conslsts 

of fallout In whlch flsslon products and other 

devlce debrls have become Incorporated wlth 

partlcles of dust. vaporlzed components of 

devlce platforms, etc. Contamlnatlon can also 

arlse from the radloactlvlty lnduced In certaln substances by the actlon of neutrons From 

a nuclear exploslon. See also decontamlnatlon. 

fallout, weapon debrls. 

" coral reef. A complex ecologlcal assoclatlon of 

bottom-llvlng and attached shelled marlne anlmal fosslls that form frlnglng reefs, barrler 

reefs, and atolls. The lagoons of barrler reefs 

and atolls are lmportant places for the deposltlon of flne-gralned calclum carbonate mud. 

- CPM. Counts per mlnute. a measure of radloactlve 

material dlslntegratlon. 

crater. The depresslon formed In the surface of 

the Earth by a surface or underground exploslon. Crater formatlon can occur by vaporlzatlon of the surface matertal, by the scourlng 

effect of alrblast, by throwout of dlsturbed 

materlal. or by subsldence. 

397 
CRL 

- CRL. Chemlcal Research Laboratory (Army). 

- Cs. Chemlcal symbol for ceslum. 

- C/S. Chlef of Staff. 

- CTG. Comander Task Group. 

curie (ClL. A unlt of radloactlvlty; It Is the 

actlvlty ofa guantlty of any radloactlve 

specles lnwhlch 3.700 x 1O1O (37 bllllon) 

nuclear dlslntegratlons occur per second (approxlmately the radloactlvlty of1 gram of 

radlum). The gama curle Is sometlmes deflned 

correspondlngly as the actlvlty of materlal In 

uhlch thls number of gama-ray photons 1s emltted per second. Thls unlt 1s belng replaced by 

the becquerel (Eq). whlch Is equal to one dlslntegratlon per second. 

cutle Dle. A portable beta-gama survey meter 

uslng an lonlzatlon chamber as the detector 

volume to measure radlatlon exposure. Usually 

used at hlgher radlatlon levels for both detectlng and measurlng lonlzlng radlatlon. A 

removable end-cap acts as a shleld for the 

detector, allowlng the lnstrument to lndlcate 

comblned beta and gamma radlatlon when the cap 

ls removed, or gama radlatlon only when the 

cap is tn place. 

- CVE.Escort alrcraft carrler (Navy). 

CW net. Carrler wave network. An organlzatlon of 

statlons capable of dlrect radlo comunlcatlons 

on a common channel or frequency. 

w. A floatlng temporary marker buoy such 

as one used In mlnesweeplng and antlsubmarlne 

warfare operatlons. 

- D--. The term used to deslgnate the unnamed 

day on whlch a test takes place. The equlvalent 

rule applles to H-hour. Tlme ln plans Is lndlcated by a letter that shows the unlt of tlme 

employed In flgures, wlth a mlnus or plus stgn 

to lndlcate the amount of tlme before or after 

the reference event, e.g.. D+7 means 7 days 

after D-day. Ht2 means 2 hours after H-hour. 

- DOE. Escort destroyer (Navy). 

- DE. Destroyer escort (Navy). 

debris (radloactlveL. See weapon debrls. 

decav (radloactlvel. The decrease In actlvlty of 

any radloactlve materlal wlth the passage of 

tlme due to the spontaneous emlsslon from the 

atomlc nuclel of elther alptia or beta partlcles. sometlmes accomppnled by gamma radtatlon. 

or by gama photons alone. Every decay process 

has a deflnlte half-llfe. 

decontamlnatlon. The reductlon or removal of contamlnatlng radloactlve materlal from a structure, area, object. or person. Decontamlnatlon 

may be accompllshed by (1) treatlng the surface to remove or decrease the contamlnatlon; 

drogue 

(2) lettlng the materlal stand so that the radloactlvlty 1s decreased as a result of natural 

decay; and (3) coverlng the contamlnatlon In 

order to attenuate the radlatlon emltted. 

devlce. Nuclear flsslon and fuslon materlals. 

together wlth elr amlng. fuzlng. flrlng. 

chemical-explostve components, that have not 

reached the development status of an operatlonal weapon. 

dlaanostlc measurements or experlments. Experlments whose purpose 1s to study the exploslve 

dlsassembly of a nuclear detonatlon (as opposed 

to effects measurements, whlch see). 

- DM.Nlnelayer destroyer (Navy). Converted destroyers deslgned to conduct hlgh-speed mlnelaylng operatlons. 

- DMA. The Dlvlslon of Mllltary Appllcatlons of the 

Atomlc Energy Comnlsslon. 

- DDD. Department of Defense. The federal executlve agency responslble for the defense of the 

Unlted States. Includes the four servlces and 

speclal jolnt defense agencles. Reports to the 

Presldent through the Secretary of Defense. 

w. A general term denotlng the quantlty of 

lonlzlng radlatlon absorbed. The unlt of absorbed dose 1s the rad (whlch see). In soft 

body tlssue the absorbed ose ln rads 1s essentially equal to the exposure In roentgens. 

The blologlcal dose (also called the REE dose) 

In rems Is a measure of blologlcal effectlveness of the absorbed radlatlon. Dosage Is used 

In older llterature as well as exposure dose 

and slmply exposure, and care should be xerclsed In thelr use. See also exDosure. 

dose rate. As a general rule, the amount of lonlzlng (or nuclear) radlatlon that an lndlvldual 

or materlal would recelve per unlt of tlme. It 

1s usually expressed as rads (or rems) per hour 

or multlples or dlvlslons of these unlts such 

as mllllrads per hour. The dose rate ls commonly used to lndlcate the level of radloactlvIty ln a contamlnated area. See survey meter. 

doslmeter. An lnstrument for measurlng and reglsterlng the total accumulated dose of (or exposure to) lonlzlng radlatlon. Instruments worn 

or carrled by Indlvlduals are called personnel 

dosllneters. 

doslmetry. The measurement and recordlng of radlatlon doses and dose rates. It ls concerned 

wlth the use of varlous types of radlatlon 

Instruments wlth whlch measurements are made. 

Sea also doslmeter. survey meter. 

- DPM. Dlslntegratlons per mlnute. a measure of 

radloactlvlty, Ilterally atoms dlslntegratlng 

per mlnute. Dlfflcult to dlrectly compare ulth 

roentgens per hour for mlxtures of radlonuclldes. 

drogue. A sea anchor or slmllar drag devlce used 

to pull out a parachute. 

398 
DTMB 

m. Davld Taylor Model Easln. Carderock. Haryland (Navy). 

w. Two-and-one-half-ton amphlblous truck

(DUKW) . 

dvnamlc pressure. Alr pressure that results from 

the mass alr flow (or ulnd) behlnd the shock 

front of a blast wave. 

effects measurements or experlments. Experlments 

whose purpose 1s to study what a nuclear exploslon does to materlals, equlpment. and systems. 

Includes also measurement of the changes In 

the envlronment caused by the detonatlon. such 

as lncreased alr pressures (blast), thermal 

and nuclear adlatlon. craterlng. water waves. 

etc. 

- EGLG. Edgerton, Germeshausen & Grler, Boston, 

Massachusetts (now EGbG. Inc. ). An AEC contractor. Provlded tlmlng and flrlng electronlcs and technlcal fllm coverage. 

electromaqnetlc radlatlon. Electromagnetlc radlatlons range from X-rays and gamna rays of 

short wavelength (hlgh frequency), through the 

ultravlolet. vlslble. and lnfrared reglons, 

to radar and radlo waves of relatlvely long 

wavelength. 

electron. A partlcle of very small mass and electrlcally charged. As usually deflned. the electron's charge 1s negatlve. The term negatron 

1s also used for the negatlve electron and the 

posltlvely charged form ls called a posltron. 

See also beta partlcles. 

- EPG.Enlwetok Provlng Ground. 

- ETA.Estlmated tlme of arrlval. 

- ETD. Estlmated tlme of departure. 

exposure. A measure expressed tnroentgens of

the lonlzatlon produced by gamma rays (or 

X-rays) ln alr. The exposure rate 1s the exposure per unlt lme (e.g., roentgens per hour). 

See dose, dose rate. roentaen. 

exDosure rate contours. Llnes Jolnlng polnts that 

have the same radlatlon lntenslty to deflne a 

fallout pattern, represented In terms of roentgens per hour. 

N. Slngle-englne Jt flghter developed by

Republlc Alrcraft and used from IVY (1952) 

through REDWING (1956) as cloud sampler 

alrcraft. 

w. A twln-englne Jet flghter developed by 

McDmnell Alrcraft Company. 

fallout. The process or phenomenon of the descent 

to the Earth's surface of partlcles contamlnated 4th radloactlve materlal from the radloactlve cloud. The term 1s also applled ln a 

collectlve sense to the contamlnated partlculate matter ltself. The early (or local) 

fission products 

fallout 1s deflned. somewhat arbltrarlly. as 

partlcles reachlng the Earth wlthln 24 hours 

after a nuclear exploslon. The delayed (or 

worldwlde) fallout conslsts of the smaller 

partlcles, whlch ascend lnto the upper troposphere and stratosphere and are carrled by 

wtnds to all parts of the Earth. The delayed 

fallout 1s brought to Earth, malnly by raln 

and snow. over extended perlods ranglng from 

months to years. 

fathometer. A depth-soundlng Instrument. The 

depth of water 1s measured by notlng the tlme 

the cho of a sound takes to return from the 

bottom. 

fllm badqes. Used for the lndlrect measurement 

of lonlzlng radlatlon. Generally contaln two 

or three pleces of fllm of dlfferent radlatlon 

sensltlvltles. They are wrapped In paper (or 

other thln materlal) that blocks llght but ts 

readlly penetrated by gamma rays. The fllms 

are developed and the degree of fogglnq (or 

blackenlng) observed 1s a measure of the gammaray exposure, from whlch the absorbed dose 1s 

calculated. Fllm badges can also measure beta 

and neutron radlatlon. 

flreball. The lumlnous phere of hot gases that 

forms a few mllllonths of a second after a nuclear exploslon as the result of the absorptlon by the surroundlng medlum of the thermal 

X-rays emltted by the extremely hot (several 

tens of mllllons of degrees) devlce resldues. 

The exterlor of the flreball In alr 1s lnltlally sharply deflned by the lumlnous shock 

front and later by the llmlts of the hot gases 

themselves. 

flsslon. The process of the nucleus of a partlcular heavy element spllttlng lnto two nuclel 

of llghter elements, wlth the release of substantlal amounts of energy. The most Important 

flsslonable materlals are uranlum-235 and 

plutontum-239; flsslon 1s caused by the absorptlon of neutrons. 

flsslon detectors. Radlatlon pulse detector of 

the proportlonal counter type ln whjch a foll 

or fllm of flsslonable materlals 1s Incorporated to make It respond to neutrons. 

flsslon Droducts. A general term for the complex 

mixture of substances produced as a result of 

nuclear flsslon. A dlstlnctlon should be made 

between these and the dlrect flsslon products 

or flsslon fragments that are formed by the 

actual spllttlng of the heavy-element uclel 

lnto nuclel of medlum atomlc welght. Approxlmately BO dlfferent flsslon fragments result 

from roughly 40 dlfferent modes of flsslon of 

a glven uclear specles (e.g., uranlum-235 or 

plutonlum-239). The flsslon fragments, belng 

radloactlve. lmmedlately begln to decay, formlng addltlonal (daughter) products, wlth the 

result that the complex mlxture offlsslon 

products so formed contalns over 300 dlfferent 

radlonuclldes of 36 elements. 

399 
fixed alpha 

flxed alDha. Alpha radloactlvlty that cannot be 

easlly removed as evldenced bynomeasured 

change In a swlpe of a 100-cm2 area. 

fluorescence. The emlsslon of llght (electromagnetlc radlatlon) by a materlal as a result of 

the absorptlon of energy from radlatlon. The 

term may refer to the radlatlon emltted. as 

well as to the emlsslon process. 

" FOPC. Fallout Plottlng Center. 

Fopu. Fallout Predlctlon Unlt. 

forward area. The Paclflc Provlng Ground and adJolnlng areas (e.g., Kwajaleln). 

I FPO. Fleet Post Offlce (Navy). 

fuslon. The comblnatlon of two llght nuclel to 

form a heavler nucleus, wlth the release of 

the dlfference of the nuclear blndlng energy 

of the fuslon products and the sum of the 

blndlng energles of the two llght nuclel. 

gam ravs. Electromagnetlc radlattons of hlgh 

photon energy orlglnatlng In atomlc nuclel and 

accompanylng many nuclear reactlons (e.g.. 

flsslon, radloactlvlty, and neutron capture). 

Physlcally. gama rays are ldentlcal wlth 

X-rays of hlgh energy; the only essentlal dlfference 1s that X-rays do not orlglnate from 

atomlc nuclel of hlgh energy. Gamma rays can 

travel great dlstances through alr and can 

penetrate conslderable thtckness of materlal. 

although they can elther be seen or felt by 

human belngs except at very hlgh lntensltles, 

whlch causes an ltchlng and tlngllng sensatlon 

of the skln. They can produce harmful effects 

even at a long dlstance from thelr source (The 

Effects of Nuclear Weapons, 3rd edltlon). 

Gelqer-Mueller (GM) counter. A gas dlscharge 

pulse counter for lonlzlng radlatlon. See also 

AN/PDR-39 and lon-chamber-tvpe survey meter. 

- GWT. Greenwlch Wean Tlme. 

gray (Gvl. A recently lntroduced ICRP term; 1 Gy 

equals 100 rad. 

ground zero. See surface zero. 

sunk. A vlscous comnerclal preparatlon that 1s 

soluble both ln water and petroleum derlvatlves. It acts as a wettlng agent In removlng 

grease and partlculate matter from metal and 

other nonporous surfaces. 

a. Large utlllty hellcopter manufactured by 

Slkorsky Alrcraft Dlvlslon of Unlted Alrcraft 

Corporatlon. 

H-hour. TIme zero, or tlme of detonatlon. When 

used In connectlon wlth plannlng operatlons It 

1s the speclflc hour on whlch the operatlon 

event commences. See D-day. 

half-llfe. The tlme requlred for a radloactlve 

materlal to lose half of lts radloactlvlty due 

ionization 

to decay. Each radlonucllde has a unlque halfllfe. 

HASL. NYKOPO. Atomlc Energy Comnlsslon's Health 

and Safety Laboratory, New York Operatlons 

Offlce. 

- HE. Hlgh exploslve. 

- HF. Hlgh-frequency radlo comnunlcatlons. The HF 

band 1s from 3 to 30 kHz. 

hlah-altltude burst. Oeflned. somewhat arbltrarlly. as a detonatlon In or above the stratosphere. The dlstrlbutlon of the energy of the 

exploslon between blast and thermal radlatlon 

changes appreclably wlth lncreaslng altltude. 

- HMR. Marlne Hellcopter Transport Squadron. 

hodoaraoh. A comnon hodograph In meteorology represents the speed and dlrectlon of wlnds at 

dlfferent altltude lncrements. 

hot: hot spot. Commonly used colloqulal term 

meanlng a spot or area relatlvely more radloactlve than some adjacent area. 

m. Indlrect Bomb Damage Assessment. A revlsed 

target analysls based on new data such as actual weapon yleld, burst helght. and surface 

zero obtalned by means other than dlrect 

assessment. 

w. Internatlonal Comnlsslon on Radlologlcal 

Protectlon. 

lnltlal radlatlon. Electromagnetlc radlatlons of 

hlgh energy emltted from both the flreball and 

the radloactlve cloud wlthln the flrst mlnute 

after a detonatlon. It lncludes neutrons and 

gama rays glven off almost lnstantaneously, 

as well as the gama rays emltted by the f lsslon products and other radloactlve specles ln 

the rlslng cloud. Inltlal rdlatlons from 

ground or nearground bursts actlvate both 

earth materlals and devlce debrls to create 

contamlnatlon. 

lnverse square law. The decrease In radlatlon 

lntenslty wlth dlstance from a slngle-polnt 

source 1s ln proportlon to the square of the 

dlstance removed. 

lon-chamber-tvDe survey meter. A devlce for measurlng the amount of lonlzlng radlatlon. Conslsts of a gas-fllled chamber contalnlng two 

electrodes (one of uhlch may be the chamber 

wall) between whlch a potenttal dlfference 1s 

malntalned. The radlatlon lonlzes gas 1nthe 

chamber and an lnstrument connected to one 

electrode measures the lonlzatlon current 

produced. 

lonlzatlon. The process of addlng electrons to, 

or knocklng electrons from, atoms or molecules, 

thereby creatlng lons. Hlgh temperatures, electrlcal dlscharges. and nuclear radlatlon can 

cause lonlzatlon. 

400 
ionizing radiation neutron flux 

lonlzlng radlatlon. Any partlculate or lectro- m. Dock landlng shlp (Navy). 

magnetlc radlatlon capable of produclng lons, 

dlrectly or lndlrectly. ln lts passage through u. Infantry landlng shlp, large (Navy). 

matter. Alpha and beta partlcles produce lon 

palrs dlrectly, whlle gama rays and X-rays K. Tank landlng shlp. 

llberate electrons as they traverse matter, 

whlch In turn produce lonlzatlon In thelr magnetometer. An lnstrument for measurlng changes 

paths. In 

1OnOsDhere. The reglon of the atmosphere, extend- m. Hllltary Alr Transport Servlce; later. Mllng from roughly 40 to 250 mlles (64 to 400 km) ltary Alrllft Comnand. 

above the Earth, In uhlch there 1s appreclable 

lonlzatlon. The presence of charged partlcles megaton (eneravl. Approxlmately the amount of 

ln thls reglon profoundly affects the propaga- energy that would be released by the exploslon 

tlon of radlo and radar waves. of one mllllon tons of TNT. 

lrradlatlon. Exposure of matter to radlatlon. mlcrocurle. One-mllllonth of a curle. 

lsodose llnes. Dose or dose-rate contours. Inmlcron. One-mllllonth of a meter (1.e.. 

fallout, contours plotted on a radlatlon fleld meter or centlmeter); It 1s roughly four 

wlthln uhlch the dose rate or the total accum- one-hundred-thousandths (4 x of an 

ulated dose 1s the same. Inch. 

1sotoDe. Atoms ulth the same atomlc number (same 

chemlcal element) but dlfferent atomlc welght; 

1.e.. the nuclel have the same number of protons but a dlfferent number of neutrons. 

- JCS.Jolnt Chlefs of Staff. 

JTF 7. Jolnt Task Force 7 and lts predecessor, 

JTF 132. was a comblned force of personnel of 

the Department of Defense (Alr Force, Army, 

Harlne Corps, Navy). the AEC. and thelr contractors. JTF 7 was responslble for all aspects 

of nuclear weapon tests In the Paclflc testlng 

area from 1953 to 1958. 

klloton conventlon. Relates nuclear exploslon 

energy to TNT exploslon energy by uslng the 

approxlmate energy release of1,000 tons of 

TNT as the measurlng unlt. 

mllllroentqen. One-thousandth of a roentgen. 

npL. Haxlmum Permlsslble Llmlt. That amount of 

radloactlve materlal ln alr, water. foodstuffs, 

etc. that 1s establlshed by authorltles as the 

maxlmum that would not create undue rlsk to 

human health. 

mR; mr. Abbrevlatlon for mllllroentgen. 

m. Hllltary Sea Transportatlon Servlce. 

(Navy). 

mushroom cap. Top of the cloud formed from the 

flreball of a nuclear detonatlon. 

- HV. Motor vessel. 

w. Motor whale boat 

klnetlc energy. Energy assoclated wlth the motlon w. Naval Alr Statlon. 

of matter . NOS. Natlonal Bureau of Standards. 

a. Slngle-englne. 2-place llght alrcraft used I 

In Enewetak alrllft. w. Noncomnlssloned offlcer. 

m. Los Alamos Sclentlflc Laboratory, Los Alamos. New Hexlco. 

- LCH. Hechanlzed landlng craft (Navy) 

LCP(L1. Personnel landlng craft, large (Navy). 

LCP(R1. Personnel landlng craft, ramp (Navy). 

- LCT. Tank landlng craft (Navy) 

u. Utlllty landlng craft (Navy) 

- LHL. Lookout Hountaln Laboratory, Hollywood, 

Callfornla (Alr Force). 

m. Natlonal Comnlttee on Radlation Protectlon 

and Measurements. Before 1956 simply the Natlonal Comnlttee on Radlatlon Protectlon. 

- NEL.Naval Electronlcs Laboratory. 

neutron. A neutral elementary partlcle (1.e.. 

wlth neutral eectrlcal charge) of approxlmately unlt mass (1.e.. the mass of a proton) 

that 1s present tn all atomlc nuclel. except 

those of ordlnary (llght) hydrogen. Neutrons 

are requlred to lnltlate the flsslon process, 

and large numbers of neutrons are produced by 

both flsslon and fuslon reactlons ln nuclear 

exploslons. 

Loran. Long-range ald to navlgatlon system. Loran eutron flux. The lntenslty of neutron radlatlon. 

statlons were malntalned by theU.S. Coast It 1s expressed as the number of neutrons 

Guard Statlon on Enewetak Island and Johnston passlng through 1 cm2 In 1 second. 

P.tol1 . 

401 
NPG prompt radiation 

- NPG. Nevada Provlng Ground, now the Nevada Test 

Slte (NTS). 

- nml. Nautlcal mlles. 

- NRDL. Naval Radlologlcal Defense Laboratory. 

- NRL.Naval Research Laboratory. 

NSC. TI. Naval Schools Comnand. Treasure Island, 

Callfornla. 

- NTPR. Nuclear Test Personnel Revlew. 

- NTS.Nevada Test Slte. 

nuclear cloud. See radloactlve cloud. 

nuclear devlce (or weapon or bombl. Any devlce 

In uhlch the exploslon results from the energy 

released by reactlons lnvolvlng atomlc nuclel. 

elther flsslon or fuslon. or both. Thus, the 

A- (or atomlc] bomb and the H- (or hydrogen) 

bomb are both nuclear weapons. It would be 

equally true to call them atomlc weapons, slnce 

the energy of atomlc nuclel 1s lnvolved In each 

case. However, 1 t has become more or less customary. although ft 1s not strlctly accurate, 

to refer to weapons ln whlch all the nergy 

results from flsslon as A-bombs. In order to 

make a dlstlnctlon. those weapons In uhlch part 

of the nergy results from thermonuclear (fuslon) reactlons ofthe lsotopes ofhydrogen 

have been called H-bombs or hydrogen bombs. 

nuclear exploslon. Exploslve release of energy 

due to the spllttlng. or jolnlng. of atoms. The 

exploslon 1s observable by a vlolent emlsston 

of ultravlolet. vlslble, and Infrared (heat) 

radlatlon. gamma rays, neutrons, and other 

partlcles. Thls 1s accompanled by the formatlon of a flreball. A large part of the energy 

from the exploslon 1s emltted as blast and 

shock waves when detonated at the Earth's surFace or In the atmosphere. The flreball produces a mushroom-shaped mass of hot gases and 

debrls, the top of whlch rlses rapldly. See 

also radlatlon. gam rays, flreball. nuclear 

weapon. flsslon. fuslon, blast. 

nuclear fuslon. See thermonuclear fuslon. 

nuclear adlatlon. Partlculate and electromagnetic radlatlon emltted from atomlc nuclel ln 

varlous nuclear pocesses. The Important uclear adlatlons. from the weapons standpolnt. 

are alpha and beta partlcles. gama rays, and 

neutrons. Al nuclear radlattons are lonlztng 

radlatlons. but the reverse. 1s not true; 

X-rays, for example. are Included among lonlzlng radlatlons. but they are not nuclear radlatlons slnce they do not orlglnate from atomlc 

nuclel . 

nuclear tests. Tests carrled out to supply lnformatlon requlred for the deslgn and Improvement 

of nuclear weapons and to study the phenomena 

and effects assoclated wlth nuclear explosions. 

nucllde. Any specles of atom that exlsts for a 

measurable length of tlme. The term nucllde 1s 

used to descrlbe any atomlc specles dlstlngulshed by the composltlon ofIts nucleus; 

1.e.. by the number of protons and the number 

of neutrons. Isotopes of a glven element are 

nuclldes havlng the normal number of protons 

but dlfferent numbers of neutrons in this nuclel. A radlonucllde 1s aradloactlve nucllde. 

NYKOPO. New York Operatlons Offlce (Atomlc Energy 

Comnlsslon). 

off-scale. Radlatlon (or other physlcal phenomena) greater than the capaclty of a measurlng 

devlce to measure. 

- ONR. Offlce of Naval Research, Washlngton. O.C. 

m. Oak Rldge Natlonal Laboratory, Tennessee. 

oscllloscope. The name generally applled to a 

cathode-ray devlce. 

overpressure. The translent pressure, usually expressed ln pounds per square Inch, exceedlng 

the amblent pressure, manlfested In the shock 

(or blast) wave from an exploslon. 

- PZV.Tuln-englne patrol bomber used for marltlme 

patrol and antlsubmarlne warfare. Developed by 

Lockheed for the U.S. Navy. Used ln nuclear 

tests as controller and translent shlp search. 

- PC. Patrol craft (Navy) 

peak overpressure. The maxlmum value of the 

overpressure (whlch see) at a glven locatlon. 

permlsslble dose. That dose of lonlzlng radlatlon that 1s not expected to cause appreclable 

bodlly lnjury to a person at any tlme durlng 

hls llfetlme. 

phantom. A volume of materlal closely approxlmatlng the denslty and effectlve atomlc number 

of tlssue. The phantom absorbs lonlzlng radlatlon In the same manner as tlssue; thus, radlatlon dose measurements made wlthln the phantom 

provlde a means of approxlmatlng the radlatlon 

dose wlthln a human or anlmal body under slmllar exposure condltlons. Materlals comonly 

used for phantoms are water. masonlte. pressed 

wood. plexlglas. and beeswax. 

m. A heavlly shlelded contalner (usually lead) 

used to shlp or store radtoactlve materlals. 

- POL.Petroleum, 011, and lubrlcants. The storage 

area for these products 1s referred to as a 

POL farm. 

- PPG. Pactflc Provlng Ground (after 1956 deslgnated the Enlwetok Provlng Ground, or EPG). 

prompt radlatlon. Neutrons and gamma rays emltted 

almost slmultaneously followlng a nuclear flsslon or flsslon. 

4 02 
proton 

proton. A partlcle carrylng a posltlve charge and 

physlcally ldentlcal to the nucleus of the ordlnary hydrogen atom. 

Purple condltlons. A shlpboard warnlng system 

used In radlologlcal defense. Varlous numbered 

condltlons were sounded when radloactlve fallout was encountered. Responses to the sounded 

warnlngs lncluded closlng of varlous hatches 

and flttlngs. turnlng off parts of the ventllatlon system, and removlng personnel from a 

shlp's open decks. The hlgher the Purple condltlon number, the more severe the radlologlcal 

sltuatlon. 

"0"-clearance. A securlty clearance granted by 

the Atomlc Energy Comnlsslon, based upon a 

background lnvestlgatlon. 

R;. Symbol for roentgen. 

- R5D.Four-englne propeller transport manufactured 

by the Douglas Alrcraft Company for the Navy 

and the Alr Force, where It was deslgnated 

C-54. Comerclal verslons were deslgnated DC-4. 

- Ra. Chemlcal symbol for radlum. 

- rad. Radlatlon absorbed dose. A unlt of absorbed 

dose of radlatlon; It represents the absorptlon 

of 100 ergs of lonlzlng radlatlon per gram (or 

0.01 J/kg) of absorblng materlal, such as body 

tlssue. Thls unlt 1s presently belng replaced 

In sclentlflc llterature by the Gray (Gy), numerlcally equal to the absorptlon of l Joule 

of energy per kllogram of matter. 

RadDefense. Radlologlcal defense. Defense agalnst 

the effects of radloactlvlty from atomlc weapons. It lncludes the detectlon and measurement 

of radloactlvlty. the protectlon ofpersons 

from radloactlvlty. and decontamlnatlon of 

areas, places. and equlpment. See also radsafe. 

radex area. Radlologlcal excluslon area. Followlng each detonatlon there were areas of surface radlologlcal contamlnatlon and areas of 

alr radlologlcal contamlnatlon. These areas 

were deslgnated as radex areas. Radex areas 

were used to chart actual or predlcted fallout 

and also used for control of entry and exlt. 

radlatlon. The emlsslon of any rays, electromagnetlc waves, or partlcles (e.g.. gama rays, 

alpha partlcles, beta partlcles, neutrons) 

from a source. 

radlatlon decay. See decay (radloactlvel. 

radlatlon detectors. Any of a wlde vartety of 

materlals or lnstruments that provlde a slgnal 

when stlmulated by the passage of lonlzlng radlatlon; the sensltlve element Inradlatlon 

detectlon lnstruments. The most wldely used 

medla for the detectlon of lonlzlng radlatlon 

are photographlc fllm and lonlratlon of gases 

In detectors (e.g., Gelger counters), followed 

by materlals In whlch radlatlon lnduces clntlllatlon. 

radiosonde 

radlatlon exposure. Exposure to radlatlon may be 

descrlbed and modlfled by a number of terms. 

The type of radlatlon 1s lmportant: alpha nd 

beta partlcles. neutrons, gama rays and 

X-rays. and cosmlc radlatton. Radlatlon exposure may be from an external radlatlon source, 

such as gama rays. X-rays, or neutrons, or It 

may be from radlonuclldes retalned wlthln the 

body emlttlng alpha, beta, or gam radlatlon. 

The exposure may result from penetratlng or 

nonpenetratlng radlatlon ln relatlon to Its 

ablllty to enter and pass through matter -- alpha nd beta partlcles belng consldered as 

nonpenetratlng and other types of radlatlon as 

penetratlng. Exposure may be related to a part 

of the body or to the whole body. See also 

whole-body lrradlatlon. 

radlatlon lntenslty. Degree of radlatlon. Heasured and reported In roentgens (R). rads, 

rems, and rep, multlples and dlvlslons of 

these unlts. and multlples and dlvlslons of 

these unlts as a functlon of exposure rate 

(per hour, day. etc.). 

radloactlve (or nuclear) cloud. An all-lncluslve 

term for the cloud of hot gases, smoke, dust, 

and other partlculate matter from the weapon 

ltself and from the envlronment. whlch 1s carrled aloft In conjunctlon wlth the rlslng flreball produced by the detonatlon of a nuclear 

weapon. 

radloactlve nucllde. See radtonucllde. 

radloactlve partlcles. See radloactlvlty. 

radloactlve pool. A dlsk-llke pool of radloactlve water near the surface formed by a watersurface or subsurface detonatlon. The pool 

gradually expands lnto an annular form, then 

reverts to a larger lregular dlsk shape at 

later tlmes wlth a correspondlng attenuatlon 

of radloactlvlty. 

radloactlvlty. The spontaneous emlsslon of radlatlon. generally alpha or beta partlcles. often 

accompanied by gama rays, from the nuclel of 

an (unstable) nucllde. As a result of thls 

emlsslon the radloactlve nucllde 1s converted 

(decays) lnto the lsotope of a dlfferent 

(daughter) element, whlch may (or may not) 

also be radloactlve. Ultlmately. as a result 

of one or more stages of radloactlve decay, a 

stable (nonradloactlve) end product 1s formed. 

radloloalcal survey. The dlrected effort to determlne the dlstrlbutlon and dose rate of radlatlon ln an area. 

radlonucllde. A radloactlve nucllde (or radloactlve atomlc specles). 

radlosonde. A balloon-borne lnstrument for the 

slmultaneous measurement and transmlsslon of 

meteorologlcal data, conslstlng of transducers 

for the measurement of pressure, temperature, 

and humldlty; a modulator for the converslon 

of the output of the transducers to a quantlty 

403 
radiosonde seamount 

that controls a property of the radlofrequency 

slgnal; a selector sultch, uhlch determlnes 

the sequence In uhlch the parameters are to be 

transmltted; and a transmltter. whlch generates 

the radlofrequency carrler. 

radlosonde balloon. A balloon used to carry a 

radlosonde aloft. These balloons have daytlme 

burstlng altltudes of about 80.000 feet (25 km) 

above sea level. The balloon measures about 5 

feet (1.5 meters) ln dlameter when flrst lnflated and may expand to 20 feet (6 meters) or 

more before burstlng at hlgh altltude. 

radlum. An lntensely radloactlve metalllc element. In nature, radlum 1s found assoclated 

ulth uranlum. uhlch decays to radlum by a serles of alpha and beta emlsslons. Radlum Is 

used as a radlatlon source for Instrument 

callbratlon. 

radsafe. Radlologlcal safety. General term used 

to cover the tralnlng. operatlons, and equlpment used to protect personnel from potentlal 

overexposures to nuclear radlatlon durlng nuclear tests. 

ralnout. Removal of radloactlve partlcles from a 

nuclear cloud by raln. 

w. Radar ulnd soundlng tests that determlne 

the ulnds aloft patterns by radar observatlon 

of a balloon. 

raulnsonde. Radar ulnd soundlng and radlosonde 

(comblned). 

Raydlst Corporatlon. A Norfolk, Vlrglnla flrm 

that provided navlgatlonal ald servlce for 

test alrcraft ln the Blklnl area durlng weapon 

tests In the Paclflc Provlng Ground. 

Raydlst slave statlons. Support lnstrumentatlon 

used ln the posltlonlng of experlmental effects 

alrcraft. 

u. Reconnalssance verslon of the E-29. 

u. Reconnalssance verslon of the E-36. 

- RBE.Relatlve blologlcal effectlveness. A factor 

used to compare the blologlcal effectlveness 

of absorbed radlatlon doses (1.e.. rads) due 

to dlfferent types of lonlzlng radlatlon. For 

radlatlon protectlon the term has been superseded by Quallty Factor. 

- rem.A speclal unlt of blologlcal radlatlon dose 

equlvalent; the name 1s derlved from the lnltlal letters of the term "roentgen equlvalent 

man (or mamal) . '' The number of rems of radlatlon 1s equal to the number of rads absorbed 

multlplled by the RBE of the glven radlatlon 

(for a speclfled effect). The rem Is also the 

unlt of dose equlvalent. uhlch Is equal to the 

product of the number of rads absorbed mu1 tlplled by the Quallty Factor and the dlstrlbutlon factor for the radlatlon. The unlt 1s 

presently belng replaced by the slevert (Sv). 

w. An obsolete speclal unlt of absorbed dose. 

resldual nuclear radlatlon. Nuclear radlatlon. 

chlefly beta partlcles and gama rays, that 

perslsts for a tlme folloulng a nuclear exploslon. The radlatlon Is emltted malnly by the 

flsslon products and other bomb restdues In 

the fallout. and to some extent by earth and 

water constltuents and other materlals ln whlch 

radloactlvlty has been lnduced by the capture 

of neutrons. 

R-hour. Reentry hour. 

roentgen (R; rl. A speclal unlt of exposure to 

gam (or X-) radlatlon. It 1s deflned preclsely as the quantlty of gama (or X-) rays 

that ulll produce electrons (ln lon palrs) 

ulth a total charge of 2.58 x 10" coulomb In 

1 kllogram of dry alr under standard condltlons. An exposure of1 roentgen results In 

the deposltlon of about 94 ergs of energy ln 

1 gram of soft body tlssue. Hence, an exposure 

of 1 roentgen Is approxlmately equlvalent to 

an absorbed dose of 1 rad ln soft tlssue. 

rollup. The process for orderly dlsmantllng of 

facllltles no longer requlred for nuclear test 

operatlons and thelr transfer to other areas. 

m. Radlologlcal Safety Support Unlt (Army). 

u. Alr Force general-purpose amphlblan for 

alr-sea rescue work. Manufactured by Grumnan 

Alrcraft Englneerlng Corporatlon. New York. 

Redeslgnated UY-16. 

- SAC.Strateglc Alr Comand (Alr Force). 

sampler alrcraft. Alrcraft used for collectlon 

of gaseous and partlculate samples from nuclear 

clouds to determlne the level of radloactlvlty 

or the presence of radloactlve substances. 

- SAR.Search and rescue operatlons. 

- SC. Sandla Corporatlon. Albuquerque, New Mexlco. 

scatterlng. The dlverslon of radlatlon (thermal, 

electromagnetfc, and nuclear) from Its orlglnal 

path as aresult of lnteractlons (or colllslons) wlth atoms, molecules, or larger partlcles In the atmosphere or other medla between 

the source of the radlatlons (e.g., a nuclear 

exploslon) and a polnt some dlstance away. As 

a result of scatterlng, radlatlons (especlally 

gama rays and neutrons) ulll be recelved at 

such a polnt from many dlrectlons lnstead of 

only from the dlrectlon of the source. See 

also skyshlne. 

u. Slgnal Corps Englneerlng Laboratorles. Ft. 

Monmouth, Neu Jersey (Army). 

sclntlllatlon. A flash of llght produced by lonlzlng radlatlon In a fluor or a phosphor, uhlch 

MY be crystal, plastlc. gas, or llquld. 

seamount. A submarlne mountaln rlslng above the 

deep sea floor, comonly from 3.000 to 10,000 

404 
seamount 

feet (1 to 3 km) and havlng the summlt 1,000 

to 6,000 feet (0.3 to 1.8 km) below sea level. 

shear (wlndl. Refers to dlfferences In dlrectlon 

(dlrectlonal shear) of wlnd at dlfferent altltudes. 

shleldlng. Any materlal or obstructlon that absorbs (or attenuates) radlatlon and thus tends 

to protect personnel or equlpment from the effects of a nuclear exploslon. A moderately 

thlck layer of any opaque materlal wll provlde 

satlsfactory shleldlng from thermal radlatlon. 

but a conslderable thlckness of materlal of 

hlgh denslty may be needed for gamma radlatlon 

shleldlng. See also attenuatlon. 

shock. Term used to descrlbe a destructlve force 

movlng ln alr. water. or earth caused by detonatlon of a nuclear detonatlon. 

shock wave. A contlnuously propagated pressure 

pulse (or wave) In the surroundlng medlurn. 

whlch may be alr. water, or earth, Inltlated 

by the expanslon of the hot gases produced In 

an exploslon. 

slevert (Svl. A recently lntroduced ICRP measure 

of “dose equlvalent” hat takes lnto account 

the Quallty Factor fdlfferent sources of

lonlzlng radlatlon. One slevert equals 100 rem. 

- SIO.Scrlpps Instltutlon of Oceanography, La 

Jolla, Callfornla. 

skyshlne. Radlatlon. partlcularly gamma rays from 

a nuclear detonatlon, reachlng a target from 

many dlrectlons as a result of scatterlng by 

the oxygen and nltrogen In the lntervenlng 

atmosphere. 

slant range. The stralght-llne dlstance of an 

alrcraft at any altltude from surface zero or 

the dlstance from an alrburst to a locatlon on 

the ground. 

- SRI.Stanford Research Instltute. Stanford, 

Callfornla. 

stratosphere. Upper portlon ofthe atmosphere, 

approxlmately 7 to 40 mlles (11 to 64 km) above 

the Earth’s surface, In whlch temperature 

changes but llttle wlth altltude and cloud formatlons are rare. 

streamllne. In meteorology, the dlrectlon of the 

wlnd at any glven tlme. 

surface burst. A nuclear exploslon on the land 

surface, an lsland surface or reef, or on a 

barge. 

surface zero. The polnt on the surface of land or 

water at, or vertlcally below or above, the 

center of the burst of a nuclear weapon. 

survey meters. Portable radlatlon detectlon lnstruments especlally adapted for surveylng or 

lnspectlng an area to establlsh the exlstence 

trapped radiation 

and amount of radlatlon present, usually from 

the standpolnt of radlologlcal protectlon. 

Survey Instruments are customarlly powered by 

self-contalned batterles and are deslgned to 

respond qulckly and to lndlcate dlrectly the 

exposure-rate condltlons at the polnt of lnterest. See AN/PDR-36. Gelqer-Mueller counter, 

and lon-chamber-type survev meter. 

survev. radlatlon. Evaluatlon of the radlatlon 

hazards assoclated ulth radloactlve materlals. 

x. Personnel transport (Mllltary Sea Transportlon Servlce). 

- TAU. Test Alrcraft Unlt. 

- TBU.Test Base Unlt. 

- TOY. Temporary duty asslgnment. 

- TG.Task Group. 

- TE. Task Element. 

thermal radatlon. Electromagnetlc radlatlon 

emltted ln two pulses from a surface or alrburst from the flreball as a consequence of 

its very hlgh temperature; It conslsts essentlally of ultravlolet. vlslble. and lnfrared 

radlatlon. In the flrst pulse, when the temperature of the flreball 1s extremely hlgh. 

ultravlolet radlatlon predomlnates; In the 

second pulse, the temperatures are lower and 

most of the thermal radlatlon lles In the vlsIble and lnfrared reglons of the spectrum. 

thermonuclear fuslon. Refers to the processes In 

whlch very hlgh temperatures are used to brlng 

about the fuslon of llght nuclel, such as those 

of the hydrogen Isotopes (deuterlum and trltlum). wlth the accompanylng llberatlon f 

energy. The hlgh temperatures requlred to lnltlate the fuslon reactlon are obtalned by means 

of a flsslon exploslon. See also fuslon. 

TNT equlvalent. A measure of the energy released 

as the result of the detonatlor. of a nuclear 

devlce or weapon. expressed In terms of the 

mass of TNT that would release the same amount 

of energy when exploded. The TNT equlvalent 1s 

usually stated In kllotons (thousands of tons) 

or megatons (mllllons of tons). The basls of 

the TNT equlvalence Is that the xploslon of 

1 ton of TNT 1s assumed to release 1 bllllon 

calorles of energy. See also megaton. ylelQ. 

trapped radlatlon. Electrlcally charged partlcles 

movlng back and forth In splrals along the 

north-south orlentatton of the Earth’s magnetic fleld between mlrror polnts. called conJugate polnts. Negatlvely charged partlcles 

drlft eastward as they bounce between northern 

and southern conjugate polnts and posltlvely 

charged partlcles drlft westward. thus formlng 

shells or belts of radlatlon above the Earth. 

The source of the charged partlcles may be natural, from solar actlvlty (often called Van 

Allen belts), oratlflcal. resultlng from 

hlgh-altltude nuclear detonatlons. 

405 
tropopause 

troDopause. The boundary dlvldlng the stratosphere from the lower part of the atmosphere. 

the troposphere. The tropopause normally occurs 

at an altltude of about 25,000 to 45,000 feet 

(7.6 to 13.7 km) In polar and temperate zones, 

and at 55.000 feet (16.8 km) ln the troplcs. 

See also stratosphere, troDosDhere. 

troposphere. The reglon of the atmosphere, lmnedtately above the Earth's surface and up to 

the tropopause, ln uhlch the temperature falls 

falrly regularly wlth lncreaslng altltude. 

clouds form, convectlon 1s actlve, and rnlxlng 

Is contlnuous and more or less complete. 

Trust Terrltory. The Harshall Islands were lncluded In the Trust Terrltory of the Paclflc 

Islands under the jurlsdlctlon of the Unlted 

Natlons. Asslgned by the Unlted Natlons to the 

Unlted States In trust for admlnlstratlon. development, and tralnlng. 

- TU.Task Unlt. 

- TSU.Test Servlces Unlt. 

m. Test Support Unlt (Provlslonal). 

tyDe comnander. The offlcer oagency havlng 

cognlzance over all Navy shlps of a glven type. 

Thls 1s In addltlon to the partlcular shlp's 

asslgnment ln a task force, fleet, or other 

tactlcal subdlvlslon. 

m. Unlverslty of Callfornla. Los Angeles. 

- UCRL. Unlverslty of Callfornla Radlatlon Laboratory, Llvermore. Callfornla. 

m. The Navy deslgnatlon for the SA-16A. 

- UHF.Ultra-hlgh frequency. 

ultravlolet. Electrornagnetlc radlatlon of wavelengths between the shortest vtslble vlolet 

(about 3.850 angstroms) and soft X-rays (about 

100 angstroms). 

" USFS. U.S. Forest Servlce. 

- USNS. Unlted States Navy Shlp; vessels of thls 

deslgnatlon are manned by ctvlllan crews. 

fi. Veterans, Admlnlstratlon. 

- VC. Fleet composlte squadron, formerly VU (Navy). 

versene. A detergent. 

- VHF. Very-h1gP.-frequency radlo comnunlcatlons. 

The VHF band Is from 30,to 300 kHz. 

Vlklnq. Radlo call slgn of VIP alrcraft. 

- VP. Avlatlon patrol squadron (Navy). 

- VR. Alr transport squadron (Navy). 

m. Wrlght Alr Development Center, WrlghtPatterson AFE. Ohlo (Alr Force). 

yield 

warhead. The portlon of the mlsslle or bomb contalnlng the nuclear devlce. 

- WASP. Flve-lnch shells flred to spread radartrackable rnaterlal (wlndow) to study hlghaltltude ulnds. 

m. Weather reconnalssance vrslon f 6-29 

used for cloud tracklng and sampllng. 

weapon debrls. The radloactlve resldue of a nuclear devlce after It has been detonated, conslstlng of flsslon products, varlous products 

of neutron capture, weapon caslng and other 

components, and uranlum or plutonlum that has 

escaped flsslon. 

whole-body Irradlatlon. Exposure of the body to 

lonlzlng radlatlon from external rdlatlon 

sources. Crltlcal organs for the whole body 

are the lens of the eye, the gonads, and the 

red-blood-forrnlng marrow. As little as only 1 

cm3 of bone marrow constltutes a whole-body 

exposure. Thus, the entlre body need not be 

exposed to be classed as a whole-body exposure. 

WIlson cloud. A mlst or fog of mlnute water droplets that temporarlly surrounds a ftreball 

followlng a nuclear detonatlon In a humid 

atmosphere. Thls 1s caused by a sudden lowerlng ofthe pressure (and temperature) after 

the passlng of the shock wave (cloud chamber 

effect) and qulckly dlsslpates as temperatures 

and pressures return to normal. 

wlndow. See WASP. 

worldwlde fallout. Conslsts of the smaller radloactlve nuclear detonatlon partlcles that ascend 

Into the upper troposphere and the stratosphere 

and are carrled by ulnds to all parts of the 

Earth. The delayed (or worldwlde) fallout Is 

brought to Earth, malnly by raln and snow. over 

extended perlods ranglng from months to years. 

a. Preflx of Weapon Test (UT) report ldentlflcatlon numbers. These reports were prepared to 

record the results of sclentlflc experlments. 

- YAG. Mlscellaneous auxlllary shlp (Navy). 

- YC.Open llghter. non-self-propelled (Navy). 

- YCV. Alrcraft transportatlon llghter. non-selfpropelled (Navy). 

- YFN. Covered llghter. non-self-propelled (Navy). 

- YFNE. Large covered llghter (Navy). 

yleld. The total effectlve energy released In a 

nuclear detonatlon. It 1s usually expressed In 

terms of the equlvalent tonnage of TNT requlred 

to produce the same energy release ln an exploslon. The total energy yleld 1s manlfested as 

nuclear radlatlon (lncludlng resldual radlatlon), thermal radtatlon, and blast and shock 

energy, the actual dlstrlbutlon dependlng upan 

the medlum 3n whlch the xploslon occurs and 

406 
yield ZI 

also upon the type of weapon. See TNT eaulva- u. Fuel 011 barge, self-propelled (Navy). 

lent. 

YOG. Gasollne barge, self-propelled (Navy). 

yleld (blastL. That portlon of the total energy - 

of a nuclear detonatlon that 1s ldentlfled as - YOGN. Gasoltne barge, non-self-propelled (Navy). 

the blast or shock wave. 

YON. 011 storage barge, non-self-propelled 

yleld (flsslonl. That portlon of the total exploslve yleld attrlbutable to nuclear flsslon. as 

opposed to fusion. The lnterest ln flsslon - 21. Zone of Interlor (conterrnlnous Unlted 

yleld stems from the lnterest In flsslon States). 

product formatlon and Its relatlonshlp to 

radloactlve fallout. 

- 

(Wavy). 

407 
408 
APPENDIX C 

I SL AND SYNONYMS 

CAPITALIZED entries are the code names used by the joint task force for 

the islands. Underscored entries are the names of the islands as used in this 

report. All other entries are spellings of the islands that may appear in 

other literature. 

Aaraanbiru 

ABLE 

Adr ikan 

Aerokoj 

Aeroko jlol 

Airukiiji 

Airukiraru 

Aitsu 

Alembel 

ALFA 

ALICE 

ALVIN 

Anan ii 

Anerowi j 

Aniyaan ii 

Aomen 

Aomoen 

Aomon 

Arambiru 

Arriikan 

BAKER 

BELLE 

Bigiren 

Biijiri 

Bijile 

Bi jire 

Bikdr in 

Biken 

Bikile 

Bikini 

B illae 

Billee 

Bogairikk 

Bogallua 

Bog an 

Boge ir ik 

Bogen 

Aej 

Bosombogo 

VERA - Alembel - Arambiru (Enewetak Atoll) 

Bokbata - Bokobyaada (Bikini Atoll) 

YOKE - Arriikan (Bikini Atoll) 

OLIVE - Aitsu (Enewetak Atoll) 

OBa - Airukiiji (Bikini Atoll) 

PETER - Airukiraru (Bikini Atoll) 

OBOE - Aerokoi (Bikini Atoll) 

PETER - Aerokoilol (Bikini Atoll) 

OLIVE - Aej (Enewetak Atoll) 

VERA - Aaraanbiru - Arambiru (Enewetak Atoll) 

Bokaetoktok - Bokoaetokutoku (Bikini Atoll) 

Bokoluo - Bogallua (Enewetak Atoll) 

Jinedrol - Chinieero (Enewetak Atoll) 

BRUCE - Aniyaanii (Enewetak Atoll) 

TOM - Munjor - Mun j ur (Enewetak Atoll) 

BRUCE - Ananij (Enewetak Atoll) 

GEORGE - Aomoen (Bikini Atoll) 

GEORGE - Aomen (Bikini Atoll) 

SALLY (Enewetak Atoll) 

VERA - Alembel - Aaraanbiru (Enewetak Atoll) 

YOKE - Adrikan (Bikini Atoll) 

Bokonejien (Bikini Atoll) 

Bokombako - Bogombogo (Enewetak Atoll) 

ROGER - Bikdrin (Bikini Atoll) 

TILDA - Bijire - Bijile - Bikile (Enewetak Atoll) 

TILDA - Bijire - Biijiri - Bikile (Enewetak Atoll 

TILDA - Bijile - Biijiri - Bikile (Enewetak Atoll 

ROGER - Eigiren (Bikini Atoll) 

LEROY - Rigile - Rigili (Enewetak Atoll) 

TILDA - Bijire - Bijile - Eiijiri (Enewetak Atoll 

HOW - (Bikini Atoll) 

WILMA - Piiraai - Piirai (Enewetak Atoll) 

LUCY - Kidrinen - Kirinian (Enewetak Atoll) 

HELEN - Bokaidrikdrik - Bogeirik - Bokaidrik (Enewetak Atoll) 

ALICE - Bokoluo (Enewetak Atoll) 

IRWIN - Boken - Pokon (Enewetak Atoll) 

HELEN - Bokaidrikdrik - Bogairikk - Bokaidrik (Enewetak Atoll) 

REX - Jedrol - Jieroru (Enewetak Atoll) 

BELLE - Bokombako (Enewetak Atoll) 

409 
Bog on 

Bokae tok tok 

Bokaidr ik 

Bokaidr ikdr ik 

Bokandretok 

Bokbata 

Bokdrolul 

Boken 

Bok en 

Bokenelab 

Bok i nwo tme 

Bok0 

Bokoaetoku toku 

Bokobyaada 

- 

Bokoluo 

Bokombako 

Bokonaarappu 

Bokonarppu 

Bokonej i en 

Bokonfuaaku 

Bokororyuru 

BRAVO 

BRUCE 

Buganegan 

CHARLIE 

Chieerete 

Chinieero 

Chinimi 

CLARA 

CLYDE 

Coca 

Cochita 

DAISY 

DAVID 

DOG 

Drekatimon 

Dr idr ilbwii 

EASY 

Eberiru 

EDNA 

Eleleron 

- 

Elle - 

ELMER 

Elugelab 

Eluklab 

Eneman 

Eneu 

~ 

Enewetak 

Engebi 

Eniairo 

Enidrik 

IRENE - Boken (Enewetak Atoll) 

ALFA - Bokoaetokutoku (Bikini Atoll) 

HELEN - Bokaidrikdrik - Bogairikk - Bogeirik (Enewetak Atoll) 

HELEN - Bogairikk - Bogeirik - Bokaidrik (Enewetak Atoll) 

WALT (Enewetak Atoll) 

ABLE - Bokobyaada (Bikini Atoll) 

BRAVO - Bokororyuru (Bikini Atoll) 

IRENE - Bogon (Enewetak Atoll) 

IRWIN - Pokon - Bogan (Enewetak Atoll) 

MARY - Bokonaarappu - Bokonarppu (Enewetak Atoll) 

EDNA - Sanildefonso (Enewetak Atoll) 

SAM (Enewetak Atoll) 

ALFA - Bokaetoktok (Bikini Atoll) 

ABLE - Bokbata (Bikini Atoll) 

ALICE - Bogallua (Enewetak Atoll) 

BELLE - B&ombogo (Enewetak Atoll) 

MARY - Bokenelab - Bokonarppu (Enewetak Atoll) 

MARY - Bokenelab - Bokonaarappu (Enewetak Atoll) 

BAKER (Bikini Atoll) 

ITEM (Bikini Atoll) 

BRAVO - Bokdrolul (Bikini Atoll) 

Bokdrolul - Bokororyuru (Bikini Atoll) 

Ananii - Aniyaanii (Enewetak Atoll) 

HENRY - - Mut - Mui (Enewetak Atoll) 

- Nam - Namu (Bikini Atoll) 

WILLIAM - Jelete (Bikini Atoll) 

ALVIN - Jinedrol (Enewetak Atoll) 

CLYDE - Jinimi (Enewetak Atoll) 

Kirunu - Eybbiyae - Ruchi (Enewetak Atoll) 

Jinimi - Chinimi (Enewetak Atoll) 

(Bikini Atoll) 

DAISY - Lou1 - Lidilbut (Enewetak Atoll) 

Lou1 - Cochita - Lidilbut (Enewetak Atoll) 

Japtan - Muti (Enewetak Atoll) 

Iroii - Yurochi (Bikini Atoll) 

OSCAR (Enewetak Atoll) 

GENE - Teiteiripucchi (Enewetak Atoll) 

Uorikku - Odrik (Bikini Atoll) 

RUBY - Eleleron (Enewetak Atoll) 

Bokinwotme - Sanildefonso (Enewetak Atoll) 

RUBY - Eberiru (Enewetak Atoll) 

NANCY - Yeiri (Enewetak Atoll) 

Parry - Medren (Enewetak Atoll) 

FLORA - Eluklab (Enewetak Atoll) 

FLORA - Elugelab (Enewetak Atoll) 

'INRE - Eninman (Bikini Atoll) 

NAN - Enyu (Bikini Atoll) 

FRED - Eniwetok (Enewetak Atoll) 

JANET - Enjebi (Enewetak Atoll) 

KING (Bikini Atoll) 

UNCLE - Eniirikku - (Bikini Atoll) 

410 
Eniirikku 

Eninman 

Eniwetok 

En j ebi 

Enyu 

Eybbiyae 

FLORA 

FOX 

FRED 

GENE 

GEORGE 

Gir i inien 

GLENN 

Gr inem 

HELEN 

HENRY 

HOW 

Igur in 

I kur en 

Inedral 

Ionchebi 

IRENE 

Iroii 

IRWIN 

ITEM 

JAMES 

JANET 

Japtan 

Jedrol 

Jelete 

Jieroru 

JIG 

Jinedrol 

Jinimi 

KATE 

KEITH 

Kidrenen 

Kidr inen 

KING 

Kir inian 

K ir unu 

Le le 

LEROY 

Libiron 

Lid ilbut 

- 

Lo j wa 

Lomilik 

Louj 

UNCLE - Enidrik (Bikini Atoll) 

TARE - Eneman (Bikini Atoll) 

FRED - Enewetak (Enewetak Atoll) 

JANET - Engebi (Enewetak Atoll) 

NAN - Eneu (Bikini Atoll) 

CLARA - Kirunu - Ruchi (Enewetak Atoll) 

Eluklab - Elugelab (Enewetak Atoll) 

Lomilik - Romurikku (Bikini Atoll) 

Enewetak - Eniwetok (Enewetak Atoll) 

Dridrilbwii - Teiteiripucchi (Enewetak Atoll) 

Amen - Aomoen (Bikini Atoll) 

KEITH - Kidrenen - Grinem (Enewetak Atoll) 

Ikuren - Igurin (Enewetak Atoll) 

KEITH - Kidrenen - Giriinien (Enewetak Atoll) 

Bokaidrikdrik - Bogairikk - Bogeirik - Bokaidrik (Enewetak 

Atoll) 

- Mut - Buganegan - Mui (Enewetak Atoll) 

Bikini (Bikini Atoll) 

GLENN - Ikuren (Enewetak Atoll) 

GLENN - Igurin (Enewetak Atoll) 

URIAH (Enewetak Atoll) 

MIKE (Bikini Atoll) 

Boken - Bogon (Enewetak Atoll) 

DOG - Yurochi (Bikini Atoll) 

Boken - Bogan - Pokon (Enewetak Atoll) 

Bokonfuaaku (Bikini Atoll) 

Ribewon - Libiron - Ribaion (Enewetak Atoll) 

Enjebi - Engebi (Enewetak Atoll) 

DAVID - Muti (Enewetak Atoll) 

REX - Jieroru - Bogen (Enewetak Atoll) 

WILLIAM - Chieerete (Bikini Atoll) 

REX - Jedrol - Bogen (Enewetak Atoll) 

Yomyaran (Bikini Atoll) 

ALVIN - Chinieero (Enewetak Atoll) 

CLYDE - Chinimi (Enewetak Atoll) 

Mijikadrek - Mujinkarikku - Muzinbaarikku (Enewetak Atoll) 

Kidrenen - Giriinien - Grinem (Enewetak Atoll) 

KEITH - Giriinien - Grinem (Enewetak Atoll) 

LUCY - Billee - Kirinian (Enewetak Atoll) 

Eniairo (Bikini Atoll) 

LUCY - Kidrinen - Billee (Enewetak Atoll) 

CLARA - Eybbiya.-, - Ruchi (Enewetak Atoll) 

SUGAR - Reere (Bikini Atoll) 

Biken - Rigile - Rigili (Enewetak Atoll) 

JAMES - Ribewon - Ribaion (Enewetak Atoll) 

DAISY - Louj - Cochita (Enewetak Atoll) 

URSULA - Rojoa (Enewetak Atoll) 

FOX - Ramurikku (Bikini Atoll) 

DAISY - Cochita - Lidilbut (Enewetak Atoll) 

” 

4 11 
IAVE 

LUCY 

Lu j or 

Lukoi 

MACK 

MARY 

Medr en 

Mi j i kadr ek 

MIKE 

Mu i 

Mujinkarikku 

Mun jor 

Munj ur 

Mu t 

Muti 

Muzinbaarikku 

Nam 

Namu 

NAN 

NANCY 

OBOE 

Odr ik 

OLIVE 

Oroken 

OSCAR 

Ourukaen 

- 

- 

Parry 

PEARL 

PERCY 

PETER 

Piiraai 

Piirai 

Pok on 

Reer e 

REX 

Ribaion 

Ribewon 

Rig ile 

Rigi li 

Rochikarai 

ROGER 

Ro joa 

Ranur i k ku 

RUBY 

Ruch i 

Ru j iyoru 

Ru joru 

Ruko j i 

Run it 

Rochikarai (Bikini Atoll) 

Kidrinen - Billee - Kirinian (Enewetak Atoll) 

PEARL - Rujiyoru - Rujoru (Enewetak Atoll) 

VICTOR - Rukoji (Bikini Atoll) 

Unibor (Enewetak Atoll) 

Bokenelab - Bokonaarappu - Bokonarppu (Enewetak Atoll) 

ELMER - Parry (Enewetak Atoll) 

KATE - Mujinkarikku - Muzinbaarikku (Enewetak Atoll) 

Ionchebi (Bikini Atoll) 

HENRY - Mut - Buganegan (Enewetak Atoll) 

KATE - Mijikadrek - Muzinbaarikku (Enewetak Atoll) 

TOM - Anerowij - Munjur (Enewetak Atoll) 

TOM - Munjor - Anerowij (Enewetak Atoll) 

HENRY - Buganegan - Mui (Enewetak Atoll) 

DAVID - Japtan (Enewetak Atoll) 

KATE - Mijikadrek - Mujinkarikku (Enewetak Atoll) 

CHARLIE - Namu (Bikini Atoll) 

CHARLIE - Nam (Bikini Atoll) 

Eneu - Enyu (Bikini Atoll) 

- Zlle - Yeiri (Enewetak Atoll) 

Aerokoi - Airukiiji (Bikini Atoll) 

EASY - Uorikku (Bikini Atoll) 

Aej - Aitsu (Enewetak Atoll) 

ZEBRA - Ourukaen (Bikini Atoll) 

- 

- 

- 

Drekatimon (Enewetak Atoll) 

ZEBRA - Oroken (Bikini Atoll) 

ELMER - Medren (Enewetak Atoll) 

Lujor - Rujiyoru - Rujoru (Enewetak Atoll) 

Taiwel (Enewetak .- Atoll) 

Aerokojlol - Airukiraru (Bikini Atoll) 

WILMA - Billae - Piirai (Enewetak Atoll) 

WILMA - Billae - Piiraai (Enewetak Atoll) 

IRWIN - Boken - Bogan (Enewetak Atoll) 

SUGAR - Lele (Bikini Atoll) 

Jedrol - Bogen - Jieroru (Enewetak Atoll) 

JAMES - Ribewon - Libiron (Enewetak Atoll) 

JAMES - Libiron - Ribaion (Enewetak Atoll) 

LEROY - Biken - Rigili (Enewetak Atoll) 

LEROY - Biken - Rigile (Enewetak Atoll) 

IOVE (Bikini Atoll) 

Bikdrin - Bigiren (Bikini Atoll) 

URSULA - Lojwa (Enewetak Atoll) 

FOX - Lomilik (Bikini Atoll) 

Eleleron - Eberiru (Enewetak Atoll) 

CLARA - Kirunu - Eybbiyae (Enewetak Atoll) 

PEARL - Lujor - Rojoru (Enewetak Atoll) 

PEARL - Lujor - Rujiyoru (Enewetak Atoll) 

VICTOR - Lukoi (Bikini Atoll) 

YVONNE (Enewetak Atoll) 

412 
SALLY 

SAM 

San ildef onso 

SUGAR 

Taiwel 

TARE 

Te ite ir ipucchi 

TILDA 

TOM 

UNCLE 

Unibor 

Uor ikku 

URIAH 

URSULA 

VAN 

VERA 

VICTOR 

WALT 

WILLIAM 

WILMA 

Yei r i 

YOKE 

Yomyar an 

Yur och i 

YVONNE 

ZEBRA 

Aomon (Enewetak Atoll) 

EDNA - Bokinwotme (Enewetak Atoll) 

- Lele - Reere (Bikini Atoll) 

PERCY (Enewetak Atoll) 

Eneman - Eninman [Bikini Atoll) 

GENE - Dridrilbwii - (Enewetak Atoll) 

Bijire - Bijile - Biijiri - Bikile (Enewetak Atoll) 

Munjor - Anerowij - Munjur (Enewetak Atoll) 

Enidrik - Eniirikku (Bikini Atoll) 

MACK (Enewetak Atoll) 

EASY - Odrik (Bikini Atoll) 

Inedral (Enewetak Atoll) 

Lojwa - Rojoa (Enewetak Atoll) 

(Enewetak Atoll) 

Alembel - Aaraanbiru - Arambiru (Enewetak Atoll) 

Lukoi - Rukoji (Bikini Atoll) 

Bokandretok (Enewetak Atoll) 

Jelete - Chieerete (Bikini Atoll) 

Billae - Piirai - Piiraai (Enewetak Atoll) 

NANCY - (Enewetak Atoll) 

Adrikan - Arriikan (Bikini Atoll) 

JIG (Bikini Atoll) 

DOG - Iroii (Bikini Atoll.) 

Runit - (Enewetak Atoll) 

Oroken - Ourukaen (Bikini Atoll) 

- Bok0 (Enewetak Atoll) 

413 
414 
APPENDIX D 

INDEX OF PARTICIPATING ORGANIZATIONS 

USS Abnaki (ATF-96). Operations: 57, 265, 284; 

Radsafe Activities: 88, 264; Personnel Exposures: 262; Position Data: 178, 184. 190, 194, 

200, 204. 

ACF Industries. 322, 325. 

Advance Industries, Inc. 155, 322, 325. 

Aerial Early Warning Squadron Three. 117. 

" USS Agawam (AOG-6). 109, 210, 212, 266, 331. 

ZNS-rred C. Ainsworth (T-AP-181). Operations: 

56, 59, 68, 70, 173, 216, 217, 266, 276, 

277, 298; Radsafe Activities: 78, 88, 123, 175, 

176; Position Data: 178, 184, 190, 194, 200, 

204, 248, 252; Fallout Involvement: 210; Personnel Exposures: 262. 

Air Defense Comnand Hq. 309. 

Air Force. 305-316; see also entries under individual Air Force units. 

Air Force Cambridge Rsearch Center (AFCRC). 

Experimental Activities: 63, 136, 137, 152, 

154, 155, 313; Personnel Strength: 307. 

Air Force Comnunications Service Hq. 309. 

Air Force School of Aviation Medicine (AFSAM). 

141, 149. 

Air Force Security Service Hq. 309. 

Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC). Operations: 61, 37, 140, 144, 145, 148-153, 155, 

306, 312; Radsafe Activities: 128-130. 

Air Force Wright Air Development Center (WADC). 

254. 

Air Materiel Comnand Hq (Air Force). 309. 

Air Photo and Charting Service (Air Force). 308. 

Air Research and Development Comnand (Air Force). 

309. 

Air University (Air Force). 309. 

Air Weather Service. 101, 05. 

Airways and Air Communication Service (AACS). 64, 

105, 308, 310; see also individual AACS units. 

Albuquerque Operations Office, Test Division 

(AEC) (ALOO). 91 

Allied Research Associates (ARA). 152, 153, 322, 

326. 

Allison Division, General Motors. 322, 326. 

American Red Cross. 322, 327. 

Anti-Aircraft Artillery and Guided Missile Center 

(Army). 255. 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP). 

Operations: 43, 749, 138, 143, 160, 320; 

Personnel Exposure: 321. 

Army. 255-260; see also entries under individual 

Army units. 

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). 21, 27, 39, 47- 

49, 51, 65, 73, 91, 92, 99, 100, 103, 106, 109, 

110, 117, 129, 130, 132, 133, 144, 161, 181, 

198, 210, 213, 215, 321; see also entries under 

divisions of the AEC and other AEC organizations and laboratories. 

USS Badoen Strait (CVE-116). Operations: 56-58, 

"r+h;-mj, 269, 270, 278, 317; Radsafe 

Activities: 82. 87. 88. 9. 0. 97. 113. 121. 

126; Personnei Exposuie: '254,' 262; Position 

Data: 178, 184, 190, 194, 200, 204. 

Ballistic Research Laboratories (BRL) (Army), 

134, 137, 148, 255, 256. 

Bendix Corporation. 137, 326. 

- USNS Bernalillo County (T-LST-306). 57, 68, 88, 89, 262, 270. 

Boeing Aircraft Company. 150, 322, 327. 

- USS Ca_l_iente (AO-53). 67, 89, 262, 265, 272, 275, 2m, 23&"293. 

California Forest and Range Experiment Station 

(CFRES). 158, 322, 327. 

Cambridge Corporation. 322, 327. 

USS Catamount (LSD-17). Experimental Activities: 

-TS6;-IBb;aperations: 57, 59, 68, 71, 161-164, 

172, 173, 264. 265, 272, 284, 300; Radsafe Activities: 88, 123, 175; Personnel Exposures: 

262; Position Data: 178, 184, 190, 194, 200. 

204. 

Chemical Corps (Army). Operations: 141, 144, 158, 

Radsafe Activities: 160, 176; Personnel Exposure: 256. 

415 
USS Chickasaw (ATF-83). 57, 87, 88, 262, 273; 

Position Data: 178, 184, 190, 194, 200, 204; 

Personnel Exposures: 262. 

Chief of Naval Operations (CNO). 301. 

Chief Signal Officer (Army). 257. 

Civil Aeronautics Administration. 101. 

Clothing Supply Office (Navy). 301. 

Cmander in Chief, Pacific (CINCPAC). 47, 66, 

101. 

Commander, Naval Air Force Pacific (ComAirPac). 

66. 

Commander, Navy Service Force (ComServPac). 66. 

Continental Army Command. 257. 

Convair-General Dynamics Company. 155, 327. 

Cook Research Laboratories. 150-152, 158, 159, 

322, 327. 

USS Crook County (LST-611). Operations: 57, 143, 

147, 166, 168, 171, 173, 275, 296, 298; Radsafe 

Activities: 82, 88, 112; Personnel Exposures: 

262; Position Data: 178, 184, 190, 200, 204, 

229, 237. 

Tr 173, 182, 267, 274, 278, 279, 283, 

USS Curtiss (AV-4). Operations: 56, 57, 59, 68, 

287. 289. 290. 292. 319: ExDerimental Activitie;: 133; Radsafe Activjtie;: 82, 88, 89, 90, 

105, 113, 123, 175; Fallout Involvement: 210; 

Personnel Exposures: 262, 318; Position Data: 

178, 184, 190, 194, 200, 204, 229, 252. 

Department of State. 1. 99, 181. 

Destroyer Squadron Three (Navy). 71. 

Division of Biology and Medicine (AEC). 92, 99, 

109. 

Division of Military Applications (DMA), (AEC). 

30, 210, 321, 324. 

Douglas Aircraft Company. 150, 153, 322, 327. 

Edgerton, Germeshausen & Grier (EG&G). 133, 136, 

138, 159, 322, 327. 

USS Elkhorn (AOG-7). 109, 280. 

En ineer Research and Development Laboratory 

?Army). 137, 148, 256, 257. 

USS Estes (AGC-12). Operations: 56, 57, 58, 68, 

70, 73, 142, 143, 147, 148, 170, 171, 173, 175, 

273, 276, 283, 287, 319; Radsafe Activities: 

77, 87, 88, 90, 101, 103, 113, 123; Personnel 

Exposures: 262, 318; Position Data: 178, 184, 

190, 194, 200, 204. 

Evans Signal Laboratory (ESL). See Signal Corps 

(Army 1. 

Far East Air Force (FEAF). 63, 309. 

Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA). 180, 

181, 322, 325. 

Fleet Training Center (Navy). 85. 

Fleet Marine Force, Pacific. 318, 319. 

USNS Sgt. Archer T. Gammon (T-AK-243). 82, 88, 

,* 

General Electric Company. 153, 27. 

Gilfillan Brothers, Inc. 322, 325. 

Hanford Atomic Power Operation. 321, 324. 

Hastings Instrument Company. 150. 

Hazeltine Corporation. 322, 327. 

Headquarters USAF. 60, 63, 103, 08, 314. 

Headquarters USAF, DCS/Ops. 309. 

Holmes & Narver (H&N). 39, 43, 65, 68, 71, 73, 

74, 84, 91, 105, 138, 173, 175, 212, 264, 265, 

286, 219, 322, 327. 

MV Horizon. Experimental Activity: 142, 171, 173, 

, 328; Radsafe Activities: 112; Fallout 

t%lt:Lent: 298; Position Data: 178, 184, 190, 

200, 204. 

Hcrning-Cooper Corporation (sometimes Cooper Development Corporation). 142, 322, 327. 

Herrick L. Johnston, Inc. 322, 327. 

Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS). 301. 

Joint Office of Test Information (JOTI). 181, 

289. 

USS Karin (AF-33). 67, 109, 110, 281. 

Kaiser Electric. 144, 145, 322, 327. 

USS Kishwaukee (AOG-9). 109, 281. 

USS Knudson (APD-10). Operations: 57, 68, 142, 

169, 1/3, 282, Radsafe Activities: 88; Fallout 

Involvement: 210; Personnel Exposures: 262; 

Position Data: 178, 184, 190, 200, 204, 237, 

252. 

USS James E. K es (DD-787). Operations: 57, 272, 

273, 283, 28:; Radsafe Activities: 88; Personnel Exposures: 262; Position Data: 222, 226, 

229, 232, 239, 248. 

ddsafe Activities: 88; Personnel ExpoUSS Li an (ATF-85). Operations: 57, 264, 285, 

sures: 262; Position Data: 178, 184, 190, 194, 

200, 204. 

4 16 
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL). 49, 64, 

79, 85, 86, 90, 101, 03, 129, 132, 158, 177, 

188, 193, 198, 220, 228, 230, 234, 303, 321, 

324. 

USNS Pvt. Joe E. Mann (T-AK-253). 67, 109, 287. 

Marine Detachment, USS Curtis. 318, 319. 

Marine Detachment, USS Estes. 318, 319. 

Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron 363 (HMR363). Operations: 57, 58, 64, 68, 69, 176, 197, 

269, 317; Radsafe Activities: 90, 97, 115; Personnel Exposures: 318, 369. 

Martin Company. 151, 322, 327. 

McDonnell Aircraft Company. 152, 322, 327. 

USS McGint (DE-365). Operations: 57, 142, 171, 

73, 2 7, 292, 293; Radsafe Activities: 82, 

88; Personnel Exposures: 262; Position Data: 

184, 190, 194, 200, 204, 245. 

USS Mount McKinle (AGC-7). Operations: 69, 173, 

180, 181, 287,'289, 329; Radsafe Activities: 

82, 89, 112, 13; Personnel Exposures: 262, 

323; Position Data: 184, 222. 

+ 

USS Merapi (AF-38). 67, 109, 273, 289, 291. 

Military Air Transport Service (MATS). 59, 60, 

64, 67, 309. 

Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS). 59, 

68. 

USS Mispillion (AO-105). 67, 109, 289. 

USS Namakagon (AOG-53). 110, 289. 

USS Natchauq (AOG-59). 110, 289. 

National Bureau of Standards (NBS). 103, 322, 

325. 

Naval Air Special Weapons Facility (NASWF). 

Operations: 63, 153, 157-159, 302; Personnel 

Exposures: 263. 

Naval Air Station, Kwajalein. 45, 57, 88, 319. 

Naval Medical Research Institute. 302. 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL). 136, 137, 263, 

302. 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL). 

Operations: 142, 143, 146, 152, 157, 158, 165, 

169, 303; Radsafe Activities: 85, 90, 91, 97, 

98, 128; Personnel Exposures: 263. 

Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). 146, 156, 263. 

303. 

Naval Schools Comnand, Treasure Island (NSC, TI). 

86, 87, 97. 

USS Navasota (AO-106). 67, 89, 110, 264, 289. 

Navy. 261-300; see also entires under individual 

Navy units. 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer). 153, 158, 

159, 263. 301. 

Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery (BuMed). 

Operations: 143, 146, 190, 301; Radsafe Activities: 90, 92; Personnel Exposures: 263. 

Navy Bureau of Naval Personnel. 110. 

Navy Bureau of Ships (BuShips). Operations: 143, 

146-158, 301; Radsafe Activities: 97, 98, 109; 

Personnel Exposures: 263. 

Navy Hydrographic Office. 100. 

USS Nmasket (AOG-10). 290. 

New York Naval Shipyard. 143. 

New York Operations Office (NYKOPO) (AEC). 110, 

144, 198, 321, 324. 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). 143, 21, 

324. 

Patrol Squadron 1 (VP-1) (Navy). Operations: 57, 

59, 70, 82, 161, 171, 216, 273, 302, 303; Radsafe Activities: 97, 117, 119; Personnel Exposures: 263. 

Patrol Squadron 22 (VP-22) (Navy). 117, 303. 

Philco Corporation. 322, 328. 

Pictorial Center (Army), 256, 257. 

Pratt & Whitney. 322, 328. 

Radiation Inc. 322, 328. 

Raydist Corporation. 138, 322, 328. 

Reeves Instrument Company. 323, 328. 

Republic Aviation, Inc. 323, 328. 

RSSU. See 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit. 

Sacramento Air Materiel Area. 306. 

Sandia Corporation. 51, 95, 101, 103, 133, 136, 

137, 149, 141, 215, 287, 321. 

Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO). Experimental Operations: 138, 149, 142, 166, 292, 

293, 328; Personnel Exposures: 323. 

USS Shelton (DD-790). Operations: 57, 277, 290, 

291, 293; Radsafe Activities: 82, 88; Personnel 

Exposures: 262; Position Data: 226, 242, 245. 

Signal Corps (Army). Experimental Operations: 

140, 144, 155, 156, 258; Radsafe Activities: 

4 17 
176; Personnel Exposures: 256; see also Chief 

Signal Officer, and Pictorial Center. 

Signal Engineering Laboratories (SEL). See Signal 

Corps (Army) . 

Signal Plant Engineering Agency (Army). 258. 

USS Silverstein (DD-534). Operations: 57, 152, 

171, 173; Radsafe Activities: 82, 88; Personnel 

Exposures: 262; Position Data: 190, 194, 200, 

204, 245. 

USS Sioux (ATF-75). Operations: 57, 142, 293, 

304; Radsafe Activities: 82, 88, 89; Personnel 

Exposures: 262; Position Data: 178, 184, 190, 

200, 204. 

Southeastern Signal School (Army). 256, 258. 

Sperry Gyroscope Company. 154, 323. 

Strategic Air Comnand Hq. 307, 310. 

USS Sussex (AK-213). 67, 110, 291, 295. 

T-LST-618. 57, 68, 262. 

Technical Operations Inc. (TechOps). 152. 

Transport Squadron 3 (VR-3) (Navy). 263, 302. 

Transport Squadron 8 (VR-8) (Navy). 263, 304. 

Transport Squadron 21 (VR-21) (Navy). 304. 

Tripler Army Hospital. 86. 

United Aircraft Company. 323, 328. 

U.S. Coast Guard. 322, 325. 

U.S. Forest Service (USFS). 158, 322, 325. 

U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS). 77, 91, 106, 

110, 322. 325. 

U.S. Weather Bureau (USWB). 101-103, 105, 322, 

325. 

USS Wal ton (DE-361). 89, 110, 295, 296. 

University of California. 104, 323, 328. 

University ofCalifornia Radiation Laboratory 

(UCRL). 49, 64, 85, 101, 132, 153, 182, 203, 

223, 235, 240, 244, 247, 321, 324. 

University of Dayton. 153, 323, 328. 

University of Illinois. 148, 323;328. 

University of Texas. 323, 328. 

University of Washington (Applied Fisheries Laboratory). 323, 328. 

Walter Reed Institute of Research (Army). 72, 

258. 

Warner-Robins Air Materiel Area (Air Force). 306. 

Western Electric Company. 51, 133, 323, 328. 

Western Sea Frontier. 67. 

Whidbey Island Naval Air Station. 88. 

Wright Air Development Center (WADC) (Air Force). 

62, 64, 307. 

YAG-39 (USS George Eastman). Experimental Activities: 7, - , 147, 166, 171, 173, 

181, 1-5, 296; Radsafe Activities: 82. 88. 112: Personnel Exoosures: 262: 

Position batai 178,- 184, 190, 200,' 204, 245. . 

YAG-40 (USS Granville S. Hall). Experimental Activities: 46, 166, 167, 169, 

171, 173, %, '%, I%, '199, 206, 275, 296, 

298; Radsafe Activities: 82, 88, 112, 5, 

126; Personnel Exposure: 262; Position Data: 

178, 184, 190, 200, 204, 245. 

1st Radiological Safety Support Unit (Army). 

Operations: 51, 79, 85, 160, 258; Personnel 

Exposure: 257, 334. 

2nd Air Force. 63. 

3rd Marine Air Wing. 318, 319. 

4th Weather Group (Air Force). 308. 

6th Weather Squadron (Air Force). 63, 308, 314. 

8th Air Force. 309. 

8th Signal Company, 8th Army. See Signal Corps. 

15th Air Force. 309. 

26th District OSI (Air Force). 306. 

47th Air Transport Squadron (Air Force). 309. 

48th Air Transport Squadron (Air Force). 309, 

316. 

49th Air Rescue Squadron (Air Force). 63, 309, 

315. 

50th Air Transport Squadron (Air Force). 309. 

55th Air Weather Squadron (Air Force), 64, 308. 

57th Air Weather Squadron (Air Force), 64, 308, 

315. 

301st Bombardment Wing (Air Force). 63, 307, 313. 

310th Troop Carrier Squadron (Air Force). 64, 

307, 312. 

345th Bombardment Group (Air Force). 62, 307. 

461st Bombardment Wing (Air Force). 307. 

4 18 
498th Bombardment Squadron (Air Force). 62, 307. 

499th Bombardment Squadron (Air Force). 62, 307. 

500th Bombardment Squadron (Air Force). 307. 

503rd Air Defense Group (Air Force). 309. 

505th Military Police Battalion, Company C 

(Army). Operations: 52, 54, 55, 258; Personnel 

Exposure: 256. 

747th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron (Air 

Force ) . 306. I 

759th Bombardment Squadron (Air Force). 307. 

764th Bombardment Squadron (Air Force). 62, 307. 

765th Bombardment Squadron (Air Force). 62 

766th Bombardment Squadron (Air Force). 62, 307. 

902nd CIC Detachment (Army). 256, 259. 

1009th Special Weapons Squadron (Air Force). 306. 

1253nd Airways and Air Comnunication Service 

Squadron. 64, 310, 315. 

1254th Air Transport Group (Air Force). 309. 

1352nd Motion Picture Squadron (Air Force). 64, 

308, 315. 

1370th Mapping and Charting Squadron (Air Force). 

308. 

1371st Mapping and Charting Squadron (Air Force). 

64, 308, 315. 

1401st Air Base Wing (Air Force). 306. 

1611th Air Base Group (Air Force). 306. 

1703rd Air Transport Group (Air Force). 309. 

1707th Air Trnasport Wing (Air Force). 309, 316. 

1734th Air Transport Squadron (Air Force). 309. 

1800th Airways and Air Comnunication Service Wing 

(Air Force). 308. 

2049th Airways and Air Comunication Service 

Squadron (Air Force). 315. 

3331st Technical Training Squadron (Air Force). 

309. 

3525th Preventive Maintenance Squadron (Air 

Force). 306. 

4054th SU (Army). 259. 

4900th Air Base Group (Air Force). 306. 

4924th Maintenance Squadron (Air Force). 306. 

4925th Test Group (Air Force). 306. 

4926th Test Squadron (Air Force). 91, 291, 307. 

4928th Test Squadron (Air Force). 63, 307. 

4929th Test Squadron (Air Force). 306. 

4930th Support Group (Test) (Air Force). 64, 306. 

4931st Operations Squadron (Air Force). 64, 306, 

312. 

4932nd Maintenance Squadron (Air Force). 64, 306, 

312. 

6007th Reconnaissance Group (Air Force). 159. 

6091st Reconnaissance Squadron (Air Force). 63, 

313. 

6486th Air Base Group (Air Force). 306. 

6486th Maintenance and Supply Group (Air Force). 

306. 

7126th Army Unit. Operations: 52, 54, 65, 70, 71, 

73, 259; Personnel Exposures: 256. 

8452nd AAU (Army). 260. 

8600th Army Unit, 2nd Army ASA Detachment. 54, 

55, 71, 260, 256. 

9045th TU. See Signal Corps. 

9677th TU. See Signal Corps. 

9710th TU. See Chemical Corps. 

419 
420 
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ATTN: NTPR 

USAF School of Aerospace Medicine 

ATTN: Strughold Library 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

Department of Energy 

ATTN: OMA, DP-22 

Nevada Operations Office 

2 cy ATTN: R. Nutley 

ATTN: Health Physics Div 

Human Health & Assessments Div 

ATTN: Librarian 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTORS 

Holmes & Narver, Inc 

ATTN: JNATDR, Mr Greene 

Lawrence Livermore National Lab 

ATTN: Technical Info Dept Library 

Los Alamos National Laboratory 

ATTN: M. Walz, ADLA MS A183 

ATTN: D. Cobb. ESS MSS D466 

2 cy ATTN: Library 2 cy ATTN: ADPA MMS 195 

Reynolds Electrical & Engr Co, Inc 

ATTN: CIC 

ATTN: W. Brady 

Sandia National Lab 

ATTN: Central Library 

ATTN: W. Hereford 

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 

U.S. Public Health Service 

ATTN: G. Caldwell 

Central Intelligence Agency 

ATTN: Office of Medical Services 

Dept of Health & Human Svcs 

ATTN: Office of General Counsel 

Exec Ofc of the President 

Management & Budget Ofc Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Library of Congress 

ATTN: Library Service Division 

ATTN: Science & Technology Div 

ATTN: Serial & Govt Publication 

422 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

National Archives 

ATTN: Librarian 

National Atomic Museum 

ATTN: Historian 

Department of Commerce 

ATTN: Librarian 

Occupational Safety & Health Admin 

ATTN: Library 

Office of Health & Disability 

ATTN: R. Copeland 

Office of Workers Compensation Pgrm 

ATTN: R. Larson 

U.S. Coast Guard Academy Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

U.S. House of Representatives 

2 cy ATTN: Committee on Armed Services 

U.S. House of Representatives 

ATTN: Subcommittee on Health & Envir 

U.S. Senate 

ATTN: Committee on Veterans Affairs 

U.S. Senate 

ATTN: committee on Veterans Affairs 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Providence, RI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration 

Washington, D.C. 

ATTN: Board of Veteran Appeal 

Veterans Administration - Ofc Central 

Washington, D.C. 

ATTN: Dept Veterans Benefit, Central Ofc 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Montgomery, AL 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Anchorage, AK 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Phoenix, AZ 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Little Rock, AR 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration -RO 

Los Angeles, CA 

ATTN : Director 

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans Administration - RO 

San Francisco, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Denver, CO 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Hartford, CT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Wilmington, DE 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

St. Petersburg, FL 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Atlanta, GA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Honolulu, HI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Chicago, IL 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Seattle, WA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Indianapolis, IN 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Des Moines, IA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Wichita, KS 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Louisville, KY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

New Orleans, LA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Togus, ME 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Baltimore, MD 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Boston, MA 

ATTN : Director 

4 23 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans Administration - RO 

St. Paul, MN 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Jackson, MS 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Huntington, WV 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

St. Louis, MO 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Fort Harrison, MT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Lincoln, NE 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Reno, NV 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Manchester, NH 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Newark, NJ 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Milwaukee, WI

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Albuquerque, NM 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Buffalo, NY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration -RO 

New York, NY 

ATTN : Di rector 

Veterans Administration -RO 

Winston Salem, NC 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Fargo, ND 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

C1 eve1 and, OH 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Muskogee, OK 

ATTN: Director 

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Portland, OR 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Pittsburgh, PA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Philadelphia, PA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

APO San Francisco 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

San Juan, Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Columbia, SC 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Sioux Falls, SD 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Houston, TX 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Waco, TX 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Salt Lake City, UT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

White River Junction, VT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Roanoke, VA 

ATTN : Di rector 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Cheyenne, WY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

San Diego, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Boise, ID 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration - RO 

Detroit, MI 

ATTN: Director 

424 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans dministration - RO 

Nashville, TN 

ATTN: Director 

The White House 

ATTN: Domestic Policy Staff 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS 

Advanced Research & Applications Corp 

ATTN: H. Lee 

JAYCOR 

10 cy ATTN: Health & Environment Div 

ATTN: A. Nelson 

Kaman Tempo 

ATTN : 

ATTN : 

ATTN : 

ATTN : 

ATTN : 

ATTN : 

ATTN : 

ATTN : 

ATTN : 

ATTN : 

ATTN : 

ATTN : 

ATTN : 

ATTN : 

ATTN : 

ATTN : 

6 cy ATTN: 

DAS I AC 

S. Bruce-Henderson 

F. Gladeck 

J . Hal 1 owe1 1 

F. McMul 1 an 

R. Miller 

W. Rogers 

R. Rowland 

C. Shelton 

P. Strurman 

L. Berkhouse 

S. Davis 

H. DeSantis 

P. Dean 

M. Doyle 

D. Patterson 

E. Martin 

Kaman Tempo 

ATTN: R. Miller 

Kaman Tempo 

10 cy ATTN: C. Jones 

National Academy of Sciences 

ATTN: C. Robinette 

ATTN: Medical Follow-up Agency 

ATTN: National Materials Advisory Board 

Pacific-Sierra Research Corp 

ATTN: H. Erode, Chairman SAGE 

R & D Associates 

ATTN: P. Haas 

Science Applications, Inc 

ATTN: Tech Library 

Science Applications, Inc 

10 cy ATTN: L. Novotney 

OTHER 

Albany Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Alexander City State Jr College 

ATTN: Librarian 

A1 1 egheny College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Allen County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Altoona Area Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

American Statistics Index 

ATTN: Cathy Jarvey 

Anaheim Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Andrews Library, College of Wooster 

ATTN: Government Documents 

Angelo State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Angelo Iacoboni Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Anoka County Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Appalachian State University 

ATTN: Library Documents 

Arizona State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Arizona 

ATTN: Gov Doc Dept , C. Bower 

Arkansas College Library 

ATTN : Library 

Arkansas Library Comm 

ATTN: Library 

Arkansas State University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Arkansas 

ATTN: Government Documents Div 

Austin College 

Arthur Hopkins Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Atlanta Public Library 

ATTN: Ivan Allen Dept 

425 
OTHER (Continued) 

Auburn Univ at Montgomery Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

B. Davis Schwartz Mem Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Bangor Pub1 ic Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Bates College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Baylor University Library 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

Beloit College Libraries 

ATTN: Serials Docs Dept 

Bemidji State College 

ATTN: Library 

Benjamin F. Feinberg Library 

State University College 

ATTN: Government Documents 

Bierce Library, Akron University 

ATTN: Government Documents 

Boston Public Library 

ATTN: Documents Department 

Bowdoin College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Bowling Green State Univ 

ATTN: Govt Docs Services 

Bradley University 

ATTN: Govt Publication Librarian 

Brandeis University Lib 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Documents Collection 

Brookhaven National Laboratory 

ATTN: Technical Library 

Brooklyn College 

ATTN: Documents Division 

Broward County Library Sys 

ATTN: Librarian 

Brown University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Bucknell University 

ATTN: Reference Dept 

OTHER (Continued) 

Buffalo & Erie Co Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Burl ington Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

California at Fresno State Univ Lib 

ATTN: Library 

California at San Diego University 

ATTN: Documents Department 

California at Stanislavs St Clg Lib 

ATTN: Library 

California St Polytechnic Univ Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

California St Univ at Northridge 

ATTN: Gov Doc 

California State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

California State Univ at 

ATTN: Librarian 

California State Universi 

ATTN: Librarian 

California State Universi 

ATTN: Librarian 

California Univ Library 

Long Beach Lib 

tY 

tY 

ATTN: Govt Publications Dept 

California Univ Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

California University Library 

ATTN: Govt Documents Dept 

California University Library 

ATTN: Documents Sec 

California University 

ATTN: Government Documents Dept 

Calvin College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Calvin T. Ryan Library 

Kearney State College 

ATTN: Govt Documents Dept 

Carleton College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Librarian 

Carnegie Mellon University 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

426 
OTHER (Continued) OTHER (Continued) 

Colgate Univ Library 

ATTN: Reference Library 

Colorado State Univ Libs 

ATTN: Librarian 

Colorado University Libraries 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Columbia University Library 

ATTN: Documents Service Center 

Columbus & Frank1 in Cty Public Lib 

ATTN: Gen Rec Div 

Compton Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Connecticut State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Govt of Connecticut 

Connecticut University 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Cornel1 University Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Corpus Christi State University Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Culver City Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Curry College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Dallas County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Dallas Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Dalton Jr College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Dartmouth College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Davenport Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Davidson College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Dayton & Montgomery City Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Dayton 

ATTN: Librarian 

Carson Regional Library 

ATTN: Gov Publications Unit 

Case Western Reserve University 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Central Florida 

ATTN: Library Docs Dept 

Central Michigan University 

ATTN: Library Documents Section 

Central Missouri State Univ 

ATTN: Government Documents 

Central State University 

ATTN: Library Documents Dept 

Central Washington University 

ATTN: Library Docs Section 

Central Wyoming College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Charleston County Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Charlotte & Mechlenburg County Pub Lib 

ATTN: E. Correll 

Chattanooga Hamilton Co 

ATTN: Librarian 

Chesapeake Pub Lib System 

ATTN: Librarian 

Chicago Public Library 

ATTN: Governments Publications Dept 

State University of Chicago 

ATTN: Librarian 

Chicago University Library 

ATTN: Director of 1-ibraries 

ATTN: Documents Processing 

Cincinnati University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Claremont Colleges Libs 

ATTN: Doc Collection 

Clemson University 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Cleveland Public Library 

ATTN: Documents Collection 

Cleveland State Univ Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Coe Library 

ATTN: Documents Division 

427 
OTHER (Continued 

Decatur Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Dekalb Corn Coll So Cpus 

ATTN: Librarian 

Delaware Pauw University 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Delaware 

ATTN: Librarian 

Delta College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Delta State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Denison Univ Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Denver Public Library 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Dept of Lib E Archives 

ATTN: Librarian 

Detroit Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Dickinson State College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Drake Memorial Learning Resource Ctr 

ATTN: Librarian 

Drake Un i vers i ty 

ATTN: Cowles Library 

Drew University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Duke University 

ATTN: Public Docs Dept 

Duluth Public Library 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Earl ham College 

ATTN: Librarian 

East Carolina University 

ATTN: Library Docs Dept 

East Central University 

ATTN: Librarian 

East Islip Public Library 

ATTN: Librdrian 

East Orange Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

East Tennessee State Univ Sherrod Lib 

ATTN: Documents DeDt 

OTHER (Continued) 

East Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

Eastern Branch 

ATTN: Librarian 

Eastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Eastern Kentucky University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Eastern Michigan University Lib 

ATTN: Documents Libn 

Eastern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Eastern New Mexico Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Eastern Oregon College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Eastern Washington Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

El Paso Public Library 

ATTN: Documents & Geneology Oept 

Elk0 County Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

El mi ra Col 1 ege 

ATTN: Librarian 

Elon College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Enoch Pratt Free Library 

ATTN: Documents Office 

Emory University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Evansville E Vanderburgh County Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Everett Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Fairleigh Dickinson Univ 

ATTN: Depository Dept 

Florida A & M Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Florida Atlantic Univ Lib 

ATTN: Div of Public Documents 

Florida Institute of Tech Lib 

ATTN: Federal Documents Dept 

Florida Intl Univ Library 

ATTN: Docs Section 

4 28 
OTHER (Continued) OTHER (Continued) 

Government Publications Library" 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Graceland College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Grand Forks Public City-County Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Grand Rapids Public Library 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Greenville County Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Guam RFK Memorial University Lib 

ATTN: Fed Depository Collection 

University of Guam 

ATTN: Librarian 

Gustavus Adolphus College 

ATTN: Library 

Hardin-Simmons University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Hartford Publ ic Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Hawaii 

ATTN: Government Docs Collection 

Hawaii State Library 

ATTN: Federal Documents Unit 

University of Hawaii at Monoa 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

University of Hawaii 

ATTN: Librarian 

Haydon Burns Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Henry Ford Comm College Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Herbert H. Lehman College 

ATTN: Library Documents Division 

Hofstra Univ Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Hollins College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Hoover Institution 

ATTN: J. Bingham 

Florida State Library 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Florida State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Fond Du Lac Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Fort Hays State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Fort Worth Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Free Pub Lib of Elizabeth 

ATTN: Librarian 

Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Freeport Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Fresno County Free Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Gadsden Publ ic Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Garden Publ ic Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Gardner Webb College 

ATTN: Documents Librn 

Gary Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Georgetown Univ Library 

ATTN: Govt Docs Room 

Georgia Inst of Tech 

ATTN: Librarian 

Georgia Southern College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Georgia Southwestern College 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Georgia State Univ Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Georgia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Glassboro State College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Gleeson Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

429 
OTHER (Continued) 

Hopkinsville Comm College 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Houston, Library 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Houston Publ ic Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Hoyt Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Humboldt State College Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Huntington Park Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Hutchinson Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Idaho Public Lib & Info Center 

ATTN: Librarian 

Idaho State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Idaho State University Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

University of Idaho 

ATTN: Documents Sect 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Illinois, Library 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Illinois State Library 

ATTN: Government Documents Branch 

Illinois Univ at Urbana Champaign 

ATTN: P. Watson, Documents Library 

Illinois Valley Corn Coll 

ATTN: Library 

Indiana State Library 

ATTN: Serial Section 

Indiana State University 

ATTN: Documents Libraries 

Indiana University Library 

ATTN: Documents Department 

Indianapolis Marion Cty Pub Library 

ATTN: Social Science Div 

Iowa State University Library 

ATTN: Govt Documents Dept 

Iowa University Library 

ATTN: Government Documents Dept 

OTHER (Continued) 

Butler University, Irwin Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Isaac Delchdo College 

ATTN: Librarian 

James Madison University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Jefferson County Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Jersey City State College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Johns Hopkins University 

ATTN: Documents Library 

John J. Wright Library, La Roche College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Johnson Free Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Kahului Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Kalamazoo Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Kansas City Publ ic Library 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Kansas State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Kansas State Univ Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

University of Kansas 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Kent State University Library 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Kentucky Dept of Library & Archives 

ATTN: Documents Section 

University of Kentucky 

ATTN: Governments Publication Dept 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Kenyon College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Lake Forest College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Lake Sunlter Comm Coll Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Lakeland Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

430 
OTHER (Continued) 

Lancaster Regional Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Lawrence University 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Lee Library, Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Documents & Map Section 

Library & Statutory Distribution & Svc 

2 cy ATTN: Librarian 

Little Rock Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Long Beach Pub1 Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Los Angeles Public Library 

ATTN: Serials Div U.S. Documents 

Louisiana State University 

ATTN: Government Doc Dept 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Louisville Free Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Louisville Univ Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Lyndon B. Johnson Sch of Pub Affairs Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Maine Maritime Academy 

ATTN: Librarian 

Maine University at Oreno 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Maine 

ATTN: Librarian 

Manchester City Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mankato State College 

ATTN: Govt Publications 

Mantor Library 

Univ of Maine at Farmington 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Marathon County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Marshall Brooks Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: McKeldin Libr Docs Div 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

University of Massachusetts 

ATTN: Government Docs College 

McNeese State Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Memphis Shelby County Pub Lib & Info Ctr 

ATTN: Librarian 

Memphis State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mercer University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mesa County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Miami, Library 

ATTN: Government Publications 

Miami Public Library 

ATTN: Documents Division 

Miami Univ Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Michel Orradre Library 

University of Santa Clara 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Michigan State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Michigan State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Michigan Tech University 

ATTN: Library Documents Dept 

University of Michigan 

ATTN: Acq Sec Documents Unit 

Middlebury College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Millersville State Coll 

ATTN: Librarian 

Milne Library 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Docs Librn 

Milwaukee Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Minneapolis Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Minnesota Div of Emergency SVCS 

ATTN: Librarian 

Minot State College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mississippi State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

431 
OTHER (Continued) 

University of Mississippi 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Missouri Univ at Kansas City Gen 

ATTN: Librarian 

Missouri University Library 

ATTN: Government Documents 

M. I .T. Libraries 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mobile Public Library 

ATTN: Governmental Info Division 

Moffett Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Montana State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Montana State University, Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Montana 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Moorhead State College 

ATTN : L i brary 

Mt Prospect Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Murray State Univ Lib 

ATTN: Library 

Nassau Library System 

ATTN: Librarian 

Natrona County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Nebraska Library Comm 

ATTN: Librarian 

Univ of Nebraska at Omaha 

ATTN: Librarian 

Nebraska Western College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Univ of Nebraska at Lincoln 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Univ of Nevada at Reno 

ATTN: Governments Pub Dept 

Univ of Nevada at Las Vegas 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

New Hampshire University Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

New Hanover County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Nebraska University Library 

ATTN : Acq Dept 

OTHER (Continued) 

New Mexico State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

New Mexico State University 

ATTN: Lib Documents Div 

University of New Mexico 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

University of New Orleans Library 

ATTN: Govt Documents Div 

New Orleans Public Lib 

ATTN: Library 

New York Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

New York State Library 

ATTN: Doc Control, Cultural Ed Ctr 

New York State Univ at Stony Brook 

ATTN: Main Lib Doc Sect 

New York State Univ Col at Cortland 

ATTN : Librarian 

State Univ of New York 

ATTN: Library Documents Sec 

State Univ of New York 

ATTN: Librarian 

New York State University 

ATTN: Documents Center 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

New York University Library 

ATTN : 

Newark Free 

ATTN : 

Newark Pub1 

ATTN : 

Niagara Fa1 

ATTN : 

i' 

1 

Documents Dept 

Library 

Librarian 

c Library 

Librarian 

s Pub Lib 

Librarian 

Nicholls State Univ Library 

ATTN: Docs Div 

Nieves M. Flores Memorial Lib 

ATTN : Librarian 

Norfolk Public Library 

ATTN: R. Parker 

North Carolina Agri & Tech State Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Univ of North Carolina at Charlotte 

ATTN: Atkins Library Documents Dept 

Univ of North Carolina at Greensboro, Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

432 
OTHER (Continued) OTHER (Continued) 

University of Notre Dame 

ATTN: Document Center 

Oakland Comm College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oakland Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oberl in College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Ocean County College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Ohio State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Ohio State University 

ATTN: Libraries Documents Division 

Ohio University Library 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

Oklahoma City University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oklahoma City University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oklahoma Dept of Libraries 

ATTN: U.S. Govt Documents 

University of Oklahoma 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Old Dominion University 

ATTN: Doc Dept Univ Library 

Olivet College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Omaha Pub Lib Clark Branch 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oregon State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Oregon 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Ouachita Baptist University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Pan American University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Passaic Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Paul Klapper Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Pennsylvania State Library 

ATTN: Government Publications Section 

North Carolina Central University 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Carolina State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Carolina University at Wilmington 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of North Carolina 

ATTN: BA SS Division Documents 

North Dakota State University Lib 

ATTN: Docs Librarian 

University of North Dakota 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Georgia College 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Texas State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northeastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Library 

Northeastern Oklahoma State Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northeastern University 

ATTN: Dodge Library 

Northern Arizona University Lib 

ATTN: Government Documents Dept 

Northern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northern Iowa University 

ATTN: Library 

Northern Michigan Univ 

ATTN: Documents 

Northern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northwestern Michigan College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northwestern State Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northwestern State Univ Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northwestern University Library 

ATTN: Govt Publications Dept 

Norwal k Pub1 ic Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

4 33 
OTHER (Continued) OTHER (Continued) 

Pennsylvania State University 

ATTN: Library Document Sec 

University of Pennsylvania 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Penrose Library 

University of Denver 

ATTN: Penrose Library 

Peoria Public Library 

ATTN: Business, Science E Tech Dept 

Free Library of Philadelphia 

ATTN: Govt Publications Dept 

Philipsburg Free Public Library 

ATTN: Library 

Phoenix Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Pittsburg 

ATTN: Documents Office G 8 

Plainfield Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Popular Creek Public Lib District 

ATTN: Librarian 

Association of Portland Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Portland Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Portland State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Prescott Memorial Lib 

Louisiana Tech Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Princeton University Library 

ATTN: Documents Division 

Providence College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Providence Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Cincinnati & Hamilton County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County 

ATTN : L i brary 

University of Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Doc & Maps Room 

Purdue University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Quinebaug Valley Community Col 

ATTN: Librarian 

Ralph Brown Draughon Lib 

Auburn University 

ATTN: Microforms E Documents Dept 

Rapid City Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Reading Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Reed College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Reese Library 

Augusta Coll ege 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Rhode Island Library 

ATTN: Govt Publications Office 

University of Rhode Island 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Rice University 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Richard W. Norton Mem Lib 

Louisiana College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Richland County Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Richmond 

ATTN: Library 

Riverside Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of. Rochester Library 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Rutgers University, Camden Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Rutgers State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Rutgers University 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Rutgers University Law Library 

ATTN: Federal Documents Dept 

Salem College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Samford University 

ATTN: Librarian 

San Antonio Public Library 

ATTN: Bus Science & Tech Dept 

434 
OTHER (Continued) 

San Diego County Library 

ATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions 

San Diego Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

San Diego State University Library 

ATTN: Govt Pubs Dept 

SanFrancisco Public Library 

ATTN: Govt Documents Dept 

San Francisco State College 

ATTN: Govt Pub Collection 

San Jose State College Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

San Luis Obispo City-County Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Savannah Pub & Effingham Libty Reg Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Scottsbluff Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Scranton Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Seattle Public Library 

ATTN: Ref Doc Asst 

Sel by Pub1 ic Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

Shawnee Library System 

ATTN: Librarian 

Shreve Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Silas Bronson Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Simon Schwob Mem Lib 

Columbus College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Sioux City Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Skidmore College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Slippery Rock State College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

South Carolina State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Government Documents 

South Dakota Sch of Mines & Tech 

ATTN: Librarian 

South Oaknta State library 

ATTN: Federal Documents Department 

University of South Dakota 

ATTN: Documents Librarian 

South Florida University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southdale-Hennepin Area Library 

ATTN: Government Documents 

Southeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library 

ATTN: Documents Sec 

University of Southern Alabama 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southern California University Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Southern Connecticut State College 

ATTN : Library 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Documents Ctr 

Southern Methodist University 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Southern Mississippi 

ATTN: Library 

Southern Oregon College 

ATTN : Library 

Southern University in New Orleans, Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southern Utah State College Library 

ATTN: Documents Department 

Southwest Missouri State College 

ATTN: Library 

Southwestern University of Louisiana, Libraries 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southwestern University School of Law Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

435 
OTHER (Continued) 

Spokane Pub1 ic Library 

ATTN: Reference Dept 

Springfield City Library 

ATTN: Documents Section 

St. Bonaventure University 

ATTN: Librarian 

St. Joseph Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

St. Lawrence University 

ATTN: Librarian 

St. Louis Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

St. Paul Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Stanford University Library 

ATTN: Govt Documents Dept 

State Historical Soc Lib 

ATTN: Docs Serials Section 

State Library of Massachusetts 

ATTN: Librarian 

State University of New York 

ATTN 

Stetson Un 

ATTN 

University 

ATTN 

Stockton & 

ATTN: Librarian 

i 

Librarian 

V 

Librarian 

of Steubenville 

Librarian 

San Joaquin Public Lib 

Stockton State College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Superior Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Swarthmore College Lib 

ATTN: Reference Dept 

Syracuse University Library 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Tacoma Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Tampa, Hillsborough County Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Temple University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Tennessee Technological University 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

University of Tennessee 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Tertel ing Library 

College of Idaho 

ATTN: Librarian 

Texas A & M University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Texas at Arlington 

ATTN: Library Documents 

University of Texas at San Antonio 

ATTN: Library 

Texas Christian University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Texas State Library 

ATTN: U.S. Documents Sect 

Texas Tech University Library 

ATTN: Govt Docs Dept 

Texas University at Austin 

ATTN: Documents Coll 

Texas University at El Paso 

ATTN: Documents and Maps Lib 

University of Toledo Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Toledo Public Library 

ATTN: Social Science Dept 

Torrance Civic Center Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Traverse City Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Trenton Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Trinity College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Trinity University Library 

ATTN: Documents Collection 

Tufts University Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Tulane University 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

University of Tulsa 

ATTN: Librarian 

UCLA Research Library 

ATTN: Public Affairs Svc/US Docs 

436 
OTHER (Continued) OTHER (Continued) 

Uniformed Svcs Univ of the Hlth Sci 

ATTN: LRC Library 

University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Upper Iowa College 

ATTN: Documents Collection 

Utah State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Special Collections 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Dept of Pharmacology 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Valencia Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Vanderbilt University Library 

ATTN: Govt Docs Sect 

University of Vermont 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Virginia Commonwealth University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Virginia Military Institute 

ATTN: Librarian 

Virginia Polytechnic Inst Lib 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

Virginia State Library 

ATTN: Serials Section 

University of Virginia 

ATTN: Public Documents 

Volusia County Public Libraries 

ATTN: Librarian 

Washington State Library 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Washington State University 

ATTN: Lib Documents Section 

Washington University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Washington 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Wayne State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wayne State University Law Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Weber State College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wagner College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wesleyan University 

ATTN: Documents Librarian 

West Chester State Coll 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

West Covina Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of West Florida 

ATTN: Librarian 

West Hills Community Coll 

ATTN: Library 

West Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

West Virginia Coll of Grad Studies Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of West Virginia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Westerly Pub1 ic Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Western Carolina University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Western Illinois University Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Western Washington Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Western Wyoming Community College Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Westmoreland Cty Comm Coll 

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr 

Whitman College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wichita State Univ Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

William & Mary College 

ATTN: Docs Dept 

William Allen White Library 

Emporia Kansas State College 

ATTN: Govt Documents Div 

William College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Willimantic Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Winthrop College 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

University of Wisconsin at Whitewater 

ATTN: Governments Documents Library 

437 
OTHER (Continued) 

Wisconsin Milwaukee University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wisconsin Oshkosh University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wisconsin Platteville University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wisconsin University at Stevens Point 

ATTN: Docs Section 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Govt Pubs Dept 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

Worcester Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Akron Public Library 

ATTN: Govt Publication Librarian 

Alabama St Dept of Archives & History 

ATTN: Military Records Division 

At1 anta University Center 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

Yale University 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Yeshiva University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Yuma City County Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wright State Univ Library 

ATTN: Govts Documents Dept 

Wyoming State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Wyoming 

ATTN: Documents Div 

University of A1 abama 

ATTN: Reference Dept/Documents 

University of Alaska 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

University of Alaska 

ATTN: Govt Publication Librarian 

Adam State College 

ATTN : Govt Pub1 ication Library 

438