# Patent

## Title
Apparatus, method and system of wireless communication according to a protocol adaptation layer (PAL) management protocol

## Abstract

A method and system may include a source station to provide wireless multicast transmission to a plurality of destination stations according to a protocol adaptation layer multicast management protocol. The protocol adaptation layer may lie above the MAC layer. The multicast management protocol includes formation, maintenance, and termination procedures. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE
This application is a Continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/647,179 filed on Dec. 24, 2009, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.


BACKGROUND
Electronic devices such as computers often transmit signals to receiving stations such as displays or speakers. Such transmission often occurs via wires or cables. Wireless transmission offers freedom from wires and cables. For interoperability among various manufacturers' products, these devices may communicate according to a standard, such as the Wireless Gigabit Alliance (WGA or WiGig) standard as described in one or more upcoming published specifications.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The subject matter disclosed in this application is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. Embodiments of the invention, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with objects, features, and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following detailed description when read with the accompanied drawings in which:
FIG. 1A is a conceptual illustration of a wireless network according to embodiments of the invention;
FIG. 1B is a conceptual illustration of a source station or destination station within a wireless network according to embodiments of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a conceptual illustration of a layer management model for a wireless protocol according to embodiments of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a conceptual illustration of a formation or join procedure according to embodiments of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a conceptual illustration of a maintenance procedure according to embodiments of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a conceptual illustration of a leave procedure according to embodiments of the invention;
FIGS. 6A-6B are conceptual illustrations of termination procedures according to embodiments of the invention;
FIG. 7 is a conceptual state diagram of the protocol procedures according to embodiments of the invention; and
FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating such protocol procedures according to embodiments of the invention.



It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in the drawings have not necessarily been drawn accurately or to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity or several physical components may be included in one functional block or element. Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the drawings to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. Moreover, some of the blocks depicted in the drawings may be combined into a single function.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. However, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the present invention.
Unless specifically stated otherwise, as apparent from the following discussions, it is appreciated that throughout the specification discussions utilizing terms such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” or the like may refer to the action and/or processes of a computer or computing system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulate and/or transform data represented as physical, such as electronic, quantities within the computing system's registers and/or memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computing system's memories, registers or other such information storage, transmission, or display devices. In addition, the term “plurality” may be used throughout the specification to describe two or more components, devices, elements, parameters, and the like.
Embodiments of the present invention may be used in a variety of applications. Although the present invention is not limited in this respect, the circuits and techniques disclosed herein may be used in many apparatuses such as personal computers (PCs), wireless devices or stations, video or digital game devices or systems, image collection systems, processing systems, visualizing or display systems, digital display systems, communication systems, and the like.
Reference is now made to FIG. 1A, a conceptual illustration of a wireless network 10 operating according to embodiments of the invention. Network 10 may be a wireless network, a wireless local area network (WLAN), or a wireless personal area network (WPAN) that may operate according to Wireless Gigabit Alliance (WGA or WiGig) or other wireless standard. WiGig is designed to operate substantially in the 60 GHz band (or spectrum) and transmit (generally) compressed data from hundreds of megabits per second (Mbps) to several gigabits per second (Gbps). (The 60 GHz band may include transmissions within the range from about 56 GHz to about 66 GHz.) Although the invention is not limited in this respect, network 10 may include a source (or source station) 100 and a plurality of destinations or sinks 201, 202, 203 (or more or fewer stations) that are capable of communicating with each other wirelessly. Source 100 and destinations 201, 202, 203 may be called wireless stations (sometimes abbreviated “STA” in various wireless standards). Examples of source 100 may be a settop box (STB), a laptop or personal computer (PC), a DVD player, a CD player, an MP3 player, a digital video recorder (DVR), a still or video camera, a game console, a cellphone or smartphone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), and other devices. Examples of destinations 201, 202, 203 may be televisions, receivers, displays, monitors, speakers, printers, laptop or personal computers, cellphones or smartphones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), projectors, and other devices. Other network devices may also be included in network 10. FIG. 1A shows source 100 wirelessly transmitting to destinations 201, 202, 203, and such transmission may be data and transmission messages, as described below. In turn, destinations 201, 202, 203 may wirelessly transmit messages back to source 100 (although that is not shown graphically in FIG. 1A).
Reference is now made to FIG. 1B, which is a conceptual illustration of a source station 100 or destination station 200 (one or more of destinations 201, 202, 203) within network 10, according to embodiments of the invention. Such station may include wireless communications unit 102 (coupled to antenna 103), input 104, output 106, processor 108, and memory 110. Although source station 100 and destination station 200 are depicted in FIG. 1B, not every source and destination need include all of the above blocks, and within a network the source and destination stations do not have to be identical or even similar. Using such blocks, source 100 and/or destination 200 may communicate with each other and other wireless devices according to embodiments of the invention, such as by using processor 108 and wireless communications unit 102 (and possibly antenna 103) to transmit and/or receive signals (including data). Input 104 and output 106 may also be used to communicate with other devices. Memory 110 may be a computer or processor readable medium or a computer or processor storage medium, such as, for example, a RAM or RAM, a disk drive, or a USB flash memory.
Reference is now made to FIG. 2, a conceptual illustration of a layer management model for a wireless protocol. Various computer network protocols are modeled by layer management models, for example, the OSI (Open System Interconnection) Reference Model (seven-layer model) and the TCP/IP model. The layer management model in FIG. 2 includes PHY (physical) layer 50 and MAC (Media Access Control) layer 60 (sometimes considered a “sublayer”) of the OSI model and PAL (protocol adaptation layer) 70, which is used in embodiments of the present invention to interact with MAC layer 60.
In embodiments of the invention, source 100 transmits signals wirelessly to one or more destinations 201, 202, 203 in a multicast (also called “groupcast”) format. Multicast transmission may include transmitting the same data stream to multiple destinations. A protocol may manage the formation, maintenance, and termination of the multicast group consisting of the source and destinations. More particularly, such a protocol operates on protocol adaptation layer (PAL) 70, which in some embodiments may be an audio/visual (A/V) PAL. Because of potentially heavy bandwidth requirements, the multicast transmission may have a throughput of hundreds of megabits per second (preferably at least 700 Mbps) or even as much as several gigabits per second (preferably at least 5 Gbps), and may be compressed. Multicast delivery according to embodiments of the invention is designed to account for the lossy nature of wireless communication channels, but because there is no need to build a multicast tree across different routers, it is lightweight in design. Other or different benefits may also be achieved.
Embodiments of the method may be used by, or may be implemented by, for example, source 100 and destinations 201, 202, 203 in network 10, or computing systems and other suitable systems, or by other suitable wireless communication devices, stations, nodes, systems and/or networks. Network 10 may include more than three destinations, but three are shown for simplicity.
Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which is a conceptual illustration of a formation or join procedure according to embodiments of the invention. Source 100 is the same as described above; destination 200 represents one or more of destinations 201, 202, 203, understanding that embodiments of the protocol may be used for multicast transmission. At the beginning of the join procedure, source 100, also called a source node or Multicast Group Owner (MGO), may transmit a PAL control message called Multicast Group Join Invite (“Invite message”) 305, either in a unicast fashion or in a broadcast fashion. The multicast group may be uniquely identified in the Invite message by a multicast MAC address and a PAL ID. Upon receiving Invite message 305, destination (or destination node) 200 may send a PAL control message called Multicast Group Join Request 310 to source 100, which may reply with a PAL control message called Multicast Group Join Response 315 that indicates whether the join procedure succeeded or not, and, if not, the reasons for failure such as invalid group address or no resource available.
Reference is now made to FIG. 4, which is a conceptual illustration of a maintenance procedure according to embodiments of the invention. After destination 200 joins a multicast group, it may periodically transmit Multicast Group Confirm Request message 405 to source 100. Source 100 may reply with Multicast Group Confirm Response message 410. Source 100 also periodically may transmit data 415 (or data frames) to destination 200. If data 415 transmitted to the multicast group (i.e., destination 200) is received but Multicast Group Confirm Response message 410 is not received, destination 200 still considers itself to be part of the multicast group. Destination 200 would consider itself not in the multicast group any more 435 if neither Multicast Group Confirm Response message 410 nor data 415 was received from the multicast group owner within a timeout period 425.
Reference is now made to FIG. 5, which is a conceptual illustration of a leave procedure according to embodiments of the invention. During the multicast group leave procedure, destination 200 may transmit a Multicast Group Leave Request message 505 to source 100. Upon receiving Multicast Group Leave Request message 505, source 100 may reply with a Multicast Group Leave Response message 510. Destination 200 stops receiving multicast packets 525 after receiving the Multicast Group Leave Response message 510 or after a timeout period (not shown). Source 100 may consider destination 200 to have left the multicast group 520 after transmitting Multicast Group Leave Response message 510.
Reference is now made to FIGS. 6A-6B, which are conceptual illustrations of termination procedures according to embodiments of the invention. Source 100 may terminate one or more destinations' memberships (FIG. 6A) or terminate the whole multicast group (FIG. 6B). In FIG. 6A, source 100 may transmit a Multicast Group Termination message 605 that may include the individual MAC address (e.g., D201), and that destination (destination 201) is terminated. Destination 201 then considers itself terminated 535. FIG. 6A also shows that source 100 may terminate destination 202 by transmitting a Multicast Group Termination message 615 that may include the individual MAC address (e.g., D202). Destination 202 then considers itself terminated 545. In FIG. 6B, source 100 may transmit a Multicast Group Termination message 625 that may include the multicast MAC address (e.g., D201/D202/D203), and those destinations (destinations 201, 202, 203) consider themselves terminated 555. The embodiments of FIGS. 6A and 6B can be combined, for example in a five-destination network, by terminating two destinations separately (as in FIG. 6A) and then by terminating the remaining three destinations together (as in FIG. 6B). Moreover, the leave and termination procedures are similar to each other but are initiated by different stations.
Reference is now made to FIG. 7, which is a conceptual state diagram of the protocol procedures according to embodiments of the invention. Destination 200, a non-member 710 initially, executes join procedure 725 and is successful, becoming member 720. In order to remain a member 720, destination 200 may receive data or receive a Multicast Group Confirm Response message 735 within a timeout period. Otherwise, destination 200 can leave the group 745 or be terminated 745 or not receive data 745 or a Multicast Group Confirm Response message 745 within a timeout period.
Reference is now made to FIG. 8, which is a flowchart illustrating the protocol procedures according to embodiments of the invention. Embodiments of the method may be used by, or may be implemented by, for example, a computing system 100 or other suitable system. In operation 802, source 100 may transmit Multicast Group Join Invite message 305, and in operation 804, destination 200 may transmit Multicast Group Join Request message 310. Operation 806 asks whether the join procedure succeeded. If not, in operation 808, source 100 may transmit Multicast Group Join Response 315 that indicates the reason for failure. If the join procedure succeeds, operation 810 may transmit Multicast Group Join Response 315 that indicates success, and in operation 812, destination 200 may become a member of the multicast group.
In order to remain a member of the multicast group, in operation 814, source 100 may determine whether destination 200 transmits Multicast Group Confirm Request message 405 within a certain timeout period. If not, in operation 830, destination 200 would no longer belong to the multicast group. If destination 200 transmits Multicast Group Confirm Request message 405 within a certain timeout period, in operation 816, destination 200 may determine whether it receives Multicast Group Confirm Response message 410 or data 415 within a timeout period. If not, in operation 830, destination 200 would no longer belong to the multicast group. If destination 200 receives Multicast Group Confirm Response message 410 or data 415 within a timeout period, in operation 818, source 100 may determine whether destination 200 transmits a Multicast Group Leave Request message 505. If so, in operation 820 source 100 may reply with a Multicast Group Leave Response message 510 and in operation 830, destination 200 would no longer belong to the multicast group. If destination 200 does not transmit a Multicast Group Leave Request message 505, in operation 822, destination 200 may determine whether source 100 transmits a Multicast Group Termination message 605, 615 with the destination's individual MAC address or a Multicast Group Termination message 625 with the multicast MAC address. If so, in operation 830, destination 200 would no longer belong to the multicast group. If not, destination 200 would remain in the multicast group and the loop would return to operation 814. Although the decisions in decision blocks 806, 814, 816, 818, and 822 are described as being performed by either source 100 or destination 200, the decision may be made by the other station or made jointly, depending on the context of the decision, which station is transmitting and which is receiving, and the responsive requirements of the messages exchanged (e.g., some messages expect responses, while others, such as Multicast Group Termination message 605, 615 do not). Besides the flowchart included in FIG. 8, other operations or series of operations may be used. Moreover, the actual order of the operations may not be critical.
Returning to FIG. 1B, in accordance with embodiments of the invention, processor 108 and wireless communications unit 102 (and possibly antenna 103) within source 100 and/or destination 200 may transmit and receive wireless multicast signals according to a protocol adaptation layer multicast management protocol. The protocol adaptation layer may be an audio/visual protocol adaptation layer that lies above the MAC layer. The multicast management protocol may include formation, maintenance, and termination procedures. When acting as a source station, processor 108 may cause wireless communications unit 102 to transmit data and various multicast group messages, such as inviting destination 200 to join a multicast group, signaling success when the join procedure succeeds, confirming group membership during maintenance, confirming a destination station leaving the group, or terminating group membership. When acting as a destination station, processor 108 may cause wireless communications unit 102 to transmit various messages, such as responding to an invitation to join a multicast group, confirming group membership during maintenance, and requesting to leave the group. In both types of stations, processor 108 may process messages and/or data received via wireless communications unit 102, and may interface with memory 110, input 104, and output 106.
Embodiments of the invention may include an article such as a computer or processor readable medium, or a computer or processor storage medium, such as, for example, a memory, a disk drive, or a USB flash memory encoding, including, or storing instructions that, when executed by a processor or controller, carry out methods disclosed herein. Such embodiments may also be delivered and/or transferred to a computer via a network such as the Internet.
While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, it will be appreciated that many variations, modifications, and other applications of the invention may be made. Embodiments of the present invention may include other apparatuses for performing the operations herein. Such apparatuses may integrate the elements discussed, or may comprise alternative components to carry out the same purpose. It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention.

## Claims

1. An apparatus comprising:
a wireless communication unit to communicate wireless communication signals according to a protocol adaptation layer (PAL) management protocol, the PAL lies above a Media Access Control (MAC) layer, the PAL management protocol includes formation, maintenance and termination procedures,
wherein said wireless communication unit is to engage in the formation procedure by communicating a request message, and communicating a response message, the response message in response to the request message, the response message including an indication of whether or not the formation procedure is successful, and, if the formation procedure is not successful, an indication of one or more reasons for failure of the formation procedure,
and wherein said wireless communication unit is to engage in the maintenance procedure of the PAL by determining a continued existence of a data stream based at least on whether a message is received from a remote device within a predetermined time period.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said wireless communication unit is to transmit said request message, and to receive said response message.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said wireless communication unit is to receive said request message, and to transmit said response message.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the indication of one or more reasons for failure of the formation procedure includes at least an indication of failure due to resource availability.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said protocol adaptation layer comprises an audio/visual protocol adaptation layer.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said termination procedure includes communicating by said wireless communication unit a PAL termination message.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said wireless communication unit is to communicate said wireless communication signals in the 60 GHz spectrum.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said wireless communication unit is to communicate said wireless communication signals at a throughput of at least 700 Mbps.

9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said wireless communication unit is to communicate said wireless communication signals at a throughput of at least approximately 5 Gbps.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said wireless communication unit is to, based on the formation procedure, wirelessly communicate data of said data stream.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein determining the continued existence of the data stream is further based on whether data is received from the remote device within the predetermined time period.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an antenna to wirelessly exchange the wireless communication signals with the remote device.

13. A method comprising:
communicating wireless communication signals by a wireless communication device according to a protocol adaptation layer (PAL) management protocol, the PAL lies above a Media Access Control (MAC) layer, the PAL management protocol includes formation, maintenance and termination procedures, the formation procedure including:
communicating by said wireless communication device a request message; and
communicating by said wireless communication device a response message, the response message in response to the request message, the response message including an indication of whether or not the formation procedure is successful, and, if the formation procedure is not successful, an indication of one or more reasons for failure of the formation procedure,
wherein communicating the wireless communication signals according to the PAL management protocol comprises engaging in the maintenance procedure of the PAL by determining a continued existence of a data stream based at least on whether a message is received from a remote device within a predetermined time period.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein communicating said request message comprises transmitting said request message, and wherein communicating said response message comprises receiving said response message.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein communicating said request message comprises receiving said request message, and wherein communicating said response message comprises transmitting said response message.

16. The method of claim 13, wherein the indication of one or more reasons for failure of the formation procedure includes at least an indication of failure due to resource availability.

17. The method of claim 13, wherein said protocol adaptation layer comprises an audio/visual protocol adaptation layer.

18. The method of claim 13, wherein said termination procedure includes communicating a PAL termination message.

19. The method of claim 13, wherein determining the continued existence of the data stream is further based on whether data is received from the remote device within the predetermined time period.

20. An article comprising a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that contains instructions, which when executed by one or more processors result in performing operations comprising:
communicating wireless communication signals by a wireless communication device according to a protocol adaptation layer (PAL) management protocol, the PAL lies above a Media Access Control (MAC) layer, the PAL management protocol includes formation, maintenance and termination procedures, the formation procedure including:
communicating by said wireless communication device a request message; and
communicating by said wireless communication device a response message, the response message in response to the request message, the response message including an indication of whether or not the formation procedure is successful, and, if the formation procedure is not successful, an indication of one or more reasons for failure of the formation procedure,
wherein the instructions result in engaging in the maintenance procedure of the PAL by determining a continued existence of a data stream based at least on whether a message is received from a remote device within a predetermined time period.

21. The article of claim 20, wherein communicating said request message comprises transmitting said request message, and wherein communicating said response message comprises receiving said response message.

22. The article of claim 20, wherein communicating said request message comprises receiving said request message, and wherein communicating said response message comprises transmitting said response message.

23. The article of claim 20, wherein the indication of one or more reasons for failure of the formation procedure includes at least an indication of failure due to resource availability.

24. The article of claim 20, wherein said protocol adaptation layer comprises an audio/visual protocol adaptation layer.

25. The article of claim 20, wherein said termination procedure includes communicating a PAL termination message.

26. The article of claim 20, wherein determining the continued existence of the data stream is further based on whether data is received from the remote device within the predetermined time period.