-

DNA 

SHOTS 

DIABLO TO 

FRANKLIN PRIME 

The Mid-Series Tests 

of the Series 

15 JULY 30 AUGUST 1957 

United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests 

Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

Prepared by the Defense Nuclear Agency as Executive Agency 

for the Department of Defense c 
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UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS 

REPORTDOCUMENTATION PAGE READ INSTRUCTIONS 

BEFORE COMPLETING FORM 

REPORT NUMBER 

DNA 

2. ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT’S CATALOG NUMBER 

TITLE (and 

SHOTS FRANKLIN 

5. TYPE OF REPORT k PERIOD COVERED 

The Mid-Series Tests of the Series 

15 July 30 August 1957 

7. AUTHOR(a) 

Carl Maag, Jean Ponton 

CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(e) 

DNA 001-79-C-0473 

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JRB Associates 

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Defense Nuclear Agency 

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MONITORING AGENCY NAME k from Office) 

10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK

AREA k WORK UNIT NUMBER5 

12. REPORT DATE 

29 September 1981 

13. NUMBER OF PAGES 

202 

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SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.

This work was sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under RMSS Code 

B350079464 

19. KEY WORDS (Continue on by block number) 

DIABLO SHASTA Exercise Desert Rock 

JOHN DOPPLER Nevada Test Organization 

KEPLER FRANKLIN PRIME Nevada Test Site 

OWENS AFSWP 

STOKES Ionizing Radiation AFSWC 

by block 

This report describes the activities of DOD personnel, both military and 

civilian, in the eight mid-series shots of Operation PLUMBBOB, an atmospheric 

weapons testing series. The tests were conducted from 15 July 1957 through 

30 August 1957 and involved participants from Exercise Desert Rock VII and 

VIII, AFSWP, AFSWC, and various AEC test groups. This volume also describes 

the radiological safety criteria and procedures in effect at the mid-series 

shots. 

OF 65 OBSOLETE UNCLASSIFIED 

OF PACE Data Entered) 
 

UNCLASSIFIED 

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS 

18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (continued) 

The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Lt. Col. H. L. Reese, USAF, 

under whom this work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research and

editing contribution of numerous reviewers in the military services and 

other organizations in addition to those writers listed in block 

UNCLASSIFIED 

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS 
PREFACE 

Between 1945 and the United States Government, through 

the Manhattan Engineeer District and its successor agency, the 

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), conducted approximately 235 

atmospheric nuclear weapons tests at sites in the southwestern 

U.S. and in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 Department of Defense (DOD) personnel, both 

military and civilian, were present at the tests. Approximately 

of these participants were present at weapons tests 

conducted at the Nevada Test Site (NTS),* northwest of Las Vegas, 

Nevada. 

In 1977, 15 years after the last above-ground weapons test, 

the Center for Disease Control+ noted a possible leukemia cluster 

among a group of soldiers present at Shot SMOKY, one nuclear test 

of Operation Since that initial report by the Center 

for Disease Control, the Veterans Administration has received a 

number of claims for medical benefits from former military personnel who believe their health may have been adversely affected 

by participation in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests and 

consequent exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. 

In late 1977, the Department of Defense began a study to 

provide data to both the Center for Disease Control and Veterans 

Administration on potential exposures to ionizing radiation among 

called the Nevada Proving Ground, the name of the test

range was changed to the Nevada Test Site in 1955. 

of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,

formerly the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 
the atmospheric testing veterans. The Department of Defense 

responded by organizing an effort to: 

• Identify Department of Defense personnel who had 

taken part in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 

Provide public disclosure of information concerning

participation by DOD personnel in the atmospheric

nuclear weapons tests. 

This report on the eight mid-series shots, 

DIABLO through FRANKLIN PRIME, is based on the historical record 

of military and technical documents associated with each of the 

nuclear weapons test events. These reports provide a public 

record of the activities and associated potential for radiation 

exposure of DOD personnel, for use in ongoing public health 

research and policy analysis. 

Many of the documents pertaining specifically to DOD 

involvement at Shots DIABLO through FRANKLIN PRIME were found at 

the Defense Nuclear Agency Technical Library, the National 

Federal Archives Record Center, and the U.S. Air Force Weapons 

Laboratory Technical Library. In certain cases, the surviving 

historical documentation addresses test specifications and 

technical information, rather than personnel data critical to the 

study undertaken by the Department of Defense. Moreover, these 

documents sometimes have revealed inconsistencies in vital facts, 

such as the number of DOD participants in a certain at a 

given shot or their locations and assignments at a given time. 

These inconsistencies in data usually occur between two or more 

documents but occasionally appear within the same document. 

Efforts have been made to resolve these inconsistencies wherever 

possible or to bring them to the attention of the reader. In 

addition to these inconsistencies in information, the documents 

describing test organization do not always distinguish 

between that were only planned and those that were 

actually conducted. This report discusses only those projects 

verified by documentation as having been conducted. 
For several of the Exercise Desert Flock and test organization discussed in this volume, the only documents 

available are the Sixth Armv Desert Rock operation orders, the 

annexes to the Test Director's "Operation Plan CTDN-22," and Air 

Force air mission summary reports. These sources detail the 

plans developed by DOD and AEC personnel prior to Operation 

PLUMBBOB; they do not necessarily describe operations as they 

were actually conducted at the NTS. Although some of the 

action documents summarize the performed during the 

operation, they do not always supply shot-specific information. 

In the absence of shot-specific after-action reports, projects 

are described according to the way they were planned. Because 

accomplishment of PLIJMBBOB required detailed planning 

and adherence to operations orders, plans and operations orders 

should provide a reasonably accurate account of personnel 

activities. The references indicate whether the description of 

activities is based on the annexes, operation orders, air mission 

summary reports, or after-action reports. 

CONTENTS OF PLUMBBOR REPORTS 

This volume details participation by DOD personnel in the 

eight mid-series Operation events. Seven other 

publications address DOD activities during the operation: 

Series volume: Series, 1957 

Shot volume: Shot PRISCILLA, a Test of the 

Series 

Shot volume: Shot HOOD, a Test of the 

Series 

Multi-shot volume: Shots BOLTZMANN to WILSON: the 

First Four Tests of the 

Series 

Shot vol Shot SMOKY, a Test of the 

Series 

Shot volume: Shot GALILEO, a Test of the 

Series 
• Multi-shot volume: Shots WHEELER to MORGAN, the 

Final Tests. 

These volumes have been designed for use with one another. 

The series volume provides information common to the 

shots, such as historical background, organizational relationships, and radiation-safety procedures. In addition, the volume 

contains a bibliography of works consulted in the preparation of 

all Operation reports. 

The single-shot volumes describe DOD participation in Shots 

PRISCILLA, HOOD, SMOKY, and GALILEO. These volumes have been 

bound separately because the shots included substantial numbers 

of Desert Rock participants. Each multi-shot volume combines 

shot-specific descriptions for several nuclear events. The shot 

and multi-shot volumes list the sources referenced in each text. 

Descriptions of activities concerning any particular 

shot, whether the event is addressed in a single- or in a 

shot volume, may be supplemented by the general organizational 

and radiological safety information in the Operation 

volume. 

The information in these reports is supplemented by the 

Reference Manual: Background Materials for the Volumes. 

This report summarizes information on the physical processes and 

characteristics of a nuclear detonation, radiation physics, 

radiation health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement 

techniques. It also lists acronyms and a glossary of terms used 

in the DOD reports addressing test events in the continental 

4 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Chapter Page 

PREFACE .......................... 1 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. ................... 

LIST TABLES ....................... 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............. 12 

1 INTRODUCTION. ...................... 13 

1.1 Department of Defense Participation in Nevada

Test Organization Activities at the Eight 

Mid-series Events ............. 14 

1.2 Exercise Desert Rock Activities at the 

Eight Mid-series Events .......... 

1.3 Dosimetry for Participants. ........ 20 

Shot DIABLO Synopsis .................... 21 

2 SHOTDIABLO ....................... 22 

2.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII 

Operations Shot DIABLO. ............. 22 

2.1.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination 

.................. 22 

2.1.2 Radiological Training ....... 23 

2.1.3 Technical Service Projects. ......... 24 

2.2 Department of Defense Participation in Test

Operational Training, and Support Activities

at Shot DIABLO ................... 27 

2.2.1 Weapons Effects Test Group ..... 27 

2.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in

LASL and UCRL Test Group Projects ...... 34 

2.2.3 Department of Defense Participation 

in Civil Effects Test Group .... 35 

2.2.4 Department of Defense Operational

Training Projects .............. 7 

2.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities. ................. 38 

2.3 Radiation Protection at Shot DIABLO. ........ 41 

Shot JOHN Synopsis ..................... 45 

3 ........................ 46 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

Chapter Page 

3.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII 

Operations at Shot JOHN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 

3.1.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination Projects. . . . 47 

Technical Service Projects. . . . . . . . . . 48 

3.2 Department of Defense Participation in

Test Group, Operational Training, and

Support Activities at Shot JOHN. . . . . . . . . . . 49 

3.2.1 Weapons Effects Test Group Projects . . . . . 49 

3.2.2 Department of Defense Participation

in Los Scientific Laboratory 

Test Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 

3.2.3 Department of Defense Operational

Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 

3.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Radiation Protection at Shot JOHN. . . . . . . . . . 58 

Shot KEPLER Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4 SHOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

4.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII 

Operations at Shot KEPLER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

4.1.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination . . . 62 

4.1.2 Radiological Training Projects. . . . . . . . 64 

4.1.3 Technical Service Pro.jects. . . . . . . . . . 64 

4.2 Department of Defense Participation in

Test Group, Operational Training, and 

Support Activities at Shot KEPLER. . . . . . . . . . 66 

4.2.1 Weapons Effects Test Group . . . . . 66 

4.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group

Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 

4.2.3 Department of Defense Participation

in Civil Effects Test Group Projects . . . . 73 

4.2.4 Department of Defense Operational

Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 

4.3 Radiation Protection at Shot KEPLER. . . . . . . . . 77 

6 
TARLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

Chapter Page 

Shot OWENS Synopsis. .................... 82 

5 SHOT OWENS. ....................... 83 

5.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII 

Operations at Shot OWENS .............. 83 

5.1.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination ... 84 

5.1.2 Technical Service Projects. ......... 84 

5.2 Department of Defense Participation in Test Group,

Operational Training, and Support Activities

at Shot OWENS. ................... 85 

5.2.1 Weapons Effects Test Group ..... 

5.2.2 Department of Defense Participation 

in University of California Radiation

Laboratory Test Group ....... 94 

5.2.3 Department of Defense Operational

Training Projects .............. 95 

5.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities. ................. 96 

5.3 Radiation Protection at Shot OWENS ...... .. 

Shot STOKES Synopsis .................... 103 

6 STOKES ....................... 104 

6.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII 

Operations at Shot STOKES. ............. 104 

6.1.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination

.................. 104 

6.1.2 Radiological Training ........ 107 

6.1.3 Technical Service Projects. ......... 108 

6.2 Department of Defense Participation in 

Test Group, Operational Training, and

Support Activities at Shot STOKES. ......... 109 

6.2.1 Weapons Effects Test Group Projects ..... 109 

6.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in

Los Scientific Laboratory Test

Group ............... 114 

6.2.3 Department of Defense Operational 

Training .............. 114 

6.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities. ................. 114 

6.3 Radiation Protection at Shot STOKES. ........ 116 

7 
7 

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

Chapter Page 

Shot SHASTA Svnopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 

SHOT SHASTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 

7.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII 

Operations at Shot SHASTA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 

7.1.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination . . . . 122 

7.1.2 Radiological Training Project . . . . . . . . 123 

7.1.3 Technical Service . . . . . . . . . . 124 

7.2 Department of Defense Participation in Test Group,

Operational Training, and Support Activities

at Shot SHASTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 

7.2.1 Weapons Effects Test Group . . . . . 127 

7.2.2 Department of Defense Participation

in University of California Radiation

Laboratory Test Group Projects . . . . . . . 130 

Department of Defense Participation 

in Civil Effects Test Group . . . . . 

7.2.4 Department of Defense Operational

Training Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

7.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 

7.3 Radiation Protection at Shot SHASTA. . . . . . . . . 135 

Shot Svnopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ••••. . 

8 SHOT DOPPLER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 

8.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII 

Operations at Shot DOPPLER . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 

8.1.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination Projects. . . . 141

8.1.2 Radiological Training . . . . . . . . 143 

8.1.3 Technical Service Projects. . . . . . . . . . 143 

8.2 Department of Defense Participation in Test Group, 

Operational Training, and Support Activities

at Shot DOPPLER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 

8.2.1 Weapons Effects Test Group . . . . . 145 

8.2.2 Department of Defense Participation

in University of California Radiation 

Laboratory Test Group . . . . . 149 

8.2.3 Department of Defense Participation

Civil Effects Test Group . . . . . . 149 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

Chapter Page 

8.2.4 Department of Defense Operational 

Training Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

8.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

8.3 Radiation Protection at Shot DOPPLER . . . . . . . . 152 

Shot FRANKLIN PRIME Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 

9 SHOT FRANKLIN PRIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 

9.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VII Operations

at Shot FRANKLIN PRIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 

9.1.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination Projects. . . . 157

9.1.2 Radiological Training Project . . . . . . . . 158 

Technical Service . . . . . . . . . . 159 

9.2 Department of Defense Participation in Test Group,

Operational Training, and Support Activities at

Shot FRANKLIN PRIME. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

9.2.1 Weapons Effects Test Group . . . . . 160 

9.2.2 of Defense Participation in

University of California Radiation 

Laboratory Test Group Projects. . . . . . . . 162

9.2.3 Department of Defense Operational

Training Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

9.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons

Center Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 

9.3 Radiation Protection at Shot FRANKLIN PRIME. . . . . 166 

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

Figure Page 

l-l Location of the Mid-series Shots at 

the Nevada Test Site in Relation to Other Shots 

in the Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

2-l Project 50.8 Personnel Launch a Weather Balloon

near One of the Radar Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 

2-2 Initial Survey for Shot DIABLO, 15 July 1957,

Mid-time 0548 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 

9 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) 

Figure Page 

2-3 Subsequent Surveys for Shot DIABLO. .......... 44 

5-1 Initial Survey for Shot OWENS, 25 July 1957, 

6-1 The Cloud of Shot STOKES with Observers in 

9-l Initial Survey for Shot FRANKLIN, August 1957, 

4-l Initial Survey for Shot KEPLER, 24 July 1957

Mid-time 0637 ..................... 80 

4-2 Subsequent Surveys for Shot KEPLER. .......... 81 

Mid-time 0726 ..................... 101 

5-2 Subsequent Surveys for Shot OWENS ........... 102 

the Foreground. .................... 105 

6-2 Desert Rock Observers Shield Their Eyes from

the Glare of Shot STOKES ............... 106 

R-3 Initial Survey for Shot STOKES, 7 August 1957,

Mid-time ..................... 118 

6-4 Surveys for Shot STOKES. .......... 119 

7-1 Initial Survey for Shot SHASTA, August 1957,

Mid-time ..................... 

7-2 Subsequent Surveys for Shot SHASTA. .......... 139 

8-l Initial Survey for Shot DOPPLER, August 1957,

Mid-time 0611 ............ ........ 154 

8-2 Subsequent Surveys for Shot DOPPLER .......... 155 

Mid-time ..................... 168 

Subsequent Surveys for Shot FRANKLIN ...... 169 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table Page 

l-l Summary of the Mid-series Shots. . . . . . . . 15 

2-l Exercise Desert Rock Projects, Shot DIABLO. . . . . . . 23 

2-2 Test Group Projects with Department of Defense

Participation, Shot DIABLO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 

10 
-

LIST OF TAHLES (Continued) 

Table Page 

Exercise Desert Rock Shot JOHN. . . . . . . . 47 

2 Test Group Pro.jects with Department of Defense 

4-2 Test Group Projects with Department of Defense 

6-2 Test Group Projects with Department of Defense 

Test Group with Department of Defense 

Participation, Shot JOHN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

3-3 Field Command 2.9, Exposure Data. . . . . . . . 59 

4-l Exercise Desert Rock Shot KEPLER. . . . . . . 63 

Participation, Shot KEPLER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 

5-l Exercise Desert Rock Projects, Shot OWENS . . . . . . . 83 

5-2 Test Group Projects with Department of Defense

Participation, Shot OWENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 

6-l Exercise Desert Rock Projects, Shot STOKES. . . . . . . 107 

Participation, Shot STOKES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 

7-l Exercise Desert Rock Shot SHASTA. . . . . . . 123 

7-2 Test Group with Department of Defense

Participation, Shot SHASTA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 

Exercise Desert Rock Pro.jects, Shot DOPPLER . . . . . . 142 

8-2 Test Group Projects with Department of Defense

Participation, Shot DOPPLER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 

9-l Exercise Desert Rock Projects, Shot PRIME. . . 158 

Participation, Shot FRANKLIN PRIME. . . . . . . . . . . 161 

11 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 

The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in this volume: 

AEC 

AFB 

Atomic Energy Commission

Air Force Base 

AFSWC 

AFSWP 

BJY 

CBR 

CETG 

DOD 

EG and 

FCDA 

G 

Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Armed Forces Special Weapons

Buster-Jangle 

Chemical, Biological, Radiological

Civil Effects Test Group

Department of Defense 

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Incorporated 

Federal Civil Defense Administration 

Human Resources Research Office 

LASL 

NTS 

Los Scientific Laboratory

Nevada Test Organization

Nevada Test Site 

UCRL 

USAF 

Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company 

Roentgen per hour

University of California Radiation Laboratory

United States Air Force 

UTM Universal Transverse Mercator 

12 
CHAPTER 

INTRODUCTION 

Shots DIABLO, JOHN, KEPLER, OWENS, STOKES, SHASTA, DOPPLER, 

and FRANKLIN PRIME were tests of nuclear devices conducted 

between 15 July and 30 August 1957 at the Nevada Test Site, the 

AEC continental nuclear test site northwest of Las Vegas. These 

shots were the eight mid-series test events of Operation 

PLUMBBOB, a series of 24 nuclear weapons tests and six safety 

experiments performed between 24 April and 7 October 1957. 

The nuclear devices for seven of the eight shots were 

sponsored, designed, and built by AEC laboratories. The Los 

Scientific Laboratory (LASL) was responsible for the 

KEPLER, STOKES, DOPPLER, and FRANKLIN PRIME devices, while the 

University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL) was 

responsible for the DIABLO, OWENS, and SHASTA devices. The 

Department of Defense sponsored only Shot JOHN. The primary 

objective of these nuclear tests was to evaluate the nuclear 

yield and the blast, thermal, and radiation phenomena produced by 

the devices. To fulfill this objective, the LASL and UCRL Test 

Groups conducted scientific experiments to measure the physical 

characteristics of the detonations. The Armed Forces Special 

Weapons Project (AFSWP) Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group 

conducted effects projects to evaluate the utility of the devices 

for military applications and to investigate additional 

requirements for future nuclear weapons development. The Federal 

Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) Civil Effects Test Group 

(CETG) conducted to assess the effects of nuclear 

detonations on civilian structures, products, and food supplies 

and to evaluate Civil Defense emergency preparedness plans. 

13 
A number of other activities related to the conditions and 

phenomena produced bv a nuclear detonation were also conducted at 

these eight events. The DOD conducted operational training 

to indoctrinate personnel in the effects of nuclear 

detonations and to test equipment. The armed services also 

fielded to evaluate military equipment and tactics and 

indoctrinate troops in weapons effects as part of Exercise 

Desert Rock VII and VIII, the Army technical testing and training 

program at Operation PLUMBBOB. 

Table l-l presents a summary of the eight mid-series 

tests The table provides such information as the 

dates of shots, the UTM coordinates + of the points of detonation, 

the heights of burst, ** and explosive yields. Figure l-l 

displays a map of the Nevada Test Site in 1957, indicating the 

location of each test and highlighting the shots 

discussed in this volume (58). 

1.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN NEVADA TEST 

ORGANIZATION ACTIVITIES AT THE EIGHT MID-SEHIES 

EVENTS 

The Nevada Test Organization (NTO) was established to plan, 

coordinate, and conduct atmospheric nuclear weapons tests during 

*All sources cited in the test are listed alphabetically and

numbered in the Reference List, appended to this volume. The 

number cited in the text is the number of the source document 

in the Reference List. 

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in

this report. The first three digits refer to a point on an 

east-west axis, and the second three refer to a point on a

north-south axis. The point so designated is the southwest

corner of an area 100 meters square. 

**Vertical distances are given in feet. Altitudes are measured 

from mean sea level, while heights are measured from the ground 

surface. Yucca Flat, the area of the NTS where the mid-series 

shots were tested, is about 4,000 feet above mean sea 

level. 

14 
 

Table l-l: SUMMARY OF THE MID-SERIES SHOTS 

Sponsor UCAL DOD 

Planned Date 

Actual Date 

Local Time 0430 

NTS Location 2 Area 

UTM Coordinates 

I I 

792118 841128 

Tower Missile 

UCRL 

0630 

Area 4 Area 9 

797057 852100 

0525 

Area 7 

UCRL 

I I 

Area 2 Area 7 Area 7 

867047 867047 

Tower Balloon Balloon 

Sea Level; all other heights of burst in this table indicate distance above the ground 
WHITNEY 

Camp Mercury 

0 10 

Kilometers 

Figure l-l: LOCATION OF THE MID-SERIES SHOTS 

AT THE NEVADA TEST SITE IN RELATION TO OTHER 

SHOTS IN THE SERIES 

16 
Operation PLUMBBOB. All activities were under the control of an 

AEC-appointed Test Manager assisted by the Test Director. The 

consisted of personnel from the AEC, the DOD, and the FCDA, 

who were assigned to four test groups: the AFSWP Field 

Command Weapons Effects Test Group, the LASL Test Group, the UCRL 

Test Group, and the FCDA Civil Effects Test Group. In addition 

to the test group the DOD conducted operational 

training and support activities. A area of 

support activity for DOD personnel was the air operational 

control and air support provided by AFSWC air and ground 

personnel (29-31). 

Overall, the largest area of DOD participation in 

activities was in the Weapons Effects Test Group 

designed to study yield and weapons effects characteristics in 

order to identify the militarily useful effects of nuclear 

weapons for offensive and defensive deployment (19). Personnel 

from DOD agencies and the four armed services participated in the 

experiments conducted by LASL, UCHL, and CETG, but participation 

was limited. Most DOD participation in these experiments was 

performed by the Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) 4926th 

Test Squadron (Sampling) in LASL and UCRL radiochemistery 

sampling (29). 

The DOD operational training designed to test 

service tactics and equipment and to train military personnel in 

nuclear detonation effects, were conducted at each of the eight 

shots. Most of the projects were conducted in aircraft and 

primarily involved the aircraft pilots (29). 

The Air Force Special Weapons Center at Kirtland Air Force 

Base, New Mexico, exercised operational control over all military 

aircraft flying in the area of the NTS during Operation PLUMBBOB. 

AFSWC also provided air support to the Test Manager and to test 

group projects, in addition to conducting some test activities of 

17 
its own. AFSWC was composed of units from the 4950th Test Group 

(Nuclear), including the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) and the 

4935th Air Base Squadron. These units staged from Indian Springs 

AFB, kilometers* south of Camp Mercury, and were supported by 

the 4900th Air Base Group stationed at Kirtland AFB. AFSWC air 

and ground personnel provided air support to projects, 

conducting cloud-sampling and cloud-tracking missions, courier 

flights, aerial surveys, and transportation services (29; 32; 76). 

The Radiological Safety Division of Reynolds Electrical and 

Engineering Company augmented by 38 personnel from the 

1st Radiological Safety Support Unit, Fort McClellan, Alabama, 

conducted radiation protection procedures established by the 

(83). These safety procedures, detailed in the Operation 

volume, were designed to minimize exposure to ionizing 

radiation by limiting radiation exposures to no more than 3 

roentgens of whole-body gamma radiation for any period 

and 5 roentgens annually. Unless approved by the Test Manager in 

advance, access to radiation areas by AFSWP project participants 

was not allowed until the Test Manager declared the area open for 

recovery operations. Personnel were not permitted into areas of 

10 roentgens per hour (R/h) or greater unless they had received 

special permission from the Test Director (61). 

participants recovering test instruments from radioactive areas 

were accompanied by radiological safety monitors, who surveyed 

the radiation intensity in the recovery area and informed the 

project managers as to the radiological situation. To monitor 

cumulative exposures, project personnel were issued film badges. 

After the film badges were collected, developed, and evaluated, 

any individuals whose accumulated dose approached or exceeded the 

established limits were not permitted further access to the 

*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metric 

units. The metric conversion factors include: 1 meter = 3.28 

feet; 1 meter = 1.09 yards; 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles. 

18 
forward area. Personnel decontamination procedures were 

implemented, and emergency evaucation plans were prepared for the 

test events (83). 

The radiation protection procedures for AFSWC included the 

same exposure limits for and ground-crew personnel as 

those established for personnel, with the exception of cloud 

sampler pilots. The Test Manager authorized these AFSWC 

personnel to receive a total of 7.5 roentgens of gamma radiation 

annually. Decontamination, including removal of 

clothing and showers, was required of aircrew members 

after each mission, regardless of the exposure received 

on the flight. Aircraft were washed or isolated until radiation 

intensities had decayed to acceptable levels (2; 29; 83). 

1.2 EXERCISE ROCK ACTIVITIES AT THE EIGHT MID-SERIES 

EVENTS 

Most of the DOD personnel involved in Shots DIABLO through 

FRANKJLIN PRIME took part in observer troop tests, 

radiological training, and technical service experiments fielded 

by Exercise Desert Rock, the Army testing and training program 

conducted during Operation PLUMBBOB. In addition to the Desert 

Rock exercise troops, Camp Desert Rock support troops provided 

communication, transportation, traffic control, and radiological 

safety monitoring for Desert Rock at the eight shots 

(25; 71). Radiological safety monitoring, for example, 

was conducted by soldiers from the 50th Chemical Service Platoon 

for Desert Rock personnel in the test area after each detonation 

(49). 

Radiation protection procedures for Exercise Desert Rock, 

like those for the NTO, are detailed in the Operation 

volume. Procedures were designed to minimize potential exposure 

to ionizing radiation while allowing participants to accomplish 

19 
project objectives. Desert Rock personnel were limited to no 

more than roentgens of whole-body gamma radiation during any 

six-month period. The radiation protection procedures of 

Exercise Desert Rock included provisions for (40-48; 71): 

Maintaining minimum safe distances from nuclear

detonations 

Enforcing protective procedures for personnel

observing the detonations 

Controlling access to radiation areas 

• . Film badging and monitoring the cumulative

exposures of Desert Rock personnel 

• Decontaminating equipment and personnel leaving

the shot area after each detonation 

Preparing emergency evacuation plans for

personnel in the forward area. 

1.3 DOSIMETRY FOH PARTICIPANTS 

For Operation PLUMBBOB, maintained cumulative exposure 

lists of and AFSWC personnel. The lists provided the 

specific dosimetry information described in the radiological 

safety sections of the following chapters. For example, lists 

were developed that showed the personnel who had, during a 

specific shot period, exceeded a cumulative dose of 2 roentgens. 

A few surviving disposition forms, specifying personnel exposures 

exceeding roentgens, indicate that Exercise Desert Rock 

similarly monitored cumulative exposures. Personnel whose 

exposures reached 5 roentgens were prohibited from further entry 

into the shot area. The Operation volume summarizes 

dosimetry totals and overexposure information for 

participants (57; 

20 
Weather: 

Radiation Data: 

Participants: 

SHOT DIABLO SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VII and VIII 

DATE/TIME:

YIELD: 

15 July 1957, 0430 hours

17 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 500 feet (tower shot) 

To evaluate newly designed devices for

possible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal

(2) To evaluate the nuclear yield and the 

blast, thermal and radiation phenomena

produced by these nuclear devices

(3) To evaluate military equipment and to 

indoctrinate personnel in the effects of

nuclear detonations 

(4) To assess the effects of the nuclear 

detonation on civilian products,

and food supplies and to evaluate Civil

Defense emergency preparedness plans. 

At shot-time, the was and 

the surface wind was calm. Winds were six 

kpots from the south-southwest at 10,000 feet,

eight knots from the west-southwest at 20,000

feet, and nine knots from the west at 30,000 

feet. 

About an hour after the detonation, radiation 

intensities of 1.0 R/h or more were confined

to within 750 meters of ground zero to the

south and west. 

Exercise Desert Rock troops, Armed Forces

Special Weapons Air Force Special

Weapons Center and other Air Force personnel,

Los Scientific Laboratory, University 

of California Radiation Laboratory, Federal

Civil Defense Administration, other 

contractors. 

21 
CHAPTER 2 

SHOT DIABLO 

Shot DIABLO was detonated at hours Pacific Daylight 

Time on 15 July 1957. Fired from a cab on top of a 

tower in Area 2 of the Nevada Test Site, DIABLO had a yield of 17 

kilotons. After the detonation, the cloud top rose to 31,500 

feet. Most of the upper portion of the cloud drifted to the 

northeast, although part of the upper portion followed a southeasterly course. The lower portion of the cloud and stem moved 

toward the north. The cloud dispersion and movement created a 

widespread pattern of fallout across the northeastern quadrant of 

Yucca Flat (31; 

2.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT DIABLO 

Approximately 1,350 Desert Rock troops took part 

associated with the DIABLO event: three troop observer 

indoctrination projects, two radiological training and 

two technical service projects (59). Table 2-1, on the next 

identifies the Desert Rock program types, their subordinate 

the participating units, and the estimated number of 

DOD participants. The table also lists 81 Camp Desert Rock 

support personnel who observed the detonation. 

2.1.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination Projects 

About 695 DOD personnel, including the 81 Camp Desert Rock 

support troops, participated in the troop observer indoctrination 

activities listed in table 2-1. They viewed Shot DIABLO from 

trenches 3,810 meters southeast of the at UTM 

coordinates Trenches were about five feet deep, 

22 
- -

-

affording a minimum of two feet of overhead protection for a 

crouching person. Observers toured the display area that had 

been used for Shot HOOD on 5 July 1957 as soon as radiological 

safety monitors ascertained that residual radiation levels were 

safe 42). 

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK PROJECTS, SHOT 

Program Type Project Title Participants 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

Troop Observer Indoctrination 50.2 Troop Observers Army 588 

3 

Civilian 8 

52.2 Marine Corps Observers Marine Corps 28 

53.3 Air Crew Observers Air Force 9 

Camp Desert Rock Support Troops 81 

Radiological Training 53.4 Radiological Defense Training Radiological Defense School, Lowry 

AFB 

Sixth Army Chemical, Biological, and 

Radiological Team Training 

Fort Huachuca, Arizona; Sharpe 

General Depot, California 

14 

Technical Service 50.3 

50.8 

Evaluation of Medium Range 

Detonation-detection and Cloud 

Detection of Atomic Burst and 

Radioactive Fallout 

Army Signal Research and Development 

Laboratories; Fort Huachuca, Arizona; 

Fort Meade, Maryland 

495th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile 

Battalion; Army Air Defense Board; 

Army Artillery Board; Army Chemical 

Corps; Army Artillery and Guided Missile 

School; Air Weather Service 

32 

557 

2.1.2 Radiological Training Projects 

The two radiological training conducted at Shot 

DIABLO were Air Force Project 53.4, Radiological Defense Training, and the Sixth Army Chemical, Biological, and Radiological 

Team Training. 

53.4, Radiological Defense Training, was performed 

by members of the Radiological Defense School of Lowry AFH, 

23 
Denver, Colorado. After the detonation, project participants 

proceeded along an assigned route from the observation area to 

their vehicles, which they had left at the Desert Rock decontamination station. Accompanied by a radiological safety 

monitor, the participants monitored radiation intensities at 

various distances from ground zero. These readings were relayed 

by radio to the control stations and were then plotted on a map 

(40; 49). 

The Sixth Army Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Team 

Training involved one survey team from Fort Huachuca, 

Arizona, and two civilians from Sharpe General Depot, California. 

Film badge dates for the Fort Huachuca team (CBR Team 

extended from 11 to 18 July, while those of the two civilians 

were from 7 to July. The purpose of the was to train 

personnel from Sixth Army installations in radiological defense 

techniques. General procedures called for the teams to take part 

in the usual observer activities and then proceed into the field 

to conduct radiological surveys (40; 49). 

2.1.3 Technical Service 

As indicated in table 2-1, two technical service 

were conducted at Shot DIABLO to evaluate diagnostic instrumentation and techniques for use in a nuclear environment. 

Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range 

detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded 18 personnel 

from the Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories; seven 

participants from Fort Huachuca, Arizona; and seven personnel 

from Fort Meade, Maryland. The had two purposes: to 

test the capacity of Army radar equipment in detecting nuclear 

detonations and in tracking radioactive clouds, and to examine 

Army fallout prediction methods. Three remote radar sets were 

located southeast of Yucca Lake at UTM coordinates 893872, 27 

24 
kilometers from ground zero. The fallout prediction unit for 

this project operated from a van located next to the weather 

station at Camp Mercury (20; 49). 

Project 50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and Radioactive 

Fallout, was conducted by the 495th Antiaircraft Artillery 

Missile Battalion, along with the Army Air Defense Board, Army 

Artillery Board, Army Chemical Corps, Army Artillery and Guided 

Missile School, and Air Weather Service. The objectives were to: 

Determine how well equipment found in a typical

Army unit could determine the location, height

of burst, and yield of a nuclear detonation 

Track targets and guided missiles through the 

fireball or cloud resulting from a detonation 

Predict and monitor radioactive fallout. 

An estimated 557 DOD personnel took part in this To 

determine the location, height of burst, and yield of the 

detonation, participants operated 23 and radar, 

camera, and other instrument stations located 27 to 56 kilometers 

from ground zero. Figure 2-l shows personnel at one of the radar 

locations. To determine the attenuation of the Nike Hercules 

missile control signals at the time of detonation, a B-26 

aircraft, with a crew of at least three, positioned itself so 

that the cloud was between the aircraft and a Nike Hercules 

ground site. The aircraft was 15 miles from the shot-tower at 

the time of detonation and spent about 30 minutes in the area (3; 

77; 79; To determine the fallout pattern, three 

helicopters--two H-34s and one H-13--conducted aerial 

radiological surveys following the detonation. The helicopters, 

each with a crew of three, took readings up to 100 R/h at about 

200 feet above the ground. Simultaneously, three ground survey 

teams monitored the area around ground zero up to the 5.0 R/h 

line (3; 49; 77; 79; 80). 

25 

2.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP, 

OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT DIABLO 

In addition to the Exercise Desert Rock personnel, other DOD 

personnel took part in test activities during Shot DIABLO that 

required them to enter the forward area. Table 2-2 identifies 

the test group projects involving DOD participants. The Air 

Force sponsored one operational training project during the shot. 

Besides the test group and the operational training 

AFSWC and other support activities accounted for a number of 

other DOD participants. The Air Force Special Weapons Center 

supported test group and flew routine missions for the 

Test Manager (24; 29; 49; 52). 

2.2.1 Weapons Effects Test Group Projects 

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted 12 projects at Shot 

DIABLO, as indicated in table 2-2. The personnel estimates given 

in this table, and in the project tables of the following 

chapters, reflect the minimum number of project participants in 

an experiment as given in the schedule of events for the shot or 

in the weapons test reports. 

Project 2.7, Radio-wave Attenuation Studies, was conducted 

by the Naval Research Laboratory to study the interference 

effects of high levels of radiation on radio transmissions and 

radar operations. Participants installed receivers in Building 

400, located 24 kilometers from ground zero. An estimated three 

personnel placed scintillation detectors, as well as instruments 

to monitor the effects on transmitters of the electromagnetic 

signal generated by the detonation, at stations 830 to 1,540 

meters from ground zero. After the detonation and as radiation 

intensities permitted, project personnel recovered the equipment 

(38). 

Project 2.8, Evaluation of Military was conducted by 

the Naval Material Laboratory to check the accuracy of several 

27 
Table 2-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT DIABLO 

Estimated 

DOD 

Project Title Participants Personnel 

Weapons Effects Test Group 

2.7 Radio-wave Attenuation Studies Naval Research Laboratory 3 

2.8 Evaluation of Military Naval Material Laboratory 5 

2.10 Initial Neutron and Gamma Air-earth Interface 

Measurements 

Air Force Special Weapons Center 5 

4.2 Evaluation of Eye Protection Afforded by an 

Electromechanical Shutter 

Tactical Air Command; Air Force School of Aviation 

Medicine; Navy Radiological Defense Laboratory; Wright 

Patterson Aero Medical Laboratory; AFB Hospital 

8 

5.1 In-flight Structural Response of the HSS-1 Helicopter 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics 2 

5.3 In-flight Structural Response of an Aircraft 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

Naval Air Special Weapons Facility 

5.4 In-flight Structural Response of the Aircraft 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics; Naval Air Special 

Weapons Facility: North American Aviation 

5.5 In-flight Structural Response of the Aircraft 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

Wright Air Development Center; Northrop Aircraft 2 

6.2 Measurement of the Magnetic Component of the 

Electromagnetic Field near a Nuclear Detonation 

Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratory 3 

6.4 Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline NAROL 

System 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center 

Performance of a High-speed Spectrographic System Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 4 

9.1 Support Photography AFSWP; Military Air Transport Service; EG and G 15 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group 

11.2 Radiochemistry Sampling Air Force Special Weapons Center 9 

I 

University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group 

21.2 Radiochemistry Sampling Air Force Special Weapons Center 9 

I 

Civil Effects Test Group 

32.3 Evaluation of Countermeasure System Components Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

and Operational Procedures 

37.2 Biophysical Aspects of Fallout Phenomenology Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Physical Aspects of Fallout Air Force Special Weapons Center 

37.6 Application of Radio-ecology Techniques Air Force Special Weapons Center 

39.5 Radiation Dosimetry for Human Exposures Air Force School of Aviation Medicine 

Unknown 

16 
types of Navy instruments in measuring radiological 

hazards in the field under the anticipated conditions of nuclear 

warfare. The experimental equipment included one masonite 

phantom, simulating the density and dimension of a human, loaded 

with selectively shielded standard depth-dose detectors and 

dosimeters, and other masonite phantoms containing recording 

ratemeters. 

About one hour after the detonation, five personnel 

in three vehicles left Camp Mercury to transport the phantoms 

into the shot area, northeast of ground zero. The trip took 

about one hour. Although the ratemeter reading on the 

hard-surface road leading toward ground zero was 5 R/h, off the 

road the dose rate reading was 50 R/h. As the truck transporting 

the equipment turned off the road to position the phantoms, it 

became embedded in the sand in the R/h field, thus preventing 

both prompt retreat by the staff and removal of equipment to a 

field of lower radiation intensity. Personnel, therefore, 

unloaded and installed the equipment as rapidly as possible and 

radioed for assistance. They returned to the hard-surface road 

and were picked up there by the evacuation jeep. Recovery of 

equipment was accomplished in two trips, one six-and-one-half 

hours and the other 30 hours after the detonation (26). 

2.10, Initial Neutron and Gamma Air-earth Interface 

Measurements, was conducted under the supervision of AFSWC. The 

objective was to study how the air-ground interfaces affected the 

radiation produced by a nuclear detonation. Integrated gamma 

dose and neutron readings were obtained at points on the ground 

and at corresponding points at heights up to approximately 500 

feet on the WHITNEY and SHASTA towers, also in Area 2. Pro.ject 

personnel placed equipment 1,530 and 2,430 meters from the 

tower. After the detonation and when radiation intensities permitted, five personnel performed recovery operations (84). 

29 
Project 4.2, Evaluation of Eye Protection Afforded by an 

Electromechanical Shutter, was intended to evaluate the 

effectiveness of an electromechanical shutter device for 

preventing or minimizing flash blindness, a temporary condition 

produced by the intense light of a nuclear detonation. Test 

subjects were volunteers from the Tactical Air Command. The Air 

Force School of Aviation Medicine furnished the examiners and 

rabbits for the tests, and personnel from the Navy Radiological 

Defense Laboratory, the Wright Patterson Aero Medical Laboratory, 

and the Air Force Base Hospital provided technical 

support. 

The project was conducted in a trailer 17 kilometers 

southeast of ground zero, at UTM 845958. The trailer 

was equipped with electromechanical shutters that closed one 

millisecond after the arrival of the intense flash of the 

detonation. The shutter mechanism had been changed for DIABLO to 

determine the effects of closure as late as one millisecond. 

Four volunteers and trained examiners proceeded to the 

trailer four-and-one-half hours before the detonation. After the 

detonation, examiners tested the subjects to determine the length 

of time required for them to recover useful vision. Thirty 

minutes after the detonation, the volunteers returned to 

AFB for complete evaluation. No permanent 

effects were discovered (34). In addition to the human subjects, 

project personnel evaluated chorioretinal burns received by 

unprotected rabbits exposed to the detonation (11; 34). 

Project 5.1, In-flight Structural Response of the HSS-1 

Helicopter to a Nuclear Detonation, was conducted by the Navy 

Bureau of Aeronautics. The objective was to measure the effects 

of the overpressure and wind gusts produced by a nuclear detonation on the HSS-1 helicopter. The project also studied how 

blast effects might limit the HSS-1 in its delivery capabilities 

for antisubmarine warfare weapons. 

30 
The helicopter left Indian Springs AFB at 0340, entering the 

test area 20 minutes later. Before the shot, the helicopter, 

with a crew of two, flew two practice orbits inbound at 330 

degrees. It began a final run five minutes before the detonation, making a turn 40 seconds before the detonation. 

At shot-time, the helicopter was positioned tail-on to the blast, 

at a slant range of 3,900 meters from ground zero and at an 

altitude of 11,000 feet. The helicopter spent approximately 60 

minutes in the shot area, returning to Indian Springs AFB at 0505 

(3; 82). 

5.3, In-flight Structural Response of the FJ-4 Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was developed by the Navy Bureau 

of Aeronautics to measure the thermal and blast wave response of 

the FJ-4 aircraft and to determine its performance and delivery 

capabilities during a nuclear detonation. The Naval Air Special 

Weapons Facility provided the aircraft crew for this project. 

North American Aviation, Incorporated, supplied the test 

aircraft, equipped with special instruments for the project, and 

the personnel required to maintain the aircraft. 

The FJ-4 left Indian Springs AFB at 0340. At the time of 

the detonation, the aircraft was at a height of 9,900 feet above 

the burst and at a slant range of 3,060 meters from ground zero. 

At the time of shock arrival, the aircraft was in a level flight 

pattern, tail-on to the blast, at a slant range of 3,280 meters 

from ground zero. Upon completing its mission, the FJ-4 returned 

to Indian Springs AFB, landing at 0440. During the mission, 

total gamma dose was recorded by film badges placed in the cockammunition bay, right drop tank, and nose-wheel well (53). 

Project 5.4, In-flight Structural Response of the Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was conducted by the Navy Bureau 

of Aeronautics to measure the thermal and blast wave response of 

31 
the aircraft during flight and to determine its performance 

and delivery capabilities during a nuclear detonation. The 

aircraft was a single engine, modified delta wing, carrier-based 

attack jet aircraft with the capability for delivering nuclear 

weapons. Participants included one pilot, the ground controller, 

and the maintenance personnel responsible for the special painting and instrumentation of the aircraft. Nuclear radiation in 

the aircraft was measured by four film badges in the bottom of 

the nose section, six film badges in the cockpit map case, and 

dosimeters of various ranges located in the nose wheel door and 

the leg pocket of the pilot's flight suit. 

The aircraft took off from Indian Springs AFB at and 

entered its flight pattern at 0400 hours. At shot-time, the 

aircraft was at a slant range of 3,300 meters from ground zero 

and at a height of about 9,420 feet above the burst. At the time 

of the first shock arrival, the was at a slant range of 

3,000 meters from ground zero and at a height of 9,260 feet above 

the burst. After completing its mission, the aircraft returned 

to Indian Springs AFB, landing at 0442 (3; 81). 

Project 5.5, In-flight Structural Response of the F-89D Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was designed to determine the 

structural response of the F-89D aircraft in flight to the blast 

and thermal effects of a nuclear detonatiun. Northrop Aircraft, 

Incorporated, was contracted to assist the Wright Air Development 

Center in planning and conducting the project. Northrop 

calibrated, maintained, and operated the instrumentation, and 

correlated the data. Wright Air Development Center provided both 

the aircraft and the two-man crew. Wright Air Development Center 

and Northrop Aircraft together developed positioning methods and 

calculated the aircraft positions at detonation and shock arrival 

times. At 0400, the F-89D left Indian Springs AFB. It flew one 

complete la-minute holding pattern to position itself for the 

shot. At the detonation, the F-89D was approaching ground zero 

32 
at an altitude of 19,700 feet and at a slant range of 10,500 

meters from the burst. When the initial shock wave arrived, the 

aircraft was at an altitude of 19,160 feet and at a slant range 

of 6,710 meters from ground zero. The F-89D returned to Indian 

Springs AFB at 0437. During the mission, film badges were placed 

in the pilot's and observer's positions (3; 74). 

Project 6.2, Measurement of the Magnetic Component of the 

Electromagnetic Field near a Nuclear Detonation, was designed to 

provide a record of the strength and characteristics of the 

magnetic energy generated by a nuclear detonation as a function 

of time and distance. The project was fielded by the Diamond 

Ordnance Fuze Laboratory. Personnel installed a recording 

station about 260 meters north of ground zero. The station was 

not manned during the detonation. Four hours after the 

detonation, three men in two vehicles recovered instruments from 

this station. Two hours before the shot, two men in one vehicle 

drove to a recording station 30 kilometers southeast of ground 

zero, at UTM coordinates 895855. They departed one hour after 

the shot (11; 35). 

Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline 

NAROL System, used the Long Range Aids to Navigation (LORAN) 

system in an inverse fashion to detect the electromagnetic pulse 

from a nuclear burst in order to determine the position and yield 

of that burst. The Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment NAROL System 

tested on this operation consisted of nets located in 

Albuquerque, New Mexico; Vale, Oregon; and Rapid City, South 

Dakota. Each NAROL net had two unmanned slave stations and one 

manned station (50). 

Project Performance of a High-speed Spectrographic 

System, tested equipment designed to analyze the electromagnetic 

energy from nuclear detonations. The equipment would eventually 

be used during Operation HARDTACK, a later series of atmospheric 

33 
nuclear weapons tests. At shot-time, three or four project 

personnel were at stations 25 kilometers from ground zero (60). 

Project 9.1, Support Photography, was sponsored by AFSWP to 

provide the following support services: 

Technical photographic support of the

effects program 

Documentation of the overall military-effects

program and production of an effects motion

picture 

Documentation of the detonation for release 

through the Joint Office of Test Information

and for historical purposes 

General photographic support to Department of 

Defense projects. 

Twelve men manned the camera station at the BJY, UTM coordinates 

842022, from six hours before to 30 minutes after the detonation. 

At shot-time, two or three photographers took pictures from a 

C-47 aircraft by the Military Air Transport Service. 

The aircraft, which spent approximately 100 minutes in the shot 

area, flew a right-hand holding pattern at an altitude of 8,000 

to 9,000 feet (3; 27; 40). In addition, EG and G personnel provided technical photography support to AFSWP and the AEC, operating camera stations to record fireball and cloud growth. One 

manned station was at the Control Point, and two unmanned stations were three to eight kilometers from ground zero (11; 27). 

2.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in LASL and UCRL

Test Group Projects 

Of the six projects conducted by the LASL and UCHL Test 

Groups, only Projects 11.2 and 21.2, both entitled Radiochemistry 

Sampling, involved DOD participation. These projects required 

air support from AFSWC and are discussed in section 2.2.5. 

34 
2.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in Civil Effects

Test Group Projects 

The Civil Effects Test Group conducted 14 projects at 

DIABLO. Of these projects, the five listed in table 2-2 involved 

DOD participation. 

Project 32.3, Evaluation of Countermeasure System Components 

and Operational Procedures, was fielded by the Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory. The project was conducted in two phases at a 

manned underground shelter within the fallout zone and beyond the 

region of significant blast damage. The first phase of the 

operation evaluated shelter performance. The second phase 

involved establishing a suitable staging area for testing 

reclamation methods. 

Six hours before the detonation, 16 participants arrived in 

jeeps at the shelter, located at UTM coordinates 801131, 1.3 

kilometers from the shot-tower. The shelter was a standard 

meters-by-14.4-meters multi-plate ammunition-storage magazine. 

Custom-fitted with a standard Navy quick-acting, watertight door, 

the shelter was buried side-on to the shot area, beneath about 

one meter of earth. The entrance faced away from ground zero. 

Two M-6 collective protector air filters provided ventilation. 

Thirty minutes before the detonation, the intake and exhaust 

vents were closed. Five minutes before the detonation, all 

personnel sat in the center of the floor at the rear of the 

shelter. Fifteen seconds before the detonation, the vent intakes 

were opened and the M-6 collective protector air filters were 

started. Between one and six minutes after the detonation, 

participants in the underground shelter reported dosimeter 

readings by radio to the Control Point. Fallout continued in the 

area of the shelter from seven to 20 minutes after the 

detonation. Twenty minutes after the detonation, the AFSWC 

helicopter being used to conduct aerial surveys picked up the 

35 
Director of the Civil Effects Test Group at the shelter. Surveys 

of exterior areas adjoining the shelter were begun 30 minutes 

after detonation. This first phase of the project was completed 

and the shelter closed by six hours after shot-time. Other 

personnel returned by jeep to the Control Point, where they were 

processed through the decontamination station. 

The second phase of the project was to begin one hour after 

the detonation, but higher-than-expected radiation intensities on 

shot-day caused a postponement of two days. An unknown number of 

operators and their equipment, consisting of several graders, a 

front-end loader, and a dump-truck, were at a safe distance from 

the project area at shot-time. They moved to the designated area 

some 2,500 meters from ground zero two days after the detonation 

and scraped and graded the area for approximately four hours. 

When their assignment was completed, they returned through the 

decontamination station to Camp Mercury (11; 75). 

The following CETG involved AFSWC support: 

37.2, Biophysical Aspects of Fallout

Phenomenology 

• Project Physical Aspects of Fallout 

Project 37.6, Application of Radio-ecology

Techniques. 

For these projects, AFSWC crew members provided a single C-47 

aircraft for radio relay services, as discussed in section 2.2.5. 

Project 39.5, Radiation Dosimetry for Human Exposures, was 

conducted by the Air Force School of Aviation Medicine, along 

with several civilian agencies. The project collected 

information on the characteristics of neutron and gamma radiations at various distances from ground zero to evaluate the doses 

received by the survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The 

experiment required placing radiation detection devices approximately 450 meters from the shot-tower and recovering them soon 

after the detonation, as radiation intensities permitted (51). 

36 
2.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training Projects 

The primary objectives of the operational training program 

were to indoctrinate Air Force personnel and to test tactics and 

equipment. The Air Force conducted three operational training 

at Shot DIABLO: 

Project 53.1, Aerial Sampling Missions 

53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment 

Project 53.9, Photographic

Training. 

Reconnaissance 

Project 53.1, Aerial Sampling Missions, involved the Montana 

and New York Air National Guard units that flew sample missions 

in conjunction with LASL Project 11.2 and UCRL Project 21.2, 

Radiochemistry Sampling (1; 3). This activity is discussed under 

AFSWC operations, in the next section of this chapter. 

Project 53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, required 

staff from the Wright Air Development Center to install Indirect 

Bomb Damage Assessment equipment aboard an F-89D aircraft from 

Indian Springs AFR. The with a crew of two, flew a 

holding pattern at an altitude of 35,000 feet. The aircraft 

spent about 60 minutes in the shot area. After completing its 

mission, the F-89D returned to base, where it was decontaminated 

53.9, Photographic Reconnaissance Training, was 

intended to indoctrinate Tennessee Air National Guard Tactical 

Reconnaissance units in photographic missions over a nuclear 

target. Two RF-84 aircraft, each with a pilot and a photographer, flew a holding pattern until ten minutes after the detonation, when they made a photographic run over ground zero at 

10,000 feet. Upon completion of the run, the aircraft returned 

to George AFB for decontamination (1; 3). 

37 
2.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Air Force Special Weapons Center support consisted of 

cloud-sampling and sample courier missions for LASL and UCRL, a 

radio-relay for CETG, and cloud-tracking missions, security 

sweeps, and aerial surveys. At Shot DIABLO, AFSWC also performed 

a special cloud penetration study. 

Cloud Sampling 

Two B-57B aircraft, each operated by two crewmen, and four 

F-84G aircraft, each operated by a pilot, collected samples of 

the cloud for LASL 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, and 

UCRL 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. A B-57B sampler 

control aircraft, with a pilot and a scientific advisor, directed 

the cloud sampling. Pilots from the 4926th Test Squadron 

(Sampling) flew the aircraft. In addition, four T-33 aircraft, 

each with two New York and Montana Air National Guard personnel, 

collected cloud samples from an altitude of ab'out 30,000 feet for 

operational training 53.1, Aerial Sampling Missions (1; 3). 

The first sampler aircraft to leave Indian Springs AFB were 

the which took off 30 minutes before shot-time. The 

control aircraft left Indian Springs AFB 15 minutes before 

time and was positioned by the Air Operations Center outside the 

testing area before shot-time. Upon reaching an altitude of 

30,000 to 35,000 feet, the control aircraft began its orbit. 

After the detonation, the control aircraft left its orbit to view 

the cloud. Between 60 and 80 minutes after the detonation, the 

F-84G samplers took off from Indian Springs AFB. Ninety minutes 

after the detonation, the B-57B samplers flew from Indian Springs 

AFB. Guided by the control aircraft, the samplers entered the 

vicinity of the burst. The scientific advisor then directed the 

samplers to penetrate the cloud as necessary to acquire the 

samples. After completing their sampling runs, most of the 

samplers left the area, and landed at Indian Springs AFB. One or 

more with two crewmen each, flew from Indian Springs AFB . 
and completed the final sampling run. The aircraft then 

accompanied the B-57B sampler control aircraft back to Indian 

Springs AFB (1; 3). 

Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions were completed, three C-47 aircraft, each with an estimated crew of three, left Indian Springs 

AFB on shot-day to transport samples to various air bases for 

analysis by nuclear weapons design laboratories. The 4900th Air 

Base Group from Kirtland AFB conducted these missions (1; 3). 

Radio Relay 

A C-47 aircraft provided radio relay for CETG Projects 

37.2, and 37.6. The C-47, with a crew of three, flew a 

right-hand holding pattern 20 nautical miles probably northeast 

of ground zero. The aircraft remained aloft for three hours. 

Following the mission, the C-47 returned to its home base for 

decontamination (l-3). 

Cloud Tracking 

Immediately after the detonation, three aircraft flew 

cloud-tracking missions over and beyond the Nevada Test Site. 

One B-25 aircraft with three crew members and one B-29 aircraft 

with five crew members flew from Indian Springs AFB. One B-50 

with six crew members originated from Kirtland AFB (1; 3). 

Security Sweeps 

Before the shot, two L-20 aircraft were dispatched from 

Yucca Lake airstrip near the Control Point to perform a security 

sweep mission over the test area. The aircraft had a crew of at 

least two, since the security sweep routine called for a security 

guard to accompany the pilot in the survey mission. The aircraft 

surveyed the shot area to ensure that no unauthorized personnel 

were in the area at shot-time (1; 3). 

39 
Helicopter Surveys 

After the detonation, AFSWC pilots flew helicopter survey 

missions over the shot area and non-test areas to record 

radiation intensities. The one H-21 helicopter used had a crew 

of four: two AFSWC pilots and two monitors. The initial 

survey was 15 minutes after the shot and completed 40 

minutes later. After noting their peak reading of 45 R/h 500 

feet over ground zero, the pilot was requested by the Air 

Operation Center to land on a pad 1680 meters north of ground 

zero to pick up the Director of the Civil Effects Test Group. 

The intensity on the pad was 2 R/h at the time. The helicopter 

landed as requested, delaying its return by about eight minutes, 

and transported the man to the Control Point. After the mission, 

the helicopter returned to the helicopter pad, where it was 

monitored and decontaminated as required (1; 3; 

In addition to the aerial surveys, a second H-21, piloted by 

an AFSWC crew of two, conducted a damage survey 15 minutes after 

the shot. One monitor from was aboard the aircraft (1; 3; 63). 

Cloud Penetration 

Beginning earlier in Operation and continuing at 

Shot DIABLO, AFSWC conducted a study to determine whether the Air 

Force should monitor the accumulation of radioactive contaminants 

on aircraft that penetrated radioactive clouds. A T-33 from the 

4926th Test Squadron, piloted by an officer from Air Support 

Group Headquarters, accompanied by an observer, penetrated the 

DIABLO cloud. The aircraft flew at an altitude of 30,000 feet 

and spent minutes in the air. The pilot and the observer both 

wore lead vests instrumented with 15 to 25 film badges, and six 

additional film badges were taped to the seats. 

Upon returning to Indian Springs AFB after the flight, the 

aircraft was not decontaminated, but a 24-hour period was 

permitted for radiation decay before maintenance was performed on 

the aircraft. The pilot and the observer boarded and departed 

40 
from the aircraft using standard ladders, not the forklift procedure used in other AFSWC missions. However, the pilot and 

observer were both closely monitored and decontaminated after the 

flight. The aircraft was decontaminated on 25 July after 

performing its mission at Shot OWENS 3). 

2.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT DIABLO 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

for Operation was to ensure that individuals would avoid 

unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation while accomplishing 

their missions. Some of the procedures described in the Operation 

volume resulted in records that enabled the Nevada Test 

Organization to evaluate the effectiveness of its radiation 

protection program. The available information includes 

isointensity contour maps, monitoring data, and some and Desert 

Rock personnel dosimetry data. Radiological safety procedures and 

dosimetry information are summarized in the series volume. 

Dosimetry 

During July 1957, the Dosimetry and Records Section issued 

2,712 film badges and 595 pocket dosimeters (83). Thirteen 

participants at DIABLO received cumulative gamma exposures 

greater than 2.0 roentgens, ranging from 2.01 to 3.55 roentgens 

Seven personnel from Desert Rock Project 50.8 received 3 

or more roentgens, almost all of which was accumulated at Shot 

DIABLO. One of these exposures was 5.1 roentgens, in excess of 

the Desert Rock 5 roentgens limit (57). 

Logistics 

For Shot DIABLO, the General Supply Section issued protective clothing to persons (83). These items consisted of 

coveralls, shoe covers, and respirators. 

41 
Monitoring 

Thirteen men in vehicles began the initial ground survey at 

0440 hours. They reported the last intensity in the shot area 

about two hours later. The aerial helicopter survey team, 

consisting an AFSWC crew of two and two monitors, began its 

initial survey 15 minutes after the shot and completed it 40 

minutes later Ground and aerial resurveys were conducted 

for several days following the detonation. 

The Special Assignments Branch monitored radiation levels in 

living and working areas and found no evidence of increased radioactivity in either well or drinking water after Shot DIABLO 

Plotting and Briefing 

The Plotting and Briefing Branch developed isointensity 

contour maps from the radiation intensity data gathered by the 

ground survey teams. Figure 2-1 presents the isointensity plot 

developed from information gained during the initial survey. 

Figure 2-2 shows the data resulting from the resurveys on 

16 July, 17 July, and 18 July (83). 

In addition to its other activities, the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch issued access permits to control entry into 

radiological exclusion areas. The Plotting and Briefing Branch 

issued 482 access permits during DIABLO 

Decontamination 

During the period covering Shot DIABLO, the Vehicle and Equipment Decontamination Section decontaminated 127 vehicles The 

SMOKY ground zero area was in the path of DIABLO fallout. During 22 

to 29 July, personnel decontaminated the area by bulldozing 

contaminated soil away from the shot tower. On 22 July, prior to 

decontamination, readings of 0.24 R/h were recorded at the base of 

the SMOKY tower (85; 86). 

42 
- 

Stake Lines 

. . . . . . . . . 0.01 R’h 

Meters ------

0 1000 

Figure 2-2: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT DIABLO, 

15 JULY 1957, MID-TIME 0548 
 

*

- -

15 July 1957, Mid-Time: 1118 16 July 1957, Mid-Time: 0645 

. . . 

N 

0 

. 

. 

. 

.

. 

.

. 

. 

N 

18 July 1957, Mid-Time: 0645 17 July 1957, Mid-Time: 0652 

Stake Lines 

. . . . . . . . . 0.01 

------ 0.1 R/h 

. - . 

Figure 2-3: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT DIABLO 

44 
SHOT JOHN SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXERCISES: Desert Rock VII and VIII 

DATE/TIME: July 1957, 0700 hours

YIELD: 2 kilotons 

ALTITUDE OF BURST: 20,000 feet (missile) 

Objectives: (1) To evaluate newly designed devices for

possible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal

(2) To evaluate the nuclear yield and the 

blast, thermal and radiation phenomena

produced by these nuclear devices

To evaluate military equipment and to

indoctrinate personnel in the effects of 

nuclear detonations. 

Weather: At shot-time, the temperature was and 

the surface wind was calm. Winds were 15 and 

47 knots from the south-southwest at burst 

altitude and at the top of the cloud (44,000

feet), respectively. 

Radiation Data: Because of the height of detonation, there was 

no fallout. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock troops, Armed Forces 

Special Weapons Project, Air Force Special

Weapons Center and other Air Force personnel,

Los Scientific Laboratory, other 

contractors. 

45 
CHAPTER 

SHOT JOHN 

Shot JOHN was conducted with a yield of two-kilotons at 

hours Pacific Daylight Time on 19 July 1957. The nuclear device 

was delivered by an air-to-air MB-1 rocket launched from an F-89J 

aircraft (serial number 547) flying at an altitude of about 

19,000 feet. The rocket traveled 4,240 meters before it was 

detonated, four-and-one-half seconds after its release and about 

20,000 feet above Area of the NTS. There was no 

fallout (22; 31; 74). 

Wright Air Development Center personnel from 5.5, 

In-flight Structural Response of an F-89D Aircraft to a Nuclear 

Detonation, flew and maintained the which departed from 

Indian Springs AFB at 0605 for the shot area. The which 

had a crew of two, veering left as soon as it released the 

rocket. At the time of the detonation, it was about 3,350 meters 

from the burst point. The aircraft then returned to Indian 

Springs AFB, landing at 0707. The delivery aircraft was accompanied by an alternate delivery F-89J aircraft. This aircraft, 

which had a crew of two, left Indian Springs AFB at 0620. The 

alternate delivery aircraft flew at an altitude of about 17,500 

feet, following the same pattern as the delivery but 

remaining approximately 1,220 meters behind it. When the rocket 

was released, the alternate F-89J also veered to the left. At 

the time of the detonation, it was about 4,240 meters away. The 

alternate delivery aircraft returned to Indian Springs AFB one 

minute after the delivery aircraft, landing at 0708 (22; 74). 

3.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT JOHN 

Approximatelv 690 Desert Rock troops took part in 

associated with Shot JOHN: three troop observer indoctrination 

46 
- -

 and two technical service as listed in table 

The table also lists the 17 Camp Desert Rock support 

personnel who observed the detonation. 

Table 3-l: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK PROJECTS, SHOT 

Program Type Project Title Participants 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

Troop Observer Indoctrination 50.2 Troop Observers Army 

Civilian 

30 

1 

2 

52.2 Marine Observers Marine Corps 

53.3 Aircrew Observers Air Force; Air Defense Command 38 

Camp Desert Rock Support Troops 17 

Technical Service 50.3 Evaluation of Medium Range 

Detonation-detection and Cloud 

Tracking Systems 

Army Signal Research and Development 

Laboratories; Fort Huachuca, Arizona: 

Fort Meade, Maryland 

32 

50.8 Detection of Atomic Burst and 

Radioactive Fallout 

495th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile 

Battalion; Army Air Defense Board: 

Army Artillery Board 

557 

3.1.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination Projects 

About DOD personnel, including the 17 Camp Desert Rock 

support troops, observed Shot JOHN, as indicated in table 3-l. 

witnessed the detonation from open terrain, proceeding to 

the observer areas convoy at 0400 hours on shot-day. One 

group of observers was 5,900 meters southeast of surface zero, at 

UTM coordinates 882085. Another group, five officers from the 

Air Defense Command assigned to Project 53.3, volunteered to view 

the air burst from ground zero. A helicopter was to return these 

observers to Camp Desert Rock after the shot. Because the helicopter was not sent as planned, the six observers positioned at 

ground zero during Shot JOHN spent an additional two hours there 

(43; 

47 
3.1.2 Technical Service 

As indicated in table 3-1, two technical service 

were conducted at Shot JOHN to evaluate diagnostic instrumentation and techniques for use in a nuclear environment. 

50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-detection 

and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded by 18 personnel from the 

Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories, seven personnel 

from Fort Huachuca, and seven participants from Fort Meade. The 

project had two purposes: to test the capacity of Army radar 

equipment in detecting nuclear detonations and tracking radioactive 

clouds, and to examine the Army's fallout prediction methods. 

Three remote radar sets were located southeast of Yucca Lake at UTM 

coordinates 893872, about 25 kilometers from ground zero. The 

fallout prediction unit for this project operated from a van 

located next to the weather station at Camp Mercury (20; 

Project S0.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and Radioactive 

Fallout, was conducted by the 495th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile 

Battalion, along with the Army Air Defense Board and the Army 

Artillery Board. The purposes were: 

To determine how well equipment found in a

typical Army unit could determine the location,

height of burst, and yield of a nuclear

detonation 

To predict and monitor radioactive fallout. 

An estimated 557 DOD personnel took part in this project. 

determine the position, height of burst, and yield of the 

detonation, participants operated 12 and radar, 

camera, and other instrument stations located 11 to 77 kilometers 

from ground zero. The control point was at UTM coordinates 768944, 

about kilometers southwest of ground zero. Because of the burst 

conditions, the fallout prediction and radiation survey activities 

were minimal. One minute after the detonation, however, an H-13 

helicopter was to lift off to measure the neutron-induced activity 

around ground zero (43; 49; 77; 79; 80). 

48 
3.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP,

OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT JOHN 

In addition to the Exercise Desert Rock personnel, other DO D 

personnel took part in test activities during Shot JOHN that 

required them to enter the forward area. Table 3-2 identifies 

the test group involving DOD participants. The Air 

Force sponsored three operational training during the 

shot. Besides the test group and the training AFSWC 

and other support activities accounted for a number of other DOD 

participants. AFSWC supported test group and flew 

routine missions for the Test Manager. 

3.2.1 Weapons Effects Test Group Projects 

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted nine projects at 

Shot JOHN, as indicated in table 3-2. 

Project 1.1, Basic Phenomena, was conducted by the 

Ballistic Research Laboratories to obtain data on overpressure 

and dynamic pressure at various positions near and on the ground 

surface at different times after the detonation. An additional 

objective was to evaluate modifications in gauge designs, 

instrument components, and measurement techniques. Before the 

detonation, Ballistic Research Laboratories personnel installed 

gauges at stations ranging from ground zero to 3,050 meters 

north, south, east, and west of ground zero. personnel 

were not required to be in the area of their experiments at 

time. An estimated three project participants recovered the 

gauges after the detonation (21). 

Project 2.3, Neutron Flux from Selected Nuclear Devices, was 

conducted by the Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories to measure 

the output of neutrons from a nuclear detonation, the energy of 

the neutrons, and their range in air. Small disks of selected 

materials that detected the neutrons in each of several energy 

49 
Table 3-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT JOHN 

Project Title Participants 

Estimated 

Personnel 

Weapons Effects Test Group 

1.1 Basic Phenomena Ballistic Research Laboratories 3 

2.3 Neutron Flux from Selected Nuclear Devices Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories 

2.5 Initial Gamma Radiation Intensity and Neutron-induced 

Gamma Radiation of NTS Soil 

Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories; 

Wright Air Development Center 

6 

2.9 Nuclear Radiation Received by Firing the 

MB-l Rocket 

Air Force Special Weapons Center 6 

2.10 Initial Neutron and Gamma Air-earth Interface 

Measurements 

Air Force Special Weapons Center 7 

5.5 In-flight Structural Response of Aircraft 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

Wright Air Development Center; Northrop Aircraft 2 

6.4 Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline NAROL 

System 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center 

Performance of a High-speed Spectrographic System Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 4 

9.1 Support Photography AFSWP; Military Air Transport Service; EG and G 19 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group 

11.2 Radiochemistry Sampling Air Force Special Weapons Center 9 

Unknown 

50 
ranges were used to measure the number and energy of the 

neutrons. Because these disks were attached to Project 2.9 

aircraft, Project 2.3 personnel were not in the field following 

the detonation (70). 

Project 2.5, Initial Gamma Radiation Intensity and 

induced Gamma Radiation of NTS Soil, was conducted by the Army 

Signal Research and Development Laboratories, with support from 

the Wright Air Development Center. The project was designed to 

determine initial gamma intensity versus time and distance. 

Personnel obtained data from three instrumented aircraft, each 

operated by a crew of two: the rocket delivery aircraft, 

the alternate delivery aircraft, and an aircraft 

primarily involved in Project 5.5, In-flight Structural Response 

of an Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation. In the the 

instruments were mounted in the after-fuselage equipment section 

to the rear of the fuel tank. In the the detectors were 

mounted in the rear of the forward-fuselage equipment section. 

The Wright Air Development Center provided the aircraft and the 

two-man crews for each aircraft. 

The left Indian Springs AFB at about 20 minutes 

after the delivery aircraft. While in the test area, it flew 

alongside the delivery aircraft at the same altitude, about 

19,000 feet. When the rocket was launched, the veered to 

the right instead of the left for the return trip to Indian 

Springs AFB. At the time of the detonation, the aircraft was 

about 3,350 meters from the burst, the same distance as the 

delivery aircraft. The returned to Indian Springs AFB at 

0706 22; 74). After all three landed, the instruments were 

removed as part of 2.9. 

Project 2.9, Nuclear Radiation Received by Firing 

the MB-1 Rocket, was conducted by AFSWC to measure the total 

neutron and gamma exposures received by an aircrew delivering the 

51 
MB-l rocket. As a secondary objective, the same type of measurements were made at locations in the aircraft other than the crew 

compartment and in other aircraft in the delivery array. 

The three aircraft involved in 2.5 also participated 

in 2.9. After the detonation and the return of the 

aircraft to Indian Springs AFB, instruments were removed at the 

earliest possible moment. AFSWC personnel then flew the 

foil neutron detectors and neutron threshold detectors to the 

facilities set up at the NTS for 2.3. All of the fission 

foils were developed within minutes of the detonation. 

Since no particular time limitations existed for the other 

instruments, they were evaluated later. The National Bureau of 

Standards film packs used in the were returned to AFSWC 

and were also processed on shot-day. The results from the film 

badges were received through the normal radiological safety 

channels during the afternoon of the detonation (54). 

2.10, Initial Neutron and Gamma Air-earth Interface 

Measurements, was conducted by AFSWC to study how the air-ground 

interface affected the radiation produced by a nuclear detonation. Integrated gamma dose and neutron readings were obtained 

at points on the ground and at corresponding points in the air. 

A tethered balloon was used to carry the gamma dose rate equipment and other instruments for measurements in the air. Working 

from 2300 hours on the night before the detonation to 0400 hours 

on shot-day, seven personnel inflated the balloon, installed 

instruments in the balloon, and moored the balloon at ground 

zero. They returned to the shot area to recover the instruments 

and the balloon one hour after the detonation (13; 84). 

Project 5.5; In-flight Structural Response of the F-89D Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was designed to determine the 

structural response of the in flight to the blast and 

52 
thermal effects of a nuclear detonation. Northrop Aircraft, 

Incorporated, was contracted to assist the Wright Air Development 

Center in planning and conducting the test. Northrop calibrated, 

maintained, and operated the instrumentation, and later analyzed 

the measured data. Wright Air Development Center provided the 

aircraft and the two-man crew. Wright Air Development Center and 

Northrop Aircraft together developed positioning methods and 

calculated the aircraft positions at detonation and shock arrival 

times. 

The F-89D left Indian Springs AFB at 0624. It flew one 

complete holding pattern to position itself for the 

shot. At the detonation, the was at an altitude of 19,000 

feet and 3,350 meters from the burst. When the initial shock 

wave arrived, the aircraft was 1,900 meters from the burst point. 

The aircraft was in the test area for approximately 30 minutes 

and then returned to Indian Springs AFB, landing at Film 

badges were placed in the pilot's and observer's positions (6; 74). 

6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline 

NAROL System, used the Long Range Aids to Navigation (LORAN) 

system in an inverse fashion to detect the electromagnetic pulse 

from a nuclear burst in order to determine the position and yield 

of the burst. The Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment NAROL system 

tested on this operation consisted of nets located in 

Albuquerque, New Mexico; Vale, Oregon; and Rapid City, South 

Dakota. Each NAROL net had two unmanned slave stations and one 

manned station (50). 

Project Performance of a High-speed Spectrographic 

System, was conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory. The purpose was to test high-speed spectrographic 

equipment designed to analyze the electromagnetic energy from a 

nuclear detonation. The equipment would eventually be used in 

Operation HARDTACK II, a later series of atmospheric nuclear 

53 
weapons tests. The instruments were probably housed in 

Building 400, near the Control Point. At shot-time, three or 

four personnel were at their stations 25 kilometers from ground 

zero (13; 60). 

Project 9.1, Support Photography, was sponsored AFSWP to 

provide the following services: 

Technical photographic support of the

effects program 

Documentation of the overall military-effects

program and production of an effects motion

picture 

Documentation of the detonations for release 

through the Joint Office of Test Information

and for historical purposes 

a General photographic support to Department of 

Defense projects. 

Working from 1500 to 2000 hours the day before the detonation, 

eight personnel loaded and turned on cameras at four stations. 

Eight other participants established and then manned a camera 

station at UTM coordinates 846065 on Mercury Highway from 0100 on 

shot-day to minutes after the detonation. An additional two 

or three participants took pictures from a C-47 aircraft operated 

by personnel from the Military Air Transport Service. In 

addition, EG and G provided technical photography support to 

AFSWP and the AEC. EG and G personnel operated six camera 

stations to record fireball and cloud growth. One manned station 

was at the Control Point, and five unmanned stations were three 

to eight kilometers from ground zero (6; 27; 43). 

3.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in LASL

Test Group Projects 

The Los Scientific Laboratory was the only AEC 

weapons development laboratory conducting at Shot JOHN. 

54 
Of the four projects fielded by LASL, only 11.2, 

Radiochemistry Sampling, involved DOD participation. This 

project, which required air support from AFSWC, is discussed in 

section 3.2.4. 

Department of Defense Operational Training Projects 

'The primary of the operational training program 

at Shot JOHN were to indoctrinate personnel and to test 

techniques and equipment. The Air Force sponsored three 

operational training projects at the shot: 

53.2, Ground Motion Studies 

53.5, Aircrew Indoctrination (Early 

Cloud Penetration) 

• 53.7, Indirect Romb Damage Assessment. 

Project 53.2, Ground Motion Studies, was conducted by the 

Air Force to collect data about the amount of energy introduced 

into the ground from the detonation of a nuclear device. Twelve 

hours after the detonation, Air Force personnel entered the 

forward area and spent 20 minutes traveling from the checkpoint 

to a point 0.8 kilometers north of ground zero and back again 

(1; 6; 32). 

Project 53.5, Aircrew Indoctrination (Early Cloud Penetration), was designed to enable Air Defense Command and 

commanders to witness a nuclear detonation and penetrate its 

cloud. Four T-33 aircraft, one C-131 aircraft, one C-54 aircraft, and two F-89 aircraft participated in the project at Shot 

JOHN. The T-33 aircraft, each with a crew of two, flew at an 

altitude of approximately 14,000 feet in a right-hand pattern 

inbound west-northwest and outbound east-southeast. The slant 

range from the burst point was eight kilometers at the time of 

detonation. The C-131 and the C-54, both transport aircraft, 

55 
flew at an altitude of 14,500 feet in a right-hand pattern eight 

nautical miles south of air zero. The C-131 probably had four 

people aboard, while the C-54 may have had as many as 20. The 

two each with a crew of two, flew at altitudes of 42,000 

feet, 40 nautical miles northeast of air zero. Eight minutes 

after the detonation, the first F-89 aircraft was cleared to 

penetrate the cloud and, ten minutes and 30 seconds after the 

detonation, the second aircraft was cleared to penetrate the 

cloud (1; 6; 32). 

Project 53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, required 

staff from the Wright Air Development Center to install Indirect 

Bomb Damage Assessment equipment aboard an F-89D aircraft from 

Indian Springs AFB. During the shot, the F-89D aircraft, with a 

crew of two from Indian Springs AFB, flew a right-hand holding 

pattern southeast of ground zero at an altitude of 35,000 feet. 

The aircraft spent 14 minutes in the test area. After conducting 

its mission, the F-89D returned to base to be decontaminated (1; 

32). 

An additional project concerning the Air Force was performed 

during Shot JOHN. The Strategic Air Command conducted a photo 

reconnaissance mission with two RB-47 aircraft. Both RB-47 

aircraft flew a 35-nautical-mile left-hand holding pattern at an 

altitude of 25,000 feet. The two aircraft flew in formation five 

nautical miles left of and behind the F-89J aircraft that 

delivered the nuclear device (1; 6). 

3.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Air Force Special Weapons Center support consisted of 

sampling and sample courier missions for LASL, cloud-tracking 

missions, and security sweeps. 

56 
Cloud Sampling 

Four B-57B aircraft, each carrying two crewmen, collected 

samples of the cloud for LASL Project 11.2, Radiochemistry 

Sampling. A scientific advisor from LASL aboard a B-57B sampler 

control aircraft directed the cloud sampling. Pilots of the 

4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) flew all five aircraft. Thirty 

minutes before the shot, the control aircraft left Indian Springs 

AFB. The control aircraft was positioned by air controllers of 

the Air Operations Center outside the testing area before 

shot-time. Upon reaching an altitude of between 30,000 and 

35,000 feet, the sampler control aircraft began its holding 

pattern. 

Shortly after the detonation, the control aircraft left its 

orbit to view the detonation. Thirty to 45 minutes after the 

detonation, the four sampler aircraft left Indian Springs AFB. 

The scientific advisor then directed the samplers to penetrate 

the cloud as necessary to acquire the samples. These aircraft 

entered the sampling area and completed their sampling runs in 30 

to 35 minutes. Although most of the samplers then left the area 

and landed at Indian Springs AFB, one or more of the B-57Bs 

accompanied the B-57B sampler control aircraft back to Indian 

Springs AFB (1; 2; 6). 

Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions were completed, three C-47 aircraft, each with an estimated crew of three, left Indian Springs 

AFB to transport samples to various air bases for analysis by AEC 

nuclear weapons design laboratories. The 4900th Air Base Group 

from Kirtland AFB conducted these courier missions (1; 2; 6). 

Cloud Tracking 

Immediately after the detonation, one B-29 aircraft from 

Indian Springs AFB flew a cloud-tracking mission over and beyond 

the Nevada Test Site. The aircraft carried a crew of ten (1; 6). 

57 
Security Sweeps 

Prior to shot-time, one L-20 aircraft was dispatched from 

Yucca airstrip near Camp Mercury to perform a security sweep 

mission over the test area. The security sweep routine called 

for a security guard to accompany the pilot (1; 6). 

3.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT JOHN 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

for Operation was to ensure that participants would 

avoid unnecessary exposures to ionizing radiation while 

accomplishing their missions. Some of the procedures described 

in the Operation volume resulted in records that enabled 

the to evaluate the effectiveness of its radiation protection 

programs. The available information includes monitoring data and 

some personnel dosimetry data. Radiological safety 

procedures and dosimetry information for Desert Rock and AFSWC 

personnel are described in the Operation volume. 

Dosimetry 

At JOHN, the Dosimetry and Records Section issued an unknown 

number of film badges and 82 pocket dosimeters (83). No new 

personnel exceeded cumulative gamma exposures of 2.0 roentgens. 

However, certain AFSWC personnel were exposed at this level. 

Radiation exposure information has been found for aircraft 

and personnel involved in the Field Command Weapons Effects Test 

Group Project 2.9 at Shot JOHN. Table 3-3 describes the average 

measured exposure at locations throughout the aircraft, as well 

as personnel exposures (54). 

Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group Project 5.5, 

flight Structural Response of an F-89D Aircraft to a Nuclear 

58 
-- ------ --

Table 3-3: FIELD COMMAND PROJECT 2.9, EXPOSURE DATA 

Average of Measured

Closest Approach Exposures in Roentgens

to Burst in Location of 

Aircraft Meters Instruments Rad-safe NBS* 

Delivery 2,200 Rear cockpit

Left wing tip

Right wing tip

Tail section 

1.20 

3.60 

3.37 

2.87 

0.93 

2.25 

2.28 

1.88 

Pilot 1.53 1.25 

Radar observer 1.21 0.94 

Alternate 2,700 Rear cockpit

Left Wing tip 

Right wing tip

Tail section 

0.24 

0.63 

0.64 

0.60 

0.24 

0.46 

0.35 

Pilot 0.33 0.26 

Radar observer 0.23 0.20 

Blast 1,800 Rear cockpit

Right wing tip

Nose section 

1.58 

5.57 

2.84 

1.18 

3.90 

2.10 

Tail Section 3.42 2.75 

Pilot 2.72 1.63 

Radar observer 2.19 1.43 

Average of 

Closest Approach Measured Exposure

Crew Member to Burst in Meters in Roentgens 

Delivery Pilot 2,200 1.4 

Delivery Radar 1.1 

Observer 

Alternate Pilot 2,700 0.3 

Alternate Radar 0.2 

Observer 

Blast Effects Pilot 1,800 2.2 

Blast Effects 1.8 

Radar Observer 

*National Bureau of Standards dosimeter 

59 
Detonation, was fielded Wright Air Development Center. For 

this project, dosimeters were placed in the pilot's and 

observer's positions. At JOHN, the dosimeters in the pilot's 

position measured 3.55 roentgens of gamma radiation. Those in 

the observer's position recorded 2.44 roentgens of gamma 

radiation (74). 

Logistics 

For Shot JOHN, the General Supply Section issued protective 

clothing to 41 personnel (83). These items included coveralls, 

shoe covers, and respirators. 

Monitoring 

Probably within 15 minutes of shot-time, the initial ground 

monitoring teams began their survey (83). 

The Special Assignments Branch monitored radiation levels in 

living and working areas and found no evidence of increased 

radioactivity in either well or drinking water during JOHN (83). 

Plotting and Briefing 

The Plotting and Briefing Branch did not develop isodose 

contour maps after shot-time because ground survey teams detected 

no increase in radiation levels within the NTS. 

The Plotting and Briefing issued access permits to 

control entrv into radiological exclusion areas. It issued 25 

access permits during JOHN (83). 
SHOT KEPLER SYNOPSIS 

Objectives: 

Weather: 

Radiation Data: 

Participants: 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VII and VIII 

DATE/TIME:

YIELD: 

24 July 1957, 0450 hours

10 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 500 feet (tower shot) 

(1) To evaluate newly designed devices for

possible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal 

To evaluate the nuclear yield and the 

blast, thermal, and radiation phenomena

produced by these nuclear devices

To evaluate military equipment and to 

indoctrinate personnel in the effects of

nuclear detonations 

To access the effects of the nuclear 

detonation on civilian structures and to 

evaluate Civil Defense emergency preparedness

plans. 

At shot-time, the temperature was and 

surface winds were calm. Winds were five 

knots from the south-southwest at 10,000 feet, 

six knots from the southwest at feet, 

and 13 knots from the southwest at 28,000

feet. 

About two hours after the detonation, 

radiation intensities of 1.0 R/h or more were

confined to within meters from ground 

zero, except to the west. 

Exercise Desert Rock troops, Armed Forces 

Special Weapons Project, Air Force Special

Weapons Center and other Air Force personnel,

Los Scientific Laboratorv, Federal

Civil Defense Administration, other 

contractors. 

61 
CHAPTER 4 

SHOT 

Shot KEPLER was detonated with yield of ten kilotons at 

hours Pacific Daylight Time on 24 July The device was 

placed in a cab at the top of a steel tower in Area 4 of 

the NTS. The top of the cloud resulting from the detonation 

reached a height of 28,000 feet, with the upper layers blown 

slowly to the east-northeast and the lower layers blown 

northwest. Variable winds at low levels resulted in a broad 

fallout pattern, which extended southwesterly to northwesterly from ground zero (31; 64). 

4.1 EXERCISE ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT KEPLER 

More than 1,450 Rock troops took part in projects 

associated wih Shot KEPLER: three troop observer indoctrination 

two radiological training and two technical 

service as indicated in table 4-1. The table also 

lists the 88 Camp Desert Rock support troops who observed the 

detonation. 

4.1.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination 

Approximately DOD personnel, including the 88 Camp 

Desert Rock support troops, observed Shot JOHN, as indicated in 

table 4-l. Plans had been for the troop observers to view the 

detonation in open terrain 5,440 meters southwest of ground zero 

at UTM coordinates 753025. The observers, however, evidently 

were positioned in trenches 3,200 meters southwest of ground zero 

at UTM coordinates 785030. These trenches had been used in 

for Shot APPLE I of Operation TEAPOT. They were cleaned out by 

Camp Desert Rock engineers on the day before the detonation (71). 
I

1

- -

-

The trenches were about five feet deep to afford a minimum of two 

feet of overhead protection for a crouching person. Unexpected 

fallout prompted an evacuation of the area. the time the 

buses had arrived and been loaded, 45 minutes had elapsed since 

the burst, and radiation levels had risen to R/h. The fallout 

was described as sounding like "gravel being thrown on 

helmets" (44; 72). Because of the radiation 

intensity, all observers and vehicles required decontamination, 

which was accomplished in slightly more than one hour, presumably 

at the Desert Rock decontamination station. Personnel brushed 

the fallout off one another with brooms to reduce the intensity 

to allowable levels R/h or less). Vehicles were sprayed 

with a solution. It is likely that the decontamination 

was facilitated by the large particle size of the fallout (72). 

Table 4-1: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK PROJECTS, SHOT KEPLER 

Program Type Title Participants 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

Troop Observer Indoctrination 50.2 Troop Observers Army 7 0 8 

52.2 Marine Observers Marine Corps 5 

53.3 Aircrew Observers Air Force 25 

Camp Desert Rock Support Troops 88 

Radiological Training 53.4 Radiological Defense Training Radiological Defense School, Lowry 

AFB 

30 

Sixth Army Chemical, Biological, and 

Radiological Team Training 

Fort Huachuca, Arizona; 

Seattle Army Terminal 

25 

Technical Service 59.3 

50.8 

Evaluation of Medium Range 

Detonation-detection and Cloud 

Tracking Systems 

Detection of Atomic Burst and 

Radioactive Fallout 

Army Signal Research and Development 

Laboratories; Fort Huachuca, Arizona; 

Fort Meade, Maryland 

495th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile 

Battalion; Army Air Defense Board; Army 

Chemical Corps; Army Artillery and 

Guided Missile School; Air Weather 

Service 

32 

557 

63 
4.1.2 Radiological Training 

The two radiological training projects conducted during 

Shot KEPLER were Air Force 53.4, Radiological Defense 

Training, and Sixth Army Chemical, Biological, and Radiological 

Team Training. 

Project 53.4, Radiological Defense Training, was conducted 

by personnel of the Radiological Defense School of Lowry AFB, 

Denver, Colorado. After taking part in the 50.2 observer 

activities, the participants proceeded along an assigned 

route from the observation area to a designated area near ground 

using vehicles from the Desert Hock decontamination station. 

Accompanied by a radiological safety monitor, the 

participants monitored radiation intensities at various distances 

from ground zero (49). 

The Sixth Army Chemical, Biological, and Team 

Training involved two survey teams, one from Fort Huachuca (Team 

13 personnel) and one from Seattle Terminal (12 personnel). Film badge dates indicate that neither team was present 

for the KEPLER detonation; the Fort Huachuca team dates were 29 

to and the Seattle Army Terminal team dates, 4 

15 August. The purpose was to train personnel from Sixth Army 

installations in radiological defense techniques. The teams 

conducted surveys in the residual radiation field from KEPLER. 

Since were also to observe a shot, they probably witnessed 

Shot STOKES (57). 

4.1.3 Technical Service 

As indicated in table 4-1, two technical service 

were conducted at Shot KEPLER to evaluate diagnostic instrumentation and techniques for use in a nuclear environment. 
Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range 

detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded by 18 personnel 

from the Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories, seven 

participants from Fort Huachuca, and seven personnel from 

Fort Meade. The had two purposes: to test the capacity 

of Army radar equipment in detecting nuclear detonations and 

tracking radioactive clouds, and to examine Army fallout 

prediction methods. Three remote radar sets were located 

southeast of Yucca Lake at UTM coordinates 8933872, approximately 

kilometers from ground zero. The fallout prediction unit for 

this operated from a van located next to the weather 

station at Camp Mercury (20; 44; 49). 

50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and Radioactive 

Fallout, was conducted by the 495th Antiaircraft Artillery 

Missile along with the Army Air Defense Roard, Army 

Chemical Corps, Army Artillery and Guided Missile School, and Air 

Weather Service. The were to: 

Determine how well equipment found in a typical Army 

unit could determine the location, height of burst,

and yield of a nuclear detonation 

Track targets and guided missiles through a cloud or

fireball 

Predict and monitor radioactive fallout. 

An estimated 557 DOD personnel took part in this To 

determine the position, height of burst, and yield of the 

detonation, participants operated 19 and radar, 

camera, and other instrument stations located five to 70 

kilometers from ground zero. The control point was at UTM 

coordinates 768944, 13 kilometers southwest of ground zero. One 

radar station 4,660 meters west of ground zero, at UTM coordinates 752048, was evacuated 14 minutes after the shot when the 

radiation intensity reached 2 R/h. Other personnel surveyed the 

blast damage to the station on the afternoon of the following day 

(14; 44; 77; 79; 80). 

65 
Part of 50.8 included a test to determine the 

attenuation of the Nike Hercules missile control signals. At the 

time of detonation, a B-26, with a crew of at least three, 

positioned itself so that the cloud was between the aircraft and 

a Nike Hercules ground site. The aircraft was 15 nautical miles 

from the tower at shot-time and spent minutes in the area (7). 

To determine the actual fallout from Shot KEPLER, both 

aerial and ground surveys were conducted after the detonation. 

One H-34 helicopter, two H-13 helicopters, and one L-20 aircraft 

flew at altitudes ranging from to 1,000 feet and were not to 

exceed intensities of R/h. The helicopters carried three 

persons each (7; 14; 77; 

4.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP, 

OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT KEPLER 

In addition to the Exercise Desert Hock personnel, other DOD 

personnel took part test activities during Shot KEPLER that 

required them to enter the forward area. Table 4-2 identifies 

the test group projects involving DOD participants. The Air 

Force sponsored four operational training during the 

shot. Besides the test group and the operational training 

AFSWC and other support activities accounted for a 

number of additional DOD participants. The Air Force Special 

Weapons Center supported the test groups and flew routine 

missions for the Test Manager. 

4.2.1 Weapons Effects Test Group 

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted ten at 

Shot KEPLER, as indicated in table 4-2. 
Table 4-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT KEPLER 

Project Title Participants 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

Weapons Effects Test Group 

1.1 Basic Phenomena Ballistic Research Laboratories 

Laboratory 

1.2 Field Test of a System for Measuring Blast 

Phenomena by Airborne Gauges 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory; American Machine and 

Foundry Company; EG and G 

2.7 Attenuation Studies Naval Research Laboratory 

2.10 Initial Neutron and Gamma Air-earth Interface 

Measurements 

Air Force Special Weapons Center 3 

5.1 In-flight Structural Response of the HSS-1 Helicopter 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics 2 

5.3 In-flight Structural Response of the Aircraft 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics; Naval Air 

Special Weapons Facility; North American Aviation 

5.5 In-flight Structural Response of the Aircraft 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

Wright Air Development Center: Northrop Aircraft 2 

6.4 Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline 

System 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center 

6.5 Effects of Nuclear Detonations on Nike Hercules White Sands Missile Range; Bell Telephone 

Laboratories 

3 

9.1 Support Photography AFSWP; Military Air Transport Service; EG and G 12 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group 

11.2 Radiochemistry Sampling Air Force Special Weapons Center 9 

I 

Civil Effects Test Group 

37.2 Biophysical Aspects of Fallout Air Force Special Weapons Center 3 

Physical Aspects of Fallout Air Force Special Weapons Center 3 

37.6 Application of Radio-ecology Techniques Air Force Special Weapons Center 3 

39.5 Radiation Dosimetry for Human Exposures Air Force School of Aviation Medicine 

Unknown 
1.1, Basic Phenomena, was conducted by the 

Ballistic Research Laboratories to: 

Obtain data on overpressure and dynamic pressure 

versus time as a function of distance 

Evaluate gauge designs, instrument components, and 

measurement techniques. 

Before the shot, Ballistic Research Laboratories personnel 

installed pressure-time gauges at stations to 6,890 meters 

south of ground zero. Project personnel were not required to be 

in the area of their experiments at shot-time. Participants 

recovered the gauges when radiation levels in the area declined 

to permissible levels. The project personnel, who carried 

respirators and wore film badges and protective clothing, were 

accompanied in the field by a radiation monitor (21; 83). 

Project 1.2, Field Test of a System for Measuring Blast 

Phenomena by Airborne Gauges, was conducted by the Naval Ordnance 

Laboratory, American Machine and Foundry Company, and Edgerton, 

Germeshausen, and Grier. The were to: 

• Field test instrumentation under development for use in

two underwater shots planned for Operation HARDTACK I, a

later nuclear weapons test series 

• Train personnel to handle the equipment under operational 

conditions. 

Personnel tethered a balloon instrumented to record from 

a station at UTM coordinates 861675, 44 kilometers south of 

ground zero. The balloon flew at an altitude of 200 feet. To 

study the functioning of the balloon at the time of the shock 

wave, EG and G personnel photographed the experiment from a 

station at UTM coordinates 853678, 43 kilometers south of ground 

zero (37). 

2.7, Radio-wave Attenuation Studies, was conducted 

by the Naval Research Laboratory to study the interference 

effects of high levels of radiation on radio transmission and 

68 
radar operations. Project participants installed receivers in 

Building 400 at the Control Point, 19 kilometers from ground 

zero. Scintillation detectors were installed at stations closer 

to ground zero, as were instruments to monitor the effects on 

transmitters of the electromagnetic signal generated by the 

detonation. personnel were not required to be in the 

area of their experiment at shot-time. Before the detonation, 

participants were in the field for 18 hours at distances ranging 

from 830 meters to 1,540 meters from ground zero. After the 

detonation and as radiation intensities permitted, personnel 

recovered the instruments (14; 38). 

Project 2.10, Initial Neutron and Gamma Air-earth Interface 

Measurements, was fielded by AFSWC to study how the air-ground 

interface affected the radiation produced by a nuclear 

detonation. Integrated gamma dose and neutron readings were 

obtained at points on the ground and at corresponding points at 

heights up to approximately feet on the WHITNEY and SHASTA 

towers. Before shot-day, two project personnel prepared 

equipment at locations 1,530 and 2,430 meters from the KEPLER 

shot-tower. Following the detonation and when radiation 

intensities permitted, three personnel performed recovery 

operations (14; 84). 

Project 5.1, In-flight Structural Response of the HSS-1 

Helicopter to a Nuclear Detonation, was conducted by the Navy 

Bureau of Aeronautics to measure the effects of the overpressure 

and wind gusts produced by a nuclear detonation on the HSS-1. 

The project also studied how blast effects might limit the HSS-1 

in its delivery capabilities for antisubmarine warfare weapons. 

The helicopter, with a crew of two, left Indian Springs AFB at 

0416, entering the shot area about 30 minutes later. Before the 

detonation, the helicopter flew two practice orbits inbound at 

330 degrees. It began a final inbound run five minutes before 

the shot, making a turn 40 seconds before the 

69 
detonation. At shot-time, the helicopter was tail-on to the 

blast, at a slant range of 6,150 meters from ground zero and at 

an altitude of 5,990 feet. The helicopter spent approximately 60 

minutes in the shot area, returning to Indian Springs AFB at 

(7; 82). 

5.3, In-flight Structural Response of an FJ-4 Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was designed by the Navy Bureau of 

Aeronautics to measure the thermal and blast wave response of the 

FJ-4 aircraft and to determine its performance and delivery 

capabilities during a nuclear detonation. The Naval Air Special 

Weapons Facility provided the aircrew for this North 

American Aviation, Incorporated, provided the specially instrumented test aircraft and the personnel required to maintain 

the aircraft. 

The FJ-4 left Indian Springs AFB at 0415. At the time of 

the detonation, the aircraft was at an altitude of 9,650 feet and 

at a slant range of meters from ground zero. At the time 

of shock arrival, the aircraft was in a level flight pattern, 

tail-on to the blast, and at a slant range of 3,420 meters from 

ground zero. The FJ-4 returned to Indian Springs AFB at 

Total gamma dose was recorded during the mission by film badges 

placed in the cockpit, ammunition bay, right drop tank, and 

nose-wheel well (7; 53). 

5.5, In-flight Structural Response of the F-89D Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was designed to determine the 

structural response of the F-89D aircraft in flight to the blast 

and thermal effects of a nuclear detonation. Northrop Aircraft, 

Incorporated, was contracted to assist the Wright Air Development 

Center in planning and conducting the test. Northrop Aircraft 

calibrated, maintained, and operated the instrumentation, and 

correlated the data. Wright Air Development Center provided the 

aircraft and the two-man crew. Wright Air Development Center and 
Northrop Aircraft together developed positioning methods and 

calculated the aircraft positions at detonation and shock arrival 

times. 

The F-89D left Indian Springs AFB at 0440. Before the 

detonation, it flew one complete 12-minute holding pattern to 

position itself for the shot. At the detonation, the F-89D was 

at an altitude of 17,690 feet and at a slant range of 10,500 

meters from the burst. When the initial shock wave arrived, the 

aircraft was at a slant range of 6,640 meters from ground zero. 

The aircraft was in the test area for approximately 30 minutes, 

returning to Indian Springs AFB at 0517. Film badges were placed 

for the mission in the pilot's and observer's positions (7; 74). 

Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline 

NAROL System, used the Long Range Aids to Navigation (LORAN) 

system in an inverse fashion to detect the electromagnetic pulse 

from the nuclear burst in order to determine the position and 

yield of the burst. The Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment NAROL 

system tested on this operation consisted of nets located at 

Albuquerque, New Mexico; Vale, Oregon; and Rapid City, South 

Dakota. Each NAROL net had two unmanned slave stations and one 

manned station (50). 

Project 6.5, Effects of Nuclear Detonations on Nike 

Hercules, was conducted by personnel from the White Sands Missile 

Range and Bell Telephone Laboratories. The objective was to 

investigate the effects of a nuclear detonation on the structural 

and operational characteristics of components, materials, and 

electronic systems of the Nike Hercules guided-missile system. 

To accomplish this objective, personnel exposed standard 

tube and experimental transistorized versions of the guidance 

system. Three participants manned the radar station, 3,420 

meters from ground zero, and an estimated three personnel 

performed activities (28). 

71 
 9.1, Support Photography, was sponsored by AFSWP to 

provide the following services: 

Technical photographic support of the

effects program 

Documentation of the overall military-effects 

program and production of an effects motion

picture 

Documentation of the detonations for release 

through the Joint Office of Test Information

and for historical purposes 

General photographic support to Department of

Defense projects. 

Working from six hours before to 30 minutes after the detonation, 

nine personnel established and then manned a camera station 

located on Mercury Highway, eight kilometers from ground zero at 

UTM coordinates 842988. An additional two or three participants 

took pictures from a C-47 aircraft operated by personnel from the 

Military Air Transport Service. The aircraft, which spent 

approximately 100 minutes in the shot-area, flew a right-hand 

holding pattern at altitudes of 8,000 to 9,000 feet. EG and G 

personnel provided technical photography support to AFSWP and the 

AEC, operating three camera stations. One manned station was 

near the Control Point, and two unmanned stations were three to 

eight kilometers from ground zero (7; 27; 44). 

4.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in Los

Scientific Laboratory Test Group Projects 

The Los Scientific Laboratory was the only AEC 

weapons development laboratory participating at Shot KEPLER. The 

LASL Test Group conducted 18 projects at the shot. Of those 18 

only 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, involved 

DOD participation. The project required air support from AFSWC 

and is discussed in section 4.2.5. 

72 
4.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in Civil Effects

Test Group 

The Civil Effects Test Group conducted 13 projects at 

KEPLER. Of these 13 four involved DOD personnel, as 

shown in table 4-2. Three of the projects required AFSWC 

support: 

• Project 37.2 Riophysical Aspects of Fallout 

Project Physical Aspects of Fallout 

37.6 Application of Radio-ecology

Techniques. 

One C-47 aircraft with an AFSWC crew provided radio relay 

services for these This participation is discussed in 

section 4.2.5. 

Project 39.5, Radiation Dosimetry for Human Exposures, was 

conducted by the Air Force School of Aviation Medicine, along 

with several civilian agencies. The project collected 

information on the characteristics of neutron and gamma radiaat various distances from the detonation to evaluate the 

doses received by the survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The 

experiment required placing radiation detection devices approximately 450 meters from the shot tower and recovering them soon 

after the detonation, as radiation intensities permitted (51). 

4.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training 

The primary of the operational training program 

at Shot KEPLER were to indoctrinate personnel and to test 

techniques and equipment. The Air Force sponsored four 

operational training at Shot KEPLER: 

Project 53.1, Aerial Sampling Missions 

53.5, Aircrew Indoctrination (Early 

Cloud Penetration) 

7 3 
 53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment 

• 53.9, Photographic Reconnaissance 

Training. 

Project 53.1, Aerial Sampling Missions, involved Idaho and 

Oregon Air National Guard units that flew sample missions in 

with LASL 11.2. This activity is discussed 

under AFSWC operations, in the next section of this chapter. 

Project 53.5, Aircrew Indoctrination (Early Cloud Penetration), was designed to enable Air Defense Command and 

commanders to witness a nuclear detonation and penetrate its 

cloud. Five T-33 aircraft, each with a crew of two, participated 

at Shot KEPLER (7). 

53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, required 

staff from the Wright Air Development Center to install Indirect 

Bomb Damage Assessment equipment aboard an aircraft from 

Indian Springs AFB. with a crew of two, flew a 

holding pattern at an altitude of 35,000 feet. The aircraft 

spent approximately minutes in the shot area. After 

completing its mission, the F-89D returned to base, where it was 

decontaminated (7). 

53.9, Photographic Reconnaissance Training, was 

intended to indoctrinate Tennessee Air National Guard Tactical 

Reconnaissance units in photographic missions over a nuclear 

target. Two RF-84 aircraft, each operated by one pilot and 

carrying a photographer, flew a holding pattern until ten minutes 

after detonation, when they made a photographic run over ground 

zero at 10,000 feet. Upon completion of the run, the aircraft 

returned to George AFB for decontamination (1; 2; 7). 

74 
4.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Air Force Special Weapons Center support consisted of 

cloud-sampling and sample courier missions for LASL Project 11.2, 

a radio-relay for CETG, and cloud-tracking missions, security 

sweeps, and aerial surveys. AFSWC also conducted a cloud 

penetration study. 

Cloud Sampling 

Two B-57B aircraft, each operated by two crewmen, and four 

aircraft, each operated by one pilot, collected samples of 

the cloud for LASL Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. A B-37 

sampler control aircraft, with a pilot and LASL scientific 

advisor, directed the sampling. All four aircraft were from the 

4926th Test Squadron (Sampling). In addition, four T-33 

aircraft, each with two Idaho and Oregon Air National Guard 

personnel, collected cloud samples from an altitude of about 

30,000 feet for operational training 53.1, Aerial Sampling Missions (2; 7). 

The B-57B control aircraft left Indian Springs before 

the detonation and was positioned by air controllers of the Air 

Operations Center outside the testing area. Upon reaching an 

altitude of approximately 30,000 to 35,000 feet, the control 

aircraft began its holding pattern. After the detonation, the 

control aircraft left its pattern to view the cloud. The 

scientific advisor then directed the samplers to penetrate the 

cloud as necessary to acquire the samples. Between 90 minutes 

and two hours after the control aircraft took off, the B-57 

samplers, followed by the F-84G and the T-33 sampler aircraft, 

left Indian Springs AFB. Guided by the control aircraft, the 

samplers entered the vicinity of the burst. In 30 to 35 minutes, 

after completing their sampling runs, most of the samplers left 

the area, landing at Indian Springs AFB. One or more of the 

after completing the final sampling,run, accompanied the 

B-57B sampler control aircraft back to Indian Springs AFB (2; 7). 

75 
Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions were completed, three C-47 

aircraft, each with an estimated crew of three, left Indian 

Springs AFB to transport samples to various air bases for 

analysis by AEC nuclear weapons development laboratories. The 

4900th Air Base Group from Kirtland AFB conducted the courier 

missions (2). 

Radio Relay 

One C-47, with a crew of three, flew radio-relay missions 

nautical miles southeast of ground zero in support of CETG 

37.2, and 37.6. The aircraft remained aloft for 

three hours to provide the radio relay. Following the mission, 

the C-47 returned to its home base, where decontamination 

procedures were performed (2). 

Cloud Tracking 

Immediately after the detonation, one B-25 aircraft from 

Indian Springs AFB flew a cloud-tracking mission over and beyond 

the NTS. The aircraft, which flew at an altitude of 22,000 feet, 

had a crew of four (2; 7). 

Cloud Penetration 

Beginning earlier in Operation and at 

Shot KEPLER, AFSWC conducted a study to determine whether the Air 

Force should monitor the accumulation of radioactive contaminants 

on aircraft that penetrated the cloud resulting from a 

detonation. A T-33 from the 4926th Test Squadron, piloted by an 

officer from Air Support Group Headquarters and carrying one 

observer, penetrated the KEPLER cloud. The aircraft flew 

at an altitude of 30,000 feet and spent 20 minutes in the air. 

Both pilot and observer wore lead vests instrumented with 15 to 

25 film badges. Six additional film badges were taped to the 

seats. Upon returning to Indian Springs AFB after the 

76 
flight, the T-33 was not decontaminated, but a 24-hour period was 

permitted for radiation decay before maintenance was performed on 

the aircraft. The pilot and observer boarded and departed from 

the aircraft using standard ladders, not the forklift procedure 

used in other AFSWC missions. The pilot and observer were both 

closely monitored and decontaminated following the flight. The 

aircraft was decontaminated on 25 July after participating at 

Shot OWENS (1; 2; 7). 

Security Sweeps. 

Before the shot, two L-20 aircraft were dispatched from 

Yucca airstrip near Camp Mercury to perform a security sweep 

mission over the test area. The aircraft had a crew of at least 

two since the security sweep called for a security guard to 

accompany the pilot (7; 64). 

Helicopter Surveys 

After the detonation, AFSWC personnel flew helicopter survey 

missions over the shot area and non-test areas to record 

radiation intensities. One H-21 helicopter, with a crew of two 

AFSWC pilots and two monitors, flew from the Control Point 

helicopter pad at 0735. After recording the final radiation 

intensity at 0759, the helicopter returned to the helicopter pad, 

where the crew was monitored and decontaminated as required (64). 

4.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT KEPLER 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

for Operation was to ensure that participants would 

avoid unnecessary exposures to ionizing radiation while 

accomplishing their missions. Some of the procedures described 

in the Operation volume resulted in records that enabled 

the Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the effectiveness of its 

radiation protection porgrams. The available information 

77 
 

includes isointensity contour maps, monitoring data, and some 

Desert Rock personnel dosimetry data. Radiological safety 

procedures and total dose information for Operation are 

described in the series volume. 

Dosimetry 

For the detonation of KEPLER, the Dosimetry and Records 

Section issued 222 film badges and 257 pocket dosimeters 

Documentation does not indicate whether anyone exceeded the 2 

roentgen limit at Shot KEPLER or whether any such individuals are 

reported for Shot OWENS, fired the day after KEPLER (64). 

Several Desert Rock personnel exceeded roentgens from 

their participation at Shot KEPLER. Two Desert Rock radiological 

safety personnel accrued 5.5 5.7 roentgens, which was over 

the limit. Three Project 50.8 personnel manning the 

radar station meters from ground zero accrued exposures over 

roentgens. Another seven Project personnel who conducted 

air and ground surveys exceeded 3 roentgens; three of these were 

in excess of 5 roentgens. Although these individuals were barred 

from the forward area, one had received an additional exposure of 

2.2 roentgens the time the film badge showing more than 5 

roentgens was developed. This individual's total of 8.64 

roentgens was the highest exposure that can be attributed to the 

shots in this volume (57; 64). 

Logistics 

For Shot KEPLER, the General Supply Section issued 

contamination clothing to persons. The clothing included 

coveralls, shoe covers, and respirators 

78 
Monitoring 

Eleven men in vehicles began the initial ground survey at 

0525 hours. They reported the last intensity in the shot area at 

hours. Ground resurveys were conducted for several days 

following the detonation. A helicopter survey, conducted by an 

AFSWC crew of two and two monitors, began at 0735 hours and 

reported its final reading about 25 minutes later (83). 

The Special Assignments Branch monitored radiation levels in 

living and working areas and found no evidence of increased radioactivity in either well or drinking water during KEPLER (83). 

Plotting and Briefing 

The Plotting and Briefing Branch developed isointensity 

contour maps from the radiation intensity data gathered by the 

ground survey teams. Figure 4-1 presents the isointensity plot 

developed from information gained during the initial survey. The 

data resulting from the resurveys on 24 July, 25 July, 26 

and 27 July are shown in figure 4-2 (83). 

In addition to its other activities, the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch issued access permits to control entry into 

radiological exclusion areas. The Plotting and Briefing Branch 

issued 278 access permits during KEPLER (83). 

Decontamination 

Because of the fallout from KEPLER, all observers and 49 

vehicles required decontamination, which probably took place at 

the Desert Rock decontamination station. Decontamination to 

acceptable levels was accomplished in an hour by brushing 

personnel with brooms and by washing vehicles. Decontamination 

was facilitated because, of the large fallout particles (72). 

79 
 - -

•••

••• • •

Stake Lines 

. . . . . . . . . 0.01 

I 

Meters - - - - - -

0 1000 . 

•

Figure 4-l: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT KEPLER, 

24 JULY 1957, MID-TIME 0637 
__ 

24 July 1957, 1124 25 July 1957, Mid-Time: 0937 

26 1957, 1057 27 July 1957, Mid-Time: 0636 

Stake 

. . . . . . . . . 0.01 h 

------ h 

h 

Figure 4-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT KEPLER 

81 
 OWENS SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXERCISES: Desert Rock VII and VIII 

DATE/TIME:

YIELD: 

25 July 1957, 0630 hours

9.7 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 500 feet (balloon shot) 

Objectives: To evaluate newly designed devices for

possible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal 

To evaluate the nuclear yield and the

blast, thermal and radiation phenomena

produced by these nuclear devices

To evaluate military equipment and

tactics and to indoctrinate personnel in the

effects of nuclear detonations. 

Weather: At shot-time, the temperature was and 

surface winds were calm. Winds were 14 knots 

from the south at 10,000 feet, 17 knots from 

the south at 20,000 feet, knots from the 

southwest at feet, 43 knots from 

the south-southwest at feet. 

Radiation Data: About one hour after the detonation, gamma

intensities of 1.0 H/h or more were confined

to within 1,500 meters of ground zero. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock troops, Armed Forces 

Special Weapons Air Force Special

Weapons Center and other Air Force personnel, 

University of California Radiation Laboratory,

other contractors. 
- -

- -

CHAPTER 

SHOT OWENS 

Shot OWENS was detonated with a yield of 9.7 kilotons at 

0630 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 25 July 1957. The device was 

suspended from a balloon feet above the ground over Area 9 of 

the NTS. Moisture conditions aloft resulted in an extensive ice 

cap forming over the top of the radioactive cloud as it ascended. 

The cloud, which reached a height of 35,000 feet, broke cleanly 

from the stem and moved to the north-northeast (31). 

5.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND OPERATIONS AT SHOT OWENS 

Aproximatelg 900 Desert Rock troops took part in 

associated with Shot OWENS: two troop observer indoctrination 

and two technical service as indicated in 

table 5-l. The table also lists 210 troops from Task Force 

WARRIOR and the 21 Camp Desert Rock support troops who observed 

the detonation. 

Table 5-l: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK PROJECTS, SHOT OWENS 

Program Type Project Title Participants 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

Troop Observer Indoctrination 50.2 

53.3 

Troop Observers 

Aircrew Observers 

Army 

Civilian 

Air Force 

Task Force WARRIOR 

Camp Desert Rock Support Troops 

1 

210 

21 

Technical Service 50.3 

58.8 

Evaluation of Medium Range 

Detonation-detection and Cloud 

Tracking Systems 

Detection of Atomic Burst and 

Radioactive Fallout 

Army Signal Research and Development 

Laboratories; Fort Huachuca, Arizona; 

Fort Meade, Maryland 

495th’Antiaircraft Artillery Missile 

Battalion; Army Air Defense Board; 

Army Artillery Board; Army Artillery 

and Guided Missile School; Air Weather 

Service 

32 

557 

Unknown 

83 
5.1.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination 

Four groups of observers participated at Shot OWENS, as 

indicated in table 5-l. The 210 Task Force WARRIOR troops observed 

the detonation as part of their rehearsal for Shot SMOKY, conducted 

on August 1957. The OWENS observers viewed the detonation from 

the Desert Rock decontamination station at IJTM coordinates 843895, 

about 20 kilometers south of ground zero (41). 

5.1.2 Technical Service 

As indicated in table 5-1, two technical service 

were conducted at Shot OWENS to evaluate diagnostic instrumentation and techniques for use in a nuclear environment. 

Pro.ject 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range 

detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded by 18 personnel 

from the Signal Research and Development Laboratories, seven 

personnel from Fort Huachuca., and seven participants from Fort 

The had two purposes: to test the capacity of 

Army radar equipment in detecting nuclear detonations and tracking radioactive clouds, and to examine Army fallout prediction 

methods. Three remote radar sets were located southeast of Yucca 

Lake, approximately 25 kilometers from ground zero. The fallout 

prediction unit for this operated from a van located next 

to the weather station at Camp Mercury 41; 49). 

Project 50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and 

Fallout, was conducted by the 495th Antiaircraft Artillery 

Missile Battalion, along with the Army Air Defense Board, Army 

Artillery Board, Army Artillery and Guided Missile School, and 

Air Weather Service. The were to: 

• Determine how well equipment found in a typical

Army unit could determine the location, height

of burst, and yield of an atomic detonation 

84 
0 Track targets and guided missiles through a 

nuclear cloud or fireball. 

An estimated 557 DOD personnel took part in this project. To 

determine the position, height of burst, and yield of the 

detonation, participants operated 24 and radar, 

camera, and other instrument stations located 24 to 70 kilometers 

from ground zero. The control point was at UTM coordinates 

829900, 21 kilometers southwest of ground zero. To test the 

attenuation of the Nike Hercules missile control signal, a B-26 

aircraft, with a crew of three, positioned itself so that the 

cloud was between the aircraft and a Nike Hercules ground site. 

The aircraft was 15 miles from the balloon at the time of the 

detonation and spent about minutes in the area (12; 41; 49; 

77; 79; 80). 

5.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP, 

OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT OWENS 

In addition to the Exercise Desert Rock personnel, other DOD 

personnel took part in test activities during Shot OWENS that 

required them to enter the forward area. Table 5-2 identifies 

the test group involving DOD participants. The Air 

Force sponsored three operational training projects during the 

shot. Besides the test group and the operational training 

projects, AFSWC and other support activities accounted for a 

number of DOD participants. The Air Force Special Weapons Center 

supported one test group project and flew routine missions for 

the Test Manager. 

5.2.1 Weapons Effects Test Group Projects 

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted 15 at Shot 

OWENS, as listed in table 5-2. 

85 
Table 5-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT OWENS 

Project Title Participants 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

Weapons Effects Test Group 

1.1 Basic Airbiast Phenomena Ballistic Research Laboratories 

Laboratory 

1.2 Field Test of a System for Measuring Blast 

Phenomena by Airborne Gauges 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory; American Machine and 

Foundry Company; EG and G 

10 

2.1 Soil Activation by Neutrons Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories 6 

2.2 Neutron-induced Activity in Soil Elements Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 16 

2.3 Neutron Flux from Selected Nuclear Devices Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories 6 

2.4 Neutron and Initial-gamma Shielding Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories; Evans 

Signal Laboratory 

2.5 Initial Gamma Radiation Intensity and Neutron-induced 

Gamma Radiation of NTS Soils 

Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories 5 

2.7 Radio-wave Attenuation Studies Naval Research Laboratory 11 

2.10 Initial Neutron and Gamma Air-earth Interface 

Measurements 

Air Force Special Weapons Center 

5.1 In-flight Structural Response of the HSS-1 Helicopter 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics 2 

5.5 In-flight Structural Response of the F-89D Aircraft 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

Wright Air Development Center; Northrop Aircraft 2 

6.2 Measurement of the Magnetic Component of the 

Electromagnetic Field near a Nuclear Detonation 

Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories 3 

6.4 Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline NAROL 

System 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center 

6.5 Effects of Nuclear Detonations on Nike Hercules 

Support Photography 

White Sands Missile Range; Bell Telephone 

Laboratories 

AFSWP; Military Air Transport Service; EG and G 

14 

11 

University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group 

Radiochemistry Sampling Air Force Special Weapons Center 9 

Unknown 
 1.1, Basic Phenomena, was conducted by the 

Ballistic Research Laboratories to: 

• Obtain data on overpressure and dynamic 

pressure versus time as a function of distance 

Evaluate gauge designs, instrument components,

and measurement techniques. 

Before the shot, participants installed pressure-time gauges at 

stations to 6,600 meters due south of ground zero. Personnel 

recovered the gauges when radiation levels in the area had 

declined to permissible levels (21). 

1.2, Field Test of a System for Measuring Blast 

Phenomena Airborne Gauges, was conducted by the Naval 

Laboratory, American Machine and Foundry Company, and EG and G. 

The was to 

• Field test instrumentation under development

for use in two underwater shots planned for

Operation HARDTACK I, a subsequent nuclear 

weapons test series 

• Train personnel to handle the equipment under 

operational conditions. 

From 1800 to hours on the day before the detonation, ten 

participants prepared three instrumented rockets, which 

were later fired to record from a station 4,610 meters 

southwest of ground zero. To determine the actual launching time 

of each rocket with respect to the time of detonation, EG and G 

personnel erected camera stations 41, 43, 44, and 45 kilometers 

south of ground zero. They loaded the cameras between 1800 and 

2200 hours on the day before the shot (12; 37). 

Project 2.1, Soil Activation Neutrons, was conducted by 

the Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories to measure neutron-induced 

radioactivity in the soil. The data were to be used to predict 

the radiological hazard to people from such soil activation. Six 

87 
personnel installed soil samples south-southwest of ground zero 

from to 2300 hours the night before the detonation. Three 

personnel also manned a station near RJY, 7,620 meters south of 

zero at UTM coordinates They remained there from 

five hours before to five minutes after the detonation, at which 

time they started a sample recovery mission lasting 15 minutes. 

Five minutes after the detonation, two additional personnel proceeded helicopter to Area and initiated an aerial survey of 

points 270, and 180 meters from ground zero (12; 55). 

2.2, Neutron-induced Activity in Soil Elements, was 

conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory to measure 

the radioactivity in soils of varying types and 

composition. Three personnel spent two hours on the day before 

shot-day plastic covers from four soil stations. An 

additional 13 personnel proceeded to a manned station near BJY, 

7,620 meters south of ground zero at UTM coordinates 853033. 

They remained there from 2030 hours on the night before the shot 

until four hours after the detonation, at which time they were 

replaced personnel who manned the station through hours 

two days after the detonation. Personnel left the manned station 

after the to retrieve canister samples from the other 

stations. One party of three retrieved samples from a station 

460 meters from ground zero (Cooklean). Another party of five 

recovered samples one hour after the detonation. In addition, a 

helicopter with four personnel recovered samples three minutes 

after the detonation (12; 23). 

2.3, Neutron Flux from Selected Nuclear Devices, was 

conducted by the Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories to measure 

the output of neutrons from the detonation and to determine the 

energy of the neutrons and the distances they traveled in the 

air. Neutron measurements were made as a function of distance 

from the point of detonation. The measurements involved the use 

of small disks of selected materials that detected the neutrons 

in each of several energv ranges. 
Since neutron-induced radiation decays rapidly, it was 

essential to return the detectors to the laboratory for analysis 

as soon after the shot as possible. To aid in this prompt 

retrieval, the five or six different types of neutron detectors 

were attached to a cable laid along the ground, starting 90 

meters northwest of the shot balloon and extending to 920 meters 

from the balloon. A few minutes after the detonation, two 

project personnel and a radiation monitor, all clothed in radiation protection gear, drove a pickup truck to the far end of the 

cable. While the monitor measured the radiation and clocked 

their time in the area, the project personnel quickly secured the 

end of the cable to the back of the pickup truck. Then all three 

climbed back aboard the truck and drove out of the area, dragging 

out the neutron-detection arrays. Once beyond the radiation 

zone, they stopped the truck, detached the detectors from the 

cable, and put them in sealed storage containers in the truck. 

After proceeding through decontamination, they took the samples 

to the laboratory at Camp Mercury for analysis (70). 

In support of the six personnel manned the station 

at UTM coordinates 853033, located near BJY, 7,620 meters south 

of ground zero. They were at the station from four hours before 

to five minutes after the detonation. At that time, they pulled 

the instrument cable to a low radiation area. They spent about 

30 minutes in the shot area (12; 70). 

2.4, Neutron and Initial-gamma Shielding, was 

conducted by the Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories and Evans 

Signal Laboratorv to perform neutron- and gamma-attenuation 

studies in soil to obtain the variation of gamma dose, neutron 

dose, and neutron spectrum with depth. personnel packed 

three three-foot steel cubes with soil from Area 7, Yucca Flat. 

The soil was prepared by 2.1 personnel. The cubes were 

then set in the ground, tops flush with the surface, at distances 

of 180, 200, and 360 meters from ground zero, adjacent to the 

89 
Project 2.1 stations. Neutron and gamma detectors were arranged 

in each box to eliminate mutual shielding of the detectors in the 

line of sight to the shot. The detectors were attached to cables 

for rapid Personnel manned the station at UTM 

coordinates from four-and-one-half hours before until 

three minutes after the detonation. They then proceeded to an 

meters southwest of ground zero to pull out the 

instrument cable (12; 78). 

Project 2.5, Initial Gamma Radiation Intensity and 

induced Gamma Radiation of NTS Soils, was conducted by the 

Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories to: 

Determine initial gamma intensity versus time and

distance, both on the ground and in the air 

Measure the neutron-induced gamma radiation as a 

function of time. 

For the first objective, five personnel connected 

instruments to Project 2.10 balloons from 1800 hours on the day 

before the detonation to 0330 hours on shot-day (50). For the 

second measurements were made at seven stations, 

to 3,270 meters northeast of ground zero, from one minute to 

eight hours after the detonation. The measurements were done in 

support of 2.1, Soil Activation by Neutrons, to test 

various theories for predicting gamma radiation from 

induced activity in soils (12; 22). 

2.7, Radio-wave Attenuation Studies, was developed 

the Naval Research Laboratory to studv the interference 

effects of high levels of radiation on radio transmission and 

radar operations. Project participants installed receivers in 

Building 400 at the Control Point, about kilometers from 

ground zero. Scintillation detectors were installed at two 

stations closer to ground zero, as were instruments to monitor 
the effects on transmitters of the electromagnetic signal generated by the detonation. Two parties of seven and four personnel 

prepared equipment at the two stations from 2200 hours on the day 

before the detonation until 0230 on shot-day. A party of nine 

recovered film data from the stations beginning eight hours after 

the detonation (12; 38). 

2.10, Initial Neutron and Gamma Air-earth Interface 

Measurements, was fielded by AFSWC to study how the air-ground 

interface affected the radiation produced by a nuclear detonation. This was accomplished with two measurements. 

Integrated gamma dose and neutron readings were obtained at 

points on the ground and at corresponding points at heights up to 

approximately feet on the WHITNEY and SHASTA towers. Working 

from to 2400 hours on the day before the detonation, eight 

personnel inflated balloons, installed instruments, and moored 

balloons at four stations in Area 9. They recovered the 

instruments and balloons from two to four hours after the 

detonation (12; 84). 

Project 5.1, In-flight Structural Response of the HSS-1 

Helicopter to a Nuclear Detonation, was conducted by the Navy 

Bureau of Aeronautics to measure the the effects of overpressure 

and wind gusts produced by a nuclear detonation on the HSS-1 

helicopter. The project also studied how blast effects might 

limit the HSS-1 in its delivery capabilities for antisubmarine 

warfare weapons. 

The helicopter, with a crew of two, left Indian Springs 

at 0536, entering the shot area minutes later. The 

HSS-1 then flew two practice orbits inbound at 330 degrees. It 

began a final run five minutes before the detonation, making a 

turn 40 seconds before the detonation. At shot-time, 

the helicopter was tail-on to the detonation, at a slant range of 

6,425 meters from ground zero and at an altitude of 7,290 feet. 

91 
The helicopter spent approximately 60 minutes in the shot area, 

returning to Indian Springs APB at 0405 82). 

5.5, In-flight Structural Response of the F-89D Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was designed to determine the 

structural response of the F-89D aircraft in flight to the blast 

and thermal effects of a nuclear detonation. Northrop Aircraft, 

Incorporated, was contracted to assist the Wright Air Development 

Center in and conducting the test. Northrop Aircraft 

calibrated, maintained, and operated the instrumentation, and 

correlated the data. Wright Air Development Center provided both 

the aircraft and the two-man crew. Wright Air Development Center 

and Northrop Aircraft together developed positioning methods and 

calculated the aircraft positions at detonation and shock arrival 

times. 

The aircraft left Indian Springs AFB at 0600. Before the 

detonation, it flew one complete pattern to position 

itself for the shot. At the detonation, the F-89D was at a slant 

range of meters from the burst. When the initial shock 

wave arrived, the aircraft was at a slant range of 6,315 meters 

from ground zero. The aircraft was in the test area for 

approximately 30 minutes, returning to Indian Springs AFB at 

hours. the mission, film badges were placed in the 

pilot's and observer's positions (8; 74). 

6.2, Measurement of the Magnetic Component of the 

Electromagnetic Field near a Nuclear Detonation, was conducted by 

the Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories. The project determined 

the characteristics of the electromagnetic pulse from a nuclear 

detonation as a function of time and distance. This study used 

five self-powered recording stations located at intervals of 

about to 3,000 meters from ground zero. 

92 
Before the detonation, project personnel installed sensors 

and recording devices at each station. They buried the devices 

in holes lined with concrete and then covered with sandbags. 

Recovery operations began about four hours after the detonation 

and involved three men, who spent ten minutes in the shot area 

(12; 35). 

6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline 

NAROL System, used the Long Range Aids to Navigation (LORAN) 

system in an inverse fashion to detect the electromagnetic pulse 

from the nuclear burst in order to determine the position and 

yield of the burst. The Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment NAHOL 

system tested on this operation consisted of nets located in 

Albuquerque, New Mexico; Vale, Oregon; and Rapid City, South 

Dakota. Each NAROL net had two unmanned slave stations and one 

manned station (50). 

Project 6.5, Effects of Nuclear Detonations on Nike 

Hercules, investigated the effects of radiation produced by a 

nuclear detonation on the structural and operational characteristics of components, materials, and electronic systems of the 

Nike Hercules guided-missile system. To accomplish this 

standard vacuum-tube and experimental transistorized 

versions of the guidance system were exposed at three sites, one 

of which was feet below the point of detonation. The 

furthest site was 670 meters from ground zero. A manned radar 

station was 3,420 meters from ground zero, at UTM coordinates 

765031. 

Six personnel checked equipment at the exposure sites from 

to 2200 hours on the night before the detonation. At 2300 

hours on the same night, 14 personnel proceeded to the manned 

station, where they remained until two hours after shot-time. A 

party of five personnel then proceeded to Area to recover 

equipment and instrumentation (12; 28). 

93 
Project 9.1, Support Photography, was sponsored by AFSWP to 

provide the following services: 

Technical photographic support of the 

effects program 

• Documentation of the overall military-effects 

program and production of an effects motion

picture 

Documentation of the detonations for release 

through the Joint Office of Test Information

and for historical purposes 

General photographic support to Department of

Defense 

Eight men proceeded to the station at the BJY, 

coordinates 843022, six hours before the detonation and 

established a manned station, from which they took pictures at 

shot-time and until minutes after the detonation. Two or 

three personnel took pictures from a C-47 aircraft operated bv 

personnel from the Military Air Transport Service. The aircraft, 

which spent approximately minutes in the shot area, flew a 

right-hand holding pattern at an altitude of 8,000 to 9,000 feet. 

EG and G personnel provided technical photography support to 

AFSWP and the operating five camera stations to record 

fireball and cloud growth. One manned camera station was near 

the Control Point, and four unmanned stations were three to eight 

kilometers from ground zero. In addition to these tasks, 

personnel provided technical photographic support for 

1.2, 2.10, and 6.3 12; 27; 41). 

5.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in University of

California Radiation Laboratory Test Group Projects 

The University of California Radiation Laboratory was the 

onlv AEC weapons development laboratory that involved DOD 

94 
personnel in its activities at Shot OWENS. The four 

fielded by the Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group did 

not include DOD participation. Among the six UCRL 

only 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, engaged DOD 

personnel. The required air support from AFSWC and is 

discussed in section 5.2.4. 

5.2.3 Department of Defense Operational Training 

The primary of the operational training program 

were to personnel and to test techniques and 

equipment. The Air Force sponsored three operational 

at Shot OWENS: 

53.1, Aerial Sampling Mission 

53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment 

53.9, Photographic 

Training. 

Reconnaissance 

53.1, Aerial Sampling Missions, involved Idaho and 

Oregon Air National Guard units that flew sample missions in 

with UCRL 21.2. This activity is discussed 

under AFSWC operations, in the next section of this chapter. 

53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, required 

staff from the Wright Air Development Center to install Indirect 

Bomb Damage Assessment equipment aboard an aircraft (serial 

number from Indian Springs AFB. The with a crew of 

two, left Indian Springs AFB at 0537 hours and then flew a 

hand pattern at an altitude of 35,000 feet, 70 nautical miles 

east of ground zero. The aircraft spent approximately minutes 

in the shot area and then returned to Indian Springs AFB, landing 

at (8). 

95 
 

 53.9, Photographic Mission, indoctrinated Air 

National Guard Tactical Reconnaissance units in conducting photographic missions over a nuclear target. Two RF-84 aircraft, each 

operated one pilot and carrying one photographer from the 

Tennessee Air National Guard, flew holding patterns until ten 

minutes after the detonation, when the aircraft made photographic 

over ground zero at feet. Upon completion of the 

run, the returned to George AFH for decontam (2; 8). 

S.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Air Force Special Weapons Center support consisted of 

cloud-sampling and sample courier missions for 21.2, 

and cloud-tracking missions, security sweeps, and aerial surveys. 

In addition, AFSWC performed one mission of its own, a 

penetration study. 

Cloud Sampling 

One H-57R aircraft, operated by two crewmen, and six 

aircraft, each operated by one pilot, collected samples of the 

cloud for 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. A 

sampler control aircraft (serial number operated by a pilot 

and carrying a UCRL scientific advisor, directed the sampling. 

Pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) flew the aircraft. 

In addition, four T-33 aircraft, each with two Idaho and Oregon 

Air National Guard personnel, collected cloud samples at an 

altitude of about 30,000 feet for 53.1, Aerial Sampling 

Missions (8). 

The control aircraft left Indian Springs at 0610 and was 

positioned by air controllers of the Air Operations Center 

outside the testing area. At 0625 hours, upon reaching an 

altitude of approximately to feet, the control 

aircraft began its orbit pattern. After the detonation, the 

control aircraft left its orbit to view the cloud. Within 

96 
minutes after the detonation, the B-57 sampler aircraft, followed 

by the six and four T-33 sampler aircraft, left Indian 

Springs AFB. Guided by the control aircraft, the samplers 

entered the OWENS cloud area. The scientific advisor aboard the 

control aircraft then directed the samplers to penetrate the 

cloud as necessary to acquire the samples. After completing the 

sampling mission, the samplers left the area, landing at Indian 

Springs AFB between 0810 and 0840 (1; 2; 8). 

Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions were completed, three C-47 aircraft, each with an estimated crew of three, left Indian Springs 

AFB on shot-day to transport samples to various air bases for 

analysis by AEC nuclear weapons design laboratories. The 

Air Base Wing from Kirtland AFB conducted these courier missions (2). 

Cloud Tracking 

Immediately after the detonation, one B-25 aircraft (serial 

number 532) from Indian Springs AFB flew a cloud-tracking mission 

over and beyond the Nevada Test Site. The aircraft, which flew 

at an altitude of 15,000 feet, had a crew of ten (8). 

Security Sweeps 

Before the shot, two L-20 aircraft were dispatched from 

Yucca airstrip near Camp Mercury to perform a security sweep 

mission over the test area. The aircraft had a crew of at least 

two since the security sweep called for a security guard to 

accompany the pilot (65). 

Helicopter Surveys 

After the detonation, AFSWC flew helicopter survey missions 

over the shot area and non-test areas to record radiation 

intensities. Two H-21 helicopters were used, each with a crew of 

two pilots and three monitors. The initial survey began 
about three hours after the detonation. The highest intensity 

recorded was 23 R/h, encountered feet above ground zero. 

Resurveys were conducted one, two, and three days after the shot. 

In addition to the radiation surveys, one H-21 helicopter, with 

an AFSWC crew of two and three personnel, including a 

monitor, conducted a damage survey, beginning 15 minutes after 

the detonation and lasting about 40 minutes (65). 

Cloud Penetration 

Beginning earlier in Operation and continuing at 

Shot OWENS, AFSWC conducted a study to determine whether the Air 

Force should monitor the accumulation of radioactive contaminants 

on cloud-penetrating aircraft. A T-33 (serial number 105) from 

the 4926th Test Squadron, piloted bv an officer from Air Support 

Group Headquarters and carrying one observer, left Indian Springs 

AFB at 0725 hours and then penetrated the OWENS cloud. The 

aircraft flew at an altitude of 30,000 feet and spent about 30 

minutes in the shot area. Both pilot and observer wore lead 

vests instrumented 15 to 25 film badges. Six additional 

film badges were taped to the seats. Upon returning to 

Indian Springs AFB at 0810 hours, the aircraft was not decontaminated, but a 24-hour period was permitted for radiation decay 

before maintenance was performed on the T-33. The pilot and 

observer boarded and departed from the aircraft using standard 

ladders, not the forklift procedure used in other AFSWC missions. 

The pilot and observer were both closely monitored and decontaminated following the flight, and the aircraft was decontaminated 

sometime after the OWENS shot (1; 2; 8). 

5.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT OWENS 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

for Operation was to ensure that participants would 

avoid unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation while 

accomplishing their missions. Some of the procedures described 

98 
in the Operation volume resulted in records that enabled 

the Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the effectiveness of its 

radiation protection programs. The available information 

includes isointensity contour maps, monitoring procedures, 

and some personnel dosimetry data. Radiological safety 

procedures and dosimetry information for Desert Rock and AFSWC 

personnel are described in the Operation volume. 

Dosimetry 

During the period covering the 25 July detonation of OWENS, 

the Dosimetry and Records Section issued 5,230 film badges and 

1,196 pocket dosimeters. Dosimetry readings indicate that 29 DOD 

participants received cumulative gamma exposures greater the 2.0 

roentgens. Five of these had exposures over 3.0 roentgens, from 

3.14 to 4.04 roentgens. Those over 3.0 roentgens were personnel 

from the Chemical Weapons Laboratory and Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory who had been involved in very early recovery 

operations for Program 2. Of these, two Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory participants performed recovery operations in 

an area with an intensity of more than 10 R/h without the Test 

Director's permission. The two Chemical Weapons Laboratory 

personnel failed to shield samples properly during their return 

to Camp Mercury. Sixteen of the rest were AFSWC participants, 

including ten cloud samplers and aerial survey helicopter pilots. 

The remaining eight personnel came from the Ballistic Research 

Laboratories, the Diamond Ordnance Fuse Laboratory, and AFSWP 

65; 83). 

Logistics 

For Shot OWENS, the General Supply Section issued protective 

clothing to 3,020 people. The clothing included coveralls, shoe 

covers, and respirators, (83). 

99 
Monitoring 

Twelve men in vehicles began the initial ground survey at 

0645 hours. They reported the last intensity in the shot area at 

0736 hours. Two H-21 helicopters, each with two AFSWC pilots and 

three personnel, conducted aerial surveys. Ground and 

aerial resurveys were conducted for several days following the 

detonation (65). 

The Special Assignments Branch monitored radiation levels in 

living and working areas and found no evidence of increased 

radioactivity in either well or drinking water during the OWENS 

event 

Plotting and Briefing 

The Plotting and Briefing Branch developed isointensity 

contour maps from the radiation intensity data gathered by the 

ground survey teams. Figure 5-l presents the isointensity plot 

developed from information gained during the initial survey. The 

data resulting from the resurveys on 25 July, 26 July, 27 July, 

and 28 July are shown in figure 5-2 (83). 

In addition to its other activities, the Plotting and Briefing Branch issued access permits to control entry into radiological exclusion areas. The Plotting and Briefing Branch issued 

3,003 access permits during OWENS 

Decontamination 

During the period covering Shot OWENS, the Vehicle and 

Equipment Decontamination Section decontaminated 210 vehicles 

100 
 

- 

-- - --

. * . . ••• • •••

•••

•••

•

• • ••••••• •

• • • •

• •••

•• ••••• •

•

•

• • •

•

• •• •

. .

. i 

•

. . \ . 

•

• •

Stake Lines 

. . . . . . . . . 0.01 

1 Meters I - - - - - - I 

0 1000

Figure 5-l: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT OWENS, 

25 JULY 1957, MID-TIME 0726 
25 July 1957, Mid-Time: 1233 26 July 1957, Mid-Time: 0750 

27 July 1957, Mid-Time: 0637 28 July 1957, Mid-Time: 0745 

Stake Lines 

. . . . . . . . . 0.01 

0.1 R/h 

1.0 Rih 

Figure 5-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT OWENS 
SHOT STOKES SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXEHCISE: Desert Rock VII and VIII 

DATE/TIME: 7 August 1957, 0525 hours

YIELD: 19 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 1,500 feet (balloon shot) 

(1) To evaluate newly designed devices for

possible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal

(2) To evaluate the nuclear yield and the 

blast, thermal, and radiation phenomena

produced by these nuclear devices 

(3) To evaluate military equipment and

tactics and to indoctrinate personnel in the

effects of nuclear detonations. 

Weather: At shot-time, the temperature was and 

surface winds were calm. Winds were eight 

knots from the south-southeast at 10,000 feet, 

41 knots from the south at 20,000 feet, 

knots from the south-southwest at 30,000 feet, 

and 73 knots from the south-southwest at 

37,000 feet. 

Radiation Data: About 30 minutes after the detonation, 

radiation intensities of 1.0 R/h or more were

confined to within about 1,000 meters of ground 

zero. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock troops, Armed Forces 

Special Weapons Air Force Special

Weapons Center and other Air Force personnel,

Los Scientific Laboratory, other 

contractors. 

103 
CHAPTER 

SHOT STOKES 

Shot STOKES was detonated with a of 19 kilotons at 

0525 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 7 August 1957. The device 

was suspended from a balloon 1,500 feet above Area 7 of the NTS. 

The cloud resulting from the detonation rose to a height of 

feet and was blown generally north-northeast. Fallout 

resulted to the north. radiation was in the form 

of neutron-induced activity around ground zero Figure 

shows a view of Shot STOKES from News Nob. 

6.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT STOKES 

An estimated 1,310 Desert Rock troops took part in 

associated with Shot STOKES: one troop observer indoctrination 

one radiological training project, and two technical 

service projects. Table identifies these also 

lists Task Force WARRIOR observers and Camp Desert Rock support 

troops who witnessed the detonation. 

Troop Observer Indoctrination Projects 

Three groups of observers participated at Shot STOKES, as 

listed in table 6-l. The 499 troops from Task Force WARRIOR 

observed the detonation as part of their rehearsal for Shot 

SMOKY. The observers witnessed the shot from the observation 

area at News Nob, 16 kilometers south of ground zero. Figure 6-2 

shows Desert Rock observers shielding their eves from the 

of the detonation 


- -

- -

Table 6-1: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK PROJECTS, SHOT STOKES 

Program Type Project Title Participants 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

Troop Observer Indoctrination Troop Observers Army 

Task Force WARRIOR 

Camp Desert Rock Support Troops 

95 

499 

99 

Radiological Training Radiological Defense Training Radiological Defense School, Lowry 

AFB 

35 

Technical Service 50.3 

50.8 

Evaluation of Medium Range 

Detonation-detection and Cloud 

Tracking Systems 

Detection of Atomic Burst and 

Radioactive Fallout 

Army Signal Research and Development 

Laboratories; Army Electronic Proving 

Ground; Fort Huachuca, Arizona; Fort 

Meade, Maryland 

495th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile 

Battalion; Army Air Defense Board; Army 

Artillery Board; Army Chemical Corps; 

Army Artillery and Guided Missile 

School; Air Weather Service 

32 

557 

6.1.2 Radiological Training 

53.4, Radiological Defense Training, was the one 

radiological training conducted at STOKES. The project 

was performed by about 35 members of the Radiological Defense 

School of Lowry AFB, Denver, Colorado. After the detonation, 

the project participants proceeded along an assigned route from 

the observation area to their vehicles, which they had left at 

the Desert Rock decontamination station. Accompanied by a 

radiological safety monitor, the participants monitored radiation 

intensities at various distances from ground zero. These 

readings were relayed by radio to the control stations and were 

then plotted on a map (46; 49). 

107 
6.1.3 Technical Service 

As indicated in table 6-1, two technical service were 

conducted at Shot STOKES to evaluate diagnostic instrumentation and 

techniques for use in a nuclear environment. 

50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-detection 

and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded by 18 personnel from the 

Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories, seven personnel 

from Fort Huachuca, and seven personnel from Fort Meade. The 

had two purposes: to test the capacity of Army radar 

equipment in detecting nuclear detonations and tracking radioactive 

clouds, and to examine Army fallout prediction methods. Two remote 

radar sets were 18 kilometers from ground zero. A third radar site 

was six kilometers from ground zero. A fallout prediction unit for 

this project operated from a van located next to the weather 

station at Camp Mercury. A second fallout prediction team, 

consisting of personnel from the Army Electronic Proving Ground, 

Fort Huachuca, Arizona, operated near Alamo, Nevada, 88 kilometers 

northeast of Yucca (20; 46; 493). 

50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and Radioactive 

Fallout, was conducted by the 495th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile 

Battalion, along with the Army Air Defense Board, Army Artillery 

Board, Army Chemical Corps, Army Artillery and Guided Missile 

School, and Air Weather Station. The were to: 

Determine how well equipment found in a typical Army

unit could determine the location, height of burst,

and yield of an atomic detonation. 

Track targets and guided missiles through a nuclear 

cloud or fireball. 

An estimated 557 DOD personnel participated in this 

To determine the location, height of burst, and yield of the 

detonation, participants operated 17 radar, camera, and 

other instrument stations located nine to 30 kilometers from 

ground zero. The control point was at UTM coordinates 768942, 15 

kilometers southwest of ground zero. To determine the 

108 
attenuation of the Nike Hercules missile control signals, a B-26 

aircraft, with a crew of at least three, positioned itself so 

that the cloud was between the aircraft and a Nike ground site at 

the time of detonation. The B-26 was about kilometers 

northeast of ground zero at the time of detonation and spent 

about minutes in the area (16; 28; 46; 49; 77; 79; 80). 

6.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP, 

OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT STOKES 

In addition to the Exercise Desert Rock personnel, other DOD 

personnel took part in test activities during Shot STOKES that 

required them to enter the forward area. Table 6-2 identifies 

the test group projects involving DOD participants. The Air 

Force sponsored one operational training project during the shot. 

Besides the test group and the operational training projects, 

AFSWC and other support activities accounted for a number of DOD 

participants. The Air Force Special Weapons Center supported one 

test group project and flew routine missions for the Test 

Manager. 

6.2.1 Weapons Effects Test Group Projects 

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted seven at 

Shot STOKES, as indicated in table 6-2. 

Project 1.1, Basic Phenomena, was conducted by the 

Ballistic Research Laboratories to: 

Obtain data on overpressure and dynamic pressure

versus time as a function of distance 

• Evaluate gauge designs, instrument components, and 

measurement techniques. 

Before the shot, participants installed two very low pressure 

gauges at the airstrip on Yucca Lake, 16 kilometers 

from ground zero. Personnel recovered the gauges the day after 

the shot (21). 

109 
Table 6-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT STOKES 

Project Participants 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

Weapons Effects Test Group 

1.1 Basic Phenomena Ballistic Research Laboratories 

1.9 Spectra of Ground Shocks Produced by Nuclear 

Detonations 

Air Research and Development Command; 

Woolridge Corporation 

5.1 In-flight Structural Response of the HSS-1 Helicopter 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics 2 

5.2 Structural Response and Gas Dynamics of an Airship 

Exposed to a Nuclear Detonation 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics; Aeronautical 

Structures Naval Air Material Center 

54 

5.5 In-flight Structural Response of the Aircraft 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

Wright Air Development Center; Northrop Aircraft 2 

6.4 Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline NAROL 

System 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center 

9.1 Support Photography AFSWP; Military Air Transport Service; EG and G 10 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group 

11.2 Radiochemistry Sampling Air Force Special Weapons Center 10 

Unknown 

Project 1.9, Spectra of Ground Shocks Produced by Nuclear 

Detonations, was conducted by the Air Research and Development 

Command and the Ramo-Woolridge to measure and analyze 

the velocity and movement of the ground shock wave produced by a 

nuclear detonation. Four self-contained mechanical reed shock 

gauges were placed inside cylindrical canisters 0.6 meters in 

diameter and 0.6 meters long. Before the shot, personnel placed 

the canisters in the ground meters east of ground zero. 

Participants recovered the gauges after the area was declared 

radiologically safe (36). 

Project 5.1, In-flight Structural Response of the HSS-1 

Helicopter to a Nuclear Detonation, was conducted by the Navy 

110 
Bureau of Aeronautics to measure the effects of overpressure and 

wind gusts produced by a nuclear detonation on the HSS-1 helicopter. The also studied how blast effects might limit 

the HSS-1 in its delivery capabilities for antisubmarine warfare 

weapons. 

The helicopter left Indian Springs AFB at 0431, entering the 

shot area 30 minutes later. Before the detonation, the 

helicopter, with a crew of two, flew two practice orbits inbound 

at degrees. It began a final run five minutes before the 

detonation, making turn 40 seconds before shot-time. 

At the time of the detonation, the helicopter was tail-on to the 

shot, at a slant range of about 1,000 meters from ground zero and 

at an altitude of 8,430 feet. The helicopter spent approximately 

minutes in the shot area, returning to Indian Springs AFB at 

0555 (10; 82). 

Project 5.2, Structural Response and Gas Dynamics of an 

Airship Exposed to a Nuclear Detonation, was conducted by the 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics, the Aeronautical Structures 

Laboratory, and the Naval Air Material Center. The was 

to determine the response characteristics of the Model ZSG-3 

airship to a nuclear detonation to establish criteria for safe 

escape distances for airship delivery of antisubmarine warfare 

special weapons. 

TWO airships were scheduled to be tested at Shot STOKES. 

One airship was destroyed before the detonation when it was 

from its mooring mast at Yucca Lake by a dust storm. The mooring 

lines holding the other airship were released about 20 seconds 

before the shock arrival to obtain free-body response data. 

Immediately after shock arrival, the envelope ruptured forward of 

the car and the airship crashed but did not burn. The 

exposed the structural vulnerability of an airship when subjected 

to a nuclear detonation. 

111 
At 2000 hours on the night before the detonation, 17 

personnel worked to position the airship and secure the mountings. An additional 37 participants joined these personnel at 

on shot-day. They later recovered the test instruments from 

the wrecked airship (16; 33). 

5.5, In-flight Structural Response of the Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was designed to determine the 

structural response of the aircraft in flight to the blast 

and thermal effects of a nuclear detonation. Northrop Aircraft, 

Incorporated, was contracted to assist the Wright Air Development 

Center in planning and conducting the test. Northrop Aircraft 

calibrated, maintained, and operated the instrumentation, and 

correlated the data. Wright Air Development Center provided both 

the aircraft and the two-man crew. Wright Air Development Center 

and Northrop Aircraft together developed positioning methods and 

calculated the aircraft positions at the detonation and shock 

arrival times.-

The F-89 aircraft left Indian Springs AFB at 0455. Before 

the detonation, it flew one complete holding pattern at 

15,000 feet to position itself for the shot. At the detonation, 

the was at a slant range of 3,400 meters from the burst. 

It was at a slant range of 4,115 meters from ground zero when the 

initial shock wave arrived. The aircraft was in the test area 

for approximately minutes, returning to Indian Springs at 

0531. During the mission, film badges were placed in the pilot's 

and observer's positions (16; 

6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline 

NAROL System, used the Long Range Aids to Navigation (LORAN) 

system in an inverse fashion to detect the electromagnetic pulse 

from the nuclear burst in order to determine the position and 

yield of that burst. The Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment 

system tested on this operation consisted of nets located in 

112 
Albuquerque, New Mexico; Vale, Oregon; and Rapid City, South 

Dakota. Each net had two unmanned slave stations and one 

manned station (50). 

Project 9.1, Support Photography, was sponsored by AFSWP to 

provide the following services: 

Technical photographic support of the 

effects program 

Documentation of the overall military-effects

program and production of an effects motion 

picture 

Documentation of the detonations for release 

through the Joint Office of Test Information

and for historical purposes 

General photographic support to Department of 

Defense projects. 

Working from six hours before until 30 minutes after the 

detonation, seven personnel established and then manned a photo 

station at UTM coordinates 844963. An additional two or three 

personnel took pictures from a C-47 aircraft operated by 

personnel from the Military Air Transport Service. The aircraft, 

which spent approximately 100 minutes in the shot-area, flew a 

right-hand holding pattern at an altitude of 8,000 to 9,000 feet. 

EG and G personnel provided technical photography support 

AFSWP and the AEC, operating five camera stations to record 

fireball and cloud growth. One unmanned station was near the 

Control Point, and four unmanned stations were three to eight 

kilometers from ground zero. In addition to documenting the 

shot, Project 9.1 also provided camera instrumentation for 

Project 5.2 (10; 16; 27). 

113 
Department of Defense Participation in Los

Scientific Laboratory Test Group Projects 

The Los Scientific Laboratory was the only AEC 

weapons design laboratory participating at Shot STOKES. Of the 

14 conducted by the LASL Test Group, only Project 11.2, 

Hadiochemistry Sampling, involved DOD personnel. This 

required air support from AFSWC and is discussed in section 

Department of Defense Operational Training Project 

The Air Force sponsored one operational training 

at STOKES, 53.9, Photographic Reconnaissance Training. 

53.9 was intended to indoctrinate Tennessee Air National 

Guard Tactical Reconnaissance units in conducting photographic 

missions over a nuclear target. Two RF-84 aircraft, each 

operated by one pilot and carrying one photographer, took off 

from Luke AFB, Arizona, and began orbiting off the NTS at 0520 

hours. Ten minutes before the detonation, the aircraft made a 

photographic run over ground zero at 10,000 feet. Upon 

completion of their mission, at about 0540 hours, the aircraft 

left the shot area for Luke AFB (2; 10). 

6.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Air Force Special Weapons Center support at Shot STOKES 

consisted of cloud-sampling and sample courier missions for LASL 

Project 11.2, and cloud-tracking missions, security sweeps, and 

aerial surveys. 

Cloud Sampling 

Two aircraft, each operated by two crewmen, and five 

F-84G aircraft, each with one pilot, collected samples of the 

cloud for LASL 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. A B-57B 

114 
sampler control aircraft (serial number with a pilot and a 

LASL scientific advisor, directed the sampling. Pilots of the 

4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) flew the nine aircraft. 

The control aircraft left Indian Springs AFB at about 0505 

and was positioned by air controllers of the Air Operations 

Center at hours. Upon reaching an altitude of 30,000 to 

35,000 feet, the control aircraft began its orbit. After the 

detonation, the control aircraft left its orbit to view the 

cloud. The B-57B sampler aircraft, followed by the F-84G sampler 

aircraft, left Indian Springs AFB within one and two hours after 

the detonation. The scientific advisor then directed the 

samplers to penetrate the cloud as necessary to acquire samples. 

After completing the final sampling run, the samplers left the 

area and landed at Indian Springs AFB between 0720 and 

hours (1; 2; 10). 

Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions were completed, three C-47 aircraft, each with an estimated crew of three, left Indian Springs 

AFB on shot-day to transport samples to various air bases for 

analysis by AEC nuclear weapons design laboratories. The 

Air Base Wing from Kirtland AFB conducted these courier missions (2). 

Cloud Tracking 

Immediately after the detonation, one B-25 aircraft from 

Indian Springs AFB and one B-50 from Kirtland AFB flew 

cloud-tracking missions over and beyond the Nevada Test Site. 

The B-25 flew at 27,000 feet, and the B-50 at 25,000 feet (10). 

Security Sweeps 

Before the shot, two L-20 aircraft were dispatched from 

Yucca airstrip near Camp Mercury to perform a security sweep 

over the test area. Each aircraft had a crew of at least two, 

115 
since the security sweep called for a security guard to accompany 

the pilot 

Helicopter Surveys 

After the detonation, AFSWC flew helicopter survey missions 

over the shot area and non-test areas to record radiation 

The one participating H-21 helicopter had a crew of 

four: two AFSWC pilots and two monitors. After the 

mission, the helicopter returned to the helicopter pad and was 

monitored and decontaminated as required. In addition, AFSWC 

flew damage effects surveys (66). 

6.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT STOKES 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

for Operation was to that participants would 

avoid unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation while 

accomplishing their missions. Some of the procedures described 

in the Operation resulted in records that enabled 

the Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the effectiveness of its 

radiation protection programs. The available information 

includes isointensity contour maps, monitoring data, and some 

personnel dosimetry data. Radiological safety procedures and 

dosimetry information for Desert Rock and AFSWC personnel are 

described in the Operation volume. 

Dosimetry 

During the period covering the 7 August detonation of 

STOKES, the Dosimetrv and Records Section issued 2,855 film 

badges and 405 pocket dosimeters. Forty-nine personnel 

received cumulative gamma exposures ranging from 2.0 to 2.5 

roentgens. Two of the 49 were DOD personnel, one of whom was 

from the Ballistic Research Laboratories and the other from AFSW P 

83). 

116 
Logistics 

For Shot STOKES, the General Supply Section issued 

tamination clothing to 8,240 persons. The clothing included 

coveralls, shoe covers, and respirators (83). 

Monitoring 

Eleven men in vehicles began the initial ground survey at 

0530 hours. They reported the last intensity in the shot area at 

0605 hours. The initial helicopter survey team, consisting of an 

AFSWC crew-of two and two monitors, left the Control Point 

helicopter pad at 0700, 95 minutes after the detonation. The 

highest radiation was 10 R/h, encountered 200 feet above ground 

zero at 0720. An aerial resurvey was conducted one day after the 

shot. Ground surveys were conducted for several days following 

the detonation (66). 

The Special Assignments Branch monitored radiation levels in 

living and working areas and found no evidence of increased radioactivity in either well or drinking water during STOKES (83). 

Plotting and Briefing 

The Plotting and Briefing Branch developed isointensity 

contour maps from the radiation intensity data gathered by the 

ground survey teams. Figure 6-3 presents the isointensity plot 

developed from information gained during the initial survey. The 

data resulting from the resurveys on 7 August, 9 August, 10 

August, and 12 August are shown in figure 6-4 (83). 

In addition to its other activities, the Plotting and Briefing Branch issued access permits to control entry into radiological exclusion areas. The Plotting and Briefing Branch issued 

2,285 access permits during STOKES (83). 

117 
. 

. 

. \ . 

. 

Figure 6-3: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT STOKES, 

7 AUGUST 1957, MID-TIME 0555 
- -

-- -

I 

0 

7 August 1957, Mid-Time: 1133 9 August 1957, Mid-Time: 

August 1957, Mid-Time: 0620 12 August 1957, Mid-Time: 0552 

Stake Lines 

. . . . . . . . . 0.01 

------

. - . 

Figure 6-4: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT STOKES 

119 
Decontamination 

During the period covering Shot STOKES, the Vehicle and 

Equipment Decontamination Section decontaminated 132 vehicles (83). 

120 
SHOT SHASTA SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXEHCISE: Desert Rock VII and VIII 

DATE/TIME: 18 August 1957, 0500 hours

YIELD: 17 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 500 feet (tower shot) 

Objectives: To evaluate newly designed devices for

possible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal 

(2) To evaluate the nuclear yield and the 

blast, thermal, and radiation phenomena

produced by these nuclear devices 

To indoctrinate personnel in the effects

of nuclear detonations 

(4) To assess the effects of a nuclear 

detonation on civilian structures and to 

evaluate Civil Defense emergency preparedness

plans. 

Weather: At shot-time, the temperature was and 

surface winds were calm. Winds were 11 knots 

from the southwest at 10,000 feet, ten knots 

from the southeast at 20,000 feet, and nine 

knots from the west at 30,000 feet. 

Radiation Data: About three hours after the detonation, radia- tion intensities of 1.0 R/h or more were 

confined to within about 900 meters of ground 

zero, except to the north through the

northeast. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock troops, Armed Forces

Special Weapons Air Force Special

Weapons Center and other Air Force personnel, 

University of California Radiation Laboratory,

Federal Civil Defense Administration, other 

contractors. 

121 
CHAPTER 7 

SHOT SHASTA 

Shot SHASTA was detonated with a yield of 17 kilotons at 

hours Pacific Daylight Time on August The device 

was positioned in a cab on top of a steel tower in Area 

2 of the NTS. The SHASTA cloud top rose to 32,000 feet and moved 

east, while the middle section moved northwest, and the lower 

section drifted northeast from the point of detonation. Fallout 

fell generally to the north of ground zero 

7.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT SHASTA 

More than 600 Desert Rock troops took part in projects 

associated with the SHASTA event: one troop observer indoctrination one radiological training project, and two 

technical service projects. Table 7-1 identifies these projects 

and lists the nine Camp Desert Rock support troops who also 

witnessed the detonation. 

7.1.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination 

As indicated in table 7-1, an estimated 20 DOD personnel 

took part in troop observer indoctrination activities. These 

observers probably witnessed SHASTA from News Nob, 20 kilometers 

south of ground zero. 

Several personnel of the Human Resources Research Office 

team, consisting of civilians, witnessed SHASTA from a 

hill at the south end of Yucca Flat, kilometers from ground 

zero and near News Nob. The observation area had 12 rows of 

122 
- -

wooden benches. The observers wore steel helmets and protective 

field masks. One observer described the detonation as follows: 

Dimly visible in the first morning light the golden 

fireball boiled and churned like a genie from a bottle,

cooled to orange splotched with deep dirty brown,

cooled to heavy violet and as it cooled, its shimmering

blue corona contracted and glowed around didn't 

know whether to expect shock wave,] a crack, or a 

roar, or what. Then I heard what sounded exactly like

a long of freight cars "bumping" in the distance,

a low quickly punctuated rumble that lasted three or

four seconds and faded away (19). 

The experiences of the observer were similar to those 

described by other observers. 

Table 7-1: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK PROJECTS, SHOT SHASTA 

Program Type Project Title Participants 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

Troop Observer Indoctrination Troop Observers Armv 

Camp Desert Rock Support Troops 

11 

9 

Radiological Training Sixth Army Chemical, Biological, and 

Radiological Team Training 

Sierra Ordnance Depot; Fort Huachuca 21 

Technical Service 50.3 

50.8 

Evaluation of Medium Range 

Detonation-detection and Cloud 

Tracking Systems 

Detection of Atomic Burst and 

Radioactive Fallout 

Army Signal Research and Development 

Laboratories; Fort Huachuca, Arizona: 

Fort Meade, Maryland 

495th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile 

Battalion; Army Air Defense Board; Army 

Chemical Corps; Army Artillery and 

Guided Missile School; Air Weather 

Service 

32 

557 

7.1.2 Radiological Training 

The one radiological training conducted during Shot 

SHASTA was the Sixth Army Chemical, Biological, and Radiological 

Team Training. The was designed to train personnel from 

Sixth Army installations in radiological defense techniques. Two 

survey teams, one of nine civilians and one military participant 

123 
from the Sierra Ordnance Depot and the other of 11 military 

personnel. from Fort Huachuca, were at the NTS from 14 to 23 

August and from 18 to 29 August, respectively. The teams 

received practical instruction and field experience in conducting 

radiological surveys. General procedures called for the teams to 

participate as observers and then survey the residual radiation 

field. From the dates of attendance, it is possible that the 

teams also observed the DOPPLER detonation (45; 49; 57). 

7.1.3 Technical Service 

As indicated in table 7-1, two technical service 

were.conducted at Shot SHASTA to evaluate diagnostic instrumentation and techniques for military use in a nuclear 

environment. 

50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range 

detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded by 18 personnel 

from the Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories, seven 

personnel from Fort Huachuca, and seven personnel from Fort 

Meade. The had two purposes: to test the capacity of 

Army radar equipment in detecting nuclear detonations and 

tracking radioactive clouds, and to examine Army fallout 

prediction methods. Three radar sets were located 23 kilometers 

southeast of ground zero. The fallout prediction unit for this 

operated from a van located next to the weather station 

at Camp Mercury (20; 45; 49). 

50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and Radioactive 

Fallout, was conducted by the 495th Antiaircraft Artillery 

Missile Battalion, along with the Army Air Defense Board, Army 

124 
0 

Chemical Corps, Army Artillery and Guided Missile School, and Air 

Weather Service. The purposes of the pro.ject were to: 

• Determine how well equipment found in a typical Army

unit could determine the location, height of burst, 

and vield of a nuclear detonation 

Track targets and guided missiles through a cloud or

fireball 

Predict and monitor radioactive fallout. 

An estimated 557 DOD personnel took part in this To 

determine the location, height of burst, and yield of the 

detonation, participants operated 18 and radar, 

camera, and other instrument stations located 14 to kilometers 

from ground zero. The control point was at UTM coordinates 768944, 

14 kilometers southwest of ground zero. To test the attenuation of 

an aircraft's missile control signals, a B-26, with a crew of at 

least three, positioned itself so that the cloud was between the 

aircraft and a Nike Hercules ground site. In another part of the 

project, two H-34 helicopters, two H-13 helicopters, and one L-21 

aircraft conducted aerial radiological surveys after the detonation 

to determine the actual fallout pattern. The aircraft flew at 

altitudes ranging from to 1,000 feet and landed at several 

points in fallout areas downwind of ground zero to gather ground 

readings. Each of the helicopters had a crew of three, while the 

L-20 had a crew of two (15; 28; 45; 49; 77; 79; 80). 

7.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP, 

OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT SHASTA 

In addition to the Exercise Desert Rock personnel, other DOD 

personnel took part in test activities during Shot SHASTA that 

required them to enter the forward area. Table 7-2 identifies 

the test group projects involving DOD participants. The Air 

Force sponsored two operational training during the 

shot. In addition to the test group and the operational training 

125 
Table 7-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT SHASTA 

Project Title Participants 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

Weapons Effects Test Group 

1.1 Basic Phenomena Ballistic Research Laboratories 

5.3 In-flight Structural Response of the FJ4 Aircraft 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics; Naval Air Special Weapons 

Facility; North American Aviation 

5.4 In-flight Structural Response of the Aircraft 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics; Douglas Aircraft 

5.5 In-flight Structural Response of the Aircraft 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

Wright Air Development Center; Northrop Aircraft 2 

9.1 Support Photography AFSWP; Military Air Transport Service: EG and G 12 

University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group 

21.2 Radiochemistry Sampling Air Force Special Weapons Center 9 

I 

Civil Effects Test Group 

32.3 Evaluation of Countermeasure System 

Components and Operational Procedures 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 5 

36.4 Aerial Monitoring Operations Development Federal Civil Defense Administration: Civil Air Patrol 6 

37.2 Biophysical Aspects of Fallout Air Force Special Weapons Center 3 

Physical Aspects of Fallout Air Force Special Weapons Center 3 

37.6 Application of Radio-ecological Techniques Air Force Special Weapons Center 3 

Unknown 
projects, AFSWC and other support activities accounted for a 

number of DOD participants. The Air Force Special Weapons Center 

supported one test group and flew routine missions for 

the Test Manager. 

7.2.1 Weapons Effects Test Group 

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted five at 

Shot SHASTA, as listed in table 7-2. In conducting these 

personnel sometimes entered the shot area after the 

detonation. Recovery hour was declared at 0800, three hours 

after the detonation. 

Project 1.1, Basic Phenomena, was conducted by the 

Ballistic Research Laboratories to: 

Obtain data on overpressure and dynamic pressure

versus time as a function of distance 

Evaluate gauge designs, instrument components, and 

measurement techniques. 

Before the shot, personnel installed pressure-time gauges at 

stations 165 to 6,785 meters south of ground zero. Participants 

recovered the gauges when radiation levels in the area had 

declined to permissible levels (21). 

5.3, In-flight Structural Response of the FJ-4 Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was designed by the Navy Bureau of 

Aeronautics to measure the thermal and blast wave response of the 

FJ-4 aircraft and to determine its performance and delivery 

capabilities during a nuclear detonation. The Naval Air Special 

Weapons Facility provided the aircrew for this North 

American Aviation, Incorporated, supplied the specially 

instrumented test aircraft and the personnel required to maintain 

the aircraft. The FJ-4 left Indian Springs AFB at 0405. At the 

time of burst, the aircraft was at an altitude of about 7,090 

feet and at a slant range of 7,600 meters from ground zero. At 

127 
the time of shock arrival, the aircraft was in a level flight 

pattern, tail-on to the detonation, and was at a slant range of 

3,500 meters from ground zero. The aircraft returned to Indian 

Springs AFB at 0510 (9; 53). 

Project 5.4, In-flight Structural Response of the Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was to measure the thermal and 

blast wave response of the aircraft during flight and to 

determine its performance and delivery capabilities during a 

nuclear detonation. The was a single engine, modified 

delta wing, carrier-based attack aircraft with the capability 

to deliver special weapons covering a wide range of weapon 

yields. Project personnel, who were from the Navy Bureau of 

Aeronautics and Douglas Aircraft, included the pilot, the ground 

controller, and the maintenance personnel responsible for the 

special painting and instrumentation of the aircraft. 

The aircraft left Indian Springs AFB at 0421. At shot-time, 

it was at a slant range of 3,060 meters from ground zero and at 

a height of 8,860 feet above the burst. At the time of the first 

shock arrival, the was at a slant range of 2,730 meters 

from ground zero and at a height of 9,090 feet above the burst. 

The aircraft was piloted and flown on a straight and level course 

directly above ground zero. The returned to base at 

(9; 81). 

Project 5.5, In-flight Structural Response of the F-89D Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was designed to determine the 

structural response of the F-89D aircraft in flight to the blast 

and thermal effects of a nuclear detonation. Northrop Aircraft, 

Incorporated, was contracted to assist the Wright Air Development 

Center in planning and conducting the test. Northrop Aircraft 

calibrated, maintained, and operated the instrumentation, and 

correlated the data. Wright Air Development Center provided the 

aircraft and the two-man crew. Wright Air Development Center and 

128 
Northrop Aircraft together developed positioning methods and 

calculated the aircraft positions at the detonation and shock 

arrival times. 

The aircraft left Indian Springs AFB at 0430. Before the 

shot, it flew one complete la-minute holding pattern to 

itself for the detonation. At the time of the detonation, the 

F-89D was at a slant range of 7,570 meters from the burst. The 

aircraft was in the test area for approximately 30 minutes, 

returning to Indian Springs AFB at 0507. During the mission, 

film badges were placed in the pilot's and observer's positions 

(9; 74). 

Project 9.1, Support Photography, was sponsored by AFSWP to 

provide the following services: 

Technical photographic support of the

effects program 

Documentation of the overall military-effects 

program and production of an effects motion

picture 

Documentation of the detonations for release 

through the Joint Office of Test Information

and for historical purposes 

General photographic support to Department of

Defense projects. 

Working from six hours before to 30 minutes after the detonation, 

nine personnel established and then manned a camera station at 

the BJY, UTM coordinates 842022. An additional two or three 

participants took pictures from a C-47 aircraft operated by 

personnel from the Military Air Transport Service. EG and G 

personnel provided technical photography support to AFSWP and the 

AEC, operating three camera stations to record fireball and cloud 

growth. One manned camera station was near the Control Point, 

and two unmanned stations were three to eight kilometers from 

ground zero (9; 15; 27). 

129 
7.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in University of

California Radiation Laboratory Test Group Projects 

The University of California Radiation Laboratory was the 

only AEC weapons development laboratory conducting a project 

involving DOD personnel at SHASTA. The Los Scientific 

Laboratory performed five at the shot, but none of these 

activities included DOD participants. Of the eight UCRL 

21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, required air 

support from AFSWC and is discussed in section 7.2.5. 

7.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in Civil Effects 

Test Group Projects 

The Civil Effects Test Group conducted 19 projects at 

SHASTA. Of these five involved DOD personnel, as 

listed in table 7-2. 

32.3, Evaluation of Countermeasure System Components 

and Operational Procedures, was fielded by the Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory to evaluate the performance of a manned underground shelter located within the fallout zone and beyond the 

region of significant blast damage. 

Ninety minutes before the detonation, five personnel arrived 

jeep at the shelter, four kilometers from ground zero. The 

shelter was a standard multi-plate 

ammunition-storage magazine. was custom-fitted with a standard Navy quick-acting, watertight door and was buried side-on to 

the shot area beneath 0.9 meters of earth. The entrance faced 

from ground zero. Two M-6 collective protector air filters 

provided ventilation. 

Thirty minutes before the detonation, the intake and exhaust 

vents were closed. Five minutes before the detonation, all 

personnel sat in the center of the floor at the rear of the 

130 
shelter. Fifteen seconds before the detonation, the vent intakes 

were opened and the M-6 collective protector air filter was 

started. Retween one and six minutes after the detonation, 

participants in the underground shelter reported dosimetry 

readings to the Control Point by radio. Fallout continued in the 

area of the shelter from seven minutes to 20 minutes after the 

detonation. Surveys of exterior areas the shelter were 

begun 30 minutes after the detonation. The surveys were 

completed and the shelter closed by six hours after shot-time. 

Personnel returned to the Control Point by jeep, where they were 

processed through the decontamination station 

36.4, Aerial Monitoring Operations Development was 

conducted by the Federal Civil Defense Administration and the 

Civil Air Patrol. Its objectives were to develop correlation 

factors for a survey meter used by the Federal Civil Defense 

Administration, to continue the study of aerial-monitoring 

techniques begun at Operation TEAPOT, and to develop instructional material for radiological defense manuals for Civil Air 

Patrol or other aerial-survey units. The project consisted of 

three phases (62): 

Concurrent aerial, automotive, and ground surveys of

the NTS fallout areas 

Development of an isointensity fallout plot by

aerial monitoring of a fallout pattern along three

different routes 

Development of a radiological plot by using a 

training exercise involving air-to-ground

communications and radiation-measuring equpment. 

Military participation in this project was confined to the aerial 

surveys. The aerial survey aircraft, a Cessna-170 and a PA-18 

Piper Cub, and four pilots came from the Milwaukee Group, 

Wisconsin Wing of the Civil Air Patrol. The Test Director also 

provided an H-21 helicopter, piloted by two AFSWC pilots, for 

aerial monitoring. 

131 
Both air and ground project personnel assembled at the civil 

defense center at the Yucca Lake airstrip before the declaration 

of recovery hour. When recovery hour was announced at 0800, the 

ground and aerial survey teams of phase one proceeded to the 

fallout area, entering it one hour later. The Cessna-170, flying 

in a clover-leaf pattern at heights ranging from 300 to 1,000 

feet, monitored the fallout area at 0900 and 1300. The aircraft 

covered the area twice for each survey. While the Cessna-170 

conducted its survey, the H-21 helicopter hovered over the 

terminal points of the aerial-survey pattern to take radiation 

readings for developing correlation factors. 

Phase two began at 0900, when the PA-18 Piper Cub aircraft 

at a height of 500 feet monitored three designated routes marked 

along Mercury Highway at BJY and along the road leading north and 

south of the SHASTA ground zero. The survey was repeated at 

1300, but the eastern leg of Mercury Highway north of BJY was not 

monitored because the aircraft had found no measurable fallout 

there during the earlier survey. Concurrently with these 

surveys, the Piper Cub conducted phase three. Personnel aboard 

the aircraft used an aerial-monitoring instrument to record 

radiation intensities. The readings were then relayed by radio 

to the Civil Defense Control Center (62). 

The following CETG projects involved AFSWC support: 

Project 37.2 Biophysical Aspects of Fallout 

Project Physical Aspects of Fallout 

Project 37.6 Application of Radio-ecology

Techniques. 

At each project, AFSWC crew members provided a single C-47 aircraft for radio relay services, as described in section 7.2.5 (56). 

132 
7.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training Projects 

The primary purposes of the operational training program 

were to test equipment and techniques and to indoctrinate 

personnel. The Air Force sponsored two operational training 

projects at Shot SHASTA: 

Project 53.1 Aerial Sampling Missions 

53.7 Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment. 

Project 53.1, Aerial Sampling Missions, involved California 

Air National Guard units that flew sample missions in conjunction 

with UCRL Project 21.2. This activity is discussed under AFSWC 

operations in the next section of this chapter. 

Project 53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, required 

staff from the Wright Air Development Center to install Indirect 

Bomb Damage Assessment equipment aboard an F-89D aircraft from 

Indian Springs AFB. The with a crew of two, flew a 

hand holding pattern at an altitude of 35,000 feet. The aircraft 

spent approximately 60 minutes in the shot area. After completing its mission, the F-89D returned to base, where it was 

decontaminated (2; 9). 

7.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Air Force Special Weapons Center support consisted of 

cloud-sampling and sample courier missions for UCRL Project 21.2, 

a radio-relay for three CETG projects, and cloud-tracking 

missions, security sweeps, and aerial surveys. 

Cloud Sampling 

Two B-57B aircraft, each operated by two crewmen, and four 

F-84G aircraft, each operated by one pilot, collected samples of 

the cloud for UCRL 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. One 

B-57B sampler control aircraft, with an AFSWC pilot and a UCRL 

133 
scientific advisor, directed the cloud sampling. Pilots of the 

Test Squadron (Sampling) flew the eight aircraft. In 

addition, two T-33 aircraft, each with two California Air 

National Guard personnel, collected cloud samples at an altitude 

of about feet for the operational training 53.1, 

Aerial Sampling Missions. 

The sampler control aircraft flew from Indian Springs AFB 

ten minutes before shot-time. Upon reaching an altitude of 

30,000 to 35,000 feet, the control aircraft began its holding 

pattern. After the detonation, the control aircraft left its 

holding pattern to view the cloud. The F-84G and the T-33 

samplers left Indian Springs AFB between 60 and 90 minutes after 

the detonation. Within two hours after the detonation, the B-57B 

sampler aircraft left Indian Springs AFB. The scientific advisor 

then directed the samplers to penetrate the cloud as necessary to 

acquire the samples. In to 35 minutes, after completing their 

sampling runs, the samplers left the area for Indian Springs AFB, 

landing between 0635 and (1; 2; 9). 

Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions were completed, three C-47 

aircraft, each with an estimated crew of three, left Indian 

Springs AFB on shot-day to transport samples to various air bases 

for analysis by AEC nuclear weapons design laboratories. The 

Air Base Wing from Kirtland AFB conducted these missions (2). 

Radio Relay 

One C-47 aircraft performed a radio relay for Projects 

37.2, and 37.6. For each the C-47, with three 

crew members, flew a right-hand holding pattern nautical miles 

southeast of ground zero. The aircraft remained aloft for three 

hours. After the mission, the C-47 returned to its home base for 

decontamination (2). 

134 
Cloud Tracking 

Immediately after the detonation, one B-25 aircraft and one 

B-29 aircraft from Indian Springs AFB and one B-50 from Kirtland 

AFB flew cloud-tracking missions over and beyond the Nevada Test 

Site. The B-25 flew at 15,000 feet, the B-29 flew at 22,000 feet, 

and the B-50 flew at 75,000 feet. The B-25 had a crew of nine, 

and both the B-29 and the B-50 had crews of about ten (2; 

Security Sweeps 

Before the shot, two L-20 aircraft were dispatched from 

Yucca airstrip near Camp Mercury to perform a security sweep 

over the test area. The aircraft each had crews of at least two, 

since the security sweep called for a security guard to accompany 

the pilot (67). 

Helicopter Surveys 

After the detonation, AFSWC personnel flew helicopter 

surveys in the shot area and non-test areas to record radiation 

intensities and to determine damage effects. H-21 helicopters 

were used, each with a crew of four: two AFSWC pilots and two 

monitors. The surveys, each of which lasted about 

minutes, were planned for 15 minutes, six hours, and one, two, 

and three days after the detonation. The initial survey did not 

begin, however, 0715. The highest radiation intensity was 

encountered 200 feet above the DIABLO ground zero, three 

kilometers north of the SHASTA ground zero. Following the 

mission, helicopters returned to the helicopter pad and were 

monitored and decontaminated as required 

7.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT SHASTA 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

for Operation was to ensure that participants would 

avoid unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation while 

135 
plishing their missions. Some of the procedures described in the 

Operation volume resulted in records that enabled the 

Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the effectiveness of its 

radiation programs. The available data include isointensity 

contour maps, monitoring information, and some dosimetry data for 

and Desert Rock personnel. 

Dosimetrv 

During the period covering the 18 August detonation of 

SHASTA, the Dosimetry and Records Section issued 1,304 film 

badges and 202 pocket dosimeters. Five NTO/DOD personnel, three 

of whom were from the Ballistic Research Laboratories, two from 

the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, and one from AFSWC, 

received cumulative gamma exposures exceeding 2.0 roentgens. 

These exposures ranged from 2.03 to 2.32 roentgens. Three Desert 

Rock personnel exceeded 3.0 roentgens of cumulative gamma 

exposure at SHASTA. They were Project 50.8 survey 

personnel, two of whom had their most significant exposures at 

Shot DIABLO (57; 67; 73). 

Logistics 

For Shot SHASTA, the General Supply Section issued 

tamination clothing to 1,153 persons (83). These supplies 

consisted of coveralls, shoe covers, respirators, and other 

protective equipment. 

Monitoring 

Ground surveys were to begin at 0505 but were evidently 

delayed, since the teams reported no measurements until 0707. 

Most of the data were collected during the next hour, although 

some were reported until 0904. The initial helicopter survey, 

planned to begin 15 minutes after the shot, was also delayed, as 

the team of AFSWC and personnel flew from the Control Point 

helicopter pad at 0715 (67). 

136 
The Special Assignments Branch monitored radiation levels in 

living and working areas and found no evidence of increased radioactivity in either well or drinking water during SHASTA (83). 

Plotting and Briefing 

The Plotting and Briefing Branch developed isodose contour 

maps from the radiation intensity data gathered by the ground 

survey teams. Figure 7-1 presents the isointensity plot 

developed from information gained during the initial survey. 

Figure 7-2 shows the data resulting from the resurveys on 18 

August through 21 August (83). 

In addition to its other activities, the Plotting and Briefing Branch issued access permits to control entry into radiological exclusion areas. The Plotting and Briefing Branch issued 

1,232 access permits during SHASTA (83). 

Decontamination 

During the period covering Shot SHASTA, the Vehicle and 

Equipment Decontamination Section decontaminated 72 vehicles (83). 

137 
••• • • •

Figure 7-l: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT SHASTA, 

18 AUGUST 1957, MID-TIME 0740 

138 
 - -

Meters 

August 1957, Mid-Time: 1124 August 1957, Mid-Time: 0729 

20 August 1957, Mid-Time: 0650 21 August 1957, Mid-Time: 0625 

. . . . . . . . . 

Figure 7-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT SHASTA 

139 

. 

. 

. 

Stake Lines 

0.01 
SHOT DOPPLER SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXERCISES: Desert Rock VII and VIII 

DATE/TIME: 23 August 1957, 0530 hours

YIELD: 11 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 1,500 feet (balloon shot) 

Objectives: (1) To evaluate newly designed devices for

possible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal 

(2) To evaluate the nuclear yield and the 

blast, thermal, and radiation phenomena

produced by these nuclear devices 

(3) To evaluate military equipment and

tactics and to indoctrinate personnel in the

effects of nuclear detonations 

(4) To assess the effects of the nuclear 

detonation on civilian structures and to 

evaluate Civil Defense emergency preparedness

plans. 

Weather: At shot-time, the temperature was and 

surface winds were calm. Winds were 14 knots 

the south-southeast at 10,000 feet, six 

knots from the south-southwest at 20,000 feet, 

44 knots from the southwest at 30,000 feet, 

and 53 knots from the south-southwest at 

feet (the top of the cloud). 

Radiation Data: About 40 minutes after the detonation, 

radiation levels of 1.0 R/h were limited to 

within 1,400 meters of ground zero. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock troops, Armed Forces

Special Weapons Project, Air Force Special

Weapons Center and other Air Force personnel,

University of California Radiation Laboratory,

Federal Civil Defense Administration, other 

contractors. 

140 
CHAPTER 8 

SHOT DOPPLER 

Shot DOPPLER was conducted with a yield of 11 kilotons at 

hours Pacific Daylight Time on 23 August The device 

was suspended from a balloon 1,500 feet above the ground over 

Area 7 of the NTS. radiation was mostly neutron-induced 

activity around ground zero. Most fallout occurred well 

in far eastern Nevada and adjoining Utah (31). 

8.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT DOPPLER 

Approximately 1,200 Desert Rock troops took part in projects 

associated with Shot DOPPLER: two troop observer indoctrination 

one radiological training project, and two technical 

service Table identifies these projects. also 

lists Task Force WARRIOR observers and Camp Desert Rock support 

troops who witnessed the detonation. 

8.1.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination Projects 

Four groups of observers participated at Shot DOPPLER, as 

indicated in table 8-l. The 492 troops from Task Force WARRIOR 

observed the detonation as part of their rehearsal for Shot 

SMOKY. The observers viewed the detonation from trenches 2,900 

meters southwest ground zero at UTM coordinates 847029. Trenches 

were about five feet deep, affording a minimum of two feet of 

overhead protection for a crouching person. Camp Desert Rock 

engineers dug the trenches about one week before the detonation 

(48; 49; 

A member of the Human Resources Research Office team 

observed DOPPLER from the trenches. He described his experience 

in the following passages: 

141 
- -

- -

At H minus three minutes we put on our gas

masks and helmets, faced half-right in the 

trenches and crouched, eyes closed, arm tightly

against the goggles of the mask. The three 

minutes seemed interminable, breathless in every 

sense; then came the silent, brilliant white 

flash. 

I could feel the heat of the fireball 

reflecting from the wall of the trench about me.

I peeked, but quickly shielded my eyes again. It

was still furnace bright. The ground wave caught 

me unaware, three distinct shocks, seeming to 

raise me about a foot each time, with the terrible 

sensation of being detached from anything solid or

reliable and thoroughly shaken, as in an earth- quake 

The experiences of the observer, who wore a steel helmet 

and a protective face mask, were similar to those described 

other observers. 

Table 8-1: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK PROJECTS, SHOT DOPPLER 

Program Type Project Title Participants 

Estimated 

Personnel 

Troop Observer Indoctrination 56.2 

53.3 

Troop Observers 

Aircrew Observers 

Army 

Air Force 

Task Force WARRIOR 

Camp Desert Rock Support Troops 

9 

2 

492 

66 

Radiological Training 53.4 Radiological Defense Training Radiological Defense School, Lowry 

AFB 

56 

Technical Service 50.3 

50.8 

Evaluation of Medium Range 

Detonation-detection and Cloud 

Tracking Systems 

Detection of Atomic Burst and 

Radioactive Fallout 

Army Signal Research and Development 

Laboratories; Fort Huachuca, Arizona; 

Fort Meade, Maryland 

495th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile 

Battalion; Army Air Defense Board 

32 

557 

142 
8.1.2 Radiological Training Project 

Project 53.4, Radiological Defense Training, was the one 

radiological training project conducted at DOPPLER. Conducted by 

the Radiological Defense School of Lowry AFB, Denver, Colorado, 

the involved 56 Air Force personnel. After the detonation, these participants proceeded along an assigned route from 

the observation area to their vehicles, which they had left at 

the Desert Rock decontamination station. Accompanied by a 

radiological safety monitor, the participants monitored radiation 

intensities at various distances from ground zero. These 

readings were relayed by radio to the control stations and were 

then plotted on a map (48; 49). 

8.1.3 Technical Service 

As indicated in table 8-1, two technical service 

were conducted at Shot DOPPLER to evaluate diagnostic 

instrumentation and techniques for use in a nuclear environment. 

Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range 

detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded by 18 personnel 

from the Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories, seven 

personnel from Fort Huachuca, and seven personnel from Fort 

The had two purposes: to test the capacity of 

Army radar equipment in detecting nuclear detonations and 

tracking radioactive clouds, and to examine Army fallout 

prediction methods. The project required a radar section to 

activate remote radar sets located approximately six kilometers 

from ground zero, kilometers from ground zero, and at a third, 

unspecified distance. In addition, a fallout prediction team, 

operating out of an M-109 mobile van next to the weather station 

at Camp Mercury, participated in the project 48; 49). 

50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and Radioactive 

Fallout, was conducted by the 495th Antiaircraft Artillery 

143 
Missile Battalion, along with the Army Air Defense Board. The 

objectives were to: 

Determine how well equipment found in a typical Army 

unit could determine the location, height of burst,

and yield of a nuclear detonation 

Track targets and guided missiles through a nuclear

cloud or fireball. 

An estimated 557 DOD personnel took part in this project. To 

determine the location, height of burst, and yield of the detonation, participants operated 15 and radar, 

camera, and other instrument stations located nine to 

kilometers from ground zero. The control point was at UTM 

coordinates 768942, 15 kilometers southwest of ground zero. To 

test the attenuation of the Nike Hercules missile control signal, 

a B-26 aircraft, with a crew of three, positioned itself so that 

the cloud was between the aircraft and a Nike Hercules ground 

site about kilometers northeast of ground zero. The 

B-26 spent about minutes in the area (18; 28; 48; 49; 77; 79; 80). 

8.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP,

OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT DOPPLER 

In addition to the Exercise Desert Rock personnel, other DOD 

personnel took part in test activities during Shot DOPPLER that 

required them to enter the forward area. Table S-2 identifies 

the test group involving DOD participants. The Air 

Force sponsored one operational training pro.ject during the shot. 

Besides the test group and the operational training projects, 

AFSWC and other support activities accounted for a number of 

other DOD participants. The Air Force Special Weapons Center 

supported one test group project and flew routine missions for 

the Test Manager. 

144 
Table 8-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT DOPPLER 

Project Title Participants 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

5.3 

5.4 

5.5 

6.4 

9.1 

Weapons Effects Test Group 

In-flight Structural Response of the FJ-4 Aircraft Navy Bureau of Aeronautics; Naval Air Special Weapons 

to a Nuclear Detonation Facility; North American Aviation 

In-flight Structural Response of the Aircraft Navy Bureau of Aeronautics 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

In-flight Structural Response of the Aircraft Wright Air Development Center; Northrop Aircraft 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline NAROL Air Force Cambridge Research Center 

System 

Support Photography AFSWP; Military Air Transport Service; EG and G 

University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group 

21.2 

I 

Radiochemistry Sampling Air Force Special Weapons Center 

I 

9 

I 

Civil Effects Test Group 

39.5 Radiation for Human Exposures Air Force School of Aviation Medicine 4 

Unknown 

8.2.1 Weapons Effects Test Group 

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted five projects at 

Shot DOPPLER, as indicated in table 8-2. 

Project 5.3, In-flight Structural Response of the FJ-4 Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was designed the Navy Bureau of 

Aeronautics to measure the thermal and blast wave response of the 

FJ-4 aircraft and to determine its performance and 

capabilities during a nuclear detonation. The Naval Air Special 

Weapons Facility provided the aircrew for this North

American Aviation, Incorporated, supplied the specially instrumented test aircraft and the personnel required to maintain the 

145 
aircraft. The FJ-4 aircraft flew from Springs AFB at 

At the of the detonation, the aircraft was at a 

height of 10,910 feet above the burst and at a slant range of 

3,480 meters from ground zero. At the time of shock arrival, the 

aircraft was in a level flight pattern, tail-on to the blast, at 

a slant range of meters from ground zero. The aircraft 

returned to Indian Springs AFB at 0542. To determine pilot 

safetv, total gamma dose was recorded during the mission by film 

badges placed in the cockpit, ammunition bay, right drop tank, 

and nose-wheel (53). 

5.4, In-flight Structural Response of the Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was designed to measure the 

thermal and blast wave response of the aircraft during 

flight and to determine its performance and delivery capabilities 

during a nuclear detonation. The was a single engine, 

modified delta wing, carrier-based jet attack aircraft with 

capability for delivery of special weapons covering a wide range 

of weapon yields. personnel, who were from the Navy 

of Aeronautics, included one pilot, the ground controller, 

and the maintenance personnel responsible for the special painting and instrumentation of the aircraft. 

Two aircraft participated in the At 

shot-time and at the first shock arrival, the aircraft positions 

were as follows: 

Shot First Shock 

Aircraft Time Arrival 

Slant range

from burst 2,910 meters meters 

Height

above burst 9,610 feet 

Height

above ground 11,110 feet 11,120 feet 

146 
Aircraft 

Slant range

from burst 2,940 meters 4,050 meters 

Height

above burst 9,710 feet 9,720 feet 

Height 

above ground 11,210 feet 11,210 feet 

The two aircraft were piloted and flown on a straight and level 

course directly above ground zero. The flight consisted of 

takeoff from Indian Springs AFB at pattern entry 30 minutes 

before the detonation, and landing at Indian Springs at 0545 

(4; 81). 

Project 5.5, In-flight Structural Response of the Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was designed to determine the 

structural response of the F-89D in flight to the blast and 

thermal effects of a nuclear detonation. Northrop Aircraft, 

Incorporated, was contracted to assist the Wright Air Development 

Center in planning and conducting the test. Northrop Aircraft 

calibrated, maintained, and operated the instrumentation, and 

correlated the data. Wright Air Development Center supplied the 

F-89D aircraft and the two-man crew. Wright Air Development 

Center and Northrop Aircraft together developed positioning 

methods and calculated the aircraft positions at the detonation 

and shock arrival times. 

The F-89D aircraft flew from Indian Springs AFB at 0500. 

Before the shot, the aircraft positioned itself by flying one 

complete holding pattern. At shot-time, the aircraft 

was at a slant range of 4,010 meters from the burst and at a 

slant range of 4,130 meters when the initial shock wave arrived. 

The aircraft was in the test area for approximately minutes, 

returning to Indian Springs AFB at During the mission, 

film badges were placed in the pilot's and observer's positions 

(4; 74). 

147 
Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline 

NAROL System, used the Long Range Aids to Navigation (LOKAN) 

system in an inverse fashion to detect the electromagnetic pulse 

from the nuclear burst in order to determine the position and 

yield of that burst. The Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment NAROL 

system tested on this operation consisted of nets located in 

Albuquerque, New Mexico; Vale, Oregon; Rapid City, South Dakota. 

Each NAROL net had two unmanned slave stations and one manned 

station 

Project 9.1, Support Photography, was sponsored by AFSWP to 

provide the following services: 

Technical photographic support of the

effects program 

• of the overall military-effects

program and production of an effects motion

picture 

Documentation of the detonations for release 

through the Office of Test Information 

and for historical purposes 

General photographic support to Department of

Defense projects. 

Working from five hours before to 30 minutes after the 

detonation, nine personnel established and then manned a camera 

station on Mercury Highway at coordinates 843963. An 

additional two or three personnel took pictures from a C-47 

aircraft operated by participants from the Military Air Transport 

Service. EG and G personnel provided technical photography 

support to AFSWP and the AEC, operating five camera stations to 

record fireball and cloud growth. One manned station was near 

the Control Point, and four unmanned stations were three to eight 

kilometers from ground zero 18; 27; 48). 

148 
8.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in University of

California Radiation Laboratory Test Group 

The University of California Radiation Laboratory was the 

AEC nuclear weapons development laboratory conducting a 

at DOPPLER involving DOD personnel. The Los 

Scientific Laboratory fielded 11 but none had DOD 

involvement. Of the two projects fielded by the UCRL Test Group, 

only Project 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, engaged DOD 

personnel. The project required air support from AFSWC and is 

discussed in section 8.2.5. 

8.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in Civil Effects 

Test Group Projects 

The Civil Effects Test Group conducted two projects at 

DOPPLER. Only Project 39.5, Radiation Dosimetry for Human 

Exposures, involved DOD personnel, as listed in table S-2. 

Project 39.5 was conducted by the Air Force School of Aviation 

Medicine, along with several civilian agencies. The project was 

designed to collect information on the characteristics of neutron 

and gamma radiations at various distances from ground zero in 

order to evaluate the doses received by the survivors of 

Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Five minutes after the detonation, 15 

personnel recovered radiation detectors that had been placed 550 

to 1,370 meters from ground zero. They spent about 30 minutes in 

the field. One hour after detonation, five men began recovering 

gamma collimators, film badges, chemical dosimeters, and phantoms 

690 to 1,100 meters from ground zero, a process that took about 

40 minutes. These participants received permission from the Test 

Director to enter areas with intensities up to 20 R/h. At least 

two of the project participants were DOD personnel who collected 

the gamma collimators. Two other DOD personnel were radiological 

safety monitors from the 1st Radiation Safety Support Unit (18; 

51; 52; 

149 
8.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training 

The one operational training conducted at DOPPLER 

was 53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment. Staff from 

the Wright Air Development Center installed Indirect Bomb Damage 

Assessment equipment aboard an F-89D aircraft (serial number 412) 

from Indian Springs AFB. The with two crew members from 

Indian Springs AFB, left base at 0445 hours and then flew a 

right-hand holding pattern at an altitude of 35,000 feet, 125 

nautical miles east of ground zero. The aircraft spent about 45 

minutes in the shot area. After completing its mission, the 

F-89D landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0554 hours (2; 4). 

X.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Air Force Special Weapons Center support at DOPPLER 

consisted of cloud-sampling and sample courier missions for UCRL 

21.2, and cloud-tracking missions, security sweeps, and 

aerial surveys. 

Cloud Sampling 

Two B-57B aircraft, each with a crew of two, and four 

aircraft, each with a crew of one, collected samples of the cloud 

for Project 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. A B-57B sampler 

control aircraft, with a pilot and a UCRL scientific advisor, 

directed the sampling. Pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron 

(Sampling) flew the eight aircraft. 

The control aircraft left Indian Springs AFB 15 minutes 

before the detonation and was positioned by air controllers of 

the Air Operations Center outside the testing area. Upon 

reaching an altitude of 30,000 to 35,000 feet, the control 

aircraft began its holding pattern. After the detonation, the 

control aircraft left its orbit to view the cloud. Around 

minutes after the detonation, the B-57B sampler aircraft, 

150 
followed by the F-84G sampler aircraft, left Indian Springs AFB. 

The scientific advisor then directed the samplers to penetrate 

the cloud as necessary to acquire the samples. In 30 to 

minutes, after completing their sampling runs, most of the 

aircraft left the area for Indian Springs AFB. One or more of 

the B-57Rs accompanied the B-57B sampler control aircraft back to 

Indian Springs AFB (1; 2; 4). 

Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions‘were completed, three C-47 

aircraft, each with an estimated crew of three, left Indian 

Springs AFB on shot-day to transport samples to various air bases 

for analysis by AEC nuclear weapons design laboratories. The 

Air Base Wing from Kirtland AFB conducted these courier 

missions (2). 

Cloud Tracking 

Immediately after the detonation, one B-25 aircraft and one 

B-29 aircraft from Indian Springs AFB flew cloud-tracking 

missions over and beyond the Nevada Test Site. The B-25 flew at 

15,000 feet, while the B-29 flew at 22,000 feet. The B-25 had a 

crew of four, and the B-29 had a crew of ten (2; 4). 

Security Sweeps 

Before the shot, one L-20 aircraft was dispatched from Yucca 

airstrip near Camp Mercury to perform a security sweep mission 

over the test area. The aircraft had a crew of at least two 

since the security sweep called for a security guard to accompany 

the pilot (2; 68). 

Helicopter Surveys 

The Test Director's radiological safety advisor canceled two 

H-21 helicopter surveys to record radiation intensities over the 

shot area because they were not needed (52; 68). 

151 
8.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT DOPPLER 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

for Operation was to ensure that participants would 

avoid unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation while 

accomplishing their missions. Some of the procedures described 

in the Operation volume resulted in records that enabled 

Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the effectiveness of its 

radiation protection programs. The available information 

includes isointensity contour maps, monitoring data, and some 

personnel dosimetry data. Radiological safety procedures and 

dosimetry information for Desert Rock and AFSWC personnel are 

described in the Operation volume. 

Dosimetry 

During the period covering the 23 August detonation of 

DOPPLER, the Dosimetry and Records Section issued 2,987 film 

badges and 180 Fourteen personnel 

received cumulative gamma exposures exceeding 2.0 roentgens. 

Four of these exposures were greater than 3.0 roentgens, ranging 

from 3.3 to 4.9 roentgens. Among the 14 personnel, three were 

from the Ballistic Research Laboratories, one from AFSWP, and ten 

from AFSWC, including five cloud-sampling pilots and one 

helicopter pilot (57; 68; 73). 

Logistics 

For Shot DOPPLER, the General Supply Section issued 

contamination clothing to people (83). These items 

consisted of coveralls, shoe covers, respirators, and other 

protective equipment. 

Monitoring 

Eleven men in vehicles proceeded toward the shot area ten 

minutes after the detonation to begin the initial ground survey 

152 
of the area. They reported the last intensity in the shot area at 

0625 hours. Six men in vehicles also conducted ground surveys in 

areas adjacent to the shot area. The survey began at 0543, and the 

last radiation intensity was reported at 0646 hours. The highest 

gamma intensity encountered was 0.012 R/h. Ground resurveys were 

conducted for several days after the detonation. All aerial 

surveys were canceled at 0800 hours on shot-day (68; 83). 

The Special Assignments Branch monitored radiation levels in 

living and working areas and found no evidence of increased radioactivity in either well or drinking water during DOPPLER (83). 

Plotting and Briefing 

The Plotting and Briefing Branch developed isointensity 

contour maps from the radiation intensity data gathered by the 

ground survey teams. Figure 8-l presents the isointensity plot 

developed from information gained during the initial survey. 

Figure 8-2 shows the data resulting from the resurveys on 23 

August through 26 August (83). 

In addition to its other activities, the Plotting and Briefing Branch issued access permits to control entry into radiological exclusion areas. The Plotting and Briefing Branch issued 

1,419 access permits during DOPPLER (83). 

Decontamination 

During the period covering Shot DOPPLER, the Vehicle and 

Equipment Decontamination Section decontaminated 69 vehicles (83). 

153 
Lines 

. . . . . . . . . 0.01 

------

h 

Figure 8-l: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT DOPPLER, 

23 AUGUST 1957, MID-TIME 0611 

154 
23 August 1957, Mid-Time: 1142 24 August 1957, Mid-Time: 0602 

1 at 

Ground 

Zero 

Meters Meters

25 August 1957, Mid-Time: 0606 26 August 1957, 0612 

Stake Lines 

. . . . . . . . . 0.01 

Figure 8-2’: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT DOPPLER 

155 
SHOT FRANKLIN PRIME SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VII and VIII 

DATE/TIME: 30 August 1957, 0540 hours

YIELD: 4.7 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 750 feet (balloon shot) 

Objectives: To evaluate designed devices for 

possible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal 

(2) To evaluate the nuclear yield and the 

blast, thermal, and radiation phenomena

produced by these nuclear devices 

To evaluate the effectiveness of military 

equipment and tactics and to indoctrinate

personnel in the effects of nuclear

detonations. 

Weather: At shot-time, the temperature was and 

surface winds were calm. Winds were 14 knots 

from the south-southeast at 10,000 feet,

knots from the south-southwest at 20,000 feet, 

and 40 knots from the southwest at 30,000 

Radiation Data: About 45 minutes after the detonation, 

radiation intensities of 1.0 R/h or more were

confined to within about 800 meters of ground 

zero. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock troops, Armed Forces

Special Weapons Air Force Special

Weapons Center and other Air Force personnel,

University of California Radiation Laboratory,

other contractors. 

156 
CHAPTER 9 

SHOT FRANKLIN PRIME 

Shot FRANKLIN PRIME was detonated with a yield of 4.7 

kilotons at 0540 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 30 August 1957. 

The device was suspended from a balloon 750 feet above the ground 

over Area 7 of the NTS. The cloud top, which reached 32,000 

feet, traveled northeast from Yucca Flat, while the stem of the 

cloud drifted somewhat west of north. Although there was some 

fallout to the north of ground zero, most radiation was 

from neutron activation of the soil around ground zero (31). 

9.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT 

FRANKLIN PRIME 

Approximately 1,200 Desert Rock troops took part in projects 

associated with Shot FRANKLIN PRIME: three troop observer 

indoctrination projects, one radiological training project, and 

two technical service pro.jects. Table 9-l identifies these 

projects. It also lists the troops from Task Force BIG BANG and 

Task Force WARRIOR and the Camp Desert Rock support troops who 

witnessed the detonation. 

9.1.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination 

Five groups of observers participated at Shot FRANKLIN PRIME, 

as indicated in table 9-l. Of these observers, 67 were from a 

provisional company of the 82nd Airborne Division assigned to Task 

Force BIG BANG for Shot GALILEO, and 50 were assigned to Task Force 

WARRIOR for Shot SMOKY. The observer area was at UTM coordinates 

849859, 16 kilometers southwest of the shot balloon. Because of 

the distance, the observers were not in trenches (47; 49). 

157 
-

- -

Technical Service

Table 9-1: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK PROJECTS, SHOT FRANKLIN PRIME 

I 

Program Type 

Troop Observer Indoctrination 

Radiological Training 

Project 

50.2 

52.2 

53.3 

53.4 

50.3 

50.8 

Title 

Troop Observers 

Marine Observers 

Aircrew Observers 

Radiological Defense Training 

Evaluation of Medium Range 

Detonation-detection and Cloud 

Tracking Systems 

Detection of Atomic Burst and 

Radioactive Fallout 

Participants 

Army 

Marine Corps 

Air Force 

Task Force BIG BANG; 

Task Force WARRIOR 

Camp Desert Rock Support Troops 

Radiological Defense School, Lowry 

AFB 

Army Signal Research and Development 

Laboratories; Fort Huachuca. Arizona; 

Furt Meade, Maryland 

495th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile 

Battalion; Army Air Defense Board 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

384 

3 

9 

15 

117 

49 

32 

557 

9.1.2 Radiological Training 

53.4, Radiological Defense Training, was the one 

radiological training conducted during FRANKLIN 

Conducted by the Radiological Defense School of Lowry AFH, 

Denver, Colorado, the involved 48 Air Force personnel. 

After the detonation, the participants proceeded along an 

assigned route from the observation area to a designated area 

near ground zero using vehicles from the Desert Rock 

Decontamination Station. Accompanied bv a radiological 

monitor, the personnel monitored radiation intensities at 

various distances from ground zero. These readings were relayed 

radio to the control stations and were then plotted on a map 

(47; 493). 
9.1.3 Technical Service Projects 

As indicated in table 9-1, two technical service projects 

were conducted at Shot FRANKLIN PRIME to evaluate diagnostic 

instrumentation and techniques for use in a nuclear environment. 

Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-detection 

and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded by personnel from the 

Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories, seven personnel 

from Fort Huachuca, and seven personnel from Fort Meade. The 

had two purposes: to test the capacity of Army radar 

equipment in detecting nuclear detonations and tracking radioactive clouds, and to examine the Army fallout prediction methods. 

The project required a radar section to activate remote radar sets 

located approximately five kilometers from ground zero and 64 

kilometers east of the NTS. A fallout prediction team also 

participated, operating out of an M-109 mobile van next to the 

weather station at Camp Mercury (20; 47; 49). 

50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and Radioactive Fallout, was conducted by the 495th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion, along with the Army Chemical Corps. The were to: 

• Determine how well equipment found in a typical Army 

unit could determine the location, height of burst,

and yield of a nuclear detonation 

Track targets and guided missiles through a nuclear

cloud or fireball 

• Predict and monitor radioactive fallout. 

The involved an estimated 557 DOD personnel. To determine 

the location, height of burst, and yield of the detonation, 

participants operated 15 and radar, camera, and 

other instrument stations located nine to 70 kilometers from 

ground zero. The control point was at UTM coordinates 768942, 15 

kilometers southwest of ground zero. To test the attenuation of 

the aircraft missile control signals, a B-26, with a pilot only, 

159 
was positioned between the cloud and a Nike Hercules site 

20 kilometers northeast of ground zero. The aircraft spent about 

minutes in the area. In another part of the project, two H-34 

helicopters, two H-13 helicopters, and an L-21 aircraft conducted 

aerial radiological surveys following the detonation. The 

aircraft flew at altitudes ranging from 100 to 1,000 feet. Each 

H-34 and the H-13 carried three and two persons, respectively (17; 

28; 47; 49; 77; 79; 80). 

9.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP, 

OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT 

FRANKLIN PRIME 

In addition to the Exercise Desert Rock personnel, other DOD 

personnel took part in test activities during Shot FRANKLIN PRIME 

that required them to enter the forward area. Table 9-2 

identifies the test group involving DOD participants. 

The Air Force sponsored three operational training 

during the shot. In addition to the test group and the operational training AFSWC and other support activities 

accounted for a number of other DOD participants. The Air Force 

Special Weapons Center supported UCRL Project 21.2 and flew 

routine missions for the Test Manager. 

9.2.1 Weapons Effects Test Group Projects 

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted three projects at 

Shot FRANKLIN PRIME, as indicated in table 9-2. 

Project 5.5, In-flight Structural Response of the Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was designed to determine the 

structural response of the in flight to the blast and 

thermal effects of a nuclear detonation. Northrop Aircraft, 

Incorporated, was contracted to assist the Wright Air Development 

Center in planning and conducting the test. Northrop Aircraft 

160 
calibrated, maintained, and operated the instrumentation, and 

correlated the data. Wright Air Development Center provided the 

F-89D aircraft and the two-man crew. Wright Air Development 

Center and Northrop Aircraft together developed positioning 

methods and calculated the aircraft positions at the detonation 

and shock arrival times. 

Table 9-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT FRANKLIN PRIME 

Estimated 

DOD 

Project Title Participants Personnel 

Weapons Effects Test Group 

5.5 In-flight Structural Response of the Aircraft Wright Air Development Center; Northrop Aircraft 2 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

6.4 Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline Air Force Cambridge Research Center 

System 

9.1 Support Photography AFSWP; Military Air Transport Service 10 

University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group 

21.2 Radiochemistry Sampling Air Force Special Weapons Center 4 

-- --

Unknown 

The aircraft left Indian Springs AFB at 0510. Before the 

shot, it flew one complete 12-minute holding pattern to position 

itself. At shot-time, the aircraft was at a slant range of 2,500 

meters from the burst. When the initial shock wave arrived, the 

aircraft was a slant range of 3,350 meters from the burst. The

aircraft was in the test area for approximately 30 minutes, 

returning to Indian Springs AFB at 0545. During the mission, film 

badges were placed in the pilot's and observer's positions (5; 

6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline 

NAROL System, used the Long Range Aids To Navigation (LORAN) 

161 
System in an inverse fashion to detect the electromagnetic pulse 

from nuclear burst in order to determine the position and 

yield of that burst. The Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment NAROL 

system tested on this operation consisted of nets located in 

New Mexico; Vale, Oregon; and Rapid City, South 

Dakota. Each NAROL net had two unmanned slave stations and one 

manned station 

9.1, Photography, was sponsored by AFSWP to 

provide the following services: 

Technical photographic support of the

effects program 

Documentation of the overall military-effects

program and production of an effects motion 

picture 

Documentation of the detonations for release 

through the Joint Office of Test Information

and for historical purposes 

General photographic support to Department of

Defense projects. 

Working from five hours before to minutes after the 

detonation, seven personnel established and then manned a camera 

station at UTM coordinates 842004. An additional two or three 

participants took pictures from a C-47 aircraft operated by 

personnel from the Military Air Transport Service. EG and G 

personnel provided technical photography support to AFSWP and the 

operating five camera to record fireball and cloud 

growth. One manned camera station was near the Control Point, 

and four unmanned stations were three to eight kilometers from 

ground zero (5; 17; 27; 47). 

9.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in University of 

California Radiation Laboratory Test Group 

The University of California Radiation Laboratory was the 

only AEC nuclear weapons development laboratory conducting a 

162 
 at FRANKLIN PRIME involving DOD personnel. The Los 

Scientific Laboratory fielded nine projects, but none had 

DOD involvement. Of the two projects fielded by the Test 

Group, only Project 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, engaged DOD 

personnel. The project required air support from AFSWC and is 

discussed in section 9.2.4. 

9.2.3 Department of Defense Operational Training Projects 

The primary of the operational training program 

were to indoctrinate personnel and to test equipment and 

techniques. The Air Force sponsored three operational training 

projects at Shot FRANKLIN PRIME to indoctrinate personnel in the 

effects of a nuclear detonation and to test equipment: 

Project 53.1, Aerial Sampling Missions 

• 53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment 

53.9, Photographic Reconnaissance Training. 

53.1, Aerial Sampling Missions, involved Wisconsin 

and Delaware Air National Guard units that flew 

in with UCRL Project 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. 

This activity is discussed under AFSWC operations, in the next 

section of this chapter. 

Project 53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, required 

staff from the Wright Air Development Center to install Indirect 

Bomb Damage Assessment equipment aboard an aircraft from 

Indian Springs AFB. The with a crew of two, flew a 

holding pattern at an altitude of 35,000 feet. The aircraft 

spent approximately 60 minutes in the shot area. After completing its mission, the F-89D returned to base for decontamination 

163 
Project 53.9, Photographic Mission, was intended to indoctrinate Tennessee Air National Guard Tactical Reconnaissance 

units in photographic missions over a nuclear target. Two RF-84 

aircraft, each operated by one pilot, flew holding patterns until 

ten minutes after the detonation, when the aircraft made 

photographic runs over ground zero at 10,000 feet. Upon 

of the run, the aircraft returned to base for 

decontamination (2; 5). 

9.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Air Force Special Weapons Center support at Shot FRANKLIN 

PRIME consisted of cloud-sampling and sample courier missions for 

UCRL Project 21.2, and cloud-tracking missions, security sweeps, 

and aerial surveys. 

Cloud Sampling 

Three F-84G aircraft, each operated by one pilot, collected 

samples of the cloud for UCRL Project 21.2, Radiochemistry 

Sampling. One B-57B sampler control aircraft, with a pilot and a 

UCRL scientific advisor, directed the sampling. Pilots from the 

4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) flew all four aircraft. 

The control aircraft left Indian Springs AFB 15 minutes 

before the detonation and was positioned by air controllers of 

the Air Operations Center outside the testing area. Upon 

reaching an altitude of 30,000 to 35,000 feet, the control 

aircraft began its orbit pattern. 

Within 90 minutes after the control plane took off, the 

three F-84G sampler aircraft left Indian Springs AFB. Guided by 

the control aircraft, the samplers entered the vicinity of the 

burst. After the detonation, the control aircraft left its orbit 

to view the cloud. The scientific advisor then directed the 

samplers to penetrate the cloud as necessary to acquire the 

164 
samples. One of the F-84s had to abort its mission because of 

communications difficulties. After completing their sampling 

runs, the samplers left the area and landed at Indian Springs 

AFB, followed by the control aircraft (1; 2; 5). 

Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions were completed, three C-47 

aircraft, each with a crew of three, left Indian Springs AFB on 

shot-day to transport samples to various air bases for analysis 

by AEC nuclear weapons design laboratories. The 4901st Air Base 

Wing from Kirtland AFB conducted these courier missions (2). 

Cloud Tracking 

Immediately after the detonation, one B-25 aircraft from 

Indian Springs AFB flew a cloud-tracking mission over and beyond 

the Nevada Test Site. The B-25, which flew at 15,000 feet, 

carried a crew of nine (2; 5). 

Before the shot, one L-20 aircraft was dispatched from Yucca 

airstrip near Camp Mercury to perform a security sweep mission 

over the test area. The aircraft had a crew of at least two 

since the security sweep called for a security guard to accompany 

the pilot (69). 

Helicopter Surveys 

After the detonation, AFSWC used one H-21 helicopter to fly 

survey missions over the shot area and non-test areas to record 

radiation intensities. The helicopter had a crew of four: two 

AFSWC pilots and two monitors. The surveys were conducted 

minutes and six hours after the detonation. Additional aerial 

resurveys were not conducted because sufficient information could 

be obtained from the ground surveys. After th,e mission, 

helicopters returned to the helicopter pad and were monitored and 

decontaminated as required (69). 

165 
9.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT FRANKLIN PRIME 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

for Operation was to ensure that individuals would avoid 

unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation while accomplishing 

their missions. Some of the procedures described in the 

Operation volume resulted in records that enabled the 

Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the effectiveness of its 

radiation protection programs. The available information 

includes isointensity contour maps, monitoring data, and some 

personnel dosimetrv data. Radiological safety procedures and 

dosimetry information for Desert Rock are described in the 

Operation volume. 

Dosimetry 

During the period covering the August detonation of 

FRANKLIN PRIME, the Dosimetry and Records Section issued film 

badges and pocket dosimeters. With the possible exception of 

some AFSWC personnel, no personnel exceeded cumulative 

gamma exposures at FRANKLIN PRIME of 2.0 roentgens. Some data 

indicate exposures at FHANKLIN PRIME exceeding 2.0 roentgens. 

Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group Project 5.5, 

Structural Response of the Aircraft to a Nuclear 

Detonation, was fielded by Wright Air Development Center. For 

this project, dosimeters were placed in the pilot's and 

observer's positions. The dosimeters in the pilot's position 

recorded 2.44 roentgens, and the dosimeters in the observer's 

position measured 2.05 roentgens of gamma radiation (74). 

Logistics 

The General Supply Section issued anticontamination clothing 

to 140 people at FRANKLIN PRIME (83). This clothing included 

respirators, coveralls, and shoe covers. 

166 
Monitoring 

Eleven men in vehicles proceeded toward the shot area ten 

minutes after the detonation to begin the initial ground survey. 

They reported the last intensity in the shot area at 0635 hours. 

Six men in vehicles also conducted ground surveys in areas 

adjacent to the shot area, beginning at 0549 and reporting a last 

reading at 0628 hours. Radiation intensities encountered were 

the same as before the FRANKLIN PRIME detonation. Ground 

resurveys were conducted for several days following the 

detonation. Aerial helicopter surveys, conducted by AFSWC and 

personnel, were begun 70 minutes and six hours after the 

detonation (69). 

The Special Assignments Branch monitored radiation levels in 

living and working areas and found no evidence of increased 

radioactivity in either well or drinking water during FRANKLIN 

PRIME (83). 

Plotting and Briefing 

The Plotting and Briefing Branch developed isodose contour 

maps from the radiation intensity data gathered by the ground 

survey teams. Figure 9-1 presents the isointensity plot developed from information gained during the initial survey. Figure 

9-2 shows data resulting from the resurveys on 30 August, 1 

September, and 2 September. The 0.01 H/h line shown for the 

September surveys includes a contribution from Shot SMOKY, fired 

on 31 August (83). 

In addition to its other activities, the Plotting and Briefing Branch issued access permits to control entry into radiological exclusion areas. The Plotting and Briefing Branch issued 

237 access permits during FRANKLIN PRIME (83). 

Decontamination 

During the period covering Shot FRANKLIN PRIME, the Vehicle 

and Equipment Decontamination Section decontaminated ten 

vehicles (83). 

167 
Figure 9-1: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT FRANKLIN PRIME, 

30 AUGUST 1957, MID-TIME 0525 

168 
 

. . 

. 

. . 

. 

30 August 1957, Mid Time: 1153 1 September 1957, 0621 

2 September 1957, Mid-Time: 0901 

Stake 

. . . . . . . . . 0.01 

Figure 9-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT FRANKLIN PRIME 
170 
REFERENCE LIST 

The following list of references represents 

only those documents cited in the DIABLO

through FRANKLIN PRIME volume. When a 

DASA-WT or DNA-WT document is followed by an

EX, the latest version has been cited. A 

list of documents consulted during the

preparation of the PLUMHBOB Series volumes is

contained in the Operation volume. 

The DIABLO through FRANKLIN PRIME volume was 

completed after the publication of the series 

volume. References 2, 4, 11, 12, 14, 16-18,

25, 27, 39, 57, 62-69, 71, 72, 85,

and 86 do not appear in the Series 

bibliography. 

171 
AVAILABILITY INFORMATION 

An availability statement has been included at the end of 

the reference citation for those readers who wish to read or 

obtain copies of source documents. The following addresses are

being provided for that purpose. 

Source documents, bearing an availability statement of CIC, 

may be reviewed at the following address: 

Department of 

Coordination and Information Center 

(Operated by Reynolds Electrical Engineering Co., Inc.)

ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley

2753 S. Highland

P.O. Box 14100 Phone: (702) 734-3194 

Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194 

Source documents, bearing an availability statement of NTIS, 

may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service. 

When ordering by mail or phone please include both the price code

and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses

before the NTIS order number. 

National Technical Information Service 

5285 Port Royal Road Phone: (703) 487-4650

Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office) 

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by

writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service or calling

(703) 487-4660. 

172 
DNA VOLUME SHOTS DIABLO -- FRANKLIN PRIME: REFERENCES 

1. 4950th Test Group (Nuclear). Final Report: Operation

PLUMBROB. Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 21 October 

1957. 167 Pages. AD/A995 

2. Air Force Special Weapons Center. "Operation Plan 

Operation PLUMBBOB." Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 

1 March 1980. 139 Pages. (A07) AD/A995 

3. Air Force Special Weapons Center. Air Mission Summary,

Shot DIABLO. Mercury, NV.; AFSWC, Air Support 

Group. 16 July 1957. 6 Pages.** 

4. Air Force Special Weapons Center. Air Mission Summary,

Shot DOPPLER. Mercury, NV.: AFSWC, Air Support 

Group. August 1957. 3 Pages.** 

5. Air Force Special Weapons Center. Air Mission Summary, 

Shot FRANKLIN PRIME. Mercury, NV.: AFSWC, Air 

Support Group. 31 August 1957. 3 Pages.** 

6. Air Force Special Weapons Center. Air Mission Summary, 

Shot JOHN. Mercury, NV.: AFSWC, Air Support Group.

20 July 1957. 4 Pages.** . 

7. Air Force Special Weapons Center. Air Mission Summary,

Shot KEPLER. Mercury, NV.: AFSWC, Air Support

Group. 25 July 1957. 4 Pages.** 

8. Air Force Special Weapons Center. Air Mission Summary, 

Shot OWENS. Mercury, NV.: AFSWC, Air Support Group.

26 July 1957. 4 Pages.** 

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Veterans Administration-R0 The White House 

Portland, OR ATTN: Domestic Policy Staff 

ATTN: Director 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTORS 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Pittsburgh, PA 

ATTN: Director 

Lawrence Livermore National Lab 

ATTN: Tech Info Dept Library 

Veterans Administration-R0 Los National Lab 

Philadelphia, PA ATTN: Library 

ATTN: Director ATTN: MMS 195 

Veterans Administration-R0 Sandia National Lab 

San Francisco, CA ATTN: W. Hereford 

ATTN: Director ATTN: Central Library 

Veterans Administration-R0 Reynolds Electrical Engr Co., Inc 

San Juan, Puerto Rico ATTN: CIC 

ATTN: Director ATTN: W. Brady 
OTHER 

Adams State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Akron Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Alabama State Dept of Archives History 

ATTN: Military Records Div 

University of Alabama 

ATTN: Reference Dept, Dralier 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

University of Alaska Library at Anchorage 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Alaska 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Albany Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Alexander City State Jr College 

ATTN: Librn 

Allegheny College 

ATTN: Librn 

Allen County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Altoona Area Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

American Statistics Index 

Congressional Info Service, Inc 

ATTN: Cathy Jarvey 

Anaheim Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

College of Wooster 

ATTN: Gov 

Angelo State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Angelo Iacoboni Public Library 

Librn 

Anoka County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Appalachian State University 

ATTN: Library 

Arizona State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Arizona 

ATTN: Gov Bower 

Arkansas College Library 

ATTN: Library 

Brooklyn College 

ATTN: Div 

THER (Continued) 

Arkansas Library Comm 

ATTN: Library 

Arkansas State University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Arkansas 

ATTN: Gov Div 

Austin College 

ATTN: Librn 

Atlanta Public Library 

ATTN: Ivan Allen Dept 

Atlanta University 

ATTN: Librn 

Auburn University Library at Mongomery 

ATTN: Librn 

C. W. Post Ctr Long Island University 

ATTN: Librn 

Bangor Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Bates College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Baylor University Library 

ATTN: Oept 

Beloit College Libraries 

ATTN: Serials Dept 

Bemidji State College 

ATTN: Library 

State University Colle e 

ATTN: Gov 

Akron University 

ATTN: Gov 

Boston Public Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Bowdoin College 

ATTN: Librn 

Bowling Green State University 

ATTN: Lib Gov Services 

Bradley University 

ATTN: Librn 

Brandeis University Library 

ATTN: Section 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Librn 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Collection 

Brookhaven National Laboratory 

ATTN: Tech Library 
THER (Continued) 

Broward County Library Sys 

ATTN: Librn 

Brown University 

ATTN: Librn 

Bucknell University 

ATTN: Reference 

Buffalo & Erie Co Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State University Library of California at Fresno 

ATTN: Library 

University Library of California at Los Angeles 

ATTN: Pub Affairs Serv U.S. 

University of California at San Diego 

ATTN: Dept 

State College Library of California at Stanislaus 

ATTN: Library 

California State Polytechnic University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University at Northridge 

ATTN: Gov 

California State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University at Long Beach Library 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University 

ATTN: Librn 

California University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept 

California University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

California University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dept 

California University Library 

ATTN: 

University of California 

ATTN: Gov 

Calvin College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kearney State College 

ATTN: Gov Oocs Dept 

Cambria County Library Sys 

ATTN: Librn 

Carleton College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

HER (Continued) 

Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Librn 

Carnegie Mellon University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Carson Regional Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Unit 

Case Western Reserve University 

ATTN: Librn 

Casper College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Central Florida 

ATTN: Library Dept 

Central Michigan University 

ATTN: Library 

Central Missouri State Univ 

ATTN: Gov 

Central State University 

ATTN: Lib Dept 

Central Washington University 

ATTN: Lib 

Central Wyoming College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Charleston County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Charlotte Mechlenburg County Public Library 

ATTN: E. Correll 

County, Bicentennial 

Chesapeake Public Library System 

ATTN: Librn 

Chicago Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

State University of Chicago 

ATTN: Librn 

Chicago University Library 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

ATTN: Processing 

Cincinnati University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Claremont Colleges Libraries 

ATTN: Collection 

Clemson University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 
OTHER (Continued1 

Cleveland Public Library 

ATTN: Collection 

Cleveland State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Coe Library 

ATTN: Div 

Colgate University Library 

ATTN: Ref Lib 

Colorado State University Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Colorado Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Columbia University Library 

ATTN: Svc Ctr 

Columbus Franklin Cty Public Library 

ATTN: Gen Div 

Compton Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Connecticut State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Gov't of Connecticut 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Cornell University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Corpus State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Culver City Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Curry College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Asheville 

ATTN: Librn 

Dallas County Public Library 

ATTN: 

Dallas Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dalton Junior College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dartmouth College 

ATTN: Librn 

Davenport Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Davidson College 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Dayton Montgomery City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Dayton 

ATTN: Librn 

Decatur Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dekalb College So Cpus 

ATTN: Librn 

Delaware Pauw University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Delaware 

ATTN: Librn 

Delta College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Delta State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Denison University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Denver Public Library 

ATTN: Div 

Dept of Library & Archives 

ATTN: Librn 

Detroit Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Burlington Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Dickinson State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Alabama Agricultural Mechanical University 

ATTN: Librn 

Drake University 

ATTN: Cowles Library 

Drew University 

ATTN: Librn 

Duke University 

ATTN: Pub Dept 

Duluth Public Library 

ATTN: 

East Carolina University 

ATTN: Lib Dept 

East Central University 

ATTN: Librn 

East Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 
OTHER (Continued) 

East Orange Public Library 

ATTN: U.S. Gov't Depository 

East Tennessee State University Sherrod Library 

ATTN: Dept 

East Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

Monmouth County Library Eastern Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Kentucky University 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Michigan University Library 

ATTN: Library 

Eastern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Eastern New Mexico University 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Oregon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Washington University 

ATTN: Librn 

El Paso Public Library 

ATTN: Geneology 

Elko County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Elmira College 

ATTN: Librn 

Elon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Pratt Free Library 

ATTN: 

Emory University 

Librn 

Evansville Vanderburgh Cty Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Everett Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Fairleigh Dickinson University 

ATTN: Depository Dept 

Florida A M University 

ATTN: Librn 

Florida Atlantic University Library 

ATTN: Div of Pub 

OTHER (Continued) 

Florida Institute of Technology 

ATTN: Library 

Florida International University Library 

ATTN: DLCS 

Florida State Library 

ATTN: 

Florida State Univers ity 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Florida 

Dept 

Fond Du Lac Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ft Hays State University 

Ft Hays Kansas State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Ft Worth Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Free Public Library of Elizabeth 

ATTN: Librn 

Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Fresno Cty Free Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Garden Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Gardner Webb College 

ATTN: Library 

Gary Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Geauga Cty Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgetown University Library 

ATTN: Gov Room 

Georgia Institute of Technology 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgia Southern College 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgia Southwestern College 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Georgia State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 
THER (Continued) 

University of Georgia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Glassboro State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Graceland College 

ATTN: Librn 

Grand Forks Public City-County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Grand Rapids Public Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

Greenville County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Guam RFK Memorial University Library 

ATTN: Fed Depository 

University of Guam 

ATTN: Librn 

College 

ATTN: Librn 

South Dakota University 

ATTN: Librn 

University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hartford Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Serials Div 

University of Hawaii Library 

ATTN: Gov 

Hawaii State Library 

ATTN: Fed Unit 

University of Hawaii at 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Hawaii 

Campus Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Burns Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hennepin County Library 

ATTN: Gov 

Henry Ford Community College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Herbert H. Lehman College 

ATTN: Lib Div 

Hofstra University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Hollins College 

ATTN: Librn 

Hopkinsville College 

ATTN: Librn 

Wagner College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Houston Library 

ATTN: Div 

Houston Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Tulane University 

ATTN: Dept 

Hoyt Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Humboldt State College Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Huntington Park Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hutchinson Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho Public Library Information Center 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho State University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

University of Idaho 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

ATTN: 

University of Illinois Library 

ATTN: 

Illinois State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Gov Br 

Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign 

ATTN: P. Watson Lib 

Illinois Valley Community College 

ATTN: Library 

Illinois State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Indiana State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Serial 

Indiana State University 

ATTN: Library 
 (Continued) (Continued) 

Indiana University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Kent State University Library 

ATTN: Div 

Indianapolis Marion County Public Library 

ATTN: Social Science Div 

Kentucky Dept of Library Archives 

ATTN: 

Iowa State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dept 

University of Kentucky 

ATTN: Pub Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg) 

Iowa University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dept Kenyon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Butler University 

ATTN: Librn Lake Forest College 

ATTN: Librn 

Isaac Delchdo College 

ATTN: Librn Lake Sumter College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

James Madison University 

ATTN: Librn Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Jefferson County Public Library 

Regional Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lancaster Regional Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Jersey City State College 

ATTN: F. A. Irwin Library Periodicals 

Lawrence University 

ATTN: Dept 

Brigham Young University 

Johns Hopkins University ATTN: Map 

ATTN: Library Lewis University Library 

La College ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Librn 

Library and Statutory Dist Svc 

Johnson Free Public Library 2 cy ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Librn 

College 

Kalamazoo Public Library ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Librn 

Little Rock Public Library 

City Public Library ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Div 

Long Beach Public Library 

Kansas State Library ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Librn 

Los Angeles Public Library 

Kansas State University Library ATTN: Serials Div U.S. 

ATTN: Dept 

Louisiana State University 

University of Kansas ATTN: Gov Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg) ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Texas Louisville Free Public Library 

ATTN: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public ATTN: Librn 

Affairs Library 

Louisville University Library 

Maine Maritime Academy ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Librn 

Hoover Institution 

University of Maine ATTN: J. Bingham 

ATTN: Librn 
OTHER (Continued) 

Manchester City Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Mankato State College 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

University of Maine at Farmington 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Marathon County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Principia College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: Library Div 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Massachusetts 

ATTN: Gov 

Maui Public Library 

Kahului Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Memphis Shelby County Public Library 

Information Center 

ATTN: Librn 

Memphis State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University 

ATTN: Librn 

Mesa County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Miami Dade Community College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Miami Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

Miami Public Library 

ATTN: Div 

Miami University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

University of Santa Clara 

ATTN: Div 

Library 

: Librn 

University Library 

: Llbrn 

University Library 

Lib 

OTHER (Continued) 

Michigan Tech University 

ATTN: Lib Dept 

University of Michigan 

ATTN: Acq Unit 

Middlebury College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Millersville State College 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Librn 

Milwaukee Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Minneapolis Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Minnesota 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Minot State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Mississippi State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Mississippi 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Missouri University at Kansas City General 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Missouri Library 

ATTN: Gov 

M.I.T. Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Mobile Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Info Div 

Midwestern University 

ATTN: Librn 

Montana State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Montana State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Montana 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Montebello Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State College 

ATTN: Library 

Mt Prospect Public Library 

ATTN: Info Ctr 
OTHER (Continued) 

Nassau Library System 

ATTN: Librn 

Natrona County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Nebraska Library Community 

Nebraska Public Clearinghouse 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Nebraska at Omaha 

ATTN: Univ Lib 

Nebraska Western College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Nebraska 

Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Nebraska Library 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

University of Nevada Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

University of Nevada at Las Vegas 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

New Hampshire University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New Hanover County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New Mexico State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New Mexico State University 

ATTN: Lib Div 

University of New Mexico 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of New Orleans Library 

ATTN: Gov Div 

New Orleans Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New York Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New York State Library 

ATTN: Control Cultural Ed Ctr 

State University of New York at Stony Brook 

ATTN: Main Lib 

State University of New York Memorial Lib 

at Cortland 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Lib 

North Texas State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

THER (Continued) 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Librn 

New York State University 

ATTN: Ctr 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Dept 

New York University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Newark Free Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Newark Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Niagara Falls Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Nicholls State University Library 

ATTN: Div 

Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Norfolk Public Library 

ATTN: R. Parker 

North Carolina Agricultural Tech State 

University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Charlotte 

ATTN: Atkins Lib Dept 

University Library of North Carolina at Greensboro 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Wilmington 

ATTN: Librn 

North Carolina Central University 

ATTN: Librn 

North Carolina State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina 

BA SS Div 

North Dakota State University Library 

Librn 

University of North Dakota 

ATTN: Librn 

North College 

ATTN: Librn 

Minnesota Div cf Emergency 

ATTN: Librn 
OTHER (Continued) 

Northeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern Oklahoma State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern University 

ATTN: Dodge Library 

Northern Arizona University Library 

ATTN: Gov 

Northern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northern Michigan University 

ATTN: 

Montana College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern Michigan College 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern State University Library 

Librn 

Northwestern University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Norwalk Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Notre Dame 

ATTN: Ctr 

and Community College 

ATTN: Librn 

Oakland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Oberlin College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ocean County College 

ATTN: Librn 

Ohio State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ohio State University 

ATTN: Lib Div 

Ohio University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Oklahoma City University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Oklahoma City University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Oklahoma Department of Libraries 

ATTN: U.S. Gov Oocs 

University of Oklahoma 

ATTN: Div 

Old Dominion University 

ATTN: Dept Univ Lib 

Olivet College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Omaha Public Library Clark Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

Onondaga County Public Library 

ATTN: Gov 

Oregon State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Oregon 

ATTN: 

Ouachita Baptist University 

ATTN: Librn 

Pan American University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Passaic Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Queens College 

ATTN: Dept 

Pennsylvania State Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

Pennsylvania State University 

ATTN: Lib 

University of Pennsylvania 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Denver 

ATTN: Penrose Library 

Peoria Public Library 

ATTN: Business, Science Tech Dept 

Free Library of Philadelphia 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Philipsburg Free Public Library 

ATTN: Library 

Phoenix Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Office, G8 

Plainfield Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 
OTHER (Continued) 

Popular Creek Public Library District 

ATTN: Librn 

Association of Portland Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Portland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Portland State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Pratt Institute Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Louisiana Tech University 

ATTN: Librn 

Princeton University Library 

ATTN: Div 

Providence College 

ATTN: Librn 

Providence Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library Cincinnati & Hamilton County 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Maps Room 

Purdue University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Quinebaug Valley College 

ATTN: Librn 

Auburn University 

ATTN: Microforms Dept 

Rapid City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Reading Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Reed College 'Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Augusta College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Rhode Island Library 

RTTN: Gov Pubs 

University of Rhode Island 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Rice University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Louisiana College 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Riverside Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Rochester Library 

ATTN: 

University of Rutgers Camden Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of Rutgers 

ATTN: Librn 

Rutgers University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Rutgers University Law Library 

ATTN: Fed Dept 

Salem College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University 

ATTN: Librn 

San Antonio Public Library 

ATTN: Bus Science Tech Dept 

San Diego County Library 

ATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions 

San Diego Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

San Diego State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

San Francisco Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Dept 

San Francisco State College 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

San Jose State College Library 

ATTN: Dept 

San Luis Obispo City-County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Savannah Public Effingham Liberty Regional 

Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Scottsbluff Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Scranton Public Librarv 

ATTN: Librn 

Seattle Public Library 

ATTN: Ref Asst 
OTHER (Continued1 

Selby Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Shawnee Library System 

ATTN: Librn 

Shreve Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Silas Bronson Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Sioux City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

College 

ATTN: Librn 

Slippery Rock State College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

South Carolina State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Librn 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Gov 

South Dakota School of Mines & Technical Library 

ATTN: Librn 

South Dakota State Library 

ATTN: Fed 

University of South Dakota 

ATTN: Librn 

South Florida University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Southeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library 

ATTN: 

University of Southern Alabama 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern California University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Southern Connecticut State College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Ctr 

Southern Methodist University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Southern Mississippi 

ATTN: Library 

OTHER (Continued) 

Southern Oregon College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern University in New Orleans Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Utah State College Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Southwest Missouri State College 

ATTN: Library 

University of Southwestern Louisiana Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Southwestern University 

ATTN: Librn 

Spokane Public Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

Springfield City Library 

ATTN: 

St Bonaventure University 

ATTN: Librn 

St Joseph Public Library 

Librn 

St Lawrence University 

Librn 

St Louis Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

St Paul Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Stanford University Library 

ATTN. Gov Dept 

State Historical Library 

ATTN: Serials 

State Library of Massachusetts 

Librn 

State of New York 

ATTN: Librn 

Stetson University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Steubenville 

ATTN: Librn 

Stockton & San Joaquin Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Stockton State College Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Albion College 

ATTN: Gov Librn 
OTHER (Continued) 

Superior Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Swarthmore College Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

Syracuse University Library 

ATTN: Div 

Tacoma Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hillsborough County Public Library at Tampa 

ATTN': Librn 

Temple University 

ATTN: Librn 

Tennessee Technological University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Tennessee 

Dir of Libraries 

College of Idaho 

Librn 

Texas A M University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Texas at Arlington 

ATTN: Library 

University of Texas at San Antonio 

ATTN: Library 

Texas Christian University 

ATTN: Librn 

Texas State Library 

ATTN: U.S. 

Texas Tech University Library 

Gov Dept 

Texas University at Austin 

ATTN: 

University of Toledo Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Toledo Public Library 

ATTN: Social Science Deut 

Torrance Civic Center Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Traverse City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Trenton Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Trinity College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Trinity University Library 

ATTN: Call 

ER (Continued) 

Tufts University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

University of Tulsa 

ATTN: Librn 

UCLA Research Library 

ATTN: Pub Affairs 

Uniformed Services University of the Health 

Sciences 

ATTN: LRC Library 

University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

University of Maine at 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Northern Iowa 

ATTN: Library 

Upper Iowa College 

ATTN: 

Utah State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Special Collections 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

ATTN: Dept of Pharmacology 

Utica Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Valencia Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Valparaiso University 

ATTN: Librn 

Vanderbilt University Library 

ATTN: Gov 

University of Vermont 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Virginia Commonwealth University 

ATTN: Librn 

Virginia Military Institute 

ATTN: Librn 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Virginia State Library 

ATTN: Serials 

University of Virginia 

ATTN: Pub 

Volusia County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 
OTHER (Continued) 

Washington State Library 

ATTN: 

Washington State University 

ATTN: Lib 

Washington University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

University of Washington 

ATTN: Div 

Wayne State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wayne State University Law Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Weber State College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wesleyan University 

ATTN: Librn 

West Chester State College 

ATTN: 

West Covina Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of West Florida 

Librn 

West Georgia College 

ATTN: Librn 

West Hills Community College 

ATTN: Library 

West Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

West Virginia College of Grad Studies Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of West Virginia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Westerly Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Carolina University 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Illinois University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Washington University 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Wyoming College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Westmoreland City Community College 

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr 

THER ue4 

Whitman College 

ATTN: Librn 

Wichita State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Williams Mary College 

ATTN: Dept 

Emporia Kansas State College 

ATTN: Gov Div 

William College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Willimantic Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Winthrop College 

ATTN: Dept 

University of Wisconsin at Whitewater 

ATTN: Gov Lib 

University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee 

ATTN: Lib 

University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Wisconsin at Platteville 

ATTN: Unit Lib 

University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point 

ATTN: 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

Worcester Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wright State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Librn 

Wyoming State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Wyoming 

ATTN: Div 

Yale University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Yeshiva University 

ATTN: Librn 

Yuma City County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Simon Mem Lib, Columbus 

ATTN: Librn 
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS 

Advanced Research Applications Corp 

ATTN: H. Lee 

ATTN: A. Nelson 

10 cy ATTN: Health Environment Div 

Tempo 

ATTN: DASIAC 

ATTN: E. Martin 

R. 

Science Applications, 

Associates Div 

10 cy ATTN: 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued) 

Kaman Tempo 

ATTN: C. Jones 

National Academy of Sciences 

ATTN: C. Robinette 

ATTN: Med Follow-up Agency 

ATTN: Nat Mat Advisory Bd 

Pacific-Sierra Research Corp 

ATTN: H. Brode, Chairman SAGE 

Science Applications, Inc 

ATTN: Tech Lib 

R Associates 

ATTN: P. 

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