ANALVSIS OF RADIATION EXPOSURE FOR 

MANEUVER UNITS 

ExerciseDesert Rock V, Opemtim Upshot-Knothole 

r r 

7. .c. _ . 

8cienceAppllc8tlom hltemltlonrl carpomtlon

9.o.Rox1303 

McLemn,VA22102-1303 

15October1985 

THIS WORK WAS SPONSORED BY THE DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY 

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627158 q25QIQ@f K DH251113 

ANALYSIS OF RADIATION KKPOSUW ?'OR KAKEWKK UNITS 

Exercise Desert Bock V, Operation Upshot-Knothole 

12PERSONAL AUlIiOR(S) 

Edwards, R.; Coetz, J.; and Klemm, J. 

Ik TYPE OF REPORT I3b TIME COVER60 

Technical FffOM840111 to850715 

I6 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION 

This work was sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under BDTLE BnSS Code 

The maneuver troop units 

Residual doses are calculated by using an automated procedure to 

couple scen_a.rios for tr‘rop activities to the r:J2in:ion envfrnrzent. CJnc~~-t~rrties are -._- determined for each paraaerer. t’~ sslble I.G:rt ‘:,.i‘;io~_re;‘.~;-~r113 ~!.;tculatcd 

total film badge equivalent gar>a doses range irct.z Cl.05 wIa (some sl:oC Grnble ele!o*nts) 

to 3.1 rem (scne Shot Simon elcaents). Initial s’cses were lesr thrin 0.02 rem for any 

shot. The largest internal wholelbody dose coz:i,litl>ent is 0.05 rem (iome Shot Grable 

elements). . .s, ,;9_y 1 

IECIJRIW ClASSlFlCATlON OF THIS PAGE 

UNCix5SIFIED 
,.. . . _ _ .__ - . _ 

section P*ge 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATlONS lv 

LIST OF TABLES V 

1 INTRODUCTION 1 

2 OPERATIONS 5 

2.1 Shot Data 

2.2 Participation 

2.3 Concept 

2.4 Activities 

INITIAL RADIATION 23 

3.1 Computational Method 23 

3.2 Results 26 

RESIDUAL RADIATION 28 

4.1 Residual Gamma Exposure 28 

4.2 internal Radiation Exposure 39 

4.3 Residual Radiation Dose Summary 42 ._ 

5 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS AND TOTAL DOSE DETERMINATION 44 

5.1 Uncertainties in Initial Radiation Dose 44 

5.2 Uncertainties in Residual Radiation Dose 46 

5.3 Total Dose Summary 51 

FILM BADGE DOSIMETRY 53 

CONCLUSIONS 54 

LIST OF REFERENCES 56 

-_--_---_I_---- --- --__ _ -.- ---- _- ----_------ _I-___ 

i 
\ 

Ff gure 

1-l 

2-I 

2-2 

2-3 

2-4 

2-5 

4-1 

4-2 

4-3 

4-4 

4-s 

4-6 

Selected shot locations, Operation Upshot-Knothole 

shot Annie area and scheme of maneuver 

shot Nancy area and scheme of manewet 

shot Simon area and scheme of maneuver 

shot Encore area and scheme of maneuver 

shot Gable area and scheme of maneuver 

shot Annie residual radiation and maneuver troop 

shot Nancy residual radiation and maneuver troop 

shot Simon residual radiation and maneuver troop 

shot Encore residual radiation and maneuver troop 

shot Harry residual radiation and troop route 

shot Gable residual radiation and maneuver troop 

routes 

routes 

routes 

routes 

routes 

P8gc 

2 

13 

15 

17 

19 

21 

31 

32 

35 

38 

40 

41 

fV 
USTOP TABLES 

Table 

2-l Upshot-Knothole shot data _ . 

2-2 Planned personnel allocations and total actual participants 

for maneuvers at Exercise Desert Rock V 

2-3 Maneuver troop ground zero distance summary, Exercise 

Desert Rock V 11 

3-1 Summary of initial radiation doses 27 

5-1 Maneuver troops mean dose summary 52 

\ 

‘1 
This report presents an analysis of the nuclear radiation dose for Army and Air 

Force participants in the troop maneuvers of the 1953 series of shots at the Nevada Test 

Site (NT%+ The series was designated Operation Upshot-Knothole. 

Figure 1-I shows the ground zero locations of the six shots in Operation UpshotKnothole at which there were troop maneuvers. The maneuvers consisted of battalion 

combat teams (BCTs) that engaged in post-shot tactical exercises to test doctrine and 

tactics being developed for the nuclear battlefield. Army multlplc-battalion exercises 

were conducted at Shots Annie, Nancy, Simon, Encore, and Crable. Air Force ground 

units aiso maneuvered at Shot Encore. The Marine exercise at Shot Badger is analyzed in 

Reference 21. 

In addition to troop maneuver units, there were three other tyoes of military 

participation in Exercise Desert Rock V, conducted at the Nevada Proving Grounds in 

conjunction with Operation Upshot-Knothole in the spring of 1953. One consisted of 

troop observers who were sent to Camp Desert Rock for the specific purpose of 

observing one or more nuclear shots (supported and controlled by personnel assigned to 

Camp Desert Rock). The radiation exposure to observers is analyzed in Reference 22. 

Another type of military participation. centered arcund service equipment tests and 

operational training associated with the employment of nuclear weapons. A further 

category, distinct from the Exercise Desert Rock groups, consisted of technical projects 

and logistical suppcrt under the sponsorshipOof Field Command, Armed Forces Special 

Weapon3 Project. 

* I this report, Army and Air Force troop maneuver unit activities +or each of 

five shots art traced from the pre-shot orierc:z”,l MI zrrd rehearsals through tne shot 

activities to the post-shot equipment inspecticn. Tllne-dependent position information is 

presented in order that an exposure anaiysis can be performed to determine the 

*The Nevada Test Site was known in 1953 as the Nevada Proving Grounds (NPC). In 

the remainder of this report it will be referred to is such. 

1 

- - - -- 

_-. 

integrated dose from ali ccntributing sources. These include the Initial neutron and 

gamma radiation doses, and the •xtemal and internal MKS due to residual radiation 

from the observed shot, as well as applicable precedkg shots. 

Section 3 provides a summary description of the initial radiation. dose , 

determlnation. The maneuver troops were in trenches at the &me distances as the 

troop observers for the five shots covered in this report. No new calculations of initial 

radiation dose are therefore required, and the results &rived in Reference 22 are 

summarized in Section 3. 

The analysis described herein utilltes an automated procedure, described in 

Reference 23, for determining the ••xtemai dose due to residual radiation. Radiological survey data arc fit, in statistical regression analyses, to space-time models of 

residual radiation intensity, from which isointensity contours (isopleths) are then 

developed. Unlike Operation Teapot, the availabk AEC radiological survey reports for 

Operation Upshot-Knothole had no raw data, but only isopkths that were not fully 

time-cesoived. Nevertheless, these isopieths were necessarily the sour= of information used to generate the reconstructed radiation fields with the automated methodi dogy. However, ln some cases it was possibk to refine the assessment of intensities 

encountered by the troops with isolated valuer reported ln Reference 1. _. . I 

As in previous reports, the methodology considers the effect of soil activation in 

the residual radiation analysis. This is prrticulariy important for Shots Encore and 

Crabie, where the residual contamination at the post-shot times of interest was 

pqjmarily due to the induced activity of manganese-56 and sodium-24. For some other 

shots, the inducgd contribution was evident near ground zero, but at greater distancss 

was smsll compxed to the contributSon from fisii!on products. In 311 cases, the decay 

model is representative of actual shot conditions, verified by cor;elations with 

available data. 

The Foicntial for an internal dose commitr;icnt from inhsled radionuclidcs is 

inferred :ro:n tat calcu!stionr for the observers (Refercrrcc 22). I=cr J given &ot, the 

maneuver trceps’ internal dose commitment is dctcrmhd from b:~t cf the obscrvcrs 

by adjurtq for diffwencm in ground contamination and duration of exposure. 

3 
., ,..

 .m.r - T-Y., I.. _ -- I. - . __._ _. _ .__, __r. F,_ ^. e--m jr_.e_. . \ . 

Due to the lack of film badge dosimetry data for most personnel of Exerci~ 

Desert Rock V, only minimal comparison of calculated dose with film badge readings IS ; 

possible. The methodology for calculating personnel dose is not sig’cificantly different 

, than that used in previous analyses (References 21, 24, 25) in which comparisons with 

dorimetric data established a high degree of confidence. The uncenaintrer in the 

results are due primarily to the uncertainties in both the radiological surveys and the , 

r ,I ciT time-posit:on &scriptions of trclop activities. Automation of the dose calculation 

procedure facilitates the determination of confidence levels and aids in s&se+ent 

exposure analyses of other troop operations in the same radiologrcally contaminalc?d 

areas. 

Major findings of this report are: 

• The troops of maneuver un% participating in nuclear shots in Operation 

Upshot-Knothole were exposed to initial radiation from neu:rons and 

gamma rays, and residual gamma radiation from fallout ati neutronactivated soil. Almost the entire dose received was from .=esidual 

radiation. 

• The residual radiation doses calculated for Upshot-!hotholc maneuver 

troops range from 3.04 rem (troop elements at Shct Crable) to 3.1 rem 

(troop elements at Shot Simon). 

0 Except for 8CT-0 at Shot Gable, the inhalation of radioactive dust 

resulted in whole body dose commitments of less than 0.001 rm. The 

calculated whole-body dose commitment to the most-exposed elements at 

Shot Crabte is 0.05 rem. 

4 

-. -_-
sEcnON2 

OPERATlONS 

2.1 SHOT DATA 

, 

A summary of the eleven test shots of Operation Upshot-Knothole is 

contained in Table 2-1. Although maneuver troop units participated in only six shots as 

indicated, all shots are considered for any residual radiation that might have contributed 

. to total radiation dose. 

2.2 PARTKXPATKW 

Desert Rock V exercise troops consisted of an estimated 18,000 DOD 

personnel who arrived at Camp Desert Rock to participate in testing and training 

programs These exercise troops, unlike the Camp Desert Rock support troops, were 

assigned to Camp Desert Rock to participate in specific activities associated with a 

particular shot. These activities included the troop observer program, the volunteer 

officer observer program, tactical troop maneuvers, operational helicopter tests, and 

damage effects evaluation. . . I . 

This report addresses only the Desert Rock V tactical troop maneuvers. 

Approximately 13,000 exercise troops took part in the tactical maneuvers conducted at 

Shots Annie, Nancy, Badger, Simon, Encore, and Crable. Units from the six continental 

Armies, Marine Corps, and Air Force traveled to the NPG specifically to participate in _ c 

the manewers. In addition to these personnel, Camp Desert Rock support troops were 

utilized to form the maneuver elements for Shot Annie. Table 2-2 gives the planned 

personnel aIlocations and the total number of planned and actual participants in the 

maneuvers at each shot. 

2.3 CONCEPT 

In general, Exercise Desert Rock V was a continuation of the military 

exercises conducted in conjunction with the two precedin g continental test operations. 

For Operation Upshot-Knothoie, the US Army was given responsibility for radiological 

safety of participating Desert Rock V personnel. The Desert Rock V radiological safety 

plans were designed to minimize exposure to ionizing radiation while allowing 

5 
T&k 2-l. Upshot-Knothok ahot data. 

SHOT 

DESIGNATION 

AEC DESERT 

ROCK 

V-l 

v-2 

Ruth v-3 

Dixie v-4 

Ray V-6 

Badgerf4) v-s 

Simon(4) v-7 

Encore(4) v-9 

Harry V-8 

Gable(‘) v-10 

Climax 

DATE LOCAL 

Actual TIME 

(S&cd) (PST+‘) 

1953 

I7 March 0520 

(17 March) 

24 March 0510 

(24 March) 

31 March 0500 

(31 March) 

6 April 0730 

(6 April) 

11 April 0445 

(18 April) 

18 April 0435 

(11 April) 

25 April 0430 

(25 April) 

8 May 0830 

(7 May) (PDT) 

0505 

(PDT) 

25 May 0830 

(21 May) (PDT) 

4 June 0415 

(31 May) (PDT) 

LOCATION 

COORDINATES 

WTM) 

Area 3 

871004 

Area 4 

7970% 

Area 7-k 

868042 

Area 7-3 

a71045 

Area 4a 

806060 

Area 2 

784104 

Arta 1 

798009 

Frenchman Flat 

956726 

Area 3a 

867996 

Frenchman Flat 

956728 

Area 7-3 

872048 

(1) Pacific S~~w_!ard T’ Ime, unless noted as Pacific Daylight Time 

(2) T - T~wE’I; A - hit Drop 

(2) Fired fra:n %bO mm Cannon 

(4) Mancuvcr Troop Participation 

;gsHTT(z, 

Ut) 

YIELD 

WT) 1 

300 T 16 

300 T 24 

300 T 0.2 

6020A II 

100 T 0.2 

300T 23 

300T 43 

2423 A 27 

300 T 32 

524(3) 

1334 A 

15 

61 

(PDT). 

Source: References I, 5, 6 

6 
focmaneuvmatExer&efksertRocklf. 

Participating 

Service !i 

5 

5 

s 

z 

, 

-5 

x 

2 5i 

2 

c 

5 

First Army 0 0 0 0 600 

Second Army 0 800 0 800 0 400 2,000 

Third Army 0 600 0 0 1,000 400 2,000 

Fourth Army 0 0 0 600 400 600 1,:30 

Fifth Army 0 400 0 600 0 600 1,600 

Sixth Army 

Camp Desert Rock 

Army Support 

Troops 

0 

1,000 

600 

0 

0 

0 

400 

0 

0 

0 

200 

0 

1,200 

1,000 

! 

Marine Corps 0 0 2,100 0 0 0 2,100 

Total Planned 

Participants 

1,000 2,400 2,100 2,400 2,000 2,400 12,300 

Total Actual 1,181 2,349 2,167 2,450 2,475(‘) 2,670 13,292 

(1) Includes 326 Air Force personnel. 

Source: References 1, 4-7, 16-20. 

For radiological safety purposes, a maximum permissible dose of 6 rem was 

established for the entire exercise (or six month period) of which no more than 3 rem 

could be prompt, whole body radiation (Reference 3). Standard op<&ing procedures for 

radiological safety in all operations were based on these criteria. For the five shots 

discussed in this report (except Grable) the rad-safe limits for the maneuver troops were 

the same (References 16-19). The 2.5 R/hr intensity line was the forward limit for the 

troops (see Section 4.1 for a discussion of this limit). The following instructions appear 

in References 16-19: “One radiological survey team consisting of one radiological safety 

monitor and one enlisted man, driver, from the 50th Chemical Service Platoon and one 

enlisted man, communication i, from [Detachment A, 505th Signal Company] will 

station itself approximately 150 yards on the east (right) flank of the foremost elements 

of the maneuvering troops. It will proceed slightly in advance of the line, monitoring 

continuously as it moves forward. Upon noting increasing intensity (approaching 2 RM 

of radiation the survey party will proceed obliquely to the northwest until the instrument 

records below that intensity. Right flank units of the maneuvering troops will conform 

to this movement by a similar change in direction.” It should be noted that these 

instructions do not correlate to the maneuver path for Shot Encore (see Figure 2-4). 

However, evasive action was not required during any portion of Shot Encore activities, 

since only low levels of activity were anticipated and encountered. Apparently because 

radiological intensity limitations had been, somewhat restrictive to movements around 

the displays, the BCT commanders at Shot Crable were given the responsibility, without 

a formally specified intensity limit, to see that participating troops did not receive a 

total dose in excess of 6 rem. The monitor team preceding the maneuver troops for Shot 

Gable was given the instruction to “direct discontinuance of the forward movement of 

the troops and/or movement to one or the other flank to avoid contaminated areas of 

high intensity” (Reference 20). 

In addition to the Desert Rock monitors on the flank, unit CBR personnel 

were to precede the advance elements of the attacking force by 150 yards. For Shot 

Grzble, these monitoring pt%“nnel were to be only 50 yards ahead. Prior to each shot, 

the Camp Desert Rock Radiological Safety Section conducted a school for these unit 

radiation monitors. They were to monitor continuously and report readings of 100 mR/hr 

(500 mR/hr for Shot Grable) or more. Company commanders were directed to report 

readings of 1 R/hr or more to their battalion commander. 

- 1 --
Finally, a third survey team consisting of one radiological safety monitor and 

a driver from the 50th Chemical Service Platoon was assigned to each BCT commander. 

These teams were to check the unit CBR personnel by patrolling across the zone of 

attack, checking reported readings of 1 R/hr or more, and informing the BCT commander 

of their determinations. 

0 _ 1 ^ in the display area, Desert Rock radiological survey teams denoted the limit 

of troop movement (except for Shot Crable) by marking the 2.5 R/hr isopleth with stakes 

and marking tape. 

1

< 

i 

, 

24 AcxIWrJS 

The test shots and maneuver unit participation went as scheduled for two 

shots and with some deviations on the other three, as described below. For all shots, 

maneuver troops departed Camp Desert Rock for the trench areas in convoys of buses 

and trucks. All troops occupied the same set of trenches at a given shot. When a BCT 

made a post-shot inspection of equipment displays, movement to and through the display 

area was normally accomplished as a single group. Ground zero locations, the trench 

locations, and the display areas are identified on the figures accompanying the discussion 

of each shot. Shot-time distances and distances of closest approach to gw_vd zero are 

summarized in Table 2-3. The following paragraphs describe the maneuver troop 

activities for each shot. 

; 

4 

i 

24.1 shot Annie 

f 

I 

For this shot, 1181 of 

participated in tactical maneuvers. 

two BCTs as follows (Reference 16): 

the Army support troops at Camp Desert Rock 

The participating units provided personnel for the 

c a &CT Able 

23rd Trans Trk Co 

31st Trans Irk Co 

38th Trans Hv Trk Co 

53rd Trans Hv Trk Co 

77th Army Band 

163rd QM Ldry Det 

595th MP Co 

7G2nd Q;.! %bs Sup Co 

6020th ASU 

371st Evac Hasp 

3623rd Ord Co 

10 
- -- 

Table 2-3. Maneuver troog grand zero distance summary, 

Exercise Desert Rode V. 

z Shot Time Distance Closest Post-Shot Approach 

Annie 3500 yds (32OOm) 500 ydr (460m) 

Nancy 4000 yds (3660m) 1000 yds (9lOm) 

Simon 4000 yds (3660m) 1400 yds (1280m) 

Encore 10,000 yds (9150m) 0 

Crable 3000 yds (4570m) 300 yds (460m) 

f 

i i 

0 ” 
0 BCT Baker 

412th Engr Const Bn 

360th Engr Util Bet 

705th Engr Fld Maint Plt 

505th Sig Co 

Figure 2-l S’IOWS the locations of ground zero, the trench area, the manewer scheme, 

and the display area. _ , 0 

The orientation/rehearsal was held at the shot area on 14 March. The troops 

spent a total of about four hours in the shot area on this day, experiencing a simutated 

countdown and rehearsing the post-shot maneuver. The objective was about 1200 yards 

west of ground zero (Figure 2-I). For the rehearsal, the advances continued for only 

1000 yards toward the objective. The troops then toured the equipment display area to 

observe the emplaced equipment, following which they returned to Camp Desert Rock. 

Shot Annie was detonated on schedule at 0520 hours on 17 March. The troops 

were crouched in trenches 3500 yards from ground zero. After the blast wave passed, 

the troops were permitted to stand and watch the rising fireball. They climbed out of ‘ 

their trenches and started moving forward at 0535 hours (Reference I). 

‘I 

Both BCTs reached their objectives at about 0630, where they remained for 

an estimated 5 minutes before departing for the display area (see Section 4.1.1 for 

4 

discussion of the scenario). The troops would have followed the 2.5 R/hr contour around 1 

Y’ to the display 

to 3500 yards 

the trenches) 

trocps boarded 

2.4.2 skt f 

A; 

tb vf unteer 

area, reaching it before 0700. After visiting each display from 1000 yards 

for an estimated 5 minutes, the BCTs reached the entrucking area (near 

at about 0800. Following personnel decontamination and monitoring, the 

the trucks and cleared the area by 0905 (Reference 8). 

h’sncy 

SIlot Nancy, Exercise Desert Rock V activities included troop maneuvers, 

ojircer observer program, the troop observer program, an operational 

helicopter test, and damage effects evaluation. Of the approximately 2,860 personnel 

involved, 2,399 troops participated in the tactical troop maneuver. The origin of each 

BCT was as follows: 

12 
---- 

.*!’ - / 41 /I 

: .- _ ---- L ‘! 

.-. ;, 

L2 

Figure 2-1. Shot Annie area and scheme of maneuver. 

13 
-- 

0 

. ...* I. ^^. .

BCT-Able - Second Army, Fifth Army 

i: 

. . BCT-Baker - Third Army, Sixth Army _-* 1 

‘i The maneuver troops arrived at Camp Desert Rock on 20 March 1953. They ._ 

underwent a four-hour orientation program, and on 22 March they participated in a fullr 

-dress rehearsal of the exercise in the actual shot arez. Unlike the observer personnel, $ 

they did not visit the Shot Annie area. 

At 0500 hours on 24 March, the exercise troops entered the trenches 4000 

yards (3660 meters) south-southwest of ground zero (See Figure 2-2). At two minutes 

before the detonation, the troops were ordered to crouch low in the trenches and to 

remain in that position until after the detonation. The detonation occured on schedule at 

0510 hours. At 0533 hours the BCTs began an attack on objectives 4000 yards (3660 

meters) to the north. As the two BCTs headed toward their objectives, BCT-A had to 

rideslip its advance to the west because of radiation intensities. The troops were able to 

approach to within 500-700 yards (Reference 1 estimate) of their objectives before being 

halted by rad-safe personnel. According to References 1 and 9, some of the maneuver 

troops had exceeded the 2.5 R/iir rad-safe limit, up to 14 R/hr, before king halted. 

That BCT-A had sideslipped to the west with no reported violation of the radefe Limit 

implies that BCT-A was well under the control of its rad-safe monitors. It is therefore 

assumed that the troops who entered the 14 R/hr radiation area were part of BCT-B. 

Commanders experienced some difficulty in withdrawing the troops from the high 

radiation area. However, according to Reference 1, “little time was spent in the area.‘* 

The troops withdrew from the high radiation area in what is estimated to 

have been 5 minutes, and the tactical phase of the maneuver was terminated. It is 

assumed that the troops followed the 2.5 R/hr contour to the display area, where they 

observed the effects of the shot on prepositioned equipment and test animals. l’%e 1000- 

yard display was the closest display to 62 that the troops were able to visit, as deduced 

from the rad-safe data of References 1 and 13. 

After touring the displays, the troops returned to the trench area and boarded 

trucks for the return to Camp Desert Rock. Shortly after 0800 hours, the units 

(observers first--Reference 17) began the return trip iReference I). The trench area was 

cleared by 0830 and all closed in Camp Desert Rock by 1032 hours (Reference 9). 

14 
Figure 2-2. Shot tiancy area and scheme of maneuver. 

-- 

L, v- iw,- *._ .- ._ _~rr-- __ _ , W.-w-.- I - --a.L---x~ 

- _ I 

* *.. . 

: I 

Figure 2-3. Shot Simon Prea and scheme of manewer. 

17 
At Shot Encore, more than 3,000 individuals took part in the troop observer 

program, troop maneuvers, operational helicopter tests, and damage effects evaluation. 

Desert Rack troop maneuvers, the largest single program conducted at Encore, involved 

2,475 men, including 326 Air Force participants. Participants were organized into two 

6CTs. The origin of each BCT was as follows: >- v 

BCT Able - First Army, Fourth Army 

BCT Baker - Third Army, Air Force 

Most of the troops arrived at Desert Rock between 2 and 1 May. A full-scak 

rehearsal was conducted on 5 May in Frenchman Flat. Actual shot day procedures were 

followed during the rehearsal. The lotions of ground zero, the troop trenches, the 

maneuver area with Objectives 2 and 4, and the equipment display area are sbwn in 

Figure 2-4. 

‘Ihc airdropped nuclear device detonated at Og30 hours on g Wry 1953 at 8 

height of 2423 feet above Frenchman Flat and some 280 yards south of the intended CL 

Its yield was 27 KT. At shot time, BCls Abk and Baker were in the trenches IO.300 

yards (9420 meters) southwest of the in*ended ground zero. Five minutes after the shot, 

the BCTs began their attack towards Objectives 2 and 4 with BCT-A on tfte right and 

XT-8 on the left. At 0843 hours, seven helicopters arrived at the trench site to begin 

the airlift of two platoons (60 men) to the landing zone at Objective 4. This move was 

conducted in two lifts and was completed by 0912 hours. Upon arrival at the landing 

zone, the platoons deployed and moved toward the intended ground zero, arriving there 

at 0932. They noted that radiation levels were 2GO mR/hr (Reference I). Meanwhile, 

the BCTs were moving towards their objectives. Tky reached Objective 2at 9943 hours 

and secured Objective 4 at 104s hours. This conch&d the tactical F;hsse of the exercise 

(Reference I). 

Following the maneuver, the BCTs began their tour of the display are& to 

observe the post-shot condition of the equipment that had been *uhjected to the effects 

of the nuclear detonation. They reached the SO&yard line (from the intended Ct) at 

I II5 hours (Reference I I) and moved through the display area to the 2000-yard line, 

18 
I I . , 

I I I 

I// //I I I I , i . !_I . 

I I . 

1 I 

Figure 2-4. Shot Encore area and scheme of maneuver. 
where the trucks were waiting to return them to Camp Desert Rock. The truck ride 

back took about an hour; all units were back in camp by 1414 hours (Reference I). 

24.5 Shot Gable 

This concluding shot with Desert Rock V involvement had nearly 3400 

personnel participating in tactical troop maneuvers, the troop observer program, and 

damage effects evaluation. The troop maneuver activities involved 2670 personnel in 

two BCTs. The origin of each BCT was as follows: 

n P :I‘ 

BCT Able - Third Army, Fourth Army, Sixth Army 

BCT Raker - First Army, Second Army, Fifth Army 

The troops arrived at Camp Desert Rock on and shortly after 18 May 1953, 

and were given an orientation on 20 and 21 May (Reference I). The BCTs conducted a 

full-scale rehearsal on 23 May. The troops were transported from Camp Desert Rock to 

the trench area in Frenchman Flat (a distance of approximately 12 miles) shown in 

Figure 2-X There they rehearsed the shot day procedures, including trench procedures, 

and the maneuver toward objectives to the southeast of the +W area. Afterwards, the 

troops moved into the equipment display area, but severe dust conditions limited the 

movement through the area. 

Reference 2 notes that the troops also visited another display area-the 

damage area of Shot Harry, a 32 KT device fired in Area 3 on 19 May. Due to their 

other commitments, described above, the troops could have inspected the Harry postshot display no earlier than 22 May. This date is used to provide the highest residual 

radiation intensity in the Harry display area (see Section 4.1.S). The reference states 

that they approached to within 500 yards of CZ; it is estimated that they stayed in the 

Harry area no more than 2 hours. 

At shot time, 0830 hours on 25 May, DCTs A and B were in trenches 5000 

yards (4570 meters) west of ground zero, having arrived there from Camp Desert Rock 

several hours before the shot (Reference 1). All personnel were permitted to rise and 

observe the fireball 3 seconds after the detonation and prior to the arrival of the blast 

wave. Ten minutes after the shot, the BCTs began their attack, proceeding from the 

20 
? 

<-

-

I 

cw 

\ 

.I -

. : 

t ‘,

. 

f 

t . :, . 

II, ._d_--_-- -

Figure 2-5. Shot Grable area and scheme of maneuver. 

21 
i 

i 

, 

trench area toward Objectives 2 and 4 (Figure 2-S). BCT-8, on the left (north), passed 

go0 yards to the south of ground zero (Reference 21, while BCT-A, on the right, passed 

further south at about 1600 yards from CZ, as shown in the figure. 

Due to the reported high winds and the resultant surface dust conditions, the 

attack was halted at 0950 hours, as the troops arrived at the display area (Reference 1). 

Personnel from BCT-B were taken through a portion of the equipment display area, but 

BCT-A was unable to proceed into the display area due to the inten;e dust conditions. 

Some portion of BCT-B visited the 500-yard display (Reference I). The vehicles were 

brought to the predesignated pick-up point where the troops loaded up for the return to 

Camp Desert Rock. Departure from Frenchman Flat was at 1225 hours (Reference 121, 

although BCT-A could have departed as early as the observers, 1100 hours (References I, 

20). In any case, all troops would likely have returned to Camp Desert Rock before 1300 

hours. Departure for home stations was on the following day (Reference 2). 

^ . 

. 
SEcTmNf 

INIlMlRADlATiON _ 

Shots Annie, Nancy, Simon, and Ctable are investigated to determine the dose 

resulting from possible exposure of maneuver troops to. initial gamma and neutron 

radiation. For Shot Encore, the troop distance at the time of detonation was so great 

/ that initial radiation doses were insignificant. This section discusses the general method 

used to compute the initial radiation dose to personnel. Ihe specific doses received at 

each of the shots of interest are the same as for the troop observers (Reference 221, 

which are summarized. 

&cause the personnel were located in trenches at the times of detonation, the 

calculation of the radiation doses for maneuver troops is accomplished in two steps. 

First, the free-field radiation environment above the trenches is determined. This 

environment is then used to cakuiate the radiath doses to personnel in the trenches. 

In the first step, the gamma and prompt neutron radiation environment is 

determined with computer codes ATR,4 (Reference 26) and &TFU.I. (ReferTce 27). 

These codes, developed from two-dimensional discrete ordinates radiation transport 

calculations, predict free-field neutron and gamma doses in the vicinity of a nuclear 

detonation. The first code contains provisions to correct for the prcKnce of Nevada soil 

at the air-ground interface; the second, although based on a West German soil type, 

contains improved source-energy-dependent air-grourd correction factors. Hence, 

ATR4 is generally used to calculate prompt neutron and neutron-induced gamma 

, radiation, which are sensitive to the hydrogen (water) content of the soil (Reference 23). 

while ATK4.1 is used to catculate fission product gamma and prompt gamma (emitted

: ,:’ 

.A , directly from the fission reaction) radiation, neither of which is sensitive to the presence 

*’ 

of hydrogen in the soil. Neutron doszs are c&culated from (ilitts) tissue kerma factors, 

while the Henderson tissue response function is used to determine gamma doses 

(Reference 26). 

Several adjustments are applied to the neutron doses calculated with ATRQ. 

Improved methods of cross-section weighting and grouping, developed since the ATR 

data base was compiled, are incorporated, and allowance is made for a representative air 

23 
moisture content (humidity). The numerical correction factor is derived by comparing 

infinite air calculations of the one-dimensional discrete ordinates code ANISN 

(Reference 291, which incorporates these improvements, with AT&generated infinite air 

calculations. This factor varies approximately from 1.0 to 1.5 over the distances of 

interest. The second adjustment to the ATR neutron doses corrects for inaccuracies in 

the air-ground correction factor used in ATR for ranges greater than 1500 meters (the 

factors used in ATR are considered accurate at smaller ranges). Recent transport 

calculations with the discrete ordinates code DOT (Reference 30) provide the best 

estimate of these correction factors in the range 1500-3300 meters. This correction 

results in a reduction in calculated neutron doses at ranges greater than 1500 m, with the 

magnitude of the reduction increasing with range. 

Required input to the ATR code includes the neutron output spectrum of the 

device as well as geometric and meteorological data. For the shots of interest, the 

general source of neutron spectral information for the device is given in Reference 22. 

hkteorological and geometric (e.g., height of burst, ground zero elevation) data are 

taken from References 32 and 33. The output of ATR-- neutron and gamma doses as a 

function of range--can be compared with existing dose measurem ents for each shot to 

gauge the accuracy of the results. Unfortunately, insufficient neutron measurements 

were made during this nuclear test series for precise confirmation of calculated neutron 

doses (References 34, 35, 36). There is an abundance of free-field gamma dose data 

available (References 31, 37, 3g), however, and these are utilized to verify the ATR 

results. 

The second step of the calculation uses the free-field radiation environment to 

determine the dose within the trench. It is convenient to define a trench factor as the 

ratio of dose (neutron or gamma) in the trench to dose (neutron or gamma) above the 

trench. These factors must be calculated for each of the major components of 

radiation--neutron, secondary gamma (created by neutron capture or inelastic scattering 

in the atmosphere and ground), local gamma (created loc31ly by neutron capture in the 

trench walls), and fission product (debris) gamma. It is found that the trench fsctorr 

depend also on ground range, height of burst, weapon yield, trench dimensions, and depth 

in the trench. Brief discussions of the derivations of the various trench factors are 

presented in Appendix I to Reference 22. 

24 
. 

-- 

-- -- 

I 

i_ _ r 

I

I 

,

I 

I 

Maneuver troops were in trenches approximately two feet wide and five feet 

deep, and at ranges of 3500-5000 yards (3200-4570 meters). The in-trench free-field 

neutron and gamma doses are calculated at depths of 2.33 feet. This depth corresponds 

approximately to the mid-torso depths of personnel crouched in the trenches. The 

following trench factors are used in’this report: 

,’ 

Radiation Type Trench Factors 

. ‘< . J 

Neutron 0.2s 

Secondary gamma 0.015 

Local gamma 0.08 

Debris gamma + 

*The debris gamma trench factors are time-&pendent; they are discussed in detail in 

Reference 22. 

The in-trench dose (in rads) is converted to an equivalent tissue dose (in rem) 

using the quality factors and methods prescribed in Reference 39. The tad+em 

conversion factor for neutrons, derived from calculations utilizing computer codes DOT 

and MORSE (Reference 401, is an almost constant value of 13 for the weapon types and 

ranges of interest. The quality factor for gamma radiation is taken to be unity. Finally, 

representative film badge readings for personnel in the trenches are estimated. The 

factors that are used to convert the in-trench free-field doses to‘chest-worn film badge 

readings were developed from cakuhtlons utilizing the adjoint mode of the computer 

cock MORSE. These film badge conversion factors are strongly dependent on the posture 

and orientation of the personnel in the trench: the ranges of values shown below reflect 

extreme variations in individual posture and orientation. The conversion factor for the 

standing position is based on a badge dipth of 0.5 feet, centered in a t-foot wide trench. 

The geometric means of these ranges, where applicable, are used to determine bestestimate film badge doses. 

Fib-4 P3dge Cnnvtrsion EGctors 

Radiation Type 1:,2!*.:c ,. :tn 

Secondary gamma 0.30-0.83 0.53 

Local gamma m 0.7 0.7 

Debris gamma, crouched position 0.26-0.81 0.46 

standing position 0.95 0.95 

The “dose equivalent in trench” values reported for each shot in Section 3.2 are the 

equivalent tissue dose for neutron radiation and the film badge dose for gamma 

radiation. 

25 
The prompt neutron, secondary gamma, and local gamma doses are accrued 

rapidly (essentially within the first second) after detonation. Thus, the postum in a 

trench could not be altered significantly during this exposure. The debris gamma dose, 

however, is delivered over a period of many seconds. Therefore,- the possibility of 

individual reorientation (e .g., standing up) in the trench must be considered. For an 

individual crouched in the trench at times t < to and standing upright in the center of the 

I c trench facing the rising cloud at times t s t,, the film badge dose due to debris gamma is 

calculated by: 

0 

‘0 Tc(t)tdWdt + Fu 0) 

where: Fc = film &dge conversion factor* debris gamma, crouched position, 

Fu t film badge conversion factor;debris gamma, upright position, 

t,(t) t debris gamma trench factor, crouched position, 

T,,(t) = debris gamma trench factor, upright position, 

I,(t) = debris gamma free-field intensity. 

to t standup time 

The trench factors T,(t) and T,,(t) are discussed in Appendix I to Reference 22. 

Intensities Id(t) are calculated with computer codes NlJfDEA (Reference 41) and ATR4 

(Reference 26) for the shots of interest. The film badge conversion factors F, and Fu 

were discussed previously. For Shots Annie, Nancy, and Simon, to is assumed to be 3 

seconds after passage of the blast wave. This is the same assumption that was made for 

the troop observers in Reference 22. For Shot Crable, the troops were allowed to rise 

and observe the fireball at H43 seconds, prior to the arrival of the blast (Reference IL 

k 

the troop 

posit iow. 

same as for tke cbscrvcrs. Preriousty rqxwted in Reference 22, these &ses are 

summarittd itl Yab:e 3- 1. 

. 

26 
11 

T&e 3-l. summatyof i&id mdiatial dorr. 

Tissue Dose Above Trench (mrad) Dose Equivalent in Trench (mrcml 

m Neutron Gamma Neutron Gamma 

Annie 5 300 16 

0 0. 

_-

Nancy ’ <1 ’ 90 <I -4, 

: 

.I Simon I zoo 3 11 

Crable <I 4 (1 <I 

ic -- I 1 

-- . 

27 
‘ 

/ 

!iEcnoN4 

:’ 

:’ 

4.1 REUDUAL 

RESlDUAL RADIATiDN 

GAMMA EXPOSURE 

. . 

Gamma doses are reconstructed for m;neuvcr troops, based on their 

sictivities in the fallout and neutron-induced activity fields of Shots Annie, Nancy, 

Simon, Encore, and Gable. A computeriLed methodology, described in Reference 23, 

determines the radiological environment for each shot of interest. From this, doses are 

calculated based on the scenario of troop activities. Iso-intensity contours with 

superimposed troop tracks are displayed. 

b 

’ 

The computer-calculated doses do not reflect the presence of the human body 

in the radiological environment. Despite the penetrating ability of gamma rays from 

fission and activation products, the body affords some shielding; hence, the gamma dose 

to any organ depends on the geometry of the radiation source and the body position. In 

order to represent reconstructed film badge readings, gamma doses are calculated for 

the wrface of the chest, where a film badge is normally worn. The cakulated film 

badge dose rate is related to the free-field gamma intensity through the conversion 

factor developed in Reference 24: I R/hr -0.7 rem/hr (the calculated film badge dose is 

identical to the “film badge equivalent dose” of Reference 24). This conversion is 

applicable to an erect individual wearing a film badge on his chest and standing in a 

uniform, plane fallout field. These conditions are met in the maneuver troop scenarios 

except that there are intensity gradients in the gamma fields. These gradients have a 

negligible effect on film badge readings for randomlyoriented personnel. 

I: 

Do%? calculations are categorized by the shot in which each maneuver troop 

unit participated. In one instance, there is a contribution from a previous shot to the 

dose-when the BCTs visited an otd display area. Kehx~sals were 00 essentially 

uncontaminated terrain. No prior tits of U@ot-:;r,s-:t?~:fc had resu!trd in fci!lovt on 

maneuver areas; the txutron-induced activity fro= G:xxc Pud nxriy all 3rcaye3 in the 

15 days before the Grable rehearsal. 

i 

f 

Because of Limited data concerning the details of troop location and the 

timing involved, 

estimated from 

estimates 

planned 

arc required for various parameters. 

times or the few reported times, 

Rates of movement are 

the locations of attack 

28 

li- - a _-
objectives, the number of displays viewed, the calculated or reported position of 

radiological safety limits, and the consequent distance to be traversed.. A reasonable and 

consistent set of parameters is 70 ydslmin walking speed and 5 minutes at the objectives 

(or where maneuvers were halted) and at each display. The stay time allows for some 

lateral mcvement of the tioops at each display arc. 

Gamma intensities are calculated primarily from radiation survey data 

obtained by the AEC Rad-Safe Unit (Reference 13). Few specific measurements by 

Desert Rock rad-safe personnel are available. However, reported locations of rad-safe 

limits and other mentions of intensities in Reference I are sometimes sufficiently 

coupled with position/time data to be of use in dose reconstruction. While the Desert 

Rock data are too sparse to define an intensity field, comparisons with the AEC data are 

possible at specific locations. Thus, if the AEC data insufficiently define the intensity 

field in the Desert Rock display sector, Desert Rock data can supplement the AEC data 

to assist in characterizing the environment. 

Radiation safety limits for maneuver troops were specified in 

References 16-20. The references identify the 2.5 R/hr iso-intensity line as being the ? - forward limit of observer and troop movement through the display area. In the maneuver 

area, the BCTs were to change the@ direction of advance upon approaching 2 R/hr. It is 

presumed that subsequent movement to the 2.5 R/hr level was permitted. Movements 

from the objectives to the display areas are not specified, but must have required 

indirect routes in some cases because of rad-safe limits. For these cases, it is assumed 

that the BCTs minimized their march distances by keeping close to the 2.5 H/hr limit 

until the displays were reached. Late in Operation Upshot-Knothole, the limits on 

radiation intensity were discarded, but the limit on total dose of 6 rem for Desert Rock 

V continued in force. Only at Shot Gable did this change influence the movement of 

maneuver troops. 

4.t .I 

Th,e time/location scenario used In this analysis for BCTs A and B at Shot 

Annie is dev&ped from several sources. Reference 1 states that the objective was 

reached at 0790 hours, personnel entrucked at 0800, and all units closed at Camp Desert 

Rock at IOQO. However, the first two times are incompatible with the distance covered 

and the assumed march speed (70 yds/min) for the maneuver troops. A minimum of I 

29 

. 

. 

. 

. 

- 1 ‘ ., ---G : 

: 

:

:

:

:

r: 

d 

.

: m..m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ ..I 

/

• Iem 

..-

- -y- I 

...........-Z- --

------T 

Figure 4-1. Shot Annie residual radfation (R/hr @ H+l) 

and maneuver troop routes. 

31 
••

I 

i 

iE 

, 

: 

. . . 

I

I’ 

IL-j 

$c: 

f 

c, 

‘. L-+_:, u- . 

r , 

Figure 4-2. Shot Nancy residual radiatlan (R/hr @ II+‘) 

and maneuver troop routes. 

32 
approached. As discussed in Section 2.4.2, some elements of BCT-B went beyond the 2.5 

R/hr limit to an intensity of 14 R/hr. Therefore, three cases are assessed: BCT-A, BCTB (fsxward-went to I4 R/h& and BCT-B (rear). fn the second case, the troops are 

assumed to have withdrawn toward the rad-safe limit after a stay time of I minutes at 

14 R/hr. In the third case, the troops are assumed to have maintained an estimated 300-

yard battalion depth and, after a IO-minute stay, followed in formation toward the 

display area. , . * 0 

The rest of the scenario is based on the assumption that both BCTs followed 

the 2.5 R/hr contour to the east until reaching the lOOO-yard display. Reference 1 states 

that Desert Rock rad-safe monitors reached the 2.5 R/hr limit in the display area at 850 

yards on the east and 1250 yards on the west. The AEC tad-safe data also indicate that 

a portion of the IOOO-yard dispby was available to the BCTs within the rad-safe limit. 

For the assumed march speed and stay times, return to the trench area would have been 

at about 0800, which is consistent with the 0830 departure for Camp Desert Rock. 

Despite the availability of rad-safe data from several suneys of the Shot 

Nancy residual radiation field, the initial survey alone is used for dose calculations. This 

is the survey that best reflects the unusually steep intensity gradient that the troops 

encountered (Reference 9 indicates that monitors in advance of the BCT reached 40 

R/hr). The impact of later survey data is discussed in Section 5. In the display area, the 

initial survey is in essential agreement with intensities obtained from analysis of all the 

data (compare to Reference 22). 

Cakulated doses are as follows: BCT-A, 1.3 rem; BCT-B (forward), 2.2 rem; 

and BCT-B (rear), 1.0 rem. In each case, nearly I rem was accrued during movement 

toward and through the dispky area. 

4.1.3 shot Simon 

The radiological survey data fr;; S!!ot Simon are sorn~hat limited. The few 

surveys and lack ol survey lines on isintensity contour plots by the ;iEC Rad-Safe Unit 

increase the uncertainty in the radiation field. However, aomc &sert Rock data are 

useful. The initial survey of the dl:#ay area by teams of P~KT 5&h Chemical Platcon 

began at H+15 minutes (3495). Jeep-mounted teams proceeded northward on the radial 

roads bounding the arca (165’ and lS5’ from GZ) until 5 R/hr was reached. (Desert Rock 

33 

- --a 

\ \ ?i -?b. 

IL 

-. 

‘. 

I r/ 

I 

_ __I. 

i 

. 

-

-_ 

-7 

Figure 4-3. Shot Siisoa residual radl;icion (R/hr @ 11+0:20 to 2:4S) 

(Ref. 13) and maneuver troop routes. 

35 
Available references provide some description of the BCT movements. 

References I and 10 state that BCT-A advanced to within 2000 yar& of CZ at 0600 

hours, and that the attack was halted there due to a reading of 2.5 R/hr. While the 

location of the halt is unspecified, its timing of H+M hours suggests that BCT-A had 

nearly reached its portion of the objective. As calculated from the AEC survey 

contours, the halt may have been as close as 1100 yards to CZ. The rad-safe limit of 2.5 

R/hr would have been reached on a direct approach, but skirting to the west (Reference 

Ig) to avoid excessive intensities would have brought BCT-A near the objective without 

txceeding the limit. Caution during this part of the advance would havt rtcktd tht 

rate of march and makes the 0600 halt timt reasonable for being near the objective. The 

return to the display area would have nearly retraced the attack path along tht 2.5 R/hr 

lsopleth. All display area intensity data are consistent with the statement in Reference 

I that the 2000-yard display was the closest (to CZ) that the troops visited. For tht 

normal rates of movement, arrival at the trench area would havt been at about 0730, 

consistent with the departure from the area of all units by OgIS (Referenct IOL 

Reference 6 states that BCT-8 reached the attack objective, and Reference 

i /

I I indicates that no radiologicaf difficulties wew tncountered. Although the attack route 

was west (farther from CZ) of XT-A, BCT-B apparently approached maximum 

pcrmissibk radiation intensities late in its attack (see Figure. 4-3). fn seeking a direct 

route from the objective t;, the disphy area, the rad-saft limit would havt bttn stem 

encountered. A southward detour, keeping to 2.5 R/hr, has BCT-B just ahead of BCT-A 

on its return tra& 

With these attack and walk-through scenarios, the calculated doses are 3.1 

rem for BCT-A and 2.2 rem for BCT-8. Whik mast of the BCT-B dose was from the 

return to the display area, the additional dose to X7-A resuited from its proximity to 

the tad-safe limit during much of the attack as well. 

The radiation levtls from Shot EMore were rufficiently low (due to the 

heigtbt af burst) to warrant only one AX rz,.ll:,eian survey. The ncnrly circulrtr 

isointensity contours, indicative of the f~rttr~~-jrii~~.~,:t3 sol! sciivalion, ulcre off-,cx from 

the intended CZ and indicate that the actual CZ ws approximately 280 yards to the 

36 

lL- - -
south (see Figure 4-4). Several reqdingr at the intended CZ, from different sources, are 

used to determine the relative intensity of gamma radiation from Mn56 and Na24 for all 

times. Figure 4-4 is used in conjunction with this radioac!ive decay function to 

determine the intensities encountered by the troops during their attack and their 

: inspection of the displays. , 

0. _c n ^ ,ti,‘D ” z . / Dose calculations are made for the troop maneuver and tour of the displa; 

area for the three elements of the maneuver force: ir., the helilifted platoons, BCT-A, 

and EMIT-B. For each element, the tour of the disphy area is as shown in Figure 4-4, 

with a J-minute halt assumed at each display line. The greater number of displays for 

the military effects shots in Frenchman F&t led to this type of walkthrough. 

The helilifted platoons departed Objective 4 at 0912 and arrived at the 

intended CZ at 0932 (Reference I). In walking to the intended CZ (where a kninute 

wait is assumed) and then to the display area, the platoons passed near the actual CZ, 

where the radiation intensity was about 300 mRlhr. Because of the considerable height 

of burst, the intensities were fairly uniform from the intended CZ through the SO&yard 

display line (about 200 yards from the actual Ct). The pIat_ viewed displays at kast 

to the 2000-yard line, which was the truck loading area for the return trip. They would 

have arrived at the loading area after II00 houn. The radiation dose calculated for the 

helilifted platoons is 130 mmn, 

. 

BCT-A encountered peak residual radiation of less than I mR/hr as it 

advanced through the display area at about the 2000-yard line and halted at Objective 4 

at IO45 hours. Although passing closer to CZ while approaching Objective 4, BCT-8 

cncountercd radiation levels that were still ins$nificant. It is assumed hat the troops 

then moved straight to the SW-yard display, in order to arrive there at about I I I5 hours 

(Reference I I). Viewing the displays through the 2000-yard line would have led to an 

arrival at the loading area by 1233 hours. 3%~ time is coi>sisttnt vdit!j t:lr’ 1414 hours 

return to Camp Desert Rock. The ccl&ated &xx for toth DCTs is 60 mrem. 

Residual radiation was encountcrej by the BCT troops in two locations: Area 

3 on 22 May to view the Harry post-shot d;\magc, and Frenchman Flat on 25 May when 

maneuvering and subsequently inspecting the equipment display following Shot Gable. 

37 
.-_IA#.__. 

Figure 4-4. Shot Encore rcsidunl radiation (R/hr @ ii+11 

8nd maneuver troop routes. 
The Shot Harry residual radiation at H40 hours, as determined in 

Reference 22, is shown in Figure 4-5, together with the display area. The H&O 

intensities are used to determine ihe dose accrutd by the BCT troops on the aft- of 

0+3, the day that they visited tht Shot Harry display. Comparison of survey data 

(Relerenct 13) clearly shows the residual radiathm in the display area to be primarily 

due to soil activation. For activated Nevada soil, the major source af contamination on 

3 , ,D+3 is Na-24 $-IS hours). htensities are high-sided by assuming no H4 contribution 

from the faster-decaying yn-56. Therefore, D+f (H40) intensities are less than the 

intensities &own in the figure by a factor of 40. The same scenario as for the maneuver 

troops was applied to Grabk observers at Harry in Reference 228 the resulting film 

badge dose of 0.03 rem is equally applicable to the XTs. 

Figure 4-6 stmws the residual radiation contour links for Shot Gable at H+l 

hour. Normalization to actual times used in the analysis is based on the decay rates of 

M-24 and h4n-56, the ••ctivatioc, products that produxd the gamma intensity duing the 

period of the initial survey. l%ese two radioisotopes are taken in the proportion that 

h&s to the composite decay best fitting all survey data (through the automated 

t poccdurth 

The Crable -ver was terminrrtcd at the time that the RCTs wc-• near 

their closest proximity to G&--1600 yards for BCT-A and 800 yards’ for X1-B. The 

maximum radiation intensity experienced by BCT-A was 0.04 R/hr, leading to fess dose 

; than was accrued at Harry. BCT-8 happened to approach the 2.5 R/hr rad-safe limit 

that was no longer current. The elemc?rts of XT-6 that reached the 5OO-yard display, 

where the cakulated intensity was 14 Rfhr, were exposed to the same radiation heir as 

some elements at Shot Nancy. Calculated film badge doses, including the Sot Harry 

contribution, are 0.00 rem, O&t rem, and 1.9 rem for fXT-A, BCT-8, and BCT-B (500 

yard), respectively. 

F 

8.2 ClfCRFW RAfxA7zt3f4 E;~~CxfE 

Lhl!c operating in residual radiat:cn fields, troop maneuver ,pe:szx~nel were 

subject to an in?cmal dose commitment frcm t5.c inhal.xtion of airbarnc r~dimuclides. 

Intcroal &se commitments for volunteer and service observers were investigated and 

., reported in Keference 22, and shown to be on the order of 1 mrem or less. The internal 

dose pathways for maneuver troops were the same as some of these pertinent to 

39 

-
. 

. ,.. . I 

: 

: . 

--. __

: 

,’ 

f , ,... ..-.. ..I. . e ,.......... 1 . . .

‘C” 

,’ I 

,’ 4 

, I 

./ 

k 

I / r 

m 

. . . . . . . . .. . ......... *. ... . J. .. .. ... .. . .... .. ....I . .. . .... .. .. . .. 

,

Ill mr .................. .-... -...--*a % r~ r.. : 

-I 

I 

d !‘“-J ?OOO s..m- 1 L.. * In!i 

,*: 

,-

-I -I___.__- -I __ - - _---em ---we_ _a_._--

6 f;;------ Y. ..a. %i--

Figure b-5. Shot Harry rcrlduaL radiation (R/hr @ ft+80) and troop route. , 

- --A 
••

i 

._y_____~ -. ; - - -- -4.-

\ ; ‘-y----.i____ s., . --_.

, 

••.._I t.i’ ~I~ --.. *-I.’ r ‘---...e ._e_ , , rl -..__.... 3 1 \_ d: 

41 
-;- -

obstwtrst rtsusptnsion of fresh falbut whilemarching and suspension of neutro+ 

. i &tivated soil in a dust storm. As tht timt after burst of txposurt was simi.hr for 

obstwm and mantuvtr elements, the internal don commitment is directly proportional 

to the external dose; thus, the results of Rtftrtnct 22 may bt ustd directly for 

corresponding situations. As the calculated external doses for Uy mantuvtr troops (for 

1 all shots except Gable) are within an order of magnitude of those of the wrvict 

0 observers, the internal doses art similarly insignificant. All art ku than 0.001 rem, Jb’ .,- L with all internal emitters included. 

At Shot Grabk, some mantuvtr tltfntnts went CloSer amsiderably to cz 

than did the obstrvtrs. Although it may be ~strucd that dust amditions were kss 

stvtrt for these tkmtnts than for tht obstrvtrs, tht same high-sided suspension factor 

Of low2 Cl/m’ per Ci/m2 is used. For stvtrt dust conditions, the top centimeter of the 

soil is assumed to be available for rwpeesion. Experiments in Operation Plumbbob 

(Rtftrtnct 14) comfatt the irmnity of the gamma radiation fkld with the distribution 

of activation products (mainly Mn-56 and Na-24) in the soil for ••shot similar to C&k. 

As calculated in Reference 22, the (txtema4 film badge don of 0.34 rem for the 

/.’ obwwers after shot Crabk implkd a SO-year httrral dost commitmart (whtla body and 

/‘, t bore) of Oml rem FmporthdJy, the cmt~orpocrdhl &mfrb8l dora commitments to 

BCT-A, BCT-B and BCT-B (500 yard) art <O.oOl rem, 0.01 rem, and 0.M rem, 

respectively. Corresponding upper limit doses, 81~0 as determined in Reference 22, 8l-e 

abwt 0.002 rem, 0.10 rem, and 0.4 rem, rtsptctfvtfy. 

The calc&ted film badge &scs Gem) to maneuver troops from residual 

gamma radiation at applicable shots art summariztd as follow% 

Associated Shot: Annie Nancy SmWl Encore Crabk , 

ECT A s,3 c.cs 

;;;; LICYB - 2.2* ::: O&6 

1.0”’ &13+*4 j.g**** 
. 

For all maneuver troop activities in conjunction with all shots except BCT-B 

at Gable, the 50-year dose commitment to the whole body or bone from inhaled 

radionuclides is derived from Reference 22 to be less than 0.001 rem. During the dust 

storm at Gable, BCT-0 troops could have inhaled neutron-activated dust, resulting in a 

whole-body commitmeqt of 0.01 rem, or 0.05 rem to thou elements that visited the 500-

yard display. Almost all of the commited dose would have been accrued within a few 

days after exposure. _ 

‘ 

Source of Uncertainty 

Combined 

fkutron Trench Error 

e Asymmetry TransPort Factor Factor outgut 

Annie 2.9 1.0 1.4 13 2.2 

Nancy 1.3 1.6 1.4 I.2 1.9 

.- Simon , ~ 1.3 ^ 1.9 1.4 1.2 2.2 

C&k I.2 1.1 13 13 1.6 

Sources of error in the calculation of inltial gamma dose includet (1) unU+ 

tainty in experimental film badge readings, (2) extrapolation/ interpolation tcchniqW to 

determine dose at trench locations, (31 errors in relating above-trench dose to tht intnnch dose, (4) uncertainty in cow-g in-trench dose to film badge reading for 

personnel in a fixed position, and (5) uncertainty in personnel reorientation Le., standing 

up) in the trench. Whik the other sources of error are systematic, the latter two 

i uncertaktks provlda an indkation of ths apread in fibn badge dngr expected dub to 

the various orientational factors. 

. 

The error factor assuciated with txperlmental film badge readings is estimated to be approximately 1.4 when data were taken along one md&l line, and I.2 when 

consistent film badge data were obtained along multipk radial lines by two different 

experimental groups, as for Shot Crabk. For Shot Nancy, the large error factor (1.8) i 

reflects the uncertainty in the experimental data due to shielding in the direction of the 

experfmental line, as discussed in Reference 22. The error in interpslation/cxtrJ-~fction 

techniques used to determine the gamma doses at trench locatlons Is range-dependent, 

with estimated values of 1.3-1.4. ft is estimated that the uncertainty in the gamma 

trench ftcfors, ~.+Erh rc!;3te tlsc r!wre-tfwxb Csc lo t!;e in-trench 2 :‘*.z, in?rc&Kxs an 

error factor of 1.2. ‘EC uzcrtninty in reistirtg the irt-ttcnch F,;mma b_“\jl t3 :‘i!,m b26PC .I 

rCZdiFig (for 5:Z:iXlhfy ~.:f?.sn!s:l) IS dr:e prifl;Irily to variatirJnS jn &cjy Crimi,tariGn 

amcrig inciivi&& in the trtnch anti the p:~cement of the film bdge on the body. This 

error factor for all troops is estimated to be LX 

The final uncertainty in initial gamma dome results from the probability 

that the troops stc od up in the trenches to observe the rising cIoud soon after the blast 

45 

._. , , 

. 

a _._- - - -- -

--.L... -.._**_ _e....- _. . . -, = i ,_ - _... . _ __ ._ ,* L. w..: ..,I ., .__

Errors in position, time, and gamma intensity are not independent because 

of the rad-safe constraint that limited troops to intensities of ku than 2.5 Rhr (with 

the exception of Shot Crab!& Uncertainties exist with regard to the times and locations 

of the maneuver troops during the attack phases of their activities. In one case (see 

Section Ll.1) a reported arrival time had to be reinterpreted because it was inconsistent 

with other reported information, As there is no indkation of violation of rad-safe limits, 

except for BCT-B at Shot Nancy, the assumption that troops kept close to the limits 

when detouring is necessarily high-sided in terms of dose; however, a 2.5 R/hr intensity 

is taken to apply without error under these conditions. The uncertainty is in the duration 

and paa, length of a detour. in the display areas, the limits of advance were not always 

repocted. When the references do not report which equipment display lines were 

brspccted, the assumption is made that all of the displays within rad-safe limits were 

inspected. Tne dose aced within the display area is maximized if the innermost 

display visited is coincident with the rad-safe limit. Within the uncertainty of the 

radiation field, this is often a possibility. 

The timing of the troops’ march b generally based on the reported time of 

attack, time of arrival at the objjive, and arrival at the pickup point. Reasonable 

march speeds and display area stay times are assumed, in order to construct a scenario 

consistent with the known times. The most important influence of .timing on the 

uncertainty in dose is the time spent at the position(s) of greatest gamma intensity. 

Uncertainties based on timing are high-sided by coupling stay times (all upper limits are 

considered together) and by ignoring the overall time constraint on the combination of 

long stay times and slow march speeds. 

The various sources of error are combined approximately; they cannot be 

combined rigorously due to the disparity of their associated distributions. While some 

distributions are normal as expressed (e.g., a march speed 2 20 ydsjmin or a halt point 

2 100 yards from Ct), they imply a more lognormal distribution in dose. For each source 

of uncertainty, the limits on dose are interpreted in terms of error factors on the bestestimate doses from Section 4. Uncertainties are combined as for lognormal 

distributions. The overall uncertainties permit determination of the mean dose from 

residual radiation for each shot. Only for significantly skewed distrit Itions is the mean 

much different from the best estimate. For multiple exposures, the means may be 

legitimately added 

data .- entered as 

limit.. arc estimated 

to find the mean 

dn individual’s 

for each calculat

total dose, 

assigned ga

ed dose. 

which 

mma 

may 

dose. 

be compared to 

Ninety-percent 

film 

conf

badge 

idence 

47 

- - _ -- --
••

•• •• ••

i 

For both BCTs at Shot Annie, the uncertainty in dose stems predominantly 

from two sources: (1) time spent at the first two.displays (the intensity dropped off such 

that there was essentially no dose received at the other disphys), and (2) the mardting 

f speed, especially that near the 2.5 R/hr limit. The stay times are assumed to be 

‘.o; ?, = S minutes, with an error factor of 2. The marching speed is assumed to be 7090 

ydslmin. Because most of the dose was accrued near the 23 R/hr limit, not at 8 

specified distance, the uncertainty in the radiation field contributes little to that in 

dose. The calculated film badge doses, with errors, are: 

(1) (2) combined 

I 830+o.17 BCT-A 0 ao+0-2’ 0302;; rem -0.08 -0.14 

o 68+0.16 o 69+o.21 8 68+0-27 BCT-B -0.og -0.12 -0.14 -

The uncertainties in dose aqociated,with the maneuvers at Shot Nancy stem 7 .- 

from three basic sources: (1) stay times at the halt points (short of the obj&ke) and at * 

the IOOO- and MOO-yard displays (the contribution to dose was negligible at the other 

displays), (2) marching speeds, especially in the higher-intensity areas, and (3) the 

radiation field intensity, in particular the gradient of intensity near the halt point for 

BCT-B. The stay time and marching speed assumptions are the same as for Sot Annie, 

except that an error factor of 2 is applied to a stay time of 10 minutes at the halt point 

for rear elements of BCT-B. Unless the march speed was far from constant, the upper 

limit on dose from this source of uncertainty is unrealistic; the BCTs could not have 

marched as slow as 50 yds/min and still have reached the entrucking area in time to 

clear the shot area by 0830 hours (see Section 2.1.2). 

The intensity gradient near the halt point of XT-D a.ffects the calculated 

dose to both forward and rear elements. A hish gradient would love minimized the dose 

to forward elements during their approach to 10 R/hr and reduced the intensity to the 

rear elements at their spacing behind the front. The highest gradient is depicted in the 

initial survey contours used for the dose calculation; therefore, the calculatea dose also 

48 

‘;.\ 

‘. i

$2 
••

represents a lower dose limit on the basis of uncertainty in gradient. An upper dose limit 

is obtained from also utilizing later survey readings in the vicinity of the halt point. 

While these may not have fully captured a focalized gradient, they nevertheless imply 

that the rear elements did not exceed the rad-safe limit. 

The calculated film badge doses, with uncertainties, are? , i ~-;: ‘- ,< c ‘1 ,>i ’ 

(2) (3) Combined 

BCT-A 1yo.3 90.4 I••3+&‘ -0.2rern -0.2 1

•

-0.2 

BCT-B (forward) z2+1.0 2 ••2*o.5 23+0.4 2••2+l%nl -0.5 -0.3 -0 -0.5 

+0.3 +0.6 BCT-B (rear) 1 o+03 

• -0.1 ‘*O-o.2 “%3.2 -

x2m3 ShotsImorr 

For both BCTs at Shot Simorr, the uncertainty in dose is dominated by that in 

the time spent at radiation intensities near the 2.5 R/hr rad-safe limit. The uncertainty 

in that duration follows mostly from that in (1) marching speed (70220 yds/min) and (2) 

stay times (5 minutes at each display or halt point, with an error factor of 2). Despite 1 I 

the uncertainty in timing of the initial rad-safe survey, the significant gradients in the 

radiation field en;rure that the isopteths are accurate to within a few hundred yards for 

any time during the BCT movements. For the few kilometers of presumed marching at 

2.5 R/hr, the uncertainty in path length at this intensity is thus small. 

O 0 0

0 0 

BCT-A spent about !K hours a1or.g the rad-safe limit. Because of the known 

halt time, only the time of first arrival at the rad-safe limit and the duration of the 

return to the display area are uncertain. The upper-limit march speed (not applied 

during the attack along the rad-safe limit) implies 6 minutes sooner for the former and 8 

minutes shorter for the latter; the lower-limit speed implies 10 minutes later and 19 

minutes longer, respectively. Thus, unless the march speed varied considersbly between 

these two phases, the calculated dose is relatively insensitive to march speed. Stay 

times at the halt point and the displays (especially at 2000 yards from GZ), which are 

taken to be coupled, lead to a greater uncertainty in dose. 

-_ - -A
••

BCT-8 spent about I hour along the rad-safe limit, in&ding the apparent 

grazing of the limit during the attack phase, As no reference states the arrival time at 

the objective, the dose to BCT-8 is more dependent on the assumed march speed. Only 

at the 2000-yard display did BCT-B stay where the intensity was near the rad-safe limit. 

The resulting uncertainties in the calculated film badge doses are: 

P ^. ., , ,” r , ,. 0 ^ i 

(1) . 0) Combined 

xf*o.12 x,+O.27 x,+0.3 BCT-A -0.06 -0.13 -0.2 rem 

22*0.8 BCT-B 22+04 rem -0.4 -0.4 

For the maneuvers at Shot Encore, the sources of uncertainty in dose are 

limited to: (1) stay times at the displays, and (2) march speeds. Despite the use of a 

single rad-safe survey in the calculations, the radiation fkld is well established. Several 

lndependent and consistent m Vts were made of the intensity at the intended 

CZ, the displacement of the actual Ct is known, and the neutron-induced activity 

decayed minimally during the survey. For Ehrz helilifted platoons, the stay..time dose and, 

uncertainty include the delay at the intended GZ. The same stay time (5 minutes, error 

factor of 2) and march speed (70220 yds/min) assumptions as for the other shots are 

made. The calculated film badge doses, with errors, ant 

(1) (2) Combined ’ 

o 06+o.o 15 o 06+o.017 BCT A/0 . 0 06+“.02 rem -0.008 -0.009 ’ -0.01 

x2.5 Shot Crabk 

The uncertainty in dose for the BCTs at Shot Gable stems from four sources: 

(1) the radiation field intensity, (2) the distance south of CZ of the maneuver halt, (3) the 

stay time at the halt point (and at the 500-yard display for the element of BCT-ES), and 
(4) march speeds. For the gamma intensity, the ca1culat.d error factors are 

approximately 2.0 for the area in which most dose was accrued. The halt locations are 

estimated to be accurate to within 100 yards for each BCT, which implies an error factor 

of 1.9 in intensity at each location, based on the radiation field gradient. The stay time 

and march speeds assumed are as on the previous shotst 5 minutes within a factor of 2 

and 7M20 yds/min. As the halt time calculated using 70 yds/min is in accord with that 

: reported in Reference I, only subsequent march speeds have an associated Wertainty. 

The calculated film badge doses, with errors, are: 

(1) (2) 0) (4) Combined 

BCT-A a.01 error a.01 error a.0 I error <oAl error a.01 rem 

0 44*0.33 +0.33 BCT-B ’ -0.19 OoQ4-0.17 0 •44*-0.07 “*‘40 • 44*o.12 -0070 •44*06 -.24 ’ rem

, 9+2.0 +0.3 BCT-B • -1.0 f*9,0,2 , ••9+I.o -0.5 I•9+0*) -0.2 , •9+2.S -1.1 rem 

to SO0 ydr 

For the inspection of the Shot Harry displays on 22 May, the scenario and 

t f’ 

umcrtainties are the same as indicated for obsewer personnel in Reference 22. The 

f dose of 0.03 rem was stated to be high-sided because sodium-24, to which the troops . . were predominantly exposed, was assumed to account for the shot-day survey intensities 

as well; actually, the faster&dying manganese-56 would have contributed to those 1 t 

readings. The 0.03 rem is added without quantified error to the dose for each Crable t i

? observer category. 

53 TOTAL fXBE SUMMARY 0 

.. ,; 0 

1 

The reconstructed neutron and gamma doses for Operation Upshot-Knothole maneuver troops are presented in Table 5-I. From the best-estimate doses of 

t .J Sections 3 and 4 and the error distributions of Section 5, the mean neutron and gamma 

rloses for each unit are calculated. These are presented along with estimated 90-percent 

confidence limits. 

51 

i 
••

••

Neutron 

Dose (rem1 

* o,~+o.017

. -0.01 I 

fLo18*0*017 -0.01 I 

<oao1 

<O.ool 

a001 

0.003 

0.003 

<O.ool ” 

x0.00 I 

<o.oo 1 

badge dose. 

hitial 

Gamma 

Dose (rernflf) 

0.0 I 2(Z) 

0.012 

om4 

om4 

a012 

0.012 

<o.tm 

<O.ocl 

co.00 I 

Residual 

Camm8 

Dose (reml(f) 

o.804*‘1 -0.16 

I.,$; 

t4*l.s 

Q.7 

1.1 +Oo5 -0.3 

3P*’ -0.2 

z22.: 

0 06+o.02 

- 9.01 

0 13*o-05 -0.03 

2 2+2.2 

• -1.4 

Shot Gable. 

2 2*oa -0.4 

. 

+0.02 

o*06-0.01 

0.04 ~ c 

o.54+0*54 -0.31 

2.2:;;; 

P 

ANNIE 

NANCY 

SIMON 

ENCORE 

CRABLE 

A 

8 

A 

B(4) 

A 

6 

A/B 

Helilifted 

PhtOOlIS 

A 

B 

B(5) 

(I 

_~_)Reconstructed film

(2Wncertainties less 

(3lForward slements. 

(4)Rear elements. 

than 0.01 rem mt displayed. 

(5)EIements that visited the 500-yard display following 

I” 

t: 
._ 

t 

3-. . 

/ 

c 

: 

2. 

.i i 

I 

Fii lmdge dosimewy data for Army manewere in Exercise Desert Rode V are 

uuvailable, with one txceptiori.. One of the listings sent from Camp Desert Rock to a 

.’ home station of participar?ts has survived, furnishing doses to 82 troops from .Fort 

Bauhg. The date of the listing, 9 April 1953, and the Third Army affiliation of Fort 

Benning establish that these troops were in BCT-8 at Shot Nancy. 

The range of doses and the vuiety of tits fepramted on the list suggests 8 

useful comparison to the doses cakuhted for the fofnrd and nu ekments of BCT-8. 

Almost all of the readings fall into one of tht following categories8 2.2 rem 2 10 

percent, 0.9 rem L 10 percent, and a uniform distribution from 1.1 to 1.6 rem. Although 

the Fort Ben&g participants form4 less than IO percent of BCT-8, their range of dose 

levels may nearly represent that of the BCT as a whole. The highdose group consists 

almost entirely of personal from airborne units, who would be expected to iead. 

hfantry units dominated the middkfose groqq and field artillery ;t?d truck tits the 

low-dosegroup. 

. 

The comparisons between cakuiated doses and the cbsimetry data for the 

forward and rear elements of BCT-B are excellent. This is in part due to .the bown peak 

intensities reached and their domination of the dose (14 R/h and the movement along 

the 2.5 R/hr rad-safe limit). In addition, the agreement reflects well on the judgement 

of time and space factors for all maneuver u&as well as on the characterization of the * 

0 residual radiation field. 

-- - -& - -
/ Exercise Desert Rock V maneuver troops participated in six of the eleven test 

shots of Operation Upshot-Knothole, and were exposed to nuclear radiation as a result. 

Exposure assessment for the marin- at Shot Badger is provided in Reference 21. h each 

.‘ . of the five shots covered by this report (Annie, Nancy, Simon, Encore, Crable), manewer 

troops were divided into two Battalion Combat Teams (BCTJ At shot times, the troops 

crouched in’ trenches located 3500 (Annie) to 10000 (Encore) yards from ground zero 

(G23. Following the shots, the troops engaged in maneuvers to simulate attacks on 

objectives offset from GZ. h some cases (Nancy, Simon, and Crable) one or both of the 

BCTs were unable to reach the objectives due to excessive radiaticm or lack of visibility. 

Following the maneuvers, the BCTs walked through the display areas to view the animals 

and equipment. h some cases (Nancy, Simon, and possibly Annie) it was not possible to 

visit a11 the displays because of high radiation levels. At Shot Grabfe, visibility was a 

problem, and only a portion of one of the BCTs visited the %&yard display. 

hitial radiation doses were very low for the maneuver troops for alf five rho* 

the neutron dose ranging from less than 1 mrem (Nancy, Encore, Crabk) to It mrem 

(Annie). The initial gamma dose ranged from Less than 1 mrem (me, Gable) to I2 

mrem (Annie, Simon). These doses were the same as for the service observers, since 

their trenches were cobcated. 

Residual radiation doses ranged from 0.04 rem (Shot Ctable, EMIT-A) to 3.1 rem 

(Shot Simon, BCT-A). Doses of about 2 rem were accrued by BCT-8, Shot Simon, 

elements of BCT-B, Shot Gable, and lead elements of BCT-8, Shot Nancy. In the latter 

instance, the 2.5 R/hr limit on gamma Intensity was inadvertently exceeded (to 14 Rlhr), 

but withdrawal to permissible leveis was achieved quickly enough that a substantial dose 

. was avoided. The Crable elements, for whom there were no intensity restrictions, were 

also exposed to 14 R/hr, at v equipment display line briefly visited. 

.The Xl-year dose commitment to the whojt body or bone from inhaled 

radionuclides was derived from Reference 22 to be less than 0.001 rem, except for 

BCT-8 at Shot Gable. Calculated commitments are 0.01 and 0.05 rem for elements of 

this XT. 

54 

- _ 
_. ” .._ . . - I. 

Of all Desert Rockmaneuver troops who participated in the five subjj shots, 

n0fW were calculated to hairt rccrived a total film badge dew that exceeded the 

exercise limit of 6 rem. 

55 

_ .&- - __--- ---- cI__---
1. “final Report, Exercise Desert Rock V,” Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock, 16 

3uly 1953. 

“Operational Report, 7 May-3 June, 1953,” Headquarters, First Army, Desert 

Rock V Battalion (Provisional “Y3, Ft. Totten, NY, 3 June 1953, _ 

.

3. “Letter of fnrtruction No. 1 ” Headquarters Sixth Army, Presidio of San 

Francisco, CA, 5 January 1953. ’ 

4. “Operational Summary, 1 March-9 June 1953,” Operation Upshot-Knothole, 

Nevada Proving Grounds, Headquarters, Field Command, Armed Forces Special 

Weapons Project (unpublished). 

5. %mwnary Report of the Technical Director, Programs l-9,” Operation UpshotKnothole, Nevada Roving Grounds, Headquarters, FieJd Command, Armed 

Forces Special Weapons Reject (unpublished). 

6. “Report of the Deputy Test Director,a Operation Upshot-Knothole, Nevada 

Roving Grounds, Los AJamos Scientific f&oratory (unpublished). 

7. “Directive for Exercise Desert Rock V,” Office of the Chief of Army Field 

Forces, Ft. Monroe, VA, 5 Febwary 1953. 

8. “shot V-l “.,” CC Cp Desert Rock Message OTC: Ill23452 Mar 53 to CC Sixth 

Army. 

9. “Shot V-2...,” CC Cp Desert Rock Message OTC: 2423402 Mar 53 to CC sixth 

Army. 

IO. “Shot V-lr.,,, CC Cp Desert Rod< Message 0%: 2519302, April 53 to CC Sixth 

Army. 

II. “Shot V-S,.,” CC Cp Desert Rock Message OTC: Og22302 May 53 to CC Sixth 

Army. 

12. “Shot V-IO”.,” CC Cp Desert Rock Message OTC: 2522102 May 53 to CC Sixth 1

Army. 

13. aRadiological Safety Opcration, Operation Upshot-Knotho!e,a WT-glt, Field 

Command, Armed Forces Special Weapons Reject, Albuquerque, NM, MarchJune 1953. 

14. “Soil Activation by Neutrons,” Project 2.1, 0perati;wr Plumbbob, Field Command, 

Armed Forces 

15. *Age Specific 

Intake,” C.R. 

1977. 

Special Weapons Project, NT-~ 17. 

Radiation Dose Commitment Factors for a 

Koenes and UC. Soldat, USNRC Report-NUREG 

One-Year Chronic 

0172, November 

56 
t6m 

17. 

.~, C I .-

18. 

19. 

, i 

20. 

21. 

22. 

23. 

21. 

2x 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 

31. 

‘,-a+.‘.,’ . j ..>. , . . . . -- _ ~__ , - _ - ,_._ -. .._. 

: . -_: 

Operations Order No. I (Shot Annie), Exercise Desert. Rock V, Headquarters, 

Camp Desert Rock, Nevada, 9 Uarch 1953. 

Operations Or+r No. 2 (Sot Nancy), Exercise Desert Rock V, Hcadquartcrs, 

Camp Desert Rock, Nevada, 16 March 19Sf. 

Operations Ordw No. 4 (Shot Simoq), Exercise bcsert Rock V, Headquarters, 

Camp Desert Rock, Nevada, 21 April 1953. 

Operations Order No. 5 (Shot F~corc), Exercise Dcscrt Rock V, Hcadquartcrs, 

Camp Desert Rock, Nevada, 3 May 1953. 

Opwations Or&r No. 7 (Shot Gable), Exercise fhwrt Rock V, Hcadquartcrs, 

Camp Desert Rock, Nevada, 17 May 1953. 

‘Analysis of Radiation Exposure, 2nd Marine Corps Provisim1 Atomic ihercise 

Brigade, Exercise Desert Rock, V, Operation Upshot-Knothole,” DNA-TR- S2-03, 

Dcfcnsc Nuclear Agency, S February 1982. 

“Analysis of Radiirtion Exposure for Troop Obscrvcrs, Excrciw Desert Rock V, 

Opcwtion Upshot-Knothole,‘@ DNA 37S2F, Defense Nuckar Agency, 28 Apri! 

1981. 

“Analysis of Radiation Exposure for Troop Observers, Exercise Desert R&c Y, 

Operation Teapot; DNA 5354F, Dctenx Nuckar Agency, IS July 1980. 

‘Analysis of Radiation Exposure for Task Force WARRIOR, Shot Smoky, exercise 

Desert Rock VIbVIi1, Operation Pl~mbbb,~ DNA 47WF, Defense Mlckar 

Agency, 31 May 1979. 

“Analysis of Radi.atton Expoftln for Task Force BIG BANG, Shot CaMko,

Exercise Desert Rock Vfl-VIII, Operation Plumbbob,” DNAC772F. Defense 

Nuclear Agency, 9 April 1980. 

‘Version 4 of ATR (Air Transport of Radiation),m DNA 3995, Defcme Nucftac 

Agency, hwary 1976. 

Energy Dependent Air/Ground Correctio-n Factors for the ATR (Air Transport of 

Radiation) Code,” CR No. MS, U.S. Army Djllistic Research Laboratory, 

August 1977. 

“Radiation Environments from Tactical Nuclear Weapons,” DNA 42678, Dcftnsc 

Nuclear Agency, July 1376. 

‘A Users Manual for ANISN, a One-Dimensional Discrete Ordinates Transport 

Code with Anisootropic Scattering,” Union Carbide Corp., 1973. 

“The L’JOT I!1 Two-r)imensionrrl fXsctcte Ordinates Transport Co&,” ORNL-TM4290, Oak Ridge National Ljboratcry, September 1973. 

“Initial Gamma lIlta lrnm NrJclear Weapons Tests, 1948-1962,” U.S. Army 

Nucl~xv %fcnse Laboratory (unpublished). 

_L ._.. , 

- - -* c. - --
32 

33. 

34. 

35. 

M. 

37. 

3& 

39. 

40. 

#I. 

f 

“Summary of Preliminary Rcrufts of the Diagnostic Measurements Performed on 

Operation Upshot-Knothole,” Los Akmos Scientific Laboratoq (unpublished). 

“Air Weather Service Participation,” Operation Upshot-Knothok, WT-703, Air 

Force Special Weapons Center, July 1953. 

“Neutron Flux Measurementqa Reject 2.3, Operation Upshot-Knothole, Naval 

Research taboratory (unpublished). 

“External Neutron Measurements with Threshold Detectors,” Project 17.1, 

Operation Upshot-Knothole, Los A&nor Scientific Laboratory 6.mpublished). 

*physical Measurements of Camma and Neutron Radiation in Shelter and 

Instrumentation Evaluation,” Project 24.2, Operation Upshot-Knothole, VT-789, 

US. Atomic Energy Commission, August 1953. 

‘Initial Gamma Exposure Versus Distance ,” Project 6.&, Operation UpshotKnothole, Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories (unpublished), 

“Camma Radiation as a Function of Distance ,” Project 10.3, Operation UpshotKnothole, WT-827, Los Alamo, Scientific Laboratory (unpublished). 

“Protection Against Neutron RadiatSon,” NCRP Report No. 38, January 1971. 

‘The MORSE Monte-Carlo Radiation Transport Code System,” ORNL 0972, Oak 

Ridge National Laboratory, February 1975. 

*MUBDEA--A Computer Code for the Predict& cf R~~&ttian, BlzM, and 

Thermal Environments from Nuclear Weapons,” Science Applications, Inc., 

19 November 1975. 

: 

r

I 

58 

-_ - -* - --
-0fOEFENSE 

ARMED FORCES RADIoBIoLoGY RSCH INS 

c - ATIN: DEPUTY DIRECTOR Y” 1 ATM: DIRECTOR 

ATTN: SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR 

\. ATTN: TECHNICAL LIBRARV 

AslSTSECVOFDEFPUBLK:AFFAlRS 

AITN: ASD(PA) 

AssSTSECVOFDEFHcALTHAFFAlRS 

ATTN: ASD(HA) 

MSIBTMTHESECVOFDEFATOMC~ 

m,ATTN: DTUGGLE 

wENSEINTELLlGENCEAGEwY 

ATTN: RTS2B 

OaFD(SLNLKLEAR_ 

ATTN: GC 

AlTNz P&D 

DEPUNDERSECOFWFDRRSCM&~ 

AnN: DUSDRE RSCH 1, ADV TECH 

FKLDCOMMANDDNADET2 

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