# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls

For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 5- 23 99

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Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el le e

v.

Jo na th on Adam

Lam b

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll an t

__ __ __ __ __ __
App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e So ut he rn Dis tri ct of I owa - Dav en po rt

__ __ __ __ __ __

Su bm it te d: Jan ua ry

18 , 20 17
Fi le d: Feb ru ary 3, 2 01 7

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W OLLMAN, BRIGHT, and LOKEN, Cir cu it Ju dg es

. *

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LOKEN, Ci rcu it Ju dg e.

Thi s op in io n is be in g fil ed by Ju dg e W ol lm an an d Ju dg e Lok en pu rs ua nt to *

8t h C ir. R ul e 4 7E.Jo na th on Ada m Lam b pl ead ed gu il ty to be in g a fel on in po ss es si on of a fir earm

in vi ol at io n of 18 U.S. C

. § 9 2 2 ( g) (1 ). The di st ric t co ur t se nt en ced Lam b to 18 0 1

m on th s in pr is on , th e m an da to ry m in im um se nt en ce un de r the A rm ed Care er Cri m in al

Act (“ ACCA”) fo r a de fen da nt who ha s th ree pr io r “ vi ol en t fel on y ” co nv ic ti on s. 18

U.S.C. § 92 4( e)(1 ). Lam

b ap pe al ed hi s se nt en ce. W e affi rm ed

, ap pl y in g th e fam il ia r
bu t o fte n p erp le xi ng “ cat eg or ic al ap pr oa ch ” to as se ss whe th er his pr io r co nv ic ti on s

were vi ol en t fel on ie s as de fin ed in 18 U.S.C. § 92 4( e)(2 )(B)

. See Des cam ps v.
Uni te d Stat es , 13 3 S. Ct

. 22 76

, 22 83 -8 5 (20 13 ); Jo hn so n v. Uni te d Stat es , 55 9 U.S.

13 3, 14 4- 45 (2 01 0)

. W e co nc lu de d th at Lam b’s two pr io r Mi ch ig an un arm ed ro bb ery

co nv ic ti on s were vi ol en t fel on ie s un de r th e ACCA’s fo rce cl au se , § 92 4( e)(2 )(B) (i)

,

an d th at a st at e co ur t ch arg in g do cu m en t es ta bl is he d th at hi s pr io r W is co ns in bu rg la ry

co nv ic ti on was fo r th e cri m e of g e n e r i c bu rg la ry , an en um erat ed vi ol en t fel on y in
§ 92 4( e)(2 )(B) (ii ). Uni te d St at es v. Lamb

, 63 8 F. App ’x 57 5 (8 th Ci r. 20 16 ). W e

no te d t h e Su pr em e Co ur t ha d gr an te d a writ of cert io rari to rev ie w ou r de ci si on in

Uni te d St at es v. Mat hi s, 78 6 F.3 d 10 68 (8 th Ci r. 20 15 ), whe re we up he ld ap pl y in g

th e ACCA t o a n Io wa bu rg la ry co nv ic ti on

.

The Su pr em e Co ur t re ve rs ed ou r de ci si on in Mat hi s, 1 36 S. Ct. 2 24 3 (2 01 6)

,
gr an te d Lam

b’s pe ti ti on fo r a writ of cert io rari

, va cat ed ou r jud gm en t, an d rem an de d

“ fo r fu rth er co ns id erat io n in li gh t of Mat hi s.” Lam b v. Uni te d St at es , 13 7 S. Ct

. 49 4
(2 01 6)

. W e reca ll ed ou r m an da te an d reo pe ne d th e cas e bu t di d no t va cat e ou r pr io r

op in io n. W e no w co nc lu de th at th e Su pr em e Co ur t’s deci si on in Mat hi s, whic h di d

no t ad dr es s th e ACCA’s fo rce cl au se , d oe s no t al te r ou r pr io r de ci si on t ha t Lam b’s

Mi ch ig an ro bb ery co nv ic ti on s were ACCA vi ol en t fel on ie s. Tha t po rti on of ou r pr io r

op in io n is rei ns ta te d. Lam b, 63 8 F. App ’x at 57 6- 77

. Mat hi s do es req ui re ad di ti on al

an al y si s of whe th er Lam b’s W is co ns i n bu rg la ry co nv ic ti on was an en um erat ed

ACCA vi ol en t fel on y

. As we wil l ex pl ai n, Mat hi s do es no t al te r ou r co nc lu si on th at

The Hon or ab le Jo hn A. Ja rv ey , Ch ie f Ju dg e of th e Uni te d St at es Dis tri ct Co ur t 1

fo r th e So ut he rn Dis tri ct of I owa

.

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-he was co nv ic te d of ge ne ric bu rg la ry

. The refo re, we ag ai n affi rm th e jud gm en t of th e

di st ric t co ur t.

I.

The AC C A d e f

in es th e te rm vi ol en t fel on y to in cl ud e an y st at e or fed eral

fel on y th at “ is b u r g la ry .” 18 U.S.C. § 92 4( e)(2 )(B) (ii ). In Tay lo r v. Uni te d St at es ,
t h e Su pr em e Co ur t co nc lu de d th at Co ng res s in th e ACCA in te nd ed to ad op t “ th e

ge ne ri c , c o n t em

po rary m ean in g of bu rg la ry [wh ic h] co nt ai ns at le as t th e fo ll owi ng
el em en ts : an un la wfu l or un pr iv il eg ed en try in to

, or rem ai ni ng in

, a bu il di ng or ot he r

st ru ct ur e, wit h in t e n t t o c o m m it a cri m e.” 49 5 U.S. 57 5, 59 8 (1 99 0)

. Thu s, to

de te rm in e whe th er a pr io r bu rg la ry co nv ic ti on was fo r th e v io le nt fel on y of gen eri c
bu rg la ry , th e Co ur t “ fo cu s[ es ] so le ly on whe th er th e e l e m en ts of th e cri m e of

co nv ic ti o n s u f

fic ie nt ly m at ch th e el em en ts of ge ne ric bu rg la ry , whi le ig no rin g th e

pa rti cu la r fac ts of t he cas e.” Ma th is , 13 6 S . Ct. at 22 48

.

Man y st at e bu rg la ry st at ut es are ov eri nc lu s i v e , t ha t is

, th ey de fin e bu rg la ry

m or e br oa dl y th an ge ne ric bu rg la ry

. Fo r ex am pl e, a st at ut e may i n cl ud e un la wfu l

en try in to pl ac e s o t h er th an bu il di ng s, su ch as au to m ob il es an d ve nd in g m ach in es

. If an ov eri nc lu si ve st at ut e h as a “ di vi si bl e” s tru ct ur e -- d efi ni ng m ul ti pl e cri m es by

li st in g on e or m or e el em en ts in th e al te rn at iv e -- th e Co ur t ap pl ie s a “ m od ifi ed

cat eg or ic al ap pr oa ch ” th at “ pe rm it s [fed eral ] se nt en ci ng co ur ts to co ns ul t a li m it ed

cl as s of do cu m en ts

, su ch as in di ct m en ts an d jury in s t r u ct io ns , to de te rm in e whi ch

al te rn at iv e fo rm ed th e ba si s of th e de fen da nt ’s pr io r co nv ic ti on .” Des cam ps , 13 3 S.

Ct

. at 22 81

. Howev er, if th e st at ut e is ov e r i n c l u s i v e an d no t di vi si bl e, as in

Des cam ps , no pr io r co nv ic ti on un de r th at st at ut e qu al ifi es fo r th e ACCA m an da to ry

m in im um sen te nc e en ha nc em en t.

In Mat hi s, th e C o u r t r e s o lv ed a ci rcu it co nf li ct reg ard in g th e m ean in g of th e

te rm “ di vi si bl e.” Und er Mat hi s, whe n “fa c e d w it h an al te rn at iv el y ph ras ed st at ut e

-3

-[we m

us t fir st ] de te rm in e whe th er it s li st ed it em s are el em en ts or m ean s.” 13 6 S. Ct

.
at 22 56

. “ Elem en ts ” are “ th e th in gs t h e p r o s e c ut io n m us t pr ov e to su st ai n a

co nv ic ti on .” Id

. at 22 48 (q uo ta ti on om it te d)

. “ Mea ns ” are “ [h ]ow a gi ve n de fen da nt

a ct ua ll y pe rp et rat ed th e cri m e.” Id

. at 22 51

. To di st in gu is h be twee n el em en ts a n d

m ean s, fe de ral sen te nc in g cou rts sh ou ld lo ok at “ au th or it at iv e so ur ces of st at e la w”

su ch as “ a st at e co ur t de ci si on [th at ] de fin it iv el y an swe rs t h e qu es ti on ,” or th e

st at ut e’s te xt

. If ne ces sa ry , th e co ur t m ay “ pe ek ” at th e reco rd of th e pr io r co nv ic ti on , bu t on ly to de te rm in e if th e st at ut or y al te rn at iv es are el em en ts or m ean s. Id

. at 22 56

-
57 (q uo ta ti on om it te d)

. If th e st at ut e li st s al te rn at iv e el em en ts

, it is di vi si bl e, an d

th eref or e th e p rio r co nv ic ti on is su bjec t t o m od ifi ed cat eg or ic al an al y si s. Id

.

II

.

In 20 06

, Lam

b pl ead ed no co nt es t to a fel on y ch arg e th at he vi ol at ed W is

. St at

. § 9 43 .10 (1 m )(a) , a su bs ect io n o f th e Wisco ns in bu rg la ry st at ut e:

94 3.1 0( 1m) W ho ev er in te nt io na ll y en te r s a n y of th e fo ll owi ng pl aces wit ho ut t h e co ns en t of th e pe rs on in la wfu l po ss es si on an d wit h in te nt

to st eal or c om m it a fel on y in su ch pl ace i s g ui lt y

of a Cla ss F fel on y :

(a) An y bu il di ng or d well in g; or (b ) An e nc lo se d ra il ro ad car; or (c) An en cl os ed po rti on of a ny shi p o r ve ss el ; o r (d ) A lo ck ed en cl os ed carg o p or ti on of a tru ck or t rai le r; o r (e) A m ot or ho m e or ot he r m ot or iz ed type of ho m e or a tra il er ho m e, whe th er o r no t an y

pe rs on is li vi ng in su ch ho m e; or (f) A ro om

wit hi n a ny of th e ab ov e.

A. W it ho ut qu es ti on , § 94 3.1 0( 1m ), vi ewed as a who le

, en co m pa ss es a br oa de r

ran ge of co nd uc t t h a n g e n e r ic bu rg la ry as de fin ed in Tay lo r, su ch as bu rg la ry of

rai lro ad cars , sh ip s, tru ck s, an d m ot or ho m es

. Bu t vi ewin g su bs ect io ns (a) - (f) as a

who le

, we ag ree wit h th e Dis tri ct of Mi nn es ot a th at Sect io n (1 m ) is a di vi si bl e st at ut e,

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-in de ed

, “ a te xt bo ok ex am pl e of o n e wit h al te rn at iv e el em en ts .” Uni te d St at es v.

Jo ne s, 2 01 6 WL 41 86 92 9, at *3 (D. Min n. Au g. 8 , 20 16 ).

W e fin d su pp or t fo r th is co nc lu si on in W is co ns in pr eced en t an d pr act ic e.

Co ns is te nt wit h th e face o f t h e s ta tu te

, pr io r rep or te d de ci si on s al l refl ect th at

de fen da nt s were co nv ic te d of v io la ti ng a sp eci fic su bs ect io n of § 94 3.1 0( 1m ). See,

e.g ., And ers on v. St at e, 22 3 N.W .2d 87 9, 88 2 (Wis. 19 74 ) (s ub se ct io n (d ), lo ck ed

carg o tra il er of tru ck ); St at e v. Ch am pl ai n, 74 4 N.W .2d 88 9, 8 99 (Wis. App . 2 00 7)
(s ub se ct io n (a), bu il di ng ); St at e v. Cu rti s, 42 4 N.W .2d 71 9, 71 9- 20 (Wis. App

. 19 88 )
(s ub se ct io n (f), ro om in si de a dwe ll in g)

. Lik ewis e, ta ki ng th e pe rm it te d “ pe ek ” at th e

reco rd of Lam

b’s pr io r co nv ic ti on , we fin d th at he was ch arg ed wit h an d pl ead ed no

co nt es t to “ Bu rg la ry -Bu il di ng or Dwell in g , ” a v io la ti on of “ 94 3.1 0( 1m )(a) .”

W is co ns in ’s m od el bu rg la ry jury in st ru ct io ns rei nf or ce th is in te rp ret at io n, ex pl ai ni ng

th at “ [ t ]h e mo de l in st ru ct io n is dr aft ed fo r a cas e in vo lv in g en try in to a ‘bui ld in g.’

It m us t be m od ifi ed if en try in vo lv ed an y of th e ot he r pl aces li st ed in § 94 3.1 0( 1) (a)

th ro u g h (f).” W is

. J.I.- Cri m

. No. 14 21 n.2 (2 00 1)

. The Su pr em e Co ur t no te d in

Mat hi s th at “ an in di ct m en t an d jury in st ru ct io ns co ul d in di cat e , b y r e f eren ci ng on e

al te rn at iv e te rm t o t h e ex cl us io n of al l ot he rs , th at th e st at ut e co nt ai ns a li st of

el em en ts , each on e o f whi ch go es to ward a se pa rat e cri m e.” 1 36 S. Ct. at 22 57

.

In Mat hi s, th e Co ur t fo un d th at a Su pr em e Co ur t of Io wa de ci si on de fin it iv el y

res ol ve d th e el em en ts / mea n s is su e un de r st at e la w; th us , th e Co ur t de cl ared

, th e

qu es ti on “ is eas y in th is cas e.” 13 6 S. Ct

. at 22 56

. Here, we ha ve fo un d no de fin it iv e

Su pr em e Co ur t of W is co ns in de ci si on

. Howev er, th at Co ur t de ci de d in St at e v.
Bal dwi n, 30 4 N.W .2d 74 2, 74 7 (Wis. 19 81 ), su bs ect io n (a) of W is

. St at

. § 94 0.2 25 (2 )

“ di ffer s s ig ni fic an tl y

fro m th e o ffen se s des cri be d in pa rag rap hs (b ), (c), (d ) an d (e ),

vi ol at io n of each of whi ch al so co ns ti tu te s se co nd de gr ee se xu al as sa ul t.” Thi s is

st ro ng ev id en ce th e W is co ns in Su pr em e Co ur t wou ld co nc lu de th at un la wfu l en try

-5

-in to th e va rio us “ pl aces ” de sc rib ed in su bs ect io ns (a)- (f) of § 94 3.1 0( 1m ) are

el em en ts of d is ti nc t b ur gl ary of fen se s. 2

Fo r th es e reas on s, we co nc lu de th at su bs ect io ns (a)- (f) of § 94 3.1 0( 1m ) li st th e
lo cat io na l el em en ts of di v is ib le bu rg la ry of fen se s. The refo re, th e di st ric t co ur t

pr op erl y us ed th e m od ifi ed cat eg or ic al ap pr oa ch to de te rm in e th at Lam b’s pr io r

co nv ic ti on was fo r a v io la ti on of s ub se ct io n (a ), bu rg la ry of a bu il di ng or d well in g.

See Jo ne s, 20 16 W L 41 86 92 9, at *3 ; cf. Uni t e d St at es v. Gun dy, 84 2 F.3 d 11 56

, 11 66 -6 8 (1 1th Ci r. 2016 ) (G eo rg ia bur gla ry sta tut e’ s “ al te rn at iv e lo cat io na l el em en ts ”

are o ve rin cl us iv e an d d iv is ib le ).

B. On ap pe al

, Lam

b do es n ot arg ue th at th e va rio us su bs ect io ns of
§ 94 3

. 1 0 (1 m ) are in di vi si bl e. Rat he r, he arg ue s (i) th at su bs ect io n (a) it se lf is

in di vi si bl e; (ii ) th at su bs ect io n (a) is ov eri nc lu si v e b e c a u se “ dwe ll in g” can in cl ud e pl aces ot he r th an th os e en co m pa ss ed by ge ne ric bu rg la ry ; an d (ii i) th at Des cam ps an d

Mat hi s pr ecl ud e us e of th e m od ifi ed cat eg or ic al ap pr oa ch to de te rm in e th a t h e w a s

co nv ic te d of ge ne ric bu rg la ry of a b u i l d i ng , rat he r th an no n- ge ne ric bu rg la ry of a
dwe ll in g. In ou r pr io r op in io n, we as su m ed th at su bs ect io n (a) is ov eri nc lu si ve an d

ap pl ie d th e m od ifi ed cat eg or ic al ap pr oa ch to de te rm in e th at Lam b was co nv ic te d of

ge ne ric bu rg la ry

. 63 8 F. App ’x at 57 7. Afte r Mat hi s , th at an al y si s is un so un d if

su bs ect io n (a ) is bo th ov eri nc lu si ve an d i nd iv is ib le

.

Co m pa re St at e v. Deran go , 61 3 N.W .2d 83 3, 83 9 (Wis. 20 00 ), whe re th e 2

Co ur t ru le d, wit ho ut ci ti ng Bal dwi n, th at W is

. S t a t. § 94 8.0 7 “ crea te s on e of fen se wit h m ul ti pl e m od es of co m

m is si on ” st at ed i n s i x di sc ret e su bp arag rap hs

. In

co ns tru in g th es e ot he r cri m in al st at ut es , th e Co ur t in Bal dwi n an d Deran go de al t wit h
th e im po rta nt bu t di st in ct is su e of jury un an im i t y. We k n o w of no rat io na l way to d e c id e whi ch of th es e st at e co ur t de ci si on s sh ou ld go ve rn th e el em en ts /m e a n s
qu e st io n th at co nt ro ls ACCA di vi si bi li ty in th is cas e. As Ju st ic e Breyer pr ed ic te d:

“ W ha t was on ce a si m

pl e m at te r [h as ] p r o d u c e [d ] a ti m e-co ns um in g le ga l ta ng le .”

Mat hi s, 1 36 S. Ct. at 22 64 (Bre y er, J ., di ss en ti ng ).

-6

-The Sev en th Ci rcu it rece nt ly co nc lu de d, aft er th e care fu l rev ie w of W is co ns in

la w req ui red by Mat hi s, “ th at su bs ect io n ( a ) l i s t s al te rn at iv e m ean s rat he r th an
el em en ts an d is th eref

or e in di vi si bl e.” Uni te d St at es v. Edwar ds

, 83 6 F.3 d 83 1, 83 8
(7 th Ci r. 20 16 ). Alt ho ug h th e is su e is n o t f r e e f r o m do ub t, we wil l de fer to th e

Sev en th Ci rcu it ’s gr eat er fam il ia rit y wit h Wi s co ns in la w an d as su m e wit ho ut

de ci di ng th at § 9 43 .10 (1 m )(a) is in di vi si bl e u nd er Ma th is

. 3

If su bs ect io n (a) is in di vi si bl e un de r Mat hi s, as th e Sev en th Ci rcu it co nc lu de d

in Edward s, we m

us t ap pl y th e cat eg or ic al ap pr oa ch to de te rm in e whe th er b ur gl ary

of a “ bu il di ng or dwe ll in g” is ge ne ric bu rg la ry as de fin ed in Tay lo r -- “ un la w f u l or

un pr iv il eg ed en try in to

, o r r e mai ni ng in

, a bu il di ng or st ru ct ur e , wit h in te nt to

co m m it a cri m e.” 49 5 U.S. at 59 9 (em ph as is ad de d)

. Lam

b arg ue s th at a co nv ic ti on

un de r su bs ect io n (a) do es no t fal l, cat eg o r i c a l ly, wit hi n th e de fin it io n of ge ne ric

bu rg la ry be cau se “ ‘dwell in g’ m ig ht en co m pa ss no n- ge ne ric pl aces su ch as ve hi cl es

or cu rti la ge .” The no ti on th at “ dwe ll in g” in § 9 43 .10 (1 m )(a) m ig ht be co ns tru ed to

in cl ud e ve hi cl es is co nt rary to th e st at ut e be cau se bu rg l a r y o f va rio us ve hi cl es is

en co m pa ss ed by the sep arat e cri m es en um erat ed in su bs ect io ns (b) , (d) an d (e ).

Lam b’s sp ecu la ti on th at bu rg la ry of a “ dwe ll in g” mig ht en co m pa ss bu rg la ry of

a no n- st ru ct ur al cu rti la ge is at od ds wit h th e Su pr em e Co ur t’s cat eg or ic al ap pr oa ch :

[T]o fin d th at a s ta te st at ut e crea te s a cri m e ou ts id e th e ge ne ric
de fin it io n o f a li st ed cri m e in a fed eral st at ut e req ui res m or e th an th e
ap pl ic at io n of le ga l im ag in at io n to a st at e st at ut e’s la ng ua ge

. It req ui res

a real is ti c pr ob ab il it y , no t a th eo ret ic al po ss ib il it y , th at th e St at e wou ld

ap pl y it s st at ut e to co nd uc t th at fal ls ou ts id e th e ge ne ric de fin it io n of a
cri m e.

Edwar ds wen t on to de ci de a di st in ct is su e un de r th e Sen te nc in g Gui de li ne s 3

care er o ffen de r pr ov is io ns th at is no t b efo re u s an d we d o n ot co ns id er.

-7

-Gon zal es v. Due na s- Alv arez , 5 49 U.S. 1 83 , 1 93 ( 2 0 0 7 )

, qu ot ed in Ja m es v. Uni te d

St at es , 55 0 U.S. 19 2, 20 8 (2 00 7)

. Lam b ha s ci te d no cas e, an d we ha ve fo un d no ne , th at ex te nd ed § 94 3.1 0( 1m )(a) to in cl ud e bu rg la ry of a dwe ll in g’s cu rti la ge

. Rat he r,

pr io r ACCA de ci si on s ha ve he ld th at a de fen da nt who vi ol at es th is su bs ect io n of th e

W is co ns in bu rg la ry st at ut e is co nv ic te d of “ ge ne ric bu rg la ry .” See Jo ne s, 20 16 W L

41 86 92 9, at *3 (s ub se ct io n (a) “ co rres po nd s wit h th e ‘bui ld in g or st ru ct ur e’ el em en t

of ge ne ric bu rg la ry ”); Uni te d St at es v. And ers on , 24 9 F. App ’x 33 7, 3 3 8 ( 5 t h Ci r.

20 07 ); Un it ed Sta te s v . Fran kl in , 19 96 W L 53 64 98 , at * 1 (7 th Cir . 19 96 ).

Sect io n 94 3.1 0( 1m ) is pa rt of th e Tres pa ss su bc ha p t e r of th e W is co ns in

St at ut es Cri m es Aga in st Pro pe rty ch ap te r. Alt ho ug h “ dwe ll in g ” i s no t de fin ed in
§ 94 3.1 0, t he ter m

is de fin ed in an ot he r se ct io n of thi s su bc ha pt er, ent it le d crim in al

tre sp as s to dwe ll in gs , as m ean in g “ a st ru ct ur e o r p ar t of a st ru ct ur e th at is us ed or

in te nd ed to be us ed as a ho m e or res id en ce.” W is

. St at

. § 94 3.1 4( 1) (em ph as is

a d d ed ). In § 94 3.1 0( 1m ), bu rg la ry of a dwe ll in g is li nk ed in su bs ect i o n ( a ) t o
bu rg la ry of a bu il di ng , a li nk ag e th at st ro ng ly su gg es ts th e wor d “ dwe ll in g” m ean s

a pa rti cu la r type or su bs et of a “ bu il di ng or ot he r st ru ct ur e, ” c o ns is te nt wit h th e

ex pr e s s d e fin it io n in § 94 3.1 4. As th e Sev en th Ci rcu it reas on ed in Edwar ds

, “ th e ph ras e ‘bui ld in g or dwe ll in g’ in su bs ect io n (a) is be s t u n d e rs to od as

. . . pr ov id in g

two ex am pl es of en cl os ed st ru ct ur es .” 83 6 F.3 d at 83 7. W e ag ree. The refo re, Lam b

was co nv ic te d o f ge ne ric bu rg la ry an d p ro pe rly sen te nc ed un de r th e ACCA.

The jud gm en t o f th e d is tri ct co ur t i s af fir m ed

.

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