DNA 6025F 

SHOTS 

SUGAR AND UNCLE 

The Final Tests of the 

BUSTER-JANGLE Series 

19 November-29 November 

1951 

United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests 

Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

Prepared by the Defense Nuclear Agency as Executive Agency 

for the Department of Defense 
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UNCLASSIFIED 

REPORTDOCUMENTATIONPAGE READ INSTRUCTIONS 

BEFORE FORM 

I. REPORT NUMBER 

DNA 6025F 

2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT’S CATALOG NUMBER 

1. TITLE Subtitle) 

SHOTS SUGAR UNCLE 

The Final Tests of the BUSTER-JANGLE Series 

19 November 29 November 1951 

5. TYPE OF REPORT PERIOD COVERED 

Technical Report 

6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 

JRH 2-816-03-423-00 

AUTHOR(a) 

Jean Ponton Jean Massie 

Stephen Rohrer 

Carl Maag 

8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(a) 

DNA 001-79-C-0473 

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 

JRB Associates 

8400 Drive 

McLean, Virginia 22102 

10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK

AREA WORK UNIT NUMBERS 

1. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 

Director 

12. REPORT DATE 

23 June 1982 

NUMBER OF PAGES 

132 

MONITO RING AGENCY NAME from Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of report) 

UNCLASSIFIED 

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DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of Report) 

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 

17. STATEMENT (of the entered In 20, from 

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

This work was sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under Code 

B350079464 For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. 

WORDS if by block number) 

Operation BUSTER-JANGLE Special Weapons Command Exercises Desert 

SUGAR Weapons Effects Test Unit Rock II and III 

UNCLE Weapons Development Test Radiation Exposure 

Nuclear Tests Unit 

Nevada Proving Ground 

by block number) 

This report describes the activities of DOD military and civilian personnel in 

the final two events of Operation BUSTER-JANGLE, Shots SUGAR and UNCLE, 

conducted on 19 November and 29 November 1951. DOD personnel participated in 

the scientific projects conducted by the test units and in Exercises Desert 

Rock II and III. Radiological safety criteria and procedures were established 

and implemented during Operation BUSTER-JANGLE to minimize participants' 

exposure to radiation. 

D D 1473 EDITION OF 65 IS OBSOLETE 

UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE Data Entered) 
’hen 

18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (continued) 

The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Lt. Col. H. L. Reese, USAF, 

under whom this work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research and 

editing contribution of numerous reviewers in the military services and 

other organizations in addition to those writers listed in block 7. 

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS 
PREFACE 

Between 1945 and 1962, the U.S. Government, through the 

Manhattan Engineer District and its successor, the Atomic Energy 

Commission (AEC), conducted 235 atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 

at sites in the United States and in the Atlantic and Pacific 

Oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 Department of Defense (DOD) 

participants, both military and civilian, were present at the 

tests. Of these, approximately 90,000 participated in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests conducted at the Nevada Proving 

Ground (NPG),* northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada. 

In 1977, 15 years after the last above-ground nuclear 

weapons test, the Center for Disease Control noted a possible 

leukemia cluster among a small group of soldiers present at Shot 

SMOKY, a weapons-related test of Operation PLUMBBOB, the Nevada 

test series conducted in 1957. Since that initial report by the 

Center for Disease Control, the Veterans Administration has 

received a number of claims for medical benefits from former 

military personnel who believe their health may have been 

affected by their participation in the weapons testing program. 

In late 1977, DOD began a study to provide data to both the 

Center for Disease Control and the Veterans Administration on 

potential exposures to ionizing radiation among the military and 

civilian participants in atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. 

DOD organized an effort to: 

Identify DOD personnel who had taken part in the 

atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 

*Renamed the Nevada Test Site in 1955. Some of the documents 

written during Operation BUSTER-JANGLE, however, refer to the

area as the NTS. 

**The Center for Disease Control is part of the U.S. Department 

of Health and Human Services (formerly the U.S. Department of

Health, Education, and Welfare). 
Determine the extent of the participants' exposure to

ionizing radiation 

Provide public disclosure of information concerning

participation by DOD personnel in the atmospheric nuclear

weapons tests. 

METHODS AND SOURCES USED TO PREPARE THIS VOLUME 

This report on Operation BUSTER-JANGLE is based on the 

military and technical documents associated with these atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. Many of the documents pertaining 

specifically to DOD participation at Shots SUGAR and UNCLE were 

found in the National Archives, the Defense Nuclear Agency 

Technical Library, and the Office of Air Force History. 

In most cases, the surviving historical documentation Of 

activities conducted at Shots SUGAR and UNCLE addresses test 

specifications and technical information, rather than personnel 

data. Moreover, the available documents sometimes have 

inconsistencies in vital facts, such as the number of DOD 

participants in a certain project at a given shot or their 

locations and assignments at a given time. When the documents 

indicated two different personnel numbers, the higher figure was 

used. 

For several of the Desert Rock exercises and test 

organization projects discussed in this volume, the only source 

documents available are the Sixth Army Desert Rock operation 

orders and the Test Director's schedule of events from "Operation 

Order l-51." These sources detail the plans developed by DOD and 

AEC personnel prior to Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. It is not known 

if all the addressed in the planning documents were 

conducted exactly as planned. Although some of the after-action 

documents summarize the projects performed during the series, 

they do not always supply shot-specific information. In the 

absence of shot-specific after-action reports, projects are 

described according to the way they were planned. The references 
indicate whether the description of activities is based on the 

schedule of events, operation orders, or after-action reports. 

This volume uses the titles and agency designations 

that appear in "Summary Report: Weapons Effects Tests, Operation 

JANGLE." Information on dates and yields of the detonations, 

fallout patterns, meteorological conditions, and cloud dimensions 

is taken from General Electric Company-TEMPO's Compilation of 

Local Fallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962, Extracted 

from DASA 1251, Volume 1, except in instances where more specific 

information is available elsewhere. 

ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT OF BUSTER-JANGLE SERIES REPORTS 

This volume details participation by DOD personnel in the 

final two events of Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. Two other publications address DOD activities during the series: 

Series volume: Operation BUSTER-JANGLE, 1951 

Multi-shot volume: Shots ABLE to EASY, the First 

Five Tests of the BUSTER-JANGLE 

Series. 

The volumes addressing the test events of Operation BUSTER-JANGLE 

are designed for use with one another. The series volume 

provides general information, such as a discussion of the 

historical background, organizational relationships, and 

radiological safety procedures. In addition, it addresses the 

overall objectives of the operation, describes the layout of the 

NPG, and contains a bibliography of all works consulted in the 

preparation of the three BUSTER-JANGLE reports. The multi-shot 

volumes combine shot-specific descriptions for the seven 

JANGLE nuclear events. These volumes contain bibliographies only 

of the sources referenced in each of the two texts. Descriptions 

of activities concerning any particular shot may be supplemented 

by the general radiological safety and organizational information 

contained in the series volume. 
Chapter 1 of this volume describes the physical setting and 

general characteristics of SUGAR and UNCLE and briefly introduces 

the Desert Rock exercises and the scientific activities in which 

DOD personnel participated. Chapter 2 addresses SUGAR, and 

chapter 3 addresses UNCLE. Each of these chapters describes the 

specific setting and characteristics of the one detonation, DOD 

personnel activities in the training and scientific projects, and 

the radiological protection procedures. 

The information in this report is supplemented by the 

Reference Manual: Background Materials for the Volumes. 

The manual summarizes information on radiation physics, radiation 

health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement techniques. 

It also contains a list of acronyms and a glossary of terms used 

in the DOD reports addressing test events in the continental 

United States. 

4 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PREFACE

PAGE 

......................... . 1 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

CHAPTER 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . 

1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

1.1 Department of Defense Participation in the Final

Two BUSTER-JANGLE Events . . . . . . . . . . . 10 

1.2 Test Organization Activities at the Final Two

BUSTER-JANGLE Events . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

1.3 Exercise Desert Rock II and III Activities at 

the Final Two BUSTER-JANGLE Events . . . . . . . . 16 

Shot SUGAR Synopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 

2 SHOT SUGAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 

2.1 Exercise Desert Rock II Operations . . . . . . 19 

2.1.1 Camp Desert Rock Personnel. 20 

2.1.2 Observer Activities 24 

2.1.3 Damage Effects Tests. 27 

2.2 Department of Defense Participation in Scientific 

and Support Activities at Shot SUGAR . . . . . . . 28 

2.2.1 Weapons Effects Tests . . . . . . . . . 31 

2.2.2 Weapons Development Tests . . . . . . . . 49 

2.2.3 Special Weapons Command Activities. 49 

2.3 Radiological Protection at Shot SUGAR. . . 

2.3.1 Desert Rock Radiological Protection

Activities. . . . . . . . . . 52 

2.3.2 Test Organization Radiological

Protection Activities . . . . . . . . . . . 53 

Shot UNCLE Synopsis. . . . . . . . . .•••••••• •• • 56 

3 SHOT UNCLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 

3.1 Exercise Desert Rock III Operations. . . . . . 57 

5 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

CHAPTER PAGE 

3.1.1 Camp Desert Rock Personnel. . . . . . . 59 

3.1.2 Observer Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

3.1.3 Damage Effects Tests. . . . . . . . 65 

3.2 Department of Defense Participation in Scientific 

and Support Activities at Shot UNCLE . . . . . 67 

3.2.1 Weapons Effects Tests . . . . . . . . . . 67 

3.2.2 Weapons Development Tests . . . . . . . . . 93 

3.2.3 Special Weapons Command Activities. . . 93 

3.3 Radiological Protection at Shot UNCLE. . . . . . 96 

3.3.1 Desert Rock Radiological Protection

Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 

3.3.2 Test Organization Radiological Protection

Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 

REFERENCE LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

FIGURE PAGE 

l-l Location of Shots SUGAR and UNCLE at the Nevada 

Proving Ground in Relation to Other Shots in the

BUSTER-JANGLE Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 

2-l Location of Display Areas, Foxholes, and

Observation Point for Exercise Desert Rock II 25 

2-2 Troops at the Observation Point Watching

Shot SUGAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 

2-3 Resurvey for Shot SUGAR, 20 November 1951, 

0700 Hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 

3-l Shot UNCLE, Detonated at 1200 Hours on 

29 November 1951. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 

3-2 Location of Display Areas, Foxholes, and

Observation Point for Exercise Desert Rock III. 63 

3-3 Troops at the Observation Point Watching 

Shot UNCLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 

3-4 6.2 Tank Decontamination. . . . . . . . . 89 

6 
 

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) 

FIGURE PAGE 

for Shot UNCLE, 30 November 1951, 

0700 Hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 

LIST OF TABLES 

TABLE PAGE 

l-l Summary of the Final Two Operation BUSTER-JANGLE

Events (1951) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

Support Units Attached to Camp Desert Rock,

Exercise Desert Rock II . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

2-2 Test Unit Shot SUGAR . . . . . . . . . . . 29 

Support Units Attached to Camp Desert Rock, Exercise

Desert Rock III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 

3-2 Test Unit Projects, Shot UNCLE. . . . . . . . . . . . 68 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 

The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in this volume: 

AEC Atomic Energy Commission 

AFB Air Force Base 

AFSWP Armed Forces Special Weapons Project

BJY BUSTER-JANGLE Y 

DOD Department of Defense

IBDA Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment 

LASL Los Scientific Laboratory 

NPG Nevada Proving Ground 

R/h Roentgens per hour 

swc Special Weapons Command

UTM Universal Transverse Mercator 
CHAPTER 1 

INTRODUCTION 

Shots SUGAR and UNCLE were tests of nuclear devices 

conducted on 19 and 29 November 1951 at the Nevada Proving 

Ground, the continental nuclear test site located northwest of 

Las Vegas. The shots were the final two detonations of Operation 

BUSTER-JANGLE, the atmospheric nuclear weapons test series 

performed from 22 October to 29 November 1951. 

The two nuclear devices were developed and built for the 

Atomic Energy Commission by the Los Scientific Laboratory 

an AEC nuclear weapons development laboratory. As 

weapons effects tests, they were part of the JANGLE phase of 

Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. Shots SUGAR and UNCLE provided the 

first experimental data on the military effects of surface and 

underground nuclear detonations. Projects were conducted during 

JANGLE to determine the 

Response of structures to nuclear bursts 

Gamma radiation versus time and distance 

Residual contamination from surface and underground

bursts. 

Two test units, the Weapons Effects Test Unit and the 

Weapons Development Test Unit, conducted the scientific 

experiments at SUGAR and UNCLE. The Weapons Effects Test Unit, 

supervised by the Air Force Special Weapons Command (SWC), 

fielded projects to evaluate the utility of the two nuclear 

devices for military application. The Weapons Development Test 

Unit, consisting of scientists from the Los Scientific 

*All sources cited in the text are listed alphabetically and 

numbered in the Reference List at the end of this volume. 
Laboratory, from Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Inc., and 

from the Sandia Corporation, performed diagnostic tests of the 

nuclear devices by measuring characteristics of the detonation. 

The Air Force Special Weapons Command, located at Kirtland 

Air Force Base (AFB) in Albuquerque, New Mexico, provided 

sampling missions, courier flights, cloud-tracking missions, and 

aerial surveys for SUGAR and UNCLE. It also played a major 

administrative role in the weapons effects testing. 

Table summarizes the JANGLE shots, including such 

information as the UTM* coordinates of the points of detonation 

and the heights of burst. Figure l-l displays a 1951 map of the 

Nevada Proving Ground, with the positions of the BUSTER-JANGLE 

tests. 

1.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN THE FINAL TWO 

BUSTER-JANGLE EVENTS 

A test organization was established to plan, coordinate, and 

conduct atmospheric nuclear weapons tests during Operation 

BUSTER-JANGLE. Consisting of personnel from the Atomic Energy 

Commission and the Department of Defense, the test organization 

also included representatives of the Special Weapons Command and 

various contractors. The numerous scientific and diagnostic 

projects conducted at the final two BUSTER-JANGLE events were 

fielded by the two test units. Other activities were conducted 

as part of the military training programs associated with 

Exercises Desert Rock II and III. These activities, planned and 

*Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in this 

report. The first three digits refer to a point on an east-west

axis, and the second three refer to a point on a north-south 

axis. The point so designated is the southwest corner of an

area 100 meters square. 

10 
Table l-l: SUMMARY OF THE FINAL OPERATION 

BUSTER-JANGLE EVENTS 
--

-UNCLE 

-SUGAR N 

-EASY 

BAKER, CHARLIE, 

-DO G 

-ABL E 

Yucca Flat 

Control 

Pant 

Mercury 0

Camp Deser 

Kilometers Rock 

Figure l-l: LOCATION OF SHOTS SUGAR AND UNCLE AT THE NEVADA PROVING 

GROUND IN RELATION TO OTHER SHOTS IN THE BUSTER-JANGLE SERIES 
conducted by the armed services, were reviewed and approved by 

the Test Manager to ensure coordination with the test 

organization. 

Department of Defense personnel present at the Nevada 

Proving Ground during Operation BUSTER-JANGLE participated in 

three general types of activities: military training programs, 

support and staff duties, and test assistance and involvement. 

Training activities involving DOD personnel were conducted 

under the Exercise Desert Rock II and III programs. These 

activities included an orientation and indoctrination program, 

highlighted by the observation of the nuclear burst. The 

ties also included weapons effects tests. 

Some DOD personnel provided support to the test 

organization. Others were assigned to the Camp Desert Rock 

support elements. Soldiers of the III Corps Radiological Safety 

Unit served as radiological safety monitors for Exercise Desert 

Rock II and III participants. They were assisted by test 

organization monitors, including both military and civilian 

personnel. Soldiers from various Army units maintained and 

operated Camp Desert Rock, an installation of the U.S. Sixth 

Army. During Desert Rock I, 2,500 men had performed these 

duties. However, the support force was reduced for Exercises 

Desert Rock II and III, since there were fewer Desert Rock 

participants. These soldiers provided essential support, such as 

food service and housing, as well as transportation, communications, construction, and security services. Some of these Desert 

Rock support troops worked in the forward areas of the Nevada 

Proving Ground to construct observer trenches, lay communication 

lines, provide transportation, and assist in other preparations 

for Desert Rock activities. Many of the Camp Desert Rock 

personnel observed at least one detonation during Operation 

13 
BUSTER-JANGLE, and some were called upon to perform support or 

staff duties in the test areas during the nuclear detonations. 

In the area of test assistance and participation, personnel 

from DOD agencies and all four armed services fielded the 

military effects projects conducted by the Weapons Effects Test 

Unit and supported performed by the Weapons Development 

Test Unit. Participants in test unit projects generally placed 

data-collection instruments around ground zero in the weeks 

before the scheduled detonation. They returned to recover the 

equipment after the detonation, when the Test Manager determined 

that the radiological environment in the shot area would permit 

limited access. During a nuclear detonation, project personnel 

were generally positioned at designated observer locations or 

were operating equipment or aircraft. About 750 DOD personnel 

from units and groups of the test organization participated in or 

supported field operations at Shots SUGAR and UNCLE. 

An estimated 500 SWC personnel provided air support to the 

Test Manager and various test unit projects. During Operation 

BUSTER-JANGLE, SWC consisted of units of the 4925th Test Group 

(Atomic) and the 4901st Support Wing (Atomic). The 4925th Test 

Group operated out of Indian Springs AFB, 30 kilometers* 

Camp Mercury, while the 4901st Support Wing operated out of 

Kirtland AFB. 

1.2 TEST ORGANIZATION ACTIVITIES AT THE FINAL TWO 

BUSTER-JANGLE EVENTS 

The Weapons Effects Test Unit and the Weapons Development 

Test Unit conducted scientific and diagnostic projects at Shots 

*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metric

units. The metric conversion factors include: 1 foot = 0.30 

meters; 1 yard = 0.91 meters; 1 mile = 1.6 kilometers. Altitudes and other vertical heights are given in feet. 

14 
SUGAR and UNCLE. Department of Defense participants in these 

projects followed radiological protection procedures established 

by the AEC. These procedures, which are described in the 

Operation BUSTER-JANGLE volume, were designed to minimize 

exposure to ionizing radiation. Except for SWC sampling pilots, 

participants were to receive no more than 3 roentgens during the 

entire operation. Sampling pilots were authorized to receive up 

to 3.9 roentgens during the operation. To implement these 

criteria, the test organization Radiological Health and Safety 

Group controlled access to radiation areas, and project personnel 

recovering test instruments from these areas were accompanied by 

radiological safety monitors. The monitors, who measured 

radiation intensities in the recovery area, recommended that 

recovery operations cease if intensities were too great or the 

length of time spent by participants in the areas was too long. 

To monitor cumulative exposures, most project personnel were 

issued film badges and pocket dosimeters. These film badges and 

dosimeters were collected, developed, and evaluated at regular 

intervals, and any individual whose cumulative exposure 

approached or exceeded the established limits was barred from 

further participation in project activities conducted in the 

forward area. Personnel decontamination procedures were implemented, and emergency evacuation plans were prepared for both 

test events. 

Complete decontamination, including showers and changes into 

clean clothing, was required of cloud-sampling personnel following each project mission, regardless of the exposure received on 

the flight. Other aircrew members underwent decontamination 

procedures as necessary. Aircraft were either decontaminated by 

washing or were isolated until radiation intensities decayed to 

predetermined levels (33). 
1.3 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK II AND III ACTIVITIES AT THE FINAL TWO 

BUSTER-JANGLE EVENTS 

Many of the DOD personnel involved in Shots SUGAR and 

UNCLE were participants in Exercises Desert Rock II and III, 

respectively. The Desert Rock exercises were part of the Armed 

Forces' newly instituted program to train personnel in the use 

and effects of nuclear weapons and to test battlefield doctrine 

and tactics. 

DOD personnel participated at the shots in two Desert Rock 

programs: 

The observer activities, which involved witnessing a

nuclear detonation 

Evaluation of the effects of the nuclear device on 

military equipment and field fortifications. 

The Camp Desert Rock troops provided support, including 

radiological safety monitoring, for these activities (37; 61). 

Radiation protection procedures of Exercises Desert Rock II 

and III, like those of the test organization, are detailed in the 

Operation BUSTER-JANGLE volume. Camp Desert Rock personnel and 

exercise participants were limited to no more than 3 roentgens of 

exposure during Exercises Desert Rock II and III. The radiation 

protection procedures of Exercise Desert Rock included provisions 

for (37; 61): 

Maintaining minimum safe distances from the nuclear

detonations 

Controlling access to radiation areas 

• Film-badging Desert Rock personnel 

Monitoring individuals working in radiation areas 

Monitoring the cumulative doses of Desert Rock

personnel 

16 
Decontaminating personnel and equipment 

• Establishing emergency evacuation plans. 

These procedures were intended to minimize exposure while still 

allowing Desert Rock personnel to accomplish their missions. 

17 
Purpose of Test: 

DOD Objective: 

Weather: 

Radiation Data: 

Participants: 

SHOT SUGAR SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: BUSTER-JANGLE 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock II 

DATE/TIME:

YIELD: 

19 November 1951, 0900 hours 

1.2 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 3.5 feet (near ground surface) 

(1) Determine the militarily useful effects

of surface nuclear detonations 

(2) Evaluate equipment and techniques 

developed for military operations using

nuclear weapons. 

To evaluate the utility of the nuclear device

for military application; to instruct DOD

personnel in the effects of a nuclear

detonation. 

At shot-time, the temperature was the 

relative humidity was 47 percent, and the

pressure was 872 millibars. The winds were 

two knots from the south at surface level, 32 

knots from the south-southwest at 10,000 feet, 

and 40 knots from the south-southwest at 

14,000 feet. 

fallout was relatively heavy north of 

ground zero. Twenty-two hours after the shot,

radiation intensities ranging from 1 R/h* to

0.01 R/h stretched 6.3 kilometers north of

ground zero, covering an area of about 25

square kilometers. 

Los Scientific Laboratory; Exercise

Desert Rock II troops; Naval Ordnance 

Laboratory; Air Force Cambridge Research 

Center; Air Weather Service; Headquarters, Air

Force; Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories;

Air Research and Development Command; Naval

Radiological Defense Laboratory; Engineer 

Research and Development Laboratories; Naval

Medical Research Institute; Army Chemical

Center; Special Weapons Command; Wright Air

Development Center; Ballistics Research 

Laboratories; contractors. 

*Roentgen per hour 

18 
CHAPTER 2 

SHOT SUGAR 

Shot SUGAR, the sixth nuclear test of Operation BUSTERJANGLE, was detonated with a yield of 1.2 kilotons at 0900 hours 

Pacific Standard Time on 19 November 1951. The SUGAR device was 

detonated 3.5 feet above the ground in Area 9 of Yucca Flat, UTM 

coordinates 854097. The Los Scientific Laboratory 

developed the SUGAR device, and the Department of Defense 

sponsored the shot. The bottom of the Shot SUGAR cloud reached 

an altitude of 11,000 feet, while the top rose to 15,000 feet.* 

The cloud drifted north-northeast from the point of detonation. 

fallout was relatively heavy north of ground zero. 

fallout occurred to the north (27). 

Shot SUGAR was a weapons effects test, the first of the 

JANGLE phase of Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. The main purpose of the 

JANGLE tests was to determine the militarily useful effects of 

surface and underground nuclear detonations. Another objective 

was to evaluate equipment and techniques developed for military 

operations using nuclear weapons (4). 

2.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK II OPERATIONS 

Exercise Desert Rock II operations involved an unknown 

number of observers and an estimated 50 evaluation team personnel 

at Shot SUGAR. About 50 additional Camp Desert Rock troops, 

whose activities are discussed in the first part of this section, 

*Throughout this report, altitudes are measured from mean sea 

level, unless otherwise noted. Yucca Flat, where the BUSTERJANGLE tests were conducted, is approximately 4,000 feet above

mean sea level. 

19 
provided radiological safety, instruction, transportation, 

communications, and medical functions for Desert Rock activities 

in the forward area (37). 

2.1.1 Camp Desert Rock personnel 

Table 2-1 identifies the service units of Camp Desert Rock 

troops (37). A minus in a designation indicates that the 

unit was not fully represented. A plus indicates that the 

unit was augmented with personnel from other units. 

Camp Desert Rock personnel participating in Desert Rock 

activities gave administrative, logistical, and operational 

assistance to the observers and evaluation teams. In performing 

these duties, approximately 50 personnel sometimes entered the 

forward area. Three units particularly involved in shot-day 

operations were the Control Group, the Radiological Safety Unit, 

and the Advisory Group. 

The Control Group, composed of members of the Camp Desert 

Rock staff sections, along with military police and signal 

personnel, accompanied the troops into the forward area. This 

group's duties were to supervise Desert Rock operations and to 

maintain contact with the Exercise Director. 

The Radiological Safety Unit, directed by the Desert Rock 

Chemical Officer, implemented radiological safety criteria under 

the supervision of test organization personnel. Its duties 

included (37): 

Issuing and collecting film badges 

Providing radiological safety monitors to supplement

test organization monitors 

Conducting radiological surveys after the initial

test organization survey 

Accompanying observers and evaluation teams on their

inspections of the equipment displays 

20 
Table 2-1: SUPPORT UNITS ATTACHED TO CAMP DESERT ROCK,

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK II 

UNIT 

Headquarters 

Headquarters and Headquarters

Battery, III Corps Artillery 

Engineer 

Engineer Combat Battalion 

359th Engineer Utility Detachment 

90th Engineer Water Supply 

Company 

Detachment, 597th Light Equipment 

Company 

Detachment, 705th 

Engineer Field Maintenance

Company 

Transportation 

4th Transportation Truck Company 

Detachment, 92nd Transportation 

Car Company 

Detachment, 562nd Transportation

Staging Area Company 

Military Police 

Company "A," 505th Military 

Police Battalion 

Company 505th Military

Police Battalion 

HOME STATION 

Fort Lewis, Washington 

Fort Lewis 

Camp Cooke, California 

Fort Lewis 

Fort Huachuca, Arizona 

Fort Huachuca 

Camp Stoneman, California 

Camp Roberts, California 

Camp 

Camp Roberts 

Camp Roberts 

21 
Table 2-l: SUPPORT UNITS ATTACHED TO CAMP DESERT ROCK, 

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK II (Continued) 

UNIT HOME STATION 

Signal 

Detachment, Headquarters and Camp Cooke 

Headquarters Company, 303rd

Signal Service Battalion 

Detachment, Headquarters and Camp Cooke 

Headquarters Company,

Company 314th Signal Service 

Battalion 

Detachment, 504th Signal Base Sacramento Signal Depot, 

Maintenance Company California 

Medical 

94th Veterinary Food Inspection Fort Lewis 

Detachment 

Ordnance 

Headquarters and Headquarters Camp Cooke 

Detachment, 393rd Ordnance 

Battalion 

161st Ordnance Depot Company Camp Cooke 

3623rd Ordnance Company Camp Cooke 

Quartermaster 

Detachment, 523rd Quartermaster Utah General Depot 

Subsistence Depot Company 

Detachment, Headquarters and Utah General Depot 

Headquarters Company, 53rd

Quartermaster Base Depot

Company 

Detachment, 539th Quartermaster Fort Lewis 

Laundry Company 

22 
Table 2-1: SUPPORT UNITS ATTACHED TO CAMP DESERT ROCK,

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK II (Continued) 

UNIT HOME STATION 

621st Quartermaster Service 

Company 

Fort Lewis 

Adiutant General 

806th Army Postal Unit Fort Lewis 

Establishing decontamination stations and

procedures. 

The Advisory Group, consisting of three officers from the 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), was assigned to 

Camp Desert Rock on a temporary basis to provide technical 

assistance and advice to Desert Rock personnel. Before the shot, 

the Advisory Group instructed observers in nuclear weapons and 

their effects. After the detonation, the group briefed the 

participants as they toured the equipment displays. In addition, 

the group assisted the evaluation teams in assessing and then 

preparing reports on the effects of the detonation on the 

displays. 

Besides the Control Group, the Radiological Safety Unit, and 

the Advisory Group, several other Desert Rock support elements 

engaged in activities before shot-day and on the day of 

detonation. From 12 through 14 November, members of the 

Engineer Combat Battalion constructed field fortifications in the 

display areas. On shot-day, transportation personnel conveyed 

observers to a location nine kilometers south of ground zero, 

where they witnessed the detonation. In the days after the 

detonation, transportation personnel conveyed the observers and 

evaluation teams into the forward area to inspect the displays. 

23 
Military police provided traffic control in Camp Desert Rock and 

in the forward area during the rehearsals conducted before 

day and during the activities on the day of detonation and on the 

following days. Signal Corps personnel established wire and 

radio communications within the forward area, as well as at Camp 

Desert Rock (37). 

2.1.2 Observer Activities 

All observers were from the Army. They took part in 

orientation and training activities before the event. In the 

days immediately preceding the detonation, instructors from the 

Advisory Group used films and lectures to brief the observers on 

the characteristics of a nuclear detonation and the procedures to 

follow during a nuclear test. 

At approximately 0630 hours on 19 November, the observers 

left Camp Desert Rock in a bus convoy for the observer location, 

nine kilometers south of ground zero. They arrived at the 

observation point, indicated in figure 2-1, at about 0815 hours. 

Advisory Group instructors then conducted a brief preshot 

orientation. Shortly before the shot, the instructors directed 

the observers to sit on the ground with their backs toward ground 

zero (37). 

After the initial flash of light from the detonation, which 

occurred at 0900 hours, the instructors directed observers to 

turn and view the fireball and cloud. Figure 2-2 shows the 

troops at the observation point watching Shot SUGAR. At about 

0915, the observers began the return trip to Camp Desert Rock 

(37). 

At least one day after the shot, the observers returned to 

tour the display areas in a bus convoy. Signal Corps personnel 

24 
BJY 

1 Kilometer 

Observation 

Point 

J 

Figure 2-l: LOCATION OF DISPLAY AREAS, FOXHOLES, AND OBSERVATION 

POINT FOR EXERCISE DESERT ROCK II 

2 5 

issued a film badge to each observer entering a bus. A radiological safety monitor from the Chemical Section accompanied each 

of observers (37). 

The six display areas were 90 to 910 meters south of ground 

zero, as shown in figure 2-l. Two rows of two-man foxholes were 

interspersed among the display areas. In addition, 27 test 

animals had been placed along arcs 760, 1,530, and 2,440 meters 

northeast of ground zero. These animals were also used in 

Project 2.7 (37; 64). 

Personnel remained on the buses as they traveled through the 

display areas. During the tour, Advisory Group instructors 

briefed the observers concerning the effects of the detonation on 

military equipment and field fortifications (37). 

2.1.3 Damage Effects Tests 

Five evaluation teams studied the effects of the SUGAR 

detonation on military equipment and foxholes. Teams came from 

each of the following Camp Desert Rock sections: Chemical, 

Signal, Engineer, Ordnance, and Quartermaster. Each team was 

responsible for constructing equipment displays in the display 

area shown in figure 2-1, for recovering test equipment after the 

detonation, and for preparing a report of its findings (37). 

For about a week before the detonation, the teams constructed their displays, with the assistance of the 231st 

Engineer Combat Battalion. In addition, they instrumented 

foxholes with film badges to indicate the radiation exposure 

personnel could have received had they been in these 

fortifications during the detonation (37). 

The Officer in Charge, Effects Tests, posted a guard at each 

display position at 1600 hours two days before the shot. The 

27 
guards were to keep unauthorized personnel out of the shot area 

and to see that no equipment or material was moved without the 

authority of the Officer in Charge. Personnel from Desert Rock 

S-3, Operations, relieved the guards during the night before the 

detonation or on shot-day. After the day of detonation, the 

guards returned to the display positions, where they remained 

until relieved by the Officer in Charge (37). 

Within five days after the shot, the teams had evaluated the 

damage to the equipment and fortifications in the display area. 

A radiological monitor accompanied each team to prevent personnel 

from entering any area with radiation intensities considered 

hazardous. The 231st Engineer Combat Battalion, which had 

constructed the foxholes, recovered materials placed in the 

foxholes, removed equipment, and backfilled any holes in the 

areas (37). 

In preparing their reports, the teams received technical 

information from the Advisory Group. The LASL Graphic Arts Group 

provided photographs of the weapons effects tests for the 

reports (37). 

2.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND 

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT SUGAR 

Department of Defense personnel took part in scientific 

projects conducted at Shot SUGAR by the Weapons Effects Test Unit 

and the Weapons Development Test Unit. Table 2-2 lists these 

projects by number and title and identifies the fielding organizations. In addition to direct participation in test unit 

projects, the DOD provided support to the test units and the Test 

Manager. These activities involved about 550 DOD project personnel, 450 SWC air and ground personnel, and perhaps an additional 

100 DOD personnel working for various units coordinated by the 

test organization. 

28 
 

 

 

Table 2-2: TEST UNIT PROJECTS, SHOT SUGAR 

Project Title Participants 

Weapons Effects Tests 

1.1 Ground Acceleration Measurement Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

1 Peak Air Blast Pressures from Shock Velocity 

Measurements 

Ballistics Research Laboratories 

Transient Ground Mechanical Effects from HE 

and Nuclear Explosions 

Ballistics Research Laboratories 

Free Air Shock Times Brookhaven Laboratory 

Peak Pressure versus Distance in Free Air 

Smoke and Rocket Photography 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

The Measurement of Free Blast 

Pressures 

Air Force Research Center: 

6531st Test Squadron 

1.4 Free Pressure Measurements Sandia Corporation 

Ground Measurement Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

1.6 Earth Displacement (Shear Shafts) River Laboratones, 

Chief of Enyineers 

1.7 Ground Acceleration (Shock Pins) Massachusetts of Technology. 

Office, Chief of Engineers 

Weather Service in 

Operation JANGLE 

2060th Weather Squadron 

Gamma as a Function of Time and 

Distance 

Evans Signal Laboratory, National 

Bureau of Standards 

Gamma as a Function of Time with 

Droppable Telemeters 

Naval Air Development Center 

Survey of Distant Headquarters, Air Force 

Survey of Local Contaminated Bureau of Research and 

Development Command; Development 

Center 

Monitor Survey of Ground Contamination Naval Defense Laboratory, 

Health and Group of LASL, AFSWP 

2.3-l Total Gamma Dosage Evans Laboratory 

2.3-2 Foxhole of Gamma Radiation Engineer Research and Development Laboratories 

Beta-ray and Gamma-ray Energy of Naval Defense Laboratory 

Gamma Depth Dose Measurement in Naval Research 

Gamma Ray Spectrum Measurements of Brookhaven Laboratory 

Army Chemical Center 

Fallout Particle Studies Naval Defense Laboratory 

of Large Particles Army Medical Service Graduate School 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 2-2: TEST UNIT PROJECTS, SHOT SUGAR (CONTINUED) 

Project Title Participants 

Weapons Effects Tests (Continued) 

2 6a 

2 1 

2 2 

2 3 

2 7 

2 8 

4 1 

4 la 

4 la 2 

4 2 

6 1 

6 2 

63 1 

63 2 

6 7 

6 8 

la 

lb 

7 2 

7 3 

Controlled 

Nature and of Residual 

Nature and of II 

for Remote Ground 

from Inhalation 

of Test and Fallout 

Photography 

Ground Photography Operation 

Photographic 

Effects of Underground surface 

Detonated Bombs and Influence of 

on Crater 

of 

Protection and of Land Targets 

and Vehicles 

of Mllltary lndwdual and 

and 

of Hazards 

Vehicular a 

Area 

Clothing and Evaluation of Laundry 

Methods 

of U S Army Water Supply 

and 

Transport of 

and PhysIcal Analysis of 

Bomb Debris 

Waves from A Bombs Detonated over a Land 

Mass 

Low frequency Sound from the Atomic 

BUSTER and JANGLE 

Evans Signal Laboratory; Signal 

Laboratory 

of Health, Health 

Naval Defense Laboratory; 

Evans Signal Laboratory 

National Institutes of Health; Public Health 

Service 

of Health 

Department of 

Development Center 

Development Center 

Development Center 

Naval Research and 

Laboratory 

Evans Laboratory. of 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; Engineer 

Research and Development Laboratories; 

Army Chemical Center: Office, Chief of Engineers 

Army Center 

Ballistics Research Laboratories; Army Field Forces 

Board Number 2 Test Team, Center 

9135th Test Support Unit; Office of the Quartermaster 

General; Evans Signal Laboratory 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories 

Headquarters, Air Force; Air Weather Service 

Headquarters. Air Force; 4925th Test Group 

1009th Weapons Squadron; Naval Ordnance 

Laboratory. Development Center, Coast 

Survey 

Naval Electronics Laboratory; Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories; National Bureau of Standards 

10 4 

Weapons Development Tests 

Results Los Laboratory 
2.2.1 Weapons Effects Tests 

The Weapons Effects Test Unit conducted a number of projects 

at Shot SUGAR, as indicated in table 2-2. Project participants 

spent several weeks before the detonation placing and calibrating 

various types of instruments and gauges. 

Project 1.1, Ground Acceleration Measurement, was conducted 

by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. The principal objective was to 

study the characteristics of ground acceleration resulting from 

a surface detonation. Project participants placed accelerometers 

and pressure guages at an estimated 16 stations located 90 to 930 

meters south-southwest of the SUGAR ground zero. Four hours 

before the detonation, personnel left the shot area after 

charging batteries in a recording station 2,480 meters 

southwest of ground zero. They recovered records from the 

station after the detonation (50; 55). 

Project Peak Air Blast Pressures from Shock Velocity 

Measurements, was conducted by the Ballistics Research Laboratories. The objective was to study effects in relation 

to ground shock effects. Four participants and a monitor were to 

begin recovering gauges from 12 stations 90 to 910 meters south 

of ground zero at 0730 hours on the day after the detonation 

(19; 55). 

Project Transient Ground Mechanical Effects from HE 

[High Explosives] and Nuclear Explosions, was conducted by the 

Ballistics Research Laboratories. The objective was to measure 

ground shock phenomena. The same four participants and monitor 

who performed Project were to begin recovering gauges from 

12 stations 90 to 910 meters south of ground zero at 0730 hours 

on the day after the detonation (3; 55). 

Project Free Air Shock Arrival Times, was conducted by 

Brookhaven National Laboratory. The objective was to measure the 

31 
time of arrival of the blast wave in free air resulting from a 

surface detonation. Project personnel took measurements with 

pressure gauges suspended from balloons (59). 

Sixteen hours before the detonation, participants placed a 

timing unit, used to start a pressure recording system, near the 

SUGAR device. Six hours before the detonation, four project 

participants and seven workers began suspending gauges from 

balloons at a station 910 meters south of ground zero. One 

participant arrived an hour later at a telemetry station 13 kilometers south of ground zero. Two hours and 15 minutes before the 

detonation, the four project participants at the station 910 

meters south of ground zero proceeded toward the telemetry 

station and the seven workers left the shot area. Participants 

left the telemetry station two hours after the detonation to 

analyze the data obtained from the stations (55; 59). 

Project Peak Pressure versus Distance in Free Air 

Using Smoke and Rocket Photography, was conducted by the Naval 

Ordnance Laboratory. The objective was to determine the peak 

overpressure along the ground and in the air above a surface 

detonation. Project personnel used high-speed photographs of 

smoke rocket trail distortions to measure blast pressures. 

Fourteen hours before the detonation, participants placed smoke 

rocket launchers at various locations in the shot area. They 

positioned the cameras 4,570 meters from ground zero (52; 55). 

Project The Measurement of Free Air Atomic Blast 

Pressures, was conducted by the Air Force Cambridge Research 

Center and the 6531st Flight Test Squadron of the Rome Air 

Development Center. The objective was to measure free-air blast 

pressures using instrumented canisters deployed from aircraft. 

Two B-29 aircraft, provided by the 6531st Flight Test Squadron 

and having a crew of ten each, dropped eight canisters. One B-29 

flew at an altitude of 15,800 feet and the other at an altitude 

32 
of 35,800 feet. On the ground, radar guided the two B-29s to the 

proper drop point, a telemetry station received pressure data 

from the canisters, and a tracking system monitored the location 

of the canisters (32). 

The following'activities took place seven hours before the 

detonation (55): 

Ten project participants arrived at the radar 

station, about 13 kilometers south of ground zero.

They remained there through shot-time. 

Two participants arrived at the Control Point

weather office to furnish weather information. 

Eight participants arrived at the Program 1

telemetry station, 13 kilometers south of ground 

zero. 

Two participants arrived at tracking station 1,

eight kilometers southwest of ground zero. 

One participant arrived at tracking station 2, about

nine kilometers west of ground zero. 

Four participants arrived at tracking stations 5

and 6, at unspecified distances from ground zero.* 

An hour later, two participants arrived at tracking station 3, 

about eight kilometers southeast of ground zero. Four hours 

before the detonation, some of the participants arrived at the 

radar station. An hour later, another participant arrived at 

tracking station 2, and two additional persons arrived at station 

1 after having started the equipment at station 4, about three 

kilometers south of ground zero. Thirty minutes after the shot, 

personnel left tracking station 3 and the radar station. 

Forty-five minutes after the detonation, personnel left the other 

stations (32; 55). 

*Stations 5 and 6 are mentioned in the AEC operation order (55)

but not in the Project weapons test report (32). These 

stations may not have been functioning during the actual test. 

33 
Project 1.4, Free Air Pressure Measurements, was conducted 

by Sandia Corporation. The objective was to record blast 

pressures at ground-level stations for a surface detonation. 

Project participants placed gauges around ground zero before the 

detonation. Two hours before the shot, two participants arrived 

at the Program 1 station 13 kilometers south of ground zero. 

After the declaration of recovery hour, four participants and a 

monitor retrieved blast records 520 to 1,280 meters from ground 

zero (39; 55). 

Project Transient Ground Displacement Measurement, was 

conducted by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. The objective was to 

measure the transient ground displacement caused by a surface 

detonation and to correlate this displacement with ground 

acceleration and damage to structures. Before the shot, project 

personnel placed markers in the ground at ten stations 90 to 580 

meters south of ground zero. In addition, they oriented a camera 

station, located 1,530 meters east of ground zero, toward the 

markers. During the detonation, the camera filmed the markers' 

movement resulting from the shot. Participants retrieved the 

film and measured marker displacement after the area was opened 

for recovery operations (51; 55). 

Project 1.6, Earth Displacement (Shear Shafts), was 

conducted by the Ohio River Division Laboratories and the Office, 

Chief of Engineers. The objective was to determine the limits 

and amounts of permanent displacement in areas surrounding 

craters caused by a surface detonation. Project participants 

installed instruments in a series of deep shafts 230 meters east 

and west and 300 meters south of ground zero. Several weeks 

later, they retrieved the data to determine permanent earth 

displacement (56). 

Project 1.7, Ground Acceleration (Shock Pins), was conducted 

by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for the Office, 

34 
Chief of Engineers. The objective was to determine if shock pins 

would furnish reliable data regarding magnitude of ground shock 

associated with a nuclear detonation. Before the detonation, 

project personnel installed metal shock pins two feet into the 

ground at stations about 190 to 380 meters east and west of 

ground zero and 170 to 560 meters south of ground zero. 

Participants reentered the shot area after the declaration of 

recovery hour to examine the exterior of each shock pin station. 

Excavating crews later uncovered the shelters, enabling project 

personnel to photograph the positions of the shock pins (30; 55). 

Project Air Weather Service Participation in 

Operation JANGLE, was conducted by the 2060th Mobile Weather 

Squadron of the Air Weather Service. The activity was a 

continuation of Project 8.2, Air Weather Service Participation in 

Operation BUSTER. The like that of Project 8.2, was 

to gather and report weather information before the detonation, 

including data on wind conditions, temperature, and humidity. 

Project personnel worked from a weather station at the Control 

Point and from outlying stations at Tonopah, Warm Springs, 

Currant, Pioche, and Alamo, Nevada, and at St. George, Utah (43). 

Project Gamma Radiation as a Function of Time and 

Distance, was conducted by the Evans Signal Laboratory and the 

National Bureau of Standards. The objective was to measure gamma 

intensity in order to assess the radiation effects of a surface 

burst. Nine hours before the detonation, five project personnel 

finished checking radiation detectors at stations 610 to 4,650 

meters from ground zero. The stations were primarily 

northwest to north-northeast of ground zero. Three hours before 

the detonation, nine participants in two vehicles traveled from 

the Control Point to a recorder station five kilometers west of 

ground zero. The trip took 45 minutes. Four hours after the 

detonation, three participants relieved personnel who 'had gone 

to the recorder station shortly after the detonation. Four 

35 
personnel relieved the second group of participants at the 

recorder station at 0730 hours on the day following the 

detonation (14; 55). 

Project Gamma Radiation as a Function of Time with 

Droppable Telemeters, was conducted by the Naval Air Development 

Center. The objective was to measure gamma intensity in and 

around the crater following the burst (11). 

Fourteen hours before the detonation, two project participants installed telemetering instruments at eight-meter intervals 

310 to 920 meters northeast of ground zero. The instruments 

transmitted data on shot-day to the Program 1 station 13 kilometers south of ground zero. Project personnel entered the 

station several hours before the shot and operated equipment 

during the detonation and for 15 to 25 minutes thereafter. 

The measurement of residual radiation involved a Navy 

aircraft, which left Kirtland AFB for the Nevada Proving Ground 

one hour before the detonation. The aircraft had flown half the 

distance to the NPG by the time the nuclear device was 

Two hours after the detonation, the aircraft dropped 

telemetry units into the crater area (11; 55). 

Project Aerial Survey of Distant Contaminated 

Terrain, was conducted by Headquarters, Air Force. The 

objectives were to determine by use of instrumented aircraft the 

radiation levels of fallout from the Shot SUGAR cloud and to test 

the efficiency of various airborne instruments in detecting 

radioactivity (31). The aircraft from this project were under 

the operational control of SWC and are discussed in section 

2.2.3. 

Project Aerial Survey of Local Contaminated Terrain, 

was conducted by the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics, Air Force Air 

36 
Research and Development Command, and Wright Air Development 

Center. The objective was to test the ability of airborne 

equipment to detect gamma emitters on the ground. After the 

detonation, two instrumented aircraft, a Navy and an Air 

Force B-17, orbited over ground zero at altitudes of 8,000 feet 

and 10,000 feet, respectively. Participants aboard the aircraft 

monitored and recorded radiation levels for an hour after the 

detonation. The aircraft then surveyed the shot area at heights 

of 500 to 2,000 feet above the crater and its vicinity. Upon 

completing their mission, the aircraft returned to Kirtland AFB 

(55; 67). 

Project Monitor Survey of Ground Contamination, was 

conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, the 

Radiological Health and Safety Group of LASL, and AFSWP. The 

objective was to determine the extent and magnitude of the 

radiation field in the shot area, as measured by survey teams. 

At various times up to one month after the detonation, the teams 

monitored radiation intensities in the area. Radiological safety 

monitors accompanied the project monitors in their activities 

(42). 

Project 2.3-1, Total Gamma Radiation Dosage, was conducted 

by the Evans Signal Laboratory. The objective was to use various 

types of dosimeters and film badges to determine gamma radiation 

exposure. Sixteen hours before the detonation, three teams, each 

consisting of two persons, placed dosimeters at 108 stations 300 

meters to 15 kilometers in various directions from ground zero. 

They recovered the dosimeters two days after the shot (24; 55). 

Project 2.3-2, Foxhole Shielding of Gamma Radiation, was 

conducted by the Engineer Research and Development Laboratories. 

The objective was to evaluate the protection afforded by foxholes 

against gamma radiation emitted from a surface nuclear detonation. Sixteen hours before the detonation, three teams, each 

37 
consisting of two personnel, placed dosimeters in foxholes 610 to 

1,530 meters northeast of ground zero. They recovered the 

dosimeters two days later (55; 70). 

Project Beta-ray and Gamma-ray Energy of Residual 

Contamination, was conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory. The was to determine the energy spectra of 

residual beta and gamma radiation. Before the shot, project 

personnel placed dosimeters at 13 stations 300 to 1,830 meters 

northwest of ground zero, 20 stations 430 to 3,660 meters north 

of ground zero, 13 stations 300 to 1,830 meters northeast of 

ground zero, and seven stations 730 to 2,000 meters south of 

ground zero. 

Within five hours after the detonation, project personnel 

retrieved dosimeters from six stations 1,060 to 1,530 meters 

northwest of ground zero. By six hours after the shot, project 

personnel had retrieved dosimeters from 12 stations located 610 

to 1,830 meters northeast of ground zero and from the seven 

stations south of ground zero. Within 27 hours after the shot, 

project personnel had retrieved all dosimeters located north of 

ground zero, one located 300 meters northeast of ground zero, and 

one located 1,830 meters northwest of ground zero. By 28 hours 

after the detonation, personnel had recovered the last 

dosimeters, located at six stations 300 to 980 meters northwest 

of ground zero (68; 74). 

Project Gamma Depth Dose Measurement in Unit-density 

Material, was conducted by the Naval Medical Research Institute. 

The objective was to determine dose caused by initial and 

residual gamma radiation. Twelve hours before the detonation, 

four project personnel placed instrumented phantoms (mannequins 

made of masonite approximating the density of human tissue) 690 

to 1,070 meters west and slightly south of ground zero. Four 

38 
participants recovered the phantoms from these stations one hour 

after the announcement of recovery hour (12; 55). 

Project Gamma Ray Spectrum Measurements of Residual 

Radiation, was conducted by Brookhaven National Laboratory. The 

objective was to determine the energy spectrum of residual gamma 

radiation resulting from a surface nuclear detonation. Two hours 

after the detonation, five project personnel and a monitor 

proceeded by truck to an area south of ground zero, where they 

took spectral measurements. Four hours after the detonation, 

they made their closest approach to ground zero (460 meters), 

where the radiation intensity was 0.04 R/h. Participants also 

took measurements 29, 52, 53, and 55 hours after the detonation. 

The highest intensity encountered was 0.1 R/h, 53 hours after the 

detonation and 365 meters from ground zero (4; 55). 

Project Airborne Particle Studies, was conducted by 

the Army Chemical Center. The objective was to determine 

characteristics of airborne particles associated with a surface 

detonation. Nine hours before the detonation, eight teams, each 

consisting of two personnel, finished checking air samplers in 

the shot area. Four hours after the area was opened for recovery 

operations, four teams, each having five project personnel and a 

monitor, retrieved samples from stations more than 4,270 meters 

northeast of ground zero. At 0730 on the next day, five parties, 

each of five personnel, recovered samples from stations 610 to 

4,270 meters northeast of ground zero. Project personnel 

analyzed these samples (55; 60). 

Project Fallout Particle Studies, was conducted by 

the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The objective was to 

determine the chemical and physical properties and the distribution of fallout associated with a surface detonation (58). 
Nine hours before the detonation, four two-man parties 

finished placing aerosol and fallout collectors in a sector 

northwest to northeast of ground zero at distances of 610 to 

6,100 meters from ground zero. Three hours before the shot, four 

teams, each of two participants, and one group of nine participants began setting timers to activate the fallout trays five 

minutes before the shot. They about 45 minutes in this 

activity. 

Thirty minutes after the detonation, a helicopter flew to 

the instrument area to pick up fallout trays with grappling 

hooks. The helicopter returned to a transfer station at an 

unspecified location. Project personnel then transported the 

trays by vehicle from the station to the Control Point. This 

operation continued until all samples had been retrieved. Two 

hours after the detonation, one participant transported the trays 

from the Control Point to the project center, probably at Camp 

Mercury. Four parties, each consisting of two participants and a 

monitor, retrieved earth samples two hours after the declaration 

of recovery hour. At 0730 hours on the day after the detonation, four two-man parties retrieved the remaining trays 

(55; 58). 

Project Radiochemical Studies of Large Particles, 

was conducted by the Army Medical Service Graduate School. The 

objective was to study the size, radioactivity, and chemical 

composition of fallout particles resulting from the detonation. 

Project personnel used samples from fallout trays located out to 

23 kilometers northeast of ground zero. Project personnel 

collected these trays from the shot area, while Project 

personnel performed the analysis (48). 

Project Remotely Controlled Sampling Techniques, was 

conducted by Evans Signal Laboratory and Coles Signal Laboratory. 

The objective was to obtain samples from the crater lip soon 

40 
after the detonation for radiochemical studies and spectrometer 

measurements. Samples were taken from areas around the crater 

and from about five meters within the crater using remotely 

controlled vehicles called weasels (25). 

Nine hours before the detonation, six project personnel 

traveled to the shot area to set up two weasels. Sixteen 

participants left the Control Point three hours before the 

detonation to be eight kilometers from ground zero within an 

hour. An hour before the detonation, participants completed work 

on the sampling equipment. 

Shortly after the detonation, project personnel, accompanied 

by a monitor, proceeded to a control tower, about 1,830 meters 

from ground zero, to conduct remotely controlled sampling for 

four and one-half hours. They then left for the Control Point. 

Thirty minutes later, they arrived at a checkpoint eight 

kilometers from ground zero. Participants left the weasels there 

and went to the Control Point for decontamination (25; 55). 

Project Nature and Distribution of Residual Contamination I, was conducted by the National Institutes of Health and 

the Public Health Service. The objective was to determine the 

characteristics of radioactivity in the soil following the 

nuclear detonation, as a function of soil depth and distance. 

From one hour to 20 hours after the detonation, project 

participants took soil samples from the lip of the crater using 

remotely controlled weasels. In addition, personnel used 

retrievable rockets to collect one sample from the crater three 

days following the detonation after a period of considerable rain 

(46; 55). 

Project Nature and Distribution of Residual 

Contamination II, was conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory and the Evans Signal Laboratory. The experiment was 

41 
performed in conjunction with Project The objective was 

to determine the characteristics of radioactive soil samples. 

Two hours after the detonation, one participant went to the 

Project unloading point to pick up the soil samples 

collected by the Project weasels and deliver them to the 

Control Point. This same person repeated the procedure two hours 

later. Project personnel analyzed the soil samples 

collected by Project participants (6; 55). 

Project Retrievable Missiles for Remote Ground 

Sampling, was conducted by the National Institutes of Health and 

the Public Health Service. The objective was to develop and 

field-test an inexpensive method for obtaining soil samples from 

areas that personnel could not enter because of radiological 

conditions. On the afternoon of the second day after the 

detonation, project participants went to a location about 320 

meters from ground zero and launched several rockets with 

attached lines. The rockets penetrated the soil in the crater 

and took samples on impact. Participants then dragged the 

rockets out of the area using the attached lines and returned the 

samples to the laboratory for analysis (47; 55). 

Project 2.7, Biological Injury from Particle Inhalation, was 

conducted by the National Institutes of Health. The objective 

was to evaluate the inhalation of particles associated with a 

surface nuclear detonation. Four hours before the detonation, 

two teams, each of two persons, placed 12 sheep and 15 dogs at 

stations 760, 1,530, and 2,440 meters northeast of ground zero. 

They spent about 100 minutes in this activity. Four hours after 

the declaration of recovery hour, two groups, each of three 

project personnel and a monitor, recovered animals from the 

stations (55; 64). 

Project 2.8, Analysis of Test Site and Fallout Material, was 

conducted by the Department of Agriculture, under contract to the 

42 
Atomic Energy Commission. The objective was to evaluate 

potential agricultural hazards from the fallout of a surface 

detonation. Before the shot and three days after, project 

personnel collected soil samples from small pits 30 meters west 

and a few meters south of ground zero and from a station 200 

meters south of ground zero (1; 55). 

Project 4.1, Aerial Technical Photography, was conducted by 

the Technical Photographic Service Branch of the Wright Air 

Development Center. The was to produce technical and 

documentary films of physical phenomena associated with the shot. 

Project personnel at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, outfitted three 

C-47 aircraft with special cameras and controls. The aircraft 

left Indian Springs AFB approximately 75 minutes before the 

detonation and entered their assigned orbits. At shot-time, the 

aircraft were positioned as follows: aircraft was orbiting 

10,000 feet due south of ground zero at an altitude of 10,000 

feet; aircraft 2 was orbiting 10,000 feet west of ground zero at 

an altitude of 8,000 feet; aircraft 3 was orbiting an estimated 

15,000 feet due south of ground zero at an altitude of 5,000 

feet. Upon completing their mission, the aircraft returned to 

Indian Springs AFB to deliver film to the project officer 

(15; 55). 

Project Ground Technical Photography Material 

Operation, was conducted by the Technical Photographic Service 

Branch of the Wright Air Development Center. The objective was 

to document cloud formation (7). 

Three hours before the detonation, participants started 

generators at photography stations located at the following 

distances from ground zero (7; 55): 

• Two stations 4,570 meters southeast 

One station 3,000 meters northeast 

• One station 2,740 meters east 

43 
One station 2,440 meters northwest 

••One station 1,520 meters southeast. 

Two project participants and a monitor left the Control Point an 

hour after the declaration of recovery hour to recover film. 

Eight hours after the detonation, project participants returned 

the recovered film for development and analysis by Project 

personnel. At 0830 hours the next day, participants completed 

the recovery of film and sent it to Wright Air Development Center 

for processing (7; 55). 

Project Photographic Analysis, was conducted by the 

Technical Photographic Service Branch of the Wright Air 

Development Center. The objective was to analyze the photographs 

of crater development taken by Project personnel (49). 

Project 4.2, Cratering Effects of Underground-surface 

Detonated Atomic Bombs and Influence of Soil Characteristics on 

Crater, was performed by the Naval Civil Engineering Research and 

Evaluation Laboratory. The project was to determine the precise 

dimensions of the crater. Project personnel took soil samples 

15, 30, 60, and 90 meters from ground zero at radii of 45 degrees 

(9). 

Project 6.1, Evaluation of Military Equipment, was 

conducted by the Evans Signal Laboratory and the Bureau of Ships. 

The purpose was to field-test equipment. Four and 

half hours after the announcement of recovery hour, project 

personnel made a radiological survey of the Project 6.2 areas. 

Participants also accompanied radiological safety monitors as 

they surveyed the shot area (23; 55). 

Project 6.2, Protection and Decontamination of Land Targets 

and Vehicles, was conducted by several agencies, including the 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, the Engineer Research and 

Development Laboratories, the Army Chemical Center, and the 

44 
Office, Chief of Engineers. This project consisted of ten 

seven of which were conducted at Shot SUGAR. 

Land Reclamation by Surface Techniques was conducted by the 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The objectives were to 

determine the effectiveness of standard earth-moving techniques 

in reducing radiation in radioactively contaminated undeveloped 

land and to provide basic data for evaluating exposures of 

operating crews. Project personnel worked in radiation fields 

registering 0.06 to 0.3 R/h. 

Land Reclamation by Barrier Techniques was conducted by the 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories. This test was to 

measure the reduction of radiation intensity in areas protected 

by earth barriers within radioactive regions. Project personnel 

worked at locations 760 and 1,830 meters north of ground zero. 

Decontamination of Paved Areas was conducted by the Chemical 

and Radiological Laboratories of the Army Chemical Center. The 

test evaluated various methods of decontaminating roads and other 

paved surfaces. Project personnel conducted operations 610 to 

1,600 meters northwest of ground zero. 

Decontamination of Construction Materials was performed by 

the Office, Chief of Engineers. The test was designed to 

determine the decontaminability of coated and uncoated surfaces 

of construction materials used by the Army Corps of Engineers. 

Following the shot, personnel subjected the materials to vacuum 

cleaning and high-pressure hosing. The materials were located 

2,150 meters northeast of ground zero. 

Contamination-Decontamination Phenomenology was conducted by 

the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The objective was to 

study the effects of structure orientation and surface condition 

on the amount of contamination deposited and subsequently removed 

45 
in decontamination operations. Structures were located 920, 

1,830, and 2,750 meters north to northeast of ground zero. 

Decontamination of Vehicles was conducted by the Engineer 

Research and Development Laboratories. The purpose was to 

evaluate methods and techniques used to decontaminate military 

vehicles. personnel decontaminated trucks and tanks. 

The decontamination station was positioned at the boundary of the 

area in which personnel had to be accompanied by a radiological 

safety monitor. 

Measurements were taken by the Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory to evaluate equipment and methods used to monitor the 

progress of decontamination operations. Personnel used survey 

meters and various air and surface sampling techniques for 

measurements in the other Project 6.2 experiments at SUGAR (18). 

Project 6.3-1, Evaluation of Military Individual and 

Collective Protection Device and Clothing, was conducted by the 

Army Chemical Center. The objective was to determine the 

adequacy of protective equipment for use in radioactive areas. 

Project participants placed racks of protective clothing 300 to 

600 meters northeast of ground zero. They also positioned two 

tanks with their hatches open 600 meters southeast of ground zero 

and placed clothing in the crew positions within the tanks. Two 

hours after the announcement of recovery hour, personnel, 

accompanied by a monitor, retrieved protective equipment from the 

tanks (38; 55). 

Project 6.3-2, Evaluation of Potential Respiratory Hazards 

Associated with Vehicular Operations in a Radioactively Contaminated Area, was performed by the Research Laboratories, the Army Field Forces Board Number 2 Test Team, and the 

Army Chemical Center. The objectives were to gain data for 

46 
estimating the potential inhalation hazard faced by personnel in 

armored vehicles exposed to a nuclear detonation or operating in 

areas contaminated with fission fallout from a nuclear detonation. Two M26 tanks and one M59 personnel carrier were 

positioned in the shot area (20; 55). 

Project 6.7, Clothing Decontamination and Evaluation of 

Laundry Methods, was conducted by the following: 

• Detachment 7, 9135th Test Support Unit, Fort Lee, 

Virginia 

Office of the Quartermaster General 

Evans Signal Laboratory. 

The main objective was to test the suitability of a laundry 

formula developed during Operation GREENHOUSE for the removal of 

radioactive contamination from clothing. A second objective was 

to field-test experimental survey instruments used to monitor 

levels of clothing contamination. Project personnel surveyed and 

washed the clothing used by personnel from Projects 6.2 and 6.3 

Project 6.8, Evaluation of U.S. Army Field Water Supply 

Equipment and Operations, was conducted by the Engineer Research 

and Development Laboratories. The objective was to determine the 

resistance of water storage tanks to the blast and thermal 

effects of a surface nuclear detonation. In addition, the project investigated the potential problem of radioactive contamination of field water supplies following a surface detonation. 

Seventeen hours before the detonation, personnel removed 

covers from water tanks that had been filled and placed at 

various distances at least 460 meters northeast of ground zero. 

Four hours after the announcement of recovery hour, project 

participants, accompanied by a monitor, retrieved samples from 

the water tanks (45; 55). 

47 
Project Transport of Radiation Debris, was conducted 

by Headquarters, Air Force, and the Air Weather Service. The 

objective was to determine the distribution of airborne debris 

from a nuclear detonation. Aircraft tracked the debris at 

various distances from the Nevada Proving Ground. Cloud tracking 

is described in section 2.2.3 of this chapter, which discusses 

Air Force support missions during Shot SUGAR (2). 

Project Radiochemical, Chemical, and Physical Analysis 

of Atomic Bomb Debris, was performed by Headquarters, Air Force, 

in conjunction with sampling operations conducted by the 4925th 

Test Group (Atomic). Project personnel made radiochemical 

analyses of nuclear weapon debris obtained close to the Nevada 

Proving Ground. Sampling operations are discussed in section 

2.2.3 (63). 

Project 7.2, Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a 

Land Mass, was conducted by the 1009th Special Weapons Squadron, 

the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, the Acoustics Research Division of 

the Wright Air Development Center, and the Coast and Geodetic 

Survey. The objective was to study the seismic waves propagated 

by a nuclear detonation. Sixteen hours before the detonation, 

project personnel left six project stations located from 370 

meters southwest to 24 kilometers north of ground zero. At 0830 

hours on the day after the detonation, participants recovered 

seismic records from the six stations (16; 55). 

Project 7.3, Airborne Low-frequency Sound from the Atomic 

Explosions during Operations BUSTER and JANGLE, was conducted by 

the Naval Electronics Laboratory, Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories, and National Bureau of Standards. The objective 

was to determine the range and reliability of acoustic detection 

equipment for continental nuclear explosions of various yields. 

Project personnel worked at stations in Alaska, California, 

48 
Florida, Hawaii, Kentucky, New Jersey, Texas, Washington, and 

Washington, D.C. (57). 

2.2.2 Weapons Development Tests 

The Weapons Development Test Unit conducted several projects 

at Shot SUGAR. Only one project, however, involved DOD participants: Project 10.4, Radiochemical Results. The Los 

Scientific Laboratory conducted this activity, the objective of 

which was to determine the particle makeup of the cloud resulting 

from the detonation. The project required cloud sampling, 

conducted by the 4925th Test Group (Atomic) (65). This activity 

is discussed in the next section. 

2.2.3 Special Weapons Command Activities 

The Special Weapons Command provided personnel to control 

air activities through the Air Operations Center of the NPG. swc 

personnel conducted cloud-sampling, sample courier, and 

tracking missions and aerial surveys for the test units and the 

Test Manager (33). 

The following list indicates the types and numbers of aircraft and the estimated numbers of DOD aircrew personnel involved 

in SWC missions at Shot SUGAR (21; 22; 28; 66): 

ACTIVITY 

TYPE OF 

AIRCRAFT 

NUMBER OF 

AIRCRAFT 

NUMBER OF 

PERSONNEL 

Sampling 

Sample Courier

Missions 

B-29 

B-25 

2 

1 

16 

5 

Cloud Tracking 

Aerial Surveys 

B-29 

c-47 

1 

3 

10 

15 
 

Cloud Sampling 

Two B-29s collected particulate samples of the Shot SUGAR 

cloud for Radiochemical, Chemical, and Physical 

Analysis of Atomic Bomb Debris, and Project 10.4, Radiochemical 

Results. The B-29s left Indian Springs AFB about one hour before 

shot-time and orbited near Las Vegas until the detonation. The 

samplers flew at altitudes of 4,500 to 12,500 feet, made one or 

two penetrations of the cloud, and followed the cloud as far as 

90 kilometers northeast of ground zero. The following gives 

additional details of the sampling mission (22): 

AIRCRAFT TYPE 

AND SERIAL 

TOTAL TIME 

IN CLOUDS 

(seconds) 

PEAK 

INTENSITY 

(R/h) 

DOSIMETER READING 

(roentgens) 

B-29 (386)

B-29 (599) 

137 

95 

30 

36 

0.500 

0.475 

The dosimeter readings noted above indicate the cumulative 

exposures recorded by instruments such as film badges and pocket 

dosimeters within the aircraft. 

Upon completing their mission, the samplers returned to 

Indian Springs AFB and parked in the aircraft decontamination 

area. Pilots then shut down the engines. The disembarked from the aircraft using the nose-wheel door. The 

sample-removing team used long-handled tools to remove the filter 

papers from the aircraft and place them in shielded containers. 

They then loaded the sample containers onto courier aircraft for 

delivery to laboratories for analysis (28; 66). 

Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions had been completed, one B-25 

and other SWC aircraft left Indian Springs AFB on shot-day to 

transport filter papers and equipment to various laboratories 

50 
(primarily AEC and DOE facilities) for analysis. The 

Support Wing (Atomic) conducted these courier missions (33). 

Cloud Tracking 

After the detonation, one B-29 from Indian Springs AFB flew 

cloud-tracking missions over and beyond the Nevada Proving Ground 

for the test organization and Project Transport of Radiation Debris. The aircraft took off at 0730 hours, tracked the 

cloud at altitudes of 15,000 to 16,000 feet, and returned to base 

at 1830 hours (22). 

Aerial Survevs 

After the detonation, three C-47 aircraft, all based at 

Indian Springs AFB, conducted and survey missions 

to record radiation intensities for the test organization and 

Project Aerial Survey of Distant Contaminated Terrain. 

One C-47 flew 300 to 1,200 feet above the terrain from 1247 to 

1527 hours. Another, flying 250 to 1,200 feet above the terrain, 

conducted its mission from 0750 to 1100 hours. The third C-47 

flew 500 to 800 feet above the terrain from 1236 to 1514 hours. 

On the day after the shot, from 0817 to 1047 hours, the third 

C-47 flew a second mission at 500 to 800 feet over the same area 

to confirm its shot-day survey (22). 

2.3 RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION AT SHOT SUGAR 

The primary purpose of the radiological protection procedures developed for members of Exercise Desert Rock, the test 

units, and SWC for Operation BUSTER-JANGLE was to keep individual 

exposure to ionizing radiation to a minimum, while still allowing 

participants to accomplish their missions. Information is 

available on monitoring and decontamination procedures at Shot 

SUGAR. 

51 
2.3.1 Desert Rock Radiological Protection Activities 

For the exercise conducted by members of Desert Rock II and 

the evaluation teams, the Army devised plans and supplied 

personnel for radiological protection activities. AFSWP 

assisted the Army at Camp Desert Rock in these activities (61). 

Dosimetry 

The Radiological Safety Unit issued film badges and respirators to observers and Desert Rock personnel entering the area 

forward of the Control Point at Yucca Pass. After the completion 

of Desert Rock activities at the shot, radiological safety 

personnel collected most of the badges in the forward area before 

troops boarded vehicles for the return to Camp Desert Rock. They 

collected the remaining badges after participants returned to 

camp (37). 

Monitoring 

Survey teams monitored the shot area before the observers 

were permitted into the area. Radiological monitors accompanied 

observers on the buses transporting them into the shot area. One 

monitor remained at each display area to assist the damage 

effects teams, and at least one monitor accompanied each 

evaluation team (37). 

Decontamination 

Control stations were located on each road leading out of 

the shot area. Personnel and vehicles leaving the area were 

monitored at these stations. If gamma intensities exceeded 0.02 

R/h, the personnel and vehicles were directed to the decontamination stations, located near the exercise area. Personnel were 

decontaminated mainly by dry brushing, showering, and laundering 

of clothes. Vehicle decontamination involved repeated washings 

with detergent and water (37). 

52 
2.3.2 Test Organization Radiological Protection Activities 

The Radiological Health and Safety Group, consisting of 

personnel from LASL, from the armed services, and from various 

other civilian groups, developed procedures and conducted 

radiation protection activities at Shot SUGAR. 

Dosimetry 

Film badge records indicate that three personnel from the 

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories had total 

exposures of 3.3, 4.9, and 4.9 roentgens. The two individuals 

who received 4.9 roentgens were involved with Project 6.8 and may 

have been overexposed while collecting water samples from 

containers in the shot area. The project affiliation of the 

other Engineer Research and Development Laboratories participant 

is not known. One LASL participant had an exposure of 3.2 

gens; his activities are not known (73). 

Monitoring 

The initial monitoring teams began their survey shortly 

after the detonation. They resurveyed the shot area several 

times during the next few days (62). 

In addition to the ground survey teams, a team in a helicopter conducted an aerial survey of Area 9. This survey began 

about 20 minutes after the detonation. Approximately 40 minutes 

later, a second helicopter with one radiological safety monitor 

made another survey of Area 9, including all roads leading into 

the shot area. 

After the teams completed the initial ground and aerial 

surveys, the Test Manager opened the shot area for recovery 

operations. Recovery parties, each accompanied by a radiological 

safety monitor, worked in the shot area from about 1100 to 1500 

hours. They continued operations on subsequent days. 

53 
The Fallout Study of the Radiological Health and Safety 

Group provided monitoring 16 to 320 kilometers from ground zero. 

The study involved 32 personnel, one of whom was a DOD 

participant. 

The three C-47 aerial survey aircraft provided 

monitoring. The highest intensity detected by the aerial 

survey teams was 0.0055 R/h (55; 62). 

Plotting 

Ground monitoring teams provided survey data used in 

plotting isointensity contours. Figure 2-3 presents an 

isointensity plot showing the results of a resurvey conducted 22 

hours after the detonation (62). 

Decontamination 

Records indicate that 251 ground vehicles were 

decontaminated on 25 and 27 November (62). Data concerning 

vehicles and aircraft decontaminated during the preceding days 

are missing. As at the BUSTER shots, radiation levels were 

probably reduced to less than 0.002 R/h by repeated washings of 

the vehicles with detergent and water. 

54 
 

0 1000 --- - 0.1 R/h 

. . METERS 

Figure 2-3: RESURVEY FOR SHOT SUGAR, 20 NOVEMBER 1951, 0700 HOURS 
Purpose of Test: 

DOD 

Weather: 

Radiation Data: 

Participants: 

SHOT UNCLE SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: BUSTER-JANGLE 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock III 

DATE/TIME:

YIELD: 

29 November 1951, 1200 hours 

1.2 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: -17 feet (underground) 

(1) Determine the militarily useful effects

of underground nuclear detonations 

(2) Evaluate equipment and techniques 

developed for military operations using

nuclear weapons. 

To evaluate the utility of the nuclear device

for military application; to instruct DOD

personnel in the effects of a nuclear

detonation. 

At shot-time, the temperature was the 

relative humidity was 35 percent, and the

pressure was 872 millibars. The winds were 

two knots from the south at surface level, 15 

knots from the south-southwest at 8,000 feet, 

and 21 knots from the southwest at 10,000 

feet. 

fallout was relatively heavy north of 

ground zero. Nineteen hours after the shot, 

radiation intensities ranging from 2 R/h to

0.01 R/h stretched three kilometers northeast

of ground zero, covering an area of about 10.5

square kilometers. 

Los Scientific Laboratory; Exercise

Desert Rock III troops; Special Weapons

Command; Headquarters, Air Force; Naval

Ordnance Laboratory; Air Force Cambridge

Research Center; Air Weather Service; Signal

Corps Engineering Laboratories; Air Research

and Development Command; Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory; Army Chemical Center;

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories; Naval Medical Research Institute; 

Naval Civil Engineering Research and

Evaluation Laboratory; Ballistics Research

Laboratories; Wright Air Development Center; 

contractors. 

56 
CHAPTER 3 

SHOT UNCLE 

Shot UNCLE, an underground nuclear detonation, was fired as 

scheduled at 1200 hours Pacific Standard Time on 29 November 

1951 and had a yield of 1.2 kilotons. Developed by the Los 

Scientific Laboratory, the nuclear device was detonated 17 

feet beneath the surface of Area 10 in Yucca Flat, UTM coordinates 850139. The Department of Defense and the Los 

Scientific Laboratory sponsored the shot. UNCLE was the first 

nuclear device fired underground by the United States. 

The cloud resulting from Shot UNCLE, shown in figure 3-1, 

reached an altitude of 11,500 feet at its highest point. The 

cloud drifted northeast from the point of detonation. 

fallout occurred to the north, and fallout occurred to 

the north-northeast (27). 

Shot UNCLE, like Shot SUGAR, was a weapons effects test, the 

last of the JANGLE phase of Operation BUSTER-JANGLE. The main 

purpose of the JANGLE tests was to determine the militarily useful effects of surface and underground nuclear detonations. 

Another objective was to evaluate equipment and techniques developed for military operations using nuclear weapons (4). 

3.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK III OPERATIONS 

Exercise Desert Rock III operations involved about 260 

observers and evaluation team personnel at Shot UNCLE. Observer 

activities engaged 202 personnel from the Army. Six evaluation 

teams, each consisting of an estimated ten personnel, participated in tests of military equipment and field fortifications. 

Additional Camp Desert Rock troops, whose activities are 

57 

discussed in the first part of this section, provided radiological safety, instruction, transportation, communications, and 

medical functions for Desert Rock activities in the forward area 

(8; 36). 

3.1.1 Camp Desert Rock Personnel 

Table 3-1 identifies the service units of Camp Desert Rock 

troops (37; 54). A minus in a designation means that the 

unit was not fully represented. A plus indicates that the 

unit was augmented with personnel from other units. 

Camp Desert Rock personnel participating in Desert Rock 

activities at UNCLE gave administrative, logistical, and operational assistance to the observers and evaluation teams. In 

performing these duties, these troops sometimes entered the 

forward area. Three units particularly involved in shot-day 

operations were the Control Group, the Radiological Safety Unit, 

and the Advisory Group. 

The Control Group, composed of members of the Camp Desert 

Rock staff sections, along with military police and signal 

personnel, accompanied the troops into the forward area. This 

group's duties were to supervise Desert Rock operations and to 

maintain contact with the Exercise Director. 

The Radiological Safety Unit, directed by the Desert Rock 

Chemical Officer, implemented radiological safety criteria under 

the supervision of test organization personnel. Its duties 

included (37; 61): 

Issuing and collecting film badges 

Providing radiological safety monitors to supplement

test organization monitors 

Conducting radiological surveys after the initial

test organization survey 
Table 3-1: SUPPORT UNITS ATTACHED TO CAMP DESERT ROCK, 

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK III 

UNIT HOME STATION 

Headquarters 

Headquarters and Headquarters

Battery, III Corps Artillery 

Engineer 

231st Engineer Combat Battalion

359th Engineer Utility

Detachment 

Fort Lewis 

Transportation 

Detachment, 4th Transportation

Truck Company

92nd Transportation Car

Company

Detachment, 562nd Transportation

Staging Company 

Camp 

Military Police 

Company 505th Military

Police Battalion Camp Roberts 

Signal 

Detachment, Headquarters and 

Headquarters Company, 303rd

Signal Service Battalion (+) Camp Cooke 

Detachment, Headquarters and

Headquarters Company,

Company 314th Signal

Construction Battalion Camp Cooke 

Ordnance 

3623rd Ordnance Company Camp Cooke 

Quartermaster 

Detachment, 523rd Quarter- Utah General Depot 

master Subsistence Depot

Company (-) 

Adjutant General 

806th Army Postal Unit Fort Lewis 

Fort Lewis, Washington 

Camp Cooke, California 

Camp Stoneman, California 

Camp Roberts, California 

60 
Accompanying observers and evaluation teams on their

inspections of the equipment displays 

Establishing decontamination stations and 

procedures. 

The Advisory Group, consisting of three officers from the 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, was assigned to Camp Desert 

Rock to provide technical assistance and advice to Desert Rock 

personnel. Before the shot, these officers instructed observers 

in nuclear weapons and their effects. After the detonation, they 

briefed the participants as they toured the equipment displays. 

In addition, they assisted the evaluation teams in assessing and 

then preparing reports on the effects of the detonation on the 

displays. 

Besides the Control Group, the Radiological Safety Unit, and 

the Advisory Group, several other Desert Rock support elements 

engaged in activities before shot-day and on the day of 

detonation. 

Prior to the shot, the 231st Engineer Combat Battalion spent 

about a week constructing field fortifications in the display 

areas. On shot-day, transportation personnel conveyed observers 

to a location 9.5 kilometers southwest of ground zero, where they 

witnessed the detonation. In the days after the detonation, the 

observers and evaluation teams were transported into the forward 

area to inspect the displays. 

Military police provided traffic control in Camp Desert Rock 

and at the Nevada Proving Ground during the rehearsals conducted 

before shot-day, during the activities on the day of detonation, 

and on the following days. 

Signal Corps personnel established wire and radio communications within the forward area, as well as at Camp Desert Rock. 

They also processed the film badges worn by participants in 

Desert Rock activities (37). 

61 
3.1.2 Observer Activities 

At Shot UNCLE, 202 Army personnel took part in observer 

activities. The largest contingent of observers consisted of 135 

individuals from Camp Desert Rock. Sixty-seven official 

observers were also from the Army (8; 36). 

The observers took part in orientation and training activities to prepare for the event. In the days immediately preceding 

the detonation, instructors from the Advisory Group oriented the 

observers with films and lectures on the characteristics of a 

nuclear detonation and the procedures to follow during a nuclear 

test. 

At approximately 0900 hours on 29 November, the observers 

left Camp Desert Rock in a vehicle convoy for the observer 

location, 9.5 kilometers southwest of ground zero. They arrived 

at the location, shown in figure 3-2, at about 1115 hours. 

Advisory Group instructors then conducted a brief preshot orientation. Shortly before the shot, the instructors directed the 

observers to sit on the ground with their backs toward ground 

zero. 

After the initial flash of light from the detonation, which 

occurred at 1200 hours, the instructors directed observers to 

turn and view the fireball and cloud. Figure 3-3 shows the 

troops at the observation point watching Shot UNCLE. At about 

1215, the observers began the return trip to Camp Desert Rock. 

On 1 December, two days after the detonation, the observers 

toured the display areas in a bus convoy. Signal Corps personnel 

issued a film badge to each observer entering a bus. A radiological safety monitor from the Chemical Section accompanied each 

of observers (8; 37). 

62 
Display 

Areas 

Shot UNCLE and 

Ground Zero Foxholes 

Observation 

Point 

1 Kilometer 

Figure 3-2: LOCATION OF DISPLAY AREAS, FOXHOLES, AND OBSERVATION 

POINT FOR EXERCISE DESERT ROCK Ill 

Display areas were located 90 and 180 meters northeast of 

ground zero and 270 to 910 meters south of ground zero, as shown 

in figure 3-2. Interspersed among the displays were two rows of 

two-man foxholes. Along the northeast line of displays, the 

foxholes extended 90 to 610 meters from ground zero. Along the 

south line of displays, the foxholes extended 320 to 880 meters 

from ground zero. In addition, 46 test animals were placed along 

three arcs, 760, 1,530, and 2,440 meters north to northeast of 

ground zero. These animals were also used in Project 2.7 

(37; 64). 

Personnel remained on the buses as they traveled through the 

shot area. During the tour, Advisory Group instructors briefed 

the observers concerning the effects of the detonation on military equipment and foxholes. Radiation intensities in the area 

prevented the observers from viewing display areas to the 

northeast of ground zero and from viewing areas closer than 580 

meters to the south of ground zero (8; 37). 

3.1.3 Damage Effects Tests 

Six evaluation teams studied the effects of the UNCLE detonation on military equipment and field fortifications. One team 

came from each of the following Camp Desert Rock sections: 

Chemical, Signal, Engineer, Medical, Ordnance, and Quartermaster. 

Each team was responsible for constructing equipment displays in 

the display areas, for recovering test equipment after the 

detonation, and for preparing a report of its findings. 

For approximately one week before the detonation, the teams 

constructed their displays, with assistance from the 231st 

Engineer Combat Battalion. In addition, they instrumented the 

foxholes with film badges to indicate the radiation exposure 

personnel could have received had they been in the fortifications 

during the detonation. 

65 
 

The Officer in Charge, Effects Tests, posted a guard at each 

display position at 1600 hours three days before the shot. The 

guards were to keep unauthorized personnel out of the shot area 

and to see that no equipment or material was moved without the 

authority of the Officer in Charge. Personnel from Desert Rock 

S-3, Operations, relieved the guards during the night before the 

detonation. After the area was opened for recovery activities, 

the guards returned to the display positions, where they remained 

until relieved by the Officer in Charge (37). 

Damage effects teams could not enter the display areas for 

several days because the light, changeable winds did not carry 

the cloud away from the ground zero area as fast as had been 

expected and because the underground detonation deposited 

considerable radiation around ground zero. Instead, the teams 

evaluated the damage by helicopter, making their first aerial 

inspection at 1600 hours on shot-day. One hour later, the Army 

Chief cf Staff, accompanied by a radiological safety monitor, 

also made a helicopter tour of the display areas (37). 

The first ground recovery operations probably began six 

hours after shot-time, when damage effects personnel recovered 18 

test animals located farther from ground zero than the actual 

display areas. They retrieved the remaining 28 animals 24 hours 

after the detonation. Four days after the detonation, damage 

effects personnel wearing gas masks made a quick visual 

examination of the display area closest to ground zero to the 

northeast. Radiation intensities there were measured at 

These positions were not fully examined until 23 January 1952, 55 

days after the detonation (37). 

Damage effects personnel began recovering film badges from 

the foxholes five days after the detonation. Seven days after 

the shot, personnel began retrieving test items from the display 

areas 270 to 910 meters south of ground zero. As radiation 

66 
levels decayed to safe levels, damage effects teams gradually 

expanded their examination and recovery of the test items until a 

thorough evaluation had been completed. The 231st Engineer 

Combat Battalion continued to remove equipment from the display 

areas until its departure from Camp Desert Rock on 14 December 

1951 (37). 

In preparing their reports, the evaluation teams received 

technical information from the Advisory Group. The LASL Graphic 

Arts Group provided them with photographs of the weapons effects 

tests for the reports (37). 

3.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC AND 

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT UNCLE 

Department of Defense personnel took part in scientific 

experiments conducted at Shot UNCLE by the Weapons Effects Test 

Unit and the Weapons Development Test Unit. Table 3-2 lists the 

test unit projects by number and title and identifies the 

fielding organizations. 

In addition to participating directly in test unit projects, 

DOD personnel provided support to the test units and the Test 

Manager. These activities involved about 650 DOD project 

personnel, 550 SWC air and ground personnel, and perhaps an 

additional 125 DOD personnel working for various units 

coordinated by the test organization. 

3.2.1 Weapons Effects Tests 

The Weapons Effects Test Unit conducted the projects at Shot 

UNCLE indicated in table 3-2. Project participants spent several 

weeks before the detonation placing and calibrating various types 

of instruments and gauges (4). 

67 
 

Table 3-2: TEST UNIT PROJECTS, SHOT UNCLE 

Project Title Participants 

Weapons Effects Tests 

1.1 Ground Acceleration Measurement Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

Peak Air Blast Pressures from Shock Velocity 

Measurements 

Ballistics Research Laboratories 

Transient Ground Mechanical Effects from HE 

and Nuclear Explosions 

Ballistics Research Laboratories 

Close-in Ground Measurements Naval Special Weapons Unit 

Free Air Shock Arrival Times Brookhaven National Laboratory 

Peak Pressure versus Distance in Free Air Using 

Smoke and Rocket Photography 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

1.4 Free Air Pressure Measurements Sandia Corporation 

Transient Ground Displacement Measurement Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

Detection of Time of Arrival of First Earth Motion David Taylor Model Basin 

1.6 Earth Displacement Ohio River Division Laboratories; Office, 

Chief of Engineers 

1.7 Ground Acceleration (Shock Pins) Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 

Office, Chief of Engineers 

Air Weather Participation in 

Operation JANGLE 

Mobile Weather Squadron 

Ground Acceleration, Ground and Air Pressures 

for Underground Tests 

Stanford Research Institute 

Base Surge Analysis for Nuclear Tests Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

Gamma Radiation as a Function of Time and 

Distance 

Evans Signal Laboratory; National 

Bureau of Standards 

Gamma Radiation as a Function of Time with 

Droppable Telemeters 

Naval Air Development Center 

Aerial Survey of Distant Contaminated Terrain Headquarters, Air Force 

Aerial Survey of Local Contaminated Terrain Bureau of Aeronautics; Air Research and 

Development Command; Wright Air Development 

Center 

Monitor Survey of Ground Contamination Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; 

Radiological Health and Safety 

Group of LASL; AFSWP 

2.3-1 Total Gamma Radiation Dosage Evans Signal Laboratory 

2.3-2 Foxhole Shielding of Gamma Radiation Engineer Research and Development Laboratories 
Table 3-2: TEST UNIT PROJECTS, SHOT UNCLE (CONTINUED) 

Project Title Participants 

Weapons Effects Tests (Continued) 

Beta-ray and Gamma-ray Energy of Residual 

Contamination 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Gamma Depth Dose Measurement in Unit-density 

Material 

Naval Medical Research Institute 

Gamma Ray Spectrum Measurements of Residual 

Radiation 

Brookhaven National Laboratory 

Airborne Particle Studies Army Chemical Center 

Fallout Particle Studies Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Radiochemical Studies of Large Particles Army Medical Service Graduate School 

Remotely Controlled Sampling Techniques Evans Signal Laboratory; Signal 

Laboratory 

Nature and Distribution of Residual Contamination National Institutes of Health; Public Health 

Service 

Nature and Distribution of Residual Contamination Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; 

Evans Signal Laboratory 

Retrievable Missiles for Remote Ground Sampling National Institutes of Health; Public Health 

Service 

2.7 Biological Injury from Particle Inhalation National Institutes of Health 

2.8 Analysis of Test Site and Fallout Material Department of Agriculture 

3.1 Navy Underground and Surface Structures Bureau of Yards and Docks 

3.2 Army Structures Test Office, Chief of Engineers; Massachusetts 

Institute of Technology 

3.3 Air Force Structures Air Materiel Command; 

Armour Research Foundation 

3.26 Structure Instrumentation Sandia Corporation 

3.29 Engineer Soil Mechanics Tests Naval Civil Engineering Research and Evaluation 

Laboratory 

4.1 Aerial Technical Photography Wright Air Development Center 

Ground Technical Photography Material Operation Wright Air Development Center 

4.1 a-2 Photographic Analysis Wright Air Development Center 

4.2 Cratering Effects of Underground-surface 

Detonated Atomic Bombs and Influence 

of Soil Characteristics on Crater 

Naval Civil Engineering Research and Evaluation 

Laboratory 

4.5 Characteristics of Missiles from 

Underground Nuclear Explosions 

Stanford Research Institute 

6.1 Evaluation of Military Equipment Evans Signal Laboratory; Bureau 

of Ships 

6.2 Protection and Decontamination of Land Targets 

and Vehicles 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory; Engineer 

Research and Development Laboratories; 

Army Chemical Center; Office, Chief of Engineers 
Table 3-2: TEST UNIT PROJECTS, SHOT UNCLE (CONTINUED) 

Project Title Participants 

Weapons Effects Tests (Continued) 

6.3-l 

6.3-2 

6.4 

6.7 

6.8 

7.2 

7.3 

a.4 

Evaluation of Military Individual and Collective Army Chemical Center 

Protection Device and Clothing 

Evaluation of Potential Respiratory Hazards Ballistics Research Laboratories; Army Field Forces 

Associated with Vehicular Operation in a Board Number 2 Test Team; Army Chemical Center 

Radioactively Contaminated Area 

Operational Tests of Techniques for Accomplishing Wright Air Development Center 

Clothing Decontamination and Evaluation of 9135th Test Support Unit; Office of the Quartermaster 

Laundry Methods General; Evans Signal Laboratory 

Evaluation of U.S. Army Field Water Supply Engineer Research and Development Laboratories 

Equipment and Operations 

Transport of Radiation Debris Headquarters, Air Force; Air Weather Service 

Radiochemical. Chemical, and Physical Analysis Headquarters, Air Force; 4925th Test Group 

of Atomic Bomb Debris 

Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a Special Weapons Squadron; Naval Ordnance 

Land Mass Laboratory; Wright Air Development Center; 

Coast and Geodetic Survey 

Airborne Low-frequency Sound from the Atomic Naval Electronics Laboratory; Signal Corps Engineering 

Explosions during Operations BUSTER and JANGLE Laboratories; National Bureau of Standards 

Technical Photography for Project Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

Weapons Development Tests 

Radiochemical Results Los Scientific Laboratory 
Project 1.1, Ground Acceleration Measurement, was conducted 

by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. The principal objective was to 

study the characteristics of ground acceleration resulting from 

an underground detonation. Project participants placed accelerometers and pressure gauges at an estimated 16 stations located 60 

to 930 meters south-southwest of the UNCLE ground zero. Four 

hours before the detonation, project personnel left the shot area 

after charging batteries in a recording station 2,480 meters 

south-southwest of ground zero. They recovered records from the 

station after the detonation (50; 55). 

Peak Air Blast Pressures from Shock Velocity 

Measurements, was conducted by the Ballistics Research Laboratories. The objective was to study effects in relation 

to ground shock effects. Blast switches and blast microphones 

were located along a radial line at nine unmanned stations, 90 to 

470 meters south of ground zero. Recovery procedures were 

probably similar to those of Project (19; 55). 

Project Transient Ground Mechanical Effects from 

HE [High Explosives] and Nuclear Explosions, was conducted by the 

Ballistics Research Laboratories. The objective was to measure 

ground shock phenomena. Project personnel also conducted 

this project. According to the AEC operation order, four participants and a monitor were to recover gauges from 12 stations 90 

to 910 meters south of ground zero at 0730 hours on the day after 

the shot (3; 55). 

Project Close-in Ground Measurements, was conducted by 

the Naval Special Weapons Unit, part of AFSWP. The objective was 

to measure, at close ranges, blast phenomena produced by an 

underground nuclear detonation. Participants placed blast gauges 

and pressure switches in holes 17 feet deep, the same depth at 

which UNCLE was detonated, at 31 stations 1.5 to 100 meters from 

ground zero. Electrical cables transmitted data from these 

gauges to a station about 2,400 meters from ground zero (26). 

71 
Three hours before the detonation, and after having 

installed blast gauges near ground zero, two participants arrived 

at the Program 1 telemetry station. The location of this station 

at Shot UNCLE has not been documented. At the declaration of 

recovery hour, two project personnel and a monitor left the 

telemetry station to recover blast records from the station 2,400 

meters from ground zero (26; 55). 

Project Free Air Shock Arrival Times, was conducted by 

Brookhaven National Laboratory. The objective was to measure the 

time of arrival of the blast wave in free air. Measurements were 

made with pressure gauges suspended from balloons (59). 

Sixteen hours before the detonation, participants placed a 

timing unit, used to start a pressure recording system, near the 

UNCLE device. Six hours before the detonation, four project 

participants and seven workers began suspending gauges from 

balloons at a station 910 meters south of ground zero. An hour 

later, another participant arrived at the Program 1 telemetry 

station. Two hours and 15 minutes before the detonation, the 

four project participants at the balloon station proceeded to the 

telemetry station and the seven workers left the shot area. 

Participants left the telemetry station two hours after the 

detonation (55; 59). 

Project Peak Pressure versus Distance in Free Air 

Using Smoke and Rocket Photography, was conducted by the Naval 

Ordnance Laboratory. The objective was to determine the peak 

overpressure along the ground and in the air above an underground 

detonation. Project personnel used high-speed photographs of 

smoke rocket trail distortions to measure blast pressures. 

Thirteen hours before the shot, three participants placed smoke 

rocket launchers at various locations in the shot area. They 

positioned the cameras 3,750 meters from ground zero (52; 55). 

72 
Project 1.4, Free Air Pressure Measurements, was conducted 

by Sandia Corporation. The objective was to record blast 

pressures at ground-level stations for an underground detonation. 

Before the detonation, project participants placed gauges around 

ground zero. Two hours before the detonation, two participants 

arrived at the Program 1 station eight kilometers west of ground 

zero. Four participants and a monitor retrieved blast records 

520 to 950 meters from ground zero after the declaration of 

recovery hour (39; 55). 

Project Transient Ground Displacement Measurement, was 

conducted by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. The objective was to 

measure the transient ground displacement caused by an underground detonation and to correlate this displacement with ground 

acceleration and damage to structures. Before the shot, project 

personnel placed markers in the ground at ten stations 90 to 580 

meters south of ground zero. In addition, they oriented a camera 

station, located 1,530 meters east of ground zero, toward the 

markers. During the detonation, the camera filmed the markers' 

movement resulting from the shot. Participants retrieved the 

film and measured marker displacement after the area was opened 

for recovery operations (51; 55). 

Project Detection of Time of Arrival of First Earth 

Motion, was conducted by the David Taylor Model Basin. The 

objective was to obtain information on the time of the first 

detectable earth motion at each of ten stations located on a 

radial line 30 to 180 meters from ground zero. Before the 

detonation, project participants installed electric flash lamps 

at the ten stations and positioned a camera at a station 2,700 

meters east of ground zero. During the detonation, the camera 

recorded the first earth motion at each station as the flash lamp 

was triggered by the earth motion. Participants retrieved film 

from the camera after the declaration of recovery 55). 

73 
Project 1.6, Earth Displacement (Shear Shafts), was conducted by the Ohio River Division Laboratories and the Office, 

Chief of Engineers. The objective was to determine the limits 

and amounts of permanent displacement in areas surrounding 

craters caused by an underground detonation. Project participants installed instruments in a series of deep shafts 230 meters 

east and west and 300 meters south of ground zero. Several weeks 

later, they retrieved the data to determine permanent earth 

displacement (56). 

Project 1.7, Ground Acceleration (Shock Pins), was conducted 

by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Office, 

Chief of Engineers. The objective was to determine if shock pins 

would furnish reliable data regarding magnitude of the ground 

shock associated with a nuclear detonation. Before the 

detonation, project personnel installed metal shock pins two feet 

into the ground at stations located about 190 to 380 meters east 

and west of ground zero and 170 to 560 meters south of ground 

zero. Participants reentered the shot area after the declaration 

of recovery hour to examine the exterior of each shock pin 

station. Excavating crews later uncovered the 

personnel to photograph the positions of the shock pins 

(30; 55). 

Project Air Weather Service Participation in Operation JANGLE, was conducted by the 2060th Mobile Weather Squadron 

of the Air Weather Service. The activity was a continuation of 

Project 8.2, Air Weather Service Participation in Operation 

BUSTER. The objective, like that of 8.2, was to gather 

and report weather information before the detonation, including 

wind conditions, temperature, and humidity. Project personnel 

worked from a weather station at the Control Point and from outlying stations at Tonopah, Warm Springs, Currant, Pioche, and 

Alamo, Nevada, and at St. George, Utah (43). 

74 
Project Ground Acceleration, Ground and Air Pressures 

for Underground Tests, was conducted by the Stanford Research 

Institute. The objectives were to: 

Obtain data for comparing the phenomena of an

underground nuclear detonation with the phenomena resulting from high-explosive tests 

Provide measurements for Projects 1.1,

and 1.4. 

Two and one-half hours before the detonation, two participants 

left a blast gauge station 610 meters from ground zero. At the 

announcement of recovery hour, two project personnel and a 

monitor traveled to this station to recover blast records 

(17; 55). 

Project Base Surge Analysis for Nuclear Tests, was 

conducted by the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. The objective was to 

compare base surge data from an underground nuclear detonation 

with base surge data from underground high-explosive tests. In 

conducting the experiment, project personnel analyzed photographs 

of both UNCLE and the high-explosive tests (72). 

Project Gamma Radiation as a Function of Time and 

Distance, was conducted by the Evans Signal Laboratory and the 

National Bureau of Standards. The objective was to measure gamma 

intensity in order to assess the radiation effects of an 

underground detonation. Nine hours before the detonation, eight 

project personnel finished checking radiation detectors 610 to 

4,270 meters from ground zero. Most of the detectors were 

north-northwest to north-northeast of ground zero. Three hours 

and 30 minutes before the detonation, eight participants in two 

vehicles drove from the Control Point to a recorder station five 

kilometers west of ground zero. Four hours after the detonation, 

three participants relieved personnel who had gone to the 

recorder station shortly after shot-time. At 0800 hours on the 

day following the detonation, four personnel relieved the second 

75 
group of participants at the recorder station. At the same time, 

one participant and a radiological safety monitor surveyed some 

of the project stations (14; 55). 

Project Gamma Radiation as a Function of Time with 

Droppable Telemeters, was conducted by the Naval Air Development 

Center. The objective was to measure the gamma intensity in and 

around the crater following the burst (11). 

Fourteen hours before the detonation, two project participants installed telemetering instruments at eight-meter intervals 310 to 920 meters northeast of ground zero. The instruments 

transmitted data on shot-day to the Program 1 telemetry station. 

Project personnel entered the station several hours before the 

shot and operated equipment during the detonation and for 15 to 

25 minutes thereafter. 

The measurement of residual radiation involved a Navy 

aircraft that left Kirtland AFB for the Nevada Proving Ground one 

hour before the detonation. The aircraft had flown half the 

distance to the NPG by the time the nuclear device was detonated. 

Two hours after the detonation, the aircraft dropped 

telemeter units into the crater area (11; 55). 

Project Aerial Survey of Distant Contaminated 

Terrain, was conducted by Headquarters, Air Force. The 

objectives were to measure, by use of instrumented aircraft, the 

radiation levels of fallout from the cloud and to test the 

efficiency of various airborne instruments in detecting 

radioactivity. The aircraft involved in this were under 

the operational control of SWC and are discussed in section 3.2.3 

(31). 

Aerial Survey of Local Contaminated Terrain, 

was conducted by the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics, Air Force Air 

76 
Research and Development Command, and Wright Air Development 

Center. The objective was to test the ability of airborne 

equipment to detect gamma radioactivity on the ground (67). 

After the detonation, two instrumented aircraft, a Navy 

and an Air Force B-17, orbited the NPG at altitudes of 

8,000 feet and 10,000 feet, respectively. For an hour after the 

detonation, participants aboard the aircraft monitored and 

recorded radiation levels. After that, the aircraft surveyed the 

shot area at heights of 500 to 2,000 feet over the crater and its 

vicinity. Upon completing their mission, the aircraft returned 

to Kirtland AFB (55; 67). 

Project Monitor Survey of Ground Contamination, was 

conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, the 

Radiological Health and Safety Group of LASL, and AFSWP. The 

objective was to determine the extent and magnitude of the 

radiation field in the shot area, as measured by survey teams. 

At various times up to one month after the detonation, the teams 

monitored radiation in the area. Radiological safety monitors 

accompanied the project monitors in their activities (42). 

Project 2.3-1, Total Gamma Radiation Dosage, was conducted 

by the Evans Signal Laboratory. The objective was to use various 

types of dosimeters and film badges to determine gamma radiation 

exposure. Sixteen hours before the detonation, three teams, each 

consisting of two persons, placed dosimeters at about 100 

stations 300 meters to 15 kilometers in various directions from 

ground zero. They recovered the dosimeters two days after the 

shot (24; 55). 

Project 2.3-2, Foxhole Shielding of Gamma Radiation, was 

conducted by the Engineer Research and Development Laboratories. 

The objective was to evaluate the protection afforded by foxholes 

against gamma radiation emitted from an underground detonation. 

77 
Sixteen hours before the detonation, three teams, each consisting 

of two personnel, placed dosimeters in foxholes 610 to 1,530 

meters northeast of ground zero. They recovered the dosimeters 

two days later (55; 70). 

Project Beta-ray and Gamma-ray Energy of Residual 

Contamination, was conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory. The objective was to determine the energy spectra of 

residual beta and gamma radiation. Before the shot, project 

personnel placed dosimeters at 13 stations 300 to 1,650 meters 

northwest of ground zero, at 19 stations 430 to 3,660 meters 

north of ground, at 11 stations 610 to 1,830 meters northeast of 

ground zero, and seven stations 910 to 2,010 meters south of 

ground zero. 

Within three hours after the detonation, project personnel 

began recovering dosimeters at four stations located 910 to 1,460 

meters south of ground zero. By five hours after the detonation, 

personnel had retrieved all the dosimeters northwest of ground 

zero except for the one closest to ground zero. Within 24 hours, 

personnel had retrieved all dosimeters northeast of ground zero, 

and within 50 hours after shot-time, they had retrieved all 

dosimeters north of ground zero, including the one located 300 

meters northwest of ground zero. Recovery operations were not 

completed until 118 hours after the shot, when personnel 

retrieved dosimeters at three stations 1,650 to 2,010 meters 

south of ground zero (68; 74). 

Project Gamma Depth Dose Measurement in Unit-density 

Material, was conducted by the Naval Medical Research Institute. 

The objective was to determine the dose from initial and residual 

gamma radiation. Twelve hours before the detonation, four 

project personnel placed instrumented phantoms, of masonite 

approximating the density of human tissue, 460 to 910 meters west 

and slightly south of ground zero. Four participants retrieved 

78 
the phantoms one hour after the announcement of recovery hour 

(12; 55). 

Project Gamma Ray Spectrum Measurements of Residual 

Radiation, was conducted by Brookhaven National Laboratory. The 

objective was to determine the energy spectrum of residual gamma 

radiation resulting from an underground detonation. Two hours 

after the detonation, five project personnel and a monitor 

proceeded by truck to an area south of ground zero, where they 

took spectral measurements. Two hours after the detonation, they 

were 1,220 meters from ground zero, their closest approach on 

shot-day. The radiation intensity there was 0.08 R/h. Participants also took measurements 6, 28, 48, and 49 hours after the 

detonation. The highest intensity encountered was 0.45 R/h, 

26 hours after the detonation and 3,350 meters downwind of ground 

zero (4; 55). 

Project Airborne Particle Studies, was conducted by 

the Army Chemical Center. The objective was to determine 

characteristics of airborne particles associated with an 

underground detonation. Eight teams, each with two personnel, 

finished checking air samples in the shot area nine hours before 

the detonation. Four hours after the area was opened for 

recovery operations, four teams, each composed of five project 

personnel and a monitor, retrieved samples from stations more 

than 4,270 meters northeast of ground zero. At 0730 on the next 

day, five parties, each of five personnel, recovered samples from 

stations 610 to 4,270 meters northeast of ground zero. Project 

personnel analyzed these samples (55; 60). 

Project Fallout Particle Studies, was conducted by 

the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The objective was to 

determine the chemical and physical properties and the distribution of fallout associated with an underground detonation (58). 
Nine hours before the detonation, four two-man parties 

finished placing aerosol and fallout trays in a sector northwest 

to northeast of ground zero at distances of 610 to 6,100 meters 

from ground zero. Three hours before the detonation, four teams, 

each of two participants, and one group of nine participants 

began setting timers to activate fallout trays five minutes 

before the shot. They spent about 45 minutes in this activity. 

Thirty minutes after the detonation, a helicopter flew to 

the instrument area to pick fallout trays with grappling 

hooks. The helicopter returned to a transfer station at an 

unspecified location. Project personnel transported the trays by 

vehicle from the station to the Control Point. This operation 

continued until all samples had been retrieved. Two hours after 

the detonation, one participant transported the trays from the 

Control Point to the project center, probably at Camp Mercury. 

Two hours after the declaration of recovery hour, four parties of 

two participants and a monitor retrieved earth samples. At 0730 

hours on the day after the detonation, four parties of two 

persons each retrieved the remaining fallout trays (55; 58). 

Project Radiochemical Studies of Large Particles, 

was conducted by the Army Medical Service Graduate School. The 

objective was to study the size, radioactivity, and chemical 

composition of fallout particles resulting from an underground 

detonation. Project personnel collected samples in fallout trays 

located out to 23 kilometers northeast of ground zero. Project 

personnel collected these trays from the shot area, and 

Project personnel performed the analysis (48). 

Project Remotely Controlled Sampling Techniques, was 

conducted by Evans Signal Laboratory and Coles Signal Laboratory. 

The objective was to obtain samples from the crater lip soon 

after the detonation for radiochemical studies and spectrometer 

measurements. Samples were taken from areas around the crater 

80 
and from about five meters within the crater using remotely 

controlled vehicles called weasels (25). 

Nine hours before the detonation, six project personnel 

traveled to the shot area to set up two weasels. Three hours 

before the detonation, 16 participants left the Control Point to 

be eight kilometers from ground zero within an hour. An hour 

before the detonation, participants completed work on the 

sampling equipment. 

Shortly after the detonation, project personnel, accompanied 

by a monitor, proceeded to a control tower, about 1,830 meters 

from ground zero, to conduct remote-controlled sampling of the 

crater for four and one-half hours. The personnel then 

left for the Control Point. Thirty minutes later, the party 

arrived at a checkpoint eight kilometers from ground zero. 

Participants left the weasels there and proceeded to the Control 

Point for decontamination (25; 55). 

Project Nature and Distribution of Residual Contamination I, was conducted by the National Institutes of Health and 

the Public Health Service. The objective was to determine the 

characteristics of radioactivity in the soil following the 

nuclear detonation as a function of soil depth and distance. One 

day after the detonation, project participants took soil samples 

from the lip of the crater. In addition, personnel used 

retrievable rockets to obtain four samples from the crater two 

days after the shot (46; 55). 

Project Nature and Distribution of Residual Contamination II, was conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory and the Evans Signal Laboratory. The experiment was 

performed in conjunction with Project The objective was to 

determine the characteristics of radioactive soil samples. Two 

81 
hours after the detonation, one participant went to the 

unloading point to pick up the soil samples collected the 

weasels and deliver them to the Control Point. This 

same person repeated this procedure two hours later. 

personnel analyzed the soil samples collected by 

participants (6; 55). 

Retrievable Missiles for Remote Ground 

Sampling, was conducted by the National Institutes of Health and 

the Public Health Service. The objective was to develop and 

field-test an inexpensive method for obtaining soil samples from 

areas that personnel could not enter because of radiological 

conditions. On the afternoon of the second after the 

detonation, participants went to a location about 320 

meters from ground zero and launched several rockets with 

attached lines. The rockets penetrated the soil in the crater 

and took samples on impact. Participants then dragged the 

rockets out of the area, by the attached lines and returned the 

samples to the laboratorv for analysis. Personnel repeated this 

procedure on the third day after the detonation (47; 55). 

2.7, Biological Injury from Particle Inhalation, was 

conducted the National Institutes of Health. The 

was to evaluate the inhalation of particles associated with an 

underground detonation. Four hours before the detonation, two 

two-man teams placed 20 sheep and 26 dogs at stations 760, 1,530, 

and 2,440 meters north to northeast of ground zero. They spent 

about 100 minutes in this activity. Six hours after the 

detonation and again 24 hours after the detonation, two groups, 

each of three project personnel and a monitor, went to the 

stations to recover animals (55; 64). 

Project 2.8, of Test Site and Fallout Material, was 

conducted by the Department of Agriculture, under contract to the 

Atomic Energv Commission. The objective was to evaluate potential agricultural problems related to the fallout from an 

82 
underground detonation. Before the shot and two days after, 

project personnel collected soil samples from small pits 45 

meters north and 110 meters east of ground zero. They also 

collected samples from ground zero (1; 55). 

3.1, Navy Underground and Surface Structures, was 

conducted by the Bureau of Yards and Docks. The objectives were 

to: 

Determine the response of different precast

concrete structures to blast pressures

resulting from an underground detonation 

Determine the response of a light steel

building and two types of communication towers 

to 

Observe the effect of ground shock on standard 

utility installations and sections of pavement. 

Test structures, instrumented with gauges to document blast 

pressures, strain, and displacement, were located south to 

southwest of ground zero. LASL personnel took documentary 

photographs of these structures before and after the detonation 

(34). 

Project 3.2, Army Structures Test, was conducted by the 

Office, Chief of Engineers, and the Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology. The experiment tested eight structures to determine 

the dynamic loads produced an underground detonation and to 

obtain data for the design of structures able to withstand the 

effects of such a detonation. One underground structure was 

constructed meters from ground zero, and seven surface structures were located 130 to 270 meters from ground zero. All 

structures were instrumented to measure blast pressures, displacement, and strain. LASL personnel photographed the structures both before and after the detonation (29). 
Project 3.3, Air Force Structures, was conducted by the Air 

Materiel Command and the Armour Research Foundation. The 

objective was to determine the ability of military, industrial, 

and commercial structures to withstand an underground detonation. 

The project tested 11 different structures, including reinforced 

concrete retaining walls and circular concrete cells. Project 

personnel placed the structures 100 to 320 meters from ground 

zero. They instrumented the structures with devices for 

measuring blast pressure, air pressure, and strain (5). 

Project 3.28, Structure Instrumentation, was a designation 

for Sandia Corporation personnel who supported the structure 

projects conducted during the shot. These personnel installed 

instruments, operated the instruments by remote control during 

the detonation, and prepared records of the activities for other 

project teams (44). 

Before the detonation, project personnel laid cables between 

test structures and shelters, installed power equipment, mounted 

relay and timer panels, tested and installed components, and 

calibrated systems for electronic and recording instruments. 

They completed their work one day before the detonation. At 

shot-time, they were working from facilities located near the 

structures and to the southwest of ground zero. After the 

declaration of recovery hour, participants collected data and 

retrieved test equipment (44; 55). 

Project 3.29, Engineer Soil Mechanics Tests, was conducted 

by the Naval Civil Engineering Research and Evaluation Laboratory. The project was designed to determine the characteristics, 

properties, and behaviors of the soil types in the vicinity of 

the detonation. Several weeks after the shot, project personnel 

made 57 soil borings in the vicinity of ground zero. Fourteen of 

these borings were within a radius of 90 meters of ground zero. 

To obtain soil profiles, project personnel conducted laboratory 

analyses of the samples (10; 55). 

84 
Project 4.1, Aerial Technical Photography, was conducted by 

the Technical Photographic Service Branch of the Wright Air 

Development Center. The objective was to provide technical and 

documentary films of physical phenomena associated with the 

Project personnel at Wright-Patterson AFB outfitted three C-47 

aircraft with special cameras and controls for the activity. The 

aircraft left Indian Springs AFB approximately 75 minutes before 

the detonation and entered their assigned orbits. At shot-time, 

the aircraft were positioned as follows: aircraft 1 was orbiting 

10,000 feet due south of ground zero at an altitude of 10,000 

feet; aircraft 2 was orbiting 10,000 feet west of ground zero at 

an altitude of 8,000 feet; and aircraft 3 was orbiting an 

estimated 15,000 feet due south of ground zero at an altitude of 

5,000 feet. Upon completion of the mission, the aircraft 

returned to Indian Springs AFB to deliver film to the project 

officer (15; 55). 

Project Ground Technical Photography Material 

Operation, was conducted by the Technical Photographic Service 

Branch of the Wright Air Development Center. The objective was 

to document blast damage phenomena and crater development (7). 

Three hours before the detonation, participants started 

generators at photography stations located at the following 

distances from ground zero (7; 55): 

• Two stations 4,570 meters southwest 

• One station 4,270 meters southeast 

One station 3,000 meters northeast 

• One station 2,740 meters southeast 

One station 1,520 meters southeast 

• One station 1,460 meters southeast 

• One station 1,370 meters southeast 

• One station 640 meters south. 

Two project participants and a monitor left the Control Point an 

hour after the declaration of recovery hour to recover film, 

85 
 

proceeding as radiological conditions permitted. Eight hours 

after the detonation, project participants returned the recovered 

film for development and analysis to personnel. 

At 0830 hours the next day, participants finished recovering the 

film and sent it for processing to Wright Air Development Center 

(7; 55). 

Project Photographic Analysis, was conducted by the 

Technical Photographic Service Branch of the Wright Air Development Center. The objective was to analyze the Project 

photographs of crater development (49). 

Project 4.2, Cratering Effects of Underground-surface 

Detonated Atomic Bombs and Influence of Soil Characteristics on 

Crater, was performed by the Naval Civil Engineering Research and 

Evaluation Laboratory. The project was to determine the precise 

dimensions of the crater. Project personnel obtained soil 

samples 15, 30, 60, and 90 meters from ground zero at radii of 45 

degrees (9). 

Project 4.5, Characteristics of Missiles from 

Nuclear Explosions, was conducted by the Stanford Research 

Institute. The objective was to obtain data on the damage 

produced by debris projected by a nuclear detonation. At least 

28 days before the test, personnel constructed several 

concrete highway strips and an array of walls. The highway 

strips each contained a specific substance, such as aluminum 

nails or crushed red brick. Project participants laid out the 

highway slabs at distances of five to 90 meters west of ground 

zero. They built the wall sections on a different line extending 

six to 16 meters from ground zero. After the detonation, they 

tracked down the fragmentary missiles and recorded the direction 

and distances traveled (55; 69). 

86 
Project 6.1, Evaluation of Military Equipment, was 

conducted by the Evans Signal Laboratory and the Bureau of Ships. 

The purpose was to field--test equipment. Four and 

half hours after the announcement of recovery hour, project 

personnel surveyed radiation levels in the Project 6.2 areas. 

Participants also accompanied radiological safety monitors as 

they surveyed the shot area (23; 55). 

Project 6.2, Protection and Decontamination of Land Targets 

and Vehicles, was conducted by several agencies, including the 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, the Engineer Research and 

Development Laboratories, the Army Chemical Center, and the 

Office, Chief of Engineers. This project consisted of ten 

subprojects, eight of which were conducted at Shot UNCLE. 

Flame Decontamination was conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. This experiment involved testing a 

flame decontamination unit on surfaces of wood, asphalt, and 

concrete. These surfaces were at two locations, 800 and 1,600 

meters north-northwest and west of ground zero. 

Decontamination of Paved Areas was conducted by the Army 

Chemical Center. The purpose was to evaluate various methods for 

decontaminating roads. The roads were 620 to 1,600 meters 

northwest of ground zero. 

Decontamination of Test Structures was conducted by the 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The test was designed to 

determine the effectiveness of three methods for decontaminating 

buildings: water washing with a fire hose; hot liquid cleaning 

with a mixture of steam, hot water, and detergent; and vacuum 

cleaning. 

Decontamination of Construction Materials was conducted by 

the Office of the Chief of Engineers. The test was designed to 

87 
determine the decontaminability of coated and uncoated surfaces 

of construction materials used by the Army Corps of Engineers. 

Following the shot, personnel subjected these surfaces to vacuum 

cleaning and high-pressure hosing. These surfaces were located 

2,150 meters northeast of ground zero. 

Contamination-Decontamination Phenomenology was conducted by 

the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The objective was to 

study the effects of structure orientation and surface condition 

on the amount of contamination deposited and subsequently removed 

in decontamination operations. Structures were located 1,830 and 

2,745 meters north to northeast of ground zero. 

Test of Materials was conducted by the Chemical and Radiological Laboratory of the Army Chemical Center. The purpose was 

to study the decontaminability of materials commonly used for 

military purposes. Panels of various materials were exposed at 

locations 1.6 to 22 kilometers north to northeast of ground zero. 

Decontamination of Vehicles was conducted by the Engineer 

Research and Development Laboratories. The purpose was to 

evaluate methods and techniques used to decontaminate military 

vehicles. Two M26 tanks were exposed 620 meters from ground 

zero. In addition, trucks were exposed. These vehicles were 

decontaminated at a station located at the boundary of the area 

in which personnel had to be accompanied by a radiological safety 

monitor. Figure 3-4 shows a project participant decontaminating 

a tank. 

Measurements were taken by the Naval Research and 

Development Laboratory to evaluate equipment and methods used to 

monitor the progress of decontamination operations as these 

operations occurred in the other Project 6.2 experiments at UNCLE 

88 

Project 6.3-1, Evaluation of Military Individual and 

Collective Protection Device and Clothing, was conducted by the 

Army Chemical Center. The objective was to determine the 

adequacy of protective equipment for use in radioactive areas. 

Project participants placed racks of protective clothing in the 

forward area. They also positioned two tanks with their hatches 

open and placed clothing in the crew positions within the tanks. 

Two hours after the announcement of recovery hour, project 

personnel, accompanied by a monitor, recovered protective 

equipment from the tanks (38; 55). 

Project 6.3-2, Evaluation of Potential Respiratory Hazards 

Associated with Vehicular Operation in a Radioactively Contaminated Area, was performed by the Ballistics Research Laboratories, the Army Field Forces Board Number 2 Test Team, and the 

Army Chemical Center. The objectives were to gain data to use in 

estimating the potential inhalation hazard faced by personnel in 

armored vehicles exposed to a nuclear detonation or operating in 

areas contaminated with fission fallout from a nuclear detonation. Two M26 tanks and one M59 personnel carrier were 

positioned in the shot area (20; 55). 

Project 6.4, Operational Tests of Techniques for Accomplishing Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, was conducted by the Wright 

Air Development Center. The objective was to test, under 

operational conditions, radar and photography equipment as a 

means of determining the ground zero and yield of a nuclear 

detonation. Three hours and 45 minutes before the detonation, 

two B-50s and a B-29 left Kirtland AFB to be in position at 

time, about eight kilometers south, southeast, and north, 

respectively, of ground zero. After the detonation the aircraft, 

instrumented with radar equipment and cameras, took photographs 

and recorded data. The aircraft then returned to Kirtland AFB 

(41; 55). 
Project 6.7, Clothing Decontamination and Evaluation of 

Laundry Methods, was conducted by the following: 

Detachment 7, 9135th Test Support Unit, Fort Lee,

Virginia 

Office of the Quartermaster General 

Evans Signal Laboratory. 

The main objective was to test the suitability of a laundry 

formula developed during Operation GREENHOUSE for the removal of 

radioactive contamination from clothing. A second objective was 

to field-test experimental survey instruments used to monitor 

levels of clothing contamination. Project personnel surveyed and 

washed the clothing used by personnel from Projects 6.2 and 6.3 

Project 6.8, Evaluation of U.S. Army Field Water Supply 

Equipment and Operations, was conducted by the Engineer Research 

and Development Laboratories. The objective was to determine the 

resistance of water storage tanks to the blast and thermal 

effects of an underground detonation. In addition, the project 

investigated the potential problem of radioactive contamination 

of field water supplies following an underground detonation. No 

water tanks were used at Shot UNCLE. However, personnel from 

Project 2.8, Analysis of Test Site and Fallout Material, 

collected ground contamination data. Using these data, Project 

6.8 personnel calculated the contamination levels that water in 

tanks would have shown had there been tanks in the fallout path 

(45; 55). 

Project Transport of Radiation Debris, was conducted 

by Headquarters, Air Force, and the Air Weather Service. The 

objective was to determine the distribution of airborne debris 

from a nuclear detonation. Aircraft tracked the debris at 

various distances from the Nevada Proving Ground. Cloud tracking 

is described in section 3.2.3 of this chapter, which discusses 

Air Force support missions during Shot UNCLE (2). 
Project Radiochemical, Chemical, and Physical Analysis 

of Atomic Bomb Debris, was performed by Headquarters, Air Force, 

in conjunction with sampling operations conducted by the 4925th 

Test Group (Atomic). Project personnel made radiochemical 

analyses of nuclear weapon debris obtained close to the Nevada 

Proving Ground. Sampling operations are discussed in section 

3.2.3 (63). 

Project 7.2, Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over a 

Land Mass, was conducted by the 1009th Special Weapons Squadron, 

the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, the Acoustics Research Division of 

the Wright Air Development Center, and the Coast and Geodetic 

Survey. The objective was to study the seismic waves propagated 

by a nuclear detonation. Sixteen hours before the detonation, 

project personnel left six project stations located from 370 

meters southwest of ground zero to 24 kilometers north of ground 

zero. Participants recovered seismic records from the six 

stations at 0830 hours on the day after the detonation (16; 55). 

Project 7.3, Airborne Low-frequency Sound from the Atomic 

Explosions during Operations BUSTER and JANGLE, was conducted by 

the Naval Electronics Laboratory, Signal Corps Engineering 

Laboratories, and National Bureau of Standards. The objective 

was to determine the range and reliability of acoustic detection 

equipment for continental nuclear explosions of various yields. 

Project personnel worked at stations in Alaska, California, 

Florida, Hawaii, Kentucky, New Jersey, Texas, Washington, and 

Washington, D.C. (57). 

Project 8.4, Technical Photography for IBDA Project, was 

conducted by the Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory. The 

purpose was to provide technical and documentary photography of 

Project 6.4, Operational Tests of Techniques for Accomplishing 

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment. Lookout Mountain Laboratory 

personnel photographed the indirect bomb damage assessment 
mission from the one B-29 and two B-50 aircraft that performed 

Project 6.4. At the time of the detonation, the B-29, operated 

by personnel from the Armament Test Division of Eglin AFB, 

Florida, was five kilometers due south of ground zero at 17,000 

feet. One B-50 flew at the same altitude right behind the B-29. 

The second B-50 was five kilometers due north of ground zero at 

20,000 feet. The 4925th Test Group (Atomic) probably operated 

the B-50s. All three aircraft staged out of Kirtland AFB 

(4; 33; 41). 

3.2.2 Weapons Development Tests 

The Weapons Development Test Unit conducted several projects 

at Shot UNCLE. Only one project, however, involved DOD participants: Project 10.4, Radiochemical Results. Conducted by LASL, 

this experiment was designed to determine the particle makeup of 

the cloud resulting from Shot UNCLE. The project required cloud 

sampling, which was conducted by the 4925th Test Group (Atomic) 

(65). This activity is discussed in the next section. 

3.2.3 Special Weapons Command Activities 

The Special Weapons Command provided personnel to control 

air activities through the Air Operations Center, which 

coordinated air traffic over the Nevada Proving Ground. swc 

personnel conducted cloud-sampling, sample courier, and 

tracking missions and aerial surveys for the test units and the 

Test Manager (33). 

The following listing indicates the types and numbers of 

aircraft and the estimated numbers of DOD aircrew personnel 

involved in SWC missions at Shot UNCLE (21; 22; 28; 66): 
ACTIVITY 

TYPE OF 

AIRCRAFT 

NUMBER OF 

AIRCRAFT 

NUMBER OF 

PERSONNEL 

Sampling 

Sample Courier

Missions 

Cloud Tracking 

Aerial Surveys 

B-29 

B-25 

B-29 

c-47 

2 

1 

1 

3 

16 

5 

10 

15 

Cloud Sampling 

Two B-29s collected particulate and gaseous samples of the 

cloud for Project Radiochemical, Chemical, and Physical 

Analysis of Atomic Bomb Debris, and Project 10.4, Radiochemical 

Results. The B-29s left Indian Springs AFB about three hours 

before shot-time and orbited near Las Vegas until the detonation. 

The samplers flew at altitudes of 5,500 to 10,000 feet, made up 

to seven penetrations of the cloud, and traveled up to 100 

kilometers northeast of ground zero. The following gives further 

details of the sampling missions (22): 

TOTAL TIME PEAK 

AIRCRAFT TYPE IN CLOUDS INTENSITY DOSIMETER READING 

AND SERIAL (seconds) (R/h) (roentgens) 

B-29 (386) 780 4.4 0.340 

B-29 (599) 465 2.0 0.040 

The dosimeter readings noted above indicate the cumulative 

exposures recorded by instruments, such as film badges and pocket 

dosimeters, within the aircraft. 
Upon completing their mission, the samplers returned to 

Indian Springs AFB and parked in the aircraft decontamination 

area. Pilots then shut down the engines. The disembarked from the aircraft using the nose-wheel door. The 

sample-removing team used long-handled tools to remove the filter 

papers and place them in shielded containers. They then loaded 

the sample containers onto courier aircraft for delivery to 

laboratories for analysis (28; 66). 

Courier Missions 

After the sampling missions had been completed, one B-25 and 

other SWC aircraft left Indian Springs AFB on shot-day to transport filter papers and equipment to various laboratories 

(primarily AEC and DOD facilities) for analysis. The 

Support Wing (Atomic) conducted these courier missions (33). 

Cloud Tracking 

After the detonation, one B-29 from Indian Springs AFB flew 

a cloud-tracking mission over and beyond the Nevada Proving 

Ground for the test organization and for Project Transport 

of Radiation Debris. The aircraft tracked the cloud at altitudes 

ranging from 14,000 to 16,000 feet (22). 

Aerial Surveys 

Three C-47 aircraft, all based at Indian Springs AFB, 

conducted and survey missions to record radiation 

intensities for the test organization and Project Aerial 

Survey of Distant Contaminated Terrain. The missions, planned 

for 29 November 1951, were postponed because of a delay in 

shot-time and the slow-moving, low-level cloud. The C-47s 

conducted their mission on 30 November. The first aircraft flew 

at heights of 400 to 700 feet above the terrain from 0750 to 1058 

hours. The second flew at heights of 70 to 1,000 feet from 0804 

to 1044 hours. The third C-47 flew at heights of 500 to 1,100 

feet from 0753 to 1053 hours (22). 
3.3 RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION AT SHOT UNCLE 

The primary purpose of the radiological protection procedures developed for members of Exercise Desert Rock, the test 

units, and SWC for Operation BUSTER-JANGLE was to keep individual 

exposures to ionizing radiation to a minimum, while still 

allowing participants to accomplish their missions. Information 

on radiological safety at Shot UNCLE includes data on monitoring 

and decontamination procedures. 

3.3.1 Desert Rock Radiological Protection Activities 

For the exercise conducted by members of Desert Rock III and 

the evaluation teams, the Army planned and supplied personnel for 

radiation protection activities. AFSWP assisted the Army at Camp 

Desert Rock in these activities (61). 

Dosimetry 

The Radiological Safety Unit issued film badges and 

respirators to observers and Desert Rock personnel entering the 

area forward of the Control Point at Yucca Pass. After the 

completion of Desert Rock activities at the shot, radiological 

safety personnel collected most of the badges in the forward area 

before troops boarded vehicles for the return to Camp Desert 

Rock. They collected the remaining badges after the troops 

returned to camp (37). 

Records indicate that three Desert Rock personnel received 

gamma exposures exceeding 3 roentgens while at UNCLE. Their 

exposures were 4.7, 4.9, and 5.8 roentgens (73). 

Monitoring 

Survey teams monitored the shot area before the observers 

were permitted into the area. Radiological monitors accompanied 

observers on the buses transporting them into the shot area. One 
monitor remained at each display area to assist the damage 

effects teams, and at least one monitor accompanied each 

evaluation team (37). 

Decontamination 

Control stations were located on each road leading out of 

the shot area. Personnel and vehicles leaving the area were 

monitored at these stations. If gamma intensities exceeded 0.02 

R/h, the personnel and vehicles were directed to the decontamination facility near the exercise area. Personnel were decontaminated mainly by dry brushing, showering, and laundering of 

clothes. Vehicle decontamination involved repeated washings with 

detergent and water (37). 

3.3.2 Test Organization Radiological Protection Activities 

The Radiological Health and Safety Group, consisting of 

personnel from LASL, from the armed services, and from various 

other civilian groups, planned and conducted radiation protection 

activities at Shot UNCLE. 

Dosimetry 

Film badge records indicate that seven personnel from the 

Radiological Health and Safety Group who participated in Shot 

UNCLE had total gamma exposures over 3 roentgens. Their 

exposures ranged from 3 to 3.5 roentgens. One participant 

from Evans Signal Laboratory received a total exposure of 

5.7 roentgens. Three Navy personnel received total exposures 

of 3.1, 3.2, and 3.5 roentgens (23; 25; 73). 

Several Air Force personnel received gamma exposures that 

put them over the 3 roentgen limit: one participant from the 

97th Bombardment Squadron received 3.1 roentgens; one participant 

from AFB, Texas, received 3.6 roentgens; one AFSWP 
participant received 3.8 roentgens; and one Technical Operations 

Squadron participant received 5 roentgens. In addition, one 

participant whose unit is identified as BUSTER-JANGLE in the film 

badge records had an exposure of 4.7 roentgens (73). 

Monitoring 

The initial monitoring teams began their survey soon after 

the detonation. They resurveyed the shot area during the next 

several days. In addition to the ground survey teams, a team in 

a helicopter conducted an aerial survey of Area 10, including all 

roads leading into the shot area (62). 

After the teams completed the initial ground and aerial 

surveys, the Test Manager opened the shot area for limited 

recovery operations. Recovery parties, each accompanied by a 

radiological safety monitor, worked in the shot area from about 

1330 to hours. They continued operations on subsequent 

days. 

The Fallout Study of the Radiological Health and 

Group provided monitoring 16 to 320 kilometers from ground zero. 

The study involved 32 personnel, one of whom was a DOD participant. As the study team noted, the Shot UNCLE cloud moved to the 

northeast and "seemed to hang in the valleys." Study personnel 

also observed that the wind reversed direction late in the 

afternoon of shot-day, and fallout "returned and passed directly 

over the CP" [Control Point]. The filter papers that collected 

some of the fallout became "too hot to count even on the 

following day" (102). 

The three C-47 terrain survey aircraft provided 

monitoring. The aerial survey teams found maximum surface gamma 

intensities lower than 0.02 R/h in all areas surveyed 

(55; 62). 
Plotting 

Ground monitoring teams provided survey data used in 

plotting isointensitv contours. Figure 3-5 presents an 

isointensitg plot showing the results of a resurvey conducted 19 

hours after the detonation (62). 

Decontamination 

Records indicate that 275 ground vehicles were decontaminated during UNCLE (62). As at the BUSTER shots, radiation 

levels were probably reduced to less than 0.002 R/h by repeated 

washings of the vehicles with detergent and water. 
••••••• •• •••••••• 1 

0 500 1000 ----- 0.1 

I . I 

2 

Figure 3-5: RESURVEY FOR SHOT UNCLE, 30 NOVEMBER HOURS 

100 
REFERENCE LIST 

The following list of references represents

only those documents consulted in the Shots

SUGAR and UNCLE volume. When a DASA-WT or 

DNA-WT document is followed by an EX, the

latest version has been cited. The 

bibliography of documents consulted during

the preparation of all three Operation

BUSTER-JANGLE reports is contained in the

Operation BUSTER-JANGLE volume. 

101 
AVAILABILITY INFORMATION 

An availability statement has been included at the end of

the reference citation for those readers who wish to read or 

obtain copies of source documents. Availability statements were

correct at the time the bibliography was prepared. It is 

anticipated that many of the documents marked unavailable may

become available during the declassification review process. The 

Coordination and Information Center (CIC) and the National

Technical Information Service (NTIS) will be provided future 

DNA-WT documents bearing an EX after the report number. 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of CIC 

may be reviewed at the following address: 

Department of Energv

Coordination and Information Center 

(Operated by Reynolds Electrical Engineering Co., Inc.)

ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley

2753 S. Highland

P.O. Box 14100 Phone: (702) 734-3194

Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of NTIS

may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service.

When ordering by mail or phone, please include both the price

code and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses

before the NTIS order number. 

National Technical Information Service 

5285 Port Royal Road Phone: (703) 487-4650

Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office) 

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by 

writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or by calling

(703) 487-4660. 

102 
-

OPERATION BUSTER-JANGLE 

SHOTS SUGAR AND UNCLE REFERENCE LIST 

Alexander, L. T.; et al. "Analysis of Test Site and

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Operation JANGLE, Particle Studies, 

417 pages.) Department of Agriculture.

Washington,D. C.: DNA. WT-335. October 1979. 

35 Pages. (A15) AD/A995 

2. Allen, P. W.; et al. Transport of Radioactive Debris from 

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WT-308-EX. October 1979. 187 Pages.

AD/B951 

3. Andrews, T. J.; et al. "Transient Ground Mechanical 

Effects from HE and Nuclear Explosions, JANGLE

Ballistic Research Laboratories. 

Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-385. June 1952. 

67 Pages.*** 

4. Armed Forces Special Weapons Project. Summary Report:

Weapons Effects Tests, Operation JANGLE. Washington,

D. C.: DNA. WT-414-EX. October 197.9. 

153 Pages. (A08) AD/A995 OOO.* 

5. Armour Research Foundation. Air Force Structures Test, 

JANGLE 3.3. Armour Research Foundation. 

Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-405. November 

1952. 636 Pages.*** 

6. N. E.; Bunney, L. R. "Nature and Distribution of 

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(In: Operation JANGLE, 

and Sampling Techniques, WT-373-EX, 263 pages.)

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. Washington,

D. C.: DNA. WT-397. October 1979. 75 Pages.

(A12) AD/A995 

7. Barr, H. C. "Ground Technical Photography Material

Operations, JANGLE Project Sandia 

Corporation. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-398. 

November 1951. 29 Pages.*** 

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***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

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103 
8. Beach, D. E., Col., USA. "Observer's Report on Operation

Desert Rock III," w/o [Carlisle, PA.: Army

War College.] December 1951. 5 Pages.**  

9. Bishop, J. A.; Lowance, F. E. "Physical Characteristics

of Crater and Lip, JANGLE Project 4.2." Naval Civil 

Engineering Research and Evaluation Laboratory.

Washington, D.C.: AFSWP. WT-399. May 1952. 

37 Pages.*** 

10. Bishop, J. A.; et al. "Engineer Soil Mechanics Tests,

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Research and Evaluation Laboratory. Washington,

D. C.: AFSWP. WT-336. February 1952. 53 Pages.

(A04) AD 801 

11. E. J.; Terry, J. H. "Gamma Radiation as a Function 

of Time with Droppable Telemeters, JANGLE

Naval Air Development Center. Washington, D. C.: 

AFSWP. WT-392. April 1952. 55 Pages. (A04)

AD/A078 

12. Chambers, F. W. "Gamma Depth Dose Measurements in

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241 pages.) Naval Medical Research Institute. 

Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-332. May 1952.

36 Pages. (All) AD 611 

13. Cook, G. W.; Kiley, W. P. "Detection of Time of Arrival 

First Earth Motion, JANGLE Project David 

Taylor Model Basin. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. 

WT-326. April 1952. 25 Pages.*** 

14. Costrell, L. "Gamma Radiation as a Function of Time and 

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AFSWP. WT-329. April 1952. 107 Pages. 

(A06) AD/A078 

15. Crawford, F. M. "Aerial Technical Photography, JANGLE

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Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-354. March 1952. 

23 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

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16. J. A. Seismic Waves from A-Bombs Detonated over 

a Land Mass, BUSTER Project 7.5, JANGLE Project 7.2. 

Headquarters, Air Force. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. 

WT-321. March 1952. 123 Pages. 

17. Doll, E. B.; Salmon, V. Ground Acceleration, Ground and 

Air Pressures for Underground Test, JANGLE Project 

Stanford Research Institute. Washington, 

D. C.: AFSWP. WT-380. April 1952. 99 Pages.

(A05) AD/A995 

18. Earl, J. R.; et al. Protection and Decontamination of 

Land Targets and Vehicles, JANGLE Project 6.2.

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. Washington, 

D. C.: AFSWP. WT-400. June 1952. 229 Pages.** * 

19. Eberhard, R. A.; et al. "Peak Air Blast Pressures from 

Shock Velocity Measurements along the Ground, JANGLE

Project Ballistic Research Laboratories. 

Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-323. 1951. 

65 Pages.*** 

20. Emmquist, E. H. "Evaluation of the Potential Respiratory

Hazard to Tank Crews Required to Operate in

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Chemical Center. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. 

WT-402. July 1952. 55 Pages.*** 

21. Fackler, P. H. Interview with Col. Paul H. Fackler, USAF 

(Ret.), Subject: Tests. McLean, VA. April 

22, 

22. Fackler, P. H., Lt. Col., USAF. Technical Air Operations.

Air Force Special Weapons Command. Kirtland AFB 

NM.: WT-422. January 1952. 87 Pages.*;* 

23. Forbes, M. B., LTC, USA. "Evaluation of Military 

Equipment, JANGLE Project 6.1." Army Electronics

Laboratory and Navy, Bureau of Ships. Washington,

D. C.: AFSWP. WT-337. May 1952. 61 Pages.*** 

24. Forbes, M. B., LTC, USA. "Total Dosage, JANGLE Project

2.3-l." (In: Operation JANGLE, Gamma Radiation

Measurements, WT-370, 339 pages.) Signal Corps

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105 
25. Forbes, M. B., LTC, USA; et al. "Remotely Controlled 

Sampling Techniques, JANGLE Project (In:

Operation JANGLE, Radiochemical Measurements and 

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26. Gannon, W. F. "Close in Ground Measurements, JANGLE 

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27. General Electric Companv--TEMPO. Compilation of Local

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612 Pages. (A99) AD/A079 

28. Gerster, Max. The Special Weapons Center and Atomic

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305 Pages.** * 

Hansen, R. J.; Archer, J. S. "Army Structures Test, 

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Technology. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-387. 

October 1952. 477 Pages.*** 

30. Hansen, R. J.; Saxe, H. C. Ground Acceleration (Shock 

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of Technology. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-357. 

June 1952. 79 Pages.*** 

31. Harlan, W. E. "Aerial Survey of Distant Contaminated' 

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32. Haskell, N. A.; Vann, J. D. "The Measurement of Free Air 

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1952. 67 Pages. (All) AD/A078 

33. Hatlem, J. C., Lt. Col., USAF. Special Weapons Command 

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Force, Special Weapons Command. Kirtland AFB, NM.: 

swc. 1951. 139 Pages.** * 

34. Hazzard, L. B.; P. J. Navy Underground and 

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WT-404. May 1953. 255 Pages.*** 

35. Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. Memorandum for Carroll L. 

Tyler, Test Manager, Subject: Desert Rock III 

Schedule. Camp Desert Rock, NV. 25 November 1951. 

2 Pages.** 

36. Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. [Memorandum, Subject:

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37. [Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock.] Report of Test 

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38. Hendrickson, J. R. Evaluation of Military Individual and

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39. Howard, W. J.; Jones, R. D. "Free Air Pressure 

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40. Hughes, D. C.; et al. Clothing Decontamination and

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41. James, F. E. "Operational Tests of Techniques for

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42. Johnson, G. W. "Monitor Survey of Ground Contamination,

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43. Karstens, E. H. Air Weather Service Participation in 

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December 1951. Pages.** * 

44. Lenander, H. E. "Structure Instrumentation, JANGLE 

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25 Pages.*** 

45. Lindsten, D. C.; Lowe, H. N., Jr. "Evaluation of U. S. 

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47. Maxwell, C. R.; et al. "Retrievable Missiles for Remote 

Ground Sampling, JANGLE Project (In: 

Operation JANGLE, Radiochemical Measurements and 

Sampling Techniques, WT-373-EX, 263 pages.)

National Institutes of Health. Washington, D. C.:

AFSWP. WT-363. June 1952. 33 Pages.

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*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

108 
48. Maxwell, R. D. "Radiochemical Studies of Large Particles,

JANGLE Project (In: Operation JANGLE, 

Particle Studies, WT-371-EX, 417 pages.) Army

Medical Service Graduate School. Washington, D. C.: 

AFSWP. WT-333. April 1952. 31 Pages. (A18)

AD/A995 

Miller, J. J. "Photographic Analysis, JANGLE Project

Sandia Corporation. Washington, D. C.:

AFSWP. WT-346. March 1952. 43 Pages.

AD/A995 

5 0 . Morris, W. E. Ground Acceleration Measurements, JANGLE 

Project 1.1. Naval Ordnance Laboratory.

Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-388. June 1952. 

289 Pages.** * 

Morris, W. E. "Transient Ground Displacement Measurement,

JANGLE Project Naval Ordnance Laboratory.

Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-382. 1952. 

21 Pages.*** 

52. Moulton, J. F.; et al. "Peak Pressure vs. Distance in 

Free Air Using Smoke Rocket Photography, JANGLE

Project (In: Operation JANGLE, Blast and 

Shock Measurements II, WT-367, 231 pages.) Naval 

Ordnance Laboratory. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. 

WT-389. June 1952. 59 Pages.

AD/A078 

53. Nadler, M. R., Capt., USAF. "Report of Radiological

Safety, Indian Springs AFB, Nevada, Project 

BUSTER/JANGLE." Air Force, Special Weapons Command.

Kirtland AFB, NM: swc. 5 December 1951. 

52 Pages.*** 

54. Office, Chief of Army Field Forces. [Ltr., OCAFF,

ATTNG-43, 12 May 1953, Subject: Troop Participation,

Exercise Desert Rock VI, to: CMDT CTGSC. wo/incl.]

U. S. Army, OCAFF. Fort Monroe, VA. ATTNG-43 

354(C). 12 May 1953. 5 Pages.** 

55. Office of the Test Director, J-Division. Operation Order 

No. (BUSTER-JANGLE). Los NM.: LASL. 

J-8000. August 1951. 223 Pages.** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

109 
56. Ohio River Division Laboratories. "Earth Displacement

(Shear Shafts), JANGLE Project 1.6." Ohio River 

Division Laboratories. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. 

WT-353. April 1952. 41 Pages.** * 

57. Olmsted, G. B. Detection of Airborne Low-Frequency Sound

from the Atomic Explosions of Operations BUSTER and 

JANGLE, BUSTER Project 7.6, JANGLE Project 7.3.

Air Force. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. 

WT-322. March 1952. 147 Pages,

AD/A995 156.' 

58. I. G.; et al. "Fallout Particle Studies, JANGLE 

Project (In: Operation JANGLE, Particle

Studies, WT-371-EX, 417 pages.) Naval Radiological

Defense Laboratory. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. 

WT-395. April 1952. 149 Pages.

AD/A995 072.' 

Rankowitz, S.; et al. "Free Air Shock Arrival Times, 

JANGLE Project (In: Operation JANGLE,

Blast and Shock Measurements II, WT-367, 231 pages.)

Brookhaven National Laboratory. Washington, D. C.:

AFSWP. WT-324. May 1952. 41 Pages.

AD/A078 

60. Charles; et al. "Airborne Particle Studies, 

JANGLE Project (In: Operation JANGLE, 

Particle Studies, WT-371-EX, 417 pages.) Army

Chemical Center. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. 

WT-394-EX. October 1979. 198 Pages.

AD/A995 

61. Thomas, M.D., Rad Safe and Health Director. 

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: Policy and

Procedure for Rad Safe Organization in Conjunction

with Operation Desert Rock. AEC, Rad Safe and 

Health Unit. Las Vegas, NV. October 4, 1951. 

2 Pages.** 

62. Thomas, M.D. "Radiological Safety, Operation

BUSTER-JANGLE." Los Scientific Laboratory.

Los NM.: LASL. WT-425-EX. October 1979. 

64 Pages. (A04) AD/B951 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

110 
63. Singlevich, W.; Douthett, E. M. "Radiochemical, Chemical 

and Physical Analysis of Atomic Bomb Debris, BUSTER 

Project 7.3, JANGLE Project 7.1." Headquarters, Air

Force. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-320-EX. 

January 1979. 23 Pages. (A02) AD/A995 009." 

64. Smith, Falconer; et al. "Biological Injury from Particle

Inhalation, JANGLE Project 2.7." (In: Operation

JANGLE, Biological Hazards, WT-372, 241 pages.)

National Institutes of Health. Washington, D.C.:

AFSWP. WT-396. June 1952. 69 Pages. (All)

AD 611 250.' 

65. R. W.; Knight, J. D. "Radiochemical Results, 

BUSTER-JANGLE Project 10.4." Los Scientific 

Laboratory. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-413. 

February 1952. 42 Pages.** * 

66. Tavlor. L. B. Historv of the Air Force Atomic Cloud 

Vol. "Narrative"; Vol. 2: 

"Appendix." Air Force Special Weapons Center.

Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 61-142-1. 

January 1963. 330 Pages.*** 

67. Terry, J. H.; Robertson, G. D. "Aerial Survey of Local

Contaminated Terrain, JANGLE Project (In:

Operation JANGLE, Gamma Radiation Measurements,

WT-370, 339 pages.) Navy, Bureau of Aeronautics, 

and Wright Air Development Center. Washington,

D. C.: AFSWP. WT-351. 1951. 59 Pages.

(A15) AD/A078 

68. Tochilin, E.; et al. "Beta-Ray and Gamma-Ray Energy of

Residual Contamination, JANGLE Project (In:

Operation JANGLE, Biological Hazards, WT-372, 241 

pages.) Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory.

Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. WT-345. April 1952. 

101 Pages. (All) AD 611 

Vaile, R. B., Jr.; Salmon, V. "Evaluation of Missile 

Hazard, Underground Shot, JANGLE Project 4.5."

Stanford Research Institute. Washington, D. C.:

AFSWP. WT-338. May 1952. 53 Pages. (A04)

AD 629 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

111 
70. Walsh, T. G. "Foxhole Shielding of Gamma Radiation,

JANGLE Project 2.3-2." Engineer Research and

Development Laboratories. Washington, D. C.:

AFSWP. WT-393. June 1952. 21 Pages. (A02)

AD 482 

71. Warren, Shields, M. D., Director, Div. of Biology and

Medicine. Memorandum for Carroll Tyler, Manager 

SFOO, Subject: Permissible Levels of Radiation 

Exposure for Test Personnel. AEC. Washington, 

D. C. October 11, 1951. 2 Pages.**  

72. Young, G. A.; Milligan, M. L. "Base Surge Analysis for 

Nuclear Tests, JANGLE Project Naval 

Ordnance Laboratory. Washington, D. C.: AFSWP. 

WT-390. June 1952. 35 Pages.*** 

73. Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company, Inc.

Exposure Data Master File--BUSTER-JANGLE. Mercury, 

NV. Report 838-00. February 1981.

Computer Printout.  

74. Goodyear, Mark V., 1st LT, USA. Letter to E. Tochilin, 

Subject: Gamma Dosage Film Readings from Project

Stations during the JANGLE Tests. Office of 

Director, Effects Tests. Washington, D. C. 

9 January 1952. 2 Pages.**  

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

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112 
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Harvard College Library

ATTN: Serials Div 

University of Hawaii Library

ATTN: Gov 

Hawaii State Library

ATTN: Fed Unit 

University of Hawaii at

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Hawaii

Campus Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Burns Library

ATTN: Librn 

Hennepin County Library

ATTN: Gov 

Henry Ford Community College Library

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Herbert H. Lehman College

ATTN: Lib Div 

Hofstra University Library

ATTN: Dept 

Hollins College

ATTN: Librn 

Hopkinsville College

ATTN: Librn 

Wagner College

ATTN: Librn 

University of Houston Library

ATTN: Div 

Houston Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Tulane University

ATTN: Dept 

Hoyt Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Humboldt State College Library

ATTN: Dept 

Huntington Park Library

ATTN: Librn 

Hutchinson Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho Public Library Information Center 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho State Library

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho State University Library

ATTN: Dept 

University of Idaho

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

ATTN: 

University of Illinois Library

ATTN: 

Illinois State Library (Reg)

ATTN: Gov Oocs Br 

Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign

ATTN: P. Watson Lib 

Illinois Valley Community College

ATTN: Library 

Illinois State University

ATTN: Librn 

Indiana State Library (Reg)

ATTN: Serial 

Indiana State University

ATTN: Library 

121 
THER (Continued)

Indiana University Library

ATTN: Dept 

Indianapolis Marion County Public Library

ATTN: Social Science Div 

Iowa State University Library

ATTN: Gov Dept 

Iowa University Library

ATTN: Gov Dept 

Butler University

ATTN: Librn 

Isaac Delchdo College

ATTN: Librn 

James Madison University

ATTN: Librn 

Jefferson County Public Library

Regional Library

ATTN: Librn 

Jersey City State College

ATTN: F. A. Irwin Library Periodicals

Johns Hopkins University

ATTN: Library 

La College

ATTN: Librn 

Johnson Free Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Kalamazoo Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Kansas City Public Library

ATTN: Div 

Kansas State Library

ATTN: Librn 

Kansas State University Library

ATTN: Dept 

University of Kansas

ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg) 

University of Texas

ATTN: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public 

Affairs Library 

Maine Maritime Academy

ATTN: Librn 

University of Maine 

ATTN: Librn 

THER (Continued) 

Kent State University Library

ATTN: Div 

Kentucky Dept of Library Archives 

ATTN: 

University of Kentucky

ATTN: Pub Dept

ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg) 

Kenyon College Library

ATTN: Librn 

Lake Forest College 

ATTN: Librn 

Lake Sumter College Library

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Lancaster Regional Library

ATTN: Librn 

Lawrence University

ATTN: Dept 

Brigham Young University

ATTN: Map 

Library and Statutory Dist Svc 

2 cy ATTN: Librn 

College

ATTN: Librn 

Little Rock Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Long Beach Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Los Angeles Public Library

ATTN: Serials Div U.S. 

Louisiana State University

ATTN: Gov Dept

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Louisville Free Public Library

Librn 

Louisville University Library

ATTN: Librn 

Hoover Institution 

ATTN: J. Bingham 

122 
 

OTHER (Continued) 

Manchester City Library

ATTN: Librn 

Mankato State College

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

University of Maine at Farmington

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Marathon County Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Principia College

ATTN: Librn 

University of Maryland

ATTN: Library Div 

University of Maryland

ATTN: Librn 

University of Massachusetts

ATTN: Gov 

Maui Public Library

Kahului Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

State University

ATTN: Librn 

Memphis Shelby County Public Library

Information Center 

ATTN: Librn 

State 

ATTN: Librn 

University

ATTN: Librn 

Mesa County Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Miami Dade College

ATTN: Librn 

University of Miami Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

Miami Public Library

ATTN: Div 

Miami University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

University of Santa Clara

ATTN: Div 

Michigan State Library

ATTN: Librn 

University Library

Librn 

University Library 

THER (Continued) 

Michigan Tech University

ATTN: Lib Dept 

University of Michigan

ATTN: Acq Unit 

Middlebury College Library

ATTN: Librn 

Millersville State College

ATTN: Librn 

State University of New York

ATTN: Librn 

Milwaukee Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Minneapolis Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

University of Minnesota

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Minot State College

ATTN: Librn 

Mississippi State University

ATTN: Librn 

University of Mississippi

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Missouri University at Kansas City General

ATTN: Librn 

University of Missouri Library

ATTN: Gov 

M.I.T. Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Mobile Public Library

ATTN: Gov Info Div 

Midwestern University

ATTN: Librn 

Montana State Library

ATTN: Librn 

Montana State University Library

ATTN: Librn 

University of Montana

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Library

ATTN: Librn 

State College

ATTN: Library 

Mt Prospect Public Library

ATTN: Info Ctr 

123 
OTHER (Continued) 

Nassau Library System

ATTN: Librn 

Natrona County Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Nebraska Library Community

Nebraska Public Clearinghouse

ATTN: Librn 

University of Nebraska at Omaha

ATTN: Univ Lib 

Nebraska Western College Library

ATTN: Librn 

University of Nebraska

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Nebraska Library

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

University of Nevada Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

University of Nevada at Las Vegas

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

New Hampshire University Library

ATTN: Librn 

New Hanover County Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

New Mexico State Library

ATTN: Librn 

New Mexico State University

ATTN: Lib Div 

University of New Mexico

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of New Orleans Library

ATTN: Gov Does Div 

New Orleans Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

New York Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

New York State Library

ATTN: Control Cultural Ed Ctr 

State University of New York at Stony Brook

ATTN: Main Lib 

State University of New York Memorial Lib 

at Cortland 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of New York

ATTN: Lib 

North Texas State University 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

State University of New York

ATTN: Librn 

New York State University

ATTN: Ctr 

State University of New York

ATTN: Dept 

New York University Library

ATTN: Dept 

Newark Free Library

ATTN: Librn 

Newark Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Niagara Falls Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Nicholls State University Library

ATTN: Div 

Nieves Flores Memorial Library

ATTN: Librn 

Norfolk Public Library

ATTN: R. Parker 

North Carolina Agricultural Tech State 

University

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Charlotte

ATTN: Atkins Lib Dept 

University Library of North Carolina at Greensboro

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Wilmington

ATTN: Librn 

North Carolina Central University

ATTN: Librn 

North Carolina State University

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina

ATTN: SS Div 

North Dakota State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Dakota 

ATTN: Librn 

North College 

ATTN: Librn 

Minnesota Div cf Emergency 

ATTN: Librn 

124 
 

 

THER (Continued) 

Northeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern Oklahoma State University

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern University

ATTN: Dodge Library 

Northern Arizona University Library

ATTN: Gov Dept 

Northern Illinois University

ATTN: Librn 

Northern Michigan University

ATTN: 

Northern Montana College Library

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern Michigan College

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern State University

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern State University Library

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern University Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Norwalk Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern Illinois University

ATTN: Library 

University of Notre Dame

ATTN: Ctr 

Oakland Community College

ATTN: Librn 

Oakland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Oberlin College Library

ATTN: Librn 

Ocean County College

ATTN: Librn 

Ohio State Library

ATTN: Librn 

Ohio State University

ATTN: Lib Div 

Ohio University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Oklahoma City University Library

ATTN: Librn 

Oklahoma City University Library

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Oklahoma Department of Libraries

ATTN: U.S. Gov 

University of Oklahoma

ATTN: Div 

Old Dominion University

ATTN: Dept Univ Lib 

Olivet College Library

ATTN: Librn 

Omaha Public Library Clark Branch

ATTN: Librn 

Onondaga County Public Library

ATTN: Gov 

Oregon State Library

ATTN: Librn 

University of Oregon

ATTN: 

Ouachita Baptist University

ATTN: Librn 

Pan American University Library

ATTN: Librn 

Passaic Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Queens College

ATTN: Dept 

Pennsylvania State Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

Pennsylvania State University

ATTN: Lib 

University of Pennsylvania

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Denver

ATTN: Penrose Library 

Peoria Public Library

ATTN: Business, Science Tech Dept 

Free Library of Philadelphia

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Philipsburg Free Public Library

ATTN: Library 

Phoenix Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

University of Pittsburgh

ATTN: Office, 

Plainfield Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

125 
OTHER (Continued) 

Popular Creek Public Library District 

ATTN: Librn 

Association of Portland Library

ATTN: Librn 

Portland Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Portland State University Library

ATTN: Librn 

Pratt Institute Library

ATTN: Librn 

Louisiana Tech University

ATTN: Librn 

Princeton University Library

ATTN: Div 

Providence College

ATTN: Librn 

Providence Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library Cincinnati Hamilton County 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson

ATTN: Librn 

University of Puerto Rico

ATTN: & Maps Room 

Purdue University Library

ATTN: Librn 

Quinebaug Valley College

ATTN: Librn 

Auburn University 

ATTN: Microforms Dept 

Rapid City Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Reading Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Reed College Library

ATTN: Librn 

Augusta College

ATTN: Librn 

University of Rhode Island Library

ATTN: Pubs 

University of Rhode Island 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Rice University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Louisiana College

ATTN: Librn 

THER (Continued) 

County Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Riverside Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

University of Rochester Library 

ATTN: 

University of Rutgers Camden Library

ATTN: Librn 

State University of Rutgers

ATTN: Librn 

Rutgers University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Rutgers University Law Library

ATTN: Fed Dept 

Salem College Library

ATTN: Librn 

University

ATTN: Librn 

San Antonio Public Library 

ATTN: Bus Science Tech Dept 

San Diego County Library

ATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions 

San Diego Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

San Diego State University Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

San Francisco Public Library

ATTN: Gov Dept 

San Francisco State College 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

San Jose State College Library

ATTN: Dept 

San Luis Obispo City-County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Savannah Public Effingham Liberty Regional

Library

ATTN: Librn 

Scottsbluff Public Librarv 

ATTN: Librn 

Scranton Public Librarv 

ATTN: Librn 

Seattle Public Librarv 

ATTN: Ref Asst 

University of Richmond

ATTN: Library 

126 
 

OTHER (Continued1 

Selby Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Shawnee Library System

ATTN: Librn 

Shreve Memorial Library

ATTN: Librn 

Silas Bronson Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Sioux City Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

College

ATTN: Librn 

Slippery Rock State College Library

ATTN: Librn 

South Carolina State Library

ATTN: Librn 

University of South Carolina

ATTN: Librn 

University of South Carolina

ATTN: Gov 

South Dakota School of Mines Technical Library

ATTN: Librn 

South Dakota State Library

ATTN: Fed 

University of South Dakota

ATTN: Librn 

South Florida University Library

ATTN: Librn 

Southeast Missouri State University

ATTN: Librn 

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library

ATTN: 

University of Southern Alabama

ATTN: Librn 

Southern California University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Southern Connecticut State College

ATTN: Library 

Southern Illinois University

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Illinois University

ATTN: Ctr 

Southern Methodist University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Southern Mississippi

ATTN: Library 

OTHER (Continued) 

Southern Oregon College

ATTN: Library 

Southern University in New Orleans Library

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Utah State College Library

ATTN: Dept 

Southwest Missouri State College

ATTN: Library 

University of Southwestern Louisiana Libraries

ATTN: Librn 

Southwestern University

ATTN: Librn 

Spokane Public Library

ATTN: Ref Dept 

Springfield City Library

ATTN: 

St Bonaventure University

ATTN: Librn 

St Joseph Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

St Lawrence University

ATTN: Librn 

St Louis Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

St Paul Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Stanford University Library

Gov Dept 

State Historical Library

ATTN: Serials 

State Library of Massachusetts

ATTN: Librn 

State University of New York

ATTN: Librn 

Stetson University

ATTN: Librn 

University of Steubenville

ATTN: Librn 

Stockton San Joaquin Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Stockton State College Library

ATTN: Librn 

127 
 

THER (Continued) 

Superior Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

College Library

Ref Dept 

Syracuse University Library

ATTN: Div 

Tacoma Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Hillsborough County Public Library at Tampa

ATTN': Librn 

Temple University

ATTN: Librn 

Tennessee Technological University

ATTN: Librn 

University of Tennessee

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

College of Idaho

ATTN: Librn 

Texas A M University Library

ATTN: Librn 

University of Texas at Arlington

ATTN: Library 

University of Texas at San Antonio 

ATTN: Library 

Texas Christian University

ATTN: Librn 

Texas State Library

ATTN: U.S. 

Texas Tech University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dept 

Texas University at Austin

ATTN: 

University of Toledo Library

ATTN: Librn 

Toledo Public Library

ATTN: Social Science 

Torrance Civic Center Library

ATTN: Librn 

Traverse City Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Trenton Free Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Trinity College Library

ATTN: Librn 

Trinity University Library

ATTN: 

THER 

Tufts University Library

ATTN: Dept 

University of Tulsa

ATTN: Librn 

UCLA Research Library 

ATTN: Pub Affairs 

Uniformed Services University of the Health 

Sciences 

ATTN: LRC Library 

University Libraries

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

University of Maine at

ATTN: Librn 

University of Northern Iowa

ATTN: Library 

Upper Iowa College

ATTN: 

Utah State University

ATTN: Librn 

University of Utah

ATTN: Special Collections 

University of Utah

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

ATTN: Dept of Pharmacology 

Valencia Library

ATTN: Librn 

Vanderbilt University Library

ATTN: 

University of Vermont

Dir of Libraries 

Virginia Commonwealth University

ATTN: Cibrn 

Virginia Military Institute

ATTN: Librn 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute Library 

ATTN: 

Virginia State Library

ATTN: Serials 

University of Virginia

ATTN: Pub 

Volusia County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

128 
OTHER (Continued) 

Washington State Library

ATTN: 

Washington State University

ATTN: Lib 

Washington University Libraries

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

University of Washington

ATTN: Oiv 

Wayne State University Library

ATTN: Librn 

Wayne State University Law Library

ATTN: Dept 

Weber State College Library

ATTN: Librn 

Wesleyan University

ATTN: Librn 

West Chester State College

ATTN: Oocs Dept 

West Covina Library

ATTN: Librn 

University of West Florida

Librn 

West Hills Community College

ATTN: Library 

West Texas State University

ATTN: Library 

West Virginia College of Grad Studies Library

ATTN: Librn 

University of West Virginia

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Westerly Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Western Carolina University

ATTN: Librn 

Western Illinois University Library

ATTN: Librn 

Western Washington University

ATTN: Librn 

Western Wyoming College Library

ATTN: Librn 

Westmoreland City Community College 

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr 

THER (Continued) 

Whitman College

ATTN: Librn 

Wichita State University Library

ATTN: Librn 

Williams Mary College

ATTN: Dept 

Emporia Kansas State College

ATTN: Gov Div 

William College Library

ATTN: Librn 

Willimantic Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Winthrop College

ATTN: Dept 

University of Wisconsin at Whitewater

ATTN: Gov Lib 

University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee

ATTN: Lib 

University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh

ATTN: Librn 

University of Wisconsin at Platteville

ATTN: Unit Lib 

University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point

ATTN: 

University of Wisconsin

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

University of Wisconsin

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

Worcester Public Library

ATTN: Librn 

Wright State University Library

ATTN: Gov Librn 

Wyoming State Library

ATTN: Librn 

University of Wyoming

ATTN: Div 

Yale University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Yeshiva University

ATTN: Librn 

Yuma City County Library

ATTN: Librn 

Simon Mem Lib, Columbus

ATTN: Librn 

129 
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS 

Advanced Research Applications Corp

ATTN: H. Lee 

JAYCOR 

ATTN: A. Nelson 

cy ATTN: Health Environment 

Kaman Tempo

ATTN: DASIAC 

ATTN: E. Martin 

Kaman Tempo

ATTN: R. 

Science Applications, Inc

Associates Div 

10 cy ATTN: L. Novotney 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued) 

Kaman Tempo

ATTN: C. Jones 

National Academy of Sciences

ATTN: C. Robinette 

ATTN: Med Follow-up Agency

ATTN: Nat Mat Advisory Bd 

Pacific-Sierra Research Corp

ATTN: H. Brode, Chairman SAGE 

Science Applications, Inc

ATTN: Tech Lib 

R Associates 

ATTN: P. 

130