United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 91–1734.

Andrew L. SMITH, individually and derivatively on Behalf of Smith Protective Services, Inc.,

Plaintiff–Appellant,

v.

R. Jack AYRES, et al., Defendants,

R. Jack AYRES, Defendant–Appellee.

Nov. 23, 1992.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas.

Before WISDOM, REYNALDO G. GARZA, and JONES, Circuit Judges.

EDITH H. JONES, Circuit Judge:

Andrew Smith appeals from the district court's dismissal of his class action securities fraud

claim and his stockholder derivative action. We affirm the trial court's decision in all respects.

BACKGROUND

The instant appealis but another chapterin a protracted internecine feud amongCoralie Smith

(mother of Andrew, Clayton, and Mark), Andrew Smith, Clayton Smith, and Mark Smith, principals

or former principals of Smith Protective Services (SPS). At this point, Andrew is pursuing Jack

Ayres, General Counsel and Director of SPS, in a derivative suit and as assignee of the company's

Rule 10b–5 securitiesfraud claims. A fuller recitation of the facts may be found in the earlier opinion,

in which this court reversed the first dismissal of the shareholder derivative claim and affirmed the

dismissal of related claims. Smith v. Ayres, 845 F.2d 1360, 1361–63 (5th Cir.1988).

The trial court originally dismissed Andrew's complaint on the grounds that a state court

judgment deprived Andrew of his stock ownership in SPS, thereby defeating his standing to bring a

derivative action on behalf of SPS. Because the state court judgment had later been reversed by the

Texas Court of Appeals, this court remanded the derivative action for further consideration. On

remand, Ayresreasserted his claimthat Andrew lacked standing to bring a derivative action on behalf

of SPS. The district court granted the supplemental motion to dismiss, ruling that Andrew was not
an adequate or proper shareholder representative to bring a class action. Fed.R.Civ.P. 23.1.

Andrew alternatively claims standing based on his status as a putative assignee of securities

fraud claims against Ayres. As part of the settlement agreement between Andrew and SPS (referred

to by the parties asthe Smith Family Peace Treaty), SPS expressly assigned any and all claims against

Ayres to Andrew and granted Andrew the right to sue as assignee of such claims. Andrew retained

one ofthe 10,000,000 sharesin SPS. Under the settlement agreement, Andrew was to have no other

benefits of ownership; Andrew could not participate in management, could not vote his share, could

not bring other derivative suits, and was obliged to reconvey the single share to SPS if the share

became unnecessary to maintain the derivative action against Ayres. In sum, Andrew's single share

of stock was granted to him for the sole purpose of generating federal standing in his action against

Ayres. The trial court rejected this basis for standing, ruling that Rule 10b–5 securities fraud actions

are not assignable.

STANDING AS A DERIVATIVE PLAINTIFF

In order to bring a derivative action, the shareholder plaintiff must "fairly and adequately

represent the interests of the shareholders or members similarly situated in enforcing the right of the

corporation or association." Fed.R.Civ.P. 23.1. Determining whether the plaintiff meets this standard

is firmly committed to the discretion of the trial court, reviewable only for abuse. Zeidman v. J. Ray

McDermott &Co., Inc., 651 F.2d 1030, 1040 (5thCir. Unit A 1981); see also Larson v. Dumke, 900

F.2d 1363, 1364 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, ––– U.S. ––––, 111 S.Ct. 580, 112 L.Ed.2d 585 (1990).

Andrew's current stake in the corporation is infinitesimal; he holds 1/10,000,000 of the

authorized shares. More significantly, he receives no cooperation from Mark and Clayton in his

persistent litigation efforts against Ayres. Indeed, Mark and Clayton, the remaining two SPS

shareholders, vigorously deny the essential allegationsthat form the basisfor thissuit, which Andrew

must prove to prevail. The trial court may properly consider the degree of support a would-be

shareholder plaintiff will receive from other shareholders in determining the adequacy of

representation under Rule 23.1. See Larson, 900 F.2d at 1368.

Andrew argues that the test of adequate representation is not whether he can adequately
represent allshareholders, but whether he can adequately represent allshareholderssimilarly situated

to himself. Since Mark and Clayton are not similarly situated, he argues that he is a class of one.

Only in the rarest instances may there be a shareholder derivative action with a class of one. Such

circumstances were manifest in Larson, in which the plaintiff was the original owner and founder of

a pizza franchise operation who had sold most of his interest to others, but retained an interest of

almost 25 percent. He opposed the institution of an Employee Stock Option Plan by some of the new

owners and was the only stockholder who elected not to participate.

Larson filed a derivative action to force rescission of the plan, but was not joined by any other

shareholders because t hey would lose money should the suit succeed. With great difficulty, and

taking care to limit its holding to the narrow and precise facts before it, the Ninth Circuit allowed

Larson to proceed as a class of one. Larson, 900 F.2d at 1369. Andrew's situation is entirely

distinct. Andrew was not the individual who created, nurtured, and operated SPS from inception.

He retained only a negligible interest in SPS. Moreover, in Larson, the other shareholders were

opposed to Larson's suit because Larson's success would ultimately injure them financially whether

or not it benefitted the corporation. Such is not the case here. Mark and Clayton, principals and

owners of virtually 100% of SPS, simply fundamentally disagree with Andrew on what is good for

the corporation.

A plaintiffin a shareholder derivative action owesthe corporation his undivided loyalty. The

plaintiff must not have ulterior motives and must not be pursuing an external personal agenda.

Whether or not such a personal agenda existsis determined by the trial court, and we will not reverse

its determination absent clear error. In deciding this question, the court may properly consider the

amount ofthe plaintiff'sstake in the corporation as balanced against hisinterest and how the litigation

may affect his external interests. Blum v. Morgan Guaranty Trust Co., 539 F.2d 1388, 1390 (5th

Cir.1976); see also Halsted Video, Inc. v. Guttillo, 115 F.R.D. 177, 180 (N.D.Ill.1987).

Andrew has an unmistakable personal and professional dispute with Ayres. His brief is

peppered with vituperative epithets, pugilistic metaphors, and descriptions of Ayres as "satanic" and

"evil." Andrew and Ayres are on opposite sides of the emotionally charged feuds between the
 

1

Indeed, Andrew's "ownership" of a single share of stock has no bearing on the assignability of

the Rule 10b–5 action. His stock share may crack open the door to a derivative action, but the

assignment must rise and fall on its own. 

Browning and the Holloway families. Ayres represents the Brownings' interests and Andrew

represents the Holloways' interests. A catalog of the various lawsuits between these two parties and

their affiliates would consume well over a full page. See generally In the Matter of Holloway, 955

F.2d 1008 (5th Cir.1992); Browning v. Navarro, 923 F.2d 377 (5thCir.1991). While those lawsuits

bear no direct relationship to the instant case, they suggest the virulent antagonism Andrew holdsfor

Ayres. The trial court may properly consider the plaintiff's vindictiveness toward the defendant in

determining whether the plaintiff is an adequate representative of the stockholders. See Davis v.

Comed, Inc., 619 F.2d 588, 593–94 (6th Cir.1980). For example, Andrew has stated that he is

committed to "ruin ten years of [Ayres' life], because I'm going to be sure that Pat Holloway prevails

... and he—if he thinks this is even the end of the tenth round, I mean we're—we're not even in the

first round." As was stated in Blum, the trial court should beware allowing a derivative suit to

proceed where the "representative could conceivably use the derivative action as "leverage' in other

litigation...." Blum, 539 F.2d at 1390. The district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding

that Andrew does not qualifyas a fair and adequate representative ofshareholder interests under Rule

23.1.

ASSIGNMENT OF SPS'S 10b–5 CLAIM

Andrew also claims standing on the basis of the express assignment of SPS's right to sue

Ayres. Andrew argues that the generally accepted rule of non-assignability of Rule 10b–5 claims is

not applicable to the instant case because he received a direct and express assignment and does not

rely on an automatic assignment which travels with his single share of stock.1 As far as we can tell,

Andrew'sis a novel claim. Ayres responds that 10b–5 claims are personal and may never be assigned.

Ayres warns of dire consequences if we accept Andrew's argument, suggesting that to allow the

assignment to create standing would presage the development of a futures market in Rule 10b–5

claims.

The guidepost case determining standing rules for 10b–5 actions is Blue Chip Stamps v.
Manor Drug Stores, 421 U.S. 723, 95 S.Ct. 1917, 44 L.Ed.2d 539 (1975). The Blue Chip Stamps

Court adopted the venerable Birnbaum Rule, established in Birnbaum v. Newport Steel Corp., 193

F.2d 461 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 343 U.S. 956, 72 S.Ct. 1051, 96 L.Ed. 1356 (1952), in which the

Second Circuit restricted Rule 10b–5 actions to persons who are either purchasers or sellers of

securities. Blue Chip Stamps, 421 U.S. at 730–31, 95 S.Ct. at 1917. The Blue Chip Stamps decision

was intended to tightly restrict the availability of Rule 10b–5 actions. Many courts have relied upon

this premise to hold that 10b–5 actions are not automatically assigned when the security issold. See,

e.g., In re Nucorp Energy Securities Litigation, 772 F.2d 1486, 1490 (9th Cir.1985); Soderberg v.

Gens, 652 F.Supp. 560, 564 (N.D.Ill.1987); In re Saxon Securities Litigation, 644 F.Supp. 465,

470–72 (S.D.N.Y.1985); Rose v. Arkansas Valley Environmental & Utility Authority, 562 F.Supp.

1180, 1189 (W.D.Mo.1983). Only one court has held an express assignment of a 10b–5 claim to be

valid. AmeriFirst Bank v. Bomar, 757 F.Supp. 1365, 1371 (S.D.Fla.1991). The Court of Appeals

for the Second Circuit has opined in dicta that an express assignment does not violate the strict

construction philosophy of Blue Chip Stamps. Lowry v. Baltimore & Ohio R.R. Co., 707 F.2d 721

(3d Cir.) (en banc ) (eight member panel produced three opinions, six of the eight judges recognized

at least the possibility of an express assignment), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 893, 104 S.Ct. 238, 78

L.Ed.2d 229 (1983). See also, Note, Express v. Automatic Assignment of Section 10b Causes of

Action, 1985 Duke L.J. 813, 823 (express assignment is not inconsistent with strict purchase-or-sale

rule of Blue Chip Stamps ).

The Blue Chip Stamps decision to narrow Rule 10b–5 standing was based principally on two

policy considerations, both of which guide our decision. First, the Court looked to Congressional

intent behind section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Court found that Congress

was concerned with blackmail, nuisance, and strike suits, and drafted the Act to circumscribe the class

of plaintiffs who may sue under the Act for the very purpose of eliminating such suits. 421 U.S. at

740–41, 95 S.Ct. at 1927–28. The Court's second concern centered on the evidentiary problems

inherent in allowing a non-purchaser or non-seller to bring a Rule 10b–5 action. 421 U.S. at 741–43,

95 S.Ct. at 1928–29. The Court was particularly concerned that such suits would turn on "self
serving testimony ..., protracted discovery, [and bear] little chance of reasonable resolution by

pre-trial process." Virginia Bankshares, Inc. v. Sandberg, ––– U.S. ––––, ––––, 111 S.Ct. 2749,

2765, 115 L.Ed.2d 929 (1991) (citing Blue Chip Stamps, 421 U.S. at 742–43, 95 S.Ct. at 1928–29).

The district court noted that "a particular concern here is the risk that this derivative action will be

used as a weapon in Andrew's arsenal rather than a device for the protection of allshareholders" and

that "Andrew's personal antagonisms are a major motivation behind thislawsuit." In sum, this action

bears all the hallmarks of a strike or nuisance suit, the very actions which the Blue Chip Stamps

decision seeks to reduce or eliminate. Moreover, Andrew must tackle potentially insuperable

evidentiary obstacles in proving the merits of his case. Mark and Clinton, the two majority

shareholders in SPS, have unequivocally denied the allegations that form the crux of Andrew's suit.

Andrew must necessarily rely heavily on his own "self-serving testimony," and the action bears "little

chance of reasonable resolution by pre-trial process."

An assignee, Andrew fallssquarelywithin the type ofremote purchasers whose 10b–5 actions

are discouraged by Blue Chip Stamps and later decisions relying thereon. This court has previously

held that Andrew was not affected by any fraud because he voted against issuing shares to Clayton,

the action complained of in this suit. See Ayres, 845 F.2d at 1364. Andrew secured the assignment

of SPS's claims against Ayres and maintains "ownership" of a single share of stock for the express

purpose of defeating doctrines which otherwise would preclude hisstanding to bring this action. His

hope isin vain; form will not triumph over substance here. See Goldberg v. Touche Ross &Co., 531

F.Supp. 86, 88 (S.D.N.Y.1982) (assignment of 10b–5 action could not be used to defeat federal law

prohibiting indemnity actions under Rule 10b–5).

CONCLUSION

We need not resolve and reserve for another day whether under other circumstances, some

Rule 10b–5 claims may be expressly assigned. In this case, however, the trial court did not err in

dismissing the claim based upon the purported assignment of the Rule 10b–5 action where the

assignment appeared to have beenmade for the purpose of creating standing and pursuing a vexatious

lawsuit. Nor did the court abuse its discretion in finding that Andrew was not a proper class action
 

2Andrew's state law claims are not properly before this court, having been dismissed earlier in

the action and such dismissal upheld by a prior panel. See Smith v. Ayres, 845 F.2d at 1366

(dismissal of all claims affirmed, save only the derivative claim). 

representative.2 Andrew's request that the case be reassigned on remand to a different district court

judge is without merit but in any event mooted by our affirming the judgment of dismissal.

AFFIRMED.