Exhibit 4.1


 


  


SECTION
382 RIGHTS AGREEMENT


 


by and between


 


Rubicon
Technology, Inc.


 


and


 


AMERICAN
STOCK TRANSFER & TRUST COMPANY, LLC,


 


as Rights Agent


 


Dated as of December 18, 2017


 




    	 	 	 



     


    

 


TABLE OF CONTENTS


 


	 	 	Page
	 	 	 
	Section 1.	Certain definitions	1
	Section 2.	Appointment of the Rights Agent	7
	Section 3.	Issuance of Rights Certificates	7
	Section 4.	Form of Rights Certificates	8
	Section 5.	Countersignature and Registration	9
	Section 6.	Transfer, Split-Up, Combination and Exchange of Rights Certificates;
    Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Rights Certificates	9
	Section 7.	Exercise of Rights; Purchase Price; Expiration Date of Rights	10
	Section 8.	Cancellation and Destruction of Rights Certificates	11
	Section 9.	Company Covenants Concerning Securities and Rights	11
	Section 10.	Record Date	13
	Section 11.	Adjustment of Purchase Price, Number and Kind of Securities
    or Number of Rights	13
	Section 12.	Certificate of Adjusted Purchase Price or Number of Shares	21
	Section 13.	Fractional Rights and Fractional Shares	22
	Section 14.	Rights of Action	23
	Section 15.	Agreement of Rights Holders	23
	Section 16.	Rights Certificate Holder Not Deemed a Stockholder	24
	Section 17.	Concerning the Rights Agent	24
	Section 18.	Merger, Consolidation or Change of Name of the Rights Agent	25
	Section 19.	Duties of the Rights Agent	25
	Section 20.	Change of the Rights Agent	27
	Section 21.	Issuance of New Rights Certificates	28
	Section 22.	Redemption.	28
	Section 23.	Exchange	29
	Section 24.	Notice of Certain Events	30
	Section 25.	Notices	30
	Section 26.	Supplements and Amendments	31
	Section 27.	Successors	32
	Section 28.	Determinations and Actions by the Board	32
	Section 29.	Benefits of this Agreement	32
	Section 30.	Severability	32
	Section 31.	Governing Law	33
	Section 32.	Counterparts; Facsimiles and PDFs	33
	Section 33.	Descriptive Headings	33
	Section 34.	Force Majeure	33


 


EXHIBITS


 


	Exhibit A:	Form of Certificate of Designation, Preferences and Rights of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock
	Exhibit B:	Form of Rights Certificate
	Exhibit C:	Summary of Rights


 




    	 	 	 



     


    

 


SECTION
382 RIGHTS AGREEMENT


 


SECTION 382 RIGHTS
AGREEMENT, dated as of December 18, 2017 (the “Agreement”), between Rubicon Technology, Inc., a Delaware corporation
(the “Company”), and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, as Rights Agent (the “Rights
Agent”).


 


W
I T N E S S E T H


 


WHEREAS, the Company
and certain of its Subsidiaries (as hereinafter defined) have generated net operating losses for United States federal income tax
purposes (“NOLs”);


 


WHEREAS, the NOLs may
potentially provide valuable Tax Benefits (as hereinafter defined) to the Company;


 


WHEREAS, the Company
desires to preserve its ability to engage in acquisitions or other transactions approved by the Board of Directors of the Company
(the “Board”) in which the Company would desire to issue securities (whether debt or equity) directly from the
Company without adversely affecting the Tax Benefits because of the potential of an “ownership change” within the meaning
of Section 382 of the Code (as hereinafter defined);


 


WHEREAS, the Company
desires to avoid an “ownership change” within the meaning of Section 382 of the Code (as hereinafter defined) and thereby
preserve the Company’s ability to utilize the NOLs and, in furtherance of such objective, the Company wishes to enter into
this Agreement;


 


WHEREAS, on December
18, 2017 (the “Rights Dividend Declaration Date”), the Board authorized and declared a dividend distribution
of one right (a “Right”) for each share of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, of the Company (the “Common
Stock”) outstanding at the Close of Business (as hereinafter defined) on January 2, 2018 (the “Record Date”),
each Right initially representing the right to purchase one one-thousandth of a share of Preferred Stock (as hereinafter defined)
of the Company, upon the terms and subject to the conditions hereinafter set forth, and further authorized and directed the issuance
of one Right (subject to adjustment as provided herein) with respect to each share of Common Stock issued or delivered by the Company
after the Record Date but prior to the earlier of the Distribution Date (as hereinafter defined) and the Expiration Date (as hereinafter
defined) or as provided in Section 21 hereof.


 


NOW, THEREFORE, in
consideration of the mutual agreements herein set forth, the parties hereby agree as follows:


 


Section 1.             Certain
definitions. For purposes of this Agreement, the following terms shall have the meanings indicated:


 


(a)          “4.9%
Stockholder” shall mean a Person (other than the Company, any Related Person or any Exempt Person) who Beneficially Owns
(as hereinafter defined) 4.9% or more of the then-outstanding Common Stock.


 






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(b)          “Acquiring
Person” shall mean any Person who or which, together with all Affiliates and Associates of such Person, is or becomes
a 4.9% Stockholder, regardless of whether or not such Person continues to be a 4.9% Stockholder; provided, however,
that an “Acquiring Person” shall not include (i) the Company, (ii) a Related Person, (iii) an Exempt Person, or (iv)
an Existing Holder. Notwithstanding the foregoing: (A) no Person shall become an “Acquiring Person” solely as a result
of (x) a reduction in the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding due to the repurchase of shares of Common Stock by the Company,
(y) a dividend or distribution paid or made by the Company on the outstanding shares of Common Stock or pursuant to a split or
subdivision of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, and/or (z) an Exempt Transaction; and (B) if the Board determines in good
faith that a Person who would otherwise be an “Acquiring Person” has become such inadvertently, and such Person divests
as promptly as practicable a sufficient number of shares of Common Stock so that such Person would no longer be an “Acquiring
Person,” then such Person shall not be deemed to be or have become an “Acquiring Person” at any time for any
purposes of this Agreement. The Board shall not be required to make any determination with respect to a potential Acquiring Person,
including whether the potential Acquiring Person is an Exempt Person or whether the change of Beneficial Ownership of the potential
Acquiring Person has resulted from an Exempt Transaction, until five (5) Business Days after the date on which all Board members
first received actual notice of the change of Beneficial Ownership at issue. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Board may, in its
sole discretion, determine that any Person shall not be deemed to be an “Acquiring Person” for any purposes of this
Agreement.


 


(c)          “Affiliate”
and “Associate” shall have the respective meanings ascribed to such terms in Rule 12b-2 of the General Rules
and Regulations under the Exchange Act as in effect on the date of this Agreement, and to the extent not included within the foregoing
clause of this Section 1(c), shall also include, with respect to any Person, any other Person (other than a Related Person or an
Exempt Person) whose shares of Common Stock would be deemed constructively owned by such first Person, owned by a single “entity”
(as defined in Section 1.382-3(a)(1) of the Treasury Regulations) or otherwise aggregated with shares owned by such first Person
pursuant to the provisions of Section 382 of the Code, or any successor provision or replacement provision, and the Treasury Regulations
thereunder; provided, however, that a Person shall not be deemed to be the Affiliate or Associate of another Person solely because
either or both Persons are or were directors of the Company.


 


(d)          “Agreement”
shall have the meaning set forth in the preamble of this Agreement.


 


(e)          “Authorized
Officer” shall mean the President and Chief Executive Officer, or Chief Financial Officer of the Company.


 


(f)          A
Person shall be deemed the “Beneficial Owner” of, shall be deemed to have “Beneficial Ownership”
of and shall be deemed to “Beneficially Own” any securities:


 


(i)          which
such Person or any of such Person’s Affiliates or Associates, directly or indirectly owns or has the right to acquire (whether
such right is exercisable immediately or only after the passage of time or upon the satisfaction of one or more conditions (whether
or not in the control of such Person), compliance with regulatory requirements or otherwise) pursuant to any agreement, arrangement
or understanding (whether or not in writing) or upon the exercise of conversion rights, exchange rights, rights (other than these
Rights), warrants or options, or otherwise, or the obligation to acquire as a result of such Person’s ownership or beneficial
ownership of the Company’s outstanding equity units or any purchase contract originally issued as part of an equity unit);
provided, however, that a Person shall not be deemed the Beneficial Owner of, or to Beneficially Own, securities
tendered pursuant to a tender or exchange offer made by or on behalf of such Person or any of such Person’s Affiliates or
Associates until such tendered securities are accepted for purchase or exchange;


 






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(ii)         which
such Person or any of such Person’s Affiliates or Associates, directly or indirectly, has the right to vote or dispose of
or has “beneficial ownership” of (as determined pursuant to Rule 13d-3 of the General Rules and Regulations under the
Exchange Act), including pursuant to any agreement, arrangement or understanding, whether or not in writing; provided, however,
that a Person shall not be deemed the Beneficial Owner of, or to Beneficially Own, any security under this subparagraph (ii) as
a result of an agreement, arrangement or understanding (whether or not in writing) to vote such security if such agreement, arrangement
or understanding (A) arises solely from a revocable proxy given in response to a public proxy or consent solicitation made pursuant
to, and in accordance with, the applicable provisions of the General Rules and Regulations under the Exchange Act and (B) is not
reportable by such Person on Schedule 13D under the Exchange Act (or any comparable or successor report);


 


(iii)        which
are Beneficially Owned, directly or indirectly, by any other Person (or any Affiliate or Associate thereof) with respect to which
such Person (or any of such Person’s Affiliates or Associates) has any agreement, arrangement or understanding (whether or
not in writing) for the purpose of acquiring, holding, voting (except pursuant to a revocable proxy as described in the proviso
to subparagraph (ii) of this paragraph (f)) or disposing of any voting securities of the Company; or


 


(iv)        which
such Person actually owns (directly or indirectly) or would be deemed to actually or constructively own pursuant to Section 382
of the Code, or any successor provision or replacement provision, and the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder.


 


Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing
in this paragraph (f) shall cause a Person engaged in business as an underwriter of securities to be the Beneficial Owner of, or
to Beneficially Own, any securities acquired through such Person’s participation in good faith in a firm commitment underwriting
until the expiration of forty (40) days after the date of such acquisition, and then only if such securities continue to be owned
by such Person at such expiration of forty (40) days.


 


Notwithstanding anything in this definition
of Beneficial Ownership to the contrary, the phrase “then outstanding,” when used with reference to a Person’s
Beneficial Ownership of securities of the Company, shall mean the number of such securities then issued and outstanding together
with the number of such securities not then actually issued and outstanding which such Person would be deemed to own beneficially
hereunder.


 


(g)          “Board”
shall have the meaning set forth in the recitals of this Agreement.


 


(h)          “Business
Day” shall mean any day other than a Saturday, Sunday or a day on which banking institutions in the State of New York
are authorized or obligated by law or executive order to close.


 


(i)          “Common
Stock” shall have the meaning set forth in the preamble of this Agreement.


 


(j)          “Close
of Business” on any given date shall mean 5:00 P.M., New York City time, on such date; provided, however, that if such
date is not a Business Day, it shall mean 5:00 P.M., New York City time, on the next succeeding Business Day.


 


(k)          “Code”
shall mean the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.


 


(l)          “Company”
shall have the meaning set forth in the preamble of this Agreement.


 






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(m)          “Company’s
Bylaws” shall mean the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, as the same may be amended from time to time after
the date hereof.


 


(n)          “Company’s
Charter” shall mean the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, as the same may be amended
from time to time after the date hereof.


 


(o)          “Current
Per Share Market Price” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 11(d)(i) or Section 11(d)(ii) hereof, as applicable.


 


(p)          “Current
Value” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 11(a)(iii) hereof.


 


(q)          “Distribution
Date” shall mean the earliest of (i) the Close of Business on the 10th Business Day after the Stock Acquisition Date
and (ii) the Close of Business on the 10th Business Day (or, such later date as may be specified by the Board prior to such time
as any Person becomes an Acquiring Person) after the commencement of a tender or exchange offer by or on behalf of any Person (other
than the Company, any Related Person or any Exempt Person), if upon the consummation thereof such Person would become an Acquiring
Person; provided, however, that if a tender or exchange offer is terminated prior to the occurrence of a Distribution Date, then
no Distribution Date shall occur as a result of such tender or exchange offer.


 


(r)          “Equivalent
Preferred Stock” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 11(b) hereof.


 


(s)          “Exchange
Act” shall mean the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.


 


(t)          “Exchange
Ratio” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 23(a) hereof.


 


(u)          “Exempt
Person” shall mean any Person (together with its Affiliates and Associates) whose status as a 4.9% Stockholder, as determined
by the Board in its sole and absolute discretion, (i) would not jeopardize or endanger in any material respect the availability
to the Company of its Tax Benefits, or (ii) is otherwise in the best interests of the Company, provided, however, that, such a
Person shall cease to be an Exempt Person if the Board, in its sole discretion, makes a contrary determination based on the potential
effect of such Person’s status as a 4.9% Stockholder (together with all Affiliates and Associates of such Person) regardless
of the reason therefor.


 


(v)         “Exempt
Transaction” shall mean any transaction that the Board determines, in its sole discretion, is exempt from this Agreement,
which determination shall be made in the sole and absolute discretion of the Board, including, without limitation, if the Board
determines that (i) neither the Beneficial Ownership of shares of Common Stock by such Person, directly or indirectly, as a result
of such transaction nor any other aspect of such transaction would jeopardize or endanger the availability to the Company of the
Tax Benefits, or (ii) such transaction is otherwise in the best interests of the Company.


 


(w)          “Existing
Holder” shall mean any Person that, as of the date hereof, is the Beneficial Owner of 4.9% or more of the shares of Common
Stock outstanding unless and until such Existing Holder acquires Beneficial Ownership of additional shares of Common Stock (other
than as a result of a dividend or distribution paid or made by the Company on the outstanding shares of Common Stock or pursuant
to a split or subdivision of the outstanding shares of Common Stock) representing 0.5% or more of the then outstanding shares of
Common Stock unless, upon becoming the Beneficial Owner of such additional share(s), such Existing Holder is not then the Beneficial
Owner of 4.9% or more of the then outstanding shares of Common Stock.


 






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(x)           “Expiration
Date” shall mean the earliest of (i) the Final Expiration Date, (ii) the time at which the Rights are redeemed as provided
in Section 22 hereof, (iii) the time at which the Rights are exchanged in full as provided in Section 23 hereof, (iv) the date
that the Board determines that this Agreement is no longer necessary for the preservation of material valuable Tax Benefits, (v)
the beginning of a taxable year of the Company to which the Board determines that no Tax Benefits may be carried forward, and (vi)
a determination by the Board, prior to the time any Person becomes an Acquiring Person, that this Agreement and the Rights are
no longer in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders.


 


(y)          “Final
Expiration Date” shall be December 18, 2020.


 


(z)           “NOLs”
shall have the meaning set forth in the Recitals to this Agreement.


 


(aa)         “Ownership
Statement” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 3(a) hereof.


 


(bb)        “Person”
shall mean any individual, firm, corporation, partnership, limited liability company, limited liability partnership, trust or other
legal entity, or any group of persons making a “coordinated acquisition” of shares or otherwise treated as an entity
within the meaning of Section 1.382-3(a)(1) of the Treasury Regulations or otherwise for purposes of Section 382 of the Code, or
any successor provision or replacement provision, and includes any successor (by merger or otherwise) of such individual or entity.


 


(cc)         “Preferred
Stock” shall mean the shares of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share, of the Company
having the rights and preferences set forth in the form of Certificate of Designation, Preferences and Rights of Series A Junior
Participating Preferred Stock attached hereto as Exhibit A.


 


(dd)        “Purchase
Price” shall mean initially $40.00 per one one-thousandth of a share of Preferred Stock, subject to adjustment from time
to time as provided in this Agreement.


 


(ee)         “Record
Date” shall have the meaning set forth in the recitals to this Agreement.


 


(ff)          “Redemption
Price” shall mean $0.001 per Right, subject to adjustment of the Company to reflect any stock split, stock dividend or
similar transaction occurring after the date hereof.


 


(gg)        “Related
Person” shall mean (i) any Subsidiary of the Company or (ii) any employee benefit or stock ownership plan of the Company
or of any Subsidiary of the Company or any entity organized, appointed or established by the Company for or pursuant to the terms
of such plan.


 


(hh)        “Rights”
shall have the meaning set forth in the recitals to this Agreement.


 


(ii)           “Rights
Agent” shall have the meaning set forth in the preamble of this Agreement except as otherwise provided in Section 18
and Section 20 hereof.


 


(jj)           “Rights
Certificates” shall mean certificates evidencing the Rights, in substantially the form attached hereto as Exhibit
B.


 






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(kk)         “Rights
Dividend Declaration Date” shall have the meaning set forth in the recitals to this Agreement.


 


(ll)           “Section
11(a)(ii) Event” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 11(a)(ii) hereof.


 


(mm)       “Section
11(a)(ii) Trigger Date” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 11(a)(iii) hereof.


 


(nn)
      “Section 11(o) Event” shall mean any event described in clause
(x), (y) or (z) of Section 11(o)(i) hereof.


 


(oo)        “Securities
Act” shall mean the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.


 


(pp)        “Spread”
shall have the meaning set forth in Section 11(a)(iii) hereof.


 


(qq)        “Stock
Acquisition Date” shall mean the first date of public announcement (which, for purposes of this definition, shall include,
without limitation, a report filed or amended pursuant to Section 13(d) or Section 13(g) under the Exchange Act) by the Company
or an Acquiring Person that an Acquiring Person has become such or that discloses information which reveals the existence of an
Acquiring Person, or such earlier date as a majority of the Board becomes aware of the existence of an Acquiring Person.


 


(rr)         “Subsidiary”
shall mean, with reference to any Person, any corporation or other entity of which an amount of securities or other ownership interest
having ordinary voting power sufficient to elect at least a majority of the directors or other Persons having similar functions
of such corporation or other entity are at the time, directly or indirectly, Beneficially Owned, or otherwise controlled by such
Person.


 


(ss)         “Substitution
Period” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 11(a)(iii) hereof.


 


(tt)          “Summary
of Rights” shall mean a copy of a summary of the terms of the Rights, in substantially the form attached hereto as Exhibit
C.


 


(uu)        “Tax
Benefits” shall mean the net operating loss carry-overs, capital loss carry-overs, general business credit carry-overs,
alternative minimum tax credit carry-overs and foreign tax credit carry-overs, as well as any loss or deduction attributable to
a “net unrealized built-in loss” within the meaning of Section 382 of the Code, or any successor provision or replacement
provision, and the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder, of the Company or any direct or indirect Subsidiary thereof.


 


(vv)        “Trading
Day” shall mean a day on which the principal national securities exchange on which the shares of Common Stock are listed
or admitted to trading is open for the transaction of business or if the shares of Common Stock are not listed or admitted to trading
on any national securities exchange, a Business Day.


 


(ww)       “Treasury
Regulations” shall mean final, temporary and proposed regulations of the Department of the Treasury promulgated under
the Code and any successor regulation, including any amendments thereto.


 






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(xx)         “Trust”
shall have the meaning set forth in Section 23(a) hereof.


 


(yy)        “Trust
Agreement” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 23(a) hereof.


 


Section 2.             Appointment
of the Rights Agent. The Company hereby appoints the Rights Agent to act as agent for the Company in accordance with the terms
and conditions hereof, and the Rights Agent hereby accepts such appointment. The Company may from time to time appoint such co-rights
agents as it may deem necessary or desirable, upon ten (10) days’ prior written notice to the Rights Agent. The Rights Agent
shall have no duty to supervise, and shall in no event be liable for, the acts or omission of any such co-rights agent. Prior to
the appointment of a co-rights agent, the specific duties and obligations of each such co-rights agents shall be set forth in writing
and delivered to the Rights Agent and the proposed co-rights agent.


 


Section 3.             Issuance
of Rights Certificates.


 


(a)          Until
the Distribution Date, (i) the Rights shall be evidenced (subject to Section 3(b) and Section 3(c) hereof) by the certificates
representing the shares of Common Stock in the names of the record holders thereof (which certificates representing such shares
of Common Stock shall also be deemed to be certificates for Rights) or by the current ownership statements issued with respect
to uncertificated shares of Common Stock in lieu of such certificates (“Ownership Statements”) (which Ownership Statements
shall be deemed also to be certificates for Rights) and (ii) the Rights shall be transferable only in connection with the transfer
of the underlying shares of Common Stock.


 


(b)          On
or as promptly as practicable after the Record Date, the Company shall send, in accordance with Section 25 hereof, to each record
holder of shares of Common Stock as of the Close of Business on the Record Date, a copy of a Summary of Rights. With respect to
shares of Common Stock outstanding as of the Record Date, until the Distribution Date, the Rights associated with such shares of
Common Stock will be evidenced by the certificate or Ownership Statement for such shares of Common Stock registered in the names
of the holders thereof, in each case together with the Summary of Rights. Until the Distribution Date, the surrender for transfer
of any certificate or Ownership Statement for shares of Common Stock outstanding on the Record Date, with or without a copy of
the Summary of Rights, shall also constitute the transfer of the Rights associated with the shares of Common Stock represented
by such certificate or Ownership Statement.


 


(c)          Rights
shall be issued by the Company in respect of all shares of Common Stock (other than any shares of Common Stock that may be issued
upon the exercise or exchange of any Right) issued or delivered by the Company after the Record Date but prior to the earlier of
the Distribution Date and the Expiration Date, and, to the extent provided in Section 21 hereof, after the Distribution Date. Certificates
and Ownership Statements representing such shares of Common Stock shall have stamped on, impressed on, printed on, written on,
or otherwise affixed to them a legend in substantially the following form or such similar legend as the Company may deem appropriate
and is not inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement and as do not affect the rights, duties or responsibilities of the
Rights Agent, or as may be required to comply with any applicable law or with any rule or regulation made pursuant thereto or with
any rule or regulation of any stock exchange or transaction reporting system on which the shares of Common Stock may from time
to time be listed or quoted:


 






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“This [certificate/statement]
also evidences and entitles the holder hereof to certain Rights as set forth in the Section 382 Rights Agreement by and between
Rubicon Technology, Inc. and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, dated as of December 18, 2017 and as amended from
time to time (the “Rights Agreement”), the terms of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference and a
copy of which is on file at the principal executive offices of Rubicon Technology, Inc. The Rights are not exercisable prior to
the occurrence of certain events specified in the Rights Agreement. Under certain circumstances, as set forth in the Rights Agreement,
such Rights may be redeemed, may be exchanged, may expire, may be amended, or may be evidenced by separate certificates and no
longer be evidenced by this [certificate/statement]. Rubicon Technology, Inc. shall mail to the holder of this [certificate/statement]
a copy of the Rights Agreement, as in effect on the date of mailing, without charge promptly after receipt of a written request
therefor. Under certain circumstances as set forth in the Rights Agreement, Rights that are or were beneficially owned by an Acquiring
Person or any Affiliate or Associate of an Acquiring Person (as such terms are defined in the Rights Agreement) may become null
and void.”


 


With respect to such
certificates or Ownership Statements containing the foregoing legend, until the Distribution Date, the Rights associated with the
shares of Common Stock represented by such certificates or Ownership Statements shall be represented by such certificates or Ownership
Statements alone and the surrender for transfer of any certificate or Ownership Statement for shares of Common Stock shall also
constitute the transfer of the Rights associated with the shares of Common Stock represented by such certificate or Ownership Statement.


 


(d)          As
promptly as practicable after the Distribution Date, the Company shall prepare and execute, the Rights Agent shall countersign
and the Company shall send or cause to be sent (and the Rights Agent will, if requested by the Company in writing, and if provided
with all necessary information, send), in accordance with Section 25 hereof, to each record holder of shares of Common Stock, as
of the Close of Business on the Distribution Date (other than an Acquiring Person or any Associate or Affiliate of an Acquiring
Person), a Rights Certificate representing one Right for each share of Common Stock so held, subject to adjustment as provided
herein. In the event that an adjustment in the number of Rights per share of Common Stock has been made pursuant to Section 11(i)
or Section 11(p) hereof, at the time of distribution of the Rights Certificates, the Company shall not be required to issue Rights
Certificates evidencing fractional Rights but may, in lieu thereof, make the necessary and appropriate rounding adjustments (in
accordance with Section 13(a) hereof) so that Rights Certificates evidencing only whole numbers of Rights are distributed and cash
is paid in lieu of any fractional Rights. As of and after the Distribution Date, the Rights shall be represented solely by such
Rights Certificates. The Company shall promptly notify the Rights Agent in writing upon the occurrence of the Distribution Date
and, if such notification is given orally, the Company shall confirm same in writing on or prior to the next Business Day.


 


(e)          In
the event that the Company purchases or otherwise acquires any shares of Common Stock after the Record Date but prior to the Distribution
Date, any Rights associated with such shares of Common Stock shall be deemed cancelled and retired so that the Company shall not
be entitled to exercise any Rights associated with the shares of Common Stock so purchased or acquired.


 


Section 4.            Form
of Rights Certificates. The Rights Certificates (and the form of election to purchase and the form of assignment and the certificates
contained therein to be printed on the reverse thereof) shall each be substantially in the form attached hereto as Exhibit B with
such changes and marks of identification or designation, and such legends, summaries or endorsements printed thereon as the Company
may deem appropriate and as are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement, or as may be required to comply with any
applicable law or with any rule or regulation made pursuant thereto or with any rule or regulation of any stock exchange or transaction
reporting system on which the Rights may from time to time be listed or quoted, or to conform to usage. Subject to the provisions
of Section 21 hereof, the Rights Certificates, whenever distributed shall entitle the holders thereof to purchase such number of
one one-thousandths of a share of Preferred Stock as is set forth therein at the Purchase Price; provided, however, that the Purchase
Price, the number and kind of securities issuable upon exercise of each Right and the number of Rights outstanding shall be subject
to adjustment as provided in this Agreement.


 






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Section 5.             Countersignature
and Registration.


 


(a)          The
Rights Certificates shall be executed on behalf of the Company by any Authorized Officer, either manually or by facsimile signature,
and shall have affixed thereto the Company’s seal or a facsimile thereof, which shall be attested by any other Authorized
Officer, either manually or by facsimile signature. The Rights Certificates shall be countersigned by the Rights Agent, either
manually or by facsimile signature, and shall not be valid for any purpose unless so countersigned. In case any officer of the
Company who shall have signed any of the Rights Certificates shall cease to be such officer of the Company before countersignature
by the Rights Agent and issuance and delivery by the Company, such Rights Certificates, nevertheless, may be countersigned by the
Rights Agent and issued and delivered by the Company with the same force and effect as though the person who signed such Rights
Certificates had not ceased to be such officer of the Company; and any Rights Certificates may be signed on behalf of the Company
by any person who, at the actual date of the execution of such Rights Certificate, shall be a proper officer of the Company to
sign such Rights Certificate, although at the date of the execution of this Agreement any such person was not such an officer.


 


(b)          Following
the Distribution Date, upon receipt by the Rights Agent of written notice of the occurrence of the Distribution Date pursuant to
Section 3(d) hereof, the Rights Agent shall keep or cause to be kept, at its office or offices designated for such purposes and
at such other offices as may be required to comply with any applicable law or with any rule or regulation made pursuant thereto
or with any rule or regulation of any stock exchange or any transaction reporting system on which the rights may from time to time
be listed or quoted, books for registration and transfer of the Rights Certificates issued hereunder. Such books shall show the
names and addresses of the respective holders of the Rights Certificates, the number of Rights evidenced on its face by each of
the Rights Certificates and the date of each of the Rights Certificates.


 


Section 6.            Transfer,
Split-Up, Combination and Exchange of Rights Certificates; Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Rights Certificates.


 


(a)          Subject
to the provisions of Section 11(a)(ii) and Section 13 hereof, at any time after the Close of Business on the Distribution Date,
and prior to the Expiration Date, any Rights Certificate(s) (other than Rights Certificates representing Rights that have been
redeemed or exchanged pursuant to Section 22 or Section 23 hereof) representing exercisable Rights may be transferred, split-up,
combined or exchanged for another Rights Certificate(s), entitling the registered holder to purchase a like number of one one-thousandths
of a share of Preferred Stock (or other securities, cash or other assets, as the case may be) as the Rights Certificate(s) surrendered
then entitled such holder (or former holder in the case of a transfer) to purchase. Any registered holder desiring to transfer,
split-up, combine or exchange any such Rights Certificate(s) must make such request in writing delivered to the Rights Agent, and
must surrender the Rights Certificate(s) to be transferred, split-up, combined or exchanged, with the forms of assignment and certificate
contained therein duly executed, at the office or offices of the Rights Agent designated for such purpose. The Rights Certificates
are transferable only on the registry books of the Rights Agent. Neither the Rights Agent nor the Company shall be obligated to
take any action whatsoever with respect to the transfer of any such surrendered Rights Certificate until the registered holder
shall have (i) completed and signed the certificate contained in the form of assignment on the reverse side of such Rights Certificate,
(ii) provided such additional evidence of the identity of the Beneficial Owner (or former Beneficial Owner) and the Affiliates
and Associates of such Beneficial Owner (or former Beneficial Owner) as the Company or the Rights Agent shall reasonably request,
and (iii) paid a sum sufficient to cover any tax or charge that may be imposed in connection with any transfer, split-up, combination
or exchange of Rights Certificates as required by Section 9(d) hereof. Thereupon the Rights Agent shall, subject to Section 11(a)(ii),
Section 13 and Section 23 hereof, countersign and deliver to the Person entitled thereto a Rights Certificate or Rights Certificates,
as the case may be, as so requested registered in such name or names as may be designated by the surrendering registered holder.
The Rights Agent shall promptly forward any such sum collected by it to the Company or to such Person or Persons as the Company
shall specify by written notice. The Rights Agent shall have no duty or obligation unless and until it is satisfied that all such
taxes and/or charges have been paid.


 






    	 	9	 



     


    

 


(b)          Upon
receipt by the Company and the Rights Agent of evidence reasonably satisfactory to them of the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation
of a Rights Certificate, and, in case of loss, theft or destruction, of indemnity or security reasonably satisfactory to them,
and reimbursement to the Company and the Rights Agent of all reasonable expenses incidental thereto, and upon surrender to the
Rights Agent and cancellation of the Rights Certificate, if mutilated, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Rights Certificate
of like tenor to the Rights Agent and the Rights Agent will countersign and deliver such new Rights Certificate to the registered
holder in lieu of the Rights Certificate so lost, stolen, destroyed or mutilated.


 


Section 7.            Exercise
of Rights; Purchase Price; Expiration Date of Rights.


 


(a)          Subject
to Section 11(a)(ii) hereof, at any time after the Distribution Date and prior to the Expiration Date, the registered holder of
any Rights Certificate may exercise the Rights evidenced thereby (except as otherwise provided herein, including, without limitation,
the restrictions on exercisability as set forth in Section 9(e), Section 11(a)(iii), Section 22(a) and Section 23(a) hereof) in
whole or in part upon surrender of the Rights Certificate, with the form of election to purchase and the certificate contained
therein on the reverse side thereof duly executed, to the Rights Agent at the office or agency of the Rights Agent designated for
such purpose, together with payment of the Purchase Price (including any applicable tax or charge required to be paid by the holder
of such Rights Certificate in accordance with the provisions of Section 9(d) hereof) for each one one-thousandth of a share of
Preferred Stock (or other securities, cash or other assets, as the case may be) as to which the Rights are exercised.


 


(b)          Upon
receipt of a Rights Certificate representing exercisable Rights with the form of election to purchase and the certificate contained
therein properly completed and duly executed, accompanied by payment of the Purchase Price for each one one-thousandth of a share
of Preferred Stock (or other securities, cash or other assets, as the case may be) to be purchased and an amount equal to any applicable
tax or charge required to be paid under Section 9(d) hereof by certified check, cashier’s check, bank draft or money order
payable to the order of the Company, the Rights Agent shall, subject to Section 19(j) hereof, thereupon promptly (i) (A) requisition
from any transfer agent of the shares of Preferred Stock (or make available, if the Rights Agent is the transfer agent for such
shares) certificates representing the total number of one one-thousandths of a share of Preferred Stock to be purchased (and the
Company hereby irrevocably authorizes and directs its transfer agent to comply with all such requests) or (B) if the Company shall
have at its discretion elected to deposit any shares of Preferred Stock issuable upon exercise of the Rights hereunder with a depositary
agent, requisition from the depositary agent depositary receipts representing such number of one one-thousandths of a share of
Preferred Stock as are to be purchased (and the Company hereby irrevocably authorizes and directs such depositary agent to comply
with all such requests), (ii) after receipt of such certificates (or depositary receipts, as the case may be) cause the same to
be delivered to or upon the order of the registered holder of such Rights Certificate, registered in such name or names as may
be designated by such holder, (iii) when appropriate, requisition from the Company or any transfer agent therefor of certificates
representing the number of equivalent shares to be issued in lieu of the issuance of shares of Common Stock in accordance with
the provisions of Section 11(a)(iii) hereof, (iv) when appropriate, after receipt of such certificates, cause the same to be delivered
to or upon the order of the registered holder of such Rights Certificate, registered in such name or names as may be designated
by such holder, (v) when appropriate, requisition from the Company of the amount of cash to be paid in lieu of the issuance of
fractional shares in accordance with the provisions of Section 13 hereof, and (vi) when appropriate, after receipt, deliver such
cash to the registered holder of such Rights Certificate.


 






    	 	10	 



     


    

 


(c)          In
case the registered holder of any Rights Certificate shall exercise less than all the Rights evidenced thereby, the Rights Agent
shall prepare, execute and deliver a new Rights Certificate evidencing Rights equivalent to the Rights remaining unexercised to
the registered holder of such Rights Certificate or to such holder’s duly authorized assigns, subject to the provisions of
Section 13 hereof.


 


(d)          Notwithstanding
anything in this Agreement to the contrary, neither the Rights Agent nor the Company shall be obligated to undertake any action
with respect to any purported transfer, split-up, combination or exchange of any Rights Certificate pursuant to Section 6 hereof
or exercise or assignment of a Rights Certificate as set forth in this Section 7 unless the registered holder of such Rights Certificate
shall have (i) duly and properly completed and signed the certificate contained in the form of assignment or the form of election
to purchase, as applicable, set forth on the reverse side of the Rights Certificate surrendered for such transfer, split-up, combination,
exchange, exercise or assignment, and (ii) provided such additional evidence of the identity of the Beneficial Owner (or former
Beneficial Owner) thereof and of the Rights evidenced thereby and Affiliates and Associates thereof as the Company or the Rights
Agent may reasonably request.


 


Section 8.           Cancellation
and Destruction of Rights Certificates. All Rights Certificates surrendered for the purpose of exercise, transfer, split-up,
combination or exchange shall, if surrendered to the Company or any of its agents, be delivered to the Rights Agent for cancellation
or in cancelled form, or, if surrendered to the Rights Agent, shall be cancelled by it, and no Rights Certificates shall be issued
in lieu thereof except as expressly permitted by any of the provisions of this Agreement. The Company shall deliver to the Rights
Agent for cancellation and retirement, and the Rights Agent shall so cancel and retire, any other Rights Certificate purchased
or acquired by the Company otherwise than upon the exercise thereof. The Rights Agent shall deliver all cancelled Rights Certificates
to the Company, or shall, at the written request of the Company, destroy such cancelled Rights Certificates, and in such case shall
deliver a certificate of destruction thereof to the Company.


 


Section 9.            Company
Covenants Concerning Securities and Rights.


 


(a)          The
Company covenants and agrees that it shall cause to be reserved, authorized for issuance and kept available out of its authorized
and unissued shares of Preferred Stock, a number of shares of Preferred Stock that shall be sufficient to permit the exercise in
full of all outstanding Rights in accordance with Section 7 hereof.


 


(b)          The
Company covenants and agrees so long as the shares of Preferred Stock (and, following the occurrence of a Section 11(a)(ii) Event,
shares of Common Stock or other securities, as the case may be) issuable upon the exercise of the Rights may be listed on any national
securities exchange, or quoted on a quotation system, it shall endeavor to cause, from and after such time as the Rights become
exercisable, all securities reserved for issuance upon the exercise of Rights to be listed on such exchange, or quoted on such
quotation system, upon official notice of issuance upon such exercise.


 






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(c)          The
Company covenants and agrees it will take all such actions as may be necessary to ensure that all shares of Preferred Stock (and,
following the occurrence of a Section 11(a)(ii) Event, shares of Common Stock or other securities, as the case may be) delivered
upon exercise of Rights, at the time of delivery of the certificates for such securities, shall be (subject to payment of the Purchase
Price) duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable securities.


 


(d)          The
Company covenants and agrees it will pay when due and payable any and all federal and state taxes and charges that may be payable
in respect of the issuance or delivery of the Rights Certificates and of any certificates representing securities issued upon the
exercise of Rights; provided, however, that the Company shall not be required to pay any tax or charge which may be payable in
respect of any transfer or delivery of Rights Certificates to a person other than, or the issuance or delivery of certificates
or depositary receipts representing securities issued upon the exercise of Rights in a name other than, that of the registered
holder of the Rights Certificate evidencing Rights surrendered for exercise, or to issue or deliver any certificates or depositary
receipts representing securities issued upon the exercise of any Rights until any such tax or charge has been paid (any such tax
or charge being payable by the holder of such Rights Certificate at the time of surrender) or until it has been established to
the Company’s reasonable satisfaction that no such tax or charge is due.


 


(e)          If
the Company determines that registration under the Securities Act is required, then the Company shall use commercially reasonable
efforts (i) to file, as soon as practicable after the Distribution Date, on an appropriate form, a registration statement under
the Securities Act with respect to the securities issuable upon exercise of the Rights, (ii) to cause such registration statement
to become effective as soon as practicable after such filing and (iii) to cause such registration statement to remain effective
(with a prospectus at all times meeting the requirements of the Securities Act) until the earlier of (A) the date as of which the
Rights are no longer exercisable for such securities and (B) the Expiration Date. The Company shall also take such action as may
be appropriate under, or to ensure compliance with, the securities or “blue sky” laws of the various states in connection
with the exercisability of the Rights. The Company may temporarily suspend, for a period of time not to exceed 90 calendar days
after the date the Company determines that registration is required, the exercisability of the Rights in order to prepare and file
such registration statement and to permit it to become effective or to qualify the rights, the exercise thereof or the issuance
of shares of Preferred Stock, Common Stock, or other securities upon the exercise thereof under state securities or “blue
sky” laws. Upon any such suspension, the Company shall issue a public announcement stating that the exercisability of the
Rights has been temporarily suspended, as well as a public announcement at such time as the suspension is no longer in effect.
The Company shall notify the Rights Agent in writing whenever it makes a public announcement pursuant to this Section 9(e) and
give the Rights Agent a copy of such announcement. In addition, if the Company determines that a registration statement or other
document should be filed under the Securities Act or any state securities laws following the Distribution Date, the Company may
temporarily suspend the exercisability of the Rights, for a period of time not to exceed ninety (90) calendar days after the date
the Company makes such determination, in each relevant jurisdiction, until such time as a registration statement has been declared
effective or any such other document filed and, if required, approved, and, upon any such suspension, the Company shall issue a
public announcement stating that the exercisability of the Rights has been temporarily suspended, as well as a public announcement
at such time as the suspension is no longer in effect. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, the Rights shall
not be exercisable in any jurisdiction if the requisite registration or qualification in such jurisdiction has not been effected
or the exercise of the Rights is not permitted under applicable law.


 






    	 	12	 



     


    

 


(f)          Notwithstanding
anything in this Agreement to the contrary, after the later of the Stock Acquisition Date and the Distribution Date, the Company
shall not, except as permitted by Section 22 or Section 26 hereof, take (or permit any Subsidiary to take) any action if at the
time such action is taken it is reasonably foreseeable that such action shall eliminate or otherwise diminish the benefits intended
to be afforded by the Rights.


 


(g)          In
the event that the Company is obligated to issue other securities of the Company, pay cash or distribute other assets pursuant
to Section 7, Section 11, Section 13, Section 22 or Section 23 hereof, it shall make all arrangements necessary so that such other
securities, cash or other assets are available for distribution by the Rights Agent, if and when necessary to comply with this
Agreement.


 


Section 10.          Record
Date. Each Person in whose name any certificate for a number of one one-thousandths of a share of Preferred Stock (or Common
Stock or other securities, as the case may be) is issued upon the exercise of Rights shall for all purposes be deemed to have become
the holder of record of such shares of Preferred Stock (or Common Stock or other securities, as the case may be) represented thereby
on, and such certificate shall be dated, the date upon which the Rights Certificate representing such Rights was duly surrendered
and payment of the Purchase Price (and all applicable taxes and charges) was made; provided, however, that if the date of such
surrender and payment is a date upon which the transfer books of the Company for shares of Preferred Stock (or Common Stock or
other securities, as the case may be) are closed, such Person shall be deemed to have become the record holder of such securities
on, and such certificate shall be dated, the next succeeding Business Day on which the transfer books of the Company are open.
Prior to the exercise of the Rights evidenced thereby, the holder of a Rights Certificate shall not be entitled to any rights of
a holder of any security of the Company with respect to shares for which the Rights are or may be exercisable, including, without
limitation, the right to vote, to receive dividends or other distributions or to exercise any preemptive rights, and shall not
be entitled to receive any notice of any proceedings of the Company, except as provided herein.


 


Section 11.          Adjustment
of Purchase Price, Number and Kind of Securities or Number of Rights. The Purchase Price, the number of shares of Preferred
Stock or other securities or property purchasable upon exercise of each Right and the number of Rights outstanding are subject
to adjustment from time to time as provided in this Section 11.


 


(a)          (i)          In
the event the Company shall at any time after the Record Date (A) declare a dividend on the shares of Preferred Stock payable in
shares of Preferred Stock, (B) subdivide the outstanding shares of Preferred Stock, (C) combine the outstanding shares of Preferred
Stock into a smaller number of shares of Preferred Stock, or (D) issue any shares of its capital stock in a reclassification of
the shares of Preferred Stock (including any such reclassification in connection with a consolidation or merger in which the Company
is the continuing or surviving corporation), except as otherwise provided in this Section 11(a), the Purchase Price in effect at
the time of the record date for such dividend or of the effective date of such subdivision, combination or reclassification, as
the case may be, and the number and kind of shares of capital stock issuable on such date, shall be proportionately adjusted so
that the holder of any Right exercised after such time shall be entitled to receive, upon payment of the Purchase Price then in
effect, the aggregate number and kind of shares of capital stock which, if such Right had been exercised immediately prior to such
date (whether or not such Right was then exercisable) and at a time when the transfer books of the Company for the shares of Preferred
Stock (or other capital stock, as the case may be) were open, the holder would have owned upon such exercise and been entitled
to receive by virtue of such dividend, subdivision, combination or reclassification; provided, however, that in no event shall
the consideration to be paid upon the exercise of one Right be less than the aggregate par value of the shares of capital stock
of the Company issuable upon exercise of one Right.


 






    	 	13	 



     


    

 


(ii)         Subject
to Section 22 and Section 23 of this Agreement and except as otherwise provided in this Section 11(a)(ii) and Section 11(a)(iii)
hereof, in the event that any Person becomes an Acquiring Person (a “Section 11(a)(ii) Event”), each holder
of a Right shall thereafter have the right to receive, upon exercise thereof at a price equal to the then-current Purchase Price,
in accordance with the terms of this Agreement and in lieu of shares of Preferred Stock, such number of shares of Common Stock
(or at the option of the Company, such number of one one-thousandths of a share of Preferred Stock) as shall equal the result obtained
by (x) multiplying the then-current Purchase Price by the number of one one-thousandths of a share of Preferred Stock for which
a Right was exercisable immediately prior to the first occurrence of a Section 11(a)(ii) Event and (y) dividing that product by
50% of the Current Per Share Market Price of the Common Stock (determined pursuant to Section 11(d) hereof) on the date of such
first occurrence; provided, however, that the Purchase Price (as so adjusted) and the number of shares of Common Stock so receivable
upon exercise of a Right shall thereafter be subject to further adjustment as appropriate in accordance with Section 11(f) hereof.


 


For example,
a stockholder of the Company who Beneficially Owns 5,000 shares of Common Stock will receive 5,000 Rights, each Right entitling
such stockholder to purchase one one-thousandth of a share of Preferred Stock. Pursuant to this Section 11(a)(ii), for each Right
such stockholder owns, he/she will be entitled to receive a total number of shares of Common Stock according to the following equation:


 


	No. of Shares of Common Stock =	Purchase Price × 1
	50% × Current Per Share Market Price of the Common Stock


 


For the purpose of
the above example, the total number of shares of Common Stock such stockholder will receive upon exercising all 5,000 Rights will
be the product of multiplying the above “No. of Shares of Common Stock” by 5,000.


 


Notwithstanding anything
in this Agreement to the contrary, however, from and after the first occurrence of a Section 11(a)(ii) Event, any Rights that are
Beneficially Owned by (A) any Acquiring Person (or any Affiliate or Associate of any Acquiring Person), (B) a transferee of any
Acquiring Person (or any such Affiliate or Associate) who becomes a transferee after the occurrence of such Person becoming an
Acquiring Person, or (C) a transferee of any Acquiring Person (or any such Affiliate or Associate) who became a transferee prior
to or concurrently with such Person becoming an Acquiring Person pursuant to either (1) a transfer from the Acquiring Person (or
any such Affiliate or Associate) to holders of its equity securities or to any Person with whom the Acquiring Person (or any such
Affiliate or Associate) has any continuing agreement, arrangement or understanding, written or otherwise, regarding the transferred
Rights or (2) a transfer that the Board has determined is part of a plan, arrangement or understanding, written or otherwise, which
has the purpose or effect of avoiding the provisions of this paragraph, shall be null and void without any further action and any
holder of such Rights shall thereafter have no rights whatsoever with respect to such Rights, whether under any provision of this
Agreement or otherwise. The Company will use commercially reasonable efforts to ensure that the provisions of this Section 11(a)(ii)
are complied with, but shall have no liability to any holder of Rights Certificates or other Person as a result of its failure
to make any determinations with respect to an Acquiring Person or its Affiliates, Associates or transferees hereunder. From and
after the occurrence of any Person becoming an Acquiring Person, no Right Certificates shall be issued pursuant to Section 3 or
Section 6 hereof that represents Rights that are or have become void pursuant to the provisions of this paragraph, and any Right
Certificates delivered to the Rights Agent that represents Rights that are or have become void pursuant to the provisions of this
paragraph shall be cancelled.


 






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(iii)        The
Company may at its option substitute for a share of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of Rights in accordance with the foregoing
Section 11(a)(ii) such number or fractions of shares of Preferred Stock having an aggregate current market value equal to the Current
Per Share Market Price of a share of Common Stock. In the event that there shall be an insufficient number of shares of Common
Stock authorized but unissued (and unreserved) to permit the exercise in full of the Rights in accordance with the foregoing Section
11(a)(ii), the Board shall, with respect to such deficiency, to the extent not prohibited by applicable law or any material agreements
then in effect to which the Company is a party (A) determine the excess of (1) the value of the shares of Common Stock issuable
upon the exercise of a Right in accordance with the foregoing Section 11(a)(ii) (the “Current Value”) over (2)
the then-current Purchase Price (such excess, the “Spread”), and (B) with respect to each Right (other than
Rights which have become void pursuant to Section 11(a)(ii)), make adequate provision to substitute for the shares of Common Stock
issuable in accordance with Section 11(a)(ii) upon exercise of the Right and payment of the applicable Purchase Price, (1) cash,
(2) a reduction in the Purchase Price, (3) shares of Preferred Stock or other equity securities of the Company (including, without
limitation, shares or fractions of shares of preferred stock which, by virtue of having dividend, voting and liquidation rights
substantially comparable to those of the shares of Common Stock, are deemed in good faith by the Board to have substantially the
same value as the shares of Common Stock), (4) debt securities of the Company, (5) other assets, or (6) any combination of the
foregoing, having a value which, when added to the value of the shares of Common Stock actually issued upon exercise of such Right,
shall have an aggregate value equal to the Current Value, where such aggregate value has been determined by the Board (upon the
advice of a nationally recognized investment banking firm selected by the Board in good faith); provided, however, if the Company
shall not make adequate provision to deliver value pursuant to clause (B) above within thirty (30) calendar days following the
later of (x) the first occurrence of a Section 11(a)(ii) Event and (y) the date on which the Company’s right of redemption
pursuant to Section 22(a) expires (the later of (x) and (y) being referred to herein as the “Section 11(a)(ii) Trigger
Date”), then the Company shall be obligated to deliver, to the extent not prohibited by applicable law or any material
agreements then in effect to which the Company is a party, upon the surrender for exercise of a Right and without requiring payment
of the Purchase Price, shares of Common Stock (to the extent available), and then, if necessary, such number or fractions of shares
of Preferred Stock (to the extent available) and then, if necessary, cash, which shares and cash have an aggregate value equal
to the Spread. If within the 30-day period referred to above the Board shall determine in good faith that it is likely that sufficient
additional shares of Common Stock could be authorized for issuance upon exercise in full of the Rights, then, if the Board so elects,
such 30-day period may be extended to the extent necessary, but not more than ninety (90) calendar days after the Section 11(a)(ii)
Trigger Date, in order that the Company may seek stockholder approval for the authorization of such additional shares (such 30-day
period, as it may be extended, is hereinafter called the “Substitution Period”). To the extent that the Company determines
that some action need be taken pursuant to the second or third sentence of this Section 11(a)(iii), the Company (I) shall provide,
subject to Section 11(a)(ii), that such action shall apply uniformly to all outstanding Rights, and (II) may suspend the exercisability
of the Rights until the expiration of the Substitution Period in order to seek any authorization of additional shares or to decide
the appropriate form of distribution to be made pursuant to such second sentence and to determine the value thereof. In the event
of any such suspension, the Company shall issue a public announcement stating that the exercisability of the Rights has been temporarily
suspended, as well as a public announcement at such time as the suspension is no longer in effect.


 






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(b)          If
the Company fixes a record date for the issuance of rights, options or warrants to all holders of shares of Preferred Stock entitling
them (for a period expiring within forty-five (45) calendar days after such record date) to subscribe for or purchase shares of
Preferred Stock (or securities having equivalent rights, privileges and preferences as the shares of Preferred Stock (for purposes
of this Section 11(b), “Equivalent Preferred Stock”)) or securities convertible into shares of Preferred Stock
or Equivalent Preferred Stock at a price per share of Preferred Stock or Equivalent Preferred Stock (or having a conversion price
per share, if a security convertible into shares of Preferred Stock or Equivalent Preferred Stock) less than the Current Per Share
Market Price of the shares of Preferred Stock (determined pursuant to Section 11(d) hereof) on such record date, the Purchase Price
to be in effect after such record date shall be determined by multiplying the Purchase Price in effect immediately prior to such
record date by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of shares of Preferred Stock outstanding on such record date plus
the number of shares of Preferred Stock which the aggregate offering price of the total number of shares of Preferred Stock and
Equivalent Preferred Stock so to be offered (or the aggregate initial conversion price of the convertible securities so to be offered)
would purchase at such Current Per Share Market Price and the denominator of which is the number of shares of Preferred Stock outstanding
on such record date plus the number of additional shares of Preferred Stock and Equivalent Preferred Shares to be offered for subscription
or purchase (or into which the convertible securities so to be offered are initially convertible); provided, however, that in no
event shall the consideration to be paid upon the exercise of one Right be less than the aggregate par value of the shares of capital
stock issuable upon exercise of one Right. In case such subscription price may be paid in a consideration part or all of which
is in a form other than cash, the value of such consideration shall be as determined in good faith by the Board, whose determination
shall be described in a written statement filed with the Rights Agent. Shares of Preferred Stock owned by or held for the account
of the Company shall not be deemed outstanding for the purpose of any such computation. Such adjustments shall be made successively
whenever such a record date is fixed, and in the event that such rights, options or warrants are not so issued, the Purchase Price
shall be adjusted to be the Purchase Price which would then be in effect if such record date had not been fixed.


 


(c)          If
the Company fixes a record date for the making of a distribution to all holders of shares of Preferred Stock (including any such
distribution made in connection with a consolidation or merger in which the Company is the continuing or surviving corporation)
of evidences of indebtedness, cash (other than a regular periodic cash dividend), assets, stock (other than a dividend payable
in shares of Preferred Stock) or subscription rights, options or warrants (excluding those referred to in Section 11(b) hereof),
the Purchase Price to be in effect after such record date shall be determined by multiplying the Purchase Price in effect immediately
prior to such record date by a fraction, the numerator of which is the Current Per Share Market Price of the shares of Preferred
Stock (as determined pursuant to Section 11(d) hereof) on such record date or, if earlier, the date on which shares of Preferred
Stock begin to trade on an ex-dividend or when issued basis for such distribution, less the fair market value (as determined in
good faith by the Board, whose determination shall be described in a written statement filed with the Rights Agent) of the portion
of the evidences of indebtedness, cash, assets or stock so to be distributed or of such subscription rights, options or warrants
applicable to one share of Preferred Stock, and the denominator of which is such Current Per Share Market Price of the shares of
Preferred Stock; provided, however, that in no event shall the consideration to be paid upon the exercise of one Right be less
than the aggregate par value of the shares of capital stock issuable upon exercise of one Right. Such adjustments shall be made
successively whenever such a record date is fixed; and in the event that such distribution is not so made, the Purchase Price shall
again be adjusted to be the Purchase Price which would then be in effect if such record date had not been fixed.


 






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(d)          (i)          For
the purpose of any computation hereunder, the “Current Per Share Market Price” of a share of Common Stock on any date
shall be deemed to be the average of the daily closing prices per share of a share of Common Stock for the 30 consecutive Trading
Days immediately prior to, but not including, such date; provided, however, that in the event that the Current Per Share Market
Price of Common Stock is determined during a period following the announcement by the Company of (A) a dividend or distribution
on such shares of Common Stock payable in shares of Common Stock or securities convertible into such shares (other than the Rights)
or (B) any subdivision, combination or reclassification of such shares of Common Stock, and prior to the expiration of 30 Trading
Days after, but not including, the ex-dividend date for such dividend or distribution, or the record date for such subdivision,
combination or reclassification, then, and in each such case, the Current Per Share Market Price shall be appropriately adjusted
to take into account ex-dividend trading or to reflect the current per share market price per share equivalent of such shares of
Common Stock. The closing price for each day shall be the last sale price, regular way, or, in case no such sale takes place on
such day, the average of the closing bid and asked prices, regular way, in either case as reported in the principal consolidated
transaction reporting system with respect to securities listed or admitted to trading on the NASDAQ Stock Market or, if the Common
Stock is not listed or admitted to trading on the NASDAQ Stock Market, as reported in the principal consolidated transaction reporting
system with respect to securities listed on the principal national securities exchange on which the Common Stock is listed or admitted
to trading or, if the Common Stock is not listed or admitted to trading on any national securities exchange, the last quoted price
or, if not so quoted, the average of the high bid and low asked prices in the over-the-counter market, as reported on a quotation
system then in use, or, if on any such date the Common Stock is not quoted by any such organization, the average of the closing
bid and asked prices as furnished by a professional market maker making a market in the Common Stock selected by the Board. If
the Common Stock is not publicly held or not so listed or traded, or is not the subject of available bid and asked quotes, the
Current Per Share Market Price of such Common Stock shall mean the fair value per share as determined in good faith by the Board,
whose determination shall be described in a statement filed with the Rights Agent.


 


(ii)         For
the purpose of any computation hereunder, the “Current Per Share Market Price” of a share of Preferred Stock
shall be determined in accordance with the method set forth above in Section 11(d)(i). If the Current Per Share Market Price of
Preferred Stock cannot be determined in the manner provided above, it shall be conclusively deemed to be an amount equal to the
current per share market price of the shares of Common Stock multiplied by one thousand (as such number may be appropriately adjusted
to reflect events such as stock splits, stock dividends, recapitalizations or similar transactions relating to the shares of Common
Stock occurring after the date of this Agreement). If neither the Common Stock nor the Preferred Stock are publicly held or so
listed or traded, or the subject of available bid and asked quotes, Current Per Share Market Price of the Preferred Stock shall
mean the fair value per share as determined in good faith by the Board, whose determination shall be described in a statement filed
with the Rights Agent. For all purposes of this Agreement, the current per share market price of one one-thousandth of a Preferred
Share will be equal to the current per share market price of one Preferred Share divided by one thousand.


 


(e)          Except
as set forth below, no adjustment in the Purchase Price shall be required unless such adjustment would require an increase or decrease
of at least 1% in such Purchase Price; provided, however, that any adjustments which by reason of this Section 11(e)
are not required to be made shall be carried forward and taken into account in any subsequent adjustment. All calculations under
this Section 11 shall be made to the nearest cent or to the nearest one one-millionth of a share of Preferred Stock or one one-thousandth
of a share of Common Stock or other security, as the case may be. Notwithstanding the first sentence of this Section 11(e), any
adjustment required by this Section 11 shall be made no later than the earlier of (i) three years from the date of the transaction
which requires such adjustment and (ii) the Expiration Date.


 






    	 	17	 



     


    

 


(f)          If
as a result of an adjustment made pursuant to Section 11(a) hereof, the holder of any Right thereafter exercised becomes entitled
to receive any securities of the Company other than shares of Preferred Stock, thereafter the number or kind of such other securities
so receivable upon exercise of any Right (or the Purchase Price in respect thereof) shall be subject to adjustment from time to
time in a manner and on terms as nearly equivalent as practicable to the provisions with respect to the shares of Preferred Stock
(and the Purchase Price in respect thereof) contained in this Section 11, and the provisions of Section 7, Section 9, Section 10
and Section 13 hereof with respect to the shares of Preferred Stock (and the Purchase Price in respect thereof) shall apply on
like terms to any such other securities (and the Purchase Price in respect thereof).


 


(g)          All
Rights originally issued by the Company subsequent to any adjustment made to the Purchase Price hereunder shall evidence the right
to purchase, at the adjusted Purchase Price, the number of one one-thousandths of a share of Preferred Stock issuable from time
to time hereunder upon exercise of the Rights, all subject to further adjustment as provided herein.


 


(h)          Unless
the Company has exercised its election as provided in Section 11(i) hereof, upon each adjustment of the Purchase Price pursuant
to Section 11(b) or Section 11(c) hereof, each Right outstanding immediately prior to the making of such adjustment shall thereafter
evidence the right to purchase, at the adjusted Purchase Price, that number of one one-thousandths of a share of Preferred Stock
(calculated to the nearest one one-millionth of a share of Preferred Stock) obtained by (i) multiplying (x) the number of one one-thousandths
of a share of Preferred Stock issuable upon exercise of a Right immediately prior to such adjustment of the Purchase Price by (y)
the Purchase Price in effect immediately prior to such adjustment of the Purchase Price and (ii) dividing the product so obtained
by the Purchase Price in effect immediately after such adjustment of the Purchase Price.


 


(i)          The
Company may elect, on or after the date of any adjustment of the Purchase Price, to adjust the number of Rights in substitution
for any adjustment in the number of one one-thousandths of a share of Preferred Stock issuable upon the exercise of a Right. Each
of the Rights outstanding after such adjustment of the number of Rights shall be exercisable for the number of one one-thousandths
of a share of Preferred Stock for which a Right was exercisable immediately prior to such adjustment. Each Right held of record
prior to such adjustment of the number of Rights shall become that number of Rights (calculated to the nearest one hundred-thousandth)
obtained by dividing the Purchase Price in effect immediately prior to adjustment of the Purchase Price by the Purchase Price in
effect immediately after adjustment of the Purchase Price. The Company shall make a public announcement of its election to adjust
the number of Rights, indicating the record date for the adjustment, and, if known at the time, the amount of the adjustment to
be made. The Company shall also, as promptly as practicable, notify the Rights Agent in writing of same pursuant to Section 9(e)
hereof and give the Rights Agent a copy of such announcement. Such record date may be the date on which the Purchase Price is adjusted
or any day thereafter, but if the Rights Certificates have been issued, such record date shall be at least ten (10) calendar days
later than the date of the public announcement. If Rights Certificates have been issued, upon each adjustment of the number of
Rights pursuant to this Section 11(i), the Company shall, as promptly as practicable, cause to be distributed to holders of record
of Rights Certificates on such record date Rights Certificates evidencing, subject to the provision of Section 13 hereof, the additional
Rights to which such holders are entitled as a result of such adjustment, or, at the option of the Company, shall cause to be distributed
to such holders of record in substitution and replacement for the Rights Certificates held by such holders prior to the date of
adjustment, and upon surrender thereof if required by the Company, new Rights Certificates evidencing all the Rights to which such
holders are entitled after such adjustment. Rights Certificates so to be distributed shall be issued, executed, and countersigned
in the manner provided for herein (and may bear, at the option of the Company, the adjusted Purchase Price) and shall be registered
in the names of the holders of record of Rights Certificates on the record date specified in the public announcement.


 






    	 	18	 



     


    

 


(j)          Without
respect to any adjustment or change in the Purchase Price or the number or kind of securities issuable upon the exercise of the
Rights, the Rights Certificates theretofore and thereafter issued may continue to express the Purchase Price and the number and
kind of securities which were expressed in the initial Rights Certificate issued hereunder.


 


(k)          Before
taking any action that would cause an adjustment reducing the Purchase Price below one one-thousandth of the then par value, if
any, of the shares of Preferred Stock or below the then par value, if any, of any other securities of the Company issuable upon
exercise of the Rights, the Company shall take any corporate action which may, in the opinion of its counsel, be necessary in order
that the Company may validly and legally issue fully paid and nonassessable shares of Preferred Stock or such other securities,
as the case may be, at such adjusted Purchase Price.


 


(l)          In
any case in which this Section 11 otherwise requires that an adjustment in the Purchase Price be made effective as of a record
date for a specified event, the Company may elect to defer until the occurrence of such event the issuance to the holder of any
Right exercised after such record date of the number of one one-thousandths of a share of Preferred Stock or other securities of
the Company, if any, issuable upon such exercise over and above the number of one one-thousandths of a share of Preferred Stock
or other securities of the Company, if any, issuable upon such exercise on the basis of the Purchase Price in effect prior to such
adjustment; provided, however, that the Company delivers to such holder a due bill or other appropriate instrument evidencing such
holder’s right to receive such additional shares of Preferred Stock or other securities upon the occurrence of the event
requiring such adjustment.


 


(m)          Notwithstanding
anything in this Agreement to the contrary, the Company shall be entitled to make such reductions in the Purchase Price, in addition
to those adjustments expressly required by this Section 11, as and to the extent that in its good faith judgment the Board determines
to be necessary or advisable in order that any (i) consolidation or subdivision of the shares of Preferred Stock, (ii) issuance
wholly for cash of shares of Preferred Stock at less than the Current Per Share Market Price therefor, (iii) issuance wholly for
cash of shares of Preferred Stock or securities which by their terms are convertible into or exchangeable for shares of Preferred
Stock, (iv) stock dividends or (v) issuance of rights, options or warrants referred to in this Section 11, hereafter made by the
Company to holders of its shares of Preferred Stock is not taxable to such stockholders.


 


(n)          Notwithstanding
anything in this Agreement to the contrary, in the event that the Company at any time after the Record Date and prior to the Distribution
Date (i) pays a dividend on the outstanding shares of Common Stock payable in shares of Common Stock, (ii) subdivides the outstanding
shares of Common Stock, (iii) combines the outstanding shares of Common Stock into a smaller number of shares, or (iv) issues any
shares of its capital stock in a reclassification of the outstanding shares of Common Stock (including any such reclassification
in connection with a consolidation or merger in which the Company is the continuing or surviving corporation), the number of Rights
associated with each share of Common Stock then outstanding, or issued or delivered thereafter but prior to the Distribution Date
(or issued or delivered on or after the Distribution Date pursuant to Section 21 hereof), shall be proportionately adjusted so
that the number of Rights thereafter associated with each share of Common Stock following any such event equals the result obtained
by multiplying the number of Rights associated with each share of Common Stock immediately prior to such event by a fraction the
numerator of which is the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately prior to the occurrence of the event and
the denominator of which is the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately following the occurrence of such
event. The adjustments provided for in this Section 11(n) shall be made successively whenever such a dividend is paid or such a
subdivision, combination or reclassification is effected.


 






    	 	19	 



     


    

 


(o)           Consolidation,
Merger or Sale or Transfer of Assets, Cash Flow or Earning Power. (i) In the event that, following the Stock Acquisition Date,
directly or indirectly, (x) the Company shall consolidate with, or merge with and into, any other Person, and the Company shall
not be the continuing or surviving corporation of such consolidation or merger, (y) any Person shall consolidate with, or merge
with or into, the Company, and the Company shall be the continuing or surviving corporation of such consolidation or merger and,
in connection with such consolidation or merger, all or part of the outstanding shares of Common Stock shall be changed into or
exchanged for stock or other securities of any other Person or cash or any other property, or (z) the Company shall sell or otherwise
transfer (or one or more of its Subsidiaries shall sell or otherwise transfer), in one transaction or a series of related transactions,
assets, cash flow or earning power aggregating more than 50% of the assets, cash flow or earning power of the Company and its Subsidiaries
(taken as a whole) to any Person or Persons, then, and in each such case, proper provision shall be made so that: (i) each holder
of a Right shall thereafter have the right to receive, upon the exercise thereof at the then current Purchase Price in accordance
with the terms of this Agreement and in lieu of shares of Preferred Stock, such number of validly authorized and issued, fully
paid, non-assessable and freely tradeable shares of Common Stock of the Principal Party (as such term is hereinafter defined),
not subject to any liens, encumbrances, rights of first refusal or other adverse claims, as shall be equal to the result obtained
by (1) multiplying the then current Purchase Price by the number of one one-thousandths of a share of Preferred Stock for which
a Right is exercisable immediately prior to the first occurrence of a Section 11(o) Event (or, if a Section 11(a)(ii) Event has
occurred prior to the first occurrence of a Section 11(o) Event, multiplying the number of such one one-thousandths of a share
for which a Right was exercisable immediately prior to the first occurrence of a Section 11(a)(ii) Event by the Purchase Price
in effect immediately prior to such first occurrence of a Section 11(a)(ii) Event), and (2) dividing that product by 50% of the
Current Per Share Market Price (as determined pursuant to Section 11(d)(i) hereof) of the Common Stock of such Principal Party
on the date of consummation of such Section 11(o) Event; (ii) such Principal Party shall thereafter be liable for, and shall assume,
by virtue of such Section 11(o) Event, all the obligations and duties of the Company pursuant to this Agreement; (iii) the term
“Company” shall thereafter be deemed to refer to such Principal Party, it being specifically intended that the provisions
of Section 11 hereof shall apply only to such Principal Party following the first occurrence of a Section 11(o) Event; (iv) such
Principal Party shall take such steps (including, but not limited to, the reservation of a sufficient number of shares of its Common
Stock) in connection with the consummation of any such transaction as may be necessary to assure that the provisions hereof shall
thereafter be applicable, as nearly as reasonably may be, in relation to its shares of Common Stock thereafter deliverable upon
the exercise of the Rights; and (v) the provisions of Section 11(a)(ii) hereof shall be of no effect following the first occurrence
of any Section 11(o) Event.


 


(ii)         “Principal
Party” shall mean: (A) in the case of any transaction described in clause (x) or (y) of the first sentence of Section
11(o)(i), the Person that is the issuer of any securities into which shares of Common Stock of the Company are converted in such
merger or consolidation, and if no securities are so issued, the Person that is the other party to such merger or consolidation;
and (B) in the case of any transaction described in clause (z) of the first sentence of Section 11(o)(i), the Person that is the
party receiving the greatest portion of the assets, cash flow or earning power transferred pursuant to such transaction or transactions; provided, however,
that in any such case, (1) if the Common Stock of such Person is not at such time and has not been continuously over the preceding
twelve-month period registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act, and such Person is a direct or indirect Subsidiary of another
Person the Common Stock of which is and has been so registered, “Principal Party” shall refer to such other Person;
and (2) in case such Person is a Subsidiary, directly or indirectly, of more than one Person, the Common Stock of two or more of
which are and have been so registered, “Principal Party” shall refer to whichever of such Persons is the issuer of
the Common Stock having the greatest aggregate market value.


 






    	 	20	 



     


    

 


(iii)        The Company shall
not consummate any such consolidation, merger, sale or transfer unless the Principal Party shall have a sufficient number of authorized
shares of its Common Stock which have not been issued or reserved for issuance to permit the exercise in full of the Rights in
accordance with this Section 11(o) and unless prior thereto the Company and such Principal Party shall have executed and delivered
to the Rights Agent a supplemental agreement providing for the terms set forth in paragraphs (i) and (ii) of this Section 11(o)
and further providing that, as soon as practicable after the date of any consolidation, merger or sale of assets mentioned in paragraph
(i) of this Section 11(o), the Principal Party will:


 


(A)        prepare and
file a registration statement under the Securities Act, with respect to the Rights and the securities purchasable upon exercise
of the Rights on an appropriate form, and will use its best efforts to cause such registration statement (x) to become effective
as soon as practicable after such filing and (y) to remain effective (with a prospectus at all times meeting the requirements of
the Securities Act) until the Expiration Date; and


 


(B)         take all
such other action as may be necessary to enable the Principal Party to issue the securities purchasable upon exercise of the Rights,
including but not limited to the registration or qualification of such securities under all requisite securities laws of jurisdictions
of the various states and the listing of such securities on such exchanges and trading markets as may be necessary or appropriate;
and


 


(C)         deliver to
holders of the Rights historical financial statements for the Principal Party and each of its Affiliates which comply in all respects
with the requirements for registration on Form 10 under the Exchange Act.


 


The provisions of this Section 11(o) shall
similarly apply to successive mergers or consolidations or sales or other transfers. In the event that a Section 11(o) Event shall
occur at any time after the occurrence of a Section 11(a)(ii) Event, the Rights which have not theretofore been exercised shall
thereafter become exercisable in the manner described in Section 11(o)(i).


 


Section 12.           Certificate
of Adjusted Purchase Price or Number of Shares. Whenever an adjustment is made or any event affecting the Rights or their exercisability
(including, without limitation, an event which causes Rights to become null and void) occurs as provided in Section 11 thereof,
the Company shall promptly (a) prepare a certificate setting forth such adjustment and a brief statement of the facts and calculations
accounting for such adjustment or describing such event, (b) file with the Rights Agent, and with each transfer agent for the shares
of Preferred Stock and the shares of Common Stock (if the Rights Agents is not also the transfer agent), a copy of such certificate,
and (c) if a Distribution Date has occurred, give a brief summary thereof to each holder of a Rights Certificate in accordance
with Section 25 hereof. The Rights Agent shall be fully protected in relying on any such certificate and on any adjustment therein
contained and shall not be deemed to have knowledge of any such adjustment unless and until it shall have received such certificate;
provided, however, that the Rights Agent will not be entitled to such protection in cases of bad faith or willful misconduct.


 






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Section 13.           Fractional
Rights and Fractional Shares.


 


(a)          The
Company shall not be required to issue fractions of Rights, except prior to the Distribution Date as provided in Section 11(n)
hereof, or to distribute Rights Certificates which evidence fractional Rights. In lieu of such fractional Rights, the Company shall
pay to the registered holders of the Rights Certificates with regard to which such fractional Rights would otherwise be issuable,
an amount in cash equal to the same fraction of the current market value of one Right. For purposes of this Section 13(a), the
current market value of one Right is the closing price of the Rights for the Trading Day immediately prior to the date on which
such fractional Rights would have been otherwise issuable. The closing price for any Trading Day shall be the last sale price,
regular way, or, in case no such sale takes place on such day, the average of the closing bid and asked prices, regular way, in
either case as reported in the principal consolidated transaction reporting system with respect to securities listed or admitted
to trading on the NASDAQ Stock Market or, if the Rights are not listed or admitted to trading on the NASDAQ Stock Market, as reported
in the principal consolidated transaction reporting system with respect to securities listed on the principal national securities
exchange on which the Rights are listed or admitted to trading or, if the Rights are not listed or admitted to trading on any national
securities exchange, the last quoted price or, if not so quoted, the average of the high bid and low asked prices in the over-the-counter
market, as reported on a quotation system then in use or, if on any such date the Rights are not quoted, the average of the closing
bid and asked prices as furnished by a professional market maker making a market in the Rights, such market maker to be selected
by the Board. If the Rights are not publicly held or are not so listed or traded, or are not the subject of available bid and asked
quotes, the current market value of one Right shall mean the fair value thereof as determined in good faith by the Board, whose
determination shall be described in a statement filed with the Rights Agent.


 


(b)          The
Company shall not be required to issue fractions of shares of Preferred Stock (other than fractions which are integral multiples
of one one-thousandth of a share of Preferred Stock) upon exercise of the Rights or to distribute certificates which evidence fractional
shares of Preferred Stock (other than fractions which are integral multiples of one one-thousandth of a share of Preferred Stock).
Fractions of Preferred Stock in integral multiples of one one-thousandth of such Preferred Stock may, in the sole discretion of
the Company, be evidenced by depositary receipts pursuant to an appropriate agreement between the Company and a depositary selected
by it, provided that such agreement provides that the holders of such depositary receipts have all the rights, privileges and preferences
to which they are entitled as Beneficial Owners of the Preferred Stock represented by such depositary receipts. In lieu of fractional
shares of Preferred Stock that are not integral multiples of one one-thousandth of a share of Preferred Stock, the Company may
pay to the registered holders of Rights Certificates at the time such Rights are exercised as herein provided an amount in cash
equal to the same fraction of the current market value of one one-thousandth of a share of Preferred Stock. For purposes of this
Section 13(b), the current market value of one one-thousandth of a share of Preferred Stock shall be one one-thousandth of the
closing price of a share of Preferred Stock (as determined pursuant to Section 11(d)(ii) hereof) for the Trading Day immediately
prior to the date of such exercise; provided, however, that if the closing price of the shares of the Preferred Stock cannot be
so determined, the closing price of the shares of the Preferred Stock for such Trading Day shall be conclusively deemed to be an
amount equal to the closing price of the shares of Common Stock for such Trading Day multiplied by one thousand (as such number
may be appropriately adjusted to reflect events such as stock splits, stock dividends, recapitalizations or similar transactions
relating to the Common Stock shares occurring after the date of this Agreement).


 






    	 	22	 



     


    

 


(c)          Following
the occurrence of a Section 11(a)(ii) Event, the Company shall not be required to issue fractions of shares of Common Stock upon
exercise or exchange of the Rights or to distribute certificates or Ownership Statements which evidence fractional shares of Common
Stock. In lieu of issuing any such fractional shares of Common Stock, the Company may pay to any Person to whom or which such fractional
shares of Common Stock would otherwise be issuable an amount in cash equal to the same fraction of the current market value of
one such share of Common Stock. For purposes of this Section 13(c), the current market value of one share of Common Stock shall
be the closing price thereof (as determined pursuant to Section 11(d)(i) hereof) on the Trading Day immediately prior to the date
of such exercise or exchange.


 


(d)          The
holder of a Right by the acceptance of the Rights expressly waives such holder’s right to receive any fractional Rights or
any fractional shares upon exercise of a Right, except as permitted by this Section 13.


 


Section 14.           Rights
of Action.


 


(a)          All
rights of action in respect of this Agreement, excepting the rights of action given to the Rights Agent hereunder, are vested in
the respective registered holders of the Rights Certificates (or, prior to the Distribution Date, the registered holders of shares
of Common Stock); and any registered holder of any Rights Certificate (or, prior to the Distribution Date, of the shares of Common
Stock), without the consent of the Rights Agent or of the holder of any other Rights Certificate (or, prior to the Distribution
Date, of the shares of Common Stock), may, on such first holder’s behalf and for such first holder’s own benefit, enforce,
and may institute and maintain any suit, action or proceeding against the Company to enforce, or otherwise act in respect of, such
first holder’s right to exercise the Rights evidenced by such Rights Certificate in the manner provided in such Rights Certificate
and in this Agreement. Without limiting the foregoing or any remedies available to the holders of Rights, it is specifically acknowledged
that the holders of Rights would not have an adequate remedy at law for any breach of this Agreement and shall be entitled to specific
performance of the obligations hereunder and injunctive relief against actual or threatened violations of the obligations hereunder
of any Person subject to this Agreement.


 


(b)          Notwithstanding
anything in this Agreement to the contrary, neither the Company nor the Rights Agent shall have any liability to any holder of
a Right or other Person as a result of its inability to perform any of its obligations under this Agreement by reason of any preliminary
or permanent injunction or other order, judgment, decree or ruling (whether interlocutory or final) issued by a court of competent
jurisdiction or by a governmental regulatory, self-regulatory or administrative agency or commission, or any statute, rule, regulation,
or executive order promulgated or enacted by any governmental authority, prohibiting or otherwise restraining performance of such
obligation; provided, however, that the Company shall use commercially reasonable efforts to have any such injunction, order, judgment,
decree or ruling lifted or otherwise overturned as soon as possible.


 


Section 15.          Agreement
of Rights Holders. Every holder of a Right, by accepting the same, consents and agrees with the Company and the Rights Agent
and with every other holder of a Right that:


 


(a)          prior
to the Distribution Date, the Rights shall be transferable only in connection with the transfer of shares of Common Stock;


 


(b)          after
the Distribution Date, the Rights Certificates are transferable only on the registry books of the Rights Agent if surrendered at
the principal office or offices of the Rights Agent designated for such purposes, duly endorsed or accompanied by a properly executed
instrument of transfer with the appropriate forms and certificates contained therein fully executed;


 






    	 	23	 



     


    

 


(c)          subject
to Section 6(a) and Section 7(d) hereof or unless otherwise provided under this Agreement, the Company and the Rights Agent may
deem and treat the Person in whose name a Rights Certificate (or, prior to the Distribution Date, the associated Common Stock share
certificate or Ownership Statement) is registered as the absolute owner thereof and of the Rights evidenced thereby (notwithstanding
any notations of ownership or writing on the Rights Certificates or the associated Common Stock share certificate or Ownership
Statement made by anyone other than the Company or the Rights Agent) for all purposes whatsoever, and neither the Company nor the
Rights Agent shall be affected by any notice to the contrary; and


 


(d)          such
holder expressly waives any right to receive any fractional Rights and any fractional securities upon exercise or exchange of a
Right, except as otherwise provided in Section 13 hereof.


 


Section 16.         Rights
Certificate Holder Not Deemed a Stockholder. No holder, of any Rights Certificate, by means of such possession, shall be entitled
to vote, receive dividends or be deemed for any purpose the holder of the number of one one-thousandths of a share of Preferred
Stock or any other securities of the Company which may at any time be issuable on the exercise of the Rights represented thereby,
nor shall anything contained herein or in any Rights Certificate be construed to confer upon the holder of any Rights Certificate,
by means of such possession, any of the rights of a stockholder of the Company including any right to vote on any matter submitted
to stockholders at any meeting thereof, including the election of directors, or to give or withhold consent to any corporate action,
or to receive notice of meetings or other actions affecting stockholders (except as provided in Section 24 hereof), or to receive
dividends or subscription rights, or otherwise, until the Right or Rights evidenced by such Rights Certificate have been exercised
in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.


 


Section 17.           Concerning
the Rights Agent.


 


(a)          The
Company agrees to pay to the Rights Agent reasonable compensation for all services rendered by it hereunder, and, from time to
time, on demand of the Rights Agent, its reasonable expenses and counsel fees and other disbursements incurred in the preparation,
administration and execution of this Agreement and the exercise and performance of its duties hereunder. The Company also agrees
to indemnify the Rights Agent for, and to hold it harmless against, any loss, liability, damage, judgment, fine, penalty, claim,
demand, cost or expense incurred without gross negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct on the part of the Rights Agent, for
anything done or omitted by the Rights Agent in connection with the acceptance and administration of this Agreement and the performance
of its duties and responsibilities and the exercise of its rights hereunder, including the costs and expenses of defending against
any claim of liability arising therefrom, directly or indirectly. The costs and expenses of enforcing this right of indemnification
will also be paid by the Company. The provisions of this Section 17 shall survive the exercise, exchange, redemption or expiration
of the Rights, the resignation, replacement or removal of the Rights Agent and the termination of this Agreement.


 


(b)          The
Rights Agent may conclusively rely on, and will be protected and shall incur no liability for or in respect of any action taken,
suffered or omitted by it in connection with, its acceptance or administration of this Agreement and the exercise and performance
of its duties and responsibilities and the exercise of its rights hereunder, in reliance upon any Rights Certificate or certificate
evidencing shares of Preferred Stock, Common Stock or other securities of the Company or an Ownership Statement, or any instrument
of assignment or transfer, power of attorney, endorsement, affidavit, letter, notice, direction, consent, certificate, statement,
or other paper or document believed by it to be genuine and to be signed, executed and, where necessary, verified or acknowledged,
by the proper Person or Persons, or otherwise upon the advice of counsel as set forth in Section 19 hereof.


 






    	 	24	 



     


    

 


(c)          Notwithstanding
anything in this Agreement to the contrary, in no event will the Rights Agent be liable for special, indirect or consequential
loss or damage of any kind whatsoever (including but not limited to lost profits), even if the Rights Agent has been advised of
the likelihood of such loss or damage and regardless of the form of action.


 


Section 18.           Merger,
Consolidation or Change of Name of the Rights Agent.


 


(a)          Any
Person into which the Rights Agent or any successor Rights Agent may be merged or with which it may be consolidated, or any Person
resulting from any merger or consolidation to which the Rights Agent or any successor Rights Agent is a party, or any Person succeeding
to the corporate trust, stock transfer or other shareholder services business of the Rights Agent or any successor Rights Agent
will be the successor to the Rights Agent under this Agreement without the execution or filing of any paper or any further act
on the part of any of the parties hereto; provided that such Person would be eligible for appointment as a successor Rights Agent
under the provisions of Section 20 hereof if at the time such successor Rights Agent shall succeed to the agency created by this
Agreement any of the Rights Certificates shall have been countersigned but not delivered, any such successor Rights Agent may adopt
the countersignature of a predecessor Rights Agent and deliver such Rights Certificates so countersigned; and if at that time any
of the Rights Certificates shall not have been countersigned, any successor Rights Agent may countersign such Rights Certificates
either in the name of the predecessor or in the name of the successor Rights Agent; and in all such cases such Rights Certificates
shall have the full force provided in the Rights Certificates and in this Agreement.


 


(b)          If
at any time the name of the Rights Agent changes and at such time any of the Rights Certificates have been countersigned but not
delivered, the Rights Agent may adopt the countersignature under its prior name and deliver Rights Certificates so countersigned;
and if at that time any of the Rights Certificates have not been countersigned, the Rights Agent may countersign such Rights Certificates
either in its prior name or in its changed name; and in all such cases such Rights Certificates shall have the full force provided
in the Rights Certificates and in this Agreement.


 


Section 19.          Duties
of the Rights Agent. The Rights Agent undertakes to perform the duties and obligations expressly imposed by this Agreement
(and no implied duties) upon the following terms and conditions, by all of which the Company and the holders of Rights Certificates,
by their acceptance thereof, shall be bound:


 


(a)          The
Rights Agent may consult with competent legal counsel (who may be legal counsel for the Company), and the advice or opinion of
such counsel shall be full and complete authorization and protection to the Rights Agent and the Rights Agent shall incur no liability
for or in respect of any action taken, suffered or omitted by it in good faith and in accordance with the content of such advice
or opinion.


 






    	 	25	 



     


    

 


(b)          Whenever
in the performance of its duties under this Agreement the Rights Agent shall deem it necessary or desirable that any fact or matter
(including, without limitation, the identity of any Acquiring Person and the determination of the Current Per Share Market Price)
be proved or established by the Company prior to taking, suffering or omitting to take any action hereunder, such fact or matter
(unless other evidence in respect thereof be herein specifically prescribed) may be deemed to be conclusively proved and established
by a certificate signed by any Authorized Officer and delivered to the Rights Agent; and such certificate, pursuant to its terms,
shall be full and complete authorization and protection to the Rights Agent for any action taken or suffered in good faith by it
under the provisions of this Agreement in reliance upon such certificate.


 


(c)          The
Rights Agent shall be liable hereunder only for its own gross negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct.


 


(d)          The
Rights Agent shall not be liable for or by reason of any of the statements of fact or recitals contained in this Agreement or in
the Rights Certificates (except its countersignature thereof) and it shall not be required to verify the same, but all such statements
and recitals are and shall be deemed to have been made by the Company only.


 


(e)          The
Rights Agent will have no liability in respect of the validity of this Agreement or the execution and delivery hereof (except the
due execution and delivery hereof by the Rights Agent) or in respect of the validity or execution of any Rights Certificate (except
its countersignature thereof); nor shall it be responsible for any breach by the Company of any covenant contained in this Agreement
or in any Rights Certificate; nor shall it be responsible for any adjustment required under the provisions of Section 11, Section
22 or Section 23 hereof or responsible for the manner, method or amount of any such adjustment or the ascertaining of the existence
of facts that would require any such adjustment (except with respect to the exercise of Rights evidenced by Rights Certificates
after actual notice of any such adjustment); nor shall it by any act hereunder be deemed to make any representation or warranty
as to the authorization or reservation of any shares of Common Stock or Preferred Stock to be issued pursuant to this Agreement
or any Rights Certificate or as to whether any shares of Common Stock or Preferred Stock shall, when so issued, be validly authorized
and issued, fully paid and nonassessable.


 


(f)          The
Company agrees that it shall perform, execute, acknowledge and deliver or cause to be performed, executed, acknowledged and delivered
all such further and other acts, instruments and assurances as may reasonably be required by the Rights Agent for the carrying
out or performing by the Rights Agent of the provisions of this Agreement.


 


(g)          The
Rights Agent is hereby authorized and directed to accept instructions with respect to the performance of its duties and the exercise
of the rights hereunder from any Authorized Officer, and to apply to any such Authorized Officer for advice or instructions in
connection with its duties, and it shall not be liable for any action taken or suffered by it in good faith in accordance with
instructions of any such Authorized Officer or for any delay in acting while waiting for those instructions. Any application by
the Rights Agent for written instructions from the Company may, at the option of the Rights Agent, set forth in writing any action
proposed to be taken or omitted by the Rights Agent under this Agreement and the date on or after which such action shall be taken
or such omission shall be effective. The Rights Agent shall not be liable for any action taken by, or omission of, the Rights Agent
in accordance with a proposal included in any such application on or after the date specified in such application (which date shall
not be less than five (5) Business Days after the date any Authorized Officer of the Company actually receives such application,
unless any such Authorized Officer shall have consented in writing to an earlier date) unless, prior to taking any such action
(or the effective date in the case of an omission), the Rights Agent shall have received written instructions in response to such
application specifying the action to be taken or omitted.


 






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(h)          The
Rights Agent and any stockholder, director, officer or employee of the Rights Agent may buy, sell or deal in any of the Rights
or other securities of the Company or become pecuniarily interested in any transaction in which the Company may be interested,
or contract with or lend money to the Company or otherwise act as fully and freely as though it were not the Rights Agent under
this Agreement. Nothing herein shall preclude the Rights Agent from acting in any other capacity for the Company or for any other
Person.


 


(i)          The
Rights Agent may execute and exercise any of the rights or powers hereby vested in it or perform any duty hereunder either itself
(through its directors, officers or employees) or by or through its attorneys or agents, and the Rights Agent shall not be answerable
or accountable for any act, omission, default, neglect or misconduct of any such attorneys or agents or for any loss to the Company
or any other Person resulting from any such act, default, neglect or misconduct, provided reasonable care was exercised in the
selection and continued employment thereof.


 


(j)          If,
with respect to any Rights Certificate surrendered to the Rights Agent for exercise or transfer, the certificate contained in the
form of assignment or the form of election to purchase set forth on the reverse thereof, as the case may be, has not been completed
or indicates an affirmative response to clause 1 or 2 thereof, the Rights Agent shall not take any further action with respect
to such requested exercise or transfer without first consulting with the Company.


 


(k)          No
provision of this Agreement shall require the Rights Agent to expend or risk its own funds or otherwise incur any financial liability
in the performance of any of its duties hereunder or in the exercise of its rights if there shall be reasonable grounds for believing
that repayment of such funds or adequate indemnification against such risk or liability is not reasonably assured to it.


 


(l)          The
Rights Agent will not be required to take notice or be deemed to have notice of any fact, event or determination (including, without
limitation, any dates or events defined in this Agreement or the designation of any Person as an Acquiring Person, Affiliate or
Associate) under this Agreement unless and until the Rights Agent is specifically notified in writing by the Company of such fact,
event or determination.


 


(m)          The
provisions of this Section 19 shall survive the exercise, exchange, redemption or expiration of the Rights, the resignation, replacement
or removal of the Rights Agent and the termination of this Agreement.


 


Section 20.           Change
of the Rights Agent. The Rights Agent or any successor Rights Agent may resign and be discharged from its duties under this
Agreement upon thirty (30) calendar days’ written notice given to the Company in accordance with Section 25 hereof, and to
each transfer agent, in the event that the Rights Agent or one of its Affiliates is not also the transfer agent for the Company,
of the shares of Common Stock and Preferred Stock known to the Rights Agent, respectively, by registered or certified mail. In
the event the transfer agency relationship in effect between the Company and the Rights Agent terminates, the Rights Agent will
be deemed to have resigned automatically and be discharged from its duties under this Agreement as of the effective date of such
termination, and the Company shall be responsible for sending any required notice. The Company may remove the Rights Agent or any
successor Rights Agent upon thirty (30) calendar days’ written notice, given to the Rights Agent or successor Rights Agent,
as the case may be, in accordance with Section 25 hereof, and to each transfer agent of the shares of Common Stock and the Preferred
Stock, by registered or certified mail, and, if such removal occurs after the Distribution Date, to the holders of the Rights Certificates
in accordance with Section 25 hereof if the Rights Agent shall resign or be removed or shall otherwise become incapable of acting,
the Company shall, in its sole discretion, appoint a successor to the Rights Agent. If the Company shall fail to make such appointment
within a period of thirty (30) calendar days after giving notice of such removal or after it has been notified in writing of such
resignation or incapacity by the resigning or incapacitated Rights Agent or by the holder of a Rights Certificate (who shall, with
such notice, submit such holder’s Rights Certificate for inspection by the Company), then any registered holder of any Rights
Certificate may apply to any court of competent jurisdiction for the appointment of a new Rights Agent. Any successor Rights Agent,
whether appointed by the Company or by such a court, shall be (a) a legal business entity organized and doing business under the
laws of the United States or of the State of New York or of any other state of the United States, in good standing, which is authorized
under such laws to exercise corporate trust, stock transfer or shareholder services powers and which has at the time of its appointment
as Rights Agent a combined capital and surplus of at least $50,000,000 or (b) an affiliate of a legal business entity described
in clause (a) of this sentence. After appointment, the successor Rights Agent shall be vested with the same powers, rights, duties
and responsibilities as if it had been originally named as Rights Agent without further act or deed; but the predecessor Rights
Agent shall deliver and transfer to the successor Rights Agent any property at the time held by it hereunder, and execute and deliver
any further assurance, conveyance, act or deed necessary for the purpose. Not later than the effective date of any such appointment,
the Company shall file notice thereof in writing with the predecessor Rights Agent and each transfer agent of the shares of Common
Stock and the Preferred Stock, and, if such appointment occurs after the Distribution Date, give a notice thereof in writing to
the registered holders of the Rights Certificates in accordance with Section 25 hereof. Failure to give any notice provided for
in this Section 20, however, or any defect therein, shall not affect the legality or validity of the resignation or removal of
the Rights Agent or the appointment of the successor Rights Agent, as the case may be.


 






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Section 21.           Issuance
of New Rights Certificates. Notwithstanding any of the provisions of this Agreement or of the Rights to the contrary, the Company
may, at its option, issue new Rights Certificates evidencing Rights in such form as may be approved by the Board to reflect any
adjustment or change in the Purchase Price and the number or kind or class of shares or other securities or property purchasable
under the Rights Certificates made in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement. In addition, in connection with the issuance
or sale by the Company of shares of Common Stock following the Distribution Date and prior to the Expiration Date, the Company
(a) shall, with respect to shares of Common Stock so issued or sold pursuant to the exercise of stock options or under any employee
plan or arrangement, granted or awarded as of the Distribution Date, or upon the exercise, exchange or conversion of securities
hereinafter issued by the Company and (b) may, in any other case, if deemed necessary or appropriate by the Board, issue Rights
Certificates representing the appropriate number of Rights in connection with such issuance or sale; provided, however, that (i)
no such Rights Certificate shall be issued if, and to the extent that, in its good faith judgment the Board determines that the
issuance of such Rights Certificate could have a material adverse tax consequence to the Company or to the Person to whom or which
such Rights Certificate otherwise would be issued, and (ii) no such Rights Certificate shall be issued if, and to the extent that,
appropriate adjustment shall otherwise have been made in lieu of the issuance thereof.


 


Section 22.           Redemption.


 


(a)          The
Board may, at its option, at any time prior to the earlier of (1) the Close of Business on the tenth (10th) calendar
day following the Stock Acquisition Date, or (ii) the Final Expiration Date, redeem all but not less than all of the then outstanding
Rights at the Redemption Price. The redemption of the Rights may be made effective at such time, on such basis and with such conditions
as the Board in its sole discretion may establish. The Company may, at its option, pay the Redemption Price in cash, securities
or any other form of consideration deemed appropriate by the Board.


 


(b)          Immediately
upon the effectiveness of the action of the Board ordering the redemption of the Rights, and without any further action and without
any notice, the right to exercise the Rights shall terminate and the only right thereafter of the holders of Rights shall be to
receive the Redemption Price for each Right so held without interest thereon. Promptly after the action of the Board ordering the
redemption of the Rights, the Company shall give notice of such redemption to the Rights Agent and the holders of the then outstanding
Rights in accordance with Section 25 hereof; provided, however, that the failure to give, or any defect in, any such notice will
not affect the validity of the redemption of the Rights. Any notice given in accordance with Section 25 hereof shall be deemed
given, whether or not the holder receives the notice. Each such notice of redemption shall state the method by which the payment
of the Redemption Price shall be made.


 






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Section 23.           Exchange.


 


(a)          The
Board may, at its option, at any time after a Section 11(a)(ii) Event, exchange all or part of the then-outstanding and exercisable
Rights (which shall not include Rights that have become void pursuant to the provisions of Section 11(a)(ii) hereof) for shares
of Common Stock at an exchange ratio of one share of Common Stock per Right, appropriately adjusted to reflect any stock split,
stock dividend or similar transaction occurring after the date hereof (such amount per Right being hereinafter referred to as the
“Exchange Ratio”). The exchange of the Rights by the Board may be made effective at such time, on such basis
and with such conditions as the Board in its sole discretion may establish.


 


(b)          Immediately
upon the effectiveness of the action of the Board ordering the exchange of any Rights and without any further action and without
any notice, the right to exercise such Rights shall terminate and the only right thereafter of a holder of such Rights shall be
to receive that number of shares of Common Stock equal to the number of such Rights held by such holder multiplied by the Exchange
Ratio. The Company shall promptly give public notice of any such exchange; provided, however, that the failure to
give, or any defect in, such notice shall not affect the validity of such exchange. The Company shall promptly give a notice of
any such exchange to all of the holders of the Rights so exchanged in accordance with Section 25 hereof. Any notice given in accordance
with Section 25 hereof shall be deemed given, whether or not the holder receives the notice. Each such notice of exchange will
state the method by which the exchange of the shares of Common Stock, for Rights shall be effected and, in the event of any partial
exchange, the number of Rights which will be exchanged. Any partial exchange shall be effected pro rata based on the number of
Rights (other than Rights which have become void pursuant to the provisions of Section 11(a)(ii) hereof) held by each holder of
Rights.


 


(c)          The
Company may at its option substitute and, in the event that there shall not be sufficient shares of Common Stock issued but not
outstanding or authorized but unissued (and unreserved) to permit an exchange of Rights as contemplated in accordance with this
Section 23, the Company shall substitute to the extent of such insufficiency, for each share of Common Stock that would otherwise
be issuable upon exchange of a Right, a number of shares of Preferred Stock or fraction thereof (or Equivalent Preferred Stock)
such that the Current Per Share Market Price of one share of Preferred Stock (or Equivalent Preferred Stock) multiplied by such
number or fraction is equal to the Current Per Share Market Price of the Common Stock that would otherwise be issuable as of the
date of such exchange.


 


(d)          Prior
to effecting an exchange pursuant to this Section 23, the Board may direct the Company to enter into a trust agreement in such
form and with such terms as the Board shall then approve (the “Trust Agreement”). If the Board so directs, the
Company shall enter into the Trust Agreement and shall issue to the trust created by such agreement (the “Trust”)
all of the shares of Common Stock, Preferred Stock or other securities, if any, issuable pursuant to the exchange, and all Persons
entitled to receive such shares or other securities (and any dividends or distributions made thereon after the date on which such
shares or other securities are deposited in the Trust) shall be entitled to receive such only from the Trust and solely upon compliance
with the relevant terms and provisions of the Trust Agreement.


 






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Section 24.           Notice
of Certain Events.


 


(a)          If
the Company, at any time after the Distribution Date, proposes to (i) pay any dividend payable in stock of any class to the holders
of shares of Preferred Stock or to make any other distribution to the holders of shares of Preferred Stock (other than a regular
periodic cash dividend), (ii) offer to the holders of shares of Preferred Stock rights, options, warrants or any similar instrument
to subscribe for or to purchase any additional shares of Preferred Stock or shares of stock of any class or any other securities,
rights or options, (iii) effect any reclassification of its Preferred Stock (other than a reclassification involving only the subdivision
of outstanding shares of Preferred Stock), (iv) effect any consolidation, merger or statutory share exchange into or with any other
Person, or (v) to effect the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, then, in each such case, the Company shall
give to the Rights Agent and, to the extent possible, to each holder of a Rights Certificate, in accordance with Section 25 hereof,
a notice of such proposed action, which shall specify the record date for the purposes of such stock dividend, distribution or
offering of rights, warrants, options or any similar instrument or the date on which such reclassification, consolidation, merger,
share exchange, sale, transfer, liquidation, dissolution, or winding up is to take place and the date of participation therein
by the holders of the shares of Preferred Stock, if any such date is to be fixed, and such notice shall be so given in the case
of any action covered by clause (i) or (ii) above at least ten (10) calendar days prior to the record date for determining holders
of the shares of Common Stock or Preferred Stock for purposes of such action, and in the case of any such other action at least
ten (10) calendar days prior to the date of such proposed action or the date of participation therein by the holders of the shares
of Preferred Stock, whichever is the earlier.


 


(b)          If
a Section 11(a)(ii) Event occurs, then the Company shall as soon as practicable thereafter give to the Rights Agent and each holder
of a Rights Certificate, to the extent feasible and in accordance with Section 25 hereof, a notice of the occurrence of such event,
which shall specify the event and the consequences of the event to holders of Rights.


 


Section 25.           Notices.


 


(a)          Notices
or demands authorized by this Agreement to be given or made by the Rights Agent or by the holder of any Rights Certificate to or
on the Company shall be sufficiently given or made (a) immediately, if made by personal delivery, (b) on the fifth (5th)
calendar day if sent by first-class mail, postage prepaid, (c) the next Business Day if by nationally recognized overnight courier,
or (d) upon confirmation, if transmission by facsimile is combined with a phone call to the Company notifying it of such transmission,
all addressed (until another address is filed in writing by the Company with the Rights Agent) as follows:


 


Rubicon
Technology, Inc.


900
East Green Street


Bensenville,
IL 60106


Attention:
Chief Executive Officer


 


with a copy
(which will not constitute notice) to:


 


Robinson &
Cole LLP


1055 Washington
Boulevard


Stamford, CT  06901


Attention:
Eric M. Kogan, Esq.


Fax: (203)
462-7599


 






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(b)          Subject
to the provisions of Section 20 hereof, any notice or demand authorized by this Agreement to be given or made by the Company or
by the holder of any Rights Certificate to or on the Rights Agent shall be sufficiently given or made (a) immediately, if made
by personal delivery, (b) on the fifth (5th) calendar day if sent by first-class mail, postage prepaid, (c) the next
Business Day if by nationally recognized overnight courier or (d) upon confirmation, if transmission by facsimile is combined with
a phone call to the Rights Agent notifying it of such transmission, all addressed (until another address is filed in writing by
the Rights Agent with the Company) as follows:


 


American Stock
Transfer & Trust Company, LLC


6201 15th Avenue


Brooklyn, NY
11219


Attention:
Corporate Trust Department


 


with a copy
(which will not constitute notice) to:


 


American Stock
Transfer & Trust Company, LLC


48 Wall Street,
22nd Floor


New York, NY
10005


Attention:
Legal Department


Email: legalteamAST@astfinancial.com


 


(c)          Notices
or demands authorized by this Agreement to be given or made by the Company or the Rights Agent to the holder of any Rights Certificate
(or, if prior to the Distribution Date, to the holder of certificates representing shares of Common Stock or an Ownership Statement)
shall be sufficiently given or made if sent by first-class mail, postage prepaid, addressed to such holder at the address of such
holder as shown on the registry books of the Rights Agent (or, if prior to the Distribution Date, of the transfer agent for the
shares of Common Stock). Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, prior to the Distribution Date, a filing by
the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission shall constitute sufficient notice to the holders of any Rights or of any
Common Shares for purposes of this Agreement.


 


Section 26.          Supplements
and Amendments. Except as otherwise provided in this Section 26, for so long as the Rights are redeemable pursuant to Section
22 hereof, the Company may in its sole and absolute discretion, and the Rights Agent shall, if the Company so directs, supplement
or amend any provision of this Agreement in any respect without the approval of any holders of Rights. From and after the time
at which the Rights cease to be redeemable pursuant to Section 22 hereof, the Company may and the Rights Agent shall, if the Company
so directs, supplement or amend this Agreement without the approval of any holders of Rights in order (i) to cure any ambiguity,
(ii) to correct or supplement any provision contained herein which may be defective or inconsistent with any other provisions herein,
(iii) to shorten or lengthen any time period hereunder, or (iv) to amend or supplement the provisions hereunder in any manner which
the Company may deem necessary or desirable; provided, however, that no such supplement or amendment shall adversely affect the
interests of the holders of Rights (other than an Acquiring Person or any Affiliate or Associate of an Acquiring Person or certain
of their transferees), and no such amendment may cause the Rights again to become redeemable or cause this Agreement again to become
amendable other than in accordance with this sentence. Upon the delivery of a certificate from an Authorized Officer of the Company
which states that the proposed supplement or amendment is in compliance with the terms of this Section 26, the Rights Agent shall
execute such supplement or amendment. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Rights Agent shall not be obligated
to enter into any supplement or amendment that affects the Rights Agent’s own right, duties, obligations or immunities under
this Agreement.


 






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Section 27.          Successors.
All the covenants and provisions of this Agreement by or for the benefit of the Company or the Rights Agent shall bind and inure
to the benefit of their respective successors and assigns hereunder.


 


Section 28.           Determinations
and Actions by the Board.


 


(a)          For
all purposes of this Agreement, any calculation of the number of shares of Common Stock or any other class of capital stock outstanding
at any particular time, including for purposes of determining the particular percentage of such outstanding shares of Common Stock
of which any Person is the Beneficial Owner, shall be made in accordance with, as the Board of Directors deems to be applicable,
the last sentence of Rule 13d-3(d)(1)(i) of the General Rules and Regulations under the Exchange Act or the provisions of Section
382 of the Code, or any successor provision or replacement provision.


 


(b)          The
Board shall have the exclusive power and authority to administer this Agreement and to exercise all rights and powers specifically
granted to the Board or to the Company, or as may be necessary or advisable in the administration of this Agreement, including,
without limitation, the right and power to (i) interpret the provisions of this Agreement, and (ii) make all determinations and
calculations deemed necessary or advisable for the administration of this Agreement (including, without limitation, a determination
to redeem or not redeem the Rights or amend this Agreement).


 


(c)          All
such actions, calculations, interpretations and determinations which are done or made by the Board in good faith shall be final,
conclusive and binding on the Company, the Rights Agent, the holders of the Rights and all other parties. Unless otherwise notified,
the Rights Agent shall always be entitled to assume that the Board acted in good faith and the Rights Agent shall be fully protected
and shall incur no liability in reliance thereon.


 


Section 29.          Benefits
of this Agreement. Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to give to any Person other than the Company, the Rights Agent
and the registered holders of the Rights Certificates (and, prior to the Distribution Date, registered holders of shares of Common
Stock) any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under this Agreement; but this Agreement shall be for the sole and exclusive
benefit of the Company, the Rights Agent and the registered holders of the Rights Certificates (and, prior to the Distribution
Date, registered holders of shares of Common Stock).


 


Section 30.          Severability.
If any term, provision, covenant or restriction of this Agreement is held by a court of competent jurisdiction or other authority
to be invalid, void or unenforceable, the remainder of the terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions of this Agreement shall
remain in full force and effect and shall in no way be affected, impaired or invalidated; provided, however, that notwithstanding
anything in this Agreement to the contrary, if any such term, provision, covenant or restriction is held by such court or authority
to be invalid, void, or unenforceable and the Board determines in its good faith judgment that severing the invalid language from
this Agreement would adversely affect the purpose or effect of this Agreement, the right of redemption set forth in Section 22
hereof shall be reinstated and shall not expire until the Close of Business on the tenth (10th) Business Day following
the date of such determination by the Board.


 






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Section 31.          Governing
Law. This Agreement, each Right and each Rights Certificate issued hereunder shall be deemed to be a contract made under the
laws of the State of Delaware and for all purposes shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of such State
applicable to contracts made and to be performed entirely within such State.


 


Section 32.          Counterparts;
Facsimiles and PDFs. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts and each of such counterparts shall for all
purposes be deemed to be an original, and all such counterparts shall together constitute but one and the same instrument. A facsimile
or pdf signature delivered electronically shall constitute an original signature for all purposes.


 


Section 33.           Descriptive
Headings. Descriptive headings of the several sections of this Agreement are inserted for convenience only and shall not control
or affect the meaning or construction of any of the provisions hereof.


 


Section 34.           Force
Majeure. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the Rights Agent shall not be liable for any delays or
failures in performance resulting from acts beyond its reasonable control including, without limitation, acts of God, terrorist
acts, shortage of supply, breakdowns or malfunctions, interruptions or malfunction of computer facilities, or loss of data due
to power failures or mechanical difficulties with information storage or retrieval systems, labor difficulties, war, or civil unrest.


 


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IN WITNESS WHEREOF,
the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be duly executed, all as of the day and year first above written.


 


	 	Rubicon Technology, Inc.
	 	 	 
	 	By:	/s/ Timothy E. Brog
	 	 	Name: Timothy E. Brog
	 	 	Title:    Chief Executive Officer
	 	
         
	
	 	AMERICAN STOCK TRANSFER & TRUST COMPANY, LLC
	 		
         

	 	By:	/s/ Michael A. Nespoli
	 	 	Name: Michael A. Nespoli
	 	 	Title:   Executive Director


 






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