[Cite as State v. Fredo, 2012-Ohio-1496.]

STATE OF OHIO, COLUMBIANA COUNTY 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 

SEVENTH DISTRICT 

STATE OF OHIO, ) 

 ) CASE NO. 11 CO 5 

 PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, ) 

 ) 

 - VS - ) O P I N I O N 

 ) 

JUSTIN FREDO, ) 

 ) 

 DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. ) 

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS: Criminal Appeal from Common Pleas 

 Court, Case No. 09CR64. 

JUDGMENT: Affirmed. 

APPEARANCES: 

For Plaintiff-Appellee: Attorney Robert Herron 

 Prosecuting Attorney 

 Attorney Tammie Jones 

 Assistant Prosecuting Attorney 

 105 South Market Street 

 Lisbon, Ohio 44432 

For Defendant-Appellant: Attorney Mark Carfolo 

 23 Lisbon Street, Suite K 

 Canfield, Ohio 44406 

JUDGES: 

Hon. Joseph J. Vukovich 

Hon. Gene Donofrio 

Hon. Mary DeGenaro 
 Dated: March 30, 2012 

VUKOVICH, J. 

{¶1} Defendant-appellant Justin Fredo appeals the decision of the 

Columbiana County Common Pleas Court denying his motion to suppress. Fredo 

argues that the trooper did not have probable cause to stop him. This position is 

based upon Fredo’s belief that displaying a permanent license plate in the rear window 

of his vehicle complied with R.C. 4503.21. The state disagrees and contends that the 

placement of the license plate violated R.C. 4503.21 and thus, there was probable 

cause for the stop. 

{¶2} For the reasons discussed below, the state is correct; placement of a 

permanent license plate in the rear window of a vehicle violates R.C. 4503.21. Thus, 

the judgment of the trial court is affirmed. 

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

{¶3} On July 30, 2009, a two count indictment was issued against Fredo for 

driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs, in violation of R.C. 

4511.19(A)(1)(d) and R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a). The indictment alleged that Fredo had 

previously been found guilty or pled to three other violations of R.C. 4511.19(A) or (B) 

within the past six years. Thus, that elevated the charges against him to fourth-degree 

felonies. Fredo pled not guilty to the charges. 

{¶4} He then filed a motion to dismiss or exclude evidence based upon his 

belief that the underlying convictions supporting the enhanced degree for the offenses 

were constitutionally infirm. After reviewing the arguments the trial court concluded 

that one of the convictions could not be used to enhance the charges because there 

was no oral record of the proceedings to determine whether there was a meaningful 

dialogue prior to Fredo’s waiver of counsel. 04/12/10 J.E. Thus, the trial court found 

that Fredo could only be tried for an unclassified misdemeanor; the charge could not 

be enhanced. 04/12/10 J.E. 

{¶5} Fredo then filed a motion to suppress. The motion originally contained a 

multitude of arguments as to why the evidence of his impairment had to be 

suppressed. However, after discussions with the state, the argument was narrowed to 
one issue – whether the trooper had a reasonable articulable suspicion/probable 

cause to stop Fredo. After a hearing, at which only the Trooper testified, the trial court 

denied the motion to suppress. It explained: 

{¶6} “The Trooper indicated that he noticed no rear license plate on the 

vehicle and then pulled from his stationary position, activating his overhead lights, and 

stopping the vehicle. He stated that once his overhead lights were activated, he could 

see a license plate secured to the rear window of the cab of the truck that Defendant 

was operating. He indicated that such a display is not in compliance with Ohio law. 

O.R.C. §4503.21. 

{¶7} “The Trooper approached the vehicle for the reason of the improper 

display but indicated that other issues soon became apparent to him. He cited the 

Defendant for the improper display of the plate and advised the Court that he his [sic] 

personal report for the evening in question indicated that the improper display was his 

reason for following and stopping the vehicle.” 

{¶8} Following the suppression ruling, Fredo entered a plea agreement with 

the state and pled no contest to R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(d), an unclassified first-degree 

misdemeanor. Count two of the indictment was dismissed. Fredo was sentenced to 

12 months in jail, with the first 30 days being mandatory. He was also fined $1,500 

and ordered to attend an alcohol and drug addiction program upon completion of his 

sentence. The court suspended his license for ten years. The sentence was stayed 

pending appeal. 01/11/11 J.E. 

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

{¶9} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT DENIED DEFENDANTAPPELLANT’S MOTION TO SUPPRESS AND VIOLATED HIS RIGHTS TO BE FREE 

FROM UNLAWFUL SEIZURE UNDER THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT TO THE 

UNITED STATES AND OHIO CONSTITUTION.” 

{¶10} Appellate review of a suppression decision presents a mixed question of 

law and fact. State v. Roberts, 110 Ohio St.3d 71, 2006–Ohio–3665, 850 N.E.2d 

1168, ¶ 100. On factual matters, the trial court occupies the best position to evaluate 

the credibility of witnesses and weigh the evidence. Id., citing State v. Mills, 62 Ohio 

St.3d 357, 366, 582 N.E.2d 972 (1992). Thus, factual findings are accorded great 
deference. Id., citing State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 20, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982). 

The trial court's legal conclusions are reviewed de novo. Id., citing State v. Burnside,

100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003–Ohio–5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8. 

{¶11} The Fourth Amendment guarantees “[t]he right of the people to be 

secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches 

and seizures.” A law enforcement officer's stop of an automobile must comply with the 

Fourth Amendment's reasonableness requirement. Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 

806, 116 S.Ct. 1769; 135 L.Ed.2d 89 (1996). A stop may be justified as a 

noninvestigatory traffic stop where a police officer has probable cause to believe a 

traffic offense has occurred or was occurring. Id. 

{¶12} Here, it is undisputed that the sole reason for stopping Fredo was 

because the permanent license plate was not affixed to the bumper of the vehicle 

Fredo was operating, which is allegedly a violation of R.C. 4503.21(A). The Trooper 

testified that Fredo was not speeding or driving erratic and that there was no other 

basis for the stop. Thus, the issue before this court is purely a legal issue. It is 

whether the display of a permanent license plate in the rear window of the vehicle is a 

violation of R.C. 4503.21(A). 

{¶13} R.C. 4503.21(A) governs the display of permanent and temporary 

license plates. It states: 

{¶14} “(A) No person who is the owner or operator of a motor vehicle shall fail 

to display in plain view on the front and rear of the motor vehicle the distinctive number 

and registration mark, including any county identification sticker and any validation 

sticker issued under sections 4503.19 and 4503.191 of the Revised Code, furnished 

by the director of public safety, except that a manufacturer of motor vehicles or dealer 

therein, the holder of an in transit permit, and the owner or operator of a motorcycle, 

motorized bicycle, manufactured home, mobile home, trailer, or semitrailer shall 

display on the rear only. * * * All license plates shall be securely fastened so as not to 

swing, and shall not be covered by any material that obstructs their visibility. 

{¶15} “No person to whom a temporary license placard or windshield sticker 

has been issued for the use of a motor vehicle under section 4503.182 of the Revised 

Code, and no operator of that motor vehicle, shall fail to display the temporary license 
placard in plain view from the rear of the vehicle either in the rear window or on an 

external rear surface of the motor vehicle, or fail to display the windshield sticker in 

plain view on the rear window of the motor vehicle. No temporary license placard or 

windshield sticker shall be covered by any material that obstructs its visibility.” 

{¶16} Fredo is of the position that displaying his permanent license plate in the 

rear cab window of his truck complied with R.C. 4503.21’s mandates. He asserts that 

once the trooper saw the plate, the trooper could not detain him any further absent 

some specific and articulable facts that there was criminal activity. He cites the Ohio 

Supreme Court’s Chatton decision to support his position. State v. Chatton, 11 Ohio 

St.3d 59, 463 N.E.2d 1237 (1984). 

{¶17} In Chatton, the driver was stopped because the officer did not see a front 

or rear license plate on the vehicle. Upon approaching the vehicle, the officer noticed 

that a temporary tag was visible in the rear windshield. The Supreme Court held: 

{¶18} “Consequently, where a police officer stops a motor vehicle which 

displays neither front nor rear license plates, but upon approaching the stopped 

vehicle observes a temporary tag which is visible through the rear windshield, the 

driver of the vehicle may not be detained further to determine the validity of his driver's 

license absent some specific and articulable facts that the detention was reasonable. 

As a result, any evidence seized upon a subsequent search of the passenger 

compartment of the vehicle is inadmissible under the Fourth Amendment to the United 

States Constitution.” Id. at 63. 

{¶19} The Chatton Court opined that “because the police officer no longer 

maintained a reasonable suspicion that appellee's vehicle was not properly licensed or 

registered, to further detain appellee and demand that he produce his driver's license 

is akin to [a] random detention[.]” Id. The Court then concluded that “[a]lthough the 

police officer, as a matter of courtesy, could have explained to appellee the reason he 

was initially detained, the police officer could not unite the search to this detention, and 

appellee should have been free to continue on his way without having to produce his 

driver's license.” Id.

{¶20} This decision was made prior to the current version of R.C. 4503.21, 

which dictates the manner in which temporary tags must be displayed. 
{¶21} If Fredo’s rear plate was properly displayed, Chatton does provide a 

basis for overturning the trial court’s suppression ruling. That said, Chatton does not 

provide guidance as to whether Fredo’s rear plate was properly displayed in 

accordance with R.C. 4503.21. Chatton is distinguishable because it deals with a 

temporary tag. The case at hand deals with the display of permanent license plates. 

{¶22} The statute quoted above clearly dictates that a temporary tag can be 

displayed in plain view on the rear of vehicle “either in the rear window or on an 

external rear surface of the motor vehicle.” R.C. 4503.21(A). As to a permanent 

license plate it must be displayed “in plain view on the front and rear of the motor 

vehicle.” Id. 

{¶23} The clear language of the statute requires the permanent plate to be “on 

the * * * rear of the motor vehicle.” Common sense dictates that on the rear of the 

vehicle means mounted to the exterior rear of the vehicle. It does not mean 

placement in the rear window. If it had meant placement in the rear window, the word 

“on” would not have been used. 

{¶24} Furthermore, the general assembly’s allowance for placing a temporary 

tag in the rear window indicates that it knew how to specify that such a placement was 

valid. It did not use that language when discussing a permanent license plate. Rather, 

it stated on the rear of the motor vehicle. Had it been the intention of the general 

assembly to allow placement of a permanent license plate in the rear window of the 

vehicle legal, it could have used the same language it used for discussing a temporary 

tag. As it did not, placing a permanent license plate in the rear window of the vehicle 

is a violation of R.C. 4503.21(A). Therefore, it would constitute probable cause for the 

stop. 

{¶25} This conclusion is supported by case law from our sister districts. It has 

been explained that the intent of the statute is to “require that license plates be visible 

to law enforcement personnel and others who may have reason to note the number for 

identification purposes.” Lakewood v. Shelton, 8th Dist. No. 95746, 2011-Ohio-4408, ¶ 

15, quoting State v. Durfee, 11th Dist. Nos. 96–L–198, 1998 WL 156857 (Mar. 6, 

1998). See also City of Miamisburg v. Adams, 2d Dist. No. 14333, 1994 WL 527868 

(Sept. 30, 1994) (stating “A license plate is required by law to be in plain view, 
exposed to the sight of anyone positioned behind the car. R.C. 4503.21.”). Here, the 

trooper testified that he could not see the permanent license plate until his take down 

lights were activated. (Tr. 12). He explained that take down lights, unlike head lights, 

shine directly into the cab. (Tr. 12). Therefore, while the plate would be visible to the 

officer, it would only be visible once the take down lights were activated. For any other 

driver on the road, the plate would not be visible and thus, allowance of the plate to be 

placed in the rear window would fraught the intent of the statute. 

{¶26} Furthermore, at least one court has found that the statute’s requirement 

for the plate to be placed on the front and rear of the vehicle does not mean the rear or 

front window. The Second Appellate District has found that a permanent license plate 

lying on the front dashboard of the vehicle does not comply with R.C. 4503.21 and 

provides probable cause for the stop. State v. Phillips, 155 Ohio App.3d 149, 2003-

Ohio-5742, 799 N.E.2d 653 (2d Dist.). In that case, the court aptly explained: 

{¶27} “A license plate may be ‘in plain view’ for purposes of R.C. 4503.21 to a 

person who sees it positioned on the dashboard of a vehicle, but so long as it is inside 

the vehicle, the plate is not displayed ‘on the front’ of the vehicle. To satisfy that 

requirement, the plate must be mounted to the vehicle's exterior, on its front side, and 

in plain view. Because the plate located on the dashboard of the vehicle defendant 

drove failed those requirements, the officers had probable cause to stop him in order 

to cite him for a violation of R.C. 4503.21. The stop was therefore reasonable for 

purposes of the Fourth Amendment under the rule of Dayton v. Erickson, 76 Ohio 

St.3d 3, 665 N.E.2d 1091. Further, the officers were authorized to detain defendant 

until they had completed the process of citing him for the R.C. 4503.21 violation.” Id. 

at ¶ 19. See also State v. Hanna, 6th Dist. No. WM-99-016, 2000 WL 262356 (Mar. 

10, 2000) (stating license lying on front dashboard); Durfee, 11th Dist. Nos. 96–L–198, 

1998 WL 156857 (stating license on front dashboard); State v. Poole, 9th Dist. No 

2336-M, 1995 WL 338477 (June 7, 1995) (finding license plate lying on front 

dashboard violated R.C. 4503.21 because it was not plainly visible). 

{¶28} Even though we are dealing with the rear window, instead of the front 

window and dashboard, we find that this reasoning equally applies here. Accordingly, 

we adopt this reasoning as our own. 
{¶29} In conclusion, this assignment of error lacks merit. The placement of a 

permanent license plate in the rear window of a vehicle violates R.C. 4503.21. Thus, 

the trooper had probable cause to stop Fredo. 

{¶30} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is hereby 

affirmed. 

Donofrio, J., concurs. 

DeGenaro, J., concurs.