COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Elder, Frank and Humphreys 

Argued at Richmond, Virginia 

DENNA KAYE MYERS 

 OPINION BY 

v. Record No. 1581-03-2 JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK 

 MAY 25, 2004 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF AMELIA COUNTY 

Thomas V. Warren, Judge 

 Joseph M. Teefey, Jr. (Teefey & Teefey, on brief), for appellant. 

 Leah A. Darron, Assistant Attorney General (Jerry W. Kilgore, 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

 Denna Kaye Myers (appellant) was convicted in a bench trial of grand larceny, in violation 

of Code § 18.2-95, and of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of Code 

§ 18.2-308.2. On appeal, he contends the trial court erred in finding the evidence was sufficient to 

convict. As we agree with appellant that the evidence was insufficient to prove the elements of the 

offenses, we reverse the judgment of the trial court. 

BACKGROUND

 On February 8, 2003, Amelia County Deputy Sheriff William Ford observed a green pickup 

truck run a stop sign at the intersection of Routes 360 and 697, approximately 1,000 feet from Jason 

Hooley’s welding shop. The driver of the truck, responding to Ford’s emergency lights, initially 

pulled over into a parking lot. However, as Deputy Ford exited his vehicle, the truck drove off. 

Ford chased the truck for four miles. Eventually, the high-speed chase ended when the truck drove 

into a yard at the end of a dead-end street. At this point, the driver jumped out of the truck and fled. 
 - 2 - 

The truck’s other occupant, appellant, who was a paraplegic,1

 remained in the passenger seat. The 

deputy’s investigation uncovered an outstanding capias for appellant. 

 Appellant was transported to the sheriff’s office, and the truck was transported to the 

sheriff’s parking lot. Ford “secured” the truck by locking the doors. He kept the key in his 

possession. The next morning, Ford searched the truck. He noticed “a lot of garbage in the floor 

board.” He also found “blankets, a jacket, just some junk laying in the [passenger-side] front floor 

board of the truck.” Ford also found a .32 revolver wrapped in a blanket on the front floorboard. 

The weapon was not registered to appellant or the driver. 

 Later that same day, Deputy Ford returned to the yard where the truck had stopped. He 

recovered a .22 Ruger target pistol lying approximately sixty feet from where the driver’s side of the 

truck had come to rest. Hooley identified this gun as his, indicating it was stolen from his vehicle at 

the welding shop. He had last seen the gun on February 7, 2003, and did not notice it was missing 

until a few days later. 

 The Commonwealth proved appellant had a prior felony conviction. Appellant did not 

present any evidence. He moved to strike the evidence, maintaining no evidence proved he had 

knowledge, dominion, and control over the gun on the floorboard. He further argued he was 

physically unable to throw the .22 pistol sixty feet from the driver’s side of the truck. Appellant 

suggested the driver, Mays, possessed and disposed of that weapon. He also argued none of the 

evidence indicated he was involved in the theft of the gun. The trial court overruled the motions 

and found appellant guilty of both offenses. 

 1

 The record does not detail the extent of appellant’s disability beyond Ford’s testimony 

that appellant was unable to walk and that he was transported to the sheriff’s office by an 

ambulance. 
 - 3 - 

ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review 

When faced with a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we 

“presume the judgment of the trial court to be correct” and reverse 

only if the trial court’s decision is “plainly wrong or without 

evidence” to support it. Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 

250, 257, 584 S.E.2d 444, 447 (2003) (en banc) (citations 

omitted); see also McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 

197-98, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc)). 

* * * * * * * 

Put another way, a reviewing court does not “ask itself whether it

believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a 

reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 

(1979) (emphasis in original and citation omitted). We must 

instead ask whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the 

essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Kelly, 

41 Va. App. at 257, 584 S.E.2d at 447 (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. 

at 319 (emphasis in original)); see also Hoambrecker v. City of 

Lynchburg, 13 Va. App. 511, 514, 412 S.E.2d 729, 731 (1992) 

(observing that the question on appeal is whether “a rational trier 

of fact could have found the essential elements” of the convicted 

offense). “This familiar standard gives full play to the 

responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the 

testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable 

inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Kelly, 41 Va. App. 

at 257-58, 584 S.E.2d at 447 (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319). 

Crowder v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 658, 662-63, 588 S.E.2d 384, 386-87 (2003). 

 The Attorney General argues Maryland v. Pringle, 124 S. Ct. 795 (2003), and 

Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 578 S.E.2d 781, cert. denied, 124 S. Ct. 444 (2003), 

substantially narrowed appellate review of sufficiency arguments. We disagree with this 

interpretation of these cases. 

 Pringle examined whether the police had probable cause to arrest an occupant of a 

vehicle for possession of drugs. 124 S. Ct. at 799. Pringle was the front seat passenger in a car 

where an officer found $763 in “rolled-up cash” in the glove compartment and “five glassine 

baggies” of cocaine between the backseat armrest and the backseat. Id. at 798. The Supreme 
 - 4 - 

Court, in affirming the finding of probable cause to arrest, concluded it was “an entirely 

reasonable inference from these facts that any or all three of the occupants” possessed the 

cocaine found in the car. Id. at 800. This analysis occurred in the context of discussing a finding 

of probable cause necessary for an arrest, not a finding of proof beyond a reasonable doubt to 

prove guilt. Nothing in Pringle addressed the standard of appellate review for trial questions 

involving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The case addressed only what was reasonable in the 

context of probable cause determinations. 

 The Commonwealth relies on the Supreme Court’s “entirely reasonable inference” 

comment, and couples it with the Virginia Supreme Court’s Hudson decision, to argue the scope 

of appellate review on issues involving the sufficiency of circumstantial evidence to prove guilt 

beyond a reasonable doubt has been greatly narrowed. By it own terms, however, Hudson does 

not support the Commonwealth’s position. The Court explained in Hudson, “The statement that 

circumstantial evidence must exclude every reasonable theory of innocence is simply another 

way of stating that the Commonwealth has the burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” 265 

Va. at 513, 578 S.E.2d at 785. 

The issue before the Hudson Court was whether the Court of Appeals properly found “the 

Commonwealth’s evidence fail[ed] to exclude all reasonable hypotheses of innocence.” Id. The 

Supreme Court, in reversing this Court, noted that we gave credence to the defendant’s testimony 

and his interpretation of the evidence and ignored the prosecution’s evidence. Id. at 514, 578 

S.E.2d at 786. In this context, the Supreme Court held: 

The issue upon appellate review is not whether “there is some 

evidence to support” these hypotheses [of innocence]. The issue is 

whether a reasonable jury, upon consideration of all the evidence, 

could have rejected Hudson’s theories in his defense and found 

him guilty of murder beyond a reasonable doubt. 
 - 5 - 

Id. at 513, 578 S.E.2d at 785 (emphasis added). The Supreme Court found this Court did not 

follow the traditional standard of appellate review because it ignored the credibility 

determinations of the fact finder regarding Hudson’s evidence. Id. at 514, 578 S.E.2d at 786. 

Hudson did not alter the traditional standards of appellate review. It simply discussed appellate 

review of a defendant’s theory of the case. 

We see nothing in Hudson that changes the standards appellate courts use to evaluate the 

sufficiency of circumstantial evidence to prove guilt. The Supreme Court of Virginia has 

consistently evaluated the sufficiency of circumstantial cases presented by the Commonwealth: 

It suffices to say that if the proof relied upon by the 

Commonwealth is wholly circumstantial, as it here is, then to 

establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt all necessary 

circumstances proved must be consistent with guilt and 

inconsistent with innocence. They must overcome the 

presumption of innocence and exclude all reasonable conclusions 

inconsistent with that of guilt. To accomplish that, the chain of 

necessary circumstances must be unbroken and the evidence as a 

whole must satisfy the guarded judgment that both the corpus 

delicti and the criminal agency of the accused have been proved to 

the exclusion of any other rational hypothesis and to a moral 

certainty. Yet what inferences are to be drawn from proved facts is 

within the province of the [fact finder] and not the court so long as 

the inferences are reasonable and justified. 

La Prade v. Commonwealth, 191 Va. 410, 418, 61 S.E.2d 313, 316 (1950) (emphasis added). If 

a defendant argues that the Commonwealth has not met its burden to prove the elements of a 

crime, appellate courts must consider whether the evidence and the reasonable inferences 

therefrom, examined in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, justify a finding of guilt 

beyond a reasonable doubt. Pringle and Hudson did not change this time-honored standard. 

While great deference is paid to the fact finder, appellate courts do not capitulate to every factual 

finding of the lower courts. See, e.g., Jackson v. Commonwealth, ___ Va. ___, 2004 Va. LEXIS 

74, *23 (April 23, 2004) (finding the trial court erred in refusing to suppress evidence seized 

after the police stopped a car where “no evidence” supported the inference that the informant 
 - 6 - 

was a concerned citizen making a report based on first-hand knowledge); White v. 

Commonwealth, 267 Va. 96, 105-06, 591 S.E.2d 662, 668 (2004) (overturning an escape 

conviction because the evidence did not support the finding that White was in custody when he 

fled). 

B. Possession of a Firearm by a Felon 

 Appellant contends no evidence indicated he knowingly and intelligently exercised 

dominion and control over the weapon. We agree that the evidence was insufficient to prove 

appellant possessed either of the two weapons found by the deputy. 

To support a conviction based upon constructive possession, “the Commonwealth must 

point to evidence of acts, statements, or conduct of the accused or other facts or circumstances 

which tend to show that the defendant was aware of both the presence and character of the 

substance and that it was subject to his dominion and control.” Powers v. Commonwealth, 227 

Va. 474, 476, 316 S.E.2d 739, 740 (1984). However, mere proximity to a controlled item, such 

as a gun or narcotics, is not legally sufficient by itself to establish dominion and control. Wright 

v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 669, 670, 232 S.E.2d 733, 734 (1977); Fogg v. Commonwealth, 216 

Va. 394, 395, 219 S.E.2d 672, 673 (1975). For example, proof that illegal narcotics were “found 

in [the] premises or a vehicle owned or occupied by the [accused] is insufficient, standing alone, 

to prove constructive possession.” Powers, 227 Va. at 476, 316 S.E.2d at 740. 

 We find Hancock v. Commonwealth, 21 Va. App. 466, 465 S.E.2d 138 (1995), is 

instructive here. Hancock was seated behind the driver in the backseat of a car stopped by 

police. Id. at 468, 465 S.E.2d at 139. After Hancock exited the vehicle, the police noticed a gun 

on the floorboard under the driver’s seat. Id. The officer testified he could not see the gun until 

Hancock stepped out of the car because “‘his feet were on top of it.’” Id. Additionally, the car 
 - 7 - 

was stopped at night, so the lighting precluded a clear view of the gun. Id. at 472, 465 S.E.2d at 

141. We reversed Hancock’s conviction, noting: 

No evidence established that Hancock ever held the firearm, saw it, 

knew it was present, or exercised any dominion and control over it. 

See Powers, 227 Va. at 476, 316 S.E.2d at 740. The facts 

established no more than a mere suspicion that the firearm was 

possessed by Hancock or that he knew the firearm was under the 

driver’s seat. The evidence must rise beyond “the realm of 

probability and supposition.” Hall v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 

533, 537, 303 S.E.2d 903, 905 (1983). “‘Circumstances of 

suspicion, no matter how grave or strong, are not proof of guilt 

sufficient to support a [guilty] verdict . . . beyond a reasonable 

doubt.’” Crisman [v. Commonwealth], 197 Va. [17,] 21, 87 S.E.2d 

[796,] 799 [(1955)] (quoting Powers v. Commonwealth, 182 Va. 

669, 676, 30 S.E.2d 22, 25 (1944)). Proof that the firearm was 

located close to Hancock was not sufficient to prove the elements 

of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jones v. 

Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 572-74, 439 S.E.2d 863, 864 (1994). 

Id. at 472, 465 S.E.2d at 141-42. 

 The Commonwealth here presented no evidence that appellant knew the weapon was 

hidden in the blanket. It is uncontroverted that the gun was hidden from sight. Deputy Sheriff 

Ford characterized the floorboard where the blanket with the .32 revolver was found as an 

“upheaval of junk.” Appellant made no furtive gestures toward the firearm nor were there any 

acts, statements, or conduct indicating appellant exercised dominion and control over the 

firearm. The evidence proved only that appellant was an occupant of a vehicle and in close 

proximity to a hidden revolver. This circumstantial evidence is legally insufficient to prove 

possession. See Powers, 227 Va. at 476, 316 S.E.2d at 740; Hancock, 21 Va. App. at 472, 465 

S.E.2d at 141-42. The fact finder unreasonably inferred appellant possessed the revolver. 

 This analysis also applies to possession of the .22 Ruger. Appellant did nothing to 

suggest he knew about the gun. The deputy found this gun even further away from appellant, 

outside the truck and over sixty feet away from where appellant sat. Additionally, the gun was 

not found until the next day. Again, appellant did nothing to suggest he had any knowledge of, 
 - 8 - 

or dominion or control over, the gun. Governed by the standard of review, we conclude no 

rational fact finder could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant “was aware of 

both the presence and character of the [firearms] and that [they were] subject to his dominion and 

control.” Powers, 227 Va. at 476, 316 S.E.2d at 740. 

C. Grand Larceny 

 Appellant contends the grand larceny charge fails as well. The Commonwealth, in 

prosecuting the grand larceny charge, relied on the inference that “[o]nce the crime is 

established, the unexplained possession of recently stolen goods permits an inference of larceny 

by the possessor.” Bright v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 248, 251, 356 S.E.2d 443, 444 (1987). 

As the evidence here did not prove appellant possessed the stolen gun, this inference cannot 

support the theft conviction. 

Additionally, the Commonwealth argues appellant aided and abetted the driver who stole, 

possessed, and disposed of the .22 Ruger. However, “suspicion or even probability of guilt is not 

sufficient. There must be an unbroken chain of circumstances ‘proving the guilt of the accused 

to the “exclusion of any other rational hypothesis and to a moral certainty.”’” Gordon v. 

Commonwealth, 212 Va. 298, 300, 183 S.E.2d 735, 737 (1971) (quoting Brown v. 

Commonwealth, 211 Va. 252, 255, 176 S.E.2d 813, 815 (1970)). On appellate review, the issue 

is whether a reasonable jury, upon consideration of all the evidence in the light most favorable to 

the Commonwealth and the reasonable inferences therefrom, could have found the accused 

guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Hudson, 265 Va. at 513-14, 578 S.E.2d at 785-86. We 

believe the evidence was insufficient as a matter of law to prove appellant guilty of grand 

larceny. 

 As discussed above, nothing links appellant to the stolen firearm found outside the truck. 

He made no motions suggesting he threw the weapon out of the truck nor did he say anything 
 - 9 - 

suggesting he had knowledge of the gun or its theft. Appellant, a paraplegic, simply remained a 

passenger in a truck that drove through a stop sign and then tried to elude an officer. Although 

the fact finder concluded the stolen .22 Ruger was in the vehicle, no evidence supports that 

conclusion nor is it a reasonable inference from the facts. The stolen gun was never seen in the 

truck or in appellant’s possession. The deputy did not find the gun in the yard until the next day. 

See Gordon, 212 Va. at 301, 183 S.E.2d at 737 (finding the Commonwealth failed to exclude all 

reasonable hypotheses of innocence where “a break in the chain” occurred when no one testified 

observing Gordon dispose of the drugs in the public area where the police recovered the 

narcotics). 

Even if the evidence allowed the inference that the stolen gun was in the truck at some 

point, that fact does not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant acted as a principal in the 

second degree when Mays stole the gun.2

 

While mere presence during the commission of a crime is not 

sufficient to convict a person as a principal in the second degree, 

the Supreme Court of Virginia held: 

“it is certain that proof that a person is present at the commission 

of a crime without disapproving or opposing it, is evidence from 

which, in connection with other circumstances, it is competent for 

the jury to infer that he assented thereto, lent to it his countenance 

and approval, and was thereby aiding and abetting the same.” 

Foster v. Commonwealth, 179 Va. 96, 100, 18 S.E.2d 314, 316 

(1942) (citations omitted). 

Hampton v. Commonwealth, 32 Va. App. 644, 648-49, 529 S.E.2d 843, 845 (2000). However, 

here we have neither proof that the appellant failed to oppose the theft nor proof of other 

circumstances upon which to find he acted as a principal in the second degree. 

 2

 We assume without deciding, for purposes of this discussion, that the driver stole the 

.22 Ruger. 
 - 10 - 

 In Pugliese v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 82, 86, 428 S.E.2d 16, 20 (1993), Pugliese 

admitted he was present in the van where Davis shot and killed a man. Pugliese remained in the 

van while Davis disposed of the body. Id. Later, the defendant took some of the dead man’s 

money and assisted Davis in disposing of the van. Id. at 86-87, 428 S.E.2d at 20-21. The jury 

found Pugliese guilty of murder as a principal in the second degree. This Court found the 

evidence was sufficient to support that conviction. Id. at 92-95, 428 S.E.2d 24-25. 

 Clearly, “other circumstances” were present in Pugliese in addition to the accused’s 

presence and failure to oppose the criminal act. In this case, however, no “other circumstances” 

are present. No evidence proved appellant participated in the theft of the weapon or aided and 

abetted Mays by inciting, encouraging, advising, or assisting him either immediately before or 

after the crime. No evidence proved appellant was a “look-out.” No evidence even proved the 

theft occurred while appellant was with the driver. No evidence proved appellant shared the 

driver’s criminal intent. We conclude the Commonwealth did not prove appellant aided and 

abetted the driver in the commission of the theft. 

CONCLUSION

 We find the trial court erred in finding the evidence sufficient beyond a reasonable doubt 

to convict appellant of grand larceny and possession of a firearm by a felon. We, therefore, 

overturn and dismiss the convictions. 

Reversed and dismissed.