Affirmed as Modified and Opinion filed March 28, 2013.

In The

Fourteenth Court of Appeals

NO. 14-12-00320-CV

SAM KAZMAN, Appellant,

V.

FRONTIER OIL CORPORATION, MICHAEL C. JENNINGS, DOUGLAS 

Y. BECH, ROBERT J. KOSTELNIK, JAMES H. LEE, PAUL B. LOYD, JR., 

FRANKLIN MYERS AND MICHAEL W. ROSE, ADAM WALKER, 

HOLLY CORPORATION AND NORTH ACQUISITION, INC., Appellees.

On Appeal from the 113th District Court

Harris County

Trial Court Cause No. 2011-11451

O P I N I O N

Appellant Sam Kazman appeals the trial court’s final judgment approving a 

class-action settlement of consolidated shareholder lawsuits challenging the merger 

of Frontier Oil Corporation and Holly Corporation. In the settlement, the class 

obtained injunctive relief in the form of additional disclosures regarding the 
2

merger, and class counsel received attorney’s fees of $612,500.00. On appeal,

Kazman contends that the cash award of attorney’s fees to class counsel violates 

Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 42(i)(2), which requires that “[i]f any portion of the 

benefits recovered for the class are in the form of coupons or other noncash 

common benefits,” then the attorney fees awarded “must be in cash and noncash 

amounts in the same proportion as the recovery for the class.” For the reasons 

explained below, we hold that, because the settlement class received only the 

“noncash common benefit” of injunctive relief and no cash, Rule 42(i)(2)

precludes an award of attorney’s fees in cash to class counsel. We therefore strike 

the attorney’s fee award and affirm the trial court’s judgment as modified. 

I

In February 2011, Frontier Oil Corporation and Holly Corporation1

announced that they had entered into a merger agreement. Under the terms of the 

merger, Frontier shareholders were entitled to receive 0.4811 shares of Holly 

common stock in exchange for each share of Frontier common stock they owned 

just before the merger. All Frontier shareholders of record on a stated date were 

also entitled to receive a special dividend of $0.28 per share.

Several Frontier stockholders immediately challenged the merger by filing 

putative class-action lawsuits in Harris County against Frontier, Holly, and 

Frontier’s board of directors. The lawsuits, which were eventually consolidated, 

included claims for breach of fiduciary duty and for aiding and abetting breach of 

fiduciary duty in connection with the merger. In an amended petition, the named

plaintiffs (the “class representatives”) alleged that preliminary proxy statements 

 

1 North Acquisition, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Holly, was also a party to the 

merger agreement. For simplicity, we will refer to Holly and North Acquisition collectively as 

“Holly.”
3

filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) failed to disclose to 

shareholders material information concerning the merger. The class representatives

sought only injunctive and other equitable relief.

In April, the trial court appointed the law firms of Edison, McDowell & 

Hetherington, LLP, and Robbins Geller Rudman & Dowd, LLP, as interim class 

counsel. Counsel conducted discovery, including reviewing more than 12,000 

pages of documents from Frontier and 8,000 pages from Holly, and deposing 

Frontier’s chief executive officer and representatives of Frontier’s two financial 

advisors. 

After about two months, counsel for the class representatives and defendants 

engaged in negotiations that resulted in a “Memorandum of Understanding” that 

ultimately led to a proposed class-action settlement. The Memorandum of 

Understanding provided that, in exchange for broad releases for all defendants, 

Frontier and Holly would supplement their proxy statements by making additional 

disclosures regarding the merger in SEC filings.

According to Kazman, the additional disclosures, consisting of just over 

1,300 words, were at best of “marginal” value, citing as examples:

• disclosing that “the merger agreement would include terms which 

were ‘reciprocal and customary’”;

• specifying that Holly’s financial advisor, Morgan Stanley & Co. 

“considered, inter alia, a specific number of analysts (nine) publishing 

price targets for both Holly and Frontier, instead of an unspecified 

number of analysts”;

• specifying that Deutsche Bank Securities, Inc., considered “a 

specific number of analysts (eleven) publishing price targets, instead 

of an unspecified number of such analysts”;

• disclosing that Morgan Stanley & Co. “would not receive ‘a portion’

of its fees on announcement and a ‘substantial portion’ on completion, 

but would receive approximately 30% and 70% respectively”;
4

• “wordsmithing” of the discounted cash flows analysis provided by 

Frontier’s financial advisor, Credit Suisse Securities (USA), LLC; and

• including “a table summarizing information that appears elsewhere 

in the original proxy statement.”

For their part, the class representatives maintain that the disclosures were “clearly 

material and allowed Frontier shareholders to make a fully informed decision 

regarding the disposition of their shares.”2

The additional disclosures also mentioned the proposed settlement of the 

Harris County lawsuits, noting that “[t]he settlement will not affect the amount of 

merger consideration to be paid in the merger.” At a special meeting of 

shareholders held shortly after the additional disclosures were made, the Frontier 

shareholders overwhelmingly voted to approve the merger. 

The district court granted preliminary approval of the class-action settlement 

on October 7, 2011. Beginning in early November, notice was sent to the absent 

class members informing them of the pending settlement and hearing scheduled for 

January 6, 2012. In response, only three shareholders objected. These three 

shareholders held just 10,350 out of more than 106,750,000 Frontier shares 

outstanding at the time of the shareholder vote on the merger. 

Kazman, one of the objecting shareholders, timely filed a notice of his 

objection to the proposed class-action settlement in December. The class 

representatives moved the trial court to approve the settlement over the objections 

of Kazman and the other unnamed class members. After holding the settlement 

 

2

The class representatives identify the following four specific categories of additional 

information disclosed: (1) the reasons Frontier’s board approved the merger; (2) potential 

conflicts of interest of Frontier officers; (3) potential conflicts of interest suffered by the board’s 

investment advisors; and (4) “inputs and outputs” that were used in the fairness opinion and thus 

went to the true value of the company. Although the class representatives cite to case law 

recognizing that such disclosures may be material, they do not cite to any of the actual 

disclosures.
5

hearing on January 6, the trial court approved the settlement in an order and final 

judgment signed that same day. The judgment reflected that the trial court found 

the settlement to be “in all respects, fair, reasonable and adequate to the Class, and 

in the best interest of the Class under Rule 42 of the Texas Rules of Civil 

Procedure.” The trial court further found that the requested attorney’s fees and 

expenses were “fair and reasonable.”

3

Kazman filed a motion for new trial and a request for findings of fact and 

conclusions of law, as well as a notice of past due findings of fact and conclusions 

of law. The trial court did not make findings and conclusions, and Kazman’s

motion for new trial was overruled by operation of law. 

On appeal, Kazman raises five issues, contending that the trial court erred by 

finding: (1) Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 42(i)(2) does not preclude the cash 

award of attorney’s fees; (2) the settlement was fair, reasonable, and adequate; (3) 

the notice of the proposed settlement was sufficient; (4) the class representatives 

fairly and adequately protected the interests of the class; and (5) class counsel was 

entitled to an award of attorney’s fees without conducting a hearing or making 

findings of fact and conclusions of law regarding the reasonableness and necessity 

of the attorney’s fees.4 Because we conclude that Kazman’s first issue is 

dispositive, we do not reach the other issues.

 

3

The record does not include a transcript of the hearing.

4 On appeal, Frontier takes no position as to Kazman’s issues one and five concerning the 

award of attorney’s fees. Frontier separately briefs the issue of whether the settlement agreement 

is enforceable even if the attorney’s fees provision is held to be unenforceable.
6

II

The trial court determines whether the substantive and procedural aspects of

a class-action settlement are fair, adequate, and reasonable, and whether the 

settlement was the product of honest negotiations or of collusion. See Gen. Motors 

Corp. v. Bloyed, 916 S.W.2d 949, 955 (Tex. 1996). We review the trial court’s 

approval of a class-action settlement and award of attorney’s fees for abuse of 

discretion. Id.; Johnson v. Scott, 113 S.W.3d 366, 377 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 

2003, pet. denied). In reviewing the trial court’s judgment, we must not merely 

substitute our judgment for that of the trial court. Bloyed, 916 S.W.2d at 955. An 

abuse of discretion occurs if the trial court’s decision is arbitrary or unreasonable, 

or is made without reference to any guiding principles, or if the trial court does not 

properly apply the law to the established facts. Johnson, 113 S.W.3d at 370. 

We review issues of statutory construction de novo. City of Rockwall v. 

Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621, 625 (Tex. 2008). In construing statutes, our primary 

objective is to give effect to the legislature’s intent as expressed in the statute’s 

language. MCI Sales and Serv., Inc. v. Hinton, 329 S.W.3d 475, 500 (Tex. 2010). 

We rely on the plain meaning of the text unless a different meaning is supplied by 

legislative definition or is apparent from the context, or such a construction leads 

to absurd results. Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 437 (Tex. 

2009); City of Rockwall, 246 S.W.3d at 625–26.

Moreover, we determine legislative intent from the statute as a whole and 

not from isolated portions. Harris Cnty. Hosp. Dist. v. Tomball Reg’l Hosp., 283 

S.W.3d 838, 842 (Tex. 2009). If the statutory language is unambiguous and yields 

only one reasonable interpretation, we must interpret it according to its terms, 

giving meaning to the language consistent with other provisions in the statute. 

McIntyre v. Ramirez, 109 S.W.3d 741, 745 (Tex. 2003).
7

III

A

Class actions, especially settlement class actions, have long been recognized 

as creating the potential for conflict between the interests of the class members and 

the interests of class counsel in receiving an award of attorney’s fees. See Bloyed, 

916 S.W.2d at 952–56 (surveying concerns of courts and legal scholars and stating 

that “class actions are extraordinary proceedings with extraordinary potential for 

abuse”). In particular, courts have recognized that “‘settlement classes create 

especially lucrative opportunities for putative class attorneys to generate fees for 

themselves without any effective monitoring by class members who have not yet 

been apprised of the pendency of the action.’” Id. at 955 (quoting In re Gen. 

Motors Corp. Pick-up Truck Fuel Tank Prods. Liab. Litig., 55 F.3d 768, 787–88 

(3d Cir. 1995)). 

In 2003, the legislature expressed its concern about this troubling aspect of 

the class-action procedure by instructing the Supreme Court of Texas to adopt 

rules to “provide for the fair and efficient resolution of class actions.” See Tex. 

Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 26.001(a). The legislature also formulated the specific 

rules to be adopted:

(a) If an award of attorney’s fees is available under applicable 

substantive law, the rules adopted under this chapter must provide that 

the trial court shall use the Lodestar method to calculate the amount of 

attorney’s fees to be awarded class counsel. The rules may give the 

trial court discretion to increase or decrease the fee award calculated 

by using the Lodestar method by no more than four times based on 

specified factors.

(b) Rules adopted under this chapter must provide that in a class 

action, if any portion of the benefits recovered for the class are in the 

form of coupons or other noncash common benefits, the attorney’s 

fees awarded in the action must be in cash and noncash amounts in the 

same proportion as the recovery for the class.
8

Id. § 26.003. Compliance with the legislature’s guidelines was mandatory. 

Id. § 26.002.

As directed, the Supreme Court amended Rule 42 of the Texas Rules of 

Civil Procedure, the class-action rule, to add the following:

(i) Attorney’s fees award.

(1) In awarding attorney fees, the court must first determine a 

lodestar figure by multiplying the number of ours reasonably worked 

times a reasonable hourly rate. The attorney fees award must be in the 

range of 25% to 400% of the lodestar figure. In making these 

determinations, the court must consider the factors specified in Rule 

1.04(b), TEX. DISCIPLINARY R. PROF. CONDUCT.

(2) If any portion of the benefits recovered for the class are in 

the form of coupons or other noncash common benefits, the attorney 

fees awarded in the action must be in cash and noncash amounts in 

the same proportion as the recovery for the class.

Tex. R. Civ. P. 42(i) (emphasis added); see also Transcript of Tex. Supreme Court 

Advisory Comm. 10038 (Aug. 22, 2003).

At issue here is whether Rule 42(i)(2) applies to preclude the award of 

attorney’s fees in cash to class counsel when the class received injunctive relief in 

the form of additional disclosures but no cash.

B

In his first issue, Kazman contends that the trial court erred in concluding 

that the settlement did not violate Rule 42(i)(2) because the class was awarded only 

“the noncash common benefit of additional marginal disclosures” and no cash. 

According to Kazman, both the plain meaning of Rule 42 and the intent behind its 

enactment require that the class and its attorneys obtain the same ratio of cash-tononcash benefits. Therefore, Kazman argues, the rule plainly provides that there 

can be no cash compensation for class counsel because class counsel negotiated no 
9

cash benefits for the class. 

In response, the class representatives contend that Rule 42(i)(2) was never 

intended to apply to suits seeking solely injunctive and other equitable relief, and 

argue that “such an interpretation would defy the principles of statutory 

construction.” They note that the rule makes no mention of injunctive or other 

equitable relief, and assert that the legislative history preceding Rule 42(i)’s 

enactment demonstrates that such relief was never intended to be covered by the 

rule. The class representatives point to the following exchange to support their 

contention that the rule was intended to apply to coupon settlements only, not 

injunctive or other relief:

[Steve McConnico, Texans for Civil Justice]: And then [section 

26.003(b)] says, rules adopted under this chapter must provide in a 

class action if any portion of the benefits recovered for the class are in 

the form of coupons or other noncash common benefits. Then we’re 

[going to] the attorney’s fees awarded to, in the same proportion as 

the recovery for the class. We think that this presents some difficulty, 

because the problem is, generally, when class actions are settled, and 

say there is a coupon settlement, I know there’s special problems with 

coupon settlements, there also is other relief generally granted to the 

class. It could be in declaratory relief, it’s that the defendant is going 

to stop a practice or they’re gonna, going to do some other practice in 

the future or whatever. And, sometimes that other relief is a larger part 

of the recovery than the coupons or the cash. And we think it is unfair 

to the class counsel to say that all you’re going to get is a proportion 

of the c–cash or of the coupon. . . . 

[Sen. Ratliff]: Well, do you wanna submit some wording, 

would be, I’ll be glad to look at it. I, I wanna stop this, th-these 

sweetheart deals. (Inaudible)

[McConnico]: Well, we will try to put some language in that 

enforces that, and I understand hat [sic] your concern is, it will help 

with that concern, but, at the same time if here’s a benefit, you know, 

in environmental cases this happens all the time where there might be 

an environmental practice stopped, but the class doesn’t really get 
10

any cash, or gets very little cash. Then there isn’t any impetus given 

to the plaintiffs counsel to take that case if he’s not gonna get 

compensated.

[Ratliff]: Yeah, well, I can understand the difference in 

injunctive relief of something like that—

[McConnico] (Right.)

[Ratliff]: —when, when it is, in fact, some kind of an 

instrument other than cash is what I’m concerned about.

[McConnico]: Yes, Sir.

[Ratliff]: All right.

[McConnico]: We understand that.

See Senate Committee Hearings on H.B. 4, 78th Leg., R.S. (May 5, 2003), 

reprinted in Capitol Research Services, The Legislative History of Tex. H.B. 4: The 

Medical Malpractice & Tort Reform Act of 2003, Vol. 3, pp. 1800–01 (emphasis 

added). The class representatives argue that this exchange makes clear that Rule 

42(i) was intended to apply to “instruments”—such as coupons—and not 

injunctive or other equitable relief. 

Additionally, the class representatives contend that Rule 42(i) does not apply 

because the rules of statutory construction provide that the legislature is presumed 

to intend a just and reasonable result and to favor the public interest over any 

private interest. See Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.021. They argue that it would be 

unjust, unreasonable, and contrary to the public interest to deny a cash award of 

attorney’s fees and expenses in a case in which class counsel sought only 

injunctive and other equitable relief to vindicate shareholders’ rights, and 

ultimately obtained that relief through settlement. 

Finally, the class representatives argue that this court should not follow the

only other court that has considered the meaning of Rule 42(i)(2) in this context, 

because that case was at worst wrongly decided and at best readily distinguishable. 
11

See Rocker v. Centex Corp., 377 S.W.3d 907 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, pet. 

granted, judgm’t vacated w.r.m.). Rocker, like this case, involved a class-action 

settlement of shareholder claims arising out of a merger in which the class received 

additional disclosures and class counsel received attorney’s fees. Id. at 912. And,

like this case, an objecting shareholder appealed the trial court’s approval of the 

settlement, relying on Rule 42(i)(2) to argue that because no portion of the benefits 

recovered for the class were in cash, no attorney’s fees could be awarded in cash. 

Id. at 920.

Addressing arguments similar to those made here, the Rocker court 

examined the words used in Rule 42(i)(2) and section 26.003(b), considered the 

statutory scheme as a whole, and surveyed the statute’s legislative history before 

concluding that “the phrase ‘other noncash common benefits,’used in the statute 

and the rule, includes the relief obtained here on behalf of the class, that is, the 

Supplemental Disclosures.” Id. at 921–23. The class representatives attempt to 

distinguish Rocker, noting that the plaintiffs in that case originally sought both 

damages and injunctive relief. Moreover, the settlement in Rocker did not include 

an opt-out right for class members, which class counsel obtained in this case. 

Despite these differences, the class representatives request that, should this court 

follow Rocker, we remand to the trial court—as the Rocker court did—to permit 

them to present evidence and argument to establish that the relief obtained for 

shareholders has pecuniary value. See id. at 925–26.

In response, Kazman first challenges the class representatives’ contention 

that Rule 42(i) applies only to coupons and other “instruments.” Kazman argues 

that the language of Rule 42(i), which applies if “any portion of the benefits 

recovered for the class are in the form of coupons or other noncash common 

benefits,” plainly applies not only to coupon settlements but also to any other 
12

settlement in which noncash common benefits are awarded to the class. To apply 

the class representatives’ logic, Kazman contends, would require this court to 

rewrite the rule to omit the phrase “or other noncash common benefits.” Moreover, 

Kazman maintains, the rule requires that class counsel be awarded any fees in 

noncash amounts because “the attorney fees awarded in the action must be in cash 

and noncash amounts in the same proportion as the recovery for the class.” See

Tex. R. Civ. P. 42(i)(2). To permit an award of cash attorney’s fees when only 

injunctive, declaratory, or other noncash benefits are provided to a class, Kazman 

urges, would eviscerate the rule and defeat the legislature’s intent.

Kazman also argues that the clear and unambiguous language of the rule 

precludes resorting to legislative history because the “truest manifestation of what 

legislators intended is what lawmakers enacted, the literal text they voted on.” See 

FKM P’ship, Ltd. v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Hous. Sys., 255 S.W.3d 619, 633 

(Tex. 2008); see also Entergy Gulf States, Inc., 282 S.W.3d at 443. Even assuming 

resort to extra-textual considerations were appropriate, Kazman contends, during 

the legislative process the legislature explicitly considered, and rejected, the 

concern that class counsel for plaintiffs seeking injunctive and other equitable 

relief may not be entitled to recover fees:

[Rep. Eiland]: Mr. Speaker, Members, this [amendment] is a 

little bit different. The bill says that attorney’s fee will be the lesser of 

two things, 25% of the common fund or an hourly rate with the 

lodestar. Okay, sounds fine. That will be enough money for whoever 

takes on this class. However, what if it’s only injunctive relief? . . . 

What if there is no money for the common benefit of the people? 

Then they get zero, because you would compare the amount of the 

common fund which is zero, or the low start of the hourly rate, which, 

let’s say is $200,000. Well, the attorneys will get zero under this bill 

because of the lesser of zero and $200,000 of hourly rate is zero. And 

that’s crazy. And so, I don’t know how you can vote against not fixing 

this. . . . 
13

* * *

[Rep. Nixon]: The one class I showed you, the class got — the 

class got nothing, the target defendant had to pay 3,000,000 into the 

scholarship and the attorneys got $3,500,000. What this is simply 

saying is look, we’re not going to allow that anymore. If you don’t 

have a class fund, if there isn’t something to give class members, you 

know, the lawyers are going to have to take their fee out of that, and if 

its [sic] not there, then there’s not going to be a fee. 

* * *

[Eiland]: . . . Now I certainly understand Mr. Nixon’s point 

that, I don’t like these coupon settlements because those are collusion 

settlements between the defendants and a group of plaintiff lawyers. 

And the companies and the plaintiff lawyers do it, you have a coupon 

to the rest of us and the attorneys go home with the money, and that 

ain’t right. But . . . the judge shouldn’t approve the settlement and the 

judge shouldn’t approve the fee. But what we’re doing here is saying, 

number one, there’s [sic] has to be a common fund. You can’t have 

just an equitable class action lawsuit with no money exchanging 

hands. And that the judge can award 25% of the common benefit to 

the class to the attorneys and keep in mind, it says, “the lesser of the 

common fund or 25% of the common fund or an hourly rate.” Fine, 

don’t mess with that, but [what if] there is no common fund? Then the 

attorneys get[] zero. And I think that’s probably the intent of this bill, 

but that’s not the right thing to do. So I move that you vote “No” on 

the motion to table because this is goofy.

See House Second Reading on H.B. 4, 78th Leg., R.S. (March 19, 2003), reprinted 

in Capitol Research Services, The Legislative History of Tex. H.B. 4: The Medical 

Malpractice & Tort Reform Act of 2003, Vol. 1, pp. 538–40 (emphasis added) 

(noting motion to table amendment prevailed). Despite the concerns expressed in 

this exchange and elsewhere, section 26.003 was finally enacted without a 

provision for awarding attorney’s fees to class counsel in situations in which the 

class counsel receives only injunctive or other equitable relief and no cash.

Lastly, in response to the class representatives’ argument that Rocker is 

wrongly decided and distinguishable, Kazman argues that the factual distinctions 
14

the class representatives point to were not relevant to the Rocker court’s holding on 

the applicability of Rule 42(i)(2). Moreover, Kazman contends that the plain 

meaning of the rule makes remand inappropriate in this case.

C

We agree with Kazman that the plain language of Rule 42(i)(2) is 

unambiguous and governs the resolution of the attorney’s fees issue. It is thus 

unnecessary to consult the legislative history cited by the parties. To ascertain the 

legislature’s intent, we begin with the plain and common meaning of the statute’s 

words. See Entergy Gulf States, Inc., 282 S.W.3d at 437; Tex. Dept. of Transp. v.

City of Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637, 642 (Tex. 2004). “Ordinarily, the truest 

manifestation of what legislators intended is what lawmakers enacted, the literal 

text they voted on.” Alex Sheshunoff Mgmt. Servs., L.P. v. Johnson, 209 S.W.3d 

644, 651 (Tex. 2006). Our role is not to second-guess the policy choices that 

inform our statutes or to weigh the effectiveness of their results. Iliff v. Iliff, 339 

S.W.3d 74, 79 (Tex. 2011). The Supreme Court of Texas has stated:

Courts must take statutes as they find them. More than that, they 

should be willing to take them as they find them. They should search 

out carefully the intendment of a statute, giving full effect to all of its 

terms. But they must find its intent in its language and not 

elsewhere. . . . They are not responsible for omissions in legislation. 

They are responsible for a true and fair interpretation of the written 

law. It must be an interpretation which expresses only the will of the 

makers of the law, not forced nor strained, but simply such as the 

words of the law in their plain sense fairly sanction and will clearly 

sustain.

RepublicBank Dallas, N.A. v. Interkal, Inc., 691 S.W.2d 605, 607 (Tex. 1985)

(quoting Simmons v. Arnim, 220 S.W. 66, 70 (Tex. 1920)). When a statute’s 

language is clear and unambiguous it is inappropriate to resort to the rules of 

construction or extrinsic aids to construe the language. Molinet v. Kimbrell, 356 
15

S.W.d 407, 414 (Tex. 2011); City of Rockwall, 246 S.W.3d at 626; see also Klein 

v. Hernandez, 315 S.W.3d 1, 9 (Tex. 2010) (Willett, J., concurring) (“Mining 

legislative minutiae to divine legislative intent may be commonplace, but as we 

have held, relying on such materials is verboten where the statute itself is 

absolutely clear.”).

By its plain terms, Rule 42(i)(2) applies “[i]f any portion of the benefits

recovered for the class are in the form of coupons or other noncash common 

benefits.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 42(i)(2). As no controlling definition of “benefits” is 

provided, we construe the rule’s terms according to their plain and common 

meaning. See City of Rockwall, 246 S.W.3d at 625; City of Sunset Valley, 146 

S.W.3d at 642. Black’s Law Dictionary broadly defines “benefit” as an 

“[a]dvantage,” “profit,” “fruit,” “privilege,” “gain,” or “interest.” See BLACK’S 

LAW DICTIONARY 143 (5th ed. 1979); see also WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW 

INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 204 (1981) (defining a “benefit” as an “advantage” or 

“good”). Likewise, Rule 42(i)(2) does not restrict “benefits” to pecuniary benefits 

or tangible “instruments” like coupons because the rule specifically instructs that 

“benefits” may take the form of coupons or “other noncash common benefits.” 

Tex. R. Civ. P. 42(i)(2). Thus, we conclude that “benefits” may include any 

advantage, gain, or interest recovered by the class, including injunctive relief in the 

form of additional disclosures.

Kazman argues that because the class in this case recovered only the 

“noncash common benefit” of additional disclosures and no cash, Rule 42(i)(2) 

precludes an award of attorney’s fees in cash to class counsel. See id. (“[T]he 

attorney fees awarded in the action must be in cash and noncash amounts in the 

same proportion as the recovery for the class.”); see also Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. 

Code § 26.003(b) (same). This application of the rule is consistent with the 
16

legislature’s intent to promote the fair and efficient resolution of class actions and 

to curb abuses of the class-action procedure. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code 

§ 26.001; see also Michael Northrup, Restrictions on Class-Action Attorney-Fee 

Awards, 46 S. TEX. L. REV. 953, 961 (2005) (“The adoption of the coupon rule 

evidences the legislature’s dissatisfaction with the practice of leveraging the classaction device into settlements that provide insignificant recoveries (or effectively 

no recovery) to class members, while the class attorneys recover large cash 

awards.”).

As the Rocker court noted, the legislature appears to have designed the rule 

“to apply particularly when there is no monetary recovery: if no cash is recovered 

for the class, attorney’s fees may not be awarded in cash.” Rocker, 377 S.W.3d at 

922. The class representatives perceive this result as unfair and unreasonable when 

the only relief sought is injunctive or other equitable relief, but construing the rule 

as the class representatives prefer “would result in attorneys receiving one hundred 

percent of their fees where the class recovers no cash, but only a fraction of their 

fees if the class recovers a small percentage of cash.” Id. at 923–24 (citing Tex.

Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 26.003(b)). Such an outcome is plainly inconsistent with 

the legislature’s intended result.

Considering the broad language of Rule 42(i)(2) and the statutory scheme 

from which it originated, we conclude as a matter of law that a class-action 

settlement in which the class recovers only injunctive or other equitable relief 

constitutes a recovery of “noncash common benefits” triggering the application of 

Rule 42(i)(2). Therefore, we hold that the trial court abused its discretion by failing 

to apply Rule 42(i)(2) to preclude the award of attorney’s fees in cash to class 

counsel when it approved the class-action settlement which provided only 

“noncash common benefits” to the class, and we sustain Kazman’s first issue.
17

D

Having concluded that class counsel was not entitled to attorney’s fees, we 

next consider the effect of our holding on the remainder of the trial court’s 

judgment approving the settlement. On appeal, Kazman does not challenge the 

settlement absent the attorney’s fees award to class counsel.

5 We also note that the 

settlement agreement expressly makes any award of attorney’s fees severable from

the remainder of the agreement: “Court approval and consummation of the 

Settlement shall not in any way be conditioned on Court approval of Plaintiffs’ 

counsel’s fees.” Although the settlement agreement also provides that if the 

attorney’s fee award is reversed, the fees advanced will be returned to Frontier (or 

its successors or insurers), we note that in this case the class may potentially 

benefit indirectly from the return of any fees to Frontier because they are members 

of the class of shareholders.

In light of Kazman’s concession that the settlement is otherwise fair, 

reasonable, and adequate, and the parties’ agreement that the attorney-fee 

provision is severable from the remainder of the settlement agreement, it is 

unnecessary to reverse the entirety of the trial court’s approval of the settlement 

and remand for the trial court to consider the fairness of the settlement without the 

attorney-fee award. We conclude that, on this record, we may modify the trial 

court’s judgment to delete the award of attorney’s fees to class counsel and affirm 

the judgment approving the remainder of the settlement agreement as modified. 

See Rodriguez v. West Publ’g Corp., 563 F.3d 948, 969 (9th Cir. 2009) (affirming 

approval of class settlement and reversing and remanding attorney-fee award); In 

re Cendant Corp. PRIDES Litig., 243 F.3d 722, 744 (3d Cir. 2001) (declining to 

 

5 Although Kazman argued in his briefing that the settlement was neither fair, reasonable, 

nor adequate even if the attorney-fee provision were stricken, Kazman’s counsel abandoned that 

position at oral argument.
18

disturb settlement agreement not challenged on appeal while vacating and 

remanding attorney-fee award).

We also refuse the class representatives’ request that we remand the case to 

allow the trial court to consider evidence and argument from the parties concerning 

the value, if any, and the proportions of the noncash common benefits recovered 

for the class, as the Rocker court did. See Rocker, 377 S.W.3d at 925–26. In 

Rocker, the court remanded the case in the interest of justice “[b]ecause the 

interpretation of section 26.003(b) is a matter of first impression,” and to permit 

the parties to develop evidence supporting an equitable award of attorney’s fees.

See id. at 925–26. The Rocker court recognized, however, that “[w]e may not apply 

an equitable doctrine to achieve a result prohibited by the statute.” Id. at 925 

(citing Entergy Gulf States, Inc., 282 S.W.3d at 443). In this case, there was no 

cash recovery for the class; therefore, Rule 42(i)(2) and its statutory precursor, 

section 26.003(b), prohibit awarding attorney’s fees in cash to class counsel, 

regardless of the value of the benefit to the class. Therefore, presuming for the sake 

of argument that the class representatives otherwise would be entitled to remand, in 

this case remand for further proceedings would be futile. See Tex. R. App. P. 43.3.

* * *

We sustain Kazman’s first issue, modify the trial court’s judgment to delete 

the award of attorney’s fees to class counsel, and affirm the remainder of the 

judgment as modified.

/s/ Jeffrey V. Brown

Justice

Panel consists of Justices Frost, Brown, and Busby.