FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P EALS E LEVEN T HC IRC U IT FEB RUARY 22, 2008 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H]

I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 07- 10116 N on -A rgum entC al endar

________________________ D. C . Do c k e tNo . 0 6 - 6 0 1 8 0 - C R - KA M U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s J E S S E N G G U E R R I E R , D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe S outhe rn D i s tr i c tof F l or i da

_________________________ ( F e b r u ar y 22, 2008) B efo re B IR C H , C A RN E S an d B A R K E T T , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M: J e s s e ng G ue rr i e rappe a l s hi s 158- m onth s e nt e nc e f orpos s e s s i on w i th i nt e nt2

t o di s tr i but e c oc a i ne , i n vi ol a t i on of 21 U . S . C . § 841( a ) ( 1) . T he di s tr i c tj udge s e n t e n c e d h i m a s ac a r e e ro f f e n d e rb a s e d o n p r i o rc o n v i c t i o n s . W e a f f i rm. I . B AC KG RO UN D G u e rr ie rp le d g u ilty to p o s s e s s io n w ith in te n t to d is tr ib u te c o c a in e , in vi ol at i on of § 8 41 (a )( 1). H i s P re se nt ence Invest i gat i on R eport(“ P S I” ) s ho w s that G ue rr i e rw a s a rr e s t e d w hi l e bur gl a r i z i ng adw e l l i ng i n D e c e m be r1999, w he n he w a s s i xt e e n y e a r s ol d. T he c a s e or i gi na l l y w a s f i l e d i n j uve ni l e c our tbut subsequent l y w as fi l ed i n adu l tcourt , w here G uerr i erw as se nt ence d o n N ov em ber 29 , 20 00 , t o tw o years of com m un i ty s up ervi si on . T hatse nt ence , ho w ever , w as r e voke d on 6 J une 2002 f orvi ol a t i ons of

the t e rm s of

G ue rr i e r ’ s s upe rvi s i on, w h ic h r e s u lte d in as e n te n c e o f 3 6 4 d a y s o f

im p r is o n m e n t. A ddi t i ona l l y , G ue rr i e rw a s appr e he nde d i n A ugus t2000, a ta ge s e ve nt e e n, for posse ss i on w i th i nt entt o d i stri bu t e c ocai ne. T hatca se al so ori gi nal l y w as fi l ed i n j uve ni l e c ourta nd l a t e rw a s f i l e d i n a dul tc our t . O n N ove m be r29, 2000, G u e rr ie rw a s s e n te n c e d to tw o y e a r s o f c o m m u n ity s u p e rv is io n f o rth a t c r im e . T hi s s e nt e nc e a l s o w a s r e voke d on J une 6, 2002, a nd r e s ul t e d i n as e nt e nc e of 364 d a y s o f im p r is o n m e n t. P u rsu an tt o th e career-o ffen d er p ro v i si o n , G u erri er h ad an en h an ced o ffen se l evel of 34 , because he had tw o q ual i fy i ng pri or fe l on y c on vi ct i on s. A ft era3

thr e e - l e ve l r e duc t i on f

ora c c e pt a nc e of

r e s pons i bi l i ty a nd a s s i s t a nc e t o the go vernm ent , G uerr i er ’ s t ot al offe nse l evel w as 31 . W i th a cr i m i nal hi st ory ca teg o ry o f V I, as sig n ed p u rs u an t t o th e c ar ee r- o ff en d eren h an ce m en t, G u er rier ’s S e n te n c in g G u id e lin e s r a n g e w a s 1 8 8 to 2 3 5 m o n th s o f im p r is o n m e n t. A ts e nt e nc i ng, G ue rr i e r ’ s c ouns e l a r gue d tha t , be c aus e the tw o qua l i f y i ng c r i me s h a d o c c u rr e d w h e n G u e rr i e rw a s aj u v e n i l e , a n d h e h a d r e c e i v e d th e s a me s e nt e nc e on the s a m e da y f r om the s a m e j udge , the c a s e s s houl d be c ons i de r e d a si ng l e, re l at ed ca se for purpo se s of s cori ng them un der the ca re er -off ender e n h a n c e m e n t . He c o n t e n d e d th a tth e r e wa s n o i n t e rv e n i n g a rr e s tb e twe e n th e two c h a r g e s , b e c au s e G u e rr ie rw a s n o t a rr e s te d f o re ith e rc h a r g e b u t w a s “ta k e n in to c u s to d y ” a s aju v e n ile a n d c ite d aF lo r id as ta tu te th a t s ta te s th a t ta k in g ac h ild in to c us t ody i s nota n a rr e s t . R 3 a t6. D e f e ns e c ouns e l a r gue d tha tthe c a s e s w e r e not c r im in a l c a s e s u n d e rth e S e n te n c in g G u id e lin e s u n til th e s ta te f ile d th e m a s a d u lt c ha r ge s a nd tha tthe r e w a s no i nt e rve ni ng arr e s tbe c aus e he w a s t a ke n i nt o c us t ody a n d n o t a rr e s te d . T he di s tr i c tj udge not e d tha t , w he n of f e ns e s a r e s e pa r a t e d by a n i nt e rve ni ng arre st , the ca se s “ ar e never r el at ed. ” I d. at30 . R egar di ng G uerr i er ’ s argum entthat he never w as arre st ed, the di stri ctj ud ge st at ed that , “ on ce these ca se s w er e di re ct f i l e d a s a dul tc a s e s , y ou ha ve t o, a tthe ve ry l e a s t , r e l a t e ba c k t o the or i gi na l da t e of4

hi s bei ng pi cked up or t aken i nt o cust od y . . . as the dat e of the arre stfor f eder al gui de l i ne s e nt e nc i ng purpos e s . ” I d. a t31. A c c or di ngl y , the di s tr i c tj udge f ound thatthe P S I properl y c at egori ze d G uerr i eras a c ar ee r off ender. T he j ud ge then d e te rm in e d th a t as e n te n c e b e lo w th e S e n te n c in g G u id e lin e s a d v is o ry r a n g e w o u ld b e s u f f ic ie n t a n d s e n te n c e d G u e rr ie rto 1 5 8 m o n th s o f im p r is o n m e n t. O n ap p e a l, ap p e lla te c o u n s e l p u r s u e s G u e rr ie r ’s a r g u m e n t th a t h e w a s s e n te n c e d e rr o n e o u s ly as a c ar ee r off

ender. I I . DI S CUS S I ON G ue rr i e r ’ s appe l l a t e c ouns e l a r gue s tha the di d notha ve tw o pr i orf e l ony c onvi c t i ons , be c aus e the tw o c onvi c t i ons tha tthe di s tr i c tc our tus e d i n appl y i ng the care er -off

ender enhancemen tshou l d h ave been tre at ed as re l at ed because they w er e c on sol i dat ed, and n o i nt erveni ng arre stse para t ed the tw o, si nce he w as “ t aken in to c u s to d y ” a s aju v e n ile r a th e rth a n “a rr e s te d ” a s a n a d u lt f o rth e c r im e s . C o u n s e l a s s e rts th a t th e f a c t th a t th e s ta te s u b s e q u e n tly f ile d b o th c a s e s in a d u lt courtdi d n otchange the fa ctthatG uerr i erw as t aken i nt o cust od y f or bo th cri m es a s aj uve ni l e f

orj uve ni l e - de l i nque nc y pr oc e e di ngs . T he r e f or e , c ouns e l c ont e nds th a t ta k in g G u e rr ie rin to c u s to d y w a s n o t a n a rr e s t. O urr e vi e w of

adi s tr i c tj udge ’ s “ appl i c a t i on a nd i nt e rpr e t a t i on” of the S ent enci ng G ui del i nes i s de nov o and cl ear e rr or for f i nd i ng s of f

ac t . U ni t ed S t at es5

v. R hi nd , 28 9 F . 3d 69 0, 69 3 (11 th C i r. 20 02 ). S peci fi ca l l y, w e r evi ew a f ac tual f in d in g th a t p r io rc o n v ic tio n s a r e u n r e la te d u n d e rU .S .S .G . § 4 A 1 .2 f o rc le a re rr o r . U ni t e d S t a t e s v. W i l ks , 464 F . 3d 1240, 1243 ( 11th C i r . ) , c e r t . de ni e d, __ U . S . __, 1 2 7 S .C t. 6 9 3 ( 2 0 0 6 ) . T h e S e n te n c in g G u id e lin e s p r o v id e th a t: A defe nd anti s acare eroffe nd eri f ( 1) [he] w as atl ea stei gh t ee n years ol d a tthe t i m e [ he ] c om m i tt e d the i ns t a ntof f e ns e of c onvi c t i on; ( 2) the i ns t a ntof

f e ns e of c onvi c t i on i s af

e l ony tha ti s e i the rac r i m e of v i o l e n c e o rc o n tr o l l e d s u b s t a n c e o f f e n s e ; a n d ( 3 ) [ h e ] h a s a tl e a s ttwo pri or fe l on y c on vi ct i on s of e i ther acr i m e of vi ol ence or a c on trol l ed s u b s ta n c e o f

f e n s e . U . S . S . G . § 4B 1. 1( a ) ( 2006) . S e c t i on 4B 1. 2( c ) s t a t e s tha t“ ‘ tw o pr i orf e l ony c onvi c t i ons ’ m e a ns . . . the s e nt e nc e s f ora tl e a s ttw o of

the . . . f e l ony c onvi c t i ons a r e c ount e d s e pa r a t e l y unde r. . . § 4A 1. 1( a ) , ( b) , or( c ) , ” w hi c h l i s t s the num be rof poi nt s a s s i gne d t o pr i ors e nt e nc e s ba s e d on s e nt e nc e l e ngth. I d. § 4B 1. 2( c ) . P r i or s e n te n c e s im p o s e d in u n r e la te d c a s e s a r e to b e c o u n te d s e p a r a te ly . I d . § 4 A 1 .2 ( a ) ( 2 ) . A t th e tim e o f G u e rr ie r ’s s e n te n c in g , ap p lic a tio n n o te 3 to § 4 A 1 .2 s ta te d th a t: P ri or se nt ence s are no tconsi dere d rel at ed i f they w er e f or offe nses th a t w e r e s e p a r a te d b y a n in te rv e n in g arr e s t ( i.e ., th e d e f e n d a n t is a rr e s te d f

o rth e f ir s t o f f e n s e p r io rto c o m m ittin g th e s e c o n d o f f e n s e ) . O the rw i s e , pr i ors e nt e nc e s a r e c ons i de r e d r e l a t e d i f the y r e s ul t e d f

r om o f f e n s e s th a t . . . w e r e c o n s o lid a te d f o rtr ia l a n d s e n te n c in g . I d. § 4A 1. 2 c m t . n. 3. A s a m e nde d i n 2007, the S e nt e nc i ng G ui de l i ne s nowIn Wil ks, we re jected theappellant ’s ar gum ent that, bec ause his two youthful offender 1 c onvictio nswerec on so lidate d f or sentenc ing , th ey

shou ld no t hav ebe en c ounte d a s tw o s epa rate convictions. 464 F.3d at 1243-45. Wil ks did not a rgue, however, base d on the languag e of statutes dealingwith juvenile crimes, that there wa s no interveningarrest. I d. at 1243. 6 prov i de: If th e d efen d an th as m u l t i p l e p ri o r sen t en ces, d et erm i n e w h eth er th o se s e n te n c e s a r e c o u n te d s e p a r a te ly o ra s s in g le s e n te n c e . P r i or se nt ences alw ays are coun ted se pa ratel y i f the se nt ences are i m

po se d f o r o f f en ses th a t

w ere sep a ra ted

b y a n i n terven i n ga rrest

( i . e . , the de f e nda nti s a rr e s t e d f

orthe f i r s tof f e ns e pr i ort o c om m i tt i ng the s e c o n d o f

f e n s e ) . U . S . S . G . § 4 A 1. 2(a) (2) ( 20 07 ) ( em ph as i s a dd ed). T he form erph ra se , “ re l at ed ca se s, ” w hi ch had caused confusi on , has bee n chang ed t o “ si ng l e” and “ se para t e” se n ten ce s. W e c an co n sid erth is clar ifyin g am en d m en t i n re v iew in g G u er rier ’s se nt ence . U ni t ed S t at es v. S cr og gi ns, 88 0 F . 2d 12 04 , 12 15 (11 C i r. 19 89 ). th A dd i t i on al l y, § 4 A 1. 2(d) prov i des thatthree cr i m i nal hi st ory poi nt s are added i f an o ff

ense i s c om m i tt ed pri or t o age ei gh t ee n, and “ the defendantw as conv i ct ed as an adul tand rece i ved a se nt ence of i m pri sonm entexce edi ng on e y ear a n d o n e m o n th .” U .S .S .G . § 4 A 1 .2 ( d ) ( 1 ) ( 2 0 0 6 ) . I t w o u ld b e in c o n g ru o u s n o t to 1 coun tas tw o cri m es a c on sol i dat ed ac t i on thatw ou l d h ave c ou nt ed as tw o cri m es ha d the de f

e nda ntbe e n a n a dul tba s e d s ol e l y on the na m e us e d f orthe a c t i on of ap p r e h e n d in g th e c r im in a l. I n th e c o n te x t o f th e S e n te n c in g G u id e lin e s , it is re as on abl e t o con cl ud e that , w hen a j uv eni l e i s t aken i nt o cust od y a ft er7

bu rgl ar i zi ng a hou se , and l at eri s tri ed as an adul tfor thi s c ri m e, hi s bei ng t aken in to c u s to d y c o n s titu te d a n a rr e s t. T h e reco rd sh o w s th atG u erri er w as arrested, or taken i n t o cu st o d y as a j uve ni l e , f

orbur gl a ry of

adw e l l i ng i n D e c e m be r1999 a nd a ga i n f orpos s e s s i on w i th i nt entt o d i stri bu t e c ocai ne i n A ug ust20 00 . S ub se qu ent l y, he w as char ged an d co n v i ct ed as an ad u l ti n a p ro ceed i n g co n so l i d at i n g th e tw o cri m es. T h e arrest f orbur gl a ry , w hi c h oc c urr e d pr i ort o hi s c om m i tt i ng the c r i m e of c oc a i ne pos s e s s i on, c ons t i tut e d a n i nt e rve ni ng a rr e s tbe tw e e n the c r i m e s of bur gl a ry a nd c o c a i n e p o s s e s s i o n , th e r e b y m a k i n g th e c o n s o l i d a t e d c a s e s u n r e l a t e d . U. S . S . G. § 4 A 1 .2 & c m t. n .3 . T h er ef o re , th e a rr es t fo r b u rg lary , w h ich o cc u rr ed p rio r to G u er rier ’s co m m i tt i n g th e cri m e o f co cai n e p o ssessi o n , co n st i tu t ed an i n t erv en i n g arrest be tw e e n the c r i m e s of

bur gl a ry a nd c oc a i ne pos s e s s i on, w hi c h m a de the c o n s o lid a te d c a s e s u n r e la te d . I d . C o n s e q u e n tly , th e d is tr ic t ju d g e d id n o t e rrin f in d in g th a t, o n c e G u e rr ie rw a s c h a r g e d a s a n a d u lt, th e a rr e s t d a te r e la te d b a c kto the t i m e w hen h e w as t aken i nt o cust od y und erthe S ent enci ng G ui del i nes. R 4 at 31 . T here fore , the di stri ctj ud ge di d n oterr i n app l yi ng the ca re er -off ender e n h a n c e m e n t in s e n te n c in g G u e rr ie r . N o n e th e le s s , th e ju d g e s e n te n c e d G u e rr ie rto a s ent ence bel ow the S ent enci ng G ui del i nes a dv i soryrang e, w hi ch he det erm i ned8

to b e s u f f ic ie n t. I I I . CONCL US I ON G u e rr ie rh a s ap p e a le d h is 1 5 8 - m o n th s e n te n c e f o rp o s s e s s io n w ith in te n t to di stri bu t e c ocai ne as erroneou s bec ause the ca re er -off ender enhancemen tw as ap p lie d . A s w e h a v e e x p la in e d , th e c a r e e r - o f f e n d e re n h a n c e m e n t w a s ap p r o p r ia te . T h erefo re, G u erri er’ s sen t en ce i s AF F I RME D.