1 

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) 

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 

December 13, 2012 

MEMORANDUM 

SUBJECT: Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Longterm Exposure Epidemiological Studies 

FROM: Mark Schmidt, Air Quality Analysis Group, OAQPS/OAR /s/ 

TO: PM NAAQS Review Docket (EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0492) 

This memorandum presents a sensitivity analysis for selected long-term exposure 

epidemiological studies of mortality (Eftim et al., 2008; Zeger et al., 2009) that compares the 

studies’ reported multi-year PM2.5 mean concentrations with mean concentrations for extended 

time periods that include the original study years plus the two immediately preceding years. The 

purpose of this analysis is to explore the change in long-term mean PM2.5 concentrations reported 

in these studies that would result from consideration of a broader exposure period, extending two 

years prior to the years when health events (i.e., deaths) were observed, that would likely more 

fully capture the PM2.5-related deaths in such studies. 

The studies selected for this analysis are those key long-term exposure studies of 

mortality that included deaths from a relatively recent time period. The selected studies, which 

involve different geographic areas and different time periods, include the following: 

(1) Eftim et al., 2008, American Cancer Society (ACS) study areas encompassing 110 

counties corresponding to 50 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) for 2000-20021

; 

(2) Eftim et al., 2008, Harvard Six Cities study areas represented by the primary county 

of each of the six cities for 2000-2002; and 

(3) Zeger et al., 2009, Eastern Region of the United States (east of the Mississippi River) 

as represented by 2,938 zip codes within 6 miles of each PM2.5 monitoring location (in 421 

counties) for 2000-2005.2

 

1 For the analysis corresponding to the Eftim et al. ACS study areas, 53 MSAs were used. Table 2 of Eftim et al. 

(2008) identified that air quality data for 110 counties corresponding to 50 MSAs were considered in the ACS 

analysis. Figure 1 of this study depicted a map of the 110 counties considered but a specific list of included counties 

or MSAs was not presented by the study authors. In earlier air quality analyses for selected epidemiological studies 

conducted by the EPA (Hassett-Sipple et al., 2010), air quality data for 53 MSAs were considered in the assessment 

of ACS study areas considered in Eftim et al. (2008). This list of areas was based on the original 53 MSAs identified 

in the ACS study as specified in Lipfert et al. (1998). This list of study areas was used again for the analysis 

discussed in this memorandum. The EPA notes that two study areas were included in both the ACS and Harvard Six 

Cities study analyses (Topeka, KS and Steubenville, OH). 
2 

Data Selection for the Sensitivity Analysis

For this analysis, PM2.5 Federal Reference Method (FRM) data were extracted from the 

EPA’s Air Quality System (AQS) for the geographic areas and timeframes associated with the 

epidemiological studies of interest. PM2.5 FRM data were also extracted for the study areas for 

1998 and 1999 which are the two years immediately prior to the time periods evaluated in the 

studies. In addition, PM10 FRM or Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) data were extracted from 

AQS in order to estimate PM2.5 for years with missing PM2.5 data. For both PM2.5 and PM10, all 

available reported data were used including days flagged as exceptional events.

Derivation of Annual Mean PM2.5 Concentrations

 PM2.5 FRM data are limited for 1999 and are only available for several sites in the entire 

U.S. for 1998. PM2.5 concentrations not reported for those two years were imputed from PM10

data. The missing 1998 or 1999 annual mean PM2.5 concentrations for each monitoring location 

were derived using the ratio of collocated PM2.5 to PM10 mean concentrations available for the 

extended study time periods. 

 PM2.5 and PM10 data were first summarized on a daily basis. At each monitoring site, 

24-hour concentrations reported by all collocated PM2.5 monitors were averaged. The same was 

done for all collocated PM10 monitors. These daily PM2.5 and PM10 values were then separately 

averaged by calendar quarter and then the quarterly mean concentrations averaged together to 

obtain site-level annual mean concentrations. The site-level mean concentrations were 

considered valid if they included at least 11 or more daily values in each of all four calendar 

quarters. In contrast, the study authors may have used different criteria. In particular, Zeger et al. 

utilized annual completeness criteria of at least 3 observations per month for at least 10 months 

of the year. 

 Next, for years with valid site-level annual mean concentrations for both PM2.5 and PM10, 

the ratio of the two annual mean concentrations were computed. For each monitoring site, these 

annual mean ratios were then averaged over the extended study time periods to obtain a single 

PM2.5-to-PM10 ratio3

. Missing site-level PM2.5 annual mean concentrations for 1998 and 1999 

that had valid PM10 annual means were estimated by multiplying the site-level PM10 annual 

mean by the site-level PM2.5-to-PM10 ratio. 

 For each of the three studies, a multi-year average PM2.5 concentration was derived for 

each monitoring site for the original study years as well as for the extended time period. Next, 

these PM2.5 site-level annual mean concentrations were averaged across the various geographic 

area jurisdictions used in each study (i.e., MSAs, counties, or zip codes) to obtain areaaggregated mean PM2.5 concentrations. Finally, these area-aggregated mean concentrations were 

used to estimate overall mean concentrations for each study’s geographic domain; a median 

concentration as presented by Zeger et al. is also estimated for that study. 

 2 The Zeger et al. study area is based on 2,938 zip codes whose centroids were within 6 miles of the 613 PM2.5

monitoring sites in the eastern region of the U.S. selected by the study authors. The EPA analysis is based on 3,358 

zip codes within 6 miles of a larger group of 710 PM2.5 monitoring sites in the eastern region of the U.S. selected by 

the EPA using the data completeness criteria specified in this memo. 

3

 Temporal variations in the PM2.5 to PM10 ratio (both seasonally and over years) were not considered for this 

analysis. 
3 

The estimated area-aggregated mean PM2.5 concentrations by MSA, county, or zip code, 

along with overall study mean PM2.5 concentrations, are presented in Attachments A, B, and C: 

Attachment A shows the MSA-level mean concentrations corresponding to the Eftim et al. ACS 

study areas; Attachment B shows the county-level mean concentrations corresponding to the 

Eftim et al. Harvard Six Cities study areas; and Attachment C shows the zip code-level mean 

concentrations corresponding to the Zeger et al. eastern U.S. region study areas. 

Summary Results

 Table 1 below summarizes the results of this analysis including estimated mean PM2.5

concentrations for the original study time periods and the extended study time periods, as well as 

the corresponding mean concentrations from the original published studies. The mean or median 

concentrations for the original study time periods estimated by the EPA in this analysis are quite 

similar to those from the originally published studies. Only the EPA-estimated mean for the 

original time period in the Eftim et al. ACS study differed from the published study mean, with a 

difference of 0.3 μg/m3 (2.3 percent). This slight difference might result from a variety of 

reasons, including: (1) States may have revised their PM2.5 data subsequent to retrieval by the 

study authors from the EPA’s AQS data; (2) removal of some reported PM2.5 sampling days by 

the study authors; (3) differences in data completeness requirements; (4) differences in data 

aggregation protocols; and (5) differences in the number of geographic areas and the geographic 

area boundary definitions. 

Further, Table 1 shows that the EPA-estimated mean concentrations for the original study 

time periods are quite similar to the EPA-estimated mean concentrations for the extended study 

time periods. In all cases, the EPA-estimated mean concentrations for the extended study time 

periods differ from the EPA estimates for the original study time period by 0.2 to 0.4 μg/m3. 

Expressed as percentages, the differences are 3.0 percent for the Eftim et al. ACS study areas, 

2.1 percent for the Eftim et al. Harvard Six Cities study areas and 1.5 percent for the Zeger et al. 

eastern U.S. region study areas. For the Zeger et al. study results, the difference in median 

concentrations between the extended study time period and the original study time period is 0.2 

μg/m3 (1.4 percent). 

 
4 

Table 1. Summary of Long-term Exposure Studies and Years of Air Quality Data 

 Evaluated 

Study 

 Years of air 

quality data 

evaluated 

in study 

publication 

 

PM2.5 

 concentration 

(μg/m3) 

r eported by the 

 study authors 

 PM2.5 

 concentration 

(μg/m3) 

 derived by EPA 

 Years of air quality 

 data evaluated in 

extended timeframe 

PM2.5 

 concentration (μg/m3), 

derived by EPA 

Eftim et al., 2008 

 ACS study 

areas 

 Harvard Six 

Cities study 

areas 

2000-2002 

 13.6 (mean) 13.3 (mean) 

1998-2002 

13.7 (mean) 

 14.1 (mean) 14.1 (mean) 14.4 (mean) 

Zeger et al., 2009 

 Eastern U.S. 

region 

 2000-2005 

 

 14.0 (median) 13.7 (mean) 

 14.0 (median) 1998-2005 13.9 (mean) 

 14.2 (median) 

References

Eftim SE, Samet JM, Janes H, McDermott A, Dominici F (2008). Fine Particulate Matter and 

Mortality: A Comparison of the Six Cities and American Cancer Society Cohorts With a 

Medicare Cohort. Epidemiology, 19: 209- 216. 

Lipfert FW; Malone RG; Daum ML (1988). A Statistical Study of the Macroepidemiology of Air 

Pollution and Total Mortality. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY. Report No. 

BNL 52122. 

Zeger S; Dominici F; McDermott A; Samet J (2008). Mortality in the Medicare population and 

chronic exposure to fine particulate air pollution in urban centers (2000-2005). Environ 

Health Perspect, 116: 1614. 
Attachment A: EPA-derived Results for the Eftim et. al. ACS Study Area

MSA

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

Area-level 

3-year 

means 

(2000-

2002) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level 

5-year 

means 

(1998-

2002) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

Akron 18.46 16.51 16.23 16.25 16.02 16.2 16.7

Albuquerque 5.84 6.68 6.47 6.97 6.7 6.5

Ashland 14.89 16.01 15.49 15.54 15.7 15.5

Atlanta 22.61 20.61 18.96 17.03 15.33 17.1 18.9

Bakersfield 11.14 19.51 18.28 17.46 17.27 17.7 16.7

Bethlehem 12.37 13.98 15.21 14.12 14.4 13.9

Birmingham 20.42 20.13 18.15 15.57 14.53 16.1 17.8

Boise 8.99 9.34 10.09 9.69 9.7 9.5

Buffalo 14.21 14.14 13.83 12.76 13.6 13.7

Butte 9.47 7.32 13.51 7.02 6.82 9.1 8.8

Camden 14.62 13.89 15.23 14.38 13.92 14.5 14.4

Charlotte 16.96 16.47 16.56 14.64 14.22 15.1 15.8

Chattanooga 18.94 18.38 15.67 14.74 16.3 16.9

Chicago 18.94 16.82 16.08 16.27 14.93 15.8 16.6

Cincinnati 19.36 18.83 17.79 16.62 15.93 16.8 17.7

Cleveland 18.60 16.73 17.37 16.19 15.47 16.3 16.9

Dallas 13.90 13.93 12.54 12.36 12.49 12.5 13.0

Dayton 16.28 16.80 17.28 14.80 14.95 15.7 16.0

Denver 9.56 8.47 8.61 8.43 8.44 8.5 8.7

Durham 16.39 14.86 14.52 13.70 12.88 13.7 14.5

El Paso 7.14 9.08 8.53 9.59 11.17 9.8 9.1

Fresno 16.31 23.64 17.38 18.82 19.63 18.6 19.2

Gary 19.62 15.04 15.20 15.76 15.09 15.4 16.1

Hartford 10.79 11.25 12.64 12.51 12.1 11.8

Houston 15.75 13.13 12.17 11.40 10.92 11.5 12.7

Indianapolis 20.86 17.08 16.92 16.88 16.61 16.8 17.7

Jackson 18.40 16.19 15.23 13.45 12.24 13.6 15.1

Jersey City 14.92 13.22 14.41 14.00 13.19 13.9 13.9

Little rock 15.57 14.68 12.76 14.3 14.3

Los Angeles 17.31 21.27 19.18 21.68 19.74 20.2 19.8

Minneapolis 9.47 10.48 12.05 11.77 10.35 11.4 10.8

Mobile 17.69 15.18 12.56 11.33 13.0 14.2

Nashville 16.21 17.22 16.35 14.35 13.17 14.6 15.5

Norfolk 15.76 13.25 13.48 13.07 12.11 12.9 13.5

Oklahoma City 10.46 10.35 9.65 10.2 10.2

Omaha 10.85 14.51 10.74 10.59 10.28 10.5 11.4

Pasadena 19.42 20.85 20.26 20.2 20.2

Philadelphia 13.20 14.57 15.67 14.81 15.0 14.6

Phoenix 9.16 10.66 9.94 9.05 9.88 9.6 9.7

Portland 10.72 7.77 8.99 8.11 8.27 8.5 8.8

Providence 12.56 10.94 11.36 10.15 10.8 11.3

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment A 

Page 1 of 2
Attachment A: EPA-derived Results for the Eftim et. al. ACS Study Area

MSA

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

Area-level 

3-year 

means 

(2000-

2002) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level 

5-year 

means 

(1998-

2002) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

Reno 8.92 9.90 7.18 8.02 9.17 8.1 8.6

Salt Lake City 10.93 10.00 11.34 12.10 12.21 11.9 11.3

San Francisco 11.07 12.85 10.99 11.72 12.79 11.8 11.9

San Jose 11.29 14.75 12.92 12.18 11.99 12.4 12.6

Seattle 10.41 9.87 11.19 9.83 9.64 10.2 10.2

Spokane 10.18 8.83 9.92 8.86 9.52 9.4 9.5

St. Paul 10.25 11.94 12.93 12.17 10.73 11.9 11.6

Steubenville 17.43 19.00 18.33 18.53 17.35 18.1 18.1

Tampa 13.93 12.31 12.38 11.22 10.60 11.4 12.1

Topeka 13.33 10.75 10.55 11.00 10.8 11.4

Wichita 12.66 12.07 11.42 11.16 10.53 11.0 11.6

Youngstown 18.37 16.81 15.84 16.28 14.85 15.7 16.4

Study-area 3-year and 5-year averages → 13.3 13.7

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment A 

Page 2 of 2
Attachment B: EPA-derived Results for the Eftim et. al., Harvard 6-City Study Area

City

Represented by 

County 

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

Area-level 3-year 

means (2000-

2002) - i.e., 

original study 

timeframe

Area-level 5-year 

means (1998-

2002) - i.e., 

extended study 

timeframe

Topeka, KS Shawnee, KS 13.33 10.75 10.55 11.00 10.8 11.4

Watertown, MA Middlesex, MA 9.40 8.77 10.57 11.32 10.2 10.0

St. Louis, MO St. Louis City, MO 15.24 15.85 14.92 15.14 15.3 15.3

Steubenville, OH Jefferson, OH 17.43 19.00 18.33 18.53 17.35 18.1 18.1

Harriman, TN Knox, TN *1 20.81 21.23 19.04 17.47 15.97 17.5 18.9

Portage, WI Dane, WI *2 13.01 13.26 12.56 12.86 12.24 12.6 12.8

Study-area 3-year and 5-year averages → 14.1 14.4

* For consistency with the published study, the EPA analysis utilized: 1) Knox County, TN as a surrogate for the Harriman city primary county of

Roane County, TN, and 2) Dane County, WI as a surrogate for the Portage primary city county of Columbia County, WI.

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment B 

Page 1 of 1
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

01001 Agawam, MA 14.08 14.52 14.77 13.91 13.46 12.26 11.65 12.97 13.2 13.5

01007 Belchertown, MA 8.62 9.03 8.81 9.23 8.27 8.8 8.8

01013 Chicopee, MA 14.08 14.52 13.23 12.52 12.68 11.60 10.94 12.19 12.2 12.7

01020 Chicopee, MA 14.08 14.52 13.23 12.52 12.68 11.60 10.94 12.19 12.2 12.7

01022 Chicopee, MA 10.16 11.13 11.13 10.27 9.53 10.63 10.5 10.5

01030 Feeding Hills, MA 14.08 14.54 15.77 13.28 11.53 11.28 13.20 13.0 13.4

01033 Granby, MA 10.16 11.13 11.13 10.27 9.53 10.63 10.5 10.5

01040 Holyoke, MA 10.16 11.13 11.13 10.27 9.53 10.63 10.5 10.5

01056 Ludlow, MA 10.16 11.13 11.13 10.27 9.53 10.63 10.5 10.5

01075 South Hadley, MA 10.16 11.13 11.13 10.27 9.53 10.63 10.5 10.5

01089 West Springfield, MA 14.08 14.52 14.77 13.91 13.46 12.26 11.65 12.97 13.2 13.5

01103 Springfield, MA 14.08 14.52 14.77 13.91 13.46 12.26 11.65 12.97 13.2 13.5

01104 Springfield, MA 14.08 14.52 13.23 12.52 12.68 11.60 10.94 12.19 12.2 12.7

01105 Springfield, MA 14.08 14.52 14.77 13.91 13.46 12.26 11.65 12.97 13.2 13.5

01106 Longmeadow, MA 14.08 14.52 14.77 13.91 13.46 12.26 11.65 12.97 13.2 13.5

01107 Springfield, MA 14.08 14.52 14.77 13.91 13.46 12.26 11.65 12.97 13.2 13.5

01108 Springfield, MA 14.08 14.52 14.77 13.91 13.46 12.26 11.65 12.97 13.2 13.5

01109 Springfield, MA 14.08 14.52 13.23 12.52 12.68 11.60 10.94 12.19 12.2 12.7

01118 Springfield, MA 14.08 14.52 14.77 13.91 13.46 12.26 11.65 12.97 13.2 13.5

01119 Springfield, MA 14.08 14.52 13.23 12.52 12.39 11.63 10.77 11.69 12.0 12.6

01151 Indian Orchard, MA 10.16 11.13 11.13 10.27 9.53 10.63 10.5 10.5

01201 Pittsfield, MA 12.78 11.80 13.35 12.06 11.07 10.54 11.84 11.8 11.9

01224 Berkshire, MA 12.78 11.80 13.35 12.06 11.07 10.54 11.84 11.8 11.9

01420 Fitchburg, MA 9.39 9.79 9.99 9.9 9.7

01431 Ashby, MA 9.39 9.79 9.99 9.9 9.7

01453 Leominster, MA 9.39 9.79 9.99 9.9 9.7

01462 Lunenburg, MA 9.39 9.79 9.99 9.9 9.7

01474 West Townsend, MA 9.39 9.79 9.99 9.9 9.7

01501 Auburn, MA 13.78 11.90 13.01 11.68 10.80 11.76 11.8 12.2

01520 Holden, MA 13.27 12.00 12.82 12.00 12.3 12.5

01527 Millbury MA Millbury, MA 13 78 . 11 90 . 13 01 . 11 68 . 10 80 . 11 76 . 11 8. 12 2.

01545 Shrewsbury, MA 13.78 11.90 13.01 11.68 10.80 11.76 11.8 12.2

01602 Worcester, MA 13.78 11.90 13.01 11.68 10.80 11.76 11.8 12.2

01603 Worcester, MA 13.78 11.90 13.01 11.68 10.80 11.76 11.8 12.2

01604 Worcester, MA 13.78 11.90 13.01 11.68 10.80 11.76 11.8 12.2

01605 Worcester, MA 13.78 11.90 13.01 11.68 10.80 11.76 11.8 12.2

01606 Worcester, MA 13.78 11.90 13.01 11.68 10.80 11.76 11.8 12.2

01607 Worcester, MA 13.78 11.90 13.01 11.68 10.80 11.76 11.8 12.2

01608 Worcester, MA 13.78 11.90 13.01 11.68 10.80 11.76 11.8 12.2

01609 Worcester, MA 13.78 11.90 13.01 11.68 10.80 11.76 11.8 12.2

01610 Worcester, MA 13.78 11.90 13.01 11.68 10.80 11.76 11.8 12.2

01611 Cherry Valley, MA 13.78 11.90 13.01 11.68 10.80 11.76 11.8 12.2

01719 Boxborough, MA 9.40 8.77 10.57 9.7 9.6

01720 Acton, MA 9.40 8.77 10.57 9.7 9.6

01749 Hudson, MA 9.40 8.77 10.57 9.7 9.6

01754 Maynard, MA 9.40 8.77 10.57 9.7 9.6

01775 Stow, MA 9.40 8.77 10.57 9.7 9.6

01776 Sudbury, MA 9.40 8.77 10.57 9.7 9.6

01810 Andover, MA 10.37 10.45 9.96 10.3 10.3

01824 Chelmsford, MA 11.32 11.3 11.3

01826 Dracut, MA 11.32 11.3 11.3

01827 Dunstable, MA 9.01 8.71 9.72 9.41 9.6 9.2

01830 Haverhill, MA 11.60 11.00 9.01 9.52 9.44 9.7 10.1

01832 Haverhill, MA 11.60 11.00 9.01 9.52 9.44 9.7 10.1

01834 Groveland, MA 11.60 11.00 9.01 9.52 9.44 9.7 10.1

01835 Haverhill, MA 11.60 11.00 9.01 9.52 9.44 9.7 10.1

01840 Lawrence, MA 10.37 10.45 9.96 10.3 10.3

01841 Lawrence, MA 10.37 10.45 9.96 10.3 10.3

01843 Lawrence, MA 10.37 10.45 9.96 10.3 10.3

01844 Methuen, MA 11.60 11.00 10.37 9.01 9.99 9.70 10.0 10.3

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 1 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

01845 North Andover, MA 10.37 10.45 9.96 10.3 10.3

01850 Lowell, MA 11.32 11.3 11.3

01851 Lowell, MA 11.32 11.3 11.3

01852 Lowell, MA 11.32 11.3 11.3

01854 Lowell, MA 11.32 11.3 11.3

01862 North Billerica, MA 11.32 11.3 11.3

01863 North Chelmsford, MA 11.32 11.3 11.3

01879 Tyngsboro, MA 9.01 8.71 9.72 9.41 9.6 9.2

01901 Lynn, MA 11.31 11.35 12.13 10.47 9.00 9.48 10.5 10.6

01902 Lynn, MA 11.31 11.35 12.13 10.47 9.00 9.48 10.5 10.6

01904 Lynn, MA 11.31 11.35 12.13 10.47 9.00 9.48 10.5 10.6

01905 Lynn, MA 11.31 11.35 12.13 10.47 9.00 9.48 10.5 10.6

01906 Saugus, MA 11.31 11.35 12.13 10.47 9.00 9.48 10.5 10.6

01907 Swampscott, MA 11.31 11.35 12.13 10.47 9.00 9.48 10.5 10.6

01908 Nahant, MA 11.31 11.35 12.13 10.47 9.00 9.48 10.5 10.6

01940 Lynnfield, MA 11.31 11.35 12.13 10.47 9.00 9.48 10.5 10.6

01960 Peabody, MA 11.31 11.35 12.13 10.47 9.00 9.48 10.5 10.6

01970 Salem, MA 11.31 11.35 12.13 10.47 9.00 9.48 10.5 10.6

02108 Boston, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02109 Boston, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02110 Boston, MA 15.62 13.34 14.28 14.69 12.77 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02111 Boston, MA 15.62 13.34 14.28 14.69 12.77 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02113 Boston, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02114 Boston, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02115 Boston, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02116 Boston, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02118 Boston, MA 15.62 13.34 14.28 14.69 12.77 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02119 Boston, MA 15.62 13.34 14.28 14.69 12.77 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02120 Boston, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02121 Boston, MA 15.62 13.34 14.28 14.69 12.77 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02122 Boston MA Boston, MA 15 62 . 13 34 . 14 28 . 14 69 . 12 77 . 12 60 . 12 94 . 12 42 . 13 3. 13 6.

02124 Boston, MA 15.62 13.34 14.28 14.69 12.77 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02125 Boston, MA 15.62 13.34 14.28 14.69 12.77 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02126 Mattapan, MA 14.68 12.72 13.12 14.69 12.28 12.10 12.36 12.10 12.8 13.0

02127 Boston, MA 15.62 13.34 14.28 14.69 12.77 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02128 Boston, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02129 Charlestown, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02130 Jamaica Plain, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02131 Roslindale, MA 14.68 12.94 13.12 14.69 12.37 12.10 12.36 12.10 12.8 13.0

02134 Allston, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02135 Brighton, MA 14.68 12.94 13.12 14.69 12.37 12.10 12.36 12.10 12.8 13.0

02136 Hyde Park, MA 10.96 13.12 14.69 11.35 11.40 11.38 11.33 12.2 12.0

02138 Cambridge, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02139 Cambridge, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02140 Cambridge, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02141 Cambridge, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02142 Cambridge, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02143 Somerville, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02144 Somerville, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02145 Somerville, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02148 Malden, MA 16.55 15.20 14.86 13.50 13.09 13.53 12.74 13.5 14.2

02149 Everett, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02150 Chelsea, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02151 Revere, MA 16.55 13.26 13.69 12.13 12.49 13.09 12.02 11.65 12.5 13.1

02152 Winthrop, MA 16.55 15.20 14.86 13.50 13.09 13.53 12.74 13.5 14.2

02153 Medford, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02155 Medford, MA 15.62 15.06 14.86 13.46 13.00 13.47 12.78 13.5 14.0

02163 Boston, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02169 Quincy, MA 12.29 12.10 12.1 12.2

02170 Quincy, MA 12.29 12.10 12.1 12.2

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 2 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

02171 Quincy, MA 11.62 14.46 14.69 12.32 12.51 12.87 12.49 13.2 13.0

02176 Melrose, MA 16.55 15.20 13.92 13.50 12.56 12.69 11.82 12.9 13.7

02184 Braintree, MA 12.29 12.10 12.1 12.2

02186 Milton, MA 11.62 13.12 14.69 11.72 11.40 11.38 11.33 12.3 12.2

02199 Boston, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02210 Boston, MA 15.62 13.34 14.28 14.69 12.77 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02215 Boston, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02301 Brockton, MA 11.41 12.23 12.00 9.87 10.18 10.45 10.9 11.0

02302 Brockton, MA 11.41 12.23 12.00 9.87 10.18 10.45 10.9 11.0

02322 Avon, MA 11.41 12.23 12.00 9.87 10.18 10.45 10.9 11.0

02343 Holbrook, MA 11.41 12.23 12.00 9.87 10.18 10.45 10.9 11.0

02351 Abington, MA 11.41 12.23 12.00 9.87 10.18 10.45 10.9 11.0

02379 West Bridgewater, MA 11.41 12.23 12.00 9.87 10.18 10.45 10.9 11.0

02382 Whitman, MA 11.41 12.23 12.00 9.87 10.18 10.45 10.9 11.0

02445 Brookline, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02446 Brookline, MA 15.62 13.69 14.28 14.69 12.93 12.60 12.94 12.42 13.3 13.6

02467 Chestnut Hill, MA 14.68 12.94 13.12 14.69 12.37 12.10 12.36 12.10 12.8 13.0

02472 Watertown, MA 14.68 14.92 13.39 12.81 13.35 12.87 13.1 13.7

02478 Belmont, MA 14.68 14.92 13.39 12.81 13.35 12.87 13.1 13.7

02719 Fairhaven, MA 12.12 12.67 10.84 11.8 11.9

02720 Fall River, MA 11.75 11.70 13.34 11.63 10.21 10.25 10.05 11.2 11.3

02721 Fall River, MA 11.75 11.70 13.34 11.63 10.21 10.25 10.05 11.2 11.3

02723 Fall River, MA 11.75 11.70 13.34 11.63 10.21 10.25 10.05 11.2 11.3

02724 Fall River, MA 11.75 11.70 13.34 11.63 10.21 10.25 10.05 11.2 11.3

02725 Somerset, MA 11.75 11.70 13.34 11.63 10.21 10.25 10.05 11.2 11.3

02726 Somerset, MA 11.75 11.70 13.34 11.63 10.21 10.25 10.05 11.2 11.3

02740 New Bedford, MA 12.12 12.67 10.84 11.8 11.9

02743 Acushnet, MA 12.12 12.67 10.84 11.8 11.9

02744 New Bedford, MA 12.12 12.67 10.84 11.8 11.9

02745 New Bedford, MA 12.12 12.67 10.84 11.8 11.9

02746 New Bedford MA New Bedford, MA 12 12 . 12 67 . 10 84 . 11 8. 11 9.

02747 North Dartmouth, MA 12.12 12.67 10.84 11.8 11.9

02748 South Dartmouth, MA 12.12 12.67 10.84 11.8 11.9

02771 Seekonk, MA 13.49 12.65 13.00 12.16 11.72 10.96 11.31 12.0 12.2

02777 Swansea, MA 11.75 11.70 13.34 11.63 10.21 10.25 10.05 11.2 11.3

02814 Chepachet, RI 10.11 10.39 9.51 10.0 10.0

02817 West Greenwich, RI 10.74 8.81 9.38 8.73 8.63 7.99 8.7 9.0

02830 Harrisville, RI 10.11 10.39 9.51 10.0 10.0

02835 Jamestown, RI 8.81 10.21 7.48 8.8 8.8

02839 Mapleville, RI 10.11 10.39 9.51 10.0 10.0

02857 North Scituate, RI 10.11 10.39 9.51 10.0 10.0

02858 Oakland, RI 10.11 10.39 9.51 10.0 10.0

02859 Pascoag, RI 10.11 10.39 9.51 10.0 10.0

02860 Pawtucket, RI 13.49 12.22 12.72 11.73 11.68 11.33 11.13 11.8 12.0

02861 Pawtucket, RI 13.49 12.65 13.00 12.16 11.72 11.37 11.31 12.0 12.2

02863 Central Falls, RI 13.49 12.22 12.72 11.73 11.68 11.33 11.13 11.8 12.0

02865 Lincoln, RI 12.79 12.51 13.44 12.99 11.90 12.37 12.6 12.7

02874 Saunderstown, RI 8.81 10.21 7.48 8.8 8.8

02878 Tiverton, RI 11.75 11.70 13.34 11.63 10.21 10.25 10.05 11.2 11.3

02882 Narragansett, RI 8.81 10.21 7.48 8.8 8.8

02888 Warwick, RI 14.18 12.93 13.25 10.87 11.58 11.69 10.94 11.9 12.2

02903 Providence, RI 13.49 12.22 12.72 11.73 11.68 11.33 11.13 11.8 12.0

02904 Providence, RI 13.49 12.22 12.72 11.73 11.68 11.33 11.13 11.8 12.0

02905 Providence, RI 14.18 12.13 12.72 10.88 11.02 11.14 10.71 11.4 11.8

02906 Providence, RI 13.49 12.22 12.72 11.73 11.68 11.33 11.13 11.8 12.0

02907 Providence, RI 14.18 12.13 12.72 11.73 11.68 11.33 11.13 11.8 12.1

02908 Providence, RI 13.49 12.22 12.72 11.73 11.68 11.33 11.13 11.8 12.0

02909 Providence, RI 14.18 12.93 13.25 10.87 11.58 11.69 10.94 11.9 12.2

02910 Cranston, RI 14.18 12.93 13.25 10.87 11.58 11.69 10.94 11.9 12.2

02911 North Providence, RI 14.18 12.93 13.25 10.87 11.58 11.69 10.94 11.9 12.2

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 3 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

02912 Providence, RI 13.49 12.22 12.72 11.73 11.68 11.33 11.13 11.8 12.0

02914 East Providence, RI 13.49 12.22 12.72 11.73 11.68 11.33 11.13 11.8 12.0

02915 Riverside, RI 14.18 12.13 12.72 10.88 11.02 11.14 10.71 11.4 11.8

02916 Rumford, RI 13.49 12.22 12.72 11.73 11.68 11.33 11.13 11.8 12.0

02918 Providence, RI 13.49 12.22 12.72 11.73 11.68 11.33 11.13 11.8 12.0

02920 Cranston, RI 14.18 12.93 13.25 10.87 11.58 11.69 10.94 11.9 12.2

03051 Hudson, NH 10.28 11.10 10.29 10.83 9.72 9.41 10.53 10.2 10.3

03052 Litchfield, NH 11.56 13.50 10.29 10.83 10.53 10.5 11.3

03060 Nashua, NH 10.28 11.10 10.29 10.83 9.72 9.41 10.53 10.2 10.3

03062 Nashua, NH 10.28 11.10 10.29 10.83 9.72 9.41 10.53 10.2 10.3

03063 Nashua, NH 11.56 13.50 10.29 10.83 10.53 10.5 11.3

03064 Nashua, NH 10.28 11.10 10.29 10.83 9.72 9.41 10.53 10.2 10.3

03076 Pelham, NH 11.32 11.3 11.3

03084 Temple, NH 6.54 5.88 6.40 6.3 6.3

03101 Manchester, NH 10.50 10.98 10.34 9.61 10.52 10.4 10.4

03102 Manchester, NH 10.50 10.98 10.34 9.61 10.52 10.4 10.4

03103 Manchester, NH 10.50 10.98 10.34 9.61 10.52 10.4 10.4

03104 Manchester, NH 10.50 10.98 10.34 9.61 10.52 10.4 10.4

03106 Hooksett, NH 10.50 10.98 10.34 9.70 10.31 10.4 10.4

03109 Manchester, NH 10.50 10.98 10.34 9.61 10.52 10.4 10.4

03110 Bedford, NH 10.50 10.98 10.34 9.61 10.52 10.4 10.4

03246 Laconia, NH 7.15 7.22 7.01 7.47 7.2 7.2

03249 Gilford, NH 7.15 7.22 7.01 7.47 7.2 7.2

03253 Meredith, NH 7.15 7.22 7.01 7.47 7.2 7.2

03255 Newbury, NH 8.24 5.93 5.9 7.1

03275 Suncook, NH 9.79 10.09 9.9 9.9

03301 Concord, NH 11.09 10.80 10.35 9.69 9.92 9.24 9.8 10.2

03304 Bow, NH 11.09 10.80 10.35 9.69 9.92 9.24 9.79 10.09 9.8 10.1

03431 Keene, NH 15.50 14.26 11.63 11.78 12.03 10.86 11.97 11.7 12.6

03446 Swanzey, NH 15.50 14.26 11.63 11.78 12.03 10.86 11.97 11.7 12.6

03458 Peterborough NH Peterborough, NH 6 54 . 5 88 . 6 40 . 6 3. 6 3.

03570 Berlin, NH 12.54 12.65 10.09 10.46 8.75 9.73 10.83 10.61 10.1 10.7

03581 Gorham, NH 12.54 12.65 10.09 10.46 8.75 9.73 10.83 10.61 10.1 10.7

03740 Bath, NH 7.69 7.57 7.6 7.6

03743 Claremont, NH 11.19 11.03 9.78 9.58 10.50 9.21 10.81 10.0 10.3

03752 Goshen, NH 8.24 5.93 5.9 7.1

03765 Haverhill, NH 7.69 7.57 7.6 7.6

03766 Lebanon, NH 9.23 9.2 9.2

03774 North Haverhill, NH 7.69 7.57 7.6 7.6

03780 Pike, NH 7.69 7.57 7.6 7.6

03781 Plainfield, NH 9.23 9.2 9.2

03782 Sunapee, NH 8.24 5.93 5.9 7.1

03784 West Lebanon, NH 9.23 9.2 9.2

03785 Woodsville, NH 7.69 7.57 7.6 7.6

03801 Portsmouth, NH 11.21 11.21 9.93 10.17 9.59 9.02 9.01 9.5 10.0

03811 Atkinson, NH 11.60 11.00 9.01 9.52 9.44 9.7 10.1

03840 Greenland, NH 11.21 11.21 9.93 9.9 10.8

03854 New Castle, NH 11.21 11.21 9.93 10.17 9.59 9.02 9.01 9.5 10.0

03865 Plaistow, NH 11.60 11.00 9.01 9.52 9.44 9.7 10.1

03870 Rye, NH 11.21 11.21 9.93 10.17 9.59 9.02 9.01 9.5 10.0

03903 Eliot, ME 11.21 11.21 9.93 10.17 9.59 9.02 9.01 9.5 10.0

03904 Kittery, ME 11.21 11.21 9.93 10.17 9.59 9.02 9.01 9.5 10.0

03905 Kittery Point, ME 11.21 11.21 9.93 10.17 9.59 9.02 9.01 9.5 10.0

04005 Biddeford, ME 9.36 10.02 9.04 10.30 9.7 9.7

04038 Gorham, ME 9.36 10.41 9.64 9.8 9.8

04064 Old Orchard Beach, ME 9.36 10.02 9.04 10.30 9.7 9.7

04072 Saco, ME 9.36 10.02 9.04 10.30 9.7 9.7

04092 Westbrook, ME 9.36 10.41 9.64 9.8 9.8

04101 Portland, ME 11.50 9.76 10.92 11.94 11.35 12.44 11.82 10.77 11.5 11.3

04102 Portland, ME 11.50 9.76 10.92 11.94 11.35 12.44 11.82 10.77 11.5 11.3

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 4 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

04103 Portland, ME 11.50 9.76 10.40 11.43 10.49 12.44 11.82 10.77 11.2 11.1

04105 Falmouth, ME 11.50 9.76 10.92 11.94 11.35 12.44 11.82 10.77 11.5 11.3

04106 South Portland, ME 11.50 9.76 10.92 11.94 11.35 12.44 11.82 10.77 11.5 11.3

04107 Cape Elizabeth, ME 11.50 9.76 10.05 10.88 9.59 12.44 11.82 10.77 10.9 10.9

04108 Peaks Island, ME 11.50 9.76 10.92 11.94 11.35 12.44 11.82 10.77 11.5 11.3

04109 Portland, ME 11.50 9.76 10.05 10.88 9.59 12.44 11.82 10.77 10.9 10.9

04210 Auburn, ME 9.86 9.99 9.60 11.31 10.45 11.41 10.26 10.22 10.5 10.4

04240 Lewiston, ME 9.86 9.99 9.60 11.31 10.45 11.41 10.26 10.22 10.5 10.4

04257 Mexico, ME 10.22 9.03 10.95 10.62 9.58 10.0 10.1

04276 Rumford, ME 10.22 9.03 10.95 10.62 9.58 10.0 10.1

04330 Augusta, ME 9.57 10.87 9.18 12.34 9.64 10.12 10.3 10.3

04344 Farmingdale, ME 9.57 10.87 9.18 12.34 9.64 10.12 10.3 10.3

04346 Randolph, ME 9.57 10.87 9.18 12.34 9.64 10.12 10.3 10.3

04347 Hallowell, ME 9.57 10.87 9.18 12.34 9.64 10.12 10.3 10.3

04351 Manchester, ME 9.57 10.87 9.18 12.34 9.64 10.12 10.3 10.3

04401 Bangor, ME 9.47 8.98 9.20 10.09 10.26 10.81 8.76 9.38 9.7 9.6

04411 Bradley, ME 8.57 8.32 9.77 9.13 9.1 8.9

04412 Brewer, ME 9.47 8.98 9.20 10.09 10.26 10.81 8.76 9.38 9.7 9.6

04461 Milford, ME 8.57 8.32 9.77 9.13 9.1 8.9

04468 Old Town, ME 8.57 8.32 9.77 9.13 9.1 8.9

04469 Orono, ME 8.57 8.32 9.77 9.13 9.1 8.9

04473 Orono, ME 8.57 8.32 9.77 9.13 9.1 8.9

04474 Orrington, ME 9.47 8.98 9.20 10.09 10.26 10.81 8.76 9.38 9.7 9.6

04609 Bar Harbor, ME 5.63 6.63 6.01 6.74 5.86 5.92 6.1 6.1

04660 Mount Desert, ME 5.63 6.63 6.01 6.74 5.86 5.92 6.1 6.1

04745 Frenchville, ME 12.48 10.64 10.34 11.29 11.72 11.46 10.33 9.04 10.7 10.9

04756 Madawaska, ME 12.48 10.64 10.34 11.29 11.72 11.46 10.33 9.04 10.7 10.9

04769 Presque Isle, ME 10.26 8.10 7.58 8.29 9.12 9.75 9.08 7.94 8.6 8.8

04841 Rockland, ME 7.09 7.64 7.64 6.27 7.0 7.2

04854 Owls Head, ME 7.09 7.64 7.64 6.27 7.0 7.2

04858 South Thomaston ME South Thomaston, ME 7 09 . 7 64 . 7 64 . 6 27 . 7 0. 7 2.

04861 Thomaston, ME 7.09 7.64 7.64 6.27 7.0 7.2

04901 Waterville, ME 10.16 11.30 9.12 12.34 9.68 10.5 10.5

04937 Fairfield, ME 10.16 11.30 9.12 12.34 9.68 10.5 10.5

05001 White River Junction, VT 9.23 9.2 9.2

05051 Newbury, VT 7.69 7.57 7.6 7.6

05052 North Hartland, VT 9.23 9.2 9.2

05201 Bennington, VT 9.91 9.45 10.21 11.01 8.72 8.76 9.52 9.6 9.7

05257 North Bennington, VT 9.91 9.45 10.21 11.01 8.72 8.76 9.52 9.6 9.7

05260 North Pownal, VT 8.72 8.76 9.52 9.0 9.0

05401 Burlington, VT 8.22 9.77 9.97 9.69 9.73 9.81 9.5 9.5

05403 South Burlington, VT 8.22 9.77 9.97 9.69 9.73 9.81 9.5 9.5

05404 Winooski, VT 8.22 9.77 9.97 9.69 9.73 9.81 9.5 9.5

05405 Burlington, VT 8.22 9.77 9.97 9.69 9.73 9.81 9.5 9.5

05408 Burlington, VT 8.22 9.77 9.97 9.69 9.73 9.81 9.5 9.5

05446 Colchester, VT 8.22 9.77 9.97 9.69 9.73 9.81 9.5 9.5

05482 Shelburne, VT 10.12 10.06 9.89 10.0 10.0

05489 Underhill, VT 9.01 6.98 5.89 7.39 8.05 7.1 7.5

05641 Barre, VT 10.79 10.06 10.49 11.20 10.6 10.6

05651 East Montpelier, VT 10.79 10.06 10.49 11.20 10.6 10.6

05654 Graniteville, VT 10.79 10.06 10.49 11.20 10.6 10.6

05679 Williamstown, VT 10.79 10.06 10.49 11.20 10.6 10.6

05701 Rutland, VT 14.09 10.89 11.11 11.95 11.83 11.23 11.84 11.6 11.8

05734 Bridport, VT 9.25 9.74 9.5 9.5

05736 Center Rutland, VT 14.09 10.89 11.11 11.95 11.83 11.23 11.84 11.6 11.8

05759 North Clarendon, VT 14.09 10.89 11.11 11.95 11.83 11.23 11.84 11.6 11.8

05765 Proctor, VT 14.09 10.89 11.11 11.95 11.83 11.23 11.84 11.6 11.8

05770 Shoreham, VT 9.41 9.55 9.5 9.5

05777 West Rutland, VT 14.09 10.89 11.11 11.95 11.83 11.23 11.84 11.6 11.8

06095 Windsor, CT 10.79 10.67 12.27 11.80 11.72 10.90 11.47 11.5 11.4

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 5 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

06103 Hartford, CT 10.79 11.25 12.64 12.51 12.37 10.90 11.47 11.9 11.7

06105 Hartford, CT 10.79 11.25 12.64 12.51 12.37 10.90 11.47 11.9 11.7

06106 Hartford, CT 10.79 11.25 12.64 12.51 12.37 10.90 11.47 11.9 11.7

06107 West Hartford, CT 11.82 13.01 13.23 13.02 12.8 12.8

06108 East Hartford, CT 10.79 11.25 12.64 12.51 12.37 10.90 11.47 11.9 11.7

06109 Wethersfield, CT 11.82 13.01 13.23 13.02 12.8 12.8

06110 West Hartford, CT 11.82 13.01 13.23 13.02 12.8 12.8

06112 Hartford, CT 10.79 11.25 12.64 12.51 12.37 10.90 11.47 11.9 11.7

06114 Hartford, CT 10.79 11.25 12.64 12.51 12.37 10.90 11.47 11.9 11.7

06117 West Hartford, CT 11.82 13.01 13.23 13.02 12.8 12.8

06118 East Hartford, CT 10.79 11.25 12.64 12.51 12.37 10.90 11.47 11.9 11.7

06119 West Hartford, CT 11.82 13.01 13.23 13.02 12.8 12.8

06120 Hartford, CT 10.79 11.25 12.64 12.51 12.37 10.90 11.47 11.9 11.7

06334 Bozrah, CT 13.33 12.22 11.05 12.74 11.68 11.68 10.58 11.74 11.6 11.9

06360 Norwich, CT 13.33 12.22 11.05 12.74 11.68 11.68 10.58 11.74 11.6 11.9

06365 Preston, CT 13.33 12.22 11.05 12.74 11.68 11.68 10.58 11.74 11.6 11.9

06380 Taftville, CT 13.33 12.22 11.05 12.74 11.68 11.68 10.58 11.74 11.6 11.9

06382 Uncasville, CT 13.33 12.22 11.05 12.74 11.68 11.68 10.58 11.74 11.6 11.9

06405 Branford, CT 11.53 13.07 12.3 12.3

06473 North Haven, CT 11.53 11.88 11.61 12.30 11.10 11.79 11.7 11.7

06477 Orange, CT 12.77 12.8 12.8

06510 New Haven, CT 14.62 15.53 14.00 14.44 13.96 14.33 12.63 12.98 13.7 14.1

06511 New Haven, CT 14.62 15.53 14.00 14.44 13.96 14.33 12.63 12.98 13.7 14.1

06512 East Haven, CT 14.62 15.53 14.00 14.44 13.96 14.33 12.63 12.98 13.7 14.1

06513 New Haven, CT 14.62 15.53 14.00 14.44 13.96 14.33 12.60 12.98 13.7 14.1

06514 Hamden, CT 14.62 15.53 14.00 14.44 13.96 14.33 12.60 12.98 13.7 14.1

06515 New Haven, CT 14.62 15.53 14.00 14.44 13.96 14.33 12.63 12.98 13.7 14.1

06516 West Haven, CT 14.62 15.53 14.00 14.44 13.96 14.33 12.63 12.98 13.7 14.1

06517 Hamden, CT 14.62 15.53 14.00 14.44 13.96 14.33 12.60 12.98 13.7 14.1

06518 Hamden, CT 11.53 11.88 11.61 12.30 11.10 11.79 11.7 11.7

06519 New Haven CT New Haven, CT 14 62 . 15 53 . 14 00 . 14 44 . 13 96 . 14 33 . 12 63 . 12 98 . 13 7. 14 1.

06525 Woodbridge, CT 12.77 12.8 12.8

06604 Bridgeport, CT 14.60 13.22 14.03 13.23 13.42 12.55 12.66 14.37 13.4 13.5

06605 Bridgeport, CT 14.60 13.22 14.03 13.23 13.42 12.55 12.66 14.37 13.4 13.5

06606 Bridgeport, CT 14.60 13.22 14.03 13.23 13.42 12.55 12.66 14.37 13.4 13.5

06607 Bridgeport, CT 14.60 13.22 14.03 13.23 13.42 12.55 12.66 14.37 13.4 13.5

06608 Bridgeport, CT 14.60 13.22 14.03 13.23 13.42 12.55 12.66 14.37 13.4 13.5

06610 Bridgeport, CT 14.60 13.22 14.03 13.23 13.42 12.55 12.66 14.37 13.4 13.5

06611 Trumbull, CT 14.60 13.22 14.03 13.23 13.42 12.55 12.66 14.37 13.4 13.5

06614 Stratford, CT 14.60 13.22 14.03 13.23 13.42 12.55 12.66 14.37 13.4 13.5

06615 Stratford, CT 14.60 13.22 14.03 13.23 13.42 12.55 12.66 14.37 13.4 13.5

06702 Waterbury, CT 13.96 13.30 13.67 13.96 13.70 12.71 12.05 13.93 13.3 13.4

06704 Waterbury, CT 13.96 13.30 13.67 13.96 13.70 12.71 12.05 13.93 13.3 13.4

06705 Waterbury, CT 13.96 13.30 13.67 13.96 13.70 12.71 12.05 13.93 13.3 13.4

06706 Waterbury, CT 13.96 13.30 13.67 13.96 13.70 12.71 12.05 13.93 13.3 13.4

06708 Waterbury, CT 13.96 13.30 13.67 13.96 13.70 12.71 12.05 13.93 13.3 13.4

06710 Waterbury, CT 13.96 13.30 13.67 13.96 13.70 12.71 12.05 13.93 13.3 13.4

06716 Wolcott, CT 13.96 13.30 13.67 13.96 13.70 12.71 12.05 13.93 13.3 13.4

06754 Cornwall Bridge, CT 8.77 8.8 8.8

06756 Goshen, CT 8.77 8.8 8.8

06762 Middlebury, CT 13.96 13.30 13.67 13.96 13.70 12.71 12.05 13.93 13.3 13.4

06770 Naugatuck, CT 13.96 13.30 13.67 13.96 13.70 12.71 12.05 13.93 13.3 13.4

06779 Oakville, CT 13.96 13.30 13.67 13.96 13.70 12.71 12.05 13.93 13.3 13.4

06796 West Cornwall, CT 8.77 8.8 8.8

06801 Bethel, CT 12.73 13.20 13.14 13.11 11.24 13.43 12.8 12.8

06804 Brookfield, CT 12.73 13.20 13.14 13.11 11.24 13.43 12.8 12.8

06807 Cos Cob, CT 12.92 13.00 13.32 13.50 11.77 12.9 12.9

06810 Danbury, CT 12.73 13.20 13.14 13.11 11.24 13.43 12.8 12.8

06811 Danbury, CT 12.73 13.20 13.14 13.11 11.24 13.43 12.8 12.8

06820 Darien, CT 12.92 13.21 13.25 13.28 11.84 13.22 13.0 13.0

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 6 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

06824 Fairfield, CT 14.60 13.22 14.03 13.23 13.42 12.55 12.66 14.37 13.4 13.5

06825 Fairfield, CT 14.60 13.22 14.03 13.23 13.42 12.55 12.66 14.37 13.4 13.5

06850 Norwalk, CT 13.42 13.18 13.07 11.90 13.22 13.0 13.0

06851 Norwalk, CT 14.90 13.03 12.75 12.66 12.39 11.51 12.79 12.5 12.9

06853 Norwalk, CT 13.42 13.18 13.07 11.90 13.22 13.0 13.0

06854 Norwalk, CT 13.42 13.18 13.07 11.90 13.22 13.0 13.0

06855 Norwalk, CT 14.90 13.03 12.75 12.66 12.39 11.51 12.79 12.5 12.9

06870 Old Greenwich, CT 12.92 13.00 13.32 13.50 11.77 12.9 12.9

06878 Riverside, CT 12.92 13.00 13.32 13.50 11.77 12.9 12.9

06880 Westport, CT 14.90 13.03 12.75 12.66 12.39 11.51 12.79 12.5 12.9

06890 Southport, CT 14.90 13.03 12.08 12.14 11.71 11.13 12.36 12.1 12.5

06901 Stamford, CT 12.92 13.00 13.32 13.50 11.77 12.9 12.9

06902 Stamford, CT 12.92 13.00 13.32 13.50 11.77 12.9 12.9

06903 Stamford, CT 12.92 13.00 13.32 13.50 11.77 12.9 12.9

06905 Stamford, CT 12.92 13.00 13.32 13.50 11.77 12.9 12.9

06906 Stamford, CT 12.92 13.00 13.32 13.50 11.77 12.9 12.9

06907 Stamford, CT 12.92 13.00 13.32 13.50 11.77 12.9 12.9

07001 Avenel, NJ 14.17 12.83 13.08 13.29 12.64 14.04 13.3 13.3

07002 Bayonne, NJ 13.22 13.37 13.80 13.80 11.36 12.50 13.51 13.1 13.1

07003 Bloomfield, NJ 15.56 13.74 14.06 13.24 14.36 14.2 14.2

07008 Carteret, NJ 15.18 16.15 15.60 14.25 14.09 14.79 13.80 14.70 14.5 14.8

07010 Cliffside Park, NJ 19.63 13.71 16.34 15.75 15.03 14.61 13.79 15.26 15.1 15.5

07011 Clifton, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07012 Clifton, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07013 Clifton, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07016 Cranford, NJ 14.17 12.83 13.08 13.29 12.64 14.04 13.3 13.3

07017 East Orange, NJ 15.56 14.34 14.06 13.24 14.36 14.3 14.3

07018 East Orange, NJ 15.07 15.35 13.92 14.05 12.92 14.33 14.1 14.3

07020 Edgewater, NJ 19.63 13.71 16.34 15.75 15.03 14.61 13.79 15.26 15.1 15.5

07022 Fairview, NJ 19.63 13.71 16.53 15.90 15.16 14.52 13.81 15.65 15.3 15.6

07024 Fort Lee NJ Fort Lee, NJ 13 71 . 15 50 . 15 16 . 14 63 . 14 61 . 13 37 . 14 87 . 14 7. 14 6.

07026 Garfield, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07027 Garwood, NJ 14.17 12.83 13.08 13.29 12.64 14.04 13.3 13.3

07028 Glen Ridge, NJ 15.56 13.74 14.06 13.24 14.36 14.2 14.2

07029 Harrison, NJ 15.56 14.34 14.06 13.24 14.36 14.3 14.3

07030 Hoboken, NJ 16.88 16.10 17.18 16.44 15.92 15.41 14.68 16.09 16.0 16.1

07031 North Arlington, NJ 14.94 14.9 14.9

07032 Kearny, NJ 15.56 14.34 14.06 13.24 14.36 14.3 14.3

07033 Kenilworth, NJ 15.07 14.66 12.83 13.09 13.67 12.62 14.17 13.5 13.7

07036 Linden, NJ 15.18 15.61 15.45 14.25 13.76 14.54 13.40 14.57 14.3 14.6

07040 Maplewood, NJ 15.07 15.35 13.42 14.05 12.92 14.33 14.0 14.2

07042 Montclair, NJ 15.56 13.74 14.06 13.24 14.36 14.2 14.2

07043 Montclair, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07047 North Bergen, NJ 16.88 14.91 16.71 15.91 15.30 14.66 13.99 15.54 15.4 15.5

07050 Orange, NJ 15.56 13.74 14.06 13.24 14.36 14.2 14.2

07052 West Orange, NJ 15.56 13.74 14.06 13.24 14.36 14.2 14.2

07055 Passaic, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07064 Port Reading, NJ 15.18 16.15 15.60 14.25 14.09 14.79 13.80 14.70 14.5 14.8

07065 Rahway, NJ 15.18 16.15 15.60 14.25 14.09 14.79 13.80 14.70 14.5 14.8

07066 Clark, NJ 14.17 12.83 13.08 13.29 12.64 14.04 13.3 13.3

07067 Colonia, NJ 14.17 12.83 13.08 13.29 12.64 14.04 13.3 13.3

07072 Carlstadt, NJ 17.15 15.84 16.5 16.5

07074 Moonachie, NJ 13.71 15.88 15.19 13.50 13.33 12.03 14.53 14.1 14.0

07077 Sewaren, NJ 14.17 12.83 13.08 13.29 12.64 14.04 13.3 13.3

07079 South Orange, NJ 15.07 15.35 13.42 14.05 12.92 14.33 14.0 14.2

07083 Union, NJ 15.18 15.61 15.91 15.68 13.98 14.80 13.60 14.67 14.8 14.9

07086 Weehawken, NJ 16.88 16.10 17.18 16.44 15.92 15.41 14.68 16.09 16.0 16.1

07087 Union City, NJ 16.88 16.10 17.36 16.44 15.92 15.41 14.68 16.09 16.0 16.1

07088 Vauxhall, NJ 15.07 15.35 13.42 14.05 12.92 14.33 14.0 14.2

07090 Westfield, NJ 14.17 12.83 13.08 13.29 12.64 14.04 13.3 13.3

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 7 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

07093 West New York, NJ 16.88 14.91 16.65 15.91 15.30 14.66 13.99 15.54 15.3 15.5

07094 Secaucus, NJ 14.14 16.10 17.01 15.26 14.88 15.03 13.72 15.43 15.2 15.2

07095 Woodbridge, NJ 14.17 12.83 13.08 13.29 12.64 14.04 13.3 13.3

07102 Newark, NJ 15.07 15.35 13.92 14.05 12.92 14.33 14.1 14.3

07103 Newark, NJ 15.07 15.35 13.92 14.05 12.92 14.33 14.1 14.3

07104 Newark, NJ 15.56 14.34 14.06 13.24 14.36 14.3 14.3

07105 Newark, NJ 15.07 15.35 13.92 14.05 12.92 14.33 14.1 14.3

07106 Newark, NJ 15.07 15.35 13.42 14.05 12.92 14.33 14.0 14.2

07107 Newark, NJ 15.56 14.34 14.06 13.24 14.36 14.3 14.3

07108 Newark, NJ 15.18 15.61 15.91 15.68 14.22 14.80 13.60 14.67 14.8 15.0

07109 Belleville, NJ 15.56 14.34 14.06 13.24 14.36 14.3 14.3

07111 Irvington, NJ 15.07 15.35 13.92 14.05 12.92 14.33 14.1 14.3

07112 Newark, NJ 15.18 15.61 15.91 15.68 14.22 14.80 13.60 14.67 14.8 15.0

07114 Newark, NJ 15.18 15.61 15.91 15.68 14.22 14.80 13.60 14.67 14.8 15.0

07201 Elizabeth, NJ 15.18 15.61 15.51 15.10 14.25 14.80 13.54 14.64 14.6 14.8

07202 Elizabeth, NJ 15.18 15.61 15.48 14.25 13.75 14.42 13.36 14.51 14.3 14.6

07203 Roselle, NJ 15.18 15.61 15.45 14.25 13.76 14.54 13.40 14.57 14.3 14.6

07204 Roselle Park, NJ 15.18 15.61 15.48 14.25 13.75 14.42 13.36 14.51 14.3 14.6

07205 Hillside, NJ 15.18 15.61 15.91 15.68 14.22 14.80 13.60 14.67 14.8 15.0

07206 Elizabethport, NJ 14.20 15.61 14.90 14.43 13.89 13.94 13.16 14.21 14.1 14.3

07208 Elizabeth, NJ 15.18 15.61 15.91 15.68 13.98 14.80 13.60 14.67 14.8 14.9

07302 Jersey City, NJ 16.88 16.10 16.66 15.78 15.11 15.41 14.42 15.83 15.5 15.8

07304 Jersey City, NJ 14.14 16.10 17.19 15.92 15.26 15.41 14.08 15.57 15.6 15.5

07305 Jersey City, NJ 14.14 16.10 16.25 15.48 15.04 15.41 13.84 15.22 15.2 15.2

07306 Jersey City, NJ 16.88 16.10 17.10 15.92 15.50 15.41 14.42 15.83 15.7 15.9

07307 Jersey City, NJ 16.88 16.10 17.36 16.44 15.92 15.41 14.68 16.09 16.0 16.1

07310 Jersey City, NJ 16.88 16.10 16.95 16.17 15.49 15.41 14.68 16.09 15.8 16.0

07407 Elmwood Park, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07410 Fair Lawn, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07424 Little Falls, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07432 Midland Park NJ Midland Park, NJ 12 26 . 13 70 . 13 41 . 13 30 . 12 57 . 13 42 . 13 3. 13 1.

07450 Ridgewood, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07452 Glen Rock, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07470 Wayne, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07481 Wyckoff, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07501 Paterson, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07502 Paterson, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07503 Paterson, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07504 Paterson, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07505 Paterson, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07506 Hawthorne, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07508 Haledon, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07512 Totowa, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07513 Paterson, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07514 Paterson, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07522 Paterson, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07524 Paterson, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

07601 Hackensack, NJ 13.71 14.61 14.54 13.50 13.33 12.03 14.53 13.8 13.7

07603 Bogota, NJ 13.71 14.61 14.54 13.50 13.33 12.03 14.53 13.8 13.7

07605 Leonia, NJ 13.71 15.59 15.22 14.67 14.52 13.26 15.24 14.8 14.6

07606 South Hackensack, NJ 13.71 14.61 14.54 13.50 13.33 12.03 14.53 13.8 13.7

07608 Teterboro, NJ 13.71 14.61 14.54 13.50 13.33 12.03 14.53 13.8 13.7

07621 Bergenfield, NJ 13.71 14.61 14.54 13.50 13.33 12.03 14.53 13.8 13.7

07631 Englewood, NJ 13.71 15.61 15.24 14.68 14.53 13.30 15.70 14.8 14.7

07632 Englewood Cliffs, NJ 13.71 15.27 15.00 14.50 14.37 13.24 14.67 14.5 14.4

07643 Little Ferry, NJ 13.71 15.88 15.19 13.50 13.33 12.03 14.53 14.1 14.0

07650 Palisades Park, NJ 13.71 15.98 15.38 14.67 14.52 13.26 15.24 14.8 14.7

07657 Ridgefield, NJ 13.71 16.46 15.90 15.16 14.52 13.81 15.65 15.3 15.0

07660 Ridgefield Park, NJ 13.71 15.88 15.19 13.50 13.33 12.03 14.53 14.1 14.0

07663 Saddle Brook, NJ 12.26 13.70 13.41 13.30 12.57 13.42 13.3 13.1

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 8 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

07666 Teaneck, NJ 13.71 14.61 14.54 13.50 13.33 12.03 14.53 13.8 13.7

07670 Tenafly, NJ 13.71 14.61 14.54 13.50 13.33 12.03 14.53 13.8 13.7

07834 Denville, NJ 12.89 13.43 12.09 12.18 11.08 12.52 12.4 12.4

07836 Flanders, NJ 10.58 11.11 11.77 11.14 10.74 10.11 10.92 11.0 10.9

07876 Succasunna, NJ 10.58 11.11 11.77 11.14 10.74 10.11 10.92 11.0 10.9

07927 Cedar Knolls, NJ 12.89 13.43 12.09 12.18 11.08 12.52 12.4 12.4

07930 Chester, NJ 10.58 11.11 11.77 11.14 10.74 10.11 10.92 11.0 10.9

07934 Gladstone, NJ 10.58 11.11 11.77 11.14 10.74 10.11 10.92 11.0 10.9

07935 Green Village, NJ 12.89 13.43 12.09 12.18 11.08 12.52 12.4 12.4

07940 Madison, NJ 12.89 13.43 12.09 12.18 11.08 12.52 12.4 12.4

07945 Mendham, NJ 10.58 11.11 11.77 11.14 10.74 10.11 10.92 11.0 10.9

07950 Morris Plains, NJ 12.89 13.43 12.09 12.18 11.08 12.52 12.4 12.4

07960 Morristown, NJ 12.89 13.43 12.09 12.18 11.08 12.52 12.4 12.4

07976 New Vernon, NJ 12.89 13.43 12.09 12.18 11.08 12.52 12.4 12.4

07981 Whippany, NJ 12.89 13.43 12.09 12.18 11.08 12.52 12.4 12.4

08002 Cherry Hill, NJ 14.45 13.89 15.28 14.23 14.36 13.92 13.17 14.33 14.2 14.2

08007 Barrington, NJ 14.06 13.74 15.07 14.11 13.17 14.39 14.2 14.1

08010 Beverly, NJ 12.00 13.64 14.47 14.78 14.42 13.04 14.34 14.1 13.8

08014 Bridgeport, NJ 13.12 15.53 15.19 14.24 14.70 13.65 15.40 14.8 14.5

08016 Burlington, NJ 12.00 13.64 14.47 14.78 14.42 13.04 14.34 14.1 13.8

08020 Clarksboro, NJ 15.14 14.53 13.02 13.76 12.38 14.25 13.8 13.8

08027 Gibbstown, NJ 15.14 14.53 13.02 13.76 12.38 14.25 13.8 13.8

08030 Gloucester City, NJ 14.06 13.74 15.07 16.98 15.17 16.13 13.78 14.73 15.3 15.0

08031 Bellmawr, NJ 14.06 13.74 15.07 14.11 13.17 14.39 14.2 14.1

08033 Haddonfield, NJ 14.06 13.74 15.07 14.11 13.17 14.39 14.2 14.1

08035 Haddon Heights, NJ 14.06 13.74 15.07 14.11 13.17 14.39 14.2 14.1

08045 Lawnside, NJ 14.06 13.74 15.07 14.11 13.17 14.39 14.2 14.1

08046 Willingboro, NJ 12.00 13.64 14.47 14.78 14.42 13.04 14.34 14.1 13.8

08052 Maple Shade, NJ 14.85 14.05 15.48 14.23 14.62 13.92 13.16 14.27 14.3 14.3

08056 Mickleton, NJ 15.14 14.53 13.02 13.76 12.38 14.25 13.8 13.8

08059 Mount Ephraim NJ Mount Ephraim, NJ 14 06 . 13 74 . 15 07 . 14 11 . 13 17 . 14 39 . 14 2. 14 1.

08063 National Park, NJ 14.81 16.83 15.31 15.08 13.56 14.65 15.0 15.0

08065 Palmyra, NJ 14.85 14.35 15.02 15.11 14.58 13.97 13.28 13.80 14.3 14.4

08066 Paulsboro, NJ 15.14 14.53 13.02 13.76 12.38 14.25 13.8 13.8

08067 Pedricktown, NJ 14.26 15.39 15.58 14.69 14.81 13.90 14.30 14.8 14.7

08069 Penns Grove, NJ 14.26 15.39 15.58 14.69 14.81 13.90 14.30 14.8 14.7

08075 Riverside, NJ 14.66 14.62 14.32 13.19 12.78 12.93 13.7 13.7

08077 Riverton, NJ 14.85 14.05 15.07 14.42 14.47 13.55 12.97 13.60 14.0 14.1

08078 Runnemede, NJ 14.06 13.74 15.07 14.11 13.17 14.39 14.2 14.1

08093 Westville, NJ 14.06 13.74 15.07 14.11 13.17 14.39 14.2 14.1

08102 Camden, NJ 14.45 14.14 15.16 15.89 14.94 14.95 13.66 14.48 14.8 14.7

08103 Camden, NJ 14.45 14.14 15.16 15.89 14.94 14.95 13.66 14.48 14.8 14.7

08104 Camden, NJ 14.06 13.74 15.07 16.98 15.17 16.13 13.78 14.73 15.3 15.0

08105 Camden, NJ 14.45 14.14 15.16 15.89 14.94 14.95 13.66 14.48 14.8 14.7

08106 Audubon, NJ 14.06 13.74 15.07 14.11 13.17 14.39 14.2 14.1

08107 Oaklyn, NJ 14.06 13.74 15.07 16.98 15.17 16.13 13.78 14.73 15.3 15.0

08108 Collingswood, NJ 14.45 13.89 15.28 14.23 14.36 13.92 13.17 14.33 14.2 14.2

08109 Merchantville, NJ 14.45 14.14 15.16 15.35 14.51 14.36 13.41 14.29 14.5 14.5

08110 Pennsauken, NJ 14.45 14.14 15.16 15.35 14.51 14.36 13.41 14.29 14.5 14.5

08203 Brigantine, NJ 11.58 12.04 10.62 11.77 11.5 11.5

08401 Atlantic City, NJ 11.58 12.04 10.62 11.77 11.5 11.5

08406 Ventnor City, NJ 11.58 12.04 10.62 11.77 11.5 11.5

08518 Florence, NJ 12.00 13.64 14.47 14.78 14.42 13.04 14.34 14.1 13.8

08530 Lambertville, NJ 11.14 12.06 11.97 11.97 10.95 12.07 11.8 11.7

08534 Pennington, NJ 11.14 12.06 11.97 11.97 10.95 12.07 11.8 11.7

08560 Titusville, NJ 11.14 12.06 11.97 11.97 10.95 12.07 11.8 11.7

08608 Trenton, NJ 14.56 13.27 14.72 14.93 13.75 13.47 12.49 12.97 13.7 13.8

08609 Trenton, NJ 14.56 13.27 14.72 14.93 13.75 13.47 12.49 12.97 13.7 13.8

08610 Trenton, NJ 14.56 13.27 14.72 14.93 13.75 13.47 12.49 12.97 13.7 13.8

08611 Trenton, NJ 14.56 13.27 14.72 14.93 13.75 13.47 12.49 12.97 13.7 13.8

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 9 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

08618 Trenton, NJ 14.56 13.27 14.72 14.93 13.75 13.47 12.49 12.97 13.7 13.8

08619 Trenton, NJ 14.56 13.27 14.72 14.93 13.75 13.47 12.49 12.97 13.7 13.8

08628 Trenton, NJ 14.56 12.20 13.39 14.93 12.86 12.72 11.72 12.52 13.0 13.1

08629 Trenton, NJ 14.56 13.27 14.72 14.93 13.75 13.47 12.49 12.97 13.7 13.8

08638 Trenton, NJ 14.56 13.27 14.72 14.93 13.75 13.47 12.49 12.97 13.7 13.8

08648 Lawrence Township, NJ 14.56 13.27 14.72 14.93 13.75 13.47 12.49 12.97 13.7 13.8

08701 Lakewood, NJ 10.37 11.52 11.45 11.64 10.40 11.78 11.4 11.2

08722 Beachwood, NJ 10.37 11.52 11.45 11.64 10.40 11.78 11.4 11.2

08723 Brick, NJ 10.37 11.52 11.45 11.64 10.40 11.78 11.4 11.2

08732 Island Heights, NJ 10.37 11.52 11.45 11.64 10.40 11.78 11.4 11.2

08740 Ocean Gate, NJ 10.37 11.52 11.45 11.64 10.40 11.78 11.4 11.2

08741 Pine Beach, NJ 10.37 11.52 11.45 11.64 10.40 11.78 11.4 11.2

08753 Toms River, NJ 10.37 11.52 11.45 11.64 10.40 11.78 11.4 11.2

08755 Toms River, NJ 10.37 11.52 11.45 11.64 10.40 11.78 11.4 11.2

08816 East Brunswick, NJ 11.49 13.14 13.23 11.82 12.96 11.19 13.41 12.6 12.5

08817 Edison, NJ 11.49 13.14 13.23 11.82 12.96 11.19 13.41 12.6 12.5

08830 Iselin, NJ 14.17 12.83 13.08 13.29 12.64 14.04 13.3 13.3

08850 Milltown, NJ 11.49 13.14 13.23 11.82 12.96 11.19 13.41 12.6 12.5

08861 Perth Amboy, NJ 14.17 12.83 13.08 13.29 12.64 14.04 13.3 13.3

08863 Fords, NJ 14.17 12.83 13.08 13.29 12.64 14.04 13.3 13.3

08865 Phillipsburg, NJ 13.94 13.67 13.31 13.46 12.22 13.66 13.4 13.4

08872 Sayreville, NJ 11.49 13.14 13.23 11.82 12.96 11.19 13.41 12.6 12.5

08882 South River, NJ 11.49 13.14 13.23 11.82 12.96 11.19 13.41 12.6 12.5

08884 Spotswood, NJ 11.49 13.14 13.23 11.82 12.96 11.19 13.41 12.6 12.5

08886 Stewartsville, NJ 13.94 13.67 13.31 13.46 12.22 13.66 13.4 13.4

08901 New Brunswick, NJ 11.49 13.14 13.23 11.82 12.96 11.19 13.41 12.6 12.5

08902 North Brunswick, NJ 11.49 13.14 13.23 11.82 12.96 11.19 13.41 12.6 12.5

08904 Highland Park, NJ 11.49 13.14 13.23 11.82 12.96 11.19 13.41 12.6 12.5

10001 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.69 15.91 15.24 15.03 14.29 15.66 15.5 15.7

10002 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.85 16.03 15.25 15.20 14.51 15.93 15.6 15.8

10003 New York NY New York, NY 16 88 . 16 10 . 16 69 . 15 91 . 15 24 . 15 03 . 14 29 . 15 66 . 15 5. 15 7.

10004 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.85 16.03 15.25 15.20 14.51 15.93 15.6 15.8

10005 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.85 16.03 15.25 15.20 14.51 15.93 15.6 15.8

10006 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.85 16.03 15.25 15.20 14.51 15.93 15.6 15.8

10007 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.85 16.03 15.25 15.20 14.51 15.93 15.6 15.8

10009 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.69 15.91 15.24 15.03 14.29 15.66 15.5 15.7

10010 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.69 15.91 15.24 15.03 14.29 15.66 15.5 15.7

10011 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.85 16.03 15.34 15.20 14.51 15.93 15.6 15.9

10012 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.85 16.03 15.25 15.20 14.51 15.93 15.6 15.8

10013 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.85 16.03 15.25 15.20 14.51 15.93 15.6 15.8

10014 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.85 16.03 15.34 15.20 14.51 15.93 15.6 15.9

10016 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.69 15.91 15.24 15.03 14.29 15.66 15.5 15.7

10017 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.69 15.91 15.24 15.03 14.29 15.66 15.5 15.7

10018 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.69 15.91 15.24 15.03 14.29 15.66 15.5 15.7

10019 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.94 16.05 15.48 15.03 14.29 15.66 15.6 15.8

10020 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.94 16.05 15.48 15.03 14.29 15.66 15.6 15.8

10021 New York, NY 19.63 13.71 16.47 15.89 15.23 14.84 14.04 15.46 15.3 15.7

10022 New York, NY 19.63 16.95 16.33 15.60 15.03 14.40 15.71 15.7 16.2

10023 New York, NY 16.88 14.91 16.65 15.85 15.28 14.86 14.04 15.67 15.4 15.5

10024 New York, NY 19.63 13.71 16.47 15.89 15.23 14.84 14.04 15.46 15.3 15.7

10025 New York, NY 19.63 13.71 16.47 15.89 15.23 14.84 14.04 15.46 15.3 15.7

10026 New York, NY 19.63 13.71 16.33 15.69 15.13 14.65 13.98 15.43 15.2 15.6

10027 New York, NY 19.63 13.71 16.21 15.73 15.03 14.61 13.79 15.26 15.1 15.5

10028 New York, NY 19.63 13.71 16.47 15.89 15.23 14.84 14.04 15.46 15.3 15.7

10029 New York, NY 19.63 13.71 16.21 15.66 15.13 14.65 13.98 15.43 15.2 15.6

10030 New York, NY 13.71 15.86 15.50 14.86 14.37 13.61 15.04 14.9 14.7

10031 New York, NY 13.71 15.79 15.50 14.86 14.37 13.61 15.04 14.9 14.7

10032 New York, NY 13.71 15.79 15.50 14.86 14.37 13.61 15.04 14.9 14.7

10033 New York, NY 13.71 15.27 15.00 14.50 14.37 13.24 14.67 14.5 14.4

10034 New York, NY 13.71 15.27 15.00 14.50 14.37 13.24 14.67 14.5 14.4

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 10 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

10035 New York, NY 19.63 13.71 15.98 15.48 14.99 14.45 13.82 15.24 15.0 15.4

10036 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.94 16.05 15.48 15.03 14.29 15.66 15.6 15.8

10037 New York, NY 13.71 15.86 15.50 14.86 14.37 13.61 15.04 14.9 14.7

10038 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.85 16.03 15.25 15.20 14.51 15.93 15.6 15.8

10039 New York, NY 13.71 15.79 15.50 14.86 14.37 13.61 15.04 14.9 14.7

10040 New York, NY 13.71 15.27 15.00 14.50 14.37 13.24 14.67 14.5 14.4

10044 New York, NY 19.63 16.70 16.08 15.48 15.14 14.33 15.60 15.6 16.1

10065 New York, NY 19.63 16.70 16.08 15.48 15.14 14.33 15.60 15.6 16.1

10075 New York, NY 19.63 13.71 16.47 15.89 15.23 14.84 14.04 15.46 15.3 15.7

10128 New York, NY 19.63 13.71 16.47 15.89 15.23 14.84 14.04 15.46 15.3 15.7

10280 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.85 16.03 15.25 15.20 14.51 15.93 15.6 15.8

10282 New York, NY 16.88 16.10 16.85 16.03 15.25 15.20 14.51 15.93 15.6 15.8

10301 Staten Island, NY 13.22 13.37 14.55 13.72 11.36 12.50 13.51 13.2 13.2

10302 Staten Island, NY 14.20 16.15 14.59 14.43 13.86 13.82 13.32 14.12 14.0 14.3

10303 Staten Island, NY 14.20 15.61 14.73 14.43 13.66 13.89 13.14 14.17 14.0 14.2

10304 Staten Island, NY 13.22 13.37 14.55 13.72 11.36 12.50 13.51 13.2 13.2

10305 Staten Island, NY 13.22 13.37 14.55 13.72 11.36 12.50 13.51 13.2 13.2

10306 Staten Island, NY 13.22 13.37 13.80 13.23 11.36 12.50 13.51 13.0 13.0

10308 Staten Island, NY 13.22 13.37 13.80 13.23 11.36 12.50 13.51 13.0 13.0

10310 Staten Island, NY 13.22 13.37 13.80 13.23 11.36 12.50 13.51 13.0 13.0

10312 Staten Island, NY 13.22 12.43 13.08 12.09 11.36 11.65 12.48 12.2 12.3

10314 Staten Island, NY 14.20 16.15 14.59 14.43 13.86 13.82 13.32 14.12 14.0 14.3

10451 Bronx, NY 13.71 15.79 15.50 14.86 14.37 13.61 15.04 14.9 14.7

10452 Bronx, NY 13.71 15.27 15.00 14.50 14.37 13.24 14.67 14.5 14.4

10453 Bronx, NY 13.71 15.27 15.00 14.50 14.37 13.24 14.67 14.5 14.4

10454 Bronx, NY 13.71 15.60 15.26 14.86 14.37 13.61 15.04 14.8 14.6

10455 Bronx, NY 13.71 15.51 15.26 14.86 14.37 13.61 15.04 14.8 14.6

10456 Bronx, NY 13.71 15.02 14.81 14.50 14.37 13.24 14.67 14.4 14.3

10457 Bronx, NY 13.71 15.27 15.00 14.50 14.37 13.24 14.67 14.5 14.4

10458 Bronx, NY 13.71 15.27 15.00 14.50 14.37 13.24 14.67 14.5 14.4

10459 Bronx NY Bronx, NY 13 71 . 15 02 . 14 70 . 14 36 . 14 37 . 13 24 . 14 67 . 14 4. 14 3.

10460 Bronx, NY 15.11 14.73 14.54 14.64 13.55 14.71 14.5 14.5

10461 Bronx, NY 15.00 14.63 14.51 14.68 13.67 14.83 14.6 14.6

10462 Bronx, NY 15.00 14.63 14.51 14.68 13.67 14.83 14.6 14.6

10463 Bronx, NY 13.71 15.27 15.00 14.50 14.37 13.24 14.67 14.5 14.4

10464 Bronx, NY 12.73 12.94 12.29 12.15 11.27 12.41 12.3 12.3

10465 Bronx, NY 14.46 14.28 13.79 13.95 12.87 13.34 13.8 13.8

10466 Bronx, NY 14.33 14.37 13.99 13.42 12.73 13.90 13.8 13.8

10467 Bronx, NY 15.40 15.09 14.78 14.68 13.67 14.83 14.7 14.7

10468 Bronx, NY 13.71 15.27 15.00 14.50 14.37 13.24 14.67 14.5 14.4

10469 Bronx, NY 15.40 15.09 14.78 14.68 13.67 14.83 14.7 14.7

10470 Bronx, NY 15.47 15.15 14.92 14.58 13.65 15.38 14.9 14.9

10471 Bronx, NY 15.40 15.09 14.78 14.68 13.67 14.83 14.7 14.7

10472 Bronx, NY 15.11 14.73 14.54 14.64 13.55 14.71 14.5 14.5

10473 Bronx, NY 15.11 14.73 14.54 14.64 13.55 14.71 14.5 14.5

10474 Bronx, NY 15.11 14.73 14.54 14.64 13.55 14.71 14.5 14.5

10475 Bronx, NY 13.53 13.66 13.14 12.78 12.00 13.15 13.0 13.0

10528 Harrison, NY 12.73 12.94 12.29 12.15 11.27 12.41 12.3 12.3

10538 Larchmont, NY 12.73 12.94 12.29 12.15 11.27 12.41 12.3 12.3

10543 Mamaroneck, NY 12.73 12.94 12.29 12.15 11.27 12.41 12.3 12.3

10550 Mount Vernon, NY 13.53 13.66 13.14 12.78 12.00 13.15 13.0 13.0

10552 Mount Vernon, NY 13.53 13.66 13.14 12.78 12.00 13.15 13.0 13.0

10553 Mount Vernon, NY 13.53 13.66 13.14 12.78 12.00 13.15 13.0 13.0

10583 Scarsdale, NY 12.73 12.94 12.29 12.15 11.27 12.41 12.3 12.3

10605 White Plains, NY 12.73 12.94 12.29 12.15 11.27 12.41 12.3 12.3

10701 Yonkers, NY 14.33 14.37 13.99 13.42 12.73 13.90 13.8 13.8

10703 Yonkers, NY 14.33 14.37 13.99 13.42 12.73 13.90 13.8 13.8

10704 Yonkers, NY 14.33 14.37 13.99 13.42 12.73 13.90 13.8 13.8

10705 Yonkers, NY 15.47 15.15 14.92 14.58 13.65 15.38 14.9 14.9

10707 Tuckahoe, NY 12.73 12.94 12.29 12.15 11.27 12.41 12.3 12.3

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 11 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

10708 Bronxville, NY 13.53 13.66 13.14 12.78 12.00 13.15 13.0 13.0

10709 Eastchester, NY 12.73 12.94 12.29 12.15 11.27 12.41 12.3 12.3

10710 Yonkers, NY 12.73 12.94 12.29 12.15 11.27 12.41 12.3 12.3

10801 New Rochelle, NY 12.73 12.94 12.29 12.15 11.27 12.41 12.3 12.3

10803 Pelham, NY 13.53 13.66 13.14 12.78 12.00 13.15 13.0 13.0

10804 New Rochelle, NY 12.73 12.94 12.29 12.15 11.27 12.41 12.3 12.3

10805 New Rochelle, NY 12.73 12.94 12.29 12.15 11.27 12.41 12.3 12.3

11001 Floral Park, NY 13.07 13.1 13.1

11003 Elmont, NY 12.65 12.86 11.93 12.41 11.41 12.40 12.3 12.3

11004 Glen Oaks, NY 13.07 13.1 13.1

11005 Floral Park, NY 13.07 12.26 11.84 12.4 12.4

11020 Great Neck, NY 13.07 12.26 11.84 12.4 12.4

11021 Great Neck, NY 13.07 13.1 13.1

11023 Great Neck, NY 13.07 13.1 13.1

11024 Great Neck, NY 13.07 13.1 13.1

11030 Manhasset, NY 13.07 12.26 11.84 12.4 12.4

11040 New Hyde Park, NY 13.07 12.26 11.84 12.4 12.4

11042 New Hyde Park, NY 13.07 12.26 11.84 12.4 12.4

11050 Port Washington, NY 12.26 11.84 12.0 12.0

11096 Inwood, NY 12.22 12.86 11.93 12.41 11.41 12.40 12.2 12.2

11101 Long Island City, NY 19.63 16.64 16.15 15.42 14.99 14.29 15.38 15.5 16.1

11102 Astoria, NY 19.63 16.10 15.54 15.40 14.98 14.31 15.58 15.3 15.9

11103 Astoria, NY 19.63 16.10 15.33 15.15 14.98 14.31 15.58 15.2 15.9

11104 Sunnyside, NY 19.63 16.01 15.47 15.31 14.73 14.25 15.32 15.2 15.8

11105 Astoria, NY 19.63 16.10 15.33 14.98 14.98 14.15 15.42 15.2 15.8

11106 Astoria, NY 19.63 16.28 15.79 15.48 15.14 14.33 15.60 15.4 16.0

11109 Long Island City, NY 19.63 16.66 16.12 15.30 15.03 14.40 15.71 15.5 16.1

11201 Brooklyn, NY 16.88 16.10 16.80 16.07 15.25 15.20 14.51 15.93 15.6 15.8

11203 Brooklyn, NY 15.56 15.49 14.36 14.80 13.84 15.31 14.9 14.9

11204 Brooklyn, NY 14.88 15.56 14.25 14.9 14.9

11205 Brooklyn NY Brooklyn, NY 19 63 . 16 78 . 16 34 . 15 31 . 15 29 . 14 71 . 16 06 . 15 7. 16 3.

11206 Brooklyn, NY 19.63 16.78 16.42 15.43 15.29 14.71 16.06 15.8 16.3

11207 Brooklyn, NY 15.56 15.22 14.19 14.80 13.84 15.31 14.8 14.8

11208 Brooklyn, NY 14.18 12.98 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.0 13.0

11209 Brooklyn, NY 14.88 15.56 14.25 14.9 14.9

11210 Brooklyn, NY 14.88 15.56 14.25 14.9 14.9

11211 Brooklyn, NY 19.63 16.78 16.42 15.43 15.29 14.71 16.06 15.8 16.3

11212 Brooklyn, NY 15.56 15.22 14.19 14.80 13.84 15.31 14.8 14.8

11213 Brooklyn, NY 19.63 16.38 15.90 15.14 15.29 14.46 15.79 15.5 16.1

11214 Brooklyn, NY 14.88 15.56 14.25 14.9 14.9

11215 Brooklyn, NY 19.63 16.38 15.93 15.05 15.29 14.46 15.79 15.5 16.1

11216 Brooklyn, NY 19.63 16.78 16.34 15.31 15.29 14.71 16.06 15.7 16.3

11217 Brooklyn, NY 16.88 16.10 16.80 16.07 15.25 15.20 14.51 15.93 15.6 15.8

11218 Brooklyn, NY 16.21 15.93 14.76 15.29 14.14 15.51 15.3 15.3

11219 Brooklyn, NY 14.88 15.56 14.25 14.9 14.9

11220 Brooklyn, NY 16.21 16.13 14.82 15.78 14.45 15.71 15.5 15.5

11221 Brooklyn, NY 19.63 16.78 16.42 15.43 15.29 14.71 16.06 15.8 16.3

11222 Brooklyn, NY 19.63 16.58 16.18 15.30 15.03 14.40 15.71 15.5 16.1

11223 Brooklyn, NY 14.88 15.56 14.25 14.9 14.9

11224 Brooklyn, NY 16.04 14.69 15.4 15.4

11225 Brooklyn, NY 19.63 16.38 15.93 15.05 15.29 14.46 15.79 15.5 16.1

11226 Brooklyn, NY 16.23 15.93 15.05 15.29 14.46 15.79 15.5 15.5

11228 Brooklyn, NY 14.88 15.56 14.25 14.9 14.9

11229 Brooklyn, NY 14.88 15.56 14.25 14.9 14.9

11230 Brooklyn, NY 14.88 15.56 14.25 14.9 14.9

11231 Brooklyn, NY 16.88 16.10 16.80 16.07 15.25 15.20 14.51 15.93 15.6 15.8

11232 Brooklyn, NY 14.14 16.10 16.44 15.76 15.11 15.41 14.42 15.83 15.5 15.4

11233 Brooklyn, NY 15.56 15.22 14.86 14.80 14.46 15.83 15.1 15.1

11234 Brooklyn, NY 14.88 15.09 13.81 14.6 14.6

11236 Brooklyn, NY 14.88 15.09 13.81 14.6 14.6

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 12 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

11237 Brooklyn, NY 19.63 16.78 16.42 15.43 15.29 14.71 16.06 15.8 16.3

11238 Brooklyn, NY 19.63 16.78 16.34 15.31 15.29 14.71 16.06 15.7 16.3

11251 Brooklyn, NY 16.88 16.10 16.80 16.07 15.25 15.20 14.51 15.93 15.6 15.8

11252 Brooklyn, NY 14.88 15.56 14.25 14.9 14.9

11354 Flushing, NY 13.44 14.02 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.1 13.1

11355 Flushing, NY 13.44 14.02 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.1 13.1

11356 College Point, NY 14.52 14.26 13.72 14.21 12.93 13.06 13.8 13.8

11357 Whitestone, NY 13.44 14.02 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.1 13.1

11358 Flushing, NY 13.44 14.02 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.1 13.1

11359 Bayside, NY 13.44 14.02 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.1 13.1

11360 Bayside, NY 13.44 14.02 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.1 13.1

11361 Bayside, NY 13.44 14.02 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.1 13.1

11362 Little Neck, NY 13.07 13.1 13.1

11363 Little Neck, NY 13.07 14.12 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.1 13.1

11364 Oakland Gardens, NY 13.07 14.12 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.1 13.1

11365 Fresh Meadows, NY 13.44 14.02 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.1 13.1

11366 Fresh Meadows, NY 13.44 14.02 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.1 13.1

11367 Flushing, NY 13.44 14.02 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.1 13.1

11368 Corona, NY 14.52 14.26 13.72 14.21 12.93 13.06 13.8 13.8

11369 East Elmhurst, NY 15.49 14.79 14.38 14.69 13.49 14.52 14.6 14.6

11370 East Elmhurst, NY 15.98 15.19 14.70 14.69 13.82 14.91 14.9 14.9

11371 Flushing, NY 15.98 15.19 14.70 14.69 13.82 14.91 14.9 14.9

11372 Jackson Heights, NY 15.85 15.08 14.50 14.43 13.67 14.52 14.7 14.7

11373 Elmhurst, NY 15.21 14.60 14.08 14.43 13.22 13.94 14.2 14.2

11374 Rego Park, NY 13.80 14.02 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.2 13.2

11375 Forest Hills, NY 13.80 14.02 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.2 13.2

11377 Woodside, NY 19.63 16.01 15.08 14.74 14.43 13.90 14.83 14.8 15.5

11378 Maspeth, NY 19.63 16.17 15.10 14.78 14.28 13.95 15.05 14.9 15.6

11379 Middle Village, NY 15.03 14.35 13.74 14.17 13.00 13.84 14.0 14.0

11385 Ridgewood, NY 15.56 14.87 13.79 14.17 13.00 13.84 14.2 14.2

11411 Cambria Heights NY Cambria Heights, NY 12 65 . 12 86 . 11 93 . 12 41 . 11 41 . 12 40 . 12 3. 12 3.

11412 Saint Albans, NY 12.65 13.52 12.45 12.98 11.79 12.39 12.6 12.6

11413 Springfield Gardens, NY 12.65 12.86 11.93 12.41 11.41 12.40 12.3 12.3

11414 Howard Beach, NY 14.18 12.98 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.0 13.0

11415 Kew Gardens, NY 13.44 14.02 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.1 13.1

11416 Ozone Park, NY 14.18 12.98 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.0 13.0

11417 Ozone Park, NY 14.18 12.98 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.0 13.0

11418 Richmond Hill, NY 13.80 14.02 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.2 13.2

11419 South Richmond Hill, NY 14.12 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.1 13.1

11420 South Ozone Park, NY 14.18 12.98 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.0 13.0

11421 Woodhaven, NY 13.80 14.02 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.2 13.2

11422 Rosedale, NY 12.22 12.86 11.93 12.41 11.41 12.40 12.2 12.2

11423 Hollis, NY 13.07 14.12 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.1 13.1

11426 Bellerose, NY 13.07 13.1 13.1

11427 Queens Village, NY 13.07 14.18 12.98 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.1 13.1

11428 Queens Village, NY 13.07 14.18 12.98 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.1 13.1

11429 Queens Village, NY 12.65 13.52 12.45 12.98 11.79 12.39 12.6 12.6

11430 Jamaica, NY 12.22 12.86 11.93 12.41 11.41 12.40 12.2 12.2

11432 Jamaica, NY 13.44 14.02 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.1 13.1

11433 Jamaica, NY 12.65 13.70 12.86 12.98 11.79 12.39 12.7 12.7

11434 Jamaica, NY 12.65 13.52 12.45 12.98 11.79 12.39 12.6 12.6

11435 Jamaica, NY 13.44 14.02 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.1 13.1

11436 Jamaica, NY 12.22 13.52 12.45 12.98 11.79 12.39 12.6 12.6

11439 Jamaica, NY 13.44 14.02 13.33 13.54 12.17 12.38 13.1 13.1

11501 Mineola, NY 12.26 11.84 12.0 12.0

11507 Albertson, NY 12.26 11.84 12.0 12.0

11509 Atlantic Beach, NY 12.22 12.86 11.93 12.41 11.41 12.40 12.2 12.2

11514 Carle Place, NY 12.26 11.84 12.0 12.0

11516 Cedarhurst, NY 12.22 12.86 11.93 12.41 11.41 12.40 12.2 12.2

11518 East Rockaway, NY 12.22 12.86 11.93 12.41 11.41 12.40 12.2 12.2

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 13 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

11530 Garden City, NY 12.26 11.84 12.0 12.0

11542 Glen Cove, NY 12.26 11.84 12.0 12.0

11545 Glen Head, NY 12.26 11.84 12.0 12.0

11548 Greenvale, NY 12.26 11.84 12.0 12.0

11549 Hempstead, NY 12.26 11.84 12.0 12.0

11550 Hempstead, NY 12.26 11.84 12.0 12.0

11554 East Meadow, NY 12.51 11.78 12.1 12.1

11557 Hewlett, NY 12.22 12.86 11.93 12.41 11.41 12.40 12.2 12.2

11558 Island Park, NY 12.22 12.86 11.93 12.41 11.41 12.40 12.2 12.2

11559 Lawrence, NY 12.22 12.86 11.93 12.41 11.41 12.40 12.2 12.2

11561 Long Beach, NY 12.22 12.86 11.93 12.41 11.41 12.40 12.2 12.2

11563 Lynbrook, NY 12.22 12.86 11.93 12.41 11.41 12.40 12.2 12.2

11565 Malverne, NY 12.22 12.86 11.93 12.41 11.41 12.40 12.2 12.2

11568 Old Westbury, NY 12.26 11.84 12.0 12.0

11576 Roslyn, NY 12.26 11.84 12.0 12.0

11577 Roslyn Heights, NY 12.26 11.84 12.0 12.0

11579 Sea Cliff, NY 12.26 11.84 12.0 12.0

11580 Valley Stream, NY 12.22 12.86 11.93 12.41 11.41 12.40 12.2 12.2

11581 Valley Stream, NY 12.22 12.86 11.93 12.41 11.41 12.40 12.2 12.2

11590 Westbury, NY 12.38 11.81 12.1 12.1

11596 Williston Park, NY 12.26 11.84 12.0 12.0

11598 Woodmere, NY 12.22 12.86 11.93 12.41 11.41 12.40 12.2 12.2

11691 Far Rockaway, NY 12.22 12.86 11.93 12.41 11.41 12.40 12.2 12.2

11692 Arverne, NY 12.22 12.86 11.93 12.41 11.41 12.40 12.2 12.2

11701 Amityville, NY 12.62 13.02 11.97 11.87 10.69 12.00 12.0 12.0

11704 West Babylon, NY 12.62 13.02 11.97 11.87 10.69 12.00 12.0 12.0

11714 Bethpage, NY 12.62 12.76 11.88 11.87 10.69 12.00 12.0 12.0

11726 Copiague, NY 12.62 13.02 11.97 11.87 10.69 12.00 12.0 12.0

11735 Farmingdale, NY 12.62 12.76 11.88 11.87 10.69 12.00 12.0 12.0

11746 Huntington Station, NY 12.62 13.02 11.97 11.87 10.69 12.00 12.0 12.0

11747 Melville NY Melville, NY 12 62 . 12 76 . 11 88 . 11 87 . 10 69 . 12 00 . 12 0. 12 0.

11753 Jericho, NY 12.51 11.78 12.1 12.1

11756 Levittown, NY 12.51 11.78 12.1 12.1

11757 Lindenhurst, NY 12.62 13.02 11.97 11.87 10.69 12.00 12.0 12.0

11758 Massapequa, NY 12.62 12.76 11.88 11.87 10.69 12.00 12.0 12.0

11762 Massapequa Park, NY 12.62 13.02 11.97 11.87 10.69 12.00 12.0 12.0

11783 Seaford, NY 12.51 11.78 12.1 12.1

11791 Syosset, NY 12.51 11.78 12.1 12.1

11793 Wantagh, NY 12.51 11.78 12.1 12.1

11797 Woodbury, NY 12.62 12.76 11.88 11.87 10.69 12.00 12.0 12.0

11798 Wyandanch, NY 12.62 13.02 11.97 11.87 10.69 12.00 12.0 12.0

11801 Hicksville, NY 12.51 11.78 12.1 12.1

11803 Plainview, NY 12.62 12.76 11.88 11.87 10.69 12.00 12.0 12.0

11804 Old Bethpage, NY 12.62 12.76 11.88 11.87 10.69 12.00 12.0 12.0

12008 Alplaus, NY 10.75 10.83 11.45 11.0 11.0

12077 Glenmont, NY 11.38 10.54 11.44 11.79 11.04 12.47 11.4 11.4

12110 Latham, NY 10.33 10.54 11.44 10.8 10.8

12144 Rensselaer, NY 11.38 10.54 11.44 11.79 11.04 12.47 11.4 11.4

12189 Watervliet, NY 10.33 10.54 11.44 10.8 10.8

12202 Albany, NY 11.38 10.54 11.44 11.79 11.04 12.47 11.4 11.4

12203 Albany, NY 10.33 10.54 11.44 10.8 10.8

12204 Albany, NY 11.38 10.54 11.44 11.79 11.04 12.47 11.4 11.4

12205 Albany, NY 10.33 10.54 11.44 10.8 10.8

12206 Albany, NY 11.38 10.54 11.44 11.79 11.04 12.47 11.4 11.4

12207 Albany, NY 11.38 10.54 11.44 11.79 11.04 12.47 11.4 11.4

12208 Albany, NY 11.38 10.54 11.44 11.79 11.04 12.47 11.4 11.4

12209 Albany, NY 11.38 10.54 11.44 11.79 11.04 12.47 11.4 11.4

12210 Albany, NY 11.38 10.54 11.44 11.79 11.04 12.47 11.4 11.4

12211 Albany, NY 11.38 10.54 11.44 11.79 11.04 12.47 11.4 11.4

12302 Schenectady, NY 10.75 10.83 11.45 11.0 11.0

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 14 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

12303 Schenectady, NY 10.75 10.83 11.45 11.0 11.0

12304 Schenectady, NY 10.75 10.83 11.45 11.0 11.0

12305 Schenectady, NY 10.75 10.83 11.45 11.0 11.0

12306 Schenectady, NY 10.75 10.83 11.45 11.0 11.0

12307 Schenectady, NY 10.75 10.83 11.45 11.0 11.0

12308 Schenectady, NY 10.75 10.83 11.45 11.0 11.0

12309 Schenectady, NY 10.75 10.83 11.45 11.0 11.0

12508 Beacon, NY 11.87 11.58 11.51 11.79 10.42 12.09 11.5 11.5

12518 Cornwall, NY 11.87 11.58 11.51 11.79 10.42 12.09 11.5 11.5

12520 Cornwall on Hudson, NY 11.87 11.58 11.51 11.79 10.42 12.09 11.5 11.5

12528 Highland, NY 11.55 11.17 11.16 11.3 11.3

12538 Hyde Park, NY 11.55 11.17 11.16 11.3 11.3

12547 Milton, NY 11.55 11.17 11.16 11.3 11.3

12550 Newburgh, NY 11.87 11.58 11.51 11.79 10.42 12.09 11.5 11.5

12553 New Windsor, NY 11.87 11.58 11.51 11.79 10.42 12.09 11.5 11.5

12601 Poughkeepsie, NY 11.55 11.17 11.16 11.3 11.3

12603 Poughkeepsie, NY 11.55 11.17 11.16 11.3 11.3

12604 Poughkeepsie, NY 11.55 11.17 11.16 11.3 11.3

12928 Crown Point, NY 9.25 9.74 9.5 9.5

12997 Wilmington, NY 9.91 8.46 5.54 6.88 6.87 5.93 5.82 6.67 6.3 7.0

13057 East Syracuse, NY 10.94 10.61 11.13 9.92 9.96 11.55 10.7 10.7

13066 Fayetteville, NY 10.94 10.61 11.13 9.92 9.96 11.55 10.7 10.7

13078 Jamesville, NY 10.94 10.61 11.13 9.92 9.96 11.55 10.7 10.7

13088 Liverpool, NY 12.23 11.48 11.59 11.8 11.8

13116 Minoa, NY 10.94 10.61 11.13 9.92 9.96 11.55 10.7 10.7

13120 Nedrow, NY 10.97 11.00 11.0 11.0

13202 Syracuse, NY 12.23 11.22 11.29 11.6 11.6

13203 Syracuse, NY 11.58 11.02 11.24 9.92 9.96 11.55 10.9 10.9

13204 Syracuse, NY 12.23 11.22 11.29 11.6 11.6

13205 Syracuse, NY 12.23 11.22 11.29 11.6 11.6

13206 Syracuse NY Syracuse, NY 11 58 . 11 02 . 11 24 . 9 92 . 9 96 . 11 55 . 10 9. 10 9.

13207 Syracuse, NY 12.23 11.22 11.29 11.6 11.6

13208 Syracuse, NY 12.23 11.22 11.29 11.6 11.6

13209 Syracuse, NY 12.23 11.48 11.59 11.8 11.8

13210 Syracuse, NY 11.58 11.02 11.24 9.92 9.96 11.55 10.9 10.9

13211 Syracuse, NY 11.58 11.04 11.36 9.92 9.96 11.55 10.9 10.9

13212 Syracuse, NY 12.23 11.48 11.59 11.8 11.8

13214 Syracuse, NY 10.94 10.61 11.13 9.92 9.96 11.55 10.7 10.7

13215 Syracuse, NY 12.23 11.22 11.29 11.6 11.6

13219 Syracuse, NY 12.23 11.22 11.29 11.6 11.6

13224 Syracuse, NY 11.58 11.02 11.24 9.92 9.96 11.55 10.9 10.9

13244 Syracuse, NY 11.58 11.02 11.24 9.92 9.96 11.55 10.9 10.9

13319 Chadwicks, NY 11.80 11.69 12.45 12.0 12.0

13403 Marcy, NY 11.80 11.69 12.45 12.0 12.0

13413 New Hartford, NY 11.80 11.69 12.45 12.0 12.0

13417 New York Mills, NY 11.80 11.69 12.45 12.0 12.0

13495 Yorkville, NY 11.80 11.69 12.45 12.0 12.0

13501 Utica, NY 11.80 11.69 12.45 12.0 12.0

13502 Utica, NY 11.80 11.69 12.45 12.0 12.0

13668 Norwood, NY 7.29 8.44 9.92 7.72 7.08 8.33 8.1 8.1

13676 Potsdam, NY 7.29 8.44 9.92 7.72 7.08 8.33 8.1 8.1

13696 West Stockholm, NY 7.29 8.44 9.92 7.72 7.08 8.33 8.1 8.1

13699 Potsdam, NY 7.29 8.44 9.92 7.72 7.08 8.33 8.1 8.1

13901 Binghamton, NY 11.60 11.10 11.80 11.5 11.5

13903 Binghamton, NY 11.60 11.10 11.80 11.5 11.5

13904 Binghamton, NY 11.60 11.10 11.80 11.5 11.5

13905 Binghamton, NY 11.60 11.10 11.80 11.5 11.5

14051 East Amherst, NY 12.59 12.78 12.14 12.5 12.5

14068 Getzville, NY 12.59 12.78 12.14 12.5 12.5

14072 Grand Island, NY 13.99 13.11 12.48 11.83 11.77 11.12 14.00 12.4 12.6

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 15 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

14109 Niagara University, NY 13.99 13.11 12.48 11.83 11.77 11.12 14.00 12.4 12.6

14201 Buffalo, NY 15.43 15.03 13.53 12.97 12.55 14.66 14.0 14.0

14202 Buffalo, NY 15.43 15.03 13.53 12.97 12.55 14.66 14.0 14.0

14203 Buffalo, NY 15.43 15.03 13.53 12.97 12.55 14.66 14.0 14.0

14204 Buffalo, NY 15.43 15.03 13.53 12.97 12.55 14.66 14.0 14.0

14206 Buffalo, NY 15.43 15.03 13.53 12.97 12.55 14.66 14.0 14.0

14208 Buffalo, NY 15.43 15.03 13.53 12.97 12.55 14.66 14.0 14.0

14209 Buffalo, NY 14.74 14.61 13.65 13.65 12.94 14.74 14.1 14.1

14210 Buffalo, NY 15.43 15.03 13.53 12.97 12.55 14.66 14.0 14.0

14211 Buffalo, NY 15.43 15.03 13.53 12.97 12.55 14.66 14.0 14.0

14212 Buffalo, NY 15.43 15.03 13.53 12.97 12.55 14.66 14.0 14.0

14214 Buffalo, NY 13.66 13.69 12.90 13.65 12.94 14.74 13.6 13.6

14215 Buffalo, NY 13.66 13.69 12.90 13.65 12.94 14.74 13.6 13.6

14218 Buffalo, NY 15.43 15.03 13.53 12.97 12.55 14.66 14.0 14.0

14219 Buffalo, NY 16.12 15.45 13.41 12.29 12.15 14.58 14.0 14.0

14220 Buffalo, NY 15.43 15.03 13.53 12.97 12.55 14.66 14.0 14.0

14221 Buffalo, NY 12.59 12.78 12.14 12.5 12.5

14222 Buffalo, NY 14.74 14.61 13.65 13.65 12.94 14.74 14.1 14.1

14223 Buffalo, NY 12.59 12.78 12.14 12.5 12.5

14224 Buffalo, NY 14.74 14.61 13.65 13.65 12.94 14.74 14.1 14.1

14225 Buffalo, NY 13.66 13.69 12.90 13.65 12.94 14.74 13.6 13.6

14226 Buffalo, NY 12.59 12.78 12.14 12.5 12.5

14227 Buffalo, NY 14.74 14.61 13.65 13.65 12.94 14.74 14.1 14.1

14228 Buffalo, NY 12.59 12.78 12.14 12.5 12.5

14260 Buffalo, NY 12.59 12.78 12.14 12.5 12.5

14301 Niagara Falls, NY 13.99 13.11 12.48 11.83 11.77 11.12 14.00 12.4 12.6

14303 Niagara Falls, NY 13.99 13.11 12.48 11.83 11.77 11.12 14.00 12.4 12.6

14304 Niagara Falls, NY 13.99 13.11 12.48 11.83 11.77 11.12 14.00 12.4 12.6

14305 Niagara Falls, NY 13.99 13.11 12.48 11.83 11.77 11.12 14.00 12.4 12.6

14445 East Rochester, NY 12.50 12.5 12.5

14534 Pittsford NY Pittsford, NY 12 50 . 12 5. 12 5.

14604 Rochester, NY 11.79 11.78 10.86 10.88 12.50 11.6 11.6

14605 Rochester, NY 11.79 11.78 10.86 10.88 12.50 11.6 11.6

14606 Rochester, NY 11.75 11.76 11.41 10.88 11.4 11.4

14607 Rochester, NY 11.79 11.78 10.86 10.88 12.50 11.6 11.6

14608 Rochester, NY 11.79 11.78 10.86 10.88 12.50 11.6 11.6

14609 Rochester, NY 11.79 11.78 10.86 10.88 12.50 11.6 11.6

14610 Rochester, NY 11.79 11.78 10.86 10.88 12.50 11.6 11.6

14611 Rochester, NY 11.79 11.78 10.86 10.88 11.3 11.3

14613 Rochester, NY 11.79 11.78 10.86 10.88 11.3 11.3

14614 Rochester, NY 11.79 11.78 10.86 10.88 12.50 11.6 11.6

14615 Rochester, NY 11.75 11.76 11.41 10.88 11.4 11.4

14617 Rochester, NY 11.79 11.78 10.86 10.88 11.3 11.3

14618 Rochester, NY 11.79 11.78 10.86 10.88 12.50 11.6 11.6

14619 Rochester, NY 11.79 11.78 10.86 10.88 11.3 11.3

14620 Rochester, NY 11.79 11.78 10.86 10.88 12.50 11.6 11.6

14621 Rochester, NY 11.79 11.78 10.86 10.88 12.50 11.6 11.6

14622 Rochester, NY 11.79 11.78 10.86 10.88 12.50 11.6 11.6

14623 Rochester, NY 11.75 11.76 11.41 10.88 11.4 11.4

14625 Rochester, NY 11.83 11.80 10.31 12.50 11.6 11.6

14627 Rochester, NY 11.79 11.78 10.86 10.88 12.50 11.6 11.6

14642 Rochester, NY 11.79 11.78 10.86 10.88 12.50 11.6 11.6

14787 Westfield, NY 12.34 11.38 11.06 11.33 9.66 9.56 11.05 10.7 10.9

14801 Addison, NY 9.13 10.20 10.37 9.48 8.88 9.78 9.6 9.6

15009 Beaver, PA 15.81 16.96 15.22 15.67 15.38 18.27 16.2 16.2

15010 Beaver Falls, PA 15.81 16.96 15.22 15.67 15.38 18.27 16.2 16.2

15012 Belle Vernon, PA 15.44 15.39 15.80 15.88 14.86 13.99 16.51 15.4 15.4

15014 Brackenridge, PA 16.10 16.48 15.43 16.11 15.01 15.73 13.75 15.42 15.2 15.5

15015 Bradfordwoods, PA 13.63 14.44 14.0 14.0

15017 Bridgeville, PA 14.80 13.59 14.09 14.04 12.31 13.23 13.00 14.22 13.5 13.7

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 16 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

15021 Burgettstown, PA 12.98 13.20 14.43 13.21 13.40 13.21 14.23 13.6 13.5

15022 Charleroi, PA 15.44 15.39 15.80 15.88 14.86 13.99 16.51 15.4 15.4

15024 Cheswick, PA 16.10 15.50 14.76 13.92 15.95 12.49 14.88 14.4 14.8

15025 Clairton, PA 19.99 18.38 20.92 20.85 18.15 18.61 15.99 18.90 18.9 19.0

15030 Creighton, PA 16.10 16.48 15.43 16.11 15.01 15.73 13.75 15.42 15.2 15.5

15031 Cuddy, PA 14.80 13.59 14.09 14.04 12.31 13.23 13.00 14.22 13.5 13.7

15033 Donora, PA 15.44 15.39 15.80 15.88 14.86 13.76 16.51 15.4 15.4

15034 Dravosburg, PA 19.30 17.81 17.40 18.65 16.94 17.15 16.09 17.58 17.3 17.6

15035 East MC Keesport, PA 20.97 18.75 18.68 20.07 18.61 18.50 18.23 19.30 18.9 19.1

15037 Elizabeth, PA 19.99 18.38 20.92 20.85 18.15 18.61 15.99 18.90 18.9 19.0

15044 Gibsonia, PA 13.63 14.44 14.0 14.0

15045 Glassport, PA 19.88 18.49 18.68 19.60 17.74 18.01 15.94 18.32 18.0 18.3

15046 Crescent, PA 16.66 15.50 13.63 15.71 13.26 14.67 14.3 14.9

15049 Harwick, PA 16.10 15.50 14.76 13.92 15.95 12.49 14.88 14.4 14.8

15051 Indianola, PA 16.10 15.50 14.76 13.92 15.95 12.49 14.88 14.4 14.8

15055 Lawrence, PA 14.80 13.59 14.09 14.04 12.31 13.23 13.00 14.22 13.5 13.7

15056 Leetsdale, PA 16.66 15.50 13.63 15.71 13.26 14.67 14.3 14.9

15057 MC Donald, PA 14.80 13.59 14.09 14.04 12.31 13.23 13.00 14.22 13.5 13.7

15061 Monaca, PA 15.81 16.96 15.22 15.67 15.38 18.27 16.2 16.2

15062 Monessen, PA 15.44 15.39 15.80 15.88 14.86 13.99 16.51 15.4 15.4

15063 Monongahela, PA 15.44 15.39 15.80 15.88 14.86 13.76 16.51 15.4 15.4

15064 Morgan, PA 14.80 13.59 14.09 14.04 12.31 13.23 13.00 14.22 13.5 13.7

15065 Natrona Heights, PA 17.45 16.09 16.11 16.09 15.50 15.02 15.95 15.8 16.0

15066 New Brighton, PA 15.81 16.96 15.22 15.67 15.38 18.27 16.2 16.2

15067 New Eagle, PA 15.44 15.39 15.80 15.88 14.86 13.76 16.51 15.4 15.4

15068 New Kensington, PA 16.10 16.48 15.43 16.11 15.01 15.73 13.75 15.42 15.2 15.5

15071 Oakdale, PA 15.73 14.54 14.09 14.04 12.97 14.47 13.13 14.44 13.9 14.2

15074 Rochester, PA 15.81 16.96 15.22 15.67 15.38 18.27 16.2 16.2

15076 Russellton, PA 16.10 15.50 14.76 13.92 15.95 12.49 14.88 14.4 14.8

15083 Sutersville, PA 13.52 13.5 13.5

15084 Tarentum PA Tarentum, PA 17 45 . 16 09 . 16 11 . 16 09 . 15 50 . 15 02 . 15 95 . 15 8. 16 0.

15090 Wexford, PA 13.63 14.44 14.0 14.0

15101 Allison Park, PA 13.63 14.44 14.0 14.0

15102 Bethel Park, PA 13.51 13.5 13.5

15104 Braddock, PA 19.84 17.75 17.40 18.65 17.25 17.19 16.85 17.98 17.6 17.9

15106 Carnegie, PA 16.41 15.29 14.74 14.81 13.25 14.26 13.84 15.18 14.3 14.7

15108 Coraopolis, PA 16.66 15.50 13.63 15.71 13.26 14.67 14.3 14.9

15110 Duquesne, PA 19.88 18.49 18.68 19.60 17.74 18.01 16.75 18.32 18.2 18.4

15112 East Pittsburgh, PA 19.65 18.70 16.45 17.09 16.92 16.80 15.79 17.16 16.7 17.3

15116 Glenshaw, PA 15.63 16.58 15.33 15.20 15.46 15.78 15.7 15.7

15120 Homestead, PA 19.84 17.75 17.40 18.65 17.25 17.19 16.85 17.98 17.6 17.9

15122 West Mifflin, PA 19.30 17.81 17.40 18.65 16.94 17.15 16.09 17.58 17.3 17.6

15126 Imperial, PA 16.66 15.50 13.63 15.71 13.26 14.67 14.3 14.9

15129 South Park, PA 13.51 13.5 13.5

15131 McKeesport, PA 20.97 18.75 18.68 20.07 18.61 18.50 18.23 19.30 18.9 19.1

15132 McKeesport, PA 19.88 18.49 18.68 19.60 17.74 18.01 16.75 18.32 18.2 18.4

15133 McKeesport, PA 19.88 18.49 18.68 19.60 17.74 18.01 15.94 18.32 18.0 18.3

15135 McKeesport, PA 19.99 18.38 20.92 20.85 18.15 18.61 15.99 18.90 18.9 19.0

15136 MC Kees Rocks, PA 18.01 16.99 15.39 15.59 14.20 15.28 14.68 16.15 15.2 15.8

15137 North Versailles, PA 20.97 18.75 18.68 20.07 18.61 18.50 18.23 19.30 18.9 19.1

15139 Oakmont, PA 16.10 15.50 14.76 13.92 15.95 12.49 14.88 14.4 14.8

15140 Pitcairn, PA 19.65 18.70 16.45 17.09 16.92 16.80 15.79 17.16 16.7 17.3

15142 Presto, PA 14.80 13.59 14.09 14.04 12.31 13.23 13.00 14.22 13.5 13.7

15143 Sewickley, PA 16.66 15.50 13.63 15.71 13.26 14.67 14.3 14.9

15144 Springdale, PA 16.10 15.50 14.76 13.92 15.95 12.49 14.88 14.4 14.8

15145 Turtle Creek, PA 19.65 18.70 16.45 17.09 16.92 16.80 15.79 17.16 16.7 17.3

15147 Verona, PA 16.10 15.50 14.76 13.92 15.95 12.49 14.88 14.4 14.8

15148 Wilmerding, PA 19.65 18.70 16.45 17.09 16.92 16.80 15.79 17.16 16.7 17.3

15201 Pittsburgh, PA 17.57 15.76 15.24 16.19 14.94 14.88 14.78 15.56 15.3 15.6

15202 Pittsburgh, PA 18.01 16.99 15.39 15.59 14.20 15.28 14.68 16.15 15.2 15.8

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 17 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

15203 Pittsburgh, PA 17.57 15.76 15.24 16.19 14.94 14.88 14.78 15.56 15.3 15.6

15204 Pittsburgh, PA 18.01 16.99 15.39 15.59 14.20 15.28 14.68 16.15 15.2 15.8

15205 Pittsburgh, PA 18.01 16.99 15.39 15.59 14.20 15.28 14.68 16.15 15.2 15.8

15206 Pittsburgh, PA 17.57 15.76 15.24 16.19 14.94 14.88 14.78 15.56 15.3 15.6

15207 Pittsburgh, PA 18.61 17.23 15.64 16.49 15.60 15.52 15.12 16.10 15.7 16.3

15208 Pittsburgh, PA 18.61 17.23 15.64 16.49 15.60 15.52 15.12 16.10 15.7 16.3

15209 Pittsburgh, PA 17.57 15.76 15.24 16.19 14.94 14.88 14.78 15.56 15.3 15.6

15210 Pittsburgh, PA 17.57 15.76 15.24 16.19 14.94 14.88 14.78 15.56 15.3 15.6

15211 Pittsburgh, PA 17.79 16.38 15.29 15.99 14.69 15.02 14.75 15.76 15.2 15.7

15212 Pittsburgh, PA 17.79 16.38 15.29 15.99 14.69 15.02 14.75 15.76 15.2 15.7

15213 Pittsburgh, PA 17.57 15.76 15.24 16.19 14.94 14.88 14.78 15.56 15.3 15.6

15214 Pittsburgh, PA 18.01 16.99 15.51 16.08 14.76 15.24 15.07 15.96 15.4 16.0

15215 Pittsburgh, PA 17.57 15.76 15.24 16.19 14.94 14.88 14.78 15.56 15.3 15.6

15216 Pittsburgh, PA 18.01 16.99 15.39 15.59 14.20 15.28 14.68 16.15 15.2 15.8

15217 Pittsburgh, PA 18.61 17.23 15.64 16.49 15.60 15.52 15.12 16.10 15.7 16.3

15218 Pittsburgh, PA 18.61 17.23 15.64 16.49 15.60 15.52 15.12 16.10 15.7 16.3

15219 Pittsburgh, PA 17.57 15.76 15.24 16.19 14.94 14.88 14.78 15.56 15.3 15.6

15220 Pittsburgh, PA 18.01 16.99 15.39 15.59 14.20 15.28 14.68 16.15 15.2 15.8

15221 Pittsburgh, PA 18.61 17.23 15.65 16.45 15.73 15.68 14.94 16.26 15.8 16.3

15222 Pittsburgh, PA 17.79 16.38 15.29 15.99 14.69 15.02 14.75 15.76 15.2 15.7

15223 Pittsburgh, PA 15.63 16.58 15.33 15.20 15.46 15.78 15.7 15.7

15224 Pittsburgh, PA 17.57 15.76 15.24 16.19 14.94 14.88 14.78 15.56 15.3 15.6

15225 Pittsburgh, PA 17.34 16.24 15.39 15.59 13.91 15.49 13.97 15.41 15.0 15.4

15226 Pittsburgh, PA 17.57 15.76 14.85 15.81 14.55 14.56 14.10 15.35 14.9 15.3

15227 Pittsburgh, PA 17.57 15.76 14.85 15.81 14.55 14.56 14.10 15.35 14.9 15.3

15229 Pittsburgh, PA 18.01 16.99 15.39 15.59 14.20 15.28 14.68 16.15 15.2 15.8

15232 Pittsburgh, PA 17.57 15.76 15.24 16.19 14.94 14.88 14.78 15.56 15.3 15.6

15233 Pittsburgh, PA 18.01 16.99 15.51 16.08 14.76 15.24 15.07 15.96 15.4 16.0

15234 Pittsburgh, PA 13.51 13.5 13.5

15235 Pittsburgh, PA 19.65 18.70 16.45 17.09 16.92 16.80 15.79 17.16 16.7 17.3

15236 Pittsburgh PA Pittsburgh, PA 17 57 . 15 76 . 14 85 . 15 81 . 14 03 . 14 56 . 14 10 . 15 35 . 14 8. 15 3.

15237 Pittsburgh, PA 13.63 14.44 14.0 14.0

15239 Pittsburgh, PA 16.10 15.50 14.76 13.92 15.95 12.49 14.88 14.4 14.8

15260 Pittsburgh, PA 17.57 15.76 15.24 16.19 14.94 14.88 14.78 15.56 15.3 15.6

15261 Pittsburgh, PA 17.57 15.76 15.24 16.19 14.94 14.88 14.78 15.56 15.3 15.6

15275 Pittsburgh, PA 15.73 14.54 14.09 14.04 12.97 14.47 13.13 14.44 13.9 14.2

15301 Washington, PA 14.58 15.16 15.85 14.49 14.74 14.14 15.88 15.0 15.0

15321 Cecil, PA 14.80 13.59 14.09 14.04 12.31 13.23 13.00 14.22 13.5 13.7

15332 Finleyville, PA 13.51 13.5 13.5

15342 Houston, PA 14.58 15.16 15.85 14.49 14.74 14.14 15.88 15.0 15.0

15367 Venetia, PA 13.51 13.5 13.5

15412 Allenport, PA 15.44 15.39 15.80 15.88 14.86 13.99 16.51 15.4 15.4

15419 California, PA 15.44 15.39 15.80 15.88 14.86 13.99 16.51 15.4 15.4

15423 Coal Center, PA 15.44 15.39 15.80 15.88 14.86 13.99 16.51 15.4 15.4

15432 Dunlevy, PA 15.44 15.39 15.80 15.88 14.86 13.99 16.51 15.4 15.4

15434 Elco, PA 15.44 15.39 15.80 15.88 14.86 13.99 16.51 15.4 15.4

15438 Fayette City, PA 15.44 15.39 15.80 15.88 14.86 13.99 16.51 15.4 15.4

15477 Roscoe, PA 15.44 15.39 15.80 15.88 14.86 13.99 16.51 15.4 15.4

15483 Stockdale, PA 15.44 15.39 15.80 15.88 14.86 13.99 16.51 15.4 15.4

15601 Greensburg, PA 14.90 15.78 16.11 14.96 15.32 14.92 16.81 15.7 15.5

15901 Johnstown, PA 14.78 15.34 15.85 16.09 15.46 14.42 16.80 15.7 15.5

15902 Johnstown, PA 14.78 15.34 15.85 16.09 15.46 14.42 16.80 15.7 15.5

15904 Johnstown, PA 14.78 15.34 15.85 16.09 15.46 14.42 16.80 15.7 15.5

15905 Johnstown, PA 14.78 15.34 15.85 16.09 15.46 14.42 16.80 15.7 15.5

15906 Johnstown, PA 14.78 15.34 15.85 16.09 15.46 14.42 16.80 15.7 15.5

15928 Davidsville, PA 14.78 15.34 15.85 16.09 15.46 14.42 16.80 15.7 15.5

15945 Parkhill, PA 14.78 15.34 15.85 16.09 15.46 14.42 16.80 15.7 15.5

16121 Farrell, PA 15.07 14.02 13.77 13.37 14.09 14.1 14.1

16146 Sharon, PA 15.07 14.02 13.77 13.37 14.09 14.1 14.1

16148 Hermitage, PA 15.07 14.02 13.77 13.37 14.09 14.1 14.1

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 18 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

16150 Sharpsville, PA 15.07 14.02 13.77 13.37 14.09 14.1 14.1

16159 West Middlesex, PA 15.07 14.02 13.77 13.37 14.09 14.1 14.1

16501 Erie, PA 13.99 13.83 13.21 12.56 11.88 14.35 13.3 13.3

16502 Erie, PA 13.99 13.83 13.21 12.56 11.88 14.35 13.3 13.3

16503 Erie, PA 13.99 13.83 13.21 12.56 11.88 14.35 13.3 13.3

16504 Erie, PA 13.99 13.83 13.21 12.56 11.88 14.35 13.3 13.3

16507 Erie, PA 13.99 13.83 13.21 12.56 11.88 14.35 13.3 13.3

16508 Erie, PA 13.99 13.83 13.21 12.56 11.88 14.35 13.3 13.3

16509 Erie, PA 13.99 13.83 13.21 12.56 11.88 14.35 13.3 13.3

16510 Erie, PA 13.99 13.83 13.21 12.56 11.88 14.35 13.3 13.3

16511 Erie, PA 13.99 13.83 13.21 12.56 11.88 14.35 13.3 13.3

16801 State College, PA 13.72 11.78 13.56 13.33 13.39 13.2 13.2

16802 University Park, PA 13.72 11.78 13.56 13.33 13.39 13.2 13.2

16803 State College, PA 13.72 11.78 13.56 13.33 13.39 13.2 13.2

17011 Camp Hill, PA 14.39 15.69 16.50 14.74 16.18 15.66 15.51 15.7 15.5

17013 Carlisle, PA 13.97 14.69 15.31 15.13 14.93 14.8 14.8

17015 Carlisle, PA 14.69 15.31 15.13 14.93 15.0 15.0

17034 Highspire, PA 14.39 15.69 16.50 14.74 16.18 15.66 15.51 15.7 15.5

17043 Lemoyne, PA 14.39 15.69 16.50 14.74 16.18 15.66 15.51 15.7 15.5

17068 New Bloomfield, PA 12.34 12.57 13.22 13.09 12.23 13.12 12.8 12.8

17070 New Cumberland, PA 14.39 15.69 16.50 14.74 16.18 15.66 15.51 15.7 15.5

17074 Newport, PA 12.34 12.57 13.22 13.09 12.23 13.12 12.8 12.8

17090 Shermans Dale, PA 13.97 14.69 15.31 15.13 14.93 14.8 14.8

17101 Harrisburg, PA 14.39 15.69 16.50 14.74 16.18 15.66 15.51 15.7 15.5

17102 Harrisburg, PA 14.39 15.69 16.50 14.74 16.18 15.66 15.51 15.7 15.5

17103 Harrisburg, PA 14.39 15.69 16.50 14.74 16.18 15.66 15.51 15.7 15.5

17104 Harrisburg, PA 14.39 15.69 16.50 14.74 16.18 15.66 15.51 15.7 15.5

17109 Harrisburg, PA 14.39 15.69 16.50 14.74 16.18 15.66 15.51 15.7 15.5

17110 Harrisburg, PA 14.39 15.69 16.50 14.74 16.18 15.66 15.51 15.7 15.5

17111 Harrisburg, PA 14.39 15.69 16.50 14.74 16.18 15.66 15.51 15.7 15.5

17113 Harrisburg PA Harrisburg, PA 14 39 . 15 69 . 16 50 . 14 74 . 16 18 . 15 66 . 15 51 . 15 7. 15 5.

17120 Harrisburg, PA 14.39 15.69 16.50 14.74 16.18 15.66 15.51 15.7 15.5

17307 Biglerville, PA 13.12 13.02 14.06 12.85 13.56 13.68 13.56 13.5 13.4

17313 Dallastown, PA 15.40 16.66 16.70 17.80 17.36 16.39 17.91 17.1 16.9

17347 Mount Wolf, PA 15.40 16.66 16.70 17.80 17.36 16.39 17.91 17.1 16.9

17353 Orrtanna, PA 13.12 13.02 14.06 12.85 13.56 13.68 13.56 13.5 13.4

17401 York, PA 15.40 16.66 16.70 17.80 17.36 16.39 17.91 17.1 16.9

17402 York, PA 15.40 16.66 16.70 17.80 17.36 16.39 17.91 17.1 16.9

17403 York, PA 15.40 16.66 16.70 17.80 17.36 16.39 17.91 17.1 16.9

17404 York, PA 15.40 16.66 16.70 17.80 17.36 16.39 17.91 17.1 16.9

17406 York, PA 15.40 16.66 16.70 17.80 17.36 16.39 17.91 17.1 16.9

17407 York, PA 15.40 16.66 16.70 17.80 17.36 16.39 17.91 17.1 16.9

17520 East Petersburg, PA 15.64 17.85 17.24 16.16 17.56 16.64 18.19 17.3 17.0

17576 Smoketown, PA 15.64 17.85 17.24 16.16 17.56 16.64 18.19 17.3 17.0

17584 Willow Street, PA 15.64 17.85 17.24 16.16 17.56 16.64 18.19 17.3 17.0

17601 Lancaster, PA 15.64 17.85 17.24 16.16 17.56 16.64 18.19 17.3 17.0

17602 Lancaster, PA 15.64 17.85 17.24 16.16 17.56 16.64 18.19 17.3 17.0

17603 Lancaster, PA 15.64 17.85 17.24 16.16 17.56 16.64 18.19 17.3 17.0

18015 Bethlehem, PA 12.37 13.98 15.21 14.12 14.67 13.87 14.34 14.4 14.1

18017 Bethlehem, PA 12.37 13.98 15.21 14.12 14.67 13.87 14.34 14.4 14.1

18018 Bethlehem, PA 12.37 13.98 15.21 14.12 14.67 13.87 14.34 14.4 14.1

18020 Bethlehem, PA 12.85 13.69 15.33 14.66 14.31 13.71 14.20 14.3 14.1

18032 Catasauqua, PA 11.89 14.26 15.10 13.58 15.02 14.03 14.48 14.4 14.1

18034 Center Valley, PA 11.89 14.26 15.10 13.58 15.02 14.03 14.48 14.4 14.1

18040 Easton, PA 13.94 13.67 13.31 13.46 12.22 13.66 13.4 13.4

18042 Easton, PA 13.94 13.67 13.31 13.46 12.22 13.66 13.4 13.4

18052 Whitehall, PA 11.89 14.26 15.10 13.58 15.02 14.03 14.48 14.4 14.1

18055 Hellertown, PA 12.85 13.69 15.33 14.66 14.31 13.71 14.20 14.3 14.1

18085 Tatamy, PA 13.94 13.67 13.31 13.46 12.22 13.66 13.4 13.4

18101 Allentown, PA 11.89 14.26 15.10 13.58 15.02 14.03 14.48 14.4 14.1

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 19 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

18102 Allentown, PA 11.89 14.26 15.10 13.58 15.02 14.03 14.48 14.4 14.1

18103 Allentown, PA 11.89 14.26 15.10 13.58 15.02 14.03 14.48 14.4 14.1

18109 Allentown, PA 11.89 14.26 15.10 13.58 15.02 14.03 14.48 14.4 14.1

18434 Jessup, PA 11.00 11.69 12.73 12.81 12.42 11.60 12.49 12.3 12.1

18447 Olyphant, PA 11.00 11.69 12.73 12.81 12.42 11.60 12.49 12.3 12.1

18452 Peckville, PA 11.00 11.69 12.73 12.81 12.42 11.60 12.49 12.3 12.1

18503 Scranton, PA 11.00 11.69 12.73 12.81 12.42 11.60 12.49 12.3 12.1

18504 Scranton, PA 11.00 11.69 12.73 12.81 12.42 11.60 12.49 12.3 12.1

18505 Scranton, PA 11.00 11.69 12.73 12.81 12.42 11.60 12.49 12.3 12.1

18508 Scranton, PA 11.00 11.69 12.73 12.81 12.42 11.60 12.49 12.3 12.1

18509 Scranton, PA 11.00 11.69 12.73 12.81 12.42 11.60 12.49 12.3 12.1

18510 Scranton, PA 11.00 11.69 12.73 12.81 12.42 11.60 12.49 12.3 12.1

18512 Scranton, PA 11.00 11.69 12.73 12.81 12.42 11.60 12.49 12.3 12.1

18519 Dickson City, PA 11.00 11.69 12.73 12.81 12.42 11.60 12.49 12.3 12.1

18640 Pittston, PA 12.54 12.65 13.71 12.27 13.06 12.21 13.01 12.8 12.8

18643 Pittston, PA 12.54 12.65 13.71 12.27 13.06 12.21 13.01 12.8 12.8

18644 Wyoming, PA 12.54 12.65 13.71 12.27 13.06 12.21 13.01 12.8 12.8

18701 Wilkes Barre, PA 12.54 12.65 13.71 12.27 13.06 12.21 13.01 12.8 12.8

18702 Wilkes Barre, PA 12.54 12.65 13.71 12.27 13.06 12.21 13.01 12.8 12.8

18704 Kingston, PA 12.54 12.65 13.71 12.27 13.06 12.21 13.01 12.8 12.8

18705 Wilkes Barre, PA 12.54 12.65 13.71 12.27 13.06 12.21 13.01 12.8 12.8

18709 Luzerne, PA 12.54 12.65 13.71 12.27 13.06 12.21 13.01 12.8 12.8

18977 Washington Crossing, PA 11.14 12.06 11.97 11.97 10.95 12.07 11.8 11.7

19003 Ardmore, PA 15.39 14.44 13.46 13.88 14.3 14.3

19004 Bala Cynwyd, PA 14.81 16.04 14.41 13.65 13.31 14.23 14.4 14.4

19006 Huntingdon Valley, PA 14.66 14.62 14.32 13.19 12.78 12.93 13.7 13.7

19007 Bristol, PA 12.00 13.64 14.47 14.78 14.42 13.04 14.34 14.1 13.8

19012 Cheltenham, PA 14.64 14.93 16.47 14.79 14.80 13.89 14.21 14.8 14.8

19013 Chester, PA 13.12 15.53 15.19 14.24 14.70 13.65 15.40 14.8 14.5

19014 Aston, PA 13.12 15.92 15.85 15.46 15.64 14.92 16.55 15.7 15.4

19015 Brookhaven PA Brookhaven, PA 13 12 . 15 92 . 15 85 . 15 46 . 15 64 . 14 92 . 16 55 . 15 7. 15 4.

19018 Clifton Heights, PA 14.81 16.69 14.38 14.03 12.73 14.23 14.5 14.5

19020 Bensalem, PA 12.00 14.15 14.55 14.55 13.80 12.91 13.64 13.9 13.7

19021 Croydon, PA 12.00 13.64 14.47 14.78 14.42 13.04 14.34 14.1 13.8

19022 Crum Lynne, PA 13.12 15.53 15.19 14.24 14.70 13.65 15.40 14.8 14.5

19023 Darby, PA 14.81 16.69 14.38 14.03 12.73 14.23 14.5 14.5

19026 Drexel Hill, PA 14.81 16.69 14.38 14.03 12.73 14.23 14.5 14.5

19027 Elkins Park, PA 14.64 14.93 16.47 14.79 14.80 13.89 14.21 14.8 14.8

19029 Essington, PA 13.12 15.53 15.19 14.24 14.70 13.65 15.40 14.8 14.5

19030 Fairless Hills, PA 12.00 13.64 14.47 14.78 14.42 13.04 14.34 14.1 13.8

19031 Flourtown, PA 13.25 13.3 13.3

19032 Folcroft, PA 14.97 15.61 13.70 13.89 12.55 14.24 14.2 14.2

19033 Folsom, PA 13.12 15.53 15.19 14.24 14.70 13.65 15.40 14.8 14.5

19035 Gladwyne, PA 13.02 13.47 15.13 14.34 13.59 12.94 12.48 13.7 13.6

19036 Glenolden, PA 14.97 15.61 13.70 13.89 12.55 14.24 14.2 14.2

19041 Haverford, PA 15.39 14.44 13.46 13.88 14.3 14.3

19043 Holmes, PA 15.14 14.53 13.02 13.76 12.38 14.25 13.8 13.8

19047 Langhorne, PA 12.00 13.64 14.47 14.78 14.42 13.04 14.34 14.1 13.8

19050 Lansdowne, PA 14.81 16.04 14.41 13.85 13.31 14.23 14.4 14.4

19053 Feasterville Trevose, PA 14.66 14.62 14.32 13.19 12.78 12.93 13.7 13.7

19054 Levittown, PA 14.56 12.63 14.18 14.70 14.26 13.94 12.77 13.66 13.9 13.8

19055 Levittown, PA 12.00 13.64 14.47 14.78 14.42 13.04 14.34 14.1 13.8

19056 Levittown, PA 12.00 13.64 14.47 14.78 14.42 13.04 14.34 14.1 13.8

19057 Levittown, PA 12.00 13.64 14.47 14.78 14.42 13.04 14.34 14.1 13.8

19060 Garnet Valley, PA 14.26 15.39 15.58 14.69 14.81 13.90 14.30 14.8 14.7

19061 Marcus Hook, PA 13.12 15.92 15.85 15.46 15.64 14.92 16.55 15.7 15.4

19063 Media, PA 13.12 15.92 15.85 15.46 15.64 14.92 16.55 15.7 15.4

19066 Merion Station, PA 14.81 16.04 14.41 13.65 13.31 14.23 14.4 14.4

19067 Morrisville, PA 14.56 13.27 14.72 14.93 13.75 13.47 12.49 12.97 13.7 13.8

19070 Morton, PA 13.12 15.92 15.85 15.46 15.64 14.92 16.55 15.7 15.4

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 20 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

19072 Narberth, PA 15.39 14.44 13.46 13.88 14.3 14.3

19074 Norwood, PA 14.97 15.61 13.70 13.89 12.55 14.24 14.2 14.2

19076 Prospect Park, PA 13.12 15.53 15.19 14.24 14.70 13.65 15.40 14.8 14.5

19078 Ridley Park, PA 13.12 15.53 15.19 14.24 14.70 13.65 15.40 14.8 14.5

19079 Sharon Hill, PA 14.97 15.61 13.70 13.89 12.55 14.24 14.2 14.2

19081 Swarthmore, PA 13.12 15.92 15.85 15.46 15.64 14.92 16.55 15.7 15.4

19082 Upper Darby, PA 14.81 16.04 14.41 13.85 13.31 14.23 14.4 14.4

19085 Villanova, PA 13.02 13.47 14.88 14.24 13.86 12.00 12.48 13.5 13.4

19086 Wallingford, PA 13.12 15.92 15.85 15.46 15.64 14.92 16.55 15.7 15.4

19094 Woodlyn, PA 13.12 15.53 15.19 14.24 14.70 13.65 15.40 14.8 14.5

19096 Wynnewood, PA 14.81 16.04 14.41 13.65 13.31 14.23 14.4 14.4

19102 Philadelphia, PA 14.06 13.74 14.94 16.35 14.79 14.61 13.54 14.56 14.8 14.6

19103 Philadelphia, PA 14.06 13.74 14.94 16.35 14.79 14.61 13.54 14.56 14.8 14.6

19104 Philadelphia, PA 14.81 16.35 15.02 14.61 13.67 14.65 14.9 14.9

19106 Philadelphia, PA 14.06 14.19 14.93 16.71 14.88 14.98 13.55 14.47 14.9 14.7

19107 Philadelphia, PA 14.06 14.19 14.93 16.38 14.79 14.66 13.61 14.47 14.8 14.6

19111 Philadelphia, PA 14.85 14.35 15.02 15.11 14.58 13.97 13.28 13.80 14.3 14.4

19112 Philadelphia, PA 14.06 13.74 14.94 16.83 14.91 15.08 13.43 14.56 15.0 14.7

19113 Philadelphia, PA 14.97 15.61 13.70 13.89 12.55 14.24 14.2 14.2

19114 Philadelphia, PA 14.66 14.62 14.32 13.19 12.78 12.93 13.7 13.7

19115 Philadelphia, PA 14.66 14.62 14.32 13.19 12.78 12.93 13.7 13.7

19116 Philadelphia, PA 14.66 14.62 14.32 13.19 12.78 12.93 13.7 13.7

19118 Philadelphia, PA 15.39 14.44 13.46 13.88 14.3 14.3

19119 Philadelphia, PA 15.39 14.44 13.46 13.88 14.3 14.3

19120 Philadelphia, PA 14.85 14.35 15.21 15.35 14.70 14.36 13.53 14.24 14.6 14.6

19121 Philadelphia, PA 14.64 14.87 16.38 14.96 14.66 13.72 14.50 14.8 14.8

19122 Philadelphia, PA 14.06 14.19 15.00 16.28 14.89 14.87 13.84 14.55 14.9 14.7

19123 Philadelphia, PA 14.06 14.19 14.93 16.38 14.79 14.66 13.61 14.47 14.8 14.6

19124 Philadelphia, PA 14.85 14.35 15.21 15.35 14.70 14.36 13.53 14.24 14.6 14.6

19125 Philadelphia, PA 14.45 14.14 15.16 15.89 14.94 14.95 13.66 14.48 14.8 14.7

19126 Philadelphia PA Philadelphia, PA 14 64 . 14 93 . 16 47 . 14 79 . 14 80 . 13 89 . 14 21 . 14 8. 14 8.

19127 Philadelphia, PA 15.39 14.44 13.46 13.88 14.3 14.3

19128 Philadelphia, PA 15.39 14.44 13.46 13.88 14.3 14.3

19129 Philadelphia, PA 16.19 15.34 14.35 14.14 15.06 15.0 15.0

19130 Philadelphia, PA 14.06 14.19 14.93 16.38 14.79 14.66 13.61 14.47 14.8 14.6

19131 Philadelphia, PA 14.81 16.35 15.02 14.27 13.67 14.65 14.8 14.8

19132 Philadelphia, PA 14.64 14.93 16.28 15.15 14.87 14.06 14.63 15.0 14.9

19133 Philadelphia, PA 14.06 14.19 15.00 16.28 14.89 14.87 13.84 14.55 14.9 14.7

19134 Philadelphia, PA 14.45 14.14 15.16 15.89 14.94 14.95 13.66 14.48 14.8 14.7

19135 Philadelphia, PA 14.85 14.35 15.02 15.11 14.58 13.97 13.28 13.80 14.3 14.4

19136 Philadelphia, PA 14.85 14.35 15.02 15.11 14.58 13.97 13.28 13.80 14.3 14.4

19137 Philadelphia, PA 14.45 14.14 15.16 15.35 14.51 14.36 13.41 14.29 14.5 14.5

19138 Philadelphia, PA 14.64 14.93 15.93 14.61 13.91 13.89 14.21 14.6 14.6

19139 Philadelphia, PA 14.81 16.35 15.02 14.61 13.67 14.65 14.9 14.9

19140 Philadelphia, PA 14.64 14.93 16.28 15.15 14.87 14.06 14.63 15.0 14.9

19141 Philadelphia, PA 14.64 14.93 15.93 14.61 14.24 13.89 14.21 14.6 14.6

19142 Philadelphia, PA 14.81 16.35 15.02 14.61 13.67 14.65 14.9 14.9

19143 Philadelphia, PA 14.81 16.35 15.02 14.61 13.67 14.65 14.9 14.9

19144 Philadelphia, PA 14.64 14.93 15.93 14.61 13.91 13.89 14.21 14.6 14.6

19145 Philadelphia, PA 14.06 13.74 14.94 16.35 14.79 14.61 13.54 14.56 14.8 14.6

19146 Philadelphia, PA 14.06 13.74 14.94 16.35 14.79 14.61 13.54 14.56 14.8 14.6

19147 Philadelphia, PA 14.06 13.74 14.94 16.83 14.91 15.08 13.43 14.56 15.0 14.7

19148 Philadelphia, PA 14.06 13.74 14.94 16.83 14.91 15.08 13.43 14.56 15.0 14.7

19149 Philadelphia, PA 14.85 14.35 15.02 15.11 14.58 13.97 13.28 13.80 14.3 14.4

19150 Philadelphia, PA 15.39 14.44 13.46 13.88 14.3 14.3

19151 Philadelphia, PA 14.81 16.04 14.41 13.65 13.31 14.23 14.4 14.4

19152 Philadelphia, PA 14.85 14.35 15.02 15.11 14.58 13.97 13.28 13.80 14.3 14.4

19153 Philadelphia, PA 14.81 16.83 15.31 15.08 13.56 14.65 15.0 15.0

19154 Philadelphia, PA 14.66 14.62 14.32 13.19 12.78 12.93 13.7 13.7

19311 Avondale, PA 14.61 15.57 14.25 15.87 15.1 15.1

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 21 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

19348 Kennett Square, PA 14.61 15.57 14.25 15.87 15.1 15.1

19350 Landenberg, PA 15.32 15.82 14.78 15.19 14.40 15.14 15.1 15.1

19374 Toughkenamon, PA 14.61 15.57 14.25 15.87 15.1 15.1

19390 West Grove, PA 14.61 15.57 14.25 15.87 15.1 15.1

19401 Norristown, PA 13.02 13.47 14.88 14.24 13.86 12.00 12.48 13.5 13.4

19403 Norristown, PA 13.02 13.47 14.88 14.24 13.86 12.00 12.48 13.5 13.4

19405 Bridgeport, PA 13.02 13.47 14.88 14.24 13.86 12.00 12.48 13.5 13.4

19406 King of Prussia, PA 13.02 13.47 14.88 14.24 13.86 12.00 12.48 13.5 13.4

19422 Blue Bell, PA 13.02 13.47 14.88 14.24 13.86 12.00 12.48 13.5 13.4

19428 Conshohocken, PA 13.02 13.47 14.88 14.24 13.55 12.00 12.48 13.4 13.4

19444 Lafayette Hill, PA 13.02 13.47 14.88 14.24 13.55 12.00 12.48 13.4 13.4

19462 Plymouth Meeting, PA 13.02 13.47 14.88 14.24 13.55 12.00 12.48 13.4 13.4

19540 Mohnton, PA 13.51 16.87 16.49 16.66 16.14 15.64 16.80 16.4 16.0

19601 Reading, PA 13.51 16.87 16.49 16.66 16.14 15.64 16.80 16.4 16.0

19602 Reading, PA 13.51 16.87 16.49 16.66 16.14 15.64 16.80 16.4 16.0

19604 Reading, PA 13.51 16.87 16.49 16.66 16.14 15.64 16.80 16.4 16.0

19605 Reading, PA 13.51 16.87 16.49 16.66 16.14 15.64 16.80 16.4 16.0

19606 Reading, PA 13.51 16.87 16.49 16.66 16.14 15.64 16.80 16.4 16.0

19607 Reading, PA 13.51 16.87 16.49 16.66 16.14 15.64 16.80 16.4 16.0

19609 Reading, PA 13.51 16.87 16.49 16.66 16.14 15.64 16.80 16.4 16.0

19610 Reading, PA 13.51 16.87 16.49 16.66 16.14 15.64 16.80 16.4 16.0

19611 Reading, PA 13.51 16.87 16.49 16.66 16.14 15.64 16.80 16.4 16.0

19701 Bear, DE 13.96 14.20 14.54 14.03 13.26 13.21 13.77 13.8 13.9

19702 Newark, DE 13.96 14.76 15.18 14.49 14.03 13.88 14.09 14.4 14.3

19703 Claymont, DE 14.26 15.39 15.58 14.69 14.81 13.90 14.30 14.8 14.7

19709 Middletown, DE 13.55 14.20 14.54 14.03 13.26 13.21 13.77 13.8 13.8

19711 Newark, DE 14.37 15.32 15.82 14.94 14.80 14.54 14.42 15.0 14.9

19713 Newark, DE 14.37 15.32 15.82 14.94 14.80 14.54 14.42 15.0 14.9

19716 Newark, DE 14.37 15.32 15.82 14.94 14.80 14.54 14.42 15.0 14.9

19717 Newark, DE 14.37 15.32 15.82 14.94 14.80 14.54 14.42 15.0 14.9

19720 New Castle DE New Castle, DE 15 86 . 16 39 . 17 65 . 15 43 . 15 47 . 14 93 . 15 05 . 15 8. 15 8.

19801 Wilmington, DE 15.06 15.89 16.62 15.06 15.14 14.42 14.67 15.3 15.3

19802 Wilmington, DE 15.06 15.89 16.62 15.06 15.14 14.42 14.67 15.3 15.3

19803 Wilmington, DE 15.06 15.89 16.62 15.06 15.14 14.42 14.67 15.3 15.3

19804 Wilmington, DE 15.86 16.39 17.65 15.43 15.47 14.93 15.05 15.8 15.8

19805 Wilmington, DE 15.86 16.39 17.65 15.43 15.47 14.93 15.05 15.8 15.8

19806 Wilmington, DE 15.06 15.89 16.62 15.06 15.14 14.42 14.67 15.3 15.3

19807 Wilmington, DE 15.86 16.39 17.65 15.43 15.47 14.93 15.05 15.8 15.8

19809 Wilmington, DE 15.06 15.89 16.62 15.06 15.14 14.42 14.67 15.3 15.3

19810 Wilmington, DE 14.26 15.39 15.58 14.69 14.81 13.90 14.30 14.8 14.7

19901 Dover, DE 13.26 12.94 13.99 13.16 12.29 12.63 13.09 13.0 13.0

19902 Dover AFB, DE 13.26 12.94 13.99 13.16 12.29 12.63 13.09 13.0 13.0

19904 Dover, DE 13.26 12.94 13.99 13.16 12.29 12.63 13.09 13.0 13.0

19931 Bethel, DE 14.71 14.30 14.43 13.81 12.50 13.44 14.11 13.8 13.9

19943 Felton, DE 12.47 13.20 13.05 13.12 12.71 12.60 13.22 13.0 12.9

19962 Magnolia, DE 13.26 12.94 13.99 13.16 12.29 12.63 13.09 13.0 13.0

19973 Seaford, DE 14.71 14.30 14.43 13.81 12.50 13.44 14.11 13.8 13.9

19979 Viola, DE 12.47 13.20 13.05 13.12 12.71 12.60 13.22 13.0 12.9

20001 Washington, DC 13.77 14.86 14.73 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.7 14.6

20002 Washington, DC 13.90 13.91 15.42 14.77 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.8 14.6

20003 Washington, DC 13.90 13.91 15.42 14.77 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.8 14.6

20004 Washington, DC 13.77 14.86 14.73 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.7 14.6

20005 Washington, DC 13.77 14.86 14.73 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.7 14.6

20006 Washington, DC 13.77 14.86 14.73 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.7 14.6

20007 Washington, DC 14.13 15.06 14.73 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.8 14.7

20008 Washington, DC 13.77 14.86 14.73 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.7 14.6

20009 Washington, DC 13.77 14.86 14.73 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.7 14.6

20010 Washington, DC 13.77 14.86 14.73 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.7 14.6

20016 Washington, DC 13.77 14.86 14.73 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.7 14.6

20017 Washington, DC 16.98 16.09 16.5 16.5

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 22 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

20018 Washington, DC 16.98 16.09 16.5 16.5

20019 Washington, DC 13.90 14.04 15.70 14.79 15.2 14.6

20020 Washington, DC 13.90 14.04 14.43 13.50 14.0 14.0

20024 Washington, DC 13.77 14.86 14.73 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.7 14.6

20032 Washington, DC 13.90 13.91 14.64 14.11 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.6 14.4

20036 Washington, DC 13.77 14.86 14.73 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.7 14.6

20037 Washington, DC 13.77 14.86 14.73 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.7 14.6

20052 Washington, DC 13.77 14.86 14.73 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.7 14.6

20057 Washington, DC 14.13 15.06 14.73 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.8 14.7

20059 Washington, DC 13.77 14.86 14.73 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.7 14.6

20064 Washington, DC 16.98 16.09 16.5 16.5

20147 Ashburn, VA 12.75 13.83 14.11 13.54 13.08 14.07 14.57 13.9 13.7

20148 Ashburn, VA 12.75 13.83 14.11 13.54 13.08 14.07 14.57 13.9 13.7

20166 Sterling, VA 12.75 13.83 14.11 13.54 13.08 14.07 14.57 13.9 13.7

20319 Washington, DC 13.90 13.91 14.64 14.11 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.6 14.4

20374 Washington Navy Yard, D 13.90 13.91 14.64 14.11 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.6 14.4

20701 Annapolis Junction, MD 14.02 13.19 12.12 13.23 13.1 13.1

20705 Beltsville, MD 13.40 13.4 13.4

20706 Lanham, MD 11.46 11.5 11.5

20707 Laurel, MD 13.40 13.4 13.4

20708 Laurel, MD 11.46 13.40 12.4 12.4

20710 Bladensburg, MD 16.98 16.09 16.5 16.5

20711 Lothian, MD 12.76 12.60 11.92 12.89 12.86 12.6 12.6

20712 Mount Rainier, MD 16.98 16.09 16.5 16.5

20716 Bowie, MD 12.76 12.60 11.27 12.50 11.98 12.2 12.2

20720 Bowie, MD 11.46 11.5 11.5

20722 Brentwood, MD 16.98 16.09 16.5 16.5

20724 Laurel, MD 14.02 13.19 12.12 13.23 13.1 13.1

20737 Riverdale, MD 16.98 16.09 16.5 16.5

20740 College Park, MD 16.98 16.09 13.40 15.5 15.5

20742 College Park MD College Park, MD 16 98 . 16 09 . 16 5. 16 5.

20743 Capitol Heights, MD 13.90 14.04 15.70 14.79 15.2 14.6

20745 Oxon Hill, MD 13.90 14.04 14.43 13.50 14.0 14.0

20746 Suitland, MD 13.90 14.04 14.43 13.50 14.0 14.0

20747 District Heights, MD 13.90 14.04 14.43 13.50 14.0 14.0

20748 Temple Hills, MD 13.90 14.04 14.43 13.50 14.0 14.0

20755 Fort George G Meade, MD 14.02 13.19 12.12 13.23 13.1 13.1

20762 Andrews Air Force Base, M 13.90 14.04 14.43 13.50 14.0 14.0

20769 Glenn Dale, MD 11.46 11.5 11.5

20770 Greenbelt, MD 16.98 16.09 11.46 13.40 14.5 14.5

20771 Greenbelt, MD 11.46 13.40 12.4 12.4

20772 Upper Marlboro, MD 12.56 13.29 13.74 13.2 13.2

20776 Harwood, MD 12.76 12.60 11.27 12.50 11.98 12.2 12.2

20781 Hyattsville, MD 16.98 16.09 16.5 16.5

20782 Hyattsville, MD 16.98 16.09 16.5 16.5

20783 Hyattsville, MD 16.98 16.09 16.5 16.5

20784 Hyattsville, MD 16.98 16.09 16.5 16.5

20785 Hyattsville, MD 16.98 16.09 16.5 16.5

20794 Jessup, MD 14.02 13.19 12.12 13.23 13.1 13.1

20812 Glen Echo, MD 15.08 14.49 14.21 13.55 14.04 14.80 14.4 14.4

20818 Cabin John, MD 15.08 14.49 14.21 13.55 14.04 14.80 14.4 14.4

20832 Olney, MD 14.32 12.76 13.17 11.94 12.64 13.55 13.1 13.1

20833 Brookeville, MD 14.32 12.76 13.17 11.94 12.64 13.55 13.1 13.1

20850 Rockville, MD 14.32 12.76 13.17 11.94 12.64 13.55 13.1 13.1

20851 Rockville, MD 14.32 12.76 13.17 11.94 12.64 13.55 13.1 13.1

20852 Rockville, MD 14.32 12.76 13.17 11.94 12.64 13.55 13.1 13.1

20853 Rockville, MD 14.32 12.76 13.17 11.94 12.64 13.55 13.1 13.1

20855 Derwood, MD 14.32 12.76 13.17 11.94 12.64 13.55 13.1 13.1

20866 Burtonsville, MD 13.40 13.4 13.4

20906 Silver Spring, MD 14.32 12.76 13.17 11.94 12.64 13.55 13.1 13.1

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 23 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

20912 Takoma Park, MD 16.98 16.09 16.5 16.5

21009 Abingdon, MD 15.45 13.62 13.07 12.47 12.86 13.46 13.5 13.5

21010 Gunpowder, MD 15.45 13.62 13.07 12.47 12.86 13.46 13.5 13.5

21017 Belcamp, MD 15.45 13.62 13.07 12.47 12.86 13.46 13.5 13.5

21030 Cockeysville, MD 14.99 14.85 14.48 13.55 13.67 14.91 14.4 14.4

21031 Hunt Valley, MD 14.99 14.85 14.48 13.55 13.67 14.91 14.4 14.4

21035 Davidsonville, MD 12.76 12.60 11.27 12.50 11.98 12.2 12.2

21040 Edgewood, MD 15.45 13.62 13.07 12.47 12.86 13.46 13.5 13.5

21054 Gambrills, MD 14.02 13.19 12.12 13.23 13.1 13.1

21060 Glen Burnie, MD 17.73 17.19 16.92 15.59 15.35 14.87 15.27 15.92 15.7 16.1

21061 Glen Burnie, MD 18.04 16.81 16.11 15.62 15.70 14.79 15.33 15.67 15.5 16.0

21076 Hanover, MD 18.04 16.81 16.11 14.82 14.45 13.45 14.28 15.67 14.8 15.5

21077 Harmans, MD 18.04 16.81 16.11 14.82 14.45 13.45 14.28 15.67 14.8 15.5

21085 Joppa, MD 15.45 13.62 13.07 12.47 12.86 13.46 13.5 13.5

21090 Linthicum Heights, MD 17.73 17.19 16.92 15.90 15.58 15.45 15.60 16.04 15.9 16.3

21093 Lutherville Timonium, MD 14.99 14.85 14.48 13.55 13.67 14.91 14.4 14.4

21108 Millersville, MD 18.04 16.81 16.11 15.62 15.70 14.79 15.33 15.67 15.5 16.0

21113 Odenton, MD 14.02 13.19 12.12 13.23 13.1 13.1

21122 Pasadena, MD 14.82 14.78 13.62 14.47 15.71 14.7 14.7

21131 Phoenix, MD 14.99 14.85 14.48 13.55 13.67 14.91 14.4 14.4

21140 Riva, MD 12.76 12.60 11.27 12.50 11.98 12.2 12.2

21144 Severn, MD 18.04 16.81 16.11 14.82 14.45 13.45 14.28 15.67 14.8 15.5

21152 Sparks Glencoe, MD 14.99 14.85 14.48 13.55 13.67 14.91 14.4 14.4

21153 Stevenson, MD 16.30 15.29 14.94 15.10 14.53 15.41 15.3 15.3

21201 Baltimore, MD 17.95 17.08 16.98 15.87 15.34 15.26 15.49 16.10 15.8 16.3

21202 Baltimore, MD 17.95 17.08 16.98 15.87 15.34 15.26 15.49 16.10 15.8 16.3

21204 Towson, MD 15.56 14.59 15.56 14.73 14.51 13.56 14.10 14.96 14.6 14.7

21205 Baltimore, MD 17.95 17.08 17.20 16.02 15.42 15.29 15.68 16.23 16.0 16.4

21206 Baltimore, MD 17.49 15.75 16.09 16.03 15.22 14.97 15.53 15.95 15.6 15.9

21207 Gwynn Oak, MD 16.30 15.29 14.94 15.10 14.53 15.41 15.3 15.3

21208 Pikesville MD Pikesville, MD 16 30 . 15 29 . 14 94 . 15 10 . 14 53 . 15 41 . 15 3. 15 3.

21209 Baltimore, MD 16.30 15.29 14.94 15.10 14.53 15.41 15.3 15.3

21210 Baltimore, MD 17.34 15.91 16.72 15.77 15.15 15.16 15.18 15.64 15.6 15.9

21211 Baltimore, MD 17.34 15.91 16.72 15.76 15.24 15.21 15.25 15.75 15.7 15.9

21212 Baltimore, MD 17.34 15.91 16.72 15.77 15.15 15.16 15.18 15.64 15.6 15.9

21213 Baltimore, MD 17.95 17.08 17.20 16.02 15.42 15.29 15.68 16.23 16.0 16.4

21214 Baltimore, MD 18.13 16.92 16.93 16.01 15.35 14.96 15.65 16.24 15.9 16.3

21215 Baltimore, MD 16.30 15.29 14.94 15.10 14.53 15.41 15.3 15.3

21216 Baltimore, MD 19.11 17.23 17.02 16.15 15.47 15.76 15.49 15.99 16.0 16.5

21217 Baltimore, MD 17.34 15.91 16.72 15.76 15.24 15.21 15.25 15.75 15.7 15.9

21218 Baltimore, MD 18.13 16.92 16.72 15.76 15.30 15.07 15.39 16.04 15.7 16.2

21220 Middle River, MD 15.58 12.23 14.39 16.06 14.85 15.02 15.16 15.10 15.1 14.8

21221 Essex, MD 15.58 12.23 14.39 16.06 14.85 15.02 15.16 15.10 15.1 14.8

21222 Dundalk, MD 17.57 16.25 16.06 16.19 15.32 15.24 15.70 16.23 15.8 16.1

21223 Baltimore, MD 17.34 15.91 16.72 15.76 15.24 15.21 15.25 15.75 15.7 15.9

21224 Baltimore, MD 17.48 16.11 16.50 16.10 15.29 15.22 15.62 16.04 15.8 16.0

21225 Brooklyn, MD 18.19 17.20 17.19 16.28 15.68 15.79 15.82 16.15 16.2 16.5

21226 Curtis Bay, MD 18.39 17.78 16.92 15.59 15.39 14.78 15.43 16.24 15.7 16.3

21227 Halethorpe, MD 15.74 15.48 15.36 15.47 16.07 15.6 15.6

21228 Catonsville, MD 16.30 15.29 14.94 15.10 14.53 15.41 15.3 15.3

21229 Baltimore, MD 16.30 15.52 15.21 15.23 15.00 15.74 15.5 15.5

21230 Baltimore, MD 17.95 17.08 17.20 16.02 15.42 15.29 15.68 16.23 16.0 16.4

21231 Baltimore, MD 17.95 17.08 17.20 16.02 15.42 15.29 15.68 16.23 16.0 16.4

21234 Parkville, MD 15.56 14.59 16.14 14.60 14.53 13.57 14.53 15.02 14.7 14.8

21236 Nottingham, MD 15.58 12.23 14.39 16.06 14.85 15.02 15.16 15.10 15.1 14.8

21237 Rosedale, MD 17.65 15.59 14.39 16.06 15.19 14.75 15.54 16.15 15.3 15.7

21239 Baltimore, MD 18.13 16.92 16.93 16.01 15.35 14.96 15.65 16.24 15.9 16.3

21240 Baltimore, MD 18.04 16.81 16.11 15.68 15.59 15.07 15.40 15.87 15.6 16.1

21244 Windsor Mill, MD 16.30 15.29 14.94 15.10 14.53 15.41 15.3 15.3

21250 Baltimore, MD 15.74 15.48 15.36 15.47 16.07 15.6 15.6

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 24 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

21251 Baltimore, MD 18.13 16.92 16.93 16.01 15.35 14.96 15.65 16.24 15.9 16.3

21252 Baltimore, MD 15.56 14.59 15.81 14.91 14.65 14.08 14.24 15.11 14.8 14.9

21286 Towson, MD 15.56 14.59 15.56 14.73 14.51 13.56 14.10 14.96 14.6 14.7

21713 Boonsboro, MD 15.55 14.17 14.76 13.00 14.58 14.85 14.5 14.5

21733 Fairplay, MD 15.55 14.17 14.76 13.00 14.58 14.85 14.5 14.5

21740 Hagerstown, MD 15.55 14.17 14.76 13.00 14.58 14.85 14.5 14.5

21921 Elkton, MD 14.11 13.63 12.58 13.25 13.72 13.5 13.5

22003 Annandale, VA 14.48 15.25 13.22 13.68 14.43 14.1 14.2

22027 Dunn Loring, VA 14.48 15.17 14.49 14.21 13.38 13.86 14.61 14.3 14.3

22041 Falls Church, VA 13.90 14.75 14.53 14.10 13.52 14.02 14.46 14.2 14.2

22042 Falls Church, VA 14.48 15.17 14.49 14.21 13.38 13.86 14.61 14.3 14.3

22043 Falls Church, VA 14.48 15.17 14.49 14.21 13.38 13.86 14.61 14.3 14.3

22044 Falls Church, VA 14.48 15.17 14.49 14.21 13.38 13.86 14.61 14.3 14.3

22046 Falls Church, VA 14.48 15.17 14.49 14.21 13.38 13.86 14.61 14.3 14.3

22060 Fort Belvoir, VA 13.44 14.14 14.33 13.21 13.22 13.92 13.66 13.7 13.7

22067 Greenway, VA 15.08 14.49 14.21 13.55 14.04 14.80 14.4 14.4

22101 MC Lean, VA 14.48 15.17 14.49 14.21 13.55 14.04 14.80 14.4 14.4

22102 MC Lean, VA 15.08 14.49 14.21 13.55 14.04 14.80 14.4 14.4

22150 Springfield, VA 13.44 14.14 14.33 13.21 13.22 13.80 14.04 13.8 13.7

22151 Springfield, VA 13.22 13.68 14.43 13.8 13.8

22180 Vienna, VA 15.08 14.49 14.21 13.55 14.04 14.80 14.4 14.4

22182 Vienna, VA 15.08 14.49 14.21 13.55 14.04 14.80 14.4 14.4

22201 Arlington, VA 14.13 15.06 14.73 15.00 13.67 14.06 14.87 14.6 14.5

22202 Arlington, VA 13.77 14.86 14.73 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.7 14.6

22203 Arlington, VA 14.13 15.06 14.73 15.00 13.67 14.06 14.87 14.6 14.5

22204 Arlington, VA 13.90 14.75 14.53 14.10 13.52 14.02 14.46 14.2 14.2

22205 Arlington, VA 14.13 15.06 14.61 14.60 13.63 14.06 14.84 14.5 14.4

22206 Arlington, VA 13.90 14.75 14.53 14.10 13.52 14.02 14.46 14.2 14.2

22207 Arlington, VA 14.13 15.06 14.61 14.60 13.63 14.06 14.84 14.5 14.4

22209 Arlington, VA 14.13 15.06 14.73 15.00 14.13 14.45 15.30 14.8 14.7

22211 Fort Myer VA Fort Myer, VA 14 13 . 15 06 . 14 73 . 15 00 . 14 13 . 14 45 . 15 30 . 14 8. 14 7.

22213 Arlington, VA 14.48 15.17 14.49 14.21 13.38 13.86 14.61 14.3 14.3

22301 Alexandria, VA 13.61 14.50 14.53 14.10 13.67 14.18 14.48 14.2 14.2

22302 Alexandria, VA 13.90 14.75 14.53 14.10 13.52 14.02 14.46 14.2 14.2

22303 Alexandria, VA 13.61 14.50 14.53 14.10 13.67 14.18 14.48 14.2 14.2

22304 Alexandria, VA 13.90 14.75 14.53 14.10 13.52 14.02 14.46 14.2 14.2

22305 Alexandria, VA 13.90 14.75 14.53 14.10 13.67 14.18 14.48 14.3 14.2

22306 Alexandria, VA 13.44 14.14 14.33 13.21 13.22 13.92 13.66 13.7 13.7

22307 Alexandria, VA 13.61 14.50 14.53 14.10 13.67 14.18 14.48 14.2 14.2

22308 Alexandria, VA 13.44 14.14 14.33 13.21 13.22 13.92 13.66 13.7 13.7

22309 Alexandria, VA 13.44 14.14 14.33 13.21 13.22 13.92 13.66 13.7 13.7

22310 Alexandria, VA 13.96 14.70 14.33 13.21 13.22 13.80 14.04 13.9 13.9

22311 Alexandria, VA 13.90 14.75 14.53 14.10 13.52 14.02 14.46 14.2 14.2

22312 Alexandria, VA 13.96 14.70 14.33 13.21 13.22 13.80 14.04 13.9 13.9

22314 Alexandria, VA 13.61 14.50 14.53 14.10 13.67 14.18 14.48 14.2 14.2

22315 Alexandria, VA 13.44 14.14 14.33 13.21 13.22 13.80 14.04 13.8 13.7

22835 Luray, VA 13.70 13.26 13.22 12.40 12.09 13.95 13.1 13.1

23059 Glen Allen, VA 13.44 14.52 12.96 13.07 12.80 12.48 13.70 13.3 13.3

23060 Glen Allen, VA 13.44 14.52 12.96 13.07 12.80 12.48 13.70 13.3 13.3

23075 Henrico, VA 14.16 14.67 13.47 13.72 14.01 13.56 13.93 13.9 13.9

23173 University of Richmond, V 17.97 14.74 15.38 14.68 13.51 13.81 14.3 15.0

23219 Richmond, VA 17.97 14.45 15.02 14.07 13.62 13.91 13.56 13.93 14.0 14.6

23220 Richmond, VA 17.97 14.45 15.02 14.07 13.62 13.91 13.56 13.93 14.0 14.6

23221 Richmond, VA 17.97 14.45 15.02 14.07 13.62 13.91 13.56 13.93 14.0 14.6

23222 Richmond, VA 14.16 14.67 13.47 13.72 14.01 13.56 13.93 13.9 13.9

23223 Richmond, VA 14.16 14.67 13.47 13.72 14.01 13.56 13.93 13.9 13.9

23224 Richmond, VA 17.97 14.45 15.14 13.97 13.57 13.81 13.37 13.95 14.0 14.5

23225 Richmond, VA 17.97 14.74 15.38 14.68 13.51 13.81 14.3 15.0

23226 Richmond, VA 17.97 14.74 15.38 14.68 13.51 13.81 14.3 15.0

23227 Richmond, VA 14.16 14.67 13.47 13.72 14.01 13.56 13.93 13.9 13.9

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 25 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

23228 Henrico, VA 13.44 14.52 12.96 13.07 12.80 12.48 13.70 13.3 13.3

23229 Henrico, VA 13.44 14.52 12.96 13.07 12.80 12.48 13.70 13.3 13.3

23230 Richmond, VA 17.97 14.74 15.38 14.68 13.51 13.81 14.3 15.0

23231 Henrico, VA 14.16 14.67 13.47 13.72 14.01 13.56 13.93 13.9 13.9

23233 Henrico, VA 13.44 14.52 12.96 13.07 12.80 12.48 13.70 13.3 13.3

23234 Richmond, VA 17.97 14.74 15.38 14.22 13.49 13.72 13.19 13.98 14.0 14.6

23235 Richmond, VA 17.97 14.74 15.38 14.68 13.51 13.81 14.3 15.0

23237 Richmond, VA 15.39 13.76 13.47 13.62 13.19 13.98 13.9 13.9

23238 Henrico, VA 13.44 14.52 12.96 13.07 12.80 12.48 13.70 13.3 13.3

23250 Richmond, VA 14.16 14.67 13.47 13.72 14.01 13.56 13.93 13.9 13.9

23294 Henrico, VA 13.44 14.52 12.96 13.07 12.80 12.48 13.70 13.3 13.3

23298 Richmond, VA 17.97 14.45 15.02 14.07 13.62 13.91 13.56 13.93 14.0 14.6

23320 Chesapeake, VA 15.79 13.09 13.72 13.45 11.88 12.30 12.8 13.4

23323 Chesapeake, VA 15.79 13.09 13.72 13.45 11.88 12.30 12.8 13.4

23324 Chesapeake, VA 16.23 13.33 13.76 13.51 12.26 12.54 12.73 13.53 13.1 13.5

23325 Chesapeake, VA 16.23 13.45 13.57 13.26 12.32 12.61 12.57 13.05 12.9 13.4

23455 Virginia Beach, VA 13.69 13.19 12.74 12.44 12.75 12.41 12.57 12.7 12.8

23462 Virginia Beach, VA 13.69 13.19 12.74 12.44 12.75 12.41 12.57 12.7 12.8

23463 Virginia Beach, VA 15.79 13.39 13.46 13.09 12.16 12.52 12.41 12.57 12.7 13.2

23464 Virginia Beach, VA 13.69 13.19 12.74 12.44 12.75 12.41 12.57 12.7 12.8

23502 Norfolk, VA 15.79 13.39 13.46 13.09 12.16 12.52 12.41 12.57 12.7 13.2

23504 Norfolk, VA 16.23 13.33 13.76 13.51 12.26 12.54 12.73 13.53 13.1 13.5

23505 Norfolk, VA 16.67 13.57 13.80 13.58 12.64 12.78 12.73 13.53 13.2 13.7

23507 Norfolk, VA 16.23 13.33 13.76 13.51 12.26 12.54 12.73 13.53 13.1 13.5

23508 Norfolk, VA 16.67 13.57 13.80 13.58 12.64 12.78 12.73 13.53 13.2 13.7

23509 Norfolk, VA 16.23 13.45 13.57 13.26 12.32 12.61 12.57 13.05 12.9 13.4

23510 Norfolk, VA 16.23 13.33 13.76 13.51 12.26 12.54 12.73 13.53 13.1 13.5

23511 Norfolk, VA 16.67 13.57 13.80 13.58 12.64 12.78 12.73 13.53 13.2 13.7

23513 Norfolk, VA 16.67 13.63 13.50 13.16 12.54 12.76 12.57 13.05 12.9 13.5

23517 Norfolk, VA 16.23 13.33 13.76 13.51 12.26 12.54 12.73 13.53 13.1 13.5

23518 Norfolk VA Norfolk, VA 13 69 . 13 19 . 12 74 . 12 44 . 12 75 . 12 41 . 12 57 . 12 7. 12 8.

23521 Norfolk, VA 13.69 13.19 12.74 12.44 12.75 12.41 12.57 12.7 12.8

23523 Norfolk, VA 16.23 13.33 13.76 13.51 12.26 12.54 12.73 13.53 13.1 13.5

23529 Norfolk, VA 16.67 13.57 13.80 13.58 12.64 12.78 12.73 13.53 13.2 13.7

23601 Newport News, VA 15.88 12.95 13.35 12.78 11.78 12.12 12.18 12.46 12.4 12.9

23602 Newport News, VA 12.84 13.17 12.00 11.90 11.81 12.2 12.3

23605 Newport News, VA 15.88 13.07 13.54 13.57 11.65 12.42 12.18 12.46 12.6 13.1

23606 Newport News, VA 12.84 13.17 12.00 11.90 11.81 12.2 12.3

23607 Newport News, VA 15.88 13.07 13.54 13.57 11.65 12.42 12.18 12.46 12.6 13.1

23608 Newport News, VA 12.84 13.17 12.00 11.90 11.81 12.2 12.3

23661 Hampton, VA 15.88 13.07 13.54 13.57 11.65 12.42 12.18 12.46 12.6 13.1

23665 Hampton, VA 15.88 13.07 13.54 13.57 11.65 12.42 12.18 12.46 12.6 13.1

23666 Hampton, VA 15.88 13.07 13.54 13.57 11.65 12.42 12.18 12.46 12.6 13.1

23668 Hampton, VA 15.88 13.07 13.54 13.57 11.65 12.42 12.18 12.46 12.6 13.1

23669 Hampton, VA 15.88 13.07 13.54 13.57 11.65 12.42 12.18 12.46 12.6 13.1

23692 Yorktown, VA 12.84 13.17 12.00 11.90 11.81 12.2 12.3

23693 Yorktown, VA 12.84 13.17 12.00 11.90 11.81 12.2 12.3

23701 Portsmouth, VA 16.67 13.57 13.80 13.58 12.64 12.78 12.73 13.53 13.2 13.7

23702 Portsmouth, VA 16.23 13.33 13.76 13.51 12.26 12.54 12.73 13.53 13.1 13.5

23703 Portsmouth, VA 16.67 13.57 13.80 13.58 12.64 12.78 12.73 13.53 13.2 13.7

23704 Portsmouth, VA 16.23 13.33 13.76 13.51 12.26 12.54 12.73 13.53 13.1 13.5

23707 Portsmouth, VA 16.23 13.33 13.76 13.51 12.26 12.54 12.73 13.53 13.1 13.5

23708 Portsmouth, VA 16.23 13.33 13.76 13.51 12.26 12.54 12.73 13.53 13.1 13.5

23709 Portsmouth, VA 16.23 13.33 13.76 13.51 12.26 12.54 12.73 13.53 13.1 13.5

23860 Hopewell, VA 14.17 13.82 13.56 12.53 12.37 12.24 12.86 12.9 13.1

24011 Roanoke, VA 14.87 16.06 14.79 14.37 13.50 13.54 15.13 14.6 14.6

24012 Roanoke, VA 14.87 16.06 14.79 14.37 13.50 13.54 15.13 14.6 14.6

24013 Roanoke, VA 14.87 16.06 14.79 14.37 13.50 13.54 15.13 14.6 14.6

24014 Roanoke, VA 14.87 16.06 14.79 14.37 13.50 13.54 15.13 14.6 14.6

24015 Roanoke, VA 14.34 15.91 14.95 14.73 13.64 13.91 15.57 14.8 14.7

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 26 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

24016 Roanoke, VA 14.87 16.06 14.79 14.37 13.50 13.54 15.13 14.6 14.6

24017 Roanoke, VA 14.34 15.91 14.95 14.73 13.64 13.91 15.57 14.8 14.7

24018 Roanoke, VA 14.34 15.91 14.95 14.73 13.64 13.91 15.57 14.8 14.7

24019 Roanoke, VA 14.87 16.06 14.79 14.37 13.50 13.54 15.13 14.6 14.6

24153 Salem, VA 13.82 15.77 15.10 15.09 13.79 14.28 16.00 15.0 14.8

24201 Bristol, VA 16.32 16.58 15.15 14.09 13.82 13.85 14.34 14.6 14.9

24202 Bristol, VA 16.32 16.58 15.15 14.09 13.82 13.85 14.34 14.6 14.9

24366 Rocky Gap, VA 14.52 13.41 12.36 11.81 12.08 12.8 12.8

24501 Lynchburg, VA 14.43 13.79 12.13 13.40 13.4 13.4

24502 Lynchburg, VA 14.43 13.79 12.13 13.40 13.4 13.4

24504 Lynchburg, VA 14.43 13.79 14.1 14.1

24551 Forest, VA 12.13 13.40 12.8 12.8

24605 Bluefield, VA 14.52 13.41 12.36 11.81 12.08 12.8 12.8

24613 Falls Mills, VA 14.52 13.41 12.36 11.81 12.08 12.8 12.8

24701 Bluefield, WV 14.52 13.41 12.36 11.81 12.08 12.8 12.8

24910 Alderson, WV 11.67 10.47 10.59 10.16 9.51 9.79 10.1 10.4

24943 Grassy Meadows, WV 11.67 10.47 10.59 10.16 9.51 9.79 10.1 10.4

25064 Dunbar, WV 15.75 19.23 17.97 17.93 17.06 16.17 15.96 17.79 17.1 17.2

25301 Charleston, WV 15.75 18.52 17.97 17.21 16.22 15.39 15.15 17.07 16.5 16.7

25302 Charleston, WV 15.75 18.52 17.97 17.21 16.22 15.39 15.15 17.07 16.5 16.7

25303 Charleston, WV 15.75 18.52 17.97 17.21 16.22 15.39 15.15 17.07 16.5 16.7

25304 Charleston, WV 17.81 16.49 15.39 14.61 14.33 16.34 15.4 15.8

25309 Charleston, WV 15.75 19.23 17.97 17.93 17.06 16.17 15.96 17.79 17.1 17.2

25311 Charleston, WV 17.81 16.49 15.39 14.61 14.33 16.34 15.4 15.8

25312 Charleston, WV 15.75 19.23 17.97 17.93 17.06 16.17 14.28 16.16 16.6 16.8

25314 Charleston, WV 15.75 18.52 17.97 17.21 16.22 15.39 15.15 17.07 16.5 16.7

25320 Charleston, WV 12.60 14.53 13.6 13.6

25401 Martinsburg, WV 16.08 15.99 15.89 16.84 16.21 15.38 16.97 16.2 16.2

25403 Martinsburg, WV 16.08 15.99 15.89 16.84 16.21 15.38 16.97 16.2 16.2

25404 Martinsburg, WV 16.08 15.99 15.89 16.84 16.21 15.38 16.97 16.2 16.2

25405 Martinsburg WV Martinsburg, WV 16 08 . 15 99 . 15 89 . 16 84 . 16 21 . 15 38 . 16 97 . 16 2. 16 2.

25701 Huntington, WV 18.41 17.60 17.50 16.73 15.45 15.18 18.13 16.8 17.0

25702 Huntington, WV 18.41 17.60 17.50 16.73 15.45 15.18 18.13 16.8 17.0

25703 Huntington, WV 18.41 17.60 17.50 16.73 15.45 15.18 18.13 16.8 17.0

25704 Huntington, WV 18.41 17.60 17.50 16.73 15.45 15.18 18.13 16.8 17.0

25705 Huntington, WV 18.41 17.60 17.50 16.73 15.45 15.18 18.13 16.8 17.0

25755 Huntington, WV 18.41 17.60 17.50 16.73 15.45 15.18 18.13 16.8 17.0

25801 Beckley, WV 14.36 13.73 13.98 12.90 12.35 12.45 13.92 13.2 13.4

25827 Crab Orchard, WV 14.36 13.73 13.98 12.90 12.35 12.45 13.92 13.2 13.4

25880 Mount Hope, WV 14.36 13.73 13.98 12.90 12.35 12.45 13.92 13.2 13.4

26003 Wheeling, WV 15.78 15.96 15.35 15.55 15.02 15.05 14.14 15.42 15.1 15.3

26031 Benwood, WV 15.78 15.96 15.35 15.55 15.02 15.05 14.14 15.0 15.3

26035 Colliers, WV 18.20 18.01 17.42 17.65 16.83 16.96 16.04 17.09 17.0 17.3

26037 Follansbee, WV 18.20 18.01 17.42 17.65 16.83 16.96 16.04 17.09 17.0 17.3

26038 Glen Dale, WV 17.72 17.06 16.41 16.05 15.62 15.40 14.41 16.21 15.7 16.1

26040 McMechen, WV 16.75 16.51 15.88 15.80 15.32 15.22 14.28 16.21 15.5 15.7

26041 Moundsville, WV 17.72 17.06 16.41 16.05 15.62 15.40 14.41 16.21 15.7 16.1

26062 Weirton, WV 18.59 17.93 17.41 17.35 16.75 16.85 16.01 16.85 16.9 17.2

26070 Wellsburg, WV 17.75 18.26 16.97 18.08 16.85 16.85 16.38 17.74 17.1 17.4

26101 Parkersburg, WV 17.45 17.71 17.78 17.40 15.76 14.93 14.94 16.40 16.2 16.5

26104 Parkersburg, WV 17.45 17.71 17.78 17.40 15.76 14.93 14.94 16.40 16.2 16.5

26105 Vienna, WV 17.45 17.71 17.78 17.40 15.76 14.93 14.94 16.40 16.2 16.5

26301 Clarksburg, WV 15.05 14.87 14.45 14.04 13.40 13.30 14.87 14.2 14.3

26404 Meadowbrook, WV 15.05 14.87 14.45 14.04 13.40 13.30 14.87 14.2 14.3

26408 Mount Clare, WV 15.05 14.87 14.45 14.04 13.40 13.30 14.87 14.2 14.3

26501 Morgantown, WV 13.73 14.90 15.03 14.94 15.15 14.56 13.85 15.02 14.8 14.6

26505 Morgantown, WV 13.73 14.90 15.03 14.94 15.15 14.56 13.85 15.02 14.8 14.6

26506 Morgantown, WV 13.73 14.90 15.03 14.94 15.15 14.56 13.85 15.02 14.8 14.6

26508 Morgantown, WV 13.73 14.90 15.03 14.94 15.15 14.56 13.85 15.02 14.8 14.6

26554 Fairmont, WV 15.97 15.92 15.35 14.99 14.10 15.90 15.4 15.4

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 27 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

26560 Baxter, WV 15.97 15.92 15.35 14.99 14.10 15.90 15.4 15.4

26588 Rivesville, WV 15.97 15.92 15.35 14.99 14.10 15.90 15.4 15.4

27045 Rural Hall, NC 15.78 15.95 14.30 14.30 13.43 14.05 14.4 14.6

27101 Winston Salem, NC 16.29 16.75 15.66 14.27 13.88 14.76 14.41 15.0 15.1

27105 Winston Salem, NC 16.04 16.35 14.98 14.29 13.65 14.41 14.41 14.7 14.9

27106 Winston Salem, NC 16.04 16.35 14.98 14.29 13.65 14.41 14.41 14.7 14.9

27107 Winston Salem, NC 16.29 16.75 15.66 14.27 13.88 14.76 14.41 15.0 15.1

27110 Winston Salem, NC 16.29 16.75 15.66 14.27 13.88 14.76 14.41 15.0 15.1

27127 Winston Salem, NC 16.29 16.75 15.66 14.27 13.88 14.76 14.41 15.0 15.1

27215 Burlington, NC 16.40 15.59 13.98 13.49 13.74 13.86 14.62 14.2 14.5

27217 Burlington, NC 16.40 15.59 13.98 13.49 13.74 13.86 14.62 14.2 14.5

27229 Candor, NC 14.14 12.69 12.25 11.40 12.58 12.62 12.6 12.6

27253 Graham, NC 16.40 15.59 13.98 13.49 13.74 13.86 14.62 14.2 14.5

27260 High Point, NC 18.20 16.75 16.14 16.1 17.0

27262 High Point, NC 18.20 16.75 16.14 16.1 17.0

27263 High Point, NC 18.20 16.75 16.14 16.1 17.0

27265 High Point, NC 18.20 16.75 16.14 16.1 17.0

27292 Lexington, NC 17.34 18.04 16.45 15.74 15.16 15.17 15.53 16.0 16.2

27295 Lexington, NC 17.34 18.04 16.45 15.74 15.16 15.17 15.53 16.0 16.2

27299 Linwood, NC 15.34 15.3 15.3

27312 Pittsboro, NC 14.02 13.33 12.91 12.22 11.52 12.24 11.87 12.4 12.6

27379 Yanceyville, NC 14.96 14.92 13.60 13.33 12.86 13.05 13.66 13.6 13.8

27401 Greensboro, NC 18.63 16.98 16.88 14.94 13.76 13.34 13.96 14.01 14.5 15.3

27403 Greensboro, NC 18.63 16.98 16.88 14.94 13.76 13.34 13.96 14.01 14.5 15.3

27405 Greensboro, NC 18.63 16.98 16.88 14.94 13.76 13.34 13.96 14.01 14.5 15.3

27406 Greensboro, NC 18.63 16.98 16.88 14.94 15.9 16.9

27407 Greensboro, NC 18.63 16.98 16.88 14.94 15.9 16.9

27408 Greensboro, NC 18.63 16.98 16.88 14.94 13.76 13.34 13.96 14.01 14.5 15.3

27410 Greensboro, NC 13.76 13.34 13.96 14.01 13.8 13.8

27411 Greensboro, NC 18.63 16.98 16.88 14.94 13.76 13.34 13.96 14.01 14.5 15.3

27413 Greensboro NC Greensboro, NC 18 63 . 16 98 . 16 88 . 14 94 . 13 76 . 13 34 . 13 96 . 14 01 . 14 5. 15 3.

27455 Greensboro, NC 18.63 16.98 16.88 14.94 13.76 13.34 13.96 14.01 14.5 15.3

27510 Carrboro, NC 14.91 14.41 13.63 12.80 12.85 13.45 13.36 13.4 13.6

27514 Chapel Hill, NC 14.91 14.41 13.63 12.80 12.85 13.45 13.36 13.4 13.6

27516 Chapel Hill, NC 14.91 14.41 13.63 12.80 12.85 13.45 13.36 13.4 13.6

27517 Chapel Hill, NC 14.91 14.41 13.63 12.80 12.85 13.45 13.36 13.4 13.6

27530 Goldsboro, NC 15.42 15.83 14.65 13.32 12.97 12.93 13.54 13.9 14.1

27531 Goldsboro, NC 15.42 15.83 14.65 13.32 12.97 12.93 13.54 13.9 14.1

27534 Goldsboro, NC 15.42 15.83 14.65 13.32 12.97 12.93 13.54 13.9 14.1

27601 Raleigh, NC 15.61 14.47 14.14 13.57 12.76 13.7 14.1

27604 Raleigh, NC 15.68 15.20 14.18 13.59 13.23 13.24 13.62 13.8 14.1

27605 Raleigh, NC 15.61 14.47 14.14 13.57 12.76 13.7 14.1

27607 Raleigh, NC 15.61 14.47 14.14 13.57 12.76 13.7 14.1

27608 Raleigh, NC 15.68 15.20 14.18 13.59 13.23 13.24 13.62 13.8 14.1

27609 Raleigh, NC 15.68 15.20 14.18 13.59 13.23 13.24 13.62 13.8 14.1

27610 Raleigh, NC 15.61 14.47 14.14 13.57 12.76 13.7 14.1

27614 Raleigh, NC 15.75 15.93 14.21 13.60 13.69 13.24 13.62 14.0 14.3

27615 Raleigh, NC 15.75 15.93 14.21 13.60 13.69 13.24 13.62 14.0 14.3

27616 Raleigh, NC 15.75 15.93 14.21 13.60 13.69 13.24 13.62 14.0 14.3

27701 Durham, NC 16.84 15.65 15.82 14.57 13.63 13.60 13.78 13.60 14.2 14.7

27703 Durham, NC 16.84 15.65 15.82 14.57 13.63 13.60 13.78 13.60 14.2 14.7

27704 Durham, NC 16.84 15.65 15.82 14.57 13.63 13.60 13.78 13.60 14.2 14.7

27705 Durham, NC 16.84 15.65 15.82 14.57 13.63 13.60 13.78 13.60 14.2 14.7

27707 Durham, NC 16.84 15.65 15.82 14.57 13.63 13.60 13.78 13.60 14.2 14.7

27709 Durham, NC 16.84 15.65 15.82 14.57 13.63 13.60 13.78 13.60 14.2 14.7

27713 Durham, NC 16.84 15.65 15.82 14.57 13.63 13.60 13.78 13.60 14.2 14.7

27801 Rocky Mount, NC 14.77 13.41 11.60 12.74 13.1 13.1

27803 Rocky Mount, NC 14.77 13.41 14.1 14.1

27804 Rocky Mount, NC 14.77 13.41 14.1 14.1

27834 Greenville, NC 13.97 12.32 12.25 12.11 11.77 11.82 12.4 12.4

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 28 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

27846 Jamesville, NC 11.55 11.16 11.4 11.4

27858 Greenville, NC 13.97 12.32 12.25 12.11 11.77 11.82 12.4 12.4

27909 Elizabeth City, NC 12.38 12.27 11.33 12.0 12.0

28023 China Grove, NC 16.37 16.00 16.61 14.41 14.40 14.58 14.64 14.9 15.3

28032 Cramerton, NC 15.83 16.07 13.91 14.02 13.87 14.19 14.74 14.5 14.7

28034 Dallas, NC 15.83 16.07 13.91 14.02 13.87 14.19 14.74 14.5 14.7

28052 Gastonia, NC 15.83 16.07 13.91 14.02 13.87 14.19 14.74 14.5 14.7

28054 Gastonia, NC 15.83 16.07 13.91 14.02 13.87 14.19 14.74 14.5 14.7

28056 Gastonia, NC 15.83 16.07 13.91 14.02 13.87 14.19 14.74 14.5 14.7

28071 Gold Hill, NC 14.21 14.2 14.2

28081 Kannapolis, NC 16.37 16.00 16.61 14.41 14.40 14.58 14.64 14.9 15.3

28083 Kannapolis, NC 16.37 16.00 16.61 14.41 14.40 14.58 14.64 14.9 15.3

28088 Landis, NC 16.37 16.00 16.61 14.41 14.40 14.58 14.64 14.9 15.3

28098 Lowell, NC 15.83 16.07 13.91 14.02 13.87 14.19 14.74 14.5 14.7

28134 Pineville, NC 16.41 14.57 14.14 13.97 14.41 15.75 14.6 14.9

28138 Rockwell, NC 14.21 14.2 14.2

28146 Salisbury, NC 14.21 14.2 14.2

28168 Vale, NC 13.32 13.3 13.3

28202 Charlotte, NC 17.82 17.58 16.78 14.96 14.23 14.12 14.92 15.66 15.1 15.8

28203 Charlotte, NC 17.82 16.99 16.78 14.96 14.23 14.12 14.92 15.66 15.1 15.7

28204 Charlotte, NC 17.82 16.99 16.78 14.96 14.23 14.12 14.92 15.66 15.1 15.7

28205 Charlotte, NC 16.36 14.78 13.89 13.75 14.83 15.41 14.8 14.8

28206 Charlotte, NC 17.82 17.58 16.78 15.16 14.28 14.19 15.17 15.61 15.2 15.8

28207 Charlotte, NC 17.82 16.99 16.78 14.96 14.23 14.12 14.92 15.66 15.1 15.7

28208 Charlotte, NC 17.82 17.58 17.20 15.05 14.41 14.30 14.96 15.78 15.3 15.9

28209 Charlotte, NC 17.82 16.99 17.20 15.05 14.41 14.30 14.96 15.78 15.3 15.8

28210 Charlotte, NC 16.41 14.57 14.14 13.97 14.41 15.75 14.6 14.9

28211 Charlotte, NC 16.41 16.36 14.67 14.02 13.86 14.62 15.58 14.9 15.1

28212 Charlotte, NC 16.36 14.78 13.89 13.75 14.83 15.41 14.8 14.8

28213 Charlotte, NC 16.36 14.78 13.89 13.75 14.83 15.41 14.8 14.8

28215 Charlotte NC Charlotte, NC 16 36 . 14 78 . 13 89 . 13 75 . 14 83 . 15 41 . 14 8. 14 8.

28216 Charlotte, NC 17.82 17.58 17.20 15.54 14.67 14.63 15.51 15.81 15.6 16.1

28217 Charlotte, NC 17.82 16.99 17.20 15.05 14.41 14.30 14.96 15.78 15.3 15.8

28226 Charlotte, NC 16.41 14.57 14.14 13.97 14.41 15.75 14.6 14.9

28270 Charlotte, NC 16.41 16.4

28273 Charlotte, NC 14.57 14.14 13.97 14.41 15.75 14.6 14.6

28277 Charlotte, NC 16.41 16.4

28301 Fayetteville, NC 16.13 15.84 14.34 14.09 13.35 14.04 13.86 14.3 14.5

28303 Fayetteville, NC 16.13 15.84 14.34 14.09 13.35 14.04 13.86 14.3 14.5

28304 Fayetteville, NC 16.13 15.84 14.34 14.09 13.35 14.04 13.86 14.3 14.5

28305 Fayetteville, NC 16.13 15.84 14.34 14.09 13.35 14.04 13.86 14.3 14.5

28306 Fayetteville, NC 16.13 15.84 14.34 14.09 13.35 14.04 13.86 14.3 14.5

28314 Fayetteville, NC 16.13 15.84 14.34 14.09 13.35 14.04 13.86 14.3 14.5

28333 Dudley, NC 15.42 15.83 14.65 13.32 12.97 12.93 13.54 13.9 14.1

28349 Kenansville, NC 12.43 13.14 12.37 12.35 10.87 12.08 11.51 12.1 12.1

28358 Lumberton, NC 13.19 12.50 12.57 12.87 12.94 12.8 12.8

28360 Lumberton, NC 13.19 12.50 12.57 12.87 12.94 12.8 12.8

28401 Wilmington, NC 12.83 12.40 11.36 10.42 11.4 11.8

28403 Wilmington, NC 12.83 12.40 11.36 10.42 11.4 11.8

28405 Wilmington, NC 12.83 12.40 11.36 10.42 11.4 11.8

28409 Wilmington, NC 12.83 12.40 11.36 10.42 11.4 11.8

28411 Wilmington, NC 9.23 10.46 10.34 10.0 10.0

28412 Wilmington, NC 12.83 12.40 11.36 10.42 11.4 11.8

28429 Castle Hayne, NC 9.23 10.46 10.34 10.0 10.0

28501 Kinston, NC 12.22 12.74 11.95 11.50 10.92 11.17 11.82 11.7 11.8

28504 Kinston, NC 12.22 12.74 11.95 11.50 10.92 11.17 11.82 11.7 11.8

28540 Jacksonville, NC 12.70 12.28 11.45 11.02 10.75 11.70 11.34 11.4 11.6

28543 Tarawa Terrace, NC 12.70 12.28 11.45 11.02 10.75 11.70 11.34 11.4 11.6

28546 Jacksonville, NC 12.70 12.28 11.45 11.02 10.75 11.70 11.34 11.4 11.6

28590 Winterville, NC 13.97 12.32 12.25 12.11 11.77 11.82 12.4 12.4

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 29 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

28601 Hickory, NC 16.97 17.43 17.93 15.98 15.35 15.04 15.01 15.56 15.8 16.2

28602 Hickory, NC 16.97 17.43 17.93 15.98 15.35 15.04 15.01 15.56 15.8 16.2

28607 Boone, NC 11.74 11.22 11.71 13.26 12.0 12.0

28608 Boone, NC 11.74 11.22 11.71 13.26 12.0 12.0

28637 Hildebran, NC 16.97 17.43 17.93 15.98 15.35 15.04 15.01 15.56 15.8 16.2

28713 Bryson City, NC 13.59 14.50 14.07 13.81 12.36 12.52 12.19 13.34 13.0 13.3

28719 Cherokee, NC 14.11 13.12 11.70 11.16 12.86 12.6 12.6

28745 Lake Junaluska, NC 15.77 15.51 14.85 13.43 12.64 12.54 13.67 13.8 14.1

28752 Marion, NC 16.32 17.23 14.95 14.64 12.98 13.96 15.23 14.8 15.0

28777 Spruce Pine, NC 15.60 15.72 16.56 14.13 13.92 11.98 12.38 13.32 13.7 14.2

28786 Waynesville, NC 15.77 15.51 14.85 13.43 12.64 12.54 13.67 13.8 14.1

28789 Whittier, NC 14.11 13.12 11.70 11.16 12.86 12.6 12.6

28801 Asheville, NC 15.45 15.32 13.61 13.71 12.56 12.19 13.04 13.4 13.7

28804 Asheville, NC 15.45 15.32 13.61 13.71 12.56 12.19 13.04 13.4 13.7

28806 Asheville, NC 15.45 15.32 13.61 13.71 12.56 12.19 13.04 13.4 13.7

29033 Cayce, SC 15.95 16.07 14.29 13.40 13.02 14.52 14.80 14.4 14.6

29053 Gaston, SC 14.00 14.57 14.57 14.6 14.4

29063 Irmo, SC 16.39 16.40 14.08 13.38 12.87 14.68 15.09 14.4 14.7

29115 Orangeburg, SC 11.81 11.52 11.7 11.7

29117 Orangeburg, SC 11.81 11.52 11.7 11.7

29118 Orangeburg, SC 11.81 11.52 11.7 11.7

29160 Swansea, SC 14.00 14.57 14.57 14.6 14.4

29169 West Columbia, SC 15.95 16.07 14.29 13.40 13.02 14.52 14.80 14.4 14.6

29201 Columbia, SC 15.95 16.07 14.29 13.40 13.02 14.52 14.80 14.4 14.6

29203 Columbia, SC 17.50 15.68 15.77 13.73 13.13 12.66 13.92 14.45 13.9 14.6

29204 Columbia, SC 17.50 15.68 15.77 13.73 13.13 12.66 13.92 14.45 13.9 14.6

29205 Columbia, SC 15.95 16.07 14.29 13.40 13.02 14.52 14.80 14.4 14.6

29206 Columbia, SC 17.50 15.68 15.77 13.73 13.13 12.66 13.92 14.45 13.9 14.6

29207 Columbia, SC 17.50 15.68 15.77 13.73 13.13 12.66 13.92 14.45 13.9 14.6

29208 Columbia, SC 15.95 16.07 14.29 13.40 13.02 14.52 14.80 14.4 14.6

29210 Columbia SC Columbia, SC 16 39 . 16 40 . 14 08 . 13 38 . 12 87 . 14 68 . 15 09 . 14 4. 14 7.

29212 Columbia, SC 16.39 16.40 14.08 13.38 12.87 14.68 15.09 14.4 14.7

29223 Columbia, SC 17.50 15.41 15.47 13.17 12.86 12.31 13.31 14.09 13.5 14.3

29229 Columbia, SC 17.50 15.41 15.47 13.17 12.86 12.31 13.31 14.09 13.5 14.3

29301 Spartanburg, SC 16.01 15.81 14.28 13.24 13.56 13.97 14.58 14.2 14.5

29303 Spartanburg, SC 16.01 15.81 14.28 13.24 13.56 13.97 14.58 14.2 14.5

29306 Spartanburg, SC 16.01 15.81 14.28 13.24 13.56 13.97 14.58 14.2 14.5

29369 Moore, SC 16.01 15.81 14.28 13.24 13.56 13.97 14.58 14.2 14.5

29401 Charleston, SC 13.03 13.36 11.48 10.91 10.67 12.03 12.34 11.8 12.0

29403 Charleston, SC 13.03 13.36 11.48 10.91 10.67 12.03 12.34 11.8 12.0

29404 Charleston AFB, SC 13.46 12.00 11.62 10.92 12.24 13.16 12.2 12.2

29405 North Charleston, SC 13.03 13.36 11.48 10.91 10.67 12.03 12.34 11.8 12.0

29406 Charleston, SC 13.46 12.00 11.62 10.92 12.24 13.16 12.2 12.2

29407 Charleston, SC 13.03 13.36 11.48 10.91 10.67 12.03 12.34 11.8 12.0

29410 Hanahan, SC 13.46 12.00 11.62 10.92 12.24 13.16 12.2 12.2

29412 Charleston, SC 13.03 13.36 11.48 10.91 10.67 12.03 12.34 11.8 12.0

29420 North Charleston, SC 13.46 12.00 11.62 10.92 12.24 13.16 12.2 12.2

29424 Charleston, SC 13.03 13.36 11.48 10.91 10.67 12.03 12.34 11.8 12.0

29425 Charleston, SC 13.03 13.36 11.48 10.91 10.67 12.03 12.34 11.8 12.0

29429 Awendaw, SC 12.91 11.61 12.21 12.2 12.2

29440 Georgetown, SC 13.88 15.36 12.33 12.54 12.26 12.46 13.68 13.1 13.2

29445 Goose Creek, SC 13.46 12.00 11.62 10.92 12.24 13.16 12.2 12.2

29456 Ladson, SC 13.46 12.00 11.62 10.92 12.24 13.16 12.2 12.2

29461 Moncks Corner, SC 10.22 10.2 10.2

29501 Florence, SC 14.37 14.40 13.11 12.23 12.05 12.59 13.00 12.9 13.1

29577 Myrtle Beach, SC 11.57 11.27 10.82 12.18 12.85 11.7 11.7

29579 Myrtle Beach, SC 11.57 11.27 10.82 12.18 12.85 11.7 11.7

29601 Greenville, SC 16.07 15.05 16.37 15.82 15.8 15.8

29605 Greenville, SC 16.07 15.05 16.37 15.82 15.8 15.8

29607 Greenville, SC 16.43 15.22 15.11 14.57 15.47 15.39 15.4 15.4

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 30 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

29609 Greenville, SC 16.43 15.22 15.11 14.57 15.47 15.39 15.4 15.4

29611 Greenville, SC 16.07 15.05 16.37 15.82 15.8 15.8

29615 Greenville, SC 16.43 15.22 14.15 14.09 14.57 14.95 14.9 14.9

29617 Greenville, SC 16.07 15.05 16.37 15.82 15.8 15.8

29646 Greenwood, SC 15.47 15.49 13.62 13.01 12.64 13.39 14.08 13.7 14.0

29649 Greenwood, SC 15.47 15.49 13.62 13.01 12.64 13.39 14.08 13.7 14.0

29650 Greer, SC 16.43 15.22 14.15 14.09 14.57 14.95 14.9 14.9

29658 Long Creek, SC 12.79 12.88 11.18 10.64 9.75 10.42 11.54 11.1 11.3

29687 Taylors, SC 16.43 15.22 14.15 14.09 14.57 14.95 14.9 14.9

29726 MC Connells, SC 14.72 14.67 14.7 14.7

29741 Ruby, SC 13.54 12.33 12.21 11.79 12.92 12.51 12.5 12.5

29745 York, SC 14.72 14.67 14.7 14.7

29831 Jackson, SC 13.71 13.50 13.5 13.6

29841 North Augusta, SC 19.31 17.10 14.94 14.88 15.50 15.89 15.7 16.3

29847 Trenton, SC 14.76 12.59 12.36 12.17 13.08 13.60 13.1 13.1

29902 Beaufort, SC 12.52 11.52 10.20 10.21 11.68 12.52 11.4 11.4

29906 Beaufort, SC 12.52 11.52 10.20 10.21 11.68 12.52 11.4 11.4

29907 Ladys Island, SC 12.52 11.52 10.20 10.21 11.68 12.52 11.4 11.4

29935 Port Royal, SC 12.52 11.52 10.20 10.21 11.68 12.52 11.4 11.4

30030 Decatur, GA 20.76 17.43 16.81 15.37 14.97 16.12 15.45 16.0 16.7

30032 Decatur, GA 20.76 17.43 16.81 15.37 14.97 16.12 15.45 16.0 16.7

30034 Decatur, GA 20.76 17.43 16.81 15.37 14.97 16.12 15.45 16.0 16.7

30043 Lawrenceville, GA 19.37 15.26 16.19 16.09 16.13 16.6 16.6

30044 Lawrenceville, GA 19.37 15.26 16.19 16.09 16.13 16.6 16.6

30046 Lawrenceville, GA 19.37 15.26 16.19 16.09 16.13 16.6 16.6

30064 Marietta, GA 19.08 17.22 15.11 15.61 15.48 15.93 16.4 16.4

30071 Norcross, GA 21.59 21.72 18.91 18.05 14.89 15.41 15.49 15.80 16.4 17.7

30084 Tucker, GA 21.59 21.72 18.91 18.05 14.89 15.41 15.49 15.80 16.4 17.7

30092 Norcross, GA 21.59 21.72 18.91 18.05 14.89 15.41 15.49 15.80 16.4 17.7

30096 Duluth, GA 19.37 15.26 16.19 16.09 16.13 16.6 16.6

30101 Acworth GA Acworth, GA 19 08 . 17 22 . 15 11 . 16 01 . 15 81 . 16 33 . 16 6. 16 6.

30102 Acworth, GA 19.08 17.22 15.11 16.01 15.81 16.33 16.6 16.6

30106 Austell, GA 15.21 15.16 15.54 15.3 15.3

30127 Powder Springs, GA 15.21 15.16 15.54 15.3 15.3

30144 Kennesaw, GA 19.08 17.22 15.11 16.01 15.81 16.33 16.6 16.6

30152 Kennesaw, GA 19.08 17.22 15.11 16.01 15.81 16.33 16.6 16.6

30153 Rockmart, GA 18.50 16.92 14.87 13.71 13.76 13.44 14.63 14.6 15.1

30165 Rome, GA 21.27 17.87 16.23 14.55 16.23 15.62 16.63 16.2 16.9

30260 Morrow, GA 21.04 19.38 17.06 15.33 16.02 16.83 16.65 16.9 17.5

30274 Riverdale, GA 19.94 19.43 16.51 15.33 16.02 16.83 16.65 16.8 17.2

30288 Conley, GA 20.90 18.41 16.93 15.35 15.50 16.47 16.05 16.5 17.1

30294 Ellenwood, GA 20.76 17.43 16.81 15.37 14.97 16.12 15.45 16.0 16.7

30296 Riverdale, GA 19.94 19.43 16.51 15.33 16.02 16.83 16.65 16.8 17.2

30297 Forest Park, GA 19.94 19.43 16.51 15.33 16.02 16.83 16.65 16.8 17.2

30303 Atlanta, GA 19.05 21.72 20.05 18.14 16.48 16.87 16.85 16.42 17.5 18.2

30305 Atlanta, GA 19.05 21.72 20.05 18.14 16.48 16.87 16.85 16.42 17.5 18.2

30306 Atlanta, GA 19.05 21.72 20.05 18.14 16.48 16.87 16.85 16.42 17.5 18.2

30307 Atlanta, GA 20.40 18.60 17.19 15.60 16.07 16.13 15.86 16.6 17.1

30308 Atlanta, GA 19.05 21.72 20.05 18.14 16.48 16.87 16.85 16.42 17.5 18.2

30309 Atlanta, GA 19.05 21.72 20.05 18.14 16.48 16.87 16.85 16.42 17.5 18.2

30310 Atlanta, GA 19.05 23.03 21.50 19.09 17.35 17.66 17.58 16.98 18.4 19.0

30311 Atlanta, GA 19.05 23.03 21.50 19.09 17.35 17.66 17.58 16.98 18.4 19.0

30312 Atlanta, GA 19.05 21.72 20.05 18.14 16.48 16.87 16.85 16.42 17.5 18.2

30313 Atlanta, GA 19.05 21.72 20.05 18.14 16.48 16.87 16.85 16.42 17.5 18.2

30314 Atlanta, GA 19.05 21.72 20.05 18.14 16.48 16.87 16.85 16.42 17.5 18.2

30316 Atlanta, GA 20.76 17.43 16.81 15.37 14.97 16.12 15.45 16.0 16.7

30317 Atlanta, GA 20.76 17.43 16.81 15.37 14.97 16.12 15.45 16.0 16.7

30318 Atlanta, GA 19.05 21.72 20.05 18.14 16.48 16.87 16.85 16.42 17.5 18.2

30319 Atlanta, GA 21.59 21.06 18.76 17.62 15.25 15.74 15.81 15.83 16.5 17.7

30322 Atlanta, GA 20.40 18.60 17.19 15.60 16.07 16.13 15.86 16.6 17.1

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 31 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

30324 Atlanta, GA 19.05 21.72 20.05 18.14 16.48 16.87 16.85 16.42 17.5 18.2

30326 Atlanta, GA 19.05 21.72 20.05 18.14 16.48 16.87 16.85 16.42 17.5 18.2

30327 Atlanta, GA 19.05 21.72 20.05 18.14 16.48 16.87 16.85 16.42 17.5 18.2

30329 Atlanta, GA 21.59 21.06 18.76 17.62 15.25 15.74 15.81 15.83 16.5 17.7

30334 Atlanta, GA 19.05 21.72 20.05 18.14 16.48 16.87 16.85 16.42 17.5 18.2

30337 Atlanta, GA 19.94 19.43 16.51 15.33 16.02 16.83 16.65 16.8 17.2

30338 Atlanta, GA 21.59 21.72 18.91 18.05 14.89 15.41 15.49 15.80 16.4 17.7

30339 Atlanta, GA 19.05 23.03 21.50 19.09 17.35 17.66 17.58 16.98 18.4 19.0

30340 Atlanta, GA 21.59 21.72 18.91 18.05 14.89 15.41 15.49 15.80 16.4 17.7

30341 Atlanta, GA 21.59 21.72 18.91 18.05 14.89 15.41 15.49 15.80 16.4 17.7

30342 Atlanta, GA 20.40 18.60 17.19 15.60 16.07 16.13 15.86 16.6 17.1

30344 Atlanta, GA 18.84 19.47 15.97 17.7 18.1

30345 Atlanta, GA 21.59 21.72 18.91 18.05 14.89 15.41 15.49 15.80 16.4 17.7

30346 Atlanta, GA 21.59 21.72 18.91 18.05 14.89 15.41 15.49 15.80 16.4 17.7

30349 Atlanta, GA 18.84 19.47 15.97 17.7 18.1

30354 Atlanta, GA 19.94 19.43 16.51 15.33 16.02 16.83 16.65 16.8 17.2

30360 Atlanta, GA 21.59 21.72 18.91 18.05 14.89 15.41 15.49 15.80 16.4 17.7

30363 Atlanta, GA 19.05 21.72 20.05 18.14 16.48 16.87 16.85 16.42 17.5 18.2

30501 Gainesville, GA 18.14 18.08 15.52 14.60 14.69 13.97 14.46 15.2 15.6

30504 Gainesville, GA 18.14 18.08 15.52 14.60 14.69 13.97 14.46 15.2 15.6

30507 Gainesville, GA 18.14 18.08 15.52 14.60 14.69 13.97 14.46 15.2 15.6

30601 Athens, GA 19.84 18.48 17.53 14.96 14.31 14.76 15.50 15.9 16.5

30602 Athens, GA 19.84 18.48 17.53 14.96 14.31 14.76 15.50 15.9 16.5

30605 Athens, GA 19.84 18.48 17.53 14.96 14.31 14.76 15.50 15.9 16.5

30606 Athens, GA 19.84 18.48 17.53 14.96 14.31 14.76 15.50 15.9 16.5

30609 Athens, GA 19.84 18.48 17.53 14.96 14.31 14.76 15.50 15.9 16.5

30683 Winterville, GA 15.50 15.5 15.5

30725 Flintstone, GA 19.07 15.94 14.84 16.00 14.70 16.55 15.6 16.2

30741 Rossville, GA 19.07 18.97 16.30 14.84 16.23 15.18 16.31 16.3 16.7

30742 Fort Oglethorpe, GA 19.07 18.97 16.30 14.84 16.23 15.18 16.31 16.3 16.7

30901 Augusta GA Augusta, GA 20 71 . 19 60 . 17 17 . 14 95 . 14 36 . 14 85 . 15 55 . 15 98 . 15 5. 16 6.

30904 Augusta, GA 20.71 19.60 17.17 14.95 14.36 14.85 15.55 15.98 15.5 16.6

30906 Augusta, GA 20.71 19.60 17.17 14.95 14.36 14.85 15.55 15.98 15.5 16.6

30909 Augusta, GA 20.71 19.60 17.17 14.95 14.36 14.85 15.55 15.98 15.5 16.6

30912 Augusta, GA 20.71 19.60 17.17 14.95 14.36 14.85 15.55 15.98 15.5 16.6

31005 Bonaire, GA 12.36 12.99 14.36 13.86 13.4 13.4

31031 Gordon, GA 17.47 17.01 13.91 13.83 15.46 15.67 15.6 15.6

31082 Sandersville, GA 18.08 18.18 16.44 13.64 13.73 15.85 14.71 14.9 15.8

31088 Warner Robins, GA 12.36 12.99 14.36 13.86 13.4 13.4

31089 Tennille, GA 18.08 18.18 16.44 13.64 13.73 15.85 14.71 14.9 15.8

31093 Warner Robins, GA 12.36 12.99 14.36 13.86 13.4 13.4

31098 Warner Robins, GA 12.36 12.99 14.36 13.86 13.4 13.4

31201 Macon, GA 16.73 18.36 18.42 16.11 14.81 16.79 16.66 16.6 16.8

31204 Macon, GA 16.73 18.36 18.42 16.11 14.81 16.79 16.66 16.6 16.8

31206 Macon, GA 16.73 18.36 18.42 16.11 14.81 16.79 16.66 16.6 16.8

31207 Macon, GA 16.73 18.36 18.42 16.11 14.81 16.79 16.66 16.6 16.8

31216 Macon, GA 16.73 18.36 18.42 16.11 14.81 16.79 16.66 16.6 16.8

31217 Macon, GA 18.06 16.59 13.76 13.16 12.95 14.30 14.31 14.2 14.7

31401 Savannah, GA 18.19 15.72 14.98 12.93 13.21 13.44 14.65 14.2 14.7

31405 Savannah, GA 18.19 15.72 14.98 12.93 13.21 13.44 14.65 14.2 14.7

31407 Savannah, GA 18.19 15.72 14.98 12.93 13.21 13.44 14.65 14.2 14.7

31408 Savannah, GA 18.19 15.72 14.98 12.93 13.21 13.44 14.65 14.2 14.7

31409 Savannah, GA 18.19 16.06 15.25 12.78 13.37 13.22 14.42 14.2 14.8

31415 Savannah, GA 18.19 15.72 14.98 12.93 13.21 13.44 14.65 14.2 14.7

31421 Savannah, GA 18.19 15.72 14.98 12.93 13.21 13.44 14.65 14.2 14.7

31520 Brunswick, GA 14.40 12.12 10.87 11.72 12.39 12.81 12.4 12.4

31525 Brunswick, GA 14.40 12.12 10.87 11.72 12.39 12.81 12.4 12.4

31601 Valdosta, GA 15.63 11.80 12.11 13.2 13.2

31602 Valdosta, GA 15.63 11.80 12.11 13.2 13.2

31698 Valdosta, GA 15.63 11.80 12.11 13.2 13.2

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 32 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

31701 Albany, GA 17.55 16.61 14.64 13.82 13.40 14.09 14.62 14.5 15.0

31704 Albany, GA 17.55 16.61 14.64 13.82 13.40 14.09 14.62 14.5 15.0

31705 Albany, GA 17.55 16.61 14.64 13.82 13.40 14.09 14.62 14.5 15.0

31901 Columbus, GA 19.71 19.88 18.22 15.95 14.43 14.34 15.12 14.77 15.5 16.6

31903 Columbus, GA 19.71 19.88 18.22 15.95 14.43 14.34 15.12 14.71 15.5 16.5

31904 Columbus, GA 21.74 21.08 17.62 16.01 14.75 14.93 15.40 15.21 15.7 17.1

31905 Fort Benning, GA 17.68 18.69 19.41 15.83 13.81 13.15 14.55 13.45 15.0 15.8

31906 Columbus, GA 19.71 19.88 18.22 15.95 14.43 14.34 15.12 14.77 15.5 16.6

31907 Columbus, GA 17.68 18.69 18.06 15.61 14.02 13.82 14.60 14.47 15.1 15.9

31909 Columbus, GA 16.70 15.39 14.23 14.49 14.64 14.98 15.1 15.1

32003 Fleming Island, FL 12.10 10.94 9.29 9.45 10.48 10.07 10.4 10.4

32114 Daytona Beach, FL 14.10 11.36 10.48 10.00 8.75 8.52 9.74 9.21 9.5 10.3

32117 Daytona Beach, FL 14.10 11.36 10.48 10.00 8.75 8.52 9.74 9.21 9.5 10.3

32118 Daytona Beach, FL 14.10 11.36 10.48 10.00 8.75 8.52 9.74 9.21 9.5 10.3

32119 Daytona Beach, FL 14.10 11.36 10.48 10.00 8.75 8.52 9.74 9.21 9.5 10.3

32124 Daytona Beach, FL 14.10 11.36 10.48 10.00 8.75 8.52 9.74 9.21 9.5 10.3

32129 Port Orange, FL 14.10 11.36 10.48 10.00 8.75 8.52 9.74 9.21 9.5 10.3

32211 Jacksonville, FL 12.30 11.26 10.19 9.80 10.83 10.62 10.8 10.8

32212 Jacksonville, FL 12.10 10.94 9.29 9.45 10.48 10.07 10.4 10.4

32214 Jacksonville, FL 12.10 10.94 9.29 9.45 10.48 10.07 10.4 10.4

32216 Jacksonville, FL 12.30 11.26 10.19 9.80 10.83 10.62 10.8 10.8

32223 Jacksonville, FL 12.10 10.94 9.29 9.45 10.48 10.07 10.4 10.4

32225 Jacksonville, FL 12.30 11.26 10.19 9.80 10.83 10.62 10.8 10.8

32246 Jacksonville, FL 12.30 11.26 10.19 9.80 10.83 10.62 10.8 10.8

32257 Jacksonville, FL 12.10 10.94 9.29 9.45 10.48 10.07 10.4 10.4

32259 Saint Johns, FL 12.10 10.94 9.29 9.45 10.48 10.07 10.4 10.4

32277 Jacksonville, FL 12.30 11.26 10.19 9.80 10.83 10.62 10.8 10.8

32301 Tallahassee, FL 13.92 13.64 12.51 12.92 11.83 13.07 12.92 12.8 13.0

32303 Tallahassee, FL 13.92 13.64 12.51 12.92 11.83 13.07 12.92 12.8 13.0

32304 Tallahassee, FL 13.92 13.64 12.51 12.92 11.83 13.07 12.92 12.8 13.0

32306 Tallahassee FL Tallahassee, FL 13 92 . 13 64 . 12 51 . 12 92 . 11 83 . 13 07 . 12 92 . 12 8. 13 0.

32307 Tallahassee, FL 13.92 13.64 12.51 12.92 11.83 13.07 12.92 12.8 13.0

32310 Tallahassee, FL 13.92 13.64 12.51 12.92 11.83 13.07 12.92 12.8 13.0

32399 Tallahassee, FL 13.92 13.64 12.51 12.92 11.83 13.07 12.92 12.8 13.0

32401 Panama City, FL 14.79 10.64 10.77 11.71 11.36 11.1 11.9

32403 Panama City, FL 14.79 10.64 10.77 11.71 11.36 11.1 11.9

32404 Panama City, FL 14.79 10.64 10.77 11.71 11.36 11.1 11.9

32405 Panama City, FL 14.79 10.64 10.77 11.71 11.36 11.1 11.9

32501 Pensacola, FL 12.84 12.8 12.8

32502 Pensacola, FL 12.84 12.8 12.8

32503 Pensacola, FL 15.49 14.82 13.93 11.39 10.95 11.18 12.48 11.94 12.0 12.8

32504 Pensacola, FL 15.49 14.82 13.93 11.39 10.95 11.18 12.48 11.94 12.0 12.8

32505 Pensacola, FL 12.84 12.8 12.8

32506 Pensacola, FL 12.84 12.8 12.8

32511 Pensacola, FL 12.84 12.8 12.8

32514 Pensacola, FL 15.49 14.82 13.93 11.39 10.95 11.18 12.11 11.94 11.9 12.7

32526 Pensacola, FL 12.84 12.8 12.8

32533 Cantonment, FL 12.02 12.0 12.0

32534 Pensacola, FL 15.49 14.82 13.93 11.39 10.95 11.18 12.11 11.94 11.9 12.7

32566 Navarre, FL 9.89 9.9 9.9

32601 Gainesville, FL 11.95 11.28 11.50 10.31 9.88 9.57 9.29 9.51 10.0 10.4

32603 Gainesville, FL 11.95 11.28 11.50 10.31 9.88 9.57 9.29 9.51 10.0 10.4

32605 Gainesville, FL 11.95 11.28 11.50 10.31 9.88 9.57 9.29 9.51 10.0 10.4

32606 Gainesville, FL 11.95 11.28 11.50 10.31 9.88 9.57 9.29 9.51 10.0 10.4

32607 Gainesville, FL 11.95 11.28 11.50 10.31 9.88 9.57 9.29 9.51 10.0 10.4

32608 Gainesville, FL 11.83 10.47 9.88 9.68 9.45 9.74 10.2 10.2

32609 Gainesville, FL 11.95 11.28 11.18 10.14 9.87 9.46 9.12 9.27 9.8 10.3

32611 Gainesville, FL 11.95 11.28 11.50 10.31 9.88 9.57 9.29 9.51 10.0 10.4

32653 Gainesville, FL 11.95 11.28 11.50 10.31 9.88 9.57 9.29 9.51 10.0 10.4

32701 Altamonte Springs, FL 12.98 11.33 11.85 10.74 9.52 9.28 9.88 9.65 10.2 10.7

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 33 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

32707 Casselberry, FL 12.98 11.10 11.41 10.21 9.19 8.92 9.85 9.76 9.9 10.4

32708 Winter Springs, FL 10.86 10.97 9.67 8.85 8.56 9.82 9.88 9.6 9.8

32714 Altamonte Springs, FL 12.98 11.33 11.85 10.74 9.52 9.28 9.88 9.65 10.2 10.7

32730 Casselberry, FL 12.98 11.33 11.85 10.74 9.52 9.28 9.88 9.65 10.2 10.7

32746 Lake Mary, FL 10.86 10.97 9.67 8.85 8.56 9.82 9.88 9.6 9.8

32750 Longwood, FL 10.86 10.97 9.67 8.85 8.56 9.82 9.88 9.6 9.8

32751 Maitland, FL 13.00 11.27 11.94 10.79 9.61 9.36 9.96 9.72 10.2 10.7

32771 Sanford, FL 10.86 10.97 9.67 8.85 8.56 9.82 9.88 9.6 9.8

32773 Sanford, FL 10.86 10.97 9.67 8.85 8.56 9.82 9.88 9.6 9.8

32789 Winter Park, FL 13.00 11.27 11.94 10.79 9.61 9.36 9.96 9.72 10.2 10.7

32792 Winter Park, FL 13.00 11.27 11.94 10.79 9.61 9.36 9.96 9.72 10.2 10.7

32801 Orlando, FL 13.00 11.27 11.94 10.79 9.61 9.36 9.96 9.72 10.2 10.7

32803 Orlando, FL 13.00 11.27 11.94 10.79 9.61 9.36 9.96 9.72 10.2 10.7

32804 Orlando, FL 13.00 11.27 11.94 10.79 9.61 9.36 9.96 9.72 10.2 10.7

32805 Orlando, FL 13.00 11.27 11.94 10.79 9.61 9.36 9.96 9.72 10.2 10.7

32806 Orlando, FL 13.00 11.27 11.94 10.79 9.61 9.36 9.96 9.72 10.2 10.7

32807 Orlando, FL 13.00 11.27 11.94 10.79 9.61 9.36 9.96 9.72 10.2 10.7

32808 Orlando, FL 12.98 11.33 11.85 10.74 9.52 9.28 9.88 9.65 10.2 10.7

32810 Orlando, FL 12.98 11.33 11.85 10.74 9.52 9.28 9.88 9.65 10.2 10.7

32812 Orlando, FL 13.03 11.22 12.03 10.85 9.69 9.44 10.05 9.79 10.3 10.8

32814 Orlando, FL 13.00 11.27 11.94 10.79 9.61 9.36 9.96 9.72 10.2 10.7

32822 Orlando, FL 13.03 11.22 12.03 10.85 9.69 9.44 10.05 9.79 10.3 10.8

32901 Melbourne, FL 8.65 7.56 7.45 8.62 8.32 8.1 8.1

32903 Indialantic, FL 8.65 7.56 7.45 8.62 8.32 8.1 8.1

32904 Melbourne, FL 8.65 7.56 7.45 8.62 8.32 8.1 8.1

32905 Palm Bay, FL 8.65 7.56 7.45 8.62 8.32 8.1 8.1

32907 Palm Bay, FL 8.65 7.56 7.45 8.62 8.32 8.1 8.1

32950 Malabar, FL 8.65 7.56 7.45 8.62 8.32 8.1 8.1

33004 Dania, FL 10.08 9.29 8.61 8.03 8.16 8.15 8.4 8.7

33009 Hallandale, FL 10.08 9.29 8.61 8.03 8.16 8.15 8.4 8.7

33010 Hialeah FL Hialeah, FL 11 28 . 12 06 . 11 27 . 10 00 . 9 13 . 9 40 . 9 55 . 9 64 . 9 8. 10 3.

33019 Hollywood, FL 10.08 9.29 8.61 8.03 8.16 8.15 8.4 8.7

33020 Hollywood, FL 10.08 9.29 8.61 8.03 8.16 8.15 8.4 8.7

33021 Hollywood, FL 10.29 9.23 9.41 8.48 7.91 7.96 8.16 8.21 8.4 8.7

33023 Hollywood, FL 10.08 9.29 8.61 8.03 8.16 8.15 8.4 8.7

33024 Hollywood, FL 10.50 9.23 9.53 8.36 7.80 7.77 8.16 8.26 8.3 8.7

33026 Hollywood, FL 10.50 9.23 9.53 8.36 7.80 7.77 8.16 8.26 8.3 8.7

33030 Homestead, FL 9.45 8.60 8.88 7.94 7.41 7.92 8.40 8.21 8.1 8.3

33031 Homestead, FL 9.45 8.60 8.88 7.94 7.41 7.92 8.40 8.21 8.1 8.3

33033 Homestead, FL 9.45 8.60 8.88 7.94 7.41 7.92 8.40 8.21 8.1 8.3

33034 Homestead, FL 9.45 8.60 8.88 7.94 7.41 7.92 8.40 8.21 8.1 8.3

33035 Homestead, FL 9.45 8.60 8.88 7.94 7.41 7.92 8.40 8.21 8.1 8.3

33060 Pompano Beach, FL 9.45 8.61 7.93 7.95 8.38 8.15 8.4 8.4

33062 Pompano Beach, FL 9.45 8.61 7.93 7.95 8.38 8.15 8.4 8.4

33064 Pompano Beach, FL 9.45 8.61 7.93 7.95 8.38 8.15 8.4 8.4

33066 Pompano Beach, FL 9.45 8.61 7.93 7.95 8.38 8.15 8.4 8.4

33069 Pompano Beach, FL 9.45 8.61 7.93 7.95 8.38 8.15 8.4 8.4

33109 Miami Beach, FL 11.28 12.06 11.27 10.00 9.13 9.40 9.55 9.64 9.8 10.3

33125 Miami, FL 11.28 12.06 11.27 10.00 9.13 9.40 9.55 9.64 9.8 10.3

33127 Miami, FL 11.28 12.06 11.27 10.00 9.13 9.40 9.55 9.64 9.8 10.3

33128 Miami, FL 11.28 12.06 11.27 10.00 9.13 9.40 9.55 9.64 9.8 10.3

33129 Miami, FL 11.28 12.06 11.27 10.00 9.13 9.40 9.55 9.64 9.8 10.3

33130 Miami, FL 11.28 12.06 11.27 10.00 9.13 9.40 9.55 9.64 9.8 10.3

33131 Miami, FL 11.28 12.06 11.27 10.00 9.13 9.40 9.55 9.64 9.8 10.3

33132 Miami, FL 11.28 12.06 11.27 10.00 9.13 9.40 9.55 9.64 9.8 10.3

33133 Miami, FL 11.28 12.06 11.27 10.00 9.13 9.40 9.55 9.64 9.8 10.3

33134 Miami, FL 11.28 12.06 11.27 10.00 9.13 9.40 9.55 9.64 9.8 10.3

33135 Miami, FL 11.28 12.06 11.27 10.00 9.13 9.40 9.55 9.64 9.8 10.3

33136 Miami, FL 11.28 12.06 11.27 10.00 9.13 9.40 9.55 9.64 9.8 10.3

33137 Miami, FL 11.28 12.06 11.27 10.00 9.13 9.40 9.55 9.64 9.8 10.3

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 34 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

33138 Miami, FL 11.28 12.06 11.27 10.00 9.13 9.40 9.55 9.64 9.8 10.3

33139 Miami Beach, FL 11.28 12.06 11.27 10.00 9.13 9.40 9.55 9.64 9.8 10.3

33140 Miami Beach, FL 11.28 12.06 11.27 10.00 9.13 9.40 9.55 9.64 9.8 10.3

33142 Miami, FL 11.28 12.06 11.27 10.00 9.13 9.40 9.55 9.64 9.8 10.3

33145 Miami, FL 11.28 12.06 11.27 10.00 9.13 9.40 9.55 9.64 9.8 10.3

33147 Miami, FL 11.28 12.06 11.27 10.00 9.13 9.40 9.55 9.64 9.8 10.3

33150 Miami, FL 11.28 12.06 11.27 10.00 9.13 9.40 9.55 9.64 9.8 10.3

33160 North Miami Beach, FL 10.08 9.29 8.61 8.03 8.16 8.15 8.4 8.7

33162 Miami, FL 10.08 9.29 8.61 8.03 8.16 8.15 8.4 8.7

33169 Miami, FL 10.08 9.29 8.61 8.03 8.16 8.15 8.4 8.7

33179 Miami, FL 10.08 9.29 8.61 8.03 8.16 8.15 8.4 8.7

33180 Miami, FL 10.08 9.29 8.61 8.03 8.16 8.15 8.4 8.7

33304 Fort Lauderdale, FL 9.45 8.61 7.93 7.95 8.38 8.15 8.4 8.4

33305 Fort Lauderdale, FL 9.45 8.61 7.93 7.95 8.38 8.15 8.4 8.4

33306 Fort Lauderdale, FL 9.45 8.61 7.93 7.95 8.38 8.15 8.4 8.4

33308 Fort Lauderdale, FL 9.45 8.61 7.93 7.95 8.38 8.15 8.4 8.4

33309 Fort Lauderdale, FL 9.45 8.61 7.93 7.95 8.38 8.15 8.4 8.4

33311 Fort Lauderdale, FL 9.45 8.61 7.93 7.95 8.38 8.15 8.4 8.4

33312 Fort Lauderdale, FL 10.50 9.23 9.53 8.36 7.80 7.77 8.16 8.26 8.3 8.7

33313 Fort Lauderdale, FL 10.50 9.23 9.53 8.36 7.80 7.77 8.16 8.26 8.3 8.7

33314 Fort Lauderdale, FL 10.50 9.23 9.53 8.36 7.80 7.77 8.16 8.26 8.3 8.7

33315 Fort Lauderdale, FL 10.50 9.23 9.53 8.36 7.80 7.77 8.16 8.26 8.3 8.7

33317 Fort Lauderdale, FL 10.50 9.23 9.53 8.36 7.80 7.77 8.16 8.26 8.3 8.7

33322 Fort Lauderdale, FL 10.50 9.23 9.53 8.36 7.80 7.77 8.16 8.26 8.3 8.7

33324 Fort Lauderdale, FL 10.50 9.23 9.53 8.36 7.80 7.77 8.16 8.26 8.3 8.7

33328 Fort Lauderdale, FL 10.50 9.23 9.53 8.36 7.80 7.77 8.16 8.26 8.3 8.7

33330 Fort Lauderdale, FL 10.50 9.23 9.53 8.36 7.80 7.77 8.16 8.26 8.3 8.7

33334 Fort Lauderdale, FL 9.45 8.61 7.93 7.95 8.38 8.15 8.4 8.4

33411 West Palm Beach, FL 9.10 7.69 7.04 7.36 8.00 8.07 7.9 7.9

33412 West Palm Beach, FL 9.10 7.69 7.04 7.36 8.00 8.07 7.9 7.9

33414 Wellington FL Wellington, FL 9 10 . 7 69 . 7 04 . 7 36 . 8 00 . 8 07 . 7 9. 7 9.

33426 Boynton Beach, FL 10.95 9.30 9.10 7.31 7.48 7.84 7.83 7.9 8.5

33430 Belle Glade, FL 9.44 8.10 8.13 8.1 8.6

33431 Boca Raton, FL 10.95 9.30 9.10 7.31 7.48 7.84 7.83 7.9 8.5

33435 Boynton Beach, FL 10.95 9.30 9.10 7.31 7.48 7.84 7.83 7.9 8.5

33436 Boynton Beach, FL 10.95 9.30 9.10 7.31 7.48 7.84 7.83 7.9 8.5

33437 Boynton Beach, FL 10.95 9.30 9.10 7.31 7.48 7.84 7.83 7.9 8.5

33444 Delray Beach, FL 10.95 9.30 9.10 7.31 7.48 7.84 7.83 7.9 8.5

33445 Delray Beach, FL 10.95 9.30 9.10 7.31 7.48 7.84 7.83 7.9 8.5

33446 Delray Beach, FL 10.95 9.30 9.10 7.31 7.48 7.84 7.83 7.9 8.5

33470 Loxahatchee, FL 9.10 7.69 7.04 7.36 8.00 8.07 7.9 7.9

33483 Delray Beach, FL 10.95 9.30 9.10 7.31 7.48 7.84 7.83 7.9 8.5

33484 Delray Beach, FL 10.95 9.30 9.10 7.31 7.48 7.84 7.83 7.9 8.5

33487 Boca Raton, FL 10.95 9.30 9.10 7.31 7.48 7.84 7.83 7.9 8.5

33493 South Bay, FL 9.44 8.10 8.13 8.1 8.6

33496 Boca Raton, FL 10.95 9.30 9.10 7.31 7.48 7.84 7.83 7.9 8.5

33510 Brandon, FL 11.46 10.87 11.2 11.2

33511 Brandon, FL 11.46 10.87 11.2 11.2

33527 Dover, FL 11.46 10.87 11.2 11.2

33584 Seffner, FL 11.46 10.87 11.2 11.2

33592 Thonotosassa, FL 12.92 12.39 11.70 10.75 10.48 11.3 11.6

33594 Valrico, FL 11.46 10.87 11.2 11.2

33596 Valrico, FL 11.46 10.87 11.2 11.2

33602 Tampa, FL 14.85 12.71 13.47 11.76 10.70 10.43 11.34 11.08 11.5 12.0

33603 Tampa, FL 14.85 12.71 13.47 11.76 10.70 10.43 11.34 11.08 11.5 12.0

33604 Tampa, FL 12.92 12.39 11.70 10.75 10.48 11.3 11.6

33605 Tampa, FL 14.85 12.71 13.47 11.76 10.70 10.43 11.34 11.08 11.5 12.0

33606 Tampa, FL 14.85 12.71 13.47 11.76 10.70 10.43 11.34 11.08 11.5 12.0

33607 Tampa, FL 14.85 12.71 13.47 11.76 10.70 10.43 11.34 11.08 11.5 12.0

33609 Tampa, FL 14.85 12.71 13.47 11.76 10.70 10.43 11.34 11.08 11.5 12.0

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 35 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

33610 Tampa, FL 12.92 12.39 11.70 10.75 10.48 11.3 11.6

33611 Tampa, FL 14.85 12.71 13.47 11.76 10.70 10.43 11.34 11.08 11.5 12.0

33612 Tampa, FL 12.92 12.39 11.70 10.75 10.48 11.3 11.6

33613 Tampa, FL 12.92 12.39 11.70 10.75 10.48 11.3 11.6

33614 Tampa, FL 14.85 12.71 13.47 11.76 10.70 10.43 11.34 11.08 11.5 12.0

33616 Tampa, FL 14.85 12.71 13.47 11.76 10.70 10.43 11.34 11.08 11.5 12.0

33617 Tampa, FL 12.92 12.39 11.70 10.75 10.48 11.3 11.6

33620 Tampa, FL 12.92 12.39 11.70 10.75 10.48 11.3 11.6

33621 Tampa, FL 14.85 12.71 13.47 11.76 10.70 10.43 11.34 11.08 11.5 12.0

33629 Tampa, FL 14.85 12.71 13.47 11.76 10.70 10.43 11.34 11.08 11.5 12.0

33634 Tampa, FL 14.85 12.71 13.47 11.76 10.70 10.43 11.34 11.08 11.5 12.0

33637 Tampa, FL 12.92 12.39 11.70 10.75 10.48 11.3 11.6

33647 Tampa, FL 12.92 12.39 11.70 10.75 10.48 11.3 11.6

33706 Saint Petersburg, FL 12.94 11.90 12.33 11.25 10.34 9.33 9.62 10.38 10.5 11.0

33707 Saint Petersburg, FL 12.94 11.90 12.33 11.25 10.34 9.33 9.62 10.38 10.5 11.0

33708 Saint Petersburg, FL 12.94 11.90 12.33 11.25 10.34 9.33 9.62 10.38 10.5 11.0

33709 Saint Petersburg, FL 12.94 11.90 12.33 11.25 10.34 9.33 9.62 10.38 10.5 11.0

33710 Saint Petersburg, FL 12.94 11.90 12.33 11.25 10.34 9.33 9.62 10.38 10.5 11.0

33711 Saint Petersburg, FL 12.94 11.90 12.33 11.25 10.34 9.33 9.62 10.38 10.5 11.0

33713 Saint Petersburg, FL 12.94 11.90 12.33 11.25 10.34 9.33 9.62 10.38 10.5 11.0

33714 Saint Petersburg, FL 12.94 11.90 12.33 11.25 10.34 9.33 9.62 10.38 10.5 11.0

33715 Saint Petersburg, FL 12.94 11.90 12.33 11.25 10.34 9.33 9.62 10.38 10.5 11.0

33755 Clearwater, FL 11.72 11.33 10.19 10.27 9.48 10.3 10.6

33756 Clearwater, FL 11.72 11.33 10.19 10.27 9.48 10.3 10.6

33759 Clearwater, FL 11.72 11.33 10.19 10.27 9.48 10.3 10.6

33761 Clearwater, FL 11.72 11.33 10.19 10.27 9.48 10.3 10.6

33763 Clearwater, FL 11.72 11.33 10.19 10.27 9.48 10.3 10.6

33764 Clearwater, FL 11.72 11.33 10.19 10.27 9.48 10.3 10.6

33765 Clearwater, FL 11.72 11.33 10.19 10.27 9.48 10.3 10.6

33767 Clearwater Beach, FL 11.72 11.33 10.19 10.27 9.48 10.3 10.6

33770 Largo FL Largo, FL 10 27 . 9 48 . 9 9. 9 9.

33771 Largo, FL 10.27 9.48 9.9 9.9

33772 Seminole, FL 12.94 11.90 12.33 11.25 10.34 9.33 9.62 10.38 10.5 11.0

33777 Seminole, FL 12.94 11.90 12.33 11.25 10.34 9.33 9.62 10.38 10.5 11.0

33781 Pinellas Park, FL 12.94 11.90 12.33 11.25 10.34 9.33 9.62 10.38 10.5 11.0

33782 Pinellas Park, FL 12.94 11.90 12.33 11.25 10.34 9.33 9.62 10.38 10.5 11.0

33786 Belleair Beach, FL 10.27 9.48 9.9 9.9

33801 Lakeland, FL 11.03 12.21 11.14 10.09 9.19 10.16 9.66 10.4 10.5

33803 Lakeland, FL 11.03 12.21 11.14 10.09 9.19 10.16 9.66 10.4 10.5

33805 Lakeland, FL 11.03 12.21 11.14 10.09 9.19 10.16 9.66 10.4 10.5

33811 Lakeland, FL 11.03 12.21 11.14 10.09 9.19 10.16 9.66 10.4 10.5

33813 Lakeland, FL 11.03 12.21 11.14 10.09 9.19 10.16 9.66 10.4 10.5

33815 Lakeland, FL 11.03 12.21 11.14 10.09 9.19 10.16 9.66 10.4 10.5

33901 Fort Myers, FL 9.25 10.12 9.55 9.21 7.81 7.98 8.46 8.62 8.6 8.9

33903 North Fort Myers, FL 9.25 10.12 9.55 9.21 7.81 7.98 8.46 8.62 8.6 8.9

33904 Cape Coral, FL 9.25 10.12 9.55 9.21 7.81 7.98 8.46 8.62 8.6 8.9

33907 Fort Myers, FL 9.25 10.12 9.55 9.21 7.81 7.98 8.46 8.62 8.6 8.9

33912 Fort Myers, FL 9.25 10.12 9.55 9.21 7.81 7.98 8.46 8.62 8.6 8.9

33916 Fort Myers, FL 9.25 10.12 9.55 9.21 7.81 7.98 8.46 8.62 8.6 8.9

33919 Fort Myers, FL 9.25 10.12 9.55 9.21 7.81 7.98 8.46 8.62 8.6 8.9

33966 Fort Myers, FL 9.25 10.12 9.55 9.21 7.81 7.98 8.46 8.62 8.6 8.9

33990 Cape Coral, FL 9.25 10.12 9.55 9.21 7.81 7.98 8.46 8.62 8.6 8.9

34205 Bradenton, FL 11.61 10.32 10.40 8.91 8.42 9.11 8.91 9.3 9.7

34207 Bradenton, FL 11.61 10.32 10.40 8.91 8.42 9.11 8.91 9.3 9.7

34209 Bradenton, FL 11.61 10.32 10.40 8.91 8.42 9.11 8.91 9.3 9.7

34210 Bradenton, FL 11.61 10.32 10.40 8.91 8.42 9.11 8.91 9.3 9.7

34215 Cortez, FL 11.61 10.32 10.40 8.91 8.42 9.11 8.91 9.3 9.7

34231 Sarasota, FL 10.58 10.96 10.01 8.86 8.58 8.80 9.14 9.4 9.6

34232 Sarasota, FL 10.58 10.96 10.01 8.86 8.58 8.80 9.14 9.4 9.6

34233 Sarasota, FL 10.58 10.96 10.01 8.86 8.58 8.80 9.14 9.4 9.6

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 36 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

34234 Sarasota, FL 10.58 10.96 10.01 8.86 8.58 8.80 9.14 9.4 9.6

34235 Sarasota, FL 10.58 10.96 10.01 8.86 8.58 8.80 9.14 9.4 9.6

34236 Sarasota, FL 10.58 10.96 10.01 8.86 8.58 8.80 9.14 9.4 9.6

34237 Sarasota, FL 10.58 10.96 10.01 8.86 8.58 8.80 9.14 9.4 9.6

34238 Sarasota, FL 10.58 10.96 10.01 8.86 8.58 8.80 9.14 9.4 9.6

34239 Sarasota, FL 10.58 10.96 10.01 8.86 8.58 8.80 9.14 9.4 9.6

34242 Sarasota, FL 10.58 10.96 10.01 8.86 8.58 8.80 9.14 9.4 9.6

34470 Ocala, FL 11.40 10.95 10.37 9.82 9.30 10.62 10.50 10.3 10.4

34471 Ocala, FL 11.40 10.95 10.37 9.82 9.30 10.62 10.50 10.3 10.4

34475 Ocala, FL 11.40 10.95 10.37 9.82 9.30 10.62 10.50 10.3 10.4

34479 Ocala, FL 11.40 10.95 10.37 9.82 9.30 10.62 10.50 10.3 10.4

34480 Ocala, FL 11.40 10.95 10.37 9.82 9.30 10.62 10.50 10.3 10.4

34498 Yankeetown, FL 11.41 10.43 9.79 8.63 8.68 9.27 9.05 9.3 9.6

34683 Palm Harbor, FL 11.72 11.33 10.19 10.8 11.1

34695 Safety Harbor, FL 11.72 11.33 10.19 10.8 11.1

34698 Dunedin, FL 11.72 11.33 10.19 10.27 9.48 10.3 10.6

34945 Fort Pierce, FL 9.63 10.06 8.99 8.01 8.29 7.53 8.76 8.6 8.8

34946 Fort Pierce, FL 9.63 10.06 8.99 8.01 8.29 7.53 8.76 8.6 8.8

34947 Fort Pierce, FL 9.63 10.06 8.99 8.01 8.29 7.53 8.76 8.6 8.8

34950 Fort Pierce, FL 9.63 10.06 8.99 8.01 8.29 7.53 8.76 8.6 8.8

34951 Fort Pierce, FL 9.63 10.06 8.99 8.01 8.29 7.53 8.76 8.6 8.8

34981 Fort Pierce, FL 9.63 10.06 8.99 8.01 8.29 7.53 8.76 8.6 8.8

35004 Moody, AL 16.17 15.98 14.76 16.75 15.8 15.9

35006 Adger, AL 16.70 13.32 12.30 12.26 12.42 14.53 13.6 13.6

35007 Alabaster, AL 16.70 14.70 13.63 14.89 13.82 14.85 14.8 14.8

35022 Bessemer, AL 18.33 16.94 15.00 15.04 14.16 14.55 16.32 15.3 15.8

35044 Childersburg, AL 19.95 20.40 18.23 14.65 14.11 15.45 13.91 14.19 15.1 16.4

35061 Dolomite, AL 21.00 21.27 20.74 17.91 16.64 15.70 15.84 17.93 17.5 18.4

35063 Empire, AL 16.81 14.64 13.33 13.57 13.66 15.44 14.6 14.6

35064 Fairfield, AL 21.00 21.27 20.74 17.91 16.64 15.70 15.84 17.93 17.5 18.4

35068 Fultondale AL Fultondale, AL 19 42 . 23 39 . 22 29 . 19 10 . 17 47 . 17 43 . 17 66 . 19 64 . 18 9. 19 6.

35080 Helena, AL 16.70 14.70 13.63 14.89 13.82 14.85 14.8 14.8

35094 Leeds, AL 16.17 15.98 14.76 16.75 15.8 15.9

35124 Pelham, AL 18.61 17.58 15.14 14.03 14.53 14.11 15.29 15.1 15.6

35126 Pinson, AL 19.04 16.58 14.30 13.37 13.51 13.53 15.22 14.4 15.1

35127 Pleasant Grove, AL 21.00 21.27 20.74 17.91 16.64 15.70 15.84 17.93 17.5 18.4

35176 Vandiver, AL 16.17 15.98 14.76 16.75 15.8 15.9

35203 Birmingham, AL 19.42 23.39 22.29 19.10 17.47 17.43 17.66 19.64 18.9 19.6

35204 Birmingham, AL 19.42 23.39 22.29 19.10 17.47 17.43 17.66 19.64 18.9 19.6

35205 Birmingham, AL 19.42 23.39 22.29 19.10 17.47 17.43 17.66 19.64 18.9 19.6

35207 Birmingham, AL 19.42 23.39 22.29 19.10 17.47 17.43 17.66 19.64 18.9 19.6

35208 Birmingham, AL 21.00 21.27 20.74 17.91 16.64 15.70 15.84 17.93 17.5 18.4

35209 Birmingham, AL 19.42 21.00 20.38 17.34 15.95 15.80 16.03 17.69 17.2 18.0

35211 Birmingham, AL 21.00 21.27 20.74 17.91 16.64 15.70 15.84 17.93 17.5 18.4

35212 Birmingham, AL 19.42 23.39 22.29 19.10 17.47 17.43 17.66 19.64 18.9 19.6

35213 Birmingham, AL 19.42 23.39 22.29 19.10 17.47 17.43 17.66 19.64 18.9 19.6

35214 Birmingham, AL 20.21 22.33 21.52 18.51 17.06 16.57 16.75 18.79 18.2 19.0

35215 Birmingham, AL 19.04 16.58 14.30 13.37 13.51 13.53 15.22 14.4 15.1

35216 Birmingham, AL 18.61 18.46 15.59 14.43 14.16 14.40 15.73 15.5 15.9

35217 Birmingham, AL 19.42 23.39 22.29 19.10 17.47 17.43 17.66 19.64 18.9 19.6

35218 Birmingham, AL 21.00 21.27 20.74 17.91 16.64 15.70 15.84 17.93 17.5 18.4

35221 Birmingham, AL 21.00 21.27 20.74 17.91 16.64 15.70 15.84 17.93 17.5 18.4

35222 Birmingham, AL 19.42 23.39 22.29 19.10 17.47 17.43 17.66 19.64 18.9 19.6

35223 Birmingham, AL 19.42 23.39 22.29 19.10 17.47 17.43 17.66 19.64 18.9 19.6

35224 Birmingham, AL 21.00 21.27 20.74 17.91 16.64 15.70 15.84 17.93 17.5 18.4

35226 Birmingham, AL 18.61 18.46 15.59 14.43 14.16 14.40 15.73 15.5 15.9

35228 Birmingham, AL 21.00 21.27 20.74 17.91 16.64 15.70 15.84 17.93 17.5 18.4

35229 Birmingham, AL 18.61 18.46 15.59 14.43 14.16 14.40 15.73 15.5 15.9

35233 Birmingham, AL 19.42 23.39 22.29 19.10 17.47 17.43 17.66 19.64 18.9 19.6

35234 Birmingham, AL 19.42 23.39 22.29 19.10 17.47 17.43 17.66 19.64 18.9 19.6

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 37 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

35235 Birmingham, AL 19.04 16.58 14.30 13.37 13.51 13.53 15.22 14.4 15.1

35244 Birmingham, AL 18.61 17.58 15.14 14.03 14.53 14.11 15.29 15.1 15.6

35254 Birmingham, AL 20.21 22.33 21.52 18.51 17.06 16.57 16.75 18.79 18.2 19.0

35401 Tuscaloosa, AL 19.77 19.62 16.31 12.70 12.65 13.88 13.9 15.8

35404 Tuscaloosa, AL 19.77 19.62 16.31 12.70 12.65 13.88 13.9 15.8

35405 Tuscaloosa, AL 19.77 19.62 16.31 12.70 12.65 13.88 13.9 15.8

35406 Tuscaloosa, AL 19.77 19.62 16.31 16.3 18.6

35453 Cottondale, AL 12.70 12.65 13.88 13.1 13.1

35473 Northport, AL 19.77 19.62 16.31 16.3 18.6

35476 Northport, AL 19.77 19.62 16.31 16.3 18.6

35487 Tuscaloosa, AL 19.77 19.62 16.31 12.70 12.65 13.88 13.9 15.8

35501 Jasper, AL 13.84 12.75 14.18 13.6 13.6

35504 Jasper, AL 13.84 12.75 14.18 13.6 13.6

35601 Decatur, AL 21.24 13.09 13.67 12.27 13.75 13.2 14.8

35603 Decatur, AL 13.09 13.67 12.27 13.75 13.2 13.2

35630 Florence, AL 17.32 15.62 12.82 12.81 12.89 11.75 13.24 13.2 13.8

35640 Hartselle, AL 13.09 13.67 12.27 13.75 13.2 13.2

35660 Sheffield, AL 17.32 15.62 12.82 12.81 12.89 11.75 13.24 13.2 13.8

35661 Muscle Shoals, AL 17.32 15.62 12.82 12.81 12.89 11.75 13.24 13.2 13.8

35801 Huntsville, AL 15.08 15.61 16.28 14.60 13.80 13.77 13.38 14.40 14.4 14.6

35802 Huntsville, AL 15.08 15.61 16.28 14.60 13.80 13.77 13.38 14.40 14.4 14.6

35805 Huntsville, AL 15.08 15.61 16.28 14.60 13.80 13.77 13.38 14.40 14.4 14.6

35808 Huntsville, AL 15.08 15.61 16.28 14.60 13.80 13.77 13.38 14.40 14.4 14.6

35816 Huntsville, AL 15.08 15.61 16.28 14.60 13.80 13.77 13.38 14.40 14.4 14.6

35901 Gadsden, AL 19.52 14.79 14.26 14.34 15.42 15.7 15.7

35903 Gadsden, AL 19.52 14.79 14.26 14.34 15.42 15.7 15.7

35904 Gadsden, AL 19.52 14.79 14.26 14.34 15.42 15.7 15.7

35905 Gadsden, AL 19.52 14.79 14.26 14.34 15.42 15.7 15.7

35906 Rainbow City, AL 19.52 14.79 14.26 14.34 15.42 15.7 15.7

35962 Crossville, AL 18.40 17.17 14.71 14.39 14.98 14.09 14.22 14.9 15.4

35974 Geraldine AL Geraldine, AL 18 40 . 17 17 . 14 71 . 14 39 . 14 98 . 14 09 . 14 22 . 14 9. 15 4.

36104 Montgomery, AL 19.19 17.18 14.29 14.36 14.05 13.88 14.47 14.7 15.3

36106 Montgomery, AL 19.19 17.18 14.29 14.36 14.05 13.88 14.47 14.7 15.3

36107 Montgomery, AL 19.19 17.18 14.29 14.36 14.05 13.88 14.47 14.7 15.3

36109 Montgomery, AL 19.19 17.18 14.29 14.36 14.05 13.88 14.47 14.7 15.3

36110 Montgomery, AL 19.19 17.18 14.29 14.36 14.05 13.88 14.47 14.7 15.3

36112 Montgomery, AL 19.19 17.18 14.29 14.36 14.05 13.88 14.47 14.7 15.3

36113 Montgomery, AL 19.19 17.18 14.29 14.36 14.05 13.88 14.47 14.7 15.3

36114 Montgomery, AL 19.19 17.18 14.29 14.36 14.05 13.88 14.47 14.7 15.3

36115 Montgomery, AL 19.19 17.18 14.29 14.36 14.05 13.88 14.47 14.7 15.3

36130 Montgomery, AL 19.19 17.18 14.29 14.36 14.05 13.88 14.47 14.7 15.3

36251 Ashland, AL 17.41 16.42 12.82 13.18 13.37 13.16 13.43 13.7 14.3

36301 Dothan, AL 17.13 19.58 15.42 14.00 13.03 13.80 13.19 13.9 15.2

36303 Dothan, AL 17.13 19.58 15.42 14.00 13.03 13.80 13.19 13.9 15.2

36321 Cowarts, AL 17.13 19.58 15.42 14.00 13.03 13.80 14.1 15.5

36426 Brewton, AL 18.12 15.65 16.80 12.46 11.87 12.72 12.66 13.71 13.4 14.2

36523 Coden, AL 16.81 15.27 12.35 10.57 12.60 14.58 11.75 12.9 13.4

36532 Fairhope, AL 14.53 10.58 10.37 12.17 11.36 11.75 11.8 11.8

36571 Saraland, AL 18.57 15.09 12.78 12.10 12.46 12.49 12.85 13.0 13.8

36582 Theodore, AL 16.81 15.27 12.35 10.57 12.60 14.58 11.75 12.9 13.4

36602 Mobile, AL 18.57 15.09 12.78 12.10 12.82 12.98 12.91 13.1 13.9

36603 Mobile, AL 18.57 15.09 12.78 12.10 12.46 12.49 12.85 13.0 13.8

36604 Mobile, AL 18.57 15.09 12.78 12.10 12.82 12.98 12.91 13.1 13.9

36607 Mobile, AL 18.57 15.09 12.78 12.10 12.46 12.49 12.85 13.0 13.8

36610 Mobile, AL 18.57 15.09 12.78 12.10 12.46 12.49 12.85 13.0 13.8

36611 Mobile, AL 18.57 15.09 12.78 12.10 12.46 12.49 12.85 13.0 13.8

36612 Mobile, AL 18.57 15.09 12.78 12.10 12.46 12.49 12.85 13.0 13.8

36617 Mobile, AL 18.57 15.09 12.78 12.10 12.46 12.49 12.85 13.0 13.8

36867 Phenix City, AL 21.74 21.08 17.62 16.01 14.75 14.93 15.40 15.21 15.7 17.1

36869 Phenix City, AL 21.74 21.08 17.62 16.01 14.75 14.93 15.40 15.34 15.7 17.1

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 38 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

36922 Ward, AL 17.02 15.30 12.11 11.75 12.10 11.42 12.25 12.5 13.1

37040 Clarksville, TN 16.66 14.14 13.19 12.56 14.18 12.39 15.07 13.6 14.0

37043 Clarksville, TN 16.66 14.14 13.19 12.56 14.18 12.39 15.07 13.6 14.0

37072 Goodlettsville, TN 16.93 15.75 14.16 12.83 13.66 12.80 14.72 14.0 14.4

37075 Hendersonville, TN 16.93 15.75 14.16 12.83 13.66 12.80 14.72 14.0 14.4

37115 Madison, TN 16.93 15.75 14.16 12.83 13.66 12.80 14.72 14.0 14.4

37138 Old Hickory, TN 16.93 15.75 14.16 12.83 13.66 12.80 14.72 14.0 14.4

37201 Nashville, TN 16.21 17.56 16.89 14.92 13.51 14.37 13.09 14.48 14.5 15.1

37203 Nashville, TN 16.21 17.32 16.55 14.41 13.51 14.37 12.76 14.16 14.3 14.9

37204 Nashville, TN 16.21 17.56 16.89 14.92 13.51 14.37 13.09 14.48 14.5 15.1

37205 Nashville, TN 16.83 15.86 13.39 12.10 13.50 13.7 14.3

37206 Nashville, TN 16.21 17.56 16.89 14.92 13.51 14.37 13.09 14.48 14.5 15.1

37207 Nashville, TN 16.21 18.64 16.96 15.19 13.51 14.37 13.12 14.75 14.7 15.3

37208 Nashville, TN 16.21 18.64 16.96 15.19 13.51 14.37 13.12 14.75 14.7 15.3

37209 Nashville, TN 16.83 15.86 13.39 12.10 13.50 13.7 14.3

37210 Nashville, TN 16.21 17.56 16.89 14.92 13.51 14.37 13.09 14.48 14.5 15.1

37211 Nashville, TN 16.48 16.83 14.64 13.05 14.21 14.7 15.0

37212 Nashville, TN 16.21 17.32 16.55 14.41 13.51 14.37 12.76 14.16 14.3 14.9

37213 Nashville, TN 16.21 17.56 16.89 14.92 13.51 14.37 13.09 14.48 14.5 15.1

37214 Nashville, TN 16.21 18.64 16.96 15.19 13.51 14.37 13.12 14.75 14.7 15.3

37215 Nashville, TN 16.83 15.86 13.39 12.10 13.50 13.7 14.3

37216 Nashville, TN 16.21 18.64 16.96 15.19 13.51 14.37 13.12 14.75 14.7 15.3

37217 Nashville, TN 16.48 16.83 14.64 13.05 14.21 14.7 15.0

37219 Nashville, TN 16.21 17.56 16.89 14.92 13.51 14.37 13.09 14.48 14.5 15.1

37220 Nashville, TN 16.48 16.83 14.64 13.05 14.21 14.7 15.0

37228 Nashville, TN 16.21 18.64 16.96 15.19 13.51 14.37 13.12 14.75 14.7 15.3

37240 Nashville, TN 16.21 17.32 16.55 14.41 13.51 14.37 12.76 14.16 14.3 14.9

37303 Athens, TN 17.95 16.06 14.20 13.60 13.77 14.79 15.1 15.1

37343 Hixson, TN 14.23 14.2 14.2

37350 Lookout Mountain, TN 19.00 17.79 16.04 14.79 15.42 14.60 16.07 15.8 16.2

37379 Soddy Daisy TN Soddy Daisy, TN 14 27 . 13 29 . 13 79 . 13 8. 13 8.

37402 Chattanooga, TN 19.00 18.38 16.24 14.79 15.76 14.95 16.06 16.0 16.5

37403 Chattanooga, TN 19.00 18.38 16.24 14.79 15.76 14.95 16.06 16.0 16.5

37404 Chattanooga, TN 19.00 18.38 16.24 14.79 15.76 14.95 16.06 16.0 16.5

37405 Chattanooga, TN 18.94 17.79 16.13 14.74 14.83 14.50 15.58 15.6 16.1

37406 Chattanooga, TN 18.94 18.38 16.39 14.74 15.64 15.07 15.82 16.0 16.4

37407 Chattanooga, TN 19.00 18.38 16.24 14.79 15.76 14.95 16.06 16.0 16.5

37408 Chattanooga, TN 19.00 18.38 16.24 14.79 15.76 14.95 16.06 16.0 16.5

37409 Chattanooga, TN 19.00 18.38 16.24 14.79 15.76 14.95 16.06 16.0 16.5

37410 Chattanooga, TN 19.00 18.38 16.24 14.79 15.76 14.95 16.06 16.0 16.5

37411 Chattanooga, TN 19.00 18.38 16.24 14.79 15.76 14.95 16.06 16.0 16.5

37412 Chattanooga, TN 19.00 18.38 16.24 14.79 15.76 14.95 16.06 16.0 16.5

37415 Chattanooga, TN 18.94 17.79 15.18 14.74 14.83 14.50 15.58 15.4 15.9

37419 Chattanooga, TN 19.00 17.79 16.04 14.79 15.42 14.60 16.07 15.8 16.2

37620 Bristol, TN 16.32 16.58 15.15 14.09 13.82 13.85 14.34 14.6 14.9

37660 Kingsport, TN 17.09 15.97 14.28 13.86 13.18 15.02 14.9 14.9

37663 Kingsport, TN 17.09 15.97 14.28 13.86 13.18 15.02 14.9 14.9

37664 Kingsport, TN 17.09 15.97 14.28 13.86 13.18 15.02 14.9 14.9

37665 Kingsport, TN 17.09 15.97 14.28 13.86 13.18 15.02 14.9 14.9

37701 Alcoa, TN 17.40 14.97 14.42 13.89 13.50 14.82 14.3 14.8

37724 Cumberland Gap, TN 15.94 14.29 14.21 13.40 14.5 14.5

37748 Harriman, TN 18.38 16.92 15.77 13.63 13.31 14.01 15.35 14.8 15.3

37771 Lenoir City, TN 14.67 16.15 15.4 15.4

37774 Loudon, TN 14.67 16.15 15.4 15.4

37803 Maryville, TN 17.40 14.97 14.42 13.89 13.50 14.82 14.3 14.8

37804 Maryville, TN 17.40 14.97 14.42 13.89 13.50 14.82 14.3 14.8

37829 Oakdale, TN 18.38 16.92 15.77 13.63 13.31 14.01 15.35 14.8 15.3

37853 Rockford, TN 17.40 14.97 14.42 13.89 13.50 14.82 14.3 14.8

37902 Knoxville, TN 20.39 22.71 19.23 18.00 16.24 14.91 15.02 16.21 16.6 17.8

37909 Knoxville, TN 20.39 21.23 19.57 17.33 15.90 14.94 14.50 15.80 16.3 17.5

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 39 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

37912 Knoxville, TN 20.39 21.23 19.57 17.33 15.90 14.94 14.50 15.80 16.3 17.5

37914 Knoxville, TN 17.98 17.75 16.10 14.29 14.92 16.16 16.2 16.2

37915 Knoxville, TN 20.39 22.71 19.23 18.00 16.24 14.91 15.02 16.21 16.6 17.8

37916 Knoxville, TN 20.39 22.71 19.23 18.00 16.24 14.91 15.02 16.21 16.6 17.8

37917 Knoxville, TN 20.39 22.71 19.23 18.00 16.24 14.91 15.02 16.21 16.6 17.8

37918 Knoxville, TN 20.39 22.71 19.23 18.00 16.24 14.91 15.02 16.21 16.6 17.8

37919 Knoxville, TN 20.39 21.23 19.57 17.33 15.90 14.94 14.50 15.80 16.3 17.5

37920 Knoxville, TN 20.39 22.71 20.47 18.25 16.38 15.52 15.12 16.25 17.0 18.1

37921 Knoxville, TN 20.39 21.23 19.57 17.33 15.90 14.94 14.50 15.80 16.3 17.5

37923 Knoxville, TN 19.75 18.67 16.42 15.42 14.35 13.87 15.35 15.7 16.3

37924 Knoxville, TN 17.98 17.75 16.10 14.29 14.92 16.16 16.2 16.2

37931 Knoxville, TN 19.75 18.67 16.42 15.42 14.35 13.87 15.35 15.7 16.3

37996 Knoxville, TN 20.39 22.71 19.23 18.00 16.24 14.91 15.02 16.21 16.6 17.8

38004 Atoka, TN 11.97 11.45 11.71 11.27 13.25 11.9 11.9

38023 Drummonds, TN 11.97 11.45 11.71 11.27 13.25 11.9 11.9

38024 Dyersburg, TN 14.08 12.35 11.62 12.13 10.60 13.87 12.4 12.4

38053 Millington, TN 11.97 11.45 11.71 11.27 13.25 11.9 11.9

38058 Munford, TN 11.97 11.45 11.71 11.27 13.25 11.9 11.9

38103 Memphis, TN 15.85 16.30 14.53 13.78 13.75 12.90 14.75 14.3 14.6

38104 Memphis, TN 15.18 15.63 14.84 13.52 13.70 12.86 14.82 14.2 14.4

38105 Memphis, TN 15.85 16.30 14.53 13.78 13.75 12.90 14.75 14.3 14.6

38106 Memphis, TN 15.85 16.30 14.53 13.78 13.75 12.90 14.75 14.3 14.6

38107 Memphis, TN 15.85 16.30 14.53 13.78 13.75 12.90 14.75 14.3 14.6

38108 Memphis, TN 15.56 16.59 14.44 13.68 13.64 12.60 14.65 14.3 14.5

38111 Memphis, TN 14.89 15.93 14.75 13.42 13.59 12.57 14.72 14.2 14.3

38112 Memphis, TN 15.21 16.05 14.67 13.54 13.64 12.68 14.73 14.2 14.4

38114 Memphis, TN 15.18 15.63 14.84 13.52 13.70 12.86 14.82 14.2 14.4

38116 Memphis, TN 14.51 14.97 15.15 13.25 13.65 12.83 14.89 14.1 14.2

38117 Memphis, TN 14.89 15.93 14.75 13.42 13.59 12.57 14.72 14.2 14.3

38118 Memphis, TN 14.51 14.97 15.15 13.25 13.65 12.83 14.89 14.1 14.2

38122 Memphis TN Memphis, TN 14 89 . 15 93 . 14 75 . 13 42 . 13 59 . 12 57 . 14 72 . 14 2. 14 3.

38126 Memphis, TN 15.85 16.30 14.53 13.78 13.75 12.90 14.75 14.3 14.6

38127 Memphis, TN 15.56 16.59 14.44 13.68 13.64 12.60 14.65 14.3 14.5

38128 Memphis, TN 15.27 16.89 14.34 13.58 13.53 12.30 14.55 14.2 14.4

38131 Memphis, TN 14.51 14.97 15.15 13.25 13.65 12.83 14.89 14.1 14.2

38132 Memphis, TN 14.51 14.97 15.15 13.25 13.65 12.83 14.89 14.1 14.2

38134 Memphis, TN 15.27 16.89 14.34 13.58 13.53 12.30 14.55 14.2 14.4

38152 Memphis, TN 14.89 15.93 14.75 13.42 13.59 12.57 14.72 14.2 14.3

38301 Jackson, TN 16.12 14.70 13.33 11.97 13.3 14.0

38305 Jackson, TN 16.12 14.70 13.33 11.97 13.3 14.0

38401 Columbia, TN 15.62 15.13 13.17 12.38 12.70 12.09 14.30 13.3 13.6

38469 Loretto, TN 14.08 13.31 12.81 11.53 11.68 10.59 12.13 12.0 12.3

38486 Westpoint, TN 14.08 13.31 12.81 11.53 11.68 10.59 12.13 12.0 12.3

38501 Cookeville, TN 15.58 14.55 13.02 12.93 12.74 14.45 13.9 13.9

38505 Cookeville, TN 15.58 14.55 13.02 12.93 12.74 14.45 13.9 13.9

38506 Cookeville, TN 15.58 14.55 13.02 12.93 12.74 14.45 13.9 13.9

38632 Hernando, MS 15.16 14.06 12.70 12.50 12.26 11.94 13.31 12.8 13.1

38651 Nesbit, MS 15.16 14.06 12.70 12.50 12.26 11.94 13.31 12.8 13.1

38730 Boyle, MS 15.15 12.74 11.73 12.76 11.74 13.25 12.9 12.9

38732 Cleveland, MS 15.15 12.74 11.73 12.76 11.74 13.25 12.9 12.9

38733 Cleveland, MS 15.15 12.74 11.73 12.76 11.74 13.25 12.9 12.9

38801 Tupelo, MS 14.25 15.22 14.55 12.84 11.77 12.51 11.82 13.22 12.8 13.3

38804 Tupelo, MS 14.25 15.22 14.55 12.84 11.77 12.51 11.82 13.22 12.8 13.3

38826 Belden, MS 14.25 15.22 14.55 12.84 11.77 12.51 11.82 13.22 12.8 13.3

39117 Morton, MS 13.52 11.53 11.18 12.37 11.52 12.55 12.1 12.1

39120 Natchez, MS 13.15 11.14 10.66 11.36 10.73 12.30 11.6 11.6

39157 Ridgeland, MS 16.47 15.24 13.22 12.13 13.82 12.24 13.10 13.3 13.7

39180 Vicksburg, MS 14.09 12.88 11.33 12.49 11.52 12.98 12.5 12.5

39201 Jackson, MS 18.40 15.92 15.23 13.56 12.29 13.78 12.40 13.69 13.5 14.4

39202 Jackson, MS 18.40 16.19 15.23 13.45 12.24 13.80 12.35 13.40 13.4 14.4

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 40 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

39203 Jackson, MS 18.40 15.92 15.23 13.56 12.29 13.78 12.40 13.69 13.5 14.4

39204 Jackson, MS 18.40 15.92 15.64 13.72 12.07 14.12 12.96 13.69 13.7 14.6

39206 Jackson, MS 18.40 16.19 15.44 13.47 12.10 13.97 12.60 13.40 13.5 14.4

39208 Pearl, MS 18.40 15.92 15.23 13.56 12.29 13.78 12.40 13.69 13.5 14.4

39209 Jackson, MS 18.40 15.92 15.64 13.72 12.07 14.12 12.96 13.69 13.7 14.6

39210 Jackson, MS 18.40 16.19 15.23 13.45 12.24 13.80 12.35 13.40 13.4 14.4

39211 Jackson, MS 16.47 15.24 13.22 12.13 13.82 12.24 13.10 13.3 13.7

39212 Jackson, MS 18.40 15.92 15.64 13.72 12.07 14.12 12.96 13.69 13.7 14.6

39213 Jackson, MS 18.40 16.19 15.44 13.47 12.10 13.97 12.60 13.40 13.5 14.4

39216 Jackson, MS 18.40 16.19 15.23 13.45 12.24 13.80 12.35 13.40 13.4 14.4

39217 Jackson, MS 18.40 15.92 15.23 13.56 12.29 13.78 12.40 13.69 13.5 14.4

39218 Richland, MS 18.40 15.92 15.23 13.56 12.29 13.78 12.40 13.69 13.5 14.4

39232 Flowood, MS 16.47 15.03 13.31 12.32 13.63 12.04 13.10 13.2 13.7

39301 Meridian, MS 14.98 13.41 12.76 12.76 12.93 14.06 13.5 13.5

39305 Meridian, MS 14.98 13.41 12.76 12.76 12.93 14.06 13.5 13.5

39307 Meridian, MS 14.98 13.41 12.76 12.76 12.93 14.06 13.5 13.5

39401 Hattiesburg, MS 14.93 13.56 12.80 13.60 12.75 13.80 13.6 13.6

39406 Hattiesburg, MS 14.93 13.56 12.80 13.60 12.75 13.80 13.6 13.6

39440 Laurel, MS 16.99 14.30 13.74 15.07 13.45 14.76 14.7 14.7

39443 Laurel, MS 16.99 14.30 13.74 15.07 13.45 14.76 14.7 14.7

39465 Petal, MS 14.93 13.56 12.80 13.60 12.75 13.80 13.6 13.6

39466 Picayune, MS 11.74 11.15 12.16 11.85 12.43 11.9 11.9

39501 Gulfport, MS 12.77 11.65 10.64 12.00 12.18 12.93 12.0 12.0

39507 Gulfport, MS 12.77 11.65 10.64 12.00 12.18 12.93 12.0 12.0

39531 Biloxi, MS 12.77 11.65 10.64 12.00 12.18 12.93 12.0 12.0

39563 Moss Point, MS 15.86 13.42 12.18 10.96 11.95 12.06 12.59 12.2 12.7

39567 Pascagoula, MS 15.86 13.42 12.18 10.96 11.95 12.06 12.59 12.2 12.7

39572 Pearlington, MS 14.00 12.23 10.25 9.52 10.55 10.72 10.7 11.2

39581 Pascagoula, MS 15.86 13.42 12.18 10.96 11.95 12.06 12.59 12.2 12.7

39701 Columbus, MS 15.48 13.44 13.30 13.16 11.66 13.41 13.4 13.4

39702 Columbus MS Columbus, MS 15 48 . 13 44 . 13 30 . 13 16 . 11 66 . 13 41 . 13 4. 13 4.

39705 Columbus, MS 15.48 13.44 13.30 13.16 11.66 13.41 13.4 13.4

40109 Brooks, KY 15.13 15.42 16.70 16.00 14.69 14.37 13.62 16.32 15.3 15.3

40165 Shepherdsville, KY 15.13 15.42 16.70 16.00 14.69 14.37 13.62 16.32 15.3 15.3

40177 West Point, KY 15.91 15.19 14.92 12.63 16.48 14.7 15.0

40202 Louisville, KY 18.14 17.01 17.32 17.56 16.77 15.64 14.35 17.12 16.5 16.7

40203 Louisville, KY 18.14 17.01 17.32 17.56 16.77 15.64 14.35 17.12 16.5 16.7

40204 Louisville, KY 18.41 16.87 17.33 17.16 16.63 15.46 14.28 17.26 16.4 16.7

40205 Louisville, KY 18.52 16.87 17.65 16.88 16.22 15.53 14.39 17.65 16.4 16.7

40206 Louisville, KY 18.52 16.87 17.65 16.88 16.22 15.53 14.39 17.65 16.4 16.7

40208 Louisville, KY 18.14 17.01 17.32 17.56 16.77 15.64 14.35 17.12 16.5 16.7

40209 Louisville, KY 18.14 17.01 17.32 17.56 16.77 15.64 14.35 17.12 16.5 16.7

40210 Louisville, KY 18.14 17.01 17.32 17.56 16.77 15.64 14.35 17.12 16.5 16.7

40211 Louisville, KY 18.14 16.58 17.10 17.20 16.33 15.35 14.22 17.07 16.2 16.5

40212 Louisville, KY 18.14 16.58 17.10 17.20 16.33 15.35 14.22 17.07 16.2 16.5

40213 Louisville, KY 17.67 17.01 16.69 17.32 16.94 15.46 13.88 16.62 16.2 16.4

40214 Louisville, KY 18.20 16.87 16.68 17.73 17.45 15.38 14.05 16.48 16.3 16.6

40215 Louisville, KY 17.56 17.16 16.90 17.79 17.01 15.64 14.11 16.65 16.4 16.6

40216 Louisville, KY 17.77 17.16 16.99 18.24 17.31 15.70 14.31 16.59 16.5 16.8

40217 Louisville, KY 18.14 17.01 17.32 17.16 16.77 15.64 14.35 17.12 16.4 16.7

40218 Louisville, KY 17.15 17.15 16.71 16.90 16.43 15.53 13.71 16.77 16.0 16.3

40272 Louisville, KY 15.91 15.19 14.92 12.63 16.48 14.7 15.0

40292 Louisville, KY 18.14 17.01 17.32 17.56 16.77 15.64 14.35 17.12 16.5 16.7

40475 Richmond, KY 15.06 15.39 14.22 13.46 12.93 12.98 15.21 14.0 14.2

40502 Lexington, KY 16.28 15.95 17.04 16.26 15.32 14.41 13.89 15.78 15.4 15.6

40503 Lexington, KY 16.28 15.95 17.04 16.26 15.32 14.41 13.89 15.78 15.4 15.6

40504 Lexington, KY 16.28 15.95 17.04 16.26 15.32 14.41 13.89 15.78 15.4 15.6

40505 Lexington, KY 16.28 15.95 17.04 16.26 15.32 14.41 13.89 15.78 15.4 15.6

40507 Lexington, KY 16.28 15.95 17.04 16.26 15.32 14.41 13.89 15.78 15.4 15.6

40508 Lexington, KY 16.28 15.95 17.04 16.26 15.32 14.41 13.89 15.78 15.4 15.6

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 41 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

40511 Lexington, KY 16.28 15.95 17.04 16.26 15.32 14.41 13.89 15.78 15.4 15.6

40513 Lexington, KY 15.91 16.38 17.44 16.63 15.56 15.03 14.32 16.05 15.8 15.9

40514 Lexington, KY 15.91 16.38 17.44 16.63 15.56 15.03 14.32 16.05 15.8 15.9

40515 Lexington, KY 15.91 16.38 17.44 16.63 15.56 15.03 14.32 16.05 15.8 15.9

40517 Lexington, KY 16.28 15.95 17.04 16.26 15.32 14.41 13.89 15.78 15.4 15.6

40601 Frankfort, KY 14.08 15.38 14.13 13.85 13.07 12.54 14.59 13.9 13.9

40740 Lily, KY 12.11 11.47 14.07 12.6 12.6

40741 London, KY 12.11 11.47 14.07 12.6 12.6

40744 London, KY 12.11 11.47 14.07 12.6 12.6

40965 Middlesboro, KY 15.94 14.29 14.21 13.40 14.5 14.5

41011 Covington, KY 16.80 15.47 16.26 16.13 15.53 14.98 14.20 16.83 15.7 15.8

41014 Covington, KY 16.80 15.47 16.26 16.13 15.53 14.98 14.20 16.83 15.7 15.8

41015 Latonia, KY 16.80 15.47 16.04 15.47 14.93 13.86 13.10 15.35 14.8 15.1

41016 Covington, KY 16.80 15.63 16.57 16.37 15.77 15.50 14.68 17.49 16.1 16.1

41017 FT Mitchell, KY 16.80 15.63 16.42 16.59 15.94 15.49 14.71 17.47 16.1 16.1

41071 Newport, KY 16.80 16.14 16.51 16.25 15.64 15.18 14.43 17.14 15.9 16.0

41073 Bellevue, KY 18.13 16.82 17.06 16.38 15.86 15.54 14.76 17.61 16.2 16.5

41074 Dayton, KY 18.13 17.46 17.41 16.62 16.02 15.68 14.89 17.92 16.4 16.8

41075 Fort Thomas, KY 16.80 16.14 16.51 15.91 15.34 14.81 14.04 16.65 15.5 15.8

41076 Newport, KY 15.32 15.65 15.40 14.81 13.42 12.77 14.84 14.5 14.6

41085 Silver Grove, KY 15.32 15.65 15.40 14.81 13.42 12.77 14.84 14.5 14.6

41099 Newport, KY 16.80 15.47 16.04 15.47 14.93 13.86 13.10 15.35 14.8 15.1

41101 Ashland, KY 19.17 17.49 16.68 16.58 15.51 14.09 13.50 16.49 15.5 16.2

41102 Ashland, KY 14.89 16.01 15.49 15.54 13.93 13.29 16.01 15.0 15.0

41139 Flatwoods, KY 19.17 20.10 17.35 17.67 15.48 14.25 13.71 16.97 15.9 16.8

41146 Hitchins, KY 11.91 14.15 12.66 12.44 11.41 11.08 13.55 12.5 12.5

41169 Russell, KY 19.17 20.10 17.35 17.67 15.48 14.25 13.71 16.97 15.9 16.8

41183 Worthington, KY 19.17 20.10 17.35 17.67 15.48 14.25 13.71 16.97 15.9 16.8

41501 Pikeville, KY 15.03 18.22 15.51 14.77 13.58 13.13 12.34 14.14 13.9 14.6

41701 Hazard, KY 14.33 13.30 11.94 13.87 13.4 13.4

41719 Bonnyman KY Bonnyman, KY 14 33 . 13 30 . 11 94 . 13 87 . 13 4. 13 4.

41722 Bulan, KY 14.33 13.30 11.94 13.87 13.4 13.4

41729 Combs, KY 14.33 13.30 11.94 13.87 13.4 13.4

42001 Paducah, KY 15.07 15.65 15.53 14.11 12.61 13.75 11.77 14.03 13.6 14.1

42003 Paducah, KY 15.07 15.65 15.53 14.11 12.61 13.75 11.77 14.03 13.6 14.1

42101 Bowling Green, KY 16.13 15.42 14.77 13.27 13.31 13.14 14.82 14.1 14.4

42103 Bowling Green, KY 16.13 15.42 14.77 13.27 13.31 13.14 14.82 14.1 14.4

42104 Bowling Green, KY 16.13 15.42 14.77 13.27 13.31 13.14 14.82 14.1 14.4

42163 Rocky Hill, KY 11.58 13.63 12.6 12.6

42266 Pembroke, KY 15.12 15.64 13.51 13.09 13.86 11.83 14.04 13.7 13.9

42301 Owensboro, KY 16.14 15.20 15.18 15.03 14.62 12.47 15.09 14.5 14.8

42303 Owensboro, KY 16.14 15.20 15.18 15.03 14.62 12.47 15.09 14.5 14.8

42420 Henderson, KY 14.62 16.01 14.21 14.18 14.8 14.8

42458 Spottsville, KY 12.14 15.36 13.8 13.8

42701 Elizabethtown, KY 16.41 14.92 13.98 13.39 12.24 14.50 14.2 14.2

43081 Westerville, OH 17.13 18.25 16.78 16.18 14.85 13.57 14.59 15.7 15.9

43082 Westerville, OH 17.13 18.25 16.78 16.18 14.85 13.57 14.59 15.7 15.9

43085 Columbus, OH 17.13 18.25 16.78 16.18 14.85 13.57 14.59 15.7 15.9

43201 Columbus, OH 17.93 18.04 17.46 17.38 15.91 15.86 14.81 16.44 16.3 16.7

43202 Columbus, OH 17.93 17.74 18.04 17.32 15.97 15.64 14.29 15.51 16.1 16.6

43203 Columbus, OH 17.93 18.04 17.46 17.38 15.91 15.86 14.81 16.44 16.3 16.7

43205 Columbus, OH 17.93 18.04 17.46 17.38 15.91 15.86 14.81 16.44 16.3 16.7

43206 Columbus, OH 17.93 18.04 17.46 17.38 15.91 15.86 14.81 16.44 16.3 16.7

43207 Columbus, OH 17.74 17.09 16.90 16.06 15.29 14.62 16.45 16.1 16.3

43209 Columbus, OH 17.93 18.04 17.46 17.38 15.91 15.86 14.81 16.44 16.3 16.7

43210 Columbus, OH 17.93 18.04 17.46 17.38 15.91 15.86 14.81 16.44 16.3 16.7

43211 Columbus, OH 17.93 17.74 17.72 17.18 16.00 15.53 14.40 15.82 16.1 16.5

43212 Columbus, OH 17.93 18.35 17.83 17.85 15.77 16.44 15.01 16.43 16.6 17.0

43214 Columbus, OH 17.93 17.74 18.04 17.32 15.97 15.64 14.29 15.51 16.1 16.6

43215 Columbus, OH 17.93 18.04 17.46 17.38 15.91 15.86 14.81 16.44 16.3 16.7

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 42 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

43219 Columbus, OH 17.93 17.74 18.04 17.32 15.97 15.64 14.29 15.51 16.1 16.6

43222 Columbus, OH 17.93 18.04 17.46 17.38 15.91 15.86 14.81 16.44 16.3 16.7

43223 Columbus, OH 17.93 18.04 17.46 17.38 15.91 15.86 14.81 16.44 16.3 16.7

43224 Columbus, OH 17.93 17.74 18.04 17.32 15.97 15.64 14.29 15.51 16.1 16.6

43229 Columbus, OH 17.93 17.74 18.04 17.32 15.97 15.64 14.29 15.51 16.1 16.6

43231 Columbus, OH 17.13 18.25 16.78 16.18 14.85 13.57 14.59 15.7 15.9

43240 Columbus, OH 17.13 18.25 16.78 16.18 14.85 13.57 14.59 15.7 15.9

43460 Rossford, OH 15.74 15.61 14.94 14.39 13.33 15.76 14.8 15.0

43465 Walbridge, OH 15.74 15.72 15.06 15.14 14.41 13.51 15.67 14.9 15.0

43528 Holland, OH 15.49 14.90 14.25 12.98 15.68 14.7 14.7

43537 Maumee, OH 15.49 14.90 14.25 12.98 15.68 14.7 14.7

43551 Perrysburg, OH 15.49 14.90 14.25 12.98 15.68 14.7 14.7

43604 Toledo, OH 15.74 15.72 15.06 15.14 14.41 13.51 15.67 14.9 15.0

43605 Toledo, OH 15.74 15.72 15.06 15.14 14.41 13.51 15.67 14.9 15.0

43606 Toledo, OH 15.74 15.61 14.94 14.39 13.33 15.76 14.8 15.0

43607 Toledo, OH 15.74 15.61 14.94 14.39 13.33 15.76 14.8 15.0

43608 Toledo, OH 15.74 15.72 15.06 15.14 14.41 13.51 15.67 14.9 15.0

43609 Toledo, OH 15.74 15.61 14.94 14.39 13.33 15.76 14.8 15.0

43610 Toledo, OH 15.74 15.72 15.06 15.14 14.41 13.51 15.67 14.9 15.0

43611 Toledo, OH 15.74 15.45 15.14 15.51 14.19 13.33 15.68 14.9 15.0

43612 Toledo, OH 15.74 15.72 14.98 14.53 13.68 15.84 15.0 15.1

43613 Toledo, OH 15.74 15.72 14.98 14.53 13.68 15.84 15.0 15.1

43614 Toledo, OH 15.49 14.90 14.25 12.98 15.68 14.7 14.7

43615 Toledo, OH 15.49 14.90 14.25 12.98 15.68 14.7 14.7

43616 Oregon, OH 15.72 14.40 15.30 14.30 13.33 15.49 14.8 14.8

43619 Northwood, OH 15.74 15.72 15.06 15.14 14.41 13.51 15.67 14.9 15.0

43620 Toledo, OH 15.74 15.72 15.06 15.14 14.41 13.51 15.67 14.9 15.0

43623 Toledo, OH 15.49 14.90 14.25 12.98 15.68 14.7 14.7

43728 Chesterhill, OH 11.53 13.94 12.41 12.70 12.32 11.43 13.27 12.4 12.5

43906 Bellaire, OH 15.78 15.96 15.35 15.55 15.02 15.05 14.14 15.0 15.3

43912 Bridgeport OH Bridgeport, OH 15 78 . 15 96 . 15 35 . 15 55 . 15 02 . 15 05 . 14 14 . 15 0. 15 3.

43913 Brilliant, OH 17.75 18.26 16.97 18.08 16.85 16.85 16.38 17.74 17.1 17.4

43935 Martins Ferry, OH 15.78 15.96 15.35 15.55 15.02 15.05 14.14 15.42 15.1 15.3

43938 Mingo Junction, OH 17.54 18.30 17.35 17.72 16.68 16.79 16.01 17.29 17.0 17.2

43943 Rayland, OH 15.42 15.4 15.4

43947 Shadyside, OH 17.72 17.06 16.41 16.05 15.62 15.40 14.41 16.21 15.7 16.1

43952 Steubenville, OH 18.20 18.01 17.42 17.65 16.83 16.96 16.04 17.09 17.0 17.3

43963 Tiltonsville, OH 15.42 15.4 15.4

43964 Toronto, OH 18.65 16.96 16.95 16.94 16.44 17.06 15.77 16.78 16.7 16.9

43971 Yorkville, OH 15.42 15.4 15.4

44001 Amherst, OH 15.26 14.33 14.58 13.99 13.10 12.88 16.44 14.2 14.4

44017 Berea, OH 17.57 15.59 15.00 14.78 15.05 13.93 13.19 16.81 14.8 15.2

44052 Lorain, OH 14.41 14.07 15.64 14.54 14.01 12.46 12.32 15.57 14.1 14.1

44053 Lorain, OH 14.84 14.80 15.64 14.54 13.99 13.10 12.88 16.44 14.4 14.5

44054 Sheffield Lake, OH 14.41 14.07 15.64 14.54 14.01 12.46 12.32 15.57 14.1 14.1

44055 Lorain, OH 14.41 14.07 15.64 14.54 14.01 12.46 12.32 15.57 14.1 14.1

44077 Painesville, OH 16.21 14.08 13.96 14.04 13.56 12.52 11.56 15.00 13.4 13.9

44102 Cleveland, OH 20.89 18.98 19.04 18.06 16.94 16.64 16.21 18.82 17.6 18.2

44103 Cleveland, OH 20.97 18.00 18.44 17.06 16.13 15.63 15.43 18.36 16.8 17.5

44104 Cleveland, OH 20.97 18.00 18.44 17.35 16.39 16.01 16.00 18.77 17.2 17.7

44105 Cleveland, OH 20.87 17.92 18.65 17.28 16.37 16.12 16.10 19.13 17.3 17.8

44106 Cleveland, OH 20.87 17.92 18.65 16.95 16.07 15.66 15.39 18.57 16.9 17.5

44108 Cleveland, OH 20.58 17.00 18.35 16.46 15.80 15.21 14.75 18.35 16.5 17.1

44109 Cleveland, OH 20.97 18.70 18.94 17.81 16.75 16.43 16.00 18.77 17.5 18.0

44110 Cleveland, OH 14.98 14.29 13.37 12.56 16.31 14.3 14.3

44111 Cleveland, OH 19.46 17.01 16.08 16.29 15.78 14.69 14.41 17.07 15.7 16.3

44112 Cleveland, OH 14.53 15.41 14.79 14.25 13.64 12.56 16.31 14.5 14.5

44113 Cleveland, OH 20.97 18.70 18.94 17.81 16.75 16.43 16.00 18.77 17.5 18.0

44114 Cleveland, OH 20.97 18.70 18.94 17.81 16.75 16.43 16.00 18.77 17.5 18.0

44115 Cleveland, OH 20.97 18.70 18.94 17.81 16.75 16.43 16.00 18.77 17.5 18.0

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 43 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

44116 Rocky River, OH 17.57 15.59 15.00 14.78 15.05 13.93 13.19 16.81 14.8 15.2

44117 Euclid, OH 14.98 14.29 13.37 12.56 16.31 14.3 14.3

44118 Cleveland, OH 14.53 15.41 14.79 14.25 13.64 12.56 16.31 14.5 14.5

44119 Cleveland, OH 14.98 14.29 13.37 12.56 16.31 14.3 14.3

44120 Cleveland, OH 21.29 16.06 17.57 15.90 15.12 14.80 14.35 18.06 16.0 16.6

44121 Cleveland, OH 14.53 15.41 14.79 14.25 13.64 12.56 16.31 14.5 14.5

44122 Beachwood, OH 14.53 15.41 14.60 14.21 13.91 14.5 14.5

44123 Euclid, OH 14.98 14.29 13.37 12.56 16.31 14.3 14.3

44125 Cleveland, OH 21.29 16.06 17.57 16.20 15.40 15.28 15.24 18.94 16.4 17.0

44126 Cleveland, OH 17.57 15.59 15.00 14.78 15.05 13.93 13.19 16.81 14.8 15.2

44127 Cleveland, OH 20.97 18.00 18.44 17.35 16.39 16.01 16.00 18.77 17.2 17.7

44128 Cleveland, OH 14.53 15.41 14.60 14.21 13.91 14.5 14.5

44129 Cleveland, OH 17.57 15.59 15.00 14.78 15.05 13.93 13.19 16.81 14.8 15.2

44130 Cleveland, OH 17.57 15.59 15.00 14.78 15.05 13.93 13.19 16.81 14.8 15.2

44131 Independence, OH 21.29 17.60 18.64 17.00 16.00 15.96 15.24 18.94 17.0 17.6

44134 Cleveland, OH 21.29 17.60 18.45 16.57 15.81 15.56 15.17 18.59 16.7 17.4

44135 Cleveland, OH 17.57 15.59 15.00 14.78 15.05 13.93 13.19 16.81 14.8 15.2

44136 Strongsville, OH 17.57 15.59 15.00 14.78 15.05 13.93 13.19 16.81 14.8 15.2

44137 Maple Heights, OH 14.53 15.41 14.60 14.21 13.91 14.5 14.5

44142 Brook Park, OH 17.57 15.59 15.00 14.78 15.05 13.93 13.19 16.81 14.8 15.2

44144 Cleveland, OH 20.97 18.70 18.96 17.89 16.87 16.45 16.17 18.64 17.5 18.1

44149 Strongsville, OH 17.57 15.59 15.00 14.78 15.05 13.93 13.19 16.81 14.8 15.2

44221 Cuyahoga Falls, OH 17.99 17.25 16.47 16.75 16.74 14.79 14.44 16.08 15.9 16.3

44223 Cuyahoga Falls, OH 16.53 16.34 15.89 16.76 14.17 13.85 15.74 15.5 15.6

44262 Munroe Falls, OH 17.99 17.97 16.60 17.61 16.72 15.41 15.02 16.42 16.3 16.7

44266 Ravenna, OH 15.02 15.74 15.24 14.57 12.65 12.50 15.03 14.3 14.4

44278 Tallmadge, OH 17.99 17.97 16.60 17.61 16.72 15.41 15.02 16.42 16.3 16.7

44301 Akron, OH 17.99 17.25 16.47 16.75 16.74 14.79 14.44 16.08 15.9 16.3

44302 Akron, OH 17.99 17.25 16.47 16.75 16.74 14.79 14.44 16.08 15.9 16.3

44303 Akron, OH 17.99 17.25 16.47 16.75 16.74 14.79 14.44 16.08 15.9 16.3

44304 Akron OH Akron, OH 17 99 . 17 25 . 16 47 . 16 75 . 16 74 . 14 79 . 14 44 . 16 08 . 15 9. 16 3.

44305 Akron, OH 17.99 17.25 16.47 16.75 16.74 14.79 14.44 16.08 15.9 16.3

44306 Akron, OH 17.99 17.25 16.47 16.75 16.74 14.79 14.44 16.08 15.9 16.3

44307 Akron, OH 17.99 17.25 16.47 16.75 16.74 14.79 14.44 16.08 15.9 16.3

44308 Akron, OH 17.99 17.25 16.47 16.75 16.74 14.79 14.44 16.08 15.9 16.3

44310 Akron, OH 17.99 17.25 16.47 16.75 16.74 14.79 14.44 16.08 15.9 16.3

44311 Akron, OH 17.99 17.25 16.47 16.75 16.74 14.79 14.44 16.08 15.9 16.3

44312 Akron, OH 17.99 17.97 16.60 17.61 16.72 15.41 15.02 16.42 16.3 16.7

44313 Akron, OH 16.53 16.34 15.89 16.76 14.17 13.85 15.74 15.5 15.6

44314 Akron, OH 16.53 16.34 15.89 16.76 14.17 13.85 15.74 15.5 15.6

44320 Akron, OH 16.53 16.34 15.89 16.76 14.17 13.85 15.74 15.5 15.6

44325 Akron, OH 17.99 17.25 16.47 16.75 16.74 14.79 14.44 16.08 15.9 16.3

44405 Campbell, OH 17.98 16.94 15.97 16.41 14.75 14.72 14.43 16.65 15.5 16.0

44420 Girard, OH 17.98 16.94 15.97 16.41 14.75 14.72 14.43 16.65 15.5 16.0

44425 Hubbard, OH 17.98 16.94 15.97 16.41 14.75 14.41 14.16 16.44 15.4 15.9

44437 MC Donald, OH 18.63 16.68 15.72 16.15 14.95 14.01 13.78 16.41 15.2 15.8

44438 Masury, OH 15.07 14.02 13.77 13.37 14.09 14.1 14.1

44440 Mineral Ridge, OH 18.63 16.68 15.72 16.15 14.95 14.01 13.78 16.41 15.2 15.8

44446 Niles, OH 18.63 16.68 15.72 16.15 14.95 14.01 13.78 16.41 15.2 15.8

44471 Struthers, OH 17.98 16.94 15.97 16.41 14.75 14.72 14.43 16.65 15.5 16.0

44483 Warren, OH 18.63 16.68 15.72 16.15 14.95 14.01 13.78 16.41 15.2 15.8

44484 Warren, OH 18.63 16.68 15.72 16.15 14.95 14.01 13.78 16.41 15.2 15.8

44485 Warren, OH 18.63 16.68 15.72 16.15 14.95 14.01 13.78 16.41 15.2 15.8

44502 Youngstown, OH 17.98 16.94 15.97 16.41 14.75 14.72 14.43 16.65 15.5 16.0

44503 Youngstown, OH 17.98 16.94 15.97 16.41 14.75 14.72 14.43 16.65 15.5 16.0

44504 Youngstown, OH 17.98 16.94 15.97 16.41 14.75 14.72 14.43 16.65 15.5 16.0

44505 Youngstown, OH 17.98 16.94 15.97 16.41 14.75 14.72 14.43 16.65 15.5 16.0

44506 Youngstown, OH 17.98 16.94 15.97 16.41 14.75 14.72 14.43 16.65 15.5 16.0

44507 Youngstown, OH 17.98 16.94 15.97 16.41 14.75 14.72 14.43 16.65 15.5 16.0

44509 Youngstown, OH 17.98 16.94 15.97 16.41 14.75 14.72 14.43 16.65 15.5 16.0

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 44 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

44510 Youngstown, OH 17.98 16.94 15.97 16.41 14.75 14.72 14.43 16.65 15.5 16.0

44511 Youngstown, OH 17.98 16.94 15.97 16.41 14.75 14.72 14.43 16.65 15.5 16.0

44512 Youngstown, OH 17.98 16.94 15.97 16.41 14.75 14.72 14.43 16.65 15.5 16.0

44555 Youngstown, OH 17.98 16.94 15.97 16.41 14.75 14.72 14.43 16.65 15.5 16.0

44702 Canton, OH 19.12 17.74 17.78 17.23 16.57 15.86 14.80 17.23 16.6 17.0

44703 Canton, OH 19.12 17.74 17.78 17.23 16.57 15.86 14.80 17.23 16.6 17.0

44704 Canton, OH 19.12 17.74 17.78 17.23 16.57 15.86 14.80 17.23 16.6 17.0

44705 Canton, OH 19.12 17.74 17.78 17.23 16.57 15.86 14.80 17.23 16.6 17.0

44706 Canton, OH 19.12 17.74 17.78 17.23 16.57 15.86 14.80 17.23 16.6 17.0

44707 Canton, OH 19.12 17.74 17.78 17.23 16.57 15.86 14.80 17.23 16.6 17.0

44708 Canton, OH 19.12 17.74 17.78 17.23 16.57 15.86 14.80 17.23 16.6 17.0

44709 Canton, OH 19.12 17.74 17.78 17.23 16.57 15.86 14.80 17.23 16.6 17.0

44710 Canton, OH 19.12 17.74 17.78 17.23 16.57 15.86 14.80 17.23 16.6 17.0

44714 Canton, OH 19.12 17.74 17.78 17.23 16.57 15.86 14.80 17.23 16.6 17.0

44718 Canton, OH 20.28 18.39 18.65 17.83 17.36 16.75 15.51 17.82 17.3 17.8

45005 Franklin, OH 18.96 18.82 16.96 16.11 16.17 15.02 14.13 17.23 15.9 16.7

45011 Hamilton, OH 15.87 15.34 15.83 14.65 17.88 15.9 15.9

45013 Hamilton, OH 15.87 15.34 15.83 14.65 17.88 15.9 15.9

45014 Fairfield, OH 15.87 15.34 15.83 14.65 17.88 15.9 15.9

45015 Hamilton, OH 15.87 15.34 15.83 14.65 17.88 15.9 15.9

45040 Mason, OH 16.61 16.6 16.6

45042 Middletown, OH 18.96 18.82 16.96 16.11 15.40 15.01 13.94 17.05 15.7 16.5

45044 Middletown, OH 18.96 18.82 16.96 16.11 15.40 15.01 13.94 17.05 15.7 16.5

45050 Monroe, OH 18.96 18.82 16.96 16.11 16.17 15.02 14.13 17.23 15.9 16.7

45069 West Chester, OH 16.07 15.42 15.67 14.92 16.75 15.8 15.8

45103 Batavia, OH 15.73 15.7 15.7

45160 Owensville, OH 15.73 15.7 15.7

45202 Cincinnati, OH 18.13 16.82 17.10 16.34 15.75 15.50 14.74 17.61 16.2 16.5

45203 Cincinnati, OH 18.13 16.59 17.07 16.27 15.70 15.42 14.64 17.46 16.1 16.4

45204 Cincinnati, OH 16.80 15.63 16.57 16.37 15.77 15.50 14.68 17.49 16.1 16.1

45205 Cincinnati OH Cincinnati, OH 16 80 . 15 63 . 16 57 . 16 37 . 15 77 . 15 50 . 14 68 . 17 49 . 16 1. 16 1.

45206 Cincinnati, OH 18.13 17.46 17.41 16.62 16.02 15.68 14.89 17.92 16.4 16.8

45207 Cincinnati, OH 19.46 17.92 17.57 16.77 16.16 15.88 15.09 18.26 16.6 17.1

45208 Cincinnati, OH 19.46 17.92 17.63 16.74 16.24 15.84 15.01 18.10 16.6 17.1

45209 Cincinnati, OH 19.46 18.79 18.12 17.07 16.60 16.44 15.57 18.91 17.1 17.6

45211 Cincinnati, OH 17.63 16.83 16.69 15.99 19.09 17.2 17.2

45212 Cincinnati, OH 19.46 18.79 17.96 16.88 16.30 16.21 15.38 18.91 16.9 17.5

45213 Cincinnati, OH 19.46 18.79 18.59 17.45 16.98 16.76 15.88 19.37 17.5 17.9

45214 Cincinnati, OH 18.13 17.32 17.39 16.50 15.91 15.85 15.07 18.17 16.5 16.8

45215 Cincinnati, OH 19.46 18.79 18.27 16.91 16.29 16.25 15.44 18.75 17.0 17.5

45216 Cincinnati, OH 19.46 18.79 17.96 16.88 16.30 16.21 15.38 18.91 16.9 17.5

45217 Cincinnati, OH 19.46 18.79 17.96 17.00 16.38 16.29 15.48 18.95 17.0 17.5

45218 Cincinnati, OH 20.05 18.28 16.85 16.11 16.02 15.06 18.81 16.9 17.3

45219 Cincinnati, OH 18.13 18.00 17.70 16.79 16.20 16.01 15.19 18.43 16.7 17.1

45220 Cincinnati, OH 18.13 18.00 17.70 16.79 16.20 16.01 15.19 18.43 16.7 17.1

45223 Cincinnati, OH 19.46 19.44 18.14 17.05 16.45 16.35 15.51 19.09 17.1 17.7

45224 Cincinnati, OH 19.46 19.44 18.14 16.90 16.35 16.27 15.39 19.09 17.0 17.6

45225 Cincinnati, OH 18.13 17.23 17.43 16.44 15.88 15.82 15.01 18.12 16.5 16.8

45226 Cincinnati, OH 16.40 16.54 16.03 15.44 14.98 14.24 16.91 15.7 15.8

45227 Cincinnati, OH 17.49 17.24 16.76 16.08 16.01 15.33 18.37 16.6 16.8

45229 Cincinnati, OH 18.13 18.00 17.70 16.79 16.20 16.01 15.19 18.43 16.7 17.1

45230 Cincinnati, OH 15.32 15.65 15.40 14.81 13.42 12.77 14.84 14.5 14.6

45231 Cincinnati, OH 19.46 19.44 18.61 17.23 16.66 16.52 15.65 19.87 17.4 17.9

45232 Cincinnati, OH 19.46 18.79 17.96 17.00 16.38 16.29 15.48 18.95 17.0 17.5

45236 Cincinnati, OH 17.49 17.24 16.76 16.08 16.01 15.33 17.49 16.5 16.6

45237 Cincinnati, OH 19.46 18.79 17.96 16.88 16.30 16.21 15.38 18.91 16.9 17.5

45238 Cincinnati, OH 17.63 16.83 16.69 15.99 19.09 17.2 17.2

45239 Cincinnati, OH 17.31 16.11 15.10 15.30 14.63 15.7 15.7

45240 Cincinnati, OH 15.87 15.34 15.83 14.65 17.88 15.9 15.9

45241 Cincinnati, OH 16.07 15.42 15.67 14.92 16.75 15.8 15.8

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 45 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

45242 Cincinnati, OH 16.07 15.42 15.67 14.92 16.75 15.8 15.8

45246 Cincinnati, OH 16.07 15.42 15.67 14.92 16.89 15.8 15.8

45249 Cincinnati, OH 16.61 16.6 16.6

45252 Cincinnati, OH 15.87 15.34 15.83 14.65 17.88 15.9 15.9

45321 Eldorado, OH 13.54 13.45 13.56 12.50 15.63 13.7 13.7

45323 Enon, OH 16.34 14.07 12.10 15.46 13.8 14.5

45347 New Paris, OH 13.54 13.45 13.56 12.50 15.63 13.7 13.7

45387 Yellow Springs, OH 16.34 14.07 12.10 15.46 13.8 14.5

45402 Dayton, OH 16.28 16.80 17.28 16.05 15.70 15.14 14.22 17.05 15.9 16.1

45403 Dayton, OH 16.28 16.80 17.28 16.05 15.70 15.14 14.22 17.05 15.9 16.1

45404 Dayton, OH 16.28 16.80 17.28 16.05 15.70 15.14 14.22 17.05 15.9 16.1

45405 Dayton, OH 16.28 16.80 17.28 16.05 15.70 15.14 14.22 17.05 15.9 16.1

45406 Dayton, OH 16.28 17.39 18.28 16.21 15.87 14.54 17.36 16.5 16.6

45409 Dayton, OH 16.28 16.80 17.28 16.05 15.70 15.14 14.22 17.05 15.9 16.1

45410 Dayton, OH 16.28 16.80 17.28 16.05 15.70 15.14 14.22 17.05 15.9 16.1

45414 Dayton, OH 16.28 17.39 18.28 16.21 15.87 14.54 17.36 16.5 16.6

45416 Dayton, OH 16.28 17.39 18.28 18.3 17.3

45417 Dayton, OH 16.28 17.39 18.28 16.21 15.87 14.54 17.36 16.5 16.6

45419 Dayton, OH 16.28 16.80 17.28 16.05 15.70 15.14 14.22 17.05 15.9 16.1

45420 Dayton, OH 16.28 16.80 17.28 16.05 15.70 15.14 14.22 17.05 15.9 16.1

45429 Dayton, OH 16.28 16.80 17.28 16.05 15.70 15.14 14.22 17.05 15.9 16.1

45430 Dayton, OH 16.22 16.29 16.05 15.19 14.42 13.90 16.75 15.4 15.5

45431 Dayton, OH 16.22 16.29 16.05 15.19 14.42 13.90 16.75 15.4 15.5

45432 Dayton, OH 16.22 16.29 16.05 15.19 14.42 13.90 16.75 15.4 15.5

45439 Dayton, OH 16.28 17.39 18.28 16.21 15.87 14.54 17.36 16.5 16.6

45469 Dayton, OH 16.28 16.80 17.28 16.05 15.70 15.14 14.22 17.05 15.9 16.1

45502 Springfield, OH 14.81 15.10 14.12 13.45 16.66 14.8 14.8

45503 Springfield, OH 14.81 15.10 14.12 13.45 16.66 14.8 14.8

45504 Springfield, OH 14.81 15.10 14.12 13.45 16.66 14.8 14.8

45505 Springfield, OH 14.81 15.10 14.12 13.45 16.66 14.8 14.8

45506 Springfield OH Springfield, OH 14 81 . 15 10 . 14 12 . 13 45 . 16 66 . 14 8. 14 8.

45619 Chesapeake, OH 18.41 17.60 17.50 16.73 15.45 15.18 18.13 16.8 17.0

45638 Ironton, OH 19.17 20.10 17.35 17.67 15.48 14.25 13.71 16.97 15.9 16.8

45662 Portsmouth, OH 21.81 24.65 21.11 20.32 16.65 14.69 12.95 16.24 17.0 18.6

45680 South Point, OH 14.89 16.01 15.49 15.54 13.93 13.29 16.01 15.0 15.0

45711 Amesville, OH 11.53 13.94 12.41 12.70 12.32 11.43 13.27 12.4 12.5

45714 Belpre, OH 17.45 17.71 17.78 17.40 15.76 14.93 14.94 16.40 16.2 16.5

46011 Anderson, IN 15.52 15.65 14.63 14.87 14.35 12.73 16.06 14.7 14.8

46012 Anderson, IN 15.52 15.65 14.63 14.87 14.35 12.73 16.06 14.7 14.8

46013 Anderson, IN 15.52 15.65 14.63 14.87 14.35 12.73 16.06 14.7 14.8

46016 Anderson, IN 15.52 15.65 14.63 14.87 14.35 12.73 16.06 14.7 14.8

46017 Anderson, IN 15.52 15.65 14.63 14.87 14.35 12.73 16.06 14.7 14.8

46107 Beech Grove, IN 21.06 17.43 17.73 17.79 17.36 17.00 15.77 18.66 17.4 17.9

46113 Camby, IN 19.36 16.66 15.19 14.78 15.22 14.53 12.92 16.10 14.8 15.6

46201 Indianapolis, IN 21.06 17.43 17.73 17.49 17.16 16.63 15.41 18.10 17.1 17.6

46202 Indianapolis, IN 21.06 17.27 17.50 17.42 17.16 16.54 15.30 18.06 17.0 17.5

46203 Indianapolis, IN 21.06 17.43 17.73 17.49 17.16 16.63 15.41 18.10 17.1 17.6

46204 Indianapolis, IN 21.06 17.27 17.50 17.42 17.16 16.54 15.30 18.06 17.0 17.5

46205 Indianapolis, IN 21.49 17.30 17.38 17.42 17.21 16.43 15.32 17.76 16.9 17.5

46208 Indianapolis, IN 21.06 17.27 17.50 17.42 17.16 16.54 15.30 18.06 17.0 17.5

46214 Indianapolis, IN 16.79 16.80 17.17 16.19 14.86 17.90 16.6 16.6

46216 Indianapolis, IN 16.36 16.25 15.79 14.67 13.44 16.88 15.6 15.6

46217 Indianapolis, IN 19.99 17.17 16.81 16.23 16.12 15.88 14.30 17.60 16.2 16.8

46218 Indianapolis, IN 21.49 17.30 17.38 17.42 17.21 16.43 15.32 17.76 16.9 17.5

46219 Indianapolis, IN 21.49 17.30 17.38 17.42 17.21 16.43 15.32 17.76 16.9 17.5

46220 Indianapolis, IN 17.05 16.41 16.17 15.09 13.88 16.64 15.9 15.9

46221 Indianapolis, IN 19.99 17.17 16.81 16.23 16.12 15.88 14.30 17.60 16.2 16.8

46222 Indianapolis, IN 20.63 17.23 17.62 17.43 17.02 16.71 15.27 18.50 17.1 17.6

46224 Indianapolis, IN 16.79 16.80 17.17 16.19 14.86 17.90 16.6 16.6

46225 Indianapolis, IN 21.06 17.27 17.50 17.42 17.16 16.54 15.30 18.06 17.0 17.5

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 46 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

46226 Indianapolis, IN 17.05 16.41 16.17 15.09 13.88 16.64 15.9 15.9

46227 Indianapolis, IN 20.63 17.67 18.44 17.69 17.02 17.23 15.68 19.10 17.5 17.9

46228 Indianapolis, IN 16.79 16.80 17.17 16.19 14.86 17.90 16.6 16.6

46235 Indianapolis, IN 16.36 16.25 15.79 14.67 13.44 16.88 15.6 15.6

46236 Indianapolis, IN 16.36 16.25 15.79 14.67 13.44 16.88 15.6 15.6

46240 Indianapolis, IN 16.36 16.25 15.79 14.67 13.44 16.88 15.6 15.6

46241 Indianapolis, IN 19.36 16.73 15.99 15.97 15.22 15.36 13.89 17.00 15.6 16.2

46250 Indianapolis, IN 16.36 16.25 15.79 14.67 13.44 16.88 15.6 15.6

46254 Indianapolis, IN 16.79 16.80 17.17 16.19 14.86 17.90 16.6 16.6

46256 Indianapolis, IN 16.36 16.25 15.79 14.67 13.44 16.88 15.6 15.6

46304 Chesterton, IN 13.53 13.62 13.24 13.19 11.84 14.00 13.2 13.2

46312 East Chicago, IN 18.98 14.83 15.35 16.04 15.48 14.99 13.67 16.24 15.3 15.7

46319 Griffith, IN 14.66 14.78 15.93 15.55 15.04 13.88 16.34 15.3 15.2

46320 Hammond, IN 19.64 16.19 16.20 16.04 14.95 14.75 13.27 15.93 15.2 15.9

46321 Munster, IN 14.50 15.28 14.65 14.32 13.04 15.47 14.5 14.5

46322 Highland, IN 14.66 14.78 15.93 15.55 15.04 13.88 16.34 15.3 15.2

46323 Hammond, IN 18.31 14.83 15.02 15.97 15.42 14.95 13.74 16.23 15.2 15.6

46324 Hammond, IN 18.31 15.00 14.92 15.56 14.74 14.42 13.09 15.57 14.7 15.2

46327 Hammond, IN 19.64 16.19 16.20 16.04 14.95 14.75 13.27 15.93 15.2 15.9

46350 La Porte, IN 12.56 14.17 13.47 13.20 11.92 14.10 13.2 13.2

46360 Michigan City, IN 13.37 14.25 13.24 12.81 12.07 13.64 13.2 13.2

46368 Portage, IN 19.41 13.16 14.55 14.18 14.20 12.95 12.38 14.59 13.8 14.4

46375 Schererville, IN 14.04 15.18 14.60 14.10 12.82 15.51 14.4 14.4

46394 Whiting, IN 19.64 16.53 16.69 16.72 15.14 14.95 13.39 16.21 15.5 16.2

46402 Gary, IN 17.26 15.68 16.26 16.89 16.44 16.05 15.19 17.56 16.4 16.4

46403 Gary, IN 18.34 15.18 15.99 16.18 15.32 14.79 14.24 16.42 15.5 15.8

46404 Gary, IN 17.78 15.51 15.71 16.47 15.77 15.37 14.31 16.79 15.7 16.0

46405 Lake Station, IN 18.34 15.18 15.99 16.18 15.32 14.79 14.24 16.42 15.5 15.8

46406 Gary, IN 18.31 15.39 15.23 16.02 15.42 14.95 13.74 16.23 15.3 15.7

46407 Gary, IN 17.26 15.68 16.26 16.89 16.44 16.05 15.19 17.56 16.4 16.4

46408 Gary IN Gary, IN 15 58 . 15 14 . 16 15 . 15 83 . 15 21 . 14 09 . 16 65 . 15 5. 15 5.

46409 Gary, IN 17.26 16.19 16.72 17.52 17.05 17.01 16.32 18.49 17.2 17.1

46514 Elkhart, IN 15.67 15.70 14.98 14.85 13.27 14.9 14.9

46516 Elkhart, IN 15.67 15.70 14.98 14.85 13.27 14.9 14.9

46517 Elkhart, IN 15.67 15.70 14.98 14.85 13.27 14.9 14.9

46544 Mishawaka, IN 13.98 14.36 14.33 13.84 12.43 14.83 14.0 14.0

46545 Mishawaka, IN 13.98 14.36 14.33 13.84 12.43 14.83 14.0 14.0

46556 Notre Dame, IN 19.11 13.91 14.40 14.19 13.72 12.20 14.70 13.9 14.6

46601 South Bend, IN 19.11 13.91 14.40 14.19 13.72 12.20 14.70 13.9 14.6

46613 South Bend, IN 19.11 13.91 14.40 14.19 13.72 12.20 14.70 13.9 14.6

46614 South Bend, IN 19.11 13.91 14.40 14.19 13.72 12.20 14.70 13.9 14.6

46615 South Bend, IN 19.11 13.91 14.40 14.19 13.72 12.20 14.70 13.9 14.6

46616 South Bend, IN 19.11 13.91 14.40 14.19 13.72 12.20 14.70 13.9 14.6

46617 South Bend, IN 19.11 13.91 14.40 14.19 13.72 12.20 14.70 13.9 14.6

46619 South Bend, IN 19.11 13.97 14.58 14.16 13.68 12.14 14.63 13.9 14.6

46628 South Bend, IN 19.11 13.97 14.58 14.16 13.68 12.14 14.63 13.9 14.6

46635 South Bend, IN 19.11 13.91 14.40 14.19 13.72 12.20 14.70 13.9 14.6

46637 South Bend, IN 19.11 13.91 14.40 14.19 13.72 12.20 14.70 13.9 14.6

46802 Fort Wayne, IN 17.48 13.33 14.98 14.22 14.38 13.89 12.45 15.67 14.3 14.5

46803 Fort Wayne, IN 17.48 13.33 14.98 14.22 14.38 13.89 12.45 15.67 14.3 14.5

46805 Fort Wayne, IN 17.48 13.33 14.98 14.22 14.38 13.89 12.45 15.67 14.3 14.5

46806 Fort Wayne, IN 17.48 13.33 14.98 14.22 14.38 13.89 12.45 15.67 14.3 14.5

46807 Fort Wayne, IN 17.48 13.33 14.98 14.22 14.38 13.89 12.45 15.67 14.3 14.5

46808 Fort Wayne, IN 17.48 13.33 14.98 14.22 14.38 13.89 12.45 15.67 14.3 14.5

46809 Fort Wayne, IN 14.29 14.17 14.26 13.65 12.41 15.69 14.1 14.1

46815 Fort Wayne, IN 17.48 13.33 15.67 14.27 14.51 14.13 12.49 15.64 14.5 14.7

46816 Fort Wayne, IN 17.48 13.33 14.98 14.22 14.38 13.89 12.45 15.67 14.3 14.5

46819 Fort Wayne, IN 14.29 14.17 14.26 13.65 12.41 15.69 14.1 14.1

46825 Fort Wayne, IN 17.48 13.33 15.67 14.27 14.51 14.13 12.49 15.64 14.5 14.7

46835 Fort Wayne, IN 17.48 13.33 15.67 14.27 14.51 14.13 12.49 15.64 14.5 14.7

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 47 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

46901 Kokomo, IN 15.59 15.01 14.72 14.26 12.70 15.93 14.7 14.7

46902 Kokomo, IN 15.59 15.01 14.72 14.26 12.70 15.93 14.7 14.7

47119 Floyds Knobs, IN 14.82 16.19 15.74 14.61 14.45 13.72 16.87 15.3 15.2

47129 Clarksville, IN 18.52 16.19 17.16 16.50 15.68 14.99 14.17 17.39 16.0 16.3

47130 Jeffersonville, IN 18.52 16.87 17.65 16.88 16.22 15.53 14.39 17.65 16.4 16.7

47150 New Albany, IN 17.33 16.13 16.75 17.24 15.89 15.24 14.14 16.79 16.0 16.2

47302 Muncie, IN 16.24 14.49 14.51 14.03 12.26 16.36 14.6 14.6

47303 Muncie, IN 16.24 14.49 14.51 14.03 12.26 16.36 14.6 14.6

47304 Muncie, IN 16.24 14.49 14.51 14.03 12.26 16.36 14.6 14.6

47305 Muncie, IN 16.24 14.49 14.51 14.03 12.26 16.36 14.6 14.6

47306 Muncie, IN 16.24 14.49 14.51 14.03 12.26 16.36 14.6 14.6

47356 Middletown, IN 13.64 13.65 13.36 11.89 15.69 13.6 13.6

47516 Bruceville, IN 13.87 13.39 14.20 13.96 12.62 15.66 14.0 14.0

47523 Dale, IN 14.06 14.63 12.16 16.76 14.4 14.4

47537 Gentryville, IN 14.06 14.63 12.16 16.76 14.4 14.4

47546 Jasper, IN 20.52 19.38 17.16 16.34 15.72 14.42 16.92 16.1 17.2

47552 Lincoln City, IN 14.06 14.63 12.16 16.76 14.4 14.4

47579 Santa Claus, IN 14.06 14.63 12.16 16.76 14.4 14.4

47591 Vincennes, IN 13.87 13.39 14.20 13.96 12.62 15.66 14.0 14.0

47708 Evansville, IN 16.42 15.03 16.02 15.60 15.31 15.11 13.48 16.49 15.3 15.4

47710 Evansville, IN 16.42 15.03 16.02 15.60 15.31 15.11 13.48 16.49 15.3 15.4

47711 Evansville, IN 16.42 15.03 16.02 15.60 15.31 15.11 13.48 16.49 15.3 15.4

47712 Evansville, IN 16.42 15.03 16.18 15.32 15.34 15.12 13.37 16.39 15.3 15.4

47713 Evansville, IN 16.42 15.03 16.02 15.60 15.31 15.11 13.48 16.49 15.3 15.4

47714 Evansville, IN 16.42 15.03 16.02 15.60 15.31 15.11 13.48 16.49 15.3 15.4

47715 Evansville, IN 16.42 15.03 15.95 15.82 15.33 15.03 13.48 16.59 15.4 15.5

47720 Evansville, IN 16.42 15.03 16.18 15.32 15.34 15.12 13.37 16.39 15.3 15.4

47722 Evansville, IN 16.42 15.03 16.02 15.60 15.31 15.11 13.48 16.49 15.3 15.4

47725 Evansville, IN 16.17 15.15 15.27 15.27 13.46 16.29 15.3 15.3

47802 Terre Haute, IN 16.08 15.05 14.76 14.32 13.98 13.75 12.43 15.28 14.1 14.5

47803 Terre Haute IN Terre Haute, IN 16 08 . 15 05 . 14 76 . 14 32 . 13 98 . 13 75 . 12 43 . 15 28 . 14 1. 14 5.

47804 Terre Haute, IN 16.08 15.05 14.76 14.32 13.98 13.75 12.43 15.28 14.1 14.5

47805 Terre Haute, IN 16.08 15.05 14.76 14.32 13.98 13.75 12.43 15.28 14.1 14.5

47807 Terre Haute, IN 16.08 15.05 14.76 14.32 13.98 13.75 12.43 15.28 14.1 14.5

47809 Terre Haute, IN 16.08 15.05 14.76 14.32 13.98 13.75 12.43 15.28 14.1 14.5

47885 West Terre Haute, IN 16.08 15.05 15.72 15.18 14.55 14.11 12.72 15.44 14.6 14.9

47901 Lafayette, IN 15.68 14.86 13.91 12.31 15.85 14.5 14.5

47904 Lafayette, IN 15.68 14.86 13.91 12.31 15.85 14.5 14.5

47905 Lafayette, IN 15.68 14.86 13.91 12.31 15.85 14.5 14.5

47906 West Lafayette, IN 15.68 14.86 15.3 15.3

47907 West Lafayette, IN 15.68 14.86 13.91 12.31 15.85 14.5 14.5

47909 Lafayette, IN 15.68 14.86 13.91 12.31 15.85 14.5 14.5

48009 Birmingham, MI 14.16 15.39 14.73 15.00 14.58 12.76 15.46 14.7 14.6

48015 Center Line, MI 14.50 15.64 14.63 13.23 16.48 14.9 14.9

48017 Clawson, MI 14.16 15.39 14.73 15.00 14.58 12.76 15.46 14.7 14.6

48021 Eastpointe, MI 14.50 15.64 14.63 13.23 16.48 14.9 14.9

48030 Hazel Park, MI 14.16 15.39 14.73 15.00 14.58 12.76 15.46 14.7 14.6

48040 Marysville, MI 13.22 14.35 13.76 13.90 14.18 12.10 15.09 13.9 13.8

48047 New Baltimore, MI 12.72 13.42 13.60 13.35 12.81 11.96 14.37 13.3 13.2

48048 New Haven, MI 12.72 13.42 13.60 13.35 12.81 11.96 14.37 13.3 13.2

48050 New Haven, MI 12.72 13.42 13.60 13.35 12.81 11.96 14.37 13.3 13.2

48051 New Baltimore, MI 12.72 13.42 13.60 13.35 12.81 11.96 14.37 13.3 13.2

48060 Port Huron, MI 13.22 14.35 13.76 13.90 14.18 12.10 15.09 13.9 13.8

48067 Royal Oak, MI 14.16 15.39 14.73 15.00 14.58 12.76 15.46 14.7 14.6

48069 Pleasant Ridge, MI 14.16 15.39 14.73 15.00 14.58 12.76 15.46 14.7 14.6

48070 Huntington Woods, MI 14.16 15.39 14.73 15.00 14.58 12.76 15.46 14.7 14.6

48072 Berkley, MI 14.16 15.39 14.73 15.00 14.58 12.76 15.46 14.7 14.6

48073 Royal Oak, MI 14.16 15.39 14.73 15.00 14.58 12.76 15.46 14.7 14.6

48075 Southfield, MI 14.16 15.39 14.73 15.00 14.58 12.76 15.46 14.7 14.6

48076 Southfield, MI 14.16 15.39 14.73 15.00 14.58 12.76 15.46 14.7 14.6

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 48 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

48089 Warren, MI 14.50 15.64 14.63 13.23 16.48 14.9 14.9

48091 Warren, MI 14.50 15.64 14.63 13.23 16.48 14.9 14.9

48093 Warren, MI 14.50 15.64 14.63 13.23 16.48 14.9 14.9

48101 Allen Park, MI 20.00 19.28 17.88 18.43 17.86 17.18 15.51 17.26 17.4 17.9

48103 Ann Arbor, MI 13.20 13.51 13.57 13.06 10.67 13.20 12.9 12.9

48104 Ann Arbor, MI 13.20 13.51 13.57 13.06 10.67 13.20 12.9 12.9

48105 Ann Arbor, MI 13.20 13.51 13.57 13.06 10.67 13.20 12.9 12.9

48108 Ann Arbor, MI 13.20 13.51 13.57 13.06 10.67 13.20 12.9 12.9

48109 Ann Arbor, MI 13.20 13.51 13.57 13.06 10.67 13.20 12.9 12.9

48120 Dearborn, MI 20.00 19.01 17.95 18.38 17.72 17.00 15.47 17.24 17.3 17.8

48122 Melvindale, MI 20.00 19.01 17.95 18.38 17.72 17.00 15.47 17.24 17.3 17.8

48124 Dearborn, MI 15.62 17.25 15.89 15.25 14.19 15.97 15.7 15.7

48125 Dearborn Heights, MI 15.62 17.25 15.89 15.25 14.19 15.97 15.7 15.7

48126 Dearborn, MI 20.00 19.01 19.11 18.94 18.63 17.87 16.11 17.88 18.1 18.4

48133 Erie, MI 15.19 15.30 16.25 13.73 12.98 15.70 14.9 14.9

48138 Grosse Ile, MI 17.63 18.20 16.28 16.26 13.66 16.41 16.4 16.4

48146 Lincoln Park, MI 20.00 19.28 17.79 18.35 17.34 16.87 14.89 16.98 17.0 17.7

48150 Livonia, MI 15.45 14.82 14.59 14.59 14.37 14.14 12.57 14.94 14.2 14.4

48152 Livonia, MI 15.45 14.82 14.59 14.59 14.37 14.14 12.57 14.94 14.2 14.4

48154 Livonia, MI 15.45 14.82 14.59 14.59 14.37 14.14 12.57 14.94 14.2 14.4

48157 Luna Pier, MI 15.19 15.30 16.25 13.73 12.98 15.70 14.9 14.9

48167 Northville, MI 15.45 14.82 14.59 14.59 14.37 14.14 12.57 14.94 14.2 14.4

48168 Northville, MI 15.45 14.82 14.59 14.59 14.37 14.14 12.57 14.94 14.2 14.4

48170 Plymouth, MI 15.45 14.82 14.59 14.59 14.37 14.14 12.57 14.94 14.2 14.4

48180 Taylor, MI 15.62 17.25 15.89 15.25 14.19 15.97 15.7 15.7

48183 Trenton, MI 17.63 18.20 16.28 16.26 13.66 16.41 16.4 16.4

48192 Wyandotte, MI 16.63 17.72 16.09 15.75 13.92 16.19 16.1 16.1

48193 Riverview, MI 16.63 17.72 16.09 15.75 13.92 16.19 16.1 16.1

48195 Southgate, MI 16.63 17.72 16.09 15.75 13.92 16.19 16.1 16.1

48197 Ypsilanti, MI 14.26 14.38 14.76 14.53 12.71 15.64 14.4 14.4

48198 Ypsilanti MI Ypsilanti, MI 14 26 . 14 38 . 14 76 . 14 53 . 12 71 . 15 64 . 14 4. 14 4.

48201 Detroit, MI 18.74 16.79 17.03 16.51 16.23 14.54 16.61 16.3 16.6

48202 Detroit, MI 18.74 16.79 17.03 16.51 16.23 14.54 16.61 16.3 16.6

48203 Highland Park, MI 15.49 15.79 15.59 15.83 13.69 16.01 15.4 15.4

48204 Detroit, MI 20.00 19.01 17.90 17.89 17.62 17.19 15.30 17.26 17.2 17.8

48205 Detroit, MI 14.50 15.64 14.63 13.23 16.48 14.9 14.9

48206 Detroit, MI 20.00 19.01 17.90 17.89 17.62 17.19 15.30 17.26 17.2 17.8

48207 Detroit, MI 15.49 15.15 15.62 15.23 13.46 16.24 15.2 15.2

48208 Detroit, MI 20.00 19.01 17.90 17.89 17.62 17.19 15.30 17.26 17.2 17.8

48209 Detroit, MI 20.00 19.01 17.90 17.89 17.62 17.19 15.30 17.26 17.2 17.8

48210 Detroit, MI 20.00 19.01 17.90 17.89 17.62 17.19 15.30 17.26 17.2 17.8

48211 Detroit, MI 15.49 15.15 15.62 15.23 13.46 16.24 15.2 15.2

48212 Hamtramck, MI 15.49 15.15 15.62 15.23 13.46 16.24 15.2 15.2

48213 Detroit, MI 14.50 15.64 14.63 13.23 16.48 14.9 14.9

48214 Detroit, MI 14.50 15.64 14.63 13.23 16.48 14.9 14.9

48215 Detroit, MI 14.50 15.64 14.63 13.23 16.48 14.9 14.9

48216 Detroit, MI 20.00 19.01 17.90 17.89 17.62 17.19 15.30 17.26 17.2 17.8

48217 Detroit, MI 20.00 19.01 17.87 18.33 17.36 16.81 15.02 17.04 17.1 17.7

48218 River Rouge, MI 20.00 19.01 17.87 18.33 17.36 16.81 15.02 17.04 17.1 17.7

48219 Detroit, MI 14.16 15.39 14.73 15.00 14.58 12.76 15.46 14.7 14.6

48220 Ferndale, MI 14.16 15.39 14.73 15.00 14.58 12.76 15.46 14.7 14.6

48221 Detroit, MI 14.16 15.39 14.73 15.00 14.58 12.76 15.46 14.7 14.6

48224 Detroit, MI 14.50 15.64 14.63 13.23 16.48 14.9 14.9

48225 Harper Woods, MI 14.50 15.64 14.63 13.23 16.48 14.9 14.9

48226 Detroit, MI 18.74 16.79 17.03 16.51 16.23 14.54 16.61 16.3 16.6

48227 Detroit, MI 14.16 15.39 14.73 15.00 14.58 12.76 15.46 14.7 14.6

48228 Detroit, MI 20.00 19.28 20.13 19.61 19.84 19.11 16.83 18.55 19.0 19.2

48229 Ecorse, MI 20.00 19.01 17.87 18.33 17.36 16.81 15.02 17.04 17.1 17.7

48230 Grosse Pointe, MI 14.50 15.64 14.63 13.23 16.48 14.9 14.9

48234 Detroit, MI 14.50 15.64 14.63 13.23 16.48 14.9 14.9

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 49 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

48235 Detroit, MI 14.16 15.39 14.73 15.00 14.58 12.76 15.46 14.7 14.6

48237 Oak Park, MI 14.16 15.39 14.73 15.00 14.58 12.76 15.46 14.7 14.6

48238 Detroit, MI 14.16 15.44 15.26 15.30 15.21 13.22 15.74 15.0 14.9

48335 Farmington, MI 15.45 14.82 14.59 14.59 14.37 14.14 12.57 14.94 14.2 14.4

48336 Farmington, MI 15.45 14.82 14.59 14.59 14.37 14.14 12.57 14.94 14.2 14.4

48375 Novi, MI 15.45 14.82 14.59 14.59 14.37 14.14 12.57 14.94 14.2 14.4

48458 Mount Morris, MI 12.02 12.95 13.12 12.54 12.02 10.49 12.89 12.3 12.3

48502 Flint, MI 12.02 12.95 13.12 12.54 12.02 10.49 12.89 12.3 12.3

48503 Flint, MI 12.02 12.95 13.12 12.54 12.02 10.49 12.89 12.3 12.3

48504 Flint, MI 12.02 12.95 13.12 12.54 12.02 10.49 12.89 12.3 12.3

48505 Flint, MI 12.02 12.95 13.12 12.54 12.02 10.49 12.89 12.3 12.3

48506 Flint, MI 12.02 12.95 13.12 12.54 12.02 10.49 12.89 12.3 12.3

48507 Flint, MI 12.02 12.95 13.12 12.54 12.02 10.49 12.89 12.3 12.3

48509 Burton, MI 12.02 12.95 13.12 12.54 12.02 10.49 12.89 12.3 12.3

48529 Burton, MI 12.02 12.95 13.12 12.54 12.02 10.49 12.89 12.3 12.3

48602 Saginaw, MI 10.22 10.23 11.50 10.79 10.62 9.51 11.72 10.7 10.7

48603 Saginaw, MI 10.22 10.23 11.50 10.79 10.62 9.51 11.72 10.7 10.7

48604 Saginaw, MI 10.22 10.23 11.50 10.79 10.62 9.51 11.72 10.7 10.7

48607 Saginaw, MI 10.22 10.23 11.50 10.79 10.62 9.51 11.72 10.7 10.7

48706 Bay City, MI 11.53 11.25 10.89 9.85 12.44 11.2 11.2

48708 Bay City, MI 11.53 11.25 10.89 9.85 12.44 11.2 11.2

48710 University Center, MI 10.22 10.23 11.50 10.79 10.62 9.51 11.72 10.7 10.7

48732 Essexville, MI 11.53 11.25 10.89 9.85 12.44 11.2 11.2

48823 East Lansing, MI 12.68 13.01 13.89 13.56 12.96 11.06 13.54 13.0 13.0

48824 East Lansing, MI 12.68 13.01 13.89 13.56 12.96 11.06 13.54 13.0 13.0

48825 East Lansing, MI 12.68 13.01 13.89 13.56 12.96 11.06 13.54 13.0 13.0

48906 Lansing, MI 12.68 13.01 13.89 13.56 12.96 11.06 13.54 13.0 13.0

48910 Lansing, MI 12.68 13.01 13.89 13.56 12.96 11.06 13.54 13.0 13.0

48911 Lansing, MI 12.68 13.01 13.89 13.56 12.96 11.06 13.54 13.0 13.0

48912 Lansing, MI 12.68 13.01 13.89 13.56 12.96 11.06 13.54 13.0 13.0

48915 Lansing MI Lansing, MI 12 68 . 13 01 . 13 89 . 13 56 . 12 96 . 11 06 . 13 54 . 13 0. 13 0.

48933 Lansing, MI 12.68 13.01 13.89 13.56 12.96 11.06 13.54 13.0 13.0

49001 Kalamazoo, MI 14.63 14.75 15.52 14.80 13.83 11.56 13.83 14.0 14.1

49002 Portage, MI 14.63 14.75 15.52 14.80 13.83 11.56 13.83 14.0 14.1

49004 Kalamazoo, MI 14.63 14.75 15.52 14.80 13.83 11.56 13.83 14.0 14.1

49006 Kalamazoo, MI 14.63 14.75 15.52 14.80 13.83 11.56 13.83 14.0 14.1

49007 Kalamazoo, MI 14.63 14.75 15.52 14.80 13.83 11.56 13.83 14.0 14.1

49008 Kalamazoo, MI 14.63 14.75 15.52 14.80 13.83 11.56 13.83 14.0 14.1

49038 Coloma, MI 12.27 12.11 13.16 12.53 12.46 10.23 13.05 12.3 12.3

49048 Kalamazoo, MI 14.63 14.75 15.52 14.80 13.83 11.56 13.83 14.0 14.1

49098 Watervliet, MI 12.27 12.11 13.16 12.53 12.46 10.23 13.05 12.3 12.3

49321 Comstock Park, MI 15.81 13.86 13.86 14.50 13.38 13.53 12.04 13.69 13.5 13.8

49423 Holland, MI 12.15 11.73 12.82 12.42 12.39 11.21 12.39 12.2 12.2

49424 Holland, MI 12.15 11.73 12.82 12.42 12.39 11.21 12.39 12.2 12.2

49426 Hudsonville, MI 12.94 13.21 13.84 13.58 12.69 11.33 13.99 13.1 13.1

49428 Jenison, MI 12.94 13.21 13.84 13.58 12.69 11.33 13.99 13.1 13.1

49440 Muskegon, MI 12.24 11.85 12.57 12.36 11.87 10.16 13.07 12.0 12.0

49441 Muskegon, MI 12.24 11.85 12.57 12.36 11.87 10.16 13.07 12.0 12.0

49442 Muskegon, MI 12.24 11.85 12.57 12.36 11.87 10.16 13.07 12.0 12.0

49444 Muskegon, MI 12.24 11.85 12.57 12.36 11.87 10.16 13.07 12.0 12.0

49445 Muskegon, MI 12.24 11.85 12.57 12.36 11.87 10.16 13.07 12.0 12.0

49503 Grand Rapids, MI 15.81 13.86 13.86 14.50 13.38 13.53 12.04 13.69 13.5 13.8

49504 Grand Rapids, MI 15.81 13.86 13.86 14.50 13.38 13.53 12.04 13.69 13.5 13.8

49505 Grand Rapids, MI 15.81 13.86 13.86 14.50 13.38 13.53 12.04 13.69 13.5 13.8

49506 Grand Rapids, MI 15.81 13.86 13.86 14.50 13.38 13.53 12.04 13.69 13.5 13.8

49507 Grand Rapids, MI 15.81 13.86 13.86 14.50 13.38 13.53 12.04 13.69 13.5 13.8

49509 Wyoming, MI 15.81 13.86 13.86 14.50 13.38 13.53 12.04 13.69 13.5 13.8

49525 Grand Rapids, MI 15.81 13.86 13.86 14.50 13.38 13.53 12.04 13.69 13.5 13.8

49544 Grand Rapids, MI 15.81 13.86 13.86 14.50 13.38 13.53 12.04 13.69 13.5 13.8

49667 Merritt, MI 7.91 7.29 9.45 8.2 8.2

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 50 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

49684 Traverse City, MI 9.30 7.99 8.6 8.6

49686 Traverse City, MI 9.30 7.99 8.6 8.6

49696 Traverse City, MI 9.30 7.99 8.6 8.6

49707 Alpena, MI 9.86 9.06 9.5 9.5

49783 Sault Sainte Marie, MI 8.12 7.87 8.38 6.95 8.08 7.9 7.9

52722 Bettendorf, IA 16.45 13.58 12.79 11.82 12.74 10.37 13.83 12.5 13.1

52801 Davenport, IA 16.45 13.58 12.79 11.82 12.74 10.37 13.83 12.5 13.1

52803 Davenport, IA 16.45 13.58 12.79 11.82 12.74 10.37 13.83 12.5 13.1

52807 Davenport, IA 16.45 13.58 12.79 11.82 12.74 10.37 13.83 12.5 13.1

53004 Belgium, WI 9.18 12.29 10.7 10.7

53005 Brookfield, WI 13.86 12.34 13.13 12.65 12.7 13.0

53007 Butler, WI 13.86 12.02 12.58 12.28 12.3 12.7

53013 Cedar Grove, WI 9.18 12.29 10.7 10.7

53024 Grafton, WI 11.45 11.57 10.87 11.3 11.3

53035 Iron Ridge, WI 12.48 11.58 11.15 11.44 10.55 10.79 11.16 11.1 11.3

53045 Brookfield, WI 14.92 14.92 13.36 14.03 12.78 12.68 12.90 14.93 13.4 13.8

53050 Mayville, WI 12.48 11.58 11.15 11.44 10.55 10.79 11.16 11.1 11.3

53072 Pewaukee, WI 14.92 14.19 13.07 13.60 12.54 12.68 12.90 14.93 13.3 13.6

53074 Port Washington, WI 11.45 11.57 10.87 11.3 11.3

53080 Saukville, WI 11.45 11.57 10.87 11.3 11.3

53110 Cudahy, WI 15.16 14.95 13.80 13.80 13.18 12.53 11.66 14.38 13.2 13.7

53122 Elm Grove, WI 13.86 12.34 13.13 12.65 12.7 13.0

53129 Greendale, WI 15.16 14.95 13.80 13.80 13.18 12.53 11.66 14.38 13.2 13.7

53142 Kenosha, WI 12.35 11.38 12.70 11.58 10.76 10.51 12.50 11.6 11.7

53143 Kenosha, WI 12.35 11.38 12.70 11.58 10.76 10.51 12.50 11.6 11.7

53146 New Berlin, WI 14.92 14.19 13.07 13.60 12.54 12.68 12.90 14.93 13.3 13.6

53151 New Berlin, WI 13.86 12.34 13.13 12.65 12.7 13.0

53154 Oak Creek, WI 15.16 14.95 13.80 13.80 13.18 12.53 11.66 14.38 13.2 13.7

53158 Pleasant Prairie, WI 12.35 11.38 12.70 11.58 10.76 10.51 12.50 11.6 11.7

53172 South Milwaukee, WI 15.16 14.95 13.80 13.80 13.18 12.53 11.66 14.38 13.2 13.7

53186 Waukesha WI Waukesha, WI 14 92 . 14 19 . 13 07 . 13 60 . 12 54 . 12 68 . 12 90 . 14 93 . 13 3. 13 6.

53188 Waukesha, WI 14.92 14.19 13.07 13.60 12.54 12.68 12.90 14.93 13.3 13.6

53189 Waukesha, WI 14.92 14.19 13.07 13.60 12.54 12.68 12.90 14.93 13.3 13.6

53202 Milwaukee, WI 14.62 13.51 13.78 12.83 12.46 11.64 14.29 13.1 13.3

53203 Milwaukee, WI 15.16 14.69 13.57 13.78 12.90 12.47 11.64 14.31 13.1 13.6

53204 Milwaukee, WI 15.16 14.69 13.57 13.78 12.90 12.47 11.64 14.31 13.1 13.6

53205 Milwaukee, WI 14.62 13.51 13.78 12.83 12.46 11.64 14.29 13.1 13.3

53206 Milwaukee, WI 14.62 13.15 13.43 12.64 12.46 11.64 14.29 12.9 13.2

53207 Milwaukee, WI 15.16 14.69 13.57 13.78 12.90 12.47 11.64 14.31 13.1 13.6

53208 Milwaukee, WI 14.47 13.01 13.38 12.65 12.46 11.64 14.29 12.9 13.1

53209 Milwaukee, WI 13.84 12.12 12.64 12.18 11.75 11.09 13.59 12.2 12.5

53210 Milwaukee, WI 14.47 13.01 13.38 12.65 12.46 11.64 14.29 12.9 13.1

53211 Milwaukee, WI 14.62 13.51 13.78 12.83 12.46 11.64 14.29 13.1 13.3

53212 Milwaukee, WI 14.62 13.51 13.78 12.83 12.46 11.64 14.29 13.1 13.3

53213 Milwaukee, WI 14.36 12.83 13.32 12.67 12.46 11.88 14.42 12.9 13.1

53214 Milwaukee, WI 14.18 12.49 13.10 12.52 12.49 12.04 14.44 12.8 13.0

53215 Milwaukee, WI 15.16 14.69 13.57 13.78 12.90 12.47 11.64 14.31 13.1 13.6

53216 Milwaukee, WI 14.23 12.77 13.31 12.63 12.22 11.61 14.15 12.8 13.0

53218 Milwaukee, WI 11.70 12.03 11.92 11.9 11.9

53219 Milwaukee, WI 15.16 14.69 13.53 13.75 12.94 12.65 11.78 14.49 13.2 13.6

53220 Milwaukee, WI 15.16 14.44 13.19 13.69 12.94 12.51 11.85 14.41 13.1 13.5

53221 Milwaukee, WI 15.16 14.95 13.82 13.89 12.96 12.73 11.81 14.52 13.3 13.7

53222 Milwaukee, WI 13.86 12.02 12.58 12.28 12.3 12.7

53223 Milwaukee, WI 11.70 12.03 11.92 11.9 11.9

53224 Milwaukee, WI 11.70 12.03 11.92 11.9 11.9

53225 Milwaukee, WI 13.86 12.02 12.58 12.28 12.3 12.7

53226 Milwaukee, WI 13.86 12.02 12.58 12.28 12.3 12.7

53227 Milwaukee, WI 13.86 12.34 13.13 12.65 12.7 13.0

53228 Milwaukee, WI 13.86 12.34 13.13 12.65 12.7 13.0

53233 Milwaukee, WI 15.16 14.69 13.57 13.78 12.90 12.47 11.64 14.31 13.1 13.6

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 51 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

53235 Milwaukee, WI 15.16 14.95 13.82 13.89 12.96 12.73 11.81 14.52 13.3 13.7

53511 Beloit, WI 14.34 13.30 11.80 12.6 13.1

53559 Marshall, WI 13.54 12.15 11.86 11.37 11.8 12.2

53561 Merrimac, WI 8.91 10.67 9.8 9.8

53562 Middleton, WI 13.43 12.75 13.31 12.31 11.86 11.27 12.73 12.4 12.5

53594 Waterloo, WI 13.54 12.15 11.86 11.37 11.8 12.2

53703 Madison, WI 13.01 13.26 12.56 12.86 12.24 11.86 11.27 12.73 12.3 12.5

53704 Madison, WI 13.01 13.10 12.37 12.42 12.16 12.3 12.6

53705 Madison, WI 13.01 13.26 12.56 12.86 12.24 11.86 11.27 12.73 12.3 12.5

53706 Madison, WI 13.01 13.26 12.56 12.86 12.24 11.86 11.27 12.73 12.3 12.5

53711 Madison, WI 13.43 12.75 13.31 12.31 11.86 11.27 12.73 12.4 12.5

53713 Madison, WI 13.01 13.26 12.56 12.86 12.24 11.86 11.27 12.73 12.3 12.5

53714 Madison, WI 13.01 13.10 12.37 12.42 12.16 12.3 12.6

53715 Madison, WI 13.01 13.26 12.56 12.86 12.24 11.86 11.27 12.73 12.3 12.5

53716 Madison, WI 13.01 13.10 12.37 12.42 12.16 12.3 12.6

53717 Madison, WI 13.43 12.75 13.31 12.31 11.86 11.27 12.73 12.4 12.5

53719 Madison, WI 13.43 12.75 13.31 12.31 11.86 11.27 12.73 12.4 12.5

53726 Madison, WI 13.01 13.26 12.56 12.86 12.24 11.86 11.27 12.73 12.3 12.5

53820 Potosi, WI 12.67 12.30 11.87 10.93 11.34 10.82 12.35 11.6 11.8

53913 Baraboo, WI 8.91 10.67 9.8 9.8

54025 Somerset, WI 10.70 10.02 10.4 10.4

54136 Kimberly, WI 11.23 11.54 11.06 10.75 10.39 9.68 11.50 10.8 10.9

54210 Ellison Bay, WI 8.60 7.20 8.25 7.48 7.6 7.9

54220 Manitowoc, WI 10.49 10.14 10.14 10.11 9.45 8.67 11.07 9.9 10.0

54229 New Franken, WI 10.55 10.31 10.79 10.30 10.5 10.5

54241 Two Rivers, WI 10.49 10.14 10.14 10.11 9.45 8.67 11.07 9.9 10.0

54301 Green Bay, WI 11.41 11.62 11.91 11.51 11.26 10.46 12.68 11.6 11.5

54302 Green Bay, WI 10.81 10.97 11.35 10.75 11.26 10.46 12.68 11.2 11.2

54303 Green Bay, WI 11.07 11.62 11.91 11.21 11.26 10.46 12.68 11.5 11.5

54304 Green Bay, WI 11.07 11.62 11.91 11.21 11.26 10.46 12.68 11.5 11.5

54311 Green Bay WI Green Bay, WI 10 81 . 10 97 . 11 35 . 10 75 . 11 26 . 10 46 . 12 68 . 11 2. 11 2.

54447 Lublin, WI 7.16 8.50 7.8 7.8

54469 Port Edwards, WI 11.15 10.85 9.81 10.41 10.4 10.6

54494 Wisconsin Rapids, WI 11.15 10.85 9.81 10.41 10.4 10.6

54495 Wisconsin Rapids, WI 11.15 10.85 9.81 10.41 10.4 10.6

54512 Boulder Junction, WI 7.51 8.00 5.44 5.73 6.18 7.98 6.24 6.42 6.3 6.7

54520 Crandon, WI 7.74 7.7 7.7

54850 La Pointe, WI 6.62 5.34 6.19 6.1 6.1

54880 Superior, WI 8.33 8.64 8.01 8.15 7.81 8.0 8.2

54901 Oshkosh, WI 11.56 11.36 10.65 10.54 10.8 11.0

54902 Oshkosh, WI 11.56 11.36 10.65 10.54 10.8 11.0

54911 Appleton, WI 11.23 11.54 11.06 10.75 10.39 9.68 11.50 10.8 10.9

54913 Appleton, WI 11.23 11.54 11.06 10.75 10.39 9.68 11.50 10.8 10.9

54914 Appleton, WI 11.23 11.54 11.06 10.75 10.39 9.68 11.50 10.8 10.9

54915 Appleton, WI 11.23 11.54 11.06 10.75 10.39 9.68 11.50 10.8 10.9

54981 Waupaca, WI 11.61 11.6 11.6

55802 Duluth, MN 8.33 8.64 8.01 8.15 7.81 8.0 8.2

55805 Duluth, MN 8.33 8.64 8.01 8.15 7.81 8.0 8.2

55806 Duluth, MN 8.33 8.64 8.01 8.15 7.81 8.0 8.2

55812 Duluth, MN 8.33 8.64 8.01 8.15 7.81 8.0 8.2

60005 Arlington Heights, IL 15.13 15.30 15.3 15.2

60007 Elk Grove Village, IL 15.13 15.30 15.3 15.2

60012 Crystal Lake, IL 14.74 13.70 12.26 12.21 11.31 13.90 13.0 13.0

60013 Cary, IL 14.74 13.70 12.26 12.21 11.31 13.90 13.0 13.0

60014 Crystal Lake, IL 14.74 13.70 12.26 12.21 11.31 13.90 13.0 13.0

60015 Deerfield, IL 17.86 15.52 14.28 14.70 13.17 12.14 11.15 14.52 13.3 14.2

60016 Des Plaines, IL 15.13 15.30 14.82 14.44 13.19 14.19 15.72 14.6 14.7

60018 Des Plaines, IL 15.13 15.30 14.82 14.44 13.19 14.19 15.72 14.6 14.7

60021 Fox River Grove, IL 14.74 13.70 12.26 12.21 11.31 13.90 13.0 13.0

60022 Glencoe, IL 17.86 15.52 14.28 14.70 13.17 12.14 11.15 14.52 13.3 14.2

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 52 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

60025 Glenview, IL 17.86 15.52 14.28 14.76 13.80 12.66 11.76 14.21 13.6 14.4

60026 Glenview, IL 17.86 15.52 14.28 14.76 13.80 12.66 11.76 14.21 13.6 14.4

60029 Golf, IL 17.86 15.52 14.28 14.76 13.80 12.66 11.76 14.21 13.6 14.4

60035 Highland Park, IL 17.86 15.52 14.28 14.70 13.17 12.14 11.15 14.52 13.3 14.2

60037 Fort Sheridan, IL 17.86 15.52 14.28 14.70 13.17 12.14 11.15 14.52 13.3 14.2

60040 Highwood, IL 17.86 15.52 14.28 14.70 13.17 12.14 11.15 14.52 13.3 14.2

60042 Island Lake, IL 14.74 13.70 12.26 12.21 11.31 13.90 13.0 13.0

60053 Morton Grove, IL 19.44 18.33 17.10 15.47 14.52 13.82 15.43 15.8 16.3

60056 Mount Prospect, IL 15.13 15.30 14.82 14.44 13.19 12.37 13.90 14.0 14.2

60062 Northbrook, IL 17.86 15.52 14.28 14.76 13.80 12.66 11.76 14.21 13.6 14.4

60068 Park Ridge, IL 15.13 15.30 14.82 14.44 13.19 14.19 15.72 14.6 14.7

60070 Prospect Heights, IL 15.13 15.30 14.82 14.44 13.19 12.37 13.90 14.0 14.2

60076 Skokie, IL 19.44 18.33 19.39 16.51 15.85 15.27 16.97 17.1 17.4

60077 Skokie, IL 19.44 18.33 19.39 16.51 15.85 15.27 16.97 17.1 17.4

60087 Waukegan, IL 12.16 13.81 13.44 11.26 10.25 13.78 12.5 12.5

60093 Winnetka, IL 17.86 15.52 14.28 14.70 13.17 12.14 11.15 14.52 13.3 14.2

60096 Winthrop Harbor, IL 12.35 11.77 13.26 12.51 11.01 10.38 13.14 12.0 12.1

60099 Zion, IL 12.35 11.77 13.26 12.51 11.01 10.38 13.14 12.0 12.1

60102 Algonquin, IL 14.74 13.70 12.26 12.21 11.31 13.90 13.0 13.0

60104 Bellwood, IL 16.00 17.54 16.8 16.8

60106 Bensenville, IL 15.13 15.30 16.00 17.54 16.3 16.0

60110 Carpentersville, IL 14.52 15.04 14.24 13.33 11.44 15.64 14.0 14.0

60118 Dundee, IL 14.52 15.04 14.24 13.33 11.44 15.64 14.0 14.0

60120 Elgin, IL 14.52 15.04 14.24 13.33 11.44 15.64 14.0 14.0

60123 Elgin, IL 14.52 15.04 14.24 13.33 11.44 15.64 14.0 14.0

60130 Forest Park, IL 19.30 20.02 18.37 19.10 16.85 16.73 15.96 17.28 17.4 18.0

60131 Franklin Park, IL 16.00 17.54 16.8 16.8

60141 Hines, IL 18.60 19.18 18.55 18.68 16.92 16.15 15.48 17.62 17.2 17.6

60153 Maywood, IL 19.30 20.02 20.20 20.85 17.71 16.69 16.73 18.30 18.4 18.7

60154 Westchester, IL 19.30 20.02 20.20 20.85 17.71 16.69 16.73 18.30 18.4 18.7

60155 Broadview IL Broadview, IL 19 30 . 20 02 . 20 20 . 20 85 . 17 71 . 16 69 . 16 73 . 18 30 . 18 4. 18 7.

60160 Melrose Park, IL 16.00 17.54 16.8 16.8

60163 Berkeley, IL 16.00 17.54 16.8 16.8

60164 Melrose Park, IL 16.00 17.54 16.8 16.8

60165 Stone Park, IL 16.00 17.54 16.8 16.8

60171 River Grove, IL 16.00 17.54 16.8 16.8

60176 Schiller Park, IL 15.13 15.30 16.00 17.54 16.3 16.0

60177 South Elgin, IL 14.52 15.04 14.24 13.33 11.44 15.64 14.0 14.0

60301 Oak Park, IL 18.19 16.92 16.79 15.60 16.19 14.47 16.46 16.1 16.4

60302 Oak Park, IL 18.19 16.92 16.79 15.60 16.19 14.47 16.46 16.1 16.4

60304 Oak Park, IL 19.30 20.02 18.02 18.14 16.30 16.36 15.22 17.07 16.9 17.6

60305 River Forest, IL 18.19 16.54 17.34 15.99 16.77 15.19 16.25 16.3 16.6

60402 Berwyn, IL 18.60 19.18 17.88 18.23 16.61 16.36 15.39 17.16 16.9 17.4

60403 Crest Hill, IL 15.41 15.54 16.02 16.06 14.33 13.76 15.43 15.1 15.2

60406 Blue Island, IL 19.32 17.42 16.82 17.11 15.18 14.92 14.12 16.39 15.8 16.4

60407 Braceville, IL 13.92 14.21 12.92 13.47 11.88 10.26 13.21 12.7 12.8

60408 Braidwood, IL 13.92 14.21 12.92 13.47 11.88 10.26 13.21 12.7 12.8

60409 Calumet City, IL 20.31 17.38 16.42 16.01 14.96 14.80 13.30 15.99 15.2 16.1

60415 Chicago Ridge, IL 17.90 17.50 16.75 16.52 15.89 15.22 14.20 16.75 15.9 16.3

60426 Harvey, IL 19.32 17.42 16.82 17.11 15.18 14.92 14.12 16.39 15.8 16.4

60428 Markham, IL 19.32 17.42 16.82 17.11 15.18 14.92 14.12 16.39 15.8 16.4

60431 Joliet, IL 15.41 15.54 16.02 16.06 14.33 13.76 15.43 15.1 15.2

60432 Joliet, IL 15.41 15.54 16.02 16.06 14.33 13.76 15.43 15.1 15.2

60433 Joliet, IL 15.41 15.54 16.02 16.06 14.33 13.76 15.43 15.1 15.2

60435 Joliet, IL 15.41 15.54 16.02 16.06 14.33 13.76 15.43 15.1 15.2

60436 Joliet, IL 15.41 15.54 16.02 16.06 14.33 13.76 15.43 15.1 15.2

60438 Lansing, IL 14.96 15.38 14.70 14.55 13.26 15.44 14.7 14.7

60445 Midlothian, IL 19.32 17.42 16.82 17.11 15.18 14.92 14.12 16.39 15.8 16.4

60452 Oak Forest, IL 19.32 17.42 16.82 17.11 15.18 14.92 14.12 16.39 15.8 16.4

60453 Oak Lawn, IL 19.32 17.42 16.71 16.82 15.42 14.88 14.14 16.47 15.7 16.4

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 53 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

60455 Bridgeview, IL 18.60 19.18 18.55 18.68 16.92 16.15 15.48 17.62 17.2 17.6

60456 Hometown, IL 18.61 17.46 16.78 16.71 15.66 15.12 14.17 16.63 15.8 16.4

60457 Hickory Hills, IL 18.60 19.67 18.55 18.68 16.92 16.15 15.48 17.62 17.2 17.7

60458 Justice, IL 18.60 19.18 18.55 18.68 16.92 16.15 15.48 17.62 17.2 17.6

60459 Burbank, IL 18.60 19.67 17.90 17.96 16.50 15.71 15.04 17.27 16.7 17.3

60469 Posen, IL 19.32 17.42 16.82 17.11 15.18 14.92 14.12 16.39 15.8 16.4

60472 Robbins, IL 19.32 17.42 16.82 17.11 15.18 14.92 14.12 16.39 15.8 16.4

60480 Willow Springs, IL 18.60 19.67 18.55 18.68 16.92 16.15 15.48 17.62 17.2 17.7

60501 Summit Argo, IL 18.60 19.18 18.55 18.68 16.92 16.15 15.48 17.62 17.2 17.6

60502 Aurora, IL 15.89 15.9 15.9

60505 Aurora, IL 15.89 15.9 15.9

60506 Aurora, IL 15.89 15.9 15.9

60510 Batavia, IL 15.89 15.9 15.9

60513 Brookfield, IL 18.60 19.18 18.55 18.68 16.92 16.15 15.48 17.62 17.2 17.6

60525 La Grange, IL 18.60 19.18 18.55 18.68 16.92 16.15 15.48 17.62 17.2 17.6

60526 La Grange Park, IL 18.60 19.18 18.55 18.68 16.92 16.15 15.48 17.62 17.2 17.6

60532 Lisle, IL 15.54 15.25 15.54 14.68 13.11 12.69 15.62 14.5 14.6

60534 Lyons, IL 18.60 19.18 18.55 18.68 16.92 16.15 15.48 17.62 17.2 17.6

60538 Montgomery, IL 15.89 15.9 15.9

60539 Mooseheart, IL 15.89 15.9 15.9

60540 Naperville, IL 15.54 15.25 15.54 14.68 13.11 12.69 15.62 14.5 14.6

60542 North Aurora, IL 15.89 15.9 15.9

60546 Riverside, IL 18.60 19.18 17.88 18.23 16.61 16.36 15.39 17.16 16.9 17.4

60555 Warrenville, IL 15.54 15.25 15.54 14.68 13.11 12.69 15.62 14.5 14.6

60558 Western Springs, IL 19.30 20.02 20.20 20.85 17.71 16.69 16.73 18.30 18.4 18.7

60563 Naperville, IL 15.54 15.25 15.54 14.68 13.11 12.69 15.62 14.5 14.6

60564 Naperville, IL 15.54 15.25 15.54 14.68 13.11 12.69 15.62 14.5 14.6

60565 Naperville, IL 15.54 15.25 15.54 14.68 13.11 12.69 15.62 14.5 14.6

60601 Chicago, IL 18.04 15.93 17.10 15.50 15.09 13.21 15.4 15.8

60602 Chicago, IL 18.04 15.93 17.10 15.50 15.09 13.21 15.4 15.8

60603 Chicago IL Chicago, IL 18 04 . 15 93 . 17 10 . 15 50 . 15 09 . 13 21 . 15 4. 15 8.

60604 Chicago, IL 18.04 15.93 17.10 15.50 15.09 13.21 15.4 15.8

60605 Chicago, IL 18.04 15.93 17.10 15.50 15.09 13.21 15.4 15.8

60606 Chicago, IL 18.04 15.93 17.10 15.50 15.09 13.21 15.4 15.8

60607 Chicago, IL 18.04 16.62 16.67 15.35 15.35 13.48 16.66 15.7 16.0

60608 Chicago, IL 18.04 16.59 16.89 15.56 15.82 14.05 16.46 15.9 16.2

60609 Chicago, IL 18.04 16.27 16.81 15.58 14.96 13.68 16.56 15.6 16.0

60610 Chicago, IL 18.04 15.93 17.10 15.50 15.09 13.21 15.4 15.8

60611 Chicago, IL 18.04 15.93 17.10 15.50 15.09 13.21 15.4 15.8

60612 Chicago, IL 18.04 16.59 16.89 15.56 15.82 14.05 16.46 15.9 16.2

60613 Chicago, IL 17.31 16.24 15.21 15.61 13.75 16.66 15.8 15.8

60614 Chicago, IL 17.31 16.24 15.21 15.61 13.75 16.66 15.8 15.8

60615 Chicago, IL 18.04 15.93 17.10 15.50 15.09 13.21 15.4 15.8

60616 Chicago, IL 18.04 15.93 17.10 15.50 15.09 13.21 15.4 15.8

60617 Chicago, IL 20.31 17.30 17.16 16.93 15.22 15.06 13.46 16.36 15.7 16.5

60618 Chicago, IL 19.44 17.82 17.81 15.86 15.73 14.51 16.81 16.4 16.9

60619 Chicago, IL 17.21 16.46 18.12 15.47 15.36 13.76 16.56 16.0 16.1

60620 Chicago, IL 16.61 16.53 15.66 14.84 14.15 16.56 15.7 15.7

60621 Chicago, IL 18.04 16.27 16.81 15.58 14.96 13.68 16.56 15.6 16.0

60622 Chicago, IL 16.92 16.79 15.60 16.19 14.47 16.46 16.1 16.1

60623 Chicago, IL 16.92 16.79 15.60 16.19 14.47 16.46 16.1 16.1

60624 Chicago, IL 16.92 16.79 15.60 16.19 14.47 16.46 16.1 16.1

60625 Chicago, IL 19.44 17.82 17.81 15.86 15.73 14.51 16.81 16.4 16.9

60628 Chicago, IL 20.14 17.34 17.05 17.45 15.32 15.28 14.01 16.63 16.0 16.7

60629 Chicago, IL 16.61 16.53 15.66 14.84 14.15 16.56 15.7 15.7

60630 Chicago, IL 19.44 17.82 17.81 15.86 15.73 14.51 16.81 16.4 16.9

60631 Chicago, IL 19.44 18.33 17.10 15.47 14.52 14.55 16.14 16.0 16.5

60632 Chicago, IL 16.57 16.94 15.83 15.81 14.67 16.41 16.0 16.0

60633 Chicago, IL 20.31 17.30 17.16 16.93 15.22 15.06 13.46 16.36 15.7 16.5

60634 Chicago, IL 19.44 17.82 17.81 15.86 15.73 15.01 17.05 16.5 17.0

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 54 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

60636 Chicago, IL 18.04 16.27 16.81 15.58 14.96 13.68 16.56 15.6 16.0

60637 Chicago, IL 17.62 16.19 17.61 15.48 15.22 13.48 16.56 15.8 16.0

60638 Chicago, IL 18.60 19.18 17.56 17.81 16.37 15.98 15.08 17.01 16.6 17.2

60639 Chicago, IL 19.44 17.39 17.66 15.90 16.08 14.74 16.63 16.4 16.8

60640 Chicago, IL 17.31 16.24 15.21 15.61 13.75 16.66 15.8 15.8

60641 Chicago, IL 19.44 17.39 17.66 15.90 16.08 14.74 16.63 16.4 16.8

60642 Chicago, IL 18.04 16.62 16.67 15.35 15.35 13.48 16.66 15.7 16.0

60643 Chicago, IL 19.32 17.42 16.71 16.82 15.42 14.88 14.14 16.47 15.7 16.4

60644 Chicago, IL 19.44 17.39 17.66 15.90 16.08 14.74 16.63 16.4 16.8

60645 Chicago, IL 19.44 18.33 19.39 16.51 15.85 15.27 16.97 17.1 17.4

60646 Chicago, IL 19.44 18.33 19.39 16.51 15.85 15.27 16.97 17.1 17.4

60647 Chicago, IL 19.44 17.39 17.66 15.90 16.08 14.74 16.63 16.4 16.8

60649 Chicago, IL 20.96 17.30 17.16 17.61 15.39 15.47 13.96 16.75 16.1 16.8

60651 Chicago, IL 19.44 17.39 17.66 15.90 16.08 14.74 16.63 16.4 16.8

60652 Chicago, IL 19.32 17.42 16.71 16.82 15.42 14.88 14.14 16.47 15.7 16.4

60653 Chicago, IL 18.04 15.93 17.10 15.50 15.09 13.21 15.4 15.8

60654 Chicago, IL 18.04 15.93 17.10 15.50 15.09 13.21 15.4 15.8

60655 Chicago, IL 19.32 17.42 16.71 16.82 15.42 14.88 14.14 16.47 15.7 16.4

60656 Chicago, IL 19.44 18.33 19.39 16.51 15.85 15.63 17.25 17.2 17.5

60657 Chicago, IL 17.31 16.24 15.21 15.61 13.75 16.66 15.8 15.8

60659 Chicago, IL 19.44 17.82 17.81 15.86 15.73 14.51 16.81 16.4 16.9

60661 Chicago, IL 18.04 16.62 16.67 15.35 15.35 13.48 16.66 15.7 16.0

60666 Chicago, IL 15.13 15.30 16.00 17.54 16.3 16.0

60706 Harwood Heights, IL 19.44 18.33 19.39 16.51 15.85 15.63 17.25 17.2 17.5

60707 Elmwood Park, IL 19.44 17.39 17.66 15.90 16.08 15.05 16.85 16.5 16.9

60712 Lincolnwood, IL 19.44 18.33 19.39 16.51 15.85 15.27 16.97 17.1 17.4

60714 Niles, IL 14.82 14.44 13.19 12.37 13.90 13.7 13.7

60803 Alsip, IL 19.32 17.42 16.71 16.82 15.42 14.88 14.14 16.47 15.7 16.4

60804 Cicero, IL 18.60 19.18 17.74 17.73 16.26 16.17 14.98 17.04 16.7 17.2

60805 Evergreen Park, IL 19.32 17.42 16.71 16.82 15.42 14.88 14.14 16.47 15.7 16.4

60827 Riverdale IL Riverdale, IL 19 32 . 17 42 . 16 82 . 17 11 . 15 18 . 14 92 . 14 12 . 16 39 . 15 8. 16 4.

60935 Essex, IL 13.92 14.21 12.92 13.47 11.88 10.26 13.21 12.7 12.8

61072 Rockton, IL 14.34 13.30 11.80 12.6 13.1

61073 Roscoe, IL 14.34 13.30 13.3 13.8

61080 South Beloit, IL 14.34 13.30 11.80 12.6 13.1

61101 Rockford, IL 14.99 14.74 12.19 11.68 15.95 13.9 13.9

61102 Rockford, IL 14.99 14.74 12.19 11.68 15.95 13.9 13.9

61103 Rockford, IL 14.99 14.74 12.19 11.68 15.95 13.9 13.9

61104 Rockford, IL 14.99 14.74 12.19 11.68 15.95 13.9 13.9

61107 Rockford, IL 14.99 14.74 12.19 11.68 15.95 13.9 13.9

61108 Rockford, IL 14.99 14.74 12.19 11.68 15.95 13.9 13.9

61109 Rockford, IL 14.99 14.74 12.19 11.68 15.95 13.9 13.9

61201 Rock Island, IL 16.45 13.58 12.79 11.82 12.74 10.37 13.83 12.5 13.1

61244 East Moline, IL 16.45 13.58 12.79 11.82 12.74 10.37 13.83 12.5 13.1

61265 Moline, IL 16.45 13.58 12.79 11.82 12.74 10.37 13.83 12.5 13.1

61301 La Salle, IL 16.46 16.04 15.24 14.45 14.77 13.05 11.38 14.03 13.8 14.4

61348 Oglesby, IL 16.46 16.04 15.24 14.45 14.77 13.05 11.38 14.03 13.8 14.4

61370 Tonica, IL 16.46 16.04 15.24 14.45 14.77 13.05 11.38 14.03 13.8 14.4

61602 Peoria, IL 15.25 16.04 14.85 13.94 13.88 13.67 12.84 14.50 13.9 14.4

61603 Peoria, IL 15.25 16.04 14.85 13.94 13.88 13.67 12.84 14.50 13.9 14.4

61604 Peoria, IL 15.25 16.04 14.85 13.94 13.88 13.67 12.84 14.50 13.9 14.4

61605 Peoria, IL 15.25 16.04 14.85 13.94 13.88 13.67 12.84 14.50 13.9 14.4

61606 Peoria, IL 15.25 16.04 14.85 13.94 13.88 13.67 12.84 14.50 13.9 14.4

61610 Creve Coeur, IL 15.25 16.04 14.85 13.94 13.88 13.67 12.84 14.50 13.9 14.4

61611 East Peoria, IL 15.25 16.04 14.85 13.94 13.88 13.67 12.84 14.50 13.9 14.4

61614 Peoria, IL 15.25 16.04 14.85 13.94 13.88 13.67 12.84 14.50 13.9 14.4

61616 Peoria Heights, IL 15.25 16.04 14.85 13.94 13.88 13.67 12.84 14.50 13.9 14.4

61625 Peoria, IL 15.25 16.04 14.85 13.94 13.88 13.67 12.84 14.50 13.9 14.4

61635 Peoria, IL 15.25 16.04 14.85 13.94 13.88 13.67 12.84 14.50 13.9 14.4

61701 Bloomington, IL 14.86 14.79 12.85 13.15 11.46 13.41 13.4 13.4

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 55 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

61704 Bloomington, IL 14.86 14.79 12.85 13.15 11.46 13.41 13.4 13.4

61705 Bloomington, IL 14.86 14.79 12.85 13.15 11.46 13.4 13.4

61761 Normal, IL 14.86 14.79 12.85 13.15 11.46 13.41 13.4 13.4

61790 Normal, IL 14.86 14.79 12.85 13.15 11.46 13.41 13.4 13.4

61801 Urbana, IL 14.82 12.59 12.20 13.03 10.42 13.96 12.8 12.8

61802 Urbana, IL 14.82 12.59 12.20 13.03 10.42 13.96 12.8 12.8

61820 Champaign, IL 14.82 12.59 12.20 13.03 10.42 13.96 12.8 12.8

61821 Champaign, IL 14.82 12.59 12.20 13.03 10.42 13.96 12.8 12.8

61822 Champaign, IL 14.82 12.59 12.20 13.03 10.42 13.96 12.8 12.8

61874 Savoy, IL 14.82 12.59 12.20 13.03 10.42 13.96 12.8 12.8

61875 Seymour, IL 14.53 11.94 12.21 12.82 10.62 14.44 12.8 12.8

62002 Alton, IL 17.18 15.72 15.96 15.37 14.91 14.01 12.36 16.02 14.8 15.2

62010 Bethalto, IL 17.18 15.72 15.91 14.95 15.12 13.98 13.20 16.02 14.9 15.3

62018 Cottage Hills, IL 17.18 15.72 15.96 15.37 14.91 14.01 12.36 16.02 14.8 15.2

62024 East Alton, IL 17.18 15.72 15.96 15.37 14.91 14.01 12.36 16.02 14.8 15.2

62035 Godfrey, IL 16.01 15.80 14.70 14.03 11.51 16.02 14.7 14.7

62040 Granite City, IL 18.11 18.89 18.99 18.52 18.63 17.79 15.77 18.52 18.0 18.2

62048 Hartford, IL 17.18 15.72 15.91 14.95 15.12 13.98 13.20 16.02 14.9 15.3

62052 Jerseyville, IL 11.45 14.80 13.1 13.1

62054 Kane, IL 11.45 14.80 13.1 13.1

62060 Madison, IL 18.62 18.55 18.47 18.01 17.97 16.81 15.41 18.06 17.5 17.7

62084 Roxana, IL 17.18 15.72 15.91 14.95 15.12 13.98 13.20 16.02 14.9 15.3

62087 South Roxana, IL 17.18 15.72 15.91 14.95 15.12 13.98 13.20 16.02 14.9 15.3

62090 Venice, IL 18.62 18.55 18.47 18.01 17.97 16.81 15.41 18.06 17.5 17.7

62095 Wood River, IL 17.18 15.72 15.96 15.37 14.91 14.01 12.36 16.02 14.8 15.2

62201 East Saint Louis, IL 18.62 18.55 18.47 18.01 17.97 16.81 15.41 18.06 17.5 17.7

62204 East Saint Louis, IL 18.62 18.55 18.47 18.01 17.97 16.81 15.41 18.06 17.5 17.7

62205 East Saint Louis, IL 18.62 19.24 19.03 18.37 18.10 16.46 15.42 18.01 17.6 17.9

62206 East Saint Louis, IL 19.13 17.86 17.42 17.00 16.65 14.85 14.70 17.14 16.3 16.8

62207 East Saint Louis, IL 19.13 17.86 17.42 17.00 16.65 14.85 14.70 17.14 16.3 16.8

62208 Fairview Heights IL Fairview Heights, IL 15 01 . 15 47 . 15 08 . 14 26 . 13 23 . 15 98 . 14 8. 14 8.

62217 Baldwin, IL 14.46 15.17 12.09 11.56 13.44 10.88 15.25 13.1 13.3

62220 Belleville, IL 15.01 15.47 15.08 14.26 13.23 15.98 14.8 14.8

62221 Belleville, IL 15.01 15.47 15.08 14.26 13.23 15.98 14.8 14.8

62223 Belleville, IL 15.01 15.47 15.08 14.26 13.23 15.98 14.8 14.8

62226 Belleville, IL 15.01 15.47 15.08 14.26 13.23 15.98 14.8 14.8

62301 Quincy, IL 13.06 12.23 13.71 13.34 10.63 14.66 12.9 12.9

62305 Quincy, IL 13.06 12.23 13.71 13.34 10.63 14.66 12.9 12.9

62521 Decatur, IL 15.04 14.27 14.10 13.56 11.85 14.53 13.9 13.9

62522 Decatur, IL 15.04 14.27 14.10 13.56 11.85 14.53 13.9 13.9

62523 Decatur, IL 15.04 14.27 14.10 13.56 11.85 14.53 13.9 13.9

62526 Decatur, IL 15.04 14.27 14.10 13.56 11.85 14.53 13.9 13.9

62535 Forsyth, IL 15.04 14.27 14.10 13.56 11.85 14.53 13.9 13.9

62640 Girard, IL 15.97 16.0

62672 Nilwood, IL 15.97 16.0

62684 Sherman, IL 16.71 15.88 13.36 13.25 13.55 12.99 11.78 15.12 13.3 14.1

62701 Springfield, IL 16.71 15.88 13.36 13.25 13.55 12.99 11.78 15.12 13.3 14.1

62702 Springfield, IL 16.71 15.88 13.36 13.25 13.55 12.99 11.78 15.12 13.3 14.1

62703 Springfield, IL 16.71 15.88 13.36 13.25 13.55 12.99 11.78 15.12 13.3 14.1

62704 Springfield, IL 16.71 15.88 13.36 13.25 13.55 12.99 11.78 15.12 13.3 14.1

62707 Springfield, IL 16.71 15.88 13.36 13.25 13.55 12.99 11.78 15.12 13.3 14.1

62910 Brookport, IL 15.07 15.65 15.53 14.11 12.61 13.75 11.77 14.03 13.6 14.1

63101 Saint Louis, MO 18.62 19.24 19.03 18.37 18.10 16.46 15.42 18.01 17.6 17.9

63102 Saint Louis, MO 18.62 19.24 19.03 18.37 18.10 16.46 15.42 18.01 17.6 17.9

63103 Saint Louis, MO 19.13 17.86 17.42 17.00 16.65 14.85 14.70 17.14 16.3 16.8

63104 Saint Louis, MO 19.13 17.86 17.42 17.00 16.65 14.85 14.70 17.14 16.3 16.8

63106 Saint Louis, MO 18.62 19.24 19.03 18.37 18.10 16.46 15.42 18.01 17.6 17.9

63107 Saint Louis, MO 18.62 18.55 18.47 18.01 17.97 16.81 15.41 18.06 17.5 17.7

63118 Saint Louis, MO 19.13 17.86 17.42 17.00 16.65 14.85 14.70 17.14 16.3 16.8

63137 Saint Louis, MO 18.11 20.62 20.64 19.74 19.56 18.08 16.15 18.89 18.8 19.0

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 56 of 57
Attachment C: EPA-derived Results for the Zeger et. al. Eastern Region U.S. Study Area

ZIP Code Zip Code Primary City

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1998

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

1999

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2000

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2001

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2002

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2003

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2004

PM2.5 

annual 

mean for 

2005

Area-level

6-year 

means 

(2000-

2005) - i.e., 

original 

study 

timeframe

Area-level

8-year 

means 

(1998-

2005) - i.e., 

extended 

study 

timeframe

63147 Saint Louis, MO 18.11 18.89 18.99 18.52 18.63 17.79 15.77 18.52 18.0 18.2

71373 Vidalia, LA 13.15 11.14 10.66 11.36 10.73 12.30 11.6 11.6

13.7 13.9

14.0 14.2

Study-area 6-year and 8-year averages →

Study-area 6-year and 8-year medians →

Sensitivity Analysis of Long-term Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for Selected Long-term Exposure Studies 

Attachment C 

Page 57 of 57