In the Supreme Court of Georgia

 Decided: February 1, 2016

S15A1515. SMITH v. ASHFORD et al.

THOMPSON, Chief Justice.

Jay Richard Smith (Smith) died testate on October 29, 2013, survived by

his wife, Kathy Kristina Smith, appellant in this case, and the couple’s two

minor daughters. At the time of his death, Smith was the beneficiary of the Jay

Richard Smith Irrevocable Trust (the “Trust”) established by his parents, the

provisions of which granted Smith an unrestricted testamentary power of

appointment of the Trust assets remaining after his death. Following Smith’s

death, appellant filed a petition to probate Smith’s will dated September 5, 2013

(the “Will”) in Gwinnett County Probate Court. Thereafter, the probate court

appointed appellant to serve as personal representative of Smith’s estate and

appellee, Dana C. Ashford, to serve as Guardian Ad Litem representing the

interests of the minor children. 

Appellant filed a Petition for Declaratory Judgment and Construction of
a Will, seeking construction of the Will by the probate court and a declaration

as to whether Smith, under the terms of the Will, exercised the testamentary

power of appointment granted him by the Trust. Appellee filed a response on

behalf of the children, asserting that the language of the Will was clear and

unambiguous, that no construction of theWill was necessary or appropriate, and

that no justiciable controversy existed to support the declaratory relief sought. 

After reviewing the pleadings, motions, briefs and arguments of counsel, the

probate court entered an order on February 2, 2015, finding that the Will was

not ambiguous and that the court thus could not look beyond the four corners of

the document to ascertain Smith’s intent. Going further, the court decided that

the plain language of the relevant provisions of the Will clearly and

unambiguously showed Smith failed to exercise the testamentary power of

appointment granted him by the Trust. Accordingly, the probate court ordered

the Trust assets to be distributed pursuant to the terms of the Trust where no

power of appointment had been exercised. Appellant appeals this order, and

because we agree the language of theWill is unambiguous, but disagree with the

probate court’s determination that Smith failed to exercise his testamentary

power of appointment therein, we affirm in part and reverse in part the probate

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court’s order in this case. 

1. A review of the evidence shows that the power of appointment granted

Smith is clearly set forth in the Trust documents. Article Six, Section 6.01 (c)

of the Trust provides in pertinent part:

[Smith] shall have the unlimited and unrestricted testamentary

general power to appoint all or any portion of the principal and

undistributed income remaining in his trust at his death upon one or

more persons or entities and the creditors of [Smith’s] estate.

[Smith] shall have the sole and exclusive right to exercise this

general power of appointment. . .

Insofar as any part of [Smith’s] trust shall not be effectively

appointed, the Trustee shall distribute the remaining unappointed

balance per stirpes in trusts to the descendants of [Smith]. 

Correspondingly, Article Nine, Section 9.11 of the Trust allows 

[a]testamentary power of appointment granted under this Trust [to]

be exercised by a Will, Living Trust or other written instrument

specifically referring to the power of appointment. 

Appellant contends that Smith sought to exercise the testamentary power of

appointment granted him under the Trust by including the following language

in Article IV, Section 4.3 of the Will:

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Trust Interest from Family Limited Liability Corporation.

1 Upon

my death I give a power of appointment to my spouse related to any

real and personal property and other tangible assets that I benefit

from under the Limited Liability Corporation created by my

deceased parents which is formally known as ALPERT CAPITAL

INVESTMENTS LLC, C/O DORIS ALPERT MANAGING, 3115

S. Ocean Blvd., # 904, Highland Beach, Florida 33487-2575 and

which is currently shared by me with my siblings. If my spouse

shall predecease me or fails to exercise this power of appointment,

this gift shall benefit my children either by direct exercise of the

power so long as they have achieved the age of 30 years or to the

trustee under Article V of this Will if they are under age 30.

2

We agree with the probate court that the language of Section 4.3 of the Will is

plain, unambiguous and capable of only one interpretation. By its plain

language, the first sentence of this section provides that, upon his death, Smith

gives appellant a power of appointment over property contained in the trust. 

“Under Georgia law, a power of appointment can be exercised only in the

manner specified by the donor.” Hargrove v. Rich, 278 Ga. 561, 562 (604 SE2d

475) (2004). Here, the provisions of the Trust granted Smith an “unlimited and

1 Provisions regarding proper construction of the document are set forth in Article VIII of

the Will, Section 8.4 of which expressly provides that “headings, titles and subtitles herein are

inserted for convenience of reference only and are to be ignored in any construction of the provisions

hereof.”

2 Article V of the Will, entitled J-K Smith Family Trust, creates a trust, the stated primary

purpose of which is “to provide for the health, support, maintenance, and education of my children.” 

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unrestricted general power to appoint all or any portion of the principal and

undistributed income remaining in his trust at his death” and the “sole and

exclusive right to exercise this general power of appointment” by a will

“specifically referring to the power of appointment.” Thus, while Smith had the

power to appoint the property remaining in the Trust at the time of his death, he

did not have the authority to give this power of appointment to another. Instead,

the trust donors specifically provided that in the event Smith failed to effectively

appoint the trust property himself, upon his death the remaining unappointed

balance would be distributed per stirpes in trusts to his descendants.

Citing OCGA § 53-4-55,

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appellant asserts that even though parol

evidence is inadmissible to vary the unambiguous terms of a will, the

circumstances surrounding a testator at the time of execution of a will should

always be considered by the court in interpreting the meaning of a will’s

3

 This statute specifically provides:

In the construction of all wills, the court shall seek diligently for the intention of the

testator and shall give effect to such intention as far as it may be consistent with the

rules of law. Provided the proof of intention is clear and convincing, the court may

transpose sentences or clauses, change conjunctions, and supply or delete words in

cases in which a sentence or clause as it stands is unintelligible or inoperative in

context. 

OCGA § 53-4-55.

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provisions and that, in this case, parol evidence would establish Smith’s intent

to give her the trust assets via the will. This argument, however, misconstrues

the statute which only applies after a determination has been made that an

ambiguity exists requiring the will’s construction. See Banner v. Vandeford,

293 Ga. 654, 655 (1) (748 SE2d 927) (2013) (“Courts are without authority to

rewrite by construction an unambiguous will.”) (quoting Hungerford v. Trust

Co. of Ga., 190 Ga. 387, 389 (9 SE2d 360) (1940)). 

The cardinal rule in construing the provisions of a will is to determine the

intent of the testator. See OCGA § 53-4-55; Banner, supra. It is well settled,

however, that “there is no room for construction when the meaning of the words

used in the will is so plain and obvious that it cannot be misunderstood.” Erwin

v. Smith, 95 Ga. 699 (22 SE 712) (1895). This is true even if the words used in

the will express a meaning entirely at variance with the real intention of the

testator. Id. See Banner, supra at 655. The plain and unambiguous terms of a

will must control and “[p]arol evidence cannot be used to contradict or give new

meaning to that which is expressed clearly in the will.” Reynolds v. Harrison,

278 Ga. 495, 498 (604 SE2d 184) (2004), citing Hall v. Beecher, 225 Ga. 354,

357 (168 SE2d 581) (1969). Thus, only where a will is ambiguous can the court

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apply the rules of construction and consider parol evidence of circumstances

surrounding the testator at the time of execution of the will in order to ascertain

the testator’s intent. See OCGA § 53-4-56 (“In construing a will, the court may

hear parol evidence of the circumstances surrounding the testator at the time of

execution to explain all ambiguities, whether latent or patent.”). 

2. Appellant additionally argues that the property described in Section

4.3 of the Will does not exist because Smith personally owned no interest in the

referenced LLC. Appellant contends this alleged discrepancy creates a latent

ambiguity in Section 4.3 of the Will which requires application of the rules of

construction by the probate court. See OCGA § 53-4-56. Pointing to cases in

which this Court has considered parol evidence to correct misnamed or

misidentified property and/or beneficiaries in a will, see, e.g., Dyess v. Brewton,

284 Ga. 583, 585 (669 SE2d 145) (2008) (will dated in May incorrectly

referenced as “March will”); Legare v. Legare, 268 Ga. 474, 475 (490 SE2d

369) (1997) (will combined the names of two relatives despite indicating only

one beneficiary), appellant asserts that the probate court’s failure to find a latent

ambiguity with respect to the property referred to in this section of the Will and

its refusal to consider parol evidence constituted reversible error. We disagree.

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In Section 4.3 of the Will, Smith describes the property over which he

seeks to give appellant a power of appointment as “any real and personal

property and other tangible assets that I benefit from under the Limited Liability

Corporation created by my deceased parents . . . which is currently shared by me

with my siblings.” As it is undisputed that Smith benefitted from the LLC’s

assets through the terms of the Trust, we find no ambiguity in this description. 

Moreover, appellant has failed to demonstrate how any ambiguity created by a

mis-characterization of the property in the Will would create an ambiguity with

respect to the issue of whether Smith, by purporting to give appellant the power

of appointment over the trust assets, properly exercised his testamentary power

of appointment over those assets. Regardless of how the property is described

in the Will, the language of the Will makes clear that Smith was not giving the

property to appellant, but rather, was giving her a power of appointment over the

property. See Oliver v. Henderson, 121 Ga. 836, 839 (49 SE 743) (1905)

(“Parol evidence is not admissible to show that the testator meant one thing

when he said another.” ). 

3. Our consideration of whether Smith validly exercised his testamentary

power of appointment in the Will does not end here because, having found that

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Smith lacked the authority to give appellant the power to appoint the Trust

property in his stead, we must also consider the effect of Smith’s alternative

instructions regarding the power of appointment as set forth in the second

sentence of Section 4.3. This sentence states:

If my spouse shall predecease me or fails to exercise this power of

appointment, this gift shall benefit my children either by direct

exercise of the power so long as they have achieved the age of 30

years or to the trustee under Article V of this Will if they are under

age 30.

4

By this language, Smith created a contingent remainder devising to his children

a contingent future estate in the Trust property which would vest, if at all, upon

appellant’s failure to survive Smith or her failure to exercise the power of

appointment Smith sought to give her over the Trust property. See OCGA § 44-

6-60 (a) (“An estate in remainder is one limited to be enjoyed after another

estate is terminated or at a time specified in the future.”). See also Padgett v.

Hatton, 200 Ga. 209, 210 (1) (36 SE2d 664) (1946) (“A contingent remainder

is one limited to an uncertain person, or upon an event which may or may not

4

 We note that this language in Section 4.3 of the Will was not addressed by the parties in

their briefs below or at the hearing before the probate court on appellant’s petition for declaratory

judgment.

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happen.”).5 Because Smith lacked the authority to confer on appellant his power

to appoint theTrust property, see Div. 1, supra, thus rendering the first provision

of Section 4.3 of the Will invalid, the remaining contingent provision became

operative.

6

 

As stated, Smith’s devise to his children is contingent upon appellant’s

failure to survive Smith or her failure to exercise the purported power of

appointment. The first contingency has not been met because Smith

predeceased appellant. The contingency of appellant’s failure to exercise the

power of appointment has been satisfied, however, because appellant has no

authority to exercise the power of appointment Smith ineffectively bestowed

upon her. Thus, the contingency of failure to exercise found in the remainder

5 Under Georgia law, it does not matter that the power of appointment Smith sought to

convey to appellant was not itself an estate in the Trust property, but merely the absolute authority

to dispose of the estate prior to it vesting in Smith’s children pursuant to the contingent remainder

provision of Smith’s will. See Bienvenu v. First Nat. Bank of Atlanta, 193 Ga. 101, 107 (17 SE2d

257) (1941) (“Where remainders are subject to be divested, in whole or in part, by a disposition of

the whole or some part of the property, this contingency does not deprive the remainder of its

character.”). See also OCGA § 44-6-42 (“Since no particular estate is necessary to sustain a

remainder, the defeat of the particular estate for any cause does not destroy the remainder.”). 

6

 Article IX, Section 9.2 of the Will entitled “Saving Clause” provides: 

If any court of competent jurisdiction invalidates any portion of this Will or

otherwise finds any provision unenforceable, such finding shall not be construed as

invalidating the entirety of this Will and all remaining provision shall remain in legal

force and effect.

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clause is met by virtue of this legal impossibility. See generally OCGA § 44-6-

42; Gresham v. Gannon, 243 Ga. 269 (253 SE2d 748) (1979) (following failure

of charitable devise, disposition of estate was controlled by reversionary clause

in will). 

Next, we find that Smith effectively exercised the testamentary power of

appointment granted him by the Trust to devise property in the Trust to his

children. That is because the language of this section clearly and

unambiguously provides that if appellant fails to exercise the power of

appointment Smith sought to give her, then by “direct exercise of the power [of

appointment]” Smith’s children shall benefit from “this gift,” i.e., the property

and assets Smith benefitted from under the LLC, which were held in the Trust. 

By directly exercising his sole and exclusive right to appoint the Trust’s assets

upon his death while referring to the power of appointment, Smith exercised his

power of appointment in the manner specified by the Trust’s donors. See

Hargrove, supra at 562. 

Based on these findings, we reverse that part of the probate court’s

decision finding Smith failed to exercise the testamentary power of appointment

granted him by the Trust and requiring that the Trust assets be distributed

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pursuant to the terms of the Trust where no power of appointment had been

exercised. Instead, pursuant to the provisions of the Will, any real and personal

property and other tangible assets that Smith benefitted from under the LLC

which are held in the Trust must be distributed to the trustee of the J-K Smith

Family Trust, identified in Article V of the Will, for the benefit of Smith’s

children. Accordingly, we remand this case to the probate court for the issuance

of an order in conformity with this decision.

Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part. All the Justices concur.

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