COURT OF APPEALS

EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

EL PASO, TEXAS

ROBERT JACKSON CRIDER, II,

 Appellant,

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

 Appellee.

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No. 08-12-00332-CR

Appeal from the

County Court at Law No. 5

of Collin County, Texas

(TC# 005-84506-08)

O P I N I O N

1

Robert Crider appeals the denial of a pretrial motion to suppress following his conviction 

for driving while intoxicated (“DWI”). In three issues, Appellant contends that the trial court 

erred in finding that Appellant failed to signal a turn after coming to a complete stop at a Yshaped intersection, thereby granting a police officer probable cause to initiate a traffic stop. We 

affirm.

BACKGROUND

Factual History

The events at issue in this appeal took place at the confluence of three roads in Wylie, 

Texas, near the border of Dallas and Collin counties. When this intersection is viewed on a map 

oriented northward, the three roads form an upside-down Y-shape, with Vinson Road forming 

 

1 We review this case on transfer from the Fifth Court of Appeals in Dallas.
2

the left arm of the Y, County Line Road forming the right arm of the Y, and FM 544 forming the 

base of the Y. A traveler heading northeast on Vinson Road along the left-hand side of the Y 

must come to a complete stop at a stop sign located at the intersection. From there, the driver 

may elect to either go left onto FM 544 or turn right at about a 90-degree angle onto County Line 

Road.

Shortly before midnight on June 6, 2008, Appellant, an off-duty bicycle police officer 

with the Dallas Police Department, was travelling northeast-bound in a motor vehicle on Vinson 

Road along the left arm of the Y. What occurred next as Appellant approached the intersection 

and stopped at the stop sign is in dispute. Appellant testified that he put his arm out through the 

driver’s side window as he approached the stop sign and made an appropriate hand signal 

indicating his intent to turn left at the intersection. Appellant maintained that he did not use his 

blinker to signal because as a bicyclist, he uses hand signals due to force of habit. He then 

traveled left onto FM 544 after stopping at the stop sign. When the patrol officer pulled him 

over and explained that he did not see Appellant use a turn signal, Appellant did not tell the 

police officer that he had actually used a hand signal, claiming that he did not want to argue with 

the officer because failure to signal a turn was a minor traffic infraction.

Sergeant Anthony Henderson of the Wylie Police Department, who witnessed Appellant 

approach the intersection from a vantage point 75 to 100 yards north of the intersection on FM 

544, conceded that Appellant made a complete stop at the intersection, but testified at the 

suppression hearing that Appellant never signaled his intent to turn, either with a blinker or a 

hand signal. Sgt. Henderson admitted that his view of the 100-foot strip of roadway leading up 

to the stop sign was partially obstructed by trees, but insisted that he was able to view enough of 

the road to allow him to determine whether Appellant had committed a traffic offense. Sgt. 
3

Henderson further testified that Appellant admitted that he failed to signal the turn. In describing 

the intersection, Sgt. Henderson stated that a driver who did not turn in either direction at the 

intersection but instead attempted to drive straight on the same path he had taken along Vinson 

Road “would drive off in the ditch” located opposite the stop sign.

Based on his observation, Sgt. Henderson initiated a traffic stop for failure to signal his 

intent to turn. Appellant failed a field sobriety test and exhibited several signs of intoxication. 

Sgt. Henderson arrested Appellant on suspicion of DWI.

Procedural History

This appeal arises after Appellant’s second trial in this matter. During the first trial, “[a] 

jury convicted appellant of driving while intoxicated after the trial judge denied his motion to 

suppress evidence obtained from a search warrant for blood.” Crider v. State, 352 S.W.3d 704, 

705 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011)(Crider I). The Dallas Court of Appeals affirmed his conviction, id., 

but the Court of Criminal Appeals reversed, holding that the warrant authorizing a DWI blood 

draw was unsupported by probable cause because the officer’s affidavit did not specify how 

much time had passed between the arrest and the warrant request. Id. at 710-11. On remand, the 

State retried Appellant for DWI (Crider II). At pretrial, Appellant again moved to suppress, this 

time on the basis that the police officer had no reasonable suspicion or probable cause justifying 

the initial traffic stop. The trial court denied Appellant’s motion to suppress, and a jury later 

convicted him of DWI. This appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

In three issues, Appellant challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress the 

evidentiary fruits of Sgt. Henderson’s traffic stop, contending that he was not required to use a 

signal at the intersection because he did not make a “turn” at the intersection, and, alternatively, 
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that the trial court erred by crediting Sgt. Henderson’s testimony over his own on the question of 

signal usage. We address these issues in turn.

Standard of Review

“Before making a traffic stop, an officer must have reasonable suspicion that some crime 

was, or is about to be, committed.” Kelly v. State, 413 S.W.3d 164, 169 (Tex.App.--Beaumont 

2013, no pet.). “When an officer observes a driver commit a traffic offense, reasonable 

suspicion exists to justify stopping the driver.” Id. at 170. Absent reasonable suspicion, a 

warrantless traffic stop is an unreasonable seizure in violation of the Fourth Amendment, and a 

defendant may move to suppress the evidentiary fruits of that stop. See Derichsweiler v. State, 

348 S.W.3d 906, 914 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011); Bishop v. State, 85 S.W.3d 819, 822 

(Tex.Crim.App. 2002).

We review the trial court’s suppression ruling under a bifurcated standard, assessing “a 

trial court’s determination of historical facts” for abuse of discretion “and reviewing de novo the 

court’s application of the law of search and seizure.” Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 327 

(Tex.Crim.App. 2000). Here, the issue of whether a driver’s particular movement constituted a 

“turn” requiring a signal under the Texas Transportation Code is a question of law we review de 

novo. See Mahaffey v. State, 316 S.W.3d 633, 637 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010). Whether a driver 

actually signaled, when required to do so, is a question of historical fact reviewed for abuse of 

discretion. See Carmouche, 10 S.W.3d at 327. “Appellate courts view the evidence in the light 

most favorable to the trial judge’s ruling-whether he grants or denies the motion.” State v. 

Duran, 396 S.W.3d 563, 571 (Tex.Crim.App. 2013). Although “we generally consider only 

evidence adduced at the suppression hearing” in reviewing the trial court’s suppression ruling, 

we may properly consider relevant trial evidence where, as in this case, “the State raises the issue 
5

at trial either without objection or with subsequent participation in the inquiry by the defense,” as 

“the defendant has [then] made an election to re-open the evidence” and the parties effectively 

have chosen to re-litigate the suppression issue at trial. Rachal v. State, 917 S.W.2d 799, 809 

(Tex.Crim.App. 1996); see also Webb v. State, 760 S.W.2d 263, 273 n.13 (Tex.Crim.App. 

1988).2

Failure to Signal a Turn

In Issue One, Appellant argues that his lateral movement at the Y-shaped intersection did 

not constitute a “turn” because he did not change direction at a 90-degree angle or move out of 

the direct course of traffic. In Issue Two, Appellant alternatively contends that if the movement 

did constitute a turn, no signal was required because his was the only vehicle on the road. We 

disagree with Appellant on both counts.

The Texas Transportation Code requires drivers to use either a hand signal or a vehicle’s 

signal lights “to indicate an intention to turn, change lanes, or start from a parked position.” 

TEX.TRANSP.CODE ANN. §§ 545.104(a), 545.106(a)(West 2011). A driver must give the signal 

continuously for a distance of at least 100 feet before turning. TEX.TRANSP.CODE ANN.

§ 545.104(b). The phrase “turn” is undefined in the Transportation Code and amenable to the 

traditional canons of statutory construction. Mahaffey, 316 S.W.3d at 638. In constructing 

Section 545.104(a), Appellant urges us to resort to the rule of lenity, which states that “criminal 

statutes outside the [P]enal [C]ode must be construed strictly, with any doubt resolved in favor of 

the accused.” State v. Johnson, 219 S.W.3d 386, 388 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007); see also Cuellar v. 

State, 70 S.W.3d 815, 819 n.6 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002).

 

2 Appellant asserts that we may also review the evidence from the Crider I suppression hearing in making our 

determination. Appellant cites no case law in support of that proposition, and in any event, the trial records from 

Crider I do not appear in the Court’s case file and does not appear to have been designated as part of the record in 

this appeal. As such, we are limited to considering evidence in the record before us.
6

The rule of lenity applies only when a statute is ambiguous. Johnson, 219 S.W.3d at 388. 

However, the Court of Criminal Appeals has previously held that the word “turn” this provision 

of the Transportation Code is not ambiguous, but rather that it possesses the meaning assigned to 

it by “common usage.” Mahaffey, 316 S.W.3d at 638. The Court further noted that although a 

driver need not “signal any movement that is not a perfectly straight trajectory[,]” id. at 640 

[Emphasis added]:

The word ‘turn’ is not a legal term of art—it has no ‘acquired technical meaning.’ 

‘Turn’ has many dictionary meanings, but, in the context of driving, ‘turn’ means 

to change directions—to turn the vehicle from a direct course of the roadway.

You either turn left, or you turn right out of the direct course or flow of normal 

traffic.

Mahaffey, 316 S.W.3d at 639.

We defer to the Court of Criminal Appeals’ definition of “turn” as articulated in 

Mahaffey. In reviewing the evidence in the record in light of this definition, we believe that 

Appellant’s motion constituted a “turn” under the Transportation Code. The record here 

indicates that the direct flow of traffic on Vinson Road appears to terminate at the stop sign, 

when the road essentially splits into FM 544 and County Line Road. Although the right turn 

from Vinson Road onto County Line Road is at a steeper angle than the turn from the same road 

onto FM 544, all three roads are “equally travelled roads,” and because a ditch lies opposite the 

stop sign, a driver on Vinson Road stopped at the intersection stop sign must clearly make a 

choice: turn left or turn right. By definition, any rational movement Appellant made would have 

constituted a deviation from the direct flow of traffic because the direct flow of traffic terminated 

at the stop sign. We are unconvinced on the record presented that traffic from Vinson Road 

“merges” onto FM 544 so as to fall outside the definition of a turn. Compare Mahaffey, 316 

S.W.3d at 643 (where roadblock forces traffic in right lane to merge with traffic in left lane, there 
7

is no “turn” requiring a signal because driver never technically leaves the direct course of traffic 

on the altered roadway).

Appellant cites Trahan v. State, 16 S.W.3d 146, 147 (Tex.App.--Beaumont 2000, no 

pet.), for the proposition that a turn only occurs when a vehicle changes direction at a 90-degree 

angle. In Trahan, the Beaumont Court of Appeals commented that “a ninety degree turn is 

exactly the type of turn contemplated” by the Transportation Code. Id. However, the fact that 

the arc at which Appellant’s vehicle traveled was not precisely 90 degrees is irrelevant to the 

question of whether Appellant turned under statute. Reha v. State, 99 S.W.3d 373, 376 

(Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 2003, no pet.); Krug v. State, 86 S.W.3d 764, 766–67 (Tex.App.--

El Paso 2002, pet. ref’d). Further, the Beaumont Court of Appeals has recognized that its 

comment in Trahan about ninety degree angles was dicta, and “that a turn need not be ninety 

degrees to require a signal.” Kelly, 413 S.W.3d at 171.

We will not wade into the debate about how narrow an angle must be before it becomes 

apparent that one road at a junction is not a turn but actually the “main road” through which the 

normal flow of traffic passes. On the evidence presented, we see two equally worn paths 

diverging in separate directions at a stop sign, with no indication that the flow of northeast-bound 

traffic on Vinson Road tends to go either way as a matter of course. As such, we find that 

Appellant’s leftward motion onto FM 544 following a complete stop at a Y-shaped intersection 

that presented an election of two potential, equally-travelled routes constituted a change in 

direction, rendering it a “turn” as contemplated under the Transportation Code.

As for Appellant’s argument that he did not have to signal a turn at that intersection 

because he was alone on a “back country road” shortly before midnight, we find it to be without 

merit. Although a prior 1970’s version of the Transportation Code required a signal only if other 
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traffic would be affected by the driver’s movement, the statute has since been amended to 

eliminate that exception. See Mahaffey, 316 S.W.3d at 642 n.46. “The plain language of the 

[current] statute requires the driver to signal for a turn. It does not include exceptions for those 

situations in which no one is behind the driver or there is only one direction to turn.” Williams v. 

State, No. 05-02-00314-CR, 2002 WL 31521373, at *2 (Tex.App.--Dallas Nov. 14, 2002, pet. 

ref’d)(not designated for publication). Appellant had a duty to signal 100 feet before the 

intersection as a matter of law, regardless of surrounding road conditions.

Issues One and Two are overruled.

Credibility of Officer Testimony

We next address the issue of whether Appellant complied with his duty to signal at the 

intersection. In Issue Three, Appellant challenges the trial court’s adverse finding on the issue of 

signal usage. Appellant concedes that he failed to signal a turn using his blinker, but maintains 

that he did properly signal a turn using his hand, which he is accustomed to doing as an “avid 

bicyclist.” The State likewise concedes that a driver may properly use a hand signal to comply 

with Section 545.104’s signaling requirement, see TEX.TRANSP.CODE ANN. § 545.106(a), but it 

contends that the trial court was free to resolve conflicting testimony about whether Appellant 

actually used a proper hand signal against Appellant, even though Sgt. Henderson’s view of the 

100-foot strip leading up to the Vinson Road stop sign at night was partially obscured by trees. 

We agree with the State.

“Appellate courts afford almost total deference to the trial judge’s determination of facts 

(if those facts are supported by the record) when they review a suppression ruling.” Duran, 396 

S.W.3d at 570. Here, the issue of whether Appellant used a signal turns on whether the trial 

court believed Sgt. Henderson’s testimony that he could see enough of Appellant’s approach to 
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identify a traffic violation, despite the obstruction and low lighting. The trial court explicitly 

stated that it found Sgt. Henderson to be a credible witness and that his testimony was believable. 

It also found that Sgt. Henderson had a “clear view” of Appellant’s approach to the stop sign, 

and that Appellant failed to signal the turn. Because this issue is one involving credibility and 

demeanor, we defer to the trial court’s fact-finding and find that it did not abuse its discretion.

Issue Three is overruled. We affirm Appellant’s conviction.

_/s/ Yvonne T. Rodriguez___________

June 30, 2014 YVONNE T. RODRIGUEZ, Justice

Before McClure, C.J., Rivera, and Rodriguez, JJ.

(Do Not Publish)