IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

TIMOTHY J. HARRIS,

Petitioner,

v.

HARRIS FRC CORPORATION, a New 

Jersey Corporation,

Respondent.

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C.A. No. 2019-0736-JTL

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Date Submitted: December 31, 2020

Date Decided: January 7, 2021

Joel Friedlander, Christopher M. Foulds, Christopher Quinn, FRIEDLANDER & 

GORRIS, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; Attorneys for Petitioner.

Maura L. Burke, Courtney A. Emerson, Katelyn M. Crawford, FOX ROTHSCHILD LLP, 

Wilmington, Delaware; Emily A. Kaller, GREENBAUM, ROWE, SMITH & DAVIS LLP, 

Woodbridge, New Jersey; Attorneys for Respondent.

LASTER, V.C.
1

The petitioner in this appraisal proceeding, Timothy Harris, moved to modify the 

confidentiality order entered in this action so that he can assert plenary claims, including 

claims for breach of fiduciary duty. Harris maintains that discovery revealed evidence of 

misconduct by the controlling stockholder of respondent Harris FRC Corporation (the 

“Company”) and three individuals who work with her. 

The confidentiality order states that discovery material “shall be used solely for 

purposes of this Litigation and shall not be used for any other purpose, including, without 

limitation, any business or commercial purpose, or any other litigation or proceeding.” Dkt. 

11 ¶ 9 (the “Use Restriction”). The confidentiality order defines “this Litigation” as the 

appraisal proceeding. Id. at 1. Accordingly, absent modification, the Use Restriction 

prevents Harris from using discovery material subject to the confidentiality order to pursue 

other claims. 

“[A] trial court retains the jurisdiction and authority to enforce, modify, or terminate 

any confidentiality order it has entered.” Hallett v. Carnet Hldg. Corp., 809 A.2d 1159, 

1162 (Del. 2002); accord Miles Inc. v. Cookson Am., Inc., 1993 WL 547186, at *5 (Del. 

Ch. Dec. 30, 1993) (“It is clear, however, that a trial court has discretion to modify a 

protective order.”). “As in the creation of a protective order, modification is within the 

sound discretion of the court.” Wolhar v. Gen. Motors Corp., 712 A.2d 464, 468–69 (Del. 

Super. 1997), aff’d, 734 A.2d 161 (Del. 1999) (ORDER).

In Wolhar, the Delaware Superior Court adopted the “lenient test for modification” 

described by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit:
2

[T]he appropriate approach in considering motions to modify confidentiality 

orders is to use the same balancing test that is used in determining whether 

to grant such orders in the first instance, with one difference: one of the 

factors the court should consider . . . is the reliance by the original parties on 

the confidentiality order. The parties’ reliance on an order, however, should 

not be outcome determinative, and should be only one factor that a court 

considers . . . .

712 A.2d at 469 (alteration and omissions in original) (quoting Pansy v. Borough of 

Stroudsburg, 23 F.3d 772, 790 (3d Cir. 1994)). The movants in Wolhar were non-parties 

who sought to modify a confidentiality order to obtain documents generated in discovery 

in Delaware for use in connection with “essentially identical” claims they had brought 

against the defendants in other jurisdictions. Id. at 466. The court granted the modification, 

reasoning that “[a]ny prejudice . . . is diminished, if not eliminated[,] by the fact that 

documents produced . . . would not be made public and would be subject to the 

confidentiality conditions articulated in the original protective order.” Id. at 468–69.

Under Court of Chancery Rule 5.1, a party “seeking to obtain or maintain 

Confidential Treatment always bears the burden of establishing good cause for 

Confidential Treatment.” Under Wolhar, the operative standard for modifying a 

confidentiality order is the same as the test for entering one: good cause shown, taking into 

account multiple factors including the possibility of reliance on the existing order.

The Delaware Supreme Court has recognized that the appraisal remedy can enable 

a petitioner to uncover fraud and wrongdoing that otherwise might not be identified, 

because “only shareholders pursuing discovery during an appraisal proceeding are likely 

to acquire the relevant information needed to pursue a fraud action if such information 

exists.” Cede & Co. v. Technicolor, Inc., 542 A.2d 1182, 1189 (Del. 1988); see also 
3

Weinberger v. UOP, Inc., 457 A.2d 701, 714 (Del. 1983) (“The appraisal remedy . . . may 

not be adequate in certain cases, particularly where fraud, misrepresentation, self-dealing, 

deliberate waste of corporate assets, or gross and palpable overreaching are involved.”). In 

part because the high court viewed appraisal actions as serving this important public policy, 

the justices held that a stockholder who had demanded appraisal and pursued an appraisal 

proceeding could subsequently file and simultaneously litigate a breach of fiduciary action 

based on information uncovered in the appraisal proceeding. Cede, 542 A.2d at 1188–89. 

The high court explained that “to bar those seeking appraisal from asserting a laterdiscovered fraud claim may effectively immunize a controlling shareholder from 

answering to a fraud claim.” Id. at 1189. The Delaware Supreme Court concluded that an 

appraisal petitioner “should be permitted to exercise its appraisal rights while seeking 

rescissory damages in a consolidated action, subject to the limitation of a single recovery 

judgment.” Id. at 1192.

Harris has carried his burden to justify modifying the confidentiality order. Harris 

originally sought to use the tools at hand to explore possible wrongdoing at the Company. 

Eleven days after he served a demand under Section 220 to obtain books and records, the 

Company reincorporated in New Jersey through a merger. The Company then rejected 

Harris’s demand. Pet. ¶¶ 35–37; Dkt. 14 ¶ 8. Because the merger gave rise to appraisal 

rights, Harris sought appraisal of one share of stock while “reserv[ing] all rights to assert 

additional claims in due course.” Pet. ¶ 3. 

Under Cede, Harris had the right to seek appraisal and to use the information he 

obtained in discovery to assert additional claims. Good cause therefore exists to modify the 
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confidentiality order to broaden the definition of “Litigation” to include other claims that 

Harris may bring against the Company. Nor is there any reason why the modification 

should be a one-way street. To the extent the Company has claims against Harris, it can 

use discovery material obtained from Harris to assert those claims. Both sides know about 

the discovery material. They can use it in their mutual litigation efforts against each other.

Modifying the confidentiality order in this fashion will not threaten to expose the 

parties’ confidential information to public view. Harris has not asked the court to vacate 

any of the Company’s confidentiality designations, and the court is not taking that step. 

Harris must continue to comply with the strictures of the confidentiality order, meaning he 

must seek leave to file his claims confidentially and otherwise preserve the confidentiality 

of the information. The same is true for the Company. This ruling only modifies the Use 

Restriction.

The Company responds that it will suffer prejudice because Harris will be able to 

assert additional claims. A confidentiality order is not a covenant not to sue. A 

confidentiality order protects information when “the public interest in access to Court 

proceedings is outweighed by the harm that public disclosure of sensitive, non-public 

information would cause.” Ch. Ct. R. 5.1(b)(2). That interest is preserved by keeping the 

confidentiality order in place, subject to modifying the Use Restriction to broaden the 

definition of Litigation. See Wolhar, 712 A.2d at 468–69.

To support its argument that the confidentiality order should not be modified, the 

Company relies on LVI Group Investments, LLC v. NCM Group Holdings, LLC, 2017 WL 

5989047 (Del. Ch. Dec. 4, 2017). There, the parties to a consolidation asserted fraud claims 
5

against each other. After obtaining discovery under a confidentiality order, the plaintiff 

sought to modify the order so it could assert fraud claims against individuals in Illinois and 

New York. Id. at *1. This court denied the request, crediting on the facts presented that the 

defendant had “tailored [its] approach to discovery in reliance on the protective order’s 

assurance that [it] would not have to face the burden and expense of litigation outside of 

Delaware.” Id. at *2 (internal quotation marks omitted). The court found that the 

modification would result in “significant prejudice” if the court “declined to enforce an 

agreed-upon protective order that ensured neither party would have to bear the cost of 

litigating related claims outside of Delaware.” Id. 

In this case, there is no similarly credible claim of prejudice. The Company was on 

notice that discovery in the appraisal proceeding could be used at a later date to assert 

plenary claims. Cede stands for that proposition, and this court has addressed a series of 

plenary cases that grew out of appraisal claims.1 Harris also reserved his right to assert 

1 See, e.g., Virtus Cap. L.P. v. Eastman Chem., 2015 WL 580553, at *10 (Del. Ch. 

Feb. 11, 2015) (denying motion to dismiss in plenary action, noting that the stockholder 

plaintiff had filed an appraisal proceeding and that “[i]n the appraisal action, [the plaintiff] 

obtained the discovery that forms the basis for the Complaint’s allegations”); In re Orchard 

Enters., Inc. S’holder Litig., 88 A.3d 1, 16 (Del. Ch. 2014) (addressing plenary action 

against controlling stockholder filed two months after determination of fair value in 

appraisal action where complaint relied on discovery in appraisal action, including 

testimony); In re Trados Inc. S’holder Litig., 73 A.3d 17, 34 (Del. Ch. Aug. 16, 2013) 

(noting that plaintiff filed a plenary lawsuit “based on discovery from the appraisal 

action”). See generally In re Columbia Pipeline Gp., Inc., 2018 WL 4182207, at *3–4 (Del. 

Ch. Aug. 30, 2018) (rejecting argument that Delaware case law suggests an intent to 

prevent information uncovered in an appraisal proceeding from being used in plenary

litigation).
6

other claims when demanding appraisal. The Use Restriction does not create any contrary 

expectation; it is a standard term designed to ensure that the parties only use discoverable 

information for purposes of litigation. It is not a constructive covenant not to sue, nor is it 

a constructive forum selection clause. In any event, the latter concern does not exist in this 

case, because Harris has indicated that he intends to file his plenary claims in this court.2

Finally, Harris seeks guidance on whether he should assert his plenary claims by 

amending his petition in this action or whether he should file a separate action, then moving 

for consolidation. Dkt. 143 ¶ 6. Delaware authority conflicts on this subject,3 but the 

2 The Company cites two federal cases that it claims should lead to the denial of 

Harris’s motion. Neither case is on point. The Company claims that the first federal case 

supports the proposition that “resolution of any dispute [involving a] protective order 

should be resolved under contract principles.” Dkt. 115 ¶ 6 (quoting Poliquin v. Garden 

Way, Inc., 989 F.2d 527, 537 (1st Cir. 1993) (Keeton, J., dissenting) (alteration in 

original)). Poliquin involved a post-settlement dispute over whether the plaintiffs’ 

attorneys could send materials obtained in discovery to other potential plaintiffs. Poliquin,

989 F.2d at 530 (“[P]laintiffs’ counsel suggested that material offered in evidence would 

be freed from further restriction, so he could send such material to other plaintiffs who had 

similar cases.”); see also id. at 531 (“There is no hint that the [plaintiffs] themselves have 

any practical interest in the outcome of the appeal, but as they are formally subject to 

protective orders entered in their case, we see no lack of standing to seek appellate 

review.”). The Company relies on language from the dissent, not the holding, and the 

language in question addressed whether the order should be interpreted using contract 

principles given that the underlying dispute was moot. That issue is not relevant here. The 

Company also cites a second federal case for the proposition that “courts are generally 

reluctant to disturb the contractual terms negotiated by sophisticated parties.” Dkt. 115 ¶ 6 

(quoting Ellipso, Inc. v. Mann, 541 F. Supp. 2d 365, 372 (D.D.C. 2008) (alteration 

omitted)). That case did not involve a dispute over a confidentiality order. The quotation 

addressed the plaintiff’s claim that the terms of a loan agreement were unconscionable. Id.

3 Compare Cede, 542 A.2d at 1189–90 (Del. 1988) (“If shareholders are permitted 

to litigate fraud claims in appraisal proceedings, shareholders not seeking appraisal would 

be required to litigate ‘entire fairness’ claims identical to the claims litigated by 

shareholders with perfected appraisal rights but through separate actions. This would create 
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outcome will be the same in any event. Harris accordingly has leave to amend his petition 

in this case to assert plenary claims in addition to his appraisal claim. See Nagy, 770 A.2d 

at 58.

a substantial risk of inconsistent judgments and raise issues of collateral estoppel.”), with 

Nagy v. Bistricer, 770 A.2d 43, 58 (Del. Ch. 2000) (declining to read Cede as stating “an 

inflexible rule that a complaint may never raise both an appraisal and a breach of fiduciary 

[duty] claim” because “[i]n this case, there is no distinction in identity between those 

plaintiffs seeking appraisal and those raising equitable claims” and “there is no chance that 

the case will proceed without necessary parties before the court or that the case will subject 

defendants to improper forms of liability”).