# Description 

1 Air Carrier Certificate- 4 pp 

2 OS A023 DTD 11/17/2011 - excepts, Ch 2 - 14 pp 

3 Photo N425SW rt wing- 20111207- 1 pp 

4a Schematic of SLC- 1 pp UNMARKED 

4b Schematic of SLC- 1 pp MARKED 

SkyWest Airlines FAA. 2013 ~ 0292 

Agency Exhibits 

5 Cert copy Weather data SLC 2011120700-2011120808- 2 pp 

6 Tail Audit Report N426SW - 6 pp 

7 Dispatch release N426SW 07DEC111334Z- 1 pp 

8 NO EXHIBIT 

9 Photo N425SW rt fuselage - 20111207 - 1 pp 

10 2150.3B took judicial notice 

11 NASA Contractor Rpt 3129- 7 pp 

12 CV Roy Rasmussen -

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ID IN 

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US.DepOrtmenr . 

c:llronsportotion' 

· Federal AViaflon . .AdmWstn:rriOn . 

... 

.· .· 

.·-· Air Ca.rrier c·erf.ificate 

. . 

... -

This certifies th.at 

SlcYwEST AIRLINES~ me . 4.44 SOUT.H· RIVEll ROAD 

ST. GEORGE, UTAH .. 84790 ·. 

. . :(J<, 

· .. '. . . · 

has met-the requirements of the Ff:;de-;al Aviation Act of 1958, as ar:nenped, and the rules, · · 

regulations, ·and standards prescribed thereunder for the issuance of this certificate and is 

hereby authorized to operate:as aq air carrier and_conduct common carriage oper~tions in 

accordanc·e with said Act and the rules, regulations, and standards prescribed thereunder . 

arid thp. ferms, conditions, and limitations conti:Hned in the. approved operations specifications. 

!1' . . . . . .· . 

· This certificate is not transferable and;· unless sooner surrendered, suspended, or revoked,.=· 

shall continue in effect indefinitely. · · . ·. 

. Cer1i1icate ·number:· · SYI.AOl U 

Effective date:FE13RU.ARY 1 a; .. l 989 

REISSUE DECEMBER 6, 2007 

Issued af __ ....:NM:.=.:..: 0:..::6_. ___ _ 

of the Administrator.· 

BRADLEY D. PEARSoN 

. . ·(Signaturf!#J. · 

MANAGER. 

·· · (Title) 

NOR'J'ffi.."EST MOUNTAIN REGIOB· 

{Region/ Office) 

·, . ... 

·. : .· 

·-v\O .. . 

~ \i.--\0 · .... / . 

#,)~\ FAA Form 8430-18 (6·87) 

EXHIBIT 

~ I . i ------
U.S. Department 

of Transportation 

Federal Aviation 

Administration Operations Specifications 

AOOl . Issuance and Applicability HQ Control: 05/09/2003 

HQ Revision: 02c 

a. These operations specifications are issued to SkyWest Airlines, Inc. , whose principal base of 

operation is located at: 

Primary Business Address: 

444 South River Road 

St. George, Utah 84790 

Mailing Address: 

444 South River Road 

St. George, Utah 84790 

The holder of these operations specifications is the holder of Certificate Number SWIAOIIA 

and shall hereafter be referred to as the certificate holder. The certificate holder is authorized 

to conduct: 

Domestic operations Common carriage 119.21(a)(l)- and provided, at all 

in pursuant to Domestic (D) times, the certificate 

Title 14 Code · h0lder has 

of Federal appropriate written 

Regulations economic authority 

(CFR) Section issued by the 

Department of 

Transportation. 

Flag operations Common carriage 119.21(a)(2)- Flag and provided, at all 

in pursuant to (F) times, the certificate 

Title 14 Code holder has 

of Federal appropriate written 

Regulations economic authority 

(CFR) Section issued by the 

Department of 

Transportation. 

Supplemental operations Common carriage 119.21(a)(3)- and provided, at all 

in p'ijrsuant to Supplemental (S) times, the certificate 

Title 14 Code holder has 

of Federal appropriate written 

Regulations economic authority 

(CFR) Section issued by the 

Department of 

Transportation. 

The certificate holder shall conduct these kinds of operations in accordance with. the specific 

authorizations, limitations, and procedures in these operations specifications and all appropriate 

Parts ofthe CPR. · 

b. These operations specifications are effective as of the "Date Approval is effective" listed in 

each paragraph and shall remain in effect as long as the certificate holder continues to meet the 

requirements of Part 119 as specified for certification. 

c. The certificate holder is authorized to conduct the operations described in subparagraph a under 

the following other business names: 

Print Date: 11/17/2011 AOOl-1 Certificate No.: SWIAOllA 

Sky West Airlines, Inc. 

.. 
U.S. Department 

of Transportation 

Federal Aviation 

Administration 

Delta Connection 

SkyWest Airlines 

United Express 

Operations Specifications 

Alaska Airlines, operated by 

SkyWest Airlines 

US Airways Express, operated by 

Sky West 

d. The certificate holder is authorized to conduct flights under 14 CFR Part 91 for crewm.ember 

training, maintenance tests, ferrying, re~positioning, and the carriage of company officials using 

the applicable authorizations in these operations specifications, without obtaining a Letter of 

Authorization, provided the flights are not conducted for compensation or hire and no charge of 

any kind is made for the conduct of the flights. 

1. Issued by the Federal Aviation Administration. 

2. Support information reference: 

3. These Operations Specifications are approved by direction of the Administrator. 

2011.11.21 10:16:51 Central Standard Time 

Location: WebOPSS 

.Digitally signed by Andrew Ayers, 

Principal Operations [nspector (NM06) 

4. Date Approval is effective: 11/17/2011 Amendment Number: 13 

5. I hereby accept and receive the Operations Specifications in this paragraph. 

Brooks, Klen, Vice President Flight Operations 

2011.11.17 16:24:44 CentraJ Standard Time 

Location: 'iliTcbOPSS 

.Digitally signed by Klen P Broo.ks on behalf of 

Brooks. Klen, Vice .President Flight Operations 

Print Date: 11/17/2011 A001-2 

SkyWest Airlines, Inc. 

Date: 11117/2011 

Certificate No.: SWIAOllA 
U.S. Department 

of Transportation 

Federal Aviation 

Administration 

. DOSS . Aircraft Listing 

Operations Specifications 

HQ Control: 09/18/2001 

HQ Revision: 02b 

The certificate holder is authorized to conduct operations under 14 CPR Part 121 using the aircraft 

identified on this operations specification. 

Registration No. 

N403SW 

N405SW 

N408SW 

N409SW 

N410SW 

N411SW 

N412SW 

N413SW 

N416SW 

N417SW 

N418SW 

N423SW 

N426SW 

N427SW 

N429SW 

N430SW. 

N431SW 

N432SW 

N433SW 

N435SW 

N437SW 

N438SW 

N439SW 

N440SW 

. N441SW 

N442SW 

N443SW 

N445SW 

N446SW 

N447SW 

N448SW 

N449SW 

N452SW 

Print Date: 12/9/2011 

Serial No. Nose Number; 

If Applicable 

7028 403SW 

7029 405SW 

7055 408SW 

7056 409SW 

7066 410SW 

7067 411SW 

7101 412SW 

7102 . 4138.\V 

7089 416SW 

7400 417SW 

7446 418SW 

7456 423SW 

7468 426SW 

7497 427SW 

7518 429SW 

7523 430SW 

7536 431SW 

7548 432SW 

7550 433SW 

7555 435SW 

7564. 437SW 

7574 438SW 

7578 439SW 

7589 440SW 

7602 441SW 

7609 . 442SW 

7638 443SW 

7651 . 445SW 

7666 446SW 

7677 447SW 

7678 448SW 

7699 449SW 

7716 452SW 

D085-1 

SkyWest Airlines, Inc. 

Aircraft M/M/S 

CL-600-2B 19 

CL-600-2B19 

CL-600-2B19 

CL-600-2B19 

CL-600-2B 19 

. CL-600-2B19 

CL-600-2:819 

CL-600-2B19 

CL-600-2B19 

CL-600-2B19 

CL-600-2B19 

CL-600-2B19 

CL-600-2B 19 

CL-600-2B19 

CL-600-2B 19 

. CL-600-2B 19 

CL-600-2B 19 

CL-600-2B 19 

CL-600-2B 19 

CL-600-2B 19 

CL-600-2B 19 

CL-600-2B 19 

CL-600-2B 19 

CL-600-2B19 

CL-600-2B19 

CL-600-2B19 

CL-600-2B19 

CL-600-2B 19 

CL-600-2B19 

CL-600-2B 19 

CL-600-2B 19 

CL-600-2B 19 

CL-600-2B 19 

Certificate No.: SWIAOllA 
U.S. Department 

of Transportation 

Federal Aviation 

Administration Operations Specifications 

A023 . Authorization to Use an Approved Procedure for 

Determining Operations During Ground Icing 

Conditions 

HQ Control: 02/10/1998 

·Hq~evfsiotf:··· ·o2b -------- ---------

The certificate holder is authorized to use the following approved procedure, as applicable, to 

determine operations during ground icing conditions as described below. 

a. Approved ground deicing/anti-icing program. (1) The certificate holder is authorized to use the 

following approved ground deicing/anti-icing program described or referenced in this paragraph. 

Skywest Airlines Ground Deicing Program Manual SP 2800 

US Airways Express Ground Deicing Manual 

The US Airways Express Ground Deicing Manual is specific to US Airways Express operations 

only. 

Sky West Airlines is authorized to use the approved Sky West Pretakeo.fJContamination Check 

Procedure for the CL-600-2Cl 0 and CL-600-2D24 aircraft when the published holdover time 

(HOT) has been exceeded and conditions conducive to icing are present. 

All other Sky West aircraft that exceed the published holdover time (HOT) and remain in 

conditions conducive to icing are required to be deiced again prior to takeoff 

1. Issued by the Federal Aviation Administration . 

2. Support information reference: 

3. These Operations Specifications are approved by direction of the Administrator. 

2011.11.21 10:19:09 Central Standard T:h11e 

Location: WebOPSS 

Digitally signed by Andrew Ayers, 

Principal Operations Inspector (NM06) 

4. Date Approval is effective: 11/17/2011 Amendment Number: 10 

5. I hereby accept and receive the Operations Specifications in this paragraph. 

Brooks, Klen, Vice President Flight Operations 

2011.11.17 16:25:57 Central Standard T:h11e 

Location: WebOPSS 

Dig.itaJly signed by KJen P Broo.ks on behalf of 

Brooks, I<len, Vice President Flight Operations 

Print Date: 11/17/2011 A023-1 

SkyWest Airlines, Inc. 

Date: 11117/2011 

Certificate No.: SW1A011A 

· ..EXHIBIT 

2 
DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS, AND ABBREVIA) 10NS 

STANDARD PRACTICE 2800 

·Chapter 2 

Page: 2-1 

Revision: · 06 

· Date: . 15 OCT 11 

Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations 

Paragraph Page 

1. De~initions ............................................................................................................. 2-1 

2. Acronyms ..........•..................................................................................•............... 2-13 

1. Definitions 

active frost 

a. A frost condition that is actively forming crystals, gaining in mass and thickness, 

and is considered a precipitation condition. This phenomenon occurs when 

aircraft surfaces are at or below ooc (32°F) and at or below dew point. HOTs 

·are for active frost conditions. · 

---·--.,-·--·---------·------· ------ advisory circular, acronym AC 

a. Communication or publication to provide guidelines on how to comply with Civil 

Aviation Rules. · · 

__ ___, __________ _ Aerospace Material Specification, acronym AMS 

a. Standards and specifications for. aerospace and aircraft industry, typically 

published by SAE International. 

----·-w..., .. ______ ' ---------·---~....._----:"~-·-----...~~._._-

Aerospace Recommended Practice, acronym ARP 

·a. Guidelines for design and production of aircraft and aircraft avionics systems. 

Aircraft Flight Manual, acronym AFM 

a. A flight manual required before any person may operate an aircraft, per Section 

91.9 of the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs). 

I. ~ 

------· 

Air Traffic Control, acronym ATC 

a. A government system responsible for controlling air traffic by regulating aircraft 

arrivals and departures, providing safe, orderly, and expeditious movement of 

aircraft. Air Traffic Control's main function is to maintain separation between 

aircraft operating within Instrument Flight Rules (IFR). Also provides a service to 

. aircraft using Visual Flight Rules (VFR). Ground control is for aircraft taxiing to 

and from runways. The tower controls aircraft around an airport, clearing them for 

takeoff or landing. Departure and approach controls monitor and control aircraft 

around the airport, and en route centers control traffic between airports. 

Alaska Airlines, acronym AS 

a. A major airline carrier based 'in the Seattle suburb of Seattle/Tacoma, Washington. 

·--------·--·------------------· ---·----.. 

GROUND DEICING PROGRAM MANUAL CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS, AND 

ABBREVIATIONS 
DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS, AND ABBREVIAl!ONS 

STANDARD PRACTICE 2800 

(a) This aircraft is type·certificated as a CL~600-2C1 0. 

(3) CRJ 900 

(a) This aircraft is type certificated as a CL-600-2024. 

Celsius, acronym C 

Page: 2-3 

Revision: 06 

Date:- 16 OCT 11 

a. A sc~le for measuring temperature in which water freezes at oo and boils at 1 ooo. 

Certificate Management Office, acronym CMO 

a. The offices employing FAA·personnel who specialize in the certification, 

surveillance, and inspection of major air carriers and Flight Safety International's 

Part 142 Training Center~. . 

certified contract station trainer, acronym CCST 

a. Another air carrier's customer service employee certified by a SkyWest instructor 

to teach the other air carrier's employees on SkyWest procedures. 

certified station trainer, acronym CST 

a. A SkyWest customer service employee certified to teach and train other SkyWest 

employees on procedures. 

clean aircraft concept 

a. The Ground Deicing Program (GOP) uses the clean aircraft concept, which means 

an aircraft may not takeoff when frost, ice, or snow is adhering to the wings, control 

surfaces, propellers, engine inlets, and other critical surfaces of the aircraft. 

cold soaked. 

a. The wings of aircraft are cold soaked when they contain very cold fuel as a result 

of having just landed after a flight at high altitude or from having been refueled 

with very cold fuel. Whenever precipitation falls on a cold soaked aircraft when 

on the ground, clear icing may occur. Even in ambient temperatures between 

-2°C and +15°C, ice qr frost can form in the presence of visible moisture or high 

humidity if the aircraft structure remains at ooc or below. Clear ice is very difficult 

to detect visually and may break loose during. or after takeoff. 

cold soak ice 

a. Water that sublimates directly from a vapor state to a solid state onto the surface 

of the wing when there is enough water vapor present in the air to forrn ice, and 

the airframe and bulk fuel temperatures are at or below 0°C (32°F). This presents 

a hazard as it may occur while outside air temperatures are above freezing and 

therefore is unexpected. This condition typically produces a clear ice film that 

is very difficult to identify; especially during precipitation. Frost may also be 

produced by these conditions. ______________ u __________________ _ 

.GROUND DEICING PROGRAM MANUAL CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS, AND 

ABBREVIATIONS 
DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS, AND ABBREVIAltONS 

STANDARD PRACTICE 2800 

Page: 2-4 

Revision: 06 

Date: 15 OCT 11 

cold soaking 

a. Cold soaking can cause frost and ice to form on the upper and lower wing due to 

conditions of rain or high relative humidity and low airframe and fuel temperatures 

even when there is no precipitation. 

b. The following factors contribute to cold-soaking: temperature and quantity of fuel 

in fuel cells, type and location of fuel cells, length of time at high altitude flights, 

temperature of refueled fuel, and time since refueling. 

cold weather pre flight inspection 

a. An external walkaround by the flight crew used to detect the presence of frost, ice, 

or snow on critical surfaces from which the requirement for deicing/anti-icing is 

determined. This inspection consists of a visual and tactile check. 

computer-based training, acronym CBT 

a. Self-paGed learning activities accessible via a computer or handheld device. 

, ______ , ____ _ conditions conducive to icing 

a. Icing may occur when the OAT is at or below 1 ooc (50°F) and, 

• Visible moisture is present, or 

• There is moisture on the wing, or· 

• Wing fuel temperature is 0°C (32°F) or less, and the difference between the 

OAT and dew point temperature is 3°C (5°F) or less, or 

• Atmospheric conditions have been conducive to frost formation,. or 

• There is standing water, ice, or snow on the runway and/or taxiway. 

contaminants 

a. Contaminants encompass any type of substance that when in contact with the 

critical surfaces of an aircraft causes a degradation of lift or operation of those 

surfaces. Contaminants include, but are not limited to: 

(1) Snow 

(2) Frost 

(3) Ice 

(4) Slush 

(5) Freezing precipitation· 

--------------------- ----·---------·---- contractor deicing 

a. Any deicing/anti-icing conducted by other than SkyWest employees. 

, ____ .....;......_. -----·--· --·--·----·-··-·---

critical surfaces 

a. Those surfaces of the aircraft that must be free of frozen contaminants prior to· 

takeoff. 

GROUND DEICING PROGRAM MANUAL CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS, AND 

ABBREVIATIONS 
Page: 2-5 

DEFh-...ITIONS, ACRONYMS, AND ABBREVIA.I1\..)NS Revision: 06 

STANDARD PRACTICE 2800 Date: 15 OCT 11 

( 1) Refer to Appendix A, Effects of Contamination, for the list of critical surfaces 

for EMB and CRJ aircraft. 

customer service, acronym CS 

a. A series of activities/policies designed to enhance the level of customer 

satisfaction. 

b. The provision of service to customers before, during, and after a purchase. 

deice/anti-ice ground operations personnel 

a. Ground operations personnel trained to conduct ground deicing/anti-icing in 

accordance with the GOP . 

. . ---·- -----~-- --·---·--·--·------ deicing 

a. A procedure used to remove frost, ice, slush, or snow from the aircraft in order to 

provide clean surfaces. The procedure can be accomplished using fluids, infrared 

energy, mechanical means, or by heating the aircraft. Deicing fluid is usually 

applied heated to ensure maximum deicing efficiency. 

see also anti-icing 

deicing fluids 

a. Mixture of heated water and heated SAE/ISO Type I fluid. These fluids are used 

to remove contaminants (snow, ice, etc.) from aircraft. 

---·-------------··--

deicing methods 

a. Manual removal- Padded brooms, brushes, and rubber squeegees may be used 

to remove large accumulations of snow from the wings and engine inlets before 

fluid application. 

b. One-step deicing/anti-icing- Heated fluid is applied to remove frozen contaminants 

and provide limited anti-ice protection. 

c. Two-step- After the first step (deicing) is complete, the second step (anti-icing) 

is accomplished to inhibit the formation or adhesion of frozen contaminants on 

treated surfaces. 

d. Mechanical removal 

(1) Infrared deicing technology, limited to Infra Tek infrared units. 

(2) Forced Air Deicing Systems (FADS) may be used to remove frozen 

contaminants from aircraft surfaces. 

see also forced air deicing systems 

·-·-·---·~----·---- ·---------------------·-------- Delta Air Lines, acronym DL 

a. A United States airline based and headquartered in Atlanta, GA. 

______ .. , .. -----·~-·--·----......... ----.. ---,.. .. -... 

GROUND DEICING PROGRAM MANUAL CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS, AND 

ABBREVIATIONS 
Page: 2-7 

DEFirwlTIONS, ACRONYMS, AND ABBREVIAI•vNS Revision: 06 

STANDARD PRACTICE 2800 Date:. 15 OCT 11 

forced air deicing systems, acronym FADS 

a. Forced air and fluid-injected forced air incorporating the use of high-pressure, 

high-volume airstream either by itself or with deice fluid injected into the airstream. 

SkyWest may use this technology at a limited number of stations. 

--·-·----------·---··-·-----·------------- ----------------

freezing point, acronym FP 

a. The temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid. 

------· ··---~----·-·-------··----·--------·-----------------~--

freezing point depressant , acronym FPD 

a. Any fluid that lowers the freezing point of water. 

---·- ------·------------------- freezing precipitation 

a. Freezing fog, rain, drizzle, snow, ice pellets, or hail that may adhere to aircraft 

surfaces. 

frost 

(1) Freezing drizzle - Supercooled water droplets that form ice on contact. 

Freezing drizzle is inherently more serious than freezing rain. Freezing 

drizzle has very fine water droplets in the range of 150-500 microns and 

therefore a higher collection efficiency on the airfoil. 

(2) Freezing rain -Supercooled water droplets that form ice on contact. Freezing 

rain has water droplets in the range of 500-1000 microns. 

(3) Freezing fog - Clouds of supercooled water droplets that form a deposit of 

ice on objects in cold weather operations. 

(4) Ice pellets -Transparent or translucent pellets of ice, 5 mm or less in 

diameter. They may be spherical, irregular, or (rarely) conical in shape. Ice 

pellets are capable of penetrating deice/anti-ice fluid and have enough 

momentum to contact the aircraft's surface beneath the fluid. Additionally, 

ice pellets are of a significant mass and therefore local dilution of the fluid 

by the ice pellet would result in the very rapid failure of the fluid. -Ice pellets 

include two fundamentally different types of precipitation which are known in 

the United States as (a) sleet, and (b) small hail. 

(a) · Sleet or grains of ice- Generally transparent, globular, solid grains of 

ice which have formed from the freezing of raindrops or the refreezing 

of largely melted snowflakes when falling through a below-freezing layer 

of air near the earth's surface. 

(b) Small hail -·Generally translucent particles, consisting of snow pellets 

encased in a thin layer of ice. The ice layer may form either by the 

accretion of droplets upon the snow pellet, or by the melting and 

refreezing of the surface of the snow pellet. 

a. Ice crystal deposits formed by sublimation when the temperature and dew point 

are at or below freezing 0°C (32°F). 

___ .. ---·---_______ _,.. . ._ . ..,..._, ........ _ -----·-·----· ... --...... _ ... _..,. ... 

GROUND DEICING PROGRAM MANUAL 

---···-··--·-·-·--------------------

CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS, AND 

ABBREVIATIONS 
Page: 2-8 

DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS, AND ABBREVIA1 .0NS Revision: 06 

STANDARD PRACTICE 2800 Date: 15 OCT 11 

frozen contaminants 

a. Includes light freezing rain, freezing rain, freezing drizzle, frost, ice, ice pellets, 

snow, snow grains, and slush. 

~------··---- ----------------·--~---· 

Ground Deicing Program, acronym GOP 

a. A program required by the FAA ensuring compliance with 14 CFR Part 121.629 

Operation in icing conditions. 

Ground Deicing Program Manual, acronym GDPM 

a. A manual giving instruction and guidance for all deicing/anti-icing procedures. 

Ground Equipment Maintenance, acronym GEM 

a. SkyWest personnel that repair all operational ground equipment, such as tugs, 

deice trucks, baggage carts, etc. 

ground service equip'!'ent, acronym GSE 

a. Equipment used by CS Ground Operations personnel to service an aircraft. 

hail 

a. Droplets of water that freeze into pellets of ice due to the uplifting effect of 

thunderstorms. Vary greatly in diameter. 

hoarfrost 

a. A uniform thin white deposit of fine crystalline texture which forms on exposed 

surfaces during below-freezing, calm, cloudless nights with the air at the surface 

close to saturation but with no precipitation. The deposit is thin enough for 

surface features underneath, such as paint lines, markings, and lettering, to be 

distinguished. · 

--··· .... --~ -----------------·---·-------·---·--··- -----·-·· ..• 

holdover time, acronym HOT 

a. The Holdover Time (HOT) range is an estimate of the time the deicing/anti-icing 

fluid is effective in preventing the formation of frost, ice, or the accumulation 

of snow on a treated surface. HOT begins when the final application of the 

deicing/anti-icing fluid commences and expires when the deicing/anti-icing fluid 

loses its effectiveness, e.g., when ice or snow begins to form on or in the fluid. 

International Standards Organization, acronym ISO 

a. Worldwide federation of national standards bodies promoting standardization with 

a view to facilitating the international exchange of goods and services. 

GROUND DEICING PROGRAM MANUAL 

-------·-·------·--~--... -------·,.._..,.__.. .. ~·-·-'"' ---

CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS, AND 

ABBREVIATIONS 
Page: 2-12 

DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS, AND ABBREVIAl1UNS Revision: 06 

STANDARD PRACTICE 2800 Date: 15 OCT 11 

(2) Grain~- Very small, fairly flat or elongated, white opaque grains of ice, similar 

in structure to snow crystals. Generally less than .04 inch in diameter. 

(3) Pellets- White, opaque grains of spherical ice, having a snow-like structure, 

about .08 to· 0.2 inch in diameter, brittle and easily crushed, will rebound from 

a hard surface and often break up. · · 

.(4) Wet- Snow with sufficient moisture col")tent such that it packs easily; 

rolls up when a foot is pushed through it. Does not fly into a cloud when 

kicked. Packs dow.n when ·stamped with a foot, but has no tendency to 

splash. If there is any tendency to splash, it must be considered slush. Wet 

snow quickly becomes slush under certain conditions. When in doubt, be 

conservative - treat it as slush. 

Society ofAutomotive Engineers (SAE International), acronym .SAE 

a. This Society is a standards development organization for the engineering of 

powered vehicles of all kinds, including aircraft. 

·-------------------··-·~~----~----

I staggered fluid application 

I a. The application of Type I fluid to a surface followed by Type IV fluid before 

proceeding to the next surface for a Type I fluid application to be followed by a 

Type IV fluid application. 

standard operating procedure, acronym SOP · 

a. An established procedure followed in carrying out a given operation or in a given. 

situation. 

b. May also refer to the SkyWest pilot operating manuals SP 3500 and SP 3600. 

·-------------· 

static air temperature,_ acronym SAT 

a. Outside air temperature. 

b. The temperature at a point at rest relative to the ambient air. 

·-------~------------· ------------~-.. ~---

supercooled large droplets, acronym SLD 

a. Refers to droplet sizes that have a median volumetric diameter above 50 microns 

and are at temperatures bei()W freezing, yet still in a liquid state. 

tactile check 

I· a. A physical (touch) inspection of the wing leading edge and upper surface to . · 

determine the wings are free (not adhering) from frozen contaminants. 

total air temperature, acronym TAT 

a. The measurement of the effective air temperature caused by the effects of friction. 

-----

GROUND DEICING PROGRAM MANUAL CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS, AND 

ABBREVIATIONS 
DEICE/ANTI-ICE PROCEDURES 

STANDARD PRACTICE 2800 

~. 

Page: 4-3 

Revision: 06 

Date: 15 OCT 11 

3. Contacts 

A. This chapter includes all Flight Operations, Customer Service, and Operation 

Control Center (OCC) policies and procedures associated with ground 

deicing/anti-icing. Questions concerning these procedures should be directed 

to the following positions: 

Flight Operations: Manager Flight Standards 

Customer Service: Manager CS Compliance and Standards 

Operation Control Center: Director Operation Control Center 

4. Deice/Anti-ice Program Implementation Procedure 

A. Policy 

1) General Managers Stations, their designees, and/or contractors must 

maintain a constant awareness of airport conditions to 'determine when 

conditions conducive to icing exist. Visual observations, flight releases, 

or weather information from approved weather sources may be used to 

determine icing conditions. 

a) Approved weather sources are: 

(1) National Weather Service (NWS) offices (including contract 

observatories) · 

(2) Flight Service Stations (FSS) 

(3) Supplementary Aviation Weather Reporting Stations (SAWRS) 

and Backup Supplemental Aviation Weather Reporting Stations 

(BSWARS) 

(4) Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) 

(5) Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) 

(6) · Any active meteorological office operated by a foreign state 

which is signatory to the standards and practices of ICAO 

conventions. · 

(7) Station personnel may obtain current OAT from the flight deck 

crew during a deice/anti-ice event. 

2) Conditions conducive to icing may occur when the OAT is at or below 

1 ooc (50°F) and: 

3) 

a) Visible moisture is present, or 

b) There is moisture on the wing, or 

c) Wing fuel temperature is ooc (32°F) or less, and the difference 

between the OAT and dew point temperature is 3°C (5° F) or less, or 

d) Atmospheric conditions have been conducive to frost formation, or 

e) Water, ice, or snow on the ramp, runway, and/or taxiway. 

Maintaining a constant awareness of airport conditions in order to 

determine when conditions conducive to icing exist is the shared 

responsibility of the General Manager Station or their designee and the 

flight deck crew. The PIC, noting that conditions conducive to icing exist, 

GROUND DEICING PROGRAM MANUAL CHAPTER 4 DEICE/ANTI-ICE PROCEDURES 
DEICE/ANTI-ICE PROCEDURES 

STANDARD PRACTICE 2800 

Page: 4-4 

Revision: 06 

Date: 15 OCT 11 

queries station personnel to ensure they are aware of these conditions. 

When they are not, the PIC asks the General Manager Station or their 

designee (operations) to implement the GOP. 

4) Pilots may request deicing/anti-icing when they determine a need, 

whether or not conditions conducive to icing exist. A request from the PIC 

to deice/anti-ice an aircraft fora specific reason (i.e., cold soaked wings) 

does not automatically require implementation of the GOP. 

B. Procedure 

1) When conditions conducive to ·icing exist: 

a) The General Manager Station or designee determines station 

readiness to conduct deice/anti-ice operations. 

(1) Deice/anti-ice equipment is operative and available. 

(2) Qualified deice/anti-ice ground operations personnel are 

available to conduct deice/anti-ice operations. 

(3) Deice/Anti-ice .fluids are available. 

b) The General Manager Station or designee implements the . 

Deice/Anti-ice Plan Procedure. 

2) When the station meets all three conditions in 8.1 )a), the procedure 

ends here. 

3) When any of the three conditions in 8.1 )a) cannot be met: 

a) The General Manager Station or designee contacts the Operations 

Supervisor on duty with the following information: 

(1) Station name 

(2) Condition that cannot be met 

(3) Estimated time until the condition can be met 

b) The Operations Supervisor provides information as to the inability to 

deice/anti-ice at that station to the appropriate dispatcher. 

c) The Dispatcher notes the condition and provides briefing to the 

oncoming dispatcher until the condition changes. 

4) When deice/anti-ice capability is regained: 

a) The General Manager Station or designee notifies the Operations 

Supervisor when the station regains deice/anti-ice capability. 

b) The Operations Supervisor notifies the dispatcher of the station 

change in status. 

5. CRJ and EMB Cold Weather Preflight Inspection Procedure 

A. Policy 

1) The Cold Weather Preflight Inspection must be performed by a flight-deck 

crewmember during the external walkaround inspection to determine the 

wing is free from frozen contaminants when: 

a) The OAT is 5°C or less, or 

b) The wing fuel temperature is 0°C or less, or 

GROUND DEICING PROGRAM MANUAL CHAPTER 4 DEICE/ANTI-ICE PROCEDURES 
DEICE/ANTI-ICE PROCEDURES 

STANDARD PRACTICE 2800 

c) Atmospheric conditions conducive to icing exist, or 

Page: 4-5 

Revision: 06 

Date: . 15 OCT 11. 

d) The aircraft has remained overnight and may have frozen 

contaminants due to exposure to frost or precipitation, which could 

involve the entire airframe, or · 

e) On any through flight where residual ice from the inbound flight may 

have accumulated on airframe surfaces or components, or · 

f) Cold soak ice is suspected in the fuel tank area. 

2) The aircraft should be inspected for cold soak ice by a flight deck 

crewmember when any of the following conditions exist: 

a) Frost is detected below the wing tank area. 

b) The inbound leg was greater than two hours with low temperatures 

enroute and the aircraft returns to flight with little delay on the ground, 

and the surface temperature is ·near freezing with high humidity 

(temperature/dew point spread of less than 3°C) or precipitation . 

. 3) · The Cold Weather Preflight Inspection consists of a visual and tactile 

check·of the aircraft's critical surfaces for frozen contaminants. 

B. Objective 

1) To determine if the critical.surfaces are free of frozen contaminants. 

2) To determine if deice/anti-ice procedures are required. 

C. Procedure 

1) Visually inspect the critical surfaces for accumulation of frozen 

contaminants. · 

2) 

3) 

4) 

5) 

Inspect for frozen contaminants by running hand along the wing leading 

edge and upper surface (or other location approved by the PIC) to detect 

surface features (seams, rivets, etc.) It must be assumed the surface is 

contaminated if any seams, screws, or rivets cannot be felt thafwould 

· otherwise be apparent under non..:icing conditions. 

When it is determined that all critical surfaces of the aircraft are free of 

frozen contaminants after completing the visual and tactile check, no 

further deice/anti-ice procedures are required. 

When the aircraft's critical surfaces are not free of frozen contaminants, 

the PIC notifies station personnel via radio or verbal communication that 

ground deicing is required. · 

Takeoff is permitted with frost adhering to the underside of the wing fuel 

tank area that is caused by cold soaked fuel in the following accumulated 

amounts: · 

Table 1 

CRJ Maximum 1/8 inch layer of.frost 

EMS Up to 1/8 inch layer of frost is permitted on the fuel 

tank underwing surfaces. Frost is not permitted on 

the lower surface of the horizontal stabili4er or on the 

wing's upper surface. 

GROUND DEICING PROGRAM MANUAL CHAPTER 4 DEICE/ANTI-ICE PROCEDURES 
EFFECTS OF CONTAMINATION 

STANDARD PRACTICE 2800 

Appendix A 

Effects of Contamination 

Page: A-1 

Revision: 06 

Date: 15 OCT 11 

Paragraph Page 

1. Effects of Frozen Contamination on Aircraft Surfaces .................................... A-1 

2. Aerodynamics ....................................................................................................... A-2 

3. Critical Surfaces ................................................................................................... A-2 

1. Effects of Frozen Contamination on Aircraft Surfaces 

A. The degradation in aircraft performance and changes to the flight 

characteristics when frozen contaminants are present are wide-ranging and 

unpredictable. Contamination makes no distinction between aircraft, i.e., the 

performance penalties and dangers are just as real. Frozen contaminants on 

critical surfaces of an aircraft such as wings, propellers, and stabilizers can 

have a significant impact on aircraft performance. 

B. There is no such thing as an insignificant amount of ice. Test data indicates 

frozen contaminants having a thickness and surface roughness similar to 

medium or coarse sandpaper on the leading edge and upper surface of a wing 

can significantly reduce aircraft performance. 

C. A very small amount of roughness in thickness as low as 0.40 mm (1/64 in.) 

caused by ice, snow, slush, or frost disrupts the air flow over the lifting and 

control surfaces by as much as 30% . The consequence of this roughness on 

aircraft performance includes: 

• Severe loss of lift, 

• Increased drag by as much as 40%, 

• Impaired maneuverability, particularly during takeoff and initial climb phases 

of flight, and 

• Change in aircraft stall speeds. 

D. Thicker or rougher frozen contaminants can have an increased effect on lift, 

drag, stall speed, stability, and control. 

E. Contaminants can also interfere with the movement of c.ontrol surfaces and 

add significantly to aircraft weight, as well as. interfere with aircraft sensors. 

These adverse effects on the aerodynamic properties of the wing may result in 

sudden departure from the commanded flight path and may not be preceded 

by any indications of a stall or aerodynamic warnings to the pilot. 

F. Snow, frost, slush, and ice formations on other components of the aircraft 

can cause undesirable airflow disturbances and the restriction of air and fluid 

vents. This can cause mechanical interference and restricted movement of 

flight controls, flaps, slats, landing gear retraction, and other mechanisms 

which are necessary for safe flight. 

G. Ice formations on turbine engines can cause power loss, engine damage, 

and/or failure if dislodged and/or ingested into the engine. 

H. Ice formations on external instrumentation sensors, such as pitot static ports or 

angle of attack sensors, may cause improper indications or improper operation 

of certain systems and components that may be critical to safe flight. 

GROUND DEICING PROGRAM MANUAL APPENDIX A EFFECTS OF CONTAMINATION 
EFFECTS OF CONTAMINATION 

STANDARD PRACTICE 2800 

Page: A-2 

Revision: 06 

Date: 15 OCT 11 

I. The Clean Aircraft Concept is essential to the safety of flight. The PIC 

has the ultimate responsibility to determine if the aircraft is in a condition 

for safe flight. However, flight deck crewmembers, deice/anti-ice ground 

operations personnel, or any other operational personnel, must report frozen 

contamination adhering to the aircraft to the PIC. 

2. Aerodynamics 

A. Deicing and/or anti-icing fluid remaining on the aircraft following the deicing 

and/or anti-icing operation have an effect on the aerodynamic performance 

of any aircraft. As the temperature decreases, fluids generally become more 

viscous and have an increased negative effect on aerodynamics. As an aircraft 

gains speed on its takeoff run, the aerodynamic shear forces cause the fluids 

to flow off the aircraft's surfaces. The amount of fluid that is sheared off the 

aircraft depends upon the speeds reached during the takeoff run and the time 

it took to reach those speeds. 

3. Critical Surfaces 

A. Critical aircraft surfaces are those surfaces that must be free from frozen 

contaminants prior to takeoff so that aircraft performance is not compromised. 

The critical surfaces are as follows: 

1) CRJ 200 

a) Wing leading edge, wing forward and rear upper surfaces (including 

winglets), and associated flight controls 

b) Horizontal stabilizer and associated flight controls 

c) Vertical stabilizer and associated flight controls 

d) Engine inlets 

e) Upper surfaces of the fuselage 

NOTE -Takeoff is permitted with light rime or thin hoar frost on the 

upper portion of the fuselage that is thin enough to distinguish 

surface features underneath (lines or markings). 

+ CAUTION - When the upper surface of the fuselage is 

contaminated with ice, snow, or frost, through which the 

surface features (markings or lines) cannot be distinguished, 

then the surface must be deiced. HOT is not applied to the 

fuselage, as it is not an aerodynamic surface. Type IV fluid 

should not be directly applied to the fuselage. 

f) Critical areas that must be free of frozen contaminants are: 

• Air data probes/sensors 

• AOA vanes 

• Antennas 

• Fuel drains and NACA vent scoops 

GROUND DEICING PROGRAM MANUAL APPENDIX A EFFECTS OF CONTAMINATION I)))~ 
I 

EFFECTS OF CONTAMINATION 

STANDARD PRACTICE 2800. 

• APU intake/exhaust 

• Landing gear 

• . Windshields and windows · 

Page: A-3 

.Revision: · 06 

Date: 15 OCT 11 

2) CRJ 700/900 

a) Wing leading edge, wing forward and rear upper surfaces (including 

winglets), and associated flight controls 

b) .. Horizontal stabilizer and associated flight controls 

c) Vertical stabilizer and associated flight controls 

d) Engine inlets 

e) 

NOTE -The fuselage is not considered a critical surface on the 

CRJ 700/900 aircraft. Takeoff is permitted with light rime or thin 

hoar frost on the upper portion of the fuselage that is thin enqugh 

to distinguish surface features underneath (lines or markings). 

+ CAUTION - When the upper surface of the fuselage is 

contaminated with ice, snow, or frost, through which the 

surface features (markings or lines) cannot be distinguished, 

then the surface must be deiced. HOT is not applied to the 

fuselage, as it is not an aerodynamic surface. Type IV fluid 

·should not be directly applied to the fuselage. 

Critical areas that must be free of frozen contaminants are: 

• Air data probes/sensors 

• AOA vanes 

• Antennas 

. • Fuel drains and NACA vent scoops 

• APU intake/exhaust 

• Landing ~ear 

• Windshields and windows 

3) EMB 120. 

a) Wings, flaps, ailerons 

b) · Horizontal stabilizer and elevator 

c) Vertical stabilizer and both sides of the rudder 

d) Windshields, stall vanes, pitot heads, static ports, ram air intakes, 

and any other probes and/or sensors 

e) · Critical areas that must be free offrozen contaminants are: 

• Air data probes/sensors 

• AOA vanes 

• Antennas 

• Fuel drains and NACA vent scoops 

. GROUND DEiCING PROGRAM MANUAL APPENDIX A EFFECTS OF CONTAMINATION 

112-01 

40-48 

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~ 

'(A 

~JEPPESEN 

110CT13 @ 

41 

:: 

~~~ 

SALT LAKE CITY I UTAH 

SALT LAKE CITY INTL 

Ground 

Rwys 16l/34R, 16R/3.4l 

123.77 

u lEGEND 

(I] t6~~~ION SPOT 

f) APRON lOCATION SPOT (DEICING) 

RUNWAY INCURSION HOT SPOTS 

CHm-o See 10·9A for description of Hot Spots 

40·48 
KSLC/SLC 

Apt Elev 4227' 

v'7fc;v\t' 

/v CHANGES; Hol Spols. 

=>II!IIIJJEPPESEN 

110CT 13 § 

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feet 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 

J·'''i·'''l···~ll I I I ·I I (It I I t I I "J '''I' I I I I Meters 0 200 400 600 l(lba .1000 

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"111-57 

EXECUTIVE 

TERMINAl 

SALT lAKE CITY, UTAH 

SALT LAKE CITY INTL 

111-56 

u ,_-LEGEND---

@ t6~~JON SPOT 

9 ~~7oWft..~7N 

RUNWAY INCURSION HOT SPOTS 

CHill--() 

See 10-9A for description of Hot Spots 

40-48 

4-
FORM CD-64 

(REVISED) 

Prescribed By 

D.A.O. 201-17 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

Asheville, N.C. 

I CERTIFY that the attached are authentic and true copies of 

metem;ological records on f'Ile in the NATIONAL CLIMATIC DATA 

CENTER, ASHEVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA. 

"11~~ a Mb 

NANCY A. RITCHEY 

RECORDS CUSTODIAN 

DATAAD~TRATOR 

(Official Title) 

I HEREBY CERTIFY that NANCY A .. RITCHEY, RECORDS 

CUSTODIAN, who signed the foregoing certificate, is now; a.<i~ was at the time of 

signing, DATA ADMINISTRATOR, NATIONAL CLIMATIC DATA 

CENTER, and that full faith and credit should be given his certificate as snch. I 

. further state that I am the person to whom the said custodian reports. 

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto 

subscribed my name and caused the 

seal of the Department of Commerce 

to be affixed 

on this date: DEC 1 2 2011 

For the SECRETARY OF COMMERCE: 

zOI'-\0~-\o 

THOMAS R. KARL 

DIRECTOR 

NATIONAL CLIMATIC DATA CENTER 

(Certifying Officer) 

p)l \ (...--

EXHIBIT 

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0 KWBC 070100 

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~~ 

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