Filed 7/12/23 P. v. Woodfill CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or or dered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,

v. MICHAEL JASON WOODFILL,
Defendant and Appellant. D079814

(Super. Ct. No. SCE384091)

ORDER MODIFYING OPINION AND DENYING REHEARING

NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT

THE COURT: It is ordered that the opinion filed herein on June 23, 2023, be
modified as follows: On page 10, at the end of the last sentence of the first paragraph (beginning with “ As Nieto Benitez establishes, . . . .”), add as footnote 4 the following footnote, which will require the renumbering of all subsequent footnotes:

4 In a petition for rehearing, filed July 7, 2023, W oodfill argued that based on our Supreme Court’s June 29, 2023 opinion in People v. Reyes ( June 29, 2023 , S270723 ) __ Cal.5th ___ [2023 WL 4242765], it is2

no longer true that a trial court has no sua sponte duty to modify an implied malice jury instruction to include the alternative formulation expressed in the Thomas test. We reject the argument, as Reyes does not purport to address, let alone overrule, the holding in Nieto Benitez , supra , 4 Cal.4th at page 111, that no such sua sponte duty exists.
There is no change in judgment. The petition for rehearing is denied.

HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.
Copies to: All partiesFiled 6/23/23 P. v. Woodfill CA4/1 (unmodified opinion) NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

COURT OF APPEAL FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,

v. MICHAEL JASON WOODFILL,
Defendant and Appellant. D079814

(Super. Ct. No. SCE384091)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Patricia K. Cookson, Judge. Affirmed. George L. Schraer, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant. Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Charles C. Ragland, Assistant Attorney General, Robin
Urbanski , Donald W. Ostertag and Maxine Hart , Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.2

A jury convicted Michael Jason Woodfill of second degree murder (Pen. Code, § 187, subd

. (a)) 1 after he drove under the influence of alcohol and struck and killed a pedestrian. Th e trial court sentenced Woodfill to an indeterminate prison term of 15 years to life. Woodfill contends (1) the trial court erred by refusing to instruct the jury with his proposed modification to CALCRIM No. 520, regarding implied malice; (2) the trial court should have sua sponte instructed on either vehicular manslaughter (§ § 191.5, subds. (a), (b ), 192, subd. (c) ) or involuntary manslaugh t er (§ 192, subd. (b) ) as a lesser included offense of murder; and (3 ) the trial court prejudicially erred in allowing the People to show the jury a photograph of the victim while she was alive. We conclude that Woodfill’s arguments lack merit, and we accordingly affirm the judgment.
I.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND O n the evening of August 27, 2018, Wood f ill was driving his large pickup truck in a northbound direction on a two

- lane road. After drifting onto the right

- hand dirt shoulder, Wood f ill made a sharp left turn back onto the road and lost control of his vehicl e. Woodfill’s truck struck S.G., who was jogging

. Th e force of the impact launched her down the embankment next to
the southbound side of the road. Wood f ill’s truck plunged down the same
embankment. W oodfill was unharmed, but S.G. died from her injurie s. During a field sobriety test at the scene of the accident, a law enforcement officer concluded that Woodfill was intoxicated. B lood draw n more than two hours after the accident showed a blood alcohol content of

1 Unless otherwise indicated, all further statutory references are to the Penal Code.3

between .203 to .227 percent , which is equivalent to nine to 10 standard
alcoholic drinks. Based on certain assumptions about when the alcohol was consumed, an expert calculated that Woodfill’s blood alcohol content at the time of the accident would have been between .20 and .2 8 percent

. An investigation by law enforcement determined that driving under the influence was a factor in the collision, along with an unsafe turning

movement. An amended information charged Woodfill with one count of murder. At trial, the jury heard evidence that Woodfill had a history of convictions for driving under the influence. In connection with those convictions, Woodfill was warned that if he continued to drink and drive, he risked being convicted
of murder. In c losing argument to the jury, defense couns el argued , among other things, that jurors should not find Woodfill guilty of murder because, other than having consumed alcohol, there was no evidence that Woodfill was driving in an unsafe manner. The jury returned a verdict of guilt, and the
trial cour t sentenced Woodfill to a prison term of 15 years to life.
II. DISCUSSION A. The Trial Court Did Not Err in Refusing Defense Counsel’s Proposed Modifications to CALCRIM No. 520 on the Issue of Implied Malice We first consider Woodfill’s contention that the trial court erred in rejecting defense counsel’s proposed modification to CALCRIM No. 520,
which instructs on the elements for murder. “A proper pinpoint instruction must be given at a defendant ’ s request.” ( People v. Mora and Rangel (2018) 5 Cal.5 th 442, 498.) “The court may, however, ‘properly refuse an instruction offered by the defendant if it incorrectly states the law, is argumentative, duplicative, or potentially confusing [citation], or if it is not supported by substantial evidence.’ ”4

( P eople v. Hovarter (2008) 44 Cal.4th 983, 1021.) We apply the de novo standard of review when determining whether the trial court erred in refusing to give a requested pinpoint instruction. ( People v. Johnson (2009) 180 Cal.App.4th 702, 707.) Murder can be based on either express or implied malice. (§ 188 , subd

. (a) .) The People’s theory of murder was that Woodfill acted with implied malice when he drove under the influence. The standard version of CALCRIM No. 520, as given by the trial cou rt in this case, contains the following language regarding implied malice : “The defendant had implied malice if:

“ 1. He intentionally committed the act;

“ 2. The natural and probable consequences of the act were dangerous to human life;

“ 3. At the time he acted, he knew his act was dangerous to human life;

“ AND

“ 4. He deliberately acted with conscious disregard for human life.
[ ¶ ]

. . . [¶]

“ An act causes death if the death is the direct, natural, and probable consequence of the act and the death would not have happened without the act. A natural and probable consequence is one that a reasonable person would know is likely to happen if nothing unusual intervenes. In deciding whether a consequence is natural and probable, consider all of the circumstances established by the evidence. ” (Italics omitted.)5

Defense counsel requested that the trial court modify CALCRIM
No

. 520 by replacing the second sentence of the final paragraph set forth above, as follows:

“ An act causes death if the death is the direct, natural, and probable consequence of the act, and that death would not have happened without the act. The defendant must have subjectively known that the act was highly likely to result in death if nothing unusual intervened. In dec iding whether a consequence is natural and probable, consider all of the circumstances established by the evidence

. ” 2 (Italics added.)

2 Defense counsel also requested that CALCRIM No. 520 be modified in other respects, but Woodfill did not argue in his appellate briefing that the trial court erred in rejecting those modification s

. Indeed, Woodfill’s opening appellate brief s pecifically st at es that his argument is based solely on t he trial court’s failure to instruct that “ [t]he defendant must have subjectively known that the act was highly likely to result in death if nothing unusual intervened. ” For the first time at oral argument, counsel for Woodfill referred to other portions of defense counsel’s proposed jury instruction that did not describe a defendant’s subjective knowledge. In particular, he cited defense counsel’s request that the trial court instruct as follows: “ If you find the defendant was driving under the influence, you cannot find the defendant guilty of murder unless you also find that the defendant committed an additional act, which was so dangerous to human life that it was hig hly probable to result in death ” ; and “ The combination of driving a vehicle while under the influence of an alcoholic beverage and violating a traffic law is alone insufficient to establish an act that is highly likely to kill.” Counsel contended at oral argument that the trial court erred in not instructing with that language , either as proposed or after m odify ing it . The argument is untimely because it was raised for the first time during oral argument. ( People v. Carrasco (2014) 59 Cal.4th 924, 990 [ “ ‘ Obvious reasons of fairness militate against consideration of an issue raised initially ’ at oral argument. ”].) We accordingly do not consider it. ( Kinney v. Vaccari (1980) 27 Cal.3d 348, 356 , fn. 6 [“ An appellate court is not required to consider any point made for the first time at oral argument, and it will be deemed waived. ”].)6

The trial court rejected defense counsel’s requested modification, explaining that the proposed instructions would c onfuse the jury. Woodfill argues that the trial court erred in rejecting his proposed modification because it was a correct statement of the law based on People v.
Watson (1981) 30 Cal.3d 290 ( Watson ) , in which our Supreme Court first
established that , w here implied malice is present, a defendant may be found guilty of second degree murder upon facts which also would support a charge of vehicular manslaughter . ( Id . at p p

. 298

- 299 .) As we will explain, Woodfill’s argument lacks merit because his requested modification is not an accurate statement of the applicable l aw , and the trial court therefore properly rejected it

. We begin our analysis by focusing on the discussion of implied malice set forth in Watson , o n which Woodfill premises his argument. In the course of its discussion, Watson identified two alternative formulations for implied
malice. “ We have said that second degree murder based on implied malice has been committed when a person does ‘ “ ‘an act, the natural consequences of which are dangerous to life, which act was deliberately performed by a person who knows that his conduct endangers the life of another and who acts with conscious disregard for life ’ ”

. . . . ’ [Citation

. ] Phrased in a differ ent way , malice may be implied when defendant does an act with a high probability that it will result in death and does it with a base antisocial motive and with a wanton disregard for human life. ” ( Watson , supra , 30 Cal.3d at p. 300 , italics added .) The first formulation of implied malice set forth in Watson is based on People v. Phillips (1966) 64 Cal.2d 574 , 587, and is often referred to as the Phillips test

. ( People v. Knoller (2007) 41 Cal.4th 139, 152 (

Knoller ).) The second formulation of implied malice set forth in
Watson is based on Justice Traynor ’ s concurring opinion in People v. Thomas7

(1953) 41 Cal.2d 470, 480, and is often referred to as the Thomas test. ( Knoller , at p. 152.)
S ince Watson was decided, our Supreme Court has repeatedly explained th a t t he Thomas test and the Phillips test are substantively the

same. ( Knoller , at p. 152; People v. Nieto Benitez (1992) 4 Cal.4th 91, 104 ( Nieto Benitez ); People v. Dellinger (1989) 49 Cal.3d 1212, 1219

- 1222 .) “[T] he two linguistic formulations

— ‘ an act, the natural consequences of which are dangerous to life ’ and ‘ an act [committed] with a high probability that it will
result in death ’ are equivalent and are intended to embody the same
standard. ” ( Nieto Benitez , at p. 111.) Indeed, in Nieto Benitez , our Supreme Court specifically rejected the argument that the trial court had a sua sponte duty to modify the form jury instruction on implied malice to include the “high probability” language contained in the Thomas test

. ( I bi d

. ) Woodfill argues th at because Nieto Benitez limited its discussion to
whether a trial court has a sua sponte duty to instruct with the Thomas test , our Supreme Court has not foreclosed the possibility that a trial court has a duty to mod ify a form jury instruction, when requ est ed by the defendant , to reflect the Thomas test

. Woodfill contends that because the Thomas test has never been disapproved, it is still good law . He argues that the trial court accordingly should have given his pinpoint instruction, which he characterizes as substantively the same as the Thomas test . Specifically, Woodfill equates the phrase “highly likely to result in death” in his proposed modification with the phrase “high probability th at it will result in death ” in
the Thomas test. ( Watson , supra , 30 Cal.3d at p. 300 .) We need not, and do not, decide whether a trial court might, under appropriate circumstances, be required to instruct with the Thomas test if a defendant requests it to do so . Here, defense counsel simply did not request8

an accurate version of the Thomas test in the trial court

. The Thomas test describes the objective component of implied malice, describing the act itself
that the defendant commits. ( Watson , supra , 30 Cal.3d at p. 300 [“ malice may be implied when defendant does an act with a high probability that it
will result in death ” ( italics added) .] Here, however, d efense counsel requested an instruction describing the subjective component of implied malice, n amely that “[t] he defendant must have subjectively known that the act was highly likely to result in death if nothing unusual intervened .” As we will explain, t hat statement of the subjective component of implied malice was expressly disapproved by our Su preme Court in Knoller , supra , 41 Cal.4th 139

. 3

In Knoller , the trial court granted the defendant’s new trial motion after analyzing the issue of implied malice using the Thomas test

. ( Knoller , supra , 41 Cal.4th at p. 157 .) In so doing, the trial court “ stated that a killer acts with implied malice when the kil ler ‘ subjectively knows, based on everything, that the conduct that he or she is about to engage in has a high probability of death to another human being ’ and thus the issue in this case

was ‘ whether or not as a subjective matter and as a matter of law [t he defendant] knew that there was a high probability ’ that her conduct would
result in someone ’ s death. ” ( Ibid .) Our Supreme Court explained that th e trial court’s analysis was flawed because “ ‘ high probability of death ’ is the objective, not the subjec tive, component of the Thomas test, which asks whether the defendant ’ s act or conduct ‘ involves a high probability that it will
result in death. ’ [Citation

. ] T he subjective component of the Thomas test is

3 Because the parties’ original appellate briefing did not discuss the significance of the fact that defense counsel’s proposed instructional la nguage
concern ed the subjective component of implied malice, we afforded the parties an opportunity to provide supplemental briefing add r essing that subject.9

whether the defendant acted with ‘ a base, antisocial motive and with wanton disregard for human life. ’ [Citation

. ] Nor does the Phillips test require a defendant ’ s awareness that his or her conduct has a high probability of causing death. Rather, it req uires only that a defendant acted with a

‘ conscious disregard for human life

. ’ ” ( Ibid .) “[I] mplied malice requires a defendant ’ s awareness of engaging in conduct that endangers the life of
another

— no more, and no less

. ” ( Id . at p. 143 .) Therefore, “ in treating the objective component of the Thomas test as the subjective component of that test, the trial court applied an erroneous definition of implied malice

. . . .” ( I d

. at p. 157. ) Woodfill’s proposed modification of CALCRIM No. 520 revealed precisely the same flaw as the trial court’s analysis in Knoller

. Woodfill proposed an instruction stating that “[t] he defendant must have subjectively known that the act was highly likely to result in death if nothing unusual
intervened .” Howev er, “ in treating the objective component of the Thomas
test as the subjective component of that test ,” the proposed instruction incorrectly state d the applicable legal standard. ( Knoller , supra , 41 Cal.4th at p. 157 , italics added .) Accordingly, the tria l court properly rejected defense counsel’s proposed modification. In his supplemental briefing, Woodfill argues, “[E]ven assuming the high probability of death test of Thomas is incorrect with respect to the subjective component of implied malice, it is correct with respect to the objective component of implied malice. And because Knoller does not undermine this conclusion, the trial court should have modified the requested instruction to make it clear it applied to the objective component of implied malice and should have given the instruction as so modified. This could have been done by changing the requested instruction so it reads: ‘To constitute10

implied malice the defendant’s act must have been highly likely to result in death if nothing unusual intervened.’ ” At oral argument, counsel for Woodfill again contended that the trial court had a sua sponte duty to transform defense counsel’s proposed request for an instruction on the defendant’s subjective knowledge to an instruction reflecting the T homas

test ’s objective component

. We reject the argument . T he trial court was not required, sua sponte, to modify defense counsel’s proposed instruction to turn it into an instru c tion on the Thomas test for the objective component of implied malice

. As Nieto Benitez establishe s, because the Phillips test correctly states the law, a trial court has no sua sponte duty to instruct using
the Thomas test when an instruction using the Phillips test is already being given

. ( Nieto Benitez, supra, 4 Cal.4th at p. 1 11 .)
B. The Trial Court Did Not Err in Failing to Sua Sponte Instruct With Either Vehicular Manslaughter or Involuntary Manslaughter As a Lesser Included Offense of Murder Woodfill next argues that the trial court erred in not instructin g the jury on either vehicular manslaughter or involuntary manslaughter as a lesser included offense of murder. Although defense counsel did not argue in the trial court that the jury should be instructed on any lesser included offenses, “ [a] trial cour t has a sua sponte duty to ‘instruct on a lesser offense necessarily included in the charged offense if there is substantial evidence the defendant is guilty only of the lesser.’ ” ( People v. Shockley (2013) 58 Cal.4th 400, 403

- 404 ( Shockley ). ) However, “ a defendant has no unilateral right to an instruction on an uncharged offense that is not necessarily included within a charged offense.” ( People v. Yeoman (2003) 31 Cal.4th 93, 129.) “To determine if an offense is lesser and necessarily included in another offense for this purpose, we apply either the elements test or the accusatory11

pleading test. ‘Under the elements test, if the statutory elements of the greater offense include all o f the statutory elements of the lesser offense, the latter is necessarily included in the former. Under the accusatory pleading test, if the facts actually alleged in the accusatory pleading include all of the elements of the lesser offense, the latter is necessarily included in the former.’ ” ( Shockley , supra , 58 Cal.4th at p. 404.) “When, as here, the accusatory pleading incorporates the statutory definition of the charged offense without referring to the particular facts, a reviewing court must rely

o n the statutory elements to determine if there is a lesser included offense.” ( People v. Robinson (2016) 63 Cal.4th 200, 207 .) 4 “On appeal, we independently review whether a trial court erroneously failed to instruct on a lesser included offense.” ( Peo ple v. Trujeque (2015) 61 Cal.4th 227, 271.)
1. Vehicular Manslaughter Woodfill’s first contention is that the trial court should have instructed on vehicular manslaughter (§ § 192, subd. (c), 191.5 , subds. (a), (b) ) as a lesser
included offense of murder. 5 As Woodfill acknowledges, his argument is

4 The amended information tracks the statutory language and does not provide any additional fac tual allegations about the alleged conduct , stating that Woodfill “ did unlawfully murder [S.G.] , a human being, in violation of P enal Code Section 187(a). ” (Capitalization omitted.)

5 Section 191.5 sets forth two types of vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated: (a) gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated , and (b ) vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated

. “ Gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice aforethought, in the driving of a vehicle, where the driving was in violation of Section 23140, 23152, or 23153 of the Vehicle Code, and the killing was either the proximate result of the commission of an unlawful act, not amounting to a felony, and with gross negligence, or the proximate result of the commission of a lawful act that might produce death, in an12

foreclosed by our Supreme Court’s op inion in People v. Sanchez (2001)
24 Cal.4th 983, 988

- 992 ( Sanchez ). Sanchez held that “ gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated should not be treated as a lesser included offense of murder .” ( Id . at p. 992 .) Sanchez reached that conclusion becaus e gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated “ requires proof of additional
elements that are not included in the offense of murder or in other forms of nonvehicular manslaughter. ” ( I bi d .) Specifically, “[g] ross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated requires proof of elements that need not be proved when the charge is murder, namely, use of a vehicle and intoxication. ” ( Id

. at p. 989 ; see also People v. Hicks (2017) 4 Cal.5th 203, 209 & fn. 1 [citing
Sanchez for the proposition that a gross vehicular manslaughter conviction was not a lesser included offense of murder because it “ required proof of elements that did not need to be proved to convict defendant of murder ”].) As case law has recognized, th e reasoni ng of Sanchez applies equally to other types of vehicular manslaughter (§§ 191.5, subd. (b), 192, subd. (c)) , as they
all require proof of an element not required for murder, namely, the driving

unlawful manner, and with gross negligence. ” ( § 191.5 , subd. (a).) “ Vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated is the unlawful killing of a human being without malic e aforethought, in the driving of a vehicle, where the driving was in violation of Section 23140, 23152, or 23153 of the Vehicle Code, and the killing was either the proximate result of the commission of an unlawful act, not amounting to a felony, but with out gross negligence, or the proximate result of the commission of a lawful act that might produce death, in an unlawful manner, but without gross negligence. ” ( § 191.5 , subd. (b).) Further, section 192, subdivision (c) sets forth three types of v ehicula r manslaughter, not necessarily involving intoxication. In arguing that the jury should have been instructed on vehicular manslaughter as a lesser included offense, Woodfill does not distinguish between these different types of vehicular manslaughter. In stead, he refers generally to “vehicular manslaughter” as a lesser included offense.13

of a vehicle. ( People v. Bettasso (2020) 49 Cal.App.5th 1050 , 1057

- 1060 ; People v. Wolfe (2018) 20 Cal.App.5th 673, 685

- 686 ( Wolfe ) .) Woodfill acknowledges that we are bound to follow our Supreme Court’s holding in Sanchez

. (

Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962)
57 Cal.2d 450, 455.) However, he asks us to “ encourage the Supreme Court
to consider and address the issue ” he raises, which consist s of a policy argument, including a focus on the history of the California statutes relating to manslaughter and murder. Respecting our role as an intermed iate appellate court, w e decline the invitation to comment any further

. W e find no
error in the trial court ’ s failure to instruct the jury on vehicular manslaughter as a lesser included offense of murder

. 2. Involuntary Manslaugh t er Recognizing that we are precluded by Sanchez , supra , 24 Cal.4th 983 , from concluding that the trial court erred by not instruct ing on vehicular manslaughter as a lesser included offense of murder , Woodfill’s second
contention is that the trial court should have instructed on involuntary manslaughter as a lesser included offense. As we will explain, Woodfill’s argument is precluded by the plain statutory language of section 192, subdivision (b)

. Involuntary manslaughter is a killing without malice “ in the
commission of an unlawful act, not amounting to a felony; or in the commission of a lawful act which might produce death, in an unlawful manner, or without due caution and circumspection. ” ( § 192 , subd. (b).) In general, “[i] nvoluntary manslaughter is a lesser included offense of murder; thus, a trial court must instruct the jury on involuntary manslaughter ‘ [i]f the evidence presents a material issue of whether a killing was committed without malice, and if there is substantial evidence defendant commit ted14

involuntary manslaughter. ’ ” ( People v. Munoz (2019) 31 Cal.App.5th 143,
153

- 154 ( Munoz ) .) However, the Legislature expressly stated in section 192, subdivision (b) that “[t] his subdivision shall not apply to acts committed in the driving of a vehicle. ” ( § 192 , subd. (b).) Therefore, “ section 192, subdivision (b) effectively eliminates involuntary manslaughter as a lesser included offense of murder when ‘ committed in the driving of a vehicle. ’ ” ( Munoz , at p. 154 ; see also People v. Ferguson (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 1070,
1082 [“ although involuntary manslaughter is usually a lesser included offense of murder [citations] , in the context of drunk driving it is not ”] .) Woodfill acknowledges that section 192, subdivision (b) makes the
crime of invo luntary manslaughter inapplicable to a vehicular killing. However, he argues that when viewed from a “historical perspective , ” which includes the development of the statutory provisions that separately criminalize vehicular manslaughter, the Legislature c ould not have intended to enact a statute that would result in there being no lesser included offense for a murder committed by the act of driving a vehicle. We understand Woodfill’s argument, but it is better directed to the Legislature than to us.
The plain language of section 192, subdivision (b) excludes a killing committed in the driving of a vehicle from the crime of involuntary manslaughter . It is accordingly legally impossible for a defendant to be convicted of involuntary manslaughter when charg ed with a murder committed in driving a vehicle . If the Legislature were to determine that the plain statutory language has the undesired effect of eliminating any lesser included offense for murder committed in the driving of a vehicle, it is free to enact a statutory amendment to address the issue. Woodfill contends that we may “decline to follow the plain meaning of a
statute in situa tions when following the plain meaning inevitably

. . . would15

lead to absurd results that the Legislature did not intend.” (See People v.
Broussard (1993) 5 Cal.4th 1067, 1072 [“the plain meaning of a statute
should not be followed when to do so would lea d to ‘absurd results. ’ ”].) “To justify departing from a literal reading of a clearly worded statute, the result must be so unreasonable that the Legislature could not have intended it.” ( Lopez v. Sony Electronics, Inc. (2018) 5 Cal.5th 627, 638.) Here, i t does not
lead to a necessarily absurd result to apply the plain meaning of section 192, subdivision (b) , even if the effect is to eliminate any lesser included offense for murder committed in the driving of a vehicle

. As one court observed in
the cont ext of an equal protection challenge based on the absence of a lesser included offense for murder committed by a vehicle , “the Legislature ’ s charging scheme is rationally related to a legitimate governmental purpose: to appropriately punish

— and also perhap s to discourage

— people from engaging in the highly dangerous conduct of driving under the influence .” ( Wolfe , supra , 20 Cal.App.5th at p. 690 ; see also Munoz , supra , 31 Cal.App.5th at p. 160 [in th e context of a due process challenge to the lack of a lesser included offense, observing that “the Legislature reasonably could distinguish unintentional homicides committed in the driving of a vehicle from other unintentional homicides. Motor vehicles ar e a ‘leading cause of accidental deaths’ in this country. [Citation

. ] Our Supreme Court expressly has identified deterrence of driving under the influence of alcohol as ‘a highly important governmental interest.’ ” ].) Accordingly, w e follow the plain meaning of section 192, subdivision (b) to conclude that the trial court was not required to instruct on involuntary manslaughter as a lesser included offense of murder in this case. “ A defendant is entitled to an instruction on a lesser included offense only if the record contains substantial evidence of the lesser crime. ” ( Wolfe , supra ,16

20 Cal.App.5th at p. 687 .) B ecause there was no substantial evidence to support a finding that the killing of S.G. was committed in any manner other than the driving of a vehicle, Woodfill’s conduct could not constitute the crime of involuntary manslaughter as a lesser included offense

. ( Id . at p. 686 [“ As far as the crime of involuntary manslaughter, the court was prohibited from giving that instruction because the cri me does ‘ not apply to acts committed in the driving of a vehicle. ’ (§ 192, subd. (b).) ”]

. ) C. The Trial Court Did Not Prejudicially Err in Admitting a Photograph of S.G. While She Was Alive Woodfill’s final contention is that the trial court prejudicially erred in admitting a photograph of S.G. while she was alive. In a motion in limine, defense counsel requested that the trial court exclude from evidence any photographs depicting S.G. while alive. 6 Defense counsel offered to stipulate to any fact the prosecutor might wish to establish using such a photograph. The People opposed the motion in limine, but they offer ed to allow the defense to choose between three proposed photographs of
S.G. The trial court ruled that it would admit one photograph of S.G. while alive, stating that “ one photograph is not unduly prejudicial. I ’ m not going to exclude a photograph of a living individual who ’ s an alleged victim here of

6 Defense counsel ’s motion in limine did not cite any specific provision of the Evidence Code, but instead relied upon case law discussing the circumstances in which it is appropriate to admit a photograph of a victim while alive . Th at case law generally identifies issues of relevance (Evid. Code , § 350 [no discretion to admit irrelevant evidence] ) and undue prejudice ( Id. , § 352 [ discretion to exclude evidence when the probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability of undue prejudice ] ) as arising when the People seek to introduce a photograph of a victim while alive . (See, e.g., People v. DeSantis (1992) 2 Cal.4th 1198, 1230 ( DeSantis ) ; People v

. Poggi (1988) 45 Cal.3d 306, 322

- 323 ( Poggi ) .)17

drunk driving .” The trial court explained, “ I ’ ve done my fair share of murder
trials and I ’ ve done my fair share of allowing a picture of a living individual
who is the victim, because sometimes, and I ’ ll just give you my analysis, we concentrate on your client throughout the whol e two weeks and not enough to alleged victim or victims. So I just feel that that would be probative even though you ’ ve cited case law indicating otherwise. ” A single photograph of S.G. was displayed to the jury during the testimony of S.G.’s husband, who was the first trial witness. After establishing that S.G. left t he house t o go running at approximately 5:00 p.m. to 5:15 p

. m. on August 27, 2018, the prosecutor displayed a photograph of S.G. and asked S.G.’s husband whether he recognized it. He confirmed, “Yes, that’s my wife.” We apply an abuse of discretion standard of review in determining whether the trial court erred in admitting the photograph. ( People v. Parker (2022) 13 Cal. 5th 1, 43 .) Due to the volume of death penalty appeals that come before our Supreme Court, numerous opinions discuss the issue of whether it was error for a trial court to allow the admission of a photograph of the victim while
alive. O ur Supreme Court ha s “ long advised trial courts to exercise care when deciding whether to admit during the guilt phase of trial photographs of a capital murder victim while alive, because of the risk such evidence ‘ will merely generate sympathy for the victim[ ]. ’ ” ( People v. Brooks (2017)
3 Cal.5th 1, 56 .) Since at least 1992, our Supreme Court has followed the approach of caution ing trial courts to exercise care in admitting a photograph of a victim while alive , but nevertheless holding that a photograph of the
victim wh ile alive is “ relevant to establish the witnesses ’ ability to identify the victims as the people about whom they were testifying ” and that “[t] he18

possibility that [the photograph] generated sympathy for the victims is not enough, by itself, to compel its exclusion if it was otherwise relevant. ” ( DeSantis , supra , 2 Cal.4th at p. 1230 ; see also People v. Tully (2012)
54 Cal.4th 952, 1020 ( Tully ) [quoting DeSantis ]; People v. Thomas (2023 )

14 Cal. 5th 327, 371

- 372 [photographs of victims while alive “ can be relevant

‘ to establish the witnesses ’ ability to identify the victims as the people about whom they were testifying

. ’ ” ]. ) In assessing the relevance of victim photographs while alive , o lder case law from our Supreme Court

— on which Woodfill relies

— t akes into account
whether the defendant offered to stipulate to any facts that the People sought

to establish through the disputed photograph. ( People v. Ramos (1982)
30 Cal.3d 553, 577

- 578 [error to admit a photograph of the victim while alive during her father’s testimony when the defense offered to stipulate the victim was a human being and was alive prior to the events of the night in question ]; Poggi , supra , 45 Ca l.3d at pp. 322

- 323 [error to admit a photograph of the victim while alive “ for ‘ identification ’ ” when the defense offered to stipulate to the fact that the victim was a human being, that she was alive before the attack, and that she had died ].) However, our Supreme Court’s more recent case law has not followed that approach , concluding that admission of a victim’s photograph i s relevant to establish a witness ’ s ability to identify the victim , even when the defense offer s to stipulate to identity

. ( Tully , supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 1020 [ even though defense counsel offered to stipulate to identity , victim photograph was properly admitted to show identity of victim]; DeSantis , supra , 2 Cal.4th at p. 1230 [same].) 7

7 As the issue of the admissibility of a victim photograph typically involves an objection made under Evidence Code section 352, our Supreme Court’s case law considering the admissibility of victim photogra phs while19

Citing our Supreme Court’s case law, Woodfill acknowledges that a photograph of a victim while alive may be relevant to show that the witness can identify the victim as the person about whom the witness is testifying. However, he argues the photograph of S.G. was not relevant for that purpose because “ [ t ] he prosecutor made no showing that [S.G.’s husband ] needed to

see the photograph in order to be able to be made aware of who his wife was.” Accordingl y , Woodfill argues “ [ t ] here was no need to use [the photograph] to allow [S.G.’s ] husband to identify his wife. ” Woodfill argues that because the photograph was not relevant, the trial court erred in admitting it. 8 In our assessment, the relevanc e of the photograph is a close question

. The People ’s only argument concerning the relev ance of the photograph is
that it was admitted “so that [S.G.’s] husband could identify her for the jury.”
However , that is not the correct inquiry under the case law. As our Supreme Court has explained, victim photographs are “ relevant to establish the

alive typically addresses the issue of whether the photograph was unduly prejudicial after discussing whether the photograph was relevant

. (See, e.g., People v. Suff (2014) 58 Cal.4th 1013, 1072

- 1073 .) Here, however, Woodfill focuses his argume nt only on the issue of relevance, arguing that the photograph should have been excluded because it had no relevance whatsoever, regardless of whether it was more prejudicial than any typical photograph of a victim while alive. We note that there is nothi ng unduly prejudicial about the photograph, as it is an ordinary photograph that appears to have been taken as a “selfie” with a cell phone camera, depicting the face and upper body of a woman with a neutral expression

. 8 In arguing that the photograph was not relevant, Woodfill also points out that he offered to stipulate to any fact that the People sought to establish through the admission of the photograph. However, as we have explained, a defendant ’ s stipulation along those lines is no longer treated as dispositive on the issue of whether the admission of a photograph is relevan t to prove a witness can identify the victim as the person who is the subject of the witness’s testimony. ( Tully , supra , 54 Cal.4th at p. 1020 ; DeSantis , supra , 2 Cal.4th at p. 1230.)20

witnesses ’ ability to identify the victims as the people about whom they were testifying

. ” ( DeSantis , supra , 2 Cal.4th at p. 1230 .) The inquiry is not whether the photograph is relevant so that a witness can identify the victim

“ for the jury

. ” Here, there is no dispute that S.G. was the person to whom S.G.’s husband was married, and that S.G. was the person who left their house for a run and did not come back. Showing S.G.’s husband a photograph of S.G. to identify her w as not material to confirm those facts , and thus the photograph was not relevant “to establish the witness [’s] ability to identify
the victim [ ] as the [person] about whom [he was] testifying .” ( Ibid .) However, even were we to conclude that the trial court erred in determining that the photograph was relevant, Woodfill has not met his burden to establish that any error in admitting the photograph was prejudicial. In d etermining whether an error in admitting a photograph of a
victim while alive requires that the judgment be reversed, we inquire whether it is “ reasonably probable that the outcome would have been more favorable to defendant had the photograph been exclude d. ” ( DeSantis , supra , 2 Cal.4th at p. 1231 .) Here, the photograph is a plain and unremarkable photograph depicting S.G. while she was alive. As such, the photograph was unlikely to generate any additional sympathy from the jury above and beyond the tragic fact of S.G.’s death and the presence of S.G.’s grieving husband on the witness stand. (See People v. Cowan (2010) 50 Cal.4th 401, 477 [concluding that the admission of a photograph showing one of the victim s while alive was not prejudic ial because “ the photograph would have generated no more sympathy for the victims than did [the victims’ ] children and grandchildren testifying live from the witness stand ”]; People v. Thompson (1988) 45 Cal.3d 86, 115 [a photograph which was “ simply a picture of the victim alive ” “ did21

not unduly prejudice the defendant in any way ”]; People v. Hovey (1988)
44 Cal.3d 543, 571 [the victim’s “ photo, though perhaps ‘ charming , ’ was nonetheless an ‘ ordinary ’ one not likely to produce a prejudicial impact ”] ; Poggi , supra , 45 Cal.3d at p. 323 [a photograph of the victim while alive did not “ seem likely to have appreciably intensified whatever feelings

— whether of hostility toward defendant or sympathy toward his victim

— that the jury may have developed in this case. ”] .) Moreover, the jury was shown images of S.G.’s body at the scene of the accident and during the autopsy. Woodfill does

not challenge the admission of those photographs on appeal. It is unlikely
that the ordinary photograph of S.G. while alive could have appreciably
added to the emotional impact on the jury of the graphic photographs depicting the injuries that Woodfill caused S.G. to suffer

. For these reasons, it is not reasonably probable that Woodfill would have obtained a more favorable result had th e trial court granted his request to exclude the photograph of S.G. while alive

. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not prejudicially err in admitting a photograph of S.G. while she was alive.22 DISPOSITION The judgment is affirmed.

IRION, J.

WE CONCUR:

HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.

DATO, J.