* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

JAN 28 2004

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

DENNIS JAMES KYLER,

Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

RANDY FOSHEE, Acting Warden

for Colorado Territorial Correctional

Facility; ATTORNEY GENERAL

OF THE STATE OF COLORADO,

Respondents-Appellees.

No. 03-1104

(D.C. No. 00-MK-1534 (CBS))

(D. Colo.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before McCONNELL , ANDERSON , and BALDOCK , Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
-2-

Petitioner Dennis James Kyler, appearing pro se in federal proceedings,

appeals the district court’s denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus under

28 U.S.C. § 2254. He challenges the guilty plea he entered on three grounds, but

the district court found that he had procedurally defaulted on two of those

grounds by failing to exhaust his state remedies. We agree that Kyler defaulted

on those two claims. Kyler’s third claim is that his guilty plea should not be

considered voluntary because he had been kept in restraints before entering his

plea. Kyler had escaped twice before his plea hearing, and the initial state court

to review Kyler’s post-conviction motion found that the imposition of the

restraints was both necessary to protect the community and constitutional. The

Colorado Supreme Court upheld the validity of Kyler’s plea regardless of the

constitutionality of the restraints. 

Our review on habeas corpus proceedings is limited by the provisions of the

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA). 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254. We hold that the Colorado Supreme Court’s decision was not “contrary

to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as

determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,” id. at § 2254(d)(1), and

we affirm the denial of a writ of habeas corpus.
1 Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-3-405(1) (1992) reads: “Any actor who knowingly

subjects another not his or her spouse to any sexual contact commits sexual

assault on a child if the victim is less than fifteen years of age and the actor is at

least four years older than the victim.”

2 Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-3-405.3(1) (1992) reads: “Any actor who knowingly

subjects another not his or her spouse to any sexual contact commits sexual

assault on a child by one in a position of trust if the victim is a child less than

eighteen years of age and the actor committing the offense is one in a position of

trust with respect to the victim.”

3 Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-2-101(1) (1992) reads: “A person commits criminal

attempt if, acting with the kind of culpability otherwise required for commission

of an offense, he engages in conduct constituting a substantial step toward the

commission of the offense.”

4 The text of this statute reads: “A person commits a class 4 felony if,

while being in custody or confinement and held for or charged with but not

convicted of a felony, he knowingly escapes from said custody or confinement.” 

Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-8-208(3) (1993); see also Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-8-209

(1993) (establishing that sentences for escapes “shall run consecutively and not

(continued...)

-3-

BACKGROUND

1. The Procedural History of Kyler’s Case in the State Courts

In 1992, Kyler was charged with thirteen felony counts of sexual assault

and attempted sexual assault on four children in violation of Colorado Revised

Statutes §§ 18-3-405,1 18-3-405.3,2 and 18-2-101.3 People v. Kyler, 991 P.2d

810, 812 (Colo. 1999) (en banc). He escaped three days after his arrest. Id. Two

weeks later, Kyler was apprehended, but escaped again. Id. When Kyler was rearrested, prosecutors added two counts of felony escape in violation of Colorado

Revised Statute § 18-8-208(3).4 Id.
4

(...continued)

concurrently with any sentence which the offender was serving at the time”).

5

 This objection was made in the context of the change-of-plea hearing as follows:

(continued...)

-4-

After Kyler’s second escape, prison authorities used restraints to limit his

movement at all times except to eat or to use the toilet. Id. He was handcuffed,

his ankles were chained, and another chain bound his elbows to his sides. Id.

Five days after these restraints were applied the trial court ordered that the

method of restraint be relaxed by removing the chain around Kyler’s ankles from

10 p.m. to 6 a.m. Id. During this time, though, one of Kyler’s ankles was to be

chained to his bed. Id.

Five days later, Kyler accepted a plea bargain in which he agreed to plead

guilty to one count of sexual assault on a minor by one in a position of trust and

to one count of escape in exchange for prosecutors dismissing the remaining

thirteen charges against him. Id. At his change-of-plea hearing, Kyler signed a

written statement for each of the two charges attesting that his “plea of guilty is

voluntary, my decision, and not the result of undue influence, coercion or force on

the part of anyone.” Id. at 812-13. The judge repeatedly questioned Kyler about

the voluntariness of his plea, and Kyler stated a total of five separate times that

his plea was voluntary and free of force or coercion. Id. at 813. Kyler’s attorney

did object to the shackles as coercive,5

 but the judge asked directly whether 
5

(...continued)

THE COURT: Have you been promised leniency or favors or special

consideration for this guilty plea other than what has been stated to

me here in open court? 

DEFENDANT: No. 

[The court then verified the charges and the defendant confirmed that

he wished to plead guilty.] 

THE COURT: Are you entering this plea freely and voluntarily and

not as a result of any undue influence or coercion on the part of

anyone? 

DEFENDANT: Yeah. 

THE COURT: This applies to both offenses, the sexual assault as

well as the escape charge? 

DEFENDANT: Yeah. 

PROSECUTOR: Your Honor, I noted some hesitation. Perhaps you’d

like to go back and cover that. 

THE COURT: Has anyone forced you to enter this plea? 

DEFENDANT: No. 

THE COURT: This is your voluntary plea and voluntary act? 

DEFENDANT: Yeah. 

THE COURT: Do you have any reservations here, Mr. Kyler? 

DEFENSE COUNSEL: Your Honor, what he’s related to me is that

Mr. Kyler is--today and continues to be shackled. His freedom of

movement is totally confined within the jail. Even within a totally

secure setting. And--Mr. Kyler--feels that it’s an important thing for

him to resolve the case in order to free himself of these terms of his

confinement. 

THE COURT: Is there any question in his mind as to whether he’s

guilty of these two charges? 

DEFENDANT: No. 

THE COURT: That’s what I have to decide. Did they do anything

about your sleeping in bed at night? 

DEFENDANT: They chained me to the bed, yeah. Took off the belly

chains and chained me to the bed. 

THE COURT: Can you sleep more comfortably than you did with the

belly chains? 

DEFENDANT: Yes, ma’am. 

(continued...)

-5-
5

(...continued)

THE COURT: Okay.

[After this colloquy, the court entered its findings, concluding that

Kyler’s plea was “voluntary and intelligently given without undue

influence or coercion.”] Kyler, 991 P.2d at 813.

-6-

there was any question in Kyler’s mind whether he was guilty of the charges. Id.

Kyler answered no. Id. The judge then inquired whether the modification to

Kyler’s restraints had allowed him to sleep more easily at night. Id. Kyler

confirmed that he had slept comfortably. Id. 

After the judge accepted Kyler’s plea, prison authorities removed the

majority of Kyler’s restraints, but he remained chained to his bed at all times

except to take a shower. Id. Kyler was sentenced to sixteen years for the sexual

assault count and four years for the escape count, to be served consecutively. Id.

More than a year and a half after sentencing, Kyler filed a motion in state

court to vacate his sentence. Id. at 814. He asserted that his plea should be

considered involuntary for a number of reasons including that his attorney had

rendered ineffective assistance of counsel; that he had been suffering nicotine

withdrawal at the time he entered his pleas; that he had been denied prescription

medication; that he had been denied phone privileges; that the condition of his

confinement before his second escape had been unsanitary; and that the severity

of his restraints had been “in effect torture.” Id. His motion was heard by a

different judge than the judge who had accepted his plea. Id. The new judge
-7-

rejected Kyler’s motion, finding his testimony to have been, among other things,

“not substantiated by the evidence,” “incredible in the face of conflicting

testimony from other witnesses,” “untruthful,” and contradictory on its own terms. 

Id.

The reviewing court also found that Kyler’s restraints, although

uncomfortable, had not been inappropriate given Kyler’s history of escapes and

the fact that the charges against him had involved sexual assaults on children who

lived in the area and who would have been accessible to him had he escaped

again. Id. at 814-15. Additionally, the court noted that Kyler had reported during

the plea colloquy that he had been able to sleep comfortably in the restraints, and

that Kyler made no objection himself regarding the use of the restraints after his

attorney’s comment during the change-of-plea hearing when he had ample

opportunity to do so. Id. at 815. Finally, the court opined that the use of the

restraints in Kyler’s case had been constitutional because they had been imposed

“for the limited purpose of preventing escape, and for a limited amount of time.” 

Id.

Kyler’s single assertion on appeal in state court was that his plea should be

considered involuntary because the restraints had been coercive. Id. A divided

state court of appeals held that the restraints had not, in fact, been constitutional

because “the nature of the restraints employed and the timing of their removal
-8-

[after Kyler’s plea] clearly show that they were not imposed simply to insure

[Kyler’s] continued presence in the jail.” Id. at 815. The majority remanded the

case to the lower court for further factual findings regarding voluntariness. Id.

The Supreme Court of Colorado reversed the state court of appeals, not

addressing the question whether the restraints had been constitutional, but holding

that the constitutionality of Kyler’s restraints was irrelevant to the determination

whether his plea had been voluntary. Id. at 817-18. The Court explained that

these were simply separate inquiries. Id. at 817. As the Court wrote: “In contrast

to the inquiry into whether restraints were imposed for illegitimate purposes, the

question of whether a guilty plea is voluntary focuses on the state of mind of the

accused at the time the plea is entered.” Id. But evaluating whether a defendant’s

plea was voluntary would “require[] a court to review whether the restraints,

constitutional or not, affected the accused’s state of mind at the time of entry of

the plea.” Id. at 818.

The Colorado Supreme Court then satisfied itself that Kyler’s plea had been

voluntary. Id. It noted that the initial reviewing court had found that portions of

Kyler’s testimony protesting his treatment had not been credible, and that, after

his lawyer’s comment, Kyler had failed to object to the restraints as coercive at

his plea colloquy although he had been given “the ideal opportunity” to do so. Id.

Kyler had in fact, on multiple occasions, sworn that his plea was voluntary. Id.
-9-

Moreover, Kyler had taken advantage of a highly advantageous plea bargain,

which represented an “appropriate decision” under the circumstances when his

likelihood of conducting a successful defense would have been “difficult, if not

impossible.” Id.

Finally, the Colorado Supreme Court took issue with the state court of

appeals’ comment that “the nature of the restraints employed and the timing of

their removal clearly show that they were not imposed simply to insure [the

defendant’s] continued presence in the jail.” Id. at 819. The Colorado Supreme

Court noted that the initial reviewing court had found “no indication that the

restraints were removed as a result of entry of Defendant’s plea.” Id. Because

appellate courts in Colorado must defer to a trial court’s findings of fact unless

they are clearly erroneous or lack the support of competent evidence in the record,

and there was no evidence suggesting that either was true in Kyler’s case, the

Supreme Court of Colorado affirmed the initial court’s findings and conclusion

that Kyler’s plea had been voluntary. Id. at 819-20.

2. Issues on Collateral Attack in Federal Court

On collateral attack in federal court, Kyler asserts three reasons for why his

guilty plea should not be binding. Kyler argues (1) that he received ineffective

assistance of counsel because, inter alia, his trial counsel did not interview or

investigate some of his defenses and recommended that he waive a preliminary
-10-

hearing; (2) that he was coerced into pleading guilty by the restraints placed on

him during the time period before the entry of his plea; and (3) that he was denied

his right to a preliminary hearing, a jury trial, confrontation of witnesses, and an

impartial judge due to being shackled as a pretrial detainee. Petition, Doc. No. 4

at 6, 7, 9 [hereinafter Pet.]. The district court found that Kyler had procedurally

defaulted on his first and third claims by failing to appeal those issues through the

state courts. It denied his petition for a writ of habeas corpus on all three issues,

but granted a certificate of appealability (COA) on the remaining claim that Kyler

had been coerced into pleading guilty by the restraints placed on him before the

entry of his plea. A COA may be granted any time a petitioner proves “something

more than the absence of frivolity or the existence of mere good faith” on his

part. Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 338 (2003).

In order fully to address Kyler’s pro se petition, we must first discuss the

constitutional standard for evaluating the voluntariness of a defendant’s plea. 

Second, we respond to Kyler’s assertion that the mere use of shackles itself

during his detention should render the proceedings in his case unconstitutional. 

Third, we apply AEDPA’s standard of review to hold that the Supreme Court of

Colorado’s interpretation of the constitutional question in Kyler’s case was not

“contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established
-11-

Federal law as established by the Supreme Court of the United States.” 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254(d)(1).

STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review a district court’s findings of fact for clear error and its

conclusions of law de novo. Davis v. Executive Dir. of Dep’t of Corr., 100 F.3d

750, 756 (10th Cir. 1996). Pursuant to the Antiterrorism and Effective Death

Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), federal courts may not issue a writ unless the state

courts’ adjudication of a claim was either “contrary to, or involved an

unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law as established by the

Supreme Court of the United States” or “resulted in a decision that was based on

an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in

the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) & (2). State court

determinations of fact are “presumed to be correct” unless a petitioner rebuts

them with “clear and convincing evidence.” Id. § 2254(e)(1); Hale v. Gibson, 227

F.3d 1298, 1309 (10th Cir. 2000).

A state court decision is contrary to clearly established federal law “if the

state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by the [U.S. Supreme]

Court on a question of law or if the state court decides a case differently than the

[U.S. Supreme] Court has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts.” 

Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412-13 (2000) (O’Connor, J. concurring). A
-12-

state court decision is an unreasonable application of federal law “if the state

court identifies the correct governing legal principle from [the U.S. Supreme

Court’s] decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the

prisoner’s case.” Id. at 413. The reasonableness of a state court’s application of

federal law is to be evaluated by an objective standard. See id. at 409-10. 

Moreover, “an unreasonable application of federal law is different from an

incorrect or erroneous application of federal law.” Id. at 412 (emphasis in

original).

Finally, a petitioner must have exhausted his remedies for each claim in

state court before filing for habeas corpus relief in federal court. 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254(b)(1). Mixed petitions of exhausted and unexhausted claims represent

“procedural default for purposes of federal habeas,” Harris v. Champion, 48 F.3d

1127, 1131 n.3 (10th Cir. 1995) (citing Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 735

n.1 (1991)). But instead of dismissing a mixed petition in its entirety, a federal

court may deem the unexhausted claims procedurally barred and address only the

properly exhausted claims. Id.

DISCUSSION

We agree that Kyler’s first and third claims were not exhausted in the state

courts, and so are procedurally defaulted under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1). Although

Kyler alleged in his initial petition (i) that he received ineffective assistance of
-13-

counsel, (ii) that he had been coerced into pleading guilty by the restraints placed

on him, and (iii) that he had been denied his right to trial, Pet. at 6, 7, 9, the only

issue he pursued on appeal in the state courts was his claim that he had been

coerced into pleading guilty by the use of the restraints. Kyler, 991 P.2d at 815. 

Failing to appeal an issue in the state courts constitutes procedural default if, as

here, that claim would now be barred in those courts. See Cannon v. Gibson, 259

F.3d 1253, 1265 (10th Cir. 2001). The record is unambiguous that Kyler failed to

appeal two of his three claims, and he makes no argument that his procedural

default should be excused. We therefore need not discuss those claims further.

We now turn to the substance of Kyler’s undefaulted claim that his plea

should have been rendered involuntary by application of the restraints. Kyler’s

brief is pro se and contains multiple variations of his argument. He argues, for

example, that the state reviewing court’s conclusion of law regarding

voluntariness was in error, that there is no set of circumstances in which judicial

proceedings could be valid when he was shackled, and that the Colorado Supreme

Court’s interpretation of constitutional law cannot be substantiated. We address

Kyler’s various objections and ultimately hold that he has failed to show that the

Colorado Supreme Court’s decision regarding the use of restraints was “contrary

to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as

determined by the Supreme Court.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). Because Kyler did
-14-

not argue that the decision of the state courts in his case was “based on an

unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the

State court proceeding,” id. § 2254(d)(2), we will presume that their findings of

fact are correct. Hale, 227 F.3d at 1309; 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).

1. Voluntariness Generally

First, we agree that Kyler’s plea was voluntary. Although “a valid guilty

plea may not be obtained through coercion,” Osborn v. Shillinger, 997 F.2d 1324,

1327 (10th Cir. 1993) (citations omitted), the U.S. Supreme Court’s longstanding

test for determinating the validity of a defendant’s guilty plea is simply “whether

the plea represents a voluntary and intelligent choice among the alternative

courses of action open to the defendant.” Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 56

(1985) (quotation omitted). On habeas review, a federal court will “uphold a state

court guilty plea if the circumstances demonstrate that the defendant understood

the nature and consequences of the charges and the defendant voluntarily chose to

plead guilty.” Cunningham v. Diesslin, 92 F.3d 1054, 1060 (10th Cir. 1996).

As the Colorado Supreme Court found in its extensive review, all of the

facts that shed light on the state of Kyler’s mind at the time he pleaded guilty

indicate that his plea was voluntary. For example, during the plea colloquy

process, Kyler stated at least seven times, twice in writing and five times orally,

that he had not been coerced to enter his guilty plea. See Kyler, 991 P.2d at 819
-15-

(discussing at least six of these seven occurrences). Although he had the

opportunity to do so after his attorney’s comment, Kyler also failed himself to

object to the restraints as coercive, and, when asked about them by the judge,

responded that they were more comfortable than before and that he was able to

sleep. Id. at 819. Finally, Kyler’s plea shows that he was acting in a highly

rational manner: he had been advised by his attorney that he had little defense on

the escape counts, which required consecutive sentences, and that he faced long

potential sentences for the other counts involving the sexual abuse of children. 

Id. at 819. By pleading guilty, Kyler was immediately able to reduce the number

of counts for which he could have been convicted from fifteen to two. See id. In

this light, Kyler’s plea bargain certainly appears to have been a “voluntary and

intelligent choice among the alternatives available” to him. Hill, 474 U.S. at 56

(quotation omitted).

2. The Use of Shackles

Second, Kyler contends that the mere use of shackles should render the

results of the change-of-plea hearing void without further inquiry into his mental

state. We disagree. Federal courts have routinely found that the use of shackles

to restrain a defendant will not necessarily invalidate a judicial proceeding. See,

e.g., Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 343-44, 346-47 (1970) (finding the use of

shackles permissible). The Tenth Circuit has also, for example, announced that,
-16-

even at trial, judges have discretion to assess “the extent to which security

measures should be adopted to prevent the disruption of the trial, harm to those in

the courtroom, [and] escape of the accused.” United States v. Hack, 782 F.2d

862, 867 (10th Cir. 1986) (quoting United States v. Samuel, 431 F.2d 610, 615

(4th Cir. 1970)) (emphasis added); accord Mitchell v. Maynard, 80 F.3d 1433,

1446-47 (10th Cir. 1996). The state trial court here explained that Kyler

presented a significant flight risk both because he had escaped twice before and

because his victims had been children in the nearby community. See Kyler, 991

P.2d at 814-15. The shackles had been imposed on him “for the limited purpose

of preventing escape, and for a limited amount of time.” Id. at 814. And

ultimately the severity of the shackling system was lightened as it became clear

what level of restraint would be the minimum to prevent Kyler from escaping. 

See generally id.

Moreover, federal courts will refuse to hold a defendant’s plea involuntary

merely because it was made under stress or because he faced difficult choices. 

See, e.g., Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 755 (1970) (pleading guilty even

under the stress of otherwise facing the death penalty did not render a plea

involuntary). Kyler was shackled so that he could not escape, but, given the level

of restraint necessary to prevent Kyler from escaping, his treatment appears not to

have been much more extraordinary than the confinement of other prisoners who
-17-

are detained against their will pending trial. See Kyler, 991 P.2d at 818-19. 

Kyler’s additional allegations of “torture” and deprivation have already been

investigated by the state courts and found not to have been credible. Id. at 814.

3. Review of the Colorado Supreme Court’s Decision under AEDPA’s

“Contrary to” Or “Unreasonable Application of” Federal Law Standard

Third, and most importantly, the Colorado Supreme Court’s decision in

Kyler’s case was not “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of,

clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United

States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). In reaching its conclusion, the Colorado

Supreme Court held that the inquiry whether Kyler’s plea had been voluntary was

separate from any inquiry regarding the constitutionality of his restraints. Id. at

818. According to that court, the “crucial issue to determine voluntariness is the

degree to which the restraints affected the defendant’s state of mind at the time he

pleaded guilty,” not additional considerations regarding process. Id. at 817. The

Colorado Supreme Court, nonetheless, acknowledged that courts should consider

“the impact of physical restraints on the voluntariness of a defendant’s guilty plea

as part of the totality of the circumstances existing at the time the plea was

entered.” Id. It also noted that “[a] defendant’s confinement and physical

condition at the time the plea is entered may affect his state of mind.” Id.

Kyler fails to cite a U.S. Supreme Court decision articulating a standard to

the contrary, and he does not argue that the Colorado Supreme Court has decided
-18-

his case “differently than [the U.S. Supreme Court] has on a set of materially

indistinguishable facts.” Williams, 529 U.S. at 412-13. Kyler instead alleges that

there is no support for the Colorado Supreme Court’s interpretation, but this is

not the appropriate question to be debating. Although the Tenth Circuit has not

read U.S. Supreme Court cases to find the constitutionality of a prisoner’s

restraints before his plea irrelevant to the inquiry regarding voluntariness, we

conclude that the Colorado Supreme Court’s interpretation did not “arrive[] at a

conclusion opposite to that reached by [the U.S. Supreme Court] on a question of

law.” Id. We therefore AFFIRM the district court’s denial of a writ of habeas

corpus.

Entered for the Court

Stephen H. Anderson

Circuit Judge