#### U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, The Sullivan Lead Plaintiff Group, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Michael METTER, Defendant-Appellant, Spongetech Delivery Systems, Inc., RM Enterprises International, Inc., Steven Moskowitz, George Sperenza, Joel Pensley, Jack Halperin, Defendants, *700BusinessTalkRadio.net, Inc., Blue Star Media Group, Inc., Relief Defendants.

No. 16-526-cv

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

August 29, 2017

*701FOR APPELLANT: Maranda E. Fritz (Tammy P. Bieber and Brian K. Stein-wascher, on the brief), Thompson Hine LLP, New York, NY.

FOR APPELLEE: Martin V. Totaro, Senior Counsel (John W. Avery, Deputy Solicitor, on the brief), for Robert B. Steb-bins, General Counsel, Securities and Exchange Commission, Washington, DC.

PRESENT: PETER W. HALL, GERARD E. LYNCH, CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY, Circuit Judges.

SUMMARY ORDER

Defendant-Appellant Michael Metter challenges the district court’s imposition of joint and several disgorgement liability in the amount of $52,236,995, plus prejudgment interest, and a civil penalty in the amount of $6,133,540. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the procedural history of this matter, the underlying facts, and the issues on appeal.

We review the district court’s disgorgement order for abuse of discretion. *SEC v. Contorinis,*743 F.3d 296, 301 (2d Cir. 2014). We review the district court’s imposition of a civil penalty for abuse of discretion. *SEC v, Razmilovic,*738 F.3d 14, 38 (2d Cir. 2013) (citing *SEC v. Kern,*425 F.3d 143, 153 (2d Cir. 2005)). We determine de novo whether the district court’s disgorgement order or penalty amount to an excessive fíne in contravention of the Eighth Amendment, accepting the district court’s underlying factual findings unless clearly erroneous. *United States v. Viloski,*814 F.3d 104, 109 (2d Cir. 2016).

I. Consent Judgment

As an initial matter, we note that Metter entered into a consent judgment with respect to liability in this matter. That consent judgment provides, in relevant part:

> In connection with the Commission’s motion for disgorgement, civil penalties and/or reimbursement, and at any hearing held on such a motion: (a) Defendant will be precluded from arguing that he did not violate the federal securities laws as alleged in the Complaint; (b) Defendant may not challenge'the validity of the Consent or this Judgment; (c) solely for the purposes of such motion, the allegations of the Complaint shall be accepted as and deemed true by the Court; and (d) the Court may determine the issues raised in the motion on the basis of affidavits, declarations, excerpts of sworn deposition or investigative testimony, and documentary evidence, without regard to the standards for summary judgment contained in Rule 56(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

Judgment as to Defendant Michael E. Metter, Doc. 255, at 10. Included in the Amended Complaint were the following allegations:

> Defendant RM Enterprises International, Inc., is a Delaware'corporation with its principal place of business in New York, New York. RM Enterprises is the majority shareholder of Spongetech and is controlled by Metter and Moskowitz. Metter and Moskowitz are the sole officers, serve as directors, and are currently the beneficial owners of two-thirds of RM Enterprises.

Amended Complaint at 7. Notwithstanding his agreement, Metter now claims on appeal that he did not control RM Enterprises and that Moskowitz was the person in control. In doing so, Metter violates the *702unambiguous terms of the consent judgment. We are unmoved by Metter’s insistence that the relevant terms of the consent judgment should apply only to the well-pleaded facts in the Complaint. As the SEC correctly points out, under the terms of the consent judgment, it is immaterial whether the Complaint complied with Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 8 and 9 or would have survived a motion to dismiss. Metter surrendered his right to contest whether the factual allegations in the Complaint were well-pleaded when he agreed to the consent judgment. Without prejudice to any additional means the district court may deem appropriate to enforce its judgment, we elect simply not to consider those contentions made by Metter on appeal that are in violation of the judgment. This includes the Defendant’s claim of double jeopardy.

II. Disgorgement

“The district court has broad discretion not only in determining whether or not to order disgorgement but also in calculating the amount to be disgorged. The amount of disgorgement ordered need only be a reasonable approximation of profits causally connected to the violation; any risk of uncertainty in calculating disgorgement should fall on the wrongdoer whose illegal conduct created that uncertainty,” *SEC v. First Jersey Securities, Inc.,*101 F.3d 1450, 1474-75 (2d Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks, citations, and alteration omitted). We are unconvinced by Metter’s assertion that the characterization of the breadth of the district court’s discretion in *First Jersey, id.,*is unsuited to the circumstances of this case.

We find no abuse of discretion in the $52,236,995 amount of disgorgement liability imposed. The evidence before the district court showed, and Metter does not dispute, that $62,236,995 flowed into RM Enterprises as a result of the fraudulent scheme.1 The Complaint alleges, and Met-ter cannot now deny, that he controlled RM Enterprises.2

III. Civil Penalty

Metter objects to the district court’s imposition of a $6,133,540 civil penalty on the grounds that the district court included in its computation thereof a $6 million transfer from RM Enterprises to BusinessTalkRadio.net, Inc., an entity of which Metter was president. This $5 million was used to discharge delinquent debt that Metter had personally guaranteed and *703on which creditors had obtained judgments against Metter personally. Under these circumstances, the district court did not abuse its discretion when it included the $5 million transfer in its computation of Met-ter’s personal enrichment. We likewise reject the Defendant’s argument that his claim of financial hardship precluded the civil penalty imposed here.

IV. Eighth Amendment

In evaluating Metter’s claim that the district court’s disgorgement order violated the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment, the first step of our analysis is determining whether the disgorgement was a “fine” within the meaning of the Excessive Fines Clause. *Viloski,*814 F.3d at 109. For the purposes of this appeal, we assume without deciding that, in light of the Supreme Court’s recent decision in *Kokesh v. SEC,*— U.S. -, 137 S.Ct. 1635, 1642-44, 198 L.Ed.2d 86 (2017), the disgorgement liability imposed in this matter was essentially punitive in nature and thus was a fine within the meaning of the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment.

We proceed to consider whether the disgorgement ordered here was “grossly disproportional” within the meaning of *United States v. Bajakajian,*524 U.S. 321, 334, 118 S.Ct. 2028, 141 L.Ed.2d 314 (1998). In assessing whether a penalty is grossly disproportionate, we are required to examine the four *“Bajakajian*factors:”

> (1) the essence of the crime of the defendant and its relation to other criminal activity, (2) whether the defendant fits into the class of persons for whom the statute was principally designed, (3) the maximum sentence and fine that could have been imposed, and (4) the nature of the harm caused by the defendant’s conduct.

*Viloski,*814 F.3d at 110 (quoting *United States v. George,*779 F.3d 113, 122 (2d Cir. 2015)), In some cases, it may also be relevant whether the penalty effects a deprivation of an individual’s livelihood. *Id.*at 111.

With respect to the first enumerated factor, we are, of course, cognizant that this penalty arises in the context of a civil enforcement action rather than a criminal prosecution, but the essence of the proscribed act is no less relevant. Here, Met-ter has admitted, for the purposes, of the assessment of disgorgement liability, all of the facts alleged in the Complaint. The nature and character of Metter’s actions as set forth in the allegations of the Complaint amply justify the imposition of a harsh penalty. This factor weighs against a finding of gross disproportionality.

With respect to the second enumerated factor, the facts set forth in the Complaint establish that Metter, as a managing officer of a publicly traded company, is the precise type of person for whom the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, and the Sar-banes-Oxley Act were designed. This factor also weighs against a finding of gross disproportionality.

We find the third enumerated factor inapposite in light of the absence of any statutory maximum in the context of a disgorgement award.

With respect to the fourth enumerated factor, we have not lost sight of the reality that each dollar of ill-gotten benefit Metter and his associates extracted by means of the illegal pump-and-dump scheme detailed in the Complaint flowed ultimately from the pockets of investors. As a publicly traded company, Spongetech had many such investors, but the harm caused by Metter’s conduct is no less serious or severe for having been spread across multi-*704pie victims. This factor weighs against a finding of gross disproportionality.

With respect to whether the penalty effects a deprivation of Metter’s livelihood, Metter, who hears the burden of showing the unconstitutionally of the district court’s disgorgement order, *id.*at 109, has advanced no substantive argument as to the future prospects of his livelihood under that order. This factor is thus of no aid to Metter.3*See id.*at 114-15.

On balance, we are satisfied that the district court’s imposition of disgorgement liability in the amount of $52,236,995 was not grossly disproportional, and thus effected no violation of Metter’s Eighth Amendment rights. Indeed, since the disgorgement ordered almost precisely equaled the gains from the illicit conduct to the entity controlled by Metter, the resulting financial penalty was directly keyed to the scope of the wrongdoing.

We have considered all of Metter’s remaining arguments and conclude that they are without merit. The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

1

. The SEC originally requested disgorgement in the amount of $52,356,995, which is consistent with the documentary record. On appeal, neither party has noted the discrepancy between this higher figure and the lower figure in the order and final judgment. The higher figure includes the lower one,

2

. Metter argues that under the Supreme Court's recent decision in *Honeycutt*v. *United States,*— U.S, -, 137 S.Ct. 1626, 198 L.Ed.2d 73 (2017), disgorgement is appropriate only for the amount of money that he himself acquired from the scheme. *Honeycutt*is not controlling here for two principal reasons, First, as a matter of law, the.decision applied to criminal forfeiture of the proceeds of controlled substance offenses under 21 U.S.C. § 853, *Honeycutt,*137 S.Ct. at 1630. We decline Metter’s invitation to extend the *Honeycutt*holding with respect to forfeiture under § 853 to the context of the equitable remedy of disgorgement. Second, as a matter of fact, the defendant in *Honeycutt*was an employee who had "no controlling interest in the store,” *id,*at 1631 (internal* quotation marks omitted), and thus' had no control over the proceeds of the offense, while Metter did have control of RM Enterprises, a fact that he conceded in the consent judgment, and thus could control the distribution of proceeds. Even if the rule of *Honeycutt*applied in the context of disgorgement, therefore, that rule, which protects incidental figures from forfeiture of amounts far beyond what would be justified by their role in the offense, would not compel reversal in this case.

3

. Though Metter’s failure to carry his burden is determinative of our analysis of this factor, we note in passing that "a forfeiture that deprives a defendant of his livelihood might nonetheless be constitutional, depending *qn*his culpability or other circumstances.” *Viloski,*814 F.3d at 112. Accordingly, even assuming that the disgorgement order did effectively deprive Metter of his future ability to earn a living, it would be far from clear whether, under the circumstances of this case, the Eighth Amendment would suffer any insult.