SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO . A - 4091
- 14T3 STATE OF NEW JERSEY, Plaintiff

- Respondent,

v.
TERREL MANN a/k/a TERRELL MANN and TYRELL MANN,
Defendant
- Appellant.

________________________________

Argued May 8, 2017

– Decided Before Judges Sabatino and Haas. On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Mercer County, Indictment No s . 08
- 09
- 0837, 11
- 04
- 0359 and 12
- 03
- 0 271. Margaret McLane, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, argued the cause for appellant (Joseph E. Krakora, Publ ic Defender, attorney; Ms. McLane, of counsel and on the briefs). Timothy F. Trainor, Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause for respondent (Angelo J. Onofri, Mercer County Prosecutor, attorney; Mr. Trainor, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM Def endant Terrel Mann, who pled guilty to second

- degree unlawful possession of a weapon, N.J.S.A. 2C:39
- 5(b), appeals the NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court . " A lthough it is posted on the internet , this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R .1:36
- 3.

May 26, 20172 A - 4091
- 14T3

trial court's denial of his motion to suppress incriminating statements he provided to police after witnessing the fatal shooting of his brother by third parties . We affirm.

I. The record from the trial court's suppression hearing presents the following salient chronology of events.

A. On June 16, 2011, defendant's brother was shot in the neck by an unidentified group of assailants in the backyard of a residence in Trenton. Defendant was present at the scene and saw his brother fall to the ground after the gunshots hit him. Defendant removed his shirt to apply pressure to his brother's gunshot wound, and dragged his brother to the fro nt of the residence. The brother ultimately died from the gunshot wounds. Several Trenton police officers arrived at the scene at about 1:30 p.m. The first to arrive was Officer Tara Dzurkoc. According to Officer Dzurkoc's testi mony at the suppression hearing, when she arrived, she saw "a black male laying on the ground face up
and a woman . . . holding a bloody white t

- shirt to his neck." The victim was in front of a home on that street, "on the sidewalk area[.]" Dzurkoc recalled that there were "a t on of people" gathered around the scene.3 A - 4091
- 14T3

Dzurkoc testi fied that, while waiting for an ambulance, she noticed defendant in the crowd. Defendant "stood out" to her because "he had no shirt on, he had gray shorts on, and he was covered in blood."
Dzurkoc f urther testified that defendant, who was "very upset," said, "I saw who did it, and they're going to get it."
She observed that defendant was "pacing in the street" and "cursing." Dzurkoc testified that she "attempted" to calm him down, but defendant was "just kind of blowing [her] off[.]" Defendant did not ask for medical treatment, nor did anyone meet with him "to determine if he was in shock[.]" According to Dzurkoc, she asked defendant to "stay to the side" so she could "keep an eye on him because a detective would want to talk to him." Dzur koc did not stay with defendant. N or was defendant put in handcuffs or placed under arrest. Dzurkoc testified that, at that point, she "felt bad for him and he was just a witness." She "didn't tell him to stay specifically or to leave." According to Dzurkoc , defendant could have left "if he wanted to[,]" and he was "detained by him just standing where I knew he was until a detective came."
O nce another detective arrived, that detective spoke to
defendant and transported him to the police station in a police vehicle. Defendant sat without handcuffs in the backseat of the4 A - 4091
- 14T3

vehicle with his girlfriend, Deanna Mott, whom he wanted to come with him to the station . Dzurkoc testified that such a situation is "[d]efi nitely not" how police customarily transport someone "under arrest or in custody[ . ]" In such instances , the suspect normally would be handcuffed and searched. Another Trenton Police Officer, Yusaf Addar , testified that, when he arrived at the scene, a det ective called him over and told him that there was "a witness that needed to be transported to [police] headquarters." Addar recalled that defendant and his girlfriend were already in the police vehicle, so Addar drove them to the station. According to A ddar, both defendant and his girlfriend were "a little agitated" because "they wanted to know what was going on with the victim at the time." Defendant was not, however, "yelling or screaming or acting out like he was being violent." Addar testified that defendant did not ask at any time to get out of the car, nor was he handcuffed. Mott also had her cellphone with her while in the vehicle. According to Addar, the trip from the scene to the station took "[m]aybe two minutes if that." When they arrived at the station, Addar took defendant and
Mott "through the back entrance where police officers enter" and into what is known as the robbery section of the station, a n area where police only bring "witnesses or suspects." Addar waited5 A - 4091
- 14T3

with them for ten or tw enty minutes, because "the area they were in they're really not supposed to be back there by themselves unless they're in the company of a detective or an officer." Addar testified that while they waited, Mo tt used her cell phone "a
lot."
Addar later col lect ed and photograph ed defendant's clothing , which he did by bringing defendant into an interview room "for privacy[,]" although the door remained open. Addar collected defendant's pants and sneakers, and gave him a "paper suit" to

wear. D efendant was " really calm and really cooperati ve throughout the whole process[,] " and according to Addar, was treated "like a witn ess" during their interactions. James Francis , a Trenton Detective Sergeant , also testified
on behalf of the State. Francis had previously worked in the homicide unit, and he responded to the shooting scene . Detective Edgar Rios was assigned to work on the investigation with Francis. 1 While searching the area, Francis located the "primary crime scene[,]" at which he found the victim's clothes and "numerous shell casings [ . ] " According to Francis, after searching the crime scene, he returned to the station to interview witnesses. He first

1 Rios was injured while on duty in 2013, and did not testify at the hearing.6 A - 4091
- 14T3

interviewed Mott at Rios's desk, located "in the rear of the homicide office, right at the window." While Francis interviewed Mott, defendant was left in the "waiting area" with no "police guard." Francis testified that the conversation with Mott was "very low key[,]" as he and Rios "tried to ascertain any information that she had regarding the incide nt." The interview took about
an hour. Mott did not give a formal statement at the time, because she had to leave due to "childcare issues[.]" She returned another
d ay and gave a formal statement. Francis recounted that he and Rios drove Mott home afte r her interview, prior to interviewing defendant. After taking Mott home, Francis and Rios "reexamined the crime scene[,]" which was "two or three row homes away" from Mott's home. That took "[u]nder
half an hour." According to Francis, they were gone f or no more than one hour, because the crime scene was located approximately five minutes by car from the police station. Upon returning to the station, Francis and Rios interviewed defendant at the same location they had questioned Mott. Francis testifie d that , generally , if a person is considered a suspect or in custody, he or she is interviewed in "one of three video7 A - 4091
- 14T3

interview rooms." Francis did not read defendant his Miranda 2 rights prior to that interview, because the police "don't Mirandize witness es." At that time, Francis and Rios did not have "any idea" that defendant was potentially more than a witness . Francis explained that it was "normal" for detectives to take evidence from witnesses, such as defendant's clothing in this

case. Francis gave defendant "a light jacket that was hanging up in the homicide conference room" to wear over the paper suit, because "[t]he air conditioner was on, [and] it was pretty cold." According to Francis, defendant told them during the interview that, prior to the shooting, he ran into a person with whom he had gotten into a fight earlier in the week. When they ran into one another, they got into another fight, which Mott eventually broke up. Francis further testified that defendant stated that, as he and his gro up started walking away, the other group "started running towards them" so he and Mott went inside
her house. Defendant then called his brother, who came to the area with his cousin. The three men then "went walking around looking for the guys" that defe ndant had been fighting earlier. They did not find the group, and as they were walking back towards

2 Miranda v. Arizona , 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).8 A - 4091
- 14T3

Mott's house, defendant heard "multiple gunshots coming from the alleyway" where his brother was walking. Francis testified that defendant stated he then ran down the alley and saw his brother "on the ground firing at a group of men" in the alley. Defendant then "grabbed the gun and started firing at the same boys." Defendant could see that his brother was shot in the neck at the time. As recounted by Fra nc i s, d efendant then told the detectives that, once the other group ran away, defendant "drag[ged]" his brother out of the alley to the front of the house. Francis did not believe defendant's account, because "it just didn't make sense that his brother co uld still be returning fire with conceivably a life

- threatening injury to his neck where blood was gushing out." Francis also did not believe that defendant "called his brother out to basically help him with a fight and then he lets him walk down an alley way . . . by himself without backing him up or assisting him in any way." Francis told defendant that his "story" was "not really adding up to the physical evidence[.]" According to Francis, defendant then "displayed like a little bit of defeat [,] maybe w ith his shoulder slouching and said okay I was
– I was firing the gun." At that point, and after consulting with an assistant prosecutor, Francis read defendant his Miranda rights before asking any9 A - 4091
- 14T3

additional questions. Francis testified that defendant d id not make "any indication" that he wanted a lawyer or wanted to stop the conversation. Francis and Rios then took defendant to an interview room, and began recording the interview. Defendant wa s not handcuffed at that point. According to the transcript of that interview, Rios read defendant his Miranda rights, and then had defendant read them back before signing. At one point, Rios defined the term "coercion" for defendant, and then ensured that defendant understood its meaning by having defendant expl ain it back to the detectives. After waiving his Miranda rights, defendant relayed to the detectives how the incident began with a fight between him and a member of the other group . Defendant stated in that interview that he called his brother for help, who showed up thereafter. According to defendant, his brother gave him a gun to "hold" prior to confronting the other group. Defendant then explained to the detectives how the altercation between the two groups ended with gunshots.

B. Mott, defendant's girlfriend, testified on his behalf at the suppression hearing . As she described it , once the police arrived,10 A - 4091
- 14T3

they put defendant in the police vehicle. Mott went over to the vehicle to "try[] to calm him down and figure out why he was being put in the po lice car." According to Mott, the police asked her to get in the car with defendant to "calm him down[.]" Mott testified that one police officer then told another to "take [them] down to the police station." Mott further testified that defendant said "he didn't want to go, but the cop said to him that they probably just want to talk to him when he get[s] down
there." Mott asserted on cross
- examination that she did not have her phone with her when they went to the station. According to Mott, the police to ok defendant into a different room when they arrived at the station. Mott testified that, from where she was sitting, she could hear the police "yelling at [defendant] telling him that his story was bull[.]" Mott also testified that defendant "tried to t alk to [her] through the door and the cops removed [her] from right there" because she "couldn't talk to him[.]" Defendant allegedly "asked to leave to go" to the hospital as well. Mott further asserted on cross
- examination that the police "told [defenda nt] that he couldn't leave until the gun appeared." Mott testified that Officer Rios later came to her and told her she "was lying to him about who had the gun." According to Mott, however, she had not previously spoken to the police, so she11 A - 4091
- 14T3

was "confused " by that assertion. Mott further testified that she did not leave the station that day until "almost ten o'clock that night." Lastly, d efendant testified on his own behalf at the hearing . He asserted that he could not remember his initial conversation with the police at the scene of the shooting, because he was "stressed out and in shock[.]" According to defendant, he was "in the stage of blacking out" when an officer told him "to get in the car unti l you calm down." Defendant allegedly told them "no, I don't want to get in the car[,]" at which point the officers "put [him] in the car and from there [ he] was still crying, yelling." Defendant testified that, once he was taken t o the station, he did no t feel free to leave. However, he acknowledged that he did not ask to leave. Defendant further testified that, while being questioned, the officers told him that his story was "bullshit." He claimed that he felt "threatened" at that point, because the of ficers allegedly told him that if he did not tell them the "right story" about what happened, they would charge him with his brother's murder, should he die from his injuries. According to defendant, he told the police at that point that he had "told [his brother] to pass [him] the gun and [he] gave it to somebody and the y took it and ran off with it."12 A - 4091
- 14T3

Defendant claimed that he was promised during his second interview with the officers that, if he gave them the gun, "they were going to let [him] go." Acco rding to defendant, he only gave the videotaped statement because he believed that "if [he] just gave them that statement, that would get [him] out of the police stati on quicker." Defendant also testified that he did not understand the Miranda form that he signed, and he only signed it because he was "tired" and "exhausted." He further asserted that he asked for a lawyer "[a]t one point in time[,]" but could not remember when.
Defendant's grandmother allegedly came dow n to the station at some point, altho ugh it is unclear if she arrived before or after defendant was given Miranda warnings , but the police allegedly "wouldn't let her up" to see him . Defendant admitted on cross

- examination that he had previously been a rrested "several" times, and had been Mir andized
on more than two prior occasions. One of those occasions occurred in December 2009, and a copy of the Miranda form used in that
matter was admitted into evidence at this hearing . D efendant testified that, although the signature on that form from 2009 was his, he did not remember signing it.13 A - 4091
- 14T3 C. Apart from these fact witnesses , defendant and the State each presented competing expert testimony concerning the voluntariness of defendant's statements when he was interviewed at the police station. Defendant's expert , Dr. Kenneth Weiss, a forensic psychiatrist, noted that defendant's measured IQ scores are indicative of "borderline intellectual functioning [ , ] " although perhaps not severe enough to support a diagnosis of "intellectual disability." Dr. Weiss observed that, during his interview with defendant he "did not express himself clearly at all times [ . ] " He also displayed "difficulty understanding" some of Dr. Weiss's questions, although he did ask for clarification when that occurred. Having reviewed the videotape of defendant's recorded police interview, Dr. Weiss concluded th at defendant "lacked cognitive ability" at that time, and "would not fully understand" what his rights were or how to exercise them. Dr. Weiss thus opined that defendant's waiver of his self

- incrimination privilege

was n either knowing nor intelligent. By contrast, th e State's forensic psychiatrist, Dr. Charles Martinson, had more favorable impressions of defendant's cognitive abilities. Dr. Martinson classified defendant as "probably somewhat below average in terms of overall intellectual functioning. " Having likewise reviewed the interview videotape,14 A - 4091
- 14T3

Dr. Martinson noted th at defendant presented himself i n a "calm and composed fashion," and did not appear so "emotionally overwrought" as to be unable to knowingly and intelligently waive his rights. Dr. M artin son found it significant that defendant had prior criminal encounters, including at least one prior experie nce being Mirandized by police. That prior experience, in which defendant had likewise been questioned after wa i ving his rights,
bolstered the State's expert's conclusion that defendant's waiver in the present case was knowing and intelligent. As additional proof on the voluntariness question , the State lastly presented testimony from a Pennsylvania police officer who had Mirandized defendant in one of his prior cases. The officer testified that, when he read defendant his Miranda rights, defendant seemed to understand, was paying attention, and was not upset. According to that officer , defendant was handcuffed during
that particular waiver disc ussion and the subsequent interview.

D. The trial judge, Hon. Andrew J. Smithson, issued a detailed
oral decision on the motion to suppress on September 29, 2014. In the course of his ruling , Judge Smithson made several important credibility assessments. He found Mott's testimony "not convincing" and "not of any consequence." The judge specifically
found that defendant 's testimony was not credible, as his conduct15 A - 4091
- 14T3

showed he was "capable of thinking and acting." The judge noted that, although defendant claimed he blacked out, he was still able to convince the police to allow Mott to accompany him to the station. The judge also noted that Mott was allowed to ride with
defendant in the vehicle, which would be "very unusual if one were considered to be a suspect."

B ased on the overall circumstances, Judge Smithson found that defendant was "a critical witness to what was going on, and he was treated that way." The judge noted that it was "not surprising"
that "defendant would understand that the police wanted to talk to him, and there would be inconveniences involved[,]" because
defendant was at the scene and likely had information about the shooting. As Officer Dzurkoc had testified, defendant told the police that he knew wh o shot his brother, so "[o]f course the police are going to talk to him[.]" Judge Smithson concluded that defendant was not coerced by the police in any way . H e did note that the police "may have allowed [defendant] to . . . harbor the belief that product ion of the handgun would be his key out of police headquarters." The judge found it significant that defendant had been Mirandized previously, "where he made understandable choices." On the whole , the judge found defendant's suppression testimony "utterl y unconvincing[.]"16 A - 4091
- 14T3

The judge also evaluated the opinions of the parties' competing experts, fi nding the testimony of Dr. Martinson to be more persuasive. The judge stated that he "could not disagree more" with Dr. Weiss's overall conclusion that defendant did not waive his rights knowingly and intelligently. The judge instead
favored Dr. Martinson's contrary findings. In sum, the trial judge determined that defendant had the status of a witness , not a suspect, when he was first questioned by the police an d was not at that point subjected to custodial interrogation. The judge further concluded that defendant's subsequent waiver of his rights, after being given Miranda warnings, was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. Consequently, the suppression motion was denied.

E. Following the court's ruling, defendant entered into a negotiated plea of guilty to second

- degree unlawful possession of a weapon. As part of the plea agreement, the State dismissed the other count of the indictment, and agreed to recommend a five

- year sentence, with a one

- year parole ineligibility period, co ntingent on a Graves Act waiver. T he Presiding Criminal Judge of the vicinage subsequently granted that waiver.17 A - 4091
- 14T3

On February 20, 2015, Judge Smithson sentenced defendant to the five

- year term with a one

- year parole disqualifier , consistent with the plea agreement. This appeal followed.

II. On appeal, defendant raises the following ar guments for our consideration:

POINT I
BECAUSE TERRELL'S STATEMENTS WERE MADE DURING CUSTODIAL INTERROGA TION AND WITHOUT A VALID WAIVER OF HIS RIGHT AGAINST SELF - INCRIMINATION THEY MUST BE SUPPRESSED.
A. Pre - Miranda Statements . B. Post - Miranda Statements.
REPLY POINT I
TERRELL WAS IN CUSTODY BECAUSE THE POLICE TOOK HIS CLOTHES AND HIS SHOES. HIS SUBSE QUENT STATEMENTS WERE MADE WITHOUT A VALID WAIVER OF HIS RIGHT AGAINST SELF - INCRIMINATION AND MUST BE SUPPRESSED. Having fully considered these arguments in light of the record, the trial court's credibility findings, and the applicable law, we affirm th e denial of defendant's suppression motion. We do so substantially for the thoughtful reasons expressed in Judge Smithson's detailed oral opinion. We amplify his decision with
several comments.18 A - 4091
- 14T3

We must review a trial court's factual findings at the
suppr ession hearing on defendant's self

- incrimination claims under "a deferential standard." State v. Stas , 212 N.J. 37, 48 (2012). Our appellate function, on such matters , is simply to consider "whether the findings made could reasonably have been reached on sufficient credible evidence present in the record." State v.
Locurto , 157 N.J. 463, 471 (1999) (quoting State v. Johnson , 42

N.J. 146, 162 (1964) ) . We owe "deference to those findings of the trial judge which are substantially influenced by his opportu nity to hear and see the witnesses and to have the 'feel' of the case, which a reviewing court cannot enjoy." Johnson , supra , 42 N.J. at 161; see also Stas , supra , 212 N.J. at 49. By comparison, "with respect to legal determinations or conclusions reached on the basis of the facts [ , ] " our review is plenary. Ibid. (citing State v. Handy , 206 N.J. 39, 45 (2011)). Applying those standards of review here, we are satisfied that the tri al court's credibility and other factual findings from
t he suppression hearing are well

- founded and should not be disturbed. In particular, we uphold the court's forcefully
expressed determination that defendant, his girlfriend, and his psychiatric expert were less convincing than the State's witnesses. That determination is buttressed by the videotape of the post
- Miranda interview of defendant, in which defendant19 A - 4091
- 14T3

appears to respond volunta rily and lucidly to the officer s ' quer ies with no manifest indicat ions of coercion. We reject the State's argument that the officers' initial questioning of defendant at the police station before the Miranda warnings were given should be treated as a custodial interrogation requiring Miranda warnings . Viewing the "totality of circumstances [ , ] " see State v. Presha , 16 3 N.J. 304, 313 (2000),
we agree with the trial court 's assessment that defendant had the status of a witness, rather than a criminal suspect, when he was initially interview ed by the police. As a gener al proposition, police officers do not necessarily place someone in custody simply by asking that person to accompany
them to a police station. See, e.g. , State v. Marshall , 148 N.J. 89, 225
- 26, cert. denied , 522 U.S. 850, 118 S. Ct. 140, 139 L. Ed. 2d 88 (1997); State v. Purnell , 310 N.J. Super. 407, 421
- 22 (App. Div. 1998) ( determining that the defendant was not in custody after police took him to a police station), rev'd on other grounds , 161 N.J. 44 (1999). Similarly, "[i]f the questioning is si mply part of an investigation and is not targeted at the individual because she or he is a suspect, the rights provided by Miranda are not implicated." State v. Timmendequas , 161 N.J. 515, 614
- 15 (1999) (citing State v. Pierson , 223 N.J. Super. 62, 67 (Ap p. Div. 1998)).20 A - 4091
- 14T3

Defendant likens the circumstances in this case to those in
State v. Hubbard , 222 N.J. 249 (2015), and State v. Messino , 378 N.J. Super. 559 (App. Div.), certif. denied , 185 N.J. 297 (2005). We find neither of those cases factually on poin t here. We acknowledge that in both Hubbard , supra , 222 N.J. at 271, and Messino , supra , 378 N.J. Super. at 573, as in this case, the defendant was brought to a police station after a victim was killed or severely harmed. However, in Hubbard , the detecti ve's questions

"roam ed far from merely obtaining information that might assist [in] the [victim's] treatment." Hubbard , supra , 222 N.J. at 271. Moreover, the substance and nature of the interview in Hubbard were suggestive of a custodial interrogation. Id. at 272. By contrast, there is ample support in the record for the trial court's finding that the nature and tenor of the officers ' initial interview of defendant was consistent with treating him as a witness to his brother's shooting, rather than a tar geted suspect. Defendant declared at the shooting scene that he knew who was responsible for the shots. He voluntarily came with officers to the police station, accompanied in the same squad car by his girlfriend, who was also a potential eyewitness. He was not handcuffed at any time. He was not placed in an inte rrogation room at the station.21 A - 4091
- 14T3

The s ubstance of the initial interview, fairly construed, was focused upon obtaining relevant information from defendant , who

was a first

- hand eyewitness and therefore a person who could assist in gathering the pertinent facts. When defendant revealed for the first time that he had held a gun and fired shots from it at the scene after his brother was harmed , the police appropriately terminated the session, issued Miranda warnings, and moved
defendant into an interrogation room. Likewise, there are significant difference s here from the circumstances in Messino , in which a defendant made incriminating
statements at a police station after his girlfriend's chil d had died of apparent blunt force trauma. We concluded in Messino that the questioning in that case amounted to a custodial interrogation. Supra , 378 N.J. Super. at 576
- 77. As a key part of our analysis , we focused on the fact that the police station w as e ighteen to twenty miles from the defendant's home, and that there was "no practical way for [him] to leave the building [ . ] " Id . at 576. Here, by comparison, the station was located only a few minutes by car from defendant' s girlfriend's house. T here were several people at his girlfriend's house earlier that day who might have been able to assist him. Moreover, according to defendant's version of the events, his grandmother had come down to the station to see him.22 A - 4091
- 14T3

Defendant stresses that he was wear ing a paper suit and that his bloody clothes and sho e s had been taken away from him. Even so, t he police acted reasonably in taking those items of apparel
from defendant , for reasons of both hygiene and evidence preservation. Conceivably, defendant's gir lfriend, mother, or
some other third party could have brought him clothing and shoes.

T here is no indication that if defendant made such a request , the police would have denied it. Defendant also emphasizes the delay of him waiting approximately four hou rs at the station before his interview was started. The testifying police officers provided a reasonable explanation for that delay, having decided to interview defendant's girlfriend first and take her home before turning to defendant. The police were a lso involved in ongoing investigatory activities at the scene of the shooting. Although the four
- hour delay was relatively long, there is no indication that defendant ever expressed impatience or a desire to leave while he was waiting. As the trial court found, defendant presumably had some incentive to remain and show the police that he could be of assistance to them , by locating the gun that had been used to shoot his brother. The fact that the officers expressed disbelief or skepticism in reaction to d efendant's initial account of the events did not convert the situation to a23 A - 4091
- 14T3

custodial interrogation. As the judge found, defendant's version
of what had occurred at the scene was not credible, and the officers reasonably had the same reaction. In sum, we agree with the trial court that defendant was not the subject of a custodial interrogation until the point when that interview was halted and Miranda warnings were given. We likewise concur with the judge's well

- established findings that the post
- Miranda questioning was not coercive, and that defendant voluntarily and intelligently waived his rights before the questioning was conducted. Although defendant may have some cognitive limitations, the trial court had a reasonable basis to agree with Dr. Martinson's expert opinion that defendant was sufficiently knowledgeable to understand his rights and waive
them. Moreover, the video recording buttresses the judge's determination of a lack of coercion during the session . 3 Affirmed.

3 For sake of completeness, we do note our agreement with defendant that , if we had found the pre

- Miranda questioning to comprise a custodial interrogation, the contents of the post
- Miranda qu estioning would likewise require suppression. See State v. O'Neill , 193 N.J. 148, 180
- 87 (2007) (enumerating various factors for such an assessment, including , notably here, the proximity in time between the pre

- warning and post

- warning statements and the failure of officers to inform a defendant that his pre

- warning statements cannot be used against him).