Fourth Court of Appeals

San Antonio, Texas

MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-19-00416-CV

VILT AND ASSOCIATES, P.C. and Mediation Centers of America, L.L.C.,

Appellants

v.

Ho Kon PARKER and Richard T. Parker,

Appellees

From the 224th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2013-CI-19561

Honorable Rosie Alvarado, Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice

Sitting: Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice

Irene Rios, Justice

Beth Watkins, Justice

Delivered and Filed: August 26, 2020

MOTION TO DISMISS DENIED; REVERSED AND REMANDED

By this restricted appeal, appellants Vilt and Associates, P.C. (“Vilt”) and Mediation 

Centers of America, L.L.C. (“MCA”) seek reversal of the trial court’s final judgment. Appellees 

Ho Kon Parker and Richard T. Parker filed a motion to dismiss, which we carried with the appeal. 

The Parkers argue in their motion that the jurisdictional elements of a restricted appeal have not 

been met. In addition, the Parkers filed a brief, in which they reassert their jurisdictional arguments 

and argue that the restricted appeal is meritless because Vilt and MCA have not shown error on 
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the face of the record. We deny the Parkers’ motion to dismiss, reverse the trial court’s judgment,

and remand for a new trial.

BACKGROUND

The Parkers purchased a home in 2001 with mortgage financing. In 2007, they refinanced 

their mortgage with a home-equity loan. Thereafter, the Parkers became delinquent on their loan. 

In 2011, the promissory note and security instrument for the home-equity loan were transferred to 

U.S. Bank, N.A., and, the following year, the property was sold at a foreclosure sale by a substitute 

trustee.

This appeal is from a judgment in the second of two related lawsuits. In April 2013, the 

Parkers filed their first lawsuit against U.S. Bank, asserting that the bank wrongfully conducted a 

foreclosure sale. The Parkers were represented by Vilt in the lawsuit. The lawsuit was filed in

Bexar County, Texas state district court and later removed to federal district court. After removal, 

U.S. Bank filed a motion to dismiss the appeal. The Parkers did not respond, and the federal 

district court dismissed the lawsuit with prejudice. See Parker v. U.S. Bank, N.A., SA-13-CA-340-

FB (W.D. Tex. May 30, 2013).

Thereafter, in November 2013, the Parkers filed this, their second lawsuit. The Parkers 

assert in their original petition that the foreclosure sale was wrongfully conducted. The petition 

asserts causes of action against U.S. Bank and the trustee, including a cause of action under the 

Texas Debt Collection Act (“TDCA”).

In December 2013, the Parkers filed an amended petition. In addition to the claims against 

the bank and the trustee, the Parkers added claims against Vilt and MCA. The Parkers allege in 

their amended petition that, after the foreclosure sale, they received a postcard from MCA, stating 

“STAY IN YOUR HOME” and “WE STOP EVICTIONS.” The Parkers allegedly paid MCA 

$2,500.00 “for their service.” However, according to the petition, “[t]he service failed to stop the 
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eviction process and after such failure, the service referred [the Parkers] to [Vilt].” The Parkers

further allege that they entered into a legal-services contract with Vilt for approximately $6,500.00. 

This contract promised a foreclosure defense in state and federal courts; however, according to the 

Parkers, Vilt did not identify, allege, or pursue the “obvious, fatal and significant failings” of the 

foreclosure process that could have led to a successful foreclosure defense. The amended petition 

asserts the same causes of action against U.S. Bank and the trustee as before and it adds claims 

against Vilt and MCA for “breach of legal services contract” and “negligence and negligent 

referral—legal services.”

U.S. Bank filed an answer, and the trustee filed an answer and a motion to dismiss, which 

the trial court granted. Vilt filed an answer and a counterclaim for breach of contract, and MCA 

did not answer. Thereafter, the Parkers filed a second amended petition, asserting another claim 

against U.S. Bank, and, later, the Parkers filed a third amended petition, which referred to U.S.

Bank by its correct name.1 The third amended petition was the Parkers’ live petition at the time 

of trial.

The case was set for trial on April 1, 2019. In February 2019, U.S. Bank filed a motion to 

sever the claims against it from the claims against Vilt and MCA. On April 1, 2019, the trial court 

signed an order severing the claims against U.S. Bank into a separate suit. That same day, the trial 

court signed a final judgment against Vilt and MCA after they “failed to appear for trial, despite 

being duly notified.”

1 The previous petitions referred to U.S. Bank by the name of the trust that held the home-equity loan. The trial court 

signed an order dismissing the trust as a defendant in the case, and the Parkers, thereafter, filed their third amended 

petition to name U.S. Bank directly as a defendant.
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On May 6, 2019, Vilt filed a motion for new trial. On June 5, 2019, the trial court held a 

hearing on the motion. The trial court never signed an order granting the motion for new trial. On 

June 19, 2019, Vilt and MCA filed notices of appeal.

JURISDICTION

Before this appeal was set for submission, we ordered Vilt and MCA to show cause why 

this appeal should not be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction because the appeal appeared to be 

untimely filed. Vilt filed its motion for a new trial thirty-six days after the trial court’s judgment, 

which was beyond the deadline to file a motion for new trial. See TEX.R.CIV. P. 329b(a) (requiring 

a motion for new trial be filed thirty days after the judgment is signed). Vilt and MCA filed their 

notices of appeal seventy-nine days after the judgment was signed, which is beyond the typical, 

thirty-day deadline to file an appeal when a motion for new trial is not timely filed. See TEX. R.

APP. P. 26.1.

Vilt’s and MCA’s response to our show cause order referred to the fact that the trial court 

provided notice of its April 1, 2019 judgment on April 4, 2019; however, this fact did not alter the 

normal filing deadlines. The deadline for filing a notice of appeal is extended only if a party 

affected by the judgment has not received notice or acquired actual knowledge within twenty days 

after the judgment was signed. See TEX. R. APP. P. 4.2(a)(1). Vilt and MCA do not argue these 

circumstances. Nevertheless, we retained the appeal on our docket because the appeal appeared

to qualify as a timely-filed restricted appeal under Rule 30 of the Texas Rules of Appellate 

Procedure. See TEX. R. APP. P. 30 (“A party who did not participate—either in person or through 

counsel—in the hearing that resulted in the judgment complained of and who did not timely file a 

postjudgment motion or request for findings of fact and conclusions of law, or a notice of appeal 

within the time permitted by Rule 26.1(a), may file a notice of appeal within the time permitted by 

Rule 26.1(c).”). Vilt and MCA filed an amended brief, arguing we lack jurisdiction because the 
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“final judgment” signed on April 1, 2019 is interlocutory. They also argue, if the issue is reached, 

that they have established the elements of a restricted appeal and are entitled to reversal of the trial 

court’s judgment. The Parkers now contest whether Vilt and MCA qualify for a restricted appeal 

and have filed a motion to dismiss on the ground that we lack jurisdiction. We carried the Parkers’

motion with the appeal. In their appellees’ brief, the Parkers argue briefly that a restricted appeal 

is meritless, in any event. In light of these arguments, we first consider our jurisdiction. See Tex. 

Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 228 (Tex. 2004) (“[A] court must not 

proceed on the merits of a case until legitimate challenges to its jurisdiction have been decided.”).

2

Final Judgment

Generally, unless authorized by statute, “an appeal may be taken only from a final 

judgment.” Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191, 195 (Tex. 2001); accord De Ayala v. 

Mackie, 193 S.W.3d 575, 578 (Tex. 2006). “A judgment is final for purposes of appeal if it 

disposes of all pending parties and claims in the record, except as necessary to carry out the 

decree.” Lehmann, 39 S.W.3d at 195. “[A] judgment issued without a conventional trial is final 

for purposes of appeal if and only if either it actually disposes of all claims and parties then before 

the court, regardless of its language, or it states with unmistakable clarity that it is a final judgment 

as to all claims and all parties.” Id. at 192–93. “An order does not dispose of all claims and all 

parties merely because it is entitled ‘final’, or because the word ‘final’ appears elsewhere in the 

order, or even because it awards costs.” Id. at 205. “Rather, there must be some other clear 

indication that the trial court intended the order to completely dispose of the entire case.” Id.

2 Although Vilt and MCA did not file a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, their issue on whether the judgment 

is final goes to our jurisdiction, which we are obligated to consider, even when not raised in a motion. Cf. M.O. Dental 

Lab v. Rape, 139 S.W.3d 671, 673 (Tex. 2004) (per curiam) (“[W]e are obligated to review sua sponte issues affecting 

jurisdiction.”); Bustos v. Encino Park Homeowners Ass’n, No. 04-19-00311-CV, 2020 WL 3441436, at *2 (Tex. 

App.—San Antonio June 24, 2020, no pet. h.) (mem. op.) (reviewing the matter of jurisdiction sua sponte and 

dismissing an appeal for lack of jurisdiction because there was no final, appealable judgment).
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Vilt and MCA argue that the appealed-from order, which is entitled “Final Judgment,” is 

not, in fact, a final judgment because it does not dispose of the two causes of action asserted against 

Vilt and MCA for breach of contract and negligence. Vilt and MCA argue that the trial court’s

judgment only disposes of the claim against U.S. Bank under the TDCA because the judgment 

awards the Parkers $350,000.00, which “includes damages for statutory trebling as a result of 

intentional and knowing conduct of [Vilt and MCA].” According to Vilt and MCA, breach of 

contract and negligence cannot support an award of treble damages; therefore, the judgment cannot 

concern those claims.

Vilt’s and MCA’s argument as to treble damages goes more to the issue of asserted error 

than to the finality of the judgment. “Granting more relief than [a] movant is entitled to makes 

[an] order reversible, but not interlocutory.” Id. at 204. Here, the trial court’s judgment is final 

because the order disposed of all pending parties and claims. See id. at 192–93. It is not 

interlocutory “merely because the record [purportedly] does not afford a legal basis for the 

adjudication.” Id. at 206.

Contrary to what Vilt and MCA assert, the trial court’s judgment addresses and adjudicates 

the claims that were pending against Vilt and MCA as well as Vilt’s claim against the Parkers. 

These were the only claims remaining in the case after the trial court granted severance of the 

claims against U.S. Bank.3

 The judgment provides:

IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED, that there is a preponderance of 

the evidence to support each of Plaintiffs, HO KON PARKER AND RICHARD T. 

PARKER’S allegations against Defendants, VILT & ASSOCIATES, P.C. AND 

MEDIATION CENTERS OF AMERICA, L.L.C. and finds that there is no 

evidence to support the counterclaims alleged by VILT & ASSOCIATES, P.C.;

IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED, that the Court makes all 

findings necessary to support this Judgment for Plaintiffs and against Defendants, 

VILT & ASSOCIATES, P.C. AND MEDIATION CENTERS OF AMERICA, 

3 The claims against the trustee had been dismissed earlier in the case.
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L.L.C. and dismisses all counterclaims made by VILT & ASSOCIATES, P.C. as 

being without evidence or merit to support same[.]

The order assesses costs and post-judgment interest against Vilt and MCA, and it 

concludes:

SAID SUMS ARE ORDERED DUE AND PAYABLE BY Defendants, jointly and 

severally, and all writs and processes necessary for the enforcement and collection 

of this judgment and/or the costs associated thereto are granted and shall issue as 

necessary.

The court recognizes the granting of the severance order of even date with this 

judgment that renders this judgment as to these Defendants final.

The court denies all relief not granted in this judgment. This is a final, appealable 

judgment. The Court orders the Bexar County District Clerk’s office to forward 

forthwith a copy of this final judgment to all counsel of record.

We hold the appealed-from order is a final, appealable judgment because it “dispose[d] of 

all pending parties and claims in the record, except as necessary to carry out the decree.” Id. at 

195.

Jurisdictional Elements of a Restricted Appeal

The next jurisdictional challenge comes from the Parkers. They assert that the 

jurisdictional elements of a restricted appeal are not met.

Rule 30 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure provides:

A party who did not participate—either in person or through counsel—in the 

hearing that resulted in the judgment complained of and who did not timely file a 

postjudgment motion or request for findings of fact and conclusions of law, or a 

notice of appeal within the time permitted by Rule 26.1(a), may file a notice of 

appeal within the time permitted by Rule 26.1(c).
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TEX. R. APP. P. 30; see also id. R. 26.1(a), (c).

4

 An appeal under Rule 30 is a restricted appeal and

is a direct attack on the trial court’s judgment. Franklin v. Wilcox, 53 S.W.3d 739, 741 (Tex. 

App.—Fort Worth 2001, no pet.).

To sustain a restricted appeal, the appealing party must show: (1) it filed notice of the 

restricted appeal within six months after the judgment was signed; (2) it was a party to the 

underlying lawsuit; (3) it did not participate in the hearing that resulted in the judgment complained 

of, and did not timely file any post-judgment motions or requests for findings of fact and 

conclusions of law; and (4) error is apparent on the face of the record. Ex parte E.H., No. 18-0932, 

2020 WL 2503898, at *6 (Tex. May 15, 2020). Only the first three elements are jurisdictional. Id. 

at *7.

Vilt and MCA have satisfied the first element. They filed their notices of appeal on June 

19, 2019, which was approximately two-and-a-half months after the judgment was signed.5

 Vilt 

and MCA also satisfy the second element because they were parties to the underlying lawsuit.

As to the third element, Vilt and MCA did not timely file any post-judgment motions or 

requests for findings of fact and conclusions of law. Vilt’s motion for new trial was untimely filed 

on May 6, 2019, after the trial court signed its final judgment on April 1, 2019. See TEX. R. CIV.

P. 329b(a) (imposing a deadline of thirty days after entry of the final judgment to file a motion for 

new trial). The Parkers contest the other aspect of the third element—whether Vilt and MCA 

participated in the hearing that resulted in the judgment. We hold they did not.

4 Generally, Rule 26.1 provides that a party who desires to appeal a trial court’s judgment must file a notice of appeal 

within thirty days after the judgment is signed. See TEX. R. APP. P. 26.1. A timely filed motion for new trial, motion 

to modify the judgment, motion to reinstate, or a proper request for findings of fact and conclusions of law extends 

the deadline to ninety days after the judgment is signed. See id. R. 26.1(a). 5 By an earlier order, we construed their appeals as restricted appeals, even though their notices of appeal did not 

strictly comply with the requirements regarding the contents and verification of a notice of restricted appeal. See TEX.

R. APP. P. 25.1(d)(7).
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“The nature and extent of participation that precludes appeal by [restricted appeal] in any 

particular case is a matter of degree because trial courts decide cases in a wide variety of procedural 

settings.” Texaco, Inc. v. Cent. Power & Light Co., 925 S.W.2d 586, 589 (Tex. 1996) (interpreting

the predecessor to Rule 30). The question is whether an appellant participated in “the decisionmaking event” that results in the judgment adjudicating the appellant’s rights. Id.; In re B.H.B., 

336 S.W.3d 303, 305 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2010, pet. denied). We must liberally construe 

the non-participation requirement in favor of the right to appeal. See Pike-Grant v. Grant, 447 

S.W.3d 884, 886 (Tex. 2014) (per curiam).

Here, it is undisputed that the Parkers presented their case-in-chief at trial on April 1, 2019, 

when Vilt and MCA were not present. Although we lack the trial record, we have the record from 

the hearing on Vilt’s untimely-filed motion for new trial. At that hearing, counsel for the Parkers 

explained that the trial commenced without attorneys for Vilt and MCA present. According to 

counsel for the Parkers, all witnesses for the Parkers had finished testifying before counsel for Vilt 

contacted the trial court.

Counsel for Vilt explained what followed. An attorney at Vilt and Associates, P.C.

happened to be at the courthouse on another matter on the day of the trial. The attorney became 

aware that a default judgment was being pursued against Vilt and MCA, and the attorney asked 

the trial court for a continuance. The trial court contacted lead counsel for Vilt and MCA by 

telephone, and lead counsel informed the court that he was unable to appear because he was 

occupied with another matter in a court in Galveston County, Texas. Counsel asserted that he was 

unaware of the trial proceeding in Bexar County. Counsel then presented his arguments for a 

continuance, and the trial court denied counsel’s request. After lead counsel’s recitation of these

circumstances at the hearing on the motion for new trial, counsel for the Parkers remarked: “[H]is 
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recollection is correct, except for the fact that he doesn’t recognize the fact that we had already 

started trial.”

All parties acknowledge that Vilt and MCA were present in the courtroom on the day of 

trial through the personal and telephonic appearances of counsel; however, we hold, their presence 

was not participation in “the decision-making event” that resulted in the final judgment. See 

Texaco, 925 S.W.2d at 589. It is undisputed that the Parkers presented their entire case-in-chief, 

including witnesses, while Vilt and MCA were absent. Vilt and MCA then made an appearance 

and argued for a continuance, which the trial court denied.

We are unable to locate a case with similar facts, but the seminal case on the matter, Texaco, 

is instructive. Cf. id. (noting that “participation is rarely a disputed issue”). In Texaco, an 

employee sued Texaco and Central Power and Light Company (“CP&L”) after being injured on 

the job. Id. at 587. CP&L filed a counterclaim against Texaco for indemnification. Id. Before 

trial commenced, the attorney for Texaco announced ready. Id. The trial court adjourned on the 

parties’ request, and upon return, the employee and Texaco announced they had reached a 

settlement as to the employee’s claims against Texaco. Id. The trial court, “apparently under the 

impression that the settlement ended Texaco’s involvement in the case,” excused Texaco’s 

attorney, and Texaco’s attorney did not attend the remainder of the trial. Id. Ultimately, trial 

resulted in a jury verdict and a judgment rendered against Texaco on CP&L’s counterclaim for 

indemnification. Id. at 588. Texaco filed a restricted appeal. Id. In construing the predecessor to 

Rule 30, the Texas Supreme Court held that Texaco did not participate within the meaning of the 

relevant rule because Texaco did not participate in the evidentiary stage of trial. Id. at 591. In 

reaching this holding, the supreme court noted the difference between participation in the context 

of a summary judgment and participation in the context of a jury trial: “[P]articipation in a case 

tried to a jury requires some degree of involvement in the ‘hearing in open court . . . on the 
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questions of fact.’” See id. at 589 (quoting Lawyers Lloyds v. Webb, 152 S.W.2d 1096, 1097 (Tex.

1941)).

Here, as in Texaco, Vilt and MCA did not participate in the April 1, 2019 trial on the 

questions of fact. It is undisputed that the Parkers presented their witnesses before Vilt and MCA 

appeared. Upon appearance, Vilt and MCA argued the matter of a continuance. Under these 

circumstances, and mindful that the non-participation requirement must be liberally construed in 

favor of the right to appeal, we hold that Vilt and MCA did not participate in the decision-making 

event. See TEX. R. APP. P. 30; Pike-Grant, 447 S.W.3d at 886; Texaco, 925 S.W.2d at 589.

6

 We 

have jurisdiction to consider this restricted appeal.

MERITS DISCUSSION

The final element to sustain a restricted appeal is that error be apparent on the face of the 

record. Ex parte E.H., 2020 WL 2503898, at *6.7 “[E]rror that is merely inferred will not suffice.”

Ginn v. Forrester, 282 S.W.3d 430, 431 (Tex. 2009) (per curiam). The face of the record consists 

of all papers on file in the appeal, including the reporter’s record. See Norman Commc’ns v. Tex.

Eastman Co., 955 S.W.2d 269, 270 (Tex. 1997) (per curiam); accord Ex parte Graves, No. 04-16-

00570-CV, 2017 WL 3159459, at *1 (Tex. App.—San Antonio July 26, 2017, pet. denied) (mem. 

op.). 

6 The cases the Parkers cite are distinguishable because they concern a greater degree of participation than in the 

instant case. See In re K.B.B., No. 12-16-00248-CV, 2017 WL 787094, at *2 (Tex. App.—Tyler March 1, 2017, pet.

denied) (mem. op.) (party appeared by telephone, made an opening statement, objected to evidence and testimony, 

questioned one witness, answered questions posed by opposing counsel, testified on his own behalf, and made a 

closing statement); Brower v. Giesenschlag, No. 03-10-00627-CV, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 4126, at *2 (Tex. App.—

Austin May 26, 2011, no pet.) (pro se party appeared at trial before the introduction of evidence, made an oral request 

for a continuance, indicated her intention not to remain in the courtroom after the trial court denied her motion, and 

did not return to the courtroom after a recess); C & V Club v. Gonzales, 953 S.W.2d 755, 757 (Tex. App.—Corpus 

Christi 1997, no writ) (party’s attorney appeared in person, requested a continuance, and examined and crossexamined witnesses), abrogated in part by Ex parte E.H., 2020 WL 2503898, at *7; Girdley v. Sw. Bell Yellow Pages, 

Inc., 869 S.W.2d 409, 410 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1993, writ denied) (party’s attorney “fully and actively represented” 

the party during the hearings that led to the judgment), abrogated in part by Ex parte E.H., 2020 WL 2503898, at *7. 7 In Ex parte E.H., the supreme court held that the fourth element regarding error on the face of the record is not 

jurisdictional, and it abrogated cases holding otherwise. See Ex parte E.H., 2020 WL 2503898, at *7.
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Vilt and MCA do not frame their merits arguments in terms of purported error on the face 

of the record. The Parkers, by and large, do not address Vilt’s and MCA’s merits arguments in 

their appellees’ brief. Because Vilt’s and MCA’s damages arguments are dispositive, we do not 

address their remaining merits arguments. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

Vilt and MCA argue the trial court imposed an improper measure of damages. The Parkers’ 

live pleading at the time of trial states claims against Vilt and MCA for breach of contract and 

negligence. The trial court’s final judgment assesses damages, “in the amount of THREE

HUNDRED AND FIFTY THOUSAND DOLLARS ($350,000.00), this includes damages for

statutory trebling as a result of intentional and knowing conduct of the named . . . Defendants.” 

Vilt and MCA assert there is no statutory basis to treble actual damages for claims for breach of 

contract and negligence, and the Parkers have not asserted any such basis. Accordingly, we hold 

that Vilt and MCA have established on the face of the record that the trial court erred by assessing 

treble damages absent statutory authorization. Cf. Mehl v. Stern, No. 03-14-00697-CV, 2016 WL 

4091359, at *5 (Tex. App.—Austin July 28, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding, in a restricted 

appeal, the trial court improperly awarded the remedies of both rescission of a real-property 

conveyance and actual damages because a party generally is not entitled to double recovery for the 

same injury).

Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 44.1(b) provides, “The court may not order a separate 

trial solely on unliquidated damages if liability is contested.” TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(b). Because 

liability was contested here,8 we cannot remand on damages alone. See Estrada v. Dillon, 44 

S.W.3d 558, 262 (Tex. 2001). As a result, we are required to reverse not only the portion of the 

8 Although our record on appeal contains no answer for MCA, we note that counsel for Vilt and MCA represented—

both to the trial court and to this court—that this was a post-answer default judgment, and the Parkers did not contest 

this assertion. We therefore treat this as a post-answer default judgment as to both Vilt and MCA.
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judgment awarding the Parkers’ damages, but also the liability portion of the trial court’s 

judgment.

CONCLUSION

We deny the Parkers’ motion to dismiss because we have jurisdiction to decide this 

restricted appeal. We reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand the cause for a new trial.

Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice