UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

THEODORE McGARY,

Plaintiff,

v.

SHEILA CROWLEY, Acting Director of the 

Peace Corps,

Defendant.

Civil Action No. 13-1267 (RDM)

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Plaintiff Theodore McGary prevailed against his former employer, the Peace Corps, in 

proceedings before the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”). The EEOC 

determined that the Peace Corps’s decision to fire McGary was motivated by unlawful retaliatory 

animus, and it awarded him relief including damages, attorney’s fees, and back pay with interest. 

See McGary v. Vasquez, EEOC Appeal No. 0720060027, 2007 WL 788295, at *4, *6–7 (Mar. 7, 

2007) [hereinafter EEOC Merits Decision]. McGary ultimately collected more than $450,000. 

See McGary v. Williams, EEOC Appeal No. 0120111792, 2012 WL 3878944, at *8 (Aug. 21, 

2012); Dkt. 14-3 at 2.

Dissatisfied with that outcome, McGary brings this pro se civil action to relitigate his 

claims. See McGary v. Hessler-Radelet (“McGary I”), 156 F. Supp. 3d 28, 36 (D.D.C. 2016). 

The question is whether he filed his complaint too late. Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 

of 1964, a federal employee who has been “aggrieved by the [EEOC’s] final disposition of his 

complaint” may press his claims in federal court—but only “[w]ithin 90 days of receipt of notice 

of [the EEOC’s] final action.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(c). Here, 102 days elapsed between the 
2

EEOC’s final decision on April 26, 2013, and McGary’s filing of this lawsuit on August 6, 2013. 

See McGary v. Williams, EEOC Req. No. 0520130013, 2013 WL 1856740 (Apr. 26, 2013) 

[hereinafter Final EEOC Decision]; Dkt. 1 at 1. The Court therefore authorized limited 

discovery into whether McGary was in “receipt of notice” of the EEOC’s decision as of the 

critical date of May 8, 2013. See Minute Order of Mar. 7, 2016.

The Peace Corps has now moved for summary judgment on the ground that McGary filed 

his lawsuit more than 90 days after his “receipt of notice.” Dkt. 42. The record, however, does 

not reveal precisely when McGary actually received the notice. And it is undisputed that the 

EEOC mailed its final decision only to McGary’s prior residence in Fredericksburg, Virginia—

despite knowing that McGary had since moved to the U.S. naval base in Yokosuka, Japan, and 

despite the EEOC’s prior practice of mailing notices to McGary’s address in Japan. McGary 

posits that, given the logistics of forwarding his mail from Virginia to Japan, he would not have 

received the notice of final agency action before the relevant date. 

As explained below, the Peace Corps has failed to shoulder its burden of demonstrating 

by uncontroverted evidence that McGary received notice before May 8, 2013. In the alternative, 

moreover, McGary has adduced sufficient facts to permit the reasonable conclusion that his 90-

day deadline to sue should be equitably tolled in light of the EEOC’s failure to send the notice to 

McGary’s residence in Japan. The Court, accordingly, DENIES the Peace Corps’s motion.

I. BACKGROUND

McGary has been litigating this case against the Peace Corps for almost seventeen years. 

In August 2000, McGary, then a Peace Corps employee, invoked the agency’s equal employment 

opportunity (“EEO”) counseling process, arguing that the Peace Corps declined to grant him a 

wage increase because of his race. See EEOC Merits Decision, 2007 WL 788295, at *1–2. In 
3

September 2000, the Peace Corps issued McGary a reprimand that ultimately led to his 

dismissal. Id. at *1. By November 2000, McGary had filed one or more formal EEO complaints

re-asserting his earlier claim and further alleging that the reprimand was the product of both 

racial discrimination and unlawful retaliation for his EEO activity. Id. In September 2005, an 

EEOC administrative law judge rejected the discrimination claims but found that McGary was

the victim of unlawful retaliation. Id. at *1–2. The EEOC affirmed that judgment in March 

2007. Id. at *6–7. The parties then spent the next six years litigating the details of the remedy 

and the Peace Corps’s compliance with the EEOC’s order. See generally Final EEOC Decision, 

2013 WL 1856740, at *2–3. 

In May 2012—while the EEOC proceedings were ongoing—McGary relocated from 

Fredericksburg, Virginia, to the U.S. naval base in Yokosuka, Japan. Dkt. 42-2 at 12; Dkt. 46 at 

26 (McGary Aff.). The record does not reflect whether McGary’s contact information on file 

with the EEOC was ever officially updated (and, indeed, neither party has proffered a copy of the 

EEOC’s docket or any other evidence of the EEOC’s internal designation of McGary’s address 

of record). But when the EEOC issued its next decision in McGary’s case in August 2012, it 

mailed copies of that decision to McGary at both his Virginia address and his Japanese one. 

Compare Dkt. 42-2 at 14 (listing McGary’s Japanese address) with Dkt. 13 at 51 (EEOC 

certificate of mailing to that address). McGary thereafter continued to correspond with the 

EEOC from Japan, see Dkt. 42-2 at 14, and the EEOC continued to send documents exclusively

to McGary’s Japanese address, see Dkt. 43 at 25–27.

On April 26, 2013, the EEOC issued its final decision in McGary’s case. See Final 

EEOC Decision, 2013 WL 1856740. That decision contained the following paragraph:
4

COMPLAINANT’S RIGHT TO FILE A CIVIL ACTION (P0610)

This decision of the Commission is final, and there is no f[u]rther right of 

administrative appeal from the Commission’s decision. You have the right to file 

a civil action in an appropriate United States District Court within ninety (90) 

calendar days from the date that you receive this decision.

Id. at *5 (bold and underlining in original). Neither party has submitted a copy of the certificate 

of mailing, which would have identified the date the decision was actually mailed and the 

address or addresses to which it was sent. Cf. Dkt. 13 at 51. And, significantly, the Peace Corps 

“ha[s] no personal direct knowledge” of whether or not the EEOC mailed its final decision to 

Japan. Dkt. 42-1 at 4. As a result, the only account of how the EEOC served its decision is 

McGary’s own testimony. 

According to McGary, the EEOC mailed its final decision to his house in Virginia, but

not to his residence in Japan. Dkt. 46 at 26 (McGary Aff.). At the time, the Virginia house was 

vacant and uninhabitable due to water damage from flooding. Dkt. 42-2 at 12 (McGary Interr. 

Resp. No. 2(a)). McGary’s estranged wife lived nearby, however, where she was undergoing 

treatment for cancer. Id. at 12–13 (McGary Interr. Resp. No. 2(b)). At some point, although 

McGary is unsure when, McGary’s wife visited the Virginia house, found the EEOC’s decision 

in the mail, and forwarded it to McGary in Japan. Id. McGary does not remember the exact date 

on which he received the forwarded copy, but he believes it arrived “sometime in May or June 

2013.” Id. at 13 (McGary Interr. Resp. No. 2(c)). He further attests that, “because the notice had 

to be processed through two postal systems, the U.S. Post Office in the U.S., and the U.S. Navy 

Postal system in Japan,” the EEOC’s final decision “would not have reached the U.S. Navy post 

office in Yokosuka earlier than May 9, 2013.” Dkt. 46 at 26–27 (McGary Aff.).

On August 6, 2013, McGary filed the instant lawsuit. Dkt. 1 at 1. McGary’s statutory

deadline for filing was 90 days after his “receipt of notice” of the EEOC’s final decision. See 42 
5

U.S.C. § 2000e-16(c). Accordingly, if McGary was not “[in] receipt of notice” before May 8, 

2013, McGary satisfied the deadline. But if he was “[in] receipt of notice” prior to May 8, 2013, 

his lawsuit is untimely under the terms of the statute. 

The Peace Corps first raised its timeliness defense as one of many arguments in its earlier 

motion to dismiss. Dkt. 14-1 at 7. The Court denied that aspect of the motion, holding that 

“further factual development and briefing [was] necessary before [the Court] [could] determine 

whether [McGary’s] claim is barred by the 90-day statute of limitations in 42 U.S.C. § 2000e16(c).” McGary I, 156 F. Supp. 3d at 35. Following the Court’s decision, the parties engaged in 

limited discovery on the issue, see Minute Order of Mar. 7, 2016, and the Peace Corps has now

renewed its timeliness defense in the pending motion for summary judgment, Dkt. 42.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

The moving party is entitled to summary judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 

56 if it can “show[] that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and [that it] is entitled 

to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A fact is “material” if it could affect the 

substantive outcome of the litigation. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 

(1986). And a dispute is “genuine” if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a 

verdict for the nonmoving party. See Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007). The Court, 

moreover, must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and must 

draw all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor. Talavera v. Shah, 638 F.3d 303, 308 (D.C. 

Cir. 2011).

III. ANALYSIS

Under Title VII, McGary was required to bring this lawsuit “[w]ithin 90 days of receipt 

of notice of final action taken by [the EEOC].” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(c). This 90-day deadline
6

“is not a jurisdictional requirement but rather is similar to a statute of limitations.” Colbert v. 

Potter, 471 F.3d 158, 167 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Like 

a statute of limitations, it constitutes “an affirmative defense,” which the Peace Corps “bears the 

burden of pleading and proving.” Id. at 165 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). But, 

“[i]f the [Peace Corps] meets its burden, [McGary] then bears the burden of pleading and 

proving facts supporting equitable avoidance of the defense.” Bowden v. United States, 106 F.3d 

433, 437 (D.C. Cir. 1997). 

A. Timeliness of the Complaint

The parties devote little attention to the threshold question of statutory interpretation: 

Did delivery of the final EEOC decision to McGary’s Virginia house (where his estranged 

spouse retrieved it and forwarded it to McGary in Japan) constitute “receipt of notice” sufficient

to trigger the 90-day clock? The answer to that question is not obvious under Supreme Court or 

D.C. Circuit precedent. See, e.g., Christmas v. Spellings, 404 F. Supp. 2d 239, 240 (D.D.C. 

2005). Three decisions, however, shed light on how courts should go about applying the receiptof-notice requirement.

In the first of those decisions, Bell v. Brown, 557 F.2d 849 (D.C. Cir. 1977), the D.C. 

Circuit read § 2000e-16(c)’s 90-day clock to start running only upon actual notice to the plaintiff 

of the final administrative decision. The court stated that the window for filing “plainly . . . 

begins to run only from the time the notice comes into the [employee’s] hands,” id. at 852, and

construed the statute to conform to the pro se plaintiff’s “prudent . . . belief that he had 30 days 

[now 90 days] from the time that he first saw the decision to bring his pro se endeavor in court,” 
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id. at 854.1

 The court further explained that, although the statutory text “is noncommittal as to 

whether receipt by a representative is equivalent for this purpose to receipt by the employee,” the 

“remedial” nature of the statute and the then-governing Civil Service Commission regulations 

supported the conclusion that “the statutory period is not triggered by receipt of notice by the 

[employee’s] representative on an earlier date.”2

 Id. at 853–55. That portion of the decision, 

however, was arguably dicta because, as the D.C. Circuit noted, the lawyer who received the 

notice in Bell had represented the plaintiff in the administrative proceeding but no longer 

represented him at the time the notice was provided. Id. at 851–52, 854; see also id. at 857 n.70 

(given broader holding, “we need not consider the alternative suggestion that, even if imputed 

notice is permitted, in this case there was no receipt by a then-authorized representative”).

The Supreme Court walked back the farthest reaches of Bell in Irwin v. Department of 

Veterans Affairs, 498 U.S. 89 (1990). Irwin held that an employee is constructively “[in] receipt 

of notice” for purposes of § 2000e-16(c) when the notice is received by his attorney. As the 

Court observed, “[u]nder our system of representative litigation, ‘each party is deemed bound by 

the acts of his lawyer-agent and is considered to have notice of all facts, notice of which can be 

 1

 When Bell was decided, the text of 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(c) was identical to the present 

version except that (1) the statute referred to the “Civil Service Commission” instead of the 

EEOC and (2) the filing window lasted only 30 days instead of 90 days. See 42 U.S.C. 

§ 2000e-16(c) (1976). The EEOC replaced the Civil Service Commission effective January 

1979. See Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1978, § 3, 43 Fed. Reg. 19,807, 92 Stat. 3781. Congress 

extended the filing window to 90 days in 1991. See Civil Rights Act of 1991, Pub. L. No. 

102-166, § 114, 105 Stat. 1071, 1079.

2

 When Bell was decided, the Civil Service Commission regulations “required that both the 

complaining employee and his representative, if there were one, be sent copies of the 

administrative decision, together with notice of the right to institute a civil action.” 557 F.2d at 

854–55 & n.49 (citing 5 C.F.R. § 713.234 (1976)). The current regulations retain this general 

structure—requiring that “all official correspondence shall be with [a represented complainant’s 

attorney] with copies to the complainant”—but adds the qualifier that “time frames for receipt of 

materials shall be computed from the time of receipt by the attorney.” 29 C.F.R. § 1614.605(d). 
8

charged upon the attorney.’” Id. at 92 (citation omitted). The Supreme Court also “reject[ed] 

Irwin’s contention that there is a material difference between receipt by an attorney and receipt 

by that attorney’s office for purposes of § 2000e-16(e).” Id. at 93. To hold otherwise, the Court 

wrote, would be at odds with the consistent practice of the federal courts in treating “notice to an 

attorney’s office” as “notice to the client,” and would “encourage factual disputes about when 

actual notice was received.” Id. Beyond announcing these rules, however, the Supreme Court 

did not construe “receipt of notice” and did not address Bell’s holding that notice to an individual

requires actual receipt—i.e., that the § 2000e-16(e) clock does not “begin[] to run [until] the 

notice comes into the [employee’s] hands.” 557 F.2d at 852.

The final case of note is Rao v. Baker, 898 F.2d 191 (D.C. Cir. 1990), on which the Peace

Corps principally relies. Unlike Bell and Irwin, Rao did not involve a statutory deadline or 

§ 2000e-16(c). Instead, Rao concerned when an employee may appeal an agency’s adverse EEO 

decision to the EEOC itself—an issue governed solely by regulation. See 898 F.2d at 193. 

Compare 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(c) (deadline for filing in district court) with 29 C.F.R. 

§ 1614.402 (deadline for appealing to the EEOC). Given this distinction, Rao “d[id] not 

[present] the question whether Bell itself should be modified.” 898 F.2d at 197.

In Rao, then-existing regulations required employees to bring EEOC appeals within “20

calendar days after receipt of the agency’s notice of final decision.” Id. at 193 n.3. The agency 

had mailed notice of its final decision to Rao at his last known address and to Rao’s attorney. Id.

at 192. Rao, however, had left the country some months prior without alerting the agency, and

he never received the notice. Id. Instead, the notice was received by (1) Rao’s friend, whom 

Rao had asked to check his mail, and (2) Rao’s attorney. Id. The attorney ultimately filed Rao’s
9

EEOC appeal, but did so “27 days after the attorney acknowledged receiving notice and 23 days 

after Rao’s friend had signed for the notice.” Id. 

The D.C. Circuit held that Rao’s complaint was untimely because he was on 

“constructive notice” of the agency’s decision. Id. at 193. The court premised its decision not to 

extend Bell’s rule on four factors: (1) that Bell interpreted a statute whereas Rao construed a 

regulation; (2) that the EEOC’s regulatory scheme had “substantially changed” since Bell; (3)

that “unlike in Bell, Rao had an ongoing attorney-client relationship with his lawyer at the time 

the notice was mailed;” and (4) that Rao’s friend also received the notice. Id.

Most importantly for present purposes, Rao declined to decide “whether receipted notice 

by Rao’s friend would be sufficient in and of itself to constitute constructive notice to Rao.” Id.

at 197. Rather, the critical fact was that “Rao himself, not the agency, [had] designated the 

faulty mechanism which resulted in his nonreceipt of the notice.” Id. “[I]mpos[ing] an actual 

notice requirement . . . [where] the agency has taken all reasonable steps to send proper 

notice . . . but the [employee] himself has made inadequate arrangement for receipt,” the court 

said, would allow employees to evade the statute of limitations “simply [by] fail[ing] to 

acknowledge receipt of a registered letter at the address provided to the agency.” Id. The court 

deemed this result “unworkable” and construed the regulation to avoid it. Id.

Although the Peace Corps does not press this point—and, indeed, does not even cite 

Bell—one portion of the Rao court’s analysis arguably undercuts the D.C. Circuit’s earlier 

holding in Bell. According to Rao, Bell must be understood against the backdrop that “the 30-

day [now 90-day] statutory limit for filing a civil suit brooked no exceptions.” 898 F.2d at 194. 

“As a result,” Rao explained, “the [Bell] court felt it was necessary to accommodate the 30-day 

[now 90-day] requirement to the broad remedial purpose of [Title VII] by insisting that the 
10

applicant be given a full 30 days [now 90 days] in which to initiate a civil action after he became 

aware of the agency’s final denial of relief.” Id. at 194–95. That rationale did not apply, 

however, to the regulations at issue in Rao, which were “expressly subject to equitable tolling.” 

Id. at 195. And, as the Rao court further explained, “[h]ad equitable tolling been explicitly 

available in Bell, the court might not have felt compelled to interpret the statutory ‘receipt’ 

requirement as calling for actual receipt in all cases to protect Title VII complainants.” Id.

The major premise of that hypothetical, of course, has now come to pass. As noted 

above, Irwin held that equitable tolling is available under § 2000e-16(c), see 498 U.S. at 93–96, 

and the governing EEOC regulations now embody that rule, see 29 C.F.R. § 1614.604(c). The 

notion that the Bell court “might” have reached a different result with this predicate, however, 

does not provide sufficient basis for this Court to disregard otherwise binding circuit precedent. 

Rather, “[i]f a precedent of” an appellate court “has direct application in a case, yet appears to 

rest on reasons rejected in some other line of decisions,” the lower court “should follow the case 

which directly controls, leaving to [the appellate court] the prerogative of overruling its own 

decisions.” Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/Am. Exp., Inc., 490 U.S. 477, 484 (1989) (holding 

that the Court of Appeals erred in declining to apply Supreme Court precedent, even though the 

reasoning of that precedent had been eroded by subsequent decisions); see also United States v. 

Torres, 115 F.3d 1033, 1036 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (“[D]istrict judges, like panels of this court, are 

obligated to follow controlling circuit precedent until either we, sitting en banc, or the Supreme 

Court, overrule it.”). Given the concerns raised in Rao, district courts should exercise “great 

caution in extending Bell’s no constructive notice reasoning” beyond the facts of Bell itself. 

Rao, 898 F.2d at 197. But, in the absence of contrary D.C. Circuit or Supreme Court precedent, 

the core holding of Bell remains binding.
11

In light of Bell, Irwin, and Rao, the meaning of “receipt of notice” in § 2000e-16(c) in 

this Circuit appears to be as follows: By default, the 90-day window to sue runs from the 

employee’s “actual notice” of the final administrative action (i.e., Bell controls). But, if the

decision is first delivered to the office of the employee’s attorney, the window instead runs from 

the date of that delivery (i.e., Irwin controls). And, assuming that the D.C. Circuit would extend 

Rao’s reasoning to § 2000e-16(c), there is an additional exception (not considered in Bell) if the 

employee’s lack of timely notice is the employee’s own fault, in which case the window runs

from the date notice would have been achieved had the employee made adequate arrangements 

to receive it. Cf. Maggio v. Wis. Ave. Psychiatric Ctr., Inc., 795 F.3d 57, 59 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 2015) 

(observing that, in the analogous context of the deadline to file private-sector Title VII suits, 42 

U.S.C. § 2000e-(f)(1), other circuits have held “when plaintiffs fail to receive notice through 

their own fault, the ‘actual-notice’ rule does not apply”).

The Peace Corps is not entitled to summary judgment under any of these criteria. To 

start, the Peace Corps has not attempted to bring this case within Irwin’s ambit. The Peace 

Corps never argues that McGary was represented by counsel when the EEOC issued its final 

decision, let alone argue that the decision arrived at his counsel’s office before May 8, 2013. 

Similarly, the Peace Corps has failed to show that it is entitled to summary judgment 

under Rao’s employee-fault exception to Bell (assuming the D.C. Circuit would recognize the 

same exception for § 2000e-16(c) as it did for the EEOC regulations it construed in Rao). 

Although the Peace Corps asserts that McGary’s Virginia address was his “last known address 

officially on file with the EEOC,” Dkt. 42 at 8, 9; Dkt. 47 at 9, it fails to support that assertion 

with any citation to the record. And the only evidence before the Court cuts the other way: 

McGary has shown that the EEOC sent multiple items of correspondence to his address in Japan
12

before it rendered its final decision, see Dkt. 43 at 25–27, and that the EEOC sent at least one of 

its earlier decisions to that address, see Dkt. 13 at 51. On this record, a reasonable factfinder

could conclude that McGary was not at fault for his initial nonreceipt of notice.

That leaves Bell’s “actual notice” standard. But no evidence suggests that McGary 

received actual notice of the EEOC’s final decision prior to May 8, 2013. And, as both the Court 

and McGary have previously explained, a reasonable factfinder could conclude that the EEOC’s 

final decision (which was mailed to McGary’s Virginia address on April 26, 2013) would have 

taken 12 or more days to reach McGary in Japan. See McGary I, 156 F. Supp. 3d at 34; Dkt. 43 

at 2. The Peace Corps has offered no evidence that the EEOC’s final decision was actually 

mailed on the date it was signed. See infra p. 4. But, even assuming it was, it is not difficult to 

construct a chain of events that would have delayed McGary’s receipt of the required notice until 

at least May 8. If, for example, the decision took 3 days to reach McGary’s Virginia residence, 4

days to be picked up and forwarded to McGary by McGary’s (seriously ill) wife, and 5 days to 

reach Yokosuka, then the notice would have appeared in McGary’s mailbox on May 8 at the 

earliest. The Court cannot foreclose such a possibility on the present record. Summary 

judgment is therefore unwarranted.

The Peace Corps makes three arguments to the contrary, none of which is persuasive.

First, the Peace Corps argues that “[t]here is a presumption that [McGary] received the 

[EEOC’s final] decision within five calendar days after the April 26, 2013, mailing.” Dkt. 42 at 

6. This argument is confused. Although courts often presume that postal mail reaches the 

destination to which it is addressed in three-to-five business days, see, e.g., Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(d);

Mack v. WP Co., LLC, 923 F. Supp. 2d 294, 299 (D.D.C. 2013), nothing in that rule warrants the 

presumption that the EEOC’s final decision arrived in Japan three-to-five days after the EEOC
13

mailed it to Virginia. Indeed, that presumption would be nonsensical. See McGary I, 156 F. 

Supp. 3d at 34. Here, taking the evidence in the light most favorable to McGary, a reasonable 

factfinder could conclude that the EEOC sent notice of its final decision to Virginia and not 

Japan. So, although the Court will presume that the EEOC’s decision arrived at McGary’s 

Virginia residence between April 29 and May 1, that says nothing about when the decision 

subsequently arrived in Japan. As explained, the record does not foreclose the conclusion that 

the latter event occurred on May 8, 2013, or later.

Second, the Peace Corps asserts that, under Rao, McGary “was put on constructive 

notice . . . when his spouse checked his mail at [his Virginia] address.” Dkt. 42 at 7. That is not 

what Rao says. For one, Rao did not construe any statutory deadline at all, as the Court has 

already explained. See Rao, 898 F.2d at 193, 197; see also infra p. 8. The Peace Corps is 

therefore wrong to assert that “Rao is . . . similar to the case at bar in that it involved a statutory 

time limit for the filing of an appeal.” Dkt. 47 at 10. Moreover, and more importantly, Rao

expressly reserved on the question “whether receipted notice by Rao’s friend [at Rao’s 

unoccupied residence of record] would be sufficient in and of itself to constitute constructive 

notice to Rao.” 898 F.2d at 197. Although this Court could in principle resolve that open 

question now, it will not do so absent argument from the parties. Rather than advocate its 

desired result, the Peace Corps merely asserts—incorrectly—that the result is mandated by 

precedent. See Dkt. 42 at 7. That effort is unavailing.

Finally, the Peace Corps asserts that “[t]he burden of proving timely filing falls 

exclusively on the plaintiff,” such that ambiguity in the record as to when McGary received the 

notice justifies the entry of summary judgment in favor of the Peace Corps. Dkt. 42 at 7–8. That 

is not the law. The D.C. Circuit has clearly and repeatedly held that the defendant bears the 
14

burden of proof on this issue. See, e.g., Colbert, 471 F.3d at 165; Bowden, 106 F.3d at 437. 

Although the Peace Corps cites the rule that the plaintiff bears the burden of proving facts 

sufficient to justify the equitable tolling of the deadline, see Dkt. 42 at 7–8 (citing Smith v. 

Holder, 806 F. Supp. 2d 59, 63 (D.D.C. 2011), and Smith v. Dalton, 971 F. Supp. 1, 3 (D.D.C. 

1997)), that is a separate issue that arises only after the defendant meets its burden of showing 

that the complaint was not filed within “90 days of receipt of notice of [the EEOC’s] final 

action,” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(c); see, e.g., Colbert, 471 F.3d at 165, 167; Bowden, 106 F.3d at 

437. 

Thus, because the Peace Corps has failed to demonstrate the absence of any genuine issue 

of fact as to whether McGary was in “receipt of notice” prior to May 8, 2013, it is not entitled to 

summary judgment on its statute of limitations defense.

B. Equitable Tolling

In the alternative, the Court holds that summary judgment is inappropriate given the 

possibility of equitable tolling. Even assuming for the sake of argument that McGary’s 

complaint was untimely, McGary can “avoid summary judgment . . . [by] show[ing] the 

existence of evidence sufficient to permit a reasonable conclusion that the statute of limitations 

should have been equitably tolled.” Smith-Haynie v. District of Columbia, 155 F.3d 575, 579 

(D.C. Cir. 1998). Equitable tolling is not a “right . . . without limit,” but rather requires a 

showing that the plaintiff “diligently” pursued his rights and “that some extraordinary 

circumstance stood in [his] way and prevented the timely filing.” Dyson v. District of Columbia, 

710 F.3d 415, 421 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (internal quotation mark omitted) (quoting Holland v. 

Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 649 (2010)); see also Smith-Haynie, 155 F.3d at 579–80 (“‘The court’s 

equitable power to toll the [90-day period] will be exercised only in extraordinary and carefully 

circumscribed instances.’”) (citation omitted). Evidence that a plaintiff received “inaccurate or 
15

ineffective notice from a government agency required to provide notice of the limitations 

period,” however, can justify equitable tolling. Bowden, 106 F.3d at 438. As explained above, 

McGary has adduced evidence that the EEOC deviated from its prior practice of mailing notices 

to his address in Japan, and instead sent the notice only to Virginia. In other words, he has 

adduced evidence that the delay between the delivery of the notice to Virginia and McGary’s 

receipt of it in Japan is attributable not to McGary’s negligence but to the EEOC’s own mistake.

This evidence “permit[s] a reasonable conclusion” that equitable tolling is warranted. See SmithHaynie, 155 F.3d at 579.

The Peace Corps cites the rule that, “when a complainant fails to receive a right-to-sue 

notice because he gave the EEOC an incorrect address or because he neglected to inform the 

EEOC when he moved, the complainant is at fault and he is not entitled to equitable tolling.” 

Maggio, 795 F.3d at 60; see Dkt. 42 at 8. Although true, that rule is inapposite here. There is no 

evidence that McGary gave the EEOC the incorrect address or neglected to inform it of his 

move. To the contrary, the only available evidence shows that the EEOC was not only aware 

that McGary resided in Japan, but that it was in the practice of sending correspondence to his 

address in Japan. The record thus permits the reasonable conclusion that McGary was not at 

fault.

The Peace Corps also asserts that, “[e]ven if the EEOC was aware of [McGary’s] 

whereabouts at the time they mailed their final agency notice to [his] [Virginia] address, the 

EEOC satisfied its procedural obligations by mailing the final notice to [McGary’s] address of 

record, which was the [Virginia] address.” Dkt. 42 at 9. It is hard to know what the Peace Corps 

means by this. The Peace Corps fails to identify whatever obligations it may have in mind, and it 

cites no EEOC rule addressing how the agency should proceed when it is aware of more than one 
16

address for a complainant. There is no record evidence, moreover, that the Virginia address was 

McGary’s only—or even principal—“address of record.” Quite the opposite, the certificate of 

service on the EEOC’s August 2012 decision lists both McGary’s Japanese and U.S. addresses, 

see Dkt. 13 at 51; McGary attests that he mailed his “Request for Reconsideration” from his 

address in Japan, see Dkt. 46 at 26 (McGary Aff.); and McGary has produced correspondence 

from the EEOC that was sent in August and November 2012 exclusively to his address in Japan, 

see Dkt. 43 at 25–27. The Peace Corps offers no contrary evidence. 

Finally, the Peace Corps contends that McGary has failed to demonstrate a factual basis 

for equitable tolling because he does not allege such a basis in his complaint. Dkt. 42 at 10. It 

goes without saying, however, that McGary was under no obligation to include in his complaint 

a response to the Peace Corps’s affirmative defense. See, e.g., de Csepel v. Republic of Hungary, 

714 F.3d 591, 607–08 (D.C. Cir. 2013); Flying Food Grp., Inc. v. NLRB, 471 F.3d 178, 183 

(D.C. Cir. 2006) (“[A] plaintiff is not required to negate an affirmative defense in his 

complaint . . . .”) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). In resolving the Peace Corps’s 

motion for summary judgment, the Court must consider the basis for equitable tolling that 

McGary posits and supports in his opposition brief—namely, that “the EEOC mailed the [final] 

decision . . . to the incorrect address.” Dkt. 43 at 3. Because McGary’s argument is supported 

by substantial record evidence, the Court must deny the Peace Corps’s motion for summary 

judgment.
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CONCLUSION

Defendants’ motion for summary judgment, Dkt. 42, is hereby DENIED. 

SO ORDERED.

 /s/ Randolph D. Moss 

 RANDOLPH D. MOSS 

 United States District Judge

Date: July 20, 2017