| 2. | Based                    on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement                    of a                    material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make                    the                    statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such                    statements                    were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered                    by this                    report; |
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| 3. | Based                    on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial                    information                    included in this report, fairly present in all material respects                    the                    financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of                    the small business issuer as of, and for, the periods presented                    in this report; |
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| 4. | The                    small business issuer’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for                    establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures                    (as                    defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the small                    business issuer and have: |
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|  | (a) | Designed                    such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure                    controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision,                    to ensure                    that material information relating to the small business issuer,                    including                    its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others                    within those                    entities, particularly during the period in which this report                    is being                    prepared; |
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|  | (b) | Evaluated                    the effectiveness of the small business issuer’s disclosure controls and                    procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about                    the                    effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of                    the end of                    the period covered by this report based on such evaluation;                    and |
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|  | (c) | Disclosed                    in this report any change in the small business issuer’s internal control                    over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent                    fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an                    annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably                    likely to                    materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial                    reporting; and |
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| 5. | The                    small business issuer’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed,                    based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over                    financial                    reporting, to the small business issuer’s auditors and the audit committee                    of the small business issuer’s board of directors (or persons performing                    the equivalent function): |
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|  | (a) | All                    significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design                    or                    operation of internal control over financial reporting which                    are                    reasonably likely to adversely affect the small business issuer’s ability                    to record, process, summarize and report financial information;                    and |
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|  | (b) | Any                    fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other                    employees who have a significant role in the small business issuer’s                    internal controls over financial                    reporting. |
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