COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges O’Brien and Lorish

CHAL’LIA SHAREE JOHNSON MEMORANDUM OPINION *
v. Record No. 0918

- 22

- 3 PER CURIAM JUNE 20, 2023 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ROANOKE

Onzlee Ware , Judge ( Melvin L. Hill , on brief

) , for appellant. Appellant submitting on brief. (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General ; William K. Hamilton, Assistant Attorney General, on brief) , for appellee.
Following a bench trial, Chal’lia Sharee Johnson (appellant) was convicted of misdemeanor assault and battery in violation of Code § 18.2

- 57. She challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting her conviction. After examining the briefs and record, the panel unanimously holds that oral argument is unnecessary because “the appeal is wholly without merit.” Code § 17.1

- 403(ii)(a);
Rule 5A :27(a). Accordingly , we affirm.
BACKGROUND On appeal, we recite the facts “in the ‘light most favorable’ to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party in the trial court.” Hammer v. Commonwealth , 74 Va. App. 225, 231 (2022) (quoting Commonwealth v. Cady , 30 0 Va. 325, 329 (2021)). Doing so requires us to “discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the

* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1

- 413. UNPUBLISHED- 2

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credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.”
Cad y , 300 Va. at 329 (quoting Commonwealth v. Perkins , 295 Va. 323, 324 (2018)). On May 11, 2021, appellant and her housemate, Taniqua Adams , were arguing and appellant threatened to have her pit bull attack Adams. A struggle ensued , and the dog “nicked”
both Adams and her nine

- year - old daughter. Adams called 911 , a nd appellant threatened her with two “kitchen knives.” Roanoke City Police Officer Brittany Robinson arrived a t the home , and when she knocked
on the door , Adams’s daught er answered and fled from the house. Adams exit ed a bedroom and
follow ed her daughter outside. Appellant came out of the same bedroom, holding her pit bull by the
neck.
Officer Robinson asked appellant “ to put the dog up,” but appellant refused. Office r Robinson , who had drawn her service weapon, warned that she would defend herself if the dog
attacked

. At that point, appellant secured the dog in a bedroom. A ppellant gave Officer Robinson
her name and a date of birth, but she refused to provide her so cial security number. When appellant
continued to decline to provide her social security number, the officer informed her that she was under arrest for failing to identify herself. Appellant, who was s itting on the floor, refused Officer Robinson’s direction to stand and place her hands behind her back. With help from Officer W illiam Frosell, Officer Robinson
handcuffed appellant. Officer Robinson told appellant that she planned to take her to the off icer’s patrol car. Officer Robinson and Roanoke City Sheriff’s Deputy Mulligan brought appellant from
the house , and Officer Frosell followed them outside . As the t wo officers and appellant were coming down the front porch stairs, appellant swung her leg backwards into Officer Robinson ’s leg , causing all three of them to fall down the stairs onto the concrete sidewalk

. Officer Robinson
testified that appellant appeared to trip her intentionally. Officer Robinson stood and walked- 3

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appellant down the sidew alk toward the patrol car , but as she did so , appellant swung her leg back again , causing the officer to stumble a second time. At trial, footage from Officer Robinson’s body

- worn camera depicting the incidents on the steps and on the sidewalk was played , but neither party admitted it as an exhibit. Officer Robinson testified that the footage showed her fall down the porch stairs and her stumble on the sidewalk after appellant kicked her. Officer Frosell , who witnessed the incident on the steps, t estified that appellant kicked Officer Robinson , causing all the officers to “land[] hard on the sidewalk.” Officer
Frosell also saw appellant continuing to “kick at officers” as they walked her to the police car
. Officer Frosell described appellant as “ disorderly” and uncooperative during her interactions with
the officers

. Appellant , testifying on her own behalf, admitted that she was “pretty belligerent with the
officer s ” but denied kicking them. She maintained that her sock “caught” on something as she and
the officers descended the porch steps, and she swung her leg as she tried to pull her sock on. Appellant denied that she fell down the steps or struck the ground , and she denied seeing Officer
Robinson fall.
At the end of the case , appellant argued that the body

- worn camera footage failed to show that the officers fell, consistent with her testimony that she stumbled when her sock “caught” on a
nail. She reiterated that “ she didn ’ t kick and c ause anybody to fall. ” T he court disagreed, and
found the evidence sufficient to convict appellant of assault and battery; however, it withheld entering a finding of guilt until appellant ’s sentencing hearing. At th at hearing, t he court noted that
it had watched “the tapes several times” and “ there’s no doubt that as [ appellant ] was walking down the sidewalk, she kicked back at [Officer Robinson], which caused the officer to fall ” and appellant
also was attempting to “interfere” with her arrest. The court convicted appellant of assault and battery.- 4

- A NALYSIS “When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial court is presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.’” M cGowan v. Commonwealth , 72 Va. App. 513, 521 (2020) (alteration in original) (quoting
Smith v. Commonwealth , 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does not ask itself
whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt be yond a reasonable doubt.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Secret v. Commonwealth , 296 Va. 204, 228 (2018)). “Rather, the relevant question is whether ‘ any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasona

ble doubt.’” Vasquez v. Commonwealth , 291 Va. 232, 248 (2016) (quoting
Williams v. Commonwealth , 278 Va. 190, 193 (2009)). “If there is evidentiary support for the conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own judgment, even if its opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by the finder of fact at the trial.’” McGowan , 72
Va. App. at 521 (quoting Chavez v. Commonwealth , 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018)). Appellant asserts that the evidence failed to prove that she intentiona lly tripped Officer Robinson on the porch steps

. 1 She cites her testimony denying that she kicked Officer Robinson. Appellant stresses that the evidence is undisputed that she was wearing socks as she left the house
and “ [t]he only logical conclusion [is]

. . . that [her] sock was caught in a nail or [a] piece of wood”
and that “the fall” was caused by appellant ’s “attempt to put her soc k back on her foot.” Appellant contends that “the fall was accidental” rather than “the result of an intentional act.”

1 Although appellant cites her testimony denying that she “ever” kicked Officer Robinson, she does not expressly challenge the court’s finding that she intentionally kicked Officer Robinson as the officer escorted her down the sidewalk , the principal basis cited by the court for its verdict

. Thus, even assuming arguendo that appellan t’s argument regarding the incident on the steps had merit, her failure to contest both grounds for the court’s decision precludes reversal of her conviction. See Ferguson v. Stokes , 287 Va. 446, 452 (2014) ( “It is well

- settled that a party who challenges the ruling of a lower court must on appeal assign error to each articulated basis for that ruling.” (quoting Manchester Oaks Homeowners Ass ’ n v. Batt , 284 Va. 409, 421 (2012)) )

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To satisfy its burden of proof, the Commonwealth must exclude “every reasonable hypothesis of innocence, that is, those ‘which flow fro m the evidence itself, and not from the imagination of defendant’s counsel.’” Tyler v. Commonwealth , 254 Va. 162, 166 (1997) (quoting
Turner v. Commonwealth , 218 Va. 141, 148 (1977)). This “reasonable

- hypothesis principle,” however, “is not a discrete rule unto itself” and “ ‘ does not add to the burden of proof placed upon
the Commonwealth in a criminal case. ’ ” Vasquez , 291 Va. at 249

- 50 (quoting Commonwealth v.
Hudson , 265 Va. 505, 513 (2003)). T he Co mmonwealth need not “negate what ‘could have been’ or what was a ‘possibility.’” Nelson v. Commonwealth , 281 Va. 212, 218 (2011). Thus, while “a factfinder cannot ‘arbitrarily’ choose, as between two equally plausible interpretations of a fact, one
that incriminates the defendant,” an arbitrary choice occurs “only when no rational factfinder could believe the incriminating interpretation of the evidence and disbelieve the exculpatory one.” Vasquez , 291 Va. at 250. “When examining an alternate hypothesis of innocence, the question is not whether ‘some evidence’ supports the hypothesis, but whether a rational factfinder could have found that the incriminating evidence renders the hypothesis of innocence unreasonable.” Id. (quoting Hudson , 265 Va. at 513). “Assault and battery are common law crimes.” Montague v. Commonwealth , 278 Va. 532, 541 (2009). 2 “[B]ecause the elements of assault are not statutorily defined, [courts] must apply the common law definition.” Clark v. Commonwealth , 279 Va. 636, 641 ( 2010). “To sustain a conviction for battery, the Commonwealth must prove a ‘wil[l]ful or unlawful touching’ of another.” Parish v. Commonwealth , 56 Va. App. 324, 330 (2010) (alteration in original) (quoting
Wood v. Commonwealth , 149 Va. 401, 404 (1927)). A willful act is “[v]oluntary and intentional, but not necessarily malicious.” Willful , Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). “The law is clear

2 The penalty for the offenses is set by statute. Code § 18.2

- 57( A ) provides, in pertinent part, that “[a] ny person who commits a simple assault or assault and battery is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor [.]”- 6

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that ‘[t]he slightest touching of another

. . . if done in a rude, insolent, or angry manner, constitutes a battery for which the law affords redress.’” Kelley v. Commonwealth , 69 Va. App. 617, 628 (2019) (alteration s in original ) (quoting Adams v. Commonwealth , 33 Va. App. 463, 469 (2000)). “In such circumstances, ‘[t]he unlawful intent may be imputed.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Parish , 56 Va. App. at 331). “Whether an act is done in a ‘ rude, insolent, or angry manner ’ is a finding of
fact that this Court will not disturb on appeal unless the finding is plainly wrong or no evidence supports it.” Id. at 628

- 29 (quoting Parish , 56 Va. App. at 331)

. “Intent is a factual determination, and a [fact finder]’s decision on the question of intent is

acc orded great deference on appeal and will not be reversed unless clearly erroneous.” Towler v.
Commonwealth , 59 Va. App. 284, 297 (2011). “Circumstantial evidence is as acceptable to prove guilt as direct evidence, and in some cases, such as proof of inte nt or knowledge, it is practically the only method of proof.” Abdo v. Commonwealth , 64 Va. App. 468, 476 (2015) (quoting Parks v.
Commonwealth , 221 Va. 492, 498 (1980)). “While no single piece of evidence may be sufficient, the ‘combined force of many co ncurrent and related circumstances, each insufficient in itself, may lead a reasonable mind irresistibly to a conclusion [of guilt].’” Rams v. Commonwealth , 70
Va. App. 12, 37 (2019) (alteration in original) (quoting Stamper v. Commonwealth , 220 Va. 260, 273 (1979)). “Determining the credibility of witnesses

. . . is within the exclusive province of the [fact finder], which has the unique opportunity to observe the demeanor of the witnesses as they testify.”
Dalton v. Commonwealth , 64 Va. App. 512, 525 ( 2015) (first alteration in original) (quoting Lea v.
Commonwealth , 16 Va. App. 300, 304 (1993)). We give “deference to the fact finder who, having seen and heard the witnesses, assesses their credibility and weighs their testimony.” Elliott v.
Commonwealth , 277 Va. 457, 462 (2009). An “appellate court does not ‘retry the facts,’ reweigh the evidence, or make its own determination of the ‘credibility of [ the ] witnesses.’” Yahner v.- 7

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Fire

- X Corp. , 70 Va. App. 265, 273 (2019) (alteration in origin al) (quoting Jeffreys v. Uninsured Emp. ’s Fund , 297 Va. 82, 87 (2019)). Thus, we accept “the [fact finder]’s determination of the credibility of witness testimony unless, ‘as a matter of law, the testimony is inherently incredible.’” Nobrega v. Commonwea lth , 271 Va. 508, 518 (2006) (quoting Walker v. Commonwealth , 258 Va. 54, 70

- 71 (1999)). “Evidence is not ‘incredible’ unless it is ‘so manifestly false that reasonable men ought not to believe it’ or ‘shown to be false by objects or things as to the exis tence and meaning of which reasonable men should not differ.’” Gerald v. Commonwealth , 295 Va. 469, 487 (2018) (quoting Juniper v. Commonwealth , 271 Va. 362, 415 (2006))

. Here, a rational fact finder could reject appellant ’ s self

- serving denial that s he kicked the
officer and conclu de that s he was lying to conceal h er guilt. Flanagan v. Commonwealth , 58
Va. App. 681, 702 (2011). Although the footage of the incidents is not part of the record, the record
does include Officer Robinson’s summary of the foo tage, including her testimony that appellant tripped her twice, once on the stairs and once on the sidewalk. Officer Frosell corroborated Officer Robinson’s testimony. Appellant herself also admitted that s he was “pretty belligerent with the officers.” Viewed as a whole, the evidence was sufficient to support the court’s finding that appellant intentionally kicked Officer Robinson in an “angry ” or “ rude manner

. ” Kelley , 69
Va. App. at 628. Even without the body

- worn camera footage of the incident, appellant ’s
be lligerent behavior before and during the officers’ attempt to handcuff h er, coupled with Officer Robinson’s testimony that appellant kicked her twice, was sufficient to support the court’s finding
that app ellant kicked Officer Robinson on the sidewalk with the requisite intent. See Gilbert v.
Commonwealth , 45 Va. App. 67, 70

- 72 (2005) (requisite intent for assault and battery for spitting on a law enforcement officer established through defendant’s obstrep erous behavior before and during assault). The evidence was therefore competent, credible, and sufficient to prove beyond a- 8

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reasonable doubt that appellant was guilty of misdemeanor assault and battery in violation of Code § 18.2

- 57.
CONCLUSION
For these reasons , the circuit court’s judgment is affirmed. Affirmed.