SUPPLEMENTAL FILE 3:

RESIDENTIAL MONITORING DATA

Prepared by

Versar Incorporated

6850 Versar Center

Springfield, VA 22151

Under

EPA contract EP-W-10-005

And Prepared By

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20460
Tetrabromobisphenol A Cluster

Page 2 of 16 Supplemental File 3: TBBPA Residential Monitoring Data

Table of Contents

1 TBBPA........................................................................................................................................3

1.1 MEASURED CONCENTRATIONS IN INDOOR DUST .................................................................................................... 3

1.2 MEASURED CONCENTRATIONS IN INDOOR AIR ....................................................................................................... 8

1.3 MEASURED CONCENTRATIONS IN FOOD.............................................................................................................. 11

2 TBBPA-BIS(DIBROMOPROPYL ETHER).......................................................................................14

REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................15
Tetrabromobisphenol A Cluster

Page 3 of 16 Supplemental File 3: TBBPA Residential Monitoring Data

The summaries below are taken from primary data sources with reliability ratings of 1, 2 or 4 (OECD 

2003).1

1 TBBPA

1.1 Measured Concentrations in Indoor Dust

Measured concentrations of TBBPA in indoor dust, extracted from ten sources, are summarized below 

and tabulated in Table S3-1.

North America

Indoor dust samples from 16 homes in the San Francisco Bay area of California were measured in 2006 

and again in 2011 for 62 flame retardants and organohalogens, including TBBPA (Dodson et al., 2012). 

The samples were collected from surfaces in the living rooms using a vacuum cleaner and sieved to 

<150 μm. TBBPA was detected in the majority of the samples collected in 2006 at levels from <LOQ 

(<10) to 3,400 μg/kg (median 260 μg/kg) and in all samples collected in 2011 at 22 to 2,000 μg/kg (200 

μg/kg median). Residents were also surveyed about the presence of furniture, carpets, and electronics 

in the home. The study authors found a significant association between the reduction of TBBPA 

concentrations between 2006 and 2011 and the presence of new electronics, suggesting that new 

electronics contain less TBBPA (rho = −0.69; p = 0.003).

Batterman et al. (2010) measured TBBPA and other brominated flame retardants in floor dust samples 

and other indoor media samples (ventilation filter dust, air, and/or carpets) that were collected in 2006 

and 2007 from ten commercial and institutional buildings in southwest Michigan. Using a vacuum with 

a pre-cleaned and pre-weighed filter attached, floor dust was collected from office and public areas of 

the following types of sites: equipment sales and service, medical equipment manufacturing, art 

museum, university, tire and auto service, and computer server building. TBBPA concentrations in 

settled floor dust from nine of the buildings (1-3 samples per building) ranged from 20 to 938 μg/kg

(223 μg/kg mean; 134 μg/kg median). The highest concentration was found in an office of a medical 

equipment manufacturing facility, at 938 μg/kg (n = 1). TBBPA was also detected in HVAC dust from 

exposed panel filters (n = 2 composite) and bag filters (n = 2 composite) of a university building at ~10 

to 20 μg/kg (values estimated from figure). 

Europe

Kopp et al. (2012) conducted a method development study in which a small number of house dust 

samples from Bavaria, Germany were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–

MS/MS) following ultrasonic assisted solvent extraction and on-line sample preparation via column 

switching. House dust was collected from household vacuum bags and sieved to obtain the <63 μm 

 1

For a rating of 1, the study should have a valid analytical method, data should be representative, statistical analysis could

be conducted, and sampling (location, time period, matrix) should be adequate. For a rating of 2, three criteria from the 

rating of 1 should be met, excluding the requirement for conducting statistical analyses. A rating of 4 indicates that 

measurements are available but data are limited and reliability cannot be judged (OECD, 2003).
Tetrabromobisphenol A Cluster

Page 4 of 16 Supplemental File 3: TBBPA Residential Monitoring Data

particle fraction for analysis. TBBPA concentrations in five house dust samples ranged from 2.9 to 

232.8 μg/kg (59.1 μg/kg mean). Accuracy, precision and recovery were reported to be comparable to 

common LC–MS/MS methods in different matrices.

D'Hollander et al. (2010) measured TBBPA, as well as other brominated flame retardants and 

perfluorinated compounds, in indoor dust samples collected in 2008 from randomly selected homes 

and offices in Flanders, Belgium. Samples were collected in nylon socks mounted in the furniture 

attachment tube of vacuum cleaners. In office spaces, sampling was conducted by vacuuming a 10 m2-

area of floor surface. In homes, a 20 or 24 m2-area of floor surface was sampled. The results showed 

TBBPA concentrations ranging from <LOQ (<3) to 419 μg/kg (11.7 μg/kg median) in homes, and a 

median concentration of 70.4 μg/kg in offices (range was not reported).

Geens et al. (2009) also determined the concentration of TBBPA and other phenolic organic 

contaminants in indoor dust samples from houses (n=18) and offices (n=2) in Flanders, Belgium. The 

samples were collected in the spring of 2008 using a vacuum cleaner. A nylon sock placed inside the 

tube of the vacuum cleaner was used to collect the dust. The main living room (8 m2), bedroom (4 m2) 

and kitchen (4 m2) in each house were sampled. The results showed TBBPA concentrations ranging 

from 0.85 to 1,481 μg/kg (146 μg/kg mean; 10 μg/kg median) in house dust samples and from 45 to 

100 μg/kg (75 μg/kg median) in offices.

In the West Midlands region of the United Kingdom, Harrad et al. (2010) sampled floor dust from 43 

classrooms in daycare centers and primary schools during winter 2007 through spring 2008. The 

samples were collected in 25 μm mesh size socks attached to a portable vacuum cleaner. For this 

study, the entire floor surface of each classroom was vacuumed. Sampled floor surface areas ranged 

from 6 to 12 m2. The results showed TBBPA concentrations ranging from 17 to 1,400 μg/kg (200 μg/kg

mean; 110 μg/kg median).

Between September 2006 and June 2007, Abdallah et al. (2008) collected indoor dust samples in 

homes, offices, cars and public microenvironments (3 pubs and 1 restaurant) located in West Midlands 

and Basingstoke, Hampshire in the United Kingdom. The authors also collected indoor air samples 

(refer to Table C-2). Dust sampling was conducted by vacuuming 1 m2 of carpet for 2 minutes in offices 

and homes. The vacuumed bare floors (4 m2) for 4 minutes. In cars, the surface of the seats in direct 

contact with passengers was sampled for 2 minutes. Samples were collected using nylon sample socks 

(25 μm pore size) mounted in the furniture attachment tube of the vacuum cleaner. TBBPA 

concentrations ranged from <MQL to 382 μg/kg (87 ± 71 μg/kg mean; 62 μg/kg median) in homes;

from <MQL to 140 μg/kg (49 ± 46 μg/kg mean; 36 μg/kg median) in offices; from <MQL to 25 μg/kg (6 ±

8 μg/kg mean; 2 μg/kg median) in cars; and from 52 to 350 μg/kg (220 ± 140 μg/kg mean; 230 μg/kg

median) in the public microenvironments sampled. The reported MQL was 0.05 μg/kg. The measured 

TBBPA concentrations in car dust were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those in homes and offices.

No significant difference was observed between concentrations in homes and offices. In the sampled 

public microenvironments, TBBPA concentrations were higher than those in cars, homes or offices.

Asia

Ni and Zeng (2013) measured TBBPA in air conditioning filter dust samples from 56 offices in Shenzhen, 

China in 2009, presumably from a single building. The dust samples were collected by brushing the air 
Tetrabromobisphenol A Cluster

Page 5 of 16 Supplemental File 3: TBBPA Residential Monitoring Data

conditioner fiberglass filters, which trapped particles over 0.3 μm. TBBPA concentrations in the 56 dust 

samples ranged from 30 to 59,140 μg/kg (3,382 μg/kg mean; 975 μg/kg median). The study authors 

noted that since smaller particles may be more likely to blow through the filter or to remain on the 

filter after brushing, the TBBPA concentrations observed in the study may be underestimated.

Wang et al. (2013) sampled house dust from vacuum cleaner bags from one home in Changsha, China 

and one home in Guangzhou, China in 2012. Participants in the study were asked to avoid vacuum 

cleaning their homes for at least one week prior to collection of the samples. TBBPA was detected in 

the two samples at concentrations of 97 and 95 μg/kg.

Takigami et al. (2008) measured TBBPA in dust collected in 2005 from inside five television sets from a 

store in Japan. All five of the televisions (cathode-ray tube type; manufactured in Japan between 1989 

and 1998) were previously used and had been traded in for purchase of new products. Dust was 

collected by vacuuming the inside of each television to obtain a minimum sample size of 200 mg. The 

results showed TBBPA concentrations ranging from 5,500 to 680,000 μg/kg (240,000 μg/kg mean) in TV 

interior dust samples. Pulverized sections of the television cabinet and circuit board were also analyzed 

in the study.
Tetrabromobisphenol A Cluster

Page 6 of 16 Supplemental File 3: TBBPA Residential Monitoring Data

Table S3-1. Measured Concentrations of TBBPA in Indoor Dust

Location Site Year N (# of ND)a TBBPA Concentration (μg/kg) Comments Reference (Reliability 

Rating d Range ) b Central Tendency c

North America

United States; San 

Francisco Bay Area, CA

Homes 2006

2011

16 (6%)

16 (0)

<10–3,400

22–2,000

260 median

200 median

Collected from surfaces in 

living room using a vacuum.

Dodson et al. (2012) (2)

United States;

MI

Commercial and 

institutional buildings

2006-

2007

9e (0) 20–938 223 mean; 134 median Collected from floor of 

office/reception areas using a 

vacuum.

Batterman et al. (2010)

(1)

Europe

Germany; Bavaria Homes NR 5 (0) 2.9-232.8 59.1 mean Collected from vacuum cleaner 

bags.

Kopp et al. (2012) (4)

Belgium; Flanders Homes 2008 45 (NR) <3-419 11.7 median Collected from floor of living 

room, bedroom, kitchen, and 

working area (20 to 24 m2

total) using a vacuum.

D'Hollander et al. (2010)

(2)

Offices 10 (NR) NR 70.4 median Collected from floor (10 m2) 

using a vacuum.

Belgium; Flanders Homes 2008 18 (0) 0.85-1,481 146 mean; 10 median Collected from main living 

room (8 m2), bedroom (4 m2) 

and kitchen (4 m2) using a 

vacuum.

Geens et al. (2009) (1)

Offices 2 (0) 45-100 75 median Collected using vacuum.

United Kingdom; West 

Midlands County

Daycare center and 

primary school 

classrooms

2007-

2008

43 (0) 17-1,400 200 mean; 110 median Collected from entire 

classroom floor using a 

vacuum.

Harrad et al. (2010) (4)

United Kingdom; West 

Midlands and 

Basingstoke, 

Hampshire

Homes 2006-

2007

35 (1) <0.05-382 87±71 mean; 62 median Collected from floor of home, 

office, or pubic environment 

and from seat of car using a

vacuum.

Abdallah et al. (2008) (1)

Offices 28 (4) <0.05-140 49±46 mean; 36 median

Cars 20 (10) <0.05-25 6±8 mean; 2 median

Public 

microenvironments 

(3 pubs and 1 

restaurant)

4 (0) 52-350 220±140 mean; 230 median
Tetrabromobisphenol A Cluster

Page 7 of 16 Supplemental File 3: TBBPA Residential Monitoring Data

Table S3-1. Measured Concentrations of TBBPA in Indoor Dust

Location Site Year N (# of ND)a TBBPA Concentration (μg/kg) Comments Reference (Reliability 

Rating d Range ) b Central Tendency c

Asia

China; Shenzhen Office buildings (56 

offices total)

2009 56 (0) 30-59,140 3,382 mean; 975 median Air conditioning filter dust Ni and Zeng (2013) (1)

China; Changsha and 

Guangzhou

Homes 2012 2 95-97 NR House dust samples collected 

from vacuum cleaner bags

Wang et al. (2013) (4)

Japan Interior of used

televisions

2005 5 (0) 5,500-680,000 240,000 mean Cathode-ray tube type; 

manufactured in Japan 

between 1989 and 1998.

Takigami et al. (2008) (2)

NR = Not reported

a N refers to the number of samples, unless otherwise noted. The number of non-detect values is reported in parenthesis. Values reported as < “X” value are assumed 

to be non-detect. b The range is the minimum and maximum values reported. Non-detect values are shown as less than the detection limit. c The central tendency values shown are as reported in the reference. 

d Reliability rating: 1 = valid without restrictions; 2 = valid with restrictions; 4 = not assignable. e N represents the number of buildings, however, 18 samples were collected overall (1-3 samples per building). 
Tetrabromobisphenol A Cluster

Page 8 of 16 Supplemental File 3: TBBPA Residential Monitoring Data

1.2 Measured Concentrations in Indoor Air

Measured concentrations of TBBPA in indoor air, extracted from four sources, are summarized below 

and tabulated in Table S3-2.

North America

Indoor air samples collected from 10 commercial and institutional buildings in Michigan over a one 

week sampling period in 2006 and 2007 (Batterman et al., 2010) showed TBBPA concentrations ranging 

from ND to 86 pg/m3 in the vapor phase and from ND to 12 pg/m3 in the particulate phase. Mean 

concentrations were ND. Concentrations above the detection limit were only present in the vapor 

phase of 3 buildings (university and computer server offices) and in the particulate phase of 3 buildings 

(medical equipment manufacturer, university, and tire store offices). 

Europe

As part of a screening investigation on brominated flame retardants in environmental samples from 

Nordic countries, Schlabach et al. (2011) collected three indoor air samples from the Norwegian 

Climate and Pollution Agency (KLIF) building in Oslo, Norway. Indoor air samples were collected 1.5 m 

above the floor level. The sampling time for indoor air was one week. All three indoor air samples 

collected were below the detection limit of 100 pg/m3 in the particulate phase. The vapor phase was 

not collected. Outdoor air samples were also collected during the same sampling period (refer to 

Appendix E).

In addition to indoor dust, Abdallah et al. (2008) collected indoor air samples in homes, offices, and 

public microenvironments (3 pubs and 1 restaurant) in Birmingham, West Midlands within the United 

Kingdom. The authors collected samples between February and December 2007. During method 

development it was observed that airborne TBBPA was present mainly in the particulate phase; 

therefore, active air samplers were used to collect samples for TBPPA analysis. TBBPA concentrations 

ranged from 9 to 22 pg/m3 (16 ± 5 pg/m3 mean; 15 pg/m3median ) in home indoor air, 4 to 33 pg/m3

(16 ± 12 pg/m3 mean; 11 pg/m3 median) in office indoor air, and 17 to 33 pg/m3 (26 ± 7 mean; 27 

pg/m3median) in the public microenvironments sampled. The small number of samples collected 

precluded statistical analysis of differences in TBPPA concentrations between the various 

microenvironment categories. However, the study authors noted that there were no substantial 

differences between concentrations in public microenvironments and those in homes and offices.

Asia

Using measured TBBPA concentrations in air conditioning filter dust samples collected from an office 

building in Shenzhen, China (refer to Table S3-1), Ni and Zeng (2013) calculated TBBPA concentrations 

in the particular phase of indoor office air, using an equation described in Ni and Zeng (2011). TBBPA 

concentrations were estimated to range from 12.7 to 1,057 pg/m3 (465 pg/m3 mean; 507 pg/m3

median) in PM2.5 (representing dust with particle diameter of 0.4–2.2 μm) and from 6.26 to 511 pg/m3
Tetrabromobisphenol A Cluster

Page 9 of 16 Supplemental File 3: TBBPA Residential Monitoring Data

(235 pg/m3 mean; 240 pg/m3 median) in PM10 (representing dust with particle diameter of 2.5–8.9 

μm).
Tetrabromobisphenol A Cluster

Page 10 of 16 Supplemental File 3: TBBPA Residential Monitoring Data

Table S3-2. Measured Concentrations of TBBPA in Indoor Air

Location Site Year N (# ND) Phase TBBPA Concentration (pg/m3) Comments Reference (Reliability 

Range Central Tendency Rating)

North America

United States; MI Commercial and institutional 

buildings

2006-2007 10e (7) Vapor ND-86 ND mean Detection limit not 

provided.

One week sampling

period. 

Batterman et al. (2010) (1)

10e (7) Particulate ND-12 ND mean

Europe

Norway; Oslo KLIF building 2009 3 (3) Particulate All <100 -- One week sampling

period. Inlet 1.5 m 

above the floor level.

Schlabach et al. (2011) (4)

United Kingdom; 

West Midlands

Homes 2007 5 (0) Particulate 9-22 16±5 mean; 15 

median

Abdallah et al. (2008) (1)

Office 5 (0) Particulate 4-33 16±12 mean; 11 

median

Public microenvironments (3 

pubs and 1 restaurant)

4 (0) Particulate 17-33 26±7 mean; 27 

median

China

China; Shenzhen Office Building (56 offices total) 2009 56 (0) Particulate

(PM2.5)

12.7-1,057 465 mean; 507 

median

Values calculated from 

measured TBBPA 

concentrations in air 

conditioning filter dust 

samples (refer to Table 

C-1).

Ni and Zeng (2013) (1)

56 (0) Particulate

(PM10)

6.26-511 235 mean; 240 

median

NR = Not reported

a N refers to the number of samples, unless otherwise noted. The number of non-detect values is reported in parenthesis. Values reported as < “X” value are assumed 

to be non-detect. b The range is the minimum and maximum values reported. Non-detect values are shown as less than the detection limit. c The central tendency values shown are as reported in the reference. 

d Reliability rating: 1 = valid without restrictions; 2 = valid with restrictions; 4 = not assignable. e N represents the number of buildings, however, 12 samples were collected overall (1-2 samples per building). 
Tetrabromobisphenol A Cluster

Page 11 of 16 Supplemental File 3: TBBPA Residential Monitoring Data

1.3 Measured Concentrations in Food

Measured concentrations of TBBPA in food, extracted from five sources, are summarized below and 

tabulated in Table S3-3. Note that this section only includes data for food samples obtained from 

markets. However, some wildlife biota samples may also be categorized as food (refer to Supplemental 

File 2: TBBPA Environmental Monitoring Data, Table S2-8). 

Europe

Driffield et al. (2008) analyzed food samples from the United Kingdom for brominated flame 

retardants, including TBBPA, using a LC-MS/MS method developed and validated in-house, and 

calculated estimated adult dietary intakes. The food samples analyzed were purchased from randomlyselected locations across the United Kingdom as part of the 2004 UK Total Diet Study (TDS). Food 

samples were prepared and cooked according to normal consumer practices before being pooled into 

composite samples representing 19 food groups for analysis. The food groups included: bread, 

miscellaneous cereals, carcass meat, offal, meat products, poultry, fish, oils and fats, eggs, sugars and 

preserves, green vegetables, potatoes, other vegetables, canned vegetables, fresh fruit, fruit products, 

milk, dairy products and nuts. TBBPA was not detected in any of the composite food samples; LODs 

ranged from <0.017 to <0.19 μg/kg whole wt. The authors also present results for shellfish samples 

collected in Scotland (see Table S2-8). In the 2001 UK TDS (UKFSA, 2004), TBBPA was also not detected 

above the LOD in any of the food groups; LODs ranged from <0.78 to <30 μg/kg fat wt. 

Grumping et al. (2007) collected cow’s milk samples from Ireland in 2006. Pooled samples were tested 

for the presence of various brominated flame retardants, including TBBPA. TBBPA was not detected in 

any of the samples above the LOQ (200 ng/kg fresh wt).

Asia

Pooled food samples collected during China’s fourth TDS in 2007 were investigated for levels of TBBPA 

and HBCD (Shi et al., 2009). Investigators collected food samples from markets in 12 provinces in China. 

The authors prepared and cooked the samples according to consumer practices prior to being blended 

into composite samples representing four food groups: meat, eggs, aquatic food, and milk. 

Concentrations of TBBPA ranged from <LOD to 2.044 μg/kg lipid wt, and TBBPA was detected in 26 of 

48 composite samples. LODs ranged from 0.05 to 0.10 μg/kg wet wt.

Ashizuka et al. (2008) investigated the concentrations of TBBPA and other brominated flame retardants 

in fish purchased at markets in three regions of Japan between October 2004 and February 2005. The 

samples represented a commercialized and industrialized area (N region), an industrialized area (S 

region), and a less industrialized area (K region). The experimenters purchased various species and 

numbers of fish at markets in these three regions. Edible portions were blended to obtain 15 pooled 

samples per region. The authors reported the approximate size, weight, and type of fish sampled. The 

detection limit for TBBPA was 0.01 μg/kg wet wt. Across all regions, concentrations of TBBPA ranged 

from <LOD to 0.11 μg/kg wet wt, with a mean of 0.02 μg/kg wet wt. Sixteen of the 45 pooled samples 

were reported as non-detects. Fish from N region had TBBPA levels that ranged from <LOD to 0.04 

μg/kg wet wt, with a mean of 0.01 μg/kg wet wt. Fish from S region had TBBPA concentrations ranging 
Tetrabromobisphenol A Cluster

Page 12 of 16 Supplemental File 3: TBBPA Residential Monitoring Data

from <LOD to 0.10 μg/kg wet wt, with a mean of 0.01 μg/kg wet wt. Finally, in fish from K region, 

TBBPA ranged from <LOD to 0.11 μg/kg wet wt, with a mean of 0.02 μg/kg wet wt. The results 

reported in Ashizuka et al. (2008) appear to be the same as presented in Nakagawa et al. (2006).
Tetrabromobisphenol A Cluster

Page 13 of 16 Supplemental File 3: TBBPA Residential Monitoring Data

Table S3-3. Measured Concentrations of TBBPA in Food.

Media 

(Sub-Type)

Location Year N

(# ND) a

TBBPA Concentration (μg/kg) Comments Reference 

(Reliability Rating d Range ) b Central Tendency c

Europe

19 Food 

Groups

United Kingdom 2004 19 All <LOD 

(<0.017 - <0.19

whole wt)

-- Samples were purchased from randomlyselected locations across the UK as part of the 

2004 UK Total Dietary Study, prepared and 

cooked according to normal consumer practices, 

and combined to represent 19 food groups.

Concentrations were corrected for recovery. 

Driffield et al. (2008) (2)

19 Food 

Groups

United Kingdom 2001 19 All <LOD

(<0.78 - <30 fat wt)

-- Samples were purchased from randomlyselected locations across the UK as part of the 

2001 Total Dietary Study. The samples were 

prepared and cooked according to normal 

consumer practices before being pooled into 

composite samples representing 19 food groups 

for analysis. 

UKFSA (2004) (4)

Cow’s Milk Ireland 2006 5 (5) All <0.2 fresh wt -- 5 pooled samples consisted of 3 individual 

samples each. 

Grumping et al. (2007) (4)

Asia

4 Food Groups China 2007 48 (22) <LOD - 2.044 lipid wt NR Samples were collected from markets in 12 

Chinese provinces, prepared and cooked to a 

“table ready” state, and blended to form 

composite/pooled samples.

LOD ranged from 0.05 to 0.10 wet wt; LOD not 

provided for lipid weight.

Shi et al. (2009) (2)

Fish Japan (N region: 

Commercial and 

Industrial)

2004-

2005

15 (7) <0.01-0.04 wet wt 0.01 wet wt mean 15 pooled fish samples purchased at market. Fish 

fat contents are available in study.

Ashizuka et al. (2008) (4); 

Nakagawa et al. (2006) (4)

Japan (S region: 

Industrial)

15 (7) <0.01-0.10 wet wt 0.01 wet wt mean 15 pooled fish samples purchased at market. Fish 

fat contents are available in study.

Japan (K region: 

Less Industrial)

15 (2) <0.01-0.11 wet wt 0.02 wet wt mean 15 pooled fish samples purchased at market. Fish 

fat contents are available in study.

Japan (Overall) 45 (16) <0.01-0.11 wet wt 0.02 wet wt mean 45 pooled fish samples purchased at market. Fish 

fat contents are available in study. Authors note 

that TBBPA didn’t correlate with fish size or fat 

content.

a N refers to the number of samples, unless otherwise noted. The number of non-detect values is reported in parenthesis. Values reported as “<X” are assumed to be 

non-detect. b The range is the minimum and maximum values reported. Non-detect values are shown as less than the detection limit. c The central tendency values shown are as reported in the reference. 

d Reliability rating: 1 = valid without restrictions; 2 = valid with restrictions; 4 = not assignable.
Tetrabromobisphenol A Cluster

Page 14 of 16 Supplemental File 3: TBBPA Residential Monitoring Data

2 TBBPA-bis(dibromopropyl ether)

Monitoring information on TBBPA-bis(dibromopropyl ether) is included below. Note, that individual summaries of each study are not provided as they were for TBBPA. 

However, there is significant overlap in the studies that measured TBBPA and those that measured this cluster member.

Table S3-3. Measured Concentrations of TBBPA-bis(dibromopropyl ether) in Dust 

Env. Medium Country Location 

Details

Date Single

Est.@

Range

(% nondetects)

Wt.

type

Detect. 

limit**

N Units* Reference

Dust from living 

rooms

United 

States

Inside homes 2006 22

(median)

< 10 – 180

(25%)

- 10 (LOQ) 16 μg/kg Dodson et al. 

(2012)

Dust from living 

rooms

United 

States

Inside homes 2011 7

(median)

< 10 – 560 

(50%)

- 10 (LOQ) 16 μg/kg Dodson et al. 

(2012)

Dust outdoors in ewaste areaChina Qingyuan 

suburb

2006 n.d. n.d. dry 1.5 5 μg/kg Shi, T. et al. 

(2009)
Tetrabromobisphenol A Cluster

Page 15 of 16 Supplemental File 3: TBBPA Residential Monitoring Data

REFERENCES

Abdallah, M. A. E., S. Harrad, and A. Covaci. 2008. Hexabromocyclododecanes and 

Tetrabromobisphenol-A in Indoor Air and Dust in Birmingham, UK: Implications for Human 

Exposure. Environmental Science and Technology, 42(18), 6855-6861.

Ashizuka, Y., R. Nakagawa, T. Hori, D. Yasutake, K. Tabiishi, and K. Sasaki. 2008. Determination of 

Brominated Flame Retardants and Brominated Dioxins in Fish Collected from Three Regions of 

Japan. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 52, 273-283.

Batterman, S., C. Godwin, C. S., C. Jia, and S. Charles. 2010. Brominated Flame Retardants in Offices in 

Michigan, USA. Environment International, 36, 548-556.

D'Hollander, W., L. Roosens, A. Covaci, C. Cornelis, H. Reynders, C. K. Van, V. P. de, and L. Bervoets. 

2010. Brominated Flame Retardants and Perfluorinated Compounds in Indoor Dust from Homes 

and Offices in Flanders, Belgium. Chemosphere, 81, 478-487.

Dodson, R., L. Perovich, A. Covaci, N. Van den Eede, A. Ionas, A. Dirtu, J. Brody, and R. Rudel. 2012. 

After the PBDE Phase-Out: A Broad Suite of Flame Retardants in Repeat House Dust Samples 

from California. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(24), 13056-13066.

Driffield, M., N. Harmer, E. Bradley, A. R. Fernandes, M. Rose, D. Mortimer, and P. Dicks. 2008. 

Determination of Brominated Flame Retardants in Food by LC-MS/MS: Diastereoisomer-Specific 

Hexabromobyclododecane and Tetrabromobisphenol A. Food Additives and Contaminants. Part 

A: Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment, 25(7), 895-903.

Geens, T., L. Roosens, H. Neels, and A. Covaci. 2009. Assessment of Human Exposure to Bisphenol A, 

Triclosan and Tetrabromobisphenol A through Indoor Dust Intake in Belgium. Chemosphere, 76, 

755-760.

Grumping, R., M. Opel, and M. Petersen. 2007. Brominated Dioxins and Brominated Flame Retardants 

in Irish Cow's Milk. Organohalogen Compounds, 69, 912-915.

Harrad, S., E. Goosey, J. Desborough, M. A. Abdallah, L. Roosens, and A. Covaci. 2010. Dust from U.K. 

Primary School Classrooms and Daycare Centers: The Significance of Dust as a Pathway of 

Exposure of Young U.K. Children to Brominated Flame Retardants and Polychlorinated 

Biphenyls. Environmental Science and Technology, 44(11), 4198-4202.

Kopp, E. K., H. Fromme, and W. Volkel. 2012. Analysis of Common and Emerging Brominated Flame 

Retardants in House Dust Using Ultrasonic Assisted Solvent Extraction and on-Line Sample 

Preparation Via Column Switching with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J 

Chromatogr A, 1241, 28-36.
Tetrabromobisphenol A Cluster

Page 16 of 16 Supplemental File 3: TBBPA Residential Monitoring Data

Nakagawa, R., Y. Ashizuka, T. Hori, D. Yasutake, K. Tobiishi, and K. Sasaki. 2006. Determination of 

Brominated Flame Retardants and Brominated Dioxins in Fish Collected from Three Regions of 

Japan. Organohalogen Compounds, 68, 2166-2169.

Ni, H.-G., and H. Zeng. 2013. HBCD and TBBPA in Particulate Phase of Indoor Air in Shenzhen, China. 

Science of the Total Environment, 458, 15-19.

OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2003. Guidance Document on 

Reporting Summary Information on Environmental, Occupational and Consumer Exposure. 

ENV/JM/MONO(2003)16. Environment Directorate, Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committee 

and the Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides and Biotechnology, Paris, France. 

http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/guidance-document-on-reporting-summaryinformation-on-environmental-occupational-and-consumer-exposure_9789264079113-en.

Schlabach, M., M. Remberger, E. Brorstrom-Lunden, K. Norstrom, L. Kaj, H. Andersson, D. Herzke, A. 

Borgen, and M. Harju. 2011. Brominated Flame Retardants (BFR) in the Nordic Environment. 

TemaNord 2011:528. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, Denmark. 

http://www.norden.org/en/publications/publikationer/2011-528.

Shi, T., S. J. Chen, X. J. Luo, X. L. Zhang, C. M. Tang, Y. Luo, Y. J. Ma, J. P. Wu, X. Z. Peng, and B. X. Mai. 

2009. Occurrence of Brominated Flame Retardants Other Than Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers 

in Environmental and Biota Samples from Southern China. Chemosphere, 74(7), 910-916.

Takigami, H., G. Suzuki, Y. Hirai, and S. Sakai. 2008. Transfer of Brominated Flame Retardants from 

Components into Dust inside Television Cabinets. Chemosphere, 73, 161-169.

UKFSA (United Kingdom Food Standards Agency). 2004. Brominated Flame Retardants in Trout and Eels 

from the Skerne Tees River System and Total Diet Study Samples. London, UK. 

http://www.food.gov.uk/science/surveillance/fsis2004branch/fsis5204.

Wang, M. J., M. K. van der Lee, S. P. J. van Leeuwen, R. J. B. Peters, D. Santillo, Y. Zheng, and Y. Wang. 

2013. Brominated Flame Retartants in Household Dust in China. Poster Presentation From Sixth 

International Symposium on Flame Retardants.