* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

JAN 19 2005

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

DARRELL RAY BUCHANAN, also

known as Leroy Clark,

Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

A. LAMARQUE; DREW

EDMONDSON, sued as Drew

Edmundson Attorney General of

Oklahoma,

Respondents-Appellees.

No. 03-5151

(D.C. No. CV-99-792-K(J))

(N.D. Okla.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before SEYMOUR , KELLY , and McCONNELL , Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination

of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
-2-

Petitioner-appellant Darrell Ray Buchanan, a state prisoner proceeding pro

se, appeals the district court’s denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus

under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. We exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

We affirm and deny all outstanding applications for a Certificate of Appealability

(COA).

I. Introduction

In July 1996, Buchanan was convicted in an Oklahoma state court of

robbery with a firearm, assault and battery with a deadly weapon, and kidnaping,

and he was sentenced to serve consecutive prison terms of one hundred and fifty

years, twenty years, and ten years. In December 1997, the state trial court held a

retrospective competency hearing and found that Buchanan had been competent to

stand trial in July 1996. Buchanan’s convictions were subsequently affirmed by

the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals (OCCA) in August 1998. Buchanan did

not file a petition for a writ of certiorari in the United States Supreme Court. 

Thus, for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A), Buchanan’s convictions became

“final” in November 1998. See Locke v. Saffle , 237 F.3d 1269, 1273 (10th Cir.

2001). 

Buchanan did not seek post-conviction relief in the Oklahoma courts. 

Instead, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, Buchanan filed a petition for a writ of
-3-

habeas corpus in federal district court in August 1999. In August 2003, the

district court entered an order denying habeas relief. 

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c), we previously granted Buchanan a COA

on “both his procedural and substantive competency claims.” Order filed April 8,

2004 at 1. For the reasons set forth herein, we deny habeas relief with respect to

Buchanan’s competency claims. Buchanan has also applied for a COA on several

other issues, and we deny all outstanding COA applications.

We also conclude that Buchanan filed a second or successive habeas

petition in the district court. Specifically, on July 12, 2002, Buchanan filed a

motion in the district court for leave to file a third amended habeas petition. See

Fed. Ct. R., Doc. 43. Because Buchanan asserted new claims in his proposed

third amended petition that do not relate back under Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(2) to

the filing of his initial habeas petition, the district court should have treated those

claims as a second or successive petition and transferred the petition to this court

for consideration under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3). Accordingly, we hereby grant

Buchanan leave, subject to the conditions set forth herein, to file a motion in this

court for an order authorizing the district court to consider a second or successive

habeas petition. 
-4-

II. Background

1. State Court Convictions and Competency Proceedings

In December 1984, Buchanan was arrested in Tulsa County, Oklahoma and

charged with committing the offenses of robbery with a firearm, assault and

battery with a deadly weapon, and kidnaping. On January 9, 1985, the state trial

court entered an order directing that Buchanan be committed to a state hospital

for a mental examination. See State Ct. R., Vol. I at 11. Buchanan was

subsequently examined by a psychologist at the state hospital, and the

psychologist determined that he was not competent to stand trial. See

Competency Trial Exs. at 22. On January 11, 1985, the trial court therefore

entered an order staying the criminal proceedings against Buchanan “until such

time as [he] may be declared to be presently competent,” State Ct. R., Vol. I at

14, and Buchanan was “committed to [the custody of the state hospital] for care

and treatment of [his] mental condition,” id. 

In a letter to the trial court dated March 15, 1985, Dr. Norfleet, the senior

staff psychiatrist at the state hospital, informed the trial court that Buchanan had

attained competency. Id. at 20. Buchanan was then returned to the custody of the

trial court, and a preliminary hearing was held on April 18, 1985. On April 25,

1985, Buchanan was released from custody pursuant to an appearance bond. 

Subsequently, Buchanan jumped bail, and he failed to appear at his arraignment.
-5-

Buchanan thereafter became a fugitive from justice, and nothing relevant

transpired in his Oklahoma criminal case between 1985 and 1996. 

In June and December 1995, Buchanan was convicted on charges of second

degree robbery and first degree murder in separate trials in a California state

court, and he was sentenced to serve consecutive prison terms of five years and

twenty-five years to life. See Competency Trial Exs. at 13-14. After he was

convicted of the California charges, Buchanan was returned to Tulsa County,

Oklahoma to be tried on the charges stemming from his arrest in 1984. 

In July 1996, Buchanan was convicted of all the Oklahoma charges in a

jury trial before the Honorable B.R. Beasley. Buchanan was represented at the

trial by Beverly Atteberry, a public defender employed by the Tulsa County public

defender’s office. Importantly, Judge Beasley did not make a judicial

determination that Buchanan was competent to stand trial prior to the trial in July

1996, and Ms. Atteberry did not raise the issue of competency at any time, either

before or during the trial. Instead, the issue was first raised by Buchanan in a

discussion with Judge Beasley outside of the presence of the jury. At that time,

Judge Beasley concluded (erroneously) that a post-examination competency

hearing had been held in March 1985. See Trial Tr., Vol. III at 295-97.
-6-

2. First Direct Appeal and Remand

Buchanan subsequently filed a direct appeal in the OCCA, and he was

represented on direct appeal by Barry Derryberry. Mr. Derryberry was a public

defender, and, like Ms. Atteberry, he was employed by the Tulsa County public

defender’s office. Thus, he and Ms. Atteberry worked together in the same office

and were colleagues. See Tr. of Competency Trial at 14-15. 

On direct appeal, Mr. Derryberry raised the following claims: (1) the trial

court did not have jurisdiction because the 1985 judicial determination of

incompetency had not been judicially overruled; (2) it would be a violation of

federal law to hold a retrospective competency hearing; (3) the jury instructions

were erroneous; (4) prosecutorial misconduct; and (5) double jeopardy.

In September 1997, the OCCA entered an “order of remand,” and it

directed the trial court to determine whether a competency hearing had in fact

been held in March 1985. If a competency hearing had not been held, the OCCA

directed the trial court to conduct a retrospective competency hearing if it was

feasible to conduct such a hearing. On remand to the trial court, Mr. Derryberry

continued to represent Buchanan, and he acted as his trial counsel in the remand

proceedings. 

On remand, Judge Beasley determined that a competency hearing had not

been held in March 1985. See Subsequent State Ct. R. at 47. Judge Beasley also
-7-

recused himself from the competency proceedings because the prosecution had

indicated that he may be called as a witness. Id. at 48. The Honorable Jesse S.

Harris was therefore substituted in Judge Beasley’s place, and Judge Harris

subsequently found that it would be feasible to conduct a retrospective

competency hearing. See Tr. of Feasibility Hearing at 14-15. Although Buchanan

had a right under Oklahoma law to have the competency issue decided by a jury,

Mr. Derryberry informed Judge Harris at the feasability hearing that Buchanan

(who was not present at the feasibility hearing) had waived his right to a jury

trial. Id. at 15; see also Subsequent State Ct. R. at 52. As a result, a bench trial

on the competency issue was subsequently held before Judge Harris on

December 15, 1997. Although Buchanan was represented by Mr. Derryberry at

the bench trial, Buchanan was not present at the trial. 

At the competency trial, Judge Harris made the following ruling regarding

the issue of which party would have the burden of proof:

From my review of the records and documents in this case, the last

judicial determination as to the competency of Mr. Buchanan was

that he was incompetent. And likened to a situation whereby a

person is determined incompetent and there’s a post-evaluation and

they were sent for evaluation and treatment . . ., and at the postevaluation competency hearing, unless and until the Court is

convinced otherwise, they remain incompetent. All right. So I’ll

note [Mr. Derryberry’s] request that the Defendant be presumed

incompetent and will grant that request. Nevertheless, I still rule that

the defense has the burden of proof.
-8-

Competency Trial Tr. at 8-9. Immediately after Judge Harris made this ruling,

Mr. Derryberry requested that the court take notice of the record, and he rested on

behalf of Buchanan. Id. at 9. The state then demurred to the sufficiency of

Buchanan’s evidence. Id. Judge Harris overruled the demurrer, explaining his

decision as follows:

I overruled your demurrer because I found minutes ago that the

defendant is incompetent, certainly based on the [judicial]

determination . . . [in 1985]. And since there has been no

determination to the contrary or any evidence that’s been presented

for the Court’s consideration up to this very second to cause the court

to decide otherwise, the Court finds a prima facie case has been

presented by the Defendant as to . . . the incompetency issue.

Id. at 10. 

The state then called Ms. Atteberry as the only witness in its case. During

direct and cross-examination, Ms. Atteberry testified that she believed that

Buchanan had been competent to stand trial, although she also acknowledged that

her relationship with Buchanan had been strained and he had been difficult to

represent. Id. at 11-39. The state also introduced the following evidence to

support its claim that Buchanan had been competent to stand trial in July 1996:

(1) abstracts of the judgments showing the July and December 1995 California

convictions, which Judge Harris treated as evidence that Buchanan had been

competent to stand trial in 1995, id. at 51-52; (2) the March 15, 1985 letter from

Dr. Norfleet stating that Buchanan had attained competency, see Competency
-9-

Trial Exs. at 15; and (3) other records from the state hospital pertaining to the

mental evaluations that were performed on Buchanan in 1985, id. at 16-17, 19-20,

22. As is apparent from the transcript of the competency trial, Judge Harris had

also reviewed portions of the transcripts of the July 1996 trial and the subsequent

sentencing hearing. See Competency Trial Tr. at 50-51, 53-54.

At the end of the competency trial, Judge Harris found that Buchanan had

been competent to stand trial in July 1996. Id. at 50-54; Subsequent State Ct. R.

at 52. Mr. Derryberry then filed a second direct appeal in the OCCA.

3. Second Direct Appeal

In the second direct appeal, Mr. Derryberry asserted only one claim, and

that was that Judge Harris had erred at the competency trial by placing the burden

of proving incompetence on Buchanan. In August 1998, the OCCA entered a

summary opinion rejecting the claims raised by Mr. Derryberry in both

Buchanan’s first and second direct appeals, and Buchanan’s convictions and

sentences were affirmed in all respects. Buchanan did not seek post-conviction

relief in the Oklahoma courts. 

4. Initial Habeas Petitions

Buchanan filed his first § 2254 petition in August 1999, within a year of

when his Oklahoma convictions became final. Buchanan also subsequently filed

an amended petition and a second amended petition. Buchanan asserted identical
-10-

substantive claims in his first three petitions, and we will refer collectively to the

first three petitions as Buchanan’s “initial petitions.” 

In his initial petitions, Buchanan asserted the following claims: (1) the state

trial court did not have jurisdiction because the 1985 judicial determination of

incompetency had not been judicially overruled; (2) the trial court erred by

placing the burden of proving incompetence on Buchanan; (3) the jury

instructions were erroneous; (4) prosecutorial misconduct; and (5) double

jeopardy. See Fed. Ct. R., Doc. 13 at 8-14. In a reply brief that he filed in July

2002, Buchanan also claimed that there had been an inadequate record before the

state trial court to conduct a meaningful retrospective competency hearing. Id.,

Doc. 44 at 7, 12. In his reply brief, Buchanan also asserted a substantive due

process challenge, claiming that he was actually incompetent at the time of his

trial in July 1996. Id. at 5-6. 

5. Motion for Leave to File Third Amended Habeas Petition

On July 12, 2002 -- almost three years after he had filed his first habeas

petition and well after the one-year limitations period in 28 U.S.C. 

§ 2244(d)(1)(A) had expired, Buchanan moved for leave to file a third amended

habeas petition. Id., Doc. 43. Buchanan also submitted a proposed third amended

petition as an attachment to his motion for leave. In the proposed third amended

petition, Buchanan claimed for the first time that: (1) his exclusion from the
-11-

competency trial violated his constitutional rights to due process and a fair trial;

(2) Mr. Derryberry had provided ineffective assistance as his remand trial counsel

by failing to make arrangements for him to be present at the competency trial; 

(3) Mr. Derryberry had provided ineffective assistance as his remand trial counsel

due to a conflict of interest; and (4) Mr. Derryberry had provided ineffective

assistance as his remand appellate counsel because he failed to assert the right to

be present and the conflict of interest claims in the second direct appeal to the

OCCA. Id., Doc. 43 (proposed third amended petition at 14-22).

With regard to the conflict of interest claim, Buchanan claims that Mr.

Derryberry had a conflict of interest because his colleague at the Tulsa County

public defender’s office, Ms. Atteberry, testified as a witness for the State of

Oklahoma at the competency trial. As fleshed out in his opening brief, Buchanan

also alleges that Mr. Derryberry’s allegiance to the Tulsa County public

defender’s office gave him a motive for not wanting to establish that

Ms. Atteberry had performed deficiently in connection with the trial in July 1996.

See Aplt. Opening Br. at 10-14, 16-17. According to Buchanan, Mr. Derryberry

therefore failed to properly investigate the competency issue. Id. Buchanan has

further alleged that he did not discover this “potential for conflict” until July 23,

2001, less than a year before he filed his motion for leave to file the proposed
-12-

third amended petition. See Declaration of Darrell R. Buchanan at 1, ¶ 3

(attached to proposed third amended petition). 

On April 9, 2003, the district court entered an order denying Buchanan’s

motion for leave to file the proposed third amended petition. See Fed. Ct. R.,

Doc. 46. The court concluded, based on a failure to exhaust state remedies/mixed

petition analysis, id. at 2-4, that “the interests of justice would not be served by

allowing Petitioner to amend his petition . . . almost three . . . years after the

original petition was filed . . . to add . . . unexhausted claim[s],” id. at 4. 

6. Order Denying Habeas Relief

On August 12, 2003, the district court entered a final order denying habeas

relief on all of the claims that Buchanan had asserted in his initial petitions and

reply brief. Id., Doc. 49 at 7-18. First, the court concluded that the state trial

court had been able to conduct a meaningful retrospective competency hearing

and had not erred in allocating the burden of proof. Id. at 9-11. Second, after

finding that “the evidence of [Buchanan’s] guilt was overwhelming,” the court

concluded that Buchanan was not entitled to habeas relief on his prosecutorial

misconduct claim. Id. at 13. Lastly, the court concluded that Buchanan’s

substantive due process claim failed on the merits because the state trial court’s

competency determination is presumed to be correct under § 2254(e)(1), and
1

In its final order denying habeas relief, the district court also determined

that Buchanan was not entitled to relief with regard to his jury instruction and

double jeopardy claims. See Fed. Ct. R., Doc. 49 at 11-12, 14-15. Although

Buchanan filed an application for a COA with regard to his jury instruction and

double jeopardy claims, he has waived those claims by failing to raise them in his

opening brief. See Tran v. Trs. of the State Colls. in Colo. , 355 F.3d 1263, 1266

(10th Cir. 2004). In addition, while Buchanan alleged that the state trial court

lacked jurisdiction in the statement of issues in his opening brief, see Aplt.

Opening Br. at 3, he does not refer to the jurisdictional claim in the body of his

brief, and he has provided no authority or arguments to support the claim. Thus,

the jurisdictional claim has also been waived. See Tran , 355 F.3d at 1266.

-13-

Buchanan had failed to meet his burden of rebutting the presumption of

correctness by clear and convincing evidence. Id. at 16-18. 

Buchanan is now appealing the district court’s rulings regarding his

procedural and substantive due process claims and his prosecutorial misconduct

claim. 1

 Buchanan is also appealing the district court’s order denying his motion

for leave to file the proposed third amended petition. As noted above, we

previously granted Buchanan a COA with regard to both his procedural and

substantive due process claims, and Buchanan’s applications for a COA with

regard to his prosecutorial misconduct and amendment claims are presently before

this court.

III. Analysis

1. Procedural Due Process Claims

In the summary opinion that it issued in Buchanan’s second direct appeal,

the OCCA concluded that the retrospective competency trial “did not violate
-14-

Buchanan’s due process rights.” Summary Op. at 2. Because “the trial court

acted under the presumption that Buchanan was incompetent at the time of [the

retrospective] hearing,” id. at 2-3, the OCCA also rejected Buchanan’s claim that

the trial court “erred in placing the burden on him to prove his [incompetence],”

id. at 2. 

Buchanan filed his habeas petition after the effective date of the

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA), and his claims are thus

governed by its provisions. See Mitchell v. Gibson , 262 F.3d 1036, 1045 (10th

Cir. 2001). For purposes of AEDPA, we conclude that the OCCA adjudicated the

merits of Buchanan’s procedural due process claims. See Aycox v. Lytle , 196 F.3d

1174, 1177-78 (10th Cir. 1999) (holding that “we owe deference to the state

court’s result , even if its reasoning is not expressly stated,” and that state court

summary opinions are therefore owed the same deference under § 2254(d) as

those that fully discuss the merits). Consequently, the district court was

prohibited from granting habeas relief on the claims 

unless the state court decision “was contrary to, or involved an

unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as

determined by the Supreme Court,” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), or “was

based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the

evidence presented in the state court proceeding,” id. § 2254(d)(2).

Mitchell , 262 F.3d at 1045. Applying these standards, we agree with the district

court that Buchanan “is not entitled to habeas corpus relief on his claims related
-15-

to procedures used to determine his competence by the state courts.” Fed. Ct. R.,

Doc. 49 at 11.

Under federal law, “[t]he law of competency is well-settled. The criminal

trial of an incompetent defendant violates due process. This prohibition is

fundamental to an adversary system of justice.” Allen v. Mullin, 368 F.3d 1220,

1238 (10th Cir. 2004) (quotation omitted), petition for cert. filed (U.S. Nov. 18,

2004) (No. 04-7413). 

In determining whether a criminal defendant is competent to stand

trial, the trial court must consider whether defendant has sufficient

present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of

rational understanding – and whether he has a rational as well as

factual understanding of the proceedings against him.

Gilbert v. Mullin , 302 F.3d 1166, 1178 (10th Cir. 2002) (quotation omitted).

It is also well established that “[c]ompetency claims may be based on

violations of both procedural and substantive due process.” Allen , 368 F.3d at

1239. 

A procedural competency claim is based upon a trial court’s alleged

failure to hold a competency hearing, or an adequate competency

hearing, while a substantive competency claim is founded on the

allegation that an individual was tried and convicted while, in fact,

incompetent. The standards of proof for procedural and substantive

competency claims differ. To make out a procedural competency

claim, a defendant must raise a bona fide doubt regarding his

competency to stand trial[.] This requires a demonstration that a

reasonable judge should have doubted the defendant’s competency. 

It does not require proof of actual incompetency. A substantive

competency claim, on the other hand, requires the higher standard of

proof of incompetency by a preponderance of the evidence. 
-16-

Id. (quotations and citations omitted). 

To determine whether there was a “bona fide doubt” regarding a criminal

defendant’s competency, “we look to evidence of . . . irrational behavior, . . .

demeanor at trial, and any prior medical opinion to determine whether further

inquiry on the part of the trial judge was required.” Smith v. Mullin , 379 F.3d

919, 930 (10th Cir. 2004) (quotation omitted). “Evidence of mental illness and

any representations of defense counsel about the defendant’s incompetence also

may be considered.” Gilbert , 302 F.3d at 1179 (quotation omitted). 

This court has also recognized that, “[a]lthough retrospective competency

hearings are disfavored, they are permissible whenever a court can conduct a

meaningful hearing to evaluate retrospectively the competency of the defendant.”

Clayton v. Gibson , 199 F.3d 1162, 1169 (10th Cir. 1999) (quotation omitted).

A meaningful determination is possible where the state of the record,

together with such additional evidence as may be relevant and

available, permits an accurate assessment of the defendant’s

condition at the time of the original state proceedings. A court

should consider (1) the passage of time, (2) the availability of

contemporaneous medical evidence, including medical records and

prior competency determinations, (3) any statements by the defendant

in the trial record, and (4) the availability of individuals and trial

witnesses, both experts and non-experts, who were in a position to

interact with defendant before and during trial, including the trial

judge, counsel for both the government and defendant, and jail

officials.

Id. (quotation and citations omitted).
-17-

Having carefully reviewed the state and federal court records in this case,

we conclude that the district court correctly determined that Buchanan is not

entitled to habeas relief under § 2254(d) with regard to his procedural due process

claims. To begin with, while it is well established that a “prior [state]

adjudication of incompetence . . . gives rise to a rebuttable presumption of

continued incompetence,” Sena v. New Mexico State Prison , 109 F.3d 652, 655

(10th Cir. 1997), we agree with the district court that, “by recognizing a

presumption of incompetence, as requested by [Buchanan], the trial court in effect

required the State to overcome the presumption and demonstrate that [Buchanan]

had achieved competence at the time of his trial.” Fed. Ct. R., Doc. 49 at 10-11.

Moreover, even if the state trial court utilized an unconstitutional burden of

proof, we conclude that Buchanan has failed to raise a bona fide doubt regarding

his competency at the time of his trial in July 1996. This is not a clear-cut issue,

however, as the state court record reveals that Buchanan acted erratically at times,

both before and during his trial, and that he had a very contentious relationship

with Ms. Atteberry. There is also a complete lack of contemporaneous medical

evidence in the state court record regarding Buchanan’s mental state in 1996 and

1997. This omission is troubling since the prior medical records from 1985

indicate that Buchanan suffered from significant mental problems. See

Competency Trial Exs. at 16-17, 19-20.
-18-

On the other hand, the lack of contemporaneous medical evidence is

off-set, to some extent, by the abstracts of the judgments showing the July and

December 1995 California convictions. In addition, because we have recognized

that “defense counsel is often in the best position to determine whether a

defendant’s competency is questionable,” McGregor v. Gibson , 248 F.3d 946, 960

(10th Cir. 2001) (en banc) (quotation omitted), we find it particularly significant

that Ms. Atteberry took the side of the state on the competency issue, see Walker

v. Gibson , 228 F.3d 1217, 1228 (10th Cir. 2000) (rejecting habeas petitioner’s

procedural competency claim, in part, because defense counsel “explicitly denied

raising to the [trial] court that [petitioner] was not competent to stand trial” and

“[a]t no time did counsel request a competency evaluation or hearing”), abrogated

on other grounds by Neil v. Gibson , 278 F.3d 1044, 1057 n. 5 (10th Cir. 2001);

Clayton , 199 F.3d at 1171 (finding no bona fide doubt as to habeas petitioner’s

competency at the time of trial where defense counsel declined to express

“serious” concerns about his client); Walker v. Att’y Gen. , 167 F.3d 1339,

1346-47 (10th Cir. 1999) (rejecting habeas petitioner’s procedural competency

claim, in part, because trial counsel never raised the issue of petitioner’s

competency at trial). In sum, based on the record before this court, we cannot

conclude that “the state trial court ignored evidence that, viewed objectively,
2

In its order denying habeas relief, the district court correctly pointed out

that Buchanan had failed to exhaust the substantive due process claim in the

Oklahoma courts. See Fed. Ct. R., Doc. 49 at 6, 15. Buchanan’s failure to

exhaust the remedies available under Oklahoma law did not prevent the district

court from addressing the merits of the substantive due process claim, however,

because the district court exercised its prerogative under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(2)

to deny the claim on the merits. Id.

-19-

raised a bona fide doubt as to [Buchanan’s] competency.” Clayton , 199 F.3d at

1171 (quotation omitted). 

Finally, Buchanan is not entitled to habeas relief under § 2254(d) with

regard to his claim that the state court record was inadequate for purposes of

conducting a retrospective competency hearing. Although the trial court could

certainly have developed a more complete record regarding the competency issue,

especially in terms of obtaining contemporaneous medical evidence, we believe

the existing state court record allowed the trial court to “conduct a meaningful

hearing to evaluate retrospectively the competency of [Buchanan],” id. at 1169,

and that is all the Constitution requires.

2. Substantive Due Process Claim

Buchanan did not assert a substantive due process claim in the state-court

proceedings. 2

 As a result, the AEDPA deference standards in § 2254(d) do not

apply to our review of that claim. Instead, “we review the district court’s legal

conclusions de novo and factual findings for clear error.” Allen , 368 F.3d at

1234. However, under § 2254(e)(1), “[a] state court factual finding is presumed
-20-

correct. The applicant for a writ of habeas corpus has the burden of rebutting the

presumption of correctness by clear and convincing evidence.” Id.

“A petitioner may make a substantive due process competency claim by

alleging he was, in fact, tried and convicted while mentally incompetent.” 

Walker , 228 F.3d at 1229. As noted above, the standard for establishing a

substantive due process violation is more demanding than the “bona fide doubt”

standard that governs procedural competency claims, see Walker , 167 F.3d at

1347, and “to succeed in stating a substantive incompetency claim, a petitioner

must present evidence that creates a real, substantial and legitimate doubt as to

his competency to stand trial,” id. (quotation omitted). For the reasons set forth

above, we have concluded that the evidence in this case does not satisfy the bona

fide doubt standard for a procedural competency claim. As a result, we also

conclude that Buchanan “cannot meet the more stringent substantive due process

competency standard.” Walker , 228 F.3d at 1230. 

We have also recognized that “[c]ompetency to stand trial is a factual

question.” Bryson v. Ward , 187 F.3d 1193, 1201 (10th Cir. 1999). Accordingly,

because we have concluded that the state trial court did not utilize an

unconstitutional burden of proof, “we afford the state court’s finding of

competency a presumption of correctness unless [Buchanan] rebuts the

presumption by clear and convincing evidence.” Wallace v. Ward , 191 F.3d
-21-

1235, 1243 (10th Cir. 1999). Based on the record before this court, we agree with

the district court that Buchanan has failed to make the necessary showing to rebut

the presumption of correctness. See Fed. Ct. R., Doc. 49 at 16-18. 

3. Outstanding COA Applications

As noted above, Buchanan’s application for a COA with regard to his

prosecutorial misconduct claim is currently before this court. A COA can issue

“only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a

constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). 

“Prosecutorial misconduct does not warrant federal habeas relief unless the

conduct complained of is so egregious as to render the entire proceedings against

the defendant fundamentally unfair.” Smallwood v. Gibson , 191 F.3d 1257, 1275

(10th Cir. 1999). In making this determination, “we consider the totality of the

circumstances, evaluating the prosecutor’s conduct in the context of the whole

trial.” Id. at 1276. (quotation omitted). Specifically, “we look first at the

strength of the evidence against the defendant and decide whether the

prosecutor’s [conduct] plausibly could have tipped the scales in favor of the

prosecution.” Id. (quotation omitted).

As summarized by the district court, Buchanan claims that he was denied a

fair trial due to the following prosecutorial misconduct:

Petitioner claims that during closing argument, the prosecutor made

comments . . . leading the jury to speculate that [petitioner] may have
-22-

shot, or even killed one or both victims [of the robbery], had it not

been for the failure of the gun to fire. In addition, Petitioner

complains that the prosecutor’s comments during closing argument

led the jury to give “short [shrift]” to the issue of guilt. Lastly,

Petitioner complains that the prosecutor referred more than once to

the evidence as “uncontroverted,” thereby commenting improperly on

his right to remain silent and to not testify at trial.

Fed. Ct. R., Doc. 49 at 12 (citations omitted). 

Having carefully reviewed the transcript of the trial proceedings, we agree

with the district court that, “even assuming that the specific instances of alleged

misconduct identified [by Buchanan] were improper, the prosecutor’s misconduct

was not of sufficient magnitude to influence the jury’s decision. In this case, the

evidence of [Buchanan’s] guilt was overwhelming.” Id. at 13. Buchanan is

therefore not entitled to a COA on his prosecutorial misconduct claim. 

4. Second or Successive Petition Issues

As set forth above, on July 12, 2002 -- almost three years after he had filed

his first habeas petition and well after the one-year limitations period in 28 U.S.C. 

§ 2244(d)(1)(A) had expired -- Buchanan moved for leave to file a third amended

habeas petition. See Fed. Ct. R., Doc. 43. Buchanan also submitted a proposed

third amended petition as an attachment to his motion for leave, and, for the first

time, Buchanan asserted his right to be present claim, his conflict of interest

claim, and the related ineffective assistance of counsel claims. The district court
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denied the motion for leave based on a failure to exhaust state remedies/mixed

petition analysis. Id., Doc. 46 at 2-4. 

Because Buchanan’s new claims were filed after the one-year limitations

period in § 2244(d)(1)(A) had expired, we conclude that the district court should

have determined, as a threshold matter, whether the claims related back under

Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(2) to the filing of Buchanan’s first habeas petition in 1999. 

As we have previously recognized, the threshold relation back analysis is critical

because, if a district court determines that new habeas claims do not relate back

and are therefore time-barred, the court must then treat the new claims as a

second or successive habeas petition and transfer the petition to this court for

consideration under § 2244(b)(3). Cf. United States v. Espinoza-Saenz , 235 F.3d

501, 503-05 (10th Cir. 2000) (involving motion filed by federal prisoner to

supplement habeas claims brought under 28 U.S.C. § 2255); see also Woodward

v. Williams , 263 F.3d 1135, 1142 (10th Cir. 2001) (holding that reasoning of

Espinoza-Saenz applies to amended habeas petitions filed by state prisoners under

§ 2254). 

Subject to certain restrictions, a habeas petitioner may amend a habeas

petition under Rule 15. The claims asserted in an amended habeas petition do not

automatically relate back to the date when the initial petition was filed, however. 

Instead, Rule 15(c)(2) provides that “[a]n amendment of a pleading relates back
-24-

to the date of the original pleading when . . . the claim . . . asserted in the

amended pleading arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set forth

. . . in the original pleading.” Rule 15(c)(2) has been the subject of much debate

in the context of habeas proceedings brought pursuant to § 2254, but this circuit

has taken a firm stance and held that

an untimely amendment to a [§ 2254 petition] which, by way of

additional facts, clarifies or amplifies a claim or theory in the

original [petition] may, in the District Court’s discretion, relate back

to the date of the original [petition] if and only if the original

[petition] was timely filed and the proposed amendment does not

seek to add a new claim or to insert a new theory into the case .

Woodward , 263 F.3d at 1142 (10th Cir. 2001) (quoting Espinoza-Saenz , 235 F.3d

at 505). 

While Buchanan’s right to be present and conflict of interest claims are

related factually to his other competency claims, they are based on entirely

separate theories of relief, and we therefore conclude that they are “new” claims

for purposes of Rule 15(c)(2). Id. As a result, “the relation back provision of

Rule 15(c) cannot be applied to save [Buchanan’s right to be present and conflict

of interest claims], and the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying

. . . permission to amend.” Espinoza-Saenz , 235 F.3d at 505.

The district court did not follow the right procedure in this case, however,

as the court should have treated Buchanan’s right to be present and conflict of

interest claims as a second or successive habeas petition and transferred the
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petition to this court for consideration under § 2244(b)(3). Id. at 503; see also

Coleman v. United States , 106 F.3d 339, 341 (10th Cir. 1997) (holding that “when

a second or successive petition for habeas corpus relief under § 2254 . . . is filed

in the district court without the required authorization by this court [under 

§ 2244(b)(3)(A)], the district court should transfer the petition . . . to this court

. . . pursuant to [28 U.S.C.] § 1631”). Indeed, as we have recognized in the

analogous context of § 2254 cases involving motions under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b),

a district court does not have jurisdiction to address the merits of a second or

successive petition until this court has granted the required prior authorization

under § 2244(b)(3)(A). See Lopez v. Douglas , 141 F.3d 974, 975-76

(10th Cir. 1998) (per curiam). 

Accordingly, “we will construe [Buchanan’s] notice of appeal and appellate

brief as an implied application under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3)(A) for leave to file a

second habeas petition in the district court,” id. at 976, and we must determine

whether Buchanan has made “a prima facie showing that satisfies AEDPA’s

criteria for the filing of a second habeas petition,” id. For purposes of this case,

Buchanan must therefore make a prima facie showing that: (1) “the factual

predicate[s] for [his right to be present and conflict of interest claims] could not

have been discovered previously through the exercise of due diligence;” and

(2) “the facts underlying the claim[s], if proven and viewed in light of the
3 Buchanan’s awareness of the competency trial is confirmed by the fact that

an attachment to the first habeas petition specifically states that the state trial

court had held a competency trial on December 15, 1997. See Fed. Ct. R., Doc. 1

(attachment setting forth Buchanan’s fifth claim for habeas relief).

-26-

evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing

evidence that, but for constitutional error, no reasonable factfinder would have

found [him competent to stand trial].” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(2)(B)(i) and (ii). 

Before we will authorize Buchanan to proceed in the district court with

regard to his right to be present and conflict of interest claims, he must also make

a prima facie showing that the claims are not barred by the one-year limitations

period in § 2244(d)(1). Although this requirement is not expressly set forth in 

§ 2244(b)(3), we see no reason to authorize the filing of a second or successive

petition in the absence of such a prima facie showing. For purposes of this case,

Buchanan must therefore show that he filed his motion for leave to file his third

amended habeas petition within one year of “the date on which the factual

predicate[s] of [the right to be present and conflict of interest claims] . . . could

have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence.” 28 U.S.C. 

§ 2244(d)(1)(D). 

Based on the record before this court, it is undisputed that Buchanan knew

that a retrospective competency trial had been conducted in his absence by at least

August 1999 when he filed his first habeas petition. 3

 Thus, Buchanan was aware
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of the factual predicate of the right to be present claim in August 1999. As a

result, the claim is barred by the one-year limitations period since: (1) Buchanan

did not file his motion for leave to file his third amended petition until almost

three years later; and (2) we see no basis for equitable tolling, see Woodward , 263

F.3d at 1142-43 (“AEDPA’s statute of limitations is subject to equitable tolling

only when an inmate diligently pursues his claims and demonstrates that the

failure to timely file was caused by extraordinary circumstances beyond his

control.”) (quotation omitted).

With regard to Buchanan’s conflict of interest claim, we reach a different

result. As noted above, Buchanan has alleged that he did not discover the

“potential for conflict” until July 23, 2001, less than a year before he filed his

motion for leave to file the third amended petition. See Fed. Ct. R., Doc. 43

(attached declaration at 1, ¶ 3). Buchanan has also alleged that Mr. Derryberry 

“lured [him] into believing . . . that no such conflict [existed].” Id. (proposed

third amended petition at 20). Moreover, while we believe that Buchanan knew

from a very early date that both Ms. Atteberry and Mr. Derryberry were public

defenders, we cannot determine, based on the record currently before this court,

when Buchanan actually discovered that they worked in the same public

defender’s office. 
-28-

That said, we note that Mr. Derryberry forwarded a copy of the entire

“court file which was provided to [his] office for [Buchanan’s] direct appeal” to

Buchanan in November 1998. Fed. Ct. R., Doc. 14, Ex. A. Although the

documents forwarded to Buchanan did not include trial transcripts, the

information contained in the court file should have been sufficient to provide the

factual predicate of Buchanan’s conflict of interest claim if he had exercised due

diligence to pursue the claim as required by § 2244(d)(1)(D). Based on the

attachments to his first habeas petition, it is also undisputed that Buchanan knew

by at least August 1999 that Ms. Atteberry had testified at the retrospective

competency hearing as a witness for the state. See Fed. Ct. R., Doc. 1 (attached

“Brief of Appellant After Remand” at 2-3). Finally, while it appears that

Buchanan has been unable to obtain transcripts of the trial court proceedings

despite repeated requests to the state courts and the district court, we do not

believe the lack of transcripts provides a basis for equitable tolling with regard to

Buchanan’s conflict of interest claim. 

Nonetheless, the record before this court is not sufficiently developed for

us to definitively rule on the discovery and equitable tolling issues. In addition,

while we are skeptical that Buchanan can satisfy the demanding requirements of 

§ 2244(b)(2)(B)(ii) concerning the merits of his conflict of interest claim,

Buchanan has at least raised a colorable claim that Mr. Derryberry had an “actual”
-29-

conflict of interest due to his working relationship with Ms. Atteberry. See

Workman v. Mullin , 342 F.3d 1100, 1107 (10th Cir. 2003) (addressing

requirements for conflict of interest claims brought under § 2254 in cases where

the defendant raised no objection at trial), cert. denied , 124 S.Ct. 2397 (2004).

Subject to the conditions set forth below, we therefore conclude that Buchanan

should have the opportunity to file a formal motion in this court for an order

authorizing the district court to consider the conflict of interest claim in a second

or successive petition. 

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth herein, we AFFIRM the denial of habeas relief

with regard to Buchanan’s procedural and substantive competency claims. We

also DENY all outstanding applications for a COA. 

We GRANT Buchanan leave to file a motion in this court for an order

authorizing the district court to consider a second or successive habeas petition. 

If Buchanan fails to file such a motion within thirty days of the entry of this order

and judgment, “an order will be entered denying authorization to file the

underlying petition . . . in the district court.” Coleman , 106 F.3d at 341. 

However, if Buchanan chooses to file an authorization motion, the motion shall be

limited to Buchanan’s claim that he received ineffective assistance of trial and

appellate counsel following the remand from the OCCA for a retrospective
4 Although Buchanan claimed in his declaration that he discovered the

potential for a conflict of interest in July 23, 2001, we note that Buchanan alleges

in his opening brief that he did not discover the potential for a conflict of interest

until August 23, 2001. See Aplt. Opening Br. at 27. Buchanan will need to

address this discrepancy if he decides to file an authorization motion in this court.

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competency hearing because his public defender had a conflict of interest. 

Further, the motion shall set forth the specific reasons why Buchanan believes

that he has made a prima facie showing that satisfies the criteria under 

§ 2244(b)(2)(B)(i) and (ii) for the filing of a second or successive petition. The

motion shall also set forth the specific reasons why Buchanan believes that his

conflict of interest claim is not barred by the one-year limitations period in 

§ 2244(d)(1). Specifically, Buchanan shall set forth all of the relevant facts that

support his allegation that he did not discover the conflict of interest claim until

July 23, 2001. See Declaration of Darrell R. Buchanan at 1, ¶ 3 (attached to

proposed third amended petition). 4

 Buchanan shall further explain why he could

not have discovered the claim earlier through the exercise of due diligence. 

Because the claim is barred by the one-year limitations period in 

§ 2244(d)(1), we DENY Buchanan authorization to file a second or successive

petition to assert his right to be present claim and any related ineffective

assistance of trial and appellate counsel claims. 

Finally, we DENY Buchanan’s motion/application to expand the issues to

be certified for this appeal and stay briefing. We GRANT Buchanan’s request to
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add additional pages to his opening brief. We also GRANT Buchanan’s request

that this court take judicial notice of the “Order Appointing Psychiatrist” that was

entered in Buchanan’s criminal case in California in June 1994. We DENY

Buchanan’s request that this court take judicial notice of the discharge summary

that was prepared by Dr. R.N. Garcia in March 1985 as moot because the

discharge summary is already a part of the record before this court. See

Competency Trial Exs. at 16-17. 

Entered for the Court

Paul J. Kelly, Jr. 

Circuit Judge