[Cite as Columbus City School Dist. v. State, 2024-Ohio-1217.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

Columbus City School District et al., :

Plaintiffs-Appellees, :

 No. 24AP-60

v. : (C.P.C. No 22CV-000067)

State of Ohio et al., : (ACCELERATED CALENDAR)

Defendants-Appellees, :

[Ohio Senate President Matthew Huffman,:

Non-Party/Appellant]. :

D E C I S I O N

Rendered on March 29, 2024

McCarthy, Lebit, Crystal & Liffman Co. LPA, Mark I. 

Wallach, and Larence R. Acton; Weston Hurd LLP, Maria 

Fair, and Alexandra C. Eckrich, for appellees Columbus City 

School Dist. et al.

Shumaker, Loop & Kendrick, LLP, Mark D. Wagoner, and 

David F. Axelrod, for non-party/appellant Matthew Huffman.

ON MOTION TO DISMISS

BOGGS, J.

{¶ 1} On February 2, 2024, plaintiffs-appellees, Columbus City School District et 

al., filed the instant motion to dismiss contending this court lacks jurisdiction over the 

December 21, 2023 order appealed by non-party/appellant, Matthew Huffman, President 

of the Ohio Senate. Appellant filed a response to the motion to dismiss arguing the 

discovery order is final and appealable under R.C. 2505.02(B)(4), and appellees filed a 
No. 24AP-60 2

reply. Upon review of the parties’ arguments, we conclude the order is not final and 

appealable. 

{¶ 2} Ohio’s courts of appeal have jurisdiction “to review and affirm, modify, or 

reverse judgments or final orders.” Ohio Constitution, Article IV, Section 3(B)(2). If a trial 

court’s order is not final and appealable, a reviewing court has no jurisdiction to review the 

matter and the appeal must be dismissed. In re Special Grand Jury Investigation, 10th 

Dist. No. 17AP-446, 2018-Ohio-760, ¶ 6.

{¶ 3} “The general rule is that all orders in a case must be reviewed in a single 

appeal after final judgment.” State v. Glenn, 165 Ohio St.3d 432, 2021-Ohio-3369, ¶ 10. 

“[D]iscovery orders, which are generally interlocutory in nature,” are not immediately 

appealable. Karr v. Salido, 10th Dist. No. 21AP-672, 2022-Ohio-2879, ¶ 9. However, R.C. 

2505.02 provides a “limited exception” to this general rule. Glenn at ¶ 10. Under R.C. 

2505.02(B)(4), an appellate court has jurisdiction to review, affirm, modify, or reverse an 

“order that grants or denies a provisional remedy,” which is defined as “a proceeding 

ancillary to an action” and includes a proceeding for “discovery of privileged matter.” R.C. 

2505.02(B)(4) and (A)(3). However, this limited exception only applies if both of the 

following circumstances are satisfied:

(a) The order in effect determines the action with respect to the 

provisional remedy and prevents a judgment in the action in 

favor of the appealing party with respect to the provisional 

remedy.

(b) The appealing party would not be afforded a meaningful or 

effective remedy by an appeal following final judgment as to all 

proceedings, issues, claims, and parties in the action.

R.C. 2505.02(B)(4)(a) and (b).

{¶ 4} Whether a discovery order warrants an interlocutory appeal is evaluated on 

a “case-by-case” basis. Glenn at ¶ 28. The appellant has the “burden of establishing the 

appellate court’s jurisdiction over an interlocutory appeal.” Id. at ¶ 22.

{¶ 5} In this case, the underlying action involves appellees’ challenge to the 

constitutionality of the Ohio General Assembly’s expansion of the EdChoice Scholarship 

Program, codified in R.C. Chapter 3310. On March 22, 2023, appellees served appellant, 

who is the President of the Ohio Senate and is not a party to the action, with a subpoena for 
No. 24AP-60 3

a deposition. Appellant filed a motion to quash arguing, among other issues, that legislative 

privilege prohibited the deposition. After further briefing, the trial court issued on 

December 21, 2023 the instant order granting appellant’s motion to quash in part and 

modifying the subpoena pursuant to Civ.R. 45(C). Specifically, the trial court modified the 

subpoena to remove the requirement that appellant attend an in-person oral deposition 

and to instead permit appellees to submit no more than 20 “written deposition” questions 

to appellant. (Dec. 21, 2023 Decision & Entry at 10.) The order specifies, “[t]hese written 

deposition questions shall be limited to matters that do not implicate legislative privilege, 

but may request the identities of entities and individuals, and other information, related to 

off the record communications about the passing of H.B. 110 between those entities and 

individuals, and [appellant].” Id. at 10. The order further allows appellees to seek 

reconsideration of the order should appellant’s answers to the written deposition questions

demonstrate an in-person oral disposition is likely to provide additional relevant 

information that is not obtainable elsewhere and not protected by the legislative privilege.

{¶ 6} On this record, appellant has failed to establish this order is final and 

appealable. First, “the threshold requirement for an order to be appealable under R.C. 

2505.02(B)(4) is that the order must grant or deny a provisional remedy.” Glenn at ¶ 12. 

Appellant argues the order qualifies as a provisional remedy since it involves discovery of 

privileged matter. In assessing whether he is correct, we need only decide whether the 

appellant made a “colorable claim” that the trial court’s “order directs him to disclose 

information that might be protected” by legislative privilege. Glenn at ¶ 13, 20. In this case, 

the trial court order in pertinent part modifies the subpoena to state the plaintiffs “may” 

submit deposition questions of a certain nature and specifies that information should not 

implicate legislative privilege. (Decision & Entry at 10.) The order does not direct appellant 

to disclose any information at this point and, therefore, fails the threshold requirement.

{¶ 7} Even if, for sake of argument, we were to find appellant presents a “colorable 

claim” that the trial court’s order directs the disclosure of information protected by 

legislative privilege, appellant nevertheless has not shown that the order “in effect 

determines the action with respect to the provisional remedy and prevents a judgment in 

the action in favor of the appealing party with respect to the provisional remedy.” R.C. 

2505.02(B)(4)(a). At this point in the proceedings, whether appellees will decide to submit 
No. 24AP-60 4

deposition questions to appellant, the content of those potential questions, appellant’s 

actions upon receipt of those questions, and the trial court’s future determinations as to the 

deposition questions all have yet to be determined.

{¶ 8} In these circumstances, we conclude the present appeal is premature. See 

e.g. Autumn Health Care of Zanesville, LLC v. DeWine, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-593, 2015-

Ohio-2655, ¶ 7 (determining that, to the extent the trial court’s order compelled the nonparty appellants to attend depositions, “the record is insufficiently developed to establish 

whether the testimony to be elicited at the depositions would involve the disclosure of 

privileged information” and, therefore, the order did not constitute a final and appealable 

order under R.C. 2505.02(B)(4)(a)); Citibank, N.A. v. Hine, 4th Dist. No. 17CA3598, 2017-

Ohio-5537, ¶ 15 (following Autumn Health Care in circumstances where the record was 

insufficiently developed to establish that the appellant’s deposition would result in the 

disclosure of any privileged materials and noting “[c]ounsel may object to questions posed

* * * [and] the trial court can determine the applicability of any privilege[,]” and “[a]fter 

the trial court has issued its rulings, the requirements of R.C. 2505.02(B)(4) may be 

satisfied.”); Riggs v. Richard, 5th Dist. No. 2006CA00234, 2007-Ohio-490, ¶ 21-22 

(holding that an order denying the appellants’ motion for protective order was not a final, 

appealable order where “[w]hat information is being sought and whether it would be 

protected by the [asserted] privilege, whether it is subject to exception, or waived has not 

been sufficiently developed by the record in the case sub judice” and explaining “[t]o 

properly address whether the communications or material sought is subject to the 

[asserted] privilege, it is, at a minimum, necessary to ask the questions first and for the 

privilege rule to be invoked. After such has occurred, the trial court then can, at hearing, 

determine if, in fact, privileged matters may be disclosed.”); Buffmyer v. Cavalier, 5th Dist. 

No. 03COA067, 2004-Ohio-3303, ¶ 17-18 (determining order denying Civ.R. 45(C)(3)

motion to quash or modify a subpoena was not a final appealable order since “[w]hether or 

not the matters sought by appellee would violate the [asserted] privilege is not sufficiently 

developed by the record in its present state. * * * [I]n order to properly address the issues 

raised by Civ.R. 45(C)(3), it is at a minimum necessary to ask the questions and for the 

privilege rule to be invoked. The trial court can then, at hearing, determine if in fact 

privileged matters may be disclosed.”).
No. 24AP-60 5

{¶ 9} We note that although the parties debate the applicability of Dublin v. State, 

138 Ohio App.3d 753 (10th Dist.2000), Dublin is consistent with, but does not control, the 

outcome here. Unlike the instant case, Dublin involved a trial court discovery order that

“actually compelled” certain information to be disclosed. Id. at 758. Faced with that order, 

this court reviewed whether the sought-after information was privileged to support an 

interlocutory appeal pursuant to R.C. 2505.02(B)(4). Finding the information in that case

was not privileged, this court determined the trial court order was not final and appealable 

and dismissed the case. Here, because the order appealed from permits appellees to submit 

questions but stops short of compelling appellant to answer, we do not proceed to 

determine the issue of legislative privilege at this juncture.

{¶ 10} “In short, the uncertainty surrounding what the trial court would consider 

satisfactory compliance with its order suggests that the order would be better reviewed after 

the situation has fully unfolded.” Glenn at ¶ 26. This uncertainty will lessen considerably 

once appellees have presented their deposition questions. Depending on the content of 

those questions, appellant may again move to quash, and the trial court will have the 

opportunity to review appellant’s concerns in the context of the questions being posed. If 

the trial court directs appellant to disclose information protected by legislative privilege, 

appellant may again pursue an appeal. We acknowledge appellant’s concern that this 

matter may “end up back in front of this court in a matter of days.” (Memo Contra Mot. to 

Dismiss at 11, fn 5.) However, appellant’s potential ability to quickly appeal following our 

dismissal does not influence our present jurisdiction as determined under the R.C. 

2505.02(B) requirements.

{¶ 11} Considering all of the above, we conclude the December 21, 2023 order is not 

a final appealable order on the facts of this case. Accordingly, this court lacks jurisdiction 

over the instant appeal.

Motion granted; appeal dismissed.

DORRIAN and EDELSTEIN, JJ., concur.