CHAPTER 10: NATIONAL IMPACT ANALYSIS 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

10.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 10-1 

10.2 BASE CASE AND STANDARDS CASE FORECASTED EFFICIENCIES .............. 10-2 

10.2.1 Dishwashers................................................................................................................... 10-3 

10.2.2 Dehumidifiers ................................................................................................................ 10-5 

10.2.3 Cooking Products – Cooktops and Ovens ..................................................................... 10-7 

10.2.4 Cooking Products – Microwave Ovens ....................................................................... 10-11 

10.2.5 Commercial Clothes Washers...................................................................................... 10-11 

10.3 NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS ............................................................................. 10-12 

10.3.1 NES Definition............................................................................................................. 10-12 

10.3.2 NES Inputs ................................................................................................................... 10-14 

10.3.2.1 Annual Energy Consumption per Unit ...................................................... 10-14 

10.3.2.2 Shipments................................................................................................... 10-20 

10.3.2.3 Equipment Stock........................................................................................ 10-20 

10.3.2.4 National Annual Energy Consumption ...................................................... 10-20 

10.3.2.5 Energy Site-to-Source Conversion Factors................................................ 10-21 

10.4 NET PRESENT VALUE............................................................................................. 10-22 

10.4.1 NPV Definition ............................................................................................................ 10-22 

10.4.2 NPV Inputs................................................................................................................... 10-23 

10.4.2.1 Total Installed Cost per Unit...................................................................... 10-24 

10.4.2.2 Annual Operating Cost Savings per Unit................................................... 10-28 

10.4.2.3 Total Annual Installed Cost Increases ....................................................... 10-29 

10.4.2.4 Total Annual Operating Cost Savings ....................................................... 10-29 

10.4.2.5 Discount Factors ........................................................................................ 10-30 

10.4.2.6 Present Value of Costs ............................................................................... 10-30 

10.4.2.7 Present Value of Savings ........................................................................... 10-30 

10.5 NES AND NPV RESULTS ......................................................................................... 10-31 

10.5.1 NES and NPV Input Summary .................................................................................... 10-31 

10.5.2 NES Results ................................................................................................................. 10-32 

10.5.2.1 Dishwashers ............................................................................................... 10-32 

10.5.2.2 Dehumidifiers ............................................................................................ 10-33 

10.5.2.3 Cooking Products – Cooktops and Ovens ................................................. 10-34 

10.5.2.4 Cooking Products – Microwave Ovens ..................................................... 10-36 

10.5.2.5 Commercial Clothes Washers.................................................................... 10-36 

10.5.3 Annual Costs and Savings ........................................................................................... 10-37

10.5.4 NPV Results................................................................................................................. 10-38 

10.5.4.1 Dishwashers ............................................................................................... 10-38 

10.5.4.2 Dehumidifiers ............................................................................................ 10-39 

10.5.4.3 Cooking Products – Cooktops and Ovens ................................................. 10-40 

10.5.4.4 Cooking Products – Microwave Ovens ..................................................... 10-41 

10.5.4.5 Commercial Clothes Washers.................................................................... 10-42 

10-i 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
LIST OF TABLES 

Table 10.2.1 Standard-Sized Dishwashers: Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency 

Distributions in 2012.......................................................................................... 10-4 

Table 10.2.2 

Table 10.2.3 

Table 10.2.4 

Table 10.2.5 

Dehumidifiers, ≤25.00 and 25.01–35.00 pints/day product classes: Base 

Case and Standards Case Efficiency Distributions in 2012............................... 10-6 

Dehumidifiers, 35.01–45.00 and 45.01–54.00 pints/day product classes: 

Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency Distributions in 2012 ...................... 10-6 

Dehumidifiers, 54.01–74.99 and ≥75.00 pints/day product classes: Base 

Case and Standards Case Efficiency Distributions in 2012............................... 10-6 

Electric Coil Cooktops: Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency 

Distributions in 2012.......................................................................................... 10-7 

Table 10.2.6 Electric Smooth Cooktops: Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency 

Distributions in 2012.......................................................................................... 10-8 

Table 10.2.7 Gas Cooktops: Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency Distributions in 

2012.................................................................................................................... 10-8 

Table 10.2.8 Electric Standard Ovens: Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency 

Distributions in 2012.......................................................................................... 10-8 

Table 10.2.9 Electric Self-Cleaning Ovens: Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency 

Distributions in 2012.......................................................................................... 10-9 

Table 10.2.10 Gas Standard Ovens: Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency 

Distributions in 2012.......................................................................................... 10-9 

Table 10.2.11 Gas Self-Cleaning Ovens: Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency 

Distributions in 2012.......................................................................................... 10-9 

Table 10.2.12 Microwave Ovens: Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency 

Distributions in 2012........................................................................................ 10-11 

Table 10.2.13 Commercial Clothes Washers: Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency 

Table 10.3.1 

Table 10.3.2 

Table 10.3.3 

Table 10.3.4 

Table 10.3.5 

Table 10.3.6 

Table 10.3.7 

Distributions in 2012........................................................................................ 10-12 

National Energy Saving Inputs ........................................................................ 10-14 

Standard-Sized Dishwashers: Base Case and Standards Case ShipmentWeighted Average Per-Unit Annual Energy and Water Consumption in 

2012.................................................................................................................. 10-15 

Energy and Water Use Impacts of Hand Washing compared to 

Dishwashing..................................................................................................... 10-16 

Dehumidifiers: Base Case and Standards Case Shipment-Weighted 

Average Per-Unit Annual Energy Consumption in 2012 ................................ 10-16 

Cooktops: Base Case and Standards Case Shipment-Weighted Average 

Per-Unit Annual Energy Consumption in 2012............................................... 10-17 

Ovens: Base Case and Standards Case Shipment-Weighted Average PerUnit Annual Energy Consumption in 2012 ..................................................... 10-17 

Microwave Ovens: Base Case and Standards Case Shipment-Weighted 

Average Per-Unit Annual Energy Consumption in 2012 ................................ 10-19 

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EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Table 10.3.8 

Table 10.3.9 Site-to-Source Conversion Factors for Electricity and Natural Gas ................ 10-21 

Table 10.4.1 Net Present Value Inputs ................................................................................. 10-23 

Table 10.4.2 Standard-Sized Dishwashers: Base Case and Standards Case ShipmentWeighted Average Per-Unit Total Installed Costs in 2012 ............................. 10-24 

Table 10.5.1 NES and NPV Inputs ....................................................................................... 10-32 

Table 10.5.2 Dishwashers: Cumulative NES and NWS Results ......................................... 10-33 

Table 10.5.3 Dishwashers: Cumulative NES and NWS Results Discounted at Seven 

Percent and Three Percent ............................................................................... 10-33 

Table 10.5.4 Dehumidifiers: Cumulative NES Results ....................................................... 10-33 

Table 10.5.5 Dehumidifiers: Cumulative NES Results Discounted at Seven Percent ........ 10-34 

Table 10.5.6 Dehumidifiers: Cumulative NES Results Discounted at Three Percent......... 10-34 

Table 10.5.7 Cooktops: Cumulative NES Results ............................................................... 10-34 

Table 10.5.8 Ovens: Cumulative NES Results .................................................................... 10-35 

Table 10.5.9 Cooktops: Cumulative NES Results Discounted at Seven Percent and 

Three Percent ................................................................................................... 10-35 

Commercial Clothes Washers: Base Case and Standards Case ShipmentWeighted Average Per-Unit Annual Energy and Water Consumption in 

2012.................................................................................................................. 10-19 

Table 10.4.3 Dehumidifiers: Base Case and Standards Case Shipment-Weighted 

Average Per-Unit Total Installed Cost in 2012................................................ 10-25 

Table 10.4.4 Cooktops: Base Case and Standards Case Shipment-Weighted Average 

Per-Unit Total Installed Costs in 2012............................................................. 10-26 

Table 10.4.5 Ovens: Base Case and Standards Case Shipment-Weighted Average PerUnit Total Installed Costs in 2012 ................................................................... 10-26 

Table 10.4.6 Microwave Ovens: Base Case and Standards Case Shipment-Weighted 

Average Per-Unit Total Installed Costs in 2012 .............................................. 10-28 

Table 10.4.7 Commercial Clothes Washers: Base Case and Standards Case ShipmentWeighted Average Per-Unit Total Installed Costs in 2012 ............................. 10-28 

Table 10.5.10 Ovens: Cumulative NES Results Discounted at Seven Percent and Three 

Percent.............................................................................................................. 10-35 

Table 10.5.11 Microwave Ovens: Cumulative NES Results ................................................. 10-36 

Table 10.5.12 Microwave Ovens: Cumulative NES Results Discounted at Seven Percent 

and Three Percent ............................................................................................ 10-36 

Table 10.5.13 Commercial Clothes Washers: Cumulative NES and NWS Results .............. 10-36 

Table 10.5.14 Commercial Clothes Washers: Cumulative NES and NWS Results 

Discounted at Seven Percent and Three Percent.............................................. 10-37 

Table 10.5.15 Dishwashers: Cumulative NPV Results based on Seven-Percent and 

Three-Percent Discount Rates.......................................................................... 10-39 

Table 10.5.16 Dehumidifiers: Cumulative NPV Results based on a Seven-Percent 

Discount Rate................................................................................................... 10-40 

Table 10.5.17 Dehumidifiers: Cumulative NPV Results based on a Three-Percent 

Discount Rate................................................................................................... 10-40 

Table 10.5.18 Cooktops: Cumulative NPV Results based on Seven-Percent and ThreePercent Discount Rates .................................................................................... 10-41 

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EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Table 10.5.19 Ovens: Cumulative NPV Results based on Seven-Percent and ThreePercent Discount Rates .................................................................................... 10-41 

Table 10.5.20 Microwave Ovens: Cumulative NPV Results based on Seven-Percent and 

Three-Percent Discount Rates.......................................................................... 10-42 

Table 10.5.21 Commercial Clothes Washers: Cumulative NPV Results based on SevenPercent and Three-Percent Discount Rates...................................................... 10-42 

LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure 10.2.1 Dishwashers: Historical Consumer Retail Prices and Efficiencies................... 10-5 

Figure 10.2.2 Gas Cooking Products: Forecast of Products with Standing Pilots ................ 10-10 

Figure 10.3.1 Gas Cooktops and Gas Standard Ovens: Forecasted Base Case Annual 

Energy Consumption ....................................................................................... 10-18 

Figure 10.4.1 Gas Cooktops and Gas Standard Ovens: Forecasted Base Case Total 

Installed Costs.................................................................................................. 10-27 

Figure 10.5.1 Non-Discounted Annual Installed Cost Increases and Annual Operating 

Cost Savings for Dishwashers, Standard Level 3 ............................................ 10-38 

10-iv 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
CHAPTER 10. NATIONAL IMPACT ANALYSIS 

10.1 INTRODUCTION 

This chapter describes the method for estimating national impacts for dishwashers, 

dehumidifiers, cooking products, and commercial clothes washers, i.e., the quantity and net value 

to consumers of future national energy savings (NES) (and water savings for dishwashers and 

commercial clothes washers) from possible candidate standard levels. Results described here 

include: (1) national energy (and water) consumption and savings, (2) monetary value of energy 

savings to the Nation due to standards, (3) increased total installed costs to the Nation due to 

standards, and (4) the net present value (NPV) of energy savings (difference between value of 

energy savings and increased total installed costs). For dishwashers and commercial clothes 

washers, when NES is discussed throughout this chapter, it includes national water savings in 

addition to national energy savings. 

DOE determined both the NES and NPV for all of the candidate standard levels 

considered for residential dishwashers, dehumidifiers, and cooking products, and commercial 

clothes washers. It performed all calculations for each of the considered products using a 

Microsoft Excel spreadsheet model, which is accessible on the Internet 

(http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/). Each product’s spreadsheet 

model, referred to as the National Impact Analysis (NIA) Model, combined the calculations for 

determining the NES and NPV as well as input from the relevant Shipments Model. Details and 

instructions for using each of the NIA Models are provided in Appendix 10A. 

The important facets of national energy consumption of the considered products include: 

(1) shipments of the equipment, (2) customer response to changes in total installed cost (i.e., 

purchase price plus installation costs), operating expense, and household income, and (3) 

voluntary programs promoting higher energy efficiency of equipment. 

Chapter 9 provides a detailed description of the Shipments Models that DOE used to 

forecast future purchases of the considered products. Included in the discussion are detailed 

descriptions of consumers’ sensitivities to total installed cost, operating expense, and income 

(otherwise known as elasticities), and how DOE captured them within the model. 

Concerning voluntary programs, although they may increase the share of energy efficient 

equipment prior to the implementation date of any new standards, DOE was not able to obtain 

information that quantified how such programs affect equipment efficiencies on a national basis. 

Consequently, DOE did not explicitly incorporate the impact of market-based initiatives into the 

shipments forecasts detailed in Chapter 9. 

10-1 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
10.2 BASE CASE AND STANDARDS CASE FORECASTED EFFICIENCIES 

A key component of DOE’s estimates of NES and NPV is the energy efficiencies 

forecasted over time for the base case (without new standards) and each of the standards cases 

(with new standards). The forecasted efficiencies represent the annual shipment-weighted 

energy efficiency of the products under consideration over the forecast period (i.e., from the 

assumed effective date of a new standard to 30 years after the standard becomes effective). 

Because key inputs to the calculation of the NES and NPV are dependent on the estimated 

efficiencies, these efficiencies are of great importance to the analysis. In the case of the NES, the 

per-unit annual energy (and water) consumption is a direct function of product efficiency. 

Chapter 6, Energy and Water Use Determination, describes how the per-unit energy (and water) 

consumption vary as a function of efficiency for each of the considered products. With regard to 

the NPV, two inputs, the per-unit total installed cost and the per-unit annual operating cost, are 

dependent on efficiency. The per-unit total installed cost is a direct function of efficiency while 

the per-unit annual operating cost, because it is a function of the per-unit annual (and water) 

consumption, is indirectly dependent on product efficiency. Section 8.2.1 of Chapter 8, LifeCycle Cost (LCC) and Payback Period (PBP) Analysis, describes how per-unit total installed 

costs vary as a function of efficiency for each of the considered products. The above NES and 

NPV inputs, as well as all other inputs to the calculation of the NES and NPV, are also discussed 

below in sections 10.3.1 and 10.4.1. 

For each of the products considered, DOE based the development of the product 

efficiencies in the base case on the assignment of equipment efficiencies in the base case for the 

year 2005. In other words, DOE determined the distribution of product efficiencies currently in 

the marketplace to develop a shipment-weighted efficiency for the year 2005. For a complete 

discussion of the assignment of efficiencies in the base case for each of the considered products, 

refer to section 8.2.6 of Chapter 8, LCC and PBP Analysis. 

Using the shipment-weight efficiency for the year 2005 as a starting point, DOE 

developed base case forecasted efficiencies based on assumptions regarding future efficiency 

growth. For the period spanning 2005–2012 (2012 being the assumed effective date of a new 

standard), DOE assumed that there would be no growth in the shipment-weighted efficiency (i.e., 

no change in the distribution of product efficiencies). With the exception of dishwashers, 

because there are no historical data to indicate how product efficiencies have changed over time, 

DOE estimated that forecasted efficiencies remained frozen at the 2012 efficiency level until the 

end of the forecast period (30 years after the assumed effective date—the year 2042). Although 

DOE recognizes the possibility that product efficiencies may change over time, DOE does not 

want to speculate as to how these product efficiencies may change without historical 

information. As described below in section 10.2.3, DOE did forecast the market share of gas 

standard ranges equipped with standing pilots to estimate the impact of eliminating standing 

pilots for gas cooktops and gas standard ovens. 

In the case of dishwashers, historical data do exist showing that shipment-weighted 

efficiencies have grown at an average annual rate of approximately two percent since 1980. 

However, historical data also show that the consumer dishwasher retail price has dropped 

10-2 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
considerably (almost 50 percent) over the same time period. As just noted above, because the 

LCC and PBP analysis shows that the per-unit installed cost (or consumer retail price) is tied to 

efficiency, using an efficiency growth of two percent per year would result in ever-increasing 

dishwasher retail prices over time. Since forecasting an increasing retail price is counter to the 

historical data, DOE chose to assume that dishwasher efficiencies remain frozen at the 2012 

efficiency level until the end of the forecast period. A complete discussion of the historical 

dishwasher efficiency and retail price data is presented below in section 10.2.1. 

For its determination of standards-case forecasted efficiencies, DOE assumed a “roll-up” 

scenario to establish the shipment-weighted efficiency for the year that standards are assumed to 

become effective (i.e., 2012). DOE assumed that product efficiencies in the base case that did 

not meet the standard level under consideration would “roll up” to meet the new standard level. 

Also, DOE assumed that all product efficiencies in the base case that were above the standard 

level under consideration would not be affected. Using the shipment-weighted efficiency in the 

year 2012 as a starting point, DOE developed standards-case forecasted efficiencies based on 

assumptions regarding future efficiency growth. For all of the considered products, DOE made 

the same assumptions regarding standards-case efficiency growth rates as for the base case— 

namely, that forecasted efficiencies remain frozen at the 2012 efficiency level until the end of the 

forecast period. By maintaining the same growth rate for forecasted efficiencies in the standards 

case as in the base case (i.e., zero growth), DOE retained a constant efficiency difference or gap 

between the two cases over the length of the forecast period. Although frozen trends may not 

reflect what happens to base case and standards case product efficiencies in the future, DOE 

believes that maintaining a frozen efficiency difference between the base case and standards case 

provides a reasonable estimate of the impact that standards have on product efficiency. 

With the exception of cooktops and ovens, the NIA spreadsheet models for each of the 

considered products also incorporated user options of one percent and two percent for the growth 

rates of the base-case and standards-case forecasted efficiencies. The following sections detail 

the base-case and standards-case forecasted efficiencies that DOE developed for each of the four 

sets of products. 

10.2.1 Dishwashers 

DOE first presented the market share efficiencies in the base case for standard-sized 

dishwashers in section 8.2.6.1 of Chapter 8, LCC and PBP Analysis. For the year 2012, Table 

10.2.1 shows the base case and standards case product efficiency distributions by energy factor 

(EF) that DOE used in its national impact analysis for standard-sized dishwashers. Also 

included in the table below is the shipment-weighted efficiency (SWEF) associated with the base 

case and each standards case. 

10-3 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Table 10.2.1 Standard-Sized Dishwashers: Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency 

Distributions in 2012 

Level EF 

Market Shares 

Base 

Case 

Standards Case 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Baseline 0.46 5.0% - - - - - - -

1 0.58 53.0% 58.0% - - - - - -

2 0.62 31.0% 31.0% 89.0% - - - - -

3 0.65 8.0% 8.0% 8.0% 97.0% - - - -

4 0.68 2.5% 2.5% 2.5% 2.5% 99.5% - - -

5 0.72 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 99.7% - -

6 0.80 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 99.9% -

7 1.11 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 100% 

SWEF (EF) 0.596 0.602 0.625 0.652 0.681 0.721 0.800 1.110 

To determine how to forecast dishwasher efficiencies, DOE reviewed historical 

efficiency and consumer retail price data. The Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers 

(AHAM) provides both historical efficiency and retail price data in their Fact Books. The 

AHAM Fact Books provide retail prices for the years 1980, 1985, 1986, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1998, 

and 2002. The retail prices are presented in the Fact Books in nominal dollars.1 DOE obtained 

the shipment-weighted efficiency data shown in Figure 10.2.1 from the 2005 AHAM Fact Book.

2 

Figure 10.2.1 below plots the historical efficiency and retail price data for dishwashers. As 

shown in the figure, DOE converted the prices to real dollars and scaled the values based on the 

price in 1980. The historical efficiency data show that shipment-weighted efficiencies have 

grown at an average annual rate of approximately two percent since 1980. However, the 

historical retail price data show that the consumer dishwasher retail price has dropped 

considerably (almost 50 percent) over the same time period. Because the LCC and PBP analysis 

shows that the per-unit installed cost (or consumer retail price) is tied to efficiency, using an 

efficiency growth of two percent per year would result in ever-increasing dishwasher retail prices 

over time. Since forecasting an increasing retail price contradicts the historical data, DOE chose 

to adopt an assumption that dishwasher efficiencies remain frozen at the 2012 efficiency level 

until the end of the forecast period, i.e., 2042. Based on the assumption of a zero-percent growth 

rate in the forecasted efficiencies for the base case and all standards cases, DOE maintained the 

SWEFs shown above in Table 10.2.1 throughout the entire forecast period, i.e., from 2012 to 

2042. 

10-4 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
( ) 

1 

EF 

i

EF 

0.3 

0.4 

0.5 

0.6 

0.7 

0.8 

0.9 

1.0 

1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 

Year 

Relative Real Consumer Retail Price 

1980 = 1

0.3 

0.4 

0.5 

0.6 

0.7 

0.8 

0.9 

Relat ve Price 

Figure 10.2.1 Dishwashers: Historical Consumer Retail Prices and Efficiencies 

10.2.2 Dehumidifiers 

DOE first presented the market share efficiencies in the base case for three of the six 

classes of dehumidifiers in section 8.2.6.2 of Chapter 8, LCC and PBP Analysis. For the year 

2012, Tables 10.2.2, 10.2.3, and 10.2.4 show the base case and standards case product efficiency 

distributions that DOE used in its national impact analysis for dehumidifiers. As noted in 

Chapter 8, AHAM provided market share efficiency distributions for only two of the six product 

classes: 35.01–45.00 pints/day and 54.10–74.99 pints/day. Therefore, DOE applied the market 

share efficiency distributions of the 35.01–45.00 pints/day class to product classes up through 

54.00 pints/day, and applied the market share efficiency distribution of the 54.10–74.99 pints/day 

class to the ≥75.00 pints/day class. Also included in the tables below are the SWEFs associated 

with the base case and each standards case. 

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EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Table 10.2.2 Dehumidifiers, ≤25.00 and 25.01–35.00 pints/day product classes: Base Case 

and Standards Case Efficiency Distributions in 2012 

Level Product Class (pints/day) Market Shares 

≤25.00 25.01-35.00 Base Standards Case 

EF EF Case 1 2 3 4 5 

Baseline 1.00 1.20 27% - - - - -

1 1.10 1.25 35% 62% - - - -

2 1.20 1.30 0% 0% 62% - - -

3 1.25 1.35 0% 0% 0% 62% - -

4 1.30 1.40 38% 38% 38% 38% 100% -

5 1.38 1.45 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 

SWEF for ≤25.00 (EF) 1.15 1.18 1.24 1.27 1.30 1.38 

SWEF for 25.01-35.00 (EF) 1.29 1.31 1.34 1.37 1.40 1.45 

Table 10.2.3 Dehumidifiers, 35.01–45.00 and 45.01–54.00 pints/day product classes: Base 

Case and Standards Case Efficiency Distributions in 2012 

Product Class (pints/day) Market Shares 

35.01-45.00 45.01-54.00 Standards Case 

Level EF EF Base Case 1 2 3 4 5 

Baseline 1.30 1.40 27% - - - - -

1 1.35 1.45 35% 62% - - - -

2 1.40 1.50 0% 0% 62% - - -

3 1.45 1.55 0% 0% 0% 62% - -

4 1.50 1.60 38% 38% 38% 38% 100% -

5 1.74 2.02 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 

SWEF for 35.01-45.00 (EF) 1.39 1.41 1.44 1.47 1.50 1.74 

SWEF for 45.01-54.00 (EF) 1.49 1.51 1.54 1.57 1.60 2.02 

Table 10.2.4 Dehumidifiers, 54.01–74.99 and ≥75.00 pints/day product classes: Base Case 

and Standards Case Efficiency Distributions in 2012 

Level 

Product Class (pints/day) Market Shares 

54.01-74.99 ≥75.00 

Base Case 

Standards Case 

EF EF 1 2 3 4 5 

Baseline 1.50 2.25 31% - - - - -

1 1.55 2.38 0% 31% - - - -

2 1.60 2.50 57% 57% 88% - - -

3 1.65 2.55 12% 12% 12% 100% - -

4 1.70 2.60 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% -

5 1.80 2.75 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 

SWEF for 54.01-74.99 (EF) 1.58 1.59 1.61 1.65 1.70 1.80 

SWEF for ≥75.00 (EF) 2.43 2.47 2.51 2.55 2.60 2.75 

10-6 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Based on the assumption of a zero-percent growth rate in the forecasted efficiencies for 

the base case and all standards cases, DOE maintained the SWEFs shown above in Tables 

10.2.2, 10.2.3, and 10.2.4 throughout the entire forecast period, i.e., from 2012 to 2042. 

10.2.3 Cooking Products – Cooktops and Ovens 

DOE first presented the market share of efficiencies in the base case for cooktops and 

ovens in sections 8.2.6.3 and 8.2.6.4, respectively, of Chapter 8, LCC and PBP Analysis. As 

noted in Chapter 8, DOE did not have the data to develop efficiency distributions for any of the 

electric cooktop and oven product classes or the gas self-cleaning oven product class. Thus, 

DOE assumed that 100 percent of the current market was at the baseline level for these product 

classes. Because DOE assumed a roll-up scenario for forecasting product efficiency 

distributions once a standard became effective, the effect of any standard level was to move 100 

percent of the market to that standard level. 

In the case of gas cooktops and gas standard ovens, data were available to allow DOE to 

identify the percentage of the market in the base case that was already equipped with pilotless 

ignition. As described in Chapter 8, DOE allocated that percentage of the market that already 

had pilotless ignition to standard level 1. Therefore, knowing the market share of gas cooktops 

and standard ovens already equipped with pilotless ignition allowed DOE to accurately estimate 

the national impacts of requiring a standard that no longer allowed standing pilots. 

For the year 2012, Tables 10.2.5, 10.2.6, and 10.2.7 show the base case and standards 

case product efficiency distributions that DOE used in its national impact analysis for electric 

coil, electric smooth, and gas cooktops. Also included in the tables below are the SWEFs 

associated with the base case and each standards case. 

Table 10.2.5 Electric Coil Cooktops: Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency 

Distributions in 2012 

Level EF 

Market Shares 

Base Case 

Standard Case 

Level 1 

Baseline 0.737 100% -

1 0.769 0% 100% 

SWEF (EF) 0.737 0.769 

10-7 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Table 10.2.6 Electric Smooth Cooktops: Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency 

Distributions in 2012 

Level EF 

Market Shares 

Base Case 

Standard Case 

Level 1 

Baseline 0.737 100% -

1 0.769 0% 100% 

SWEF (EF) 0.742 0.753 

Table 10.2.7 Gas Cooktops: Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency Distributions in 

2012 

Level EF 

Market Shares 

Base Case 

Standard Case 

1 2 

Baseline 0.156 6.8% - -

1 0.399 93.2% 100% -

2 0.420 0% 0% 100% 

SWEF (EF) 0.379 0.399 0.420 

Tables 10.2.8, 10.2.9, 10.2.10, and 10.2.11 show the base case and standards case product 

efficiency distributions in 2012 that DOE used for electric standard, electric self-cleaning, gas 

standard, and gas self-cleaning ovens. Also included in each of the tables is the SWEF 

associated with the base case and each standards case. 

Table 10.2.8 Electric Standard Ovens: Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency 

Distributions in 2012 

Level EF 

Market Shares 

Base Case 

Standards Case 

1 2 3 4 5 

Baseline 0.1066 100% - - - - -

1 0.1113 0% 100% - - - -

2 0.1163 0% 0% 100% - - -

3 0.1181 0% 0% 0% 100% - -

4 0.1206 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% -

5 0.1209 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 

SWEF (EF) 0.1066 0.1113 0.1163 0.1181 0.1206 0.1209 

10-8 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Table 10.2.9 Electric Self-Cleaning Ovens: Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency 

Distributions in 2012 

Level EF 

Market Shares 

Base Case Standards Case 

1 2 

Baseline 0.1099 100% - -

1 0.1102 0% 100% -

2 0.1123 0% 0% 100% 

SWEF (EF) 0.1099 0.1102 0.1123 

Table 10.2.10 Gas Standard Ovens: Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency 

Distributions in 2012 

Level EF 

Market Shares 

Base 

Case 

Standards Case 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Baseline 0.0298 17.6% - - - - - - -

1* 0.0536 82.4% 100% - - - - - -

2 0.0566 0% 0% 100% - - - - -

3 0.0572 0% 0% 0% 100% - - - -

4 0.0593 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% - - -

5 0.0596 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% - -

6 0.0600 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% -

1a* 0.0583 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 

SWEF (EF) 0.0494 0.0536 0.0566 0.0572 0.0593 0.0596 0.0600 0.0583 

* Levels 1 and 1a correspond to designs that are utilized for the same purpose—eliminate the need for a standing 

pilot—but the technologies for each design are different. Level 1 is a hot surface ignition device while level 1a is 

a spark ignition device. 

Table 10.2.11 Gas Self-Cleaning Ovens: Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency 

Distributions in 2012 

Level EF 

Market Shares 

Base Case Standards Case 

1 2 3 

Baseline 0.0540 100% - - -

1 0.0625 0% 100% - -

2 0.0627 0% 0% 100% -

3 0.0632 0% 0% 0% 100% 

SWEF (EF) 0.0540 0.0625 0.0627 0.0632 

For gas cooktops and gas standard ovens, DOE developed base case efficiency trends to 

estimate the future market share of products with pilotless ignition. As described in Chapter 8, 

only gas standard ranges (which are a combination of a gas cooktop and a gas standard oven) are 

10-9 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
still shipped with standing pilots. Based on the data first presented in sections 8.2.6.3 and 8.2.6.4 

of Chapter 8, Figure 10.2.2 shows the historical market share of gas cooking products with 

standing pilots. The figure below also provides trend lines to the historical data. Note that the 

market share of gas built-in ovens with standing pilots zeroed out in 1991 while the market share 

of gas built-in cooktops with standing pilots is zero out by the year 2000. That leaves standard 

ranges as the only gas cooking products shipped with standing pilots. By the end of the forecast 

period in the year 2042, DOE estimated that less than five percent of gas standard ranges in the 

market would still be shipped with standing pilots. DOE used the trend line for gas standard 

ranges presented below in Figure 10.2.2 to forecast the percentage of gas range shipments with 

standing pilots. Refer back to section 9.3.3.1of Chapter 9, Shipments Analysis, for a description 

of how DOE allocated the gas standard range shipments into gas cooktop and gas standard oven 

product classes. 

il

0.0% 

5.0% 

10.0% 

15.0% 

20.0% 

25.0% 

30.0% 

35.0% 

40.0% 

45.0% 

50.0% 

Percent with Pilot 

Gas Standard Range 

Gas Built-In Cooktop 

Gas Bu t-In Oven 

1985 1995 2005 2015 2025 2035 2045 

Year 

Figure 10.2.2 Gas Cooking Products: Forecast of Products with Standing 

Pilots 

With regard to the base case and standards case forecasted efficiencies, as noted 

previously, DOE assumed that equipment efficiencies remain frozen at the levels in the year 

2012 for all standard levels and for all product classes, with the exception of gas cooktops and 

gas standard ovens. For gas cooktops and gas standard ovens, as noted above, DOE used the 

forecasted trend in gas ranges with standing pilots in the base case (as shown in Figure 10.2.2) to 

estimate the impacts from moving to a standard level (i.e., standard level 1) that eliminated 

standing pilots. For all gas cooktop and gas standard oven standards levels, DOE assumed that 

equipment efficiencies remain frozen at the levels in the year 2012. 

10-10 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
10.2.4 Cooking Products – Microwave Ovens 

DOE first presented the market share of efficiencies in the base case for microwave ovens 

in section 8.2.6.5 of Chapter 8, LCC and PBP Analysis. Table 10.2.12 shows the base case and 

standards case product efficiency distributions in the year 2012 that DOE used in its national 

impact analysis for microwave ovens. Also included in the table below is the SWEF associated 

with the base case and each standards case. 

Table 10.2.12 Microwave Ovens: Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency Distributions 

in 2012 

Level EF 

Market Shares 

Base Case 

Standards Case 

1 2 3 4 

Baseline 0.557 100% - - - -

1 0.586 0% 100% - - -

2 0.588 0% 0% 100% - -

3 0.597 0% 0% 0% 100% -

4 0.602 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 

SWEF (EF) 0.557 0.586 0.588 0.597 0.602 

Based on the assumption of a zero-percent growth rate in the forecasted efficiencies for 

the base case and all standards cases, DOE maintained the SWEFs shown above in Table 10.2.12 

throughout the entire forecast period, i.e., from 2012 to 2042. 

10.2.5 Commercial Clothes Washers 

DOE first presented the market share of efficiencies in the base case for commercial 

clothes washers in section 8.2.6.6 of Chapter 8, LCC and PBP Analysis. Table 10.2.13 shows 

the base case and standards case product efficiency distributions in the year 2012, corresponding 

to the modified energy factor (MEF) and water factor (WF) of clothes washing equipment that 

DOE used in its national impact analysis for commercial clothes washers. Also included in the 

table below is the SWEF associated with the base case and each standards case. 

10-11 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Table 10.2.13 Commercial Clothes Washers: Base Case and Standards Case Efficiency 

Distributions in 2012 

Level 

Efficiencies 

Base 

Case 

Standards Case 

MEF WF 1 2 3 4 5 6 

Baseline 1.26 9.50 79.7% - - - - - -

1 1.42 9.50 0% 79.7% - - - - -

2 1.60 8.50 0% 0% 79.7% - - - -

3 1.72 8.00 0% 0% 0% 79.7% - - -

4 1.80 7.50 0% 0% 0% 0% 79.7% - -

5 2.00 5.50 20.3% 20.3% 20.3% 20.3% 20.3% 100% -

6 2.20 5.10 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 

SWEF (MEF) 1.41 1.54 1.68 1.78 1.84 2.00 2.20 

SWEF (WF) 8.69 8.69 7.89 7.49 7.09 5.50 5.10 

Based on the assumption of a zero-percent growth rate in the forecasted efficiencies for 

the base case and all standards cases, DOE maintained the SWEFs shown above in Table 10.2.13 

throughout the entire forecast period, i.e., from 2012 to 2042. 

10.3 NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS 

10.3.1 NES Definition 

As shown in the following equation, DOE calculates annual national energy savings as 

the difference between two projections: a base case (without new standards) and a standards 

case (with new standards). Positive values of NES correspond to energy savings (i.e., national 

energy consumption with standards is less than national energy consumption in the base case). 

_ NESy = AEC BASE AEC STD 

Cumulative energy savings are the sum over the forecast period, extending from the 

assumed effective date, i.e., 2012, to 30 years after the effective date, i.e., 2042, of the annual 

national energy savings. This calculation is represented by the following equation: 

NEScum = ∑ NES y 

DOE calculated the national annual energy consumption by multiplying the number or 

stock of the given product (by vintage) by its unit energy consumption (also by vintage). The 

calculation of the national annual energy consumption is represented by the following equation: 

10-12 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
AEC = ∑STOCKV × UECV 

For the above expressions, DOE defined the various quantities as follows: 

AEC = Annual national energy consumption each year in quadrillion British 

thermal units (Btus) – or quads, summed over vintages of the product stock, 

STOCKV, 

NES = Annual national energy savings (quads), 

STOCKV = Stock of product (millions of units) of vintage V surviving in the year for 

which DOE calculated annual energy consumption (vintages range from five 

to approximately 28 years, depending on the retirement function of the 

product), 

UECV = Annual energy consumption per product in either kilowatt-hours (kWh) or 

million Btus (MMBtu) (electricity and gas consumption are converted from 

site energy to source energy (quads) by applying a time-dependent 

conversion factor), 

V = Year in which the product was purchased as a new unit, and 

y = Year in the forecast (i.e., 2012 to 2042). 

The stock of equipment is dependent on annual shipments and the lifetime of the 

equipment. As described in Chapter 9, DOE conducted shipments projections under the base 

case and standards cases. DOE determined that the shipments projections under the standards 

cases were slightly lower than those in the base case projection, due to the higher purchase prices 

of the more-efficient equipment. In other words, DOE believes that the higher purchase prices 

would cause some consumers to forego new equipment purchases. 

Due to the drop in shipments caused by standards, for dehumidifiers and microwave 

ovens, DOE used the standards case shipments projection and, in turn, the standards case stock, 

to calculate the annual energy consumption in the base case to avoid the inclusion of savings due 

to displaced shipments. However, in the case of dishwashers and commercial clothes washers, 

because DOE explicitly accounted for the energy and water consumption of the displaced 

shipments, it maintained the use of the base case shipments to determine the annual energy 

consumption in the base case. For dishwashers, DOE assumed that consumers foregoing the 

purchase of a new unit due to an increase in the efficiency standard would hand wash their 

dishes. As a result, for those consumers foregoing a dishwasher purchase, DOE accounted for 

the energy and water consumption associated with the number of consumers that had to turn to 

hand washing. In the case of commercial clothes washers, DOE assumed that any drop in 

shipments caused by standards would result in the purchase of used machines. Finally, in the 

case of electric and gas cooking products, because the housing market is fully saturated (i.e., all 

households have cooking appliances), DOE assumed that standards would neither impact 

shipments nor cause shifts in electric and gas cooking product market shares. Therefore, DOE’s 

projected standards case shipments for electric and gas cooking products were identical to its 

base case shipments. 

10-13 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
10.3.2 NES Inputs 

Table 10.3.1 lists the inputs for the determination of NES. 

Table 10.3.1 National Energy Saving Inputs 

Annual Energy Consumption per Unit (UEC) 

Shipments 

Equipment Stock (STOCKV) 

National Annual Energy Consumption (AEC) 

Site-to-Source Conversion Factor (src_conv) 

10.3.2.1 Annual Energy Consumption per Unit 

For each of the considered products, DOE presented the per-unit annual energy (and 

water) consumption as a function of product efficiency in both Chapter 6, Energy and Water Use 

Determination, and section 8.2.2.1 of Chapter 8, LCC and PBP Analysis. Because the per-unit 

annual energy (and water) consumption is directly dependent on efficiency, DOE used the base 

case and standards case SWEFs presented above in section 10.2, in combination with the annual 

energy (and water use) data presented in Chapters 6 and 8, to estimate the shipment-weighted 

average annual per-unit energy (and water) consumption under the base case and standards cases. 

The following sections describe the shipment-weighted average annual per-unit energy (and 

water) consumption for each of the considered products. 

Dishwashers. DOE based its per-unit annual energy and water consumption of 

dishwashers on data presented in section 8.2.2.1 of Chapter 8. Using the relationship between 

dishwasher EF and annual energy and water consumption described in Chapter 8, Table 10.3.2 

presents the per-unit annual electrical, gas, oil, and water consumption, based on the SWEFs 

corresponding to the base case and each standards case. Because U.S. households use either 

electric, gas, or oil water heaters, the per-unit annual energy use values in the table below are 

provided by fuel type. The electrical energy use values reflect water heating, machine, and 

standby consumption, while the gas and oil energy use values reflect only water heating 

consumption. The water heating consumption in the energy use data shown in Table 10.3.2 is 

weighted to reflect the fraction of households that use electric (37.3 percent), gas (58.9 percent), 

and oil (3.9 percent) water heaters. DOE based the share of households that use each of the 

water heater types on data in the DOE-Energy Information Administration (EIA)’s 2001 

Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS).3 

10-14 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Table 10.3.2 Standard-Sized Dishwashers: Base Case and Standards Case ShipmentWeighted Average Per-Unit Annual Energy and Water Consumption in 2012 

Base 

Case 

Standards Case 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

SWEF (EF) 0.596 0.602 0.625 0.652 0.681 0.721 0.800 1.110 

Annual 

Energy 

Use 

Electric (kWh/yr) 246 244 237 229 222 213 198 159.7 

Gas (MMBtu/yr) 0.57 0.56 0.53 0.50 0.47 0.44 0.37 0.22 

Oil (MMBtu/yr) 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 

Annual Water Use (1000 gal/ yr) 1.27 1.25 1.18 1.12 0.05 0.97 0.83 0.48 

As noted in section 10.2, DOE assumed that forecasted efficiencies in the base case and 

standards cases remain frozen at the efficiency levels in 2012. Therefore, because the per-unit 

annual energy and water consumption are a function of efficiency, DOE held the values shown 

above in Table 10.3.2 constant over the forecast period (2012–2042). 

As described in section 9.4 of Chapter 9, Shipments Analysis, DOE forecasted a drop in 

dishwasher shipments due to purchase price increases caused by standards-related efficiency 

increases. DOE assumed that those consumers forgoing the purchase of a dishwasher due to 

standards would be forced into hand washing their dishes. Therefore, to properly account for the 

energy and water use impacts of dishwasher standards, DOE accounted for the energy and water 

use of those consumers that were forced into hand washing. Studies have been conducted 

comparing the energy and water use of hand washing dishes versus using a dishwasher. All the 

studies qualify their conclusions by stating that the energy and water use impacts of moving from 

machine washing to hand washing dishes vary widely based on consumer habits. A 1990 

controlled laboratory study with 25 female participants revealed that, on average, hand washing 

resulted in more cold water consumption but less hot water (energy) consumption.4

 A more 

recent study conducted at Bonn University in Germany indicated that, on average, hand washing 

used 67 percent more energy and over 450 percent more water.5

 A 2006 United Kingdom (UK) 

study quantified the energy and water consumption of hand washing as a function of place 

settings. The study demonstrated that, on average, for eight place settings, hand washing used 

approximately 210 percent more energy and 250 percent more water.6 Table 10.3.3 summarizes 

the average results from the Bonn and UK studies as well as the estimates that DOE used in its 

NIA. DOE decided to average the results from the two most recent studies to estimate that hand 

washing would use 140 percent more energy and 350 percent more water than dishwashing. In 

the NIA Model for dishwashers, DOE implemented this estimate to quantify the energy and 

water impacts of those consumers that forgo a dishwasher purchase. 

10-15 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Table 10.3.3 Energy and Water Use Impacts of Hand Washing compared to Dishwashing 

Study 

Percent Increase due to Hand Washing relative to Dishwashing 

Energy Use Water Use 

Bonn University* 67% 450% 

UK** 210% 250% 

DOE estimate 140% 350% 

Sources: *Bonn University, 2005. **UK, Market Transformation Programme, 2006.

 Dehumidifiers. DOE based its per-unit annual energy consumption of dehumidifiers on 

data presented in section 8.2.2.1 of Chapter 8. Using the relationship between dehumidifier EF 

and annual energy consumption described in Chapter 8, Table 10.3.4 presents the per-unit annual 

energy consumption based on the SWEFs corresponding to the base case and each standards case 

for each of the six dehumidifier product classes. 

Table 10.3.4 Dehumidifiers: Base Case and Standards Case Shipment-Weighted Average 

Per-Unit Annual Energy Consumption in 2012 

Product 

Class Base Case 

Standards Case 

1 2 3 4 5 

≤25.00 SWEF (EF) 1.15 1.18 1.24 1.27 1.30 1.38 

Annual Energy Use (kWh/yr) 380 370 349 340 332 313 

25.01-

35.00 

SWEF (EF) 1.29 1.31 1.34 1.37 1.40 1.45 

Annual Energy Use (kWh/yr) 503 497 485 473 463 447 

35.01-

45.00 

SWEF (EF) 1.39 1.41 1.44 1.47 1.50 1.74 

Annual Energy Use (kWh/yr) 622 615 601 588 576 496 

45.01-

54.00 

SWEF (EF) 1.49 1.51 1.54 1.57 1.60 2.02 

Annual Energy Use (kWh/yr) 718 711 696 681 668 529 

54.01-

74.99 

SWEF (EF) 1.58 1.59 1.61 1.65 1.70 1.80 

Annual Energy Use (kWh/yr) 885 876 867 844 819 774 

≥75.00 SWEF (EF) 2.43 2.47 2.51 2.55 2.60 2.75 

Annual Energy Use (kWh/yr) 713 700 689 677 664 628 

As noted above in section 10.2, DOE assumed that forecasted efficiencies in the base 

case and standards cases remain frozen at the efficiency levels in 2012. Therefore, because the 

per-unit annual energy consumption is a function of efficiency, DOE held the values shown 

above in Table 10.3.4 constant over the forecast period (2012–2042). 

Cooking Products – Cooktops and Ovens. DOE based its per-unit annual energy 

consumption of cooktops and ovens on data presented in section 8.2.2.1 of Chapter 8. Using the 

relationship between cooktop and oven EF and annual energy consumption described in Chapter 

8, Tables 10.3.5 and 10.3.6 present the per-unit annual energy consumption based on the SWEFs 

10-16

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
corresponding to the base case and each standards case for each of the three product classes of 

cooktops and the four product classes of ovens. 

Table 10.3.5 Cooktops: Base Case and Standards Case Shipment-Weighted Average PerUnit Annual Energy Consumption in 2012 

Standards Case 

Product Class Base Case 1 2 

SWEF (EF) 0.737 0.769 

Electric Coil 

Electric (kWh/yr) 128.2 122.9 

SWEF (EF) 0.742 0.753 Electric Smooth 

Electric (kWh/yr) 128.2 126.3 

SWEF (EF) 0.379 0.399 0.420 Gas 

Gas (MMBtu/yr) 0.83 0.72 0.68 

Table 10.3.6 Ovens: Base Case and Standards Case Shipment-Weighted Average PerUnit Annual Energy Consumption in 2012 

Product Class 

Electric 

Standard 

SWEF (EF) 

Electric (kWh/yr) 

Case 

Base 

0.1066 

166.5 

1* 

0.1113 

160.1 

2 

0.1163 

153.9 

3 

0.1181 

151.8 

4 

Standards Case 

0.1206 0.1209 

5 

148.6 

6 1a* 

Clean 

Electric SelfElectric (kWh/yr) 

SWEF (EF) 

171.0 

0.1099 

170.6 

0.1102 

167.9 

0.1123 

149.0 

SWEF (EF) 0.0494 0.0536 0.0566 0.0572 0.0593 0.0596 0.0600 0.0583 

Gas Standard Electric (kWh/yr) 18.3 21.1 21.1 21.1 22.9 22.9 22.9 0.0 

Gas (MMBtu/yr) 0.98 

0.0540 

0.84 

0.0625 

0.80 

0.0627 

0.79 

0.0632 

0.75 0.75 0.74 0.84 

Gas Self-Clean Electric (kWh/yr) 

SWEF (EF) 

Gas (MMBtu/yr) 

53.33 

0.86 

55.13

0.73 

 55.13

0.73 

 55.13 

0.72 

* For gas standard ovens, levels 1 and 1a correspond to designs that are utilized for the same purpose—eliminate 

the need for a standing pilot—but the technologies for each design are different. Level 1 is a hot surface ignition 

device while level 1a is a spark ignition device. 

For all classes except gas cooktops and standard ovens, as noted above in section 10.2, 

DOE assumed that forecasted efficiencies in the base case and standards cases remain frozen at 

the efficiency levels in 2012. Therefore, because the per-unit annual energy consumption is a 

function of efficiency, DOE held the values shown above in Tables 10.3.5 and 10.3.6 constant 

over the forecast period (2012–2042). 

10-17 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
For gas cooktops and standard ovens, DOE tracked the percentage of gas standard ranges 

(which are composed of a cooktop and standard oven) with standing pilots. Because the 

percentage of ranges with standing pilots changes over time (as shown above in section 10.2, 

Figure 10.2.2), the base case annual energy consumption will change over time as well. Figure 

10.3.1 shows how the annual gas energy use for both base case gas cooktops and gas standard 

ovens decreases over time as more gas standard ranges are forecasted to be shipped with pilotless 

ignition. Also note in Figure 10.3.1 that, because standard ovens without standing pilots are 

assumed to use globar ignition devices that use a non-significant amount of electricity, the 

amount of electricity use for standard ovens increases over time. ( ) 

( ) 

l

0.70 

0.75 

0.80 

0.85 

0.90 

0.95 

1.00 

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 

Year 

Base Case Gas Cooktop and Gas 

Standard Oven Annual Energy Use 

MMBtu

18.0 

18.5 

19.0 

19.5 

20.0 

20.5 

21.0 

Base Case Gas Standard Oven 

Electrical Annual Energy Use kWh

Cooktop - Gas Use 

Standard Oven - Gas Use 

Standard Oven - E ec Use 

Figure 10.3.1 Gas Cooktops and Gas Standard Ovens: Forecasted Base Case 

Annual Energy Consumption 

DOE assumed that forecasted efficiencies for gas cooktops and standard ovens in the 

standards cases remain frozen at the efficiency levels in 2012. Therefore, because the per-unit 

annual energy consumption is a function of efficiency, DOE held the gas cooktop and standard 

oven values shown above in Tables 10.3.5 and 10.3.6 constant over the forecast period (2012– 

2042) for all standards cases. 

Cooking Products – Microwave Ovens. DOE based its per-unit annual energy 

consumption of microwave ovens on data presented in section 8.2.2.1 of Chapter 8. Using the 

relationship between microwave oven EF and annual energy consumption described in Chapter 

8, Table 10.3.7 presents the per-unit annual energy consumption based on the SWEFs 

corresponding to the base case and each standards case. 

10-18 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Table 10.3.7 Microwave Ovens: Base Case and Standards Case Shipment-Weighted 

Average Per-Unit Annual Energy Consumption in 2012 

 Base Case 

Standards Case 

1 2 3 4 

SWEF (EF) 0.557 0.586 0.588 0.597 0.602 

Annual Energy Use (kWh/yr) 131.0 124.5 124.1 122.2 121.2 

As noted above in section 10.2, DOE assumed that forecasted efficiencies in the base 

case and standards cases remain frozen at the efficiency levels in 2012. Therefore, because the 

per-unit annual energy consumption is a function of efficiency, DOE held the values shown 

above in Table 10.3.7 constant over the forecast period (2012–2042). 

Commercial Clothes Washers. DOE based its per-unit annual energy and water 

consumption of commercial clothes washers on data presented in section 8.2.2.1 of Chapter 8. 

Using the relationship between clothes washer MEF and WF and annual energy and water 

consumption described in Chapter 8, Table 10.3.8 presents the per-unit annual electrical and gas 

energy use, and water consumption, based on the SWEFs corresponding to the base case and 

each standards case. Because establishments that use commercial clothes washers use either 

electric or gas water heaters and dryers, the per-unit annual energy use values in the table below 

are provided by fuel type. The energy and water use values shown in Table 10.3.8 are weightedaverage values reflecting the market share of washers in multi-family buildings (85 percent) and 

laundromats (15 percent), as provided by the Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE).7 The 

water heating and drying energy consumption data reflect the percentage of gas and electric 

water heaters and dryers in the combined multi-family and laundromat market. Based on data 

from the CEE, in the combined market, 17 and 83 percent of water heaters are electric and gas, 

respectively, while 34 and 66 percent of dryers are electric and gas, respectively.10 

Table 10.3.8 Commercial Clothes Washers: Base Case and Standards Case ShipmentWeighted Average Per-Unit Annual Energy and Water Consumption in 2012 

Base 

Case 

Standards Case 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

SWEF (MEF) 1.41 1.54 1.68 1.78 1.84 2.00 2.20 

SWEF (WF) 8.69 8.69 7.89 7.49 7.09 5.50 5.10 

Annual 

Energy Use 

Electric (kWh/yr) 922 853 790 757 737 682 645 

Gas (MMBtu/yr) 7.96 7.09 6.27 5.83 5.57 5.12 4.50 

Annual Water Use (1000 gal/ yr) 33.8 33.8 30.7 29.1 27.6 21.4 19.8 

As noted above in section 10.2, DOE assumed that forecasted efficiencies in the base 

case and standards cases remain frozen at the efficiency levels in 2012. Therefore, because the 

per-unit annual energy and water consumption are a function of efficiency, DOE held the values 

shown above in Table 10.3.8 constant over the forecast period (2012–2042). 

10-19 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
As described in section 9.4 of Chapter 9, Shipments Analysis, DOE forecasted a slight 

drop in commercial clothes washer shipments due to purchase price increases caused by 

standards-related efficiency increases. DOE assumed that those establishments forgoing the 

purchase of a commercial clothes washer due to standards would instead purchase a used clothes 

washer with an efficiency equal to the baseline level, i.e., 1.26 MEF/9.5 WF. In the NIA Model 

for commercial clothes washers, DOE accounted for the number of used washers purchased in 

order to quantify the energy and water impacts of those establishments that were estimated to 

forgo a new commercial clothes washer purchase. 

10.3.2.2 Shipments 

DOE forecasted shipments for the base case and all standards cases. Several factors, 

including total installed costs (purchase price plus installation costs), operating cost, household 

income, and equipment lifetime, all impact forecasted shipments. Of the above factors, total 

installed cost was the primary driver in forecasting the impact of standards on shipments. As 

noted earlier, the increased total installed cost of more-efficient equipment causes some 

customers to forego equipment purchases. Consequently, shipments forecasted under the 

standards cases are lower than under the base case. An extensive description of the methodology 

for conducting and generating the shipments forecasts for each of the considered products can be 

found in Chapter 9, Shipments Analysis. 

10.3.2.3 Equipment Stock 

The equipment stock in a given year is the number of products shipped from earlier years 

that survive in the given year. The NIA Models keep track of the number of units shipped each 

year. DOE assumes that the products have an increasing probability of retiring as they age. The 

probability of survival as a function of years-since-purchase is the survival function. See the 

specific product sections in Chapter 9, Shipments Analysis, for further details on the survival 

functions that DOE used in its analysis. 

10.3.2.4 National Annual Energy Consumption 

The national annual energy consumption is the product of the annual energy consumption 

per unit and the number of units of each vintage. This approach accounts for differences in unit 

energy consumption from year to year. The equation for determining the annual energy 

consumption was shown above in section 10.3.1 and is repeated below. 

AEC = ∑STOCKV × UECV 

In determining national annual energy consumption, DOE initially calculated the annual 

energy consumption at the site, and then applied a conversion factor to calculate primary energy 

consumption (see section 10.3.2.5). 

10-20 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
10.3.2.5 Energy Site-to-Source Conversion Factors 

In determining national annual energy consumption, DOE initially calculated the annual 

energy consumption at the site (e.g., for electricity, the energy in kWh consumed at the 

household or establishment). It then calculated primary (source) energy consumption from site 

energy consumption by applying a conversion factor to account for losses associated with the 

generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity and gas. The site-to-source conversion 

factor is the multiplicative factor used for converting site energy consumption into primary or 

source energy consumption, expressed in quads. DOE used annual site-to-source conversion 

factors based on the version of the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) that corresponds 

to EIA’s Annual Energy Outlook 2006 (AEO2006). The factors used are marginal values, which 

represent the response of the system to an incremental decrease in consumption. Natural gas 

losses include pipeline leakage, pumping energy, and transportation fuel. The AEO2006 

forecasts losses of about seven percent for the natural gas used on site, with only slight variation 

from year to year. For electricity, the conversion factors vary over time, due to projected 

changes in generation sources (i.e., the power plant types projected to provide electricity to the 

country). DOE assumed that conversion factors remain constant at 2030 values throughout the 

remainder of the forecast. DOE assumed no losses for delivery of site heating oil. Table 10.3.9 

shows the site-to-source conversion factors from 2005 to the end of the forecast period (2042). 

Table 10.3.9 Site-to-Source Conversion Factors for Electricity and Natural Gas 

Year 

Electricity 

Btu/kWh 

Natural Gas 

Btu/Btu Year 

Electricity 

Btu/kWh 

Natural Gas 

Btu/Btu 

2005 11500 1.083 2019 7024 1.099 

2006 11500 1.083 2020 7024 1.099 

2007 11200 1.083 2021 7024 1.099 

2008 10000 1.087 2022 7024 1.099 

2009 9737 1.090 2023 7024 1.098 

2010 9737 1.093 2024 7024 1.097 

2011 9737 1.096 2025 7024 1.097 

2012 9649 1.095 2026 7024 1.097 

2013 9499 1.095 2027 7024 1.097 

2014 8649 1.095 2028 7024 1.097 

2015 7324 1.096 2029 7024 1.097 

2016 7024 1.098 2030 7024 1.097 

2017 7024 1.099 2031–2042 7024 1.097 

2018 7024 1.100 

Source: NEMS, 2006. 

10-21 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
10.4 NET PRESENT VALUE 

10.4.1 NPV Definition 

The NPV is the value in the present of a time series of costs and savings. The NPV is 

described by the equation: 

NPV = PVS _PVC 

where: 

PVS = Present value of operating cost savings (including energy, water, repair, and 

maintenance costs), and 

PVC = Present value of increased total installed costs (including equipment and 

installation). 

DOE determined the PVS and PVC according to the following expressions: 

PVS = ∑OCSy × DFy 

PVC = ∑TICy × DFy 

DOE calculated the total annual operating cost savings by multiplying the number or 

stock of the given product (by vintage) by its per-unit operating cost savings (also by vintage). 

DOE calculated the total annual installed cost increases by multiplying the number or stock of 

the given product (by vintage) by its per-unit total installed cost increase (also by vintage). The 

calculation of the annual operating costs savings and total annual installed cost increases is 

represented with the following equations: 

OCS y = ∑STOCKV ×UOCSV 

TIC y = ∑STOCKV × UTICV 

For the above expressions, DOE defined the various quantities as follows: 

OCS = Total annual operating cost savings each year summed over vintages of the 

product stock, STOCKV, 

TIC = Total annual installed cost increases each year summed over vintages of the 

product stock, STOCKV, 

DF = Discount factor in each year, 

STOCKV = Stock of product (millions of units) of vintage V surviving in the year for 

which DOE calculated annual energy consumption (vintages range from five 

10-22 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
to approximately 28 years, depending on the retirement function of the 

product), 

UOCSV = Annual operating cost savings per unit, 

UTICV = Annual total installed cost increase per unit, 

V = Year in which the product was purchased as a new unit, and 

y = Year in the forecast (i.e., 2012 to 2042). 

DOE determined the PVC for each year, from the effective date of the standard to the 

year 2042. It determined the PVS for each year, from the effective date of the standard to the 

year when units purchased in 2042 retire. DOE calculated costs and savings as the difference 

between a standards case and a base case (i.e., without new standards). 

DOE calculated a discount factor from the discount rate and the number of years between 

the “present” (i.e., year to which the sum is being discounted) and the year in which the costs and 

savings occur. The NPV is the sum over time of the discounted net savings. 

10.4.2 NPV Inputs 

Table 10.4.1 summarizes the inputs to the NPV calculation. 

Table 10.4.1 Net Present Value Inputs 

Total Installed Cost per Unit 

Annual Operating Cost Savings per Unit 

Total Annual Installed Cost Increases 

Total Annual Operating Costs 

Discount Factor 

Present Value of Costs 

Present Value of Savings 

The increase in the total annual installed cost is equal to the annual change in the per-unit 

total installed cost (difference between base case and standards case) multiplied by the shipments 

forecasted in the standards case. As with the calculation of the NES, DOE did not calculate total 

annual installed costs for all of the products using base case shipments. Rather, in the case of 

dehumidifiers and microwave ovens, DOE used the standards case shipments projection and, in 

turn, the standards case stock, to calculate the costs to avoid the inclusion of savings due to 

displaced shipments. In the case of dishwashers, DOE assumed that any consumers foregoing 

the purchase of a new unit due to standards would shift to hand washing. In the case of 

commercial clothes washers, DOE assumed that any drop in shipments caused by standards 

would result in the purchase of used machines. Electric and gas cooking products are the notable 

exception. For these products, because the market is fully saturated, DOE assumed that 

standards would neither impact shipments nor cause shifts in electric and gas cooking product 

10-23 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
market shares. Therefore, for electric and gas cooking products, DOE used the base case 

shipments to determine costs for all standards cases. 

The total annual operating cost savings are equal to the change in the annual operating 

costs (difference between base case and standards case) per unit multiplied by the shipments 

forecasted in the standards case. As noted above for the calculation of total annual installed 

costs, DOE did not necessarily calculate operating cost savings using the base case shipments. 

The annual operating cost includes energy, water, repair, and maintenance costs. 

10.4.2.1 Total Installed Cost per Unit 

For each of the considered products, DOE first presented the per-unit total installed cost 

as a function of product efficiency in section 8.2.1 of Chapter 8, LCC and PBP Analysis. 

Because the per-unit total annual installed cost is directly dependent on efficiency, DOE used the 

base case and standards case SWEFs presented above in section 10.2, in combination with the 

total installed costs presented in Chapter 8, to estimate the shipment-weighted average annual 

per-unit total installed cost under the base case and standards cases. The following sections 

describe the shipment-weighted average annual per-unit total installed cost for each of the 

considered products. 

Dishwashers. DOE based its per-unit total installed cost of dishwashers on data 

presented in section 8.2.1.1 of Chapter 8. The total installed cost includes both the equipment 

price and the installation cost. DOE based average equipment prices on average manufacturer 

costs multiplied by average overall markup values. Using the relationship between dishwasher 

EF and total installed cost presented in Chapter 8, Table 10.4.2 shows the per-unit total installed 

cost based on the SWEFs corresponding to the base case and each standards case. 

Table 10.4.2 Standard-Sized Dishwashers: Base Case and Standards Case ShipmentWeighted Average Per-Unit Total Installed Costs in 2012 

Base 

Case 

Standards Case 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

SWEF (EF) 0.596 0.602 0.625 0.652 0.681 0.721 0.800 1.110 

Total Installed Cost (2006$) $711 $711 $714 $723 $748 $811 $900 $980 

As noted above in section 10.2, DOE assumed that forecasted efficiencies in the base 

case and standards cases remain frozen at the efficiency levels in 2012. Therefore, because the 

per-unit total installed costs are a function of efficiency, DOE held the values shown above in 

Table 10.4.2 constant over the forecast period (2012–2042). 

 Dehumidifiers. DOE based its per-unit total installed cost of dehumidifiers on data 

presented in section 8.2.1.2 of Chapter 8. For dehumidifiers, the total installed cost includes only 

the equipment price, since the installation cost for these products is zero. DOE based average 

equipment prices on average manufacturer costs multiplied by average overall markup values. 

AHAM provided manufacturer cost data for a subset of the six dehumidifier product classes, 0– 

10-24

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
35.00, 35.01–45.00, and 54.01–74.99 pints/day. To develop costs for the other classes, DOE 

applied the costs for the 0–35.00 pints/day class to the two individual classes that comprise the 

combined class—the ≤25.00 pints/day and the 25.01–35.00 pints/day classes. DOE applied the 

costs for the 35.01–45.00 pints/day class to the 45.01–54.00 pints/day class, and the costs for the 

54.01–74.99 pints/day class to the ≥75.00 pints/day class. In applying the costs from one class to 

another, DOE matched the costs to the efficiencies of the two classes. In other words, DOE did 

not interpolate or extrapolate the cost data in order to account for product efficiency differences 

between the classes. For example, if the total installed cost per unit for standard level 2 for the 

25.01–35.00 pints/day product class is $152, DOE applied the same cost to standard level 2 for 

the ≤25.00 class. Using the relationship between dehumidifier EF and total installed cost 

presented in Chapter 8, Table 10.4.3 shows the per-unit total installed cost based on the SWEFs 

corresponding to the base case and each standards case for the six dehumidifier product classes. 

Table 10.4.3 Dehumidifiers: Base Case and Standards Case Shipment-Weighted Average 

Per-Unit Total Installed Cost in 2012 

Product 

Class Base Case 

Standards Case 

1 2 3 4 5 

≤25.00 SWEF (EF) 1.15 1.18 1.24 1.27 1.30 1.38 

Total Installed Cost (2006$) $149 $151 $152 $158 $166 $176 

25.01-

35.00 

SWEF (EF) 1.29 1.31 1.34 1.37 1.40 1.45 

Total Installed Cost (2006$) $149 $151 $152 $158 $166 $176 

35.01-

45.00 

SWEF (EF) 1.39 1.41 1.44 1.47 1.50 1.74 

Total Installed Cost (2006$) $180 $182 $190 $198 $208 $273 

45.01-

54.00 

SWEF (EF) 1.49 1.51 1.54 1.57 1.60 2.02 

Total Installed Cost (2006$) $180 $182 $190 $198 $208 $273 

54.01-

74.99 

SWEF (EF) 1.58 1.59 1.61 1.65 1.70 1.80 

Total Installed Cost (2006$) $198 $200 $202 $208 $224 $241 

≥75.00 SWEF (EF) 2.43 2.47 2.51 2.55 2.60 2.75 

Total Installed Cost (2006$) $198 $200 $202 $208 $224 $241 

As noted above in section 10.2, DOE assumed that forecasted efficiencies in the base 

case and standards cases remain frozen at the efficiency levels in 2012. Therefore, because the 

per-unit total installed costs are a function of efficiency, DOE held the values shown above in 

Table 10.4.3 constant over the forecast period (2012–2042). 

Cooking Products – Cooktops and Ovens. DOE based its per-unit total installed cost of 

cooktops and ovens on data presented in sections 8.2.1.3 and 8.2.1.4 of Chapter 8. The total 

installed cost includes both the equipment price and the installation cost. DOE based average 

equipment prices on average manufacturer costs multiplied by average overall markup values. 

Using the relationship between cooktop and oven EF and total installed cost presented in Chapter 

8, Tables 10.4.4 and 10.4.5 show the per-unit total installed cost for cooktops and ovens, 

respectively, based on the SWEFs corresponding to the base case and each standards case. 

10-25

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Table 10.4.4 Cooktops: Base Case and Standards Case Shipment-Weighted Average PerUnit Total Installed Costs in 2012 

Class 

Product 

Electric Coil 

 Base Case 

SWEF (EF) 0.737 

1 

0.769 

$255 

Standards Case 

2 

Gas 

Electric 

Smooth 

SWEF (EF) 

Total Installed Cost (2006$) 

SWEF (EF) 

Total Installed Cost (2006$) 

0.379 

$251 

0.742 

$288 

0.399 

0.753 

$417 

0.420 

Total Installed Cost (2006$) $319 $322 $351 

Table 10.4.5 Ovens: Base Case and Standards Case Shipment-Weighted Average PerUnit Total Installed Costs in 2012 

Product Base Standards Case 

Class Case 

SWEF (EF) 0.1066 

1* 

0.1113 

2 

0.1163 

3 

0.1181 

4 

0.1206 

5 

0.1209 

6 1a* 

Standard 

Electric 

Total Installed Cost 

(2006$) $392 $395 $399 $405 $462 $467 

Electric SWEF (EF) 0.1099 0.1102 0.1123 

Self-Clean Total Installed Cost 

(2006$) $463 $469 $527 

Gas SWEF (EF) 0.0494 0.0536 0.0566 0.0572 0.0593 0.0596 0.0600 0.0583 

Standard Total Installed Cost 

(2006$) $436 $442 $447 $449 $481 $483 $488 $446 

Gas Self- SWEF (EF) 0.0540 0.0625 0.0627 0.0632 

Clean Total Installed Cost 

(2006$) $529 $545 $551 $553 

* For gas standard ovens, levels 1 and 1a correspond to designs that are utilized for the same purpose—eliminate 

the need for a standing pilot—but the technologies for each design are different. Level 1 is a hot surface ignition 

device while level 1a is a spark ignition device. 

For all classes except gas cooktops and standard ovens, as noted above in section 10.2, 

DOE assumed that forecasted efficiencies in the base case and standards cases remain frozen at 

the efficiency levels in 2012. Therefore, because the per-unit total installed cost is a function of 

efficiency, DOE held the values shown above in Tables 10.4.4 and 10.4.5 constant over the 

forecast period (2012–2042). 

For gas cooktops and standard ovens, DOE tracked the percentage of gas standard ranges 

(which are composed of a cooktop and standard oven) with standing pilots. Because the 

percentage of ranges with standing pilots changes over time (as shown above in section 10.2, 

10-26 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Figure 10.2.2), the base case total installed cost will change over time as well. Figure 10.4.1 

shows how the total installed cost for both base case gas cooktops and gas standard ovens 

increases over time as more gas standard ranges are forecasted to be shipped with pilotless 

ignition. 

( ) ( ) 

$318.5 

$319.0 

$319.5 

$320.0 

$320.5 

$321.0 

$321.5 

$322.0 

$322.5 

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 

Year 

Base Case Gas Cooktop 

Total Installed Cost 2006$

$437.0 

$437.5 

$438.0 

$438.5 

$439.0 

$439.5 

$440.0 

$440.5 

$441.0 

Base Case Gas Standard Oven 

Total Installed Cost 2006$

Cooktop 

Standard Oven 

Figure 10.4.1 Gas Cooktops and Gas Standard Ovens: Forecasted Base Case 

Total Installed Costs 

DOE assumed that forecasted efficiencies for gas cooktops and standard ovens in the 

standards cases remain frozen at the efficiency levels in 2012. Therefore, because the per-unit 

total installed cost is a function of efficiency, DOE held the gas cooktop and standard oven 

values shown above in Tables 10.4.4 and 10.4.5 constant over the forecast period (2012–2042) 

for all standards cases. 

Cooking Products – Microwave Ovens. DOE based its per-unit total installed cost of 

microwave ovens on data presented in section 8.2.1.5 of Chapter 8. For microwave ovens, the 

total installed cost includes only the equipment price, since the installation cost for these 

products is zero. DOE based average equipment prices on average manufacturer costs multiplied 

by average overall markup values. Using the relationship between microwave oven EF and total 

installed cost presented in Chapter 8, Table 10.4.6 shows the per-unit total installed cost for 

microwave ovens based on the SWEFs corresponding to the base case and each standards case. 

10-27 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Table 10.4.6 Microwave Ovens: Base Case and Standards Case Shipment-Weighted 

Average Per-Unit Total Installed Costs in 2012 

 Base Case 

Standards Case 

1 2 3 4 

SWEF (EF) 0.557 0.586 0.588 0.597 0.602 

Total Installed Cost (2006$) $219 $232 $246 $267 $294 

As noted above in section 10.2, DOE assumed that forecasted efficiencies in the base 

case and standards cases remain frozen at the efficiency levels in 2012. Therefore, because the 

per-unit total installed costs are a function of efficiency, DOE held the values shown above in 

Table 10.4.6 constant over the forecast period (2012–2042). 

Commercial Clothes Washers. DOE based its per-unit total installed cost of commercial 

clothes washers on data presented in section 8.2.1.6 of Chapter 8. The total installed cost 

includes both the equipment price and the installation cost. DOE based average equipment 

prices on average manufacturer costs multiplied by average overall markup values. Using the 

relationship between commercial clothes washer MEF and WF and total installed cost presented 

in Chapter 8, Table 10.4.7 shows the per-unit total installed cost based on the SWEFs 

corresponding to the base case and each standards case. 

Table 10.4.7 Commercial Clothes Washers: Base Case and Standards Case ShipmentWeighted Average Per-Unit Total Installed Costs in 2012 

Base 

Case 

Standards Case 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

SWEF (MEF) 1.41 1.54 1.68 1.78 1.84 2.00 2.20 

SWEF (WF) 8.69 8.69 7.89 7.49 7.09 5.50 5.10 

Total Installed Cost (2006$) $825 $918 $1,225 $1,225 $1,225 $1,225 $1,225 

As noted above in section 10.2, DOE assumed that forecasted efficiencies in the base 

case and standards cases remain frozen at the efficiency levels in 2012. Therefore, because the 

per-unit total installed costs are a function of efficiency, DOE held the values shown above in 

Table 10.4.7 constant over the forecast period (2012–2042). 

10.4.2.2 Annual Operating Cost Savings per Unit 

The per-unit annual operating cost includes the energy, water, repair, and maintenance 

costs. As described in section 8.2.2.4 of Chapter 8, DOE assumed no increase in maintenance 

and repair costs due to standards for all of the considered products. Therefore, for all of the 

considered products, DOE determined the per-unit annual operating cost savings based only on 

the energy (and water) cost savings due to a standard level. DOE determined the per-unit annual 

operating cost savings by taking the per-unit annual energy (and water) consumption savings 

developed for each product and multiplying it by the appropriate energy (and water) price. 

10-28 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
For all of the considered products, estimates of the per-unit annual energy (and water) 

consumption for the base case and each standards case were presented earlier in section 10.3.2.1. 

As described previously, DOE forecasted the per-unit annual energy (and water) consumption 

for the base case and each standards case for all products by freezing the consumption at levels 

estimated for the year 2012.a 

Energy and water prices are described in section 8.2.2.2 of Chapter 8. DOE forecasted 

energy prices based on EIA’s AEO2007. DOE forecasted water prices based on trends in the 

national water price index as provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The energy and water 

price trends are described in section 8.2.2.3 of Chapter 8. 

10.4.2.3 Total Annual Installed Cost Increases 

The total annual installed cost increase for any given standards case is the product of the 

total installed cost increase per unit due to the standard and the number of units of each vintage. 

This approach accounts for differences in total installed cost from year to year. The equation for 

determining the total annual installed cost increase for a given standards case was shown in 

section 10.4.1 and is repeated below. 

TIC = ∑STOCKV × UTICV 

As noted earlier for commercial clothes washers, DOE accounted for the total installed 

cost of those establishments that were forced into purchasing used clothes washers due to 

standards. Therefore, the total annual installed cost increase takes into account the total installed 

cost of the used washers that were purchased in lieu of the purchase of new washers. 

10.4.2.4 Total Annual Operating Cost Savings 

The total annual operating cost savings for any given standards case is the product of the 

annual operating cost savings per unit due to the standard and the number of units of each 

vintage. This approach accounts for differences in annual operating cost savings from year to 

year. The equation for determining the total annual operating cost savings for a given standards 

case was shown above and is repeated below. 

OCS = ∑STOCKV × UOCSV 

As noted earlier for dishwashers, DOE accounted for the energy and water use of those 

consumers that were forced into hand washing due to standards. Therefore, the total annual 

operating cost savings take into account the additional energy and water costs for hand washing 

over machine dishwashing for consumers that were estimated to forego dishwasher purchases 

due to standards. 

a

 The one exception pertains to the base case per-unit annual energy consumption of gas cooktops and ovens. 

10-29 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
As noted earlier for commercial clothes washers, DOE accounted for the energy and 

water use of those establishments that were forced into purchasing used washers due to 

standards. Therefore, the total annual operating cost savings take into account the energy and 

water costs of the used washers that were purchased in lieu of the purchase of new washers. 

10.4.2.5 Discount Factors 

DOE multiplies monetary values in future years by a discount factor to determine the 

present value. The discount factor (DF) is described by the equation: 

1

DF = 

(1 + r )( y _ yp ) 

where: 

r = discount rate, 

y = year of the monetary value, and 

yP = year in which the present value is being determined. 

DOE estimated national impacts with both a three-percent and a seven-percent real 

discount rate as the average real rate of return on private investment in the U.S. economy. It 

used these discount rates in accordance with the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)’s 

guidance to Federal agencies on the development of regulatory analysis (OMB Circular A-4, 

September 17, 2003), and section E., “Identifying and Measuring Benefits and Costs,” therein. 

DOE defines the present year as 2007. 

10.4.2.6 Present Value of Costs 

The present value of increased installed costs is the annual installed cost increase in each 

year (i.e., the difference between the standards case and base case), discounted to the present, 

and summed for the time period over which DOE is considering the installation of equipment 

(i.e., from the effective date of standards, 2012, to the year 2042). 

The increase in total installed cost refers to both equipment cost and installation cost 

associated with the higher energy efficiency of equipment purchased in the standards case 

compared to the base case. DOE calculated annual increases in installed costs as the difference 

in total installed cost for new equipment purchased each year, multiplied by the shipments in the 

standards case. 

10.4.2.7 Present Value of Savings 

The present value of operating cost savings is the annual operating cost savings (i.e., the 

difference between the base case and standards case) discounted to the present, and summed over 

10-30 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
the period from the effective date, 2012, to the time when the last unit installed in 2042 is retired 

from service. 

Savings are decreases in operating costs (including electricity, repair, and maintenance 

costs) associated with the higher energy efficiency of equipment purchased in the standards case 

compared to the base case. Total annual operating cost savings are the savings per unit 

multiplied by the number of units of each vintage surviving in a particular year. Equipment 

consumes energy over its entire lifetime, and for units purchased in 2042, the consumption 

includes energy consumed until the unit is retired from service. 

10.5 NES AND NPV RESULTS 

The NIA Model provides estimates of the NES and NPV due to various candidate 

standards levels. The inputs to the NIA Model have been discussed earlier in sections 10.3.2 

(NES Inputs) and 10.4.2 (NPV Inputs). DOE generated the NES and NPV results using a 

Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet, which is accessible on the Internet 

(http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/). Details and instructions for using 

the spreadsheet are provided in Appendix 10A. 

10.5.1 NES and NPV Input Summary 

Table 10.5.1 summarizes the inputs to the NIA Model. For each input a brief description 

of the data source is given. 

10-31 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Table 10.5.1 NES and NPV Inputs 

Input Data Description 

Shipments Annual shipments from Shipments Model. (See Chapter 9.) 

Effective Date of Standard 2012. 

Base Case Forecasted Efficiencies SWEF determined in the year 2005 for each of the considered 

products. SWEF held constant over forecast period of 2005–2042. 

(See Section 10.2.) 

Standards Case Efficiencies Roll-up scenario assumed for determining SWEF in the year 2012 for 

each standards case and for each of the considered products. SWEF 

held constant over forecast period of 2012–2042. (See Section 10.2.) 

Annual Energy Consumption per Unit Annual weighted-average values are a function of SWEF. (See 

Section 10.3.2.1.) 

Total Installed Cost per Unit Annual weighted-average values are a function of SWEF. (See 

Section 10.4.2.1.) 

Energy and Water Cost per Unit Annual weighted-average values are a function of the annual energy 

consumption per unit and energy (and water) prices. (See Section 

8.2.2.3 of Chapter 8 for energy and water prices.) 

Repair Cost and Maintenance Cost per Unit No changes in repair and maintenance cost assumed due to standards. 

Escalation of Energy and Water Prices Energy Prices: EIA AEO2007 forecasts (to 2030) and extrapolation to 

2042. (See Section 8.2.2.3 of Chapter 8.) 

Water Prices: Linear extrapolation off historical trend in national 

water price index. (See Section 8.2.2.3 of Chapter 8.) 

Energy Site-to-Source Conversion Conversion varies yearly and is generated by DOE/EIA’s NEMS* 

program (a time series conversion factor; includes electric generation, 

transmission, and distribution losses). 

Discount Rate 3 percent and 7 percent real. 

Present Year Future expenses are discounted to year 2007. 

* Chapter 13 on the Utility Impact Analysis and the Environmental Assessment Report provide more detail on 

NEMS. 

10.5.2 NES Results 

The following sections provide NES results (and national water savings (NWS) results 

for dishwashers and commercial clothes washers) for the standards cases analyzed for the 

considered products. NES results are cumulative to 2042 and are shown as primary energy 

savings. NWS results are expressed in billions of gallons. DOE based the inputs to the NIA 

Model on weighted-average values, yielding results that are discrete point values, rather than a 

distribution of values as in the LCC and PBP Analysis. 

10.5.2.1 Dishwashers 

This section provides NES and NWS results for the standards cases considered for 

standard-sized dishwashers. Table 10.5.2 shows the NES and NWS results for the candidate 

standard levels analyzed for standard-sized dishwashers. 

10-32 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Table 10.5.2 Dishwashers: Cumulative NES and NWS Results 

Standard Level EF 

NES 

quads 

NWS 

billion gallons 

1 0.46 0.09 72 

2 0.58 0.35 271 

3 0.62 0.61 458 

4 0.65 0.86 595 

5 0.72 1.11 659 

6 0.80 1.54 808 

7 1.11 2.77 1,611 

Table 10.5.3 shows the magnitude of the NES and NWS if the savings are discounted at 

rates of seven percent and three percent. 

Table 10.5.3 Dishwashers: Cumulative NES and NWS Results Discounted at Seven 

Percent and Three Percent 

Standard 

Level EF 

NES (quads) NWS (billion gallons) 

7% discounted 3% discounted 7% discounted 3% discounted 

1 0.46 0.02 0.05 17 37 

2 0.58 0.08 0.18 64 139 

3 0.62 0.14 0.32 108 235 

4 0.65 0.20 0.44 140 306 

5 0.72 0.26 0.57 157 341 

6 0.80 0.37 0.79 195 421 

7 1.11 0.66 1.43 386 835 

10.5.2.2 Dehumidifiers 

This section provides NES results for the standards cases considered for the six product 

classes of dehumidifiers. Table 10.5.4 shows the NES results for the candidate standard levels 

analyzed for dehumidifiers. 

Table 10.5.4 Dehumidifiers: Cumulative NES Results 

Std 

Level 

≤25.00 25.01-35.00 35.01-45.00 45.01-54.00 54.01-74.99 ≥75.00 ALL 

EF NES 

quads EF NES 

quads EF NES quads EF NES quads EF NES quads EF NES quads 

NES 

quads 

1 1.10 0.01 1.25 0.01 1.35 0.01 1.45 0.01 1.55 0.01 2.38 0.00 0.04 

2 1.20 0.02 1.30 0.02 1.40 0.02 1.50 0.02 1.60 0.02 2.50 0.00 0.11 

3 1.25 0.02 1.35 0.04 1.45 0.04 1.55 0.04 1.65 0.05 2.55 0.00 0.18 

4 1.30 0.02 1.40 0.05 1.50 0.05 1.60 0.05 1.70 0.07 2.60 0.00 0.25 

5 1.38 0.03 1.45 0.06 1.74 0.13 2.02 0.18 1.80 0.12 2.75 0.00 0.53 

* NES greater than zero but less than 0.005 quads. 

10-33 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Tables 10.5.5 and 10.5.6 show the magnitude of the NES if the savings are discounted at 

rates of seven percent and three percent. 

Table 10.5.5 Dehumidifiers: Cumulative NES Results Discounted at Seven Percent 

Std 

Level 

≤25.00 25.01-35.00 35.01-45.00 45.01-54.00 54.01-74.99 ≥75.00 ALL 

EF NES 

quads EF NES 

quads EF NES 

quads EF NES 

quads EF NES 

quads EF NES* 

quads 

NES 

quads 

1 1.10 0.00 1.25 0.00 1.35 0.00 1.45 0.00 1.55 0.00 2.38 0.00 0.01 

2 1.20 0.00 1.30 0.00 1.40 0.01 1.50 0.01 1.60 0.00 2.50 0.00 0.02 

3 1.25 0.00 1.35 0.01 1.45 0.01 1.55 0.01 1.65 0.01 2.55 0.00 0.04 

4 1.30 0.01 1.40 0.01 1.50 0.01 1.60 0.01 1.70 0.02 2.60 0.00 0.05 

5 1.38 0.01 1.45 0.01 1.74 0.03 2.02 0.04 1.80 0.02 2.75 0.00 0.11 

* NES greater than zero but less than 0.005 quads. 

Table 10.5.6 Dehumidifiers: Cumulative NES Results Discounted at Three Percent 

Std 

Level 

≤25.00 25.01-35.00 35.01-45.00 45.01-54.00 54.01-74.99 ≥75.00 ALL 

EF NES 

quads EF NES 

quads EF NES 

quads EF NES 

quads EF NES 

quads EF NES* 

quads 

NES 

quads 

1 1.10 0.00 1.25 0.00 1.35 0.00 1.45 0.00 1.55 0.00 2.38 0.00 0.02 

2 1.20 0.01 1.30 0.01 1.40 0.01 1.50 0.01 1.60 0.01 2.50 0.00 0.05 

3 1.25 0.01 1.35 0.02 1.45 0.02 1.55 0.02 1.65 0.02 2.55 0.00 0.08 

4 1.30 0.01 1.40 0.02 1.50 0.02 1.60 0.02 1.70 0.03 2.60 0.00 0.11 

5 1.38 0.01 1.45 0.03 1.74 0.06 2.02 0.08 1.80 0.05 2.75 0.00 0.23 

* NES greater than zero but less than 0.005 quads. 

10.5.2.3 Cooking Products – Cooktops and Ovens 

This section provides NES results for the efficiency levels considered for the three 

product classes of cooktops and the four product classes of ovens. Tables 10.5.7 and 10.5.8 

show the NES results for the candidate standard levels analyzed for cooktops and ovens, 

respectively. 

Table 10.5.7 Cooktops: Cumulative NES Results 

Electric Coil Electric Smooth Gas 

Standard 

Level EF 

NES 

quads EF 

NES 

quads EF 

NES 

Quads 

1 0.769 0.04 0.753 0.02 0.399 0.10 

2 0.420 0.15 

10-34 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Table 10.5.8 Ovens: Cumulative NES Results 

Level 

Standard 

EF 

Elec Standard 

NES 

quads EF 

Elec Self-Clean 

NES 

quads EF 

Gas Standard 

NES 

quads EF quads 

Gas Self-Clean 

NES 

1* 0.1113 0.03 0.1102 0.01 0.0536 0.04 0.0625 0.09 

2 0.1163 0.05 0.1123 0.04 0.0566 0.07 0.0627 0.09 

3 

4 

5 

6 

1a* 

0.1181 

0.1206 

0.1209 

0.06 

0.07 

0.08 

 0.0572 

 0.0593 

 0.0596 

 0.0600 

 0.0583 

0.08 

0.09 

0.09 

0.10 

0.13 

0.0632 0.10 

* For gas standard ovens, levels 1 and 1a correspond to designs that are utilized for the same purpose—eliminate 

the need for a standing pilot—but the technologies for each design are different. Level 1 is a hot surface ignition 

device while level 1a is a spark ignition device. Level 1a is presented at the end of the table because levels 2 

through 6 are derived from level 1. 

Tables 10.5.9 and 10.5.10 show the magnitude of the NES if the savings are discounted at 

rates of seven percent and three percent for cooktops and ovens, respectively. 

Table 10.5.9 Cooktops: Cumulative NES Results Discounted at Seven Percent and Three 

Percent 

Electric Coil Electric Smooth Gas 

NES ( ) NES ( ) NES ( ) 

Std 

EF 

7% 3% 

EF 

7% 3% 

EF 

7% 3% 

1 

2 

quads quads quads

Level discounted discounted discounted discounted discounted discounted 

0.769 0.01 0.02 0.753 0.00 0.01 0.399 0.03 0.05 

 0.420 0.04 0.08 

Table 10.5.10 Ovens: Cumulative NES Results Discounted at Seven Percent and Three 

Percent 

Elec Standard Elec Self-Clean 

NES ( ) NES ( ) NES ( ) NES ( ) 

Std 

EF 

7% 

disc. 

3% 

disc. EF 

7% 

disc. 

3% 

disc. EF 

7% 

disc. 

3% 

disc. EF 

7% 

disc. 

3% 

disc. 

1* 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

1a* 

Gas Standard Gas Self-Clean 

quads quads quads quads

Level 

0.1113 0.01 0.01 0.1102 0.00 0.00 0.0536 0.01 0.02 0.0625 0.02 0.05 

0.1163 0.01 0.03 0.1123 0.01 0.02 0.0566 0.02 0.04 0.0627 0.02 0.05 

0.1181 0.01 0.03 0.0572 0.02 0.04 0.0632 0.02 0.05 

0.1206 0.02 0.04 0.0593 0.02 0.05 

0.1209 0.02 0.04 0.0596 0.02 0.05 

 0.0600 0.02 0.05 

 0.0583 0.03 0.07 

* For gas standard ovens, levels 1 and 1a correspond to designs that are utilized for the same purpose—eliminate 

the need for a standing pilot—but the technologies for each design are different. Level 1 is a hot surface ignition 

device while level 1a is a spark ignition device. Level 1a is presented at the end of the table because levels 2 

through 6 are derived from level 1. 

10-35 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
10.5.2.4 Cooking Products – Microwave Ovens 

This section provides NES results for the efficiency levels considered for microwave 

ovens. Table 10.5.11 shows the NES results for the candidate standard levels analyzed for 

microwave ovens. 

Table 10.5.11 Microwave Ovens: Cumulative NES Results 

Standard Level EF 

NES 

Quads 

1 0.586 0.19 

2 0.588 0.20 

3 0.597 0.25 

4 0.602 0.26 

Table 10.5.12 shows the magnitude of the NES if the savings are discounted at rates of 

seven percent and three percent. 

Table 10.5.12 Microwave Ovens: Cumulative NES Results Discounted at Seven Percent 

and Three Percent 

Standard Level EF 

NES (quads) 

7% discounted 3% discounted 

1 0.586 0.05 0.10 

2 0.588 0.05 0.11 

3 0.597 0.06 0.13 

4 0.602 0.07 0.14 

10.5.2.5 Commercial Clothes Washers 

This section provides NES and NWS results for the standard cases considered for 

commercial clothes washers. Table 10.5.13 shows the NES and NWS results for the candidate 

standard levels analyzed for commercial clothes washers. 

Table 10.5.13 Commercial Clothes Washers: Cumulative NES and NWS Results 

Standard Level MEF/WF 

NES 

quads 

NWS 

billion gallons 

1 1.42/9.50 0.12 0 

2 1.60/8.50 0.21 233 

3 1.72/8.00 0.26 350 

4 1.80/7.50 0.30 466 

5 2.00/5.50 0.36 933 

6 2.20/5.10 0.43 1,050 

10-36 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Table 10.5.14 shows the magnitude of the NES and NWS if the savings are discounted at 

rates of seven percent and three percent. 

Table 10.5.14 Commercial Clothes Washers: Cumulative NES and NWS Results 

Discounted at Seven Percent and Three Percent 

Standard 

Level MEF/WF 

NES (quads) NWS (billion gallons) 

7% discounted 3% discounted 7% discounted 3% discounted 

1 1.42/9.50 0.03 0.06 0 0 

2 1.60/8.50 0.05 0.11 55 120 

3 1.72/8.00 0.06 0.14 83 180 

4 1.80/7.50 0.07 0.15 110 240 

5 2.00/5.50 0.09 0.19 221 480 

6 2.20/5.10 0.10 0.22 249 541 

10.5.3 Annual Costs and Savings 

To illustrate the basic inputs to the NPV calculations, Figure 10.5.1 presents the nondiscounted annual installed cost increases and annual operating cost savings at the national level 

for standard level 3 for dishwashers. The figure also shows the net savings, which is the 

difference between the savings and costs for each year. The annual equipment cost is the 

increase in the total installed cost for products purchased each year over the period 2012–2042. 

The annual operating cost savings is the savings in operating costs for products operating in each 

year. The NPV is the difference between the cumulative annual discounted savings and the 

cumulative annual discounted costs. DOE could create figures like the one shown below for 

each of the considered products’ standard cases. 

10-37 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
2022 2027 2052 

i ings 

ings 

-$0.10 

-$0.05 

$0.00 

$0.05 

$0.10 

$0.15 

$0.20 

$0.25 

$0.30 

$0.35 

2012 2017 2032 2037 2042 2047 2057 2062 

Billions of 2006 Dollars 

Operat ng Cost Sav

Equipment Cost 

Net Sav

Figure 10.5.1 Non-Discounted Annual Installed Cost Increases and Annual 

Operating Cost Savings for Dishwashers, Standard Level 3 

10.5.4 NPV Results 

The following sections provide NPV results for the candidate standards levels considered 

for the product classes of each considered product. Results are cumulative and are shown as the 

discounted value of these savings in dollar terms. DOE based the inputs to the NIA Model on 

weighted-average values, yielding results that are discrete point values, rather than a distribution 

of values as in the LCC and PBP Analysis. 

The present value of increased total installed costs is the total annual installed cost 

increase (i.e., the difference between the standards case and base case), discounted to the present, 

and summed over the time period in which DOE evaluates the impact of standards (i.e., from the 

effective date of standards, 2012, to the year 2042). 

Savings are decreases in operating costs (including energy and water) associated with the 

higher energy efficiency of equipment purchased in the standards case compared to the base 

case. Total operating cost savings are the savings per unit multiplied by the number of units of 

each vintage (i.e., the year of manufacture) surviving in a particular year. Equipment consumes 

energy and must be maintained over its entire lifetime. For units purchased up through 2042, the 

operating cost includes energy and water consumed until the last unit is retired from service. 

10.5.4.1 Dishwashers 

This section provides NPV results based on discount rates of seven percent and three 

percent for the standard levels considered for standard-sized dishwashers. Table 10.5.15 shows 

10-38 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
the NPV results for the candidate standard levels analyzed for standard-sized dishwashers. 

Under the base case (i.e., without standards), the cumulative national equipment and operating 

costs of dishwashers based on a seven-percent discount rate equal $66.7 billion and $42.6 billion, 

respectively. Based on a three-percent discount rate, the cumulative national equipment and 

operating costs equal $129.2 billion and $91.6 billion, respectively. Detailed results showing the 

breakdown of the NPV into national equipment costs and national operating costs are provided in 

Appendix 10B. 

Table 10.5.15 Dishwashers: Cumulative NPV Results based on Seven-Percent and ThreePercent Discount Rates 

Standard Level EF 

NPV 

7% Discount Rate 

billion 2006$ 

3% Discount Rate 

billion 2006$ 

1 0.46 0.38 0.94 

2 0.58 1.29 3.29 

3 0.62 1.73 4.72 

4 0.65 0.90 3.61 

5 0.72 -2.75 -2.94 

6 0.80 -7.25 -10.77 

7 1.11 -7.28 -8.16 

10.5.4.2 Dehumidifiers 

This section provides NPV results based on discount rates of seven percent and three 

percent for the standard levels considered for dehumidifiers. Tables 10.5.16 and 10.5.17 show 

the NPV results for the candidate standard levels analyzed for dehumidifiers based on discount 

rates of seven percent and three percent, respectively. Under the base case (i.e., without 

standards), the cumulative national equipment and operating costs of dehumidifiers based on a 

seven-percent discount rate equal $4.1 billion and $14.6 billion, respectively. Based on a threepercent discount rate, the cumulative national equipment and operating costs equal $8.1 billion 

and $31.8 billion, respectively. Detailed results showing the breakdown of the NPV into 

national equipment costs and national operating costs are provided in Appendix 10B. 

10-39 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Table 10.5.16 Dehumidifiers: Cumulative NPV Results based on a Seven-Percent Discount 

Rate 

≤25.00 

pints/day 

25.01-35.00 

pints/day 

35.01-45.00 

pints/day 

45.01-54.00 

pints/day 

54.01-74.99 

pints/day 

≥75.00 

pints/day ALL 

NPV NPV NPV NPV NPV NPV NPV 

Std 

@ 7% 

billion 

@ 7% 

billion 

@ 7% 

billion 

@ 7% 

billion 

@ 7% 

billion 

@ 7% 

billion 

@ 7% 

billion 

Level EF 2006$ EF 2006$ EF 2006$ EF 2006$ EF 2006$ EF 2006$ 2006$ 

1 1.10 0.01 1.25 0.02 1.35 0.01 1.45 0.01 1.55 0.02 2.38 0.00 0.08 

2 1.20 0.05 1.30 0.06 1.40 0.03 1.50 0.03 1.60 0.05 2.50 0.00 0.21 

3 1.25 0.05 1.35 0.07 1.45 0.04 1.55 0.04 1.65 0.10 2.55 0.00 0.31 

4 1.30 0.04 1.40 0.07 1.50 0.03 1.60 0.04 1.70 0.11 2.60 0.00 0.31 

5 1.38 0.05 1.45 0.08 1.74 0.00 2.02 0.21 1.80 0.19 2.75 0.00 0.54 

* NPV greater than zero but less than $0.005 billion. 

Table 10.5.17 Dehumidifiers: Cumulative NPV Results based on a Three-Percent Discount 

Rate 

≤25.00 

pints/day 

25.01-35.00 

pints/day 

35.01-45.00 

pints/day 

45.01-54.00 

pints/day 

54.01-74.99 

pints/day 

≥75.00 

pints/day ALL 

NPV NPV NPV NPV NPV NPV NPV 

Std 

@ 3% 

billion 

@ 3% 

billion 

@ 3% 

billion 

@ 3% 

billion 

@ 3% 

billion 

@ 3% 

billion 

@ 3% 

billion 

Level EF 2006$ EF 2006$ EF 2006$ EF 2006$ EF 2006$ EF 2006$ 2006$ 

1 1.10 0.04 1.25 0.04 1.35 0.04 1.45 0.04 1.55 0.06 2.38 0.00 0.22 

2 1.20 0.11 1.30 0.14 1.40 0.09 1.50 0.09 1.60 0.12 2.50 0.01 0.57 

3 1.25 0.13 1.35 0.20 1.45 0.13 1.55 0.14 1.65 0.27 2.55 0.01 0.87 

4 1.30 0.12 1.40 0.21 1.50 0.14 1.60 0.16 1.70 0.32 2.60 0.01 0.96 

5 1.38 0.15 1.45 0.25 1.74 0.19 2.02 0.66 1.80 0.55 2.75 0.01 1.81 

* NPV greater than zero but less than $0.005 billion. 

10.5.4.3 Cooking Products – Cooktops and Ovens 

This section provides NPV results based on discount rates of seven percent and three 

percent for the standard levels considered for cooktops and ovens. Tables 10.5.18 and 10.5.19 

show the NPV results for the candidate standard levels analyzed for cooktops and ovens, 

respectively. Under the base case (i.e., without standards), the cumulative national equipment 

and operating costs of cooking products based on a seven-percent discount rate equal $72.3 

billion and $42.6 billion, respectively. Based on a three-percent discount rate, the cumulative 

national equipment and operating costs equal $138.0 billion and $91.8 billion, respectively. 

Detailed results showing the breakdown of the NPV into national equipment costs and national 

operating costs are provided in Appendix 10B. 

10-40 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Table 10.5.18 Cooktops: Cumulative NPV Results based on Seven-Percent and ThreePercent Discount Rates 

Electric Coil Electric Smooth Gas 

NPV NPV NPV NPV NPV NPV 

@ 7% @ 3% @ 7% @ 3% @ 7% @ 3% EF EF EF billion billion billion billion billion billion 

Std Level 2006$ 2006$ 2006$ 2006$ 2006$ 2006$ 

1 0.769 0.05 0.18 0.753 -7.48 -14.28 0.399 0.29 0.67 

2 0.420 -0.65 -0.98 

Table 10.5.19 Ovens: Cumulative NPV Results based on Seven-Percent and Three-Percent 

Discount Rates 

Elec Standard Elec Self-Clean 

Std 

EF 

NPV NPV 

EF 

NPV NPV 

EF 

NPV NPV 

EF 

NPV NPV 

2

3 

4 

5 

6 

1a* 

Gas Standard Gas Self-Clean 

Level 

@ 7% 

billion 

2006$ 

@ 3% 

billion 

2006$ 

@ 7% 

billion 

2006$ 

@ 3% 

billion 

2006$ 

@ 7% 

billion 

2006$ 

@ 3% 

billion 

2006$ 

@ 7% 

billion 

2006$ 

@ 3% 

billion 

2006$ 

1* 0.1113 0.06 0.17 0.1102 -0.28 -0.53 0.0536 0.10 0.24 0.0625 -0.01 0.18 

 0.1163 0.08 0.27 0.1123 -2.87 -5.41 0.0566 0.11 0.34 0.0627 -0.12 0.02 

0.1181 0.03 0.19 0.0572 0.11 0.34 0.0632 -0.14 -0.05 

0.1206 -0.81 -1.39 0.0593 -0.33 -0.45 

0.1209 -0.88 -1.52 0.0596 -0.36 -0.50 

 0.0600 -0.42 -0.62 

 0.0583 0.35 0.92 

*For gas standard ovens, levels 1 and 1a correspond to designs that are utilized for the same purpose—eliminate the 

need for a standing pilot—but the technologies for each design are different. Level 1 is a hot surface ignition 

device while level 1a is a spark ignition device. Level 1a is presented at the end of the table because levels 2 

through 6 are derived from level 1. 

10.5.4.4 Cooking Products – Microwave Ovens 

This section provides NPV results based on discount rates of seven percent and three 

percent for the standard levels considered for microwave ovens. Table 10.5.20 shows the NPV 

results for the candidate standard levels analyzed for microwave ovens. Under the base case 

(i.e., without standards), the cumulative national equipment and operating costs of dishwashers 

based on a seven-percent discount rate equal $36.3 billion and $17.5 billion, respectively. Based 

on a three-percent discount rate, the cumulative national equipment and operating costs equal 

$69.6 billion and $35.5 billion, respectively. Detailed results showing the breakdown of the 

NPV into national equipment costs and national operating costs are provided in Appendix 10B. 

10-41 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
Table 10.5.20 Microwave Ovens: Cumulative NPV Results based on Seven-Percent and 

Three-Percent Discount Rates 

Standard Level EF 

NPV 

7% Discount Rate 

billion 2006$ 

3% Discount Rate 

billion 2006$ 

1 0.586 -1.40 -2.48 

2 0.588 -3.52 -6.51 

3 0.597 -6.58 -12.28 

4 0.602 -10.35 -19.40 

10.5.4.5 Commercial Clothes Washers 

This section provides NPV results based on discount rates of seven percent and three 

percent for the standard levels considered for commercial clothes washers. Table 10.5.21 shows 

the NPV results for the candidate standard levels analyzed for commercial clothes washers. 

Under the base case (i.e., without standards), the cumulative national equipment and operating 

costs of dishwashers based on a seven-percent discount rate equal $2.2 billion and $9.7 billion, 

respectively. Based on a three-percent discount rate, the cumulative national equipment and 

operating costs equal $4.3 billion and $21.0 billion, respectively. Detailed results showing the 

breakdown of the NPV into national equipment costs and national operating costs are provided in 

Appendix 10B. 

Table 10.5.21 Commercial Clothes Washers: Cumulative NPV Results based on SevenPercent and Three-Percent Discount Rates 

Standard Level MEF/WF 

NPV 

7% Discount Rate 

billion 2006$ 

3% Discount Rate 

billion 2006$ 

1 1.42/9.50 0.04 0.20 

2 1.60/8.50 -0.09 0.22 

3 1.72/8.00 0.23 0.99 

4 1.80/7.50 0.49 1.64 

5 2.00/5.50 1.41 3.87 

6 2.20/5.10 1.77 4.74 

10-42 

EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
REFERENCES 

1 Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers. AHAM Fact Books, 1987, 1988, 1993, 1995, 

2000, and 2003. Washington, DC. 

2 Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers. AHAM 2005 Fact Book, 2005. Washington, 

DC. 

3 U.S. Department of Energy-Energy Information Administration. Residential Energy 

Consumption Survey, 2001 Public Use Data Files, 2001. Washington, DC. 

<http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recs2001/publicuse2001.html> 

4 M.M. Sanik. Hand versus Machine Dishwashing, Proceedings of the 41st International 

Appliance Technical Conference, May, 1990. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. 

5 R. Stamminger, Badura, R., Broil, G., Dorr, S., and Elschendroich, A., A European 

Comparison of Cleaning Dishes by Hand, University of Bonn, Germany. 

<http://www.landtechnik.uni-bonn.de/ifl_research/ifl_research_project.php?sec=HT&no=1> 

6 Market Transformation Programme – Briefing Note. BNW16: A comparison of washing up 

by hand with a domestic dishwasher, February 13, 2006. Market Transformation 

Programme, United Kingdom. <http://www.mtprog.com/> 

7 Consortium for Energy Efficiency. Commercial Family-Sized Washers: An Initiative

Description of the Consortium for Energy Efficiency, 1998. Boston, MA. 

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EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2