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The Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) has completed a preliminary problem formulation 

(attached) for the ecological risk, environmental fate, and endangered species assessments to be 

conducted as part of the Registration Review of copper compounds which include copper sulfate, 

copper group II compounds, copper oxides, copper salts, and other compounds (PC Codes: 

008001, 008101, 022501, 022702, 022703, 022901, 023104, 023401, 023501, 023503, 024401, 

024403, 024405, 024407, 024409, 023306, 025601, 039105, and 042401), which are used 

primarily as fungicides, bactericides, herbicides (algaecide), antifoulants, wood preservatives, 

and material preservatives. In addition to the above uses, copper containing compounds are also 

used to control mollusks, leeches, crustaceans, and root growth in sewage and irrigation systems 

to a limited extent. 

Functioning as the first stage of the risk assessment process for Registration Review, this 

problem formulation provides an overview of what is currently known about the environmental 

fate and ecological effects associated with copper. It also describes the preliminary ecological 

risk hypothesis and analysis plan for evaluating and characterizing risk to non-target species and 

the environment in support of the registration of copper-containing compounds. This document 

also recommends studies that should be included in a data call-in (DCI) to address uncertainties 

associated with the risk assessment of copper compounds. 
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

WASHINGTON D.C., 20460 

OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY 

AND POLLUTION PREVENTION 

Problem Formulation for the 

Environmental Fate, Ecological Risk, and 

Endangered Species Assessments in Support of the 

Registration Review of Copper Compounds 

2+Cu

OOH2

OH2 OH2

OH2 OH2

S

OO O

Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate, one of many pesticidal copper compounds 

Prepared by:

Sujatha Sankula, Lead Biologist 

Stephen Wente, Biologist 

Siroos Mostaghimi, Senior Scientist 

Srinivas Gowda, Biologist 

Reviewed by: 

Edward Odenkirchen, Senior Science Advisor 

Faruque Khan, Senior Scientist 

William J. Hazel, Ph. D, Chemist 

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Office of Pesticide Programs 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division 

Environmental Risk Branch I (7507P) 

And 

Antimicrobials Division 

Risk Assessment and Science Support Branch 

(7510P) 

1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW 

Washington, DC 20460

July 14, 2010 
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Table of Contents 

1. Purpose .....................................................................................................................................5 

2. Problem Formulation ...................................................................................................................8 

2.1. Nature of Regulatory Action................................................................................................ 8 

2.2. Previous Risk Assessments.................................................................................................. 9 

3. Stressor Source and Distribution ...............................................................................................12 

3.1. Mechanism of Action......................................................................................................... 12 

3.2. Overview of Pesticide Usage............................................................................................. 12

3.2.1. Agricultural Uses ........................................................................................................ 13 

3.2.2. Direct Water Applications .......................................................................................... 14 

3.2.3. Urban Uses.................................................................................................................. 14 

3.2.4. Antimicrobial Uses ..................................................................................................... 15 

3.3. Environmental Fate and Transport..................................................................................... 15 

4. Receptors ...................................................................................................................................17 

4.1. Effects to Aquatic Organisms ............................................................................................ 20

4.2. Effects to Terrestrial Organisms ........................................................................................ 22

4.3. Incident Database Review.................................................................................................. 23 

4.4. Ecosystems Potentially at Risk .......................................................................................... 24

5. Assessment Endpoints ...............................................................................................................25 

6. Conceptual Model......................................................................................................................25 

6.1. Risk Hypotheses................................................................................................................. 26 

6.2. Conceptual Diagram .......................................................................................................... 26 

7. Analysis Plan .............................................................................................................................28 

7.1. Stressors of Concern .......................................................................................................... 29 

7.2. Measures of Exposure........................................................................................................ 29 

7.3. Measures of Effect ............................................................................................................. 31 

7.4. Integration of Exposure and Effects .................................................................................. 32 

7.5. Integration of Multiple Uses of Copper............................................................................. 32 

7.6. Deterministic and Probabilistic Assessment Methods....................................................... 33 

7.7. Endangered Species Assessments...................................................................................... 33 

7.8. Drinking Water Assessment .............................................................................................. 33 

7.9. Preliminary Identification of Data Gaps............................................................................ 34 

7.9.1. Fate.............................................................................................................................. 34 

7.9.2. Effects ......................................................................................................................... 35 

8. References..................................................................................................................................38 

Appendix A. Copper Fate Studies and Application Information...................................................95 

Appendix B. Data Call-In Tables.................................................................................................101 
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1. Purpose 

The purpose of this problem formulation is to provide an understanding of what is known about 

the environmental fate and ecological effects of the registered uses of copper-containing 

compounds. Unlike most pesticides evaluated by the Office of Pesticides Programs (OPP), the 

active ingredient proposed for registration review is elemental copper rather than an organic 

moiety. Although it exists in a variety of organic and inorganic complexes, it is most toxic as the 

cupric ion (Cu2+). 

A total of 19 active registrations have been identified for copper compounds and will be 

addressed in this problem formulation. These copper-containing compounds include copper 

sulfate, group II copper compounds, copper oxides, copper salts, and other copper compounds. 

PC codes, chemical formulae, molecular weight, and percent copper in the above compounds are 

listed in Table 1. 
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Table 1. Copper Compounds Addressed in the Problem Formulation for the 

Reregistration Review of Copper Pesticides 

* Approximate formula (and therefore, molecular weight) may vary slightly depending on manufacturing processes. 

** Percent copper calculated based on formula and molecular weight used in this table.

This document will provide a plan for analyzing data on copper containing compounds in Table 

1, referred to as copper hereafter, and for conducting the relevant environmental fate, ecological 

risk, and endangered species assessments for the registered copper pesticide uses. Additionally, 

this problem formulation is intended to identify data gaps, uncertainties, and potential 

assumptions used to address those uncertainties relative to characterizing the ecological risk 

associated with the registered uses of copper. 

Copper 

Compound Common Name Other Names Formula* 

Molecular 

Weight* 

Percent 

Cu** PC Code 

Copper sulfate 

pentahydrate copper sulfate CuSO45H2O 249.65 25.4 024401 

Copper sulfate 

Basic copper sulfate copper sulfate, 

tribasic 3Cu(OH)2CuSO4 468.29 54.2 008101 

Copper hydroxide None Cu(OH)2 81.56 77.9 023401 

Copper carbonate 

copper 

carbonate, 

basic 

Cu(OH)2CuCO3 221.12 57.5 022901 

Copper ammonium 

complex 

copper 

tetraamine Cu(NH3)4

2+ 131.58 48.3 022702 

Copper oxychloride Basic cupric 

chloride Cu2Cl(OH)3 213.57 59.5 023501 

Copper oxychloride 

sulfate None 3Cu(OH)2CuCl2 + 3Cu(OH)2CuSO4

879.43 57.8 023503 

copper chloride 

copper 

chloride, basic; 

copper 

oxychloride 

3 Cu(OH)2CuCl2 427.133 59.5 008001 

Group II 

copper 

compounds 

copper ammonium 

carbonate None CuNH3(HCO3)2 190.54 33.3 022703 

Cuprous oxide Copper (I) 

oxide Cu2O 143.08 88.8 025601 

Cupric oxide Copper (II) 

oxide CuO 79.545 79.83 042401 Copper oxides 

copper metallic None Cu 63.5 100 022501 

Copper salts of fatty and 

rosin acids Cu soap Mixture of compounds NA NA 023104 

Copper ethylenediamine Cu-EDA C2H8N2Cu 123.54 51.43 024407 

Copper triethanolamine 

complex Cu-TEA C6H15O3NCu2+ 212.54 29.89 024403 

copper (EDTA) 

ethylenediaminetetacetate None C10H16N2O8Cu 355.74 17.85 039105 

Copper salts 

copper ethanolamine 

complex None C2H7ONCu+2 124.54 51.01 024409 

Other copper Copper octanoate Cu soap C8H16O2Cu 207.54 30.61 023306 

compounds Copper as metallic None Cu 63.5 100 024405 
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1.1. Background Information on Copper 

Copper is a metallic element that lies between the Group IIA and the Group IIB elements in the 

periodic table. Being an element, it will not break down further and continues to cycle in the 

environment after it is released. With an atomic number of 29 and atomic weight of 63.5, copper 

naturally occurs as two stable isotopes (63Cu and 65Cu) along with numerous unstable 

radioisotopes. 

Copper is an essential element for living systems, and is a key atom in the oxygen carrying 

protein, hemocyanin, for some invertebrates. Various forms of copper occur naturally in the 

environment. It is used in a wide variety of industrial and consumer applications, in addition to 

being used as a pesticide for over 100 years, thus in most areas where a copper containing 

pesticide is applied, it must be assumed that there is an existing background concentration that 

must be considered. The average concentration of copper in the earth crust typically ranges from 

55 mg/Kg to 70 mg/Kg. Total copper content of soils of the United States commonly ranges 

from 1 mg/Kg to 40 mg/Kg and averages about 9 mg/Kg (Tisdale et al, 1985). 

The first recorded agricultural use of copper was in 1761, when it was discovered that seed 

grains soaked in a weak solution of copper sulfate inhibited seed-borne fungi. By 1807 the 

steeping of cereal seeds in a copper sulfate solution for a limited time and then drying them with 

hydrated lime became the standard farming practice for controlling stinking smut or bunt of 

wheat. The greatest breakthrough for copper came in the 1880's when the French scientist 

Millardet, while looking for a cure for downy mildew disease of vines in the Bordeaux district of 

France, noticed that the vines, bordering the highways and which had been daubed with a paste 

of copper sulfate and lime in water in order to make the grapes unattractive to passers-by, 

appeared free of downy mildew. This chance observation led to the development of Bordeaux 

mixture (a mixture of copper sulfate and lime) in 1885. 

Marketed under the trade names Kocide, CuproFix, Basicop, K-Tea, Cutrine Ultra, and Triangle, 

copper is a broad-spectrum fungicide, bactericide, herbicide, algaecide, and molluscicide for use 

in a variety of agricultural, aquatic, urban, and antimicrobial uses. Agricultural uses include 

applications in crops such as fruits, nuts, vegetables, ornamentals, and vines. The aquatic uses of 

copper pesticides are in the control of weeds, algae, leeches, mollusks (snails), and tadpole 

shrimp. Urban uses include applications in lawns and as a root killer in sewage and irrigation 

systems. Antimicrobial uses include wood preservative, antifoulant paints, water treatment, and 

material preservative. 

Copper pesticides are typically formulated as dust, liquid concentrate, dry flowable, wettable 

powder (including water-soluble packets), granule, water-dispersible granule, powder, ready-touse liquid, aerosol, and solid. These formulations use various forms of copper, which ultimately 

dissociate into the cupric ion, the active component of concern. 

Single application rates for copper are 0.5 to 8 lb Cu2+/acre for agricultural uses, 0.5 lb Cu2+ for 

sewer treatment uses, and 0.4 – 2.5 ppm for aquatic uses. Maximum annual application rates are 

1.1 – 75 lb Cu2+/acre for agricultural uses and 2.0 lb Cu2+ for sewer treatment uses. For multiple 

agricultural applications, treatment interval varies between 3 and 14 days, depending on the crop. 

Applications to sewage systems should be made at 6 month intervals. Antifoulant uses typically 
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require 2-3 coats of antifoulant paint applied on boat surfaces for coverage of 300-400 square 

feet per gallon with a maximum application rate of 6 mils (0.16 mm of thickness) per dry coat 

and two coats. Wood protection typically requires 1-2 coats for 200 ft 2 of coverage with a 

maximum application rate of 10.53 gallons per 1000 gallons of end use solution. 

Application methods for agricultural uses of copper include aerial, airblast, ground boom, rightsof-way equipment, mechanical duster, low- and high-pressure handwand sprayer, handgun 

sprayer, push-type spreader, dips, drip system, hose-end sprayer, and automatic-metering system 

for agricultural crops. Application methods for direct aquatic applications of copper include 

broadcast dry, broadcast spray, dragging, injection (flowing water), slug or dump, or spot spray. 

Application methods for antimicrobial uses of copper include pressure treatment of wood, brush/ 

spray applications to boat hulls as an antifoulant, and brush/spray treatment to millwork/lumber 

as an antisapstain. Other methods of copper application include brush, wrap/bandage, injection to 

in-service utility poles and other ground-contact poles/timbers. 

Copper applications are recommended during virtually all stages of crop/fruit development 

including dormant applications, petal fall, bud break, early bloom, post bloom, early spring, early 

summer, late summer, early fall, late fall, and after harvest. Treatment timings for direct aquatic 

uses vary, depending on the proliferation of the target pest. 

For many labels, as currently written, there are no limitations on the number of applications to 

agricultural crops. Frequency of application is variable, but some intervals are as short as 5 days, 

or on an “as needed” basis. For aquatic applications, the average number of annual applications 

to a given water body range between two and four, with none of these applications being made to 

more than 25 - 33% of given water body at any one time. Generally, aquatic applications are 

made at an interval of approximately two weeks. 

2. Problem Formulation 

2.1. Nature of Regulatory Action 

Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), all pesticides distributed 

or sold in the United States generally must be registered by EPA. In determining whether a 

pesticide can be registered in the U.S., EPA evaluates its safety to non-target species based on a 

wide range of environmental and health effects studies. In 1996, FIFRA was amended by the 

Food Quality Protection Act, and EPA was mandated to implement a new program for the 

periodic review of pesticides, i.e., Registration Review (http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/ 

registration_review/). The Registration Review program is intended to ensure that, as the ability 

to assess risk evolves and as policies and practices change, all registered pesticides continue to 

meet the statutory standard of no unreasonable adverse effects to human health and the 

environment. Changes in science, public policy, and pesticide use practices will occur over time. 

Through the new Registration Review program, the Agency periodically reevaluates pesticides to 

make sure that as change occurs, products in the marketplace can be used safely. 

As part of the implementation of the new Registration Review program pursuant to Section 3(g) 

of FIFRA, the Agency is beginning its evaluation of copper-containing compounds to determine 

whether they continue to meet the FIFRA standard for registration. This problem formulation for 

the environmental fate, ecological risk, and endangered species assessment chapter in support of 
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the Registration Review is intended for the initial docket opening public phase of the review 

process. 

2.2. Previous Risk Assessments 

The first registration for a copper-containing pesticide was issued in 1956. Currently, 19 copper 

compounds have active food use registrations subject to tolerance reassessment and registration 

review. Of these, 12 products are registered for agricultural uses, and 7 for antimicrobial uses. 

Copper compounds registered for agricultural and antimicrobial uses along with their PC codes 

and number of active registrations are provided in Table 2. Fifteen previously registered copper 

compounds, copper sulphate monohydrate (PC code: 024402), copper sulphate anhydrous (PC 

code: 024408), chelates of copper – copper gluconate (PC code: 023305), copper chloride 

dihydrate (PC code: 023701), copper nitrate (PC code: 076102), copper oxalate (PC code: 

023305), chelates of copper citrate (PC code: 044005), copper 2-ethyhexanoate (PC code: 

041201), copper etidronic acid complex (PC code: 024404), copper dehydroabietyl ammonium 

2-ethylhexanoate (PC code: 041202), copper linoleate (PC code: 023303), copper oleate (PC 

code: 023304), copper salts of the acids of tall oil (PC code: 023103), copper as metallic from 

cuprous and cupric oxide (PC 042403) and cupric ferric subsulfate complex (PC code: 042402) 

were voluntarily cancelled by the registrants. Therefore, these products will not be evaluated as 

part of this Registration Review for copper. 

Table 2. Registered Copper Products for Agricultural and Antimicrobial Uses 

Copper Compound Chemical Name PC code 

Number of Active End Use 

Products 

Agricultural Uses

Basic copper sulfate 008101 24 Copper Sulfate Copper sulfate pentahydrate 024401 79 

Basic copper carbonate 022901 17 

Copper hydroxide 023401 74 

Copper oxychloride 023501 16 

Copper oxychloride sulfate 023503 4 

Group II Copper 

Compounds 

Copper ammonia complex 022702 4 

Copper salts of fatty acid and rosin 023104 1 

Copper Salts Copper ethylenediamine 024407 4 

Copper triethanolamine complex 024403 2 

Other Copper 

Compounds Copper octanoate 023306 2 

Antimicrobial Uses 

Cuprous oxide 025601 201 Copper Oxides Cupric oxide 042401 18

Group II Copper copper chloride 008001 1 

Compounds copper ammonium carbonate 022703 3 

copper (EDTA) 

ethylenediaminetetacetate 039105 3 Copper Salts

copper ethanolamine complex 024409 18 

Both Agricultural and Antimicrobial Uses 

Other Copper 

Compounds Metallic copper 024405 2 

Copper Oxides Metallic copper 022501 38 
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EPA issued Registration Standards for copper sulfate in March 1986, Guidance for the 

Reregistration of Pesticide Products Containing Copper Sulfate as the Active Ingredient, and for 

the Group II copper compounds, Guidance for the Reregistration of Pesticide Products 

Containing Group II Copper Compounds as the Active Ingredient in April 1987. As a result, 

Generic Data Call-In (GDCI) notices were issued in 1987 to the registrants for various copper 

compounds to submit data in support of reregistration. 

These comprehensive DCIs required various ecological fate and effects studies. Additional DCIs 

were issued in 1993, which required various product chemistry studies, avian toxicity studies and 

residue studies. These DCIs were issued so that data required by 40 CFR Part 158 would be 

available to EPA before reregistration occurred. 

In support of reregistration, as required by FIFRA and FFDCA, and amended by FQPA, the 

Agency completed the coppers Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), signed in July 2006. 

The RED and its supporting documents were published for public comment in August 2006. The 

revised RED, which addressed the public comments, is available online (USEPA 2009c). 

Numerous risk assessments were conducted on copper predating the 2006 RED. However, only 

findings from the risk assessment of the 2006 Copper RED are presented here in view of the 

comprehensive nature of the RED assessment. The screening-level ecological risk assessment for 

the RED evaluated aquatic and terrestrial effects expected at various application rates ranging 

from and 0.53 – 31.76 lb Cu/A resulting in estimated environmental concentrations of 0.53 – 

1997 μg/L, respectively. The risk assessment on aquatic organisms considered a wide range of 

water chemistries, as represented by 811 water samples collected by the United States Geological 

Survey nationwide. Risk to freshwater animals was presented as a percentage of the 811 

resulting RQs which exceeded either acute or chronic levels of concern. Since the Biotic Ligand 

Model (BLM) used to perform this analysis cannot currently be used for aquatic plants or 

estuarine/marine animals, risk to these taxa were assessed using the estimated total copper 

concentration rather than the estimated Cu2+ concentration. 

Findings from the RED suggested that at the highest copper application rate of 31.76 lb Cu/A, 

>98% of the sites exceeded the acute and chronic risk levels of concern (LOCs) for aquatic 

invertebrates, 80% exceeded the acute risk LOC for fish, and 68% exceeded the chronic risk 

LOC for fish based on BLM analysis. Analysis of the various scenarios showed that in order to 

prevent aquatic invertebrate LOC exceedances at 95% of the sites assessed, aquatic copper 

concentrations should be 3.4 ppb or less. However, at this concentration, 41% of the sites 

exceeded the endangered species acute risk LOCs for invertebrates, and 2% of the sites exceeded 

the endangered species acute risk LOCs for fish. Although a number of site-specific factors 

influence runoff concentrations, 3.4 ppb of dissolved Cu correlates to application rates of 

approximately 1.5 lb Cu/A. 

The copper RED concluded that RQs for all sizes and food classes of birds exceeded the acute 

risk, chronic risk, and endangered species acute risk LOCs at the highest use rate (in orchard 

crops). RQs based on limited toxicity data for terrestrial plants did not exceed the acute LOC 

from exposure through spray drift. At sites where copper is continuously applied, it will 

accumulate in the soil, although the degree of bioavailability is uncertain, and will vary with site 

conditions. Concentrations of 60-100 ppm Cu are potentially harmful to soil invertebrates, 
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terrestrial plants, and soil microorganisms. Based on modeling, potentially harmful 

concentrations may be reached within 2-20 years, dependent on site conditions, application rates, 

and frequency of application. 

In response to the RED, a total of 46 comments were received, which included remarks from 

various growers that use copper products, university extension services, registrants, and publiclyowned treatment works facilities. Comments received included information on application rates, 

copper use in aquatic areas and water treatment facilities, and human health exposures. 

An amendment to the copper RED was published in May 2009 which incorporated the public 

comments based on the RED. The revised RED document reflects the current status of the Office 

of Pesticide Programs initiatives, namely, the Endangered Species Program and the updated list 

of copper compounds’ technical registrants. 

Based on the revised application rates in response to comments received on the copper RED 

(maximum rate of 7.5 lb Cu/A), the percentage of freshwater animal RQs exceeding acute and 

chronic LOCs and the magnitude of RQs for other aquatic organisms are significantly reduced 

from those derived for maximum application rates (31.76 lb Cu/A) on current copper pesticide 

labels. Advisory language was required describing conditions which might result in lower spray 

drift of copper to nearby water bodies. Mitigation measures which will reduce the maximum 

application rates for crop uses of copper down to levels similar to the typical rates evaluated 

resulted in significantly reduced acute and chronic RQs, but these RQs still exceed acute and 

chronic LOCs for most food items and weight classes of terrestrial animals considered. 

The Agency has conducted screening level assessment for the following antimicrobial copper use 

scenarios which was issued on May 19, 2010, as an addendum to the 2009 revised Coppers RED: 

preserved wood in a housing community (wood decks, wood fences, etc.), roofing shingles in a 

housing community and antifoulant paints in a commercial marina (applied to ships and other 

water recreational vehicles). The Agency has limited environmental exposure data for the 

antimicrobial uses of copper (such as leaching data). Given this lack of data, the Agency made 

conservative assumptions when estimating exposure. The BLM model conservatively assumed 

that there were four houses per acre and each of these homes had copper treated shingles, copper 

treated wood decks and copper treated wood fences. In addition, in the absence of leaching and 

other environmental fate data, it was assumed that 100% of copper leached from the treated 

roofs, wood decks and fences into water bodies. The Agency believes that the assumptions and 

described scenarios do not reflect real-life conditions in which antimicrobial products are used 

and, thus, the results from the BLM model may over-estimate the potential levels of copper in 

the environment and risk quotients for non-target species. 

The MAM-PEC Model (version 2) was used to develop estimated environmental concentrations 

(EECs) for the use of copper as an antifoulant. Conservative assumptions were also used to 

assess the use of copper as an antifoulant as a result of limited data. For this screening level 

exposure assessment the use of copper as an antifoulant in commercial marinas was assessed. 

The commercial harbor scenario used for this screening level exposure assessment relied on the 

conservative assumptions that: (1) all ships were treated with copper and (2) copper would leach 

at the highest possible rate. The Agency also notes that the number of ships in the harbor may be 
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lower than what was used in the assessment scenario according to the season and that water 

temperature and salinity may vary according to the environmental conditions, which could affect 

the copper concentration in water. Considering these conservative assumptions, it is believed that 

the results from the MAMPEC model may overestimate the potential levels of copper in the 

environment. 

3. Stressor Source and Distribution 

3.1. Mechanism of Action 

Copper is predominantly used as an algaecide, fungicide, and molluscicide. However, the 

specific mode of action depends on the target species. Despite universal toxicity at high 

concentrations, copper (Cu2+ ion) at lower concentrations is an essential trace nutrient to all 

higher plant and animal life. In animals, including humans, it is found widely in tissues, with 

relatively higher concentrations in liver, muscle, and bone. It functions as a cofactor in various 

enzymes and in copper-based pigments. 

In fish, copper can cause gill damage, and can interfere with osmoregulatory processes. It has 

been associated with effects on ATP-synthesizing pathways, and can interfere with energy 

metabolism. In algae, it causes increased permeability of the cell membrane and leakage of the 

cell contents. In mollusks, it disrupts peroxidase enzymes, and affects the functioning of the 

surface epithelia. In mammals, excess copper causes alterations in biomolecules and lipid 

peroxidation. Few avian wildlife studies are available, but domestic chicks showed damage to 

the gizzard lining, and domestic ducklings and turkeys accumulated copper in their livers. 

Copper has not been associated with carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects except at 

high concentrations. 

In fungi, copper oxide permeates cellular membranes, and then inserts copper at metal-binding 

sites on proteins and enzymes or other cellular constituents where other metals normally 

function. Alternatively, the copper oxide can compete with coenzymes for metal-binding sites on 

enzymes. In both cases, the fungicide effectively blocks the normal metabolic processes of living 

cells and either inhibits growth or kills the fungus. 

3.2. Overview of Pesticide Usage 

For the purpose of problem conceptualization, as was done with the 2006 RED, copper 

applications will be grouped into four categories for Registration Review: agricultural uses, 

direct water applications, urban uses, and antimicrobial uses. 

Copper labels are currently being rewritten to address problems identified in the RED concerning 

label application rates, reapplication intervals, and number of applications. Problems identified in 

the RED included no limitations on the number of applications, and frequency of application as 

short as 5 days or unspecified (on an “as needed” basis). Application rates used in the RED 

assessment were based on the label analysis and state average rates determined by BEAD, and 

input from the user community. A more detailed analysis by BEAD during the RED public 

comment period showed the majority of users applied copper products at rates below those 
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recommended on the labels current at that time, but that for many of the high-use crops, 

applications were frequent. 

Appendix Table A-2 provides the maximum per application rate, maximum annual application 

rate, and minimum re-treatment interval that will be allowed on labels as they are rewritten. It is 

anticipated all labels will be consistent with the limits described in Appendix Table A-2 before 

the Registration Review assessment is performed. Regardless, the Registration Review analysis 

will use the maximum per application rate, maximum annual application rate, and minimum retreatment interval that are allowed on copper labels at the time of that assessment. 

3.2.1. Agricultural Uses 

Several copper compounds, including copper sulfate and copper hydroxide, are used as 

fungicides and bactericides on a variety of row crops and orchards. The registered agricultural 

uses for copper, grouped into various crop categories, include the following: 

o Tree fruit – pome fruit (apple, loquat, pear, quince), atemoya, sugar apple (annona), 

avocado, banana, carambola, cherimoya (custard apple), citrus (citron, grapefruit, 

kumquat, lemon, orange, pummelo, tangelo, tangerine, and lime), guava, mamey sapote, 

mango, olive, papaya, persimmon, and stone fruit (apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach, 

plum, and prune); 

o Tree nuts – almond, betel nut (Guam), cacao, chestnut, coffee, filbert, litchi, macadamia, 

nutmeg, pecan, pistachio, and walnut; 

o Field crops – alfalfa, cereal grains (barley, millet, oat, rye, sorghum, and wheat), clover, 

corn (field corn, popcorn, and sweet corn), peanut, potato, soybean, sugar beet, 

sugarcane, and tobacco; 

o Small fruits – brambles (aurora, blackberry, boysen, cascasde, chehalem, dewberry, 

logan, marion, raspberry, santiam, and thornless evergreen), blueberry, cranberry, 

currant, gooseberry (ribes), and strawberry; 

o Vegetables – artichoke, asparagus, bean (dry and green), beet (table beet and beet 

greens), carrot, celery, celeriac, chard, crucifers (broccoli, brussel sprout, cabbage, 

cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, collard greens, kale, kohlrabi, mustard greens, and turnip 

greens) cucurbits (cantaloupe, casaba, chayote, citron melon, cucumber, gourd, 

honeydew, muskmelon, pumpkin, squash (summer and winter), watermelon, and 

waxgourd), eggplant, garlic, leek, lettuce (endive and escarole), okra, onion, pea, pepper 

(bell and chili), radish, rhubarb, rutabaga, shallot, spinach, tomato (processing and fresh 

market), turnip, and watercress; 

o Vines – grape, hops, kiwi, and passion fruit; 

o Miscellaneous – chicory, chives, cinnamon, coriander, dill, ginseng, mint, parsley, 

rosemary, and turfgrass; and 

o Ornamentals – Easter lilies and other ornamentals. 

According to the United States Geological Survey’s (USGS) national pesticide usage data, about 

106 million pounds of copper was used as fungicide in 2002 (Figure 1). Of this, about 25% was 

used in rice. Citrus and walnut represented the second (23%) and third (10%) major uses for 

copper fungicides, respectively. The rest of the major uses were in grape, tomato, peach, almond, 

apple, cherry, and potato. 
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Figure 1. Copper usage data for agricultural uses. 

(Source: http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/show_map.php?year=02&map=m5011, 

accessed on May 25, 2010) 

3.2.2. Direct Water Applications 

Copper is also used in direct applications to water to control algae, cyanobacteria, aquatic weeds 

(Elodea spp., hydrilla, Potamogeton spp., irrigation canal weed, and annual naiads), schistosomeinfected freshwater snail control, algae control in aquaculture when fish are present, tadpole 

shrimp in rice fields, and leech control. 

3.2.3. Urban Uses 

Copper-containing compounds have a number of pesticidal uses in urban settings, including 

wood treatments, lawn treatments (as a fungicide), use in pools and fountains, root killers for 

sanitary sewers and irrigation pipes, and anti-fouling paints. Lawn uses will be considered with 

agricultural uses (as turf). Use of copper as root killer will be considered separately under urban 

uses. Wood treatment and antifoulant paint uses of copper will be dealt in the Antimicrobial Uses 

section detailed below. 

Typically, copper sulfate pentahydrate crystals are used for root-killers in sewage systems. 

Application directions recommend flushing 2 pounds of product (25.4% copper, approximately 

0.51 lbs elemental copper) down the toilet every 6 months to control tree root growth. This 

treatment is not recommended for septic systems. In some localities, sales of these products have 

been banned, as their use was found to contribute significantly to overall loading of copper in 
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some watersheds. Water contaminated with copper from use of these products is expected to be 

processed through water treatment facilities prior to release to receiving waters. 

Copper is used in irrigation systems to prevent plant root growth inside the drip tubes. The 

uptake of the excess copper ions by the plant root tips leads to the inhibition of cell elongation. 

Resulting impacts include blunting of root tips and stunting of the growth of the roots near the 

emitter without impacting the overall health of the plant as copper in the root tips is not 

translocated to the rest of the plant. 

3.2.4. Antimicrobial Uses 

Copper oxides are used as fungicide/fungistat, bacteriocide/bacteriostat, microbicide/ 

microbistat, insecticide, miticide, termiticide, algaecide, slimicide, herbicide aquatic, herbicide 

terrestrial, molluscicide and tadpole shrimp, repellent or feeding depressant, antifoulant, and 

disinfectants. The registered antimicrobial uses for copper oxides are grouped into various use 

categories. Wood preservatives are applied by pressure to wood to prevent the wood decay. The 

pressure treated wood is used for different purposes including wood Surfaces (public, 

commercial and residential buildings conveyances), wood surfaces (fences), landscape ties, fence 

boards, posts, building poles, decks, docks, walkways, and wood boats, wood structures, wood 

farm structures, lumber, timbers, wood fence posts, wood poles/posts, wood supports, wood piles 

(terrestrial), wood products, wood shingles, wood structural parts, plywood, wood protection 

treatment to wooden aquatic structures and wood marine structures, wood pilings, wood 

protection treatment to forest products by pressure, 

Antifouling Coatings are used to protect boat hulls (fiberglass), boat hulls (aluminum), boat/ship 

hulls/bottoms (painted/primed) and boat/ship hulls/Bottoms (primed metal), underwater hull 

surfaces, buoys, barges boat docks, marine structures and equipment (wood). The above major 

uses of Cu will be assessed in this risk assessment. There are other uses of Cu as antimicrobials 

which will not be addressed in the risk assessment because of their sporadic use. These include: 

Residential and public access premises, medical equipment and premises, swimming pools, 

human water systems, materials preservatives, agricultural Premises and Equipment, and aquatic 

areas 

3.3. Environmental Fate and Transport 

Best-available data defining the physical, chemical, fate, and transport characteristics associated 

with copper are summarized in Appendix Table A-1. Subdivision N guideline studies submitted 

to the Agency are inappropriate to assess the environmental fate of inorganic copper compounds 

because copper will not degrade in the environment. Copper applied as a pesticide is 

indistinguishable from naturally-occurring copper in the environment. However, Subdivision N 

guideline studies are appropriate for organic Cu complexes because the organic portion of the 

compound may degrade through abiotic and biotic processes. Because Cu is a common 

constituent of the inorganic and organic complexes of Cu and is the active ingredient, 

environmental fate assessments of copper compounds will be combined into a single fate 

assessment. There are sufficient environmental fate data to use a chemical equilibrium approach 

for assessing the environmental fate of Cu2+. Uncertainties in the assessment are associated with 
16 of 106

chemical kinetics (i.e., the rate) of mineral precipitation-dissolution, oxidation-reduction, and 

complexation. This assessment will address antimicrobial, agricultural, urban, and aquatic uses 

of copper compounds listed in Appendix Table A-2. 

Cu(II) salts, hydroxides, and oxides will dissociate to form Cu2+ and a counter anion. The extent 

of dissociation is controlled by the solubility of the compound. The chemistry of copper in 

aqueous systems is complex and it involves more than one oxidation state of copper, as well as 

the formation of mineral phases, neutral species, and complexes. Figure 2 provides an overview 

of the chemistry of copper in aqueous systems. In this overview, it is assumed that metallic 

copper is the reacting chemical species. 

Metallic (Cu0

) can oxidize to form Cu(I) and Cu(II) species in solution or as solid phases. The 

oxidation of Cu(0) to Cu(I) or Cu (II) depends on the redox conditions1 of the medium. The form 

in which Cu(I) or Cu(II) species is found depends on the pH of the medium and the nature and 

concentration of other chemical species that can form Cu-containing species. For example, 

inorganic Cu (II) species that could form Cu(II) salts, oxides and hydroxides that may be found 

as soluble or insoluble species. Cu(I) species may include some oxides and hydroxides. In 

addition, Cu(I) or Cu(II) may form complexes with a variety of naturally occurring ligands. 

However, the concentration of “free copper” is controlled by the pH of the medium. When used 

as pesticides, (free Cu(II) ion) is released via dissolution of Cu(II) salts, oxides/hydroxides 

and/or by the breakdown of organic complexes and/or degradation of the organic moiety. 

Copper is known to bioaccumulate, especially in aquatic invertebrates like mollusks. 

BioConcentration Factors (BCFs) may vary greatly, dependent on the concentration of copper in 

the water, with higher BCFs occurring at lower concentrations. The importance of copper 

bioaccumulation in aquatic food chains is not well established. Because copper is an important 

trace nutrient, some organisms may have mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. Additionally, 

these mechanisms may be better developed in organisms chronically exposed to elevated levels 

of copper than in the naive organisms typically used in laboratory experiments. Therefore, 

bioaccumulation data would be difficult to interpret and will not be quantitatively evaluated in 

this assessment. 

 

1

Redox potential is the tendency of the environment to deplete molecular oxygen from the system to form oxygen 

containing compounds. Redox can be measured as an electrical potential in millivolts (mV). It also controls the 

chemical forms of other compounds in the environment. 
17 of 106

Figure 2. Environmental bridging strategy for copper (Cu) minerals and complexes. 

4. Receptors 

Consistent with the process described in the Overview Document (USEPA 2004), the risk 

assessment for copper relies on a surrogate species approach. Toxicological data generated from 

surrogate test species, which are intended to be representative of broad taxonomic groups, will be 

used to extrapolate to potential effects on a variety of species (receptors) included under these 

taxonomic groupings. 

Acute and chronic toxicity data from studies submitted by pesticide registrants along with the 

available open literature will be used to evaluate the potential direct and indirect effects of 

copper to aquatic and terrestrial receptors. This includes toxicity on the technical grade active 

ingredient and formulated products (e.g., “Six-Pack” studies). The open literature studies will be 

identified through EPA’s ECOTOXicology (ECOTOX) database (USEPA 2009a), which 

employs a literature search engine for locating chemical toxicity data for aquatic life, terrestrial 

plants, and wildlife. The evaluation of both sources of data may also provide insight into the 

direct and indirect effects of copper on biotic communities from loss of species that are sensitive 

to the chemical and from changes in structure and functional characteristics of the affected 

communities. 

Guideline studies submitted in support of copper registration are presented in the References 

section. The ECOTOX database will be searched when the risk assessment for copper is 

Prepared. At that time, endpoints more sensitive than those identified in the 2006 RED will be 

reviewed from the open literature studies. 

Organic Cu 

Complexes 

Cu (II) 

Minerals 

Inorganic Cu 

Complexes 

Cu (I) 

Minerals 

Natural 

Cu0 

Cu+ 

Cu2+ 
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Copper is regulated under the Federal Insecticide Fungicide Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), Clean 

Water Act (CWA), and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and 

Liability Act (CERCLA). At the time of the 2006 copper RED, water, sediment, and soil criteria 

had been updated by EPA’s Office of Water (OW) and Office of Solid Waste and Emergency 

Response (OSWER), based primarily on extensive review and analysis of open literature. To 

remain consistent with other EPA programs, as was done with the 2006 RED, OPP will be 

incorporating new ecological effects evaluation methods developed by OW and OSWER, where 

appropriate, and in accordance with EFED policies for this assessment also. 

The Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) has coordinated closely with the Office of Water in the 

development of the ecological risk assessment in support of the reregistration of copper 

compounds. Both programs have used the BLM to incorporate copper speciation effects. The 

two programs have different procedures to determine risk to non-target organisms. OW uses a 

community-based approach, and sets the value to be protective of 95% of the organisms in the 

species sensitivity distribution. OPP determines risk quotients (based on which benchmark 

values are derived) based on estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) and the most 

sensitive species within a particular taxa group (i.e., fish, aquatic invertebrates, aquatic plants, 

etc). Overall, the process of the evaluations is different for OPP and OW, but the end results are 

consistent. 

Table 3 provides a summary of the taxonomic groups and the surrogate species tested to 

characterize the potential acute and chronic ecological effects of copper. Table 3 also provides a 

preliminary overview of the potential acute toxicity of copper by providing the acute toxicity 

classifications. 

Table 3. Test Species Evaluated for Assessing Potential Ecological Effects of Copper and 

the Associated Acute Toxicity Classification

Taxonomic 

Group Surrogate Species Acute and Chronic Toxicity Endpoints 

Citation 

MRID/Source 

Acute Toxicity 

Classification 

Bobwhite quail 

(Colinus virginianus) 

Acute oral LD50 = 98 mg Cu/kgbw 00067456 Moderately toxic

Bobwhite quail Sub-acute 8-day LC50 = 991mg 

Cu/kg diet 00811103 Moderately toxic Birds1

Bobwhite quail 

Chronic avian reproduction 

NOAEL = 58 mg Cu/kg bw 

 (based on eggshell thickness) 

43338001 -- 

Laboratory rat (Rattus 

norvegicus) 

Acute oral LD50 = 114 mg Cu/kgbw 43396201 Moderately toxic

Mammals 

Mink 

(Mustela vison) 

Chronic reproduction study 

NOAEL = 11.7 mg Cu/kg bw or 

85.5 mg Cu/kg diet; LOAEL = 

15.1 mg Cu/kg bw or 110.5 mg 

Cu/kg diet 

(based on reduced survivorship of 

kits) 

Sample et al., 

1996 -- 

Insects Honey bee 

(Apis mellifera L.) 

Acute contact 48-hr LD50 = >100 

μg Cu/bee 40764702 Practically nontoxic 
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Taxonomic 

Group Surrogate Species Acute and Chronic Toxicity Endpoints 

Citation 

MRID/Source 

Acute Toxicity 

Classification 

Terrestrial plants 

Corn (Zea mays) 

Kidney bean 

(Phaseolus vulgaris) 

Monocot NOAEC = 6.8 lb Cu/acre

Dicot NOAEC = 36.7 lb Cu/acre 

(No EC25 available for terrestrial 

plants) 

E# 44317 

E# 40559 - 

Salmonids 

(Oncorhyncus 

species) 

The Genus Mean Acute Value of 

salmonids (as derived in the 2007 

Revised Aquatic Life Copper 

Criteria by OW) for use in BLM 

model to determine site-specific 

copper toxicity values = 31.43

μg 

ai/L 

Office of Water’s 

Ambient Water 

Quality Criteria 

Document for 

Copper 

Very highly toxic

Freshwater fish2

NA 

An acute to chronic ratio of 3.22 

will be applied to the BLMderived site-specific acute toxicity 

values values (as was done in 2006 

RED as the minimum data 

requirements for chronic toxicity 

were not met to derive OW’s 

chronic criteria) 

Office of Water’s 

Ambient Water 

Quality Criteria 

Document for 

Copper 

-- 

Water flea 

(Daphnia magna) 

The Genus Mean Acute Value of 

daphnids (as used in the 2006 

RED) for use in BLM model to 

determine site-specific copper 

toxicity values = 4.14

μg ai/L 

Office of Water’s 

Ambient Water 

Quality Criteria 

Document for 

Copper 

Very highly toxic

Freshwater 

invertebrates 

NA 

An acute to chronic ratio of 3.22 

will be applied to the BLMderived site-specific acute toxicity 

values (as was done in 2006 RED 

as the minimum data requirements 

for chronic toxicity were not met 

to derive OW’s chronic criteria) 

Office of Water’s 

Ambient Water 

Quality Criteria 

Document for 

Copper 

-- 

Summer flounder 

(Paralichthys 

dentatus) 

The Genus Mean Acute Value of 

estuarine/marine fish (as used in 

the 2006 RED) for use in BLM 

model to determine site-specific 

copper toxicity values = 12.7 μg 

ai/L 

Office of Water’s 

Ambient Water 

Quality Criteria 

Document for 

Copper 

Very highly toxic

Estuarine/marine 

fish 

NA 

An acute to chronic ratio of 3.23 

will be applied to the BLMderived site-specific acute toxicity 

values (as was done in 2006 RED 

as the minimum data requirements 

for chronic toxicity were not met 

to derive OW’s chronic criteria) 

Office of Water’s 

Ambient Water 

Quality Criteria 

Document for 

Copper 

NA 

Estuarine/marine 

invertebrates 

Mussel 

(Mytilus species) 

Genus Mean Acute Value of 

estuarine/marine invertebrates (as 

used in the 2006 RED) for use in 

BLM model to determine sitespecific copper toxicity values = 

11.5 μg ai/L 

Office of Water’s 

Ambient Water 

Quality Criteria 

Document for 

Copper 

Very highly toxic
20 of 106

Taxonomic 

Group Surrogate Species Acute and Chronic Toxicity Endpoints 

Citation 

MRID/Source 

Acute Toxicity 

Classification 

NA 

An acute to chronic ratio of 3.23 

will be applied to the BLMderived site-specific acute toxicity 

values (as was done in 2006 RED 

as the minimum data requirements 

for chronic toxicity were not met 

to derive OW’s chronic criteria) 

Office of Water’s 

Ambient Water 

Quality Criteria 

Document for 

Copper 

NA 

Aquatic nonvascular plants 

Green alga 

(Pseudokirchneriella 

subcapitata) 

Acute 48-hr EC50/NOAEC = 

3.1/2.0 μg ai/L 43363603 - 

Aquatic vascular 

plants 

Duckweed 

(Lemna gibba) 

Acute 48-hr EC50/NOAEC = 

23005

/100 μg ai/L 43363604 

1

Birds represent surrogates for terrestrial-phase amphibians and reptiles. 

2

Freshwater fish serve as surrogates for aquatic-phase amphibians. 3

The 2006 copper RED used salmonid GMAV of 29.1μg ai/L. This number was revised by OW as 31.4 μg ai/L in 

the revised document released in 2007; Details on BLM model and BLM-adjusted toxicity endpoints were 

discussed in Section 7 in the Measures of Exposure and Effects sections. As of this time, the BLM is parameterized 

for only freshwater fathead minnow and daphnids. If the BLM is not parameterized for salmonids at the time of the 

assessment, acute LC50s of fathead minnow will be adjusted by the ratio of the salmonids GMAV to the fathead 

minnow GMAV (the adjustment factor was calculated to be 0.404 in the 2006 RED, the revised adjustment factor is 

0.45), similar to the approach used in the 2006 RED. 

4

The 2006 copper RED used daphnid GMAV of 3.6 μg ai/L. This number was revised by OW as 4.1 μg ai/L in the 

revised document released in 2007. 

5

The nonvascular plant endpoint of 3.1 μg ai/L was used in the copper RED to determine risk to vascular plants 

also. 

NA = Not applicable. 

For the analysis of risk to freshwater fish and invertebrates, OPP will use the Genus Mean Acute 

Values (GMAVs) for acute risk and acute-to-chronic ratios (for chronic risk) calculated by OW 

based on data from open literature studies, similar to that done in 2006 RED. Freshwater fish and 

invertebrate’s toxicity data will be further processed using the BLM model. Toxicity data 

(converted to GMAVs and acute-to-chronic ratios) compiled by OW on estuarine/marine fish 

and invertebrates will be used to determine risk to these taxa. Toxicity data from guideline 

studies submitted to OPP were used to evaluate risk to aquatic plants, birds (acute and chronic), 

and mammals (chronic) and open literature studies were used to determine toxicity to mammals 

(chronic) and terrestrial plants in the RED. The endpoints used in the RED will be used in this 

assessment also if these remain the most sensitive endpoints. 

A summary of the aquatic and terrestrial toxicity data is provided in Sections 4.1 and 4.2, 

respectively. In addition, a summary of ecological incidents associated with copper and a 

description of ecosystems potentially at risk are provided in Sections 4.3 and 4.4, respectively. 

4.1. Effects to Aquatic Organisms 

As part of the development of the Ambient Water Quality Criteria for copper, the Office of 

Water performed a comprehensive review of the publicly available open literature studies that 

evaluated effects of copper on aquatic organisms (USEPA 2007b). Data from approximately 350 

acute exposure studies were used to derive normalized LC50 values for freshwater organisms, 

including 15 species of invertebrates, 22 species of fish, and 1 amphibian species representing 27 

different genera. Acceptable freshwater chronic toxicity data from early life stage tests, partial 
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life-cycle tests, and full life-cycle tests were used from 29 tests including data for 6 invertebrate 

species and 10 fish species. Acceptable acute studies were identified for 34 species of 

invertebrates and 18 species of fish in estuarine/marine environment. One acceptable chronic 

study was located for estuarine/marine (sheepshead minnow) and estuarine/marine invertebrate 

(mysid shrimp). Studies used by OW meet the ECOTOX criteria used by OPP for evaluating 

open literature. 

Instead of generically using the most sensitive endpoint derived from laboratory toxicity tests, 

OPP elected to evaluate aquatic copper toxicity using the Biotic Ligand Model and water 

chemistry data from USGS monitoring sites. Copper toxicity in natural waters is largely a 

function of water chemistry. Copper is most toxic in waters of low ionic strength and/or low in 

dissolved organic carbon. The pH of the water also affects toxicity. The BLM, a combined 

speciation and toxicity model, allows calculation of toxicity values based on site specific water 

chemistry. The most recent water chemistry data collected by USGS will be input into the BLM 

to calculate adjusted LC50s for freshwater fish and invertebrates. The available data set will be 

censored to remove any sites with values above or below the parameter ranges allowed in the 

BLM. More details on BLM model are presented in Section 7. 

Based on the 2006 RED, Daphnia were the most sensitive genera of aquatic invertebrates for 

which data were available, and the most sensitive aquatic species overall. The Daphnia acute 

LC50 used in OPP’s aquatic assessment (2006 RED) is essentially the same Genus Mean Acute 

Value (GMAV) (3.6 ppb) used for the establishment of the Aquatic Life Criteria. The 2007 

revision on aquatic life ambient freshwater quality criteria for copper updated this number as 

4.01 ppb. This value will be input into the BLM model to derive site-specific toxicity values to 

estimate risk to aquatic invertebrates. 

The criteria document for copper suggest that salmonids (genus Onchorynchus; GMAV of 29.11 

μg/L) are the most sensitive fish species. Thus, the GMAV for salmonids was used to determine 

risk to freshwater fish in copper RED. Based on a 2007 update to the copper criteria document, 

the salmonid GMAV was revised to be 31.4 ppb. The updated GMAV for salmonids will be used 

in the BLM model for Registration review. At the time of RED, the BLM had not yet been 

implemented to calculate the LC50 for salmonids. Therefore, OPP elected to adjust the fathead 

minnow (for which BLM is parameterized) LC50s produced by the BLM by the ratio of the 

salmonid GMAV to the fathead minnow GMAV (29.11 μg/L:72.07 μg/L; adjustment factor 

0.404). A similar adjustment will also be made in this assessment using the revised GMAVs 

(31.4 μg/L:69.63 μg/L; adjustment factor 0.45). The estimated salmonid LC50s will be used to 

assess risk to amphibians also as boreal toad (Bufo boreas; GMAV = 47.49 ppb, updated value), 

the amphibian for which toxicity data is available, is less sensitive than the salmonid genus 

Onchorynchus. 

A total of 44 genera were represented in the species sensitivity distribution used by OW to 

establish the saltwater criteria. This distribution included 34 species of invertebrates and 18 

species of fish. The calculated GMAVs ranged from 11.5-6,448 ppb, and included some tests on 

sensitive early life stages. Salinity appeared to affect copper toxicity, and those effects appear to 

be species-specific. The GMAVs of Mytilus species, a commercially and recreationally 
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important mussel species (GMAV = 6.19 ppb) and summer flounder (GMAV = 12.66 ppb) will 

be used to evaluate acute risk to estuarine/marine invertebrates and fish species, respectively. 

As insufficient data were available to establish a Genus Mean chronic Value for freshwater fish 

and invertebrates, OW used the acute-to-chronic ratio (ACR) approach to develop the criteria for 

copper (USEPA 2003). An acute-to-chronic toxicity ratio of 3.23 was used for freshwater 

organisms in the 2006 RED. The BLM only estimates acute toxicity, so the ACR was applied to 

site specific LC50s for both the daphnids and salmonids to generate site specific chronic toxicity 

values. An acute-to-chronic toxicity ratio of 3.23 will be used for estuarine/marine fish and 

invertebrates similar to that done in the 2006 RED. Sufficient data were not available to calculate 

the saltwater ACR, so the freshwater ACR was applied to marine and estuarine environments by 

OW and in the 2006 RED. A similar approach will also be used in this assessment. 

The BLM is not parameterized to process toxicity data for any aquatic plant species. Standard 

guideline studies submitted to OPP will be used to derive toxicity endpoints for aquatic plants. 

Based on the RED, the most sensitive aquatic plant species tested, the green alga, 

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, (EC50 = 3.1 ppb) was selected to represent this taxa. Though a 

valid endpoint is available for vascular plants (duckweed EC50 = 2300 ppb), the 2006 RED 

evaluated risk to vascular plants based on toxicity data of non-vascular plants. A similar 

approach would be used for this assessment also. Open literature studies will be reviewed at the 

time of the assessment to determine if an endpoint more sensitive than the above is available. 

4.2. Effects to Terrestrial Organisms 

Terrestrial wildlife toxicity values used in RED, listed above in Table 3, will be used for this 

assessment also. Unlike the aquatic organisms, most of the terrestrial wildlife toxicity is based on 

registrant-submitted guideline studies. Similar to the 2006 RED, toxicity values for various 

compounds will be expressed on the basis of copper, rather than the copper containing 

compound to reduce the variability in toxicity levels between the various compounds. Based on 

the 2006 RED, copper sulfate appeared to be more toxic than some of the other compounds, 

possibly due to the fact that it is extremely soluble, thereby making the Cu2+ ion more readily 

available to the organism following ingestion. 

Unlike many substances assessed by OPP, copper is a naturally occurring substance, and an 

important micronutrient. Unlike aquatic organisms, where the toxic effect is exerted by the 

copper ion binding to the gill, toxicity for terrestrial organisms will be assessed based on dietary 

uptake. Although acute poisoning can occur and may be severe enough to cause death, mammals 

are known to have biochemical mechanisms for controlling uptake of copper and maintaining 

homeostasis. Although less well researched, it is likely similar mechanisms exist for birds and 

other terrestrial organisms. Acute poisoning effects include hepatic necrosis and hemolytic 

anemia, and vomiting. 

Copper is classified as moderately toxic to birds and mammals on an acute exposure basis. For 

birds, chronic exposure resulted in reduced growth and mortality. For mammals, chronic dietary 

exposure during reproduction resulted in reduced survivorship of kits. Based on an acute contact 

study with honey bees, copper is practically non-toxic to terrestrial insects, although the effects 

of ingestion are unknown. Copper is relatively non-toxic to mature terrestrial plants, based on 
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vegetative vigor studies. No observable adverse effects concentrations (NOAECs) were 6.8 lb 

Cu/acre for monocots (corn) and 36.7 lb Cu/acre for dicots (kidney bean). 

4.3. Incident Database Review 

Three databases, the Ecological Incident Information System or EIIS maintained by the 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division, the Aggregate Summary Module (ASM) of Office of 

Pesticide Program’s Incident database maintained by the Information Technology and Resource 

Management Division, and the Avian Incident Monitoring System (AIMS) maintained by the 

American Bird Conservancy, were searched to locate incidents resulting from the use of various 

copper compounds. Incident searches were completed for all PC codes included in this action. 

Although copper compounds have been used as pesticides for over 100 years, relatively few 

incidents associated with copper compounds are reported in the EIIS and ASM. It is unknown 

whether there is significant under-reporting of incidents. Overall, 13 incidents were located in 

the EIIS and 9 incidents were located in the ASM database (Table 4). No bird incidents were 

located in the AIMS database. None of these incidents were related to antimicrobial uses. 

Incidents from EIIS Database: 

Incident reports presented in Table 4 are for copper compounds with active registrations only. 

These incident reports pertain to 5 copper compounds, basic copper sulfate, basic copper 

carbonate, copper oxychloride, copper ethylenediamine, and copper triethanolamine complex. 

Of the 13 reported incidents in the EIIS database, 2 were associated with terrestrial plants 

(tomato and corn). The certainty of these incidents was rated as possible (corn) and probable 

(tomato). The tomato incident, reported from Washington State in 1997, was in accordance with 

registered use. On the other hand, the legality of the use was unknown based on the corn incident 

reported from Indiana in 2001. Reported effects on corn included pinched ears. 

Eleven of the thirteen reported incidents were associated with kills of aquatic organisms, 

primarily fish. Of these incidents, 9 were classified as probable and 2 incidents were classified as 

highly probable. Five of the thirteen incidents resulted from registered uses of copper compounds 

where as 3 incidents were from misuse (intentional or accidental). The legality on 3 other 

incidents was unknown. Reported incidents were generally fish kills, with the reported number 

of fish ranging from 6 to 2,000, except for one case in South Carolina, where the report lists 

150,000 bluegill fish killed. Fish affected in other incidents include yellow perch, catfish, bass, 

perch, koi, sunfish, brook trout, and rainbow trout. In all cases, effects reported were mortalities, 

but the mechanisms (direct toxicity or secondary effects such as low dissolved oxygen) were not 

specified. 

Incidents from the AMS Database: 

A total of 9 incidents were reported in the AMS database of which 3 pertain to copper carbonate, 

2 to copper ethylenediamine complex, and 4 to copper triethanolamine complex. Other than the 

date range during which the incident occurred, no other information on the incident (including 

the species affected) was reported in this database. 
24 of 106

Table 4. Copper Compounds for which Incidents were Reported in the Incident Databases 

Copper Compound PC code 

Number of Incidents 

Reported in the EIIS 

Database (Species 

affected) 

Number of Incidents 

Reported in the Aggregate 

Incident Database 

Basic copper sulfate 008101 1 (Tomato) - 

Basic copper carbonate 022901 4 (Fish) 3 

Copper oxychloride 023501 1 (Corn) - 

Copper ethylenediamine 024407 2 (Fish) 2 

Copper triethanolamine complex 024403 5 (Fish) 4 

Total Reported Incidents 13 9 

4.4. Ecosystems Potentially at Risk 

Because of the number of copper uses and the vast spatial extent of copper usage, it is not 

possible to describe in detail the ecosystems potentially at risk from the pesticidal uses of copper. 

However, in general terms, terrestrial ecosystems potentially at risk would include the treated 

field and areas immediately adjacent to the treated field that may receive copper drift or runoff. 

Areas adjacent to the treated field could include cultivated fields, fencerows and hedgerows, 

meadows, fallow fields or grasslands, woodlands, riparian habitats and other uncultivated areas. 

Aquatic ecosystems potentially at risk include water bodies adjacent to, or down stream from, the 

treated field and might include impounded bodies such as ponds, lakes and reservoirs, or flowing 

waterways such as streams or rivers. For uses in coastal areas, aquatic habitat also includes 

marine ecosystems, including estuaries. 

For copper, based on the application site, the ecosystems at risk include all areas where the level 

of copper contamination might reasonably be expected to be high enough to directly affect the 

resident organisms. Because copper continues to cycle, a potential effect from environmental 

sinks such as soil has to be considered. Ecosystems potentially at risk due to specific copper uses 

are presented below: 

Agricultural Uses: 

For typical crop and orchard applications, the ecosystem at risk is the field and adjacent aquatic 

and terrestrial environments that might be affected by runoff or spray drift. Atmospheric 

deposition is not expected to be an important exposure route in this scenario. Aquatic 

concentrations resulting from this application method are expected to be significantly lower than 

the direct applications to water. In the water body, pelagic and benthic elements will be 

considered. Aquatic evaluations will include aquatic plants (nonvascular and vascular), aquatic 

invertebrates, fish, and amphibians. Terrestrial evaluations will include non-target insects, soil 

invertebrates, birds, and mammals. 

Direct Water Applications: 

When copper is applied directly to water, the ecosystem at risk consists primarily of that 

particular water body, but also includes any water bodies downstream. Within the water body, 

compartments of concern are the water column, sediments, and pore water. Organisms of 

concern include aquatic plants (nonvascular and vascular), aquatic invertebrates, fish, 

amphibians, and birds or mammals which may rely on the water body as a drinking water source. 

The downstream reach also consists of a water column and benthic component. Dependent on 
25 of 106

flow regime, deposition of copper contaminated sediment into downstream flood plains, 

marshes, or estuaries may be of concern. 

Urban Uses: 

Urban uses considered for copper include lawn applications and root-killers. The ecosystem of 

concern for lawn applications is the same as those considered in the agricultural uses, and is 

addressed therein. The ecosystem of concern for the root-killers is the receiving waters. 

Organisms of concern include aquatic plants (nonvascular and vascular), aquatic invertebrates, 

fish, and amphibians. 

Antimicrobial Uses: 

When copper is applied as wood preservative, the ecosystems at risk consist of soil and adjacent 

water bodies. The ecosystems at risk for antifoulant use of copper range from small residential 

and public access premises- Hard Non-Porous Surfaces including Kitchen Surfaces, Bathroom 

Surfaces, Soap Holders, Paper Towel Holders, Facial Tissue Holders, Countertops, Tabletops, 

Door Push- Plates, Hand Rails, Stair Rails, Cash Registers, Shopping Cart Handles, Car Seats, 

ATM Machines, Elevators, Jalousie Windows, Signage, Casement, Radiator Covers, Office 

Supplies, Mass transit Facilities, Playground Equipment, Eye Glass Frames, Protective Eye 

Wear, Light Switches, Bracelets, Electrical Wall Plates, Headwall Systems, Knobs and Dials. 

The use of copper on shingles will affect soil surrounding the buildings as well as small streams 

and lakes in proximity to those buildings. 

5. Assessment Endpoints 

Assessment endpoints represent the actual environmental value that is to be protected, as defined 

by an ecological entity (species, community, or other entity) and its attribute or characteristics 

(USEPA 1998). For copper, the ecological entities include the following: freshwater fish, 

freshwater invertebrates, aquatic-phase amphibians, estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates, 

aquatic plants, birds, reptiles, terrestrial-phase amphibians, mammals, terrestrial invertebrates, 

and terrestrial plants. The attributes for each of these entities include growth, reproduction, and 

survival. 

Because the active ingredient of Cu(II) mineral salts, hydroxides, oxides, and Cu(II) complexes 

is Cu2+, a unified risk assessment approach will be used for the pesticides addressed in this risk 

assessment. Therefore, an important consideration in the risk assessment is the use site of the 

various pesticides. The assessment endpoints will be addressed as separate components: 

endpoints affected by antimicrobial uses, endpoints affected by agricultural uses, endpoints 

affected by direct water applications, and endpoints affected by urban uses. 

6. Conceptual Model 

For a pesticide to pose an ecological risk, it must reach ecological receptors in biologically 

significant concentrations. An exposure pathway is the means by which a pesticide moves in the 

environment from a source to an ecological receptor. For an ecological pathway to be complete, 

it must have a source, a release mechanism, an environmental transport medium, a point of 

exposure for ecological receptors, and a feasible route of exposure. 
26 of 106

The conceptual model for copper provides a written description and visual representation of the 

predicted relationships between copper, potential routes of exposure, and the predicted effects for 

the assessment endpoint. A conceptual model consists of two major components: risk hypotheses 

and conceptual diagram (USEPA 1998).

6.1. Risk Hypotheses 

A risk hypothesis describes the predicted relationship among the stressor, exposure, and 

assessment endpoint response along with the rationale for their selection. For copper, the 

following ecological risk hypotheses are being employed for this national-level ecological risk 

assessment: 

Based on the application methods, mode of action, direct toxicity to non-target aquatic and 

terrestrial species, and potential indirect effects to trophic food webs, the use of copper 

compounds has the potential to reduce survival, reproduction, and/or growth in terrestrial and 

aquatic animals and plants through direct application, spray drift, runoff of sediment-bound 

residues (erosion) and the accumulations in soils and plants. These non-target organisms 

include Federally-listed threatened and endangered species as well as non-listed species. 

6.2. Conceptual Diagram 

Application methods for copper-containing compounds involve foliar spray applications via 

ground, aerial, and hand-held equipment and direct aquatic applications. For agricultural crops, 

the most-likely application method is via ground application; however, since aerial applications 

are not precluded on the labels, both ground and aerial applications will be assessed. Ecological 

receptors that may potentially be exposed to copper-containing compounds include terrestrial 

and semi-aquatic wildlife (i.e., mammals, birds, terrestrial-phase amphibians, terrestrial 

invertebrates, and reptiles) and plants. In addition, aquatic receptors (e.g., freshwater and 

estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates, aquatic-phase amphibians, and plants) may also be 

exposed as a result of direct water applications and potential movement of copper via spray drift 

and/or runoff of sediment-bound residues from the site of application to aquatic environments. 

Copper also has a potential for adsorption to sediment and for bioaccumulation in the tissues of 

aquatic organisms; therefore, exposure of benthic organisms to copper from sediment (pore 

water) and to piscivorous mammals and birds via consumption of aquatic invertebrates and fish 

is possible. However, because copper is an important trace nutrient, some organisms may have 

mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. Additionally, these mechanisms may be better 

developed in organisms chronically exposed to elevated levels of copper than in the naive 

organisms typically used in laboratory experiments. Therefore, bioaccumulation will not be 

quantitatively evaluated in this assessment. 

The transport mechanisms (e.g., sources) for agricultural, urban, and wood preservative 

applications are depicted in the conceptual models below (Figures 3 and 4) and result in the 

movement of copper into aquatic (water and sediment) and terrestrial (soil and foliage) habitats. 

The movement away from the site of application in turn represents exposure pathways for a 

broad range of biological receptors of concern (non-target animals and plants) and the potential 

attribute changes, i.e., effects such as reduced survival, growth and reproduction, in the receptors 

due to copper exposure. Similarly Figure 5 depicts exposure pathways for direct aquatic 

applications and antimicrobial uses on boat hulls. 
27 of 106

Figure 3. Conceptual Model for Copper Effects on Terrestrial Organisms. (Dotted arrows 

indicate exposure pathways that have a low likelihood of contributing to ecological risk.)

Figure 4. Conceptual Model for Copper Effects on Aquatic Organisms. (Dotted arrows 

indicate exposure pathways that have a low likelihood of contributing to ecological risk.) 

Stressor

Source

Attribute

Change

Pesticide applied to use site

Direct

application Spray drift

Terrestrial 

vertebrates

Terrestrial 

inverts

Individual organisms

Reduced survival

Reduced growth

Reduced reproduction

Food chain

Reduction in prey and food

Modification of PCEs

related to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary productivity

Reduced cover

Community change

Modification of PCEs related to

habitat

Terrestrial plants

grasses/forbs, fruit, seeds 

(trees, shrubs)

Runoff/ 

Leaching

Terrestrial 

Vertebrates 

Exposure Media 

& Receptors Soil

Ingestion

Ingestion

Ingestion

Dermal uptake/Ingestion

Atmospheric 

transport

Root uptake/contact

Wet/dry deposition

Ingestion

Leaching to

Groundwater Irrigation 

water

Stressor

Source

Attribute

Change

Pesticide applied to use site

Direct

application Spray drift

Terrestrial 

vertebrates

Terrestrial 

inverts

Individual organisms

Reduced survival

Reduced growth

Reduced reproduction

Food chain

Reduction in prey and food

Modification of PCEs

related to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary productivity

Reduced cover

Community change

Modification of PCEs related to

habitat

Terrestrial plants

grasses/forbs, fruit, seeds 

(trees, shrubs)

Runoff/ 

Leaching

Terrestrial 

Vertebrates 

Exposure Media 

& Receptors Soil

Ingestion

Ingestion

Ingestion

Dermal uptake/Ingestion

Atmospheric 

transport

Root uptake/contact

Wet/dry deposition

Ingestion

Leaching to

Groundwater Irrigation 

water

** Route of exposure includes only ingestion of fish and aquatic invertebrates

Stressor

Source

Receptors

Attribute

Change

Pesticide applied to use site

Spray drift

Aquatic animals

Invertebrates 

Vertebrates

**Piscivorous mammals 

and birds 

Individual organisms

Reduced survival

Reduced growth

Reduced reproduction

Food chain

Reduction in algae and 

vascular plants

Reduction in prey

Modification of PCEs

related to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary productivity

Reduced cover

Community change

Modification of PCEs related to 

habitat

Surface water/

Sediment

Runoff/ 

Leaching

Aquatic Animals

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Exposure

Media

Uptake/gills 

or integument

Ingestion Ingestion

Atmospheric 

transport

Wet/dry deposition

Soil Leaching to

Groundwater

Uptake/gills 

or integument

Aquatic Plants

Non-vascular

Vascular

Uptake/cell, 

roots, leaves Riparian plants

terrestrial 

exposure 

pathways see 

Figure 3

** Route of exposure includes only ingestion of fish and aquatic invertebrates

Stressor

Source

Receptors

Attribute

Change

Pesticide applied to use site

Spray drift

Aquatic animals

Invertebrates 

Vertebrates

**Piscivorous mammals 

and birds 

Individual organisms

Reduced survival

Reduced growth

Reduced reproduction

Food chain

Reduction in algae and 

vascular plants

Reduction in prey

Modification of PCEs

related to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary productivity

Reduced cover

Community change

Modification of PCEs related to 

habitat

Surface water/

Sediment

Runoff/ 

Leaching

Aquatic Animals

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Exposure

Media

Uptake/gills 

or integument

Ingestion Ingestion

Atmospheric 

transport

Wet/dry deposition

Soil Leaching to

Groundwater

Uptake/gills 

or integument

Aquatic Plants

Non-vascular

Vascular

Uptake/cell, 

roots, leaves Riparian plants

terrestrial 

exposure 

pathways see 

Figure 3
28 of 106

Figure 5. Conceptual Model for Potential Copper Effects on Aquatic Organisms from 

Direct Applications to Water. (Dotted arrows indicate exposure pathways that have a low 

likelihood of contributing to ecological risk.) 

Exposure to terrestrial animals is assumed to occur primarily through dietary consumption of 

foliar residues (Figure 3). The assessment will not account for ingestion of copper residues by 

animals in drinking water or contaminated grit, ingestion through preening activities, or uptake 

through inhalation or dermal absorption by terrestrial animals. 

Aquatic assessments assume exposure occurs primarily through runoff and spray drift (Figure 4) 

or direct application and leaching from boat hulls (Figure 5). Leaching transport to surface water 

through groundwater and atmospheric transport (other than spray drift) are assumed to be 

negligible for coppers (Figure 4) 

7. Analysis Plan 

In order to address the risk hypothesis, the potential for adverse effects on the environment from 

copper use will be estimated. The use, environmental fate, and ecological effects of copper will 

be characterized and integrated to assess the risks. This is accomplished using a risk quotient 

(ratio of exposure concentration to effects concentration) approach. Although risk is often 

defined as the likelihood and magnitude of adverse ecological effects, the risk quotient-based 

approach does not provide a quantitative estimate of likelihood and/or magnitude of an adverse 

effect. However, as outlined in the Overview Document (USEPA 2004), the likelihood of effects 

to individual organisms from particular uses of copper will be estimated using the probit doseresponse slope and either the level of concern (discussed below) or the actual calculated risk 

quotient value. 

** Route of exposure includes only ingestion of fish and aquatic invertebrates

Stressor

Source

Receptors

Attribute

Change

Pesticide applied to use site

Direct 

Application

Aquatic animals

Invertebrates 

Vertebrates

**Piscivorous mammals 

and birds 

Individual organisms

Reduced survival

Reduced growth

Reduced reproduction

Food chain

Reduction in algae and 

vascular plants

Reduction in prey

Modification of PCEs

related to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary productivity

Reduced cover

Community change

Modification of PCEs related to 

habitat

Freshwater Surface Water/

Sediment

Leaching from 

Boat Hulls

Aquatic Animals

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Exposure

Media

Uptake/gills 

or integument

Ingestion Ingestion

Uptake/gills 

or integument

Aquatic Plants

Non-vascular

Vascular

Uptake/cell, 

roots, leaves

Saltwater Water Column/ 

Sediment

** Route of exposure includes only ingestion of fish and aquatic invertebrates

Stressor

Source

Receptors

Attribute

Change

Pesticide applied to use site

Direct 

Application

Aquatic animals

Invertebrates 

Vertebrates

**Piscivorous mammals 

and birds 

Individual organisms

Reduced survival

Reduced growth

Reduced reproduction

Food chain

Reduction in algae and 

vascular plants

Reduction in prey

Modification of PCEs

related to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary productivity

Reduced cover

Community change

Modification of PCEs related to 

habitat

Freshwater Surface Water/

Sediment

Leaching from 

Boat Hulls

Aquatic Animals

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Exposure

Media

Uptake/gills 

or integument

Ingestion Ingestion

Uptake/gills 

or integument

Aquatic Plants

Non-vascular

Vascular

Uptake/cell, 

roots, leaves

Saltwater Water Column/ 

Sediment
29 of 106

This analysis plan will be revisited and may be revised depending upon the data available in the 

open literature and the information submitted by the public in response to the opening of the 

Registration Review docket for copper. 

7.1. Stressors of Concern 

The focus of this assessment is expected to be the inorganic copper because inorganic copper is 

not affected (will not degrade further) by the biotic or abiotic degradation mechanisms, organic 

copper complexes are degraded into inorganic copper, and the Cu2+ ion (a form of inorganic 

copper) appears to be the most toxic form of copper. 

Evaluation of environmental pesticide mixtures is beyond the scope of this assessment because 

of the myriad factors that cannot be quantified based on the available data. Those factors include 

identification of other possible co-contaminants and their concentrations, differences in the 

pattern and duration of exposure among contaminants, and the differential effects of other 

physical/chemical characteristics of the receiving waters (e.g., organic matter present in sediment 

and suspended water). Evaluation of factors that could influence additivity/synergism is beyond 

the scope of this assessment and the capabilities of the available data to allow for an evaluation. 

However, it is acknowledged that not considering mixtures could over- or under-estimate risks 

depending on the type of interaction and factors discussed above. 

7.2. Measures of Exposure 

In order to estimate risks of copper exposures in aquatic and terrestrial environments, all 

exposure modeling and resulting risk conclusions will be based on maximum application rates, 

maximum number of applications, minimum retreatment interval, and application methods cited 

in Appendix Table A-2 for all copper uses. Measures of exposure are based on aquatic and 

terrestrial models that predict estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) of copper. 

For the non-direct aquatic use risk assessment, copper uses on agricultural crops (including lawn 

uses) will be modeled using the PRZM/EXAM models for estimating Cu runoff from a 10 ha 

field into a standard small water body (USEPA 2002). A range of crop scenarios with diverse 

geography will be selected to ensure appropriate crop-climate-agronomic combinations are 

represented. To assess the speciation and consequent toxicity, OPP will use the Biotic Ligand 

Model, which accounts for the effects of major dissolved ions and dissolved organic carbon 

(DOC) present in natural surface waters, similar to the approach used for 2006 RED. These ions 

and DOC may reduce the toxicity of the Cu ion by binding it and making it biologically 

unavailable. The BLM was used by EPA’s Office of Water to establish Ambient Water Quality 

Criteria. The model has been reviewed and approved by the Scientific Advisory Board. 

The BLM model will be used to estimate the concentration of Cu2+ ion (copper activity) and 

toxicity in OPP’s standard pond (a small water body representing a highly vulnerable aquatic 

system) using site-specific water chemistry monitoring data from USGS sites distributed across 

the nation. The BLM requires ten input parameters to calculate a freshwater copper criterion: 

temperature, pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, 

sulfate, chloride, and alkalinity (a saltwater BLM is not yet available). 
30 of 106

Peak, 21-day average, and 60-day average Cu2+ concentrations will be estimated for each runoff 

scenario. Risk quotients will be derived for aquatic invertebrates and fish by comparing the 

copper activity derived from runoff with the copper activity representing an aquatic invertebrate 

or fish LC50 at the specific site, based on water chemistry using the BLM. Freshwater fish and 

invertebrate toxicity data will only be adjusted using the BLM as it is not parameterized for 

estuarine/marine organisms and aquatic plants. The resulting risk quotients (RQs) will be 

compared to the OPP pre-established levels of concern (LOC), and expressed as the percentage 

of sites exceeding those LOCs. Equations will be fit to the data generated in this process. These 

equations will allow an estimate of dissolved copper concentrations based on application rates, 

and an estimate of how many of the USGS sites exceed a given endpoint at a particular dissolved 

copper concentration. 

Similar to the 2006 copper RED, the “Down the Drain” model, EFAST 2.0, developed by the 

Office of Toxic Substances will be used for root killer uses of copper to estimate the 

concentrations delivered to receiving waters following treatment. Concentrations in receiving 

waters will be estimated based on flow recurrence events, and represent low flow conditions. 

Concentrations calculated using this model are not directly comparable to concentrations 

estimated using EXAMS, which is based on a standard, constant-volume water body. To 

calculate risk quotients, the BLM will be used to estimate copper activity based on the median 

water chemistry of the USGS monitoring sites, and then compared to the activity associated with 

the site-specific invertebrate and fish LC50s. 

The antifoulant use of copper will be assessed using MAMPEC Version 2.0 (Marine Antifoulant 

Model to Predict Environmental Concentrations). This model was commissioned by 

Antifoulaning Working group of the European Paint Makers Association (CEPE) for conducting 

risk assessments for antifouling agents. MAM-PEC is used as an assessment tool for antifoulant 

risk assessments in Europe. The model provides prediction of environmental concentrations of 

antifouling products in six generalized “typical” marine environments (commercial harbor, 

estuarine harbor, marina, marina poorly flushed, open sea, and shipping lane). The model 

predicts the concentrations of Cu in water using physical and chemical characteristics of copper 

including leaching rate. The highest available leaching rate for Cu will be used for modeling. 

The estimated Copper concentrations generated by the model along with the eco-toxicology data 

will be used to calculate risk quotients for copper ecological risk assessment. 

The wood preservative uses of copper will be assessed using several scenarios including a house 

built with wood, fence, pole, and deck. The concentration of Cu leached from each structure will 

be calculated based on the amount of the Cu applied to the wood by pressure treatment, leaching 

rate of the Cu from wood and the volume of the wood. The calculated concentrations of Cu from 

the wooden structure will be converted to lbs/Acre and will be applied to a 10 Hectare land as 

one application. This application rate will be used as an input into PRZM/EXAM to estimate the 

copper run off from a 10 Ha filed into a standard small water body. 

The use of antimicrobial copper on shingles will be assessed by estimating the amount of copper 

leached from shingles based on the leaching rate and rain fall. It is assumed that the leached 

copper from the shingles will get into a water body. The size of the water body will be a standard 

small water body. The estimated Cu concentrations will be used as an input in the BLM model to 
31 of 106

estimate the concentration of Cu+2 (Copper activity) and toxicity using site-specific water 

chemistry monitoring data from USGS sites across the United States. 

Terrestrial effects due to all copper uses will be assessed using OPP’s standard assessment 

methodology, with the exception of the fact that toxicity endpoints for studies from all 

compounds will be converted to express the toxicity value on the basis of copper, similar to that 

done in copper RED. Standard assessment methodologies will include the use of the Terrestrial 

Exposure Model (TREX, version 1.4.1, 10/09/2008) for evaluation of toxic effects to birds and 

mammals, and TerrPlant for terrestrial plants. TREX model incorporates the Kenaga nomograph, 

as modified by Fletcher et al. (1994), which is based on a large set of field residue data. The 

upper limit values from the nomograph represent the 95th percentile of residue values from actual 

field measurements (Hoerger and Kenaga 1972). The Fletcher et al. (1994) modifications to the 

Kenaga nomograph are based on measured field residues from 249 published research papers, 

including information on 118 species of plants, 121 pesticides, and 17 chemical classes. TREX 

calculates RQs using both dose-based and dietary-based toxicity values. Due to the reactivity of 

copper, the dietary-based values are probably a better estimator of what might occur in the wild. 

Because no acute dietary toxicity endpoints were available for mammals, OPP will incorporate 

an absorption efficiency factor into the chronic dose-based RQ calculations for mammals, similar 

to the 2006 RED. 

EECs for terrestrial plants inhabiting dry and wetland areas are derived using TerrPlant (version 

1.2.2, 12/26/2006). This model uses estimates of pesticides in runoff and in spray drift to 

calculate EECs. EECs are based upon solubility, application rate, and minimum incorporation 

depth. Separate RQs will be calculated for monocotyledon and dicotyledonous plants. 

7.3. Measures of Effect 

Ecological effects data are used as measures of direct and indirect effects to biological receptors. 

Data are obtained from registrant-submitted studies or from literature studies identified by the 

ECOTOX database(USEPA 2009a). ECOTOX is a source for locating single chemical toxicity 

data and potential chemical mixture toxicity data for aquatic life, terrestrial plants, and wildlife. 

This database2 was created and is maintained by the USEPA, Office of Research and 

Development, and the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory's MidContinent Ecology Division. ECOTOX will be searched in order to provide more ecological 

effects data to bridge existing data gaps. 

Information on the potential effects of copper on non-target animals is also collected from the 

Ecological Incident Information System (EIIS; USEPA 2009b). The EIIS is a database 

containing adverse effect (typically mortality) reports on non-target organisms where such 

effects have been associated with the use of pesticides. Incidents reported in the aggregate 

incident reports and the Avian Incident Monitoring System (AIMS) will also be searched. AIMS 

is a database administered by the American Bird Conservancy (it was partially funded by the 

EPA). It contains publicly available data on reported avian incidents involving pesticides 

(http://www.abcbirds.org/abcprograms/policy/pesticides/aims/aims/index.cfm). 

Where available, sublethal effects observed in both registrant-submitted and open literature 

studies will be evaluated qualitatively. Such effects may include behavioral changes (e.g., 
32 of 106

lethargy and changes in coloration). Quantitative assessments of risks, though, are limited to 

those endpoints that can be directly linked to the Agency’s assessment endpoints of impaired 

survival, growth, and reproduction. 

The assessment of risk for direct effects to non-target organisms makes the assumption that 

toxicity of copper to birds is similar to terrestrial-phase amphibians and reptiles. The same 

assumption will also be made for fish and aquatic-phase amphibians. 

The acute measures of effect used for animals in this assessment are the LD50, LC50 and EC50. 

LD stands for "Lethal Dose", and LD50 is the amount of a material, given all at once, that is 

estimated to cause the death of 50% of the test organisms. LC stands for “Lethal Concentration” 

and LC50 is the concentration of a chemical that is estimated to kill 50% of the test organisms. 

EC stands for “Effective Concentration” and the EC50 is the concentration of a chemical that is 

estimated to produce a specific effect in 50% of the test organisms. Endpoints for chronic 

measures of exposure for listed and non-listed animals are the NOAEL/NOAEC and NOEC. 

NOAEL stands for “No Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level” and refers to the highest tested dose of 

a substance that has been reported to have no harmful (adverse) effects on test organisms. The 

NOAEC (i.e., “No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Concentration”) is the highest test concentration at 

which none of the observed effects were statistically different from the control. The NOEC is the 

No-Observed-Effects-Concentration. For non-listed plants, only acute exposures are assessed 

(i.e., EC25 for terrestrial plants and EC50 for aquatic plants); for listed plants, either the NOAEC 

or EC05 is used. 

7.4. Integration of Exposure and Effects 

Risk characterization is the integration of exposure and ecological effects characterization to 

determine the potential ecological risk from the use of copper on agricultural, urban, 

antimicrobial, and direct water applications and the likelihood of direct and indirect effects to 

non-target organisms in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. The exposure and toxicity effects data are 

integrated in order to evaluate the risks of adverse ecological effects on non-target species. For 

the assessment of copper risks, the risk quotient (RQ) method is used to compare exposure and 

measured toxicity values. The EECs derived by PRZM-EXAMS modeling and then processed by 

the BLM to obtain site-specific EECs are divided by BLM-adjusted acute and chronic toxicity 

values. The resulting RQs are then compared to the Agency’s Levels of Concern (LOCs) 

(USEPA 2004). These RQs will be used to determine how many sites exceeded LOCs and 

indicate when copper’s uses, as directed on the label, have the potential to cause adverse direct or 

indirect effects to non-target organisms. 

7.5. Integration of Multiple Uses of Copper 

As described in Section 3 of this document, copper has a large number of labeled uses. 

Therefore, copper may enter a given ecosystem as a result of its use in multiple settings (direct 

application to water, agricultural uses, residential uses, and some urban uses). The technical 

feasibility of combining multiple uses into a single exposure scenario (i.e., a single EEC that 

incorporates copper inputs from multiple uses) is being evaluated at this time. It is anticipated 

that potential inputs of copper into water bodies resulting from multiple uses will be considered 

either quantitatively or qualitatively in the registration review risk assessment. However, the 
33 of 106

specific uses that may be combined and the method regarding how different uses may be 

combined to calculate a single EEC has not yet been determined. 

7.6. Deterministic and Probabilistic Assessment Methods 

The quantitative assessment of risk will primarily depend on the deterministic point-estimate 

based (RQ) approach described in the risk assessment. Depending on the risk manager's need for 

additional information regarding risk, an effort will be made to further qualitatively describe risk 

using probabilistic tools that the Agency has developed. These tools have been reviewed by 

FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panels (http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/index.htm) and have been 

deemed as appropriate means of refining assessments where deterministic approaches have 

identified risks. 

7.7. Endangered Species Assessments 

Consistent with the Agency’s responsibility under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the 

Agency will evaluate risks to Federally-listed threatened and/or endangered species (hereafter 

referred to as listed species) from registered uses of copper. This assessment will be conducted in 

accordance with the Overview Document (USEPA 2004), provisions of the ESA, and the 

Services’ Endangered Species Consultation Handbook (USFWS/NMFS, 1998). 

The assessment of effects associated with the registration of copper is based on an action area. 

The action area is considered to be the area directly or indirectly affected by the federal action, as 

indicated by the exceedance of Agency Levels of Concern used to evaluate direct or indirect 

effects. The Agency’s approach to defining the action area under the provisions of the Overview 

Document (USEPA 2004) considers the results of the risk assessment process to establish 

boundaries for that action area with the understanding that exposures below the Agency’s 

defined LOCs constitute a no-effect threshold. For the purposes of this assessment, attention will 

be focused on the footprint of the action (i.e., the area where copper application occurs) that 

exceeds the Agency’s LOCs. Specific measures of ecological effect that define the action area 

for listed species include any direct and indirect effects and/or potential modification of its 

critical habitat, including reduction in survival, growth, and reproduction as well as the full suite 

of sublethal effects available in the effects literature. Therefore, the action area extends to a point 

where environmental exposures are below any measured lethal or sublethal effect threshold for 

any biological entity at the whole organism, organ, tissue, and cellular level of organization. In 

situations where it is not possible to determine the threshold for an observed effect, the action 

area is not spatially limited and is assumed to be the entire United States. 

7.8. Drinking Water Assessment

A drinking water assessment will be performed if needed for the human health effects 

assessment portion of registration review. The drinking water assessment will incorporate model 

estimates of copper in surface and ground waters. Concentrations of copper in surface waters 

will be estimated using PRZM/EXAMS (see description above). Ground water estimates of 

copper concentrations will be established using SCI-GROW (v.2.3, July 2003). The drinking 

water assessment will also include available surface and ground water monitoring data, with 

consideration of changes in use patterns since mitigations have been imposed. State and local 

agencies are encouraged to submit monitoring data for review. 
34 of 106

7.9. Preliminary Identification of Data Gaps

Copper use is defined as having terrestrial (food and non-food) and aquatic uses. According to 

Code of Federal Regulations 40 (CFR40 2007; USEPA 2007a) Part 158 Subpart D (data 

requirements for pesticides) environmental fate and non-target organism effect data are required 

for copper based on its terrestrial and aquatic uses. According to Code of Federal Regulations 40 

(CFR40 2009) Part 161 Subpart D (data requirements for registration of antimicrobial pesticides) 

environmental fate and non-target organism effect data are required for copper based on its 

terrestrial and aquatic uses. Available studies submitted to fulfill environmental fate and 

ecological effects guideline requirements, as well as outstanding data gaps for copper, are 

defined in Table 7, below, and in Appendix Table A-1. 

Further information on data required to fulfill the Agency’s guideline requirements for copper is 

presented as the Data Call-in (DCI) table in Appendix B. In addition to providing the guideline 

number and study title for required data, the DCI table provides a rationale for requiring the data, 

an explanation of how the data will be used, and a brief description of how the data could impact 

the Agency’s future decision-making. 

7.9.1. Fate 

The environmental fate data requirements for copper are largely unfulfilled (Appendix Table A1) because most of the guideline fate study requirements are not applicable to the inorganic 

forms of copper and have only limited applicability to the organic complexes of copper. 

Consequently, the agency has waived many of these data requirements. 

The environmental fate data requirements for antimicrobial uses of copper oxides are partially 

fulfilled with some data gaps still remaining. The data gaps are shown in Table 5. 

Table 5. Fate Data Gaps for Antimicrobial Uses of Copper Oxides

Guideline Description MRID Classification Data Gap? Comments 

Studies for Down the Drain Antimicrobial Uses 

850.6800 Modified activated None None 

sludge respiration 

inhibition None None 

Yes

835.1110 Activated sludge 

sorption isotherm 

None None Yes

Special Leaching Studies for Roofing Materials/Shingles 

None Leaching None* None Yes 

Special Leaching Studies for Wood Preservatives 

None Soil leaching study for 

wood preservatives

(AWPA E20-06) 

None None Yes

None Aquatic leaching for 

wood preservatives 

(AWPA E11-06) 

None None Yes

*Leachability of copper from roofing 

materials (shingles). A special leaching 

study is needed which would be 

conducted with various types of roofing 

materials (shingles) that have been treated 

with copper. 
35 of 106

There are two areas of uncertainty concerning copper exposure that the agency believes need to 

be better addressed. First, the site-specific water quality conditions that resulted in toxicity issues 

in the copper RED vary spatially. The agency will try to gather a larger set of site-specific water 

quality data in order to better identify which areas of the United States are vulnerable to copper 

toxicity issues. Co-location of vulnerable areas with endangered species ranges will help to better 

identify endangered species at risk from copper applications. 

Second, an assumption was made in the 2006 RED that copper typically is removed from the 

water column and is bound in sediment within 10 days of the application for direct water 

application or within 10 days of entry into the water body for runoff and erosion from terrestrial 

applications. It would be useful to better understand how long copper will remain in the water 

column under the water quality conditions that lead to the greatest potential for copper toxicity 

(e.g., low pH and low DOC). 

7.9.2. Effects 

As part of the development of the Ambient Water Quality Criteria for copper, the Office of 

Water performed a comprehensive review of the publicly available (open literature) copper 

studies that evaluated effects on aquatic organisms. Data from approximately 350 acute exposure 

studies were used to derive normalized LC50 values for freshwater organisms, including 15 

species of invertebrates, 22 species of fish, and 1 amphibian species representing 27 different 

genera. Acceptable freshwater chronic toxicity data from early life stage tests, partial life-cycle 

tests, and full life-cycle tests were used from 29 tests including data for 6 invertebrate species 

and 10 fish species. Acceptable acute studies were identified for 34 species of invertebrates and 

18 species of fish in estuarine/marine environment. One acceptable chronic study was located for 

estuarine/marine fish (sheepshead minnow) and invertebrate (mysid shrimp). In view of the 

range and comprehensiveness of the studies evaluated on aquatic organisms by EPA, no 

additional studies are required for copper at this time (Table 6). 

Table 6. Available Ecological Effects Data for Aquatic Animals Exposed to Copper 

Compounds and Remaining Data Gaps 

Guideline Description MRID Classification

Data 

Gap? Comments 

850.1075 

Freshwater 

fish – 

Acute toxicity 

NA NA No

The salmonid Genus Mean Acute Value, derived in the 

2007 Aquatic Life Ambient Freshwater Quality 

Criteria for copper by Office Water, will be used for 

this assessment, similar to the 2006 RED. 

850.1075 

Saltwater fish 

– 

Acute toxicity 

NA NA No 

The summer flounder Genus Mean Acute Value, 

derived in the 2003 Ambient Water Quality Criteria for 

copper by Office Water, will be used for this 

assessment, similar to the 2006 RED. 

850.1010 

Freshwater 

invertebrates – 

Acute toxicity 

NA NA No

The daphnid Genus Mean Acute Value, derived in the 

2007 Aquatic Life Ambient Freshwater Quality 

Criteria for copper by Office Water, will be used for 

this assessment, similar to the 2006 RED. 

850.1025 

850.1035 

850.1045 

850.1055 

Saltwater 

invertebrates –

Acute toxicity 

NA NA No 

The Mytilus species Genus Mean Acute Value, derived 

in the 2003 Ambient Water Quality Criteria for copper 

by Office Water, will be used for this assessment, 

similar to the 2006 RED. 
36 of 106

Guideline Description MRID Classification

Data 

Gap? Comments 

850.1300 

Freshwater 

invertebrate – 

life cycle test 

NA NA No 

An acute-to-chronic ratio of 3.22, based on 17 chronic 

values from partial and full lifecycle tests on 

freshwater invertebrates, as derived in the 2007 

Aquatic Life Ambient Freshwater Quality Criteria for 

copper by Office Water, will be used for this 

assessment, similar to the 2006 RED. 

850.1350 Mysid chronic 

toxicity test NA NA No 

A chronic mysid toxicity test is typically required for 

copper because the acute toxicity value for saltwater 

fish is <1 mg/L. The species sensitivity distribution 

constructed by the Office of Water for saltwater 

criteria includes a chronic toxicity study on mysid 

shrimp. As the minimum eight family data requirement 

was not met for chronic toxicity, OW utilized the ACR 

approach to evaluate chronic risk. The 

estuarine/marine invertebrate ACR of 3.23 was applied 

in the 2006 RED and will be used in this assessment 

also. 

850.1400 

Freshwater 

fish – 

early life stage 

test 

NA NA No 

An acute-to-chronic ratio of 3.22, based on 12 chronic 

values from partial and full lifecycle tests on 

freshwater fish, as derived in the 2007 Aquatic Life 

Ambient Freshwater Quality Criteria for copper by 

Office Water, will be used for this assessment, similar 

to the 2006 RED. 

850.1400 

Saltwater fish 

– 

early life stage 

test 

NA NA No 

As the minimum eight family data requirement was not 

met for chronic toxicity, OW utilized the ACR 

approach to evaluate chronic risk. The 

estuarine/marine fish ACR of 3.23 was applied in the 

2006 RED and will be used in this assessment. 

850.1735 

Whole 

sediment 

toxicity 

invertebrates, 

freshwater 

NA NA No

A whole sediment chronic study with freshwater 

invertebrates is required based on the partitioning to 

sediment and the persistence of copper; The 

GMAV(1987 ppb) for the sediment-dwelling midge 

(Chironomus decorus) derived by OW in the copper 

criteria document suggest that the use of daphnid 

GMAV (4.1 ppb) is protective of all aquatic 

invertebrates, including the ones that dwell in the 

sediment. 

NA = Not applicable 

Only two data gaps exist on the effects of copper compounds to terrestrial organisms (7 and 8). 

The data gaps, which are discussed in further detail below, include the following: avian acute 

oral toxicity testing and Tier I terrestrial plant studies (based on seedling emergence). 
37 of 106

Table 7. Available Ecological Effects Data for Terrestrial Animals Exposed to Copper 

Compounds and Remaining Data Gaps 

Guideline Description MRID Classification Data Gap? Comments 

850.2100 Avian oral 

toxicity 

00067456 Acceptable Yes* 

850.2200 Avian dietary 

toxicity 

00811103 Acceptable No 

850.2300 Avian 

reproduction 

43338001 Acceptable No 

850.3020 Honey bee 

acute contact 

toxicity 

40764702 Acceptable No

*Avian acute oral toxicity data 

are not available for a passerine 

species, which are required under 

the new 40 CFR Part 158. An 

acute oral toxicity study using 

passerines must be submitted to 

fulfill this data requirement. 

Table 8. Available Ecological Effects Data for Plants Exposed to Copper Compounds and 

Remaining Data Gaps

Guideline Description MRID Classification Data Gap? Comments 

850.4100 Terrestrial Plant 

toxicity: Tier I 

seedling 

emergence 

46325401 Supplemental Yes* MRID 43623401, though titled 

as Tier II study, is not a Tier II 

study as it evaluated only one 

application rate of copper (2.7 

lb/A) on one crop (rice). A new 

study is required to document the 

effects of copper at the 

maximum application rate on the 

seedling emergence of terrestrial 

plants. 

850.4150 Terrestrial plant 

toxicity: Tier I 

vegetative vigor 

E# 44317 (corn)

E# 40559 

(kidney bean) 

NA No Though EC25s are not available 

in E# 44317 and E# 40559, the 

2006 RED indicated that risk 

quotients from orchard use (31.8 

lb Cu2+/A) did not exceed the 

acute endangered species LOC; 

therefore no additional studies 

are requested. 

850.5400 Aquatic nonvascular plants 433636303 Acceptable No - 

850.4400 Aquatic vascular 

plants 

43363604 Supplemental No - 

NA = not available 
38 of 106

8. References 

CFR 40. 2007. Code of Federal Regulations 40 Parts 150 to 189. Protection of the Environment. U.S. Government 

Printing Office. 

Fletcher, J.S., J.E. Nellessen, and T.G. Pfleeger. 1994. Literature review and evaluation of the EPA food-chain 

(Kenaga) nomogram, an instrument for estimating pesticide residues on plants. Environ. Tox. Chem. 

13:1383-1391. 

Hoerger, F. and E. E. Kenaga, 1972. Pesticide Residues on Plants: Correlation of Representative Data as a Basis for 

Estimation of their Magnitude in the Environment. In F. Coulston and F. Korte, eds., Environmental 

Quality and Safety: Chemistry, Toxicology, and Technology, Georg Thieme Publ., Stuttgart, West 

Germany, pp. 9-28. 

Tisdale, S.L., Nelson, W.L., and J.D. Beaton. 1985. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers (4th ed.)Macmillan Publishing 

Company, NY. 

Sample, BE, Opresko, DM, and Suter II, GW. 1996. Toxicological Benchmarks for Wildlife, 1996 Revision, June 

1996. Report ES/ER/TM-86/R3, prepared by the Risk Assessment Program, Health Sciences Research 

Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 

USEPA. 2002. Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the Environmental Fate and Transport of 

Pesticides, Version II. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC. Online at: 

http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models water/input_guidance2_28_02.htm. 

USEPA. 2003. 2003 Draft Update of Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Copper. http://www.epa.gov/waterscience

/criteria/copper/2003/master.pdf 

USEPA. 2004. Overview of the Ecological Risk Assessment Process in the Office of Pesticide Programs. U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of 

Pesticide Programs, Washington DC. January 23, 2004. 

USEPA. 2007a. 40 CFR Part 158. Pesticides; Data Requirements for Conventional Chemicals: Final Rule. 72 FR 

60934. October 26, 2007. 

USEPA. 2007b. Aquatic Life Ambient Freshwater Quality Criteria – Copper. http://www.epa.gov/waterscience

/criteria/copper /2007/criteria-full.pdf 

USEPA. 2009a. ECOTOXicology Database. Office of Research and Development National Health and 

Environmental Effects Research Laboratory’s (NHEERL’s) Mid-Continent Ecology Division (MED). 

http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/ 

USEPA. 2009b. Ecological Incident Information System. http://www.epa.gov/espp/consultation/ecoriskoverview.pdf

USEPA. 2009c. Revised Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Coppers. 

http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/copper_red_amend.pdf

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 1998. Endangered 

Species Consultation Handbook: Procedures for Conducting Consultation and Conference Activities Under 

Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. Final Draft. March 1998. 
39 of 106

Submitted Copper Fate Studies: 

Copper Sulfates 636 

Basic copper sulfate (008101) – No fate Studies 

Copper sulfate pentahydrate (024401) 

Guideline: 161-3 Photodegradation-soil

MRID: 99530 

Nakhshina, Y.; Fel'dman, M. (1973) The effect of certain factors on the bonding of zinc and copper by the bottom oozes in water

bodies. Hydrobiol. J. 7:12-17. (Also In unpublished submission received Aug 25, 1976 under 37952-1; submitted by Canadian 

Metafina Chemicals, New Westminster, BC; CDL:228173-I) 

MRID: 99540 

DeMumbrum, L.; Jackson, M. (1956) Infrared absorption evidence on exchange reaction mechanism of copper and zinc with 

layer silicate clays and peat. Soil Science Society Proceedings 20:334337. (Also In unpublished submission received Aug 25, 

1976 under 37952-1; submitted by Canadian Metafina Chemicals, New Westminster, BC; CDL:228173-U) 

MRID: 99541 

Hodgson, J.; Lindsay, W.; Trierweiler, J. (1966) Micronutrient cation complexing in soil solution: II. Complexing of zinc and 

copper in displaced solution from calcareous soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 30:723-726. (Also In unpublished submission 

received Aug 25, 1976 under 37952-1; submitted by Canadian Metafina Chemicals, New Westminster, BC; CDL:228173-V) 

Guideline: 162-1 Aerobic soil metabolism

MRID: 162165 

Copper Sulfate Data Task Force (1986) Copper Sulfate Standard Data Waiver Request. Unpublished compilation. 660 p. 

Guideline: 162-2 Anaerobic soil metabolism

MRID: 162165 

Copper Sulfate Data Task Force (1986) Copper Sulfate Standard Data Waiver Request. Unpublished compilation. 660 p. 

Guideline: 162-3 Anaerobic aquatic metab.

MRID: 162165 

Copper Sulfate Data Task Force (1986) Copper Sulfate Standard Data Waiver Request. Unpublished compilation. 660 p. 

Guideline: 163-1 Leach/adsorp/desorption

MRID: 99262 

Riemer, D.N.; Toth, S.J. (1970) Adsorption of copper by clay minerals, humic acid and bottom muds. Journal of American Water 

Works Association 62(3):195-197. (Also~In~unpublished submission received Nov 17, 1970 under 1F1093; submitted by Phelps 

Dodge Refining Co., New York, N.Y.; CDL:090853-H) 

Guideline: 164-1 Terrestrial field dissipation

MRID: 99537 

Mereniuk, G.; Medzhibovskaia, Z. (1970) The contamination of soil and fruit by copper-containing pesticides. Gigiena i Sanit. 35 

(1):108-10. Taken from: Health Aspects of Pesticides Abstract Bulletin 3:445. (U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare 

generated; abstract 70-1590; published study; CDL:228173-Q) 

MRID: 41003801 

Carey, D. (1989) Analytical Report for Terrestrial Outdoor Field Dissipation Studies with Copper-Containing Pesticides: Study 

No. 88-003-02. Unpublished study prepared by Biospherics Inc. 145 p. 

MRID: 41003802 

Carey, D. (1989) Method Validation Report for Terrestrial Outdoor Field Dissipation Study with Copper-Containing Pesticides: 

Study No. 88-003. Unpublished study prepared by Biospherics, Inc. 110 p. 

MRID: 41003803 

Ravitz, S. (1989) Terrestrial Outdoor Field Dissipation Study with Copper-Containing Pesticides: Interim Summary Report: 

Project No. 24086: File/Issue No. 35-COP/89006. Unpublished study prepared by Orius Associates, Inc. 17 p. 

MRID: 41116801 

Guy, S. (1989) Metallic Copper Environmental Fate on Citrus in Florida: Protocol No. 1641-88-121-01-01A-01. Unpublished 

study prepared by Biospherics Inc. 363 p. 
40 of 106

Guideline: 164-2 Aquatic field dissipation

MRID: 38640 

Yeo, R.R. (1972) Control of Cladophora and Two Pondweeds in a Small Earth-Lined Canal with Dicop. (Unpublished study 

received Jun 13, 1975 under 5E1648; prepared by Univ. of California-Davis, Botany Dept., submitted by Chevron Chemical Co., 

Richmond, Calif.; CDL:095428-T) 

MRID: 62074 

Nelson, J.L.; Bruns, V.F.; Coutant, C.C.; et al. (1969) Behavior and reactions of Copper sulfate in an irrigation canal. Pesticides 

Monitoring Journal 3(3):186-189. (Available from: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, published 

study; CDL:228175-I) 

MRID: 99143 

Supervisor, Product Toxicology--3M Company (1971) Residue Studies: ?System C. (Unpublished study received Aug 22, 1972 

under 10350-4; CDL:004918-J) 

MRID: 99343 

3M Company (1971) Residue Data: ?Envirocap-C. (Unpublished study received Mar 8, 1972 under 10556-EX-2; CDL:127738-

H) 

MRID: 99347 

3M Company (1970) Residue Data: ?Envirocap-C. (Unpublished study received on unknown date under 10556-EX-2; 

CDL:127739-D) 

MRID: 99539 

Deubert, K.; Demoranville, I. (1970) Copper sulfate in flooded cranberry bogs. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 4(1):11-13. 

(Available from: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402; published study; 

CDL: 228173-T) 

MRID: 40968201 

Carey, D. (1988) Method Validation Report for Aquatic Outdoor Field Dissipation Study with Copper-Containing Pesticides: 

Project No. Hb-241-101; Bios. Study No. 88-003. Unpublished study prepared by Biospherics Inc. 108 p. 

MRID: 41003804 

Carey, D. (1988) Analytical Report for Aquatic Outdoor Field Dissipation Studies with Copper-Containing Pesticides: Study No. 

88-003-02: Project No. Hb-241-101. Unpublished study prepared by Biospherics, Inc. 90 p. 

MRID: 41189001 

Hosmer, A.; Beaver, J.; Brantly, T. (1988) An Aquatic Sediment Dissipation Study of Copper Sulfate in the Hillsborough 

Reservoir, Florida: Project ID 241-101. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International LTD. 482 p. 

Guideline: 165-0 Accumulation Studies -General

MRID: 70296 

Bartley, T.R. (19??) Investigations of Copper Sulfate for Aquatic Weed Control. ?: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of 

Reclamation. (Water Resources technical publication, research report no. 27; pp. 11-15, 20, 21; published study; CDL:231553-D) 

MRID: 116455 

U.S. Dept. of the Army, Office of Engineers (1969) Silvex Aquatic Herbicide: Residue Studies. (Compilation; unpublished study 

received on unknown date under 1E1012; CDL:097961-G) 

Guideline: 171-4C Magnitude of the Residue [by commodity]

MRID: 48413 

American Celcure Wood Preserving Corporation (1969) ?Efficacy of Celcure on Douglas-Fir. (Reports by various sources; 

unpublished study received Jun 3, 1971 under 3992-5; CDL:230590-A) 

MRID: 99537 in Russian – did not get

Mereniuk, G.; Medzhibovskaia, Z. (1970) The contamination of soil and fruit by copper-containing pesticides. Gigiena i Sanit. 35 

(1):108-10. Taken from: Health Aspects of Pesticides Abstract Bulletin 3:445. (U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare 

generated; abstract 70-1590; published study; CDL:228173-Q) 

MRID: 116455 

U.S. Dept. of the Army, Office of Engineers (1969) Silvex Aquatic Herbicide: Residue Studies. (Compilation; unpublished study 

received on unknown date under 1E1012; CDL:097961-G) 
41 of 106

Guideline: 171-4A2 Nature of the Residue in Plants

MRID: 63970 

Wilbur Ellis Company (1975) [Toxicity of inert ingredient to Rabbits and Other Mammals]. Unpublished study; 8 p. 

MRID: 70287 

Richelsen Chemical Company (1976) Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate: Fate of Copper in the Environment. Summary of studies 

231553-B, and 231553-D through 231553-F. (Unpublished study received Sep 13, 1977 under 41071-1; CDL:231553-A) 

MRID: 70288 

U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (1974) A Review of the Literature on the Use of Copper Sulfate in Fisheries. N.P. 

(PB-235 445; pp. 20, 41, 58, 59 only; available from: National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA; published study;

CDL:231553-B) 

MRID: 99166 

Applied Biochemists, Incorporated (1963?) ?Cu Residues in Hydrilla. (Unpublished study received Sep 16, 1970 under 8959-1; 

CDL:005661-D) 

MRID: 99345 

3M Company (1969) Toxicity Data of Copper. (Unpublished study received on unknown date under 10556-EX-2; CDL:127739-

B) 

MRID: 99475 

Walsh, L.; Erhardt, W.; Seibel, H. (1972) Copper toxicity in snapbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). J. Environ. Quality 1(2):197200. 

(Also In unpublished submission received Aug 5, 1976 under 200-55; submitted by Glidden-Durkee Div., SCM Corp., 

Cleveland, OH; CDL:225810-E) 

MRID: 116455 

U.S. Dept. of the Army, Office of Engineers (1969) Silvex Aquatic Herbicide: Residue Studies. (Compilation; unpublished study 

received on unknown date under 1E1012; CDL:097961-G) 

MRID: 124622 

Agchem (1970) Some Additional Information Pertaining to Fate of Endothall in the Environment: ?Summary. (Unpublished 

study received Dec 1, 1970 under 1F1105; CDL:094511-A) 

MRID: 5002173 

Audia, W.V.; Preston, W.H., Jr. (1965) The effects of several algaecides on aquatic plants. Pages 451-455,~In~Proceedings of 

the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Northeastern Weed Control Conference. Farmingdale, N.Y.: Northeastern Weed Control 

Conference. 

Copper sulfate monohydrate (024402) – Cancelled 

Copper sulfate anhydrous (024408) – Cancelled 

Group II Copper Compounds 0649 

Copper chloride (008001) 

Guideline: 164-1 Terrestrial field dissipation

MRID: 99537 

Mereniuk, G.; Medzhibovskaia, Z. (1970) The contamination of soil and fruit by copper-containing pesticides. Gigiena i Sanit. 35 

(1):108-10. Taken from: Health Aspects of Pesticides Abstract Bulletin 3:445. (U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare 

generated; abstract 70-1590; published study; CDL:228173-Q) 

Guideline: 171-4C Magnitude of the Residue [by commodity]

MRID: 99537 

Mereniuk, G.; Medzhibovskaia, Z. (1970) The contamination of soil and fruit by copper-containing pesticides. Gigiena i Sanit. 35 

(1):108-10. Taken from: Health Aspects of Pesticides Abstract Bulletin 3:445. (U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare 

generated; abstract 70-1590; published study; CDL:228173-Q) 

MRID: 130757 

Sandoz, Inc. (1983) ?Residue: SAN 371F on Potatoes. (Compilation; unpublished study received Sep 1, 1983 under 3G2820; 

CDL: 071912-A) 
42 of 106

MRID: 149820 

Sandoz, Inc. (1984) Residue Data [of San 371F]. Unpublished compilation. 137 p. 

MRID: 45899607 

Brennecke, R. (1998) Determination of Residues of SZX 0722 and Copper on Tomato Following Spray Application of SZX 0722 

and Copper 24.5 WP in the Field in Italy, France, and Portugal: Lab Project Number: RA-2123/97: 702285: 702293. Unpublished 

study prepared by Bayer CropScience Ag. 58 p. {OPPTS 860.1500} 

MRID: 45899608 

Heinemann, O.; Brennecke, R. (1997) Determination of Residues of SZX 0722 and Copper 24.5 WP on Tomato Following Spray 

Application in Italy, France, and Portugal: Lab Project Number: RA-2137/96: 606316: 606324. Unpublished study prepared by 

Bayer CropScience Ag. 48 p. {OPPTS 860.1500} 

MRID: 45899609 

Brennecke, R. (1998) Determination of Residues of SZX 0722 in/on Processed Commodities of Tomatoes Following Spray 

Application SZX 0722 and Copper (24.5 WP) in Greenhouses in France and Germany (Including Amendment): Lab Project 

Number: RA-3122/97: MO-99-005053: 702358. Unpublished study prepared by Bayer CropScience Ag. 118 p. {OPPTS 

860.1520} 

Guideline: 171-4A2 Nature of the Residue in Plants

MRID: 149820 

Sandoz, Inc. (1984) Residue Data [of San 371F]. Unpublished compilation. 137 p. 

Copper ammonium carbonate (022703) – No fate Studies 

Basic copper carbonate (022901) 

Guideline: 162-1 Aerobic soil metabolism

MRID: 47757601 

Shepler, K. (2009) Aerobic Soil Metabolism of (Carbon 14) Polymeric Betaine (PB). Project Number: 1640W/1, 1640W. 

Unpublished study prepared by PTRL West, Inc. 152 p. 

Guideline: 171-4B Residue Analytical Methods

MRID: 2200 

Crown Zellerbach Corporation (19??) Analytical Procedures and Equipment. Two undated methods. (Unpublished study received 

Aug 2, 1965 under 3222-6; CDL:010748-2-F) 

MRID: 88167 

Crown Zellerbach Corporation (1949?) Analytical Methods. (Unpublished study received Jan 28, 1956 under PP0059; 

CDL:090057-B) 

Guideline: 171-4C Magnitude of the Residue [by commodity]

MRID: 2198 

Hadley, K.G. (19??) Summary of Tests on Residues from Ethoxyquin Treated Pear Wrap. (Unpublished study received Aug 2, 

1965 under 3222-6; submitted by Crown Zellerbach Corp., San Francisco, Calif.; CDL:010748-2-E) 

MRID: 45170 

Crown Zellerbach Corporation (1956) Full Reports of Investigations Made with Respect to the Safety of the Pesticide Chemical: 

?Hartman Wrap. (Unpublished study received Feb 27, 1956 under PP0059; CDL:092339-A) 

MRID: 111887 

Hadley, K. (19??) Summary of Tests on Residues from Ethoxyquin Treated Pear Wrap. (Unpublished study received Jun 22, 

1981 under 3222-6; submitted by Crown Zellerbach Corp., San Francisco, CA; CDL:245303-A) 

Copper hydroxide (023401) 

Guideline: 171-4C Magnitude of the Residue [by commodity]

MRID: 61758 

Gates, C.E. (1976) Statistical Analysis of the Rocide Corporation Cooper Residue Experiment of Citrus. (Unpublished study 

received Jun 9, 1976 under 8901-1; prepared by Texas A & M Univ., submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, Tex.; 

CDL:224574-A) 
43 of 106

MRID: 45618201 

Thompson, D. (1997) Metalaxyl + Copper: Magnitude of Residue on Grape: Lab Project Number: 06266: 06266.95-CAR10: 

06266.95-NYP11. Unpublished study prepared by University of California, Analytical Laboratories and Michigan State 

University. 297 p. 

Guideline: 171-4A2 Nature of the Residue in Plants

MRID: 99475 

Walsh, L.; Erhardt, W.; Seibel, H. (1972) Copper toxicity in snapbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). J. Environ. Quality 1(2):197- 

200. (Also In unpublished submission received Aug 5, 1976 under 200-55; submitted by Glidden-Durkee Div., SCM Corp., 

Cleveland, OH; CDL:225810-E) 

Copper and Oxides 4025 

Cuprous oxide (025601) 

MRID:41281501 

Anthony, C. (1989) Leach Rate Determinations of Antifoulant Paints Containing Tributyltin: 58SAF5000 Chlorinated Rubber 

Antifouling Paint Red: Lab Project Number: 00283/001. Unpublished study prepared by Case Consulting Laboratories, Inc. in 

cooperation with Valspar Corp. 286 p. 

MRID:41281501 

Anthony, C. (1989) Leach Rate Determinations of Antifoulant Paints Containing Tributyltin: 58SAF5000 Chlorinated Rubber 

Antifouling Paint Red: Lab Project Number: 00283/001. Unpublished study prepared by Case Consulting Laboratories, Inc. in 

cooperation with Valspar Corp. 286 p. 

MRID:41284501 

Anthony, C. (1989) Leach Rate Determinations of Antifoulant Paints Containing Tributyltin: 65SAF OMP Antifouling Paint Red 

8177-IN: Lab Project Number: 00283-001. Unpublished study prepared by Case Consulting Laboratories, Inc. in cooperation 

with Valspar Corp. 286 p. 

MRID:44804502 

Anthony, C. (1991) Leach Rate Determination of Antifoulant Paint Containing Copper (Flexgard XI Waterbase Preservative: Lab 

Project Number: 00347-001. Unpublished study prepared by Case Consulting Laboratories, Inc. 85 p. 

MRID:45458305 

Anthony, C. (1991) Leach Rate Determination of Antifoulant Paint Containing Copper (Flexgard XI-II (C) Waterbase 

Preservative Copper Paint Concentrate): Lab Project Number: 00347-001. Unpublished study prepared by Flexabar Corporation. 

84 p. 

MRID:45459505 

Anthony, C. (1991) Leach Rate Determination of Antifoulant Paint Containing Copper: Flexgard VI: Lab Project Number: 

00347-001. Unpublished study prepared by Case Consulting Laboratories, Inc. 83 p. 

MRID:45510501 

Sinning, D. (2001) Leach Rate Determination of Tropikote 2145 Black Antifouling Paint Containing Irgarol 1051: Lab Project 

Number: 2450-01. Unpublished study prepared by Case Consulting Laboratories, Inc. 22 p. 

MRID:45510502 

Sinning, D. (2001) Leach Rate Determination of Tropikote 2145 Blue Antifouling Paint Containing Irgarol 1051: Lab Project 

Number: 2450. Unpublished study prepared by Case Consulting Laboratories, Inc. 22 p. 

MRID:45510503 

Sinning, D. (2001) Leach Rate Determination of Tropikote 2145 Red Antifouling Paint Containing Irgarol 1051: Lab Project 

Number: 2450-03. Unpublished study prepared by Case Consulting Laboratories, Inc. 22 p. 

MRID:124841 

Prokopovich, N. (1983) Copper Distribution in Cotton Sediments of Solano Reservoir. (Unpublished study received Apr 16, 1982 

under 390-60; prepared by Water and Power Resources Service, Mid-Pacific Region, submitted by U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 

Washington, DC; CDL:247277-B)
44 of 106

Copper (metal) (022501) – Antimicrobial uses only 

Guideline: 161-3 Photodegradation-soil

MRID: 99542 

Jamison, V. (19??) Adsorption and fixation of copper in some sandy soils of central Florida. Soil Sci. 53:287-297. (Also In 

unpublished submission received Aug 25, 1976 under 37952-1; submitted by Canadian Metafina Chemicals, New Westminster, 

BC; CDL:228173-W) 

Guideline: 163-1 Leach/adsorp/desorption

MRID: 99542 

Jamison, V. (19??) Adsorption and fixation of copper in some sandy soils of central Florida. Soil Sci. 53:287-297. (Also In 

unpublished submission received Aug 25, 1976 under 37952-1; submitted by Canadian Metafina Chemicals, New Westminster, 

BC; CDL:228173-W) 

MRID: 45572701 

Sinning, D. (2001) Raw Data SR-21: (Leach Rate Determination): Lab Project Number: SR-21: 390-57,58. Unpublished study 

prepared by Case Consulting Laboratories. 316 p. 

MRID: 45572702 

Sinning, D. (2001) Raw Data SR-21: (Leach Rate Determination): Lab Project Number: 390-57: 390-58: SR-21. Unpublished 

study prepared by Case Consulting Laboratories. 296 p. 

Guideline: 164-1 Terrestrial field dissipation

MRID: 99538 

Rieder, W.; Schwertmann, U. (1972) Kupferanreicherung in hopfengenutzten boeden der Hellertau. ?Copper accumulation in 

soils used for hop growing in Bavaria. Landwirt. Forsch. 25(2):170- 177. Taken from: Health Aspects of Pesticides Abstract 

Bulletin ?:283. (U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare generated; abstract 74-1057; published study; CDL:228173-R) 

Guideline: 165-0 Accumulation Studies -- General

MRID: 99573 

Hutchinson, T.; Fedorenko, A.; Fitchko, J.; et al. (1976) Movement and Compartmentation of Nickel and Copper in an Aquatic 

Ecosystem. Pages 565-583, In Environmental Biogeochemistry. By J.O. Nriagu. S.l.: Ann Arbor Press. (Also In unpublished 

submission received Jul 12, 1978 under 1278-8; submitted by Phelps Dodge Refining Co., New York, NY; CDL:234670-D) 

Guideline: 171-4A2 Nature of the Residue in Plants

MRID: 99140 

Supervisor, Product Toxicology--3M Company (1969?) Literature Review of Copper in Nature. (Unpublished study received 

Aug 22, 1972 under 10350-4; CDL:004918-G) 

Guideline: 835.0001 Background for Environmental Fate, Transport, and Drift

MRID: 47730701 

Mattlin, J.; Shah, S. (2009) Determination of Copper Emissions by Rain Bird Copper Shield Product - Amended. Project 

Number: 8070315. Unpublished study prepared by Rain Bird Corporation and Weck Laboratories, Inc. 13 p. 

Cupric oxide (042401) – Antimicrobial uses only 

Copper Salts 4026 

Copper salts of fatty and rosin acids (023104) – No fate Studies 

Copper ethylenediamine (024407) 

Guideline: 162-4 Aerobic aquatic metab.

MRID: 44127508 

Spare, W. (1996) Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism of Copper-Ethylenediamine Complex (Komeen): (Final Report): Lab Project 

Number: 3305: 96-0026. Unpublished study prepared by Agrisearch, Inc. 175 p. 

Guideline: 163-1 Leach/adsorp/desorption

MRID: 94091002 

Ravitz, S. (1990) Griffin Corporation Phase 3 Summary of MRID 41189001. An Aquatic Sediment Dissipation Study of Copper 

Sulfate in The Hillsborough Reservoir, Florida: Project No. 241-101. Prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 8 p. 
45 of 106

Guideline: 164-2 Aquatic field dissipation

MRID: 94091002 

Ravitz, S. (1990) Griffin Corporation Phase 3 Summary of MRID 41189001. An Aquatic Sediment Dissipation Study of Copper 

Sulfate in The Hillsborough Reservoir, Florida: Project No. 241-101. Prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 8 p. 

Copper triethanolamine complex (024403) 

Guideline: 161-1 Hydrolysis

MRID: 99665 

Applied Biochemists, Inc. (19??) Breakdown Products and Rate of Triethanolamine Chelate of Copper Sulphate: Cutrine. 

(Unpublished study received Jul 21, 1972 under 2F1227; CDL:091057-M) 

Guideline: 162-4 Aerobic aquatic metab.

MRID: 43931101 

Spare, W. (1996) Copper-Triethanolamine Complex: Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism of Copper-Triethanolamine Complex: Lab 

Project Number: 3304: 95-071: 96-001. Unpublished study prepared by Agrisearch Inc. 189 p. 

Guideline: 163-1 Leach/adsorp/desorption

MRID: 94088002 

Ravitz, S. (1990) Griffin Corporation Phase 3 Summary of MRID 41189001. An Aquatic Sediment Dissipation Study of Copper 

Sulfate in the Hillsborough Reservoir, Florida: Project No. 241-101. Prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 19 p. 

Guideline: 164-2 Aquatic field dissipation

MRID: 94088002 

Ravitz, S. (1990) Griffin Corporation Phase 3 Summary of MRID 41189001. An Aquatic Sediment Dissipation Study of Copper 

Sulfate in the Hillsborough Reservoir, Florida: Project No. 241-101. Prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 19 p. 

Guideline: 171-4C Magnitude of the Residue [by commodity]

MRID: 99667 

Elvehjem, C.; Hart, E. (1929) The copper content of feedingstuffs. Journal of Biological Chemistry LXXXII(2):473-477. (Also In 

unpublished submission received Jul 21, 1972 under 2F1227; submitted by Applied Biochemists, Inc., Mequon, WI; 

CDL:091057-R) 

Guideline: 171-4A2 Nature of the Residue in Plants

MRID: 99166 

Applied Biochemists, Incorporated (1963?) ?Cu Residues in Hydrilla. (Unpublished study received Sep 16, 1970 under 8959-1; 

CDL:005661-D) 

MRID: 99413 

Applied Biochemists, Inc. (1963) Copper Uptake Experiments. (Unpublished study received Sep 16, 1970 under 8959-1; CDL: 

220149-C) 

Other Copper Compounds 

Copper octanoate (023306) – No fate Studies 

Copper ethanolamine complex (024409) – No fate Studies 

Copper Compounds Not Listed in RED

Copper as metallic (024405) – No fate Studies 

Copper thiocyanate (025602) 

Guideline: 161-1 Hydrolysis

MRID: 41845909 

Marshall, D. (1989) Determination of the Hydrolysis of Cuprous thiocyanate in Water: Lab Project Number: 338752: 6262. 

Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research International. 24 p. 

Copper silicate (024301) – No fate Studies 
46 of 106

Submitted Copper Effects Studies 

Copper Sulfates 636 

Basic copper sulfate (008101) 

Guideline: 71-1 Avian Single Dose Oral Toxicity

MRID: 99293 

Bodden, R.M.; Thomson, G.M. (1979) Avian Single-dose Oral LD50-- Bobwhite Quail. (Unpublished study received Jun 4, 1979 

under 1109-13; prepared by Ralston Purina Company, submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, Ga.; CDL:098351-A) 

MRID: 99557 

Bodden, R. (1978) ?Toxicity Study of Citgo Tri-Basic Copper Sulfate to Bobwhite Quail. (Unpublished study received Jul 31, 

1978 under 1109-13; prepared by Ralston Purina Co., submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, GA; CDL:234567-A) 

MRID: 106120 

Warf Institute, Inc. (1977) Report: Warf Institute No. 7012485. (Unpublished study received Jul 11, 1977 under 1109-13; 

submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, GA; CDL:233920-A) 

Guideline: 71-2 Avian Dietary Toxicity

MRID: 99587 

Fink, R.; Reno, F. (1974) Final Report: Eight-day Dietary LC50-- Mallard Ducks: TriBasic Copper Sulfate: Project No. 811-104. 

(Unpublished study received Mar 22, 1974 under unknown admin. no.; prepared by Environmental Sciences Corp. and Truslow 

Farms, submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, GA; CDL:235522-A) 

MRID: 134361 

Fink, R.; Reno, F. (1974) Eight-day Dietary LC50--Mallard Ducks: Tribasic Copper Sulfate: Project No. 811-104. Final rept. 

(Unpublished study received Mar 22, 1974 under 1109-13; prepared by Hazleton Laboratories, Inc., submitted by Tennessee 

Chemical Co., Atlanta, GA; CDL:223695-A) 

MRID: 134362 

Fink, R.; Reno, F. (1974) Eight-day Dietary LC50--Bobwhite Quail: Tribasic Copper Sulfate: Project No. 811-103. Final rept. 

(Unpublished study received Mar 22, 1974 under 1109-13; prepared by Hazleton Laboratories, Inc., submitted by Tennessee 

Chemical Co., Atlanta, GA; CDL:223695-B) 

Guideline: 72-1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID: 99348 

Pitcher, F.G.; McCann, J.A. (1974) ?Nutritional Spray No. 6 for Citrus: R. Trout (S. gairdneri). (U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency, Chemical & Biological Investigations Branch, Technical Services Div.; unpublished study; CDL:127917-A) 

MRID: 99349 

McCann, J.A.; Pitcher, F. (1973) (Zinc Coposil: Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)): Test No. 573. (U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Pesticides Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:128235-A) 

MRID: 99350 

McCann, J.A.; Pitcher, F. (1973) ?Zinc Coposil 35: Bluegill: Test No. 545. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticides 

Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:128238-A) 

MRID: 99361 

Pitcher, F.G. (1974) Traco Super Fine Copper 50: Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus): Test No. 664. (U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Pesticides Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:128530-A) 

MRID: 99362 

Pitcher, F.G. (1973) ?Copper Bordeaux 22: Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus): Test No. 615. (U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Pesticides Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:128531-A) 

MRID: 99375 

McCann, J.A. (1971) ?Black Leaf Tri-basic Bordeaux Powder: Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus): Test No. 321. (U.S. Agricultural 

Research Service, Pesticides Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:130337-A) 

MRID: 99386 

Pitcher, F.G.; McCann, J.A. (1974) ?CUZN Dust No. 20: Bluegill (L. machrochirus): Test No. 746. (U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Chemical & Biological Investigations Branch, Technical Services Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; 

unpublished study; CDL:131069-A) 
47 of 106

MRID: 99387 

Pitcher, F.G.; McCann, J.A. (1974) ?Moyer CU ZN: Bluegill (L. machrochirus): Test No. 741. (U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Chemical & Biological Investigations Branch, Technical Services Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; 

CDL:131076-A) 

MRID: 99388 

Pitcher, F.G. (1974) ?Traco Super Fine Copper 50: Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Test No. 717. (U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Pesticides Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:131078-A) 

MRID: 99547 

Buccafusco, R. (1977) Acute Toxicity of Tri-basic Copper Sulfate to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri). (Unpublished study 

received Feb 1, 1978 under 1109-13; prepared by EG & G, Bionomics, submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, GA; 

CDL:233916-A) 

MRID: 99548 

Buccafusco, R. (1977) Acute Toxicity of Tri-basic Copper Sulfate to Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). (Unpublished study 

received Feb 1, 1978 under 1109-13; prepared by EG & G, Bionomics, submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, GA; 

CDL:233918-A) 

MRID: 121878 

McCann, J. (1971) (Black Leaf Tri Basic Bordeaux Powder: Rainbow Trout): Test No. 417. (Unpublished study received Jan 4, 

1971 under 5887-1; prepared by U.S. Agricultural Research Service, Pesticides Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory, 

submitted by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Beltsville, MD; CDL: 108544-A) 

MRID: 130143 

Pitcher, F.; McCann, J. (1974) (CU ZN: Rainbow Trout): Test No. 729. (Unpublished study received Aug 25, 1974 under 5967- 

111; submitted by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Beltsville, MD; CDL:165000-A) 

Guideline: 72-2 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates

MRID: 99385 

Black, H.G., Jr. (1974) Letter sent to Director, Registration Division, Environmental Protection Agency dated Oct 9, 1974: TC 

Tri-basic copper sulfate. (Unpublished study received Oct 16, 1974 under 1109-13; submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, 

GA.; CDL:130998-A) 

MRID: 99584 

LeBlanc, G.; Surprenant, D. (1978) Acute Toxicity of Tri-basic Copper Sulfate--The Water Flea (Daphnia magna): Report #BW78-8- 255. (Unpublished study received Sep 12, 1978 under 1109-13; prepared by EG & G, Bionomics, submitted by Cities 

Service Co., Atlanta, GA; CDL:235097-A) 

Guideline: 72-4 Fish Early Life Stage/Aquatic Invertebrate Life Cycle Study

MRID: 27392 

Pitcher, F. (1974) ?Cuzn Dust No. 20: Toxicity to Rainbow Trout: MB 295. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticides 

Regulation Div., Agricultural Research Center, Animal Biology Laboratory, unpublished report.) 

Guideline: 81-1 Acute oral toxicity in rats

MRID: 56623 

WARF Institute, Incorporated (1973) Report: WARF No. 3092966. Summary of studies 224433-B and 224433-C. (Unpublished 

study received Nov 4, 1975 under 1109-13; submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, Ga.; CDL:224433-A) 

MRID: 56624 

WARF Institute, Incorporated (1973) Acute Oral Toxicity: WARF No. 3092966. (Unpublished study received Nov 4, 1975 under 

1109-13; submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, Ga.; CDL: 224433-B) 

MRID: 73704 

Williamson, H.O. (1976) Tomato and Vegetable Dust: Albino Rat. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Pharmacology 

Laboratory, unpublished study; CDL:228834-A) 

MRID: 73705 

Williamson, H.O. (1976) Tomato and Vegetable Dust: Albino Rat. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Pharmacology 

Laboratory, unpublished study; CDL:228834-B) 
48 of 106

MRID: 126194 

Phillips, A.; Spalding, T. (1982) ?Toxicity Study: Lacco Copper Oxy Chloride Sulfate 50% Sprayable Fungicide: NVP No. 

X2J016. (Unpublished study received Feb 8, 1983 under 962-342; prepared by Northview Pacific Laboratories, Inc., submitted 

by Los Angeles Chemical Co., South Gate, CA; CDL:249611-A) 

MRID: 133083 

WARF Institute, Inc. (1973) Report: WARF No. 3092966. (Unpublished study received Jan 17, 1974 under 1109-13; submitted 

by Tennessee Chemical Co., Atlanta, GA; CDL:223696-A) 

MRID: 142982 

Pinkerton, M. (1981) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats with Flowable Tri-Basic Copper: GSRI Project No. 413-979-45-02. 

Unpublished study prepared by Gulf South Research Institute. 36 p. 

MRID: 42402602 

Kuhn, J. (1992) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: FCA 101: Lab Project Number: 8960-92. Unpublished study prepared by 

Stillmeadow, Inc. 20 p. 

MRID: 42810001 

Kuhn, J. (1993) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: Copper/Sulfur Flowable: Lab Project Number: 9889-93. Unpublished study 

prepared by Stillmeadow, Inc. 22 p. 

MRID: 45106401 

Kuhn, J. (2000) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: CSC Copper Sulfur Dust: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 5466-99. 

Unpublished study prepared by Stillmeadow, Inc. 11 p. {OPPTS 870.1100} 

MRID: 45252604 

Griffon, B. (2000) Acute Oral Toxicity in Rats: Technical Bordeaux Mixture: Lab Project Number: 19424 TAR. Unpublished 

study prepared by Centre International de Toxicologie. 38 p. {OPPTS 870.1100} 

MRID: 45653102 

Moore, G. (2002) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats--Limit Test: Bonide Garden Dust: Lab Project Number: 11654: P320. 

Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Labs. 15 p. {OPPTS 870.1100} 

Guideline: 121-1 Phytotoxicity

MRID: 9882 

McClure, T.T.; Cation, D. (1951) Comparison of Actidione with some other spray chemicals for control of cherry leaf spot in 

Michigan. Plant Disease Reporter 35(9):393-395. (Also~In~ unpublished submission received Feb 9, 1956 under 1023-9; 

submitted by Tuco Products Co., Kalamazoo, Mich.; CDL:005449-B) 

MRID: 9943 

Smith, D.H.; Crosby, F.D. (1968) Peanuts: Leafspot:~Cercospora~ ?~arachidicola?~. (Unpublished study received Feb 26, 1969 

under 3238-42; prepared by Univ. of Georgia, Georgia Station in cooperation with ESSA-Weather Bureau, Georgia Station, 

submitted by Agrico Chemical Co., Tulsa, Okla.; CDL:220181-A) 

MRID: 11573 

Moore, J.D.; Keitt, G.W. (1952) Report on Experimental Spraying for Cherry Leaf Spot Control in 1952. (Unpublished study 

received Oct 15, 1953 under 1023-9; submitted by Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Mich.; CDL:005440-G) 

MRID: 22056 

Smith, D.H. (1969) 1969 Peanut Leafspot Fungicide Test--Plains, Georgia. (Unpublished study including letter dated Oct 24, 

1969 from D.H. Smith to Sidney Fox, received Dec 9, 1969 under 400- EX-37; prepared by Univ. of Georgia, Dept. of Plant 

Pathology, Georgia Station, submitted by Uniroyal Chemical, Bethany, Conn.; CDL:123444-H) 

MRID: 30230 

R.T. Vanderbilt Company, Incorporated (1970) Leaf Spot Test 1--1970 (Miscellaneous Chemicals Test). (Unpublished study 

received May 6, 1971 under 1965-66; CDL:025216-A) 

Guideline: 870.1100 Acute oral toxicity

MRID: 46242004 

Cerven, D. (2003) Acute Oral Toxicity/ LD50 in Rats: Copper 40 Technical. Project Number: MB/03/10926/01, 1000/01. 

Unpublished study prepared by MB Research Laboratories. 16 p. 
49 of 106

MRID: 46248403 

Merkel, D. (2003) Acute Oral Toxicity Up and Down Procedure in Rats: WECO 15-25. Project Number: 14383, P320/UDP. 

Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Labs. 15 p. 

MRID: 46386201 

Brooks, M. (2004) Determination of Acute Oral, Dermal and Inhalation Toxicity as Well as Skin Irritation Potential and Dermal 

Sensitization of Copper Sulfur Dust Formulation. Project Number: AGROSPEC005. Unpublished study prepared by Salimax, 

University of Chile. 19 p. 

MRID: 46899103 

Kuhn, J. (2006) Acute Oral Toxicity Study (UDP) in Rats: Bonide Vegetable-Floral Dust or Spray: Final Report. Project 

Number: 9715/06. Unpublished study prepared by Stillmeadow, Inc. 12 p. 

MRID: 47002204 

Lowe, C. (2006) Acute Oral Toxicity Up and Down Procedure in Rats: Basic Copper 50%. Project Number: 19840, P320/UDP. 

Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Laboratories. 16 p. 

MRID: 47516503 

Kuhn, J. (2008) Acute Oral Toxicity Study (UDP) in Rats: BCS-Copper Fungicide. Project Number: 11726/08. Unpublished 

study prepared by Stillmeadow, Inc. 13 p. 

MRID: 47598001 

Kuhn, J. (2008) Top Cop with Sulfur: Acute Oral Toxicity Study (UDP) in Rats: Final Report. Project Number: 12211/08. 

Unpublished study prepared by Stillmeadow, Inc. 11 p. 

MRID: 47613603 

Ullmann, L. (1985) Cuproxat Flowable-Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50) Study in Rats. Project Number: 058724, 057284. 

Unpublished study prepared by Research & Consulting Co. Ltd. 44 p. 

MRID: 47632704 

Sanders, A. (2002) Tribasic Copper Sulphate: Acute Oral Toxicity in the Rat- Acute Toxic Class Method. Project Number: 

1632/001, 1632/001/JS. Unpublished study prepared by Safepharm Laboratories, Ltd. 26 p. 

MRID: 47809301 

Oley, S. (2009) Bonide Garden Dust: Acute Oral Toxicity Up and Down Procedure in Rats. Project Number: 27600, P320/UDP, 

090526/4H. Unpublished study prepared by Eurofins/Product Safety Laboratories. 14 p. 

Copper sulfate pentahydrate (024401) 

Guideline: 71-1 Avian Single Dose Oral Toxicity

MRID: 67455 

Bodden, R. (1978) Report: WARF Institute No. 7020979. (Unpublished study received Jun 12, 1978 under 1109-7; prepared by 

WARF Institute, Inc., submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, Ga.; CDL:230839-B) 

MRID: 67456 

WARF Institute, Incorporated (1977) Report: WARF Institute No. 7020979. (Unpublished study received Jul 11, 1977 under 

1109-7; submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, Ga.; CDL: 230839-C) 

MRID: 103982 

Uni-Research (1974) Fish and Bird Toxicity Evaluation: Laboratory No. 5475. (Unpublished study received Mar 20, 1975 under 

5719EX-28; submitted by Chacon Chemical Corp., Commerce, CA; CDL: 110621-C) 

Guideline: 71-2 Avian Dietary Toxicity

MRID: 47063 

Fletcher, D. (1973) Report to Kennecott Copper Corporation: 8-Day Dietary LCI50^ Study with Sample No. 73-547 in Mallard 

Ducklings: IBT No. 651-03598. (Unpublished study received Oct 15, 1980 under 8901-24; prepared by Industrial Bio-Test 

Laboratories, Inc., submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, Tex.; CDL:243508-C) 

MRID: 47064 

Fletcher, D. (1973) Report to Kennecott Copper Corporation: 8-Day Dietary LCI50^ Study with Sample No. 73-547 in Bobwhite 

Quail: IBT No. 651-03599. (Unpublished study received Oct 15, 1980 under 8901-24; prepared by Industrial Bio-Test 

Laboratories, Inc., submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, Tex.; CDL: 243508-D) 
50 of 106

MRID: 49215 

Fink, R.; Baltezore, M. (1973) Final Report: Eight-Day Dietary LCI50^--Bobwhite Quail: Project No. 120-103. (Unpublished 

study received Mar 12, 1975 under 5719-58; prepared by Truslow Farms, Inc., submitted by Chacon Chemical Corp., Commerce, 

Calif.; CDL: 229963-B) 

MRID: 67454 

Piccirillo, V.J. (1977) Final Report: Subacute Dietary LCI50^ Study in Mallard Ducks: Project No. 811-106. (Unpublished study 

received Jul 11, 1977 under 1109-7; prepared by Hazleton Laboratories America, Inc., submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, 

Ga.; CDL:230839-A) 

MRID: 72955 

Fink, R.; Baltezore, M. (1973) Final Report: Eight-Day Dietary LCI50^--Mallard Ducks: Project No. 120-104. (Unpublished 

study received Mar 12, 1975 under 5719-58; prepared by Truslow Farms, Inc., submitted by Chacon Chemical Corp., Commerce, 

Calif.; CDL: 229963-A) 

MRID: 99405 

WARF Institute, Inc. (1973) Report: WARF No. 3042156. (Unpublished study received Jan 30, 1974 under 7364-26; submitted 

by Great Lakes Biochemical Co., Inc., Milwaukee, WI; CDL: 133125-C) 

MRID: 106616 

WARF Institute, Inc. (1973) Report: WARF Institute No. 3042156. (Unpublished study received Jan 30, 1974 under 7364-26; 

submitted by Great Lakes Biochemical Co., Inc., Milwaukee, WI; CDL:132457-A) 

Guideline: 72-1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID: 65637 

Pickering, Q.H.; Henderson, C. (1966) The acute toxicity of some heavy metals to different species of warmwater fishes. Air 

Wat. Pollut. Int. J. 10:453-463. (Also~In~unpublished submission received Oct 22, 1980 under 44214-1; submitted by Kennecott 

Copper Corp., New York, N.Y.; CDL:243555-K) 

MRID: 65646 

Lewis, M. (1978) Acute toxicity of copper, zinc and manganese in single and mixed salt solutions to juvenile longfin 

dace,~Age~??~sia chrysogester~. Journal of Fish Biology 13:695-700. (Also~In~unpublished submission received Oct 22, 1980 

under 44214-1; submitted by Kennecott Copper Corp., New York, N.Y.; CDL:243555-T) 

MRID: 67883 

WARF Institute, Incorporated (1972) Acute Toxicity (LC 50) Fish Study: (Copper Solutions). (Unpublished study received Nov 

3, 1980 under 8901-25; submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp. Houston, TX; CDL:244109-A) 

MRID: 79874 

Kennecott Copper Corporation (1972) Toxicity of Copper to Fish in Laboratory Tests. (Unpublished study received on unknown 

date under unknown admin. no.; submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, Tex.; CDL:127623-G) 

MRID: 85213 

Inglis, A.; Davis, E.L. (1972) Effects of Water Hardness on the Toxicity of Several Organic and Inorganic Herbicides to Fish. By 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish-Pesticide Research Laboratory. Washington, D.C.: USFWS. (Technical papers of the Bureau 

of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife 67; published study; CDL: 232666-L) 

MRID: 88317 

Lee, T. (1972) Report: WARF Nos. 2040242 through 2040244, SR 72.004 Addendum. (Unpublished study received Jun 15, 1972 

under unknown admin. no.; prepared by WARF Institute, Inc., submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, Tex.; 

CDL:127620-A) 

MRID: 88318 

Kennecott Copper Corporation (1972) Toxicity of Various Forms of Copper to Largemouth Bass in Still Water Laboratory Tests: 

SR72.004 Addendum. (Unpublished study received Jun 15, 1972 under unknown admin. no.; submitted by Kocide Corp., 

Houston, Tex.; CDL:127620-B) 

MRID: 92338 

Hercules, Incorporated (1956) Fish Toxicity of Six Chemical Compounds. (Unpublished study received Jul 7, 1970 under 891-

148; CDL:129350-A) 
51 of 106

MRID: 99165 

Applied Biochemists, Incorporated (19??) ?Toxicity of Various Herbicides to Fish. (Unpublished study received Sep 16, 1970 

under 8959-1; CDL:005661-C) 

MRID: 99168 

Vedder, D.L. (1970) Fish toxicity: ?Cutrine. (Unpublished study received Sep 16, 1970 under 8959-1; prepared by Marine 

Biochemists, Inc., submitted by Applied Biochemists, Inc., Mequon, Wis.; CDL:005661-F) 

MRID: 99322 

Stoner, G.A. (1972) Summary: ?Data on the Aqueous Formulation Kolox: SR-72.004. (Unpublished study received Apr 7, 1972 

under unknown admin. no.; submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, Tex.; CDL:127622-A) 

MRID: 99341 

Hamlin, J. (1971) Report to 3M Company: Four-day Static Fish Toxicity Studies with T-367, T-368 and T-369 in Rainbow 

Trout, Bluegills and Channel Catfish: IBT No. A714. (Unpublished study received Mar 8, 1972 under 10556-EX-2; prepared by 

Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., submitted by 3M Co., St. Paul, Minn.; CDL:127738-F) 

MRID: 99359 

McCann, J.A. (1972) ?Tru Permanent Algaecide: Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Test No. 490. (U.S. Agricultural Research 

Service, Pesticides Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:128503-A) 

MRID: 99368 

Pitcher, F. (1974) ?Sea Guard Pool Water Winterizer: Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Test No. 682. (U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Pesticides Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:129221-A) 

MRID: 99369 

McCann, J.A. (1972) ?Acme Bordeaux: Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Test No. 475. (U.S. Agricultural Research Service, 

Pesticides Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:129664-A) 

MRID: 99372 

McCann, J.A. (1971) ?Acme Bordeaux Mixture: Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus): Test No. 362. (U.S. Agricultural Research 

Service, Pesticides Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:129666-A) 

MRID: 99374 

McCann, J.A. (1971) ?Humco Copper Sulfate: Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus): Test No. 366. (U.S. Agricultural Research 

Service, Pesticides Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:130336-A) 

MRID: 99389 

Pitcher, F.; McCann, J. (1974) ?Traco Brand Brand ?sic Copper Zinc 25-25: R. Trout (S. gairdneri): Test No. 766. (U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Chemical & Biological Investigations Branch, Technical Services Div., unpublished study; 

CDL: 131098-A) 

MRID: 99390 

Pitcher, F.; McCann, J. (1974) ?Copper Zinc Sulphate: BG (Lepomis macrochirus): Test No. 771. (U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Chemical & Biological Investigations Branch, Technical Services Div.; unpublished study; CDL:131099-A) 

MRID: 99395 

Pitcher, F. (1974) ?CUZN Dust No. 20: Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Test No. 720. (U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Pesticides Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:131580-A) 

MRID: 99402 

Fitzgerald, G. (1963) Factors affecting the toxicity of copper to algae and fish. Amer. Jour. Bot. 50:21-23. (Also In unpublished 

submission received Jan 30, 1974 under 7364-26; submitted by Great Lakes Biochemical Co., Inc., Milwaukee, WI; 

CDL:132457-C) 

MRID: 99412 

Applied Biochemists, Inc. (19??) Fish Toxicity: ?Cutrine. (Unpublished study received Sep 16, 1970 under 8959-1; CDL: 

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MRID: 99480 

Sellers, C.; Heath, A.; Bass, M. (1975) The effect of sublethal concentrations of copper and zinc on ventilatory activity, blood 

oxygen and pH in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Water Research 9:401-408. (Also In unpublished submission received Aug 5, 

1976 under 200-55; submitted by Glidden-Durkee Div., SCM Corp., Cleveland, OH; CDL:225816-A) 

MRID: 99498 

Calamari, D.; Marchetti, R. (1973) The toxicity of mixtures of metals and surfactants to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich.).

Water Research 7:1453-1464. (Also In unpublished submission received Aug 25, 1976 under 37952-1; submitted by Canadian 

Metafina Chemicals, New Westminster, BC; CDL:228176-C) 

MRID: 99668 

Lin, C.; Nemo, A.; Vedder, D. (1970) Copper Residue in Rainbow Trout. (Unpublished study received Jul 21, 1972 under 

2F1227; submitted by Applied Biochemists, Inc., Mequon, WI; CDL: 091057-S) 

MRID: 102626 

Inglis, A.; Davis, E. (1968) The Effect of Water Hardness on the Toxicity to Fish of Several Organic and Inorganic Herbicides. 

(Unpublished paper presented at the 8th meeting of the Weed Society of America, Feb 5-8, 1968, New Orleans, LA; unpublished 

study received Jul 18, 1972 under 2E1221; submitted by U.S. Dept. of the Army, Washington, DC; CDL:091051-R) 

MRID: 103982 

Uni-Research (1974) Fish and Bird Toxicity Evaluation: Laboratory No. 5475. (Unpublished study received Mar 20, 1975 under 

5719EX-28; submitted by Chacon Chemical Corp., Commerce, CA; CDL: 110621-C) 

MRID: 107813 

Hercules, Inc. (1956) Fish Toxicity of Six Chemical Compounds. (Unpublished study received Jul 7, 1970 under 891-149; CDL: 

106037-B) 

MRID: 115756 

Inglis, A.; Davis, E. (1972) Effects of Water Hardness on the Toxicity of Several Organic and Inorganic Herbicides to Fish. By 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish-Pesticide Research Laboratory. Washington, DC: USFWS. (Technical papers of the Bureau 

of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife 67; published study; CDL: 248614-P) 

MRID: 133858 

WARF Institute, Inc. (1972) Report: WARF Nos. 2040242, 2040243 and 2040244. (Unpublished study received Feb 8, 1979 

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MRID: 157308 

Applied Biochemists, Inc. (19??) Acute Toxicity of Cutrine-Plus & Copper Sulfate to the Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus 

Rafinesque) in Various Water Hardnesses: TSR 134-1175. Unpublished study. 8 p. 

MRID: 5003523 

Maloney, T.E.; Palmer, C.M. (1956) Toxicity of six chemical compounds to thirty cultures of algae. Water and Sewage Works 

103:509-513. 

MRID: 45088217 

Singh, S.; Yadav, N. (1978) Toxicity of Some Herbicides to Major Carp Fingerlings. Indian J. Ecol. 5(2):141-147. 

Guideline: 72-2 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates

MRID: 65642 

Portmann, J.E. (1968) Progress report on a programme of insecticide analysis and toxicity-testing in relation to the marine 

environment. Helgolaender Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 17: 247-256. (Also~In~unpublished submission received 

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MRID: 99500 

Holm-Jensen, I. (19??) ?Source unknown. ?S.1.: Bianco Lunos Bogtrykkeri. (Nr. 11; also In unpublished submission received 

Aug 25, 1976 under 37952-1; submitted by Canadian Metafina Chemicals, New Westminster, BC; CDL:228176-F) 

MRID: 99558 

LeBlanc, G.; Surprenant, D. (1978) Acute Toxicity of Copper Sulfate Granular Crystals to the Water Flea (Daphnia magna): 

Report No. BW-78-7-211. (Unpublished study received Aug 22, 1978 under 1109-20; prepared by EG & G, Bionomics, 

submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, GA; CDL:234664-A) 
53 of 106

MRID: 114493 

Walker, C. (1971) The toxicological effects of herbicides and weed control on fish and other organisms in the aquatic ecosystem. 

By U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Div. of Fishery Research, Branch of Pest Control Research. Pages 119-126, In Proc. Eur. 

Weed Res. Coun. 3rd Int. Symp. Aquatic Weeds; 1971. S.l.: s.n.. (Also In unpublished submission received Jul 9, 1975 under 

1F1105; submitted by Pennwalt Corp., Tacoma, WA; CDL: 094702-I) 

Guideline: 72-3 Acute Toxicity to Estuarine/Marine Organisms

MRID: 65640 

Birdsong, C.L.; Avault, J.W., Jr. (1971) Toxicity of certain chemicals to juvenile pompano. Progressive-Fish Culturist 33:76-80. 

(Available from: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402; published study; 

CDL: 243555-N) 

MRID: 65647 

Martin, M.; Stephenson, M.D.; Martin, J.H. (1977) Copper toxicity experiments in relation to abalone deaths observed in a power

plant's cooling waters. California Fish and Game 63:95-100. (California, Dept. of Fish and Game; published study; CDL: 

243555-U) 

MRID: 75152 

Marshall, B.L. (1975) Final Report: Acute Bioassay on Oyster Larvae (~Crassostrea virginica~). (Unpublished study received Jul 

10, 1975 under 1109-19; prepared by Marine Research Institute, submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, Ga.; CDL:165022-A) 

MRID: 82150 

Birdsong, C.L.; Avault, J.W., Jr. (1971) Toxicity of certain chemicals to juvenile pompano. Progressive Fish-Culturist 

33(2):7680. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service generated; published study; CDL:095383-R) 

MRID: 85289 

Marshall, B.L. (1975) Final Report: Acute Bioassay on Shrimp (?~Palaemonetes vulgaris~?). (Unpublished study received Mar 

6, 1975 under 1109-19; prepared by Marine Research Institute, submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, Ga.; CDL:110616-A) 

MRID: 85290 

Marshall, B.L. (1975) Final Report: Acute Bioassay on Bluecrab (?~Callinectes sapidus~?). (Unpublished study received Mar 6, 

1975 under 1109-19; prepared by Marine Research Institute, submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, Ga.; CDL:110616-B) 

MRID: 85291 

Marshall, B.L. (1975) Final Report: Acute Bioassay on Oyster Larvae (?~Crassostrea virginica~?). (Unpublished study received 

Mar 6, 1975 under 1109-19; prepared by Marine Research Institute, submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, Ga.; CDL: 110616-

C) 

MRID: 99394 

Marshall, B.; Gohlke, A. (1974) Final Report: 158-hour TLM-Oyster Shell Deposition Study, 96-hour TLM-Shrimp, 96-hour 

TLM-Crab. (Unpublished study received Aug 1, 1974 under 1109-113; prepared by Marine Research Institute, submitted by 

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MRID: 99437 

Marshall, B. (1975) Final Report: Acute Bioassay on Oyster Larvae (Crassostrea virginica): ?Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate. 

(Unpublished study received Jul 10, 1975 under 1109-19; prepared by Marine Research Institute, submitted by Cities Service 

Co., Atlanta, GA; CDL:223879-A) 

MRID: 99502 

Connor, P. (1972) Acute Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Some Marine Larvae. Basingstoke, Eng.: S.R. Verstage & Sons Ltd. 

(Marine pollution bulletin, pages 190,191,192 only; also In unpublished submission received Aug 25, 1976 under 37952-1; 

submitted by Canadian Metafina Chemicals, New Westminster, BC; CDL:228176-H) 

MRID: 99559 

Heitmuller, T. (1978) Toxicity of Cities Service Company's Copper Sulfate (pentahydrate) to Pink Shrimp (Penaeus duorarum): 

Report No. BP-78-8-109. (Unpublished study received Aug 22, 1978 under 1109-20; prepared by EG & G, Bionomics, submitted 

by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, GA; CDL:234664-B) 

MRID: 99560 

Heitmuller, T. (1978) Toxicity of Copper Sulfate (pentahydrate) to Blue Crab (Callinectes Sapidus): Report No. BP-78-8-110. 

(Unpublished study received Aug 22, 1978 under 1109-20; prepared by EG & G, Bionomics, submitted by Cities Service Co., 

Atlanta, GA; CDL:234664-C) 
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MRID: 99561 

Hollister, T. (1978) Toxicity of Copper Sulfate (pentahydrate) to Embryos of Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica): Report No. 

BP-78-8-108. (Unpublished study received Aug 22, 1978 under 1109-20; prepared by EG & G, Bionomics, submitted by Cities 

Service Co., Atlanta, GA; CDL:234664-D) 

Guideline: 72-4 Fish Early Life Stage/Aquatic Invertebrate Life Cycle Study

MRID: 28002 

Wellborn, T.L.; Jr. (1969) The toxicity of nine therapeutic and herbicidal compounds to striped bass. Progessive Fish-Culturist

31(? ):27-32. (Also~In~unpublished submission received Aug 20, 1976 under 39445-1; submitted by American Carbonyl, Inc., 

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MRID: 28442 

Inglis, A.; Davis, E.L. (1971) Technical Report on the Effect of Water Hardness on the Toxicity to Fish of Several Organic and 

Inorganic Herbicides. (Unpublished study received Jul 13, 1971 under 1E1046; prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Div. 

of Fishery Research, Fish-Pesticide Research Laboratory in cooperation with National Museum, Bird and Mammal Laboratory, 

submitted by U.S. Dept. of the Army, Office of the Chief of Engineers, Washington, D.C.; CDL:091865-G) 

MRID: 34907 

Inglis, A.; Davis, E.L. (1965) The Effect of Water Hardness on the Toxicity to Fish of Several Organic and Inorganic Herbicides. 

(U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish-Pesticide Research Laboratory, unpublished study; CDL:091752-A) 

MRID: 46269 

Swabey, Y.H.; Schenk, C.F. (1963) Report on Algicides and Aquatic Herbicides. (Ontario, Water Resources Commission, 

Laboratory Division, Biology Branch, unpublished study; CDL:107773-B) 

MRID: 47460 

WARF Institute, Incorporated (1973) Report: WARF No. 2040242, 2040243, 2040244. (Compilation; unpublished study 

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MRID: 49216 

Chacon Chemical Corporation (19??) ?Copper-Zinc Residue Data-Fish. (Compilation; unpublished study received Mar 12, 1975 

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MRID: 55771 

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MRID: 55814 

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MRID: 56781 

Vedder, D.L. (1970) Fish Toxicity. (Unpublished study received Sep 16, 1970 under 8959-1; prepared by Marine Biochemists, 

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MRID: 68425 

Sprague, J.B. (1964) Lethal concentrations of copper and zinc for young Atlantic salmon. Journal Fisheries Research Board of 

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MRID: 99498 

Calamari, D.; Marchetti, R. (1973) The toxicity of mixtures of metals and surfactants to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich.).

Water Research 7:1453-1464. (Also In unpublished submission received Aug 25, 1976 under 37952-1; submitted by Canadian 

Metafina Chemicals, New Westminster, BC; CDL:228176-C) 

MRID: 107071 

Carus Chemical Co., Inc. (1967) ?Efficacy of Carox Algicide. (Compilation; unpublished study received Sep 19, 1967 under 

unknown admin. no.; CDL:237149-A) 

MRID: 158117 

Solbe, J.; Cooper, V. (1976) Studies on the toxicity of copper sulphate to stone loach Noemacheilus barbatulus (L.) in hard water. 

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Guideline: 72-7 Simulated or Actual Field Testing

MRID: 62074 

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MRID: 65343 

McCann, J.A. (1975) Letter sent to Peter Smith dated Mar 31, 1975: Results of toxicity and efficacy tests conducted on Had-ASnail (I.D. 117342). (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:227851-A) 

MRID: 65344 

McCann, J.A. (1975) Letter sent to Peter Smith dated May 13, 1975: Comments on Mr. Merril Cohen's letter, April 26, 1975, 

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MRID: 99168 

Vedder, D.L. (1970) Fish toxicity: ?Cutrine. (Unpublished study received Sep 16, 1970 under 8959-1; prepared by Marine 

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MRID: 99263 

Toth, S.J.; Riemer, D.N. (1968) Precise chemical control of algae in ponds. Journal of American Water Works Association 60(3): 

367-371. (Also~In~unpublished submission received Nov 17, 1970 under 1F1093; submitted by Phelps Dodge Refining Co., 

New York, N.Y.; CDL:090853-I) 

MRID: 99565 

Phelps Dodge Refining Co. (1967) Copper Sulfate in Irrigation Systems. (Compilation; unpublished study received Jul 13, 1978 

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MRID: 5001625 

Maloney, T.E.; Palmer, C.M. (1956) Toxicity of six chemical compounds to thirty cultures of algae. Water and Sewage Works 

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Guideline: 81-1 Acute oral toxicity in rats

MRID: 32782 

Gross, P.; Kaschak, M. (1968) Report on Range-Finding Toxicity Tests on Wolman Salts CCA--Sample No. ER 9029. 

(Unpublished study received Jun 11, 1969 under 61-140; prepared by Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc., submitted 

by Koppers Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa.; CDL:000138-C) 

MRID: 40125 

Casterton, P.L.; McCleery, J.M. (1979) Laboratory Test Report: Spring Clear: Laboratory Report No. K-4637. (Unpublished 

study received Jul 2, 1980 under 44723-1; prepared by Microbiological and Biochemical Assay Laboratories and Pathology 

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MRID: 40127 

M.B.A. Laboratories (1979) ?Toxicity of Spring Clear to Animals: K-4637. (Unpublished study received Jul 2, 1980 under 

44723-1; submitted by Rollings Spring Clear, Inc., Austin, Tex.; CDL: 242917-G) 

MRID: 47062 

Harris, D.L. (1972) Report: WARF No. 2040242. (Unpublished study including letter dated May 31, 1972 from L. Regal to 

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MRID: 55673 

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MRID: 55771 

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MRID: 58128 

Williamson, H.; McDuffie, W.E.; Teeters, W.R. (1975) Biological Laboratories Report: ?E-Z-Flo Potato-Tomato Dust. (U.S. 

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CDL: 228867-A) 

MRID: 58839 

WARF Institute, Incorporated (1975) Report: WARF No. 5032161. (Unpublished study received Jun 2, 1976 under 1109-7; 

submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, Ga.; CDL:224731-A) 

MRID: 59942 

Tulane University, Laboratory of Environmental Medicine (1971) Acute Toxicity of Salts and of NTA Chelates of Cadmium, 

Methyl mercury, Zinc, and Copper. (Unpublished study received Aug 4, 1976 under 5736-59; submitted by DuBois Research 

Laboratories, Sharonville, Ohio; CDL:243680-A) 

MRID: 64469 

Pleuss, O.J. (1955) Acute Oral Toxicity in Mice. (Unpublished study received Mar 29, 1965 under unknown admin. no.; 

submitted by Halstan Equip. & Supp. Co., Union City, Tenn.; CDL:227932-C) 

MRID: 99241 

Williamson, H.O.; McDuffie, W.E.; Teeters, W.R. (1973) ?Cities Service Copper Sulfate Snow Crystals: Rat: ID. No. 94874. 

(U.S. Pharmacology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:050287-A) 

MRID: 99242 

Williamson, H.O.; McDuffie, W.E.; Teeters, W.R. (1972) ?Copper Sulfate Snow Crystals: Rat: ID. No. 100243. (U.S. 

Pharmacology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:050228-A) 

MRID: 99307 

Koppers Company, Incorporated (1968) Summary and Conclusions: ?Wolman Salts CCA Tests. Summary of study 105453-A. 

(Unpublished study received Mar 22, 1968 under 61-127; CDL:105451-A) 

MRID: 99308 

Gross, P.; Kaschak, M.; Detreville, R.T.P. (1968) Report on Rangefinding Toxicity Tests on Wolman Salts CCA--Sample No. 

ER 9029. (Unpublished study received Jun 11, 1969 under 61-140; prepared by Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc., 

submitted by Koppers Company, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa.; CDL:105453-A) 

MRID: 99337 

Kretchmar, B. (1972) Report to 3M Company: Acute Oral Toxicity Study with T-367 in Albino Rats: IBT No. A718. 

(Unpublished study received Mar 8, 1972 under 10556-EX-2; prepared by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., submitted by 

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MRID: 99504 

Williamson, H.; McDuffie, W.; Teeters, W. (1975) ?E-z-flo Potatotomato Dust: Albino Rats, Wistar Str.. (U.S. Environmental 

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MRID: 107894 

Kresse, H. (1981) Rat Oral--LD50: (Spring Clear Swimming Pool Algaecide): Laboratory Report No. K-8828. (Unpublished 

study received Jul 21, 1981 under 44723-1; prepared by Microbiological and Biochemical Assay Laboratories, submitted by 

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MRID: 126652 

Conine, D.; Weiner, A.; Kreuzmann, J.; et al. (1983) Acute Oral Median Lethal Dosage Study and Toxicity Screen in Rats; Acute 

Dermal Toxicity Screen in Rabbits; Primary Skin Irritation Study in Rabbits; Primary Eye Irritation Study in Rabbits of KT19827 Experimental Fungicide: Hill Top Research Project No. 82-1408 21. (Unpublished study received Mar 21, 1983 under 

49538-1; prepared by Hill Top Research, Inc., submitted by Source Technology Biologicals, Inc., Bloomington, IN; 

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MRID: 149179 

Kirsch, P. (1983) Report on the Study of the Acute Oral Toxicity in Rats...Cu-Polysalt--Copac E: 82/168 RAT/ORAL. 

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MRID: 40783402 

Hathorn, S. (1988) Zinc-Copper Spray 25%-25%: Acute Oral Toxicity Study (Limit Test) in Rats: Rept. No. MCC-88025. 

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MRID: 41043001 

Glaza, S. (1989) Acute Oral Toxicity Study of SCI-62 in Rats: Final Report: Project ID: HLA 81100274. Unpublished study 

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MRID: 41916101 

Glaza, S. (1989) Acute Oral Toxicity Study of SCI-62 in Rats: Final Report: Lab Project Number: HLA 81100274. Unpublished 

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MRID: 42170601 

Davey, B. (1986) Toxicology of Kleen Pool Algicide: Lab Project Number: 954. Unpublished study prepared by P.C.S. Industrial 

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MRID: 42510802 

Kuhn, J. (1992) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: ?Top Crop Flowable: Lab Project Number: 8960-92: FCA 101. Unpublished 

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MRID: 43271901 

Shapiro, R. (1994) EPA Acute Oral Toxicity: Defined LD50: (Copper-Z 6/2 Granular): Lab Project Number: T/2695. 

Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Labs. 25 p. 

MRID: 43396201 

Deenihan, M. (1987) Fine 20 Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate--Acute Toxicology Testing: Lab Project Number: X7G040G. 

Unpublished study prepared by Northview Pacific Labs, Inc. 48 p. 

MRID: 43577201 

Kuhn, J. (1995) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: Pond Block: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 1664-94. Unpublished study 

prepared by Stillmeadow, Inc. 11 p. 

MRID: 44117404 

Wnorowski, G. (1996) Acute Oral Toxicity Defined LD50 (in Rats): Algae Out: Lab Project Number: 4327: P320. Unpublished 

study prepared by Product Safety Labs. 26 p. 

MRID: 44573803 

Wnorowski, G. (1997) Acute Oral Toxicity Defined LD50 (in Rats): GX-270: Lab Project Number: 5438. Unpublished study 

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MRID: 44577711 

Kern, T. (1998) Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Copper Polyacrylate in Albino Rats: Final Report: Lab Project Number: WIL170127: 95-002. Unpublished study prepared by WIL Research Laboratories, Inc. 74 p. 

MRID: 44676204 

Douds, D. (1998) An Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats with Tamko 212: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 3468.1. 

Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 25 p. 

MRID: 44722201 

Kuhn, J. (1998) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: AWT Formula 4: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 4551-98. Unpublished 

study prepared by Stillmeadow, Inc. 21 p. {OPPTS 870.1100} 

MRID: 44737101 

Wnorowski, G. (1998) Acute Oral Toxicity Defined LD50 (in Rats): Chlor-Free: Lab Project Number: 6578: P320. Unpublished 

study prepared by Product Safety Labs. 26 p. 

MRID: 45339701 

Kuhn, J. (2001) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: Triangle Brand Copper Sulfate Crystal: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 

6142-00. Unpublished study prepared by Stillmeadow, Inc. 19 p. {OPPTS 870.1100} 
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Guideline: 121-1 Phytotoxicity

MRID: 35938 

Bruns, V.F.; Comes, R.D.; Kelley, A.D.; et al. (1967) Summary Section: 1967 Annual Report: Weed Investigations--Aquatic and 

Noncrop Areas. (pp. 20-21 only; unpublished study received Jul 11, 1971 under 1E1046; prepared by Washington State Univ., 

Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, submitted by U.S. Dept. of the Army, Washington, D.C.; CDL:093359-B) 

MRID: 99227 

Aarons, T.; Harris, W.D. (1972) Chacon Bermuda Grass Control: Technical Report: Laboratory No. 4244. (Unpublished study 

received Nov 9, 1973 under 5719-58; prepared by Uni-Research, submitted by Chacon Chemical Corp., Commerce, Calif.; 

CDL:026136-B) 

MRID: 99419 

Applied Biochemists, Inc. (1974) Ricetrine and Copper Sulfate Phytotoxicity to Wild Rice. (Compilation; unpublished study 

received Jan 8, 1975 under 8959-11; CDL:221100-A) 

MRID: 99475 

Walsh, L.; Erhardt, W.; Seibel, H. (1972) Copper toxicity in snapbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). J. Environ. Quality 1(2):197200. 

(Also In unpublished submission received Aug 5, 1976 under 200-55; submitted by Glidden-Durkee Div., SCM Corp., 

Cleveland, OH; CDL:225810-E) 

MRID: 108652 

Seaman, D. (1973) Phytotoxicity Data Field Tests: ?Ricetrine. (Unpublished study received Jan 14, 1974 under 8959-11; 

prepared by Univ. of California--Davis, Rice Experiment Station, submitted by Applied Biochemists, Inc., Mequon, WI; 

CDL:220310-A) 

MRID: 108653 

Applied Biochemists, Inc. (1972) ?Efficacy of Pesticide Ricetrine and Other Products on Rice Fields. (Compilation; unpublished 

study received Mar 5, 1973 under 8959-11; CDL:221101-A) 

MRID: 116025 

Pennwalt (1970) ?Endothal: Residues in Various Crops. (Compilation; unpublished study received on unknown date under 

1F1105; CDL:090872-A) 

MRID: 133943 

Dixie Wood Preserving Co. (1973) ?Efficacy Study: Lumber Preservative Treatments for Greenhouse Use: CCA and Others. 

(Compilation; unpublished study received Nov 15, 1977 under 38687-1; CDL:232350-A) 

MRID: 5002173 

Audia, W.V.; Preston, W.H., Jr. (1965) The effects of several algaecides on aquatic plants. Pages 451-455,~In~Proceedings of 

the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Northeastern Weed Control Conference. Farmingdale, N.Y.: Northeastern Weed Control 

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MRID: 5016168 

Olsen, K.L. (1957) "Scum" Control in Rice Fields and Irrigation Canals. Fayetteville, Ark.: Arkansas Agricultural Experiment 

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Guideline: 122-2 Aquatic plant growth

MRID: 43363602 

Bell, G. (1994) Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate: Algal Growth Inhibition (Anabaena flos-aquae): Lab Project Number: CSF 7(C)/ 

941123: CSF 7(C). Unpublished study prepared by Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd. 31 p. 

MRID: 43363603 

Bell, G. (1994) Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate: Algal Growth Inhibition (Selenastrum capricornutum): Lab Project Number: CSF 

7(B)/941112: CSF 7(B). Unpublished study prepared by Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd. 31 p. 

MRID: 43363604 

Bell, G. (1994) Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate: Higher Plant (Lemna) Growth Inhibition Test: Lab Project Number: CSF 

7(A)/941127: CSF 7(A). Unpublished study prepared by Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd. 30 p. 

MRID: 43363605 

Bell, G. (1994) Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate Algal Growth Inhibition (Skeletonema costatum): Lab Project Number: CSF 

7(E)/941129: CSF 7(E). Unpublished study prepared by Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd. 33 p. 
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Guideline: 123-2 Aquatic plant growth

MRID: 43363601 

Bell, G. (1994) Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate: Algal Growth Inhibition (Navicula pelliculosa): Lab Project Number: CSF 

7(D)/941118: CSF 7(D). Unpublished study prepared by Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd. 32 p. 

Guideline: 124-1 Terrestrial field

MRID: 41542909 

Tatter, T. (1987) Phytotoxicity Trials of Phyton-27 on Roses: Lab Project Number: MA PHYTO-ROSES. Unpublished study 

prepared by Shade Tree Laboratories/University of Massachusetts. 5 p. 

Guideline: 141-1 Honey bee acute contact

MRID: 147923 

BASF AG (1984) The Results of the Laboratory Investigations of the Toxicity to Bees of BAS 154 07 F: [Copper Sulphate in 

Ammonium Hydroxide]. Unpublished study. 10 p. 

Guideline: 154-6 Avian Single Dose Oral Toxicity

MRID: 46040911 

Kelley, J. (2003) AG3-Liquid Non-Target Organism. Project Number: AMB/2003/AG3/12. Unpublished study prepared by 

Toxcel LLC. 8 p. 

Guideline: 154-7 Avian Dietary Toxicity

MRID: 46040911 

Kelley, J. (2003) AG3-Liquid Non-Target Organism. Project Number: AMB/2003/AG3/12. Unpublished study prepared by 

Toxcel LLC. 8 p. 

Guideline: 154-8 Freshwater Fish Acute Toxicity

MRID: 46040911 

Kelley, J. (2003) AG3-Liquid Non-Target Organism. Project Number: AMB/2003/AG3/12. Unpublished study prepared by 

Toxcel LLC. 8 p. 

Guideline: 154-9 Freshwater Inverterbrate Acute Toxicity

MRID: 46040911 

Kelley, J. (2003) AG3-Liquid Non-Target Organism. Project Number: AMB/2003/AG3/12. Unpublished study prepared by 

Toxcel LLC. 8 p. 

Guideline: 154-10 Nontarget Plant Studies

MRID: 46040911 

Kelley, J. (2003) AG3-Liquid Non-Target Organism. Project Number: AMB/2003/AG3/12. Unpublished study prepared by 

Toxcel LLC. 8 p. 

Guideline: 154-11 Nontarget Insect Testing Pollinators and Aquatic Insects

MRID: 46040911 

Kelley, J. (2003) AG3-Liquid Non-Target Organism. Project Number: AMB/2003/AG3/12. Unpublished study prepared by 

Toxcel LLC. 8 p. 

Guideline: 870.1100 Acute oral toxicity

MRID: 46040904 

Kelley, J. (2003) AG3-Liquid Toxicology. Project Number: AMB/2003/AG3/05. Unpublished study prepared by Toxcel LLC. 14 

p. 

MRID: 46040905 

Brunt, P. (2003) AG3-Liquid: Acute Oral Toxicity in the Rat Up and Down Procedure. Project Number: 466/234. Unpublished 

study prepared by Safepharm Laboratories, Ltd. 31 p. 

MRID: 46538803 

Merkel, D. (2005) Acute Oral Toxicity Up and Down Procedure in Rats: Stalosan F. Project Number: 16447, P320/UDP. 

Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Laboratories. 15 p. 

MRID: 46928503 

Moore, G. (2006) Acute Oral Toxicity Up and Down Procedure in Rats: Phyton-016-B. Project Number: P320/UDP, 18395. 

Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Laboratories. 15 p. 
60 of 106

MRID: 47237101 

Durando, J. (2007) Acute Oral Toxicity Up and Down Procedure In Rats: PoolRX/SpaRX Minerals. Project Number: P320/UDP, 

22176, 070511/2H. Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Laboratories. 15 p. 

MRID: 47358302 

Swain, D. (2008) Toxicity Waiver Request: Nature G45-VC40. Unpublished study prepared by Scientific & Regulatory 

Consultants, Inc. 12 p. 

MRID: 47358304 

Swain, D. (2008) Toxicity Waiver Request: Nature A30. Unpublished study prepared by Scientific & Regulatory Consultants, 

Inc. 12 p. 

MRID: 47471101 

Kukulinski, M. (2008) Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqua Pure Algaecide Lot # 800203: (Rat): Final Report. Project Number: 

08/033/3. Unpublished study prepared by Tox Monitor Laboratories, Inc. 21 p. 

MRID: 47508001 

Kuhn, J. (2007) Acute Oral Toxicity Study (UDP) in Rats: ClearBlue-104: Final Report. Project Number: 10750/07. Unpublished 

study prepared by Stillmeadow, Inc. 13 p. 

MRID: 47539303 

Weber, J. (2008) Tabex Algae Out: Physical/Chemical Properties and Storage Stability and Toxicity. Unpublished study prepared 

by GLB Pool & Spa. 20 p. 

MRID: 47553401 

Moore, G. (2008) Acute Oral Toxicity Up and Down Procedure in Rats: Bayfloc 9100. Project Number: 25436, P320/UDP. 

Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Laboratories. 14 p. 

MRID: 47669701 

Cerven, D. (2008) Acute Oral Toxicity Up and Down Procedure (UDP): Q-SmarTek. Project Number: MB08/17180/01, 1010/01. 

Unpublished study prepared by MB Research Laboratories. 13 p. 

MRID: 47669901 

Cerven, D. (2002) Acute Oral Toxicity/LD 50 in Rats (Enduraclean Tablets). Project Number: MB02/10326/01, 1000/01. 

Unpublished study prepared by MB Research Laboratories. 12 p. 

MRID: 47677303 

Moore, G. (2008) Acute Oral Toxicity Up and Down Procedure in Rats: Phyton 27. Project Number: 24654, P320/UDP. 

Unpublished study prepared by Eurofins-Product Safety Laboratories. 16 p. 

MRID: 47763201 

Kuhn, J. (2008) Eclipse 3: Acute Oral Toxicity Study (UDP) in Rats: Final Report. Project Number: 11807/08. Unpublished 

study prepared by Stillmeadow, Inc. 13 p. 

MRID: 47809104 

Oley, S. (2009) GWN-4620: Acute Oral Toxicity Up and Down Procedure in Rats. Project Number: 27384, P320/UDP. 

Unpublished study prepared by Eurofins/Product Safety Laboratories. 16 p. 

MRID: 47829301 

Kuhn, J. (2009) Mastercop: Acute Oral Toxicity Study (UDP) in Rats: Amended Final Report. Project Number: 12196/08. 

Unpublished study prepared by Stillmeadow, Inc. 14 p. 

Guideline: 870.4100 Chronic toxicity

MRID: 47292902 

Orr, G. (2007) Bridging Statement Concerning Applicability of Existing of Acute Toxicity Studies to Copper Lite. Project 

Number: AGK/003/IT. Unpublished study prepared by Rivendell Consulting USA, LLC. 6 p. 

Copper sulfate monohydrate (024402) – Cancelled 

Copper sulfate anhydrous (024408) – Cancelled 
61 of 106

Group II Copper Compounds 0649 

Copper chloride (008001) 

Guideline: 72-1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID: 85204 

Anderson, P.D.; Weber, L.J. (1973) The quantitative relationship between body size and lethal response of a teleost exposed to 

environmental toxicants. Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society 16:139-140. (Also~In~unpublished submission 

received Dec 8, 1977 under 464-431; submitted by Dow Chemical U.S.A., Midland, Mich.; CDL:232666-A) 

Guideline: 72-4 Fish Early Life Stage/Aquatic Invertebrate Life Cycle Study

MRID: 33068 

Cairns, J., Jr.; Scheier, A. (1968) A comparison of the toxicity of some common industrial waste components tested individually

and combined. Progressive Fish-Culturist ? (?/Jan):3-8. (Also ?~In~unpublished submission received May 2, 1980 under 32240-

2; submitted by Domain Industries, Inc., New Richmond, Wis.; CDL: 099418-H) 

Guideline: 81-1 Acute oral toxicity in rats

MRID: 126194 

Phillips, A.; Spalding, T. (1982) ?Toxicity Study: Lacco Copper Oxy Chloride Sulfate 50% Sprayable Fungicide: NVP No. 

X2J016. (Unpublished study received Feb 8, 1983 under 962-342; prepared by Northview Pacific Laboratories, Inc., submitted 

by Los Angeles Chemical Co., South Gate, CA; CDL:249611-A) 

MRID: 147071 

James, C. (1985) Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50) Study in Rats with Chlorothalonil + Copper + Maneb (WDG) Formulation: Report 

No: TEK/0018/P1105/0. Unpublished study prepared by Sisa Toxicological Laboratories, Inc. 83 p. 

MRID: 149821 

Hamburger, F. (1983) Acute Oral LD50 in the Female Rat: San 506 F 50 WP 01: Report No. I.5619/83. Unpublished study 

prepared by Sandoz Ltd. 10 p. 

MRID: 155931 

Rosenfeld, G. (1984) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: Copper Oxychloride Technical: C.S.E. #S8687-4: Study #1144A. 

Unpublished study prepared by Cosmopolitan Safety Evaluation, Inc. 29 p. 

MRID: 156393 

Rosenfeld, G. (1984) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats; Test Article: Copper Oxychloride 3# Flowable Concentrate: C.S.E. 

#S8687-3: Study #1143A. Unpublished study prepared by Cosmopolitan Safety Evaluation (C.S.E.), Inc. 17 p. 

MRID: 40199301 

Robbins, G. (1987) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: 3# Copper Oxychloride Flowable: Study #A1726. Unpublished study 

prepared by Cosmopolitan Safety Evaluation, Inc. 30 p. 

MRID: 40511002 

Deenihan, M. (1987) Group II Copper Compounds Data Call-in Copper Oxychloride 98% Technical: NVP Report No. 

XFG039G. Unpublished compilation prepared by Northview Pacific Laboratories, Inc. 43 p. 

MRID: 41734101 

Kuhn, J. (1990) Acute Oral Toxicity Study In Rats: OG-0116 Copper Oxychloride Technical: Lab Number: 7345-90. 

Unpublished study prepared by Stillmeadow, Inc. 24 p. 

MRID: 43494201 

Wnorowski, G. (1994) Acute Oral Toxicity Defined LD50 (in Rats): Nu-Cop 40DF: Lab Project Number: 3202: P320: E40823-2. 

Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Labs. 29 p. 

MRID: 43769501 

Luperi, L. (1989) Acute Oral Toxicity in Rats: Test Substance: Copper Oxychloride Technical (Basic Copper Chloride): Lab 

Project Number: 128001-ST-01487. Unpublished study prepared by Life Science Research. 71 p. 

MRID: 43809202 

Wnorowski, G. (1995) Acute Oral Toxicity Defined LD50 (in Rats): Terranil & Copper: Lab Project Number: 3815: P320. 

Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Labs. 27 p. 
62 of 106

MRID: 44044204 

Shults, S.; Brock, A.; Laveglia, J. (1995) Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50) Study in Rats with Dacobre (ASC-67213-0101-0101): Lab 

Project Number: 6275-94-0208-TX-002: 94-0208: 6275-94-0208-TX-001. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 88 p. 

MRID: 44976501 

Wnorowski, G. (1994) Acute Oral Toxicity Defined LD(50): Limonene F300: (in Rats): Lab Project Number: 3316: P320: 

E40926-1. Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Labs. 26 p. 

MRID: 45106401 

Kuhn, J. (2000) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: CSC Copper Sulfur Dust: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 5466-99. 

Unpublished study prepared by Stillmeadow, Inc. 11 p. {OPPTS 870.1100} 

MRID: 46280602 

Douds, D. (1996) An Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats with Root Trim: Final Report. Project Number: 3410/1. Unpublished 

study prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 43 p. 

Guideline: 121-1 Phytotoxicity

MRID: 22056 

Smith, D.H. (1969) 1969 Peanut Leafspot Fungicide Test--Plains, Georgia. (Unpublished study including letter dated Oct 24, 

1969 from D.H. Smith to Sidney Fox, received Dec 9, 1969 under 400- EX-37; prepared by Univ. of Georgia, Dept. of Plant 

Pathology, Georgia Station, submitted by Uniroyal Chemical, Bethany, Conn.; CDL:123444-H) 

Guideline: 850.1010 Aquatic invertebrate acute toxicity, test, freshwater daphnids

MRID: 46056501 

Drottar, K.; Kendall, T.; Van Hoven, R.; et. al. (2000) RH-7281/Copper Oxychloride WP Blue (46%, 6:40): A 48-Hour StaticRenewal Acute Toxicity Test with the Cladoceran (Daphnia magna): Final Report. Project Number: 129A/169, 99RC/0253, C/2. 

Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 87 p. 

Guideline: 850.5400 Algal toxicity, Tiers 1 and II

MRID: 46056502 

Drottar, K.; Kendall, T.; Van Hoven, R.; et. al. (2000) RH-7281/Copper Oxychloride WP Blue (46%, 6:40): A 96-Hour Toxicity 

Test with the Freshwater Alga (Selenastrum capricornutum): Final Report. Project Number: 99RC/0254, 129A/171, C/3. 

Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 102 p. 

Guideline: 870.1000 Acute toxicity testing--background

MRID: 47486601 

Freli, V. (2007) Acute Oral Toxicity (in Rats)- Acute Toxic Class Method Copper Oxychloride + Copper Hydroxide 14 + 14 

WG. Project Number: 2007/68/AMI. Unpublished study prepared by Biolab Spa. 31 p. 

MRID: 47486606 

Albrecht, A. (2007) Acute Oral Toxicity (in Rats)/ Acute Toxic Class Method with Copper Oxychloride + Copper Hydroxide 14 

+ 14 WG. Project Number: 071371. Unpublished study prepared by BSL Bioservice Scientific Laboratories Gmbh. 48 p. 

Guideline: 870.1100 Acute oral toxicity

MRID: 46278201 

Finlay, C. (2004) Copper Oxychloride/Cymoxanil (DPX KK807) 44WG (9.5/1): Acute Oral Toxicity in Rodents - Up-and-Down 

Procedure. Project Number: DUPONT/14136, 14136. Unpublished study prepared by Dupont Haskell Laboratory. 31 p. 

MRID: 46386201 

Brooks, M. (2004) Determination of Acute Oral, Dermal and Inhalation Toxicity as Well as Skin Irritation Potential and Dermal 

Sensitization of Copper Sulfur Dust Formulation. Project Number: AGROSPEC005. Unpublished study prepared by Salimax, 

University of Chile. 19 p. 

MRID: 46544303 

Ott, M. (2004) Copper Oxychloride + Copper Hydroxide 10+10 SC: Acute Oral Toxicity Study in the Rat (Up and Down 

Procedure). Project Number: 855880. Unpublished study prepared by RCC Umweltchemie Ag and RCC Ltd. 28 p. 

MRID: 47486606 

Albrecht, A. (2007) Acute Oral Toxicity (in Rats)/ Acute Toxic Class Method with Copper Oxychloride + Copper Hydroxide 14 

+ 14 WG. Project Number: 071371. Unpublished study prepared by BSL Bioservice Scientific Laboratories Gmbh. 48 p. 
63 of 106

Copper ammonium carbonate (022703) 

Guideline: 72-1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID: 62414 

Mineral Research & Development Corporation (19??) Acute Toxicity of Copper Count-N & Copper Count-S to Three Species of 

Freshwater Fish. (Unpublished study, including letters dated May 18, 1972 and Sep 1, 1972 from W.W. Johnson to J.T. Rose, 

received May 22, 1972 under 10465-2; CDL:129653-A) 

MRID: 99355 

McCann, J. (1973) ?Copper-Count-N: Rainbow Trout: Test No. 564. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticides 

Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL: 128375-A) 

MRID: 99400 

Johnson, W. (1972) Letter sent to J.T. Rose dated May 18, 1972 ?Toxicity of Copper-Count-S and Copper Count-N. (U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service, Fish-Pesticide Research Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:132160-A) 

Guideline: 81-1 Acute oral toxicity in rats

MRID: 42123301 

Kiplinger, G. (1991) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Albino Rats with CSI Copsol: Amendment to the Final Report: Lab Project 

Number: WIL-158006. Unpublished study prepared by WIL Research Labs, Inc. 65 p. 

MRID: 42668204 

Kiplinger, G. (1992) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Albino Rats with Sequel 2100: Final Report: Lab Project Number: WIL158014. Unpublished study prepared by WIL Research Labs, Inc. 61 p. 

MRID: 44651301 

Allen, D. (1998) Acute Oral Toxicity Test in the Rat: ACQ 2101: Lab Project Number: 577/036. Unpublished study prepared by 

Safepharm Laboratories Ltd. 33 p. 

MRID: 44651401 

Allen, D. (1998) Acute Oral Toxicity Test in the Rat: ACQ 2102: Lab Project Number: 577/037. Unpublished study prepared by 

Safepharm Laboratories, Inc. 29 p. 

Guideline: 121-1 Phytotoxicity

MRID: 11477 

Wittie, R.L.; Christensen, M.D.; Saario, C.A. (1978) Aerial Applications of Supracide: Western Deciduous Fruit and Nuts--1977 

and 1978. (Unpublished study received Dec 27, 1978 under 100-EX-57; submitted by Ciba-Geigy Corp., Greensboro, N.C.; 

CDL:237354-A) 

Basic copper carbonate (022901) 

Guideline: 72-1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID: 41461801 

Young, S. (1990) Bioassay Report on the Toxicity of Copper Carbonate (via pear wrappers) to Rainbow Trout: Lab Project 

Number: 893252. Unpublished study prepared by Columbia Analytical Services. 14 p. 

Guideline: 850.1025 Oyster acute toxicity test (shell deposition)

MRID: 47320503 

Gallagher, S.; Kendall, T.; Krueger, H. (2007) bis-(N-Cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)-Copper: A 96-Hour Shell Deposition Test 

with the Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Project Number: 147A/230, 99F0679/899202. Unpublished study prepared by 

Wildlife International, Ltd. 41 p. 

Guideline: 850.1035 Mysid acute toxicity test

MRID: 47320504 

Gallagher, S.; Kendall, T.; Krueger, H. (2007) Bis-(N-Cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)-Copper; A 96-Hour Static Acute Toxicity 

Test with the Saltwater Mysid (Americamysis bahia). Project Number: 147A/229A, 99F0679/899206. Unpublished study 

prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 42 p. 

Guideline: 850.1075 Fish acute toxicity test, freshwater and marine

MRID: 47069401 

Fenzl, C. (2003) Wolmanit CX-LP 15172: Acute Toxicity Study for Zebra fish. Project Number: WOL67. Unpublished study 

prepared by Austrian Research Center (ARC). 34 p. 
64 of 106

MRID: 47069404 

Hettler, W. (2007) Supplement to Data Evaluation Record Acute Toxicity to Fish, Freshwater: (Protectol CX Type A). Project 

Number: WOLFH070102. Unpublished study prepared by Dr. Wolman GmbH. 19 p. 

MRID: 47320502 

Thomson, N. (2007) Assessment of the Aquatic-Phase Toxicity of bis-(N-Cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)-Copper to the Marine Fish 

Cyprinodon variegatus. Project Number: 99F0679/899201, 896/26, 07/007. Unpublished study prepared by Opus Plus Limited. 

21 p. 

MRID: 47537801 

Hettller, W. (2008) Supplement to Environmental Toxicity Studies MRID No.'s 47320502, 47355201, 47210203 of Protectol CX 

Type A. Project Number: WOL/ETCXA/080831. Unpublished study prepared by DR. Wolman GmbH. 8 p. 

Guideline: 850.4225 Seedling emergence, Tier II

MRID: 46325401 

Jatzek (2003) Protectol CX Type A - Determination of the Effect on the Emergence, Growth and the Observation of 

Morphological Changes of Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Project Number: 03/0050/65/1. Unpublished study prepared by BASF 

Aktiengesellschaft. 42 p. 

MRID: 47069405 

Schwartz, R. (2007) Supplement to The Rice Seedling Emergence Study for Protectol CX Type A (CU-HDO). Project Number: 

WOL ET070105. Unpublished study prepared by Dr. Wolman GmbH. 4 p. 

Guideline: 850.4250 Vegetative vigor, Tier II

MRID: 46325401 

Jatzek (2003) Protectol CX Type A - Determination of the Effect on the Emergence, Growth and the Observation of 

Morphological Changes of Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Project Number: 03/0050/65/1. Unpublished study prepared by BASF 

Aktiengesellschaft. 42 p. 

MRID: 47069405 

Schwartz, R. (2007) Supplement to The Rice Seedling Emergence Study for Protectol CX Type A (CU-HDO). Project Number: 

WOL ET070105. Unpublished study prepared by Dr. Wolman GmbH. 4 p. 

Guideline: 850.4400 Aquatic plant toxicity test using Lemna spp. Tiers I and II

MRID: 46522304 

Jovanovich, A.; Obenshain, K.; Kroger, K.; et. al. (2005) Specific Responses to #2 Deficiency Review Notes for Impralit KDS: 

Non-Target Plants. Project Number: 2003/0363. Unpublished study prepared by Keller and Heckman LLP. 20 p. 

Guideline: 850.5400 Algal toxicity, Tiers 1 and II

MRID: 47210203 

Hudson, B. (2007) Assessment of the Algal Toxicity, Tiers I and II (96H EC50) of Wolmanit CX-LP 15172 to the Marine Alga 

Skeletonema costatum, the Freshwater Algae Selenastrum capricornutum and Anabaena flos aquae. Project Number: 893/27, 

06/083, 0101. Unpublished study prepared by Opus Plus Limited. 67 p. 

MRID: 47355201 

Cafarella, M. (2007) Wolmanit CX-LP 15172: Alga, Growth Inhibition Test with Navicula pelliculosa: Final Report. Project 

Number: 1111/000440, 20071476/01/UW, 1111/000/440. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories 

(Europe). 90 p. 

MRID: 47537801 

Hettller, W. (2008) Supplement to Environmental Toxicity Studies MRID No.'s 47320502, 47355201, 47210203 of Protectol CX 

Type A. Project Number: WOL/ETCXA/080831. Unpublished study prepared by DR. Wolman GmbH. 8 p. 

Guideline: 870.1100 Acute oral toxicity

MRID: 46688501 

Durando, J. (2004) Acute Oral Toxicity Up and Down Procedure in Rats: Comptec. Project Number: 16209, P320/UDP. 

Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Laboratories. 16 p. 

MRID: 47749801 

Durando, J. (2009) NW 200-C: Acute Oral Toxicity Up and Down Procedure in Rats. Project Number: 26959, P320/UDP, 

090210/2H. Unpublished study prepared by Eurofins-Product Safety Laboratories. 16 p. 
65 of 106

Copper hydroxide (023401) 

Guideline: 71-2 Avian Dietary Toxicity

MRID: 49618 

Fletcher, D. (1973) Report to Kennecott Copper Corporation: 8-Day Dietary LCI50^ Study with Sample No. 73-461 in Mallard 

Ducklings: IBT No. 651-03467. (Unpublished study received Aug 22, 1973 under unknown admin. no.; prepared by Industrial 

Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston Tex.; CDL:132546-A) 

MRID: 99181 

Fletcher, D. (1973) Report to Kennecott Copper Corporation: 8-Day Dietary LCI50^ Study with Sample No. 73-461 in Mallard 

Ducklings: IBT No. 651-03467. (Unpublished study received Aug 22, 1973 under 8901-10; prepared by Industrial Bio-Test 

Laboratories, Inc., submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, Tex.; CDL:008453-B) 

MRID: 106111 

Fletcher, D. (1973) Report to Kennecott Corporation: 8-Day Dietary LCI50^ Study with Sample No. 73-461 in Bobwhite Quail: 

IBT No. 651-03466. (Unpublished study received Aug 22, 1973 under 8901-10; prepared by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, 

Inc., submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, Tex.; CDL: 008453-A) 

MRID: 133863 

Phillips, B.; Fletcher, D. (1977) Report to ...: 8-Day Dietary LC50 Study with 77-166 in Mallard Ducklings: IBT No. 8580-

10737. (Unpublished study received Feb 8, 1979 under 8901-20; prepared by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., submitted by 

Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, TX; CDL:237379-F) 

MRID: 133864 

Phillips, B.; Reinart, D.; Fletcher, D. (1977) Report to ...: 8-Day Dietary LC50 Study with 77-166 in Bobwhite Quail: IBT No. 

8580- 10736. (Unpublished study received Feb 8, 1979 under 8901-20; prepared by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., 

submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, TX; CDL:237379-G) 

Guideline: 71-4 Avian Reproduction

MRID: 40773101 

Landis Associates, Inc. (1988) Preliminary Avian Reproduction Studies with Copper Oxychloride Sulfate and Copper Hydroxide. 

Unpublished study prepared by Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd. 7 p. 

MRID: 43338001 

Redgrave, V. (1994) Copper Oxychloride Sulfate and Copper Hydroxide: Effects on Reproduction in the Bobwhite Quail After 

Dietary Administration: Lab Project Number: CSF/6: CSF/6/942180. Unpublished study prepared by Huntingdon Research 

Centre Ltd. 208 p. 

MRID: 43396301 

Redgrave, V. (1994) Copper Oxychloride Sulfate and Copper Hydroxide: Effects on Reproduction in the Mallard Duck After 

Dietary Administration: Lab Project Number: CSF/5: CSF 5/942114. Unpublished study prepared by Huntingdon Research 

Centre, Ltd. 177 p. 

Guideline: 72-1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID: 75609 

Pitcher, F. (1974) ?Kocide 101 Wettable Powder: Rainbow Trout: Test No. 681. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Pesticides Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:128501-A) 

MRID: 99370 

McCann, J.A. (1971) ?Kocide 101 Wettable Powder: Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Test No. 411. (U.S. Agricultural 

Research Service, Pesticides Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:129665-A) 

MRID: 99371 

McCann, J.A. (1972) ?Kocide 101 WP: Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus): Test No. 451. (U.S. Agricultural Research Service, 

Pesticides Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:129665-B) 

Guideline: 72-2 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates

MRID: 84745 

Cheah, M.L.; Avault, J.W., Jr.; Graves, J.B. (1978) Some Effects of Thirteen Rice Pesticides on Crawfish Procambarus clarkii 

and P. acutus acutus. (Unpublished paper presented at the 4th international symposium of the International Association of 

Astacology; Aug 28-31, 1978, Thonon les Bains, France; unpublished study received Oct 8, 1981 under 476-2107; prepared by 

Louisiana State Univ., Dept. of Entomology and Fisheries Section, submitted by Stauffer Chemical Co., Richmond, Calif.; 

CDL:246020-L) 
66 of 106

Guideline: 72-3 Acute Toxicity to Estuarine/Marine Organisms

MRID: 133860 

Phillips, B.; Rausina, G. (1977) Report to ...: Four-day Static Aquatic Toxicity Study with 77-166 in Grass Shrimp: IBT No. 

8560-10735. (Unpublished study received Feb 8, 1979 under 8901-20; prepared by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., 

submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, TX; CDL:237379-C) 

MRID: 133861 

Phillips, B.; Rausina, G. (1977) Report to ...: Four-day Static Aquatic Toxicity Studies with 77-166 in Shore Crabs: IBT No. 

8560-10735. (Unpublished study received Feb 8, 1979 under 8901-20; prepared by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., 

submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, TX; CDL:237379-D) 

MRID: 133862 

Phillips, B.; Rausina, G. (1977) Report to ...: Four-day Static Aquatic Toxicity Study with 77-166 in Eastern Oysters: IBT No. 

8560-10735. (Unpublished study received Feb 8, 1979 under 8901-20; prepared by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., 

submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, TX; CDL:237379-E) 

Guideline: 81-1 Acute oral toxicity in rats

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Kocide Chemical Corp. (1970) Use Revision Application: Label Revision To Cover Kocide 101 Use on Peaches. (Compilation; 

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Kocide Chemical Corp. (1970) Use Revision Application: Label Revision To Cover Kocide 101 Use on Wheat & Barley for 

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Kocide Chemical Corp. (1970) Use Revision Application: Label Revision To Cover New Application Rates and Aerial 

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Deenihan, M. (1988) Copper Hydroxide 90 Percent - Acute Toxicology Testing. Project Number: X8COO4G, NVX/101, 

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Copper oxychloride (023501) 

Guideline: 81-1 Acute oral toxicity in rats

MRID: 42789404 

Shults, S.; Brock, A.; Killeen, J. (1991) Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50) Study in Rats with ASC-64216-0101-0301: Lab Project 

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Deenihan, M. (1988) Copper Oxychloride 50% - Acute Toxicology Testing: (Rat and Rabbit). Project Number: X8D079G, 

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Guideline: 870.1100 Acute oral toxicity

MRID: 46248403 

Merkel, D. (2003) Acute Oral Toxicity Up and Down Procedure in Rats: WECO 15-25. Project Number: 14383, P320/UDP. 

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MRID: 47545504 

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Copper oxychloride sulfate (023503) 

Guideline: 71-4 Avian Reproduction

MRID: 40773101 

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MRID: 41500802 

Hakin, B.; Rodgers, M.; Anderson, A.; et al. (1989) The Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Copper Oxychloride Sulfate on 

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MRID: 41500803 

Hakin, B.; Rodgers, M.; Anderson, A.; et al. (1989) The Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Copper Hydroxide on Reproduct-ion in 

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MRID: 41500804 

Hakin, B.; Rodgers, M.; Anderson, A.; et al. (1989) The Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Copper Hydroxide on Reproduction in 

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MRID: 43338001 

Redgrave, V. (1994) Copper Oxychloride Sulfate and Copper Hydroxide: Effects on Reproduction in the Bobwhite Quail After 

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MRID: 43396301 

Redgrave, V. (1994) Copper Oxychloride Sulfate and Copper Hydroxide: Effects on Reproduction in the Mallard Duck After 

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Guideline: 72-1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID: 99373 

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Guideline: 81-1 Acute oral toxicity in rats

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Northview Pacific Laboratories, Inc. (1983) Acute Oral Toxicity Test/LD50: ?Lacco Copper Oxy Chloride Sulfate--50% 

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MRID: 41119602 

Uliana, P. (1989) Acute Toxicology Testing: Oxycop Dust No. 3 (Copper Oxychloride): Project ID: NVP Report No. X8L202G. 

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MRID: 42464601 

Kuhn, J. (1992) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: Britz Copper Sulfur Dust 15-25: Lab Project Number: 9016-92. Unpublished 

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MRID: 42769305 

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MRID: 42769505 

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MRID: 47566102 

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Guideline: 121-1 Phytotoxicity

MRID: 7358 

Strong, M.C. (1958) Summary of 1958 Tomato Fungicidal Spray Trials in Michigan. (Unpublished study received Feb 5, 1959 

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Copper ammonia complex (022702) 

Guideline: 141-1 Honey bee acute contact

MRID: 40764702 

Hoxter, K. (1988) Copper Ammonium Complex: An Acute Contact Toxicity Study with the Honey Bee: Wildlife International 

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Guideline: 870.1100 Acute oral toxicity

MRID: 47665301 

Durando, J. (2004) Acute Oral Toxicity Up and Down Procedure in Rats: Comptec. Project Number: 16209, P320/UDP. 

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Copper and Oxides 4025 

Cuprous oxide (025601) 

Guideline: 71-1 Avian Single Dose Oral Toxicity

MRID: 42714501 

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Guideline: 72-1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

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MRID: 68428 

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waters. Sewage and Industrial Wastes 29(6):695-711. (Also~In~unpublished submission received Jun 28, 1977 under 200-55; 

submitted by Glidden-Durkee, Div. of SCM Corp., Cleveland, Ohio; CDL:230775-O) 

MRID: 68429 

Wilson, R.C.H. (1972) Prediction of copper toxicity in receiving waters. Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29(10): 

1500-1502. (Published study; CDL:230775-Q) 

MRID: 84168 

LeBlanc, G.A.; Sousa, J.V. (1981) Acute Toxicity of Kansai Rabamarine to Bluegill (~Lepomis macrochirus~): Report #BW-81-

3850. (Unpublished study received Jul 21, 1981 under 46197-1; prepared by EG & G Bionomics, submitted by Kansai Paint Co., 

Ltd., Rahway, N.J.; CDL:245649-B) 

MRID: 84169 

LeBlanc, G.A.; Sousa, J.V. (1981) Acute Toxicity of Kansai Rabamarine to Rainbow Trout (~Salmo gairdneri~): Report #BW81-2830. (Unpublished study received Jul 21, 1981 under 46197-1; prepared by EG & G, Bionomics, submitted by Kansai Paint 

Co., Ltd., Rahway, N.J.; CDL:245649-D) 

MRID: 99389 

Pitcher, F.; McCann, J. (1974) ?Traco Brand Brand ?sic Copper Zinc 25-25: R. Trout (S. gairdneri): Test No. 766. (U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Chemical & Biological Investigations Branch, Technical Services Div., unpublished study; 

CDL: 131098-A) 

MRID: 42388601 

Anon. (1979) Report on the Study of Acute Toxicity ?Fish--Goldorfe, Leuciscus idus l.: Lutonal A 25: Lab Project Number: 

CDP/AP-H 503,STR-WAE. Unpublished study prepared by BASF Aktiengesellschaft. 11 p. 

MRID: 42388602 

Anon. (1979) Report on the Study of Acute Toxicity ?Fish--Goldorfe, Leuciscus idus l.: Lutonal M 40: Lab Project Number: 

CDP/AP-H 503. Unpublished study prepared by BASF Aktiengesellschaft. 11 p. 

Guideline: 72-2 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates

MRID: 78968 

LeBlanc, G.A.; Surprenant, D.C. (1981) Acute Toxicity of Kansai Rabamarine to the Water Flea (~Daphnia magna~): Report 

#BW-812-832. (Unpublished study received Jul 21, 1981 under 46197-1; prepared by EG & G, Bionomics, submitted by Kansai 

Paint Co., Ltd., Rahway, N.J.; CDL:245649-C) 

Guideline: 72-3 Acute Toxicity to Estuarine/Marine Organisms

MRID: 78967 

Hollister, T.A. (1981) Acute Toxicity of Kansai Rabamarine to Mysid Shrimp (~Mysidopsis bahia~): Report No. BP-81-2-14. 

(Unpublished study received Jul 21, 1981 under 46197-1; prepared by EG & G Bionomics, submitted by Kansai Paint Co., Ltd., 

Rahway, N.J.; CDL:245649-A) 

MRID: 78969 

Heitmuller, T. (1981) Acute Toxicity of Kansai Rabamarine to Sheepshead Minnows (~Cyprinodon variegatus~): Report No. 

BP81-2-10. (Unpublished study received Jul 21, 1981 under 461971; prepared by EG & G Bionomics, submitted by Kansai Paint 

Co., Ltd., Rahway, N.J.; CDL:245649-E) 

MRID: 42164801 

Wade, B. (1991) Acute Toxicity of Purple COPP 97N to the Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus): Lab Project Number: 

3913022-0200-3140. Unpublished study prepared by Environ. Sci. & Engineering, Inc. (ESE). 35 p. 

MRID: 42164802 

Wade, B. (1991) Acute Toxicity of Purple COPP 97N to the Mysid Shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia): Lab Project Number: 3913022-

0600-3140. Unpublished study prepared by Environ. Sci. & Engineering, Inc. 36 p. 

Guideline: 72-4 Fish Early Life Stage/Aquatic Invertebrate Life Cycle Study

MRID: 68417 

Calamari, D.; Marchetti, R. (1973) The toxicity of mixtures of metals and surfactants to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich.).

Water Research 7:1453-1464. (Also In unpublished submission received Jun 28, 1977 under 200-55; submitted by GliddenDurkee, Div. of SCM Corp., Cleveland, Ohio; CDL: 230775-D) 
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Guideline: 72-5 Life cycle fish

MRID: 68414 

Benoit, D.A. (1975) Chronic effects of copper on survival, growth, and reproduction of the bluegill (~Lepomis macrochirus~). 

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 104(2):353-358. (Also~In~unpublished submission received Jun 28, 1977 under 

200-55; submitted by Glidden-Durkee, Div. of SCM Corp., Cleveland, Ohio; CDL:230775-A) 

MRID: 68416 

Brungs, W.A.; Leonard, E.N.; McKim, J.M. (1973) Acute and longterm accumulation of copper by the brown 

bullhead,~Ictalurus~ ?~nebulosus~. Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada 30 (4):583-586. (Published study; CDL:230775-

C) 

MRID: 68419 

McKim, J.M.; Benoit, D.A. (1971) Effects of long-term exposures to copper on survival, growth, and reproduction of brook trout 

(~Salvelinus fontinalis~). Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28(5):655-662. (Published study; CDL:230775-F) 

MRID: 68420 

Mount, D.I. (1968) Chronic toxicity of copper to fathead minnows (~Pimephales Promelas~, Rafinesque). Water Research 

2:215216,219-223. (Incomplete; also~In~unpublished submission received Jun 28, 1977 under 200-55; submitted by GliddenDurkee, Div. of SCM Corp., Cleveland, Ohio; CDL:230775-G) 

MRID: 68421 

Mount, D.I.; Stephan, C.E. (1969) Chronic toxicity of copper to the fathead minnow (~Pimephales promelas~) in soft water. 

Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada 26(9):2449-2457. (Published study; CDL:230775-H) 

Guideline: 72-6 Aquatic org. accumulation

MRID: 44804504 

LRIE (1993) Supporting Data (Flexgard VI). Unpublished study prepared by Flexabar Corporation. 27 p. 

Guideline: 81-1 Acute oral toxicity in rats

MRID: 32126 

DeLuca, R. (1980) Paint 888: Acute Oral Toxicity, LD50 (Rats): No. 03145. (Unpublished study received Apr 21, 1980 under 

40238-6; prepared by United States Testing Co., Inc., submitted by Golden Light Equipment Co., Amarillo, Tex.; CDL:242333-

A) 

MRID: 32269 

DeLuca, R. (1979) Acute Oral Toxicity, LD50 (Rats): (Vinyl Plastic Antifouling Paint and Hi Speed Teflon Antifouling 

Paint):Report No. 02999-2. (Unpublished study received Mar 21, 1980 under 40238-1; prepared by United States Testing Co., 

Inc., submitted by Golden Light Equipment Co., Amarillo, TX; CDL:242201-C) 

MRID: 38608 

DeLuca, R. (1980) Report of Test: Paint # 1025: Report No. 03146. (Unpublished study received Jul 15, 1980 under 40238-5; 

prepared by United States Testing Co., Inc., submitted by Pro-Line Paint Co.; CDL: 242868-A) 

MRID: 76263 

Carpenter, C.P. (1948) Special Report on the Acute Toxicity of Experimental Fungicide 658: Report No. 12-2. (Unpublished 

study received Apr 30, 1969 under unknown admin. no.; prepared by Univ. of Pittsburgh, Mellon Institute of Industrial Research,

Industrial Fellowship, submitted by Union Carbide Corp., Arlington, Va.; CDL:109808-A) 

MRID: 78952 

Pinkerton, M.N.; Schulz, M.J. (1980) Preliminary Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats with Sigmaplane AF 7288: GSRI Project 

No. 413-850-47-6. (Unpublished study received Apr 14, 1981 under 11350-23; prepared by Gulf South Research Institute, 

submitted by Sigma Coatings, Inc., Harvey, La.; CDL:244891-B) 

MRID: 78971 

Auletta, C.S.; Hodge, P.S.; Erickson, J.; et al. (1981) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: Project No. 6580-81. (Unpublished 

study received Jul 21, 1981 under 46197-1; prepared by Bio/dynamics, Inc., submitted by Kansai Paint Co., Ltd., Rahway, N.J.; 

CDL: 245650-B) 
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MRID: 88184 

Auletta, C.S.; Hogan, G.K.; Hodge, P.S.; et al. (1981) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: (Hempel's Marine Paints Test Material

7690): Project No. 6830-81. (Unpublished study received Nov 30, 1981 under 10250-13; prepared by Bio/dynamics, Inc., 

submitted by Hempel's Marine Paints, Inc., New York, NY; CDL:246304-A) 

MRID: 88187 

Auletta, C.S.; Hogan, G.K.; Hodge, P.S.; et al. (1981) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: Project No. 6834-81. (Unpublished 

study received Nov 30, 1981 under 10250-13; prepared by Bio/dynamics, Inc., submitted by Hempel's Marine Paints, Inc., New 

York, N.Y.; CDL:246307-A) 

MRID: 99174 

Hine Laboratories, Incorporated (1967) Toxicity of Four Anti-fouling Paints and Dried Films: Report No. 2. (Unpublished study 

received Apr 24, 1970 under 9461-67; submitted by Celanese Coatings & Specialties Co., Jeffersontown, Ky.; CDL:005882-A) 

MRID: 99608 

Trivits, R. (1978) Oral LD50 Test: Haskell Laboratory Report No. 669-78. (Unpublished study received May 29, 1979 under 

352-393; submitted by E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, DE; CDL:238620-A) 

MRID: 112747 

Hixson, O. (1973) To Determine the Oral Toxicity and Skin Irritation Potential In Accordance with Federal Hazardous 

Substances Labeling Act Regulations: ?Purple Copp 97: Laboratory No. PT7340. (Unpublished study received Jul 30, 1973 

under 26883-6; prepared by Rosner-Hixson Laboratories, submitted by American Chemet Corp., Deerfield, IL; CDL:128532-C) 

MRID: 117617 

Myers, R.; Lederer, W.; Barnhart, L.; et al. (1981) Range-finding Toxicity Tests: Peroral, Single Dose to Rats; Percutaneous, 

Single Dose to Rabbits; Skin Irritation, Rabbit; Eye Irritation, Rabbit: ?Cuprous Oxide--TBTF Antifouling Paint Mixture: Project 

Report 44-506. (Unpublished study received Nov 3, 1982 under 61-162; prepared by Union Carbide Corp., submitted by Koppers 

Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, PA; CDL:248735-A) 

MRID: 118983 

Myers, R.; Barnhart, L.; Condra, N. (1981) Range-finding Toxicity Tests: Peroral, Single Dose to Rats; Percutaneous, Single 

Dose to Rabbits; Skin Irritation, Rabbit; Eye Irritation, Rabbit: Project Report 44-506. (Unpublished study received Nov 15, 1982 

under 61-175; prepared by Union Carbide Corp., submitted by Koppers Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, PA; CDL:248860-A) 

MRID: 137046 

Maloney, D. (1983) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: Seamate Antifouling Paint: LBI Project No. 22267-01. Final rept. 

(Unpublished study received Dec 28, 1983 under 2568-88; prepared by Litton Bionetics, Inc., submitted by Jotun-Baltimore 

Copper Paint Co., Baltimore, MD; CDL:252064-A) 

MRID: 146441 

Gargus, J. (1984) Acute Oral Toxicity Screen, Rats: Paint Formula No. 1: Final Report: Project No. 2310-100. Unpublished study 

prepared by Hazleton Laboratories America, Inc. 9 p. 

MRID: 146883 

Inveresk Research International Ltd. (1983) Acute Oral Toxicity in Rats: (Interswift BKA 027 Red): P/ATX/101. Unpublished 

protocol. 5 p. 

MRID: 147844 

Goodband, J. (1982) Primary Eye Irritation, Primary Dermal Irritation, Acute Dermal Toxicity, and Acute Oral LD50 

Determination Performed on Offshore! Black Paint: Project No. 11257-1. Unpublished study prepared by Bioassay Systems 

Corp. 74 p. 

MRID: 149090 

Metting, D. (1985) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: Classic 7677: Project No. 4908-84. Unpublished study prepared by 

Bio/dynamics Inc. 14 p. 

MRID: 149094 

Metting, D. (1985) Acute Dermal Toxicity Study in Rats: Classic 7655: Project No. 4904-84. Unpublished study prepared by 

Bio/ dynamics Inc. 10 p. 
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MRID: 149160 

Goodband, J. (1982) Primary Eye Irritation, Primary Dermal Irritation, Acute Dermal Toxicity, and Acute Oral LD50 

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67 p. 

MRID: 150520 

Kinkead, E.; Haun, C.; Macewen, J.; et al (1982) Evaluation of the Acute Toxic Effects of Navy Antifouling Paint Formulations: 

Report No. AFAMRL-TR-82-30. Prepared by University of California, Irvine, Wright Patterson Air Force Base. AD-A116931. 

Interim Report. US Govt. Printing Office. 32 p. 

MRID: 150602 

Reagan, E. (1985) Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Blue Copper AntiFouling Paint, #660-31; M-1331 in (...) Rats: Study No. 

8645B. Unpublished study prepared by Food & Drug Research Laboratories, Inc. 26 p. 

MRID: 152118 

Gargus, J. (1984) Acute Oral Toxicity Screen, Rats: Paint Formula No. 4: Final Report: Project No. 2310-100. Unpublished study 

prepared by Hazleton Laboratories America, Inc. 9 p. 

MRID: 152122 

Gargus, J. (1984) Acute Oral Toxicity Screen, Rats: Paint Formula No. 7: Final Report: Project No. 2310-100. Unpublished study 

prepared by Hazleton Laboratories America, Inc. 9 p. 

MRID: 162424 

Collier, T.; Wilson, J. (1985) OECD Acute Oral Toxicity Test: Determination of the Acute Oral Median Lethal Dose (LD50) of 

Copper Nordox Fungicide in the Rat: Experiment No. 297/8404. Unpublished study prepared by Safepharm Laboratories, Ltd. 28 

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MRID: 41502401 

Kuhn, J. (1989) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: OG-9219 Copper Oxide: Lab Project Number: 6602-89. Unpublished study 

prepared by Stillmeadow, Inc. 11 p. 

MRID: 41852601 

Kuhn, J. (1990) Acute Oral Toxicity--Rat ?Supplement/Cuprous Oxide Lab Project Number: 7337-90: BFA254/SD-1. 

Unpublished study prepared by Stillmeadow Labs, Inc. 13 p. 

MRID: 41864201 

Nitka, S. (1991) Purple Copp 97N Cuprous Oxide: Acute Oral LD50 in Rats: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 91048-2. 

Unpublished study prepared by Consumer Product Testing, Inc. 20 p. 

MRID: 41963001 

Nitka, S. (1990) Acute Oral Toxicity in Rats: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 90253-3. Unpublished study prepared by 

Consumer Product Testing. 13 p. 

MRID: 41966202 

James, C. (1991) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats Using Test Article 5284/0516: Final Report: Lab Project Number: ADL Ref: 

66139-02. Unpublished study prepared by Arthur D. Little, Inc. 24 p. 

MRID: 41974601 

Cuthbert, J.; Jackson, D. (1989) Tri-Lux II Blue: Acute Oral Toxicity (Limit) Test in Rats: Lab Project Number: 243027: 5794. 

Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research International. 14 p. 

MRID: 42082702 

James, C. (1991) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats Using Test Article 5284/0516: Lab Project Number: 66139-02. Unpublished 

study prepared by Arthur D. Little, Inc. 24 p. 

MRID: 42210501 

Shapiro, R. (1992) EPA Acute Oral Toxicity-Defined LD50: Cuprous Oxide: Lab Project Number: T-1165. Unpublished study 

prepared by SCM Metal Products, Inc. 29 p. 

MRID: 42240301 

Shapiro, R. (1992) EPA Acute Oral Toxicity--Defined LD50 ?in Rats: Cuprous Oxide, Lot #05109010: Lab Project Number: T1165. Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Labs. 29 p. 
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MRID: 42295703 

Cuthbert, J.; Jackson, D. (1990) Aquarius A. F.: Acute Oral Toxicity (Limit) Test in Rats: Lab Project Number: 550197: 6592. 

Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research, Intl. 14 p. 

MRID: 42757201 

Kieczka, H. (1985) Report on the Study of Acute Oral Toxicity on Rat Based on OECD: Lutonal M 40: Lab Project Number: 

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MRID: 42942401 

Cerven, D. (1989) Single Dose Oral Toxicity in Rats/LD50 in Rats: Awlgrip/Awlstar Antifouling Gold Label, BP501: Lab 

Project Number: MB 89-9431 A. Unpublished study prepared by MB Research Laboratories, Inc. 9 p. 

MRID: 43464101 

Nitka, S. (1994) Acute Oral Toxicity in Rats: Hempel's Antifouling Combic Tin Free 7199E-51110 Red: Final Report: Lab 

Project Number: 94129-3. Unpublished study prepared by Consumer Product Testing Co. 11 p. 

MRID: 43654503 

Kuhn, J. (1991) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: XMH110 Antifouling: Lab Project Number: 7683-90. Unpublished study 

prepared by Stillmeadow, Inc. 12 p. 

MRID: 43728603 

Allen, D. (1993) Nordox 75: Acute Oral Toxicity Test in the Rat: Lab Project Number: 148/5. Unpublished study prepared by 

Safepharm Labs Ltd. 30 p. 

MRID: 44079402 

Allan, S. (1992) Acute Oral Toxicity to the Rat: Hempel's Antifouling Nautic Tin-Free 7190 (Dark Red): Lab Project Number: 

920242D/HMP 9/AC. Unpublished study prepared by Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd. 23 p. 

MRID: 44082502 

Kuhn, J. (1990) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: XUU 562: Lab Project Number: 7607-90. Unpublished study prepared by 

Stillmeadow, Inc. 14 p. 

MRID: 44168202 

McRae, L. (1995) Acute Oral Toxicity to the Rat: Hempel's Antifouling Combic 76990: Lab Project Number: HMP 

21E/940788/AC. Unpublished study prepared by Huntingdon Research Centre, Ltd. 21 p. 

MRID: 44277001 

James, C. (1991) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats Using Test Article 5284/0516: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 66139-02. 

Unpublished study prepared by Arthur D. Little, Inc. 24 p. 

MRID: 44587202 

MacBeth, D.; Ogilvie, S. (1994) Ecoloflex Paint: Acute Oral Toxicity (limit) Test in Rats: Lab Project Number: 9976: 554474. 

Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research International. 18 p. 

MRID: 44691304 

Allen, D. (1993) Nordox 75: Acute Oral Toxicity Test in the Rat: Lab Project Number: 148/5. Unpublished study prepared by 

Safepharm Laboratories Limited. 30 p. 

MRID: 44705501 

Wnorowski, G. (1995) Acute Oral Toxicity Limit Test (in Rats): ACP-50 Ablative Copper Polymer 1270 Blue: Lab Project 

Number: P320: 3783. Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Labs. 15 p. 

MRID: 44709801 

Allan, S. (1992) Acute Oral Toxicity to the Rat: Antifouling Seavictor 50 Dark Red: Lab Project Number: 920476D/JTG 34/AC. 

Unpublished study prepared by Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd. 19 p. 

MRID: 44843402 

Kuhn, J. (1998) Sigmaplane Ecol HA Antifouling Redbrown 5294RD: Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: Final Report: Lab 

Project Number: 4026-97. Unpublished study prepared by Stillmeadow, Inc. 11 p. 
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MRID: 45151103 

Graver, K. (2000) Acute Oral Toxicity/LD 50 in Rats: Algae-Resistant Roofing Granule Product: Lab Project Number: MB 00-

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MRID: 45246201 

Nunziata, A. (2000) COBRE NORDOX 75 WG: Acute Oral Toxicity Study in the Rat: Lab Project Number: 7671: 

7671/T/082/2000. Unpublished study prepared by Research Toxicology Center S.p.A. 37 p. 

MRID: 45419503 

Edgar, F. (1999) Acute Oral Toxicity (Limit) Test of Hempel's Globic SP-ECO 81900 in Rats: Lab Project Number: 571971: 

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MRID: 45541902 

Shapiro, R. (1992) Nordox 30/30: Acute Oral Toxicity Test in the Rat: Lab Project Number: T-1730. Unpublished study prepared 

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MRID: 45827707 

Edgar, F. (1999) Antifouling Seavictor 70: Acute Oral Toxicity (Fixed Dose Procedure) Test in Rats: Lab Project Number: 

17377: 572818. Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research. 20 p. {OPPTS 870.1100} 

MRID: 47017302 

Mullaney, T. (2005) NORDOX 30/30 WG: Acute Oral Toxicity in the Rat. Project Number: 1515/012. Unpublished study 

prepared by Safepharm Laboratories Ltd. 18 p. 

Guideline: 121-1 Phytotoxicity

MRID: 11210 

Upjohn Company (1970) Valencias. (Unpublished study received Jul 28, 1970 under 1023-EX-27; CDL:210031-G) 

MRID: 158116 

Worthington, R.; Smith, D. (1973) Effects of several foliar fungicides on the fatty acid composition and stability of peanut oil. J. 

Agr. Food Chem. 21(4):619-621. 

Guideline: 141-1 Honey bee acute contact

MRID: 42154901 

Hoxter, K.; Lynn, S. (1991) Cuprous Oxide-Agro Grade: An Acute Contact Toxicity Study with the Honey Bee: Lab Project 

Number: 303-101B. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 14 p. 

Guideline: 870.1100 Acute oral toxicity

MRID: 46279302 

Hutchinson, A.; Donald, E. (2004) XUU932: Acute Oral Toxicity (Up-and-Down Procedure) Test in Rats. Project Number: 

23586, 506441. Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research International. 25 p. 

MRID: 46280102 

Hutchinson, A.; Donald, E. (2004) XUU933: Acute Oral Toxicity (Up-and-Down Procedure) Test in Rats. Project Number: 

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MRID: 46869003 

Brown, E. (2006) Chemet LD: Justification for Bridging for Acute Toxicity. Project Number: CHEMET/TB. Unpublished study 

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MRID: 47107703 

Hutchinson, A. (2002) Interswift 655 (BMA 009) Acute Oral Toxicity (Acute Toxic Class) Test in Rats. Project Number: 

502892. Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research International. 25 p. 

MRID: 47140102 

Doig, A (2007) Acute Oral Toxicity Study (UDP) in Rats: Sea Grand Prix 500 Part B: Final Report. Project Number: 10347/06. 

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MRID: 47140106 

Casey, K. (2007) Sea Grand Prix 500 Part B: Comparison of Results of Acute Toxicity Studies Conducted on Sea Grand Prix 500 

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Durando, J. (2008) Acute Oral Toxicity Up and Down Procedure in Rats: ORD-X310. Project Number: P320/UDP, 24824, 

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MRID: 47878202 

Lewandowski, P. (2009) Owens Corning Algae Resistant Roofing Granule: Acute Toxicity Request for Data Waivers. 

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Copper (metal) (022501) – Antimicrobial uses only 

Guideline: 71-1 Avian Single Dose Oral Toxicity

MRID: 94380003 

Ohgawara, T. (1993) Kanebo Zeolite U.S.A. Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 42871001. Silver-copper Zeolite -- Acute Avian 

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Guideline: 71-2 Avian Dietary Toxicity

MRID: 99429 

Fletcher, D.; Jenkins, D.; Kinoshita, F.; et al. (1975) Report to ...: 8-day Dietary LC50 Study with K-lox in Mallard Ducklings: 

IBT No. 651-05906; Special Report 75.006. (Unpublished study received Jul 28, 1975 under 8901-18; prepared by Industrial 

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MRID: 99430 

Fletcher, D. (1975) Report to ...: 8-day Dietary LC50 Study with K-lox in Bobwhite Quail: IBT No. 651-05905; Special Report 

75.006. (Unpublished study received Jul 28, 1975 under 8901-18; prepared by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., submitted 

by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, TX; CDL:222015-C) 

MRID: 157949 

Fink, R. (1975) Eight-day Dietary LC50 - Bobwhite Quail [Using MRC-156]: Final Report: Project No. 132-101. Unpublished 

study prepared by Truslow Farms, Inc. 9 p. 

MRID: 157950 

Fink, R. (1975) Eight-day Dietary LC50 - Mallard Ducks [Using MRC-156]: Final Report: Project No. 132-102. Unpublished 

study prepared by Truslow Farms, Inc. 6 p. 

MRID: 40556103 

Paulson, J. (1988) Copper-Count-N: Avian and Mammalian Testing: ?Eight-day Dietary LC50--Mallard Ducks: MRC-156: Final 

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MRID: 94380004 

Ohgawara, T. (1993) Kanebo Zeolite U.S.A. Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 41615812 and Related MRIDs 42646703. Silvercopper Zeolite -- Acute Avian Diet LC50 Test -- Quail: Project 278-101 and 901-ADL. Prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 

13 p. 

Guideline: 72-1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID: 65633 

Brown, V.M.; Dalton, R.A. (1970) The acute lethal toxicity to rain- bow trout of mixtures of copper, phenol, zinc and nickel. 

Jour- nal of Fish Biology 2:211-216. (Also~In~unpublished submission received Oct 22, 1980 under 44214-1; submitted by 

Kennecott Cop- per Corp., New York, N.Y.; CDL:243555-G) 

MRID: 65634 

Chapman, G.A.; Stevens, D.G. (1978) Acutely lethal levels of cadmium, copper, and zinc to adult male coho salmon and steelhead. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 107(6): 837-840. (Also~In~unpublished submission received Oct 22, 1980 

under 44214-1; submitted by Kennecott Copper Corp., New York, N.Y.; CDL:243555-H) 

MRID: 99356 

McCann, J.; Pitcher, F. (1973) ?Purina Algae Chek: Bluegill|: Test No. 593. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Pesti- cides

Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:128375-B) 

MRID: 99392 

McCann, J. (1968) ?Miller 658 Fungicide: Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)|: Test No. 94. (U.S. Agricultural Research Service, 

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Hubschman, J. (1965) Effects of copper on the crayfish Orconectes rusticus (Girard), II. Mode of toxic action. ?Source unknown|

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MRID: 99483 

Shaw, T.; Brown, V. (1974) The toxicity of some forms of copper to rainbow trout. Water Research 8:377-382. (Also In 

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CDL:225816-D) 

MRID: 153843 

Jason M. Cortell & Associates Inc. (1985) Fish and Wildlife Safety: Volume IV. Unpublished study. 150 p. 

MRID: 40556102 

Paulson, J. (1988) Copper-Count-N: Avian and Mammalian Testing: ?Fish Toxicity Data|. Unpublished study prepared by United 

States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 7 p. 

MRID: 94380005 

Ohgawara, T. (1993) Kanebo Zeolite U.S.A. Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 41615814 and Related MRIDs 42646702. Silvercopper Zeolite -- Fish Toxicity -- Rainbow Trout: Project 89101-ADL. Prepared by EnviroSystem Div. Resource Analysts, Inc. 

10 p. 

Guideline: 72-2 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates

MRID: 65648 

Sosnewski, S.L.; Gentile, J.H. (1978) Toxicological comparison of natural and cultured populations of~Acartia tonsa~to 

cadmium, copper, and mercury. Journal of the Fisheries Reserve Board of Canada 35:1366-1369. (Published study; 

CDL:243555-V) 

MRID: 99484 

Raymont, J.; Shields, J. (1963) Toxicity of copper and chromium in the marine environment. Int. J. Air Wat. Poll. 7:435-443. 

(Also In unpublished submission received Aug 5, 1976 under 200- 55; submitted by Glidden-Durkee Div., SCM Corp., 

Cleveland, OH; CDL:225816-E) 

MRID: 99576 

Arthur, J.; Leonard, E. (1970) Effects of copper on Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, Physa integra, and Campeloma decisum in soft 

water. Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada 27(7):1277- 1283. (Also In unpublished submission received Jul 12, 1978 

under 1278-8; submitted by Phelps Dodge Refining Co., New York, NY; CDL:234670-G) 

MRID: 45202917 

Taylor, E.; Maund, S.; Pascoe, D. (1991) Toxicity of four common pollutants to the freshwater macroinvertebrates Chironomus 

riparius Meigen (Insecta: Diptera) and Gammarus pulex (L.) (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Archives of Environmental Contamination 

and Toxicology 21:371-376. 

MRID: 94380006 

Ohgawara, T. (1993) Kanebo Zeolite U.S.A. Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 41615815 and Related MRIDs 42646702. Silvercopper Zeolite -- Invertebrate Toxicity -- Daphnid: Project 89102-ADL. Prepared by EnviroSystem Div. Resource Analysts, Inc. 

10 p. 

Guideline: 72-4 Fish Early Life Stage/Aquatic Invertebrate Life Cycle Study

MRID: 47460 

WARF Institute, Incorporated (1973) Report: WARF No. 2040242, 2040243, 2040244. (Compilation; unpublished study 

received Mar 30, 1973 under unknown admin. no.; submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, Tex.; CDL:132472-A) 

MRID: 65632 

Howarth, R.S.; Sprague, J.B. (1978) Copper lethality to rainbow trout in waters of various hardness and pH. Water Research 12: 

455-462. (Also~In~unpublished submission received Oct 22, 1980 under 44214-1; submitted by Kennecott Copper Corp., New 

York, N.Y.; CDL:243555-F) 

MRID: 65634 

Chapman, G.A.; Stevens, D.G. (1978) Acutely lethal levels of cadmium, copper, and zinc to adult male coho salmon and steelhead. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 107(6): 837-840. (Also~In~unpublished submission received Oct 22, 1980 

under 44214-1; submitted by Kennecott Copper Corp., New York, N.Y.; CDL:243555-H) 
82 of 106

MRID: 65635 

Lett, P.F.; Farmer, G.J.; Beamish, F.W.H. (1976) Effect of copper on some aspects of the bioenergetics of rainbow trout 

(~Salmo~ ?~gairdneri~). Journal of the Fisheries Reserve Board of Cana- da 33:1335-1342. (Published study; CDL:243555-I) 

MRID: 65636 

Shaw, T.L.; Brown, V.M. (1973) The toxicity of some forms of copper to rainbow trout. Water Research 8:377-382. (Also~In~ 

unpublished submission received Oct 22, 1980 under 44214-1; submitted by Kennecott Copper Corp., New York, N.Y.; CDL: 

243555-J) 

MRID: 65638 

O'Hara, J. (1971) Alterations in oxygen consumption by bluegills exposed to sublethal treatment with copper. Water Research 5: 

321-327. (Also~In~unpublished submission received Oct 22, 1980 under 44214-1; submitted by Kennecott Copper Corp., New 

York, N.Y.; CDL:243555-L) 

MRID: 65645 

Winner, R.W.; Keeling, T.; Yeager, R.; et al. (1977) Effect of food type on the acute and chronic toxicity of copper to ?~Daphnia 

magna~. Freshwater Biology 7:343-350. (Also~In~un- published submission received Oct 22, 1980 under 44214-1; sub- mitted 

by Kennecott Copper Corp., New York, N.Y.; CDL:243555-S) 

Guideline: 72-5 Life cycle fish

MRID: 99577 

Mount, D.; Stephan, C. (1969) Chronic toxicity of copper to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) in soft water. Journal 

Fisheries Research Board of Canada 26(9):2449-2456. (Also In unpublished submission received Jul 12, 1978 under 1278-8; submitted by Phelps Dodge Refining Co., New York, NY; CDL:234670-H) 

Guideline: 72-7 Simulated or Actual Field Testing

MRID: 99572 

Sprague, J.; Elson, P.; Saunders, R. (19??) Sublethal copper-zinc pollution in a salmon river--a field and laboratory study. 

?Source unknown| ?:61-82. (Also In unpublished submission re- ceived Jul 12, 1978 under 1278-8; submitted by Phelps Dodge 

Refining Co., New York, NY; CDL:234670-B) 

MRID: 99576 

Arthur, J.; Leonard, E. (1970) Effects of copper on Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, Physa integra, and Campeloma decisum in soft 

water. Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada 27(7):1277- 1283. (Also In unpublished submission received Jul 12, 1978 

under 1278-8; submitted by Phelps Dodge Refining Co., New York, NY; CDL:234670-G) 

Guideline: 121-1 Phytotoxicity

MRID: 11572 

Cation, D. (1952) Cherry Leaf Spot Experiments in 1952. (Unpub- lished study received Oct 15, 1953 under 1023-9; prepared by 

Michigan State College, Botany Dept., submitted by Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Mich.; CDL:005440-F) 

MRID: 11573 

Moore, J.D.; Keitt, G.W. (1952) Report on Experimental Spraying for Cherry Leaf Spot Control in 1952. (Unpublished study 

received Oct 15, 1953 under 1023-9; submitted by Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Mich.; CDL:005440-G)

Cupric oxide (042401) – Antimicrobial uses only 

Guideline: 71-2 Avian Dietary Toxicity

MRID: 25516 

Fink, R. (1973) Eight-Day Dietary LCI50^--Mallard Ducks: Taco CCA: Final Report: Project No. 829-103. (Unpublished study 

received Jan 23, 1980 under 61-128; prepared by Hazleton Laboratories, Inc., submitted by Koppers Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa.; 

CDL: 241715-A) 

MRID: 104016 

Fink, R. (1973) Final Report: Eight-day Dietary LC50--Mallard Ducks: ?Taco CCA|: Project No. 829-103. (Unpublished study 

re- ceived Dec 4, 1974 under 8333-3; prepared by Environmental Sciences Corp., submitted by Rentokil, Inc., Spartanburg, NC; 

CDL:132086-A) 
83 of 106

MRID: 106113 

Fink, R. (1973) Final Report: Eight-day Dietary LC50--Bobwhite Quail: ?Taco CCA|: Project No. 829-102. (Unpublished study 

received Aug 20, 1973 under 8333-1; prepared by Environmental Sciences Corp., submitted by Rentokil, Inc., Spartanburg, N.C.; 

CDL:128552-C) 

MRID: 107430 

Fink, R. (1973) Final Report: Eight-day Dietary LC50--Bobwhite Quail: ?Taco CCA|: Project No. 829-102. (Unpublished study 

received Dec 4, 1974 under 8333-3; prepared by Environmental Sciences Corp., submitted by Rentokil, Inc., Spartanburg, NC; 

CDL:132086-B) 

MRID: 44014009 

Campbell, S.; Beavers, J. (1994) TLF-8226: A Dietary LC50 Study with the Northern Bobwhite: Amended Final Report: Lab 

Project Number: 112-347: 729-93. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 43 p. 

MRID: 44022309 

Palmer, S.; Campbell, S.; Beavers, J. (1995) TLF-8298: A Dietary LC50 Study with the Northern Bobwhite: Amended Final 

Report: Lab Project Number: 112-348: 730-93. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 46 p. 

Guideline: 72-1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID: 78984 

LeBlanc, G.A.; Sousa, J.V. (1981) Acute Toxicity of Biomet 304/CuO Paint to Rainbow Trout (~Salmo gairdneri~): Report 

#BW-81-7- 953. (Unpublished study received Aug 7, 1981 under 5204-68; prepared by EG & G, Bionomics, submitted by M & 

T Chemicals, Inc., Rahway, N.J.; CDL:245656-C) 

MRID: 91290 

LeBlanc, G.A.; Sousa, J.V. (1981) Acute Toxicity of Biomet 304/CuO Paint to Bluegill (~Lepomis macrochirus~): Report #BW81-7- 946. (Unpublished study received Aug 7, 1981 under 5204-68; prepared by EG & G, Bionomics, submitted by M & T 

Chemicals, Inc., Rahway, N.J.; CDL:245656-B) 

MRID: 99363 

Fink, R.; Reno, F.E. (1973) Final Report: Acute LC50--Bluegill Sunfish and Rainbow Trout: ?Taco CCA, 40% Concentrate|: 

Projects No. 829-100 and No. 829-101. (Unpublished study received Aug 20, 1973 under 8333-1; prepared by Environmental 

Sciences Corp., submitted by Rentokil, Inc., Spartanburg, N.C.; CDL:128552-B) 

MRID: 104017 

Fink, R.; Reno, F. (1973) Final Report: Acute LC50--Bluegill Sun- fish and Rainbow Trout: ?Taco CCA, 40% Concentrate|: 

Projects No. 829-100 and No. 829-101. (Unpublished study received Dec 4, 1972 under 8333-3; prepared by Environmental 

Sciences Corp. and Truslow Farms, submitted by Rentokil, Inc., Spartanburg, NC; CDL:132086-C) 

MRID: 44014007 

Kreamer, G. (1995) Static, Acute, 96-Hour LC50 of TLF-8226 to Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: Revision No. 1: Lab 

Project Number: HLR 392-93: 392-93: 9397-001. Unpublished study prepared by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. 32 p. 

MRID: 44022307 

Kreamer, G. (1995) Static, Acute, 96-Hour LC50 of TLF-8298 to Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: Revision No. 1: Lab 

Project Number: HLR 604-93: 9578-001: 604-93. Unpublished study prepared by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. 31 p. 

Guideline: 72-1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates

MRID: 91291 

LeBlanc, G.A.; Surprenant, D.C. (1981) Acute Toxicity of Biomet 304/CuO Paint to the Water Flea (~Daphnia magna~): Report 

#BW- 81-7-941. (Unpublished study received Aug 7, 1981 under 5204- 68; prepared by EG & G, Bionomics, submitted by M & 

T Chemicals, Inc., Rahway, N.J.; CDL:245656-D) 

MRID: 44014008 

Kreamer, G. (1995) Static, Acute, 48-Hour EC50 of TLF-8226 to Daphnia magna: Revision No. 1: Lab Project Number: HLR 

514-93: 514-93: 9397-001. Unpublished study prepared by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. 31 p. 

MRID: 44022308 

Kreamer, G. (1995) Static, Acute, 48-Hour EC50 of TLF-8298 to Daphnia magna: Revision No. 1: Lab Project Number: HLR 

605-93: 605-93: 9578-001. Unpublished study prepared by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. 31 p. 
84 of 106

Guideline: 72-3 Acute Toxicity to Estuarine/Marine Organisms

MRID: 79322 

Hollister, T.A. (1981) Acute Toxicity of Biomet 304/CuO Mixture to Mysid Shrimp (~Mysidopsis bahia~): Report No. BP-81-6-

88. (Unpublished study received Jul 16, 1981 under 5204-68; prepared by EG & G Bionomics, submitted by M & T Chemicals, 

Inc., Rahway, N.J.; CDL:245597-A) 

MRID: 79323 

Ward, G.S. (1981) Acute Toxicity of Biomet 304/CuO Mixture to Sheepshead Minnows (~Cyprinodon variegatus~): Report No. 

BP- 81-6-93. (Unpublished study received Jul 1, 1981 under 5204-68; prepared by EG & G Bionomics, submitted by M & T 

Chemicals, Inc., Rahway, N.J.; CDL:245597-B) 

Guideline: 121-1 Phytotoxicity

MRID: 99486 

Aduayi, E. (1972) Effects of cuprous oxide (copper) on the growth and mineral composition of coffee seedlings grown in nutrient

solutions. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal ?(Jan):185-191. (Also In unpublished submission received Aug 5, 1976 

under 200-55; submitted by Glidden-Durkee Div., SCM Corp., Cleveland, OH; CDL:225816-G) 

Copper Salts 4026 

Copper salts of fatty and rosin acids (023104) 

Guideline: 71-2 Avian Dietary Toxicity

MRID: 106116 

Fink, R.; Reno, F. (1974) Final Report: Eight-day LC50--Mallard Ducks: ?Citcop 4E: Project No. 811-102. (Unpublished study 

received Mar 5, 1974 under 1109-25; prepared by Environmental Sciences Corp. and Truslow Farms, Inc., submitted by Cities 

Service Co., Atlanta, GA; CDL:223694-A) 

MRID: 106117 

Fink, R.; Reno, F. (1974) Final Report: Eight-day Dietary LC50-Bobwhite Quail: ?Citcop 4E: Project No. 811-101; prepared by 

Environmental Sciences Corp. and Truslow Farms, Inc., submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, GA; CDL:223694-B) 

Guideline: 72-1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID: 99353 

McCann, J.; Pitcher, F. (1973) ?Citcop 4E: Rainbow Trout: Test No. 601. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticides 

Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:128361-A) 

MRID: 99354 

McCann, J.; Pitcher, F. (1973) ?Citcop 4E: Bluegill: Test No. 588. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticides 

Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:128362-A) 

MRID: 44116102 

Nedvidek, W. (1996) NEU1140F--Acute Toxicity Fish Test (Rainbow Trout): (Final Report): Lab Project Number: 96 50 41 281. 

Unpublished study prepared by BioChem GmbH. 37 p. 

Guideline: 72-3 Acute Toxicity to Estuarine/Marine Organisms

MRID: 99399 

Bentley, R. (1973) Acute Toxicity of Citcop 4E to Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes vulgaris) and Fiddler Crab (Uca pugilator). 

(Unpublished study received Dec 4, 1973 under 1109-25 prepared by Bionomics, Inc., submitted by Cities Service Co., Altanta, 

GA; CDL:132096-A) 

MRID: 106114 

Marine Research Institute (1974) Final Report: 96-hour EC50--Shell Deposition Study--Oysters. (Unpublished study received 

Mar 22, 1974 under 1109-25; submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, GA; CDL:132348-A) 

Guideline: 81-1 Acute oral toxicity in rats

MRID: 52684 

WARF Institute, Incorporated (1970) Report: WARF No. 0071799. (Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1970 under 1109-25; 

submitted by Cities Service Co., Atlanta, Ga.; CDL:102418-A) 

MRID: 129310 

Goodband, J. (1983) Primary Dermal Irritation, Primary Eye Irritation, Acute Dermal Toxicity, and Acute Oral LD50 

Determination Performed on Copper Neoisoate: Bioassay Systems Corporation Project No. 11577. (Unpublished study received 

May 5, 1983 under 518-73; prepared by Bioassay Systems Corp., submitted by Darworth, Inc., Avon, CT; CDL:250277-A) 
85 of 106

MRID: 141726 

Regel, L. (1970) Oral LD 50; Skin Irritation; Eye Irritation: [TC904 (Formulated)]: WARF No. 0071799. Unpublished study 

prepared by WARF Institute, Inc. 4 p. 

MRID: 41437501 

Shapiro, R. (1986) EPA Acute Oral Toxicity--Defined LD50: Citcop 5E Emulsifiable Liquid Copper Fungicide: Lab Project No. 

T-5530. Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Labs. 25 p. 

MRID: 43550001 

Kuhn, J. (1994) Copper Tallate: Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: Final Report: Lab Project Numbers: 1601-94: S9-FF81-1. 

Unpublished study prepared by Stillmeadow, Inc. 12 p. 

MRID: 43947504 

Rijcken, W. (1995) NEU1140F End-Use Product: Toxicology Data: Acute Oral Toxicity Study (in Rats): Lab Project Number: 

154801: 50778. Unpublished study prepared by NOTOX 16. p. 

MRID: 45292201 

Moore, G. (2000) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: Bonide Complete Fruit Tree Spray 2: Lab Project Number: 9717: P320. 

Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Labs. 20 p. {OPPTS 870.1100} 

MRID: 94085002 

Gohlke, A. (1990) Tennessee Chemical Co. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 41437501. Acute Oral Toxicity -Rat: Study 1987-9, 

Volume 2: Project ID: T-5530. Prepared by Product Safety Labs. 8 p. 

Guideline: 121-1 Phytotoxicity

MRID: 22056 

Smith, D.H. (1969) 1969 Peanut Leafspot Fungicide Test--Plains, Georgia. (Unpublished study including letter dated Oct 24, 

1969 from D.H. Smith to Sidney Fox, received Dec 9, 1969 under 400EX-37; prepared by Univ. of Georgia, Dept. of Plant 

Pathology, Georgia Station, submitted by Uniroyal Chemical, Bethany, Conn.; CDL:123444-H) 

MRID: 64996 

Deichman, L. (1970) Letter sent to Jim Reynolds dated Oct 22, 1970 ?TC-904 on corn in Minnesota without phytotoxicity. 

(Unpublished study received Dec 30, 1970 under 1109-25; prepared by Custom Farm Services, Inc., submitted by Cities Service 

Co., Atlanta, Ga.; CDL:024579-B) 

MRID: 158306 

Gohlke, A. (1969) Letter sent to Central Files dated May 19, 1969: Citrus Phytotoxicity tests with liquid copper fungicide. 1 p. 

Copper ethylenediamine (024407) 

Guideline: 71-2 Avian Dietary Toxicity

MRID: 99185 

Fletcher, D. (1973) Report to Kennecott Copper Corporation: 8-day Dietary LCI50^ Study with Sample No. 73-547 in Mallard 

Ducklings: SR-73.020. (Unpublished study received Aug 20, 1973 under 8901-13; prepared by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, 

Inc., submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, Tex.; CDL: 008671-E) 

MRID: 99186 

Fletcher, D. (1973) Report to Kennecott Copper Corporation: 8-day Dietary LCI50^ Study with Sample No. 73-547 in Bobwhite 

Quail: IBT No. 651-03599; SR-73.020. (Unpublished study received Aug 20, 1973 under 8901-13; prepared by Industrial BioTest Laboratories, Inc., submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, Tex.; CDL:008671-F) 

Guideline: 72-1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID: 99183 

WARF Institute, Incorporated (1973) Report: WARF Nos. 3011242, 3011243, 3011244; SR-73.020. (Unpublished study 

received Aug 20, 1973 under 8901-13; submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, Tex.; CDL:008671-B) 

Guideline: 72-7 Simulated or Actual Field Testing

MRID: 94091001 

Ravitz, S. (1990) Griffin Corporation Phase 3 Summary of MRID 41189002. Residue and Incidence Monitoring of Aquatic Sites 

Treated With Copper-containing Pesticides: Project NO. 26887. Prepared by Orius Associates Inc. 7 p. 
86 of 106

Guideline: 870.1100 Acute oral toxicity

MRID: 46630606 

Merkel, D. (2005) Acute Oral Toxicity Up and Down Procedure in Rats: Copper EDA Blend. Project Number: 17611, 

P320/UDP, 050524/2H. Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Laboratories. 16 p. 

MRID: 47822406 

Moore, G. (2008) Harpoon Granular: Acute Oral Toxicity Up and Down Procedure in Rats. Project Number: 24755, P320/UDP. 

Unpublished study prepared by Eurofins/Product Safety Laboratories. 18 p. 

Copper triethanolamine complex (024403) 

Guideline: 71-1 Avian Single Dose Oral Toxicity

MRID: 99204 

Applied Biochemists, Incorporated (1973) Toxicity Data for Coppertriethanolamine Complex on Ring-necked Pheasant and 

Mallard Duck. (Unpublished study received Nov 21, 1973 under 8959-12; CDL:010116-B) 

MRID: 152165 

Newman, S.; Majnarich, J. (1985) Avian Single-dose Oral LD50 Test on Mallards Using Copper Control: Series 71-1. 

Unpublished study prepared by BioMed Research Labs., Inc. 11 p. 

MRID: 94090001 

Mattern, J. (1990) Argent Chemical Laboratories, Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00152165. Avian Single-Dose LD50 Test on 

Mallards Using Copper Control. Prepared by Biomed Research Labs, Inc. 6 p. 

Guideline: 71-2 Avian Dietary Toxicity

MRID: 99448 

Schmidt, J. (1974) Subacute Toxicities of Cutrine and Weedtrine- Plus to Ring-necked Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) & 

Mallard Ducks (Anus platyrhynchos): Dietary LC50. (Unpublished study received Jun 14, 1976 under 8959-11; submitted by 

Applied Biochemists, Inc., Mequon, WI; CDL:224874-B) 

MRID: 152169 

Majnarich, J. (1984) Avian Dietary LC50 Test of "Copper Control" Series 71-2. Unpublished study prepared by BioMed 

Research Labs, Inc. 4 p. 

MRID: 94090002 

Mattern, J. (1990) Argent Chemical Laboratories, Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00152169. Avian Dietary LC50 Test of 

Copper Control. Prepared by Biomed Research Labs, Inc. 6 p. 

Guideline: 71-5 Simulated or Actual Field Testing

MRID: 106115 

Domogalla, B.; Hazzard, A.; Gysan, W. (1963) 15 years of algae control. U.S. Trout News ?(Mar-Apr):8,10,12. (Also In 

unpublished submission received Dec 18, 1964 under 8959-1; submitted by Applied Biochemists, Inc., Mequon, WI; 

CDL:220652-D) 

Guideline: 72-1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID: 67883 

WARF Institute, Incorporated (1972) Acute Toxicity (LC 50) Fish Study: (Copper Solutions). (Unpublished study received Nov 

3, 1980 under 8901-25; submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp. Houston, TX; CDL:244109-A) 

MRID: 79874 

Kennecott Copper Corporation (1972) Toxicity of Copper to Fish in Laboratory Tests. (Unpublished study received on unknown 

date under unknown admin. no.; submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, Tex.; CDL:127623-G) 

MRID: 88317 

Lee, T. (1972) Report: WARF Nos. 2040242 through 2040244, SR 72.004 Addendum. (Unpublished study received Jun 15, 1972 

under unknown admin. no.; prepared by WARF Institute, Inc., submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, Tex.; 

CDL:127620-A) 

MRID: 88318 

Kennecott Copper Corporation (1972) Toxicity of Various Forms of Copper to Largemouth Bass in Still Water Laboratory Tests: 

SR- 72.004 Addendum. (Unpublished study received Jun 15, 1972 under unknown admin. no.; submitted by Kocide Corp., 

Houston, Tex.; CDL:127620-B) 
87 of 106

MRID: 99165 

Applied Biochemists, Incorporated (19??) ?Toxicity of Various Herbicides to Fish. (Unpublished study received Sep 16, 1970 

under 8959-1; CDL:005661-C) 

MRID: 99167 

Applied Biochemists, Incorporated (19??) Toxicity of Cutrine to Fish at Different Water Temperatures and Water Hardness. 

(Unpublished study received Sep 16, 1970 under 8959-1; CDL: 005661-E) 

MRID: 99168 

Vedder, D.L. (1970) Fish toxicity: ?Cutrine. (Unpublished study received Sep 16, 1970 under 8959-1; prepared by Marine 

Biochemists, Inc., submitted by Applied Biochemists, Inc., Mequon, Wis.; CDL:005661-F) 

MRID: 99322 

Stoner, G.A. (1972) Summary: ?Data on the Aqueous Formulation Kolox: SR-72.004. (Unpublished study received Apr 7, 1972 

under unknown admin. no.; submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, Tex.; CDL:127622-A) 

MRID: 99330 

Applied Biochemists, Incorporated (1972) The Effect of Various Concentrations of Copper from Cutrine and Various 

Concentrations of Endothal (Dipotassium Salt) on Bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque). (Unpublished study received 

Dec 21, 1972 under unknown admin. no.; CDL:127670-E) 

MRID: 99351 

Pitcher, F.G. (1974) ?Bio-Guard MSA Algicide: Bluegill: Test No. 659. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticides 

Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:128263-A) 

MRID: 99367 

Pitcher, F.G. (1974) (Black Algaetrine: Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)): Test No. 669. (U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Pesticides Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:129213-A) 

MRID: 99376 

McCann, J.A. (1970) ?Cutrine: Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus): Test No. 312. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Pesticides Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:130649-A) 

MRID: 99377 

McCann, J.A. (1970) ?Cutrine Algaecide-fungicide: Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus): Test No. 304. (U.S. Agricultural Research 

Service, Pesticides Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:130650-A) 

MRID: 99378 

McCann, J.A. (1971) ?Cutrine: Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Test No. 342. (U.S. Agricultural Research Service, Pesticides 

Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:130651-A) 

MRID: 99412 

Applied Biochemists, Inc. (19??) Fish Toxicity: ?Cutrine. (Unpublished study received Sep 16, 1970 under 8959-1; CDL: 

220149-B) 

MRID: 99414 

Applied Biochemists, Inc. (1970) ?Toxicity of Cutrine to Various Aquatic Species. (Compilation; unpublished study received Sep 

16, 1970 under 8959-1; CDL:220149-F) 

MRID: 99668 

Lin, C.; Nemo, A.; Vedder, D. (1970) Copper Residue in Rainbow Trout. (Unpublished study received Jul 21, 1972 under 

2F1227; submitted by Applied Biochemists, Inc., Mequon, WI; CDL: 091057-S) 

MRID: 115858 

Simonin, H.; Skea, J. (1977) Toxicity of diquat and cutrine to fingerling brown trout. New York Fish and Game Journal 24(1): 

37-45. (Also In unpublished submission received Sep 14, 1979 under 239-2247; submitted by Chevron Chemical Co., Richmond, 

CA; CDL:098974-C) 

MRID: 133858 

WARF Institute, Inc. (1972) Report: WARF Nos. 2040242, 2040243 and 2040244. (Unpublished study received Feb 8, 1979 

under 8901-20; submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, TX; CDL:237379-A) 
88 of 106

MRID: 145100 

Casey, K. (1984) Acute Toxicity Test for Fresh Water Fish-96 Hr LC 50 series 72-1 [copper control]. Unpublished study 

prepared by Biomed Research Laboratories, Inc. 10 p. 

MRID: 147736 

Casey, K. (1984) Acute Toxicity Test for Freshwater Fish--96Hr LC50-- Series 72-1: Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). 

Unpublished study prepared by Biomed Research Labs, Inc. 7 p. 

MRID: 157308 

Applied Biochemists, Inc. (19??) Acute Toxicity of Cutrine-Plus & Copper Sulfate to the Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus 

Rafinesque) in Various Water Hardnesses: TSR 134-1175. Unpublished study. 8 p. 

MRID: 94090003 

Mattern, J. (1990) Argent Chemical Laboratories, Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00147736. Acute Toxicity Test for Freshwater 

Fish-96HR LC50-Series 72-1, PAR. Prepared by Biomed Research Labs, Inc. 6 p. 

MRID: 94090004 

Mattern, J. (1990) Argent Chemical Laboratories, Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00145100. Acute Toxicity Test for Freshwater 

Fish - 96HR LC50. Prepared by Biomed Research Labs, Inc. 6 p. 

Guideline: 72-2 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates

MRID: 77006 

Applied Biochemists, Incorporated (1980) Toxicity: LCI50^ and LTI50^: ?Cutrine-plus. (Unpublished study received Apr 9, 

1981 under 8959-33; CDL:245135-B) 

MRID: 99352 

Pitcher, F. (1974) ?Bio-Guard MSA Algicide: Daphnia magna: Test No. 667. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticides 

Regulation Div., Animal Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:128263-B) 

MRID: 152168 

Newman, S. (1984) Acute Toxicity Test for Freshwater Aquatic Invertebrates - 48 Hr LC50 - Series 72-2. Unpublished study 

prepared by BioMed Research Laboratories, Inc. 5 p. 

MRID: 94090005 

Mattern, J. (1990) Argent Chemical Laboratories, Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00152168. Acute Toxicity Test for Freshwater 

Aquatic Invertebrates-48 Hour LC. Prepared by Biomed Research Labs, Inc. 6 p. 

Guideline: 72-3 Acute Toxicity to Estuarine/Marine Organisms

MRID: 99447 

Union Carbide Corp. (1976) Acute Toxicity of Ricetrine to: Fiddler Crab, Uca pugilator, Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes vulgaris, 

and Oyster Larvae, Crassostrea virginica. (Unpublished study received Jun 14, 1976 under 8959-11; submitted by Applied 

Biochemists, Inc., Mequon, WI; CDL:224874-A) 

MRID: 109806 

Rausina, G. (1975) Report to Kocide Chemical Corporation: Four-day Static Aquatic Toxicity Studies with K-lox in Shore Crabs 

and Grass Shrimp: IBT No. 621-07845. (Unpublished study received Dec 12, 1975 under 11273-14; prepared by Industrial BioTest Laboratories, Inc., submitted by Sandoz, Inc., Crop Protection, San Diego, CA; CDL:223873-A) 

MRID: 109807 

Rausina, G. (1975) Report to Kocide Chemical Corporation: Four-day Static Aquatic Toxicity Study with K-lox in Eastern 

Oysters: IBT No. 621-07845. (Unpublished study received Dec 12, 1975 under 11273-14; prepared by Industrial Bio-Test 

Laboratories, Inc., submitted by Sandoz, Inc., Crop Protection, San Diego, CA; CDL: 223873-B) 

Guideline: 72-4 Fish Early Life Stage/Aquatic Invertebrate Life Cycle Study

MRID: 47460 

WARF Institute, Incorporated (1973) Report: WARF No. 2040242, 2040243, 2040244. (Compilation; unpublished study 

received Mar 30, 1973 under unknown admin. no.; submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, Tex.; CDL:132472-A) 

MRID: 56780 

Marking, L.L. (1970) Letter sent to Dale Borchardt dated Aug 11, 1970 ?Summary of work with Cutrine. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service, Fish Control Laboratory, unpublished study; CDL: 100318-B) 
89 of 106

Guideline: 72-7 Simulated or Actual Field Testing

MRID: 99168 

Vedder, D.L. (1970) Fish toxicity: ?Cutrine. (Unpublished study received Sep 16, 1970 under 8959-1; prepared by Marine 

Biochemists, Inc., submitted by Applied Biochemists, Inc., Mequon, Wis.; CDL:005661-F) 

MRID: 94088001 

Ravitz, S. (1990) Griffin Corporation Phase 3 Summary of MRID 41189002. Residue and Incidence Monitoring of Aquatic Sites 

Treated with Copper-containing Pesticides: Project No. 26887. Prepared by Orius Associates Inc. 7 p. 

Guideline: 81-1 Acute oral toxicity in rats

MRID: 56618 

Applied Biochemists, Incorporated (1973) ?Pharmacology Laboratory Toxicity Report: Swim Trine Algaecide. (Compilation; 

unpublished study received on unknown date under 8959-2; CDL: 224567-A) 

MRID: 58018 

WARF Institute, Incorporated (1971) Report: WARF No. 1052198. (Unpublished study received Oct 22, 1976 under 8959-11; 

submitted by Applied Biochemists, Inc., Mequon, Wis.; CDL:226389-B) 

MRID: 71452 

WARF Institute, Incorporated (1973) Report: WARF No. 3091400. (Unpublished study received Jan 22, 1981 under 5185-331; 

submitted by Bio-Lab, Inc., Decatur, Ga.; CDL:244241-B) 

MRID: 79857 

Kennecott Copper Corporation (1972) Kolox Mammalian Toxicology. (Unpublished study received on unknown date under 

unknown admin. no.; submitted by Kocide Chemical Corp., Houston, Tex.; CDL: 127623-B) 

MRID: 87786 

Weisbroth, S.P.; Weisbroth, S.H. (1980) Safety Evaluation of Swimfree Algaecide. Final rept. (Unpublished study received Nov 

3, 1981 under 32460-1; prepared by BioSafe Systems, Inc., submitted by Hydrology Laboratories, Smithtown, N.Y.; 

CDL:246213-A) 

MRID: 100660 

Conine, D.; Weiner, A.; Kreuzmann, J.; et al. (1982) Acute Oral Toxicity Screen in Rats, Acute Dermal Toxicity Screen in 

Rabbits, Primary Skin Irritation Study in Rabbits, Primary Eye Irritation Study in Rabbits of Winterine: Ref. 82-0334-21. 

(Unpublished study received Apr 21, 1982 under 8959-35; prepared by Hill Top Research, Inc., submitted by Applied 

Biochemists, Inc., Mequon, WI; CDL:247377-A) 

MRID: 106608 

WARF Institute, Inc. (1971) Report: WARF No. 1052198. (Unpublished study received Sep 2, 1971 under 8959-3; submitted by 

Applied Biochemists, Inc., Mequon, WI; CDL:005663-B) 

MRID: 106609 

WARF Institute, Inc. (1973) Report: WARF No. 3083299. (Unpublished study received Oct 17, 1973 under 8959-14; submitted 

by Applied Biochemists, Inc., Mequon, WI; CDL:008759-A) 

MRID: 119493 

Raltech Scientific Services, Inc. (1979) Acute Oral Toxicity-- Method, Summary, Pathology; Acute Dermal Toxicity--Method, 

Summary, Pathology; Primary Eye Irritation--Method, Summary; Primary Dermal Irritation--Method, Summary: Lab No. 

721737. (Unpublished study received Jul 17, 1979 under 12014-4; submitted by A & V, Inc., Pewaukee, WI; CDL:241057-A) 

MRID: 145101 

Casey, K.; Tedrow, R.; Boyce, J. (1984) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats-Series 81-1. Unpublished study prepared by Biomed 

Research Laboratories, Inc. 11 p. 

MRID: 157309 

Regel, L. (1971) [Acute Oral Toxicity Using Cutrine]: WARF No. 1052198. Unpublished study prepared by WARF Institute, 

Inc. 2 p. 

MRID: 165378 

Regel, L. (1973) [Toxicity Data]: Black Algaetrine II: WARF No. 3083299. Unpublished study prepared by WARF Institute, Inc. 

6 p. 
90 of 106

MRID: 40923301 

Doyle, R. (1988) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats--Median Lethal Dosage Determination: B.A.P.: Study No. 88-3279-21 (A). 

Unpublished study prepared by Hill Top Biolabs, Inc. 27 p. 

MRID: 43079701 

Shapiro, R. (1993) EPA Acute Oral Toxicity--Defined LD50: Enhanced Cutrine Lot #90012: Lab Project Number: T-1961: 

012/P321. Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Labs. 27 p. 

MRID: 43087801 

Glaza, S. (1993) Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Lo-Chlor Pool Algicide in Rats: Final Report: Lab Project Number: HWI 

30302834. Unpublished study prepared by Hazleton Wisconsin, Inc. 44 p. 

MRID: 43906601 

Reagan, E. (1990) Acute Oral LD50 Study of MSA Algicide II in Sprague-Dawley Rats: Lab Project Number: 90.0100.013. 

Unpublished study prepared by Food and Drug Research Labs. 78 p. 

MRID: 45533205 

Moore, G. (1998) Cutrine Ultra: Acute Oral Toxicity Defined (LD50): Lab Project Number: 6009. Unpublished study prepared 

by Product Safety Labs. 4 p. 

MRID: 94090006 

Mattern, J. (1990) Argent Chemical Laboratories, Inc. Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00145101. Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats. 

Prepared by Biomed Research Labs, Inc. 6 p. 

Guideline: 121-1 Phytotoxicity

MRID: 58017 

Applied Biochemists, Incorporated (1976) ?Copper Phytoxicity to Rice. (Compilation; unpublished study received Oct 22, 1976 

under 8959-11; CDL:226389-A) 

MRID: 99419 

Applied Biochemists, Inc. (1974) Ricetrine and Copper Sulfate Phytotoxicity to Wild Rice. (Compilation; unpublished study 

received Jan 8, 1975 under 8959-11; CDL:221100-A) 

Copper 2-ethylhexanoate (hexanoic acid) (041201) – Cancelled 

Copper etidronic acid complex (024404) – Cancelled 

Copper dehydroabietyl ammonium 2-ethylhexanoate (041202) – Cancelled 

Copper (EDTA) ethylenediaminetetaacetate (039105) – Unsupported 

Copper linoleate (023303) – Cancelled 

Copper oleate (023304) – Cancelled 

Copper salts of the acids of fall oil (023103) – Cancelled 

Cupric ferric subsulfate complex (042402) – Cancelled 

Copper naphthenate (023102) – Antimicrobial uses only 

Copper 8-quinolinolate (024002) – Antimicrobial uses only 

Other Copper Compounds 

Copper octanoate (023306) 

Guideline: 72-2 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates

MRID: 44192801 

Barley, H. (1996) Acute Invertebrate Toxicity in the Daphnia magna: NEU 1140F Copper Soap: Lab Project Number: 9/737-01: 

WO 9600741. Unpublished study prepared by EVS Environmental Consultants. 42 p. 
91 of 106

Copper ethanolamine complex (024409) 

Guideline: 72-1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID: 44045001 

Graves, W.; Swigert, J. (1994) Clearigate: A 96-Hour Flow-Through Acute Toxicity Test with the Rainbow Trout 

(Oncorhynchus mykiss): Final Report: Lab Project Number: 196A-104: 1944008V-L204: 196/041894/DAP-48H2/CHP69. 

Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 68 p. 

MRID: 44045002 

Graves, W.; Swigert, J. (1994) Clearigate: A 96-Hour Flow-Through Acute Toxicity Test with the Bluegill (Lepomis 

macrochirus): Final Report: Lab Project Number: 196A-105: 1944008V-L204: 196/041894/DAP-48H2/CHP69. Unpublished 

study prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 67 p. 

Guideline: 72-2 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates

MRID: 44045003 

Graves, W.; Swigert, J. (1994) Clearigate: A 48-Hour Flow-Through Acute Toxicity Test with the Cladoceran (Daphnia magna): 

Final Report: Lab Project Number: 196A-106: 1944008V-L204: 196/041894/DAP-48H2/CHP69. Unpublished study prepared by 

Wildlife International Ltd. 68 p. 

Guideline: 81-1 Acute oral toxicity in rats

MRID: 43063402 

Cerven, M. (1993) Single Dose Oral Toxicity in Rats/LD50 in Rats: AV-90 Plus Algaecide: Lab Project Number: MB 93-2323 

A. Unpublished study prepared by MB Research Labs, Inc. 20 p. 

MRID: 46688001 

Allen, D. (1994) Copper Amine Complex: Acute Oral Toxicity Test in the Rat. Project Number: 577/17. Unpublished study 

prepared by Safepharm Laboratories, Ltd. 32 p. 

Guideline: 870.1100 Acute oral toxicity

MRID: 47750905 

Oley, S. (2009) Acute Oral Toxicity Up and Down Procedure in Rats: Black Algaetrine. Project Number: 26430, P320/UDP, 

081104/1H. Unpublished study prepared by Eurofins-Product Safety Laboratories. 16 p. 

Copper Compounds Not Listed in RED

Copper as metallic (024405) 

Guideline: 72-1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID: 99207 

WARF Institute, Incorporated (1971) Assay Report: ?Toxicity of Algimycin PLL to Bluegill and Rainbow Trout. (Unpublished 

study received Apr 23, 1971 under 7364-9; submitted by Great Lakes Biochemical Co., Inc., Milwaukee, Wis.; CDL:020086-A) 

Guideline: 81-1 Acute oral toxicity in rats

MRID: 40819401 

O'Meara, H. (1987) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in the Rat of No. 87-2034 Insecticidal Soap Lot No. Lab., Sample 11/11/87: Lab 

No. 87T-14875-00. Unpublished study prepared by North American Science Associates Inc. 7 p. 

MRID: 45421102 

Merkel, D. (2001) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats--Limit Test: Algimycin PWF: Lab Project Number: 9901: P320. 

Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Labs. 14 p. {OPPTS 870.1100} 

MRID: 45455602 

Merkel, D. (2001) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats--Limit Test: Algimycin PLL-C: Lab Project Number: 9901. Unpublished 

study prepared by Product Safety Labs. 14 p. {OPPTS 870.1100} 

Guideline: 121-1 Phytotoxicity

MRID: 40819407 

Nielsen, D.; Dunlap, M. (1987) Phytotoxicity on Selected Woody Ornamentals: No. 87-2034 Insecticidal Soap. Unpublished 

study prepared by Ohio State University. 6 p. 

Copper thiocyanate (025602) 

Guideline: 71-1 Avian Single Dose Oral Toxicity

MRID: 41845901 

Cameron, B.; Hall, B.; Weir, A. (1989) Cuprous thiocyanate: Determination of Acute Toxicity (LD50) of a Test Material to 

Bobwhite Quail: Lab Project Number: 7168. Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research International. 38 p. 
92 of 106

MRID: 43476301 

Bardyke Chemical Ltd. (1994) Cuprous Thiocyanate: Determination of Acute Toxicity LD50 of a Test Material to Bobwhite 

Quail: Upgrade to Report 7168: Lab Project Number: 7168: 138146. Unpublished study Prepared by Inveresk Research 

International. 5 p. 

Guideline: 71-2 Avian Dietary Toxicity

MRID: 41845902 

Cameron, B.; Hall, B.; Weir, A. (1989) Cuprous thiocyanate: Determination of the Short Term Cumulative (Sub-acute) Toxicity 

of a Test Material to Bobwhite Quail Diet Administration: Lab Project Number: 7070. Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk 

Research International. 31 p. 

MRID: 41845903 

Cameron, B.; Hall, B.; Weir, A. (1989) Cuprous thiocyanate: Determination of the Short Term Cumulative (Sub-acute) Toxicity 

of a Test Material to Mallard Ducks Diet Administration: Lab Project Number: 7070. Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk 

Research International. 28 p. 

MRID: 43476302 

Bardyke Chemical Ltd. (1994) Cuprous Thiocyanate: Determination of the Short Term Cumulative (Sub-Acute) Toxicity of a 

Test Material to Bobwhite Quail--Diet Administration: Upgrade to Report 7043: Lab Project Number: 7043: 128151. 

Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research International. 5 p. 

Guideline: 72-1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID: 41845904 

Cameron, B.; Caley, C.; Chapleo, S.; et al (1989) Cuprous thiocyanate: Determination of Acute Toxicity (LC50) to Bluegill 

Sunfish (96 h, Satic, Limit Test): Lab Project Number: 5623. Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research International. 30 

p. 

MRID: 41845905 

Cameron, B.; Caley, C.; Chapleo, S.; et al. (1989) Cuprous thiocyanate: Determination of Acute Toxicity (LC50) to Rainbow 

Trout (96 h, Static): Lab Project Number: 5622. Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research International. 34 p. 

MRID: 43476303 

Bardyke Chemical Ltd. (1994) Cuprous Thiocyanate: Determination of Acute Toxicity (LC50) to Bluegill Sunfish (96 H, Static, 

Limit Test: Upgrade to Report 5623: Lab Project Number: 5623: 127933. Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research 

International. 7 p. 

MRID: 43476304 

Bardyke Chemical Ltd. (1994) Cuprous Thiocyanate: Determination of Acute Toxicity (LC50) to Rainbow Trout (96 H, Static): 

Upgrade to Report 5622: Lab Project Number: 5622: 137928. Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research International. 8 

p. 

Guideline: 72-2 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates

MRID: 41845906 

Cameron, B.; Caley, C.; Chapleo, S.; et al. (1989) Cuprous thiocyanate: Determination of Acute Toxicity (LC50) to Daphnia (48 

h Static): Lab Project Number: 137912: Report No. 5624. Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research International. 34 p. 

MRID: 43476305 

Bardyke Chemical Ltd. (1994) Cuprous Thiocyanate: Determination of Acute Toxicity (LC50) to Daphnia (48 h, Static): 

Upgrade to Report 5624: Lab Project Number: 5624: 137912. Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research International. 8 

p. 

Guideline: 72-3 Acute Toxicity to Estuarine/Marine Organisms

MRID: 41845907 

Caley, C.; Cameron, B.; Chapleo, S.; et al. (1989) Cuprous thiocyanate: Determination of Acute Toxicity (LC50) to Juvenile 

Plaice (96 h, Static): Lab Project Number: 137954: 5621. Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research International. 40 p. 

MRID: 41845908 

Cameron, B.; Caley, C.; Chapleo, S.; et al. (1989) Cuprous thiocyanate: Determination of Acute Toxicity (LC50) to Brown 

Shrimp (96 h, Static, Limit Test): Lab Project Number: 137949: 5620. Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research 

International. 34 p. 
93 of 106

MRID: 43476306 

Bardyke Chemical Ltd. (1994) Cuprous Thiocyanate: Determination of Acute Toxicity (LC50) to Juvenile Plaixe (96 H, Static, 

Limit Test): Upgrade to Report 5621: Lab Project Number: 5621: 127954. Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research 

International. 7 p. 

MRID: 43476307 

Bardyke Chemical Ltd (1994) Cuprous Thiocyanate: Estuarine/Marine Toxicity--Shrimp: Upgrade to Report 5620: Lab Project 

Number: 5620: 137949. Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research International. 7 p. 

Guideline: 72-4 Fish Early Life Stage/Aquatic Invertebrate Life Cycle Study

MRID: 30732 

Heitmuller, T. (1979) Acute Toxicity of Intersmooth Green Paint BFA043 to Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus): 

Report No. BP-79-4-43. (Unpublished study received on unknown date under 2693-109; prepared by EG&G, Bionomics, 

submitted by International Paint Co., Union, N.J.; CDL:238852-A) 

Guideline: 81-1 Acute oral toxicity in rats

MRID: 86115 

Phillips, B.M.; Stafford, C.L.; Paa, H. (1977) Report to International Paint Company Inc.: Acute Toxicity Studies with G2 EX 

Bardike FMS 0500: IBT No. 8530-10840. (Unpublished study received Oct 5, 1977 under 2693-EX-1; prepared by Industrial 

Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., submitted by International Paint Co., Union, N.J.; CDL:233183-A) 

MRID: 40616801 

Kreuzmann, J. (1988) Acute Oral Toxicity Limit Test in Male and Female Rats: Copper Thiocyanate: Study No. 88-3028-21 (A). 

Unpublished study prepared by Hill Top Biolabs, Inc. 19 p. 

MRID: 40834601 

Cuthbert, J.; Carr, S. (1985) Cuprous Thiocyanate: Acute Oral and Dermal Toxicity Tests in Rats: IRI Project No. 234253. 

Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research International. 18 p. 

MRID: 44050602 

Kuhn, J. (1990) XUU 560: Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: Lab Project Number: 7601-90. Unpublished study prepared by 

Stillmeadow, Inc. 14 p. 

MRID: 44521402 

Kuhn, J. (1995) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats: Micron 33-460 PB: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 2302-95: S9-FF81-1. 

Unpublished study prepared by Stillmeadow, Inc. 20 p. 

MRID: 45683401 

Cerven, D. (2002) Acute Oral Toxicity/LD 50 in Rats: (Superyacht 800 Antifouling-White): Lab Project Number: MB 02-

9909.01: 1000-01. Unpublished study prepared by MB Research Laboratories. 16 p. {OPPTS 870.1100} 

MRID: 45940602 

Moore, G. (2002) Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats--Defined LD50: Pettit Marine Paint Alumacoat SR Antifouling Paint: Lab 

Project Number: 12410: P320. Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Labs. 24 p. {OPPTS 870.1100} 

MRID: 94092001 

Potter, T. (1990) Shepherd Chemical Company Phase 3 Summary of MRID 40616801. Acute Oral Toxicity Limit Test in Rats of 

Copper Thiocyanate: Project No. 88-3028-21 (A). Prepared by Hill Top Biolabs, Inc. 9 p. 

MRID: 94093004 

Galloway, F. (1990) K. J. O'Connor Associates Phase 3 Summary of MRID 40834601. Acute Oral Toxicity of Copper (l) 

Thiocyanate in the Rat: Project 234253. Prepared by Inveresk Research International Ltd. 7 p. 

Guideline: 870.1100 Acute oral toxicity

MRID: 47543801 

Smedley, J. (2008) An Acute Toxicity Study of Test Article Aquaguard II Antifouling Spray Paint for Outdrive and Outboards 

Administered by the Oral (Gavage) Route to Rats (Up/Down Design): Final Report. Project Number: HDX00001, HXD1. 

Unpublished study prepared by Charles River Laboratories, Inc. 38 p. 
94 of 106

Copper silicate (024301) 

Guideline: 72-1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID: 99168 

Vedder, D.L. (1970) Fish toxicity: ?Cutrine. (Unpublished study received Sep 16, 1970 under 8959-1; prepared by Marine 

Biochemists, Inc., submitted by Applied Biochemists, Inc., Mequon, Wis.; CDL:005661-F) 

Guideline: 72-7 Simulated or Actual Field Testing

MRID: 99168 

Vedder, D.L. (1970) Fish toxicity: ?Cutrine. (Unpublished study received Sep 16, 1970 under 8959-1; prepared by Marine 

Biochemists, Inc., submitted by Applied Biochemists, Inc., Mequon, Wis.; CDL:005661-F) 

Guideline: 81-1 Acute oral toxicity in rats

MRID: 45670305 

Moore, G. (2001) Copper Silicate Solution--2.8 g/L Cu: Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats--Limit Test: Lab Project Number: 

10947. Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Labs. 16 p. {OPPTS 870.1100} 
95 of 106

Appendix A. Copper Fate Studies and Application Information Appendix Table A-1. Registrant-Submitted Fate Data Available for Assessment 

MRID (PC Code1) DER Available? Study Classification Need Additional DER? Basis for Recommenda

Guideline: 161-1 Hydrolysis 

00099665 (Copper triethanolamine complex – Antimicrobial uses only) 

No Unacceptable No 

Entire document is 1 page (appears to concern degradin sewage). 

41845909 (Copper thiocyanate – Antimicrobial uses only) No 42899001 (Copper 8-hydroxyquinoline – Antimicrobial uses only) 

Yes Marginally Acceptable No DER in document R20789

Guideline: 161-3 Photodegradation in soil 

00099530 (Uncertain – illegible) No 00099541 (Uncertain – illegible) No 00099542 (Uncertain – illegible) No 

Guideline: 162-1 Aerobic soil metabolism 

47757601 (Basic copper carbonate) No 

Copper does not appear in document - Aerobic Soil Metabolism of [14C]Polym

betaine (PB) 

Guideline: 162-4 Aerobic aquatic metabolism 

43931101 (Copper triethanolamine complex – Antimicrobial uses only) 

No 

44127508 (CopperEthylenediamine Complex) No 

Guideline: 163-1 Leaching, adsorption, or desorption 

00099262 (Basic copper sulfate) Yes Supplemental No DER in document R20033
96 of 106

MRID (PC Code1) DER Available? Study Classification Need Additional DER? Basis for Recommenda

00099542 (Uncertain) No 45572701 (Antifoulant paint) No 45572702 (Antifoulant paint) No 

Guideline: 164-1 Terrestrial field dissipation 

00099538 (Uncertain) No 41003801 (Total copper) Yes Supplemental No 41003802 (Total copper) Yes Supplemental No 41003803 (Copper Sulfate) Yes Supplemental No 

DER in document R20034

41116801 (Basic copper sulfate) Yes Supplemental No DER in document R20740

Guideline: 164-2 Aquatic field dissipation 

00038640 (Dicop = diquat + copper?) No 00062074 (Copper sulfate) No DER in document R2003300099143 (Copper sulfate) No 00099343 (Copper sulfate) No 00099347 (Copper sulfate) No 00099539 (Copper sulfate) Yes Supplemental No DER in document R2003340968201 (Total Copper, cupric ion) Yes Supplemental No 41003804 (Total copper, dissolved copper) Yes Supplemental No 

DER in document R20034

41189001 (Copper sulfate) Yes Supplemental No DER in document R20033
97 of 106

MRID (PC Code1) DER Available? Study Classification Need Additional DER? Basis for Recommenda

94088002 (Copper sulfate) No 94091002 (Copper sulfate) No 

Guideline: 165-0 Accumulation Studies -General 

00070296 (Copper sulfate) No 00116455 (Illegible) No 00099573 (Copper from mining) No 

Guideline: 165-1 Bioaccumulation 

00099514 (Copper sulfate) Yes Supplemental No DER in document R20033

Appendix Table A-2. Copper Label Application Rate and Minimum Re-Treatment Interval Requirement

Crop 

Maximum per 

Application Rate 

(lbs Cu2+/A)1

Maximum Annual 

Rate (lbs Cu2+/A)2

Minimum Re-treatment 

Interval3 

TREE FRUIT 

Fall, late dormant 8.0 

n/a 

(only 1 application 

per season permitted) 

Between silver-tip and green-tip 6.0 

n/a 

(only 1 application 

per season permitted) 

Pome Fruit (apple, loquat, pear, quince) 

Bloom, growing season 1.5 

16.0 

5 days 

Atemoya, Sugar Apple (Annona) 3.15 12.6 7 days Avocado 3.15 18.9 14 days Banana 1.05 18.9 7 days Carambola 2.1 10.5 7 days Cherimoya (custard apple) 2.1 8.4 14 days Citrus (citron, grapefruit, kumquat, lemon, orange, pummelo, tangelo, tangerine, lime) 3.15 12.6 7 days Guava 1.23 4.92 7 days Mamey Sapote 2.1 8.4 14 days Mango 3.2 48.0 7 days Olive 6.0 18.0 30 days Papaya 2.63 21.2 7 days Persimmon 1.0 6.0 14 days Stone Fruit (apricot, cherry, nectarine, 

Dormant, late dormant, up to pink bud 8.0 18.0 7 days 
98 of 106

Crop 

Maximum per 

Application Rate 

(lbs Cu2+/A)1

Maximum Annual 

Rate (lbs Cu2+/A)2

Minimum Re-treatment 

Interval3 

peach, plum, prune) Bloom/ growing season 1.5 5 days 

TREE NUTS 

Dormant, late dormant 8.0 7 days Almond Bloom/ growing season 1.5 18.0 5 days 

Betel Nut (Guam) 0.75 8.25 7 days Cacao 2.25 15.75 14 days Chestnut 2.1 8.4 14 days Coffee 2.1 12.6 14 days Filbert 6.0 24 14 days Permitted only 

Oregon 

Litchi 1.23 4.92 7 days Macadamia 2.36 9.44 7 days Nutmeg 2.1 8.4 14 days Pecan, Pistachio 2.1 8.4 14 days Walnut 4.0 32.0 7 days 

FIELD CROPS 

Alfalfa 0.53 1.12 30 days Cereal Grains (barley, millet, oat, rye, sorghum, wheat) 0.53 1.06 10 days Clover 0.53 4.74 7 days Corn (Field Corn, Popcorn, Sweet Corn) 1.05 4.2 7 days Peanut 0.79 4.74 7 days Potato 2.5 25 5 days Soybean 0.79 4.74 7days Sugar Beet 1.31 7.86 10 days Sugarcane 0.53 1.06 10 days Tobacco 2.0 8.0 10 days 

SMALL FRUITS

Brambles (aurora, blackberry, boysen, cascasde, chehalem, dewberry, logan, marion, raspberry, santiam, thornless evergreen) 

2.0 10.0 7 days 

Blueberry 2.1 8.4 7 days Cranberry 2.1 12.6 7 days Currant, Gooseberry (Ribes) 4.0 16.0 10 days 

1.5 Strawberry 1.0 8.19 7 days 
99 of 106

Crop 

Maximum per 

Application Rate 

(lbs Cu2+/A)1

Maximum Annual 

Rate (lbs Cu2+/A)2

Minimum Re-treatment 

Interval3 

VEGETABLE

Artichoke 0.53 2.65 7 days Asparagus 1.0 5.0 10 days Bean (Dry, Green) 0.79 4.74 7 days Beet (Table Beet, Beet Greens) 1.31 7.86 10 days Carrot 1.0 5.0 7 days Celery, Celeriac 1.0 5.3 7 days Chard 0.79 3.95 7 days Crucifers (broccoli, brussel sprout, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, collard greens, kale, kohlrabi, mustard greens, turnip greens) 

0.53 2.65 7 days 

Cucurbits (cantaloupe, casaba, chayote, citron melon, cucumber, gourd, honeydew, muskmelon, pumpkin, squash (summer and winter), watermelon, waxgourd) 

1.05 5.25 5 days 

Eggplant 0.79 7.9 7 days Garlic 1.0 6.0 7 days Leek 1.0 6.0 7 days Lettuce (endive, escarole) 1.0 8.0 5 days Okra 1.05 5.25 5 days Onion 1.0 6.0 7 days Pea 0.79 3.95 7 days Pepper (bell, chili) 0.79 11.85 3 days Radish 1.31 7.86 10 days Rhubarb 0.79 3.95 7 days Rutabaga 1.31 7.86 10 days Shallot 1.0 6.0 7 days Spinach 0.79 3.95 7 days Tomato (processing) 0.53 17.4 3 days Tomato (fresh market) 1.6 8.0 3 days Turnip 1.31 7.86 10 days Watercress 0.53 2.12 7 days 

VINES 

Grape 3.0 20.0 3 days Hops 0.53 2.65 10 days Kiwi 2.1 6.3 30 days 
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Crop 

Maximum per 

Application Rate 

(lbs Cu2+/A)1

Maximum Annual 

Rate (lbs Cu2+/A)2

Minimum Re-treatment 

Interval3 

Passion Fruit 2.36 9.44 7 days 

MISCELLANEOUS

Chicory 1.31 7.86 10 days Chives 0.53 2.65 7 days Cinnamon 3.15 18.9 14 days Coriander 0.53 2.65 10 days Dill 0.79 3.95 7 days Ginseng 1.05 5.25 7 days Mint 0.53 2.65 10 days Parsley 1.0 2.0 10 days Rosemary 0.53 2.65 10 days Turfgrass 3.0 21.0 10 days 

ORNAMENTALS 

Lilies, Easter 2.5 75.0 7 days 

Maximum pounwhich may be aperiod. Do not copper pesticidmonths. 

All Other Ornamentals 2.0 20.0 7 days 

DIRECT AQUATIC RATES 

Sewer Line Treatment 0.5 lbs. 2.0 lbs. 6 months Algae, cyanobacteria, aquatic weeds (Elodea spp., hydrilla, Potamogeton spp., irrigation canal weed, annual naiads) for all aquatic application sites 

1 part per million 

(ppm) n/a 14 days 

No more than 1⁄2 be treated at onwater is to be uwater, the metamust not excee

Schistosome-infected freshwater snail control 1.5 ppm n/a n/a Algae control in aquaculture when fish are present 0.4 ppm n/a n/a Tadpole shrimp in rice fields 2.5 ppm n/a n/a Leech control 1.5 ppm n/a n/a 

1 Maximum pounds of metallic copper which may be applied to an acre for each application. Product labels must also inclu

described in liquid units or pounds of total product. 

2 Maximum amount of metallic copper which may be applied to an acre each calendar year. Lower single application rates 

frequencies may be used. 

3 Minimum number of days between each application.
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Appendix B. Data Call-In Tables 

Guideline Number: 850.2100 

Study Title: Avian Acute Oral Toxicity Test 

Rationale for Requiring the Data 

Acceptable acute avian oral toxicity data were submitted for exposures of bobwhite quail to 

copper; however, data are not available for a passerine species, which are now required under 

the 40 CFR Part 158 (CFR 40 2007) data requirements for conventional pesticides. The Part 

158 data requirements specify that acute avian oral toxicity data be submitted for either 

mallard duck or bobwhite quail AND a passerine species. Therefore, an avian oral toxicity 

test is required for passerine birds, as specified in OPPTS Guideline 850.2100 

(http://www.epa.gov/opptsfrs/publications/OPPTS_Harmonized/850_Ecological_Effects_Test

_Guidelines/Drafts/850-2100.pdf ). A passerine study protocol must be submitted for review 

by the Agency prior to initiation of this study. 

Practical Utility of the Data 

How will the data be used? 

Acute avian oral toxicity data for passerine species will be used to refine the screening-level 

assessment by determining whether there are differences in avian species sensitivity to copper 

between passerines and upland game species. The currently submitted data indicate that 

copper is moderately toxic to birds on an acute oral and sub-acute dietary exposure basis; 

however, the extent to which toxicity may occur in passerines is unknown. If oral acute 

toxicity data are not submitted for passerines, risk will be assumed for all passerine species. 

How could the data impact the Agency’s future decision-making? 

If future endangered species risk assessments are performed without these data, the Agency 

would have to assume that copper “may affect” birds directly (and listed species from other 

taxa indirectly), and use of copper may need to be restricted in areas where listed species 

could be exposed. The lack of these data will limit the flexibility the Agency and registrants 

have in coming into compliance with the Endangered Species Act and could result in use 

restrictions for copper which are unnecessarily severe. 
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Guideline Number: 850.4100 

Study Title: Terrestrial plant seedling emergence (Tier I) 

Rationale for Requiring the Data 

For terrestrial plants, guideline vegetative vigor studies were not available; however, related 

studies were located in the open literature. No studies are available that documented copper 

toxicity at seedling stage of the terrestrial plants. Based on the 40 CFR Part 158 data 

requirements, Tier I level terrestrial plant data are required for all pesticides with terrestrial 

and aquatic uses. In addition, available data for copper shows two incident reports for plants. 

Therefore, this data gap must be filled, and data non-target terrestrial plant seedling emergence 

data (OPPTS Guidelines 850.4100) are required for copper at the Tier I level. In the absence of 

Tier I data, OPP will assume risk to terrestrial plants at seedling stage. 

Practical Utility of the Data 

How will the data be used? 

Data from Tier I terrestrial plant seedling emergence toxicity studies will be used to estimate 

potential risks to terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants associated with the use of copper. The data 

will reduce uncertainties associated with the current risk assessment for terrestrial and semiaquatic plants and will improve the Agency’s understanding of the potential effects of copper 

on terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants. In the absence of Tier I data, risks for terrestrial and 

semi-aquatic plants will be presumed. 

How could the data impact the Agency’s future decision-making?

Because terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants form the basis of the food chain for terrestrial 

habitats, comprise riparian habitat which plays a key role in water quality, and significantly 

contribute to habitat integrity including critical habitat for listed species, an understanding of 

the potential risks to terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants is essential for sound environmental 

risk management decision-making. Without terrestrial plant data for copper, the Agency 

cannot determine if the current application rates of copper may result in direct adverse effects 

to terrestrial plants and/or indirect effects resulting from reduction in the prey base and/or loss 

of habitat/cover. If future endangered species risk assessments are performed without these 

data, the Agency would have to assume that copper “may affect” terrestrial and semi-aquatic 

plants directly (and listed species from other taxa indirectly via reduction in prey base and/or 

habitat), and use of copper may need to be restricted in areas where listed species could be 

exposed. The lack of these data will limit the flexibility the Agency and registrants have in 

coming into compliance with the Endangered Species Act and could result in use restrictions 

for copper which are unnecessarily severe. 
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Guideline Number: 850.6800

Study Title: Modified Activated Sludge Respiration Inhibition

Rationale for Requiring the Data

The modified activated sludge, respiration inhibition test is needed to identify whether this 

pesticide could harm microorganisms found in biological wastewater treatment systems and to 

enable EPA to establish correct concentrations for use in the ready biodegradability test. These 

data are key to conducting environmental fate assessment and to determining the potential 

exposure of copper oxide to waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) (via effects on WWTP 

microbes).

Practical Utility of the Data

1. How will the data be used? 

EPA will use the data to determine the potential of copper oxide to directly harm the non-target 

organisms and/or to microbial treatment processes present in a WWTP and to determine suitable 

non-inhibitory concentrations of copper oxide to be used in biodegradability tests. 

2. How could the data impact the Agency’s future decision-making? 

If future endangered species risk assessments are performed without these data, the Agency would 

have to assume that copper oxide “may affect” non-target organisms residing down stream from 

WWTP plants. The lack of these data will limit the flexibility the Agency in their risk assessment 

process.
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Guideline Number: 835.1110 

Study Title: Activated Sludge Sorption Isotherm 

Rationale for Requiring the Data 

Data from this study are needed to determine the sorption potential of activated sludge for the 

removal of specific chemical compounds in biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). If 

copper oxide is not sorbed or biodegraded then, it would pass through a biological treatment 

system unaffected and it may contaminate surface and drinking waters and also may have 

potential adverse effects to non-target organisms. EPA needs activated sludge sorption study 

data to assess the distribution of the antimicrobial among the solid, aqueous, and vapor phases 

of WWTPs.. 

Practical Utility of the Data 

1. How will the data be used? 

EPA will use the data to assess the distribution of copper oxide between the sludge and aqueous 

phases. If the data were to indicate that a down-the-drain chemical would partition to sludge, soil, 

or sediment, then higher-tiered environmental fate studies such as the aerobic and anaerobic soil 

metabolism studies may be required. If the chemical would partition to water then higher-tiered 

ecotoxicity studies such as the fish early life stage may be required. Thus, the higher-tiered studies 

that could be triggered include both the environmental fate and ecotoxicity scientific disciplines. 

2. How could the data impact the Agency’s future decision-making? 

If future endangered species risk assessments are performed without these data, the Agency would 

have to assume that copper oxide “may affect” non-target organisms directly (and listed species 

indirectly), and use of copper oxide may need to be restricted in areas where listed species could 

be exposed. The lack of these data will limit the flexibility the Agency and registrants have in 

coming into compliance with the Endangered Species Act and could result in use restrictions for 

copper oxide which are unnecessarily severe. 
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Guideline Number: AWPA E11-06 

Study Title: Aquatic leaching study for wood preservatives (Special Study) 

Guideline Number: AWPA E20-06 

Study Title: Leachability of Wood Preservatives in Soil Contact (Special Study) 

Rationale for Requiring the Data 

The results from the wood preservative leaching study would allow measurement of the leaching 

rate of copper oxide from treated wood windows, doors, and engineered components used in 

construction application where decay resistance is necessary. The purpose is to provide 

information on relative permanency of wood preservatives. The method is designed for 

waterborne preservatives and may not be applicable to other types of preservatives. For outdoor 

wood preservative uses, copper oxide can reach surface water through direct contact or discharge 

to WWTPs. Copper oxide can also reach surface water or groundwater through run-off or leaching 

processes. If copper oxide is leached from wood rapidly, then it may contaminate surface and 

drinking waters and also have potential adverse effects to non-target organisms and the aquatic 

environment. The Agency will evaluate the potential risks of concern. 

The Agency used a screening level model to assess potential exposures from wood preservative 

uses. The model has inherent uncertainties and limitations which may result in inaccurate exposure 

estimations. Therefore, the wood leaching rate data are required to conduct an environmental risk 

assessment. 

Practical Utility of the Data 

1. How will the data be used? 

EPA will use the data to conduct the ecological effects and environmental fate assessments to 

determine the leachability of wood preservatives expressed as a percentage of the original 

preservative retention and to determine whether the ion levels in the leachate would be of 

toxicological concern. The amount of preservative leached is expressed as the ratio of the 

preservative contained in the leachate to the total preservative present. 

2. How could the data impact the Agency’s future decision-making?

This data is necessary for the Agency to accurately estimate potential environmental exposures 

and risks without which the Agency would assume the highest available leaching, resulting in the 

highest levels of environmental exposure and risk. Thus, the lack of these data could result in use 

restrictions for copper oxide which are unnecessarily severe. Determination of appropriate risk 

mitigation measures is dependent on the results of these data. 

If future endangered species risk assessments are performed without these data, the Agency would 

have to assume that copper oxide “may affect” non-target organisms directly (and endangered 

species indirectly), and use of copper oxide may need to be restricted in areas where endangered 

species could be exposed. 

By refining the assessment, the Agency would be able to determine whether the mitigation 

imposed as part of the registration review process was appropriate for copper oxide. The data 

evaluation could result in either additional or reduced environmental risk mitigation measures. 
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Guideline Number: Special Study 

Study Title: Leachability of Copper oxide from Roofing Shingles 

Rationale for Requiring the Data 

Studies are needed to conduct environmental fate and ecological effects assessments and to 

determine the leachability of copper oxide expressed as a percentage of the original 

preservative retention; and to confirm that ion levels in the leachate would be of no 

toxicological concern. 

Practical Utility of the Data 

2. How will the data be used? 

EPA will use the data to determine the leachability of copper oxide expressed as a percentage 

of the original preservative retention. The amount of preservative leached is expressed as the 

ratio of the preservative contained in the leachate to the total preservative present. Study 

provides data to assess the environmental leaching characteristic of shingles impregnated or 

coated with copper oxide. 

2. How could the data impact the Agency’s future decision-making? 

If future endangered species risk assessments are performed without these data, the Agency 

would have to assume that copper oxide “may affect” non-target organisms directly (and 

endangered species indirectly), and use of copper oxide may need to be restricted in areas 

where endangered species could be exposed. The lack of these data will limit the flexibility the 

Agency and registrants have in coming into compliance with the Endangered Species Act and 

could result in use restrictions for copper oxide which are unnecessarily severe. 

Also, extrapolating risk conclusions used in the environmental modeling may either 

underestimate or overestimate potential exposures and risks. Such leaching data would be 

useful in refining the preliminary risk assessment and determining whether the Agency’s 

assessment is an accurate estimation of potential exposures and risks. Risk mitigation 

measures may also be impacted by the results of these data. 

By refining the assessment, the Agency would be able to determine whether the mitigation 

imposed as part of the registration review process was appropriate for copper oxide. The data 

evaluation could result in additional or reduced environmental risk mitigation measures.