IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION THREE

JAMES F. BEHLA,

Appellant,

v.

R.J. JUNG, LLC, a Washington Limited 

Liability Company; JENNIFER JUNG and 

JOHN DOE JUNG, and the marital 

community thereof,

Respondents.

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No. 36276-1-III

PUBLISHED OPINION

FEARING, J. —

We have frequently said that, if there is nothing more tangible to 

proceed upon than two or more conjectural theories under one or more of 

which a defendant would be liable and under one or more of which a 

plaintiff would not be entitled to recover, a jury will not be permitted to 

conjecture how the accident occurred. Gardner v. Seymour, 27 Wn.2d 802, 

809, 180 P.2d 564 (1947).

This appeal asks whether a claimant presents a question of fact as to causation of 

injuries in order to defeat the defendant’s summary judgment motion. The claimant lost 

awareness from a fall and found, when he regained consciousness, a coiled cable near 

him. He asserts that the cable caused his fall. Because of these facts and other attended 

FILED

DECEMBER 3, 2019

In the Office of the Clerk of Court

WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
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Behla v. R.J. Jung, LLC

2

facts, we answer the question in the affirmative. We reverse the summary judgment 

dismissal granted the claimant’s landowner in a premises liability suit based on the 

stretching of the cable across a parking lot. 

FACTS

This appeal arises from injuries sustained by James Behla on the evening of March 

2, 2014, when he fell on property owned by R.J. Jung LLC (R.J. Jung). Behla sues R.J. 

Jung and its owner, Jennifer Jung, in negligence. We refer to the defendants collectively 

as R.J. Jung. The dispute between the parties on appeal concerns the cause of the fall.

Since the early 2000s, James Behla has operated a rafting guide service on the 

White Salmon River. Beginning in the early 2000s, Behla frequently shopped at White 

Salmon’s BZ Corner Grocery Store, then owned by the Gross family. The Gross family 

kept a shed on the edge of the parking lot, which shed the family offered to permit Behla 

to use if he repaired it. Behla repaired the shed, installed lighting in and outside of the 

building, and laid gravel for a parking lot on both sides of the shed. Thereafter he used 

the shed to store rafting equipment for his business. Behla parked a bus near the shed. 

Presumably he employed the bus to ferry customers along the river.

In approximately 2003, R.J. Jung, owned by Jennifer Jung and her now deceased 

husband, purchased BZ Corner Grocery Store. R.J. Jung thereafter rented the shed to 
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James Behla for $1,000 annually. In 2013, Behla, at the direction of R.J. Jung, moved his 

bus so that Jung could place a recreational vehicle in the lot. R.J. Jung desired employees 

to use the RV. Behla moved the bus nearer to his storage shed. 

On March 2, 2014, at 10:00 p.m., James Behla went to his shed on R.J. Jung’s 

property to perform inventory and move rafting equipment. One inch of snow blanketed 

the ground. The only light shone from gas pumps 150 feet away from the shed. Behla 

ambled to the shed to activate an exterior light switch on the outside of the building. 

Behla flipped the light switch, but no lights appeared. He then sauntered toward the bus 

to check its locks. After checking the locks, Behla returned to the shed. According to 

Behla:

And—and I turned and walked back to the walk-through door of the 

building. Next thing I knew, I was lying on the ground with a stabbing, like 

a knife in the back, of my lower spine, my head banged up, my shoulder 

aching and blood coming out wherever. 

Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 52.

James Behla regained consciousness on a concrete slab in front of the shed door. 

Behla’s right hip struck the slab. His body lay in a skiff of snow on the gravel. 

After realizing that he fell and sustained injuries, James Behla scanned the area to 

determine the cause of his fall. He saw a black cable the diameter of his thumb. This 

cable ran 125 feet and sent power between the shed’s breaker box and the recreational 
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4

vehicle parked on the R.J. Jung property. Behla did not see the cable before falling, but, 

when examining it after, saw that part of the cable curled and rose above the ground. 

After viewing the cable, Behla concluded: “my foot caught it, and it pitched me forward, 

and my head hit first and then my left hand and arm and then my butt and back hit the 

concrete slab, and I was laying on my right side.” CP at 27. Behla testified in his 

deposition:

I am not certain, ‘cause I never saw it [the cable] until I woke up on 

the ground and went back and looked to see what I had tripped over. . . .

CP at 53. The coiled cable rose high enough for his foot to catch thereon. Behla did not 

directly testify that the cable lay in the pathway that he tread to the shed, but we draw 

reasonable inferences from other testimony and from photographs to reach this factual 

conclusion for purposes of R.J. Jung’s summary judgment motion.

PROCEDURE

James Behla sued R.J. Jung and Jennifer Jung for failure to exercise reasonable 

care in maintaining the rented premises. R.J. Jung filed a motion for summary judgment 

dismissal and argued that Behla cannot prove proximate causation because his theory of 

liability relies on conjecture. R.J. Jung did not argue the impossibility of Behla’s tripping 

on the cable, but contended that other causes were as likely the cause of the fall. The trial 

court granted R.J. Jung’s summary judgment motion. 
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LAW AND ANALYSIS

The principal question on appeal is whether James Behla presents an issue of fact,

in order to defeat R.J. Jung’s summary judgment motion, as to whether the cable stretched 

across R.J. Jung’s parking lot caused Behla’s trip and fall. We rule that Behla presents a 

genuine question of fact.

James Behla sues R.J. Jung in negligence. A negligence claim requires the 

plaintiff to establish (1) the existence of a duty owed, (2) breach of that duty, (3) a 

resulting injury, and (4) a proximate cause between the breach and the injury. Tincani v. 

Inland Empire Zoological Society, 124 Wn.2d 121, 127-28, 875 P.2d 621 (1994). 

Proximate cause consists of two elements: cause in fact and legal causation. Albertson v. 

State, 191 Wn. App. 284, 296, 361 P.3d 808 (2015). In support of its summary judgment 

motion, R.J. Jung relies only on a lack of cause in fact. Even if the complainant 

establishes negligence, the defendant may not be held liable unless its negligence caused

the accident. Marshall v. Bally’s Pacwest, Inc., 94 Wn. App. 372, 378, 972 P.2d 475 

(1999).

Cause in fact, or “but for” causation, refers to the physical connection between an 

act and an injury. Hartley v. State, 103 Wn.2d 768, 778, 698 P.2d 77 (1985). The 
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plaintiff must establish that the harm suffered would not have occurred but for an act or 

omission of the defendant. Joyce v. Department of Corrections, 155 Wn.2d 306, 322, 119

P.3d 825 (2005).

A ubiquitous term found in the case law of causation is the word “speculation.” 

Many decisions rest on this word. R.J. Jung argues that James Behla speculates when 

contending that the black cord caused his fall and injuries.

Evidence establishing proximate cause must rise above “speculation, conjecture, or 

mere possibility.” Reese v. Stroh, 128 Wn.2d 300, 309, 907 P.2d 282 (1995). 

“Speculation” and “conjecture,” in this context, mean the same thing. Frescoln v. Puget 

Sound Traction, Light & Power Co., 90 Wash. 59, 63, 155 P. 395 (1916). The plaintiff 

cannot rest a claim for liability on a “speculative theory.” Marshall v. Bally’s Pacwest, 

Inc., 94 Wn. App. 372, 381, (1999). The plaintiff must supply proof for a reasonable 

person to, “without speculation,” infer that the act of the other party more probably than 

not caused the injury. Little v. Countrywood Homes, Inc., 132 Wn. App. 777, 781, 133 

P.3d 944 (2006). Cause in fact does not exist if the connection between the act and the 

later injury is “indirect and speculative.” Estate of Borden ex rel. Anderson v. State, 

Department of Corrections, 122 Wn. App. 227, 240, 95 P.3d 764 (2004).
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Labeling causation as speculative plays a unique role in summary judgment 

jurisprudence. If one takes many statements of the law literally, a court must withdraw 

consideration of a tort suit from a jury and grant summary judgment or a directed verdict 

to the defendant, if the plaintiff bases his assertion of causation on speculation, or at least 

if the facts present at least two speculative causes. Under these statements of the law, 

identifying speculation becomes the prerogative of the judge, not the jury.

The rule, on which R.J. Jung principally relies and which we anatomize, declares: 

when “two or more conjectural theories” exist, “under one or more of which a defendant 

would be liable and under one or more of which a plaintiff would not be entitled to 

recover, a jury will not be permitted to conjecture how the accident occurred.” Gardner 

v. Seymour, 27 Wn.2d 802, 809 (1947). We label this rule “the stated rule.” Courts often 

quote and apply this stated rule. Schmidt v. Pioneer United Dairies, 60 Wn.2d 271, 276, 

373 P.2d 764 (1962); Marshall v. Bally’s Pacwest, Inc., 94 Wn. App. 372, 379 (1999); 

Schneider v. Rowell’s, Inc., 5 Wn. App. 165, 168, 487 P.2d 253 (1971). Note that the rule 

precludes a jury from speculating. Under such a rule the trial court plays the function of a 

gatekeeper and evaluates evidence to determine if the plaintiff’s proffered cause relies on 

speculation, and, if so, whether other possible conjectural theories exist. If the court so 

finds, the court must remove the suit from the consideration of the jury.
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We criticize the stated rule. The rule only applies if at least two speculative causes 

subsist, suggesting that, if only one conjectural theory exists, the jury can decide 

causation. The rule begs the question of what action the trial court takes if the plaintiff’s 

identified cause is speculative, but neither the defendant nor the court can conjure any 

other potential cause of the injuries. In this appeal, however, R.J. Jung advances other 

conjectural causes. 

The stated rule may assume that two causes of an event are just as likely to be the 

true cause. We question whether causes of human events can be precisely weighed such 

that one possible cause is just as likely to be the cause of a plaintiff’s injuries as another 

possible cause.

The stated rule suffers from a more fundamental flaw. The rule assigns to the trial 

court and eventually an appeals court the task of discerning whether a plaintiff’s offered 

cause depends on speculation. But we question whether the trial court or an appellate 

court is always a better decision maker than twelve representatives of the community 

when surmising if an alleged cause suffers from speculation. Judges receive no special 

training and have no peculiar insight into cause and effect in the physical world. We 

specialize in wordsmithing and sophistry, not applied physics and applied psychology.
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If the trial court applies the stated rule and a plaintiff survives a summary 

judgment or directed verdict motion, the court must have determined that the plaintiff’s 

proffered cause does not rely on speculation. Nevertheless, even if a plaintiff defeats a 

summary judgment motion by presenting a factual question on causation, the defense still 

argues to the jury that the plaintiff bases his or her claim on speculation. Based on the 

stated rule, defense counsel should be precluded from telling the jury that plaintiff’s claim 

relies on speculation if the case proceeds beyond the summary judgment stage. 

Other rules of causation affirm and expand the stated rule probably even to cases 

when the defense does not identify other possible causes. The claimant cannot show that 

an accident happened in a certain way by simply showing that it might have happened in 

that way and without further showing that it could not reasonably have happened in any 

other way. Gardner v. Seymour, 27 Wn.2d 802, 810 (1947); Whitehouse v. Bryant 

Lumber & Shingle Co., 50 Wn. 563, 565-56, 97 P. 751 (1908). When more than one 

possible cause of an injury exists, plaintiff’s evidence, whether direct or circumstantial, 

must reasonably exclude every hypothesis other than plaintiff’s offered cause. 

O’Donoghue v. Riggs, 73 Wn.2d 814, 824, 440 P.2d 823 (1968). The facts relied on to 

establish a theory by circumstantial evidence must be of such a nature and so related to 

each other that it is the only conclusion that fairly or reasonably can be drawn from them. 
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Schmidt v. Pioneer United Dairies, 60 Wn.2d 271, 276, 373 P.2d 764 (1962). In the 

context of a summary judgment motion or a motion for directed verdict, the trial court 

must view conflicting evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant party and 

determine “whether the proffered result is the only reasonable conclusion.” Estate of 

Borden ex rel. Anderson v. State, Department of Corrections, 122 Wn. App. 227, 240, 95 

P.3d 764 (2004).

We also question these additional rules. The jury usually determines what 

conclusions are reasonable. The better rule would be that the reviewing court determines 

if plaintiff’s proffered cause is a reasonable conclusion rather than the only reasonable 

conclusion or the most reasonable conclusion.

Speculation is a specious word. One person’s proof may be another person’s 

speculation. What constitutes speculation may enter a shadow zone where some triers of 

fact may determine plaintiff’s tendered cause to be speculative, while other reasonable 

people would determine causation to be proven. Whereas, the trial court should not allow

a jury to decide a personal injury claim if the jury must undoubtedly speculate as to 

whether any breach of duty caused the plaintiff’s injuries, reasonable persons may 

disagree as to whether causation is speculative in discrete circumstances. Thus, when

addressing purported “speculative” claims, the trial court should give the benefit of the 
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doubt as to causation to the plaintiff and only dismiss a claim to the extent the court can 

decide that all reasonable people would conclude causation to be speculative.

We now review Washington decisions, starting with decisions forwarded by R.J. 

Jung. Jung relies on three Washington cases to argue that the facts asserted by James 

Behla are insufficient to demonstrate proximate cause and overcome a summary judgment

motion. Gardner v. Seymour, 27 Wn.2d 802, 180 P.2d 564 (1947); Little v. Countrywood 

Homes, 132 Wn. App. 777, 133 P.3d 944 (2006); Marshall v. Bally’s Pacwest, Inc., 94 

Wn. App. 372, 972 P.2d 475 (1999). All of these cases espouse the stated rule of 

causation.

In Gardner v. Seymour, Jean Gardner, a manager of a second floor store, exited the 

store to a hallway in the store’s building to retrieve stock replacements. Six minutes after 

leaving the store, Gardner was found critically injured at the bottom of a freight elevator 

shaft. No witness observed Gardner fall into the shaft. Gardner subsequently died from 

his injuries. On appeal, the Washington Supreme Court reversed a jury verdict in favor of 

Gardner’s widow, with the court holding that Gardner failed to prove, as a matter of law, 

that the alleged negligence of the store owner caused the death. 

In Gardner v. Seymour, the Washington Supreme Court reasoned that at least two 

equally reasonable inferences explained Jean Gardner’s plummet to his death. The facts 
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showed that a cord operated the freight elevator platform. If safely operated, the doors to 

the elevator functioned as safeguards and latched at each floor unless the platform rested 

at that specific floor. These safeguards, however, could be overcome if another worker

wanted to avoid a walk to a higher or lower floor where the freight elevator rested. In 

that situation, the worker could pry the elevator doors open at the lower floor and 

manipulate the cord to bring the platform to the desired floor. The maneuvering could 

result in one later seeking to use the elevator to mistakenly walk into the shaft with no 

platform and fall to his or her death. The state high court deduced that either Jean 

Gardner opened the doors to summon the platform from another floor and in doing so 

caused his own death, or his death resulted from another worker leaving the shaft doors 

open with no platform present. Under the first scenario, Gardner was responsible for his 

death. Under the second hypothesis, the building owner was liable for the death. No 

evidence showed one cause more likely than the other.

The Gardner court distinguished between conjecture and reasonable inference 

based on circumstantial evidence. The court wrote: 

no legitimate inference can be drawn that an accident happened in a 

certain way by simply showing that it might have happened in that way, and 

without further showing that it could not reasonably have happened in any 

other way.
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Gardner v. Seymour, 27 Wn.2d at 810 (quoting Whitehouse v. Bryant Lumber & Shingle 

Co., 50 Wash. 563, 565-66, 97 P. 751 (1908)). This passage suggests, contrary to the 

general rule, that the plaintiff must not only establish that his or her identified cause is 

more likely the true source of injury, but the plaintiff must also rule out all possible, but 

reasonable, causes. This burden may often be impossible to fulfill.

In Little v. Countrywood Homes, 132 Wn. App. 777 (2006), Jared Little’s brother 

and coworker found Little, a gutter installer, lying on the ground next to a home being 

built. A ladder laid on the ground next to Little. Little was disoriented from injuries he 

sustained moments before. Little did not know how he fell and presented no testimony 

that he even climbed the ladder. No witness saw Little climb the ladder or fall. 

Jared Little sued the general contractor, Countrywood Homes, alleging that 

Countrywood’s negligence caused his injuries. Little claimed that Countrywood failed to 

require ladders to be secured per regulations or failed to provide stable ground on which 

to set the ladder. The trial court dismissed Little’s suit on summary judgment, and this 

court affirmed. This court explained that one could speculate that the ladder was not 

properly secured or that the ground beneath it was unstable, but Little presented no 

evidence that one of these conditions more probably than not caused his injuries. 
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In Marshall v. Bally’s Pacwest, Inc., 94 Wn. App. 372 (1999), Kim Marshall was 

injured on a treadmill at Bally’s Pacwest. In her complaint, Marshall alleged she was 

exercising on the treadmill when it stopped abruptly in the middle of her program. 

Marshall reprogrammed the treadmill and pushed the “start” button. According to 

Marshall, the treadmill restarted at 6.2 miles per hour rather than its usual 2.5 miles per 

hour. Marshall alleged that, because of the sudden and unexpected start, she was 

violently thrown from the treadmill, causing severe injuries when her head struck a 

plexiglass wall behind the machine. Nevertheless, during her deposition, Marshall 

testified that (1) she did not recall how abruptly the treadmill reached full speed, (2) she 

did not recall being “thrown” from the treadmill, and (3) she did not recall hitting the 

glass behind the wall. Rather, Marshall last remembered, before her fall, resetting the 

machine after it stopped. The trial court summarily dismissed Marshall’s suit for lack of 

evidence establishing cause in fact.

On appeal, in Marshall v. Bally’s Pacwest, Kim Marshall conceded that she did 

not recall the specifics of how fast the machine restarted. The Court of Appeals affirmed 

the summary judgment dismissal. Without any memory of the accident, Marshall offered 

only a theory as to how she sustained her injuries. Marshall provided no evidence that 
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she was thrown from the machine, what caused her to be thrown from the machine, or 

how she was injured. 

We compare R.J. Jung’s three favorite cases with other Washington decisions. In 

Conrad ex rel. Conrad v. Alderwood Manor, 119 Wn. App. 275, 78 P.3d 177 (2003), 

family members of Enid Conrad, age 91, sued her nursing care facility as a result of a 

broken femur. Because of an earlier debilitating stroke, Conrad could not explain how 

she broke her femur. The family claimed moving of Conrad by facility staff caused the 

bone break. In response, the care facility postulated numerous potential causes, including 

her osteoporosis and Conrad’s husband moving her. The care facility then relied on the 

stated rule that, if more than one event could have caused the injury and each event is as 

plausible as the other events, the jury must impermissibly rely on speculation such that the 

defendant is entitled to a directed verdict. This court affirmed a verdict in favor of the 

Conrad family on appeal because the family presented believable evidence to refute each 

of the care facility’s proffered causes. The husband agreed that he had recently wheeled 

Conrad in her wheelchair, but he averred he did nothing to cause the broken femur. An 

orthopedist testified that osteoporosis did not cause the break. 

In Esparza v. Skyreach Equipment, Inc., 103 Wn. App. 916, 15 P.3d 188 (2000), 

Matt Esparza suffered severe injuries when he stood on a manlift and the manlift tipped. 
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Esparza argued that the malfunctioning of circuit cards caused the tipping and that, had 

Skyreach Equipment, the company that rented the lift to his employer, timely and 

reasonably inspected the mechanism, the company could have prevented the malfunction. 

Skyreach Equipment claimed the existence of other possible causes. This court affirmed 

a verdict in favor of Esparza. This court reviewed expert testimony and concluded that a 

rational juror “could have” concluded that the failure to inspect was the “likely” cause of 

the tipping. 103 Wn. App. at 928.

We observe that the court, in Esparza v. Skyreach Equipment, Inc., employed the 

phrase “could have” and the word “likely” in the same sentence. The terms diverge since 

“could have” means possibly and “likely” means “probably.” Nevertheless, we extract 

from the sentence the notion that, assuming there is more than one possible cause of 

plaintiff’s injury, the jury should determine what cause probably caused the injury and 

whether other causes are speculative. If the court concludes that plaintiff’s proffered 

cause “could have” been the likely cause, the court should allow the jury to decide the 

likely cause.

Some rules of causation benefit James Behla. Precise knowledge of how an 

accident occurred is not required to prove cause in fact. Mehlert v. Baseball of Seattle, 

Inc., 1 Wn. App.2d 115, 118, 404 P.3d 97 (2017); Klossner v. San Juan County, 21 Wn. 
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App. 689, 692, 586 P.2d 899 (1978). The plaintiff need not establish causation by direct 

and positive evidence. Attwood v. Albertson’s Food Centers, Inc., 92 Wn. App. 326, 331, 

966 P.2d 351 (1998). The claimant can establish causation by inferences arising from 

circumstantial evidence. Klossner v. San Juan County, 21 Wn. App. at 692; Raybell v. 

State, 6 Wn. App. 795, 801, 496 P.2d 559 (1972). He or she need only show by a chain 

of circumstances from which the ultimate fact required is reasonably and naturally 

inferable. Conrad ex rel. Conrad v. Alderwood Manor, 119 Wn. App. 275, 281 (2003). 

Plaintiff need not negative every possible cause. Frescoln v. Puget Sound Traction, Light 

& Power Co., 90 Wash. 59, 65, 155 P. 395 (1916).

R.J. Jung argues that James Behla relies only on speculation because he lacks any 

direct knowledge that he tripped on the cable. According to R.J Jung, Behla surmises the 

cable caused his injury only because of his observations when he regained consciousness. 

According to R.J. Jung, Behla’s failure to recall how he fell requires a ruling of 

insufficient evidence of cause in fact since no one saw him stumble on the black cable. 

R.J. Jung then advances other possible causes of Behla’s tumble. Behla could just as 

likely have tripped on his own two feet, slipped on ice, stumbled on a natural object such 

as a rock or a stick, or tumbled on the lip of the concrete slab. According to R.J. Jung, the 
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stated rule requires summary judgment in its favor because the other possible causes are 

as likely to be the true cause as is the coiled cable.

James Behla emphasizes many facts in his effort to defeat summary judgment. 

First, Behla had navigated the terrain around the shed for more than a decade without 

falling. Second, he regularly traversed the terrain at night without earlier falls. Third, the 

cord had only recently been extended to the recreational vehicle. Fourth, only an inch of 

snow rested on the ground. Fifth, the parking lot contained no large rocks on which to 

stumble. Sixth, he saw no stick or other object that could have caused his stumble. 

Seventh, the positioning of his body partially on the slab and partially off the slab renders 

tripping over the slab unlikely. Eighth, Behla saw the cable in the location where he fell. 

Ninth, he was in good health.

We reject application of Gardner v. Seymour’s stated rule under the circumstances 

of James Behla’s fall. We instead rely on at least two other rules of causation. First, if 

the plaintiff can rationally rule out other potential causes, the jury should decide if 

plaintiff’s proffered cause constitutes the true cause of harm or rests in speculation. 

Second, if the plaintiff can show that his offered cause could have caused his injury, the 

jury should decide whether the plaintiff’s proffered cause is based on speculation or if 

defendant’s list of possible causes relies on speculation.
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When taking the facts in the light most favorable to James Behla, we conclude that 

a jury should decide causation. A reasonable juror could conclude that the black cable 

more likely than not caused the fall. Behla presents evidence discounting the snowfall as 

a cause because of its small depth and because no ice formed. Because of the gravel lot, 

Behla’s footing would be firm. Behla was in good health and physique. No evidence 

suggests that Behla was clumsy and tripped over his own feet. Behla discounts the 

possibility that a stone or stick or even some other foreign object caused his fall because 

he looked and no such object was present. Behla presents evidence dismissing the lip of 

the shed slab as the cause because of the location of his body on the lip of the concrete 

slab. After reducing the likelihood of other causes being the true cause, Behla provides 

testimony that he saw the cable in a coiled position that could have caused someone to 

trip. He came to his conclusion, at the scene of his tumble, of the cord causing his fall 

rather than later deducing the cable as a cause in order to sue for his injuries.

Unlike in Gardner v. Seymour, James Behla survived the accident. Unlike in 

Marshall v. Bally’s Pacwest and Little v. Countrywood Homes, the injured party, when 

gaining awareness, immediately scanned the environment to determine the cause of his 

fall. In Marshall v. Pacwest, plaintiff did not know at what speed the machine started. 
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We know, assuming James Behla to be believed, that a cord lay in the pathway where he 

walked.

We note that a person who trips often does not notice what caused the fall or else 

the person could have prevented the fall. The result proposed by R.J. Jung might 

preclude an injured party, who suffers temporary amnesia from the fall, from always 

recovering, when no witness saw the fall, despite the physical conditions discovered by 

the party immediately on regaining consciousness. The responsible party would avoid 

liability when its negligence caused severe enough injuries for the claimant to suffer 

amnesia. 

R.J. Jung also relies on some foreign decisions. We discuss two foreign decisions, 

but then juxtapose each decision with another decision inside its respective state to 

illustrate how each case revolves around its unique facts.

In Majetich v. P.T. Ferro Construction Co., 389 Ill.App.3d 220, 906 N.E.2d 713 

(2009), one of R.J. Jung’s cases, a son filed suit against the owner of a strip mall and a 

construction company for the death of his mother. The construction company was 

repaving the mall’s parking lot. The mother fell near a step caused by the paving project. 

The trial court dismissed the case on summary judgment since the son could not show 

whether any action by the defendants caused the death. The appellate court affirmed. 
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The court reasoned that the mother could have fallen for any one of countless reasons that 

people fall. The court also mentioned that the elderly mother already suffered from 

serious medical conditions. 

The Illinois Court of Appeals, in Majetich v. P.T. Ferro Construction Co., 

distinguished the case before it from Wright v. Stech, 7 Ill.App.3d 1068, 288 N.E.2d 648 

(1972), in which the deceased’s survivor sought to recover damages caused by the alleged 

negligence of the owner of a building in which the decedent worked. The appeals court 

reversed a directed verdict in favor of the owner. Dessie Wright worked as a domestic in 

the employ of Christine White, who resided on the third floor of an apartment building. 

Wright accessed White’s apartment by a stairway, which extended from the front door of 

the building to the front door of the apartment. Garbage and debris covered the steps in 

the dimly lit stairway. An electric light fixture could have provided illumination, but the 

fixture lacked a bulb. One day as Wright left White’s apartment and descended the 

stairway, White heard a loud thump. White rushed from her apartment and found Wright 

sprawled on a stairway landing. Wright died from the injuries. No one could testify to 

the cause of Wright’s fall, but her survivor claimed the debris and poor lighting resulted 

in Wright’s demise. The court of appeals held that a jury could rely on Christine White’s 

testimony that, after seeing Wright sprawled in the stairway, White saw debris in the 
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stairwell. The court noted that, even if other causes could have reasonably led to 

Wright’s fall, the question of causation remained one for the jury. The court observed 

that Christine White, like James Behla, was otherwise in good health.

Jennifer Jung also relies on Pennington v. WJL, Inc., 263 Ga. App. 758, 589 

S.E.2d 259 (2003). In Pennington, the appeals court affirmed summary judgment in favor 

of the owner of a building because the plaintiff relied only on speculation to establish 

proximate cause. Thomas Pennington entered a dimly lit warehouse through a door. He 

then went to open a second door from the inside. On doing so, he felt a “loss of balance” 

and tried to catch himself. Pennington felt his shoulder being pulled and then saw that his 

fingers were severed. A coworker arrived to assist him and saw hoses in a pile just inside 

the door where she found Pennington’s fingers. Pennington had no memory of his feet 

touching the hoses or of seeing them, but he alleged that he must have tripped over them. 

The court reasoned that Pennington presented no evidence that he actually tripped, only 

that hoses were present at the scene. Therefore, Pennington’s argument was solely based 

on speculation.

We compare and contrast Pennington v. WJL, Inc. with another Georgia decision, 

Williams v. EMRO Marketing Co., 229 Ga. App. 468, 494 S.E.2d 218 (1997). Nathaniel 

Williams drove his car to work, when he stopped for gasoline at a store operated by 
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23

EMRO. He first paid inside the store and then returned to his car along the same route to 

pump gas. On his return, he slipped and fell, injuring his knee and other parts of his 

body. He never saw on what he slipped, and he never saw any ice. His clothes were not 

wet from ice or water. Another customer, Gregory Perkins, averred that he retrieved a 

large piece of ice near where Williams slipped. The court of appeals reversed a summary 

judgment dismissal of Williams’ suit. According to the court, a jury could reason from 

Perkins’ testimony that dangerous ice, for which the gas station was responsible, caused 

Williams’ fall.

We have reserved for the end the obligatory summary judgment principles. 

Summary judgment is proper if the records on file with the trial court show no genuine 

issue as to any material fact. CR 56(c). The appeals court, like the trial court, construes 

all evidence and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. 

Barber v. Bankers Life & Casualty Co., 81 Wn.2d 140, 142, 500 P.2d 88 (1972). If any 

genuine issue of material fact exists, the court must order a trial. LaPlante v. State, 85 

Wn.2d 154, 158, 531 P.2d 299 (1975). 

Cause in fact usually presents a question for the trier of fact and is generally not 

susceptible to summary judgment. Martini v. Post, 178 Wn. App. 153, 164, 313 P.3d 473 

(2013). In most instances, the question of cause in fact is for the jury. Daugert v. 
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Pappas, 104 Wn.2d 254, 257, 704 P.2d 600 (1985). The plaintiff can survive a motion to 

dismiss if he presents “some competent evidence of factual causation” that precludes jury 

speculation. Estate of Borden ex rel. Anderson v. State, Department of Corrections, 122 

Wn. App. 227, 242, 95 P.3d 764 (2004). The court may decide cause in fact as a matter 

of law, however, if the facts and inferences from them are plain and not subject to 

reasonable doubt or difference of opinion. Daugert v. Pappas, 104 Wn.2d 254, 257 

(1985). Stated another way, causation becomes a question of law for the court only when 

the causal connection is “so speculative and indirect” that reasonable minds could not 

differ. Mehlert v. Baseball of Seattle, Inc., 1 Wn. App.2d 115, 119 (2017); Doherty v. 

Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle, 83 Wn. App. 464, 469, 921 P.2d 1098 (1996). Use 

of the phrase “so speculative” suggests degrees of speculation such that the jury should 

often be the decider of speculation.

Summary judgment procedure aims to avoid a useless trial. Preston v. Duncan, 55 

Wn.2d 678, 681, 349 P.2d 605 (1960). Trial is not useless but absolutely necessary when 

issues of fact could lead to liability against the defense. Preston v. Duncan, 55 Wn.2d at 

681. 

We must assume, for purposes of summary judgment, that James Behla’s claim of 

seeing a black cable in the proximity of his fall is as believable as Gregory Perkins’ 
No. 36276-1-III 

Behla v. R.J. Jung, LLC 

testimony that he saw a piece of ice near where Nathaniel Williams fell and Christine 

White's testimony that she saw debris in the stairwell where Dessie Wright tumbled. 

Based on Behla's testimony, he presented an issue of fact as to the causation of his 

mJunes. 

CONCLUSION 

We reverse the summary judgment dismissal of James Behla's personal injury suit. 

We remand for further proceedings. 

Fearing, J. 

WE CONCUR: 

O')'o(dt;W~ ,J=, Siddoway, J. 

Pennell, A.CJ. 

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