15084 Federal Register / Vol. 87, No. 52 / Thursday, March 17, 2022 / Rules and Regulations 

Chris Magnus, the Commissioner of 

CBP, having reviewed and approved 

this document, has delegated the 

authority to electronically sign this 

document to Robert F. Altneu, who is 

the Director of the Regulations and 

Disclosure Law Division for CBP, for 

purposes of publication in the Federal 

Register. 

List of Subjects in 19 CFR Part 12 

Cultural property, Customs duties and 

inspection, Imports, Prohibited 

merchandise, Reporting and 

recordkeeping requirements. 

Amendment to CBP Regulations 

For the reasons set forth above, part 

12 of title 19 of the Code of Federal 

Regulations (19 CFR part 12), is 

amended as set forth below: 

PART 12—SPECIAL CLASSES OF 

MERCHANDISE 

■ 1. The general authority citation for 

part 12 and the specific authority 

citation for § 12.104g continue to read as 

follows: 

Authority: 5 U.S.C. 301; 19 U.S.C. 66, 

1202 (General Note 3(i), Harmonized Tariff 

Schedule of the United States (HTSUS)), 

1624. 

* * * * * 

Sections 12.104 through 12.104i also 

issued under 19 U.S.C. 2612; 

* * * * * 

■ 2. In § 12.104g, the table in paragraph 

(a) is amended by adding Albania in 

alphabetical order to read as follows: 

§ 12.104g Specific items or categories 

designated by agreements or emergency 

actions. 

(a) * * * 

State party Cultural property Decision No. 

Albania ................. Archaeological material of Albania ranging in date from approximately 300,000 B.C. to A.D. 1750, and ethnological material 

of Albania ranging in date from approximately A.D. 400 to 1913.

CBP Dec. 22–06. 

* * * * * * * 

* * * * * 

Robert F. Altneu, 

Director, Regulations & Disclosure Law 

Division, Regulations & Rulings, Office of 

Trade, U.S. Customs and Border Protection. 

Timothy E. Skud, 

Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. 

[FR Doc. 2022–05685 Filed 3–16–22; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 9111–14–P 

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND 

SECURITY 

U.S. Customs and Border Protection 

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY 

19 CFR Part 12 

[CBP Dec. 22–05] 

RIN 1515–AE71 

Import Restrictions Imposed on 

Categories of Archaeological and 

Ethnological Material of Nigeria 

AGENCY: U.S. Customs and Border 

Protection, Department of Homeland 

Security; Department of the Treasury. 

ACTION: Final rule. 

SUMMARY: This document amends the 

U.S. Customs and Border Protection 

(CBP) regulations to reflect the 

imposition of import restrictions on 

certain categories of archaeological and 

ethnological material from the Federal 

Republic of Nigeria (‘‘Nigeria’’). These 

restrictions are being imposed pursuant 

to an agreement between the United 

States and Nigeria that has been entered 

into under the authority of the 

Convention on Cultural Property 

Implementation Act. This document 

amends the CBP regulations by adding 

Nigeria to the list of countries which 

have a bilateral agreement with the 

United States that imposes cultural 

property import restrictions. This 

document also contains the Designated 

List that describes the types of 

archaeological and ethnological material 

to which the restrictions apply. 

DATES: Effective on March 17, 2022. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For 

legal aspects, W. Richmond Beevers, 

Branch Chief, Cargo Security, Carriers 

and Restricted Merchandise Branch, 

Regulations and Rulings, Office of 

Trade, (202) 325–0084, ototrrculturalproperty@cbp.dhs.gov. For 

operational aspects, Julie L. Stoeber, 

Chief, 1USG Branch, Trade Policy and 

Programs, Office of Trade, (202) 945– 

7064, 1USGBranch@cbp.dhs.gov. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Background 

The Convention on Cultural Property 

Implementation Act, Public Law 97– 

446, 19 U.S.C. 2601 et seq. (‘‘the 

Cultural Property Implementation Act’’), 

implements the 1970 United Nations 

Educational, Scientific and Cultural 

Organization (‘‘UNESCO’’) Convention 

on the Means of Prohibiting and 

Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and 

Transfer of Ownership of Cultural 

Property (‘‘the Convention’’ (823 

U.N.T.S. 231 (1972)). Pursuant to the 

Cultural Property Implementation Act, 

on January 20, 2022, the United States 

entered into a bilateral agreement with 

the Federal Republic of Nigeria 

(‘‘Nigeria’’) to impose import 

restrictions on certain archaeological 

and ethnological material from Nigeria. 

This rule announces that the United 

States is now imposing import 

restrictions on certain archaeological 

and ethnological material from Nigeria. 

Determinations 

Under 19 U.S.C. 2602(a)(1), the 

United States must make certain 

determinations before entering into an 

agreement to impose import restrictions 

under 19 U.S.C. 2602(a)(2). On March 9, 

2021, the Acting Assistant Secretary for 

Educational and Cultural Affairs, United 

States Department of State, after 

consultation with and recommendation 

by the Cultural Property Advisory 

Committee, made the determinations 

required under the statute with respect 

to certain archaeological and 

ethnological material originating in 

Nigeria that is described in the 

Designated List set forth below in this 

document. 

These determinations include the 

following: (1) That the cultural 

patrimony of Nigeria is in jeopardy from 

the pillage of certain types of 

archaeological material representing 

Nigeria’s cultural heritage dating from 

approximately 1500 B.C. to A.D. 1770, 

and certain categories of ethnological 

material dating from approximately A.D. 

200 to the early 20th century A.D. (19 

U.S.C. 2606(a)(1)(A)); (2) that the 

Nigerian government has taken 

measures consistent with the 

Convention to protect its cultural 

patrimony (19 U.S.C. 2602(a)(1)(B)); (3) 

that import restrictions imposed by the 

United States would be of substantial 

benefit in deterring a serious situation of 

pillage and remedies less drastic are not 

available (19 U.S.C. 2602(a)(1)(C)); and 

(4) that the application of import 

restrictions as set forth in this final rule 

is consistent with the general interests 

of the international community in the 

interchange of cultural property among 


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nations for scientific, cultural, and 

educational purposes (19 U.S.C. 

2602(a)(1)(D)). The Acting Assistant 

Secretary also found that the material 

described in the determinations meets 

the statutory definition of 

‘‘archaeological or ethnological material 

of the State Party’’ (19 U.S.C. 2601(2)). 

The Agreement 

On January 20, 2022, the United 

States and Nigeria signed a bilateral 

agreement, ‘‘Memorandum of 

Understanding between the United 

States of America and the Federal 

Republic of Nigeria Concerning the 

Imposition of Import Restrictions on 

Categories of Archaeological and 

Ethnological Material of Nigeria’’ (‘‘the 

Agreement’’), pursuant to the provisions 

of 19 U.S.C. 2602(a)(2). The Agreement 

entered into force upon signature and 

enables the promulgation of import 

restrictions on categories of 

archaeological material, ranging in date 

from approximately 1500 B.C. to A.D. 

1770, and certain categories of 

ethnological material, ranging in date 

from approximately A.D. 200 to the 

early 20th century A.D., representing 

Nigeria’s cultural heritage. A list of the 

categories of archaeological and 

ethnological material subject to the 

import restrictions is set forth later in 

this document. 

Restrictions and Amendment to the 

Regulations 

In accordance with the Agreement, 

importation of material designated 

below is subject to the restrictions of 19 

U.S.C. 2606 and § 12.104g(a) of title 19 

of the Code of Federal Regulations (19 

CFR 12.104g(a)) and will be restricted 

from entry into the United States unless 

the conditions set forth in 19 U.S.C. 

2606 and § 12.104c of the CBP 

Regulations (19 CFR 12.104c) are met. 

CBP is amending § 12.104g(a) of the CBP 

Regulations (19 CFR 12.104g(a)) to 

indicate that these import restrictions 

have been imposed. 

Import restrictions listed as 19 CFR 

12.104g(a) are effective for no more than 

five years beginning on the date on 

which the Agreement enters into force 

with respect to the United States. This 

period may be extended for additional 

periods of not more than five years if it 

is determined that the factors which 

justified the Agreement still pertain and 

no cause for suspension of the 

Agreement exists. The import 

restrictions will expire on January 20, 

2027, unless extended. 

Designated List of Archaeological and 

Ethnological Material of Nigeria 

The Agreement between the United 

States and Nigeria includes, but is not 

limited to, the categories of objects 

described in the Designated List set 

forth below. Importation of material on 

this list is restricted unless the material 

is accompanied by documentation 

certifying that the material left Nigeria 

legally and not in violation of the export 

laws of Nigeria. 

The Designated List includes 

archaeological and ethnological material 

from Nigeria. The archaeological 

material in the Designated List includes, 

but is not limited to, objects made of 

ceramic/terracotta, stone, metal, and 

organic material ranging in date from 

approximately 1500 B.C. through A.D. 

1770. The ethnological material in the 

Designated List includes, but is not 

limited to, objects used in or associated 

with religious activities, part of 

community or ancestral shrines, and/or 

royal or chiefly activities, including 

beads and beaded garments, figures, 

ivory and bone, leather and parchment, 

masks and headdresses, metals, stone, 

ceramic/terracotta, wood, paintings, and 

other ceremonial and ritual objects from 

the Edo (includes Benin), Ejagham, 

Hausa, Mumuye, Owo, Yoruba, and 

other cultural and ethnic groups, 

ranging in date from approximately A.D. 

200 through the early 20th century A.D. 

Dates and dimensions are approximate. 

Categories of Archaeological and 

Ethnological Material 

I. Archaeological Material 

A. Ceramic/Terracotta/Fired Clay 

B. Stone 

C. Metal 

D. Organic Material 

II. Ethnological Material 

A. Beads and Beaded Garments 

B. Figures 

C. Ivory and Bone 

D. Leather and Parchment 

E. Masks and Headdresses 

F. Brass and Bronze 

G. Iron 

H. Stone 

I. Ceramic/Terracotta 

J. Wood 

K. Paintings 

Approximate simplified chronology of 

well-known periods: 

(a) Iron Age period (500 B.C. through 

A.D. 1000), including Nok (1500 B.C. 

through 0 B.C.), Katsina (500 B.C. 

through A.D. 200), Sokoto (500 B.C. 

through A.D. 200), Calabar (500 B.C. 

through A.D. 1200), and Bakor (A.D. 200 

through 500). 

(b) Medieval to Precolonial period 

(A.D. 900 through 1900), including IgboUkwu (c. A.D. 900), Ife (A.D. 1100 

through 1500), Esie (A.D. 1200 through 

1500), and Owo (c. A.D. 1400). 

(c) Colonial period (A.D. 1900 to 

1960). 

I. Archaeological Material 

Archaeological material covered by 

this Agreement is associated with 

cultural groups who occupied Northern 

and Southern Nigeria from the Early 

Nok period in the Late Stone Age (1500 

B.C.) through the Medieval and 

Precolonial periods (A.D. 1770). 

Examples of archaeological material 

covered by the Agreement include 

objects from well-known culture areas/ 

archaeological sites, including yet to-bediscovered types of archaeological 

material. 

A. Ceramic/Terracotta/Fired Clay 

1. Anthropomorphic Figures— 

Terracotta anthropomorphic figures 

include heads and full-length human 

shapes. Human figures may be natural 

or stylized in appearance. 

Anthropomorphic figures covered by 

the Agreement include, but are not 

limited to, figures from the following 

cultures: 

a. Calabar Culture—Anthropomorphic 

figures from the Calabar culture were 

crafted from coiled clay with a coarse 

texture. Height varies, typically between 

15 cm and 50 cm. Forms may be closed 

with a base, body, neck, and head. The 

body may resemble an elongated, 

globular vase with the head enclosing 

the rim of the vase. Horizontal bands 

may differentiate the base from the 

body, neck, and head. Bases are usually 

undecorated. Bodies are typically 

divided into vertical sections and 

decorated with raised patterns and 

shapes including basket weaves, cross 

hatching, incisions, herringbone, roped 

designs, zig zags, and others. 

Anthropomorphic faces are compressed, 

while the head/hairstyle decorations 

tend to be more elaborate, typically with 

coiled or braided designs and headgear, 

although some may be bald. It may be 

hard to distinguish male from female 

figures in Calabar anthropomorphic 

vessels. 

b. Nok Culture—Anthropomorphic 

figures and heads from the Nok culture 

tend to be stylized and represent 

children and adults. Height varies 

widely from miniatures to life size. 

Postures vary with figures in halfkneeling, kneeling, sitting, or standing 

forms. Gestures include bent arms, 

crossed arms, holding an animal by the 

neck, or holding an object. Figures may 

have some clothing, such as belts/ 

loincloths with creases and overlapping 

fabric that may be decorated with 

patterns and fringe; they may be 


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elaborately adorned with 

representations of roped strands of 

beads at the abdomen, chest, and/or 

feet. Faces may have dented or pierced 

ears, lips, nostrils, and pupils; eyes are 

triangular or D-shaped and are 

disproportionally large. Eyebrows are 

arched. Some Nok mouths have stylized 

teeth. Hairstyles can be elaborate with 

several buns. Foreheads may have 

incisions, likely representing 

scarification. Some Nok figures may 

have a diseased appearance represented 

by facial features, including paralysis or 

elephantiasis. Feet are bare. Fingernails 

and toenails may be realistic or 

represented with triangular cuts on the 

nail bed. Many Nok figures are found in 

disarticulated or in fragmentary forms. 

c. Ife Culture—Anthropomorphic 

figures and heads from the Ife culture 

tend to be naturalistic and made of 

terracotta, typically 9 cm to 35 cm tall. 

Ife figures tend to be symmetrical and 

may be freestanding. Some Ife figures 

may have caps or crowns in multiple 

tiers. Ife facial characteristics include, 

but are not limited to, vertical striations 

on the face, overhanging corners of the 

upper and lower eyelid, impressed 

corners of the mouth, and grooves 

around the neck. 

d. Owo Culture—Anthropomorphic 

figures and heads from the Owo culture 

tend to be naturalistic and made of 

terracotta. Owo figures may be adorned 

with caps or headdresses, armbands or 

bracelets, belts, and/or collars. Owo 

figures may have triangular fingernails 

and toenails. Owo figures may hold 

decapitated or whole animals, including 

cocks, elephants, lizards, rams, or other 

animals. 

e. Sokoto Culture—Anthropomorphic 

figures from the Sokoto culture are 

stylized and tend to have elongated, 

cylindrical bodies with molded heads. 

Sokoto faces have U-shaped drooping 

eyelids with pierced eyes and incisions 

that outline the eye; nostrils may be 

pierced, and mouths may be slightly 

agape. Sokoto figures may have 

elaborate hairstyles with several buns 

and beards. Navels are prominent and 

herniated. Figures may have attached 

and bent arms, and may be holding 

objects such as adzes, staffs, or 

weapons. Figures may be wearing 

banded necklaces with pendants. 

f. Katsina Culture—Anthropomorphic 

figures from the Katsina culture are 

stylized. Katsina figures are often 

attached to the top of a globular jar or 

bell-shaped urn. Katsina positions often 

have hands resting on knees. Heads tend 

to wear caps. 

2. Zoomorphic Figures—Figures in 

the shape of animals made from 

terracotta/fired clay include 

freestanding whole figures and animal 

heads. Figures may be stylized or 

naturalized. Animals represented may 

include, but are not limited to, apes, 

chameleons, dogs, frogs, goats, leopards, 

mudfish, monkeys, owls, rams, and 

snakes. Some zoomorphic figures may 

be perched on top of bell-shaped urns. 

Eyes may be carved from incisions, and 

there may be pierced holes for the eyes 

or the ear cavity. 

3. Vessels—Types, forms, and 

decoration of terracotta vessels vary 

among archaeological styles over time. 

Shapes include bowls, bowls with lids, 

jars, stands, and effigy vessels. Jars often 

have globular bases with everted or 

cylindrical rims. Jars may have 

elongated forms. Decorative styles on 

the exterior of jars and stands vary and 

may be high- or low-relief elements. 

Decorative elements on the exterior of 

jars and stands may include low-relief 

elements, such as cross hatches, 

incisions, stamps, braided roulette, or 

twisted roulette. High-relief elements 

may include naturalistic heads, stylized 

heads, manillas, mudfish, other aquatic 

animals, snakes, sacrificial offerings, 

stylized architectural elements, 

geometric shapes, and/or stylized plant 

or vegetal elements. Nok vessels may 

have multiple anthropomorphic forms 

added in high-relief to the exterior of 

the vessel. Nok vessels may also have 

stylized heads carved into the exterior 

of the vessel with many of the same 

attributes found in the figures, 

including, but not limited to, arched 

eyebrows and D-shaped eyes. 

4. Headrests—Terracotta headrests 

may have a triangular or trapezoidal 

shape. Headrests vary in height but are 

typically 12 cm tall and 45 cm in length. 

Headrests are composed of a base, body, 

neck, and curved or slightly concave 

horizontal top. Bases and curved 

horizontal tops tend to be undecorated. 

Bodies of headrests are elaborately 

decorated with elements, such as cross 

hatches, incisions, and/or stamps. 

Negative areas may be cut from the body 

of the headrest leaving interlocked 

geometric designs, including, but not 

limited to, chevrons or cruciforms. 

Headrests from the Calabar culture are 

a good example of the style. 

5. Stelae/Funerary Urns—This 

category includes stelae and urns from 

funerary/burial contexts from the 

Dakakari and Katsina cultures. Urns and 

stelae are normally 70 cm in height. 

Shapes are typically complex with a 

circular base with vertical pillars 

supporting a circular or disc-shaped top. 

Disc-shaped tops may be decorated with 

a geometric design, human or animal 

faces, or body parts. There may be 

surface decoration, including incisions, 

piercing, stamping, or others. 

B. Stone 

1. Monoliths—Monoliths (e.g., 

Akwanshi, Cross River, Ejagham, Bakor, 

and Ikom) are typically carved from 

basalt, and range in height from 50 cm 

to 2 m. Monoliths vary and may be 

carved in either a column or boulderlike form. Monoliths are carved and can 

have both low- and high-relief elements. 

Most monoliths represent male figures, 

but there are also examples of female 

and animal figures. Some monoliths 

have well defined facial features with 

beards, headdresses, or hairstyles, and 

may have complex, linear patterns on 

the face and torso. The head and torso 

of the monolith are often differentiated 

with a V-shaped groove or ridge. The 

torso often has a protruding navel. 

2. Figures—Stone Figures (e.g., Esie 

soapstone) are usually carved from 

steatite or soapstone. Soapstone figures 

come from Yoruba villages, including 

Esie, Ijara, and Ofaur. Figures feature 

animals, children, and adult figures, 

often seated on a stool or kneeling on a 

circular base. Figures are typically 20 

cm to 120 cm in height. Most soapstone 

figures have elaborate hairstyles, conical 

headdresses, or helmets. Headdresses 

and hats may be decorated with 

chevrons, leaves, rosettes, and/or 

tassels. Facial features are naturalistic 

with outlined eyes, flared nostrils, and 

an elongated bridge on the nose. There 

may be striations on the face, including 

three striations on the temple, vertical 

lines on the chin, or three lines on the 

forehead. Female figures have three or 

four marks on the nape of the neck. 

Figures are typically adorned with 

necklaces and bracelets. Female figures 

may be holding swords and males may 

have quivers with arrows. 

3. Beads—Stone beads may be crafted 

from carnelian, chalcedony, or other 

crypto-crystalline silicates, jasper, or 

quartz. Bead forms may be cylindrical, 

approximately 2 cm in length. Beads 

may also be rod or ring-shaped. 

4. Axes (nyame akuma)— 

Groundstone or polished axes (nyame 

akuma) have elongated forms, and, in 

their cross-section, are tear-drop shaped. 

Axes often measure 6 cm in length or 

less, but can measure up to 20 cm. Most 

groundstone axes are crafted from finegrained volcanic or siliceous rock, 

sometimes with a banded pattern in the 

raw material. 

C. Metal 

1. Brass and Bronze—There are three 

types of alloys typically used in 

archaeological metal sculpture, vessels, 

and ornaments from Nigeria: (1) Copper 


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or zinc brass; (2) leaded bronze copper 

with tin and lead; and (3) bronze made 

from copper alloys, such as copper and 

tin, or copper and lead. Despite this 

variation, Nigerian sculpture is often 

referred to interchangeably as brass and 

bronze. 

a. Anthropomorphic Figures— 

Examples of anthropomorphic brass and 

bronze figures include, but are not 

limited to, the following: 

i. Ife Brass and Bronze Figures—These 

include life-sized heads (sometimes 

with necks), masks, and full-length 

figures. Ife brass and bronze figures may 

have naturalistic features. There may be 

vertical striations covering the face, and 

in some cases on the bottom lip. There 

may be horizontal lines around the 

circumference of the neck. There may be 

perforations along the hairline, jawline, 

around the mouth, under the ears, and 

on the neck. Ife brass and bronze figures 

may have caps, crowns, or headdresses. 

ii. Bronze Figures from Lower Niger 

Region—Bronze figures from the Lower 

Niger region (e.g., Tsoede and Jebba 

Island) are full-length figures that 

typically range from 40 cm to 120 cm. 

Lower Niger bronzes are less naturalistic 

and more stylized than Ife brasses and 

bronzes. Figures may depict hunters, 

priests, warriors, or other roles. Facial 

features include heavily outlined and 

wide bulging eyes, kidney shaped 

mouth, compact body, wide tubular 

legs, and flat feet set on a pedestalled 

base. Lower Niger figures may have 

elaborate caps, crowns, or headdresses. 

Headdress decorations may include 

beads, decorative disks, horns, or small 

anthropomorphic or zoomorphic 

figures. Some carry or hold shields or 

staffs, or have clasped hands. Figures 

are often adorned with necklaces and 

anklets. Some may be wearing full-body 

tunics or belted skirts/wrappers cinched 

at the waist. Some may be composite of 

a horse and rider. 

b. Zoomorphic Figures—Igbo Ukwu 

zoomorphic brass and bronze figures 

include stylized animal figures that may 

represent whole animals or partial 

animal parts, typically the head or skull. 

Zoomorphic figures include birds, 

elephants, leopards, rams, snakes, and 

others. Zoomorphic figures are ornately 

and densely decorated with encrusted 

designs and patterns. Geometric 

decorative elements can include 

basketweave patterns, discs, 

granulation, raised knobs or loops, 

spirals, meshwork with interlocking 

chevrons, metal threads, and waves. 

Organic decorative elements can 

include images of beetles, birds, eggs, 

flies, grasshoppers, leopards, shells, 

snakes, and stylized plants and flowers. 

Trumpet-shaped decoration can 

surround animal skulls. 

c. Vessels—Igbo-Ukwu vessels were 

cast in brass and bronze using the lostwax method (cire perdu). Vessels come 

in many forms, including open and 

closed forms of bowls, cups, jars, stands, 

and composite shapes mirroring shells 

and calabashes. Vessel height typically 

varies between 12 cm to 35 cm. Vessel 

decoration can vary from organic to 

geometric shapes. Igbo-Ukwu vessels are 

elaborately and ornately decorated with 

encrusted designs and patterns. 

Geometric decorative elements can 

include basketweave patterns, discs, 

granulation, raised knobs or loops, 

spirals, meshwork with interlocking 

chevrons, metal threads, and waves. 

Organic decorative elements can 

include images of beetles, birds, flies, 

grasshoppers, leopards, shells, snakes, 

and stylized plants and flowers. 

Decorative elements can be in either 

high- or low-relief forms. Some vessels 

may have handles on one or two sides 

of the body or top. Blue, red, and yellow 

glass beads are sometimes attached to 

the exterior of vessels. 

d. Ornaments—Examples of 

ornaments include, but are not limited 

to, the following: 

i. Igbo-Ukwu Brass and Bronze 

Ornaments—These include, but are not 

limited to, altar stands, animals, bells, 

eggs, fly whisks, human figures, 

miniature heads, pendants, scabbards, 

shells, and staff toppers. Decorative 

forms may be a composite with multiple 

figures (for example, a horse and rider, 

snake and pangolin, snake and frog, or 

others). Ornament sizes vary, but they 

are typically between 6 cm to 50 cm in 

height. Ornaments tend to be ornately 

and densely decorated with encrusted 

designs. Decorative elements include, 

but are not limited, to basketweave 

patterns, discs granulation, incisions, 

interlocking geometric designs, raised 

knobs or loops, and spirals. Blue, red, 

and yellow glass beads are sometimes 

attached to the exterior of ornaments. 

ii. Lower Niger Ornaments—These 

include brass and bronze bells. 

Ornament sizes vary, but they are 

typically between 10 cm to 20 cm in 

height. Bells have conical shapes. Bells 

may have either stylized human or 

animal faces with flared lips, protruding 

eyes, and striations on the forehead and/ 

or near the mouth. There may be ears 

protruding from the conical body of the 

bell. There may be a loop on top of the 

bell that allowed bells to be fastened to 

other objects. 

2. Iron—Iron objects include, but are 

not limited to, ceremonial swords, 

jewelry (e.g., anklets, armlets, and 

bracelets), knives, projectiles, staffs, and 

other hand-held implements. 

D. Organic Material 

This category includes bone, ivory, 

leather, textiles, and wood from 

archaeological contexts, such as human 

remains, animal remains, basketry, 

burial shrouds, containers, garments, 

figurines, textiles, tools, and vessels. 

II. Ethnological Material 

Ethnological material covered by the 

Agreement includes, but is not limited 

to, objects that were used in religious 

activities, part of community or 

ancestral shrines, and/or used in royal 

or chiefly activities. Objects are 

associated with many cultures and 

civilizations ranging in date from 

approximately 200 A.D. through the 

early 20th century A.D. Nigeria’s 

cultures, cultural complexes, and 

polities include groups, such as the Afo, 

Bassa-Nge, Benin, Bokyi, Chamba, Cross 

River Basin Peoples, Dakakari, Edo, 

Ekoi, Hausa, Ibibio, Idoma, Igala, Igbo, 

Ijaw, Ijo, Fulani, Jukun, Kanem-Borno, 

Mambila, Mama, Montol, Mumuye, 

Nupe, Ogoni, Okpoto, Sokoto, Tiv, 

Wamba, Verre, and Yoruba. 

A. Beads and Beaded Garments 

Beads and beaded garments include, 

but are not limited to, boots, caps, 

crowns, dance panels, diviner’s bags, 

garments for altar figures, gowns, 

footrests, leggings, fly whisks, scepters, 

and sheaths for ceremonial swords and 

other hand-held royal or chiefly 

implements, such as staffs used in or 

associated with religious activities, 

community or ancestral shrines, and/or 

royal or chiefly activities. 

B. Figures 

Figures come in many forms and were 

crafted from different types of material, 

such as terracotta/fired clay, stone, and 

wood. Figures tend to depict humans, 

human heads, and animals, and may be 

naturalistic or stylized. Figures include, 

but are not limited to, figures made by 

Afo artists, Chamba figures, Ekpu 

figures, Ibeji figures, Igbo ancestor and 

shrine figures, Ijo figures, Jukun figures, 

Mbembe figures, Ogboni figures, Oron 

figures, Mumuye figures, Urhobo 

figures, Verre figures, Yoruba figures, 

ecclesiastical figures, and others used in 

or associated with religious activities, 

community or ancestral shrines, and/or 

royal or chiefly activities. Signs of wear 

depend on the intended use of the 

object and range from well-preserved 

surfaces to worn and/or encrusted 

surfaces. 


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C. Ivory and Bone 

Ivory and bone objects come in many 

forms, including, but not limited to, 

altar pieces, boxes, bowls, bracelets, 

ceremonial swords, costume 

attachments, divination tappers, 

ecclesiastical objects, figures, gongs, 

horns/trumpets, masks, paddles, 

pendants, rattles, salt cellars, spoons, 

staffs, staff heads, vessels, and other 

objects. Ethnological objects made from 

ivory include Afro-Portuguese ivories, 

which are ornately carved and often in 

the form of salt cellars, trumpets, 

spoons, pendants, or vessels. Ivory and 

bone objects are typically associated 

with the Edo, Owo, and Yoruba 

cultures, and date approximately from 

the 15th through the 19th centuries A.D. 

D. Books and Manuscripts 

Secular and religious Islamic texts, 

manuscripts, and portions of 

manuscripts, including but not limited 

to, Qur’ans, commentaries, essays, 

letters, poetry, treatises, and other 

documents spanning the subjects of 

astronomy, chronicles, ethics, history, 

Islamic philosophy, law, literature, 

prophetic traditions, secret arts, Sufism, 

and related subjects. Books and 

manuscripts may be in sheets or in 

bound volumes, and may be decorated 

with colorful, geometric, or organic 

designs. Text is handwritten on paper 

and may be gathered into leather folios, 

and may be written in Arabic, Ajami, 

Hausa, or Fulfulde scripts. 

E. Masks and Headdresses 

Masks and headdresses were typically 

created in three forms: (1) Helmet-style; 

(2) facemasks; and (3) headcrests (worn 

on the top of the head). Masks and 

headdresses may show signs of use from 

being worn, used repeatedly, and 

fastened to the wearer. They may be 

crafted from brass/bronze, coconut 

shells, iron, ivory, leather, raffia, wood, 

vegetable fibers, or a combination of 

materials. They may be carved and 

ornamented with decorative and 

symbolic motifs. Beads, bells, and/or 

shells may be attached. They may be 

carved and decorated to represent 

human, animal, and composite forms 

(e.g., horse and rider). Some masks, like 

those of the Yoruba and the Igbo region, 

may be painted with vibrant colors. 

Masks may also come in Janus style 

(double-sided) or plank forms. Masks 

may have been worn by men, women, 

and children. Masks may be encrusted 

with layers of clay, kaolin, ochre, soil, 

or sediment. Examples of masks include 

those used in or associated with 

religious activities and/or royal or 

chiefly activities, such as face masks 

from Bassa-Nge, Ibibio, and Yoruba, 

helmet masks from Ejagham, Igala, and 

Mambila, or crest masks or headdresses 

from Bokyi, Ejagham, Ekoi, Ibibio, 

Idoma, Igbo, Ijo, Mama, and Yoruba. 

F. Brass and Bronze 

There are three types of alloys 

typically used in ethnological metal 

sculpture from Nigeria: (1) Copper or 

zinc brass; (2) leaded bronze copper 

with tin and lead; and (3) bronze made 

from copper alloys, such as copper and 

tin or copper and lead. Despite this 

variation, Nigerian sculpture is often 

referred to interchangeably as brass and 

bronze. Benin Bronzes are the bestknown examples. Examples of Benin 

Bronzes includes, but are not limited to, 

the following: 

1. Anthropomorphic Figures—Benin 

Bronzes come in a variety of 

anthropomorphic forms, including free 

standing heads, heads on pedestalled 

bases, free standing full-length human 

figures, and full-length human figures 

on pedestalled bases. Head height 

varies, typically between 20 cm to 55 

cm. Features may be both naturalized 

and stylized. Heads may have a wide 

and cylindrical shape, cheeks may be 

swollen, and eyes may be enlarged. 

Heads have representations of regalia 

including tight-fitting collars that do not 

cover the chin or beaded collars that 

cover the neck and chin reaching the 

lower lip. Heads may have caps, conical 

hats, crowns, elaborate hairstyles, or 

helmets. Beads may hang above the 

eyes. Wing-like feathers and/or 

horizontal bars may project from the 

side of headgear and crowns. Fulllength Benin bronze figures vary in 

height, typically between 40 cm and 65 

cm. Full-length figures can be free 

standing or on a pedestalled base. The 

position is typically asymmetrical as 

some figures hold side-blown trumpets, 

staffs, weapons, or other objects. Figures 

are often adorned with necklaces, 

bracelets, and caps, elaborate hairstyles, 

helmets, or other headgear. Male figures 

often wear skirts/wrappers tied around 

the waist. Some full-length figures have 

‘‘cat-whisker’’ scarification protruding 

from the mouth. Some are composite 

figures, such as a full-length figure of a 

horse and rider. 

2. Zoomorphic Figures—Zoomorphic 

Benin bronze figures include 

freestanding animals and animals on 

pedestalled bases, including, birds, fish, 

horses, leopards, rams, roosters, snakes, 

and others. They may be stylized and 

include both whole and partial animal 

figures. Figures tend to have decorated 

bodies with feathers, scales, or spots. 

Some figures may have once been part 

of decorative architectural elements, 

including turrets. Height varies, 

typically from 30 cm to 60 cm. 

Pedestalled bases may be decorated 

with braided geometric and organic 

designs. 

3. Ornaments—Benin brass and 

bronze ornaments include, but are not 

limited to, altar ornaments/stands, 

anklets, bells, bracelets, discs, figures, 

finials, flasks, hip ornaments, horns/ 

trumpets, lamps, masks, miniature 

crowns, pot stands, rings, stools, staffs, 

and staff toppers. Ornaments were cast 

using the lost-wax cast method and tend 

to be ornately decorated with both highand low-relief elements. Decorative 

elements include, but are not limited to, 

basketweave patterns, chains, incisions, 

interlocking geometric designs, organic 

designs, raised knobs or loops, spirals, 

waves, and others. Decorative forms 

may include human heads and fulllength figures. Some ornaments may 

incorporate animal designs into the 

body of the piece with birds, crocodiles, 

frogs, horses, mudfish, snakes, and other 

animal designs. 

4. Plaques—Benin bronze plaques 

were cast using the lost-wax method. 

Plaques come in rectangular, pendant, 

and pectoral forms. Rectangular plaques 

tend to be slightly taller than wider, 

with height varying between 40 cm to 

50 cm and width varying between 30 cm 

to 45 cm. Pendant and pectoral plaques 

tend to be semicircular. The dimensions 

of pendant or pectoral plaques vary, 

typically with a height and width 

varying between 15 cm to 40 cm. 

Plaques tend to be ornately decorated 

with both naturalistic and stylized 

elements. The backgrounds may have 

low-relief geometric and organic 

elements, including circles, dots, 

flowers, petals, quatrefoils, and other 

designs. High-relief decorative elements 

often include a prominent full-length 

human figure, often flanked by two or 

more figures that may be smaller in size. 

Human figures are often adorned in 

ceremonial dress including anklets, 

armor, bracelets, decorated skirts/ 

wrappers and tunics, necklaces, and 

other objects. Crowns are common on 

the main figure and have many of the 

same decorative elements as the Benin 

bronze memorial heads, such as feathers 

and horizontal bars protruding from the 

temple. Some human figures may have 

facial hair. Smaller figures may carry 

shields, staffs, trumpets, and other 

weapons. Other high-relief decorative 

elements include birds, crocodiles, 

insects, fish, snakes, trees, and others. 

5. Vessels—Benin brass and bronze 

vessels were cast in bronze using the 

lost-wax method. Vessels come in many 

forms, including open and closed forms 

of bowls, lidded bowls, cups, jars, jugs, 


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Federal Register / Vol. 87, No. 52 / Thursday, March 17, 2022 / Rules and Regulations 15089 

lidded jars, and stands. Sizes vary, 

typically between 7 cm and 40 cm. 

Vessels are typically elaborately 

decorated with high- and low-relief 

elements and with both naturalistic and 

stylized elements. The vessels’ 

backgrounds may have low-relief 

geometric and organic elements, 

including arches, circles, dots, leaves, 

flowers, interlocking geometric designs, 

petals, quatrefoils, and other designs. 

High-relief elements on vessels include 

human and animal figures such as 

leopards, frogs, mudfish, snakes, snails, 

tortoises, and others. 

G. Iron 

This category includes iron objects, 

such as axes, ceremonial currency, 

ceremonial swords and knives, spears, 

staffs, swords, and other weapons used 

in or associated with religious activities, 

community or ancestral shrines, and/or 

royal or chiefly activities. Iron 

implements vary in size, typically 

between 30 cm and 110 cm in height. 

Ceremonial swords have fan-shaped 

blades. Blades may be curved or 

pointed. Axes and ceremonial currency 

may have simple or ornate curved 

blades that were not intended to be 

used, and may not have been created for 

a utilitarian purpose. Blades may have 

dulled edges, and forms are typically 

more delicate and ornate than utilitarian 

tools, projectiles, and weapons. While 

the blades are forged from iron, the hilt, 

pommel, and grip may be crafted from 

bone, brass, bronze, copper, ivory, or 

wood. 

H. Stone 

1. Monoliths—Monoliths (e.g., 

Akwanshi, Cross River, Ejagham, Bakor, 

and Ikom) are typically carved from 

basalt, and range in height from 50 cm 

to 2 m. Monoliths vary and may be 

carved in either a column or boulderlike form. Monoliths are carved and can 

have both low- and high-relief elements. 

Most monoliths represent male figures, 

but there are also examples of female 

and animal forms. Some monoliths have 

well-defined facial features with beards, 

headdresses or hairstyles, and they may 

have complex, linear patterns on the 

face and torso. The head and torso of the 

monolith is often differentiated with a 

V-shaped groove or ridge. The torso 

often has a protruding navel. 

2. Figures—Stone figures (e.g., Esie 

soapstone) are usually carved from 

steatite or soapstone. Soapstone figures 

come from Yoruba villages, including 

Esie, Ijara, and Ofaur. Figures feature 

animals, children, and adult figures, 

often seated on a stool or kneeling on a 

circular base. Figures are typically 20 

cm to 120 cm in height. Most soapstone 

figures have elaborate hairstyles, conical 

headdresses, or helmets. Headdresses 

and hats may be decorated with 

chevrons, leaves, rosettes, and/or 

tassels. Facial features are naturalistic 

with outlined eyes, flared nostrils, and 

an elongated bridge on the nose. There 

may be striations on the face, including 

on the temple, chin, and/or forehead. 

Female figures often have three or four 

marks on the nape of the neck. Figures 

are typically adorned with necklaces 

and bracelets. Female figures may be 

holding swords and males may have 

quivers with arrows and a helmet with 

a shape of a bird. 

I. Terracotta/Fired Clay 

This category includes ceramic or 

terracotta vessels, figures, and objects 

used in or associated with cemeteries, 

religious activities, community or 

ancestral shrines, and/or royal or chiefly 

activities in Dakakari, Edo, Yoruba, and 

other cultures. 

1. Anthropomorphic Figures— 

Examples include anthropomorphic 

figures from the Edo cultures, which 

tend to have both naturalized and 

stylized characteristics. Height varies, 

typically between 9 cm and 25 cm. 

Terracotta ceremonial or 

commemorative heads share similar 

characteristics to the anthropomorphic 

bronze figures described in section I.F.1. 

of this Designated List. Heads may have 

a wide and cylindrical shape, cheeks 

may be swollen, and eyes may be 

enlarged. Heads include representations 

of regalia including tight-fitting collars 

that do not cover the chin to beaded 

collars that cover the neck and chin 

reaching the lower lip. Terracotta heads 

may have caps, conical hats, crowns, 

elaborate hairstyles, or helmets. Beads 

or incisions may hang above the eyes. 

Heads may have a hollow core. 

2. Zoomorphic Figures—Examples 

include zoomorphic figures from the 

Edo cultures, which tend to have 

stylized characteristics. Height varies, 

typically between 9 cm and 25 cm. Edo 

zoomorphic figures tend to feature 

singular heads of animals such as 

leopards, rams, or other animals. Eyes 

and pupils tend to be incised. Heads 

may have a hollow core. 

3. Funerary Stelae/Figures—Funerary 

stelae and figures from the Dakakari 

culture tend to be stylized and include 

anthropomorphic figures, zoomorphic 

figures, or composite figures, such as a 

horse and rider. Height varies, typically 

between 30 cm and 50 cm. 

Anthropomorphic and zoomorphic 

figures tend to be positioned on top of 

a bell-shaped or spherical base. Bodies 

tend to be cylindrical with truncated 

limbs. Eyes may be represented by 

linear slits that puncture the terracotta, 

while the nostrils and mouths may be 

punctured with more rounded holes. 

Animal figures tend to have elongated, 

quadruped limbs. 

J. Wood 

1. Architectural Elements—This 

category includes doors, door fixtures, 

houseposts, and veranda posts from 

religious buildings, including churches 

and shrines, and royal buildings, which 

were used in or associated with 

religious activities, community or 

ancestral shrines, and/or royal or chiefly 

activities. Architectural pieces may be 

ornately carved with high-relief 

decorations. 

2. Ceremonial and Religious Wood— 

This category includes altar pieces, altar 

stands, ceremonial bowls, ceremonial 

boxes, divination trays, divination 

vessels, drums, gong rasps, masquerade 

ornaments, missal stands, offering 

bowls, prayer boards, Qur’an boxes, 

staffs, staff heads, stools, and other 

objects used in or associated with 

religious activities, community or 

ancestral shrines, and/or royal or chiefly 

activities. 

K. Rock Art 

Incised, engraved, pecked, or painted 

drawings on natural rock surfaces. 

Decoration includes human figures, 

animal figures (in particular, cattle, 

sheep, and short horned bulls), and 

geometric symbols. 

References 

Dynasty and Divinity: Ife Art in Ancient 

Nigeria, 2009, Henry John Drewel and 

Enid Schildkrout, Getty Foundation with 

the Museum for African Art, New York. 

Early Art and Architecture of Africa, 2002, 

Peter Garlake, Oxford University Press, 

Oxford. 

From Shrines to Showcases: Masterpieces of 

Nigerian Art, 2008, Ekpo Eyo, Ministry 

of Information and Communication, 

Abuja. 

Gelede: Art and Female Power Among the 

Yoruba, 1983, Henry John Drewal and 

Margaret Thompson Drewal, Indiana 

University Press, Bloomington. 

Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological 

Context, 2013, Peter Brunig, GoetheUniversita ̈t and Africa Magna Verlag, 

Frankfurt. 

Sculptures: Africa, Asia, Oceania, Americas, 

2020, Reunion des Musees Nationaux: 

Musee de quai Branly, Paris. 

The Royal Arts of Africa: The Majesty of 

Form, 1998, Suzanne Blier, Callman 

King; Prentiss Hall, London and New 

York. 

Treasures of Ancient Nigeria, 1980, Ekpo Eyo 

and Frank Willett, Alfred Knopf with the 

Detroit Institute of Art, New York. 

Yoruba Beadwork: Artwork of Nigeria, 1980, 

William Fagg, Rizzoli International 

Publications, New York. 


khammond on DSKJM1Z7X2PROD with RULES
15090 Federal Register / Vol. 87, No. 52 / Thursday, March 17, 2022 / Rules and Regulations 

Inapplicability of Notice and Delayed 

Effective Date 

This amendment involves a foreign 

affairs function of the United States and 

is, therefore, being made without notice 

or public procedure under 5 U.S.C. 

553(a)(1). For the same reason, a 

delayed effective date is not required 

under 5 U.S.C. 553(d)(3). 

Regulatory Flexibility Act 

Because no notice of proposed 

rulemaking is required, the provisions 

of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 

U.S.C. 601 et seq.) do not apply. 

Executive Order 12866 

CBP has determined that this 

document is not a regulation or rule 

subject to the provisions of Executive 

Order 12866 because it pertains to a 

foreign affairs function of the United 

States, as described above, and therefore 

is specifically exempted by section 

3(d)(2) of Executive Order 12866. 

Signing Authority 

This regulation is being issued in 

accordance with 19 CFR 0.1(a)(1) 

pertaining to the Secretary of the 

Treasury’s authority (or that of his/her 

delegate) to approve regulations related 

to customs revenue functions. 

Chris Magnus, the Commissioner of 

CBP, having reviewed and approved 

this document, has delegated the 

authority to electronically sign this 

document to Robert F. Altneu, who is 

the Director of the Regulations and 

Disclosure Law Division for CBP, for 

purposes of publication in the Federal 

Register. 

List of Subjects in 19 CFR Part 12 

Cultural property, Customs duties and 

inspection, Imports, Prohibited 

merchandise, and Reporting and 

recordkeeping requirements. 

Amendment to the CBP Regulations 

For the reasons set forth above, part 

12 of title 19 of the Code of Federal 

Regulations (19 CFR part 12), is 

amended as set forth below: 

PART 12—SPECIAL CLASSES OF 

MERCHANDISE 

■ 1. The general authority citation for 

part 12 and the specific authority 

citation for § 12.104g continue to read 

as follows: 

Authority: 5 U.S.C. 301; 19 U.S.C. 66, 

1202 (General Note 3(i), Harmonized Tariff 

Schedule of the United States (HTSUS)), 

1624; 

* * * * * 

Sections 12.104 through 12.104i also 

issued under 19 U.S.C. 2612; 

* * * * * 

■ 2. In § 12.104g, the table in paragraph 

(a) is amended by adding an entry for 

‘‘Nigeria’’ in alphabetical order to read 

as follows: 

§ 12.104g Specific items or categories 

designated by agreements or emergency 

actions. 

(a) * * * 

State party Cultural property Decision No. 

*******

Nigeria ................... Archaeological material of Nigeria ranging from approximately B.C. 1500 to A.D. 1770, and ethnological material of Nigeria ranging from approximately A.D. 200 to the early 20th century A.D. CBP Dec. 22–05 

* * * * * * * 

* * * * * 

Robert F. Altneu, 

Director, Regulations & Disclosure Law 

Division, Regulations & Rulings, Office of 

Trade U.S. Customs and Border Protection. 

Approved: 

Timothy E. Skud, 

Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. 

[FR Doc. 2022–05681 Filed 3–16–22; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 9111–14–P 

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND 

SECURITY 

Coast Guard 

33 CFR Part 100 

[Docket Number USCG–2021–0797] 

RIN 1625–AA08 

Special Local Regulation; Sail Grand 

Prix 2021 Race Event; San Francisco 

Bay, San Francisco, CA 

AGENCY: Coast Guard, Department of 

Homeland Security (DHS). 

ACTION: Temporary final rule. 

SUMMARY: The Coast Guard is 

establishing a temporary special local 

regulation in the navigable waters of 

San Francisco Bay in San Francisco, CA, 

in support of the San Francisco Sail 

Grand Prix 2021 race periods on March 

24, 2022, through March 27, 2022. This 

special local regulation is necessary to 

provide for the safety of life on these 

navigable waters and to ensure the 

safety of mariners transiting the area 

from the dangers associated with highspeed sailing activities associate with 

the Sail Grand Prix 2021 race event. 

This rulemaking would temporarily 

prohibit persons and vessels from 

entering into, transiting through, 

anchoring, blocking, or loitering within 

the event area adjacent to the city of San 

Francisco waterfront near the Golden 

Gate Bridge and Alcatraz Island, unless 

authorized by the Captain of the Port 

San Francisco or a designated 

representative. 

DATES: This rule is effective from March 

24, 2022, through March 27, 2022. 

ADDRESSES: To view documents 

mentioned in this preamble as being 

available in the docket, go to https://

www.regulations.gov, type USCG–2021– 

0797 in the search box and click 

‘‘Search.’’ Next, in the Document Type 

column, select ‘‘Supporting & Related 

Material.’’ 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: If 

you have questions on this rule, call or 

email Lieutenant Junior Grade William 

K. Harris, U.S. Coast Guard, Sector San 

Francisco, Waterways Management 

Division, at 415–399–7443, and 

SFWaterways@uscg.mil. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Table of Abbreviations 

CFR Code of Federal Regulations 

DHS Department of Homeland Security 

FR Federal Register 

NPRM Notice of proposed rulemaking 

§ Section 

COTP Captain of the Port 

PATCOM Patrol Commander 

U.S.C. United States Code 

II. Background Information and 

Regulatory History 

On September 9, 2021, the Silverback 

Pacific Company notified the Coast 

Guard of an intention to conduct the 

‘‘Sail Grand Prix 2021’’ event in the San 

Francisco Bay. Sail Grand Prix (SailGP) 

is a sailing league featuring world-class 

sailors racing 50-foot foiling catamarans. 


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