IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA

No. 15–0147

Filed May 1, 2015

IOWA SUPREME COURT ATTORNEY DISCIPLINARY BOARD,

Complainant,

vs.

VICKI LORRAINE RYAN,

Respondent.

On review of the report of the Grievance Commission of the 

Supreme Court of Iowa.

Grievance commission recommended one-year suspension of 

attorney’s license. LICENSE SUSPENDED.

Charles L. Harrington and Teresa Vens, Des Moines, for 

complainant.

Vicki Lorraine Ryan, Charter Oak, pro se.
2

APPEL, Justice.

The Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board charged 

attorney Vicki Lorraine Ryan with multiple violations of Iowa’s 

disciplinary rules in connection with her representation of one client. 

These charges include allegations of failing to act with reasonable 

diligence and promptness in representing the client, failing to properly 

communicate with the client, failing to protect the client’s interest upon 

termination of representation, trust account violations, and failing to 

communicate the scope of the representation and the basis of the fees 

involved in the representation. 

After a hearing, a division of the Grievance Commission of the 

Supreme Court of Iowa concluded that Ryan committed each of the 

alleged violations and recommended a one-year suspension. 

Additionally, the commission recommended that prior to reinstatement, 

Ryan reimburse the client security trust fund in the amount of $431.06 

and provide proof of completion of at least two hours of in-person trust 

account continuing legal education (CLE) and two hours of in-person 

ethics CLE. The commission also recommended that before 

reinstatement Ryan explain what happened in this matter.

Upon de novo review of the record and the commission’s findings of 

fact, conclusions of law, and recommendations, we agree Ryan 

committed all the violations found by the commission. We also agree 

with the commission that Ryan should be required to reimburse the 

client security trust fund in the amount of $431.06. For the reasons 

expressed below, we modify the length of suspension to an indefinite 

period of time with no possibility of reinstatement for six months. Prior 

to the lifting of any suspension, Ryan must demonstrate she has 

complied with the request of the Client Security Commission to audit her 
3

trust accounts. Further, Ryan must provide proof of completion of two 

hours of ethics CLE and two hours of trust account CLE. 

I. Factual and Procedural Background. 

The disciplinary trail in this case begins in August and September 

of 2012 when an auditor employed by the Client Security Commission 

attempted to contact Ryan to arrange an audit of her trust accounts and 

investigate a claim against the client security trust fund, pursuant to 

Iowa Court Rule 39.10(3). The auditor’s attempts included multiple 

telephone calls to each of Ryan’s three telephone numbers and a 

personal visit to Ryan’s residence. In November 2012, the Client 

Security Commission asked Ryan to respond to a request from a client 

for application of reimbursement from the client security trust fund. 

Ryan did not respond to these efforts to contact her. As a result, this 

court entered an order temporarily suspending Ryan’s license until the 

Client Security Commission certified Ryan fully complied with its 

request, Ryan filed proof of compliance with Iowa Court Rule 39.8(3), and 

the court entered an order reinstating her license to practice. This order 

remains in place today. 

In March 2013, JoLynn Huffman filed a complaint with the Iowa 

Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board. In the complaint, 

Ms. Huffman asserted Ryan had agreed to represent her in a child 

custody matter, received a retainer, but had then abandoned the 

representation without further communication. 

Ryan failed to respond to the inquiry of the Iowa Supreme Court 

Attorney Disciplinary Board regarding the complaint. As a result, on 

January 16, 2014, this court temporarily suspended Ryan’s license to 

practice law pursuant to Iowa Court Rule 34.7(3). This temporary 

suspension was in addition to the prior temporary suspension of Ryan’s 
4

license for failure to respond to auditors of the Client Security 

Commission. 

On August 27, 2014, the Board filed a disciplinary complaint 

against Ryan. In the complaint, the Board alleged that in December 

2010, Ryan, a licensed practitioner in Holstein, Iowa, agreed to represent 

Ms. Huffman in a child custody matter. According to the complaint, 

Ryan received a retainer of $1000 to provide legal services, but there was 

no written fee agreement between Ryan and Ms. Huffman. The Board 

alleged that in January 2011, on Ms. Huffman’s behalf, Ryan filed a 

document entitled “Petition to Establish Custody, Child Support, 

Visitation, Health Care and Income Tax Deductions” in Woodbury 

County District Court naming Michael Poppens as the respondent. The 

Board charged that while Ryan initially communicated with Ms. Huffman 

about the filing and indicated there would be follow-up with opposing 

counsel, thereafter, Ryan stopped communicating with Ms. Huffman. 

Between mid-December of 2011 and September of 2012, the Board 

alleged Ms. Huffman made numerous phone calls to Ryan’s office but her 

messages went unanswered. According to the Board, Ms. Huffman 

learned from the City of Holstein that Ryan had left town. 

On July 24, 2012, the district court issued a dismissal notice 

under Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.944. In May of 2013, the district 

court issued an order allowing counsel for the opposing party to contact 

Ms. Huffman directly and further ordered that “Ms. Ryan shall be 

considered to have withdrawn from this case.” The Board stated that in 

July 2013, Ms. Huffman hired a new attorney for the custody matter.

The Board asserted Ms. Huffman received two statements from 

Ryan dated January 27, 2011, and April 8, 2011, for her services totaling 

$598.44. According to the Board, Ryan’s statements did not state an 
5

amount of time spent on any task performed or the hourly rate charged. 

The Board charged that Ms. Huffman did not receive from Ryan an 

accounting or any reimbursement of unearned fees. According to the 

Board, Ms. Huffman received a partial reimbursement of her retainer 

from the client security trust fund.

Based upon the above allegations, the Board charged Ryan with 

violating the following Iowa Rules of Professional Conduct: 32:1.3 

(reasonable diligence), 32:1:4(a)(3) and (4) (keeping clients reasonably 

informed), 32:1.16(d) (protecting client’s interests in declining or 

terminating representation), and 32:1.15(f) (safekeeping client property

and adhering to rules regarding trust accounts). The Board filed an 

amended complaint alleging a violation of rule 32:1.5(b) (communicating 

scope of representation and basis for fees and expenses).

On November 21, the commission held a hearing on the matter. 

Although the Board in its briefing before the commission stated that 

Ryan participated in a prior scheduling conference and that dates for the 

proceeding were arranged around Ryan’s appointments at Mayo Clinic, 

Ryan did not appear at the hearing. Because Ryan failed to answer the 

original complaint, the facts in the original complaint were deemed 

admitted under Iowa Court Rule 36.7. As a result, the commission 

hearing was limited to the issue of sanction. At the hearing, the 

commission heard testimony from Ms. Huffman and received a handful 

of exhibits.

In her testimony, Ms. Huffman confirmed many of the allegations 

in the complaint. She also elaborated on the nature of the 

representation. Ms. Huffman testified that at the time she first contacted 

Ryan, the father of her daughter was incarcerated in federal prison out of 

state, but she had heard rumors he could be released for good behavior. 
6

If released, Ms. Huffman feared the father would be able to simply pick 

their daughter up and leave. Ms. Huffman thus wanted a court order 

clarifying the custody situation regarding her daughter. At the time she 

hired Ryan, Ms. Huffman testified she was “scared,” “extremely worried,”

and “freaking out.” Among other things, Ms. Huffman stated she 

restricted contact between her daughter and her daughter’s paternal 

grandmother as a result of her fears of what might happen if her 

daughter’s father were released. 

Ms. Huffman further testified she made more than twenty-five 

phone calls to Ryan’s office over a period of several months, first leaving 

messages with staff, then on voicemail, but Ryan did not return her calls. 

Eventually, Ms. Huffman testified she could not even leave a message, as 

Ryan’s voicemail box was full. She then stated she visited Ryan’s law 

office, only to find it locked. 

Documentary evidence introduced at the hearing provides further 

details. The documents show the billing statements and trust account 

balances in Ms. Huffman’s matter were inconsistent and that while the 

balance of the retainer was stated as $431.06, the balance, assuming the 

billed amounts were earned, should have been $401.56. The documents 

also showed the client security trust fund paid $431.06 to Ms. Huffman, 

the amount Ryan’s documents stated remained in her trust account.

The commission found the facts as alleged in the complaint. It

further found Ms. Huffman’s testimony credible and found additional 

facts as supported by her testimony and admitted exhibits. 

The commission recommended a one-year suspension of Ryan’s 

license to practice law. The commission also recommended that Ryan 

“provide the reason(s) for her failure to complete the client matter at 

issue here, and her failure to participate in the disciplinary process, and 
7

provide proof that any conditions contributing to such failure have been 

ameliorated” as a condition of reinstatement of her license. Finally, the 

commission recommended that Ryan reimburse the client security trust 

fund and complete two hours of in-person trust account CLE and two 

hours of in-person ethics CLE.

II. Standard of Review. 

“We review factual findings of the commission de novo.” Iowa 

Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Moothart, 860 N.W.2d 598, 602 

(Iowa 2015). “We give respectful consideration to the findings of the 

commission, especially when considering credibility of witnesses, but are 

not bound by them.” Id.; Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Van 

Ginkel, 809 N.W.2d 96, 101 (Iowa 2012). 

The Board’s burden for each charge is proof by a convincing 

preponderance of the evidence. Iowa Supreme Ct. Bd. of Prof’l Ethics & 

Conduct v. Evans, 537 N.W.2d 783, 784 (Iowa 1995). “This burden is 

higher than the burden in most civil cases, but lower than in a criminal 

prosecution.” Van Ginkel, 809 N.W.2d at 102. It is also less stringent 

than the clear and convincing evidence standard, which is the highest 

standard of civil proof. Iowa Supreme Ct. Bd. of Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v. 

Ronwin, 557 N.W.2d 515, 517 (Iowa 1996) (per curiam).

III. Discussion of Merits.

A. Factual Findings. Because of Ryan’s failure to respond to the 

allegations in the complaint, the allegations were deemed admitted under 

Iowa Court Rule 36.7. In addition, the Board found the unchallenged 

testimony of Ms. Huffman to be credible. We find it credible as well. We 

thus find the facts as alleged by the Board in its complaint and as 

elaborated upon in the testimony of Ms. Huffman before the commission

and supported by the exhibits admitted into evidence at the hearing. 
8

B. Rule 32:1.3 (Reasonable Diligence). Rule 32:1.3 states, “A

lawyer shall act with reasonable diligence and promptness in 

representing a client.” Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:1.3. Additionally, one

comment to the rule notes that “[u]nless the [attorney–client] relationship 

is terminated as provided [under our rules], a lawyer should carry 

through to conclusion all matters undertaken for a client.” Id. cmt. 4. 

In the present case, Ryan received a $1000 retainer from the client, 

filed a petition for the client, provided a copy of the petition to the client, 

and informed the client that she would be following up with opposing 

counsel in the near future. Ryan then left town and failed to withdraw or 

even contact Ms. Huffman. Ultimately, Ms. Huffman was required to 

obtain the assistance of other counsel. 

This case resembles Iowa Supreme Court Board of Professional 

Ethics & Conduct v. Ramey, 639 N.W.2d 243, 244 (Iowa 2002). In 

Ramey, an attorney, after receiving a $1000 retainer and stating that he 

would take appropriate action, seems to have left his practice. Id. We 

found the attorney violated the precursor of rule 32:1.3 by failing to carry 

out his responsibilities as an attorney to his client. Id. at 244–45; see 

also Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Ireland, 748 N.W.2d 498, 

502 (Iowa 2008) (per curiam) (finding attorney violated precursor to rule 

32:1.3 by failing to perform the legal work he had contracted to do). 

Both Ryan and the attorney in Ramey failed to contact their client 

after receiving funds and taking initial steps to protect the client’s 

interest. See Ramey, 639 N.W.2d at 244. Like in Ramey, Ryan failed to 

carry out the client’s matter to conclusion. See id. By failing to conclude 

the matter or appropriately terminate the attorney–client relationship, 

the Board has proven by a convincing preponderance of the evidence that 

Ryan violated rule 32:1.3.
9

C. Rule 32:1.4(a)(3) and (4) (Attorney–Client Communication). 

Rule 32:1.4(a) states, “A lawyer shall . . . keep the client reasonably 

informed about the status of the matter.” Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 

32:1.4(a)(3); see also id. r. 32:1.4 cmt. 4 (noting “[c]lient telephone calls 

should be promptly returned or acknowledged”). Further, the rule 

requires a lawyer to “promptly comply with reasonable requests for 

information.” Id. r. 32:1.4(a)(4).

An attorney violates rule 32:1.4 “when an attorney neglects to keep 

a client informed about the status of the case or does not respond to a 

client’s attempts to contact the attorney about the case.” Iowa Supreme 

Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Nelson, 838 N.W.2d 528, 537 (Iowa 2013); see

also Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. McCarthy, 814 N.W.2d 

596, 606 (Iowa 2012) (finding attorney violated rule 32:1.4 when he 

disappeared during his representation of a client after sending a draft 

pleading); Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Johnson, 792 

N.W.2d 674, 678 (Iowa 2010) (finding a lawyer who failed to return his 

client’s telephone calls and requests for information violated rule 32:1.4

by failing to keep his client reasonably informed).

We explored the contours of rule 32:1.4(a)(3) and (4) in Nelson. In 

Nelson, the attorney received a retainer from one client but subsequently 

failed to respond to emails and phone calls from both clients and 

prosecutors, resulting in a full voicemail box. 838 N.W.2d at 537–38.

The attorney in Nelson further failed to notify his clients about pending 

court dates and the attorney ultimately abandoned his office. Id. at 538. 

The court held the attorney violated rule 32:1.4 numerous times in 

representations of multiple clients. Id.

The facts of the present case are similar to Nelson. After receiving 

a retainer from the client, Ryan, in a November 9, 2011 letter, led the 
10

client to believe she would be following up with opposing counsel. Ryan, 

however, did not follow up with opposing counsel and ultimately 

disappeared from the client’s matter without informing the client. Ryan 

did not attempt to inform her client about the status of the client’s case 

or Ryan’s representation.

Ryan’s actions demonstrate she failed to keep her client informed 

about the status of the matter and failed to respond to the client’s 

multiple phone calls and visits. Therefore, the Board has proven by a 

convincing preponderance of the evidence that Ryan violated rule 

32:1.4(a)(3) and (4). 

D. Rule 32:1.16(d) (Declining or Terminating Representation). 

Rule 32:1.16(d) states that 

[u]pon termination of representation, a lawyer shall take 

steps to the extent reasonably practicable to protect a 

client’s interests, such as giving reasonable notice to the 

client, allowing time for employment of other counsel, 

surrendering papers and property to which the client is 

entitled, and refunding any advance payment of fee or 

expense that has not been earned or incurred.

Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:1.16(d). 

We have previously disciplined attorneys who failed to properly 

terminate their attorney–client relationships. See, e.g., Iowa Supreme Ct. 

Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Cunningham, 812 N.W.2d 541, 547–48 (Iowa 

2012); Johnson, 792 N.W.2d at 678. In Cunningham, an attorney 

representing a client in a divorce action failed to respond to discovery 

requests or notify the client of a scheduled hearing. 812 N.W.2d at 547–

48. As a result, the court granted the opposing party’s motion to compel 

and ordered a $500 sanction. Id. at 545. The client also attempted to 

contact the attorney multiple times but the attorney never responded to 

the client’s calls. Id. at 547. Eventually, the attorney’s law partner filed 
11

a motion to withdraw on the attorney’s behalf. Id. However, the attorney 

did not take any steps to safeguard the client’s interests or return the 

client’s file. Id. at 547–48. The court held these actions violated rule 

32:1.16(d). Id. at 548; see also Johnson, 792 N.W.2d at 678 (noting 

attorney’s failure to provide notice of termination, contact information, or 

return paperwork to client upon termination of the attorney–client 

relationship violated rule 32:1.16(d)).

In the present case, Ryan informed the client—in a November 9, 

2011 letter—of her intent to follow up with opposing counsel. Ryan 

failed to follow up and discontinued the representation without informing 

the client. Ryan also did not return the client’s file or refund any 

unearned fees. Like in Cunningham, Ryan failed to withdraw from the 

case, safeguard the client’s interests, or return the client’s files. See 

Cunningham, 812 N.W.2d at 547–48. Therefore, the Board has proven by 

a convincing preponderance of the evidence that Ryan violated rule 

32:1.16(d).

E. Rule 32:1.15(f) (Safekeeping Property). Rule 32:1.15(f)

states, “All client trust accounts shall be governed by chapter 45 of the 

Iowa Court Rules.” Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:1.15(f). Iowa Court Rule

45.7(4) requires that 

[a] lawyer accepting advance fee or expense payments must 

notify the client in writing of the time, amount, and purpose 

of any withdrawal of the fee or expense, together with a 

complete accounting. The attorney must transmit such 

notice no later than the date of the withdrawal. 

Correspondingly, rule 45.7(5) requires the refunding of unearned 

advance fees.1 

1In her closing argument, the Board’s attorney noted that regarding the 

safekeeping-of-property charge (rule 32:1.15(f)), the only chapter 45 rule that applied in 

 
12

In Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board v. Baldwin, the 

attorney “prematurely withdrew funds from the trust account that he 

had not yet earned” in a criminal case. 857 N.W.2d 195, 211 (Iowa 

2014). The attorney also withdrew $218 in unearned fees from a client’s 

trust account in a separate action. Id. The court held the attorney 

violated rule 32:1.15(f), and Iowa Court Rule 45.7(4), among other rules,

explaining:

[These rules] generally set forth the details a lawyer needs to 

know and follow when administering his or her trust 

accounts. These rules generally require a lawyer to place 

client funds into a separate subaccount, withdraw payment 

from the trust account only once the fee is earned, notify the 

client when the attorney anticipates making a fee 

withdrawal, and provide the client a complete accounting of 

any such withdrawal. The attorney must also transmit the 

notice of such withdrawal and accounting no later than the 

date of withdrawal.

Id. at 210–11 (internal quotation marks omitted).

In the present case, Ryan’s billing statements did not provide any 

information regarding the amount of time spent on any task performed

or Ryan’s hourly rate. Furthermore, the accountings provided in the 

statements were inaccurate, and the interim statements listed incorrect 

amounts as to the balance of the retainer. Finally, Ryan failed to refund 

$401.56 of unearned remaining money in the client’s trust account, and 

as a result, the client was reimbursed with funds from the client security 

trust fund.2 See Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. McCuskey, 

this case was rule 45.7(5) (“Notwithstanding any contrary agreement between the 

lawyer and client, advance fee and expense payments are refundable to the client if the 

fee is not earned or the expense is not incurred.”). She further noted that this rule, and 

rule 32:1.16(d) involving declining or terminating representation, “are pretty much one 

in the same. The fact pattern is the same in this situation.” 

2We note the Client Security Commission only pays “claims resulting from the 

dishonest conduct of a member of the bar of this state acting either as an attorney or 

fiduciary.” Iowa Ct. R. 39.9(1); see also id. r. 40.1 (defining “dishonest conduct” as 

______________________
13

814 N.W.2d 250, 256 (Iowa 2012) (finding attorney violated rule 45.7(4) 

and rule 45.7(5) by accepting funds from the client on three different 

occasions and failing to provide the client “with an accounting or . . . 

return unearned fees”). Both in Baldwin and in the present case, the 

attorney withdrew unearned funds from the client’s trust account and 

failed to provide appropriate accounting. 

Although we find Ryan failed to notify Ms. Huffman regarding 

withdrawals from her client trust account, failed to provide an accurate 

and complete accounting regarding the balance of her retainer, and failed 

to refund unearned money, we do not believe there is a basis for 

concluding that Ryan’s conduct amounts to conversion or 

misappropriation. In its complaint, the Board alleged a violation of rule 

32:1.15(f). The Board never expressly alleged Ryan stole or intentionally 

misappropriated funds. Complaints filed by the Board must be 

“sufficiently clear and specific in their charges to reasonably inform the 

attorney against whom the complaint is made of the misconduct alleged 

to have been committed.” Iowa Ct. R. 35.5. “Because attorney 

disciplinary actions are ‘quasi-criminal’ in nature, ‘the charge[s] must be 

known before the proceedings commence.’ ” Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y 

Disciplinary Bd. v. Kelsen, 855 N.W.2d 175, 183 n.3 (Iowa 2014) 

(alteration in original) (quoting In re Ruffalo, 390 U.S. 544, 551, 88 S. Ct. 

1222, 1226, 20 L. Ed. 2d 117, 122 (1968)); see Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y 

Disciplinary Bd. v. Cepican, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___ (Iowa 2015) (noting the 

“wrongful acts committed by a lawyer against a person in the manner of defalcation or 

embezzlement of money, or the wrongful taking or conversion of money, property, or 

other things of value”). However, our rules make clear that payment to a claimant 

under this provision does not amount to a finding of misappropriation or conversion in 

a disciplinary proceeding. See id. r. 39.9(8) (“The payment . . . of any claim filed under 

[the rule] shall be inadmissible as evidence in any disciplinary . . . proceeding.”). 

Additionally, we note we have never revoked an attorney’s license based solely on a 

payment to a claimant from the client security trust fund. 

______________________
14

“charges must be known to the attorney before the hearing begins[,] [as] 

[t]he notice requirement is a basic component of procedural due 

process”). 

We find this case is more like Iowa Supreme Court Attorney 

Disciplinary Board v. Cross, than Kelsen. Compare Cross, ___ N.W.2d 

___, ___ (Iowa 2015), with Kelsen, 855 N.W.2d at 175. In Kelsen, we 

revoked an attorney’s license for converting $7500 worth of client funds 

without a colorable future claim to those funds despite the Board’s 

failure to allege that specific misconduct in its complaint. 855 N.W.2d at 

183 n.3, 185. Specifically, we noted that “the Board’s complaint did not 

expressly allege [the attorney] had misappropriated client funds.” Id. at 

183 n.3. However, it did “clearly cover [the attorney’s] handling and 

misuse of [a specific client’s] $7500.” Id. The complaint in Kelsen

alleged the attorney failed to deposit the client’s $7500 check in his trust 

account, had spent the money before the client asked for it back 

approximately a week later, and therefore had violated rule 32:1.15. Id. 

In determining revocation was the appropriate sanction, instead of the

public reprimand that was recommended by the commission, we 

concluded “[the Board’s] allegations were sufficient to put [the attorney] 

on notice that the Board believed [he] had not safeguarded his client’s 

$7500 as required by rule 32:1.15.” Id. We further noted that the 

attorney clearly “understood the centrality of the colorable claim 

question” because “[m]uch of his testimony . . . was devoted to trying to 

establish a colorable claim defense.” Id.

In Cross, although the Board alleged a violation of rule 32:1.15, it 

never alleged Cross stole or otherwise misappropriated money from his 

client. ___ N.W.2d at ___ & n.3. Additionally, we noted “no clients [were] 

known to have filed a complaint against Cross[,]” “the Board did not 
15

suggest that Cross misappropriated any client funds at the hearing 

before the commission[,]” and “the commission ha[d] not suggested that 

revocation [was] the appropriate sanction.” Id. at ___ n.3. We found 

“Cross was never put on notice that he faced sanctions for 

misappropriating any client funds” and therefore we did “not consider 

whether Cross misappropriated client funds.” Id.; see also Cepican, ___ 

N.W.2d at ___ (declining to determine if attorney committed theft, as the 

complaint failed to “provide adequate notice to [the attorney] of the 

charge of theft, and this lack of notice denied him a reasonable 

opportunity to defend against the claim and the sanction of revocation”). 

Here, like in Cross, the Board never alleged Ryan stole or 

misappropriated client funds in its complaint. Additionally, at the 

hearing, the Board never stated the misconduct involved conversion or 

misappropriation. Cf. Kelsen, 855 N.W.2d at 182–83 (noting at the 

hearing the Board took the position that the matter “involved ‘conversion’ 

and ‘misappropriation’ and ‘should be treated quite seriously’ ” and 

additionally, in its statement regarding sanction, recommended a 

harsher sanction than reprimand (that recommended by the 

commission), as “the actions of [the attorney] are considered 

misappropriation and conversion under the decisions of this Court”). We 

therefore find Ryan, like the attorney in Cross, was never put on notice 

that she faced sanctions for misappropriating client funds. See Cross, 

___ N.W.2d at ___ n.3. Further, the commission has not suggested that 

revocation is the appropriate sanction in this case. See id. (noting same). 

Additionally, the record shows the balance of the retainer in Ryan’s 

trust account regarding Ms. Huffman’s matter is $431.06, based on both 

the January and April 2011 interim statements. There was no allegation 

that Ryan removed these funds or otherwise used the remainder for 
16

personal or other unauthorized uses. Cf. Kelsen, 855 N.W.2d at 185–86

(holding revocation was appropriate sanction when record showed 

attorney converted $7500 of client funds to personal use without a 

colorable future claim to the funds); Iowa Supreme Ct. Bd. of Prof’l Ethics 

& Conduct v. Leon, 602 N.W.2d 336, 338–39 (Iowa 1999) (holding 

repeated misappropriation of trust funds to cover-up neglect in several 

clients’ cases warranted revocation); Comm. on Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v. 

Ottesen, 525 N.W.2d 865, 866 (Iowa 1994) (imposing revocation when

routine audit revealed attorney’s conversion of at least $7334 in client 

funds to his own use). In sum, we will not consider whether Ryan 

misappropriated client funds on the record before us. 

Therefore, based on a de novo review of the record before us, we 

find the Board has alleged and proven by a convincing preponderance of 

the evidence that Ryan violated rule 32:1.15(f) and Iowa Court Rules

45.7(4) and 45.7(5). 

F. Rule 32:1.5(b) (Scope of Representation and Fees). Rule 

32:1.5(b) states,

The scope of the representation and the basis or rate of the 

fee and expenses for which the client will be responsible 

shall be communicated to the client, preferably in writing, 

before or within a reasonable time after commencing the 

representation.

Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:1.5(b). 

In Nelson, the attorney failed to enter into fee agreements with two 

clients and failed to communicate the fee arrangements with the clients. 

838 N.W.2d at 538. The attorney also claimed that even though he did 

not enter into an agreement or respond to the clients, he “did inform the 

clients prior to retention of how the funds would be disbursed.” Id. The 

court held the attorney’s actions violated rule 32:1.5(b). Id.
17

In the present case, Ryan did not provide the client with a written 

fee agreement or contract. Ms. Huffman also did not know how much 

Ryan would charge per hour nor did she have a clear understanding of 

how Ryan’s fees would be determined. Ryan’s interim statements also 

illustrate the confusion. The interim statements do not account for the 

specific time spent on the case nor do they state an hourly fee. Even 

when Ms. Huffman sought an explanation of the fees, Ryan did not 

provide any clarification regarding the fees or statements. 

Like in Nelson, Ryan failed to enter into an agreement and failed to 

explain the fee arrangement to her client. See Nelson, 838 N.W.2d at 

538. Ryan also failed to respond to the client’s fee inquiries. Because 

Ryan failed to communicate the scope of representation and the rate or 

basis of the fees to her client, she violated rule 32:1.5(b).

IV. Sanctions.

A. General Framework. “There is no standard sanction for a 

particular type of misconduct, and though prior cases can be instructive, 

we ultimately determine an appropriate sanction based on the particular 

circumstances of each case.” Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. 

Earley, 729 N.W.2d 437, 443 (Iowa 2007); see also Iowa Supreme Ct. 

Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Morrison, 727 N.W.2d 115, 119 (Iowa 2007) (“We 

give the discipline recommended by the Grievance Commission its due 

respect although the matter of sanction is solely within the authority of 

this court.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)). In determining the 

appropriate sanction, we consider:

“[T]he nature of the violations, the attorney’s fitness to 

continue in the practice of law, the protection of society from 

those unfit to practice law, the need to uphold public 

confidence in the justice system, deterrence, maintenance of 

the reputation of the bar as a whole, and any aggravating or 

mitigating circumstances.”
18

Van Ginkel, 809 N.W.2d at 108 (quoting Ireland, 748 N.W.2d at 502). We 

have noted the “primary goal of attorney discipline is to protect the 

public, not to punish the attorney.” Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary 

Bd. v. Barnhill, 847 N.W.2d 466, 487 (Iowa 2014). 

B. Sanctions in Similar Cases. In Cunningham, an attorney 

representing a client in a divorce action failed to respond to discovery 

requests or notify the client of a scheduled hearing. 812 N.W.2d at 547. 

As a result, the court granted the opposing party’s motion to compel and 

ordered a $500 sanction. Id. The client also attempted to contact the 

attorney multiple times but the attorney never responded to the client’s 

calls. Id. Eventually, the attorney’s law partner filed a motion to 

withdraw on the attorney’s behalf. Id. However, the attorney did not 

take any steps to safeguard the client’s interests or return the client’s 

file. Id. In determining rule violations, the court held the attorney 

violated multiple rules, including failing to keep a client reasonably 

informed, failing to promptly and diligently represent a client, and failing 

to safeguard a client’s interest upon his withdrawal. Id. at 547–49. 

Regarding a second client, the court found the attorney, among other 

violations, failed to take steps to safeguard a client’s interest when he 

stopped representing a client and failed to return a client’s filing fee. Id.

at 549. In determining sanctions, the court held an eighteen-month 

suspension was appropriate when the attorney failed to turn over his 

clients’ files, neglected clients’ requests, and made misrepresentations to 

his clients. Id. at 553. The court also held the attorney’s failure to 

cooperate with the board, multiple instances of neglect, and previous 

ethical violations were aggravating factors. Id.

In Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board v. Hauser, the 

attorney received a $1000 retainer to represent a client in a dissolution-
19

of-marriage action. 782 N.W.2d 147, 150 (Iowa 2010). While the 

attorney did file a competent answer and attended a mediation session 

with the client, the attorney disappeared thereafter and failed to return 

numerous phone calls from the client. Id. As a result, the client was 

forced to employ another attorney. Id. The court held the attorney 

neglected his client’s dissolution case, failed to keep his 

client informed, failed to properly safeguard and 

appropriately withdraw his client’s funds, failed to 

appropriately withdraw from representation, failed to 

properly maintain trust account records, failed to provide an 

accurate accounting to his client and to return unearned 

fees to his client, and failed to respond to the board’s 

inquires.

Id. at 152–53. Furthermore, the court held that a six-month suspension 

was appropriate noting, “abandonment of his client, his prior extensive 

history of ethical infractions, and his failure to timely and appropriately 

respond to the board’s inquiries, combined with his trust account 

violations, warrants the imposition of a more serious sanction.” Id. at 

154. Finally, the court noted the attorney’s steps to address his 

alcoholism were a mitigating factor. Id. 

C. Mitigating and Aggravating Factors in this Case. We now 

turn to consider aggravating and mitigating factors in this case. There 

are aggravating features. Ryan failed to cooperate with the proceedings

of the judicial branch commissions on two occasions. See Iowa Supreme 

Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Hearity, 812 N.W.2d 614, 622 (Iowa 2012)

(finding failure to cooperate “a significant aggravating factor”); see also

Cunningham, 812 N.W.2d at 551 (noting “[f]ailure to respond to and 

cooperate with the Board’s investigation is . . . an aggravating factor”). 

She failed to respond to the inquiries of the Client Security Commission 

in 2012, leading to a temporary suspension of her license. She then 

failed to respond to Ms. Huffman’s complaint filed with the Board. 
20

Ryan’s double-barreled lack of cooperation is an aggravating factor in 

this case. 

Another aggravating factor is the extreme vulnerability of the client 

in the representation undertaken by Ryan. See Moothart, 860 N.W.2d at

617 (noting vulnerability of victims as aggravating factor). The matter 

involved child custody. Ms. Huffman was emotionally distraught over 

the possibility her daughter’s father might be released from prison and 

assert custodial rights. She sought a lawyer’s help during an extremely 

emotional time. She was not a person of means, but scraped together 

the $1000 retainer to protect, what was for her, the most important 

relationship in her life. She was entitled to the steady, guiding hand of 

competent counsel to help her navigate through unfamiliar legal waters

on this most important matter. Instead, Ryan, after initially undertaking 

the representation and apparently performing some work, simply quit 

working for her and, for all intents and purposes, disappeared. The 

client’s anxiety arising from being abandoned by her lawyer is reflected in 

a telephone log that shows she called Ryan’s office no less than twentyfive times in an attempt to reach Ryan. No client should be put through 

this kind of emotional ringer. Ryan’s abandonment of her client is 

simply inexcusable. 

The record is devoid of any evidence regarding mitigating factors. 

Although Ryan apparently participated in a scheduling conference, in 

which there was some reference to appointments at Mayo Clinic and an 

illness affecting her brain, Ryan did not appear at the hearing. There is 

no doubt a story of some kind behind her unacceptable behavior. Given 

the lack of record, however, one can only speculate regarding what was 

going through her mind and whether there were health issues or other 

extenuating circumstances. Cf. Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. 
21

v. Wagner, 768 N.W.2d 279, 288 (Iowa 2009) (per curiam) (noting there 

was nothing for the court to consider as “no mitigating circumstances by 

way of explanation or excuse [were] provided”). We are not clairvoyant, 

however, and Ryan chose not to make any record. We cannot make a 

record for her. We therefore find no mitigating circumstances. 

D. Sanction in this Case. We now consider the appropriate 

sanction in this case. In Cunningham, the attorney violated multiple 

ethical rules with multiple clients. 812 N.W.2d at 547. Ryan, however, 

only violated ethical rules with one client. Furthermore, Cunningham 

had a previous record of past disciplinary actions, id. at 551, while Ryan 

does not. Thus, the sanction in this case should be less than the 

eighteen-month suspension imposed in Cunningham. See id. at 553. 

The facts of the present case are in some respects closely aligned 

with the facts of Hauser. In both cases, the attorneys received a $1000 

retainer from their respective clients in a family law context. See Hauser, 

782 N.W.2d at 150. Furthermore, in both cases, the attorneys initiated 

the action, disappeared while the matter was pending, and failed to fully 

cooperate with the board. See id. While Hauser had a lengthy history of 

previous discipline, including three public reprimands and five 

suspensions, he also admitted his alcoholism and had begun attending 

AA meetings. Id. at 150, 154. 

Based on our evaluation of the violations and the presence of 

aggravating factors, we conclude Ryan must face a significant 

suspension of her license to practice law. Ryan’s license to practice law 

in Iowa should be suspended for an indefinite period of time with no 

possibility of reinstatement for six months as discipline for the ethical 

infractions proved in this case.
22

In considering the disciplinary suspension issue, we must further 

consider the impact of Ryan’s previous temporary suspensions. We 

considered the effect of a temporary suspension of an attorney’s license 

for failure to answer the Board’s inquiry after discipline had been 

imposed in Cunningham. In Cunningham, we held that the conclusion of 

the disciplinary action meant there was no longer a need for a prompt 

response to the Board’s inquiries and, as a result, the temporary 

suspension was dismissed. 812 N.W.2d at 553–54. We take the same 

approach here.

The temporary suspension for failure to respond to auditors from 

the Client Security Commission raises a different issue. The reason for 

the temporary suspension was to prevent further potential client security 

problems and to promote the auditors’ access to Ryan’s books and 

records. The concerns underlying this temporary suspension remain 

unabated. Under the circumstances, we think the best approach is to 

mirror the terms of the temporary suspension order with the disciplinary 

suspension in this case. In other words, as a condition of reinstatement, 

Ryan must show that the Client Security Commission has been provided 

access to her books and records and any audit desired by the Client 

Security Commission has been completed. Cf. Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y 

Disciplinary Bd. v. Wright, 857 N.W.2d 510, 518 (Iowa 2014). Our 

decision today is without prejudice to any further disciplinary action that

may arise after the completion of the required audit. 

We also agree with the commission’s recommendation that before 

Ryan’s license is reinstated, she must reimburse the client security trust 

fund the sum of $431.06. Although there was inconsistency in the 

documentation presented to the commission, there is no dispute that 
23

this is the amount actually paid by the client security trust fund to 

Ms. Huffman to cover Ryan’s failure to reimburse her for unearned fees.3 

We decline, however, to require that Ryan provide an explanation 

of her past misconduct. It is too late for that. Ryan did not present a 

defense in this proceeding, and as a result, we have imposed sanctions 

for her proven misconduct based on a record that contains no evidence 

of mitigating factors. Any explanations at this point would be only 

academic. 

We also decline to require in-person CLE in addition to the normal 

CLE requirements attendant to the practice of law in Iowa. Although we 

have declined to adopt the commission’s recommendation of CLE 

completion as a condition of reinstatement in some cases, see, e.g., Iowa 

Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Hedgecoth, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___ (Iowa 

2015) (declining to require “ten mandatory hours of CLE in the areas of 

ethics and law office management,” as the attorney’s “voluntary 

commitment to refrain from representing client’s on appeal . . . provide[d] 

adequate assurance against recurrence of the [improper conduct]”); Iowa 

Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Lickiss, 786 N.W.2d 860, 871 (Iowa 

2010) (rejecting commission’s recommendation that an attorney complete 

“appropriate continuing legal education” when attorney testified he did 

not intend to engage in a specific practice area in the future and had, in 

fact, abandoned law practice), we believe proof of completion of two 

3Based on the January and April 2011 interim statements provided to Ms. 

Huffman and admitted into evidence at the hearing, our calculations reveal the actual 

amount left in Ryan’s client security trust account regarding Ms. Huffman’s matter is 

$401.56 ($1000 - $383.94 (January statement) - $214.50 (April statement)). However, 

it is undisputed that the client security trust fund reimbursed Ms. Huffman $431.06 

and that is the amount we require Ryan to reimburse the client security trust fund 

prior to being reinstated.

 
24

hours of ethics CLE and two hours of trust account CLE before Ryan is 

reinstated is appropriate in this case, cf. Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y 

Disciplinary Bd. v. Parrish, 801 N.W.2d 580, 590 (Iowa 2011) (suspending 

attorney’s license for sixty days for misconduct in connection with 

attorney’s handing of his trust account for two clients and requiring 

attorney to attend “continuing education with respect to billing, 

timekeeping practices, and client trust accounts, and to submit proof of 

his attendance to the court prior to reinstatement”).

V. Conclusion.

For the above reasons, we suspend Ryan’s license to practice law 

in this state for an indefinite period of time with no possibility of 

reinstatement for six months. The suspension shall apply to all facets of 

the practice of law. See Iowa Ct. R. 35.13. Ryan shall provide all of the 

notifications required by Iowa Court Rule 35.23. On application for 

reinstatement, Ryan shall have the burden of proving she has not 

practiced during the period of suspension and she meets all the 

requirements of Iowa Court Rule 35.14. The costs of this proceeding are 

taxed against Ryan pursuant to Iowa Court Rule 35.27(1). 

LICENSE SUSPENDED. 

All justices concur except Wiggins, J., who dissents.
25

#15–0147, Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Ryan

WIGGINS, Justice (dissenting).

The record clearly establishes the Client Security Commission paid 

$431.06 to Vicki Ryan’s client JoLynn Huffman; which is the amount 

Ryan’s documents stated remained in her trust account after she worked 

on Ms. Huffman’s matter. The commission only pays “claims resulting 

from the dishonest conduct of a member of the bar of this state acting 

either as an attorney or fiduciary.” Iowa Ct. R. 39.9(1). The rules define 

“dishonest conduct” as “wrongful acts committed by a lawyer against a 

person in the manner of defalcation or embezzlement of money, or the 

wrongful taking or conversion of money, property or other things of 

value.” Id. r. 40.1. 

Evidence of the payment by the commission is not admissible in a 

disciplinary proceeding. Id. r. 39.9(8). However, the commission 

admitted the evidence of the payment without objection. When the 

commission admits evidence without objection, the commission can use 

the evidence to establish a material fact. See IBP, Inc. v. Burress, 779 

N.W.2d 210, 220 (Iowa 2010) (holding evidence admitted into the record 

without objection may be used to establish any material fact); Holmquist 

v. Volkswagen of Am., Inc., 261 N.W.2d 516, 523 (Iowa Ct. App. 1977) 

(same). Thus, the record establishes by a convincing preponderance of 

the evidence Ryan converted Ms. Huffman’s money and did not have a 

colorable future claim to this money.

The majority claims the Board did not give Ryan sufficient notice 

her license could be revoked. I disagree. The complaint raised trust 

account violations and asked the commission to “recommend that the 

Supreme Court of Iowa take the necessary and appropriate disciplinary 

action.” The Code gives attorneys notice that we can revoke or suspend 
26

the license of an attorney for “[d]oing any other act to which such a 

consequence is by law attached.” Iowa Code § 602.10122(4) (2013). The 

consequence of converting client funds is revocation of the attorney’s 

license regardless of the amount of funds the attorney converts. Iowa

Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Thomas, 844 N.W.2d 111, 117 (Iowa 

2014). 

The United States Supreme Court has stated procedural due 

process in an attorney disciplinary case only requires the attorney to 

have knowledge of the charge before the proceedings commence. In re 

Ruffalo, 390 U.S. 544, 551, 88 S. Ct. 1222, 1226, 20 L. Ed. 2d 117, 122 

(1968). Here, the Board gave Ryan notice of the trust account violations 

and the Code gave her notice of the penalties associated with her alleged 

violations prior to the commencement of the proceedings. Consequently, 

I would revoke Ryan’s license to practice law.

It appears to me the majority is resorting to unnecessary 

procedural technicalities to protect attorneys from receiving the 

appropriate discipline. Would the majority reach the same result in a 

criminal case when the trial information gave notice of the charges and 

defendant’s only notice of the punishment was in the Code? I think not.

In the future, I urge the Board to put in every complaint in which

the Board alleges a trust account violation that if the court finds the 

trust account violation amounts to conversion, the court can revoke the 

attorney’s license. I would also urge the Board to put in the complaint 

that if the evidence establishes funds are missing from an attorney’s 

trust account, the burden shifts to the attorney to come forward with 

evidence to establish a colorable future claim to those funds to avoid 

revocation of the attorney’s license. See Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y 

Disciplinary Bd. v. Carter, 847 N.W.2d 228, 232–33 (Iowa 2014) (“[A]n 
27

attorney in a disciplinary proceeding bears the burden of coming forward 

with evidence of a colorable future claim, but the burden to prove 

conversion remains with the Board.”).