RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206

File Name: 10a0301p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT _________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

FAYEZ DAMRA, aka ALEX DAMRA,

 Defendant-Appellant.

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No. 08-4540

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.

No. 06-00367-001—Lesley Brooks Wells, District Judge.

Argued: June 15, 2010

Decided and Filed: September 15, 2010 

Before: KEITH, BOGGS, and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges.

_________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Richard L. Stoper, Jr., ROTATORI BENDER CO., L.P.A., Cleveland,

Ohio, for Appellant. James V. Moroney, Jr., ASSISTANT UNITED STATES

ATTORNEY, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Richard L. Stoper, Jr., J.

Timothy Bender, ROTATORI BENDER CO., L.P.A., Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant.

James V. Moroney, Jr., ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Cleveland, Ohio,

for Appellee. 

_________________

OPINION

_________________

McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. Fayez “Alex” Damra (“Damra”) was convicted of

evading corporate income tax in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7201 and of, together with his

brother, Fawaz Damra (“Fawaz”), conspiring to defraud the United States in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 371. He now appeals his conviction and sentence. We affirm Damra’s

1
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 2

conviction, but – as the district court incorrectly sentenced Damra at offense level 16

instead of level 15 – vacate Damra’s sentence and remand for resentencing at the correct

offense level.

I.

During the late summer or early fall of 2004, Special Agent Gary Rasoletti of the

Criminal Division of the IRS was assigned to a financial investigation of Fawaz, then

the Imam of the Islamic Center of Cleveland. In June of 2004, Fawaz had been found

guilty of unlawfully obtaining citizenship in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1425 by making

false statements in a citizenship application and interview. See United States v. Damrah,

412 F.3d 618, 620 (6th Cir. 2005). In September of 2004, the district court sentenced

Fawaz to serve two months in prison, and ordered that Fawaz’s citizenship be revoked

pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1451(e); we affirmed Fawaz’s conviction on March 15, 2005. Id.

In reviewing Fawaz’s tax returns, Rasoletti noticed that for a single year (1999) Fawaz

had filed a Schedule C reporting $100,000 of income received as a consultant for a

software company. (Fawaz paid $18,239.15 of income tax on this $100,000.) Rasoletti

determined that the funds had come from Applied Innovation Management (“AIM”), a

California company controlled by Damra. Rasoletti then contacted Mir Ali, Fawaz’s

regular tax-return preparer; Rasoletti also arranged for Ron Gesell, another IRS

investigator, to carry a subpoena seeking AIM records to Damra, who was then operating

in Las Vegas.

The Investigation of Fayez Damra

When Gesell served the subpoena on October 7, 2004, Damra agreed to answer

questions. At trial, Gesell testified that Damra stated that: he was the youngest of nine

children; his parents lived in Jerusalem; he himself had come to the United States in the

early 1980s; he was not a citizen, but had a green card; and he had graduated in 1987

from Purdue University with majors in computer engineering and mathematics, and had

received a master’s degree from Purdue in 1989 in aerospace engineering. In addition,

Gesell testified, Damra stated that: (1) he had founded AIM in 1993 with a partner
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 3

named Robert Sparkman; (2) he and Sparkman had found approximately 25 investors

(including Fawaz) who each invested between $15,000 and $20,000 in the business;

(3) the investors were bought out in 1998 or 1999 for approximately three to four times

what they had invested; and (4) in February of 2000 Damra had moved AIM from

California to Las Vegas. (In fact, in 2000 Damra closed the California corporation AIM

and founded Eigen Software in Las Vegas. Eigen did business as AIM.) Damra then

reportedly told Gesell that between 1999 and 2002 he, Damra, had sent approximately

$25,000 to his father by sending it to Fawaz, who would forward it on to Jerusalem.

Because he thought Fawaz was skimming, Damra reportedly began sending the money

directly. Damra reportedly explained that he had lent Fawaz small amounts of money

in 1995 and had given Fawaz’s wife $4,000 in 2004 to pay for dental work for Fawaz’s

children.

Following Gesell’s interview, James Moroney, an Assistant United States

Attorney (AUSA) in Cleveland, received a letter dated November 5, 2004 from Wolfe

Thompson, an attorney acting for Damra and AIM. In the letter, Thompson reported that

Damra had located two checks (totaling $10,500) payable to Fawaz from AIM

“representing gifts from Fayez (Alex) Damra to his brother.” (App’x at 294.) The gifts

“were accounted for by the corporation as compensation paid to Fayez (Alex) Damra for

consultant services rendered to the company.” (App’x at 294.)

On January 11, 2005, Moroney received a follow-up letter from Damra stating

that he was terminating Thompson’s involvement and would “answer every question in

detail” himself. (App’x at 216.) Damra then discussed his relationship with Fawaz:

[T]he reason I’m involved in this matter is due to my disgruntle [sic]

brother “Fawaz Damra”. This man has caused more pain in my life than

any one man deserves and this proves it. I say this because it is in

summary what this is all about. I have told the agents, and Wolfe what

[sic] the money that Fawaz received from me or the company is my own

money that is intended for my sick father that I worship. . . . His faith in

me proved to me that he was right. I have achieved in life more than the

whole clan combined. Fathers know their gifted off spring. . . . As for

my brothers and the rest of the family, they use my father as bribery and

guilt to help him due to the fact I can’t be with him. They skimmed and
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 4

stole from me numerous times as I tried to provide for him and them. I

know that because every time I ask any of them including “Fawaz” I get

a different story. At the time my only option was to provide a few

dollars was Fawaz [sic] due to his offer that this is no excuse for me not

to send the money. When my family started telling me about the amount

I know I gave Fawaz and what arrived it is a whole different number.

(App’x at 216-17.) “I have to meet with you . . . as soon as possible,” Damra concluded.

(Id.)

On February 7, 2005, both Rasoletti and Moroney met with Damra in Cleveland.

At trial, Rasoletti testified that during this interview, Damra stated that: (1) in 1993,

Sparkman, Damra’s partner, had resigned from AIM after Damra caught him

embezzling; (2) Fawaz had invested between $20,000 and $40,000 in AIM, which

money Damra thought Fawaz had gotten by skimming from his mosque; and (3) in 1999,

Damra paid Fawaz two to three times the value of the original investment. Damra also

reportedly explained that, in 1999, he had hired Fawaz as a consultant, because Fawaz

had contacts with Arab businessmen. Despite not bringing in any business, Fawaz

reportedly called Damra later in the year seeking $60,000 in compensation. Rasoletti

testified that Damra stated that he ultimately sent Fawaz $100,000 as a “divorce

payment” after “receiving a phone call from the family in the West Bank guilting him

into paying Fawaz.” (Trial Tr. at 524-25.) Damra split the funds into two checks of

$50,000 apiece for Fawaz and Fawaz’s wife, Nesreen, because “that’s what Fawaz

requested.” (Trial Tr. at 526.) Damra then deducted the $100,000 as a consulting

expense.

Together with Gesell, Rasoletti met with Damra for a third time in Las Vegas on

April 21, 2005. According to Rasoletti’s later testimony, at this meeting Damra made

numerous damaging admissions, stating that: (1) he had made payments from AIM to

family members in the Middle East to get his brothers off of his back, but had no

business dealings there; (2) he sent checks from AIM to his brother Nader Damra

because “he could afford to,” but that “he now understands he just can’t write checks to

anybody”; (3) some checks to Nader were marked “business development” because his

brother wanted to start a new business, and others were marked “consulting” although
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 5

Nader was not an AIM consultant; (4) a $32,000 check to “Al Adhamieh General Trade”

was actually a check to Nader, though Damra had falsely told his accountant that the

check was for “software development”; and (5) “I mishandled the money, there is abuse

here.” (Id. at 528-31, 537.) Rasoletti testified that he then explained to Damra that,

because Damra’s 1997 and 1998 tax returns showed that Damra made only $20,000 a

year, Rasoletti believed that Damra must be getting the money to write these checks out

of his company. In response, Rasoletti testified, Damra “just kind of shook his head and

said yes.” (Id. at 532.) Finally, Rasoletti testified, Damra stated that Fawaz “had not

done $5 of work for AIM” and was not qualified to be an AIM consultant. (Id. at 533-

34.) “I will accept responsibility,” Damra reportedly stated; “this is not right.” (Id. at

533.) Damra added that “it was a gray area” whether his actions were in violation of the

law. (Id. at 534.) Rasoletti also testified that he showed Damra two checks totaling

$32,000 (classified as consulting expenses) written from AIM to Charles Schwab setting

up a personal account for Damra, and that Damra was surprised.

The Indictment and Pretrial Proceedings

On July 25, 2006, a grand jury indicted Damra and Fawaz on three counts: Count

1 alleged that Damra and Fawaz had conspired to defraud the United States in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 371 for the purpose of obstructing the IRS’s lawful government functions;

Count 2 alleged that Damra alone had committed corporate tax evasion under 26 U.S.C.

§ 7201 by filing a fraudulent 1999 Form 1120 for AIM and by causing funds paid from

AIM to Fawaz to be falsely reported as Schedule C gross receipts on Fawaz’s 1999 Form

1040; and Count 3 alleged that Fawaz alone had aided and abetted in the preparation of

a fraudulent Form 1040. Damra and Fawaz were arraigned on August 21, 2006. At the

time, Fawaz was in ICE custody in Monroe, Michigan, and – having stipulated on

January 9, 2006 to removability from the United States – was awaiting a host country

to accept him for deportation. The court ultimately did not issue bond for Fawaz, but

instead returned Fawaz to ICE custody, so as to preserve his right to file for habeas

corpus relief after a period of continuous custody without being deported. See INS v. St.

Cyr, 533 U.S. 289 (2001). At arraignment, the court also advised Damra to retain
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 6

counsel. Despite sporadically retaining and dismissing attorneys, and despite being

regularly advised to seek counsel, Damra represented himself throughout most of the

proceedings.

Following the arraignment, Fawaz filed a motion for a separate trial pursuant to

Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123 (1968), arguing that the introduction of Damra’s

statements to Gesell, Moroney, and Rasoletti would violate Fawaz’s Sixth Amendment

right of confrontation. In response, the government stated that “if any statement of Alex

Damra is determined herein to present a Bruton problem, that statement will not be

offered so as to preserve a joint trial.” (R. 32 at 2.) In October and November of 2006,

the district court twice pushed back the trial. During a status conference on January 8,

2007, the government advised the court that Israel had agreed to accept Fawaz, and that

Fawaz had been deported on January 2, 2007. (At the time Fawaz was deported, his

motion for a separate trial was still pending; it has never been withdrawn.) Given

national security concerns, the government explained, it had been unable to give the

district court or the defense any notice. Fawaz’s attorney moved to dismiss the

indictment. The court denied the motion and issued an arrest warrant to provide for trial

in the event Fawaz ever re-entered the country.

At a status hearing on February 13, 2007, Damra stated that he wanted his

brother as a witness, and asked whether he needed to file a motion stating so. The

government, meanwhile, moved to admit at trial the statements Fawaz had made to tax

preparers as the statements of a co-conspirator under FED.R.EVID. 801(d)(2). On April

26, 2007, the district court granted the prosecution’s motion. On April 30, 2007, Damra

filed a motion objecting to the admission of this evidence as a violation of his Sixth

Amendment rights and arguing that the government was responsible for Fawaz’s being

unavailable. The district court denied Damra’s motion the next day.
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 7

The Trial

Trial began on April 30, 2007, and continued for five days. The prosecution was

handled by AUSA Moroney, who was joined at the prosecution table by Rasoletti. The

government called seven witnesses: Alan David, AIM’s California accountant; Barbara

Burrer, Eigen Software’s Las Vegas accountant; Penny Moore, an IRS representative;

Mir Ali, Fawaz’s tax-return preparer for 1997, 1998, and 2000 (but not 1999); Bernard

Niehaus, Fawaz’s tax-return preparer for 1999; Agent Gesell; and Agent Rasoletti.

Gesell and Rasoletti testified as to the conversations they had with Damra, and repeated

the admissions they said he had made.

David and Burrer both testified that AIM wrote numerous checks – but did not,

as far as they knew, issue 1099s – to individuals Damra said were consultants. Burrer,

in fact, “fired” Damra as a client after warning him twice about his business practices.

As she explained at trial: “I don’t keep clients that don’t follow the law.” (Trial Tr. at

279.) David and Burrer also testified regarding a $250,000 check that AIM wrote to

Eigen, which was deducted on AIM’s books as an expense but which the government

argued represented some of Damra’s profits from AIM. “I understood that it was a

software development expense, and assumed it would be picked up as income, reported

as income to this Eigen,” David testified. “Had I known that it was – or if it were a

distribution of personal money, it would have been classified as a liquidating

distribution.” (Id. at 251.) Burrer testified that Damra told her that he was selling the

rights to some personally-developed software. The money, Burrer added, “should have

been deducted on the 1999 corporate tax return.” (Id. at 281.)

Mir Ali, an elderly native of India who had appreciable hearing difficulties, and

spoke quickly in accented English, testified that he had prepared Fawaz’s taxes for

several years, but that he refused to file Fawaz’s 1999 return because he thought Fawaz

was trying to claim income he had not earned. On direct examination, Ali also testified

that Fawaz told him that Fawaz had received the money from his brother in California,

and that Fawaz wanted to report the $100,000 as his own income because “[the brother]

is in the high income bracket.” (Id. at 325.) Fawaz returned to him in 2000, Ali added,
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 8

but was no longer claiming any income from consulting for a computer software

company. “He knew that I knew it was just a fraud on his part, and he corrected himself

and came,” Ali explained. (Id. at 336.)

Due to Ali’s age, heavy accent, inability to hear clearly, and difficulty confining

himself to answering questions, there were numerous instances during Ali’s testimony

when Ali, the attorneys, the judge, or the court reporter had difficulty understanding

exactly what was being said or asked. After testifying on May 1, Ali promised to bring

fresh batteries for his hearing aid when he returned the following day. At that point,

Damra expressed some concerns to the court, stating that he “believe[d] the witness

indeed has a hearing problem” and that he was worried about being too aggressive in

stopping Ali from going off on tangents. (Id. at 357.) In response, the district court

noted:

The Court made some changes the second day of testimony to

accommodate these difficulties, including situating Mr. Ali so that he

might hear better and placing Special Agent Rasoletti nearby to, when

necessary, repeat Alex Damra’s questions during the defendant’s cross

examination. These arrangements were made for the jury, to facilitate

the testimony of Mr. Ali in light of Alex Damra’s extraordinarily rapid

speech pattern.

(R. 103 at 9-10.) In addition, the judge placed herself between Ali and the jury in order

to better control Ali and stop him when he showed signs of rambling.

On cross-examination, Ali repeated the same basic testimony he had given on

direct examination, stating: “[Fawaz] just told me that ‘My brother in California has very

successful year, and he’s in high bracket. He wanted me to report $100,000 in my

bracket, which would be lower than his.’” (Trial Tr. at 374.) While the transcript

demonstrates that Rasoletti faithfully repeated Damra’s questions to Ali, it also

demonstrates that there were numerous times when Ali himself could not be heard or

understood, and the court reporter instead relied upon Rasoletti’s reptition of what Ali

had said.
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 9

Bernard Niehaus, who ultimately prepared Fawaz’s 1999 tax return, testified that

he prepared Fawaz’s return to show $100,000 of consulting income, and that he gave the

return to Fawaz on July 31, 2000. Penny Moore testified that Fawaz and Nesreen

Damra’s 1999 income tax return had been mailed on August 3, 2000, and received

August 7, 2000. The tax return, she added, bore Niehaus’s signature, but was processed

without the taxpayers’ signatures in order to be timely and avoid triggering interest and

penalties.

Damra, asking himself questions, testified as the sole defense witness. He stated

that he had never spoken to Fawaz about Fawaz’s taxes, and that Fawaz had been paid

back for investing $25,000 in AIM in 1992 or 1993. On cross-examination, Damra

denied making any of the statements which Gesell and Rasoletti had testified. He

explained that he split the $100,000 between Fawaz and Nesreen because Fawaz had

asked him to do so. He also admitted that Fawaz was not qualified to be an AIM

consultant, but that Fawaz deserved the money he was paid.

On May 4, 2007, the jury found Damra guilty on both counts of the indictment

that applied to him.

The Post-Trial Proceedings

After being convicted, Damra hired counsel and filed a motion for a new trial,

arguing that the government had presented insufficient evidence to warrant conviction

on Count 1 and that the district court had failed to instruct the jury on a defense of “good

faith misunderstanding of the law” as to Count 2. The district court denied Damra’s

motion on October 25, 2007. On April 2, 2008, Damra filed a motion to dismiss the

indictment and for reconsideration of the order denying his motion for a new trial.

Damra asserted various deficiencies in the district court’s jury instructions and argued

that Count 1 of the indictment failed to state a claim under 18 U.S.C. § 371. The district

court denied this motion on September 12, 2008. By this time, Damra’s counsel had

withdrawn, and so Damra represented himself at sentencing.
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 10

At the sentencing hearing, held on October 21, 2008, the parties and the district

court focused on the tax-loss deficiency attributable to Damra’s actions. The third

revision of the Presentencing Invesigation Report (PSR) recommended that Damra be

sentenced at offense level 19, for a sentencing range of 30-37 months. After hearing

arguments, the district court struck $500,000 from the tax loss computation, thus

reducing Damra’s sentencing level to 18. Damra argued that the court should similarly

strike another $250,000 from the tax-loss computation; in a sentencing memorandum

filed before sentencing, he had already argued that the court should give him credit for

the $18,239.15 Fawaz paid in personal income tax on the $100,000 shifted from AIM.

The court did not respond explicitly to either argument, but, in the end, it concluded the

$250,000 in the tax-loss calculation and disregarded the $18.239.15. The court then

concluded that, given that Damra was proceeding pro se in his third language, the twolevel enhancement for obstruction of justice under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1 was inappropriate;

this reduced Damra’s offense level to 16, for a range of 21-27 months. The court

ultimately sentenced Damra at the lowest end of the Guideline range: 21 months of

imprisonment and three years of supervised release, with restitution of $274,389 and a

fine of $50,000.

Damra filed a timely notice of appeal on October 29, 2008. On April 9, 2009,

the district court issued an order denying Damra’s supplemental motion for release

pending appeal, in which it also responded to Damra’s arguments that the government

had violated his Sixth Amendment right of compulsory process by deporting Fawaz

before trial and that the court had erred in including the $250,000 when calculating the

tax loss attributed to Damra.

II.

Damra’s first argument is that the government violated his Sixth Amendment

right of compulsory process by deporting his brother. “In all criminal prosecutions, the

accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in

his favor . . . .” U.S. CONST. amend. VI. We review claimed violations of the

compulsory process right de novo. United States v. Walls, No. 95-2373, 162 F.3d 1162
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 11

(Table), 1998 WL 552907, at *3 (6th Cir. Aug. 11, 1998). Our case law involving

compulsory process claims regarding deported witnesses is sparse; our leading (and only

published) case is United States v. McLernon, 746 F.2d 1098 (6th Cir. 1984), in which

we applied the Supreme Court’s holding in United States v. Valenzuela-Bernal, 458 U.S.

858 (1982), similarly the only Supreme Court case on this precise subject. In light of the

Supreme Court’s subsequent ruling in Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51 (1988),

however, we think it is appropriate to revisit McLernon, and to revise the test we laid out

in that case to bring it into line with those of our sister circuits. Applying our revised

test, we find that Damra cannot meet either the burden of demonstrating that the

government acted in bad faith or the burden of demonstrating that Fawaz’s testimony

would have been material and favorable, and so necessarily cannot demonstrate that the

government violated his Sixth Amendment rights.

A. Valenzuela-Bernal

In 1982, the Supreme Court in Valenzuela-Bernal directly addressed to what

extent the right of compulsory process is implicated when the government deports an

individual that a criminal defendant wishes to call as a witness at trial. ValenzuelaBernal himself was arrested and charged with transporting an illegal alien named

Enrique Romero-Morales. 458 U.S. at 860. After stopping the car Valenzuela-Bernal

was driving, law enforcement apprehended Valenzuela-Bernal, Romero-Morales, and

two of the other four passengers in the vehicle. Id. at 861. Following their arrest,

Valenzuela-Bernal, Romero-Morales, and the two others admitted that they were in the

country illegally; Valenzuela-Bernal admitted that he was transporting the others, and

the others identified Valenzuela-Bernal as the driver of the car. Id. The government

detained Romero-Morales “to provide a nonhearsay basis for establishing that

respondent had transported an illegal alien,” but deported the other two passengers

almost immediately after an Assistant United States Attorney concluded that they

“possessed no evidence material to [Valenzuela-Bernal’s] prosecution or defense.” Id.

Valenzuela-Bernal argued that the indictment against him needed to be dismissed

because the deportation of the other two passengers violated his Sixth Amendment right
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 12

to compulsory process for obtaining witnesses and “deprived him of the opportunity to

interview them to determine whether they could aid in his defense.” Id. As the Court

added, however, he “made no attempt to explain how the deported passengers could

assist him in proving that he did not know that Romero-Morales was an illegal alien

. . . . ” Id.

Holding that “[t]he mere fact that the Government deports [illegal-alien]

witnesses is not sufficient to establish a violation of the Compulsory Process Clause of

the Sixth Amendment or the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment,” id. at 872-73,

the Court concluded that Valenzuela-Bernal had not demonstrated any constitutional

violation. “[T]he responsibility of the Executive Branch faithfully to execute the

immigration policy adopted by Congress justifies the prompt deportation of illegal-alien

witnesses upon the Executive’s good-faith determination that they possess no evidence

favorable to the defendant in a criminal prosecution,” the Court concluded. Id. at 867.

[T]he Government is charged with a dual responsibility when confronted

with incidents such as that which resulted in the apprehension of

respondent. One or more of the persons in the car may have violated the

criminal laws enacted by Congress; but some or all of the persons in the

car may also be subject to deportation as provided by Congress. The

Government may, therefore, find itself confronted with the obligation of

prosecuting persons in the position of respondent on criminal charges,

and at the same time obligated to deport other persons involved in the

event in order to carry out the immigration policies that Congress has

enacted.

The power to regulate immigration – an attribute of sovereignty essential

to the preservation of any nation – has been entrusted by the Constitution

to the political branches of the Federal Government. “The Court without

exception has sustained Congress’ ‘plenary power to make rules for the

admission of aliens.’” In exercising this power, Congress has adopted a

policy of apprehending illegal aliens at or near the border and deporting

them promptly. Border Patrol agents are authorized by statute to make

warrantless arrests of aliens suspected of “attempting to enter the United

States in violation of . . . law,” and are directed to examine them without

“unnecessary delay” to determine whether “there is prima facie evidence

establishing” their attempted illegal entry. Aliens against whom such

evidence exists may be granted immediate voluntary departure from the

country. Thus, Congress has determined that prompt deportation, such
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 13

as occurred in this case, constitutes the most effective method for curbing

the enormous flow of illegal aliens across our southern border.

* * *

Congress’ immigration policy and the practical considerations discussed

above demonstrate that the Government had good reason to deport

respondent’s passengers once it concluded that they possessed no

evidence relevant to the prosecution or the defense of respondent’s

criminal charge. No onus, in the sense of “hiding out” or “concealing”

witnesses, attached to the Government by reason of its discharge of the

obligations imposed upon it by Congress; its exercise of these manifold

responsibilities is not to be judged by standards which might be

appropriate if the Government’s only responsibility were to prosecute

criminal offenses.

Id. at 863-66 (citations omitted).

With this ruling, the Court explicitly reversed the Ninth Circuit’s holding that “a

constitutional violation occurs . . . [whenever] ‘the [deported] alien’s testimony could

conceivably [have] benefit[ed] the defendant.” Id. at 862. The Court then turned to the

specific evidence that a defendant is required to produce to demonstrate that the

government has violated his Sixth Amendment right to compulsory process:

[M]ore than the mere absence of testimony is necessary to establish a

violation of the right. Indeed, the Sixth Amendment does not by its terms

grant to a criminal defendant the right to secure the attendance and

testimony of any and all witnesses: it guarantees him “compulsory

process for obtaining witnesses in his favor.” In Washington [v. Texas],

this Court found a violation of this Clause of the Sixth Amendment when

the defendant was arbitrarily deprived of “testimony [that] would have

been relevant and material, and . . . vital to the defense.” This language

suggests that respondent cannot establish a violation of his constitutional

right to compulsory process merely by showing that deportation of the

passengers deprived him of their testimony. He must at least make some

plausible showing of how their testimony would have been both material

and favorable to his defense.

Id. at 867 (citations omitted).

The Supreme Court also explicitly addressed Valenzuela-Bernal’s argument that

forcing him to bear the burden of demonstrating materiality would be unjust in light of
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 14

the fact that the two illegal aliens at issue were deported immediately, such that “neither

he nor his attorney was afforded an opportunity to interview the deported witnesses to

determine what favorable information they possessed.” Id. at 870. In response, the

Court reasoned that “while this [fact] may well support a relaxation of the specificity

required in showing materiality, we do not think that it affords the basis for wholly

dispensing with such a showing.” Id. The Court continued:

[W]hile a defendant who has not had an opportunity to interview a

witness may face a difficult task in making a showing of materiality, the

task is not an impossible one. In such circumstances it is of course not

possible to make any avowal of how a witness may testify. But the

events to which a witness might testify, and the relevance of those events

to the crime charged, may well demonstrate either the presence or

absence of the required materiality.

* * *

A violation of th[is] provision[] requires some showing that the evidence

lost would be both material and favorable to the defense.

Because prompt deportation deprives the defendant of an opportunity to

interview the witnesses to determine precisely what favorable evidence

they possess, however, the defendant cannot be expected to render a

detailed description of their lost testimony. But this does not . . . relieve

the defendant of the duty to make some showing of materiality.

* * *

As in other cases concerning the loss of material evidence, sanctions will

be warranted for deportation of alien witnesses only if there is a

reasonable likelihood that the testimony could have affected the

judgment of the trier of fact.

Id. at 871-74.

Fairly read, Valenzuela-Bernal stands for three propositions: (1) that there is no

violation of the Compulsory Process Clause where the government deports a potential

witness unless the defendant “make[s] some plausible showing of how [the witness’s]

testimony would have been both material and favorable to his defense,” id. at 867;

(2) that, where the defendant did not have any opportunity to interview the witness

before deportation, this showing of materiality and favorability “may well [be] relax[ed

in] specificity,” but even if the defendant cannot “make any avowal of how a witness
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 15

may testify,” nonetheless, in such circumstances “the events to which a witness might

testify, and the relevance of those events to the crime charged,” must “demonstrate . . .

the presence . . . of the required materiality,” id. at 870-71; and (3) that regardless, no

sanction (such as dismissal of the indictment) is merited unless there is “a reasonable

likelihood that the testimony could have affected the judgment of the trier of fact,” Id.

at 874. Of these three propositions, the most important by far is the first, which

summarizes the overarching point: to demonstrate a violation of compulsory process

where the government has deported a potential witness, a defendant must somehow show

that the witness’s testimony would have been both material and favorable.

B. The McLernon Test

Two years after Valenzuela-Bernal, we, reading that case, established a threeprong test for determining whether the government acted in good faith in deporting a

witness. As we observed:

In United States v. Valenzuela-Bernal, the Supreme Court found that “the

immigration policy adopted by Congress justifies the prompt deportation

of illegal-alien witnesses upon the Executive’s good-faith determination

that they possess no evidence favorable to the defendant in a criminal

prosecution.” Before concluding that the government exercised its duties

in “good faith,” we must find that (1) the testimony of the witness would

not have been “both material and favorable to the defense,”; (2) the

government did not facilitate the “prompt deportation” of the illegal-alien

witness; and (3) the witness’ prompt deportation did not deprive the

defendant and his attorney of “an opportunity to interview the witness to

determine precisely what favorable evidence” he might offer.

McLernon, 746 F.2d at 1121 (citations omitted). We thus described the showing of

materiality and favorability as one prong of demonstrating the government’s bad faith;

we were also arguably unclear regarding the fact that it is the defendant who bears to

burden of demonstrating these elements.

In retrospect, it seems that this test does not conform well to the dictates of

Valenzuela-Bernal. Neither the second nor the third McLernon prongs, for example, has

any basis in Valenzuela-Bernal. The Valenzuela-Bernal Court did not hold that “the
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 16

1

Youngblood, for example, involved a challenge under the Due Process Clause, not the

Compulsory Process Clause. That said, however, the Court in Valenzuela-Bernal appeared to treat

identically the defendant’s due-process and compulsory-process claims, both of which were based on the

deportation of potential witnesses. See Valenzuela-Bernal, 458 U.S. at 872 (stating that the Court “ha[s]

borrowed much of [its] reasoning with respect to the Compulsory Process Clause of the Sixth Amendment

from cases involving the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment”).

government [may not] facilitate the ‘prompt deportation’ of the illegal-alien witness”;

indeed, in Valenzuela-Bernal, the government had done exactly that, and the Court found

no constitutional violation. The “promptness” of the deportation was simply not a factor

in the Court’s analysis; rather, it was relevant only to the extent it deprived the defendant

of a chance to interview the witnesses, which in turn lowered the specificity threshold

of the required materiality showing. Similarly, Valenzuela-Bernal did not hold that

depriving the defendant of “an opportunity to interview the witness” had any inherent

constitutional consequence, other than lowering the specificity of the materiality

showing required to establish a compulsory-process violation. It is quite clear under

Valenzuela-Bernal that the defendant is not required to show that he was deprived of an

opportunity to interview the witness in order to establish a violation, and it is even

clearer that the government is not required to show that the defendant did have such an

opportunity in order to defeat a Compulsory Process Clause claim. Despite the

shortcomings in the McLernon test, however, we have not revisited the question of

compulsory process violations in this context since 1984.

C. The Effect of Youngblood

While Valenzuela-Bernal is the only Supreme Court opinion explicitly

addressing an alleged violation of compulsory process where the government has

deported a witness, four years after we laid out the McLernon test, the Supreme Court

in Youngblood rendered a decision that has powerful implications for our approach to

these sorts of claims. Youngblood actually addressed whether the police violated a

defendant’s due-process (rather than compulsory-process) rights by destroying

“potentially useful” DNA evidence that had not yet been tested, and as such, was not

known by the police to be exculpatory. 488 U.S. at 58. While this sort of question

seems different from the one presented in Valenzuela-Bernal and this case,1

 the
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 17

Youngblood Court nonetheless spoke broadly of “what might loosely be called the area

of constitutionally guaranteed access to evidence,” id. at 55 (quoting Valenzuela-Bernal,

458 U.S. at 867) – a concept that originated in Valenzuela-Bernal and that applies

equally to the metaphorical “destruction” of potentially useful deported-witness

testimony not known by the government to be exculpatory. Ultimately, citing

Valenzuela-Bernal in support, the Youngblood Court concluded “that unless a criminal

defendant can show bad faith on the part of the police, failure to preserve potentially

useful evidence does not constitute a denial of due process of law.” Id. at 58.

Youngblood, then, can be read as modifying or clarifying Valenzuela-Bernal by

adding a threshold requirement that any defendant arguing violation of his right of

compulsory process – or any constitutional violation involving the loss of potentially

exculpatory evidence – show that the government acted in bad faith (in, for example,

deporting a potential witness). The Second, Seventh, Ninth, and Tenth Circuits have all

viewed the decision in this light. See United States v. Chaparro-Alcantara, 226 F.3d

616, 624 (7th Cir. 2000) (“Notably, in Youngblood, the Court reaffirmed this holding by

pointing to Valenzuela-Bernal as an example of a case in which the defendant was

required to show bad faith. If bad faith is shown, the defendant has satisfied the first

prong of the Valenzuela-Bernal test, but he must still show that the evidence would be

material and favorable to his defense.”) (citations omitted); United States v. Iribe-Perez,

129 F.3d 1167, 1173 (10th Cir. 1997); United States v. Dring, 930 F.2d 687, 693-94 (9th

Cir. 1991); Buie v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 10, 11-12 (2d Cir. 1990). The Ninth Circuit, for

example, explicitly read Valenzuela-Bernal (as modified by Youngblood) as imposing

a two-step test for compulsory-process claims in the context of deported witnesses, under

which “the defendant must make an initial showing that the Government acted in bad

faith and [then show] that . . . the testimony of the deported witness would have been

material and favorable to his defense . . . .” Dring, 930 F.2d at 693-94.

We think that these circuits have correctly analyzed the effect of Youngblood on

Valenzuela-Bernal. Accordingly, to comply with this reading of these cases, we hereby

modify our test for violations of compulsory process in the context of deported witnesses
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 18

2

The first McLernon prong similarly addresses whether a defendant can show that a deported

witness’s testimony would have been material and favorable. Thus, any defendant unable to meet the test

we have laid out here because of a failure to demonstrate materiality and favorability would necessarily

fail to meet the McLernon test as well.

from the three-prong test we stated in McLernon to a two-prong test more in line with

those stated by our sister circuits: in order to demonstrate that the government has

violated his right of compulsory process, a defendant must first make an initial showing

that the government has acted in bad faith, and, having made that showing, must then

make some plausible showing that the testimony of the deported witness would have

been both material and favorable to his defense.2 See Valenzuela-Bernal, 458 U.S. at

867; Youngblood, 488 U.S. at 58; Dring, 930 F.2d at 693-94. Whether the defendant had

an opportunity to interview that witness before deportation is relevant, but not

dispositive, to the materiality and favorability determination; the defendant must

demonstrate materiality and favorability either by some plausible avowal of how a

witness may testify, or else by a plausible description of “the events to which a witness

might testify, and the relevance of those events to the crime charged.” ValenzuelaBernal, 458 U.S. at 868, 871. Moreover, the defendant’s unsupported word alone is not

sufficient to demonstrate materiality and favorability where the defendant maintains only

that the potential witness “could explain” or “might have testified” in some favorable

fashion. See Iribe-Perez, 129 F.3d at 1173. In any case, no sanction is merited unless

there is “a reasonable likelihood that the testimony could have affected the judgment of

the trier of fact.” Valenzuela-Bernal, 458 U.S. at 874.

D. Application of This Test to Damra

Damra here cannot meet the burden of demonstrating either prong (bad faith or

materiality-and-favorability) of this test.

The only argument Damra offers to demonstrate bad faith is that he was relying

on the government’s supposed promise that Fawaz would be present for trial. Damra is

referring to an exchange during a status conference on September 14, 2006, in which

Fawaz’s counsel explained Fawaz’s immigration status to the district court, stated that

Fawaz was in ICE custody “awaiting deportation,” and eventually concluded that
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 19

3

Even were we applying the McLernon test, Damra would similarly be unable to demonstrate a

violation of his right of compulsory process because he cannot demonstrate materiality and favorability.

“[w]henever the Court needs him to come back here, the Court can order him, and he’ll

be here for trial or for whatever proceedings the Court deems necessary.” The

prosecutor then responded, “Your Honor, if I may, just to inform the Court, that what

[Fawaz’s counsel] says is accurate.” Despite Damra’s protestations, however, the

government never promised Damra or the Court that Fawaz would not be deported

before trial, nor is such a promise fairly implied from the prosecutor’s statement. As

Damra offers no other evidence of bad faith on the part of the government, he

necessarily cannot demonstrate that the government violated his right of compulsory

process by deporting Fawaz.

Even were Damra able to demonstrate bad faith on the part of the government,

he cannot demonstrate that Fawaz’s testimony would have been material and favorable,3

because he can offer nothing apart from his unsupported (and implausible) claim that

Fawaz Damra “could have” testified that Fawaz never spoke to Damra regarding

Fawaz’s filing of his 1999 tax return. As an initial matter, we note that Damra had

ample opportunity to interview or attempt to interview Fawaz, but did not do so. As to

this point, Damra argues that he had no motive to take Fawaz’s statement while Fawaz

was still in the United States, and could not have taken Fawaz’s deposition after Fawaz

was deported because “the government does not cite any treaty or convention between

the United States and the Palestinian Authority that allows the gathering of such

evidence.” (Damra Reply Br. at 7.) As the district court stated, however:

[T]here is no evidence that the deportation of Fawaz deprived Alex

Damra of an opportunity to interview his brother. Subsequent to his July

2006 Indictment, Alex Damra had the opportunity to seek his brother’s

testimony. Mr. Damra possessed the means to effect an interview of

Fawaz, who at that time was in ICE custody in Monroe, Michigan.

Fawaz Damra remained in custody until his deportation. Meanwhile, Mr.

Damra was not in custody, but was released on bond. . . . [N]othing in

the record indicates that Alex attempted to interview or uttered a desire

to interview his brother as a potential witness . . . .
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 20

(R. 134 at 8-9.) Damra’s argument that he could not have predicted the government’s

case is unavailing: Damra knew no later than when he was indicted in July of 2006 that

the government was alleging that he had “caus[ed]” Fawaz to file a false tax return. Had

he wished to interview his brother, he had months to do so before Fawaz was deported

in January of 2007. As the district court observed, there is no indication that Damra ever

sought to interview his brother. Certainly, at any time prior to Fawaz’s departure Damra

could have sought to depose Fawaz. See FED.R.CRIM. P. 15(a)(1) (“A party may move

that a prospective witness be deposed in order to preserve testimony for trial. The court

may grant the motion because of exceptional circumstances and in the interest of

justice.”). Moreover, Damra could have sought to depose his brother even after his

brother’s deportation. Damra argues that there is no treaty that permits the gathering of

such evidence – but, provided that a witness is willing to testify, there is no need for a

treaty or convention.

At oral argument, Damra’s attorney conceded that “technically, [Damra] may

have had the opportunity to interview” Fawaz. We agree, and accordingly find that

Damra cannot demonstrate that Fawaz’s deportation deprived him of an opportunity to

interview Fawaz to determine precisely what favorable evidence Fawaz might have had

to offer. Given that Damra had an opportunity to interview Fawaz, but did not take

advantage of that opportunity, Damra must instead demonstrate materiality and

favorability with a plausible description of “the events to which a witness might testify,

and the relevance of those events to the crime charged . . . .” Valenzuela-Bernal, 458

U.S. at 871. Despite his attempts to do so, however, Damra cannot meet this burden.

In considering Damra’s supplemental motion for release pending appeal, the court

stated:

Nothing in the record under review indicates that Mr. Damra succeeds in

showing that his brother’s testimony would have been both material and

favorable to his defense. Counsel for the government maintains that the

United States had no favorable evidence to disclose from Fawaz Damra

because the potential witness had refused requests to discuss the tax

investigation. Equivalently, Mr. Damra does not show how Fawaz would

provide material and favorable testimony to an argument that rested on
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 21

4

Damra also suggests that admission of the statements violates the Sixth Amendment’s

Confrontation Clause. As the district court observed, however, the Confrontation Clause only applies to

“testimonial” statements, and statements made by a coconspirator “by their nature [are] not testimonial.”

See Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 51, 56 (2004). 

the Defendant’s contention that the payment to his brother was a means

of quelling family controversy.

(R. 134 at 7-8.) Damra argues that Fawaz “could have testified that filing the allegedly

false tax return for himself and his wife was his own idea and that [Damra] did not

instruct him to do so.” (Damra Br. at 26.) This possibility, Damra maintains, “is

supported by the fact that there was substantial evidence that Alex Damra paid Fawaz

Damra as a return on investment and/or for Fawaz Damra to pass the money onto [sic]

their father.” (Damra. Br. at 26.) (At trial, under oath, Damra testified that he never

spoke with Fawaz about Fawaz’s taxes.) As the government correctly points out,

however, Fawaz was a co-defendant who would likely have invoked his Fifth

Amendment right not to testify. Fawaz, moreover, had a Motion for Separate Trial

pending before the district court. Had that motion been granted, Fawaz would not have

had to be at Damra’s trial at all.

As Damra cannot demonstrate either that the government acted in bad faith in

deporting Fawaz or that Fawaz’s testimony would have been material and favorable, we

hold that Damra cannot demonstrate that the government violated his Sixth Amendment

right of compulsory process by deporting Fawaz before trial.

III.

Damra’s second argument is that the district court erred by finding that Fawaz’s

statements to Mir Ali were admissible under the hearsay exemption of FED. R. EVID.

801(d)(2)(E) as the statements of a coconspirator.4

 FED.R.EVID. 801(d)(2)(E) requires

both that courts make “specific [preliminary] factual determinations and legal

conclusions . . . in order for the evidence to be admitted.” United States v. Gessa,

971 F.2d 1257, 1261 (6th Cir. 1992) (en banc). We review the required preliminary

factual determinations (that a conspiracy existed, that the defendant was a member of the

conspiracy, and that the statements were made “in furtherance of the conspiracy”) for
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 22

clear error. Id. (citing United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149, 152 (6th Cir. 1979)). We

then review de novo the district court’s “determination that these ‘facts warrant the legal

conclusion under Rule 801(d)(2)(E) that the statements are admissible.’” United States

v. Young, 553 F.3d 1035, 1047 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting United States v. Rogers,

118 F.3d 466, 477 (6th Cir. 1997)).

The Federal Rules of Evidence disallow “hearsay” testimony. FED.R.EVID. 802.

A statement is explicitly not hearsay, however, if it is offered against a party and it is

made “by a coconspirator of a party during the course and in furtherance of the

conspiracy.” FED. R. EVID. 801(d)(2)(E). In order for a statement to qualify for this

exemption, the offering party must prove by a preponderance of the evidence “that the

conspiracy existed, that the defendant was a member of the conspiracy, and that the

co-conspirator’s statements were made ‘in furtherance of the conspiracy.’” United States

v. Payne, 437 F.3d 540, 544 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Gessa, 971 F.2d at 1261); see also

Bourjaily v. United States, 483 U.S. 171, 181 (1987). Courts may examine the

statements in question, Bourjaily, 483 U.S. at 181, which must also be corroborated by

independent evidence relating to the required factual determinations. Young, 553 F.3d

at 1045 (citing Payne, 437 F.3d at 544).

Prior to the trial, in response to the government’s motion, the district court found

Fawaz’s statements admissible. Damra then moved at trial for the court to exclude these

statements. At the conclusion of the evidence, the district court issued a ruling, and read

it into the record:

The Court was asked to determine as a factual matter whether the

prosecution has shown by a preponderance of the evidence all of the

requisites for the admissibility of an unavailable co-conspirator’s

statements and acts. . . . The Court has received that evidence. The

Court hereby concludes that the prosecution has borne its burden of

proof, and finds the unavailable co-conspirator evidence introduced to

the jury admissible and available for presentation to the jury under that

[sic] Rule 801(d)(2)(E).

(Trial Tr. at 790-91.)
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 23

5

Damra cites the Young court’s conclusion that “[t]he district court can consider the contents of

the statement in making this determination, but the statements ‘must be corroborated by independent

evidence.’” 553 F.3d at 1045. In the context of this independent evidence requirement, however, it is clear

that corroborating “the statements” means corroborating what the statements themselves show – that the

defendant participated in a conspiracy. Clark, 18 F.3d at 1341-42.

Damra’s main argument is that there was no independent evidence that he ever

told Fawaz how to treat any funds for tax purposes – what Damra refers to as “the most

damaging statement” – and so the district court lacked the independent corroborating

evidence required to make its preliminary factual determination under Rule 801(d)(2)(E),

see Young, 553 F.3d at 1045. Damra, seemingly misunderstanding the nature of the

corroboration required under Rule 801(d)(2)(E), is wrongly focusing on whether there

was corroboration of the contents of Fawaz’s statements; our case law requires instead

corroboration “of defendant’s knowledge of and participation in the conspiracy.” See

United States v. Clark, 18 F.3d 1337, 1341-42 (6th Cir. 1994) (finding “the independent

evidence sufficiently corroborates the out of court statements to establish [the

defendant’s] participation in a conspiracy by a preponderance of the evidence.”).

Whether there was confirmation of the contents of any one statement is not

dispositive, provided that there was independent evidence offered corroborating the

court’s preliminary factual determinations that the conspiracy existed, that the defendant

was a member of that conspiracy, and that the statements were made in furtherance of

the conspiracy.5

 Young, 553 F.3d at 1045. As the government points out, there was in

this case in fact significant corroborating evidence, including both Niehaus’s testimony

and Damra’s admissions to Rasoletti (that Damra had hired Fawaz as a “consultant”; that

Fawaz provided no clients and did no work; that Fawaz requested that Damra split the

$100,000 between Fawaz and Fawaz’s wife; and that Damra paid the money and

deducted it as consulting expense on AIM’s books and tax return).

As Damra has misunderstood the independent-corroborating-evidence

requirement under Rule 801(d)(2)(E), and as there is (as the government points out)

clearly evidence independent of Fawaz’s statements corroborating the district court’s

conclusion that Damra was conspiring with his brother and that Fawaz’s statements were

made in furtherance of the conspiracy, we hold that the district court did not err in
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 24

finding that Fawaz’s statements to Mir Ali were admissible at trial under FED. R. EVID.

801(d)(2)(E) as the statements of a coconspirator.

IV.

Damra’s third argument is that the district court erroneously denied his Rule 29

motion for a judgment of acquittal and his motion for a new trial, both of which were

based on insufficiency of the evidence. We hold that the district court did not err in

denying Damra’s motions.

Given Damra’s failure to renew his Rule 29 motion at the close of evidence, we

review the denials of these two motions under two separate standards. “[W]hen the

sufficiency of the evidence is challenged on appeal, the standard of review is whether,

after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime[.]” United States v.

Kuehne, 547 F.3d 667, 696 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v. Jones, 102 F.3d

804, 807 (6th Cir. 1996)). Here, Damra filed a timely motion for a new trial on the basis

that the evidence was insufficient to prove Count 1. We thus review the district court’s

denial of Damra’s motion for a new trial under the “any rational trier of fact” standard.

In his motion for a new trial, Damra focused only on the sufficiency of evidence going

to Count 1, the charge of conspiring to defraud the United States.

A properly preserved Rule 29 motion for a judgment of acquittal is similarly

reviewed under the “any rational trier of fact” standard. A Rule 29 motion is properly

preserved for appeal when a defendant makes a “motion for acquittal at the end of the

prosecution's case-in-chief and at the close of evidence.” Kuehne, 547 F.3d at 696

(quoting United States v. Chance, 306 F.3d 356, 368-69 (6th Cir. 2002)). While Damra

correctly moved for acquittal pursuant to Rule 29 at the close of the government’s

evidence, he failed to renew his motion at the close of evidence. “Failure to make the

required motions constitutes a waiver of the objections to the sufficiency of the

evidence.” Id. Where there has been a waiver, we are limited in reviewing the

sufficiency of evidence to determining whether there has been a “manifest miscarriage

of justice.” Id. (quoting United States v. Carnes, 309 F.3d 950, 956 (6th Cir. 2002)).
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 25

“Under this standard, ‘we only reverse a conviction if the record is devoid of evidence

pointing to guilt.’” Id. (quoting Carnes, 309 F.3d at 956).

In arguing that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction, Damra

argues that Ali’s testimony was “incoherent,” and that – apart from Ali’s testimony –

there was no independent evidence of a conspiracy between Damra and Fawaz. In

response, the district court stated:

The gist of Alex Damra’s insufficiency argument rests on two precarious

assumptions: that Mr. Ali’s testimony alone provided “the crucial link”

establishing a conspiracy between the defendant and his brother; and,

that Mr. Ali’s testimony was “not credible” in sustaining the evidence.

Neither of those assumptions bear the weight of scrutiny.

The Court finds the documentary and testimonial evidence sufficient to

provide the basis upon which the jury could reasonably reach its verdict

to convict Alex Damra on the conspiracy Count. Mr. Ali’s testimony

assisted in the accumulation of that evidence. However, even

discounting Mr. Ali’s testimony entirely, the remaining evidence is so

substantial that it does not present that “extraordinary circumstance”

where the evidence “preponderates heavily against the verdict.”

For instance, the evidentiary weight of Alex Damra’s several admissions

to Special Agent Gary Rasoletti . . . .

* * *

The jury heard testimony that Alex Damra admitted to Agent Rasoletti

on 7 February that his brother approached the defendant with an offer to

steer wealthy mosque members toward Alex Damra’s business, AIM.

Alex Damra further admitted that he typically paid a person who brought

him new business 10 to 15 percent of the value of that new business as

a consulting fee. Alex Damra further recounted that toward the end of

1999 his brother sought payment of $60,000 as a consulting fee which

the defendant refused to pay telling his brother he had generated no

contracts. Alex Damra then recounted that he received family pressure

to pay his brother money which, he admitted, his brother had not earned.

The Court heard testimony that despite having received no consulting

services either from his brother or his brother’s wife, Alex Damra

admitted to sending each a $50,000 check, an amount which he then

deducted from AIM’s corporate tax return as a consulting fee.

The jury heard further testimony from Agent Rasoletti of admissions

made by Alex Damra during his 21 April 2005 interview with the

defendant in Las Vegas. . . . Rasoletti recounted that Alex Damra
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 26

admitted to sending money to his brother Nader Damra and labeling the

payments as consulting work. Alex Damra admitted to Agent Rasoletti

that he had “mishandled the money,” and that there was “abuse” in

classifying the payments made for consulting work performed. The jury

further heard the following colloquy from Agent Rasoletti on direct

examination from the government:

Q. At that point in the interview did you tell Alex Damra

your investigative conclusions?

A. Yes.

Q. What did you tell him?

A. I told him that according to his ‘98 [sic]-‘97 and ‘98

tax return, he had only made $20,000 as taxable income,

and that the only way he could afford to send money

overseas to his brother was, in fact to get it out of the

company and to use the company in this fashion, because

he did not have the funds available; otherwise, he

couldn’t have sent this money overseas.

Q. He agreed with you?

A. Yes.

Q. Did you ask him again at that point about the two

$50,000 checks to Fawaz and Nesreen?

A. Yes.

Q. Did you ask him if Fawaz had dome any work for

AIM?

A. He – yes, and he responded that Fawaz had not done

$5 worth of work for AIM.

Q. Had not done $5 worth of work?

A. For AIM, that’s correct. 

Q. Did you ask if Fawaz, Nesreen, and/or Nader were

employees of AIM?

A. I did, and he said they were not employees of AIM.

Q. Did you make the statement as to using AIM as a

vehicle?

A. Yes. He said, “I will accept responsibility.”
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 27

* * *

With regard to the credibility of Mr. Ali’s testimony . . . A review of the

transcript also reveals that . . . Ali credibly maintained the central thread

of his testimony, that Fawaz Damra told him that he wanted to report the

receipt of $100,000 from Alex Damra, not for work performed, but

instead, to allay Alex Damra’s tax burden as he was in a higher tax

bracket. . . . [T]he witness testified clearly that Mr. Damra’s brother told

the witness that Alex Damra had given him the money, that it would help

reduce Alex Damra’s taxes, and that Fawaz Damra provided no proof

that the money was earned. Mr. Ali further testified that as a result of

Fawaz Damra’s admissions he refused to complete the 1999 tax return.

(R. 103 at 6-10 (citations omitted).)

In his appeal, Damra entirely ignores the district court’s conclusion that – even

without Ali’s testimony – Damra’s admissions to Rasoletti alone were sufficient to

support the conviction. As the district court concluded, moreover, there is no reason to

ignore Ali’s testimony, despite the difficulties that arose during Ali’s direct and crossexaminations. Regardless, Damra’s focus on whether there was evidence of an explicit

agreement between him and Fawaz, or whether there was evidence that Damra told

Fawaz how to file Fawaz’s tax return, is misplaced, as a defendant’s agreement to

participate in a conspiracy can be inferred from his actions. See United States v.

Warman, 578 F.3d 320, 332 (6th Cir. 2009) (“The existence of a conspiracy ‘may be

inferred from circumstantial evidence that can reasonably be interpreted as participation

in the common plan.’”) (quoting U.S. v. Martinez, 430 F.3d 317, 330 (6th Cir. 2005)).

Because, any rational trier of fact, viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the prosecution could have found the essential elements of both Counts (and

thus, necessarily, that the record was not devoid of evidence of guilt), we find that the

district court did not err in denying Damra’s motions for a judgment of acquittal and a

new trial.
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 28

V.

Damra’s fourth argument is that the district court erred by assigning Agent

Rasoletti, the lead criminal investigator and a key prosecution witness, to “interpret” for

Mir Ali, another critical prosecution witness. A court’s decision regarding whether to

appoint an interpreter or facilitator in part falls under FED.R.EVID. 611(a), which states

that “[t]he court shall exercise reasonable control over the mode and order of

interrogating witnesses and presenting evidence so as to (1) make the interrogation and

presentation effective for the ascertainment of the truth, (2) avoid needless consumption

of time, and (3) protect witnesses from harassment or undue embarrassment.”

Ordinarily, “[u]nder Rule 611 . . . a judge’s rulings will not be the basis for reversal of

a criminal conviction unless a defendant’s substantial rights are affected.” United States

v. Terry, 729 F.2d 1063, 1067 (6th Cir. 1984). As Damra never objected to the court’s

appointment of Rasoletti to facilitate Mir Ali’s testimony, we review for plain error.

Plain error review involves four prongs:

First, there must be an error or defect – some sort of “[d]eviation from a

legal rule” – that has not been intentionally relinquished or abandoned

. . . . Second, the legal error must be clear or obvious, rather than subject

to reasonable dispute. Third, the error must have affected the appellant’s

substantial rights, which in the ordinary case means he must demonstrate

that it “affected the outcome of the district court proceedings.”

Puckett v. United States, --- U.S. ----, 129 S. Ct. 1423, 1429 (2009). Fourth, if these

three prongs are satisfied, then the court “has the discretion to remedy the error –

discretion which ought to be exercised only if the error ‘seriously affect[s] the fairness,

integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.’” Id. (emphasis in original).

As the district court later noted, there were some difficulties with Mir Ali’s

testimony:

[T]he transcript bears witness to some difficulty predicated on hearing

loss and language differences. The Court made some changes the second

day of testimony to accommodate these difficulties, including situating

Mr. Ali so that he might hear better and placing Special Agent Rasoletti

nearby to, when necessary, repeat Alex Damra’s questions during the

defendant’s cross examination. . . . [A] review of the transcript indicates
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 29

6

The government argues that Rasoletti was not an interpreter within the meaning of Rule 604

because Ali was testifying in English and so Rasoletti did not need to translate from (or qualify to translate

from) another language. Rule 604, however, does not apply only to those who interpret from other

languages into English. The notes to Rule 604 indicate that the Rule implements FED. R. CRIM. P. 28.

According to an Advisory Committee Note for FED. R. CRIM. P. 28, “Interpreters may also be needed

where a witness or a defendant is deaf.” The Court Interpreters Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1827 (emphasis added),

moreover, makes provision for interpreters “for the hearing impaired (whether or not also speech impaired)

. . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 1827(b)(1). Here, the district court intended Rasoletti to help communicate questions

to Ali, who was hard of hearing, and communicate Ali’s sometimes indecipherable responses to the parties,

the court reporter, and the jury.

Agent Rasoletti’s high degree of fidelity in accurately reproducing the

defendant’s questions to Mr. Ali.

(R. 103 at 9-10.) There is no indication that Damra objected to Rasoletti’s role (as

opposed to Mir Ali’s testimony). The record does, however, indicate that Ali often

could not be heard or understood, and the court reporter in those instances instead relied

upon Rasoletti’s echoing of Ali’s words.

As an initial matter, we conclude that Rasoletti’s appointment falls under FED.

R. EVID. 604, which broadly governs interpreters. Not only did the district court twice

refer to Rasoletti as “the interpreter,” but the court and the court reporter both depended

upon Rasoletti to transmit accurately answers that they otherwise could not hear or

understand.6

Given that Rasoletti’s appointment falls under Rule 604, and thus implicates the

case law addressing that Rule, it seems equally clear that the district court erred in

appointing Rasoletti. “[T]he law contemplates that a fair, impartial, and correct

interpretation shall be had, and to this end, a disinterested interpreter should be provided

if possible . . . .” Prince v. Beto, 426 F.2d 875, 877 (5th Cir. 1970) (quoting Almon v.

State, 109 So. 371, 372 (Ala. Ct. App. 1926)). Rasoletti, the lead criminal investigator,

actually sat at the prosecution table and was introduced to the jury as the man whose

investigation “brought us here today.” In Prince, where the district court appointed a

husband to interpret for his wife in the criminal trial of her alleged attempted rapist, the

Fifth Circuit condemned the court’s actions. “[W]e cannot approve the action of the

state trial court,” the Prince court wrote. “One can imagine few situations in which there

would be a greater potential for bias by an interpreter.” Prince, 426 F.2d at 877. Surely,
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 30

one such situation is where the lead criminal investigator in a case is assigned to

interpret for an important prosecution witness.

While the court erred, however, Damra has not alleged, and cannot demonstrate,

that the error “affected the outcome of the district court proceedings.” Puckett, 129 S.

Ct. at 1429. Put another way, the error did not affect Damra’s substantial rights – and

so would not even rise to abuse of discretion in the Rule 611 context, had Damra

objected at trial to Rasoletti’s appointment and thus avoided plain-error review. See

Terry, 729 F.2d at 1067. The transcript clearly demonstrates that (as the district court

observed) Ali “credibly maintained the central thread of his testimony,” (R. 103 at 9-10)

– both while being cross-examined by Damra (and aided by Rasoletti) and while being

asked questions on direct examination the previous day, before Rasoletti was appointed.

Accordingly, while the district court erred in appointing Rasoletti to interpret for Ali, we

hold that the district court in this case did not commit plain error in doing so.

VI.

In a fifth argument, Damra alleges that the district court erred in issuing jury

instructions as to Count 1, the charge of conspiring to defraud the United States in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. While the prosecution must prove that a defendant acted

“willfully” in order to convict that defendant under this statute, Damra argues, the

district court here instead instructed the jury that the prosecution needed to prove that

Damra had “knowingly and voluntarily” joined the conspiracy. In other words, Damra

is arguing that there is a such a great distinction between “willfully” on the one hand and

“knowingly and voluntarily” on the other as to render his conviction on Count 1

improper. As Damra concedes that he failed to object to the instructions at trial, we

review for plain error.

“When jury instructions are claimed to be erroneous, we review the instructions

as a whole, in order to determine whether they adequately informed the jury of the

relevant considerations and provided a basis in law for aiding the jury in reaching its

decision.” United States v. Russell, 595 F.3d 633, 642 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting United

States v. Frederick, 406 F.3d 754, 761 (6th Cir. 2005)). “A judgment may be reversed
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 31

based upon an improper jury instruction ‘only if the instructions, viewed as a whole,

were confusing, misleading, or prejudicial.’” Id. (quoting Kuehne, 547 F.3d at 669). “It

is clear that omitting instructions that are . . . [related] to elements that go to the question

of guilt or innocence is plain error.” Glenn v. Dallman, 686 F.2d 418, 421 n.2 (6th Cir.

1982). We have previously found willfulness to be a required element of § 371

conspiracy:

To establish a conspiracy, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371, the

government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that there was “an

agreement between two or more persons to act together in committing an

offense, and an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy.” This

requirement has been broken down into a four-part test, which requires

the government to prove that: “1) the conspiracy described in the

indictment was wilfully [sic] formed, and was existing at or about the

time alleged; 2) the accused willfully [sic] became a member of the

conspiracy; 3) one of the conspirators thereafter knowingly committed

at least one overt act charged in the indictment at or about the time and

place alleged; and 4) that overt act was knowingly done in furtherance of

some object or purpose of the conspiracy as charged.”

United States v. Beverly, 369 F.3d 516, 532 (6th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted). The

question, then, is whether by instructing the jury that Damra had “knowingly and

voluntarily” participated in the conspiracy the district court was in effect omitting the

required willfulness element of the crime.

In arguing that the district court omitted a required instruction, Damra insists that

the Supreme Court “has explicitly held that mere knowing and intentional conduct is

insufficient to satisfy the ‘willfulness’ standard.” (Damra Br. at 37.) In support, Damra

cites United States v. Bishop, 412 U.S. 346, 352 (1973), in which the Court, quoting an

earlier case, observed:

The difference between willful failure to pay a tax when due, which is

made a misdemeanor, and willful attempt to defeat and evade one, which

is made a felony, is not easy to detect or define. Both must be willful,

and willful, as we have said, is a word of many meanings, its

construction often being influenced by its context. . . . Mere voluntary

and purposeful, as distinguished from accidental, omission to make a

timely return might meet the test of willfulness. But in view of our

traditional aversion to imprisonment for debt, we would not without the
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 32

clearest manifestation of Congressional intent assume that mere knowing

and intentional default in payment of a tax, where there had been no

willful failure to disclose the liability, is intended to constitute a criminal

offense of any degree.

Bishop, 412 U.S. at 352 (quoting Spies v. United States, 317 U.S. 492, 497-98 (1943)).

In instructing the jury, the district court had this to say regarding the conspiracy

charge:

A conspiracy is a kind of criminal partnership. For you to find the

defendant guilty of the conspiracy charge in Count 1, the government

must prove each and every one of the following elements beyond a

reasonable doubt: First, that two or more persons conspired or agreed to

commit the crime of tax fraud. Second, that the defendant knowingly

and voluntarily joined the conspiracy. And third, that a member of the

conspiracy did one of the overt acts described in the indictment for the

purpose of advancing or helping the conspiracy.

* * *

If you’re convinced that there was a criminal agreement, then you must

decide whether the government has proved that the defendant knowingly

and voluntarily joined that agreement.

To convict the defendant, the government must prove that he knew the

conspiracy’s main purpose, and that he voluntarily joined it, intending to

help advance or achieve its goals.

* * *

What the government must prove is that the defendant knew the

conspiracy’s main purpose and that he voluntarily joined it intending to

help it advance or achieve its goals.

(Trial Tr. at 810-813.)

While Damra is correct that the district court did not explicitly mention

“willfulness,” but instead discussed whether Damra had participated “knowingly and

voluntarily,” in fact the district court’s instruction here mirrors our circuit pattern jury

instructions. Sixth Circuit Pattern Jury Instructions, § 3.01B Conspiracy to Defraud the

United States – Basic Elements (“[T]he government must prove that the defendant

knowingly and voluntarily joined the conspiracy.”). We regularly look to whether jury
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 33

instructions mirror or track the pattern instructions as one factor in determining whether

any particular instruction is misleading or erroneous. See, e.g., United States v.

Blackwell, 459 F.3d 739, 765 (6th Cir. 2006) (“As a comparison of the two instructions

evidences, only one sentence of the second portion of the trial court’s instruction differs

from the pattern jury instructions. Thus, without more, we cannot say that the trial

court’s instruction was either misleading or erroneous.”); United States v. Hines, 398

F.3d 713, 718 (6th Cir. 2005) (“Here, the instructions on conspiracy were not plainly

erroneous. The district court’s instructions essentially tracked the language and

organization of the Sixth Circuit Pattern Jury Instruction regarding conspiracy.”); see

also United States v. Katuramu, 174 F. App’x 272, 279 (6th Cir. Mar. 28, 2006) (“[T]his

court has routinely found that instructions are not plainly erroneous where they track the

circuit’s pattern jury instructions.”).

In our case law, moreover, we have repeatedly approved this exact “knowingly

and voluntarily” formulation of describing conspiracy. See, e.g., United States v.

Crossley, 224 F.3d 847, 856 (6th Cir. 2000) (“The government, however, must show that

a particular defendant knew the object of the conspiracy and ‘voluntarily associated

himself with it to further its objectives.’” (quoting United States v. Gibbs, 182 F.3d 408,

421 (6th Cir. 1999))); Gibbs, 182 F.3d at 421 (“To be found guilty of conspiracy, the

government must prove that [the defendant] was aware of the object of the conspiracy

and that he voluntarily associated himself with it to further its objectives.” (quoting

United States v. Hodges, 935 F.2d 766, 772 (6th Cir. 1991))).

The Supreme Court in Bishop admittedly distinguished – at least in the context

of tax default by confused taxpayers –“willful” behavior on the one hand from “knowing

and intentional” default on the other. 412 U.S. at 352. In instructing the jury in this

case, however, the district court stated that the government needed to prove that Damra

had joined the conspiracy “knowingly and voluntarily” – not, as discussed in Bishop,

“knowing[ly] and intentional[ly].” Damra’s argument thus rests on the assumption that

“voluntary” action is the same thing as “intentional” action, and that knowledge and

voluntariness are not the same thing as “willfulness.” “Willful,” however, is defined by

at least one dictionary as “voluntary and intentional, but not necessarily malicious.”
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 34

7

Damra also suggests that a good faith instruction was required in the instructions as to Count

1. The case on which Damra is relying, however, addresses only tax evasion, and not conspiracy to

defraud the government. See Cheek v. United States, 498 U.S. 192 (1991). As we have held, moreover,

“The intent element of § 371 does not require the government to prove that the conspirators were aware

of the criminality of their objective . . . .” United States v. Khalife, 106 F.3d 1300, 1303 (6th Cir. 1997)

(quoting United States v. Collins, 78 F.3d 1021, 1038 (6th Cir. 1996)). 

BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (8th ed. 2004). More importantly, the Bishop Court itself

observed that “[t]he Court, in fact, has recognized that the word ‘willfully’ . . . generally

connotes a voluntary, intentional violation of a known legal duty. It has formulated the

requirement of willfulness as ‘bad faith or evil intent’ . . . .” 412 U.S. at 360 (emphasis

added) (quoting United States v. Murdock, 290 U.S. 389, 398 (1933)); see also Cheek

v. United States, 498 U.S. 192 (1991) (“[W]e described the term ‘willfully’ as connoting

‘a voluntary, intentional violation of a known legal duty . . . .’”) (citation omitted).

As the district court’s instructions tracked our pattern instructions, as we have

repeatedly approved of the “knowingly and voluntarily” formulation of the second

element of conspiracy to defraud the government under 18 U.S.C. § 371, and as “willful”

is in fact defined in part as “voluntary,” we find that the district court did not omit the

willfulness element of § 371 conspiracy when it instructed the jury, and so did not

commit plain error in issuing its instructions as to Count 1.

VII.

Damra next argues that in issuing jury instructions as to Count 2, the charge of

corporate tax evasion in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7201, the district court erred by not

issuing three types of instructions: first, an instruction stating that the government bears

the burden of negating Damra’s good faith (a “good faith” instruction)7

; second, an

instruction stating that the jury must unanimously find that both of the affirmative acts

alleged in the indictment in fact occurred (a “unanimity” instruction); and third, an

instruction informing the jury that it needed to find that Damra had committed some

affirmative act after July 25, 2000 (a “statute of limitations” instruction). As Damra
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 35

8

While Damra maintains that he preserved his argument relating to the statute of limitations issue

by repeatedly attempting to argue it before the jury and the district court, and that accordingly we should

review for abuse of discretion rather than plain error, Damra clearly did not preserve any statute of

limitations objection as to the jury instructions. In disagreeing over whether Damra waived the statute-oflimitations argument, both parties here are conflating two issues: the question of whether Damra objected

to the district court’s legal conclusion that the statute of limitations did not bar the prosecution (which he

did) and the more important (for this purpose) question of whether Damra objected to the district court’s

failure to issue a statute-of-limitations instruction (which he did not). Damra never attempted to argue that

the court should include a statute-of-limitations instruction, and also twice – once explicitly – declined to

object to the jury instructions.

failed to make these three arguments before the district court, we again review for plain

error.

8

A. Good-Faith Instruction

Damra argues that the court needed to instruct the jury that the government bears

the burden of negating Damra’s good faith, because, in considering whether a

defendant’s actions in evading taxes were “willful,” a jury must consider (and the court

must instruct the jury to consider) the defendant’s good faith belief that he is not

violating the tax laws as part of that inquiry. For this principle, Damra cites Cheek. In

Cheek, the defendant, who was on trial for tax evasion, argued that while he had not filed

tax returns, he had not acted willfully because he sincerely believed that his actions were

lawful. 498 U.S. at 195-97. The district court instructed the jury that an honest but

unreasonable belief does not negate willfulness. Id. at 196-97. The Supreme Court

reversed, stating:

Willfulness, as construed by our prior decisions in criminal tax cases,

requires the Government to prove that the law imposed a duty on the

defendant, that the defendant knew of this duty, and that he voluntarily

and intentionally violated that duty. We deal first with the case where

the issue is whether the defendant knew of the duty purportedly imposed

by the provision of the statute or regulation he is accused of violating, a

case in which there is no claim that the provision at issue is invalid. In

such a case, if the Government proves actual knowledge of the pertinent

legal duty, the prosecution, without more, has satisfied the knowledge

component of the willfulness requirement. But carrying this burden

requires negating a defendant’s claim of ignorance of the law or a claim

that because of a misunderstanding of the law, he had a good-faith belief

that he was not violating any of the provisions of the tax laws.

Id. at 201-02.
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 36

Responding to Damra’s argument regarding the good-faith instruction, the

district court stated:

Alex Damra did not merely fail to request a good faith defense jury

instruction, he failed, in the presentation of his defense as well as in the

tenor of his cross-examinations to assert a misunderstanding of the law

as a good faith defense. . . . Of Alex Damra’s several assertions in

defense, none of them could be characterized as “good faith

misunderstanding of the law.” Instead, the defendant asserted variously

that his brother was a consultant, that his brother’s wife was a consultant,

that the $100,000 payment was a return on his brother’s alleged 1993

investment in AIM, that the money was for his family in the Middle East,

that the government’s prosecution of him was motivated by their effort

to convict his brother, and that he had actually overpaid his taxes.

Nothing in the defendant’s claim sought to negate the “known legal

duty” to properly declare the monies provided his brother, his brother’s

wife, and family members.

(R. 103 at 15-16.)

Damra disputes the district court’s finding that he failed to argue at trial that he

acted in good faith, and so asserts that the district court left the jury “with no road map

regarding how” good faith evidence should be considered. Even assuming that Damra

did indeed argue that he acted in good faith, however – an assumption that may not be

warranted, given Damra’s several and shifting explanations for why he gave Fawaz the

money – the district court was in any event not required to give a good-faith instruction.

As the Supreme Court has held, where a trial judge “adequately instructed the jury on

willfulness” in a case concerning whether the defendants had filed fraudulent tax returns,

“[a]n additional instruction on good faith was unnecessary.” United States v. Pomponio,

429 U.S. 10, 13 (1976). Willfulness, the Court explained, “in this context simply means

a voluntary, intentional violation of a known legal duty.” Id. The clear implication of

Pomponio is that where a district court presiding over a criminal tax-evasion case issues

an instruction defining willfulness in this fashion, the good-faith requirement is

effectively bundled into the willfulness instruction. Here, the district court instructed

the jury that in order to sustain its burden of proof as to Count 2, “the government must

prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant acted willfully. To act willfully means
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 37

9

Damra argues that Pomponio is distinguishable, because – as the jury in that case was instructed

to determine whether certain transactions were “bona fide loans” – the issue of the Pomponio defendant’s

good faith “was already embodied in the trial court’s instruction regarding the specifics of the transaction.”

The Court in Pomponio, however, in no way indicated that the question of whether transactions were “bona

fide loans” had anything to do with its judgment that the good faith instruction was not necessary where

the district court appropriately and adequately instructed the jury as to willfulness.

to act voluntarily and deliberately, and intending to violate a known legal duty.” (Trial

Tr. at 816-17.) By matching the language approved of in Pomponio, the district court

effectively and correctly instructed the jury as to this element.9 As we have explicitly

held, moreover, a jury’s conclusion that a defendant acted “willfully” in this manner

“would necessarily negate any possibility” that the defendant acted in good faith. United

States v. Tarwater, 308 F.3d 494, 510 (6th Cir. 2002); see also United States v. Ervasti,

201 F.3d 1029, 1041 (8th Cir. 2000) (holding that the district court did not abuse its

discretion in refusing the defendant’s request for a good-faith instruction where the court

instructed the jury that “[a]n act is done willfully if it is done voluntarily and

intentionally with the purpose of violating a known legal duty.”).

As the district court issued a fully sufficient Pomponio instruction, we find that

the district court did not err by not issuing a good-faith instruction as to Count 2.

B. Augmented Unanimity Instruction

Damra argues that, as one of the two affirmative acts alleged in Count 2 of the

indictment occurred more than six years before the filing of the indictment (and so

arguably outside the statute of limitations period), the district court erred by failing to

instruct the jury that it must unanimously find that both affirmative acts in fact occurred.

According to the indictment as to Count 2:

From on or about April 20, 2000, and continuing through at least

August 7, 2000 . . . [Damra] did willfully attempt to evade and defeat a

large part of the income tax due and owing by [AIM] to the United States

of America for the calendar year 1999, in the approximate amount of

$184,788, (a) by filing and causing to be filed a false and fraudulent

Form 1120 for AIM for 1999 which falsely deducted as business expense

funds paid to himself and family members, and (b) by causing a portion

of those funds paid to his brother, Fawaz Damra (not a defendant in this
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 38

10The district court issued a statute-of-limitations instruction as to Count 1, but did not issue a

statute of limitations instruction or a unanimity instruction specifically as to Count 2. As to Count 1, the

court said: “For you to return a guilty verdict on the conspiracy charge, the government must convince you

beyond a reasonable doubt that at least one overt act was committed for the purpose of advancing or

helping the conspiracy after 25 July 2000.” (Trial Tr. at 814.)

Count) to be falsely reported as Schedule C gross receipts on the Form

1040 filed jointly by Fawaz Damra and his wife for the year 1999.

(R. 1 at 8 (emphasis added).) In instructing the jury, the district court stated: “This is a

criminal case, which requires a unanimous verdict. . . . To find Fayez Alex Damra

guilty, every one of you must agree . . . . Either way, guilty or not guilty, your verdict

must be unanimous.” (Trial Tr. at 880-81.)10

Damra argues that by failing to issue a unanimity instruction as to Count 2, the

district court created the possibility that the jury might have rendered a “patchwork”

verdict – in other words, that the jury might have convicted Damra with half of the jurors

concluding that only the first affirmative act happened and the other half concluding that

only the second affirmative act occurred. In support, Damra points to our decision in

United States v. Duncan, 850 F.2d 1104, 1105 (6th Cir. 1988), overruled on other

grounds by Schad v. Arizona, 501 U.S. 624 (1991), in which we vacated a defendant’s

conviction because, where a jury was presented with arguments that two separate and

distinct statements in a tax return were false, “[t]he structure of the indictment and

ambiguous instructions given by the judge . . . combined to create a substantial

likelihood of jury confusion, with the result that it is unclear which of the statements the

jurors found to be false and whether their verdict on either was unanimous.” In

summing up its general holding, the Duncan court stated that “[w]hen distinct proof is

required to establish distinct affirmative acts as elements of an offense, specific

unanimity is necessary.” Id. at 1113. Seizing upon this language, Damra argues that the

indictment in his case was analogous to the conjunctive indictment in Duncan, and that

here, as there, the jury could have rendered a guilty verdict without unanimity as to a

single affirmative act.

In relying on Duncan, however, Damra ignores at least two critical differences

between that case and this one. The first is that in Duncan the defendants had been
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 39

convicted of violating 26 U.S.C. § 7206(1) and 7206(2), which prohibit the making and

preparation of a tax return containing a false statement as to a material matter. Id. at

1105. In this case, in contrast, Damra was convicted of tax evasion under 26 U.S.C.

§ 7201. In Duncan, the indictment – though stated in the conjunctive – alleged that the

defendant had made two separate and distinct false statements, either one of which

would have been sufficient to justify conviction under § 7206. In contrast, § 7201 is

written more broadly – as the Duncan court itself explicitly recognized. See id. at 1112

n.8 (“If this were a prosecution for tax evasion under 26 U.S.C. § 7201, the reasoning

would be different. The gist of a tax evasion charge is willful evasion of tax by filing

a return that may involve multiple complex understatements or omissions made in the

course of continuing conduct.”) (emphasis in original). As the district court stated,

“[t]he two affirmative acts enunciated in Count 2 were properly presented to the jury as

collectively essential in the Indictment itself, in the arguments and evidence presented

to the jury, and in the jury instructions.” (R. 114 at 18.) In other words, the affirmative

acts alleged in Count 2 of Damra’s indictment were not separable; the charge was that

Damra, by doing both of them, had willfully evaded paying required tax. Given that the

indictment was stated in the conjunctive, the district court did not err by not giving an

augmented unanimity instruction.

The second critical difference between Duncan and this case goes to the question

of whether, even if the district court erred by failing to give an augmented unanimity

instruction, the court committed plain error. In Duncan, we explicitly held that the

defendant’s sentence should be vacated because the district court had ignored prompts

from both the defendants and the jury suggesting that the jury would be or was confused

on this point: 

We hold that due to a number of factors – including pretrial motions

specifically pointing out the problem and a mid-deliberation question

from the jury raising a genuine possibility that conviction could occur as

the result of different jurors using a different false statement as the

underlying factual predicate for guilt – the District Court was sufficiently

apprised of the specific unanimity problem that it should have given an

augmented instruction that the jurors must all agree on the willful falsity

of at least one, and the same one, false statement.
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 40

Duncan, 850 F.2d at 1105. As we explained, our conclusion that the defendant’s

sentence needed to be vacated was due to special circumstances. The general rule, we

observed, is that only a general unanimity instruction is required even where an

indictment count provides multiple factual bases under which a conviction could rest,

unless: “(1) the nature of the evidence is exceptionally complex or the alternative

specifications are contradictory or only marginally related to each other; or (2) there is

a variance between indictment and proof at trial; or (3) there is tangible indication of

jury confusion, as when the jury has asked questions or the court has given regular or

supplementary instructions that create a significant risk of nonunanimity.” Id. at 1113-

14. The “touchstone has been the presence of a genuine risk that the jury is confused or

that a conviction may occur as the result of different jurors concluding that a defendant

committed different acts.” Id. at 1114. In this case, in contrast to Duncan, there was no

reason to suspect that the jury was in any way confused, or that there could have been

a patchwork verdict. Accordingly, even if the district court’s failure to give an

augmented unanimity instruction constituted error, it surely did not constitute plain error,

as it did not affect Damra’s substantial rights. See Puckett, 129 S. Ct. at 1429.

As the indictment was stated in the conjunctive, and the affirmative acts alleged

in Count 2 wee presented to the jury as collectively essential, we hold that an augmented

unanimity instruction was not required, and therefore the court did not commit plain

error in failing to provide one.

C. Statute of Limitations Instruction

Damra argues that the district court erred by not informing the jury that it needed

to find that Damra had committed some affirmative act after July 25, 2000. The statute

of limitations for tax offenses is six years, 26 U.S.C. § 6531, and is triggered by the last

affirmative act of evasion in furtherance of the crime. United States v. Dandy, 998 F.2d

1344, 1355 (6th Cir. 1993). The indictment was returned on July 25, 2006. There is no

question here but that the second affirmative act alleged in the indictment – the false

reporting of income in Fawaz’s tax return, which was mailed on August 3, 2000 and

which was received by the IRS on August 7, 2000 – fell within the statute-of-limitations
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 41

period. Damra’s argument is that, in the absence of a statute-of-limitations instruction

as to Count 2, it is impossible to know whether the jury convicted Damra of tax evasion

without unanimously agreeing that, within the statute-of-limitations period, he in fact

“caus[ed] a portion of those funds paid to [Fawaz] . . . to be falsely reported . . . .” (R.

1 at 8.) 

Damra’s argument here rests on the same basis as does his argument that the jury

might have rendered a “patchwork” verdict in the absence of an augmented Count 2

unanimity instruction. It fails for the same reason: in order to convict Damra on Count

2, the jury had to find that both of the affirmative acts alleged in the indictment occurred,

and thus had to find that Damra caused the funds to be falsely reported within the statute

of limitations period. As the district court explained:

The two affirmative acts enunciated in Count 2 were properly presented

to the jury as collectively essential in the Indictment itself, in the

arguments and evidence presented to the jury, and in the jury

instructions. The earliest possible culmination of this section 7201

evasion was Alex Damra’s brother’s posting to the IRS of his, agreed to,

false Schedule C filing on 3 August 2000. The jury, understandably, did

not require an instruction on the statute of limitations. If the jury was

convinced by the evidence of the affirmative acts of Count 2 then the

Indictment was within the necessary six-year time frame. If the jury was

not convinced by the evidence, the issue of the statute of limitations

would have been rendered moot.

(R. 114 at 18.)

Accordingly, as in finding Damra guilty of tax evasion, the jury must have

concluded that both affirmative acts alleged in the Count 2 indictment occurred, we hold

that the district court did not err in not issuing a statute of limitations instruction as to

Count 2.

VIII.

Damra’s next argument is that his conviction for conspiracy to defraud the

United States must be vacated because Count 1 of the indictment, alleging that Damra

conspired to defraud the United States, fails to allege an offense pursuant to 18 U.S.C.
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 42

§ 371, as Damra could in fact only be charged under § 371 with conspiring to commit

any offense against (rather than to defraud) the United States. We review the sufficiency

of an indictment de novo. Kuehne, 547 F.3d at 695. 

18 U.S.C. § 371 contains both a “conspiracy to commit an offense” clause and

a “conspiracy to defraud” clause. See Khalife, 106 F.3d at 1302. 

If two or more persons conspire either to commit any offense against the

United States [“offense” clause], or to defraud the United States, or any

agency thereof in any manner or for any purpose [“defraud” clause], and

one or more of such persons do any act to effect the object of the

conspiracy, each shall be fined under this title or imprisoned . . . .

18 U.S.C. § 371. Damra cites United States v. Minarik, 875 F.2d 1186 (6th Cir. 1989),

in which we held that “an individual whose alleged wrongful agreement is covered by

the offense clause (because covered by a specific offense defined by Congress), as well

as arguably by the broad defraud clause, cannot be convicted or punished for both. Only

by treating conspiracies to commit specific offenses (which are also arguably general

frauds) exclusively under the offense clause of § 371 can multiple convictions and

unnecessary confusion be avoided.” Id. at 1193-94. Damra, relying on this holding,

argues that Count 1 was not a proper charge pursuant to § 371 because Count 1 involves

only his evasion of taxes and no other crime, and so he could be charged only under the

“offense” clause, and not the “defraud” clause, and Count 1 alleged a conspiracy to

defraud, rather than commit an offense. 

The district court identified both the dispositive issue and applicable law on this

question:

In Minarik, the Court determined that “the ‘offense’ and ‘defraud’

clauses as applied to the facts” are to be considered “mutually exclusive.”

Minarik, 875 F.2d 1187. The legal significance of this distinction was

pointed out in United States v. Khalife, 106 F.3d 1300, 1303 (6th Cir.

1997) . . . However, even after acknowledging the distinctions between

the ‘offense’ and ‘defraud’ clauses, the Court in Khalife recognized that

“the Minarik requirement of mutual exclusivity is dicta” as “the law in

this circuit does not require . . . that the conspiracy be charged under only

the ‘offense’ clause of § 371.” Id. at 306.
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 43

* * *

In the wake of Minarik, the Sixth Circuit, while never overruling the

holding, has nevertheless, confined the decision to its facts. See United

States v. Sturman, 951 F.2d 1466, 1473-74 (6th Cir. 1991); United States

v. Mohney, 949 F.2d 899, 902-905 (6th Cir. 1991); United States v.

Kraig, 99 F.3d 1361, 1367-68 (6th Cir. 1996); United States v. Khalife,

106 F.3d at 1305-06. In Minarik, the defendants allegedly conspired to

conceal assets upon which the IRS may have been entitled to levy.

Minarik focused on the narrow purpose of the conspiracy – preventing

the IRS from levying on funds earned from the sale of a house – as

arising from a single event and prohibited by a single statute. Further,

the bill of particulars contained two separate theories of criminal liability,

while the second theory, of tax evasion, could not have been predicted

from the indictment.

Whether Minarik is controlling in the instant matter, then, turns on the

degree to which the facts of this case mimic the circumstances found in

Minarik. The Khalife Court recognized the following:

First, there was a great deal of confusion resulting from

the government’s shifting theories of prosecution and

failure to clearly define the intent element in the

indictment. The one-count indictment in Minarik vaguely

charged the defendants with conspiring “to defraud the

United States by impeding, impairing, obstructing and

defeating the lawful functions of the Department of the

Treasury.”

Second, the Minarik defendants’ conduct consisted of one

limited act of concealing the proceeds of a real estate

transaction to prevent a levy upon the proceeds by the

IRS. The breadth of the activity was not commensurate

with the Minarik court’s conception of a general

conspiracy to defraud.

Third, the Minarik defendants’ duties were sufficiently

technical to warrant more specific notice . . . .

Khalife, 106 F.3d at 1304. In short, Minarik applies only when the

defendant receives no specific notice of the crimes charged, the violation

was too isolated to comprise a conspiracy to defraud, and the taxpayer’s

duties are technical. . . .

The factual circumstances of this case do not fit within the ambit of

Minarik. First, unlike the circumstances in Minarik, Mr. Damra received

specific notice of the crimes charged as the government delineated the

manner and means of the conspiracy and the overt acts comprising the
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 44

alleged conspiracy in Count 1 of the Indictment. Unlike the

circumstances in Minarik, in which the government shifted its theory of

the case several times, in this instance the government maintained a

consistent theory predicated on Count 1 of the Indictment and argued at

trial, of a conspiracy involving Alex Damra of failing to properly

disclose or account for monies provided to Damra family members. . . .

Second, unlike the factual circumstances in Minarik, Mr. Damra’s

alleged conspiratorial conduct extended beyond filing a false tax return,

to encompassing a broader conspiracy to improperly account for monies

sent to family members here in the United States and abroad. Because

the conspiracy implicated a variety of statutes, the instant case is

distinguishable from Minarik. Third, distinct from the technical, pre- and

post-levy disclosure requirements in Minarik, Mr. Damra’s duties were

neither difficult nor technical.

(R. 114 at 3-8).

As we have concluded in other cases in which defendants have made this

argument, “[b]ecause the unique circumstances found in Minarik do not apply here, we

decline to depart from the general rule that the defraud and offense clauses are not

mutually exclusive.” See United States v. Tipton, 269 F. App’x 551, 556 (6th Cir. 2008).

Accordingly, we find that Damra could appropriately be charged under § 371’s

“defraud” clause, and that therefore Count 1 does not fail to allege an offense pursuant

to 18 U.S.C. § 317.

IX.

Damra next argues that the district court miscalculated his offense level, and so

improperly sentenced him at level 16 instead of level 15. In reviewing a sentence, the

appeals court “must first ensure that the district court committed no significant

procedural error, such as failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines

range . . . or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence . . . .” Gall v. United

States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). Where “the district court materially erred by failing to

calculate the appropriate guideline range,” we are required to remand for re-sentencing.

United States v. Novales, 589 F.3d 310, 314 (6th Cir. 2009). Both Damra and the

government appear to agree that in calculating the tax loss, which the district court found
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 45

11The government continues to maintain both that “it was appropriate” for the district court to

take the personal tax loss into account, and that “the trial court should have included” an additional

$500,000 into the computation of tax loss. The government, however, has not appealed the sentencing

decision.

12There was also a $500,000 check discovered after trial that the district court declined to include

in its tax-loss calculation. Accordingly, although only $250,000 is now in question, the parties often focus

on the combined amount of $750,000.

to be $274,389, the court erroneously included $78,680 of Damra’s personal tax loss.11

The appropriate tax loss should therefore have been $195,709. Had the district court

correctly subtracted Damra’s personal tax loss, Damra would have been sentenced at

offense level 15, rather than at level 16. Accordingly, we find that the district court

committed procedural error by miscalculating Damra’s sentence, and we therefore vacate

Damra’s sentence and remand for re-sentencing at the appropriate level.

X.

Damra next maintains that the district court committed procedural error by failing

to rule on two objections he made to the district court’s calculation of tax loss for

sentencing: the first to the inclusion of a check for $250,000 from AIM to Eigen

Software12; and the second to the exclusion (as a credit) of the $18,239.15 Fawaz paid

in personal income tax on the $100,000 shifted from AIM to Fawaz. “Procedural error

may also occur if the sentencing judge fails to ‘set forth enough [of a statement of

reasons] to satisfy the appellate court that he has considered the parties’ arguments and

has a reasoned basis for exercising his own legal decision making authority.’” United

States v. Lalonde, 509 F.3d 750, 769-70 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Rita v. United States,

551 U.S. 338, 356 (2007)). “When a defendant raises a particular[, nonfrivolous]

argument in seeking a lower sentence, the record must reflect both that the district judge

considered the defendant’s argument and that the judge explained the basis for rejecting

it.” United States v. Wallace, 597 F.3d 794, 803 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing United States v.

Gapinski, 561 F.3d 467, 474 (6th Cir. 2009)).
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 46

A. As to the $250,000 paid by AIM directly to Eigen Software.

The district court included in its calculation of Damra’s tax-loss deficiency a

$250,000 check from AIM to Eigen, which was written on December 30, 1999 and

which was deposited early in 2000. (On his tax return for 2000, which he filed in April

of 2001, Damra declared and paid tax on $750,000 of capital gains. He maintains,

apparently without any proof other than his own assertion, that this $750,000 was made

up of the “same funds” AIM transferred to Eigen Software at the end of 1999.) Damra

addressed this issue in his Sentencing Memorandum and at the sentencing hearings on

October 29, 2007 and October 21, 2008, where Damra argued that the $250,000, in part,

paid for distribution rights for Damra’s personally-developed software, and so was

appropriately deducted from AIM’s taxes as “a software development expense.” Damra

here maintains that the district court continued to count the $250,000 in calculating his

tax-loss deficiency, but never explained the basis for rejecting his argument. The

government argues that “[t]he court did rule on defendant’s objection, by rejecting any

reduction in tax loss for this item. . . . The court then proceeded to sentence without

making any adjustment, which was the correct determination.” (Gov. Br. at 61.)

On April 9, 2009, six months after Damra filed his notice of appeal, the district

court for the first time responded to this argument in denying Damra’s motion for release

pending appeal:

As he has done in the instant motion, Mr. Damra challenged, both on the

papers and during his sentencing hearing, the inclusion, for tax loss

computation purposes, of check 10528 for $250,000 written on 30

December 1999 and drawing monies from AIM to Eigen Software.

During the hearing, the Court considered the arguments and found the

$250,000 check properly included the tax loss deficiency calculation as

an improperly deducted corporate expense. The Court remains of the

same mind. As the evidence indicated, Mr. Damra had to either report

the $250,000.00 as consulting income on his 1999 Form 1040, reported

as wages or salaries for 1999, or report the check on a Schedule C as

consulting income. Mr. Damra did not pay the corporate income tax on

this improperly deducted expense and it was properly included in the tax

loss deficiency calculation amount of $274,389.00.

(R. 134 at 11.) 
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 47

B. As to the $18,239.15 paid by Fawaz in personal income tax.

In his Sentencing Memorandum, Damra also argued that the court should have

credited him with the $18,239.15 Fawaz paid in personal income tax on the $100,000

shifted from AIM to Fawaz as consulting income. It appears that, once again, the first

time the district court explained its reasoning was in its April 9, 2009 order denying

Damra’s supplemental motion for release pending appeal, six months after Damra filed

notice of appeal. In that document, the district court observed:

Mr. Damra also argues here, as he did in his sentencing memorandum

(Doc. 101), that the amount of tax paid by his brother on the $100,000

that the Defendant sent to Fawaz Damra should be subtracted from Alex

Damra’s tax loss deficiency calculation. Yet, just as the amount of tax

owed by Fawaz Damra is not attributed to Alex Damra, so also the tax

paid by Fawaz Damra is not properly deducted from the tax loss

deficiency calculated against Alex Damra.

(R. 134 at 11.)

C. Explanation Appropriate on Remand.

While the district court clearly intended to reject both of Damra’s arguments, the

court failed to explain its basis for rejecting these arguments until six months after

Damra filed his notice of appeal. Such a delay is not appropriate; a district court must

explain the basis for rejecting a non-frivolous sentencing argument at the latest before

the sentence becomes final and the defendant files notice of appeal. We have already

determined, however, that this case must be remanded for resentencing. At resentencing,

the court will have the opportunity to explain its reasons – including, perhaps, those

already offered in the court’s April 9, 2009 order – for rejecting Damra’s arguments.

XI.

Damra’s final arguments address the substance of the district court’s decisions

in calculating his tax-loss deficiency, rather than the district court’s failure to fully

explain those decisions in a timely manner. Damra maintains that the district court erred

in making this calculation both by including the $250,000 paid from AIM to Eigen
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 48

Software and by excluding the $18,239.15 Fawaz paid in personal income tax on the

$100,000 shifted from AIM. “Tax loss” is defined by the Sentencing Guidelines, which

state that “[i]f the offense involved tax evasion or a fraudulent or false return, statement,

or other document, the tax loss is the total amount of loss that was the object of the

offense (i.e., the loss that would have resulted had the offense been successfully

completed).” U.S.S.G. § 2T1.1(c)(1). As we have already determined that Damra’s

sentence must be vacated, and the case remanded for resentencing, we need not rule on

these two arguments at this time. While we leave it to the district court to make these

determinations, however, we take the opportunity the make some observations to help

guide the district court. 

A. As to the $250,000 paid by AIM directly to Eigen Software.

Damra argues that the $250,000 paid directly from AIM to Eigen Software

should not be factored into his tax loss, as this money was appropriately used to pay for

software development and appropriately deducted from AIM’s books as a softwaredevelopment expense. In support of this proposition, Damra cites the testimony at trial

of Alan David and Barbara Burrer, who successively served as AIM’s accountants.

Damra, however, is quoting trial testimony selectively to try to indicate that AIM’s

accountants approved of the deduction of these funds as a business expense to AIM. In

fact, in David’s words: “I understood that it was a software development expense, and

assumed it would be picked up as income, reported as income to this Eigen. Had I

known that it was – or if it were a distribution of personal money, it would have been

classified as a liquidating distribution.” (Trial Tr. at 251.) Damra cites Burrer as

testifying that Damra “had developed some” software and that the $750,000 was the cost

to AIM of that software. (Damra Reply Br. at 24.) In fact, however, Burrer testified that

“[w]hat he told me is that he had developed some – personally developed software, that

he was selling the rights to the corporation. This 750 was for the ‘99 sale that he was

reporting in the year 2000.” (Trial Tr. at 281 (emphasis added).) Burrer went on to

testify that the money “should have been deducted on the 1999 corporate tax return.”

(Trial Tr. at 281.) To summarize, neither David nor Burrer testified that they advised
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 49

13Damra also argues that the district court should have factored into its calculations of tax loss

the personal income tax he paid in April of 2001 on the $750,000 of capital gains income (including this

$250,000) he declared for 2000. “[T]he IRS seeks to have the best of both worlds,” Damra argues,

“accepting Mr. Damra’s taxes on the $750,000, yet denying the corporation the deduction for the business

expense.” (Damra Reply Br. at 25.) According to the Sentencing Guidelines, however, “[t]he tax loss is

not reduced by any payment of the tax subsequent to the commission of the offense.” U.S.S.G. § 2T1.1(c)

note 5. The government, presumably looking to Count 2 (corporate tax evasion), maintains that the offense

was completed when Fawaz filed the false 1999 tax return in August of 2000. (According to Count 2, the

offense began “on or about April 20, 2000, and continu[ed] through at least August 7, 2000 . . . .” (R. 1

at 8.)) Damra looks instead to Count 1 (conspiracy to defraud the United States), and argues that,

according to the terms of the indictment itself, the conspiracy “continued to at least the end of August

2001.” (Damra Reply Br. at 25.) The question, then, is whether the district court should have looked to

Count 1 or Count 2 of the indictment in order to determine when the “offense” was committed. As the

issue with the $250,000 is whether AIM failed to pay appropriate corporate tax on the money, it seems

appropriate to focus on Count 2. Thus, whether Damra paid any personal income tax on this money in

April of 2001 would not be relevant to determining his tax-loss deficiency.

Damra that this $250,000 represented a legitimate business deduction. Instead, both

testified that they received financial information regarding AIM from Damra. Damra

himself testified that the $250,000 represented “my share of what profit I made out of

the old Applied Innovation Management in California.” (Trial Tr. At 745.) “Profit”

from AIM is, of course, not the same thing as money paid to Damra personally for the

licensing rights to software.13

B. As to the $18,239.15 paid by Fawaz in personal income tax.

Damra also argues that in calculating the tax loss deficiency, the district court

should have credited him with the $18,239.15 Fawaz paid in income tax on the shifted

$100,000. In response, the government cites the district court’s conclusion that “just as

the amount of tax owed by Fawaz Damra is not attributed to Alex Damra, so also the tax

paid by Fawaz Damra is not properly deducted from the tax loss deficiency calculated

against Alex Damra.” (R. 134 at 11.) 

While there is little case law on when and whether a co-defendant’s payment of

personal income tax on shifted funds should be credited in calculating tax loss, given

both the definition of “tax loss” in the Sentencing Guidelines and the explicit language

of the indictment under which Damra was convicted, Damra has a reasonable point.

According to the Sentencing Guidelines, “the tax loss is the total amount of loss that was

the object of the offense (i.e., the loss that would have resulted had the offense been

successfully completed).” U.S.S.G. § 2T1.1(c)(1). In addressing whether this
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 50

14According to the tax-loss table of the 2000 Sentencing Guidelines § 2T4.1, under which Damra

was sentenced, a tax loss of between $120,000 and $200,000 results in a sentencing level of 15. It seems

likely that, even on resentencing, the tax loss attributable to Damra will still fall within this range –

regardless of whether the court grants Damra credit for this $18,239.15.

$18,239.15 should be credited against Damra’s tax loss, it is thus necessary to determine

what loss would have resulted had the offense been successfully completed. According

to Count 2 of the indictment, Damra “did willfully attempt to evade and defeat a large

part of the income tax due and owing by” AIM by, in part, “causing a portion of those

funds paid to his brother . . . to be falsely reported as Schedule C gross receipts on the

Form 1040 filed jointly by Fawaz Damra and his wife for the year 1999.” (R. 1 at 8.)

The government itself has emphasized that the two affirmative acts in Count 2 of the

indictment were pled in the conjunctive. The district court similarly relied on this fact,

stating that “[t]he two affirmative acts enunciated in Count 2 were properly presented

to the jury as collectively essential in the Indictment itself, in the arguments and

evidence presented to the jury, and in the jury instructions.” (R. 114 at 18.) As the

record thus demonstrates, and as the government’s own arguments and district court’s

own conclusions confirm, the theory under which Damra was convicted was that Damra

transferred $100,000 from AIM to Fawaz with the intention of having Fawaz declare the

money as taxable income. While, again, this is a question the district court should take

up at resentencing, it seems that the object of the offense was apparently not to evade all

taxes on the $100,000, but rather to evade the difference between the personal income

tax Fawaz would owe on the one hand and the corporate income tax or disbursement tax

AIM would owe on the other. Of course, it remains an open question whether the

district court’s decision either way on this issue would have any impact on Damra’s

sentence.14

XII. CONCLUSION

We affirm Damra’s convictions for both conspiracy to defraud the United States

and corporate tax evasion. As both Damra and the government agree, however, in

sentencing Damra the court incorrectly calculated the tax loss attributable to Damra, thus

sentencing him at offense level 16 instead of offense level 15. Such an incorrect
No. 08-4540 United States v. Damra Page 51

calculation requires remand. Accordingly, we AFFIRM Fawaz’s conviction, VACATE

Fawaz’s sentence, and REMAND for resentencing, at which the district court will have

the opportunity to address Damra’s arguments concerning the tax-loss calculation and

to explain the basis of any decision it makes in response to those arguments.