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 Department of State 22 CFR Parts 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, and 130
[Public Notice: 11657]
RIN 1400-AE27
 AGENCY: Department of State.
 ACTION: Interim final rule.
 SUMMARY: The Department of State is amending the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) to better organize the purposes and definitions of the regulations. This rule consolidates and co-locates authorities, general guidance, and definitions.
 DATES:  *Effective date:*
                         This interim final rule is effective September 6, 2022. *Comment due date:*
                         The Department of State will accept comments on this interim final rule until May 9, 2022.
 ADDRESSES: Interested parties may submit comments by one of the following methods: *Email: DDTCPublicComments@state.gov*
                         with the subject line, International Traffic in Arms Regulations: Definitions.
                    *Internet: At www.regulations.gov,*
                         search for this document using Docket DOS-2022-0004.
 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Sarah Heidema, Director, Office of Defense Trade Controls Policy, Department of State, telephone (202) 663-1282; email 
                        *DDTCResponseTeam@state.gov.*
                         ATTN: Regulatory Change, Consolidation of Definitions and Restructuring of Part 120.


SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC), U.S. Department of State, administers the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) (22 CFR parts 120-130). The regulations, codified as subchapter M of chapter I, title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations (“the subchapter”) implement those authorities of the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) (22 U.S.C. 2751 
                    *et seq.*) delegated to the Secretary of State pursuant to Executive Order 13637. This rule restructures part 120 of the ITAR to better organize the definitions previously found in that part and other locations throughout the ITAR and to consolidate provisions that provide background information or otherwise apply throughout the regulations. In addition, this rule adds text not previously found in the ITAR and makes clarifying revisions to existing text. This rule is intended to be the first in a series of rulemakings that will further streamline and clarify the subchapter. The Department makes the following revisions to the ITAR in this interim final rule: Revisions of General Application Prior to this rulemaking, generally applicable information and definitions were spread throughout the subchapter. As a result of this rulemaking, part 120 is dividing into three subparts: Subpart A—General Information; Subpart B—General Policies and Processes; and Subpart C—Definitions. The division into subparts is intended to provide the reader with a roadmap for the regulations. Subpart A—General Information, consolidates and explains the legislative authority and purpose of the regulations to aid in understanding their importance and source. Subpart B—General Policies and Processes, outlines the general processes and policies of the ITAR. Finally, Subpart C—Definitions, provides a consolidated list of defined terms that are applicable throughout the ITAR. Part and section-specific information and definitions continue to be located in the applicable part or section of the regulations. DDTC notes that the definitions in subpart C are not included in alphabetical order. DDTC endeavored to include definitions in a logical order so as to provide larger conceptual definitions first, to keep like concepts together, to nest related definitions in single sections, and to match the framework of the regulations. DDTC believes that this structure outweighs any ease in finding a definition through the use of alphabetization, particularly considering modern methods of electronic search. Finally, DDTC believes that the relatively limited number of defined terms within the subchapter makes this subpart manageable in this way. DDTC is revising those sections affected by this rule that use acronyms to follow a standard format. Where a single term for which there is a known acronym appears on more than two occasions within any one section, the first instance is followed by a parenthetical containing the acronym and subsequent use of the term is by acronym. This will provide consistency of format without sacrificing clarity and limits unnecessary text. Section-Specific Revisions The following descriptions explain non-editorial changes in text to sections in this rule. Further, when discussing amended text that also involves the movement of text to a new location or the creation of new text modeled on existing language, the former or existing location is provided. When discussing amended text below, citations are to the section cites of this rule (
                    *i.e.,*
                     the new location). When discussing text that has been moved by this rule, the location of the text prior to this rule is referred to as its “former” location. When discussing a section or text that is not moved by this rule, the location is referred to as its “existing” location. The table at the conclusion of the preamble provides both the former and new ITAR citations for all relocations of regulatory text at the section or sentence level for assistance in associating new citations with former citations. It also identifies all existing (
                    *i.e.,*
                     non-relocated) sections that have been revised. This rule does not amend or relocate any ITAR provisions not included in the table below. In order to maintain focus on changes to the text of the ITAR as it appeared prior to this rule and to the addition of new text to the subchapter and to minimize unnecessary explanation, the following preamble text does not describe the new location of the text formerly located in the section cites discussed. Persons interested in the movement of sections should review the table at the end of this section. Section 120.1 General Authorities Revising the section heading of existing § 120.1 from “General authorities, receipt of licenses, and ineligibility” to “General Authorities” to reflect the revised focus of the section. Revising the introductory paragraph of § 120.1(a) to clarify the manner of delegation by the Secretary of State to the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Defense Trade Controls, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs of the authority to administer the ITAR. Section 120.2 Designation of Defense Articles and Defense Services Revising the fifth sentence of existing § 120.2 to include a limitation to defense articles and defense services “on the USML in part 121 of this subchapter” in order to account for the delegation to the Attorney General of the authority to designate defense articles and services subject to control for permanent import by section 1(n)(ii) of Executive Order 13637. Section 120.4 Commodity Jurisdiction Revising existing § 120.4 to limit it to a statement of policy, by relocating its procedural aspects. Former paragraphs (c) through (g) of § 120.4, which provide 
                    ( print page 16397)
                    information about the procedures and processes for submitting a commodity jurisdiction request, have been relocated to new § 120.12 titled Commodity Jurisdiction Determination Requests. Section 120.5 Relation to Regulations of Other Agencies Revising the title of § 120.5 to eliminate reference to export of items subject to the EAR in order to more accurately describe the scope of the revised section, which is expanded to include relation to nuclear related controls and the Department of Energy and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (formerly found at § 123.20). In addition, revising § 120.5 to provide introductory headings to each paragraph to identify the related agencies. Revising existing § 120.5(a) by limiting its scope to the relation to the Department of Justice, moving the language regarding the relation to the Department of Commerce beginning at sentence 7 to a new paragraph (b), and by removing the cross-reference to former § 123.20 which is no longer necessary given the addition of § 120.5(c) (formerly found at § 123.20). Revising § 120.5(b)(2) (formerly § 120.5(b)) by moving the sentence that says items subject to the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) but exported under authorization from DDTC do not require separate authorization from the Department of Commerce. That sentence now appears just before the sentence prohibiting the use of ITAR exemptions for items subject to the EAR that are unaccompanied by a defense article. DDTC believes this change minimizes possible confusion regarding requirements for Commerce approval and the use of ITAR exemptions. The change also clarifies that the reference to “these items” in new sentence three applies to the items discussed in sentences one and two. Also, the final parenthetical to § 120.5(b) is removed as an unnecessary restatement of general information. Section 120.6 U.S. Criminal Statutes Revising § 120.6(b) and (d) (formerly found at § 120.27(a)(2) and (4), respectively) to update U.S. Code citations to the Export Administration Act, to add a reference to the Export Control Reform Act, and to reflect the elimination of the Appendix to Title 50. Section 120.10 Introduction to the U.S. Munitions List Revising in § 120.10(a) (formerly found at § 121.1(a)) reference from “[i]n this part” to “part 121 of this subchapter” in order to reflect the move of the “Introduction to the U.S. Munitions List” from part 121 to new subpart A. Revising the paragraph heading in § 120.10(c) (formerly found at § 121.1(a)(2) from “
                    *Significant Military Equipment.*
                    ” to “
                    *Significant Military Equipment paragraphs in the USML.*
                    ” in order to more clearly distinguish the explanation of identifiers in the USML from the definition of significant military equipment at § 120.36(a) (formerly found at § 120.7(a)). Section 120.11 Order of Review Adding in § 120.11(c) a statement of the Department's interpretation that defense articles remain controlled following incorporation or integration into non-defense articles. Section 120.12 Commodity Jurisdiction Determination Requests Revising § 120.12 in its entirety from its former purpose as the address of the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls to a new purpose describing the process for obtaining a CJ determination. The revised section is constructed by moving parts of former § 120.4(a) and all of § 120.4(f) to § 120.12(a) and former § 120.4(c) and (d)(2) to § 120.12(b). Specific reference to part 121 is added to paragraph (a) in order to clarify that DDTC determinations using the CJ process are limited to defense articles and services in that part. Persons with questions regarding the U.S. Munitions Import List (USMIL) should first address those questions to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. The references to “designation” (formerly found at § 120.4(d)(2) and (3)) is revised to “determination” in § 120.12(b) and (c) in order to minimize possible confusion regarding commodity jurisdiction determination requests. In addition, a reference to Category XXI (Articles, Technical Data, and Defense Services Not Otherwise Enumerated) is added to paragraph (c) in order to clarify that the determination of the request is that the article or service warrants control, but that at the time of the request the article or service does not meet the criteria of a defense article or defense service on the USML, or provide the equivalent performance capabilities of a defense article on the USML. Revising in § 120.12(f) (formerly found at § 120.4(b)) the statement regarding registration and the CJ process. The second sentence of former § 120.4(b) regarding the requirement to register following a determination that a commodity is covered by the USML is removed from § 120.12(f) as it is a duplicative statement of the general registration requirements found in part 122 and therefore unnecessary. Removal is for clarification purposes only and does not reflect a change in policy. Section 120.13 Registration Adding in § 120.13(b) a statement of registration policy regarding brokering derived from the requirements of §§ 129.2(a) and 129.3(a). This statement is for clarity and does not reflect a change in policy or regulation. Section 120.14 Licenses and Related Authorizations Adding in § 120.14 a general statement of policy regarding activities that are controlled and require a license or related authorization. Those activities are divided into three paragraphs: (a) Export, reexport, retransfer, or temporary import of defense articles, derived from existing § 123.1(a); (b) furnishing or providing defense services, derived from existing § 124.1(a); and (c) brokering activities, derived from existing § 129.4(a). The general statement of policy is slightly revised from the language of the existing authorization sections in that it distinguishes between authorizations requiring a request for approval to be obtained from DDTC (
                    *i.e.,*
                     the existing authorization sections), and the use of an exemption, for which no request is required to be submitted to DDTC. Section 120.15 Exemptions Adding in § 120.15(a) an explicit statement that persons otherwise required to register with DDTC may not utilize an exemption without being registered, derived from existing § 120.1(c) and the Note to § 122.1(b). Relocating to § 120.15(b) the statement in former § 120.1(d) that exemptions are not available when parties to the export are generally ineligible. Stating in § 120.15(c) that exemptions generally are not available for use with § 126.1 countries, except as provided in that section. Stating in § 120.15(d) that exemptions are limited as described by each specific exemption section, and adding in § 120.15(f) (formerly found in § 125.6) an overview of the certification requirements to utilize an exemption to the licensing requirements of the ITAR for the export of technical data, which is removed and reserved. Section 120.16 Eligibility for Approvals Revising in § 120.16(a)(3) (formerly found at § 120.1(c)(1)(iii)) reference to brokering authorizations from “prior approval” to “approval” to reflect current usage in part 129. Adding in § 120.16(c) (formerly found at § 120.1(c)) a new reference to publicly announced 
                    ( print page 16398)
                    Department of State policies regarding eligibility in order to address concerns regarding the use of exemptions and public awareness of the status of end-users or other consignees. Section 120.17 End-Use Monitoring Adding in § 120.17 a description of the Blue Lantern End-Use Monitoring program. This description did not previously appear in the ITAR, but is added here to provide an explanation to the regulated community of the Department's obligations pursuant to 22 U.S.C. 2785 to vet regulated transactions both before and after licensing determinations. Section 120.18 Denial, Revocation, Suspension, or Amendment of Licenses and Other Approvals Revising in § 120.18(a)(2) (formerly found at § 126.7(a)(2)) reference from “Export Administration Act” to “Export Administration Regulations” to more accurately reflect the mechanism through which the Department of Commerce authorizes exports. Revising in § 120.18(a)(6) (formerly found at § 126.7(a)(6)) reference from “debarment” to “order denying export privileges” in relation to Department of Commerce actions in order to reflect the language of the EAR. Adding in § 120.18(a)(9) the statement that an unfavorable finding of an end-use monitoring check may be the basis for disapproving, revoking, suspending, or amending any existing license or license application. Section 120.19 Violations and Penalties Adding in § 120.19 a general statement in paragraph (a) of the authority to impose penalties for violations of the ITAR and a reference to part 127 (conduct that constitutes a violation), and in paragraph (b) a statement derived from existing § 127.12(a) of the Department's encouragement of the voluntary disclosure of violations when discovered. Section 120.20 Administrative Procedures Adding in § 120.20 general statements (derived from revised language at existing § 128.1) regarding administrative procedures under the ITAR and the relationship of the AECA to the Administrative Procedure Act, respectively. Section 120.21 Disclosure of Information Removing in § 120.21(b) (formerly found at § 126.10(b)) reference to section 12(c) of the Export Administration Act, to streamline the text while restating the substantive requirements stated in the AECA. Section 120.23 Organizations and Arrangements Creating in § 120.23 a new grouping of various international organizations and arrangements. Revising in § 120.23(a) (formerly found at § 120.31) the description of NATO from a static list of member countries to include reference to admitted member states not listed. This will prevent unnecessary amendment to the section or public confusion regarding references to NATO in the ITAR and the status of member states. Adding in § 120.23(c) reference to the Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls not formerly found in the subchapter. Removing in § 120.23(d)(3) (formerly found at § 120.29(c)) an unnecessary reference to the relevant statutory authority regarding Missile Technology Control Regime items and the USML in order to streamline the text. Section 120.37 Major Defense Equipment Revising § 120.37 (formerly found at § 120.8) to more closely follow the definitions structure by beginning the paragraph with the defined term. Section 120.38 Classified Adding in § 120.38 (formerly found at § 120.46) the phrase “or predecessor order” to the definition of classified to conform the single instance definition with the individual definitions of classified previously found within the individual categories of the USML. This change does not expand the applicable scope of the definition of classified. Corresponding changes are made to remove from Categories I through XXI of § 121.1 individual “Note to paragraph” definitions of classified wherever found within the USML. Section 120.40 Compositional Terms Revising the section heading from “End-items, components, accessories, attachments, parts, firmware, software, systems, and equipment” to “Compositional terms” to more accurately address the contents of the section (formerly found at § 120.45). The section as formerly written included items that could be either an element of a defense article, or a defense article in and of itself, or might be a part (or component, etc.) of a defense article without being a defense article itself. In order to clarify that the section defines terms that can be used in relation to articles other than defense articles, the section heading is expanded. Other changes include: Adding in § 120.40 a new paragraph (a) to include a single instance definition of commodity, formerly found in Note to paragraphs (a) and (b) of § 120.41, in order to clarify its application throughout the ITAR; and revising the explanatory note to the definition of system in paragraph (h) (formerly found at Note to paragraph (g) of § 120.45) in order to eliminate the redundant second sentence as unnecessary and to limit reference to the relevant source materials and delete the citations to outdated versions of those materials. Section 120.41 Specially Designed Revising existing § 120.41 to move from § 120.41 those notes that contain definitions of broad applicability to single instance definitions in §§ 120.42 and 120.43 and to make certain non-substantive revisions to the order and numbering of notes to the section in accordance with Code of Federal Regulations drafting requirements. Section 120.42 Form, Fit, Function, Performance Capability, Equivalent, Enumerated, and Catch-All Control In § 120.42 incorporating single instance definitions of form, fit, function, and performance capability (formerly found at Notes 1 and 2 to paragraph (d) of § 120.4 and Note 4 to paragraph (b)(3) of § 120.41); and single instance definitions of equivalent, enumerated, and catch-all control (formerly found at Note 5 to paragraph (b)(3) and Note to paragraph (b) of § 120.41). Revising in § 120.42(f) (formerly found at Note to paragraph (b) of § 120.41) reference from “article on the U.S. Munitions List” to “item designated on the U.S. Munitions List” to more accurately reflect the constitution of the USML and to distinguish from the reference to “item” in the same sentence as applied to the Export Administration Regulations. Section 120.43 Development, Production, and Related Terms; Basic and Applied Research Adding in § 120.43(a) and (b) single instance definitions of development and production formerly found in § 120.41 specifically. These single instance definitions were originally included in a previous proposed rule (80 FR 31525, June 3, 2015), and were to be taken from existing Notes 2 and 1, respectively, to § 120.41(b)(3). Although not adopted at that time, DDTC now implements the revision. In response to the 2015 proposed rule, the Department received several public comments regarding the single instance definitions for 
                    ( print page 16399)
                    development and production. Those comments are addressed here. One commenter suggested that the department add “but not limited to” following “such as” in the definition of “development.” The Department does not make this change. The use of the term “such as” necessarily implies that the following list is non-exclusive, so the addition of the phrase “but not limited to” is redundant. Several commenters requested that the Department insert a note to the definition of “development” to state that fabrication of prototypes by universities for academic demonstration or to otherwise test a hypothesis is not development, because the inclusion of these activities within the definition of “development” somehow limits the fundamental research exception. The Department does not make this change. The Department believes that the activity is appropriately captured by the definition of “development”. A commenter requested that the Department remove the last sentence of the definition of “development,” which stated “[d]evelopment includes modification of the design of an existing item.” The Department does not make this change. Modification of an existing design creates a distinct design, regardless of the modification. A commenter suggested that the Department add engineering analysis and design methodology to the definition of “development” in place of design analysis and design concepts, and add manufacturing know-how to the definition of “production” in place of manufacture. The Department does not make this change. The terms suggested by the commenter are used in specific places in the ITAR for specific purposes, and their inclusion within these definitions would not provide additional clarity. Additionally, the definitions of “development” and “production” are being moved from within the definition of specially designed and made applicable to the entire ITAR, in part, to harmonize the definition of “technical data” with the definition of technology in the EAR. To modify these definitions would result in unnecessary variation from the EAR without significant benefit. One commenter suggested that the Department add the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulations Supplement (DFARS) term “advanced technological development” to the definition of “development.” The Department notes the actual term is “advanced technology development” and does not make this change. While any advanced technology development would be included within this definition of “development,” the value of adding the DFARS term is outweighed by the loss of harmonization with the EAR and multilateral export control regimes. One commenter suggested that the Department replace the term “serial production” with “production.” The Department does not make this change. Products generally pass through multiple phases of development, some of which may include the production of prototypes or prototype production facilities. All of these activities are included within the development phase of the products. Several commenters noted that the definition of “production” includes manufacture and assert that this creates a conflict with the definitions of “manufacturing license agreement” (MLA) and “technical assistance agreement” (TAA) in §§ 120.21 and 120.22. The Department does not make any change. An MLA is an “authorization to manufacture defense articles abroad. . . .” There may be an agreement that involves technical data for the production of a defense article that is not an “authorization to manufacture defense articles abroad,” and in these instances, an MLA would not be required. However, in instances where there is an “authorization to manufacture defense articles abroad” that involves the export of technical data, an MLA is required regardless of the type of technical data exported. One commenter noted that the provisions of § 124.4(b)(1) through (4) apply to agreements that involve coproduction or licensed production outside of the United States of defense articles of United States origin, and asserts that the new definition of “production” may implicate some TAAs, in addition to MLAs. The commenter requested that § 124.4(b) be revised to limit the scope of that provision to “licensed manufacturing.” The Department does not make this change. The reporting requirements of § 124.4(b) apply only to “coproduction or licensed production outside of the United States,” which is only authorized via MLAs that involve offshore production. Additional revisions are not necessary. One commenter stated that the definitions would undermine the utility of the exemption at § 125.4(b)(6), which authorizes the export of technical data “related to firearms not in excess of caliber .50 and ammunition for such weapons, except detailed design, development, production or manufacturing information.” The Department confirms that these definitions do not change the scope of this exemption. In reviewing the definition of development from the 2015 proposed rule, and not in response to public comment, the Department determined to revise the final sentence of the definition to focus on design rather than items. This is intended to be in keeping with the attempt to better align definitions across the EAR and ITAR, as expressed in the 2015 proposed rule, and to clarify that development is common to pre-production for all goods and is not specific to the USML. Although the final sentence of the definition of development is not found directly in the EAR definition of development, an analogous provision is found in Note 2 to the definition of technology (see 15 CFR 772.1). Adding in § 120.43(c) through (i) single instance definitions and explanations of terms for design methodology, engineering analysis, manufacturing know-how, build-to-print, build/design-to-specification, basic research, and applied research (the definition of which was formerly found within the definition of basic research and which this rule separates into two definitions), formerly found at §§ 124.2(c)(4) and 125.4(c). Although formerly described in §§ 124.2(c)(4) and 125.4(c), for purposes of clarity as to the application of an exemption the terms were used in other locations in the ITAR, demonstrating that the explanations were intended to have broader applicability. Conforming changes are made to citation references in Category XIII(i)(6) of § 121.1, Supplement No. 1 to part 126, and Note 5 and Note 12 to that supplement. In addition, revisions are made to existing § 124.2(c)(4) to eliminate the unnecessary duplication of definitions of design methodology, engineering analysis, and manufacturing know-how by deleting existing § 124.2(c)(4)(i) through (iii). Also, the parenthetical explanation of build-to-print at existing § 124.13(b) is removed for the same reason. Section 120.57 Authorization Types In § 120.57 consolidating and incorporating single instance definitions for the various authorization types for transactions subject to the ITAR (formerly found in §§ 120.20, 120.21, 120.22 and 120.23) and adding in § 120.57(c) a single instance definition of exemption to provide a single reference for the concept, used throughout the ITAR, for an authorization other than by license or other written approval.
                    ( print page 16400) Section 120.68 Party to the Export Establishing in § 120.68 (formerly found at § 126.7(e)) a single instance definition of “party to the export”. Part 121 The United States Munitions List Adding a new § 121.0 to provide cross-reference to §§ 120.10 and 120.11, Introduction to the U.S. Munitions List and Order of review, respectively (formerly found at paragraphs (a) and (b) of § 121.1). Removing and reserving paragraphs (a) and (b) of § 121.1. Revising for purpose of consistency only the technical data and defense service definition parentheticals in the technical data paragraphs for all categories previously revised as part of the multi-year process of reviewing and revising the USML as part of the USML to the Commerce Control List (CCL) process, beginning with 78 FR 22740, Apr. 16, 2013. These revisions are not intended to make any substantive change. Previously, these paragraphs used “see” and “as defined in” interchangeably. Removing from the USML those notes to category paragraphs that contain definitions for “classified” in order to preclude any variation from the definition of classified in § 120.38 (formerly found at § 120.46). Removing the parentheticals “(see § 120.4 of this subchapter)” relating to commodity jurisdiction, “(see § 120.42 of this subchapter)” relating to “subject to the EAR”, and the phrase “(see § 120.10(a)(2) of this subchapter)” relating to “classified” as they are either used inconsistently or because they are generally understood by the regulated community and defined elsewhere in the regulations. Finally, cross-references to sections moved by this rule are updated. Section 128.1 Exclusion of Functions From the Administrative Procedure Act Revising § 128.1 to clarify that the Secretary of State has been delegated authority to make licensing decisions. Section 128.2 Administrative Law Judge Revising § 128.2 regarding authorities of an Administrative Law Judge to eliminate reference to § 127.7. This change clarifies that an Administrative Law Judge may only recommend debarment pursuant to that section, and any such order is issued by the Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs. Other Revisions Removing and reserving § 120.26, Presiding Official, as unnecessary as the term does not otherwise appear in the regulations. Removing the list of forms referenced in the ITAR and formerly found at § 120.28. This section, which provides the list of forms referred to in the ITAR, is being removed in its entirety as an unnecessary inclusion to the regulations. Due to previous revisions to the regulations, the list presented is not accurate. In order to prevent unnecessary regulatory activity in the form of future conforming revisions to the section, due to expected changes to the forms that appear in the regulations, it is being removed and the section reserved. Reserving § 120.29 (formerly Missile Technology Control Regime) and moving the former text of § 120.29 to paragraph (d) of new § 120.23, Organizations and arrangements. Reserving § 120.46 (formerly Classified) and moving the former text of § 120.46 to new § 120.38. Reserving § 123.20 (formerly Nuclear related controls) and moving the former text of § 123.20 to new § 120.5(c). Reserving § 123.26 (formerly Recordkeeping for exemptions) and moving the requirements of the former § 123.26 to new § 120.15(e). Reserving § 125.6 (formerly Certification requirements for exemptions) and moving and revising the former text of § 125.6 as described in the discussion of § 120.15 above. Reserving § 126.7 (formerly Denial, revocation, suspension, or amendment of licenses and other approvals) and moving the former text of § 126.7(a)-(d) and (e) to new §§ 120.18 and 120.68, respectively. Reserving § 126.9 (formerly Advisory opinions and related authorizations) and moving the former text of § 126.9 to new § 120.22. Reserving § 126.10 (formerly Disclosure of information) and moving the former text of § 126.10 to new § 120.21. Reserving §§ 126.11 and 126.12 (formerly Relations to other provisions of law, and Continuation in force, respectively) and moving the former text of each to new § 120.7(a) and (b), respectively. Removing in its entirety the MTCR Annex formerly found at § 121.16, as the relevant information of the MTCR Annex is conveyed directly through notations in the USML and to eliminate unnecessary sections of the ITAR and the obligation to amend to reflect revisions to the MTCR Annex in both the USML and in former § 121.16, in conjunction with the adoption of reference to the Missile Technology Control Regime in new § 120.23(d). Revising references to “U.S. Government” from “U.S. government” at §§ 120.11(d), 120.18(a)(6), and 120.34(a)(7). Revising order and numbering of notes to affected sections in accordance with Code of Federal Regulations drafting requirements. Revising formatting of cites and signals wherever found for consistency of application. The following former paragraphs of the ITAR were marked as reserved and are removed by this rule: §§ 120.27(a)(11), 120.27(b), and 125.4(d). Definitions of general applicability from throughout the subchapter are consolidated in Part 120—Purpose and Definitions, Subpart C—Definitions. These movements are identified in the table below. Cross references are revised throughout the subchapter and efforts were made to standardize certain terminologies (
                    *e.g.,*
                     reference to “subject to the ITAR” revised to the more commonly used “subject to this subchapter”) and in the use of abbreviations and acronyms. This rule primarily moves and reorganizes existing regulatory text without revision. Much of this text was drafted at different times, by different authors. The Department intends to propose additional revisions to regulatory text to improve readability and flow. The table below identifies to the sentence level all: 1. Movements or renumbering of text made by this rule from their former location to the location as effected by this rule. The former location of moved text is italicized. 2. All text revised in any manner by this rule, whether moved or not. Revised sections, paragraphs, and text locations appear in bold. 3. All text removed/reserved from the ITAR in any location. Removed sections, paragraphs, and text locations appear as strikethrough. 4. Any new general information text sections that are derived from an existing ITAR section which is not revised or removed are identified in the “Model for” column and the source material identified by underlined text. 5. Where a section or paragraph is moved, revised, and/or formed the basis for new text elsewhere, it is identified by each font type (
                        *e.g.,*
                         the text of § 123.26 is revised and moved and the section reserved, so it appears in the table as bold struck through text). 6. Each level (to the sentence) of any section affected by this rule is identified by a unique row and then by font type within the row. For example, the first six rows of the table identify changes to § 120.1. Row 1 shows § 120.1 in bold, indicating a change to the text of the section title. Row two shows paragraph (a) in bold, indicating a change to the text of that paragraph. Row three shows 
                        ( print page 16401)
                        paragraph (b) in bold, indicating a change to the text of that paragraph. Row four shows paragraph (1) under paragraph (b) in bold, indicating a change to the text of paragraph (b)(1). Row five shows paragraph (ii) in bold and paragraph (2) in regular text under paragraph (b), indicating a change in text to paragraph (b)(2)(ii), but no change to the text of paragraph (b)(2) itself. Finally, row six shows paragraph (c) in italic and underlined, indicating that the paragraph has been moved (but not revised) and relocated to post-rule location § 120.16 as well as providing the basis for new text at § 120.15(b). Subsequent rows show the new locations of paragraphs within prior § 120.1(c). 7. Where consecutive paragraphs within a section are affected in the same manner, they are combined into a single row. See, 
                        *e.g.,*
                         § 120.9, where paragraph (a)(1) is in a single row and identified in italic as having been moved to § 120.32(a)(1), and paragraphs (a)(2) and (3) are in a single row and both identified in bold and italic as having been revised and moved to § 120.32(a)(2) and (3). 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  Regulatory Analysis and Notices Administrative Procedure Act The Department of State is of the opinion that controlling the import and export of defense articles and services is a military or foreign affairs function of the United States Government and that rules implementing this function are exempt from sections 553 (rulemaking) and 554 (adjudications) of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). Although the Department is of the opinion that this interim final rule is exempt from the rulemaking provisions of the APA, the Department is publishing this rule as an interim final rule and with a 45-day provision for public comment and without prejudice to its determination that controlling the import and export of defense services is a foreign affairs function. Regulatory Flexibility Act Since the Department is of the opinion that this interim final rule is exempt from the provisions of 5 U.S.C. 553, there is no requirement for an analysis under the Regulatory Flexibility Act. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 This amendment does not involve a mandate that will result in the expenditure by State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100 million or more in any year and it will not significantly or uniquely affect small governments. Therefore, no actions were deemed necessary under the provisions of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995. Congressional Review Act This rulemaking has been found not to be a major rule within the definition of Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996. Executive Orders 12372 and 13132 This rulemaking will not have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government. Therefore, in accordance with Executive Order 13132, it is determined that this rulemaking does not have sufficient federalism implications to require consultations or warrant the preparation of a federalism summary impact statement. The regulations implementing Executive Order 12372 regarding intergovernmental consultation on Federal programs and activities do not apply to this rulemaking. Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 direct agencies to assess costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, if regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, public health and safety effects, distributed impacts, and equity). These executive orders stress the importance of quantifying both costs and benefits, of reducing costs, of harmonizing rules, and of promoting flexibility. Although the Department is of the opinion that this rulemaking is exempt from Executive Order 12866 as this rule pertains to a military or foreign affairs function of the United States as provided in Section 3(d)(2), the Department nevertheless has determined that, given the nature of the amendments made in this rulemaking, there will be no change to any person's substantive rights or obligations as a result of this rule, and the only cost to the public, the cost of updating compliance regimes to account for the movement of regulatory text within the ITAR, is less than the benefit to the public in the increased utility of the ITAR. Therefore, the benefits of this rulemaking outweigh the cost. This rule has been designated a “significant regulatory action,” although not economically significant, by the Office and Information and Regulatory Affairs under Executive Order 12866. Executive Order 12988 The Department of State reviewed this rulemaking in light of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of Executive Order 12988 to eliminate ambiguity, minimize litigation, establish clear legal standards, and reduce burden. Executive Order 13175 The Department of State determined that this rulemaking will not have tribal implications, will not impose substantial direct compliance costs on Indian tribal governments, and will not preempt tribal law. Accordingly, Executive Order 13175 does not apply to this rulemaking. Paperwork Reduction Act This rule does not impose any new reporting or recordkeeping requirements subject to the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. Chapter 35. List of Subjects 22 CFR Parts 120, 121, and 125 Arms and munitions
Classified information
Exports 22 CFR Parts 122 and 123 Arms and munitions
Exports
Reporting and recordkeeping 22 CFR Part 124 Arms and munitions
Exports
Technical assistance 22 CFR Part 126 Arms and munitions
Exports 22 CFR Part 127 Arms and munitions
Crime
Exports
Penalties
Seizures and forfeitures 22 CFR Part 128 Administrative practice and procedure
Arms and munitions
Exports 22 CFR Part 129 Arms and munitions
Brokers
Exports 22 CFR Part 130 Arms and munitions
Campaign funds
Confidential business information
Exports
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
 Amendatory Instructions Accordingly, for the reasons set forth above and under the authority of 22 U.S.C. 2778, and 22 U.S.C. 2779, the Department of State amends title 22, chapter I, subchapter M, parts 120 through 130 as follows: 1.Part 120 is revised to read as follows: PART 120—PURPOSE AND DEFINITIONS Subpart A—General Information
 120.1
                            General authorities.
                            120.2
                            Designation of defense articles and defense services.
                            120.3
                            Policy on designating or determining defense articles and services on the U.S. Munitions List.
                            120.4
                            Commodity jurisdiction.
                            120.5
                            Relation to regulations of other agencies.
                            120.6
                            U.S. criminal statutes.
                            120.7
                            Relations to other provisions of law.
                            120.8-120.9
                            [Reserved]
                            Subpart B—General Policies and Processes120.10
                                Introduction to the U.S. Munitions List.
                                120.11
                                Order of review.
                                120.12
                                Commodity jurisdiction determination requests.
                                120.13
                                Registration.
                                120.14
                                Licenses and related authorizations.
                                120.15
                                Exemptions.
                                120.16
                                Eligibility for approvals.
                                120.17
                                End-use monitoring.
                                120.18
                                Denial, revocation, suspension, or amendment of licenses and other approvals.
                                120.19
                                Violations and penalties.
                                120.20
                                Administrative procedures.
                                120.21
                                Disclosure of information.
                                120.22
                                Advisory opinions and related authorizations.
                                120.23
                                Organizations and arrangements.
                                120.24-120.29v
                                [Reserved]
                            Subpart C—Definitions120.30
                                Directorate of Defense Trade Controls.
                                120.31
                                Defense article.
                                120.32
                                Defense service.
                                120.33
                                Technical data.
                                120.34
                                Public domain.
                                120.35
                                [Reserved]
                                120.36
                                Significant military equipment.
                                120.37
                                Major defense equipment.
                                120.38
                                Classified.
                                120.39
                                Foreign defense article or defense service.
                                120.40
                                Compositional terms.
                                120.41
                                Specially designed.
                                120.42
                                Form, fit, function, performance capability, equivalent, enumerated, and catch-all control.
                                120.43
                                Development, production, and related terms; Basic and applied research.
                                120.44
                                [Reserved]
                                120.45
                                Maintenance levels.
                                120.46-120.49
                                [Reserved]
                                120.50
                                Export.
                                120.51
                                Reexport.
                                120.52
                                Retransfer.
                                120.53
                                Temporary import.
                                120.54
                                Activities that are not exports, reexports, retransfers, or temporary imports.
                                120.55
                                Access information.
                                120.56
                                Release.
                                120.57
                                Authorization types.
                                120.58
                                Subject to the Export Administration Regulations (EAR).
                                120.59
                                [Reserved]
                                120.60
                                United States.
                                120.61
                                Person.
                                120.62
                                U.S. person.
                                120.63
                                Foreign person.
                                120.64
                                Regular employee.
                                120.65
                                Foreign ownership and foreign control.
                                120.66
                                Affiliate.
                                120.67
                                Empowered official.
                                120.68
                                Party to the export.
                                120.69
                                Port Directors.
 Authority:
                            22 U.S.C. 2651a, 2752, 2753, 2776, 2778, 2779, 2779a, 2785, 2794, 2797; E.O. 13637, 78 FR 16129, 3 CFR, 2013 Comp., p. 223. Subpart A—General Information § 120.1
  (a) 
                                    *Authority and delegation.*
                                     Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778), as amended, authorizes the President to control the export and import of defense articles and defense services. The statutory authority of the President to promulgate regulations with respect to exports of defense articles and defense services is delegated to the Secretary of State by Executive Order 13637. This subchapter implements that authority, as well as other relevant authorities in the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 
                                    *et seq.*). The Secretary of State delegates the authority to administer the regulations in this subchapter to the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Defense Trade Controls, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs. (b) 
                                    *Authorized officials.*
                                     (1) All authorities administered by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Defense Trade Controls pursuant to this subchapter may be exercised at any time by the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security or the Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs. (2) The Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Defense Trade Controls supervises the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls, which is comprised of the following offices: (i) The Office of Defense Trade Controls Licensing and the Director, Office of Defense Trade Controls Licensing, which have responsibilities related to licensing or other approvals of defense trade, including references under this part and parts 123, 124, 125, 126, 129, and 130 of this subchapter. (ii) The Office of Defense Trade Controls Compliance and the Director, Office of Defense Trade Controls Compliance, which have responsibilities related to violations of law or regulation and compliance therewith, including references contained in parts 122, 126, 127, 128, and 130 of this subchapter, and those portions under this part and part 129 of this subchapter pertaining to registration. (iii) The Office of Defense Trade Controls Policy and the Director, Office of Defense Trade Controls Policy, which have responsibilities related to the general policies of defense trade, including references under this part and part 126 of this subchapter, and the commodity jurisdiction procedure under this part.
 § 120.2
  The Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778(a) and 2794(7)) provides that the President shall designate the articles and services deemed to be defense articles and defense services for purposes of import or export controls. The President has delegated to the Secretary of State the authority to control the export and temporary import of defense articles and services. The items designated by the Secretary of State for purposes of export and temporary import control constitute the U.S. Munitions List (USML) specified in part 121 of this subchapter. Defense articles on the USML specified in part 121 of this subchapter that are also subject to permanent import control by the Attorney General on the U.S. Munitions Import List enumerated in 27 CFR part 447 are subject to temporary import controls administered by the Secretary of State. Designations of defense articles and defense services on the USML in part 121 of this subchapter are made by the Department of State with the concurrence of the Department of Defense. The scope of the USML shall 
                                    ( print page 16412)
                                    be changed only by amendments made pursuant to section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778). For a designation or determination on whether a particular item is enumerated on the USML, 
                                    *see*
                                     § 120.4.
 § 120.3
  (a) For purposes of this subchapter, a specific article or service may be designated a defense article (see § 120.31) or defense service (see § 120.32) if it: (1) Meets the criteria of a defense article or defense service on the U.S. Munitions List (USML) (part 121 of this subchapter); or (2) Provides the equivalent performance capabilities of a defense article on the USML. (b) For purposes of this subchapter, a specific article or service shall be determined in the future as a defense article or defense service if it provides a critical military or intelligence advantage such that it warrants control under this subchapter. Note 1 to paragraphs (a) and (b): An article or service determined in the future pursuant to this subchapter as a defense article or defense service, but not currently on the USML, will be placed in Category XXI of § 121.1 of this subchapter until the appropriate category of the USML has been amended to provide the necessary entry. (c) A specific article or service is not a defense article or defense service for purposes of this subchapter if it: (1) Is determined to be under the jurisdiction of another department or agency of the U.S. Government (see § 120.5) pursuant to a commodity jurisdiction determination (see § 120.4) unless superseded by changes to the USML or by a subsequent commodity jurisdiction determination; or (2) Meets one of the criteria of § 120.41(b) when the article is used in or with a defense article and specially designed is used as a control criteria. Note 2 to § 120.3: The intended use of the article or service after its export (
                                        *i.e.,*
                                         for a military or civilian purpose), by itself, is not a factor in determining whether the article or service is subject to the controls of this subchapter.
 § 120.4
  (a) The commodity jurisdiction procedure is used with the U.S. Government if doubt exists as to whether an article or service is covered by the U.S. Munitions List (USML). It may also be used for consideration of a redesignation of an article or service currently covered by the USML. The Department must provide notice to Congress at least 30 days before any item is removed from the USML. (b) The procedure for submitting a Commodity Jurisdiction Determination Request to the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls is set forth in § 120.12.
 § 120.5
  (a) 
                                    *The Department of Justice, the U.S. Munitions Import List (USMIL), and permanent imports.*
                                     Defense articles and defense services covered by the U.S. Munitions List set forth in this subchapter are regulated by the Department of State (see also § 120.2) for purposes of export, reexport, retransfer, and temporary import. The President has delegated the authority to control the permanent import of defense articles and services to the Attorney General. The defense articles and services controlled by the Secretary of State and the Attorney General collectively comprise the U.S. Munitions List under the Arms Export Control Act. As the Attorney General exercises independent delegated authority to designate defense articles and services for purposes of permanent import controls, the permanent import control list administered by the Department of Justice has been separately labeled the U.S. Munitions Import List (27 CFR part 447) to distinguish it from the list set out in this subchapter. In carrying out the functions delegated to the Attorney General pursuant to the Arms Export Control Act, the Attorney General shall be guided by the views of the Secretary of State on matters affecting world peace and the external security and foreign policy of the United States. (b) 
                                    *The Department of Commerce and the Export Administration Regulations*
                                    —(1) 
                                    *Export of items subject to the Export Administration Regulations by authority of the Department of Commerce.*
                                     The Department of Commerce regulates the export, reexport, and in-country transfer of items on the Commerce Control List and other items subject to its jurisdiction, as well as certain activities performed by U.S. persons, including those that may contribute to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, under the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) (15 CFR parts 730 through 774). (2) 
                                    *Export of items subject to the EAR by authority of the Department of State.*
                                     A license or other approval (
                                    *see*
                                     § 120.57) from the Department of State granted in accordance with this subchapter may also authorize the export of items subject to the EAR (
                                    *see*
                                     § 120.58). An exemption (
                                    *see*
                                     § 120.57 and parts 123, 124, 125, and 126 of this subchapter) may only be used to export an item subject to the EAR that is for use in or with a defense article and is included in the same shipment as any defense article. Separate approval from the Department of Commerce is not required for these items. No exemption under this subchapter may be utilized to export an item subject to the EAR if not accompanied by a defense article. Those items subject to the EAR exported pursuant to a Department of State license or other approval would remain under the jurisdiction of the Department of Commerce for any subsequent transactions. The inclusion of items subject to the EAR on a Department of State license or other approval does not change the licensing jurisdiction of the items. (c) 
                                    *Nuclear related controls; Department of Energy and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.*
                                     (1) The provisions of this subchapter do not apply to articles, technical data, or services in Category VI, Category XV, Category XVI, and Category XX of § 121.1 of this subchapter to the extent that exports of such articles, technical data, or services are controlled by the Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission pursuant to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (AEA), as amended, and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978, as amended, or are government transfers authorized pursuant to these Acts. For Department of Commerce controls, see 15 CFR 742.3 and 744.2, administered pursuant to Section 309(c) of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Act of 1978, as amended (42 U.S.C. 2139a(c)), and 15 CFR 744.5, which are not subject to this subchapter. (2) The transfer of materials, including special nuclear materials, nuclear parts of nuclear weapons, or other, non-nuclear parts of nuclear weapons systems involving Restricted Data or of assistance involving any person directly or indirectly engaging in the production or use thereof is prohibited except as authorized by the AEA. The transfer of Restricted Data or such assistance is prohibited except as authorized by the AEA. The technical data or defense services relating to nuclear weapons, nuclear weapons systems or related defense purposes (and such data or services relating to applications of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, or related research and development) may constitute Restricted Data or such assistance, subject to the foregoing prohibition. (3) A license for the export of a defense article, technical data, or the furnishing of a defense service relating to defense articles referred to in 
                                    ( print page 16413)
                                    Category VI(e) or Category XX(b)(1) of § 121.1 of this subchapter will not be granted unless the defense article, technical data, or defense service comes within the scope of an existing Agreement for Cooperation for Mutual Defense Purposes concluded pursuant to the AEA with the government of the country to which the defense article, technical data, or defense service is to be exported. Licenses may be granted in the absence of such an agreement only: (i) If the proposed export involves an article which is identical to that in use in an unclassified civilian nuclear power plant; (ii) If the proposed export has no relationship to naval nuclear propulsion; and (iii) If it is not for use in a naval propulsion plant.
 § 120.6
  For purposes of this subchapter, the phrase 
                                    *U.S. criminal statutes*
                                     comprises the following: (a) Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778); (b) Section 1760 of the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (50 U.S.C. 4819) or section 11 of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. 4610); (c) Section 793, 794, or 798 of title 18, United States Code (relating to espionage involving defense or classified information) or section 2332d, 2339A, 2339B, 2339C, or 2339D of such title (relating to financial transactions with the government of a country designated as a country supporting international terrorism, providing material support to terrorists or terrorist organizations, financing of terrorism, or receiving military-type training from a foreign terrorist organization); (d) Section 16 of the Trading with the Enemy Act (50 U.S.C. 4315); (e) Section 206 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (relating to foreign assets controls; 50 U.S.C. 1705); (f) Section 30A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78dd-1) or section 104 of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (15 U.S.C. 78dd-2 or 78dd-3); (g) Chapter 105 of title 18, United States Code (relating to sabotage); (h) Section 4(b) of the Internal Security Act of 1950 (relating to communication of classified information; 50 U.S.C. 783(a)); (i) Sections 57, 92, 101, 104, 222, 224, 225, or 226 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2077, 2122, 2131, 2134, 2272, 2274, 2275, and 2276); (j) Section 601 of the National Security Act of 1947 (relating to intelligence identities protection; 50 U.S.C. 421); (k) Section 371 of title 18, United States Code (when it involves conspiracy to violate any of the statutes listed in this section); (l) Sections 3, 4, 5, and 6 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, Public Law 108-458 sections 6903-6906, relating to missile systems designed to destroy aircraft (18 U.S.C. 2332g), prohibitions governing atomic weapons (42 U.S.C. 2122), radiological dispersal services (18 U.S.C. 2332h), and variola virus (18 U.S.C. 175c); (m) Sections 2779 and 2780 of title 22, United States Code (relating to fees of military sales agents and other payments, and transactions with countries supporting acts of international terrorism); (n) Section 542 of title 18, United States Code (relating to the entry of goods by means of false statements), where the underlying offense involves a defense article, including technical data, or violations related to the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) or International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) in this subchapter; (o) Section 545 of title 18, United States Code (relating to smuggling goods into the United States), where the underlying offense involves a defense article, including technical data, or violations related to the AECA or ITAR; (p) Section 554 of title 18, United States Code (relating to smuggling goods from the United States), where the underlying offense involves a defense article, including technical data, or violations related to the AECA or ITAR; and (q) Section 1001 of title 18, United States Code (relating to false statements or entries generally), Section 1831 of title 18, United States Code (relating to economic espionage), and Section 1832 of title 18, United States Code (relating to theft of trade secrets) where the underlying offense involves a defense article, including technical data, or violations related to the AECA or ITAR.
 § 120.7
  (a) The provisions in this subchapter are in addition to, and are not in lieu of, any other provisions of law or regulations. The sale of firearms in the United States, for example, remains subject to the provisions of the Gun Control Act of 1968 and regulations administered by the Department of Justice. The performance of defense services on behalf of foreign governments by retired military personnel continues to require consent pursuant to part 3a of this title. Persons who intend to export defense articles or furnish defense services should not assume that satisfying the requirements of this subchapter relieves one of other requirements of law. (b) All determinations, authorizations, licenses, approvals of contracts and agreements, and other action issued, authorized, undertaken, or entered into by the Department of State pursuant to section 414 of the Mutual Security Act of 1954, as amended, or under the previous provisions of this subchapter, continue in full force and effect until or unless modified, revoked, or superseded by the Department of State.
 §§ 120.8-120.9
 Subpart B—General Policies and Processes § 120.10
  (a) 
                                    *The U.S. Munitions List.*
                                     The articles, services, and related technical data designated as defense articles or defense services pursuant to sections 38 and 47(7) of the Arms Export Control Act appear in part 121 of this subchapter and constitute the U.S. Munitions List (USML). Changes in designations are published in the 
                                    **Federal Register**
                                    . Paragraphs (b) through (d) of this section describe or explain the elements of a USML category. (b) 
                                    *Composition of U.S. Munitions List categories.*
                                     USML categories are organized by paragraphs and subparagraphs identified alphanumerically. They usually start by enumerating or otherwise describing end-items, followed by major systems and equipment; parts, components, accessories, and attachments; and technical data and defense services directly related to the defense articles of that USML category. (c) 
                                    *Significant Military Equipment paragraphs in the USML.*
                                     All items described within a USML paragraph or subordinate paragraph that is preceded by an asterisk (*) are designated Significant Military Equipment (SME). Note that technical data directly related to the manufacture or production of a defense article designated as SME is also designated as SME. (d) 
                                    *Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) designation.*
                                     Annotation with the parenthetical (MT) at the end of a USML entry indicates those defense articles that are on the MTCR Annex.
 § 120.11
  (a) 
                                    *Control.*
                                     Articles are controlled on the U.S. Munitions List (USML) because they are either: (1) Enumerated in a category; or (2) Described in a catch-all paragraph that incorporates specially designed as a 
                                    ( print page 16414)
                                    control parameter. In order to classify an item on the USML, begin with a review of the general characteristics of the item. This should guide you to the appropriate category, whereupon you should attempt to match the particular characteristics and functions of the article to a specific entry within that category. (b) 
                                    *Specially designed.*
                                     (1) If the entry includes the term specially designed, refer to § 120.41 to determine if the article qualifies for one or more of the exclusions articulated in § 120.41(b). (2) An item described in multiple entries should be categorized according to an enumerated entry rather than a specially designed catch-all paragraph. (c) 
                                    *Integration of controlled items.*
                                     Defense articles described on the USML are controlled and remain subject to this subchapter following incorporation or integration into any item not described on the USML, unless specifically provided otherwise in this subchapter. (d) 
                                    *Other controls.*
                                     In all cases, articles not controlled on the USML may be subject to another U.S. Government regulatory agency (see § 120.5, and Supplement No. 4 to part 774 of the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) in title 15 of the CFR for guidance on classifying an item subject to the EAR).
 § 120.12
  (a) Upon electronic submission of a Commodity Jurisdiction Determination Form (Form DS-4076), the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC) shall provide a determination of whether a particular article or service is covered by the U.S. Munitions List in part 121 of this subchapter. The determination, consistent with §§ 120.2, 120.3, and 120.4, entails consultation among the Departments of State, Defense, Commerce, and other U.S. Government agencies and industry in appropriate cases. State, Defense, and Commerce will resolve commodity jurisdiction determination disputes in accordance with established procedures. State shall notify Defense and Commerce, and other U.S. Government agencies as appropriate, of the initiation and conclusion of each case. (b) A determination that an article or service meets the criteria of a defense article or defense service, or provides the equivalent performance capabilities of a defense article on the U.S. Munitions List, is made on a case-by-case basis, taking into account: (1) The form and fit of the article; (2) The function and performance capability of the article; and (3) Other applicant-provided information, to include a history of the product's design, development, and use, as well as specifications and any other relevant data as described in brochures and other related documents. (c) A determination that an article or service has a critical military or intelligence advantage such that it warrants control under Category XXI of § 121.1 of this subchapter is made, on a case-by-case basis, taking into account: (1) The function and performance capability of the article; and (2) The nature of controls imposed by other nations on such items (including the Wassenaar Arrangement and other multilateral controls). (d) DDTC will provide a preliminary response within 10 working days of receipt of a complete request for commodity jurisdiction determination. If after 45 days DDTC has not provided a final commodity jurisdiction determination, the applicant may request in writing to the Director, Office of Defense Trade Controls Policy that this determination be given expedited processing. (e) A person may appeal a commodity jurisdiction determination by submitting a written request for reconsideration to the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Defense Trade Controls. The Deputy Assistant Secretary's determination of the appeal will be provided, in writing, within 30 days of receipt of the appeal. If desired, an appeal of the Deputy Assistant Secretary's decision can then be made to the Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs. (f) Registration with DDTC as described in part 122 of this subchapter is not required prior to submission of a commodity jurisdiction determination request.
 § 120.13
  (a) Any person who engages in the United States in the business of manufacturing or exporting or temporarily importing defense articles, or furnishing defense services, is required to register with the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls as set forth in part 122 of this subchapter. For the purpose of this subchapter, engaging in such a business requires only one occasion of manufacturing or exporting or temporarily importing a defense article or furnishing a defense service. A manufacturer who does not engage in exporting must nevertheless register. (b) Any U.S. person; foreign person located in the United States; or foreign person located outside the United States that is owned or controlled by a U.S. person, who engages in brokering activities is required to register with the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls as set forth in part 129 of this subchapter.
 § 120.14
  (a) 
                                    *Export, reexport, retransfer, or temporary import, of defense articles.*
                                     The approval of the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC) must be requested and obtained before the export, reexport, retransfer, or temporary import of a defense article, unless an exemption under the provisions of this subchapter is applicable. (b) 
                                    *Furnishing defense services.*
                                     The approval of DDTC must be requested and obtained before a defense service may be furnished, unless an exemption under the provisions of this subchapter is applicable. (c) 
                                    *Brokering activities.*
                                     The approval of DDTC must be requested and obtained before engaging in the business of brokering activities for the defense articles described in § 129.4(a) of this subchapter by a person who is required to register as a broker under part 129 of this subchapter, unless an exemption under the provisions of part 129 is applicable.
 § 120.15
  (a) Persons otherwise required to register with the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls in accordance with this subchapter must do so prior to utilization of an exemption. (b) Exemptions provided in this subchapter may not be utilized for transactions in which the exporter, any party to the export, any source or manufacturer, broker or other participant in the brokering activities, is generally ineligible as set forth in § 120.16, unless prior written authorization has been granted by the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls. (c) Exemptions provided in this subchapter do not apply with respect to defense articles or defense services originating in or for export to any proscribed countries, areas, or persons identified in § 126.1 of this subchapter, except as provided in § 126.1. (d) Each exemption provided in this subchapter is subject to limitation as described in the section or paragraph of this subchapter in which the exemption is prescribed. (e) Any person engaging in any export, reexport, transfer, or retransfer of a defense article or defense service pursuant to an exemption must maintain records of each such export, reexport, transfer, or retransfer. The records shall, to the extent applicable to the transaction and consistent with the 
                                    ( print page 16415)
                                    requirements of § 123.22 of this subchapter, include the following information: A description of the defense article, including technical data, or defense service; the name and address of the end-user and other available contact information (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     telephone number and electronic mail address); the name of the natural person responsible for the transaction; the stated end-use of the defense article or defense service; the date of the transaction; the Electronic Export Information (EEI) Internal Transaction Number (ITN); and the method of transmission. The person using or acting in reliance upon the exemption shall also comply with any additional recordkeeping requirements enumerated in the text of the regulations concerning such exemption (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     requirements specific to the Defense Trade Cooperation Treaties in §§ 126.16 and 126.17 of this subchapter). (f) To claim an exemption for the export of technical data under the provisions of this subchapter (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     §§ 125.4 and 125.5 of this subchapter), the exporter must certify that the proposed export is covered by a relevant section of this subchapter, to include the paragraph and applicable subordinate paragraph. Certifications consist of clearly marking the package or letter containing the technical data “22 CFR [insert ITAR exemption] applicable.” This certification must be made in written form and retained in the exporter's files for a period of 5 years. For exports that are oral, visual, or electronic the exporter must also complete a written certification and retain it for a period of 5 years.
 § 120.16
  (a) A U.S. person may receive a license or other approval pursuant to this subchapter. A foreign person may not receive such a license or other approval, except as follows: (1) A foreign governmental entity in the U.S. may receive a license or other approval; (2) A foreign person may receive a reexport or retransfer approval; or (3) A foreign person may receive an approval for brokering activities. (b) A request for a license or other approval by a U.S. person or by a person referred to in paragraphs (a)(1) and (3) of this section will be considered only if the applicant has registered with the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls pursuant to part 122 or 129 of this subchapter, as appropriate. (c) Persons who have been convicted of violating the U.S. criminal statutes enumerated in § 120.6, who have been debarred pursuant to part 127 or 128 of this subchapter, who are subject to indictment or are otherwise charged (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     charged by criminal information in lieu of indictment) with violating the U.S. criminal statutes enumerated in § 120.6, who are ineligible to contract with or to receive a license or other form of authorization to import defense articles or defense services from any agency of the U.S. Government, who are ineligible to receive an export license or other approval from any other agency of the U.S. Government, or who are subject to a publicly announced Department of State policy of denial, suspension, or revocation under § 120.18(a), are generally ineligible to be involved in activities regulated under this subchapter.
 § 120.17
  (a) Pursuant to section 40A of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2785) and related delegations of authority, the Department of State is required to establish a monitoring program in order to improve accountability with respect to defense articles and defense services, sold, leased, or exported under Department of State licenses or other approvals under section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act and this subchapter. (b) All exports of defense articles, technical data, services, and brokering activities made pursuant to this subchapter are subject to end-use monitoring by the Department of State through the Blue Lantern program.
 § 120.18
  (a) 
                                    *Policy.*
                                     Licenses or approvals shall be denied or revoked whenever required by any statute of the United States. Any application for an export license or other approval under this subchapter may be disapproved, and any license or other approval or exemption granted under this subchapter may be revoked, suspended, or amended without prior notice whenever: (1) The Department of State deems such action to be in furtherance of world peace, the national security or the foreign policy of the United States, or is otherwise advisable; or (2) The Department of State believes that 22 U.S.C. 2778, any regulation contained in this subchapter, or the terms of any U.S. Government export authorization (including the terms of a manufacturing license or technical assistance agreement, or export authorization granted pursuant to the Export Administration Regulations in 15 CFR parts 730 through 774) has been violated by any party to the export or other person having significant interest in the transaction; or (3) An applicant is the subject of a criminal complaint, other criminal charge (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     an information), or indictment for a violation of any of the U.S. criminal statutes enumerated in § 120.6; or (4) An applicant or any party to the export or the agreement has been convicted of violating any of the U.S. criminal statutes enumerated in § 120.6; or (5) An applicant is ineligible to contract with, or to receive a license or other authorization to import defense articles or defense services from, any agency of the U.S. Government; or (6) An applicant, any party to the export or agreement, any source or manufacturer of the defense article or defense service or any person who has a significant interest in the transaction has been debarred, suspended, or otherwise is ineligible to receive an export license or other authorization from any agency of the U.S. Government (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     pursuant to an order denying export privileges issued by the Department of Commerce under 15 CFR part 766 or by the Department of State under part 127 or 128 of this subchapter); or (7) An applicant has failed to include any of the information or documentation expressly required to support a license application, exemption, or other request for approval under this subchapter, or as required in the instructions in the applicable Department of State form or has failed to provide notice or information as required under this subchapter; or (8) An applicant is subject to sanctions under other relevant U.S. laws (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     the Missile Technology Controls title of the National Defense Authorization Act for FY 1991 (Pub. L. 101-510); the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991 (Pub. L. 102-182); or the Iran-Iraq Arms Non-Proliferation Act of 1992 (Pub. L. 102-484)); or (9) Any person involved in the transaction has been the subject of an unfavorable finding of an end-use monitoring check as described in § 120.17. (b) 
                                    *Notification.*
                                     The Directorate of Defense Trade Controls will notify applicants or licensees or other appropriate U.S. persons of actions taken pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section. The reasons for the action will be stated as specifically as security and foreign policy considerations permit. (c) 
                                    *Reconsideration.*
                                     If a written request for reconsideration of an adverse 
                                    ( print page 16416)
                                    decision is made within 30 days after a person has been informed of the decision, the U.S. person will be accorded an opportunity to present additional information. The case will then be reviewed by the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls. (d) 
                                    *Reconsideration of certain applications.*
                                     Applications for licenses or other requests for approval denied for repeated failure to provide information or documentation expressly required will normally not be reconsidered during the 30 day period following denial. They will be reconsidered after this period only after a final decision is made on whether the applicant will be subject to an administrative penalty imposed pursuant to this subchapter. Any request for reconsideration shall be accompanied by a letter explaining the steps that have been taken to correct the failure and to ensure compliance with the requirements of this subchapter.
 § 120.19
  (a) Part 127 of this subchapter specifies conduct that constitutes a violation of the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) and/or the International Traffic in Arms Regulations in this subchapter and the sanctions that may be imposed for such violations. (b) The Department strongly encourages the disclosure of information to the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls by persons that believe they may have violated any export control provision of the AECA, or any regulation in this subchapter, order, license, or other authorization issued under the authority of the AECA.
 § 120.20
  The Arms Export Control Act (AECA) authorizes the President to control the import and export of defense articles and services in furtherance of world peace and the security and foreign policy of the United States. Pursuant to delegated authorities, the Secretary of State is authorized to make decisions on whether license applications or other written requests for approval shall be granted, or whether exemptions may be used. The Secretary of State is also authorized to revoke, suspend, or amend licenses or other written approvals whenever such action is deemed to be advisable. The administration of the AECA is a foreign affairs function encompassed within the meaning of the military and foreign affairs exclusion of the Administrative Procedure Act and is thereby expressly exempt from various provisions of that Act. Because the exercising of the foreign affairs function, including the decisions required to implement the AECA, is highly discretionary, it is excluded from review under the Administrative Procedure Act.
 § 120.21
  (a) 
                                    *Freedom of information.*
                                     Subchapter R of this title contains regulations on the availability to the public of information and records of the Department of State. The provisions of subchapter R apply to such disclosures by the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls. (b) 
                                    *Determinations required by law.*
                                     Section 38(e) of the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) (22 U.S.C. 2778(e)) provides that information obtained for the purpose of consideration of, or concerning, license applications shall be withheld from public disclosure unless the release of such information is determined by the Secretary of State to be in the national interest. Section 38(e) of the AECA further provides that the names of countries and types and quantities of defense articles for which licenses are issued under this section shall not be withheld from public disclosure unless certain determinations are made that the release of such information would be contrary to the national interest. Such determinations required by section 38(e) shall be made by the Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs. (c) 
                                    *Information required under part 130 of this subchapter.*
                                     Part 130 contains specific provisions on the disclosure of information described in that part. (d) 
                                    *National interest determinations.*
                                     In accordance with section 38(e) of the AECA, the Secretary of State has determined that the following disclosures are in the national interest of the United States: (1) Furnishing information to foreign governments for law enforcement or regulatory purposes; and (2) Furnishing information to foreign governments and other agencies of the U.S. Government in the context of multilateral or bilateral export regimes (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     the Missile Technology Control Regime, the Australia Group, and Wassenaar Arrangement).
 § 120.22
  (a) 
                                    *Preliminary authorization determinations.*
                                     A person may request information from the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC) as to whether it would likely grant a license or other approval for a particular defense article or defense service to a particular country. Such information from DDTC is issued on a case-by-case basis and applies only to the particular matters presented to DDTC. These opinions are not binding on the Department of State and may not be used in future matters before the Department. A request for an advisory opinion must be made in writing and must outline in detail the equipment, its usage, the security classification (if any) of the articles or related technical data, and the country or countries involved. (b) 
                                    *Related authorizations.*
                                     DDTC may, as appropriate, in accordance with the procedures set forth in paragraph (a) of this section, provide export authorization, subject to all other relevant requirements of this subchapter, both for transactions that have been the subject of advisory opinions requested by prospective U.S. exporters, or for the Directorate's own initiatives. Such initiatives may cover pilot programs, or specifically anticipated circumstances for which the Directorate considers special authorizations appropriate. (c) 
                                    *Interpretations of the International Traffic in Arms Regulations in this subchapter.*
                                     Any person may request an interpretation of the requirements set forth in this subchapter in the form of an advisory opinion. A request for an advisory opinion must be made in writing. Any response to an advisory opinion provided by DDTC pursuant to this paragraph (c) shall not be an authorization to export and shall not bind the Department to grant or deny any such authorization.
 § 120.23
  (a) 
                                    *North Atlantic Treaty Organization.*
                                     North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) refers to the organization of member states that are parties to the North Atlantic Treaty, which members include: Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, the Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and any state not included here that has deposited an instrument of accession in accordance with Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty. (b) 
                                    *Major non-NATO ally.*
                                     (1) Major non-NATO ally, as defined in section 644(q) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2403(q)), means a country that is designated in accordance with section 517 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2321k) as a major non-NATO ally for purposes of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and the Arms Export Control 
                                    ( print page 16417)
                                    Act (22 U.S.C. 2151 
                                    *et seq.*
                                     and 22 U.S.C. 2751 
                                    *et seq.*). (2) The following countries are designated as major non-NATO allies: Afghanistan (see § 126.1(g) of this subchapter), Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Brazil, Egypt, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea, Thailand, and Tunisia. Taiwan shall be treated as though it were designated a major non-NATO ally. (c) 
                                    *Wassenaar Arrangement.*
                                     (1) The Wassenaar Arrangement refers to the Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies among the United States, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Republic of Korea, Romania, the Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom, established on 12 July 1996, to promote transparency and greater responsibility in transfers of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies. (2) The term Wassenaar Munitions List (WAML) refers to the list of military items for which all participants have agreed to maintain national export controls. (d) 
                                    *Missile Technology Control Regime*
                                    —(1) 
                                    *Regime.*
                                     Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) refers to the policy statement among the United States, the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Canada, and Japan, announced on April 16, 1987, to restrict sensitive missile-relevant transfers based on the MTCR Annex, and any amendments thereto. (2) 
                                    *MTCR Annex.*
                                     The term MTCR Annex refers to the MTCR Guidelines and the Equipment, Software and Technology Annex of the MTCR, and any amendments thereto. (3) 
                                    *List of all items on the MTCR Annex.*
                                     MTCR Annex items specified in the U.S. Munitions List shall be annotated by the parenthetical (MT) at the end of each applicable paragraph. (e) 
                                    *Defense Trade Cooperation Treaty between the United States and Australia.*
                                     Defense Trade Cooperation Treaty between the United States and Australia refers to the Treaty between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Australia Concerning Defense Trade Cooperation, done at Sydney, September 5, 2007. For additional information on making exports pursuant to this treaty, see § 126.16 of this subchapter. (f) 
                                    *Australia Implementing Arrangement.*
                                     Australia Implementing Arrangement refers to the Implementing Arrangement Pursuant to the Treaty between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Australia Concerning Defense Trade Cooperation, done at Washington, March 14, 2008, as it may be amended. (g) 
                                    *Defense Trade Cooperation Treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom.*
                                     Defense Trade Cooperation Treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom refers to the Treaty between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Concerning Defense Trade Cooperation, done at Washington and London, June 21 and 26, 2007. For additional information on making exports pursuant to this treaty, see § 126.17 of this subchapter. (h) 
                                    *United Kingdom Implementing Arrangement.*
                                     United Kingdom Implementing Arrangement refers to the Implementing Arrangement Pursuant to the Treaty between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Concerning Defense Trade Cooperation, done at Washington, February 14, 2008, as it may be amended.
 §§ 120.24-120.29
 Subpart C—Definitions § 120.30
  Directorate of Defense Trade Controls, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, Department of State, Washington, DC 20522-0112.
 § 120.31
  (a) 
                                    *Defense article*
                                     means any item or technical data designated in § 121.1 of this subchapter and includes: (1) Technical data recorded or stored in any physical form, models, mockups or other items that reveal technical data directly relating to items designated in § 121.1 of this subchapter; and (2) Forgings, castings, and other unfinished products, such as extrusions and machined bodies, that have reached a stage in manufacturing where they are clearly identifiable by mechanical properties, material composition, geometry, or function as defense articles. (b) It does not include basic marketing information on function or purpose or general system descriptions. (c) The policy described in § 120.3 is applicable to designations of additional items.
 § 120.32
  (a) 
                                    *Defense service*
                                     means: (1) The furnishing of assistance (including training) to foreign persons, whether in the United States or abroad in the design, development, engineering, manufacture, production, assembly, testing, repair, maintenance, modification, operation, demilitarization, destruction, processing, or use of defense articles; (2) The furnishing to foreign persons of any technical data controlled under this subchapter, whether in the United States or abroad; or (3) Military training of foreign units and forces, regular and irregular, including formal or informal instruction of foreign persons in the United States or abroad or by correspondence courses, technical, educational, or information publications and media of all kinds, training aid, orientation, training exercise, and military advice. (b) [Reserved]
 § 120.33
  (a) 
                                    *Technical data*
                                     means for purposes of this subchapter: (1) Information, other than software as defined in § 120.40(g), which is required for the design, development, production, manufacture, assembly, operation, repair, testing, maintenance, or modification of defense articles. This includes information in the form of blueprints, drawings, photographs, plans, instructions, or documentation; (2) Classified information relating to defense articles and defense services on the U.S. Munitions List and 600-series items controlled by the Commerce Control List; (3) Information covered by an invention secrecy order; or (4) Software (see § 120.40(g)) directly related to defense articles. (b) The definition in paragraph (a) of this section does not include information concerning general scientific, mathematical, or engineering principles commonly taught in schools, colleges, and universities, or information in the public domain as defined in § 120.34 or telemetry data as defined in note 3 to Category XV(f) of § 121.1 of this subchapter. It also does not include basic marketing information on function or purpose or general system descriptions of defense articles.
 § 120.34
  (a) 
                                    *Public domain*
                                     means information which is published and which is generally accessible or available to the public: (1) Through sales at newsstands and bookstores; (2) Through subscriptions which are available without restriction to any individual who desires to obtain or purchase the published information; (3) Through second class mailing privileges granted by the U.S. Government; (4) At libraries open to the public or from which the public can obtain documents; (5) Through patents available at any patent office; (6) Through unlimited distribution at a conference, meeting, seminar, trade show, or exhibition, generally accessible to the public, in the United States; (7) Through public release (
                                    *i.e.,*
                                     unlimited distribution) in any form (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     not necessarily in published form) after approval by the cognizant U.S. Government department or agency (see also § 125.4(b)(13) of this subchapter); or (8) Through fundamental research in science and engineering at accredited institutions of higher learning in the U.S. where the resulting information is ordinarily published and shared broadly in the scientific community. Fundamental research is defined to mean basic and applied research in science and engineering where the resulting information is ordinarily published and shared broadly within the scientific community, as distinguished from research the results of which are restricted for proprietary reasons or specific U.S. Government access and dissemination controls. University research will not be considered fundamental research if: (i) The University or its researchers accept other restrictions on publication of scientific and technical information resulting from the project or activity; or (ii) The research is funded by the U.S. Government and specific access and dissemination controls protecting information resulting from the research are applicable. (b) [Reserved]
 § 120.35
 § 120.36
  (a) 
                                    *Significant military equipment*
                                     means articles for which special export controls are warranted because of their capacity for substantial military utility or capability. (b) Significant military equipment includes: (1) Items in § 121.1 of this subchapter that are preceded by an asterisk; and (2) All classified articles enumerated in § 121.1 of this subchapter.
 § 120.37
  *Major defense equipment,*
                                     pursuant to section 47(6) of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2794(6)), means any item of significant military equipment on the U.S. Munitions List having a nonrecurring research and development cost of more than $50,000,000 or a total production cost of more than $200,000,000.
 § 120.38
  *Classified*
                                     means classified pursuant to Executive Order 13526, or predecessor order, and a security classification guide developed pursuant thereto or equivalent, or to the corresponding classification rules of another government or international organization.
 § 120.39
  *Foreign defense article or defense service*
                                     means any article or service described on the U.S. Munitions List of non-U.S. origin. Unless otherwise provided in this subchapter, the terms defense article and defense service refer to both U.S. and foreign origin defense articles and defense services described on the U.S. Munitions List. A defense article or defense service is determined exclusively in accordance with the Arms Export Control Act and this subchapter, regardless of any designation (either affirming or contrary) that may be attributed to the same article or service by any foreign government or international organization.
 § 120.40
  (a) 
                                    *Commodity*
                                     means any article, material, or supply, except technology/technical data or software. (b) An 
                                    *end-item*
                                     is a system, equipment, or an assembled article ready for its intended use. Only ammunition or fuel or other energy source is required to place it in an operating state. (c) A 
                                    *component*
                                     is an item that is useful only when used in conjunction with an end-item: (1) A 
                                    *major component*
                                     includes any assembled element that forms a portion of an end-item without which the end-item is inoperable; and (2) A 
                                    *minor component*
                                     includes any assembled element of a major component. (d) 
                                    *Accessories and attachments*
                                     are associated articles for any component, equipment, system, or end-item, and which are not necessary for its operation, but which enhance its usefulness or effectiveness. (e) A 
                                    *part*
                                     is any single unassembled element of a major or a minor component, accessory, or attachment which is not normally subject to disassembly without the destruction or the impairment of designed use. (f) 
                                    *Firmware*
                                     and any related unique support tools (such as computers, linkers, editors, test case generators, diagnostic checkers, library of functions, and system test diagnostics) directly related to equipment or systems covered under any category of the U.S. Munitions List are considered as part of the end-item or component. Firmware includes but is not limited to circuits into which software has been programmed. (g) 
                                    *Software*
                                     includes but is not limited to the system functional design, logic flow, algorithms, application programs, operating systems, and support software for design, implementation, test, operation, diagnosis, and repair. A person who intends to export only software should, unless it is specifically enumerated in § 121.1 of this subchapter (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     USML Category XIII(b)), apply for a technical data license pursuant to part 125 of this subchapter. (h) A 
                                    *system*
                                     is a combination of parts, components, accessories, attachments, firmware, software, equipment, or end-items that operate together to perform a function. Note 1 to paragraph (h): The industrial standards established by the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) provide examples for when commodities and software operate together to perform a function as a system. (i) 
                                    *Equipment*
                                     is a combination of parts, components, accessories, attachments, firmware, or software that operate together to perform a function of, as, or for an end-item or system. Equipment may be a subset of an end-item based on the characteristics of the equipment. Equipment that meets the definition of an end-item in paragraph (b) of this section is an end-item. Equipment that does not meet the definition of an end-item is a component, accessory, attachment, firmware, or software.
 § 120.41
  (a) Except for commodities or software described in paragraph (b) of this section, a commodity or software is specially designed if it: (1) As a result of development, has properties peculiarly responsible for 
                                    ( print page 16419)
                                    achieving or exceeding the controlled performance levels, characteristics, or functions described in the relevant U.S. Munitions List (USML) paragraph in § 121.1 of this subchapter; or Note 1 to paragraph (a)(1): An example of a commodity that as a result of development has properties peculiarly responsible for achieving or exceeding the controlled performance levels, functions, or characteristics in a USML category would be a swimmer delivery vehicle specially designed to dock with a submarine to provide submerged transport for swimmers or divers from submarines. (2) Is a part, component, accessory, attachment, or software for use in or with a defense article. (b) For purposes of this subchapter, a part, component, accessory, attachment, or software is not specially designed if it: (1) Is subject to the EAR pursuant to a commodity jurisdiction determination; (2) Is, regardless of form or fit, a fastener (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     screws, bolts, nuts, nut plates, studs, inserts, clips, rivets, pins), washer, spacer, insulator, grommet, bushing, spring, wire, or solder; (3) Has the same function, performance capabilities, and the same or equivalent form and fit as a commodity or software used in or with a commodity that: (i) Is or was in production (
                                    *i.e.,*
                                     not in development); and (ii) Is not enumerated on the USML; (4) Was or is being developed with knowledge that it is or would be for use in or with both defense articles enumerated on the USML and also commodities not on the USML; or (5) Was or is being developed as a general purpose commodity or software, 
                                    *i.e.,*
                                     with no knowledge for use in or with a particular commodity (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     a F/A-18 or HMMWV) or type of commodity (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     an aircraft or machine tool). Note 2 to paragraph (b): For a defense article not to be specially designed on the basis of paragraph (b)(4) or (5) of this section, documents contemporaneous with its development, in their totality, must establish the elements of paragraph (b)(4) or (5). Such documents may include concept design information, marketing plans, declarations in patent applications, or contracts. Absent such documents, the commodity may not be excluded from being specially designed by either paragraph (b)(4) or (5). Note 3 to paragraph (b): For the purpose of paragraphs (b)(4) and (5) of this section, “knowledge” includes not only the positive knowledge a circumstance exists or is substantially certain to occur, but also an awareness of a high probability of its existence or future occurrence. Such awareness is inferred from evidence of the conscious disregard of facts known to a person and is also inferred from a person's willful avoidance of facts.
 § 120.42
  (a) 
                                    *Form.*
                                     The form of a commodity is defined by its configuration (including the geometrically measured configuration), material, and material properties that uniquely characterize it. For software, the form means the design, logic flow, and algorithms. (b) 
                                    *Fit.*
                                     The fit of a commodity is defined by its ability to physically interface or connect with or become an integral part of another commodity. For software, the fit is defined by its ability to interface or connect with a defense article. (c) 
                                    *Function.*
                                     The function of a commodity is the action or actions it is designed to perform. For software, the function means the action or actions the software performs directly related to a defense article or as a standalone application. (d) 
                                    *Performance capability.*
                                     Performance capability is the measure of a commodity's effectiveness to perform a designated function in a given environment (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     measured in terms of speed, durability, reliability, pressure, accuracy, efficiency). For software, performance capability means the measure of the software's effectiveness to perform a designated function. (e) 
                                    *Equivalent.*
                                     With respect to a commodity, equivalent means its form has been modified solely for fit purposes. (f) 
                                    *Enumerated.*
                                     Enumerated refers to any item designated on the U.S. Munitions List or item on the Commerce Control List and not in a catch-all control. (g) 
                                    *Catch-all control.*
                                     A catch-all control is one that does not refer to specific types of parts, components, accessories, or attachments, but rather controls unspecified parts, components, accessories, or attachments only if they were specially designed for an enumerated item.
 § 120.43
  (a) 
                                    *Development*
                                     is related to all stages prior to serial production, such as design, design research, design analyses, design concepts, assembly and testing of prototypes, pilot production schemes, design data, process of transforming design data into a product, configuration design, integration design, and layouts. Development includes modification of an existing design. (b)(1) 
                                    *Production*
                                     means all production stages, such as product engineering, manufacture, integration, assembly (mounting), inspection, testing, and quality assurance. This includes serial production where commodities have passed production readiness testing (
                                    *i.e.,*
                                     an approved, standardized design ready for large scale production) and have been or are being produced on an assembly line for multiple commodities using the approved, standardized design. (2) Commodities in production that are subsequently subject to development activities, such as those that would result in enhancements or improvements only in the reliability or maintainability of the commodity (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     an increased mean time between failure), including those pertaining to quality improvements, cost reductions, or feature enhancements, remain in production. However, any new models or versions of such commodities developed from such efforts that change the basic performance or capability of the commodity are in development until and unless they enter into production. (c) 
                                    *Design methodology*
                                     includes the underlying engineering methods and design philosophy utilized (
                                    *i.e.,*
                                     information that explains the rationale for a particular design decision, engineering feature, or performance requirement); engineering experience (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     lessons learned); and the rationale and associated databases (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     design allowables, factors of safety, component life predictions, failure analysis criteria) that establish the operational requirements (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     performance, mechanical, electrical, electronic, reliability and maintainability) of a defense article. (Final analytical results and the initial conditions and parameters may be provided.) (d) 
                                    *Engineering analysis*
                                     includes the analytical methods and tools used to design or evaluate a defense article's performance against the operational requirements. Analytical methods and tools include the development and/or use of mockups, computer models and simulations, and test facilities. (Final analytical results and the initial conditions and parameters may be provided.) (e) 
                                    *Manufacturing know-how*
                                     includes information that provides detailed manufacturing processes and techniques needed to translate a detailed design into a qualified, finished defense article. (Information may be provided in a build-to-print package that is necessary in order to produce an acceptable defense article.) (f) 
                                    *Build-to-print*
                                     means that a foreign consignee can produce a defense article from engineering drawings without any technical assistance from a U.S. 
                                    ( print page 16420)
                                    exporter. This transaction is based strictly on a hands-off approach since the foreign consignee is understood to have the inherent capability to produce the defense article and only lacks the necessary drawings. Supporting documentation (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     acceptance criteria, object code software for numerically controlled machines) may be released on an as-required basis (
                                    *i.e.,*
                                     must have) such that the foreign consignee would not be able to produce an acceptable defense article without this additional supporting documentation. Build-to-print does not include the release of any information which discloses design methodology, engineering analysis, detailed process information or manufacturing know-how. Documentation which is not absolutely necessary to permit manufacture of an acceptable defense article (
                                    *i.e.*
                                     nice to have) is not considered within the boundaries of a build-to-print data package. (g) 
                                    *Build/design-to-specification*
                                     means that a foreign consignee can design and produce a defense article from requirement specifications without any technical assistance from the U.S. exporter. This transaction is based strictly on a hands-off approach since the foreign consignee is understood to have the inherent capability to both design and produce the defense article and only lacks the necessary requirement information. (h) 
                                    *Basic research*
                                     means a systemic study directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and observable facts without specific applications towards processes or products in mind. It does not include applied research. (i) 
                                    *Applied research*
                                     means a systemic study to gain knowledge or understanding necessary to determine the means by which a recognized and specific need may be met. It is a systematic application of knowledge toward the production of useful materials, devices, and systems or methods, including design, development, and improvement of prototypes and new processes to meet specific requirements.
 § 120.44
 § 120.45
  (a) 
                                    *Organizational-level maintenance*
                                     (or basic-level maintenance) is the first level of maintenance that can be performed on-equipment (directly on the defense article or support equipment) without specialized training. It consists of repairing, inspecting, servicing, calibrating, lubricating, or adjusting equipment, as well as replacing minor parts, components, assemblies, and line-replaceable spares or units. This includes modifications, enhancements, or upgrades that would result in improving only the reliability or maintainability of the commodity (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     an increased mean time between failure) and does not enhance the basic performance or capability of the defense article. (b) 
                                    *Intermediate-level maintenance*
                                     is second-level maintenance performed off-equipment (on removed parts, components, or equipment) at or by designated maintenance shops or centers, tenders, or field teams. It may consist of calibrating, repairing, testing, or replacing damaged or unserviceable parts, components, or assemblies. This includes modifications, enhancements, or upgrades that would result in improving only the reliability or maintainability of the commodity (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     an increased mean time between failure) and does not enhance the basic performance or capability of the defense article. (c) 
                                    *Depot-level maintenance*
                                     is third-level maintenance performed on- or off-equipment at or by a major repair facility, shipyard, or field team, each with necessary equipment and personnel of requisite technical skill. It consists of providing evaluation or repair beyond unit or organization capability. This maintenance consists of inspecting, testing, calibrating, repairing, overhauling, refurbishing, reconditioning, and one-to-one replacing of any defective parts, components, or assemblies. This includes modifications, enhancements, or upgrades that would result in improving only the reliability or maintainability of the commodity (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     an increased mean time between failure) and does not enhance the basic performance or capability of the defense article.
 §§ 120.46-120.49
 § 120.50
  (a) 
                                    *Export,*
                                     except as set forth in § 120.54 or § 126.16 or § 126.17 of this subchapter, means: (1) An actual shipment or transmission out of the United States, including the sending or taking of a defense article out of the United States in any manner; (2) Releasing or otherwise transferring technical data to a foreign person in the United States (a deemed export); (3) Transferring registration, control, or ownership of any aircraft, vessel, or satellite subject to this subchapter by a U.S. person to a foreign person; (4) Releasing or otherwise transferring a defense article to an embassy or to any of its agencies or subdivisions, such as a diplomatic mission or consulate, in the United States; (5) Performing a defense service on behalf of, or for the benefit of, a foreign person, whether in the United States or abroad; or (6) The release of previously encrypted technical data as described in § 120.56(a)(3) and (4). (b) Any release in the United States of technical data to a foreign person is deemed to be an export to all countries in which the foreign person has held or holds citizenship or holds permanent residency.
 § 120.51
  (a) 
                                    *Reexport,*
                                     except as set forth in § 120.54 or § 126.16 or § 126.17 of this subchapter, means: (1) An actual shipment or transmission of a defense article from one foreign country to another foreign country, including the sending or taking of a defense article to or from such countries in any manner; (2) Releasing or otherwise transferring technical data to a foreign person who is a citizen or permanent resident of a country other than the foreign country where the release or transfer takes place (a deemed reexport); or (3) Transferring registration, control, or ownership of any aircraft, vessel, or satellite subject to this subchapter between foreign persons. (b) Any release outside the United States of technical data to a foreign person is deemed to be a reexport to all countries in which the foreign person has held or holds citizenship or holds permanent residency.
 § 120.52
  (a) 
                                    *Retransfer,*
                                     except as set forth in § 120.54 or § 126.16 or § 126.17 of this subchapter, means: (1) A change in end-use or end-user, or a temporary transfer to a third party, of a defense article within the same foreign country; or (2) A release of technical data to a foreign person who is a citizen or permanent resident of the country where the release or transfer takes place. (b) [Reserved]
 § 120.53
  (a) 
                                    *Temporary import,*
                                     except as set forth in § 120.54, means bringing into the United States from a foreign country any defense article that is: (1) To be returned to the country from which it was shipped or taken; or
                                    ( print page 16421) (2) Any defense article that is in transit to another foreign destination. (b) Temporary import includes withdrawal of a defense article from a customs bonded warehouse or foreign trade zone for the purpose of returning it to the country of origin or country from which it was shipped or for shipment to another foreign destination. (c) Permanent imports are regulated by the Attorney General under the direction of the Department of Justice's Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (see 27 CFR parts 447, 478, 479, and 555).
 § 120.54
  (a) The following activities are not exports, reexports, retransfers, or temporary imports: (1) Launching a spacecraft, launch vehicle, payload, or other item into space; (2) Transmitting or otherwise transferring technical data to a U.S. person in the United States from a person in the United States; (3) Transmitting or otherwise transferring within the same foreign country technical data between or among only U.S. persons, so long as the transmission or transfer does not result in a release to a foreign person or transfer to a person prohibited from receiving the technical data; (4) Shipping, moving, or transferring defense articles between or among the United States as defined in § 120.60; (5) Sending, taking, or storing technical data that is: (i) Unclassified; (ii) Secured using end-to-end encryption; (iii) Secured using cryptographic modules (hardware or software) compliant with the Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 140-2 (FIPS 140-2) or its successors, supplemented by software implementation, cryptographic key management and other procedures and controls that are in accordance with guidance provided in current U.S. National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) publications, or by other cryptographic means that provide security strength that is at least comparable to the minimum 128 bits of security strength achieved by the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES-128); and (iv) Not intentionally sent to a person in or stored in a country proscribed in § 126.1 of this subchapter or the Russian Federation; and Note 1 to paragraph (a)(5)(iv): Data in-transit via the internet is not deemed to be stored. (v) Not sent from a country proscribed in § 126.1 of this subchapter or the Russian Federation. (b)(1) For purposes of this section, end-to-end encryption is defined as: (i) The provision of cryptographic protection of data, such that the data is not in an unencrypted form, between an originator (or the originator's in-country security boundary) and an intended recipient (or the recipient's in-country security boundary); and (ii) The means of decryption are not provided to any third party. (2) The originator and the intended recipient may be the same person. The intended recipient must be the originator, a U.S. person in the United States, or a person otherwise authorized to receive the technical data, such as by a license or other approval pursuant to this subchapter. (c) The ability to access technical data in encrypted form that satisfies the criteria set forth in paragraph (a)(5) of this section does not constitute the release or export of such technical data.
 § 120.55
  *Access information*
                                     is information that allows access to encrypted technical data subject to this subchapter in an unencrypted form. Examples include decryption keys, network access codes, and passwords.
 § 120.56
  (a) 
                                    *Release.*
                                     Technical data is released through: (1) Visual or other inspection by foreign persons of a defense article that reveals technical data to a foreign person; (2) Oral or written exchanges with foreign persons of technical data in the United States or abroad; (3) The use of access information to cause or enable a foreign person, including yourself, to access, view, or possess unencrypted technical data; or (4) The use of access information to cause technical data outside of the United States to be in unencrypted form. (b) 
                                    *Provision of access information.*
                                     Authorization for a release of technical data to a foreign person is required to provide access information to that foreign person, if that access information can cause or enable access, viewing, or possession of the unencrypted technical data.
 § 120.57
  (a) 
                                    *License*
                                     means a document bearing the word “license” issued by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Defense Trade Controls, or authorized designee, that permits the export, reexport, retransfer, temporary import, or brokering of a specific defense article or defense service controlled by this subchapter. (b) 
                                    *Other approval*
                                     means a document, other than a license, issued by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Defense Trade Controls, or authorized designee, that approves an activity regulated by this subchapter (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     approvals for brokering activities or retransfer authorizations), or the use of an exemption to the license requirements as described in this subchapter. (c) 
                                    *Exemption*
                                     means a provision of this subchapter that authorizes the export, reexport, retransfer, temporary import, or brokering of a specific defense article or defense service without a license or other written authorization. (d) 
                                    *Manufacturing license agreement*
                                     means an agreement (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     contract), approved by the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC), whereby a U.S. person grants a foreign person an authorization to manufacture defense articles abroad and which involves or contemplates: (1) The export of technical data or defense articles or the performance of a defense service; or (2) The use by the foreign person of technical data or defense articles previously exported by the U.S. person. (e) 
                                    *Technical assistance agreement*
                                     means an agreement (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     contract), approved by DDTC, for the performance of a defense service(s) or the disclosure of technical data, as opposed to an agreement granting a right or license to manufacture defense articles. Assembly of defense articles is included under this section, provided production rights or manufacturing know-how are not conveyed. Should such rights be transferred, paragraph (d) of this section is applicable. (f) 
                                    *Distribution agreement*
                                     means an agreement (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     a contract), approved by DDTC, to establish a warehouse or distribution point abroad for defense articles exported from the United States for subsequent distribution to entities in an approved sales territory.
 § 120.58
  Items 
                                    *subject to the EAR*
                                     are those items listed on the Commerce Control List in part 774 of the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) and all other items that meet the definition of that term in accordance with § 734.3 of the EAR. The EAR is found at 15 CFR parts 730 through 774.
 § 120.59
 § 120.60
  *United States,*
                                     when used in the geographical sense, includes the several states, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the insular possessions of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, any territory or possession of the United States, and any territory or possession over which the United States exercises any powers of administration, legislation, and jurisdiction.
 § 120.61
  *Person*
                                     means a natural person as well as a corporation, business association, partnership, society, trust, or any other entity, organization or group, including governmental entities. If a provision in this subchapter does not refer exclusively to a foreign person or U.S. person, then it refers to both.
 § 120.62
  *U.S. person*
                                     means a person who is a lawful permanent resident as defined by 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(20) or who is a protected individual as defined by 8 U.S.C. 1324b(a)(3). It also means any corporation, business association, partnership, society, trust, or any other entity, organization, or group that is incorporated to do business in the United States. It also includes any governmental (Federal, state, or local) entity. It does not include any foreign person as defined in § 120.63.
 § 120.63
  *Foreign person*
                                     means any natural person who is not a lawful permanent resident as defined by 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(20) or who is not a protected individual as defined by 8 U.S.C. 1324b(a)(3). It also means any foreign corporation, business association, partnership, trust, society, or any other entity or group that is not incorporated or organized to do business in the United States, as well as international organizations, foreign governments, and any agency or subdivision of foreign governments (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     diplomatic missions).
 § 120.64
  (a) 
                                    *Regular employee*
                                     means: (1) An individual permanently and directly employed by the company; or (2) An individual in a long term contractual relationship with the company where the individual works at the company's facilities, works under the company's direction and control, works full time and exclusively for the company, and executes nondisclosure certifications for the company, and where the staffing agency that has seconded the individual has no role in the work the individual performs (other than providing that individual for that work) and the staffing agency would not have access to any controlled technology (other than where specifically authorized by a license). (b) [Reserved]
 § 120.65
  (a) 
                                    *Foreign ownership*
                                     means more than 50 percent of the outstanding voting securities of the firm are owned by one or more foreign persons. (b) 
                                    *Foreign control*
                                     means one or more foreign persons have the authority or ability to establish or direct the general policies or day-to-day operations of the firm. Foreign control is presumed to exist where foreign persons own 25 percent or more of the outstanding voting securities unless one U.S. person controls an equal or larger percentage.
 § 120.66
  (a) 
                                    *Affiliate*
                                     (of a registrant) means a person that directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls, or is controlled by, or is under common control with, such registrant. (b) For purposes of this section, “control” means having the authority or ability to establish or direct the general policies or day-to-day operations of the firm. Control is rebuttably presumed to exist where there is ownership of 25 percent or more of the outstanding voting securities if no other person controls an equal or larger percentage.
 § 120.67
  (a) 
                                    *Empowered official*
                                     means a U.S. person who: (1) Is directly employed by the applicant or a subsidiary in a position having authority for policy or management within the applicant organization; and (2) Is legally empowered in writing by the applicant to sign license applications or other requests for approval on behalf of the applicant; and (3) Understands the provisions and requirements of the various export control statutes and regulations, and the criminal liability, civil liability, and administrative penalties for violating the Arms Export Control Act and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations in this subchapter; and (4) Has the independent authority to: (i) Inquire into any aspect of a proposed export, temporary import, or brokering activity by the applicant; (ii) Verify the legality of the transaction and the accuracy of the information to be submitted; and (iii) Refuse to sign any license application or other request for approval without prejudice or other adverse recourse. (b) For the purposes of a broker who is a foreign person, the empowered official may be a foreign person who otherwise meets the criteria for an empowered official in paragraph (a) of this section.
 § 120.68
  (a) 
                                    *Party to the export*
                                     means: (1) The chief executive officer, president, vice-presidents, other senior officers and officials (
                                    *e.g.,*
                                     comptroller, treasurer, general counsel), and any member of the board of directors of the applicant; (2) The freight forwarders or designated exporting agent of the applicant; and (3) Any consignee or end-user of any item to be exported. (b) [Reserved]
 § 120.69
  *Port Directors*
                                     means the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Port Directors at the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Ports of Entry (other than the port of New York, New York where their title is the Area Directors).
 PART 121—THE UNITED STATES MUNITIONS LIST
 2.The authority citation for part 121 is revised to read as follows: Authority:
                        22 U.S.C. 2752, 2778, 2797; 22 U.S.C. 2651a; Sec. 1514, Pub. L. 105-261, 112 Stat. 2175; E.O. 13637, 78 FR 16129, 3 CFR, 2013 Comp., p. 223. 3.Add § 121.0 to read as follows: § 121.0
  (a) For a description of the U.S. Munitions List and its designations, including the use of asterisks and the parenthetical “(MT)”, see § 120.10 of this subchapter. (b) As used in this part, 
                            *EAR*
                             means Export Administration Regulations in 15 CFR parts 730 through 774.
 § 121.1
 4.Section 121.1 is amended as follows: a.Remove and reserve paragraphs (a) and (b); and b.In the United States Munitions List: i.Remove “ *i.e.,*
                        ”, “
                        *See*
                        ”, and “
                        *see*
                        ” everywhere they appear and add in their places “
                        *i.e.,*
                        ”, “See”, and “see” respectively; ii. Remove the phrases “(see § 120.4 of this subchapter)” and “(see § 120.42 of this subchapter)” everywhere they appear; iii. Remove the phrase “(see § 120.10 of this subchapter) and defense services 
                        ( print page 16423)
                        (see § 120.9 of this subchapter)” everywhere it appears and add in its place “(see § 120.33 of this subchapter) and defense services (see § 120.32 of this subchapter)”; iv. In Category II, remove Note 1 to paragraph (j)(17); v.In Category III, remove Note 1 to paragraph (d)(15); vi. In Category IV, remove the note to paragraph (h)(30); vii. In Category V: A. In paragraph (h)(2), remove the phrase “(see § 120.10(a)(2) of this subchapter)”; B. Remove Note to paragraph (h); and C. In paragraph (j): *1.*
                         Remove the phrase “(as defined in § 120.10 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.9 of this subchapter)” and add in its place “(see § 120.33 of this subchapter) and defense services (see § 120.32 of this subchapter)”; *2.*
                         Remove “(see also § 123.20 of this subchapter)” and add in its place “(see also § 120.5(c) of this subchapter for nuclear related controls)”; viii. In Category VI: A. Remove the phrase “see § 120.45(g)” and add in its place “see § 120.40(h)” in Note to paragraph (b)(4); B. Remove “(see § 123.20 of this subchapter)” and add in its place “(see also § 120.5(c) of this subchapter for nuclear related controls)” in paragraphs (e) and (f)(5); and C. Remove the second sentence of paragraph of (f)(9)(iii); ix. In Category VII: A. Remove the phrase “see § 120.45(g)” and add in its place “see § 120.40(h)” in Note to paragraph (c); and B. Remove the undesignated sentence following paragraph (g)(14)(iii); x.In Category VIII, remove Note to paragraph (h)(20); xi. In Category IX: A. Remove Note to paragraph (a)(11) and Note to paragraph (b)(5); and B. Remove the phrase “see, § 120.9(a)(3)” and add in its place “see § 120.32(a)(3)” in paragraph (e)(3); xii. In Category X, remove Note to paragraph (d)(4); xiii. In Category XI: A. Remove the phrase “(see § 120.10(a)(2) of this subchapter)” in paragraph (c)(19)(iii); B. Remove Note to paragraph (c)(19); and C. Remove the phrase “see § 121.8(f)” and add in its place “see § 120.40(g)” in Note to paragraph (c)(19)(ii); xiv. In Category XII: A. Remove Note to paragraph (e)(23); B. Remove the phrase “(see § 120.10) and defense services (see § 120.9)” and add in its place “(see § 120.33 of this subchapter) and defense services (see § 120.32 of this subchapter)” in paragraph (f); and C. Remove the reference “§ 120.4” and add in its place “§§ 120.4 and 120.12” in Note to Category XII; xv. In Category XIII: A. Remove the undesignated sentence following paragraph (f)(iii); B. Remove the phrase “see § 125.4(c)(4)” and add in its place “see § 120.43(c)” in paragraph (i)(6); and C. In paragraph (l): *1.*
                         Remove the phrase “(see § 120.10 of this subchapter) directly related to the defense articles described in paragraphs (a) through (h), (j), and (k) of this category and defense services (see § 120.9 of this subchapter)” and add in its place “(see § 120.33 of this subchapter) directly related to the defense articles described in paragraphs (a) through (h), (j), and (k) of this category and defense services (see § 120.32) of this subchapter)”; and *2.*
                         Add at the end of the first sentence “(see also § 120.5(c) of this subchapter for nuclear related controls)”; and *3.*
                         Remove the first parenthetical sentence; xvi. In Category XIV: A. Remove Note to paragraph (f)(8); and B. Remove the phrase “(as defined in § 120.10 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.9 of this subchapter)” and add in its place “(see § 120.33 of this subchapter) and defense services (see § 120.32 of this subchapter)” in paragraph (m); xvii. In Category XV: A. Remove the phrase “(see § 120.7 of this subchapter)” in Note 3 to paragraph (a)(7); and B. Remove the second sentence of paragraph (a)(13) and Note to paragraph (e)(21); xvii. In Category XVI(e): A. Add “(see also § 120.5(c) of this subchapter for nuclear related controls)” at the end of the first sentence; and B. Remove the parenthetical sentence at the end of the paragraph; xviii. In Category XVIII(g), remove the phrase “(see § 120.10 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.9 of this subchapter)” and add in its place “(see § 120.33 of this subchapter) and defense services (see § 120.32 of this subchapter)”; xix. In Category XIX, remove Note to paragraph (f)(6); xx. In Category XX: A. Remove the phrase “see § 120.45(g)” and add in its place “see § 120.40(h)” in Note to paragraph (a)(7); and B. Remove “(see § 123.20 of this subchapter)” and add in its place “(see also § 120.5(c) of this subchapter for nuclear related controls)” in paragraph (b)(1); and xxi. In Category XXI(a), remove the phrase “(see § 120.7 of this subchapter)”. § 121.16
 5.Remove and reserve § 121.16. PART 122—REGISTRATION OF MANUFACTURERS AND EXPORTERS
 6.The authority citation for part 122 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                        Sections 2 and 38, Pub. L. 90-629, 90 Stat. 744 (22 U.S.C. 2752, 2778); 22 U.S.C. 2651a; E.O. 13637, 78 FR 16129. § 122.2
 7.In § 122.2: a.In paragraph (a), remove the reference “§ 120.40” and add in its place “§ 120.66”; b.In paragraph (b)(1)(i), remove the reference “§ 120.27” and add in its place “§ 120.6”; and c.In paragraph (b)(2), remove the reference “§ 120.37” and add in its place “§ 120.65”. § 122.4
 8.In § 122.4: a.In paragraph (a)(1), remove the reference “§ 120.27” and add in its place “§ 120.6”; and b.In paragraph (b), remove the reference “§§ 120.10 and 126.1(e)” and add in its place “§ 126.1(e)”. PART 123—LICENSES FOR THE EXPORT AND TEMPORARY IMPORT OF DEFENSE ARTICLES
 9.The authority citation for part 123 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                        Secs. 2, 38, and 71, Pub. L. 90-629, 90 Stat. 744 (22 U.S.C. 2752, 2778, 2797); 22 U.S.C. 2753; 22 U.S.C. 2651a; 22 U.S.C. 2776; Pub. L. 105-261, 112 Stat. 1920; Sec. 1205(a), Pub. L. 107-228; Sec. 520, Pub. L. 112-55; Section 1261, Pub. L. 112-239; E.O. 13637, 78 FR 16129. § 123.1
 10.In § 123.1: a.In paragraph (b) introductory text, remove the phrase “( *see*
                         § 120.42 of this subchapter)”; and b.In paragraph (d), remove the reference “§ 120.9(a)” and add in its place “§ 120.32”. § 123.4
 11.In § 123.4, in paragraph (c)(1), remove the reference “§ 120.1(c)” and add in its place “§ 120.16”. § 123.9
 12.In § 123.9, in paragraph (b)(2), remove the phrase “(see §§ 120.5, ( print page 16424)
                        120.42 and 123.1(b) of this subchapter)”. § 123.15
 13.In § 123.15, in paragraph (a) introductory text, remove the reference “§ 120.8” and add in its place “§ 120.37”. § 123.16
 14.In § 123.16: a.In paragraph (a), remove the reference “§ 120.1(c)” and add in its place “§ 120.16”; b.In paragraph (b)(4), remove the reference “§ 120.45(b)” and add in its place “§ 120.40(c)”; and c.In paragraph (b)(9) introductory text, remove the reference “§ 120.37” and add in its place “§ 120.65”. § 123.17
 15.In § 123.17, in paragraph (k), remove the reference “§§ 120.1(c) and (d)” and add in its place “§§ 120.15(d) and 120.16(c)”. §§ 123.20 and 123.26
 16.Remove and reserve §§ 123.20 and 123.26. § 123.27
 17.In § 123.27, in paragraph (a)(1), remove the references “(see § 120.31 of this subchapter)” and “(see § 120.32 of this subchapter)”. PART 124—AGREEMENTS, OFF-SHORE PROCUREMENT, AND OTHER DEFENSE SERVICES
 18.The authority citation for part 124 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                        Secs. 2, 38, and 71, Pub. L. 90-629, 90 Stat. 744 (22 U.S.C. 2752, 2778, 2797); 22 U.S.C. 2651a; 22 U.S.C. 2776; Section 1514, Pub. L. 105-261; Pub. L. 111-266; Section 1261, Pub. L. 112-239; E.O. 13637, 78 FR 16129. § 124.1
 19.In § 124.1, in paragraph (a), remove the reference “§ 120.9(a)” everywhere it appears and add in its place “§ 120.32”. 20.In § 124.2: a.In paragraph (b), remove the reference “§ 120.9” and add in its place “§ 120.32”; and b.Revise paragraph (c)(4). The revision reads as follows: § 124.2
  
 (c) * * * (4) Supporting technical data must be unclassified and must not include software documentation on the design or details of the computer software, software source code, design methodology, engineering analysis, or manufacturing know-how.
 § 124.11
 21.In § 124.11, in paragraph (a), remove the phrases “as defined in Sections 120.21 and 120.22 respectively”, “(see § 120.7 of this subchapter)” and “, as defined in § 120.8 of this subchapter”. 22.In § 124.13, revise the section heading and paragraph (b) to read as follows: § 124.13
  
 (b) The technical data of U.S.-origin to be used in the foreign manufacture of defense articles does not exceed that required for bid purposes on a build-to-print basis; and
 PART 125—LICENSES FOR THE EXPORT OF TECHNICAL DATA AND CLASSIFIED DEFENSE ARTICLES
 23.The authority citation for part 125 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                        Secs. 2 and 38, Pub. L. 90-629, 90 Stat. 744 (22 U.S.C. 2752, 2778); 22 U.S.C. 2651a; E.O. 13637, 78 FR 16129. § 125.1
 24.In § 125.1: a.In paragraph (a), remove the phrase “see § 120.11” and add in its place “see § 120.34”; and b.In paragraph (e), remove the phrase “please see § 123.20” and add in its place “see § 120.5(c)”. 25.In § 125.4: a.In paragraph (a), remove the reference “§ 120.1(c)” and add in its place “§ 120.16”; b.Revise paragraph (c); and c.Remove paragraph (d). The revision reads as follows: § 125.4
  
 (c) Defense services and related unclassified technical data are exempt from the licensing requirements of this subchapter, to nationals of NATO countries, Australia, Japan, and Sweden, for the purposes of responding to a written request from the Department of Defense for a quote or bid proposal. Such exports must be pursuant to an official written request or directive from an authorized official of the U.S. Department of Defense. The defense services and technical data are limited to paragraphs (f), (g), and (h) (build-to-print, build/design-to-specification, and basic research, respectively) of § 120.43 of this subchapter and must not include paragraph (c), (d), (e), or (i) (design methodology, engineering analysis, manufacturing know-how, and applied research, respectively) of § 120.43.
 § 125.6
 26.Remove and reserve § 125.6. PART 126—GENERAL POLICIES AND PROVISIONS
 27.The authority citation for part 126 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                        22 U.S.C. 2752, 2778, 2780, 2791, and 2797; 22 U.S.C. 2651a; 22 U.S.C. 287c; Sec. 1225, Pub. L. 108-375; Sec. 7089, Pub. L. 111-117; Pub. L. 111-266; Sections 7045 and 7046, Pub. L. 112-74; E.O. 13637, 78 FR 16129. § 126.1
 28.In § 126.1, in paragraph (c)(1), remove the reference “§ 120.15” and add in its place “§ 120.62”. § 126.5
 29.In § 126.5: a.In paragraph (a), remove the phrase “( *see*
                         § 120.6 of this subchapter)”; and b.In paragraph (b): i.Remove the reference “ 22 CFR 120.1(c) and (d)” and add in its place “§§ 120.15(d) and 120.16”; and ii. Remove the reference “§ 126.1 of this subchapter” and add in its place “§ 126.1”. §§ 126.7, 126.9, 126.10, 126.11, and 126.12
 30.Remove and reserve §§ 126.7, 126.9, 126.10, 126.11, and 126.12. § 126.13
 31.In § 126.13: a.In paragraph (a)(1), remove the reference “§ 120.27” and add in its place “§ 120.6”; and b.In paragraph (a)(3), remove the references “§ 126.7(e)” and “§ 120.27” add in their places “§ 120.68(a) of this subchapter” and “§ 120.6,” respectively; § 126.16
 32.In § 126.16: a.In paragraph (g)(1), remove the reference “§ 120.17” and add in its place “§ 120.50”; and b.In paragraph (o)(1)(iii), remove the phrase “ *see*
                         § 120.7” and add in its place “see § 120.36”. § 126.17
 33.In § 126.17: ( print page 16425) a.In paragraph (g)(1), remove the reference “§ 120.17” and add in its place “§ 120.50”; and b.In paragraph (o)(1)(iii), remove the phrase “ *see*
                         § 120.7” and add in its place “see § 120.36”. § 126.18
 34.In § 126.18: a.In paragraph (a), remove the phrase “(see § 120.6)”; and b.In paragraph (b), remove the references “§ 127.1(b)” and “§ 120.16” and add in their places “§ 127.1(b) of this subchapter” and “§ 120.63 of this subchapter,” respectively. 35.In Supplement No. 1 to part 126: a.In the table, revise the 14th entry “I-XXI”; b.In Note 5: i.Remove the reference “§ 125.4(c)(6)” and add in its place “§ 120.43(g)”; and ii. Remove the reference “(e)(1), (e)(2), or (e)(4)” and add in its place “(e)(1), (2), or (4)”; and c.In Note 12: i.Remove the phrase “applied research (§ 125.4(c)(3) of this subchapter)” and add in its place “applied research (§ 120.43(i) of this subchapter)”; ii. Remove the reference “§ 125.4(c)(4)” and add in its place “§ 120.43(c)”; iii. Remove the reference “§ 125.4(c)(5)” and add in its place “§ 120.43(d)”; iv. Remove the reference “§ 125.4(c)(6)” and add in its place “§ 120.43(e); v.Remove the reference “§ 125.4(c)(1)” and add in its place “§ 120.43(f)”; vi. Remove the reference “§ 125.4(c)(2)” and add in its place “§ 120.43(g)”; and vii. Remove the phrase “basic research as defined in § 125.4(c)(3) of this subchapter” and add in its place “basic research as defined in § 120.43(h) of this subchapter”. The revision reads as follows: Supplement No. 1 to Part 126 
 USML category
Exclusion
(CA)
                                 § 126.5
(AS)
                                 § 126.16
(UK)
                                 § 126.17*         *         *         *         *         *         *I-XXI
Defense services or technical data specific to applied research as defined in § 120.43(i) of this subchapter, design methodology as defined in § 120.43(c) of this subchapter, engineering analysis as defined in § 120.43(d) of this subchapter, or manufacturing know-how as defined in § 120.43(e) of this subchapter. 
                                *See*
                                 Note 12
X*         *         *         *         *         *         *
 
 PART 127—VIOLATIONS AND PENALTIES
 36.The authority citation for part 127 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                        Sections 2, 38, and 42, Pub. L. 90-629, 90 Stat. 744 (22 U.S.C. 2752, 2778, 2791); 22 U.S.C. 401; 22 U.S.C. 2651a; 22 U.S.C. 2779a; 22 U.S.C. 2780; E.O. 13637, 78 FR 16129; Pub. L. 114-74, 129 Stat. 584. § 127.1
 37.In § 127.1, in paragraph (d) introductory text, remove the reference “§ 120.1(c)(2)” everywhere it appears and add in its place “§ 120.16(c)”. § 127.11
 38.In § 127.11, in paragraph (a), remove the reference “§ 120.27” and add in its place “§ 120.6”. § 127.12
 39.In § 127.12: a.In paragraph (a), remove the phrase “(see § 120.14 of this subchapter)”; b.In paragraph (c)(1)(i), remove the reference “127.12(c)(2)” and add in its place “paragraph (c)(2)”; c.In paragraph (c)(1)(ii), remove the references “§ 120.25” and “§ 127.12(c)(2)” and add in their places “§ 120.67” and “paragraph (c)(2),” respectively; and d.In paragraph (e), remove the phrase “See § 120.25” and add in its place “see § 120.67”. PART 128—ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES
 40.The authority citation for part 128 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                        Sections. 2, 38, 40, 42, and 71, Arms Export Control Act. 90 Stat. 744 (22 U.S.C. 2752, 2778, 2780, 2791, and 2797); 22 U.S.C. 2651a; E.O. 12291, 46 FR 1981; E.O. 13637, 78 FR 16129. 41.Section 128.1 is revised to read as follows: § 128.1
  The Arms Export Control Act (AECA) authorizes the President to control the import and export of defense articles and services in furtherance of world peace and the security and foreign policy of the United States. Pursuant to delegated authorities, the Secretary of State is authorized to make decisions on whether license applications or other written requests for approval shall be granted, or whether exemptions may be used. The Secretary of State is also authorized to revoke, suspend, or amend licenses or other written approvals whenever such action is deemed to be advisable. The administration of the AECA is a foreign affairs function encompassed within the meaning of the military and foreign affairs exclusion of the Administrative Procedure Act and is thereby expressly exempt from various provisions of that Act. Because the exercising of the foreign affairs function, including the decisions required to implement the AECA, is highly discretionary, it is excluded from review under the Administrative Procedure Act.
 42.Section 128.2 is revised to read as follows: § 128.2
  The Administrative Law Judge referred to in this part is an Administrative Law Judge appointed by the Department of State. The Administrative Law Judge is authorized to exercise the powers and perform the duties provided for in §§ 128.3 through 128.16.
 PART 129—REGISTRATION AND LICENSING OF BROKERS
 43.The authority citation for part 129 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                        Section 38, Pub. L. 104-164, 110 Stat. 1437, (22 U.S.C. 2778); E.O. 13637, 78 FR 16129. § 129.2
 44.In § 129.2: ( print page 16426) a.In paragraph (a) introductory text, remove the phrase “ *see*
                         § 120.14” and add in its place “
                        *see*
                         § 120.61”; b.In paragraph (a)(1), remove the phrase “ *see*
                         § 120.15” and add in its place “see § 120.62”; c.In paragraph (a)(2), remove the phrase “ *see*
                         § 120.16” and add in its place “see § 120.63”; d.In paragraph (b)(2)(iii), remove the phrase “ *see*
                         § 120.39” and add in its place “see § 120.64”; e.In paragraph (b)(2)(v), remove the reference “§ 120.40” and add in its place “§ 120.66”; and f.In paragraph (b)(2)(vi), remove “ *see*
                         § 120.39” and “parts” and add in their places “see § 120.64” and “part,” respectively. § 129.3
 45.In § 129.3, in paragraph (d), remove the phrase “ *see*
                         § 120.40” and add in its place “see § 120.66”. § 129.4
 46.In § 129.4, in paragraph (a)(1), remove the phrase “ *see*
                         § 120.44” and add in its place “see § 120.39”. § 129.5
 47.In § 129.5: a.In paragraph (b), remove the phrase “ *see*
                         § 120.44” and add in its place “see § 120.39”; and b.In paragraph (c)(2), remove the reference “§ 120.1(c)(2)” and add in its place “§ 120.16(c)”. § 129.6
 48.In § 129.6, in paragraphs (a)(2)(i) and (iii), remove the reference “§ 120.27” and add in its place “§ 120.6”. § 129.8
 49.In § 129.8: a.In paragraph (a), remove the phrase “ *see*
                         § 120.40” and add in its place “see § 120.66”; b.In paragraph (c)(1)(i), remove the reference “§ 120.27” and add in its place “§ 120.6”; c.In paragraph (c)(2), remove the phrase “ *see*
                         § 120.37” and add in its place “see § 120.65”; and d.In paragraph (d)(1), remove “§ 120.27” and “government” and add in their places “§ 120.6” and “Government,” respectively. PART 130—POLITICAL CONTRIBUTIONS, FEES AND COMMISSIONS
 50.The authority citation for part 130 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                        Sec. 39, Pub. L. 94-329, 90 Stat. 767 (22 U.S.C. 2779); 22 U.S.C. 2651a; E.O. 13637, 78 FR 16129. § 130.4
 51.In § 130.4, remove the reference “§§ 120.6 and 120.9” and add in its place “§§ 120.31 and 120.32”. Bonnie D. Jenkins, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, Department of State.


BILLING CODE 4710-25-P BILLING CODE 4710-25-C [FR Doc. 2022-05629 Filed 3-22-22; 8:45 am]