Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-DR-2177| April 14, 2020 Page 1 of 13

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), 

this Memorandum Decision shall not be 

regarded as precedent or cited before any 

court except for the purpose of establishing 

the defense of res judicata, collateral 

estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Thomas B. O’Farrell

McClure | O’Farrell

Indianapolis, Indiana

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE

Christopher J. Evans

Dollard Evans Whalin LLP

Noblesville, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

P.G.,

Appellant-Respondent,

v.

M. G.,

Appellee-Petitioner

April 14, 2020

Court of Appeals Case No.

19A-DR-2177

Appeal from the Hamilton 

Superior Court

The Honorable Michael A. Casati, 

Judge

Trial Court Cause No.

29D01-1511-DR-9608

Crone, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-DR-2177| April 14, 2020 Page 2 of 13

Case Summary

[1] P.G. (“Mother”) appeals the trial court’s order which addressed, among other 

things, cross-petitions for modification of child custody and parenting time 

regarding A.G., the minor child Mother shares with her ex-spouse, M.G. 

(“Father”). Mother contends that the trial court abused its discretion in 

admitting certain evidence at the modification hearing and in modifying the 

original custody order and granting primary physical custody of A.G. to Father. 

Finding no abuse of discretion, we affirm.

Facts and Procedural History

[2] A.G. was born to Mother and Father on August 15, 2013. Mother and Father 

married approximately two years later on June 20, 2015. Less than six months 

after the marriage, the parties separated, and Father petitioned for dissolution of 

the marriage in November 2015. In March 2017, the parties entered into a 

settlement agreement wherein they agreed to share joint legal custody of A.G., 

with Mother having primary physical custody. The trial court approved the 

settlement agreement and incorporated it into the dissolution decree on March 

27, 2017.

[3] In June 2018, Father filed a motion for leave to perform discovery seeking 

discovery of certain records and information related to Mother’s medical and 

mental health treatment following the dissolution of the marriage. Father cited 

his concerns surrounding what appeared to be a decline in Mother’s mental 

health since the dissolution, and its impact on the welfare of A.G. while in 
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Mother’s care. The motion provided that the discovery was an attempt to avoid 

the filing of a premature or unnecessary petition for custody modification in the 

hopes that the discovery would alleviate Father’s concerns. The trial court 

granted Father’s motion permitting discovery of the records.

[4] Thereafter, in August 2018, Father filed a petition to modify child custody and 

parenting time. Father alleged that there had been a substantial and continuing 

change in Mother’s mental health, including her lack of honesty with Father 

about the same, and that it was in A.G.’s best interests for Father to be granted 

primary physical custody. Father also filed a petition for release of Mother’s 

mental health records and a motion for rule to show cause stating that Mother 

had refused to release the records despite previous requests and court orders. 

Mother filed an objection to Father’s petition for release of her mental health 

records as well as motion for a protective order. Mother subsequently filed a 

cross-petition for modification of child custody seeking, in addition to physical 

custody, full legal custody of A.G.

[5] The trial court held a hearing on the parties’ cross-petitions for modification of 

child custody and Father’s motion for rule to show cause on August 16, 2019. 

On September 9, 2019, the trial court entered its order which stated in relevant 

part:

25. LEGAL CUSTODY: The parties shall continue to share 

joint legal custody of the minor child.

26. PHYSICAL CUSTODY: Physical custody shall be modified 

such that Father shall receive primary physical custody of the 
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minor child.

27. PARENTING TIME: Mother shall receive parenting time 

in accordance with the Indiana Parenting Time Guidelines, 

which are incorporated herein by reference, and which the parties 

are ordered to follow. As a modification to the guideline 

parenting time, the Sunday of Mother’s weekend parenting time 

shall be overnight with Mother taking the minor child to school

the following Monday morning.

a. Mother shall not permit [A.G.’s] maternal grandfather to drive 

[A.G.] or to provide sole care for [A.G.]

b. Mother shall comply with her treatment recommendations of 

her therapist and the person who prescribes her medication.

c. If Mother seeks in-patient treatment or takes a leave of absence

from work she must immediately inform Father.

....

31. Mother is in contempt for her knowing and willful failure to 

comply with the Court’s Order and for failing to offer the 

opportunity for additional parenting time to Father. ...

32. Due to Mother’s actions in hiding information from Father, 

fighting and objecting at every step of the process to provide

Father with relevant and necessary information about her 

treatment and due to Mother’s contempt, Mother shall pay a 

portion of Father’s reasonable attorney fees in the amount of 

$2,500.00 within 120 days of the Court’s Order. The same to be 

reduced to a judgment in the event it is unpaid. The Court finds 

that based upon the evidence presented, Mother has the ability to 

pay the ordered attorney’s fees.

Appealed Order at 6-8 (underlining omitted). This appeal ensued.
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Discussion and Decision

Section 1 – Mother was not prejudiced by the admission of 

certain evidence.

[6] Mother first asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting certain 

medical and mental health records into evidence during the modification

hearing over her hearsay objections. We review a trial court’s decision to admit 

or exclude evidence for an abuse of discretion. In re S.W., 920 N.E.2d 783, 788 

(Ind. Ct. App. 2010). An abuse of discretion occurs if the trial court’s decision is 

clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it. Id. A 

claim of error in the admission or exclusion of evidence will not prevail on 

appeal unless a substantial right of the party is affected. Ind. Evidence Rule 

103(a). “[E]rrors in the admission of evidence are to be disregarded as harmless 

error unless they affect the substantial rights of a party.’” In re Des.B., 2 N.E.3d 

828, 834 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). To determine whether the admission of evidence

affected a party’s substantial rights, we assess the probable impact of the 

evidence upon the finder of fact. Id.

[7] Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered in evidence to prove the truth of 

the matter asserted. Ind. Evidence Rule 801(c). Although hearsay evidence is 

generally inadmissible, see Ind. Evidence Rule 802, Father sought admission of

the challenged medical and mental health records pursuant to Indiana Evidence

Rule 803(6). That rule provides that the following records are not excluded as 

hearsay regardless of whether the declarant is available as a witness:
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Records of a Regularly Conducted Activity. A record of an act, 

event, condition, opinion, or diagnosis if:

(A) the record was made at or near the time by--or from 

information transmitted by--someone with knowledge;

(B) the record was kept in the course of a regularly conducted 

activity of a business, organization, occupation, or calling, 

whether or not for profit;

(C) making the record was a regular practice of that activity;

(D) all these conditions are shown by the testimony of the 

custodian or another qualified witness, or by a certification that 

complies with Rule 902(9) or (10)[1] or with a statute permitting 

certification; and

(E) neither the source of information nor the method or 

circumstances of preparation indicate a lack of trustworthiness.

Ind. Evidence Rule 803(6). “In essence, the basis for the business records 

exception is that reliability is assured because the maker of the record relies on 

the record in the ordinary course of business activities.” In re Termination of 

Parent–Child Relationship of E.T., 808 N.E.2d 639, 643 (Ind. 2004).

[8] On appeal, Mother does not claim that the entirety of her medical and mental 

health records constituted inadmissible hearsay. Rather, she contends that 

1 Mother concedes that the challenged documents were properly authenticated by affidavit of the custodian of 

records pursuant to Indiana Evidence Rule 902.
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certain portions of the records were inadmissible pursuant to the business 

records exception because they contained medical opinions and/or diagnoses

regarding her mental health. Our supreme court has stated, “Although Rule 

803(6) accommodates the inclusion of ‘opinions’ in business records our courts 

have long recognized, at least in the context of medical or hospital records, that 

the expertise of the opinion giver must be established.” Id. at 644 (citing Fendley 

v. Ford, 458 N.E.2d 1167, 1171 n.3 (Ind. Ct. App. 1984) (“Expressions of 

opinion within medical or hospital records historically have not been admissible 

under the business records exception because their accuracy cannot be 

evaluated without the safeguard of cross-examination of the person offering the 

opinion.”)). Mother complains that Father did not call the opinion givers to 

testify and establish their expertise, and their opinions were not subject to crossexamination.

[9] To the extent that the medical records here contained certain inadmissible 

hearsay expressions of opinion regarding Mother’s mental health, Mother has 

not demonstrated that she suffered prejudice. It is well settled that the improper 

admission of evidence is harmless error when the judgment is supported by 

substantial independent evidence to satisfy the reviewing court that there is no 

substantial likelihood that the questioned evidence contributed to the judgment. 

E.T., 808 N.E.2d at 646. Based upon our thorough review of the record before 

us, we are confident that the trial court need not have relied upon the 

questioned evidence to arrive at its custody modification decision. As we 

discuss more fully below, we conclude that there is ample independent evidence 
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provided by the other portions of the questioned documents, as well as witness 

testimony, to support the trial court’s order. Accordingly, any error in the 

admission of the records was, at most, harmless. 

Section 2 – The trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

modifying the original custody order.

[10] Mother contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it modified the 

original custody order and granted Father primary physical custody of A.G. 

We review custody modifications only for an abuse of discretion. Werner v. 

Werner, 946 N.E.2d 1233, 1244 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied. There is a 

well-established preference in Indiana for granting significant latitude and 

deference to our trial judges in family law matters. Steele-Giri v. Steele, 51 N.E.3d 

119, 124 (Ind. 2016). Appellate courts “are in a poor position to look at a cold 

transcript of the record, and conclude that the trial judge, who saw the 

witnesses, observed their demeanor, and scrutinized their testimony as it came 

from the witness stand, did not properly understand the significance of the 

evidence.” Kirk v. Kirk, 770 N.E.2d 304, 307 (Ind. 2002). Therefore, on appeal 

we will not “reweigh the evidence nor reassess witness credibility, and the 

evidence should be viewed most favorably to the judgment.” Best v. Best, 941 

N.E.2d 499, 502 (Ind. 2011). We will reverse the trial court’s custody 

determination only if the decision is “clearly against the logic and effect of the 

facts and circumstances or the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom.” In re 

Paternity of C.S., 964 N.E.2d 879, 883 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans. denied. “[I]t is 

not enough that the evidence might support some other conclusion, but it must 
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positively require the conclusion contended for by appellant before there is a 

basis for reversal.” Kirk, 770 N.E.2d at 307.

[11] Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-21 provides that a trial court may not modify an 

existing custody order unless (1) the modification is in the best interests of the 

child, and (2) there has been a substantial change in one or more statutory 

factors that are outlined in Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-8. Those factors are:

(1) The age and sex of the child.

(2) The wishes of the child’s parent or parents.

(3) The wishes of the child, with more consideration given to the 

child’s wishes if the child is at least fourteen (14) years of age.

(4) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with:

(A) the child’s parent or parents;

(B) the child’s sibling; and

(C) any other person who may significantly affect the child’s best 

interests.

(5) The child’s adjustment to the child’s:

(A) home;

(B) school; and
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(C) community.

(6) The mental and physical health of all individuals involved.

(7) Evidence of a pattern of domestic or family violence by either 

parent.

(8) Evidence that the child has been cared for by a de facto 

custodian ....

Ind. Code § 31-17-2-8.

[12] In interpreting section 31-17-2-21, this Court has held that “all that is required 

to support modification of custody ... is a finding that a change would be in the 

child’s best interests, a consideration of the factors listed in I.C. § 31–17–2–8, 

and a finding that there has been a substantial change in one of those factors.” 

Nienaber v. Nienaber, 787 N.E.2d 450, 456 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). Here, it appears 

that neither party requested special findings under Indiana Trial Rule 52(A). 

Instead, the parties submitted proposed orders. We therefore treat the trial 

court’s order as sua sponte findings of fact. Piles v. Gosman, 851 N.E.2d 1009, 

1012 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). “As to the issues covered by the findings, we apply 

the two-tiered standard of whether the evidence supports the findings, and 

whether the findings support the judgment.” In re S.D., 2 N.E.3d 1283, 1287 

(Ind. 2014). We review any remaining issues under the general judgment 

standard, where the judgment will be affirmed if it can be sustained on any legal 

theory consistent with the evidence. Id. “[W]e may look both to other findings 

and beyond the findings to the evidence of record to determine if the result is 
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against the facts and circumstances before the court.” Stone v. Stone, 991 N.E.2d 

992, 998 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), aff’d on reh’g, 4 N.E.3d 666.

[13] Here, there is ample evidence in the record to establish that a change in custody 

was in A.G.’s best interests due to a substantial change in Mother’s mental 

health, as well as Mother’s lack of transparency regarding recent declines in her

mental health. Witness testimony, which included the parties, Mother’s sister, 

and Mother’s therapist, indicates that Mother has attempted suicide since the 

original custody order was entered, and that she suffers from continued suicidal 

ideation and depression. She has been hospitalized and has taken leaves of 

absence from work due to the decline in her condition. The record further 

establishes that Mother has not been forthright with Father, her therapist, or the 

trial court regarding her mental health. During her testimony, Mother 

continued to downplay the seriousness of her depression and suicidal ideation,

describing suicide as a “[v]ery fluid” concept in medical terms. Tr. Vol. 2 at 

142-44. Rightfully so, the trial court expressed “substantial concerns” regarding 

Mother’s “lack of honesty/self-awareness of her mental health history and 

condition.” Appealed Order at 6. The evidence supports a finding that a 

decline in Mother’s mental health, and her lack of transparency about it,

constitutes a substantial change in circumstances.

[14] Still, Mother maintains that “there is no evidence” that the recent change in her 

mental health has “had any effect whatever[sic] on A.G.” Appellant’s Br. at 

26. Simply put, this assertion is incorrect. As noted by the trial court, Mother’s 

extreme denial regarding the seriousness of her decline in mental health since 
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the dissolution is evident from her November 2018 hearing testimony that she 

“did not think it was dangerous for [A.G.] to have a suicidal parent.” Appealed 

Order at 4. Indeed, her denial continued during the modification hearing when 

she admitted that A.G. had declared concern for her prior to Mother’s

hospitalization by stating, “Mommy, I just want you to live,” despite 

supposedly knowing nothing about, and being unaffected by, Mother’s 

depression and thoughts of suicide. Tr. Vol. 2 at 120. Moreover, the record 

establishes that Mother has continually tried to hide her struggles from Father

rather than considering what is best for A.G.

2

 The evidence is clear that not 

only has Mother’s decline in mental health affected A.G., but Mother’s 

complete failure to acknowledge the decline has negatively affected A.G. This

evidence convinced the trial court, and convinces us, that a change in the 

current custody arrangement is in A.G’s best interests.

[15] Rather than challenging the evidence supporting the trial court’s custody 

modification, Mother simply and repeatedly asserts that we must reverse the 

trial court’s modification order because it “lacks the requisite findings” that 

there has been a substantial change in one of the enumerated statutory factors

and that a change in custody would be in A.G.’s best interests. Appellant’s Br. 

at 22, 26. Contrary to Mother’s assertion, absent a request by a party, the trial 

court does not have to enter special findings that specify which factor(s) has 

substantially changed and explain why a change in custody is in the best 

2 The record indicates that Mother participated in extended inpatient treatment without notifying Father and 

allowing Father to aid in caring for A.G. by exercising parenting time.
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interests of the child. In re Paternity of P.R., 940 N.E.2d 346, 351 (Ind. Ct. App. 

2010). The trial court’s modification order is supported by the evidence.

3

Because Mother has failed to show that the court’s order is clearly against the 

logic and effect of the facts and circumstances or the reasonable inferences 

drawn therefrom, we affirm.

[16] Affirmed.

Bailey, J., and Altice, J., concur.

3 The trial court’s modification order provided that, during her parenting time, “Mother shall not permit 

[A.G.’s] maternal grandfather to drive [A.G.] or to provide sole care for [A.G.]” Appealed Order at 7. 

Mother claims that the trial court violated and/or interfered with maternal grandfather’s due process rights 

by entering such order without notice and an opportunity to be heard. In essence, Mother seeks to enforce 

the rights of a third person who is not a party to this action. She may not do so. Constitutional rights are

personal to an individual, and Mother cannot claim a violation of maternal grandfather’s due process rights 

on his behalf. Richardson v. Richardson, 34 N.E.3d 696, 702, n.3 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015).