Reversed and Remanded and Majority and Dissenting Opinions filed 

September 19, 2017.

In The 

Fourteenth Court of Appeals 

NO. 14-16-00232-CR

MICHAEL E. C. DONALD, Appellant 

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee 

On Appeal from the 149th District Court 

Brazoria County, Texas 

Trial Court Cause No. 77089-CR

M A J O R I T Y O P I N I O N 

A jury convicted appellant of assaulting a family member, elevated to a felony 

by a prior conviction for another family-violence assault. See Tex. Penal Code 

§ 22.01(b)(2)(A). The jury assessed punishment at seven years’ confinement. 

In a single issue, appellant contends that his trial counsel rendered ineffective 

assistance by, among other things, stipulating to three of the four jurisdictional prior 

convictions for family-violence assault that were alleged in the indictment. This case 
2

presents the rare situation in which we can conclude that counsel was deficient as a 

matter of law for stipulating to excess prior convictions that otherwise were 

inadmissible. Our confidence in the verdict is undermined because the evidence of 

guilt was not overwhelming, and the jury heard highly prejudicial evidence about 

multiple prior convictions for the same offense for which appellant was being tried. 

We reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand for a new trial. 

I. BACKGROUND

A. Indictment and Plea 

The State indicted appellant for felony assault against a family member, 

Sheila Pennington, a person with whom appellant had a dating relationship. The 

State alleged that appellant caused bodily injury “by striking said Sheila Pennington 

with the defendant’s hand.” To elevate the crime to a felony, the State was required 

to allege and prove one prior family-violence assault conviction. See Tex. Penal 

Code § 22.01(b)(2)(A). The indictment alleged four prior convictions from April 

2009, May 2011, November 2013, and July 2015. At the beginning of trial, the State 

read the entire indictment in front of the jury. Appellant pleaded “not guilty.” Then, 

the trial court asked whether appellant was pleading “true” or “not true” to each 

“enhancement” paragraph. Appellant pleaded “not true” to the April 2009 conviction 

and “true” to the other three. 

B. Guilt–Innocence Evidence 

The parties do not dispute the existence of a dating relationship. But, evidence 

of the assault was contested. At about 4:45 a.m. on the morning of the incident that 

led to the indictment, Pennington’s former friend, Annette Bieber, dialed 911 to 

report that appellant had “beat the hell out of” Pennington. A recording of the 911 

call was admitted as an exhibit. Bieber testified that Pennington had called Bieber 
3

and said that appellant had “beat her up real bad.” Bieber did not live nearby and 

was not present during the assault. 

City of Alvin Police Department Officer Robert Vincent testified that he 

responded to the call. He described Pennington as being very distraught and crying. 

He did not believe that Pennington was impaired by any narcotics at the time. 

Officer Vincent’s body-worn camera footage was admitted as an exhibit in its 

entirety. In the video, Pennington told Vincent that appellant had been at the house 

of appellant’s friend, Quinton Barden.1 Pennington said that appellant returned home 

to charge his iPhone at about 4:00 a.m. He was drunk and “on bars,” and a 

disagreement ensued about whether Pennington had taken his phone. Pennington

said that appellant started “beating the shit out of” her and hit her in the back of the 

head with his fist. 

Pennington said that appellant beats her every week, and he had choked her a 

week before. She said that he “always” beats her in the back of the head so nobody 

can see it. She said that appellant beat her last October and went to jail for it, and 

she got him out by signing an affidavit of non-prosecution. She said that she did not 

like appellant seeing Barden because Barden was a “crack head” who used appellant 

to sell drugs. 

When Vincent asked her if she wanted to file charges, she said that appellant 

said that appellant’s friends would “go after” her family. She said that appellant had 

been in and out of prison and was a thug. She said that appellant threatened to kill 

her whole family and rape her mother and daughter. She said that appellant’s friends 

would lie for him and say that he never left Barden’s house that night. She said that 

 

1 Other evidence showed that Barden lived about seven blocks from appellant and 

Pennington.
4

appellant had been texting her, saying that all his friends had been with him and 

heard his “big mouth all night.”2

 She also said that appellant took $200 from her, 

that he never works, and that he just “takes, and takes, and takes.” 

An emergency medical technician looked at Pennington’s head and told 

Vincent that there was a quarter-size knot on the back. At trial, a picture of the back 

of Pennington’s head was admitted as an exhibit. Pennington made a brief written 

statement concerning the events and her desire to prosecute. When Vincent returned 

to his patrol car to do a warrant check, the body camera recorded Vincent saying, 

“She’s not going to cooperate anyways once it gets to court; she’s going to do exactly 

what she did the last time.” 

Vincent was correct. Shortly before trial, Pennington gave a written statement 

to the district attorney’s office, claiming that she had lied in her earlier statements. 

The State called her as a witness at trial, nonetheless. Pennington testified that she 

was “tripping on acid” that night. She testified that she injured her head because she 

slipped and fell off her porch. She testified that appellant never hit her. She had been 

mad at appellant because she was not invited to Barden’s house, and she thought 

appellant was “over there with other chicks.” She testified that her friend, Bieber, 

had a vendetta against appellant because Pennington started dating appellant only 

three months after Pennington’s former husband had died. Pennington believed that 

Bieber was trying to get Pennington in trouble; Pennington had told Bieber that 

Pennington was high and had “dope” in the house. Pennington claimed to have lied 

to the police because she was scared they would find acid in her house. Through 

 

2 While relaying this information, Pennington held up a cell phone and appeared to read 

from it.
5

questioning by the State, Pennington also admitted to making many of the 

allegations in her first written statement to police.3

The State also called Pennington’s adult son, who was in jail at the time of 

trial. He testified that he had observed Pennington high on acid in the past. He 

corroborated Pennington’s story about how and when she bought the acid: he 

directed her to an old friend who used to sell it. 

After the State’s witnesses testified, appellant’s trial counsel stipulated to the 

three allegations of jurisdictional prior convictions to which appellant had pleaded 

“true.” The State abandoned the first allegation. The trial court admitted Exhibits 5, 

6, and 7. Exhibit 5 is the complaint, information, docket entry, and judgment 

concerning appellant’s May 2011 conviction for “assault causes bodily injury family 

violence,” committed by “striking said Misty Brogan about the body with the 

defendant’s hand.” The judgment shows that appellant pleaded guilty and was 

assessed punishment at twenty-two days’ confinement. Exhibit 6 is a November 

2013 judgment of conviction for “assault family violence,” showing that appellant 

pleaded “guilty” and was assessed punishment at ten months’ confinement. Exhibit 

7 is a July 2015 judgment of conviction for “assault causes bodily injury family 

member,” showing that appellant pleaded “guilty” and was assessed punishment at 

thirty days’ confinement. 

Appellant testified on direct examination that he did not hit Pennington, and 

he had left the house sometime between 7:00 p.m. and 9:00 p.m. that night to go to 

 

3 Trial counsel did not object. But see, e.g., Hughes v. State, 4 S.W.3d 1, 5, 7 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 1999) (holding that a trial court abuses its discretion, when faced with a proper objection, if 

the court “allows the State to admit impeachment evidence for the primary purpose of placing 

evidence before the jury that was otherwise inadmissible”; reasoning that when the State elicits no 

favorable testimony from a witness, the trial court errs by allowing the State to impeach the witness 

with hearsay under the guise of impeaching the witness with prior inconsistent statements).
6

Barden’s house. He testified that he drank a lot that night, and he did not go home. 

He admitted that he was a “pothead.” He also admitted that for two of the prior 

convictions, he was “completely guilty.” But for the last one, he claimed that 

Pennington had attacked him with a broomstick, and he pleaded “guilty” because 

“they held me in jail so long.” 

On cross-examination, appellant agreed that he had “already stipulated true” 

for the convictions from Exhibits 5, 6, and 7.4

 Appellant agreed with the State that 

he was convicted of “family violence” in April 2009 and “assault family violence” 

in November 2013.5

 He also testified that he had been convicted of assaulting 

Pennington about a year and a half before this trial, but he “didn’t do it.” He testified 

that he had two theft convictions and that he was convicted of felony theft in May 

2011. He acknowledged that he pleaded “guilty” to a “state jail offense of theft with 

two or more priors,” but he did not consider himself a thief. He did not consider his 

“theft by check” conviction in 1998 to be a “theft.” He testified that he was “thrown 

in jail forever” on the theft charge. And, he admitted that he was convicted of 

attempted escape and served forty-eight days in state jail on that charge. 

C. Jury Charge and Closing Arguments 

The jury charge included a paragraph stating that the jurisdictional prior 

conviction was not contested and could not be used to determine guilt.6 But the 

 

4 The State also showed appellant Exhibits 4 and 9 through 17 and asked appellant 

questions such as, “Is that you?”; “Are these documents pertaining to you?”; and “Is that your 

signature?” These exhibits were admitted during punishment and concern appellant’s criminal 

history. See infra note 7.

5 The April 2009 conviction was one of the jurisdictional allegations from the indictment, 

but not one to which appellant stipulated.

6 The paragraph appeared as follows:

A felony Assault Family Violence offense requires proof of a prior family violence 

conviction, but by the agreement of the State and the defendant that element is not 
7

application paragraph also required the jury, in order to find appellant guilty, to find 

that appellant previously had been convicted of one of the three offenses for which 

appellant had pleaded “true.” The charge included paragraphs about each of the three 

prior convictions from May 2011, November 2013, and July 2015. The charge did 

not include any other instructions concerning prior convictions or extraneous 

offenses. 

During closing argument, the State told the jurors to focus on the body camera 

footage because the “body camera doesn’t lie.” And the State noted that 

Pennington’s written statement was not admitted, but “the words of her statement 

came in” through her testimony on the witness stand. The State emphasized that 

appellant was a convicted felon who had been “convicted of abusing her before.” 

The State told the jury to “keep that in mind when judging his credibility,” and the 

State pointed out that appellant had “stipulated to those priors.” The State referred 

to Pennington as a “puppet” and described the situation as “[c]lassic battered 

women.” The State asked the jury to “send a message to him that this has got to 

stop.”

Defense counsel argued that Pennington had lied to the police because she 

was on acid and scared of having her house searched for the remaining drugs. 

Counsel also addressed the prior convictions, pointing to the language in the jury 

charge stating that the jurisdictional prior convictions could not be used for any 

purpose in determining guilt. Counsel explained, “Just because someone kicked their 

dog yesterday doesn’t mean they kicked their dog today.” 

 

contested, therefore no evidence of the prior convictions is necessary, and that 

jurisdictional element is satisfied. You are further instructed that the jurisdictional 

prior convictions may not be used for any other purpose in determining guilt of the 

defendant on the charged occasion. 
8

D. Punishment 

Appellant went to the jury for punishment. The court admitted Exhibits 4 and 

9 through 22 concerning appellant’s criminal history.7

 Appellant testified at 

punishment and explained that he got an evading-arrest conviction because he had 

accumulated some speeding tickets, and an officer had told him “if he caught me 

driving again he was going to take me to jail.” He got a theft conviction because his 

 

7 Exhibit 4 included the complaint, information, affidavit, and judgment for appellant’s 

April 2009 conviction for “assault causes bodily injury family violence” against a woman he went 

to high school with. Exhibit 9 included an indictment for appellant assaulting his brother in July 

2013, elevated to a felony by the April 2009 conviction, and a docket sheet showing that appellant 

pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of misdemeanor assault. Exhibit 9 relates to Exhibit 6, the 

November 2013 judgment of conviction. Exhibit 10 included the indictment and a docket entry 

showing a plea of guilty in July 2015 for the assault against Pennington. Exhibit 11 included the 

complaint with affidavit, plea agreement, and judgment for appellant’s September 2008 felony 

theft conviction. Exhibit 12 included the indictment, docket entries, plea agreement, and judgment 

for appellant’s May 2011 felony theft conviction. Exhibit 12 also included a petition for revocation 

of a probated sentence, alleging among other things that appellant possessed a controlled 

substance, i.e., alprazolam, in September 2011 and drove while intoxicated in November 2011. 

And Exhibit 12 included a plea agreement on the motion to revoke and a judgment revoking 

community supervision. Exhibit 13 included the indictment, plea agreement, and judgment for 

appellant’s April 2009 conviction for attempted escape from custody. Exhibit 14 included, among 

other things, an indictment for appellant’s unlawful restraint by striking a person with his hand 

and forcing that person into his vehicle, appellant’s guilty plea to the lesser-included offense of 

misdemeanor assault, and a judgment for that July 2001 conviction. Exhibit 15 included an 

information, complaint, and judgment for a July 2003 conviction of a Class B misdemeanor theft 

concerning a power washer and cash. Exhibit 16 included an information, complaint, and orders 

granting and revoking community supervision for appellant’s February 1999 conviction for 

evading arrest. Exhibit 17 included the information, complaint, and judgment for appellant’s 

January 2007 conviction for criminal mischief. Exhibit 18 included the information, complaint, 

and judgment for appellant’s August 2007 conviction for interfering with an emergency call. 

Exhibit 19 included the information, complaint, order granting community supervision, motion to 

revoke, and a January 2004 order revoking community supervision for possessing a prohibited 

weapon; and the revocation order found that appellant stole a power washer in July 2003. Exhibit 

20 included the information, complaint, and judgment for appellant’s July 2005 conviction for 

failure to display a valid drivers’ license, which had been reduced from the charge of driving with 

a suspended or invalid license. Exhibit 21 included an information, complaint, and judgment for a 

November 2011 conviction for driving while intoxicated. Exhibit 22 included an information, 

complaint, and judgment for appellant’s January 2007 conviction for unlawfully carrying a 

handgun.
9

former girlfriend’s mother stole his checkbook, and he “couldn’t sort them out,” and 

he wrote two bad checks for groceries. He explained that he got another theft 

conviction because he was “hanging out with the wrong people,” and a woman had 

stolen a pair of pants, and appellant had offered to pay for them. Regarding his 

various assault convictions, appellant testified, “I guarantee you, in every one of 

those assault charges, I was the one that was beat up.” 

On cross-examination, appellant testified that he received a conviction for 

unlawfully carrying a handgun because he bought the gun for his dad. Regarding a 

prior criminal-mischief charge, appellant claimed that the complainant drove over 

appellant and “broke the whole right side of my body.” Regarding a prior conviction 

for interfering with an emergency call, appellant claimed that his sister threw a phone 

at him and “hit me upside the head and knocked me out.” He acknowledged that his 

April 2009 conviction for “assault causes bodily injury family violence” was against 

a woman he went to high school with, and his May 2011 conviction for “assault 

causes bodily injury family violence” was against his sister. His November 2013 

conviction for “assault family violence” was against his brother. 

Appellant agreed with the State that he had been arrested about twenty-five 

times. When the State asked if appellant agreed with the jury’s verdict, appellant 

responded, “Show me where you found me guilty. Show me where you put me in 

the house. I got two other friends that’ll come up here and testify right now that I 

was at their house all night.”8

 

8 Pennington also testified at the punishment phase in support of appellant’s character.
10

The jury charge on punishment did not instruct the jury that in order to 

consider extraneous crimes or bad acts, it had to be shown beyond a reasonable doubt 

that appellant committed the crime or bad act.9

The jury assessed punishment at seven years’ confinement. 

E. Post-Trial 

Appellate counsel filed a motion for new trial. The sole ground alleged that 

the verdict was “contrary to the law and evidence.” At a hearing on the motion, three 

witnesses testified: Quinton Barden, Mandy Brown, and appellant’s brother Nick 

Donald. 

The witnesses testified similarly that they were at Barden’s house with 

appellant on the night of the incident for which appellant was charged, that no 

attorney contacted them to discuss the facts of the case, and that they would have 

been available to testify. Barden and Brown testified that appellant was in the garage 

when the couple went to sleep at about 1:00 a.m. or 2:00 a.m. They testified that 

appellant slept in the garage and was found there at about 9:00 a.m. Nick testified 

that appellant was passed out in the garage when Nick left at 2:38 a.m. He testified 

that Pennington had a bad reputation for truthfulness and she tended to lie about 

everything. Barden testified that he did not allow Pennington at his house because 

she was loud and very problematic. 

Neither trial counsel nor appellant testified at the hearing. At the conclusion 

of the hearing, appellate counsel argued that “those witnesses should have at least 

 

9 But see Delgado v. State, 235 S.W.3d 244, 252 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Tex. Code 

Crim. Proc. art. 37.07, § 3(a)(1)) (“[T]he trial judge must sua sponte instruct the jury at the 

punishment phase concerning [Article 37.07], including the fact that the State must prove any 

extraneous offenses beyond a reasonable doubt.”).
11

been called during the course of the trial.” There was no mention of ineffective 

assistance of counsel. The trial court denied the motion. 

II. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

In a single issue, appellant contends that his counsel rendered ineffective 

assistance by (1) failing to investigate and present testimony from the three alibi 

witnesses who testified at the hearing on the motion for new trial, (2) failing to object 

to hearsay and request a limiting instruction regarding Pennington’s written 

statement, (3) stipulating to three jurisdictional prior convictions rather than only 

one, and (4) failing to object to evidence of extraneous offenses at punishment or to 

request a beyond-a-reasonable-doubt instruction. 

First, we review the general standards for ineffective assistance. Then, we 

hold that appellant’s trial counsel performed deficiently by allowing appellant to 

stipulate to three of the four prior convictions alleged in the indictment. Finally, we 

conclude that appellant suffered prejudice. 

A. General Standards 

To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance, an appellant must show that 

(1) counsel’s performance was deficient by falling below an objective standard of 

reasonableness and (2) counsel’s deficiency caused the appellant prejudice—there 

is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome that but for 

counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Strickland 

v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687–88, 694 (1984); Perez v. State, 310 S.W.3d 890, 

892–93 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). An appellant must satisfy both prongs by a 

preponderance of the evidence. Perez, 310 S.W.3d at 893. 

Generally, a claim of ineffective assistance may not be addressed on direct 

appeal because the record usually is not sufficient to conclude that counsel’s 
12

performance was deficient under the first Strickland prong. See Andrews v. State, 

159 S.W.3d 98, 103 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); see also Salinas v. State, 163 S.W.3d 

734, 740 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (“A reviewing court will rarely be in a position on 

direct appeal to fairly evaluate the merits of an ineffective assistance claim.”).

“Review of counsel’s representation is highly deferential, and the reviewing 

court indulges a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct fell within a wide range 

of reasonable representation.” Salinas, 163 S.W.3d at 740. “To overcome the 

presumption of reasonable professional assistance, any allegation of ineffectiveness 

must be firmly founded in the record, and the record must affirmatively demonstrate 

the alleged ineffectiveness.” Id. (quotation omitted). 

It is the “rare case” when an appellant raises a claim of ineffective assistance 

on direct appeal and the record is sufficient to make a decision on the merits. 

Andrews, 159 S.W.3d at 103. We must presume that trial counsel’s performance was 

adequate unless the challenged conduct was “so outrageous that no competent 

attorney would have engaged in it.” State v. Morales, 253 S.W.3d 686, 696–97 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2008) (quoting Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2005)). To overcome the hurdle of establishing deficient performance on direct 

appeal, “the record must demonstrate that counsel’s performance fell below an 

objective standard of reasonableness as a matter of law, and that no reasonable trial 

strategy could justify trial counsel’s acts or omissions, regardless of his or her 

subjective reasoning.” Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 143 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). 

An appellate court may find deficient performance on a silent record if the court 

cannot conceive of any reasonable trial strategy for counsel’s actions. See Andrews, 

159 S.W.3d at 103. 
13

B. Deficient Performance 

Appellant contends that trial counsel was ineffective by deciding to stipulate 

to three of the four prior convictions alleged in the indictment for purposes of 

establishing jurisdiction. And, appellant complains that the State read aloud all four 

prior convictions alleged in the indictment and adduced additional evidence of the 

convictions. The State responds that trial counsel “could have reasonably anticipated 

that some of Appellant’s prior Assault—Family Violence convictions could have 

been used to impeach Appellant’s character for truthfulness,” citing Rule 609 of the 

Texas Rules of Evidence. 

Initially, we note that the issue in this case is not whether trial counsel may 

have had a reasonable strategy to stipulate, or not stipulate, to prior convictions 

alleged for purposes of establishing jurisdiction. “[T]he decision to stipulate to 

evidence of past convictions would seem to be a classic example of trial strategy.” 

Stafford v. State, 758 S.W.2d 663, 673–74 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1988) 

(reasonable trial strategy to stipulate to prior convictions during punishment stage of 

trial), rev’d on other grounds, 813 S.W.2d 503 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). The issue 

presented in this case is whether, after deciding to stipulate to a jurisdictional prior 

conviction, counsel could have had any reasonable trial strategy for stipulating to 

more than the statutorily required number of convictions. 

Ordinarily, when the State alleges a prior conviction for jurisdictional 

purposes, a defendant may stipulate to the allegation and prevent the State from 

adducing evidence of the prior conviction other than the stipulation. See Hollen v. 

State, 117 S.W.3d 798, 802 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (no error to admit the stipulation 

into evidence); Robles v. State, 85 S.W.3d 211, 213–14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) 

(error to admit the judgment of conviction into evidence). See generally Tamez v. 

State, 11 S.W.3d 198, 202–03 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). And, when the State alleges 
14

more convictions than necessary to establish jurisdiction, a defendant may stipulate 

to the statutorily required number of prior convictions necessary to establish 

jurisdiction. See Tamez, 11 S.W.3d at 202–03. Under these circumstances, the State 

may not read the indictment allegations concerning the additional prior convictions 

or adduce extrinsic evidence of any of the convictions, including the one to which 

the defendant stipulated. See Hernandez v. State, 109 S.W.3d 491, 493 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2003) (per curiam) (error when the State read and proved three prior 

convictions when the offense of felony driving while intoxicated required proof of 

only two prior convictions); Tamez, 11 S.W.3d at 202–03 (error when the State read 

and proved six prior convictions although the defendant offered to stipulate to the 

required two); see also, e.g., Taylor v. State, 442 S.W.3d 747, 751–52 (Tex. App.—

Amarillo 2014, pet. ref’d) (reversing conviction when the defendant offered to 

stipulate to one prior conviction for family-violence assault, but the indictment 

alleged two prior convictions and the trial court admitted judgments for both 

convictions); Elliot v. State, 56 S.W.3d 780, 781 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 

2001, pet. ref’d) (“In a felony DWI case [requiring two prior convictions], where a 

defendant agrees to stipulate to two previous DWI convictions, the State is permitted 

to read the indictment at the beginning of the trial, mentioning only the two 

jurisdictional prior convictions, but is foreclosed from presenting evidence of those 

convictions during its case-in-chief.”). 

These holdings are based on Rule 403 of the Texas Rules of Evidence to 

prevent the admission of “substantially prejudicial and improper evidence during the 

guilt/innocence phase of trial.” Tamez, 11 S.W.3d at 202. The evidence is 

inadmissible because the jury may convict the defendant as a “‘bad man,’ not 

because it believed him to be guilty of the instant offense.” Id. Thus, when a 

defendant stipulates to the required jurisdictional element, any prior convictions 
15

beyond the jurisdictional element “should not be read or proven during the State’s 

case-in-chief” because they are “without probative value and can serve only to 

improperly prove the defendant’s ‘bad character’ and inflame the jury’s prejudice.” 

Id. at 202–03. 

Of course, admitting to prior convictions can be a matter of sound trial strategy 

if the prior convictions are admissible. See Huerta v. State, 359 S.W.3d 887, 891 

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.). It is common for a defendant to 

admit to a prior conviction “because doing so removes the sting from an attack that 

would otherwise come from the state.” Id. at 891–92. And, it may be strategic to 

open the door to extraneous offenses to show a witness’s bias. See Williams v. State, 

301 S.W.3d 675, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). 

Generally, however, if a prior conviction is clearly inadmissible, “there can 

be no reasonable trial strategy for introducing it before the jury.” Huerta, 359 S.W.3d 

at 892 (citing Robertson v. State, 187 S.W.3d 475, 485–86 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)). 

In Robertson and Ex parte Menchaca, for example, the Court of Criminal Appeals 

held that trial counsel performed deficiently by allowing the admission of prejudicial 

prior convictions that were inadmissible under Rule 609 to impeach the defendant’s 

testimony. See Robertson, 187 S.W.3d at 481–86 (trial counsel elicited evidence 

from appellant about inadmissible prior convictions and opened the door to crossexamination of the same subject); Ex parte Menchaca, 854 S.W.2d 128, 131–33

(Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (trial counsel failed to object to cross-examination about an 

inadmissible prior conviction). 

To pass over the admission of prejudicial and arguably inadmissible evidence 

may be strategic, but there is “no strategic value” to pass over the admission of 

“prejudicial and clearly inadmissible evidence.” Ex parte Menchaca, 854 S.W.2d at 

132 (quoting Lyons v. McCotter, 770 F.2d 529, 534 (5th Cir. 1985)); see also
16

McCook v. State, 402 S.W.3d 47, 52 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. 

ref’d) (noting that counsel may strategically decline to object to an “arguably 

inadmissible prior conviction”). Demonstrating that the defendant is simply “not a 

liar” is not a reasonable trial strategy to justify placing before the jury prejudicial 

and clearly inadmissible evidence of prior convictions. See Robertson, 187 S.W.3d 

at 484 (holding that trial counsel performed deficiently by “allowing the jury to hear 

prejudicial and clearly inadmissible evidence because this evidence could serve no 

strategic value including demonstrating that appellant is not a liar”). Often there is 

“no strategic basis for allowing the jury to hear that [the defendant] previously had 

been convicted of the same offense for which he stood trial.” Ex parte Menchaca, 

854 S.W.2d at 132 (quoting Lyons, 770 F.2d at 534).10

Because trial counsel may have a reasonable strategy for stipulating to 

admissible evidence of prior convictions, we must evaluate the State’s contention 

that trial counsel reasonably could have anticipated that appellant’s prior assault 

convictions would be admissible under Rule 609. See Huerta, 359 S.W.3d at 894 

(holding that the appellant did not demonstrate deficient performance regarding the 

 

10 See also Ex parte Skelton, 434 S.W.3d 709, 722 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2014, pet. 

ref’d) (“Where a defendant’s credibility is central to her defensive strategy, it is not sound trial 

strategy to allow the introduction of inadmissible evidence that directly impairs the defendant’s

credibility without objection.”); Lemons v. State, 426 S.W.3d 267, 272 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 

2013, pet. ref’d) (“Extraneous offenses are inherently prejudicial, and when counsel fails to object 

to numerous extraneous and prejudicial matters, counsel may be ineffective.” (quotation omitted)); 

Garcia v. State, 308 S.W.3d 62, 68 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2009, no pet.) (“Given the inherently 

prejudicial nature of extraneous offense evidence, the fact that the evidence would not have been 

otherwise admissible by the State during guilt/innocence, and the fact that Garcia’s defense rested 

almost entirely on his credibility, there could have been no reasonable trial strategy for Garcia’s 

counsel to elicit and open the door to the similar extraneous offense and the numerous instances 

of ‘bad acts.’”); Stone v. State, 17 S.W.3d 348, 349 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2000, pet. ref’d) 

(holding, on a silent record, that “no reasonably competent attorney could have believed that 

introducing that evidence [of a prior conviction for murder] amounted to sound trial strategy”); 

Brown v. State, 974 S.W.2d 289, 293 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. ref’d) (“Extraneous 

offenses are inherently prejudicial and when counsel fails to object to numerous extraneous and 

prejudicial matters, counsel is ineffective.”).
17

admission of a prior conviction because the trial court would have acted within its 

discretion to admit the conviction if the State had sought to use it for purposes of 

impeachment under Rule 609); see also Robertson, 187 S.W.3d at 483 n.10 (citing 

Commonwealth v. Moore, 715 A.2d 448, 452 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1998)) (noting that trial 

counsel errs by introducing evidence of a defendant’s prior convictions for purposes 

of preventing the prosecution from first bringing out such evidence on crossexamination if the prior convictions are unavailable to the prosecution for 

impeachment purposes). 

Rule 609(a) provides: 

(a) In General. Evidence of a criminal conviction offered to attack a 

witness’s character for truthfulness must be admitted if: 

(1) the crime was a felony or involved moral turpitude, regardless 

of punishment; 

(2) the probative value of the evidence outweighs its prejudicial 

effect to a party; and 

(3) it is elicited from the witness or established by public record. 

Tex. R. Evid. 609. Even if the conviction is for a felony or a crime of moral turpitude, 

a court will balance several nonexclusive factors to determine if the probative value 

outweighs the prejudicial effect: (1) the impeachment value of the prior crime; (2) 

the temporal proximity of the past crime relative to the charged offense and the 

witness’s subsequent history; (3) the similarity between the past crime and the 

offense being prosecuted; (4) the importance of the defendant’s testimony; and (5) 

the importance of the credibility issue. Theus v. State, 845 S.W.2d 874, 880 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1992); Huerta, 359 S.W.3d at 892 (reviewing these factors in the context 

of a claim for ineffective assistance because “if the evidence were admissible and 

the state were permitted to use it for purposes of impeachment, counsel would not 
18

be ineffective for deciding to blunt the effect of a prior conviction by discussing it 

candidly on direct examination”). 

In this case, appellant stipulated to three of the four convictions alleged in the 

indictment by pleading “true” in front of the jury.11 Trial counsel again stipulated to 

 

11 Construing appellant’s brief liberally, we consider appellant’s complaint about 

stipulating to excessive jurisdictional convictions to encompass a complaint about the pleas of 

“true.” See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(f) (statement of issue or point “will be treated as covering every 

subsidiary question that is fairly included”); Tex. R. App. P. 38.9 (briefing rules to be construed 

liberally). Because the State alleged the prior convictions for jurisdictional purposes, not as 

punishment enhancements, appellant was not required to plead “true” or “not true” to the prior 

convictions. See Martin v. State, 795 S.W.2d 289, 292 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, no 

pet.). His pleas of “true,” however, were stipulations to historical facts. See Harvey v. State, 611 

S.W.2d 108, 111 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981) (equating the defendant’s plea of “true” for a “historical 

fact” of a prior conviction to a stipulation: “Where the state alleges, for enhancement of 

punishment purposes, a prior conviction, it, of course, has the burden of proof to prove that the 

prior conviction was a final conviction under law. Here, however, appellant himself, by pleading 

‘True,’ removed this burden from the state. . . . Thus if the accused stipulates the prior conviction, 

that issue is resolved.” (quotation omitted)). 

A plea of “true,” just as a stipulation, is a judicial admission that relieves the State of further 

proving the jurisdictional allegations. See Bryant v. State, 187 S.W.3d 397, 400–02 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2005) (holding that by stipulating to prior convictions for jurisdictional purposes the 

defendant made a “judicial admission which removed the need for proof of those convictions”); 

Sylvester v. State, 615 S.W.2d 734, 736 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1981) (noting that a plea of 

“true” to a prior conviction alleged for enhancement purposes “constituted a judicial admission 

and a waiver of evidence of the prior conviction”); see also Griffin v. State, 181 S.W.3d 818, 821 

& n.5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d) (noting that a judicial admission in open 

court is sufficient for proving a prior conviction, and the typical judicial admission related to 

enhancement paragraphs is a plea of “true”); Smith v. State, 105 S.W.3d 203, 205–06 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. ref’d) (noting that the defendant had “stipulated” to the prior DWI 

convictions alleged as jurisdictional enhancements and that the defendant had pleaded “true” to 

the two jurisdictional paragraphs). A judicial confession, whereby a defendant acknowledges that 

indictment allegations are “true and correct,” functions as a stipulation. See Menefee v. State, 287 

S.W.3d 9, 13–14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (noting that a “stipulation of evidence or judicial 

confession” must establish every element of the offense charged if the defendant enters a guilty 

plea, and a defendant judicially confesses by “acknowledging generally that the allegations against 

him are in fact true and correct”). 

Thus, trial counsel’s silence during the pleas of “true” beyond the first resulted in the same 

effect as stipulating to the convictions: the jury heard evidence of appellant’s prior convictions. 

Compare Ex parte Menchaca, 854 S.W.2d at 131–33 (deficient performance when trial counsel 
19

those convictions outside the jury’s presence. The record belies any possibility that 

counsel reasonably could have anticipated that these three convictions would be 

admissible to impeach appellant under Rule 609 such that counsel might have 

operated under a strategy of removing the “sting” from cross-examination. 

One of the three convictions was neither a felony nor a crime of moral 

turpitude—appellant’s November 2013 conviction for assaulting his brother. 

Although an assault by a man against a woman has been held to be a crime of moral 

turpitude, an assault by a man against another man is not a crime of moral turpitude. 

See Patterson v. State, 783 S.W.2d 268, 271 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1989, 

pet. ref’d) (“[M]isdemeanor assaultive offenses which do not involve violence 

against women are not crimes involving moral turpitude.”).12 Because appellant 

stipulated to another prior conviction, evidence of this conviction not involving 

moral turpitude was clearly inadmissible. Thus, even if counsel reasonably could 

have believed some of appellant’s assault convictions were admissible under Rule 

609, stipulating to the November 2013 conviction while also stipulating to the others 

could not have been the result of trial strategy. See Ex parte Menchaca, 854 S.W.2d 

at 131–33; see also Robertson, 187 S.W.3d at 483–84 & n.10. 

Further, considering the evidence in this record and the Theus factors, it would 

have been an abuse of discretion to believe that the probative value of multiple prior 

convictions for family-violence assault would outweigh their prejudicial effect. 

 

failed to object to inadmissible prior conviction), with Robertson, 187 S.W.3d at 481–86 (deficient 

performance when trial counsel elicited evidence about inadmissible prior convictions). 

12 See also Knox v. State, 487 S.W.2d 322, 326 n.2 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972) (“It is observed 

that aggravated assault, not committed on a female, is not a misdemeanor involving moral 

turpitude and is not available for impeaching.” (citation omitted)); Garza v. State, 160 S.W.2d 926, 

927 (Tex. Crim. App. 1942) (“[S]imple assault is not a crime involving moral turpitude.”). See 

generally Hardemann v. State, 868 S.W.2d 404, 405–07 (Tex. App.—Austin 1993), pet. dism’d, 

891 S.W.2d 960 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).
20

Assault convictions have a low impeachment value and a high potential for prejudice 

because they involve violence rather than deception, so this factor weighs against 

admission. See Theus, 845 S.W.2d at 881. Although the temporal proximity factor 

favors admission, the similarity factor weighs strongly against admission. See id.

“[T]he admission for impeachment purposes of a crime similar to the crime charged 

presents a situation where the jury would convict on the perception of a past pattern 

of conduct, instead of on the facts of the charged offense.” Id.

The final two Theus factors are related because they depend on the nature of 

the defense and importance of the defendant’s credibility; the State’s need to 

impeach often will increase with the importance of the defendant’s credibility to the 

defense. See id. This trial did not present the typical swearing match between the 

State’s witnesses and the defendant. Rather, the complainant recanted her accusation 

and testified in support of appellant. Thus, the jury primarily was tasked with 

weighing the credibility of Pennington’s out-of-court hearsay statements against her 

in-court testimony—not weighing her testimony against appellant’s. Furthermore, 

the State impeached appellant’s credibility with multiple prior theft convictions and 

one for attempted escape, which “drastically lessened the State’s need to impeach” 

appellant with convictions for violent crimes identical to the one for which he was 

on trial. See Jackson v. State, 11 S.W.3d 336, 340–41 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st 

Dist.] 1999, pet. ref’d) (reasoning that although the State’s need to impeach was 

“great,” the ability of the State to impeach the defendant with several prior theft 

convictions drastically lessened the State’s need to impeach with convictions for 

aggravated rape and a crime against nature). 

In Theus, the only factor that weighed against admission was the fact that the 

prior conviction for arson was a crime of violence and not deception; all the other 

factors favored admission. See Theus, 845 S.W.2d at 881. However, the lack of 
21

impeachment value overrode the other four factors because the arson conviction had 

so little probative value regarding credibility and had much prejudicial effect, and 

the trial court refused to consider the underlying facts of the arson conviction. Id. at 

881–82. Similarly, in Jackson v. State, the First Court of Appeals held that the trial 

court abused its discretion during a murder prosecution by admitting prior 

convictions for rape and a crime against nature. 11 S.W.3d at 341. The court 

reasoned that the Theus analysis “tipped severely against admissibility of the prior 

convictions” because, even though the temporal proximity and similarity factors 

favored admission, the prior convictions did not involve deception, and the State had 

ample evidence to impeach the defendant with a felony and two misdemeanor theft 

convictions. Id. at 340–41. In Pierre v. State, the First Court of Appeals similarly 

held that the trial court abused its discretion during a sexual-assault prosecution by 

admitting two prior convictions for misdemeanor assaults against women. 2 S.W.3d 

439, 442–43 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. ref’d). The court reasoned 

that the first and third Theus factors were “dispositive” because the convictions 

involved violence rather than dishonestly, and misdemeanor assaults against women 

were similar to the charged crime of sexual assault against a woman. Id. at 443. 

In this case, analysis of the Theus factors leads to a conclusion that appellant’s 

prior convictions for family-violence assault were inadmissible under Rule 609 

because (1) the convictions were for crimes of violence rather than deception, (2) 

the convictions were similar to the crime for which appellant was on trial, and (3) 

the State’s need for impeachment by these convictions was drastically lessened by 

the State’s impeachment of appellant with multiple theft convictions and another 

felony conviction. See Theus, 845 S.W.2d at 881–82; Jackson, 11 S.W.3d at 340–

41; Pierre, 2 S.W.3d at 442–43; cf. Vasquez v. State, 417 S.W.3d 728, 731–33 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d) (no ineffective assistance when it 
22

would not have been an abuse of discretion to admit a conviction for failing to 

register as a sex offender; the only factor weighing against admissibility was the 

similarity of the offense to the crime charged); Huerta v. State, 359 S.W.3d 887, 

892–94 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.) (no ineffective assistance 

when it would not have been an abuse of discretion to admit a theft conviction in a 

robbery prosecution; the similarity factor was neutral, and the other factors favored 

admission). 

Nothing in the record undermines our conclusion that trial counsel could have 

no reasonable strategy for stipulating to more prior convictions than necessary under 

Tamez based on a reasonable belief that the convictions would be admissible under 

Rule 609. For example, the record does not show that counsel filed what is now 

commonly called a “Theus motion” to request permission to testify free of 

impeachment by a prior conviction. See, e.g., Cisneros v. State, 290 S.W.3d 457, 

468 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009) (referring to Theus motion), pet. 

dism’d, improvidently granted, 353 S.W.3d 871 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); see also 

Theus, 845 S.W.2d at 877 (noting that the trial court held a pretrial hearing on 

counsel’s “Motion to Testify Free From Impeachment With Prior Conviction”).13

And, counsel filed a pretrial request for notice of the State’s intent to use evidence 

of extraneous offenses at trial, specifically requesting notice under Rule 609(f) 

regarding convictions to impeach the “[c]omplaining witness and other civilian 

witness to be presented by the State.” But, counsel did not request notice of the 

State’s intent to use convictions to impeach appellant.14

 

13 Had the trial court erroneously ruled that the convictions were admissible for 

impeachment, we could envision trial counsel making a strategic decision to stipulate to all of the 

prior convictions.

14 Compare Harper v. State, 930 S.W.2d 625, 631 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, 

no pet.) (holding that Rule 609(f) is applicable to a defendant in a criminal case and “requires 
23

As noted above, the decision of whether to stipulate to jurisdictional prior 

convictions could be a strategic one. Counsel may strategically decide to put the 

State to its burden of proof, or to stipulate and thereby prevent the admission of 

prejudicial evidence. But once the decision was made to stipulate in this case, there 

could be no strategic basis for (1) stipulating to additional inadmissible convictions 

beyond the statutorily required number, (2) allowing the State to read more than one 

of the allegations in the indictment, and (3) failing to object to extrinsic evidence of

the convictions. Based on this record, the strong presumption of reasonable 

professional assistance has been rebutted. Trial counsel performed deficiently as a 

matter of law. 

C. Prejudice 

Under the second prong of the Strickland test, a defendant must show that 

there is a “reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the 

result of the proceeding would have been different.” 466 U.S. at 694. In the context 

of deficient performance during the guilt–innocence stage of trial, the question is 

“whether there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the factfinder would 

have had a reasonable doubt respecting guilt.” Id. at 695. This test does not require 

the defendant to show that “counsel’s deficient conduct more likely than not altered 

the outcome in the case.” Id. at 693. Rather, a “reasonable probability” of a different 

outcome is a “probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 

694. 

 

notice to be given upon request, and if the notice is not given, evidence of the prior conviction is 

not admissible”), with Geuder v. State, 142 S.W.3d 372, 374–75 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 

2004, pet. ref’d) (acknowledging this court’s precedent is contrary to Harper, and suggesting there 

might be reason to revisit this court’s precedent, but declining to do so because any error was 

harmless). 
24

This test acknowledges that “[t]he result of a proceeding can be rendered 

unreliable, and hence the proceeding itself unfair, even if the errors of counsel cannot 

be shown by a preponderance of the evidence to have determined the outcome.” Id.

The “ultimate focus of the inquiry must be on the fundamental fairness of the 

proceeding.” Id. at 696. We must determine whether “the result of the particular 

proceeding is unreliable because of a breakdown in the adversarial process that our 

system counts on to produce just results.” Id.

In making the prejudice determination, we must consider the totality of the 

evidence before the jury. Id. at 695. “Some errors will have had a pervasive effect 

on the inferences to be drawn from the evidence, altering the entire evidentiary 

picture, and some will have had an isolated, trivial effect.” Id. at 695–96. And, a 

verdict “only weakly supported by the record is more likely to have been affected 

by errors than one with overwhelming record support.” Id. at 696. 

Considering the totality of the record, we conclude that there is a probability 

sufficient to undermine our confidence in the outcome that, but for counsel’s errors, 

the jury would have had a reasonable doubt respecting guilt. In reaching this 

conclusion, we balance the following factors: 

Lessened Likelihood of Prejudice

 The jury charge informed the 

jury to not use the 

jurisdictional prior 

convictions for “any other 

purpose in determining guilt 

of the defendant on the 

charged occasion.”

 Appellant’s credibility was 

validly impeached by theft 

and other felony convictions.

Increased Likelihood of Prejudice

 Evidence of multiple prior 

convictions for the same 

offense is inherently 

prejudicial and undermines a 

substantial right to a fair trial.

 The evidence of guilt was not 

overwhelming.

 The State adduced extrinsic 

evidence of the prior 

convictions, including some 
25

 The jury already would know 

that appellant had been 

convicted of at least one

family-violence assault.

similarities to the crime 

charged.

 The parties referred to the 

prior convictions during

argument.

The factor that most heavily weighs against a finding of prejudice is that the 

jury charge included an instruction to not use the prior convictions for determining 

appellant’s guilt on the charged occasion. Generally, we will presume that the jury 

obeys an instruction to disregard evidence, and the giving of this instruction cures 

the admission of inadmissible and prejudicial evidence. See, e.g., Gardner v. State, 

730 S.W.2d 675, 696 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987), cited in Gamboa v. State, 296 S.W.3d 

574, 580 & n.12 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (“Instructions to the jury are generally 

considered sufficient to cure improprieties that occur during trial. And we generally 

presume that a jury will follow the judge’s instructions.” (footnote omitted)). The 

Court of Criminal Appeals has applied this presumption, for example, when a 

witness testified about a collateral offense or transaction by reference to the 

defendant’s being incarcerated, and the trial court gave a prompt oral instruction to 

disregard. See Tennard v. State, 802 S.W.2d 678, 685 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). But, 

at least for the admission of evidence of an extraneous offense, the Court of Criminal 

Appeals has declined to apply this presumption when an oral instruction was given 

belatedly and again in the jury charge, rather than promptly after admission. See 

Fuller v. State, 827 S.W.2d 919, 926–27 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (citing Tennard, 

802 S.W.2d at 685) (holding that the trial court’s instruction to disregard any 

evidence that the defendant previously had been convicted of a crime was not 

“prompt” when included in the jury charge, so the instruction “in and of itself did 

not cure the error”). Furthermore, instructions do not necessarily cure error in the 

admission of evidence if the evidence is “clearly calculated to inflame the minds of 
26

the jury and is of such a character as to suggest the impossibility of withdrawing the 

impression produced on their minds.” Gardner, 730 S.W.2d at 696 (quoting Campos 

v. State, 589 S.W.2d 424, 428 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979)). 

The instruction in this case was not given after a stray remark by a witness, 

see Tennard, 802 S.W.2d at 685, but rather, after abundant evidence of multiple 

convictions, and then only in the jury charge. The written instruction did not instruct 

the jury to “disregard” the evidence in its entirety, but that “the jurisdictional prior 

convictions may not be used for any other purpose in determining guilt of the 

defendant on the charged occasion.” The evidence, including three judgments of 

conviction, was still admitted, and the jury was not instructed about what 

consideration they could give to the evidence of prior convictions. See Walls v. State, 

548 S.W.2d 38, 40–41 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977) (finding harmful error from the 

admission of evidence of an extraneous robbery even though the trial court instructed 

the jury in the charge that it could not consider evidence of extraneous offenses “as 

any evidence of guilt in this case”; reasoning that because the charge failed to 

instruct the jury “what consideration they could give to the evidence,” the jury was 

unrestrained and free to consider that the defendant was “a criminal generally”).

Admission of evidence concerning three prior convictions for violent crimes 

identical to the one for which appellant was on trial is “inherently prejudicial.” See 

generally Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 738 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (“We have 

consistently acknowledged that the introduction of extraneous offenses to the jury is 

inherently prejudicial.” (quotation omitted)). The rationale for Tamez, indeed, is that 

prior convictions for the same offense allow a jury to focus improperly on a 

defendant’s bad character, violating the basic prohibition on convicting someone 

based on character conformity. See Tamez, 11 S.W.3d at 202 (noting the policy of 

ensuring a person is tried for the offense he allegedly committed, not for the type of 
27

person that he may be). When the prior convictions are for the same offense for 

which the defendant is on trial, the evidence tips “far on the inflammatory and 

prejudicial side of the character-evidence spectrum.” See Herring v. State, 147 

S.W.3d 390, 396 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (holding that it was harmless error to 

inform the jury that the conviction underlying the prosecution for failure to register 

as a sex offender was indecency with a child because substantial evidence supported 

the conviction and the two offenses were not similar; reasoning that although 

“general criminality is a prohibited inference, it is not as strong or inflammatory an 

inference as the conformity inference that arises from substantially similar 

offenses”). 

When a jury receives evidence of multiple prior convictions for the same 

offense, a jury may convict the defendant because “he was a ‘bad man,’ not because 

it believed him to be guilty of the instant offense.” Tamez, 11 S.W.3d at 202. For 

these reasons, courts of appeals have readily found that a defendant’s substantial 

rights were impacted—that is, the error had a substantial and injurious effect or 

influence on the verdict—by the admission of prior convictions beyond the 

statutorily required number. See Taylor v. State, 442 S.W.3d 747, 752 (Tex. App.—

Amarillo 2014, pet. ref’d) (harmful error when the trial court admitted two 

judgments for family-violence assault although the defendant offered to stipulate to 

one; “We cannot help but think that the erroneous admission of this prior family 

assault conviction negatively influenced the jury’s verdict.”); Baker v. State, 52 

S.W.3d 882, 886 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, pet. ref’d) (harmful error from the 

admission of the two driving-while-intoxicated judgments that related to the 

stipulation in part because the improperly admitted judgments conveyed that the 

defendant had been convicted a third time for driving while intoxicated); Tamez v. 

State, 48 S.W.3d 295, 296 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001, no pet.) (harmful error 
28

from the reading of the indictment and admission of evidence concerning six 

driving-while-intoxicated convictions rather than two because a “rational jury would 

most likely conclude that someone convicted six times of DWI, and accused of it a 

seventh time, was driving drunk”); Smith v. State, 12 S.W.3d 149, 152 (Tex. App.—

El Paso 2000, pet. ref’d) (harmful error from the admission of six prior convictions 

because the prohibition on a defendant being convicted on the basis of character 

evidence or for being a bad person is a “basic tenet of our criminal justice system”).

In this case, not only did the jury hear that appellant had been convicted four 

times, rather than the statutorily required one time, but the State adduced extrinsic 

evidence of the convictions. One of the exhibits included an indictment that alleged 

the manner and means of “striking said Misty Brogan about the body with the 

defendant’s hand”—the same conduct alleged against the complainant in this case. 

The jury also heard that appellant was convicted for assaulting Pennington, 

specifically, and the jury heard about the sentences imposed for the prior 

convictions. 

In addition to the inherently prejudicial nature of prior convictions—

particularly ones for the same offense for which the defendant was tried—our 

confidence in the outcome of the trial is undermined because the evidence of guilt 

was not overwhelming, and the parties referred to the convictions during closing 

arguments. In Ex parte Menchaca, for example, the Court of Criminal Appeals held 

that counsel’s deficient performance in failing to object to a single prior conviction 

for rape undermined confidence in the verdict of guilt for delivery of a controlled 

substance. 854 S.W.2d at 132–33. The evidence of guilt was “seriously contested” 

as it amounted to a “good ole . . . West Texas shouting match” between the defendant 

and the State’s primary witness. Id. at 133 (omission in original). The State used the 

prior conviction to undermine the defendant’s credibility during closing argument, 
29

contending that the defendant was “not worthy of belief because he was ‘a convicted 

rapist.’” Id.

Similarly, we note the Corpus Christi Court of Appeals’ reasoning in Stone v. 

State, where the court found deficient performance on a silent record from trial 

counsel’s eliciting evidence about an inadmissible murder conviction during the trial 

for delivery of a controlled substance. See 17 S.W.3d 348, 353 (Tex. App.—Corpus 

Christi 2000, pet. ref’d). The court held that the defendant was deprived of a fair trial 

with a reliable result because the defendant was tried for “being a criminal 

generally,” rather than for the crime for which he was indicted. Id. at 353–54. The 

introduction of the prior conviction undermined the defendant’s credibility 

concerning his alibi defense and bolstered the State’s witnesses’ testimony. See id.

at 353. 

In this case, the State’s evidence consisted almost entirely of Pennington’s 

hearsay statements as recorded in the body camera video. Pennington’s injury 

consisted of a small knot on the back of her head, and she testified in support of 

appellant at trial. The evidence of guilt cannot be described as “overwhelming.” The 

admission of evidence concerning multiple convictions for family violence assault 

served to undermine appellant’s credibility for his alibi defense and bolster 

Pennington’s hearsay statements. See id. During closing argument, the State referred 

to appellant’s prior family-violence assault conviction and urged the jury to “keep 

that in mind when judging his credibility.”15 These circumstances indicate that 

appellant was prejudiced by counsel’s errors. See Ex parte Menchaca, 854 S.W.2d 

at 132–33 (finding prejudice under Strickland from the admission of one prior 

conviction, dissimilar from the crime charged, because guilt was “seriously 

 

15 The State’s argument appears to contradict the trial court’s instruction to not consider 

the conviction for purposes of determining appellant’s guilt.
30

contested,” the determination of guilt depended on credibility of the witnesses, and 

the State argued that the defendant was not worthy of belief due to the prior 

conviction). 

Although appellant’s credibility was validly impeached by other non-assault 

convictions and the jury would have known that appellant had one prior conviction 

for family violence assault, we cannot ignore the probable impact of hearing that 

appellant had three additional prior convictions for family-violence assault. See 

Tamez, 11 S.W.3d at 202–03; Taylor, 442 S.W.3d at 752. Trial counsel attempted to 

mitigate appellant’s prior convictions, arguing, “Just because someone kicked their 

dog yesterday doesn’t mean they kicked their dog today.” But, as a result of trial 

counsel’s errors, the jury heard not only that appellant assaulted a family member 

yesterday, but also that he assaulted a family member the day before, and the day 

before, and the day before. He was on trial for the fifth family-violence assault, 

which would lead to the rational, yet impermissible, conclusion that he did it again. 

See, e.g., Tamez, 11 S.W.3d at 202. “[W]hen faced with appellant’s apparently 

unflagging character as a [woman beater], the jury may have convicted him because 

he was a ‘bad man,’ not because it believed him to be guilty of the instant offense.” 

Id.

As a result of counsel’s deficient performance, the result of the proceeding 

was rendered unreliable and fundamentally unfair. The record reflects appellant 

suffered prejudice. 
31

III. CONCLUSION

Appellant’s sole issue is sustained. We reverse the trial court’s judgment and 

remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.16

 

 /s/ Ken Wise

 Justice 

Panel consists of Chief Justice Frost and Justices Donovan and Wise. (Donovan, J., 

dissenting).

Publish — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).

 

16 Because we hold that counsel’s errors regarding the stipulation to inadmissible prior 

convictions sufficiently demonstrate deficient performance and prejudice, we need not and do not

address appellant’s other allegations of ineffectiveness. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.