**~** 

## .( 

# ()Battelle

January 30, 1995 Edward O. Pollock, Jr. U.S. Department of Energy 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. Forrestal Building, EE-431 Washington, D.C. 20585 Dear**Mr~** 

### Pollock, Pacific**~orthwest** Laboratories Battelle Bouievard P.O. Box 999 Richland, Washington 99352 Telephone (509) 

### 375-3679

Enclosed are three documents providing load profile assumptions to be used in the energy impacts modeling component of the Commercial Equipment Standards Program. These documents provide assumptions for 1) service water heating loads, 2) lights and plug loads, and 3) occupancy loads for commercial buildings. These documents complete the required deliverable for Task 2.4 Develop Building Types and Load Profiles under the Project Management Plan. Afollow-on activity has been proposed for FY95 funding to prepare and publish a referenceable document describing the recommended load profile assumptions. Since there is no referenceable documention of the load profile assumptions at this time, a condensed version of the enclosed material will be included with Task 2.5 Estimate Energy Savings' deliverable to describe how the assumptions were made. We welcome any comments or input you may have regarding the enclosed material. Please feel free to contact Ron Jarnagin at 509/375-3813 or me if you have any questions or comments. Sincerely,

# ~/~ J. Steven Schliesing Research Engineer Analytic Science and Engineering Department JSS/cb Enclosures
cc: CE Adams W Hui RH Karney CNasseri EO Pollock (project files) JD Ryan

### Service Water Heating Loads Steven Schliesing January 30, 1995 Introduction: Sizing a water heater for a particular commercial application requires consideration ofthe one-hour, two-hour, and/or three-hour peak hot water demands ofthe application. For storage water systems, these design hot water demands may be met by various combinations ofstorage and energy input capacityofthe water heating system. Most sources ofdata oncommercial service water heating have concentrated onproviding the peak design load information needed for sizing purposes. However, the Commercial Equipment Standards Program (CESP) is interested in the energy impacts ofdesign changes in commercial service water heating systems and equipment. Estimation ofthe energy impacts ofefficiency improvements in water heating equipment requires some knowledge ofthe day-to-day hot water usage characteristics for each ofthe commercial applications a particular water heater might be used for. Usage can be characterized by an hourly profile ofhot water demand for a given application. Development ofthese hourly demand profiles for service water heating was one ofthe activities ofthe building types and load profiles task and is the subject ofthis document. Once appropriate assumptions are made for these loads, the energy required to meet the hot water demand canbe calculated as a function ofthe supply or ground-water temperature, the delivery or storage temperature ofthe water, standby and circulation energy losses from the water heating system, and the thermal efficiency ofthe water heating equipment. CESP will use HOTCALC 2.0 (EPRI 1993) to analyze efficiency improvements in commercial water heaters. HOTCALC is a simulation program developed by D.W. Abrams, P.E. and Associates for the Electric Power Research Institute·(EPRI). HOTCALC was created to allow researchers to evaluate a variety ofwater heating technologies and designs. The program allows the user to specify volumetric hot water load profiles to evaluate particular commercial water heating applications. The volumetric load profiles used by HOTCALC represent the fraction ofa given day's total hot water consumption that is demanded each hour ofthe day. HOTCALC allows the user to provide a primary and secondary day profile. The user also specifies the number ofprimary and secondary days in eachmonth. Optionally, the user may provide primary and secondary day multipliers for each month to model seasonal variations in the volumetric loads. The user must also provide values for primary and secondary day total hot water consumption (i.e. total gallons consumed for each ofthese day types for the specific application to be modeled). Forthe CESP, water heating applications that will be considered are retail, office, warehouse, education, assembly, worship, hotel/motel, restaurant, and multifamily. A number ofdifferent sources were evaluated to develop assumptions for representative volumetric load profiles and total hot water consumption for each commercial application. This document reviews the sources ofinformation on commercial service water heating volumetric load profiles and consumption levels. Then, recommendations for the Draft CESP Service Water Heating Profiles Page 1assumptions to use for each commercial application are made.
Sources ofInformation: Sources ofvolumetric hot water load data for commercial applications are extremely limited. Most available information onhot water use is in the form ofend-use consumption data. These data include the effects ofsystem design and efficiency when delivering the volumetric hot water load for a given application. Sources which specifically address volumetric loads are discussed below:
ASHRAE Handbook (ASHRAE 1980)

The most comprehensive source ofload information for commercial application service water heating has been the American Society ofHeating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers' (ASHRAE) Systems Handbook. This handbook provides data for service water heating system design. Such data include representative hot water utilization temperatures and hot water demands for various commercial building use categories. Early versions ofthe handbook (1980 and before) include eleven hourly flow profiles for typical commercial building types. Much ofthe usage data comes from work sponsored by the Edison Electric Institute. The study metered hot water flows in 129 buildings, and the work was completed in 1969. The sizing and energy estimation data in the handbook have received some criticism recently because ofthe age ofthe sources.
ASHRAE RP 600 (Thrasher and DeWerth 1994) To address the need for new water heater sizing data, ASHRAE funded a research project (RP 600) which was conducted specifically to update the data on service water heating system use patterns. The project work was divided into two phases

-- Phase 1 during which an extensive literature review was conducted

-- and Phase 2 during which field metering was conducted to supplementary weak ares in the existing data with new information. Types ofdata the researchers were interested in include gallons ofwater consumed, seasonal average consumption, and demographic effects for each building use category. Relevant figures from literature examined in Phase 1 are included in the Phase 1report. Some of these figures are ofhourly consumption. The peak and average consumption data collected from the literature should provide a good comparison for the consumption data available in the ASHRAE handbook. A summary ofthe hourly data collected inthe literature study follows: Restaurants: Daily hot water demand profiles in liters/hr for an average winter day and an average summer day respectively are presented from a 1987 study by Perlman and Chiarelli. This is the only hourly data the authors included.

Draft CESP Service Water Heating Profiles Page 2Schools: No hourly data are presented. Hotels and Motels: The authors report finding no actual hourly profIles. A 1980 DOE source provides a sketch ofa typical hourly use profile. The sketch shows guest room peakusage occurring from 6-10 AM and again from 5-8 PM. Laundry use occurs during the morning guest room peak, and kitchen use starts at around 5 AM and continues fairly constantly through 11 PM. It is noted that consumption for this building type occurs in guest rooms, laundry, food service, and physical fitness facilities. Multi-family: Discussion ofthis data is included in the discussion ofthe NYSERDA multi-family study below. During Phase 2 ofthe research, hot water consumption was monitored at five commercial buildings in four different building use categories. Building use categories were nursing home, coed and women's dormitories, full-service restaurant, and hotel. The original intent was to look at many more sites, but needed support from utilities and industry was not obtained. Because ofthe limited sample size, the data collected are not statistically representative ofthe hot water use ofthese building types. However, the study does provide an additional source oforiginal information. Consumption patterns provided for hotels and restaurants are summarized below: Hotel: Weekday guest-room daily maximum flows occur between 6:30 and 9:00 AM. The maximum one-hour weekday flow occurs between 6:30 and 8:00 AM. Weekend peak flow occurs between 6:00 and 10:00 AM. The weekend peak one-hour flow occurs between 6:00 and 9:00 AM. The time ofoccurrence ofthe laundry and kitchen flows is highly variable. Full-service restaurant: Weekday one-hour maximum flow occurs at 1 PM. The maximum 2-hour flow occurs at 2 PM. The maximum 3-hour flow occurs at 3 PM. On weekends, the maximums occur most often during the evening hours.
NYSERDA Study (Goldner 1994) Anextensive research effort was funded by NYSERDA on service hot water loads, and system sizing and selection for multi-family buildings. The work was conducted intwo phases. The first phase ofthe study looked at domestic hot water consumption and demand levels relative to new (not yet released) ASHRAE guidelines. The second phase concerned itselfwith sizing and selection ofDHW equipment and systems for multifamily buildings and is still underway. The project developed 1.5 year's worth ofmonitored DHW flows, recirculation flow, fuel flows, temperatures before and after mixing valve and return loop, boiler cycle times and Draft CESP Service Water Heating ProfIles Page 3burner run times. This data was developed so that a reliable data source could be used for sizing purposes. The project also developed sizing guidelines. Data is from two Energy Management and Research Associates (EMRA) studies in NYC (thirty buildings) for NYSERDA as well as a compilation ofresults from other studies in seven locations in the US and Canada (22 additional sites). This other data were collected for ASHRAE RP600. A composite profile ofweekday versus weekend hot water consumptionper occupant was developed from the metered data.
ASHRAE Energy Standard Simulation Profiles (ASHRAE 1989) Perhaps the most familiar source ofhot water demand data for many energy modelers is the set of service water heating load profiles provided in ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-1989, Energy Efficient Design ofNew Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. These data are included in the "Building Energy Cost Budget Method" compliance section (Section 13) ofthe standard. The profiles are "building schedule percentage multipliers" and are supplied for assembly, office, retail, warehouse, school, hotel/motel, restaurant, health, and multi-family building types. These multipliers are used in conjunction with specified service hot water quantities for each building type to establish hourly values ofservice water heating loads. Weekday, Saturday, and Sunday profiles are provided for each building type. The service hot water quantities provided by the standard for use with the load profiles represent the energy content ofheated water used for each application. Consequently, the profiles, if suitably scaled, canbe used with any value ofdaily average hot water demand in gallons to represent the hourly demand for hot water based on that daily demand total. Surprisingly, the profiles are not identical to those provided in the ASHRAE handbook.
TVA Study (Silver and Burrows 1983) Hot water use data were also collected as part ofthe Tennessee Valley Authority'S (TVA's) Commercial and Industrial Active Solar Systems project. At the time the project was reported on in the literature (1983), monitoring'had been completed at 5 hotels/motels, 4 fullservice restaurants, 3 other restaurants, 1 apartment, 4 health-care facilities, and 2 personal services structures. Additional structures in the process ofbeing monitored included 1 hotel/motel, 1 full service restaurant, 1 other restaurant, 2 school dormitories, 2 other school facilities, 1 apartment, 1health care facility, and 1personal service facility. In the monitoring projects, data for both energy used for hot water heating, and actual flow ofhot water were collected. These data were collected on 15 minute integrationperiods. Flow data were used to provide values for the "amount ofhot water used during anyone hour as a fraction ofthe hot water use for the entire day" for each monitored site. Data in this format canbe used to develop hourly volumetric load profiles ifthe average daily volumetric load is known. The author's compare their fmdings with data provided in the Draft CESP Service Water Heating Profiles Page 4 ,"""

1980 ASHRAE Handbook. They note that while this data were also derived from field metering efforts, they were collected before the oil embargo, and usage patterns have potentially changed since then. A review offindings from the study relevant to our work follows: Hotels/Motels: The authors report that their data correlates well with the ASHRAE Handbook data. Apartments: The authors' data from two monitored sites shows a greater percent of the daily use occurring during the morning. The ASHRAE Handbook profile is relatively flat while data from the two monitored sites go to zero loads during the early AM hours. Full-service restaurants: The ASHRAE profile shows no consumption until 8 AM. Representative data from two ofthe monitoring sites shows residual early AM consumptiontailing offbetween 4 and 5 AM and then picking back up immediately. The collected data seems to correlate well with the ASHRAE 90.1 profiles.
EPRI Commercial Water Heating Applications Handbook (EPRI 1992) This book was prepared by D. W. Abrams and Associates for EPRI and provides the technical background for using EPRI's HOTCALC program. The handbook reproduces the 1980 ASHRAE Handbook hourly flow profiles for commercial buildings. These profiles are included with the HOTCALC program as example volumetric hourly loads. The handbook also presents average hourly volumetric load profiles for six commercial water heating applications in Georgia. These applications are full service and fast food restaurants, laundromat, college cafeteria, supermarket, and nursing home laundry.
Recommendations and Assumptions: It is recommended that normalized ASHRAE simulation profiles be used as the basis for hot water volumetric load assumptions with the exception ofthe multi-family profiles. These profiles should be drawn from the NYSERDA study. The ASHRAE profiles are the most comprehensive source ofinformation to cover all the building types and weekday/weekend variations ofinterest. The ASHRAE Handbook averge day consumption values should be used in conjunction with these profiles to predict hourly hot water volumetric loads for each application. Table 1provides the hourly primary and secondary volumetric load values as they should be used in HOTCALC for the CESP. The primary profile for each application is the normalized weekday ASHRAE profile. The secondary profile is the normalized average of the Saturday and Sunday profiles from ASHRAE. The ASHRAE data was also used to Draft CESP Service Water Heating Profiles Page 5develop a secondary/primary load ratio term (R) for each pair ofprofiles that must be used when setting the HOTCALC primary (P) and secondary (S) base volumetric loads. R is the ratio ofweekend consumption per day to weekday consumption per day as observed in the ASHRAE data. Values ofR for each application are also included in Table 1. To correctly set P and S, use the following equations:


### p = (1)


### (2) where D is the average day hot water demand for the application type. These equations were developed assuming that primary loads occur'on weekdays and secondary loads occur on weekends. they must be adjusted accordingly ifother assumptions are used. Values ofD to use for each application canbe calculated as the product ofthe average day hot water use per service unit and the number ofservice units in the facility under consideration (varies with size ofthe establishment). Values ofaverage day hot water use for commercial building applications are listed in Table 2 along with hot water utilization temperatures and appropriate service units for each application. These data were taken from a 1993 ADL report, Characterization ofCommercial Building Appliances, the ASHRAE Handbook, the ASHRAE energy standard, and recent literature. HOTCALC provides default assumptions for numbers ofprimary and secondary days per month. Note that the average day usage for schools and restaurants is based on actual days ofoperation. These building types will require a special set ofprimary and secondary day counts for HOTCALC. The equations for P and S may be used for these applications as long as there is a roughly 5 to 2 ratio ofprimary days to secondary days. All otherbuilding types canuse the default counts and the above equations for P and S.

Draft CESP Service Water Heating Profiles Page 6 ,

### .'Table1.FractionofDailyHotWaterUseforEachHourinCommercialApplicationsHourWKE/WKD2345678 91011121314151617 1819202122 2324R90.1NormalizedSWHSchedulesAssembly1.714Weekday0.0000.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000.0000.0000.0000.0710.0710.5000.071 0.071 0.0710.0710.0710.0000.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000.0000.000Weekend0.0000.0000.000 0.0000.000 0.000 0.0000.000 0.0000.0420.0420.1250.000 0.000 0.0000.0000.0000.000 0.0000.542 0.250 0.0000.0000,000Office0,155Weekday0.000 0,0000.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000.0000,0340.0690,080 0,080 0,1030,1260,115 0,0690.069 0,092 0.0460,046 0.0230,0340,0110,000 0,000Weekend0.0000.0000.000 0.000 0.000 0,0000,0000.0740.0740.1480.1110.1480.111 0,1110.0740,074 0,074 0,0000.000 0.0000.000 0,0000,0000.000Retail0,764Weekday0.000 0,000 0.0000.0000,0000.0000.0000.0180.0360.0550.0730.1000.109 0.1090.082 0.0730.0820.082 0.073 0.055 0.0550.000 0.000 0.000Weekend0.0000.000 0.000 0.0000.000 0.000 0.0000.0180.0240.042 0.077 0.0950.107 0.1070.0890.0890,095 0,0890.0710.0420.0300,024 0,000 0,000Warehouse0,053Weekday0.000 0.0000.000 0,000 0,0000.000 0.0000.015 0.0760.1060.1060.1360.1670.1210.1060,1210.0450,000 0.000 0.0000,000 0,000 0,0000,000Weekend0.0000.000 0.000 0,0000.000 0.000 0.0000.0000.0000.286 0.2860.429 0,0000.000 0.0000.0000,000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0,0000,0000.000 0.000School0,000Weekday0.000 0.0000.000 0.000 0.0000,000 0.0000.0090.0520,0950.1030.1210.1290.1380.103 0.1030,009 0.0090,0260.034 0,034 0.034 0,000 0.000Weekend0.0000.000 0.000 0.0000.0000.0000.000 0,000 0.000 0.000 0,0000,000 0.0000,000 0.0000,000 0.000 0.000 0,000 0.0000,000 0,0000.000 0,000Hotel/Motel.1,022Weekday0.0220,017 0.0170.017 0.0220.0280.056 0.0670.0610,0500.0440,0500,044 0.039 0.0330.0330,0330.0440,0610.0670.0560.0610,050 0,028Weekend0.0240.019 0.019 0.019 0.0220.030 0.0490.0540.054 0,057 0.052 0.0540.0490,046 0.0380,038 0.035 0.0490.057 0,0570.049 0.057 0.043 0,027Restaurant0,858Weekday0.025 0.019 0.0190.0000.000 0.000 0.0000.0760.0700.0570.0510,0570.0510.0440.0380.0380.0380.0510.0700.076 0.0630,0700,057 0,032Weekend0.0330.026 0,026 0.000 0.000 0.0000.0000.000 0.0000.0370.070 0.0740.0660.063 0.0520.052 0.048 0.059 0.077 0.077 0.066 0.0770.0590,037Multi-Family0,896Weekday0.000 0.0000.000 0.0070.007 0.007 0.1190.1040.074 0.059 0.030 0,0300,0370,037 0.0740.0740.104 0.104 0,052 0,030 0,022 0,0220.007 0.000Weekend0.0000.0000.000 0.0000.000 0.0000.0170,054 0.062 0.0620.0410.0410,0450.054 0.1030.1280.116 0.083 0.062 0.0450,0410.037 0,008 0,000NYSERDANormalizedSWHScheduleMulti-Family1.076Weekday0:0230.0150.011 0.011 0.0110.027 0.0490,064 0.049 0.049 0,0530,049 0,045 0,0420.0420.0420,0450.0530.0610,0570,057 0.057 0,049 0,038Weekend0,0210.018 0,0140.0110,0110.0140,0210,0280.0420,0560.0700,074 0,074 0,063 0.0560,0530,053 0.053 0,053 0,0490.0490.0460,039 0,032Page7Table 2. Service Hot Water Quantities and Utilization Temperatures BuildingType

.. Service Unit AverageDay HotWater HotWaterUse Temperature

.. 

## .</

.... 

### ···.··.·./t·.·
.. (gal/unit/day) ("F) Assembly person .25 140 Worship person .25 140 Office person 1.0 120 Retail person 3.9 120 Warehouse person 5.4 140 School student 1.8 110 Hotel/Motel room 10.0 (100+ units) 140 14.0 (60 units) 20.0 (20- units) Restaurant avg. meal 2.4 160 Multi-family apartment 35.0 (200+ units) 115 37.0 (100 units) 38.0 (75 units) 40.0 (50 units)

Draft CESP Service Water Heating Profiles Page 8, , 

# -,

Table 3. HOTCALC Default Days Per Month

.... Month PriinaryDays Secondary Days Jan 

### 23 8 Feb 

### 20 8 Mar 

### 23 8 Apr 

### 22 8 May 

### 23 8 Jun 

### 22 8 Jul 

### 23 8 Aug 

### 23 8 Sep 

### 22 8 Oct 

### 23 8 Nov 

### 22 8 Dec 

### 23 8

Draft CESP Service Water Heating Profiles Page 9References: American Society ofHeating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE) 1980ASHRAEHandbook: Systems andEquipment. Atlanta, Georgia: 1980. American Society ofHeating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE) 1989. ASHRAEIIESStandard 90.1-1989, "Energy Efficient Design ofNew Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings." Atlanta, Georgia. Arthur D. Little, Inc. (ADL) 1993. Characterization ofCommercial BuildingAppliances

- Final Report. U.S. Department ofEnergy Office ofBuilding Technologies: August, ·1993. Electric Power Research Institute. (EPRI) 1992. Commercial WaterHeatingApplications Handbook. EPRI TR-I00212. Prepared by D.W. Abrams, P.E. & Associates, P.C., Atlanta, Georgia for the Electric Power Research Institute. Palo Alto, California: December 1992. Electric Power Research Institute. (EPRI) 1993. HOTCALC 2.0 Commercial Water Heating Performance Simulation Tool User's Guide. EPRI CM-I00211, R1. Prepared by D.W. Abrams, P.E. & Associates, P.C., Atlanta, Georgia for the Electric Power Research Institute. Palo Alto, California: June 1993. Goldner, F. 1994. "DHW System Sizing Criteria for Multifamily Buildings," ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 100, Pt. 1. Thrasher, W. H. and D. W. Dewerth. 1994. "New Hot-Water Use Data for Five Commercial Buildings (RP-600)",ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 100, Pt. 1. Silver, J.D. and D.L. Burrows. 1983. "Assessment ofData onHotWater Use in Commercial Establishments." Proceedings ofWorldEnergy Engineering Congress. Atlanta,
. Georgia: November, 1993, pp 155-158.

Draft CESP Service Water Heating Profiles Page 10 

## .- ,Lights and Plug Loads Mark Halverson January 23, 1995 Introduction: Lights and plug loads represent a significant fraction ofbuilding internal loads for many building types. Typically, these loads are represented by a peak value (in watts per square foot) and a profile that describes the hourly magnitude with respect to the peak. These profiles are typically "hat-shaped", with a "crown" representing the peakperiod and a "brim" representing the off-hours. Inbetween the "crown" and "brim" is a transition period representing the period between when the light and plug loads first start to increase and when these loads are fully "on" during the "crown" period. The significant characteristics ofthe profile are the duration ofthe "crown", the duration of the transitionperiod, and the relative magnitude ofthe off-hour "brim" with regards to the peak. The peak load and profile are unique for each building, but a great amount of similarity exists for buildings ofthe same type and occupancy. For example, while each office building is unique, most office buildings exhibit a peak lighting load of 1-2 watts per square foot and a profile that indicates most ofthe lights are on from 9AM to 5PM each working day, with a 1-2 hour transition period on either side ofthe "crown". Differences appear when looking at the transitionperiods and the magnitude ofthe off-hours load. If building occupants are allowed or required to come to work early (or late), the "crown" period may shift 1 or more hours in either direction. Depending onhow many occupants arrive early (or late) and the lighting control scheme in the building, the transition period may be shortened, lengthened or even eliminated. The magnitude ofthe off-hour lighting load is also affected by occupant behavior and by the presence or absence ofeffective lighting controls. While each building is unique, researchers
. into building performance and developers of building energy standards must often choose a representative description ofthe lighting and plug loads for simulationpurposes. Inthe standards arena, ASHRAE SSPC 90.1 has developed a number oftypical profiles for use in their Energy Cost Budget (ECB) method. These profiles, while not representative ofany particular building oreven any identifiable set ofbuildings, represent the professionaljudgement ofthe members ofthe committee about the appearance ofplug and light profiles. Thisjudgement is influenced by another major body ofknowledge

- metered data from individual buildings. This data is available from a number ofsources and is usually collected by utilities or government agencies for use in energy conservation and demand side management programs. In an ideal world, metered data from a large number ofbuildings would be available so that statistically significant average profiles and errorbands could be developed for each desired building type. The current state ofbuilding research is not ideal (at least not yet), so compromises must be made. The approach taken in this report is to describe the "typical" profiles used in the ASHRAE SSPC 90.1 standards development process and thenmake note ofspecific metered data that provides additional information that may be useful in deciding Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 1how "typical" the standards profiles really are and where use ofthe "typical" profiles may be a problem.
Sources ofInformation: Two categories oflight and plug profile information are available

- recommended simulationprofiles from ASHRAE and metered data from a variety of metering projects. One important characteristic to remember when comparing simulation profiles and metered data is there is quite often a 1hour time shift involved in the profiles. In simulation profiles, the value labelled "12" or "noon" represents the load that is to be used for the time period from 12 noon to IPM. In metered data, the value labelled "12" or "noon" typically represents the load that was measured for the time period from llAM to 12 noon. This canbe a significant difference, especially when comparing the transitionperiods.
ASHRAE Simulation Profiles Recommended simulationprofiles for a number ofbuilding types are found in ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-1989, Energy Efficient Design ofNew Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Data from this source are labelled "90.1-1989". The profiles in ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-1989 were modified in 1993through ASHRAE's addenda process. Addenda 90.1j revised a number ofsimulationprofiles by increasing the magnitude ofoff-hours loads. Data from this source are labelled "90.1-1989j". ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 is undergoing extensive revision as required by ASHRAE on a 5-yearbasis. The draft standard, called ASHRAE/IES 90.1-1989R, is still in committee review, but should be available for public review in early 1995. Extensive revision was made to the recommended simulationprofiles inthe energy cost budget compliance supplement to the standard. Data from this source are labelled "90.1-1989R". Metered Data The End-Use Load and Consumer Assessment Program (ELCAP) developed profiles for a number ofcommercial building types. Three reports were used from this program. The report "Description ofElectric Energy Use inthe Commercial Buildings inthe Pacific Northwest" (DOE-BP-13795-22) provides average profiles for a number ofbuilding types. Data from this source are labelled "ELCAPa". The supplementary report "Description of Electric Energy Use inthe Commercial Buildings inthe Pacific Northwest: 1992 Supplement" (DOE/BP-1958) provides more detailed average information for 5 building types. Data from this source are labelled "ELCAPb". The report "Comparison ofELCAP Data with Lighting and Equipment Load Levels and Profiles Assumed in Regional Models" (PNL-7449) provides similar information for individual retail and office buildings. Data from this source are labelled "ELCAPc".

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 2 

# ..The Pacific Gas and Electric (PGE) report "End-Use Metering in Commercial Buildings

- 1991 Summary Results" provides useful profile information for a number ofbuilding types. Data from this source are labelled "PGE". Metering ofthe DOE Headquarters Building by the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) led to plug and light profiles for this building as documented in Halverson et al. Data from this source are labelled "DOE".

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 3Lighting Loads Lighting loads are discussed in a structured fonnat as shown below. This section is organized:

• Building Type • Load • Discussion ofProfile • Description ofASHRAE Profiles • Description ofMetered Data Profiles • Recommended Profile

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 4Building Type: OFFICE Load: LIGHTS Discussion ofProfile: The typical office building lighting profile is the classic "hat" shape with a single peak period occurring for most ofthe working day and a lower off-hour period. The peakperiod is typically 6-10 hours. A transition period between the peak and off-hour period is typically 1-3 hours depending on occupant behavior and lighting control schemes. Office buildings are typically active Monday through Friday, with minimal activity on Saturdays and**ev~n** less on Sundays. Description ofASHRAE Profiles: 90.1-1989

- Weekdays, a peak period of9 hours starting at 9 AM with a two hour transition period starting at 7 AM before the peak and 5 hour transition period starting at 6 PM after the peak. Offhour usage is non-existent, except for minimal usage from 7 AM to 5 PM on Saturday. Peak load is estimated at 1.35 w/sffor large buildings to 1.71 w/sffor small buildings. 90.1-1989j

- Identical to 90.1-1989 except that off-hour usage has been increased from 0 w/sfto 0.075 w/sffor large buildings and 0.095 w/sffor small buildings. 90.1-1989R

- Weekdays, a peak period of8 hours starting at 9 AM with a two hour transition period starting at 7 AM before the peak and 6 hour transition period starting at 5 PM after the peak. Offhour usage is minimal and constant onweekends. Peak load is estimated at 1.49 w/sf. Offhourusage is estimated at 0.083 w/sf. Description ofMetered Data Profiles: ELCAPb

- Similar to ASHRAE profiles. Average peak load estimated at 1.5 w/sf. Average off-hour load estimated at 0.4 w/sf. ELCAPc

- Similar to ASHRAE profiles. Older buildings (prior to 1989) show peak loads of 1.93 w/sf, while newer buildings show peak loads of 1.35 w/sf. Older buildings show unoccupied loads of0.48 w/sf, while newer buildings show unoccupied loads ofabout 0.41 w/sf. PGE

- Similar to ASHRAE profiles. Peak loads range from 1.2 w/sffor large offices to 1.5 wisffor small offices. Off-hour loads range from 0.15 w/sffor small offices to 0.3 wisffor large offices. Thus, small offices are likely to have more lights per square foot, but these lights are more likely to be turned offduring offhours. DOE

- Similar to ASHRAE profiles. Peak loads for this single building range from Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 51.5 wlsfprior to a lighting retrofit to 0.7 wlsfafter the lighting retrofit. Prior to the retrofit, the building had been delamped so lighting loads would have originally been even higher. Approximately 40%ofthese lights are on even during off-hours due to poor lighting control strategies. Thus, off-hour loads range from 0.6 wlsfprior to the retrofit to 0.3 wisfafter the retrofit. This is considerably higher than other metered data. Recommended Profile and Suggested Sensitivity Studies The recommended profile is the 90.1-1989j. This set ofprofiles is better because it accounts for some weekend usage. However, peak load magnitude presents an issue that should be addressed in a sensitivity study. Peak working day estimates range from 0.7 wisfto 1.9 wlsf, with most ofthe estimates falling in the range of 1.3 wisf to 1.5 wisf. The impact ofvery low or very high peak lighting loads should be examined. Additionally, the magnitude ofthe base off-hour load should be studied. Estimates for this value range from 0 wlsfto 0.6 wisf, with most metered estimates being in the range of0.2 wisfto 0.4 wlsf. Again, the impact ofvery high or very low off-hour lighting loads should be examined.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 6Building Type: RETAIL Load: LIGHTS Discussion ofProfile: The typical retail building lighting profile is again "hat" shaped, but with shorter or non-existent transition periods than office buildings. Usually, the lights in a retail building are on ifthe business is open and offifthe business is closed. The peak period is typically 10 hours. Retail buildings are typically active all days ofthe week, with reduced hours on Sunday. Description ofASHRAE Profiles: 90.1-1989

- Weekdays, a peak period of9 hours starting at 9 AM with a two hour transition period starting at 7 AM before the peak and 3 hour transitionperiod starting at 6 PM after the peak. The peak period is reduced to 8 hours on Saturday and 5 hours on Sunday. Peak load is estimated at 1.89 w/sffor large buildings to 2.97 w/sf for small buildings. Off-hour usage is negligible. 90.1-1989j

- Identical to 90.1-1989 except that off-hour usage has been increased from 0 wIsfto 0.105 w/sffor large buildings and 0.165 w/sffor small buildings. 90.1-1989R

- Weekdays, a peak period of 10 hours starting at 9 AM with a one hour transition period starting at 8 AM before the peak and 2 hour transition period starting at 7 PM after the peak. Saturdays are the same as weekdays. Sunday peak periods are reduced to 7 hours starting at 11 AM. Peak load is estimated at 2.25 wIsf. Off hour usage is estimated at 0.125 w/sf. Description ofMetered Data Profiles: ELCAPb

- Similar to ASHRAE profiles. Peak lighting loads are 1.4 wIsf. Off-hour loads are about 0.3 w/ft2. ELCAPc

- Similar to ASHRAE profiles. Inexisting buildings (prior to 1989), peak lighting loads are about 1.5 w/sfduring occupied hours and 0.32 w/sfduring unoccupied periods. In newer buildings, the peak occupied load was 1.16 w/sf, with 0.12 w/sfduring unoccupied hours. PGE

- Similar to ASHRAE profiles. Small retail buildings show peak loads of 1.8 wIsf, while larger retail buildings show peak loads of 1.1 w/sf. Off-hour loads are about 0.3 w/sffor both sizes ofbUilding.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 7Recommended Profile and Suggested Sensitivity Studies The 90.1-1989Rprofile is recommended for the increased levels oflighting shown on weekends. Peak lighting load estimates range from 1.1 w/sfto 2.9 wisf, with metered results tending to fall in the lowerpart ofthe range. A value of 1.5 w/sf would match much ofthe metered data, but higher and lower values should be examined in a sensitivity study. Off-hour base load estimates range from 0 wisfto 0.3 w/sf, with metered data indicating 0.1 wisfto 0.3 wisf. A value of0.2 wisfis recommended.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 8Building Type: WAREHOUSE Load: LIGHTS Discussion ofProfile: The typical warehouse building lighting profile is again "hat" shaped, but with shorter or non-existent transition periods than office buildings. Usually, the lights in a warehouse are on ifthe business is open and offifthe business is closed. Weekends show minimal loads. Description ofASHRAE Profiles: 90.1-1989

- Weekdays, a peak period of8 hours starting at 9 AM with a two hour transitionperiod starting at 7 AM before the peak. Saturday loads are much lower and Sunday loads are non-existent. Peak load is estimated at 0.36 wisffor large buildings to 0.72 wlsffor small buildings. Off-hourusage is negligible. 90.1-1989j

- Identical to 90.1-1989. 90.1-1989R

- Weekdays, a peak period of8 hours starting at 9 AM with a two hour transitionperiod starting at 7 AM before the peak and 1hour transitionperiod starting at 6 PM after the peak. Saturdays have a peak period of5 hours starting at 10 AM. Sundays show no peak loads. Peak load is estimated at 0.45 wisf. Offhour usage is estimated at 0.025 wisf. Description ofMetered Data Profiles: EICAPb

- Similar to ASHRAE profiles. Peak lighting loads are 0.6 wisf. Off-hour loads are about 0.1 wisf. POE

- Similar to ASHRAE profiles. Peak lighting loads are 0.7 wisf. Off-hour loads are about 0.2 wisf. Recommended Profile and Suggested Sensitivity Studies The 90.1-1989R profile is recommended due to increased usage associated with weekends. The peak load estimates range from 0.4 wisfto 0.7 wlsf, with most values falling near 0.6 w/sf. Off-hour base load estimates range from 0 wlsfto 0.2 wlsf, with 0.1 wlsfrepresenting a suitable average.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 9Building Type: EDUCATION Load: LIGHTS Discussion ofProfile: The typical educationbuilding lighting profile is again "hat" shaped, but with shorter or non-existent transition periods than office buildings. Usually, the lights in a school building are either on or off. Note that school buildings include both elementary schools, which might be expected to operate on an 8 AM to 5 PM basis, secondary schools which might be expected to have significant extracurricular activities at night, and colleges and universities which may have evening classes. This is a highly varied building type. Description ofASHRAE Profiles: 90.1-1989

- Weekdays, a peakperiod of7 hours starting at 9 AM with a one hour transitionperiod starting at 8 AM before the peak and 6 hour transition period starting at 6 PM after the peak. The peakperiod is eliminated on Saturday and Sunday. Peak load is estimated at 1.43 wisffor large elementary schools to 2.28 wisffor small technical/vocational buildings. Off-hour usage is negligible. 90.1-1989j

- Identical to 90.1-1989 except that some small amounts oflighting are shown during off-hours. Off-hour usage is estimated at 0.03 to 0.05 wisf. 90.1-1989R

- Weekdays, a peakperiod of7 hours starting at 9 AM with a one hour transition period starting at 8 AM before the peak, a 3 hour transition period starting at 4 PM after the peak, followed by another lower 3 hour peak from 7 PM on. Saturdays and Sundays show minimal usage. Peakusage is estimated at 1.49 w/sf. Off-hour usage is estimated at 0.083 wisf. Description ofMetered Data Profiles: ELCAPa

- The profile is similar to the ASHRAE profile, but shifted towards the afternoon. This very small sample ofschools (2) shows a peak load of0.9 wisfand off-hour loads of0.1 w/sf."**.~** Recommended Profile and Suggested Sensitivity Studies The 90.1-1989Rprofile is recommended for its use ofa secondary weekday peak: in the evening. Peak: load estimates range from 0.9 wlsfto 2.3 wlsf, with most estimates falling between 1.4 wisfand 2.3 wisf. A sensitivity study may be useful in establishing the importance ofthe peak: load. Off-hour base load estimates range from 0 wisfto 0.1 wlsf, with 0.1 wlsfproviding a representative average.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 10Building Type: WORSHIP Load: LIGHTS Discussion ofProflle: The typical worship building or church lighting proflle is again "hat" shaped, but hours ofoccupancy are likely to much different from a typical office buildings. In the United States, the common view ofa church is that it is heavily used Sunday morning and vacant or lightly used the rest ofthe week. This is true for some churches, but other churches are heavily used all days ofthe week for worship, education, and assembly. Many churches have an office wing that may have office hours and usage patterns very much like an office. This category is highly variable. Note that sources 90.1-1989 and 90.1-1989j consider "churches" under the category of "assembly" 'buildings. Description ofASHRAE Proflles: 90.1-1989

- Weekdays, a peak period of 13 hours starting at 10 AM with a three hour transition period before the peak and a 1hour transition period after the peak. Similarprofiles with somewhat lower peaks on Saturday and Sunday. Peak load is estimated at 1.88 

### wisf. Off-hour usage is negligible. 90.1-1989j

- Identical to 90.1-1989. 90.1-1989R

- Weekdays, a peak period of6 hours starting at 6 PM with a 3 hour transition period before the peak, and a 1hour transition period starting at 4 PM after the peak. Saturdays show a longer 11 hour peak (starting at 1 PM) and Sundays show an earlier 4 hour peak (starting at 9 AM). Peak usage is estimated at 2.25 

### wisf. Off-hour usage is estimated at 0.125 

### wisf. Description ofMetered Data Proflles: No metered data available for this building type. Recommended Proflle and Suggested Sensitivity Studies The 90.1-1989Rproflle is recommended. Peak load estimates range from 1.9 to 2.25 w/sf. The 2.25 wisfvalue is recommended for consistency with the proflle. Offhourusage is estimated at 0.125 

### wisf.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 11Building Type: ASSEMBLY Load: LIGHTS Discussion ofProfile: The typical assembly building lighting profile is again "hat" shaped, but hours ofoccupancy are likely to much different from a typical office buildings. This category includes museums, dance halls, auditoriums, gymnasiums, sports facilities, and churches. The descriptions ofoccupancy by ASHRAE are identical to those ofchurches. Description ofASHRAE Profiles: 90.1-1989

- Weekdays, a peak period of 13 hours starting at 10 AM with a three hour transition period before the peak and a 1hour transition period after the peak. Similar profiles with somewhat lower peaks on Saturday and Sunday. Peak load is estimated at 1.88 

### wisf. Off-hourusage is negligible. 90.1-1989j

- Identicalto 90.1-1989. 90.1-1989R

- Weekdays, a peak period of6 hours starting at 6 PM with a 3 hour transition period before the peak, and a 1hour transition period starting at 4 PM after the peak. Saturdays show a longer 11 hour peak (starting at 1PM) and Sundays show an earlier 4 hour peak (starting at 9 AM). Peak usage is estimated at 2.25 

### wisf. Off-hourusage is estimated at 0.125 w/sf. Description ofMetered Data Profiles: No metered data available for this building type. Recommended Profile and Suggested Sensitivity Studies The 90.1-1989Rprofile is recommended. Peak load estimates range from 1.9 to 2.25 w/sf. The 2.25 wisfvalue is recommended for consistency with the profile. Offhourusage is estimated at 0.125 

### wisf.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 12Building Type: FOOD SERVICE Load: LIGHTS Discussion ofProflle: The typical food service building lighting proflle is again "hat" shaped, with all lights either on or off. The lights are on when food is being served. Obviously, a 24 hour restaurant will have a much different proflle than a lunch counter that serves only breakfast and lunch. Description ofASHRAE Proflles: 90.1-1989

- Weekdays, a 12 hour peakperiod starting at 11 AM with a three hour transitionperiod before the peak and a 2 hour transition period after the peak. Similarproflles with somewhat lowerpeaks on Saturday and Sunday. Off-hourusage is estimated to be significant even during the low period from 1-4 AM. Peak usage is estimated at 1.17 w /sffor large cafeterias to 1.98 w /sffor small leisure dining establishments. Off-hour usage is estimated 0.195 w/sfto 0.33 w/sffor the same establishments. 90.1-1989j

- Identical to 90.1-1989. 90.1-1989R

- Very similar to 90.1-1989. Peakusage is estimated at 1.26 w/sf. Offhour usage is estimated at 0.14 w/sf. Description ofMetered Data Proflles: ELCAPb

- Similar to ASHRAE proflles. Peak loads are 1.6 w/sf. Off-hour loads are 0.3 w/sf. PGE

- Similar to ASHRAE proflles. Peak loads are 1.2 w/sffor sit-down restaurants and 1.9 w/sffor fast food restaurants. Off-hour loads are 0.4 w/sffor sitdown and 0.8 w/sffor fast food. Recommended Proflle and Suggested Sensitivity Studies All ASHRAE proflles are very similar, but the 90.1-1989Rproflle may be recommended. Peak load estimates range from 1.2 w/sfto 2.0 w/sfand this is an area where a sensitivity study is called for. Off-hour base load estimates range from 0.14 w /sfto 0.8 w /sfand this could also be grounds for a sensitivity study, except that most food service buildings are estimated to have relatively few off-hours.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Proflles Page 13Building Type: LODGING Load: LIGHTS Discussion ofProftle: Lodging includes hotels, motels, resorts, barracks, and dormitories. A wide diversity ofindividual lighting systems is likely to occur, with the result that a low percentage ofthe total lights will be on at anyone time, but with some lights on all the time. More lights will be on in the evening, but lighting loads will occur at all hours ofthe day, 7 days a week. Description ofASHRAE Proftles: 90.1-1989

- All days ofthe week, a peak period of5 hours in the evening, and another significantpeak in the morning as occupants arise. Some lights on all the time. Peak loads are between 1.3 and 2.0 wlsfdepending on how much ofthe facility is actual guest quarters. Off-hour loads are between 0.15 and 0.2 w/sf. 90.1-1989j

- Identical to 90.1-1989. 90.1-1989R

- Similar to 90.1-1989. Peak loads estimated at 0.1.26 

### wisf. Off-hour loads estimated at 0.14 w/sf. Description ofMetered Data Proftles: No metered data is available for this building type. Recommended Proftle and Suggested Sensitivity Studies All ASHRAE proftles are similar. The 90.1-1989Rproftle and associated peak and off-hour loads is recommended as being simpler to implement than the earlier ASHRAE proftles.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Proftles Page 14Building Type: LIGHT MANUFACTURING Load: LIGHTS Discussion ofProfile: Light manufacturing facilities may be utilized anywhere from a day shift very similar to an office building to a 24 hour a day, 7 day a week factory. The lighting profile will depend greatly on the work hours, with most lights on during working "hours. Description ofASHRAE Profiles: 90.1-1989

- Not covered. 90.1-1989j

- Not covered. 90.1-1989R

- Similar to office buildings. Peak usage is estimated at up to 2.25 w/sf for electrical shops. Off-hourusage is estimated at 0.125 w/sf. Description ofMetered Data Profiles: No metered data is available for this building type. Recommended Profile and Suggested Sensitivity Studies The 90.1-1989Rprofile is recommended.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 15Building Type: MULTIFAMILY Load: LIGHTS Discussion ofProfIle: Multifamily consists ofapartment complexes and condominiums. Typical lighting profIles would include a morning peak and an evening peak, with minimal amounts oflighting at other times. Description ofASHRAE Profiles: 90.1-1989

- All days ofthe week, a 2 hour peak period starting at 7 AM and a 5 hour peak period starting at 8 PM. No lights on during the rest ofthe time. Peak lighting load is estimated at 980 watts per dwelling unit. Depending on the size ofthe unit, this may range from 0.8 to 1.4

### wisf. 90.1-1989j

- Identical to 90.1-1989. 90.1-1989R

- Similar to 90.1-1989, with peak lighting estimated at 0.72 w/sf. Description ofMetered Data ProfIles: No metered data is available for this building type. Recommended ProfIle and Suggested Sensitivity Studies All ASHRAE profIles are similar. The 90.1-1989R profIle and associated peak and off-hour loads is recommended as being simpler to implement than the earlier ASHRAE profIles. The earlier ASHRAE profIles do point out that there is a significant latent load associated with multifamily dwellings and this point should be kept in mind.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug ProfIles Page 16Plug Loads Plug loads are discussed in a structured format as shown below. This section is organized:

• Building Type • Load • Discussion ofProfile • Description ofASHRAE Profiles • Description ofMetered Data Profiles • Recommended Profile

DraftCESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 17Building Type: OFFICE Load: PLUG LOADS Discussion ofProfIle: The typical office building plug load profIle is the classic "hat" shape with a single peak period occurring for most ofthe working day and a lower off-hour period. The peakperiod is typically 6-10 hours. A transitionperiod between the peak and off-hour period is typically 1-3 hours depending on occupant behavior. Office buildings are typically active Monday through Friday, with minimal activity on Saturdays and even less on Sundays. Description ofASHRAE Profiles: 90.1-1989

- Weekdays, a peak period of9 hours starting at 9 AM with a two hour transition period starting at 7 AM before the peak and 5 hour transition period starting at 6 PM after the peak. Offhour usage is non-existent, except for minimal usage from 7 AM to 5 PM on Saturday. Peak load is estimated at 0.68 wlsffor all buildings. 90.1-1989j

- Identical to 90.1-1989 except that off-hour usage has been increased from 0 wlsfto 0.038 wlsffor all buildings. 90.1-1989R

- Weekdays, a peak period of 8 hours starting at 9 AM with a two hour transition period starting at 7 AM before the peak and 6 hour transition period starting at 5 PM after the peak. Offhour usage is minimal and constant onweekends. Peak load is estimated at 0.68 wIsf. Off-hour usage is estimated at 0.15 wIsf. Description ofMetered Data ProfIles: ELCAPb

- Similar to ASHRAE profIles. Average peak load estimated at 0.8 w/sf. Average off-hour load estimated at 0.3 w/sf. ELCAPc

- Similar to ASHRAE profIles. Older buildings (prior to 1989) show peak loads of0.81 wlsf, while newer buildings show peak loads of0.65 w/sf. Older buildings show unoccupied loads of0.34 wIsf, while newer buildings show unoccupied loads ofabout 0.33 w/sf. PGE

- Similar to ASHRAE profIles. Peak loads range from 0.45 wIsffor large offices to 0.2 wIsffor small offices. Off-hour loads range from 0.15 wlsffor small offices to 0.3 wIsffor large offices. DOE

- Similar to ASHRAE profiles. Peak loads for this single building range from 0.5 wlsfin 1989 to 0.7 wlsfin 1994. Off-hour loads range from 0.3 wlsfin 1989 to 0.4 wIsfin 1994. Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 18Recommended Profile and Suggested Sensitivity Studies The 90.1-1989j profile is recommended for showing some increased weekend usage. Peak load estimates range from 0.2 w/sfto 0.8 w/sf, with most falling in the range of 0.6 w/sfto 0.8 w/sf. Recommended peak value is 0.7 w/sf, with consideration given to the possibility ofvery low plug loads in some offices. Off-hour base load estimates range from 0 w/sfto 0.4 w/sf, with many falling near 0.3 w/sf.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 19Building Type: RETAIL Load: PLUG LOADS Discussion ofProfile: The typical retail building plug profile is again "hat" shaped, but with shorter ornon-existent transition periods compared to office buildings. Equipment usage is small. Description ofASHRAE Profiles: 90.1-1989

- Weekdays, a peak period of9 hours starting at 9 AM with a two hour transition period starting at 7 AM before the peak and 3 hour transition period starting at 6 PM after the peak. The peak period is reduced to 8 hours on Saturday and 5 hours on Sunday. Peak load is estimatedat0.22 w/sf. Off-hour usage is negligible. 90.1-1989j

- Identical to 90.1-1989 except that off-hour usage has been increased from 0 wlsfto 0.0125 w/sf. 90.1-1989R

- Weekdays, a peakperiod of 10 hours starting at 9 AM with a one hour transition period starting at 8 AM before the peak and 2 hour transitionperiod starting at 7 PM after the peak. Saturdays are the same as weekdays. Sunday peak periods are reduced to 7 hours starting at 11 AM. Peak load is estimated at 0.23 w/sf. Off hourusage is estimated at 0.0125 w/sf. Description ofMetered Data Profiles: ELCAPb

- Similar to ASHRAE profiles. Peak loads are 0.6 wIsf. Off-hour loads are about 0.2 w/ft2. ELCAPc

- Similar to' ASHRAE profiles. In existing buildings (prior to 1989), peak plug loads are about 0.5 w/sfduring occupied hours and 0.1 wIsf. In newer buildings, thepeak occupied load was 0.3 w../sf, with 0.09 wlsfduring unoccupied hours.
. PGE

- Plug loads are mixed with water heater loads in this study and are not included here. Recommended Profile and Suggested Sensitivity Studies The 90.1-1989R profile is recommended for showing increased weekend loads. Peak load estimates range from 0.2 wlsfto 0.6 w/sf. This could be a significant difference and a sensitivity study should be performed. Off-hour base loads range from 0 wlsf to 0.2 w/sf. A value of0.1 wIsfis recommended.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 20Building Type: WAREHOUSE Load: PLUG LOADS Discussion ofProfile: The typical warehouse building plug load profile is again "hat" shaped. Plug loads are very low. Description ofASHRAE Profiles: 90.1-1989

- Weekdays, a peak period of8 hours starting at 9 AM with a two hour transition period starting at 7 AM before the peak. Saturday loads are much lower and Sunday loads are non-existent. Peak load is estimated at 0.09 

### wisf. Off-hour usage is negligible. 90.1-1989j

- Identical to 90.1-1989. 90.1-1989R

- Weekdays, a peak period of8 hours starting at 9 AM with a two hour transitionperiod starting at 7 AM before the peak and 1hour transition period starting at 6 PM after the peak. Saturdays have a peakperiod of5 hours starting at 10 AM. Sundays show no peak loads. Peak load is estimated at 0.09 w/sf. Offhourusage is estimated at 0.005 w/sf. Description ofMetered Data Profiles: EICAPb

- Similar to ASHRAE profiles. Plug loads are constant at about 0.09 w/sf. PGE

- Similar to ASHRAE profiles. Peak plug loads are 0.15 w/sf. Off-hour loads are about 0.1 

### wisf. Recommended Profile and Suggested Sensitivity Studies The 90.1-1989R profile is recommended for showing increased weekend activity. However, metered data indicates that there is relatively little difference between the peak and off-hour base loads in a warehouse, so the recommended peak and off-hour base loads are both 0.1 

### wisf.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 21Building Type: EDUCATION Load: PLUG LOADS Discussion ofProfile: The typical education building plug load profile is again "hat" shaped, but with shorter or non-existent transition periods than office buildings. Plug loads are typically lower than offices, but high compared to other building types. Description ofASHRAE Profiles: 90.1-1989

- Weekdays, a peak period of7 hours starting at 9 AM with a one hour transition period starting at 8 AM before the peak and 6 hour transition period starting at 6 PM after the peak. The peak period is eliminated on Saturday and Sunday. Peak load is estimated at 0.48 w/sf. Off-hour usage is minimal. 90.1-1989j

- Identical to 90.1-1989 except that minimal amounts ofload are shown during off-hours. Off-hour usage is estimated at 0.01 

### wisf. 90.1-1989R

- Weekdays, a peak period of7 hours starting at 9 AM with a one hour transition period starting at 8 AM before the peak, a 3 hour transitionperiod starting at 4 PM after the peak, followed by another lower 3 hour peak from 7 PM on. Saturdays and Sundays show minimal usage. Peakusage is estimated at 0.45 w/sf. Off-hour usage is estimated at 0.025 

### wisf. Description ofMetered Data Profiles: ELCAPa

- The profile is similar to the ASHRAE profile, but shifted towards the afternoon. This very small sample ofschools (2) shows apeak load of 1.19 wlsfand off-hour loads of0.1 

### wisf. Recommended Profile and Suggested Sensitivity Studies The 90.1-1989R profile and associated peak and off-hour base loads is recommended.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 22Building Type: WORSHIP Load: PLUG LOADS Discussion ofProfile: The typical worship building or church plug load profile is again "hat" shaped, but hours ofoccupancy are likely to much different from a typical office buildings. In the United States, the common view ofa church is that it is heavily used Sunday morning and vacant orlightly used the rest ofthe week. This is true for some churches, but other churches are heavily used all days ofthe week for worship, education, and assembly. Many churches have an office wing that may have office hours and usage patterns very much like an office. This category is highly variable. Note that sources 90.1- 1989 and 90.1-1989j consider "churches" under the category of "assembly" buildings. Description ofASHRAE Profiles: 90.1-1989

- Weekdays, a peakperiod of 13 hours starting at 10 AM with a three hour transition period before the peak and a 1hour transition period after the peak. Similarprofiles with somewhat lower peaks on Saturday and Sunday. Peak load is estimated at 0.23 w/sf. Off-hour usage is negligible. 90.1-1989j

- Identical to 90.1-1989. 90.1-1989R

- Weekdays, a peak period of6 hours starting at 6 PM with a 3 hour transition period before the peak, and a 1hour transition period starting at 4 PM after the peak. Saturdays show a longer 11 hour peak (starting at 1PM) and Sundays show an earlier 4 hour peak (starting at 9 AM). Peakusage is estimated at 0.23 

### wisf. Off-hour usage is estimated at 0.025 w/sf. Description ofMetered Data Profiles: No metered data available for this building type. Recommended Profile and Suggested Sensitivity Studies The 90.1-1989R profile and associated peak and off-hour base load values is recommended.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 23Building Type: ASSEMBLY Load: PLUG LOADS Discussion ofProfIle: The typical assembly building plug load profile is again "hat" shaped, but hours ofoccupancy are likely to much different from a typical office buildings. This category includes museums, dance halls, auditoriums, gymnasiums, sports facilities, and churches. The descriptions ofoccupancy by ASHRAE are identical to those ofchurches. Description ofASHRAE ProfIles: 90.1-1989

- Weekdays, a peakperiod of 13 hours starting at 10 AM with a three hour transition period before the peak and a 1hour transition period after the peak. SimilarprofIles with somewhat lower peaks on Saturday and Sunday. Peak load is estimated at 0.23 w/sf. Off-hour usage is negligible. 90.1-1989j

- Identical to 90.1-1989. 90.1-1989R

- Weekdays, a peak period of6 hours starting at 6 PM with a 3 hour transitionperiod before the peak, and a 1hour transitionperiod starting at 4 PM after the peak. Saturdays show a longer 11 hour peak (starting at 1 PM) and Sundays show an earlier 4 hourpeak (starting at 9 AM). Peak usage is estimated at 0.23 w/sf. Off-hour usage is estimated at 0.025 wisf. Description ofMetered Data Profiles: No metered data available for this building type. Recommended ProfIle and Suggested Sensitivity Studies The 90.1-1989RprofIle and associated peak and off-hourbase load values is recommended.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug ProfIles Page 24Building Type: FOOD SERVICE Load: PLUG LOADS Discussion ofProfile: The typical food service building plug load profile is again "hat" shaped. Obviously, a 24 hour restaurant will have a much different profile than a lunch counter that serves only breakfast and lunch. Description ofASHRAE Profiles: 90.1-1989

- Weekdays, a 12 hour peak period starting at 11 AM with a three hour transition period before the peak and a 2 hour transition period after the peak. Similarprofiles with somewhat lower peaks on Saturday and Sunday. Off-hour usage is estimated to be significant even during the low period from 1-4 AM. Peak usage is estimated at 0.09 wisf. Off-hour usage is estimated 0.015 wIsf. 90.1-1989j

- Identical to 90.1-1989. 90.1-1989R

- Very similar to 90.1-1989. Peakusage is estimated at 0.09 w/sf. Offhour usage is estimated at 0.01 wisf. Description ofMetered Data Profiles: ELCAPb

- Similar to ASHRAE profiles. Peak loads are 1.2 w/sf. Off-hour loads are 0.5 w/sf. PGE

- Plug loads are mixed with water heating and sanitation loads in this study and so are not reported here. Recommended Profile and Suggested Sensitivity Studies The 90.1-1989Rprofile and associated peak and off-hour base load values is recommended. However, the very high plug loads found in the ELCAP restaurants should be examined in a sensitivity study.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 25Building Type: LODGING Load: PLUG LOADS Discussion ofProfile: Lodging includes hotels, motels, resorts, barracks, and dormitories. Some plug loads are present at all times, with higher loads following lighting and occupancy.

.Description ofASHRAE Profiles: 90.1-1989

- All days ofthe week, a peak period of5 hours in the evening, and another significant peak in the morning as occupants arise. Some plug loads are active all the time. Peak loads are 0.23 w/sf. Off-hour loads are 0.025 w/sf. 90.1-1989j

- Identical to 90.1-1989. 90.1-1989R

- Similar to 90.1-1989. Peak loads and off-hour loads are the same as 90.1-1989. Description ofMetered Data Profiles: No metered data is available for this building type. Recommended Profile and Suggested Sensitivity Studies All ASHRAE profiles are similar. The 90.1-1989R profile will be chosen.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 26Building Type: LIGHT MANUFACTURING Load: PLUG LOADS Discussion ofProflle: Light manufacturing facilities may be utilized anywhere from a day shift very similar to an office building to a 24 hour a day, 7 day a week factory. The plug load proflle will depend greatly on the work hours, with most equipment on during working hours. Description ofASHRAE Proflles: 90.1-1989

- Not covered. 90.1-1989j

- Not covered. 90.1-1989R

- Similar to office buildings. Peakusage is estimated at up to 0.18 

### wisf for electrical shops. Off-hour usage is estimated at 0.01 w/sf. Description ofMetered Data Proflles: No metered data is available for this building type. Recommended Proflle and Suggested Sensitivity Studies The 90.1-1989Rproflle is the only one available and is recommended.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 27Building Type: MULTIFAMILY Load: PLUG LOADS Discussion ofProfile: Multifamily consists ofapartment complexes and condominiums. Typical plug load profiles would include a morning peak and an evening peak, with significant but small amounts ofplug loads at other times. Description ofASHRAE Profiles: 90.1-1989

- All days ofthe week, a 2 hour peakperiod starting at 7 AM and a 5 hour peak period starting at 8 PM. Peak plug load is estimated at 3360 watt per dwelling unit. Depending onthe size ofthe unit, this may range from 2.8 to 4.8 w/sf. This load also includes cooking loads, refrigerators, and dishwashers, so it should be used with care. 90.1-1989j

- Identical to 90.1-1989. 90.1-1989R

- Similar to 90.1-1989, with peakplug loads estimated at 0.45 w/sf. Description ofMetered Data Profiles: No metered data is available for this building type. Recommended Profile and Suggested Sensitivity Studies The 90.1-1989Rprofile and associated loads is recommended as being easier to implement.

Draft CESP Lights and Plug Profiles Page 28Occupancy Assumptions for Commercial Buildings Michele Friedrich & Steven Schliesing January 30, 1995 Occupancy is an important internal load component that should be considered when modeling the energy performance ofcommercial buildings. Not only do the occupants ofa building impose sensible and latent loads onthe spaces they occupy, but the HV AC system in the building also must operate to supply ventilation air to those occupants. Frequently commercial building ventilation systems are designed to shut down during unoccupied periods so it is important to know which hours a commercial building is occupied. The effect of occupancy in a building is also seen inusage patterns for lighting and office equipment as well as service hot water
. We developed assumptions for commercial building hours of occupancy from two sources ofinformation. The first source was the Energy Information Administration's (EIA's) 1992 Commercial Building Consumption Survey (CBECS). This was the primary source ofinformation used. The second source was a set ofsurvey data taken from buildings monitored in the Bonneville Power Administration's (BPA's) End-Use Load and Consumer Assessment Program (ELCAP). Table 1 summarizes the recommendations for occupancy hours in various commercial buildings. These numbers were derived for each building type by looking at the most prevalent response to the question ofnumber ofoperating hours for each sample building of that type surveyed. Responses were weighted by the total floor area ofeach sample building. Once number ofoperating hours was determined for a given building type, actual occupancy starting and stopping times were selected from the most prevalent pair of start!stop times that matched the same number ofhours open. These start/stop times were also provided by survey respondents for each building sampled.

Draft CESP Occupancy Assumptions Page 1Table 1 Commercial Building Hours ofOccupation Building Type Monday-Friday Saturday Sunday Office 8 AM - 6 PM closed closed Retail 10 AM - 9 PM 10 AM - 9 PM 12 PM - 6 PM Warehouse open 24 hours closed closed Education 7 AM

- 10 PM closed closed Worship 8 AM - 5 PM closed 8 AM - 1 PM Assembly

## * open 24 hours 6 AM - 6 PM 6 AM - 6 PM Restaurant llAM-1AM llAM-1AM llAM-1AM Lodging open 24 hours open 24 hours open 24 hours " 

### " 

## * Vaned was the most prevalent answer for Sat and Sun hours ofoperatIon. 6 AM

- 6 PM were the most prevalent start/stop times other than 24 hours or0 hours.

Draft CESP Occupancy Assumptions Page 2