[Cite as Rengel v. Yeager, 2020-Ohio-4166.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

ERIE COUNTY 

D. Jeffery Rengel Court of Appeals No. E-19-050 

 

 Appellee Trial Court No. 2018-CV-0586 

v. 

David Yeager DECISION AND JUDGMENT

Appellant Decided: August 21, 2020 

* * * * * 

 D. Jeffery Rengel and Thomas R. Lucas, for appellee. 

 David Yeager, pro se. 

* * * * * 

PIETRYKOWSKI, J. 

{¶ 1} Appellant, David Yeager, appeals the judgment of the Erie County Court of 

Common Pleas granting summary judgment to appellee, D. Jeffery Rengel, on unpaid attorney 

fees. Because no genuine issue of material fact exists as to the debt owed, we affirm. 
2.

{¶ 2} The relevant facts of this case are as follows. On August 24, 2004, appellant 

retained and entered into a fee agreement with attorney appellee to represent him in a real estate 

dispute and litigation involving property on Kelleys Island, Erie County, Ohio. The fee 

agreement signed by both parties listed appellee’s hourly rate of $200 per hour, plus expenses, 

and for interest upon any unpaid legal fees at a rate of 18 percent annually (or 1.5 percent per 

month). 

{¶ 3} Appellant was provided legal services from August 2004, through February 2010. 

Appellant made regular monthly payments of $400 until November 2017, leaving an outstanding 

balance. Appellant acknowledged the outstanding balance, but the issue of repayment was 

neither resolved nor the debt satisfied. On October 12, 2018, appellee filed his complaint 

alleging that as of October 1, 2018, appellant owed him $16,311.84, plus interest.1

 Appellee 

failed to attach Exhibit A, which was identified in the complaint as the current billing statement. 

{¶ 4} Appellant filed an answer and the matter was scheduled for a case management 

conference on January 2, 2019. Undisputed by the parties and raised in appellant’s answer, the 

magistrate and parties discussed that under Ohio law absent a written contract signed by the 

party to be charged agreeing to the rate of interest other than the statutory rate, the interest rate 

requested was not recoverable. That day, appellee filed a notice of service of plaintiff’s Exhibit 

A to the complaint. The exhibit was the written retention and fee agreement dated August 18, 

2004, marked received August 24, 2004, and was signed by appellant. It was not the billing 

statement as represented in the complaint. 

 

1

 The complaint initially named appellant’s wife as a defendant; on February 26, 2019, 

she was dismissed without prejudice. 
3.

{¶ 5} On April 29, 2019, appellant filed a motion to dismiss. Because there were 

exhibits attached and relied upon, the court converted it to a motion for summary judgment. 

Appellant argued that appellee was dishonest because the contract he filed and identified as 

Exhibit A was not what was represented in the complaint: the current billing statement. Thus, 

appellant contended that appellee committed violations of the Ohio Rules of Professional 

Conduct. Appellant further asserted that both the contract and billing statement were required 

and that the court could dismiss the matter absent both documents. Appellant continued the 

argument in a supplemental memorandum. 

{¶ 6} Appellee also filed a motion for summary judgment arguing that no genuine issue 

of material fact remained as to the existence of the debt and the 18 percent interest rate. 

Appellee supported that motion with an affidavit, itemized billing statements, and the answers to 

requests for admissions. 

{¶ 7} On August 29, 2019, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of appellee 

and denied appellant’s motion. Specifically, the court found that appellant’s arguments 

surrounding the misidentification of plaintiff’s Exhibit A were, though factual, immaterial. The 

court reasoned that appellee supported his summary judgment motion with evidence that a 

contract, signed by appellant, stated that interest would be charged on amounts 30 days past due 

at 18 percent annually, and billing statements that show as of May 31, 2019, appellant owed 

$18,300.76. The court further found that violations of the Ohio Rules of Professional Conduct 

do not give rise to private causes of action. This appeal followed with appellant raising one 

assignment of error for our review: 
4.

The trial court erred in granting summary judgment and judgment for the 

Plaintiff-Appell[ee]. 

{¶ 8} We review the grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment de novo, 

applying the same standard as the trial court. Lorain Natl. Bank v. Saratoga Apts., 61 Ohio 

App.3d 127, 129, 572 N.E.2d 198 (9th Dist.1989); Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co., 77 Ohio St.3d 

102, 105, 671 N.E.2d 241 (1996). A de novo review requires an independent review of the trial 

court’s decision without any deference to its determination. Grafton at 105. A trial court shall 

grant summary judgment only where (1) no genuine issue of material fact remains to be litigated, 

(2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and (3) viewing the evidence 

most strongly in favor of the nonmoving party, reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion 

and that conclusion is adverse to the nonmoving party. Civ.R. 56(C); Harless v. Willis Day 

Warehousing Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 64, 65-66, 375 N.E.2d 46 (1978). 

{¶ 9} In appellant’s sole assignment of error, he disputes the trial court’s award of 

summary judgment in favor of appellee on three grounds. Addressed first, is appellant’s 

assertion that a genuine issue of material fact existed due to appellee’s failure, in contravention 

of Civ.R. 10(D)(1), to attach a current billing statement to the complaint when it was first filed. 

{¶ 10} Civ.R. 10(D)(1) provides as follows: 

When any claim or defense is founded on an account or other written 

instrument, a copy of the account or written instrument must be attached to the 

pleading. If the account or written instrument is not attached, the reason for the 

omission must be stated in the pleading. 
5.

{¶ 11} Appellant contends that because appellee never attached a current billing 

statement to his complaint and failed to state a reason for its omission it was a “textbook 

violation” of Civ.R. 10(D)(1). Appellee admits the error but argues that all the evidence needed 

to establish the debt owed was before the court prior to its judgment. 

{¶ 12} We first note that there is no language in Civ. R. 10(D)(1) stating that the written 

instrument is required to establish the adequacy of the complaint. Fletcher v. Univ. Hosps. of 

Cleveland, 120 Ohio St.3d 167, 2008-Ohio-5379, 897 N.E.2d 147, ¶ 11. Further, “any failure to 

attach the required copies is properly addressed by a motion for a more definite statement under 

Civ.R. 12(E).” Id. Those who fail to file a Civ.R. 12(E) motion “before filing [an] answer has 

waived [their] right to assert Civ.R. 10(D) as a basis for dismissing the plaintiff’s complaint.” 

State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co. v. Loken, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 04-CA-40, 2004-Ohio-5074, 

¶ 21, citing Point Rental Co. v. Posani, 52 Ohio App.2d 183, 186, 368 N.E.2d 1267 (10th 

Dist.1976); Landskroner v. Landskroner, 154 Ohio App.3d 471, 2003-Ohio-4945, 797 N.E.2d 

1002 (8th Dist.). 

{¶ 13} As set forth above, after appellee discovered the failure to attach Exhibit A, he 

filed a notice of service of the exhibit to which he attached the retention agreement, rather than 

the billing statement. However, appellee’s Civ.R. 56 evidence included an affidavit, itemized 

billing statement, and answers to requests for admissions showing that there was a written 

contract entered into and signed by the parties with a set interest rate. Notably, appellant did not 

dispute the value of the services rendered or that the debt was owed; rather, he challenged the 

interest rate charged. We reject appellant’s first argument. 
6.

{¶ 14} Appellant next alleges that summary judgment in favor of appellee was improper 

due to appellee’s deception or “lack of candor” before the court by erroneously supplementing 

his complaint with the contract as Exhibit A rather than the current billing statement. Appellant 

further argues that an improper conflict of interest existed because appellee’s “personal 

pecuniary interest” was adverse to his client’s. To the extent that appellant is attempting to raise 

alleged violations of the Ohio Rules of Professional Conduct, the Ohio Supreme Court has held: 

The purpose of disciplinary actions is to protect the public interest and to 

ensure that members of the bar are competent to practice a profession imbued 

with the public trust. Disciplinary Counsel v. Trumbo (1996), 76 Ohio St.3d 369, 

667 N.E.2d 1186. These interests are different from the purposes underlying tort 

law, which provides a means of redress to individuals for damages suffered as a 

result of tortious conduct. Accordingly, violation of the Disciplinary Rules does 

not, in itself, create a private cause of action. Am. Express Travel Related Servs. 

Co. v. Mandilakis (1996), 111 Ohio App.3d 160, 675 N.E.2d 1279. 

Fred Siegel Co., L.P.A. v. Arter & Hadden, 85 Ohio St.3d 171, 178, 707 N.E.2d 853 

(1999). 

{¶ 15} Further, appellant has failed to demonstrate any purposeful deception or improper 

motive in appellee’s actions before the trial court. As to the alleged conflict of interest, 

appellant’s contention, if true, would mean that a conflict exists in every attorney/client 

relationship; the attorney’s benefit of being paid versus the client’s detriment of paying. 

Accordingly, we reject appellant’s argument. 
7.

{¶ 16} Finally, appellant claims that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to the 

enforceability of the interest rate charged. Charging an interest rate higher than the statutory rate 

requires a written contract. Pursuant to R.C. 1343.03(A): 

[T]he creditor is entitled to interest at the rate per annum determined 

pursuant to section 5703.47 of the Revised Code, unless a written contract 

provides a different rate of interest in relation to the money that becomes 

due and payable, in which case the creditor is entitled to interest at the rate 

provided in that contract. 

{¶ 17} As noted by the Supreme Court of Ohio “‘in order for a written contract to exist 

for purposes of R.C. 1343.03(A), there must be a writing to which both parties have assented. 

* * * An invoice or monthly statement does not constitute such a writing.’” Minster Farmers 

Coop. Exchange Co., Inc. v. Meyer, 117 Ohio St.3d 459, 2008-Ohio-1259, 884 N.E.2d 1056, 

¶ 27, quoting WC Milling, L.L.C. v. Grooms, 164 Ohio App.3d 45, 2005-Ohio-5420, 841 N.E.2d 

324, ¶ 20 (4th Dist.). See Capital One Bank, N.A. v. Heidebrink, 6th Dist. Ottawa No. 

OT-08-049, 2009-Ohio-2931, ¶ 43 (“[b]ecause [creditor] did not submit proof that its 

claimed interest rate of 20.40 percent was a term of an agreed-upon contract, the trial 

court did not abuse its discretion in imposing the statutory rate pursuant to R.C. 

1343.03(A).”). 

{¶ 18} As set forth above, appellee filed a notice of filing Exhibit A to the complaint. 

The retention and fee agreement was signed by both appellant and appellee and stated in relevant 

part: 
8.

Finally, our billing cycle is monthly and payment is due upon receipt. 

Any balance remaining after 30 days will be assessed a 1.5% per month, 18% per 

annum, interest charge compounded monthly unless other arrangements have 

been made with the firm. 

{¶ 19} The submission of the contract evidenced appellant’s consent to the 18 percent 

annual interest rate. Further, appellant made regular payments through November 2017, and 

disputed the interest charged only upon appellee’s commencement of this action in October 

2018. Additionally, appellant has not provided evidence showing the invalidity of the agreement 

or that legal services were not rendered. Therefore, we find no issue of fact as to the interest 

agreed upon in the contract. 

{¶ 20} Based on the forgoing, we find that no issue of material fact exists for trial and 

that the trial court did not err when it granted summary judgment in favor of appellee. 

Appellant’s assignment of error is not well-taken. 

{¶ 21} For the foregoing reasons, we find that substantial justice has been done the party 

complaining, and the judgment of the Erie County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed. 

Appellant is ordered to pay the costs of this appeal pursuant to App.R. 24.

Judgment affirmed. 

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. 

See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4. 

 
9.

 Rengel v. Yeager 

 C.A. No. E-19-050 

 

Mark L. Pietrykowski, J. _______________________________ 

JUDGE 

Christine E. Mayle, J. 

 _______________________________ 

Gene A. Zmuda, P.J. JUDGE 

CONCUR. 

_______________________________ 

JUDGE 

This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of 

Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported 

version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at: 

http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.