J-S73031-17

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION – SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P 65.37

*Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,

 Appellee

v.

ANGEL MANUEL DEJESUS,

 Appellant

 

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IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF 

PENNSYLVANIA

No. 715 MDA 2017

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence March 27, 2017

in the Court of Common Pleas of York County 

Criminal Division at No(s): CP-67-CR-0007275-2015

BEFORE: OLSON, DUBOW, and STRASSBURGER,* JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY STRASSBURGER, J.: FILED JANUARY 31, 2018

Angel Manuel DeJesus (Appellant) appeals from his judgment of 

sentence imposed following convictions in a bench trial for two counts of 

delivery of heroin. Specifically, Appellant challenges the denial of his pre-trial 

motion to compel disclosure of the identity of a confidential informant. We 

affirm.

The Commonwealth filed a criminal complaint on September 16, 2016, 

charging Appellant with the aforementioned offenses. Prior to trial, Appellant 

filed an omnibus pre-trial motion seeking an order directing the 

Commonwealth to disclose the identity of the confidential informant used 

during police-controlled drug buys. Appellant averred in his motion that the 

Commonwealth had not disclosed the identity of the informant and it was 

unclear how many informants were used during the transactions. Motion, 
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7/22/2016, at ¶¶ 4-5. Appellant argued that because the informant was the 

only witness to confirm or deny the transactions, he had the right to confront 

the informant. Id. at ¶¶ 6-7. Appellant also argued that his right to 

confrontation greatly outweighed the Commonwealth’s privilege to keep the 

informant’s identity confidential. Id. at ¶ 8. 

On October 5, 2016, the trial court conducted a hearing on Appellant’s 

motion. The only witness, Officer Patrick Gartrell, Jr., was called by the 

Commonwealth. Officer Gartrell testified that on July 22, 2015, a confidential 

informant told him that the informant could purchase heroin from Appellant. 

Officer Gartrell instructed the informant to call Appellant on the telephone to

request that Appellant sell a bundle of heroin to the informant. N.T., 

5/6/2016, at 8. The informant did so in the presence of Officer Gartrell. Id. 

Officer Gartrell heard the informant’s side of the conversation, but could not 

hear anything on the other end of the call except that the informant was 

speaking to someone with a male voice. Id. 

Prior to the meeting to conduct the transaction, Officer Gartrell searched 

the informant and the informant’s vehicle and found both to be free of drugs, 

money, or other contraband. Id. at 9, 18-19. Officer Gartrell provided the 

informant with $100 in cash with previously recorded serial numbers. Id. 

Officer Gartrell kept the informant under continuous surveillance until they 

reached the meeting location chosen by Appellant, a Turkey Hill convenience 

store, where another officer, Trooper Shawn Wolfe, was then able to surveil 
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the informant. Id. at 9-10. Meanwhile, a third officer, Trooper Dembowski 

watched Appellant exit his residence at 1:51 p.m. and proceed to enter the 

informant’s vehicle three minutes later. Id. at 10. The only two people in the 

vehicle were the informant and Appellant. Id. at 10-11. The vehicle exited 

the parking lot and drove approximately half of a block before Appellant exited 

the vehicle and returned to his residence. Id. at 11. Officer Gartrell continued 

to surveil the informant to the next location, where the informant turned over 

ten bags of heroin. Id. at 11-12. The Commonwealth entered into evidence 

surveillance photographs taken by Trooper Wolfe. One of the photographs 

depicted a man Officer Gartrell identified as Appellant standing next to the 

informant’s car at the Turkey Hill. Id. at 12-13. 

Six days later, Officer Gartrell requested that the informant arrange 

another drug transaction with Appellant. Id. at 13. Once again, in Officer 

Gartrell’s presence, the informant contacted Appellant at the same phone 

number he used the previous week and requested that Appellant sell him a 

bundle of heroin. Id. at 13-14. As with the previous transaction, Officer 

Gartrell searched the informant and the informant’s car, and provided the 

informant with official funds. Id. at 14. On the way to the transaction, the 

informant contacted Officer Gartrell and informed him that Appellant changed 

the location of the meeting at the last minute. Id. at 15. Officer Gartrell 

followed the informant to the new meeting point. Id. When they arrived, 

Appellant was present already on foot, and Officer Gartrell observed him 
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getting into the informant’s vehicle. Id. Only the informant and Appellant 

were present in the vehicle. Id. at 16. The police were unable to take 

surveillance photographs during the second meeting due to the last-minute 

change in location, but Officer Gartrell observed Appellant from approximately 

half of a block away prior to Appellant’s entering the informant’s vehicle at 

11:44 a.m. Id. Officer Gartrell followed Appellant and the informant as the 

vehicle drove a short distance. Id. at 16-17. Officer Gartrell observed 

Appellant exit the vehicle and Detective Hoover saw Appellant walking back 

into his residence at 11:46 a.m. Id. Officer Gartrell then followed the 

informant until the informant met him and turned over a bundle of heroin. Id.

at 17. The police once again searched the informant and his car and did not 

locate any contraband. Id.

Appellant did not present any witnesses at the hearing, but argued that 

he had a right to confront the informant because the informant was the only 

witness who observed the actual transactions. Further, Appellant contended 

the fact that Appellant was not arrested until almost two months after the 

second transaction “[lent] more of a possible issue as to mistaken identity.” 

Id. at 20-21. 

At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court denied Appellant’s 

motion, reasoning that there was sufficient evidence from more than one 

source to establish Appellant’s identity at the transactions, his travels to and 
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from the transactions, and the receipt of drugs from the informant after the 

transactions. Id. at 24. 

Subsequently, the trial court conducted a bench trial, and found 

Appellant guilty of the aforementioned charges. On March 27, 2017, the trial 

court sentenced Appellant to an aggregate term of four to eight years’ 

incarceration. Appellant timely filed the instant appeal. Both Appellant and 

the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925. 

Appellant’s sole issue on appeal is whether the trial court erred in 

denying his request to compel disclosure of the confidential informant’s 

identity. Appellant’s Brief at 4. 

We review claims that a trial court erred in its disposition of a request 

for the disclosure of an informant’s identity for abuse of discretion. See 

Commonwealth v. Washington, 63 A.3d 797, 801 (Pa. Super. 2013). The 

Commonwealth enjoys a qualified privilege to withhold the identity of a 

confidential source. Commonwealth v. Marsh, 997 A.2d 318, 321 (Pa. 

2010) (plurality opinion). In order to overcome the Commonwealth’s privilege 

and obtain disclosure of a confidential informant’s identity during pretrial 

discovery, the defendant must establish that the informant’s identity is 

material to the preparation of a defense and that the request is reasonable. 

Commonwealth v. Jordan, 125 A.3d 55, 63 (Pa. Super. 2015) (en banc); 

Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(B)(2)(i). The trial court may not exercise its discretion to 

determine whether disclosure is required until the defendant makes the 
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threshold showing of materiality and reasonableness. Jordan, 125 A.3d at 

63. If the defendant is able to make the threshold showing,

then the courts must balance the public interest in the police’s 

ability to obtain information against the defendant’s right to 

prepare his defense. In this connection, we consider the crime, 

the potential defense, and the significance of the [confidential 

informant’s] testimony. The scales tip in favor of disclosure if the 

Commonwealth will be relying on police testimony based on a 

single observation. If other proof corroborates a police officer’s 

testimony, disclosure is not mandated. Furthermore, the safety of 

the confidential informant can be a controlling factor in 

determining whether to reveal a source’s identity.

Id.

In the instant case, the trial court determined that Appellant did not 

make the threshold showing of materiality and reasonableness because 

Appellant “failed to present any evidence or lay an evidentiary foundation to 

show that the confidential informant would ... materially aid his defense.” Trial 

Court Opinion, 7/23/2017, at 3-4. 

Appellant disputes the trial court’s determination that he failed to meet 

his initial burden. Appellant’s Brief at 14. Appellant contends through crossexamination of Officer Gartrell he established factual support for his defense 

of misidentification, namely that there was no evidence from anyone other 

than the informant proving that he sold heroin to the informant. Id. Appellant 

asserts that the change in location during the second transaction casts doubt 

on whether Appellant was the individual at the new transaction location. Id. 

He argues his request was reasonable because the Commonwealth failed to 
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present any evidence that disclosure would create danger to the informant or 

compromise ongoing investigations. Id. at 15. 

It is clear that “allegations alone do not supplant the need to make an 

actual evidentiary showing” that disclosure of a witness’s identity is material 

to a defense. Marsh, 997 A.2d at 322. “[B]efore disclosure of an 

inform[ant’s] identity is required in the face of the Commonwealth’s assertion 

of privilege, more is necessary than a mere assertion by the defendant that 

such disclosure might be helpful in establishing a particular defense.” 

Commonwealth v. Herron, 380 A.2d 1228, 1230 (Pa. 1977) (holding that 

the defendant failed to provide a “sufficient factual foundation to enable the 

trial judge to conclude that knowing the inform[ant]’s identity might be helpful 

in establishing an entrapment defense;” defendant failed to establish specific 

facts supporting entrapment through witnesses or, at a minimum, an offer of 

proof). Cf. Commonwealth v. Payne, 65 A.2d 77, 80 (Pa. 1994) (concluding 

that Appellant established materiality to his mistaken identity defense by 

testifying “at the evidentiary hearing that he had not met the trooper prior to 

this arrest and that he had not been at the apartment complex where the 

transaction occurred on the night in question”).

While cross-examination of the Commonwealth’s witnesses may be 

enough in some cases to lay an evidentiary foundation for materiality and 

reasonableness, we discern no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s 

determination that the cross-examination in this case was insufficient to meet
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the defense’s burden. Appellant is correct that the only witness to the actual 

transactions was the informant. Nevertheless, multiple police officers 

observed Appellant and the informant on two occasions leading up to and 

immediately after the transactions, with circumstantial evidence 

demonstrating the occurrence of illegal drug transactions. The police had the 

opportunity to observe Appellant during daylight hours in relatively close 

range on both occasions. Furthermore, prior to the first transaction, the police 

captured Appellant in a photograph outside the informant’s car at the meeting 

point arranged by Appellant. Appellant was reachable at the same telephone 

number and made the same arrangements for the second meeting, save for 

Appellant’s decision to change the meeting location at the last minute. 

To the extent that Appellant claims he was not present at the scene, 

Appellant offered no evidence to support this claim of mistaken identification, 

such as facts establishing an alibi or demonstrating the person in the 

photograph does not match his appearance. Despite Appellant’s contention 

in his brief that he “made the threshold showing that his request for disclosure 

of the [informant] was reasonable and material” based upon a defense of 

misidentification, Appellant primarily relies upon the argument his counsel 

made at the motion hearing as opposed to actual testimony or an offer of 

proof. Appellant’s Brief at 14 (citing N.T., 10/5/2016, at 21, 24). Beyond 

this, Appellant points to the last-minute change in location and the lack of 

photographs from the second transaction to support his claim for mistaken 
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identity. Id. (citing N.T., 10/5/2016, at 12, 16). These facts alone, however, 

do not constitute an “actual evidentiary showing” that Appellant was not the 

person at the scene or otherwise demonstrate that disclosure of a witness’s 

identity is material to a mistaken identity defense. Marsh, 997 A.2d at 322. 

Appellant cannot rely on “mere assertion” alone. Herron, 380 A.2d at 1230. 

Based on the foregoing, we hold the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion in concluding that Appellant failed to make a threshold showing of 

materiality. 

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 1/31/18