1

See § 36.06(a)(1)(A), TEX. PEN. CODE, (person commits retaliation if the person intentionally

or knowingly threatens to harm another by an unlawful act on account of the service of another as

a prospective witness).

 

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS

OF TEXAS

NO. PD-0363-08

GREGORY EARL POLLARD, Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS

ON STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW

FROM THE FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS

KERR COUNTY

HERVEY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which KELLER, P.J., MEYERS,

WOMACK, JOHNSON, KEASLER, HOLCOMB and COCHRAN, JJ., joined. PRICE, J., concurred. 

O P I N I O N

We granted discretionary review in this case to address whether the “victim’s knowledge of

[appellant’s] violent past” was relevant in this retaliation-by-threat case. We decide that this 1

evidence was not relevant.
Pollard--2

Appellant was convicted of retaliation by “intentionally or knowingly” threatening to hurt

his much younger friend (Kirk) on account of Kirk’s service “as a prospective witness.” The

evidence shows that appellant was indicted for aggravated sexual assault of a fourteen-year-old girl.

Before this, Kirk, who considered appellant a father figure, had made a statement to the police

implicating appellant in this offense. Kirk retracted this statement shortly after appellant was

indicted in the sexual-assault case. Kirk later told the police that he retracted this statement because

appellant threatened to hurt him or have a biker named “Wolf” hurt him. Kirk testified that he feared

appellant would carry out his threat to hurt him. Kirk did not testify that his knowledge of

appellant’s “violent past” contributed to his fear of appellant, or contributed to his retraction of his

initial statement implicating appellant in the sexual-assault case, or caused him to be more likely to

believe that appellant would carry out his threat to hurt him.

During the guilt phase of appellant’s trial in the retaliation case, the State spent a good deal

of time making the jury aware that appellant had been convicted of murder in 1986 (“the 1986

murder conviction”). The admissibility of this evidence was discussed twice before appellant’s trial

in the retaliation case began. The State claimed that this evidence was relevant to show that

appellant’s threat to Kirk “was legitimate and could be carried out” and to show that appellant’s

motive for threatening Kirk was to avoid the 1986 murder conviction from being used to enhance

his punishment in the sexual-assault case.

[STATE]: [The State] can foresee testimony about the–[appellant’s] prior offense of

murder coming in in the case in chief, and there are a couple of ways that I could see

it coming in.

One is the, quote, victim in the case, Chris Kirk, was aware that [appellant] had killed

somebody, so when the threats were made against him, it gave him an increased

feeling that this threat was legitimate and could be carried out. I’ve supplied a copy
Pollard--3

2

The defense responded that “enhancement on punishment [was] stretching the issue on

motive to say that this motivated [appellant] to do something.”

3

This would not have necessarily informed the jury that appellant had actually committed a

murder or had been convicted of committing a murder.

to Defense counsel here.

And the second thing is, Judge, the–the [appellant] is well aware having been to the

penitentiary before that if he were convicted in the sex assault case, he would be

enhanced pursuant to the provisions of the Code that provide for enhancement upon

proof of that prior conviction, and he’d be facing a substantial amount of time in the

penitentiary. It would enhance it to life in the penitentiary.2

When the admissibility of appellant’s 1986 murder conviction came up again before trial, the

State still claimed that this evidence was admissible to show appellant’s motive for threatening Kirk.

[STATE]: Your Honor, it also goes to [appellant’s] motive for the commission of the

offense at bar, to wit, the obstruction or the retaliation as [appellant] had knowledge

of the fact that on the sex assault case he would be enhanced due to the prior

conviction. You know, you’ve got to ask yourself as a juror why would somebody

do this, and that goes to [appellant’s] motive in tampering with and obstructing and

retaliating against these witnesses.

.

The State informed the trial court that it also intended to present evidence that appellant told

Kirk that he had killed a person (the murder victim in appellant’s 1986 murder conviction) to show

Kirk’s state of mind, “what he was told by appellant,” and that Kirk was “scared to death” of

appellant.3

[STATE]: Well, the–the context that I will talk about it is not as a conviction. It

would be the–the state of mind of the victim, what he was told by [appellant]. I don’t

think they used the word “conviction.” It was something to the effect of I’ve killed

a man or I’ve killed a guy or something like that.

* * *

So none of that makes sense unless you understand from the victim’s perspective

what was going through his mind, that he really thought that not only had the threat

been made, but that it could certainly be carried out, and he’s scared to death of the
Pollard--4

4

The defense objected that the only purpose of the evidence of what appellant told Kirk was

“to conform character of the person” under TEX. R. EVID. 404(b).

[DEFENSE]: My–my objection to that, of course, is that it’s a violation of Rule

404(b) in that it–it’s–the only purpose of this is–is to–to conform character of the

person, and that–that’s a violation of the Rule. It’s a 404(b) violation. 

5

We note that this does not constitute a ruling on the admissibility of the evidence that

appellant told Kirk that he had killed a person for the purpose of showing Kirk’s state of mind.

6

Kirk never testified at trial, however, that he was “scared to death” of appellant because he

knew that appellant “had in the mid ‘80s killed a man.”

guy.4

The trial court decided that appellant’s 1986 murder conviction was admissible to show

appellant’s motive for threatening Kirk (“there was a–a threat, and the–the threat being a question

of the motive of the–to preclude [appellant] from possibly going back to prison”). The trial court

also decided that the 1986 murder conviction was admissible because it “add[ed] credibility to the

victim’s state of mind that says [appellant] is capable of carrying out this threat.”5

During its opening statements, the State informed the jury that it would present evidence that

Kirk was “scared to death” of appellant because Kirk knew that appellant “had in the mid ‘80s killed

a man.” The State also informed the jury that appellant’s 1986 murder conviction was relevant to

6

appellant’s motive for threatening Kirk in the sexual-assault case.

[STATE]: Let me add one more thing to that. [Appellant] tells Chris Kirk, You better

take this seriously, and Chris Kirk did because he had knowledge that [appellant] had

in the mid ‘80s killed a man. Chris Kirk was scared to death.

* * *

[Appellant], like I said at the very beginning, is under the gun. He was convicted to

do ten years for murder in the ‘80s, and he doesn’t want to go back to the

penitentiary, and I submit that the evidence is going to show that he would do

whatever it takes to keep that from happening, and that includes leaning on Chris
Pollard--5

7

The State did not argue that Kirk was “scared to death” of appellant because Kirk knew that

appellant “had in the mid ‘80s killed a man.”

Kirk with the threat of death and bodily injury to shut him up, to silence him just like

a Hollywood movie because he knows that if he’s convicted, he’s going to be an

enhanced offender.

Your second time around. Remember we talked about that? It bumps up a notch,

and he’s facing two to twenty in the penitentiary, and that’s his motive for doing this

to Chris Kirk.

The trial court’s charge instructed the jury to consider appellant’s 1986 murder conviction

for the purpose “of determining motive.” During its closing jury arguments, the State argued that

appellant’s 1986 murder conviction was relevant to the issue of appellant’s motive for threatening

Kirk in the sexual-assault case.

[STATE]: But [appellant] knows also that this ain’t his first rodeo. He knows when

you go back there, you look at State’s Exhibit 5, and then you’ll know what

[appellant] knew that night that he had to do in order to keep from going back to the

penitentiary, a place that he knew well ‘cause he’d been sent there in the ‘80s for

murder, and he couldn’t risk going back. He’s under the gun.

* * *

This case is about that. Why did [appellant] do it? He knows what the penitentiary

is about. He knows he’s facing a big hammer if convicted on that sex assault case.7

On direct appeal, the court of appeals decided that appellant’s 1986 murder conviction was

inadmissible to show appellant’s motive for threatening Kirk. See Pollard v. State, 255 S.W.3d 184,

188-89 (Tex.App.–San Antonio 2008) (“The State’s assertion that [appellant’s] previous [murder]

conviction, and resulting incarceration, motivated him to threaten Kirk with harm is mere

speculation.”). The court of appeals also decided that appellant’s 1986 murder conviction was

inadmissible as “background” evidence to show “that Kirk’s fear of [appellant] caused him to

vacillate in his accounts of what happened or did not happen regarding the sexual assault” because
Pollard--6

“Kirk’s state of mind is not an element of the offense of retaliation.” See Pollard, 255 S.W.3d at

189. We granted the State’s petition for discretionary review which presents the following ground:

Because the victim’s knowledge of a defendant’s violent past can be relevant and was

relevant in this case, the court of appeals erred by holding that evidence of the

victim’s state of mind is only relevant if it is an element of the offense.

The State asserts that it does not challenge the court of appeals’ decision that appellant’s

1986 murder conviction was inadmissible to prove appellant’s motive for threatening Kirk. The

State argues, however, that the court of appeals erred when it also decided that “what Appellant told

Kirk about the murder” (for the purpose of showing Kirk’s state of mind) was inadmissible. The

State also argues that, if the evidence of “what Appellant told Kirk about the murder” was properly

admitted, then this case should be remanded to the court of appeals to factor this into another harm

analysis, specifically whether the erroneously admitted evidence of appellant’s 1986 murder

conviction “would have had more than a slight affect on the jury’s verdict when the jury already

knew that Appellant told Kirk he had killed someone.” The State argues in its brief:

The Court of Appeals held that evidence of Appellant’s murder conviction was not

relevant to prove that his motive in threatening Kirk was to avoid having to go back

to prison. The Court of Appeals also rejected the State’s alternative theory that what

Appellant told Kirk about the murder was admissible to prove Kirk’s state of mind.

The Court of Appeals treated this as a single point of error and did not distinguish

between admissibility of what Appellant told Kirk and admissibility of the murder

conviction. We do not challenge the Court of Appeals’ holding that the conviction

was inadmissible to prove motive. Our petition addresses the relevance of evidence

that Appellant told Kirk he had killed someone. These issues were intertwined at

trial and on appeal, but can be separated.

On original submission, the Court of Appeals believed it was error not only to admit

the conviction, but also to admit testimony that Appellant told Kirk about the murder.

Therefore, it factored this assumption into its harm analysis of the impact of the error

on the verdict. If this Court agrees that what Appellant told Kirk was admissible and

sustains our ground for review, the case should be remanded for the Court of Appeals

to reconsider the issue of harm in [erroneously] admitting the conviction in light of
Pollard--7

8

The State’s brief on discretionary review does not direct this Court where, in its direct-appeal

brief in the court of appeals, the State presented the “alternative theory that what Appellant told

Kirk about the murder was admissible to prove Kirk’s state of mind.” (Emphasis supplied). We

have reviewed the State’s direct-appeal brief in the court of appeals, and it does not support the

State’s assertion on discretionaryreview that the State’s direct-appeal brief presented this alternative

theory. The State’s direct-appeal brief addressed the admissibility of appellant’s 1986 murder

conviction almost exclusively in the context of its motive theory. The alternative theory actually

presented in the State’s direct-appeal brief was that the 1986 murder conviction (and not “what

Appellant told Kirk about the murder”) was also admissible to show Kirk’s state of mind. We set

out the relevant portions of the State’s direct-appeal brief:

Additionally, the evidence of the murder, according to the State, and [Kirk’s]

knowledge of that prior conviction at the time the threat was issued, furnished a

reason for [Kirk’s] willingness to respond to the threat by retracting his statement

implicating Appellant in various crimes.

* * *

The [extraneous 1986 murder conviction] offered showed Appellant’s motive to

make the threat against a witness who would put him back in the penitentiary. [The

extraneous 1986 murder conviction] showed the context of the offense,

demonstrating not only why the threat was made but also why Kirk vacillated, and

made contradictory statements.

(Emphasis supplied); see also Pollard, 255 S.W.3d at 189 (“The State asserts defendant’s [1986]

murder conviction presents a background that helped the jury understand why Kirk contradicted

himself in his statements for and against defendant.”).

the fact that it was not error for the jury to be informed that Appellant told Kirk he

had killed someone. The question in the harm analysis should now be whether, [the

erroneous admission of] evidence that Appellant actuallykilled someone would have

had more than a slight affect on the jury’s verdict when the jury already knew that

Appellant told Kirk he had killed someone.8

The first question that we must address is whetherthe ground upon which we granted review

is properly before this Court, because arguably the court of appeals did not address the admissibility

of “what Appellant told Kirk about the murder.” See TEX. R. APP. PROC. 66.1 (this Court “may

review a court of appeals’ decision”). (Emphasis supplied). The question upon which we granted

review is the relevance of the “victim’s knowledge of [appellant’s] violent past” (i.e, “what
Pollard--8

9

Appellant raised on appeal the admissibility of appellant’s 1986 murder conviction which

is distinct from “what Appellant told Kirk about the murder.”

10

The court of appeals’ opinion states:

The State emphasized defendant’s prior murder conviction repeatedly throughout

trial. The State discussed the murder conviction in its opening statement to the jury;

it elicited testimony from Kirk regarding his knowledge of the conviction, and

it discussed the conviction again in its first closing argument to the jury.

See Pollard, 255 S.W.3d at 190 (emphasis supplied).

11

We also agree with the State that, if evidence of “what Appellant told Kirk about the murder”

was properly admitted and, if this evidence informed the jury that appellant had actually murdered

a person, then this could have some bearing on the court of appeals’ harm analysis. 

Appellant told Kirk about the murder”). The State presented this theory of admissibility to the trial

court, which did not expressly rule on it even though appellant objected to it. The admissibility of

the evidence of “what Appellant told Kirk about the murder” was not raised as a point of error in

appellant’s brief on direct appeal in the court of appeals. And the court of appeals did not address 9

this specific issue until it conducted its harm analysis of the erroneous admission of appellant’s 1986

murder conviction. See Pollard, 255 S.W.3d at 190. One of the factors that the court of appeals

relied upon in this harm analysis was that the State “elicited testimony from Kirk regarding his

knowledge of [appellant’s 1986 murder] conviction.” See id. We decide that this constitutes a 10

decision that “what Appellant told Kirk about the murder” was inadmissible. This, along with the 11

court of appeals’ decision that Kirk’s state of mind was irrelevant, raises the issue presented by the

State in its petition for discretionary review.

Appellant argues that Kirk’s state of mind was irrelevant to the charged retaliation offense,

especially since there is no evidence that appellant made any reference to his “violent past” in
Pollard--9

12

See Teague v. State, 864 S.W.2d 505, 519 (Tex.Cr.App. 1993) (out-of-court statement was

“offered to prove the fact of an assertion, a nonhearsay purpose, and not to prove the truthfulness of

the asserted fact, a hearsay purpose”), overruled on other grounds byRobertson v. State, 871 S.W.2d

701, 712-13 n.13 (Tex.Cr.App. 1993). 

connection with threatening Kirk by, for example, also saying to Kirk, “I’ve hurt/killed someone

before, I’ll do it again.” Appellant argues in his brief:

Kirk’s state-of-mind is of no consequence to the charged offense of retaliation. First,

the offense of retaliation does not require that the threat be taken seriously, nor is the

complainant’s subjective state-of-mind pertinent to the requisite elements of the

charge. Second, in our case, there was no evidence or factual issue presented as to

Kirk’s actual fear orlack offear of Appellant arising from Appellant’s prior bad acts.

Kirk did not testify that he was actually in fear of Appellant or took the threat

seriously because of Appellant’s history.

Nor was there a shred of evidence that Appellant referenced or relied upon his history

of violence to bolster the alleged threat. There was no evidence offered pertaining

to Appellant’s (sic) state-of-mind and his belief that the threat would be taken as

legitimate due to the prior history of violence. For example, Appellant’s comments

such as “I’ve hurt/killed someone before, I’ll do it again”, are entirely absent from

the record. Thus, the elements of the offense do not make such proof relevant, nor

do the particular facts of this case make such proof relevant.

In a retaliation-by-threat case like this, when a threat (“retract your statement or I will hurt

you”) is accompanied by a statement (“I’ve killed before, and I’ll do it again” or “You know I‘ve

killed before, and I will do it again”), a trial court would not abuse its discretion to decide that this

latter accompanying statement is relevant. In these circumstances, a trial court could reasonably

decide that the relevancy of the accompanying statement (“I’ve killed before, and I”ll do it again”

or “You know I‘ve killed before, and I will do it again”) is not the truth of the matter asserted in the

statement, but the fact that the statement was made with the intent that the listener believed that the

statement was true, which makes it more probable that the defendant’s threatening statement 12

(“retract your statement or I will hurt you”) was intended as a threat. See TEX. R. EVID.
Pollard--10

13

For example, the State also argues in its brief that “the fact that Appellant told Kirk he had

murdered someone was relevant” and that “[w]hether the murder actually took place” was not

relevant. This, however, seems verydifferent from the claim actually presented in the State’s ground

for review that Kirk’s knowledge of appellant’s “violent past” was relevant. Permitting the jury to

hear evidence that “Appellant told Kirk he had murdered someone” for the purpose of showing

Kirk’s fear of appellant is not the same as permitting the jury to hear evidence of appellant’s “violent

past” for this same purpose. The former does not necessarily inform the jury of appellant’s “violent

past” while the latter does.

This could have some bearing on a harm analysis of the erroneous admission of appellant’s

1986 murder conviction. For example, if evidence that “Appellant told Kirk he had murdered

someone” is admissible without informing the jurythat a “murder actually took place,” then it cannot

be said, as the State suggests, that evidence of appellant’s 1986 murder conviction could not have

401(“relevant evidence” means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that

is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would

be without the evidence).

This case does not present this scenario as there is no evidence that appellant’s threat to Kirk

was accompanied by any statement such as “I’ve killed before, and I’ll do it again.” The State

nevertheless argues that it was also relevant that, at some time in the past before appellant even

threatened Kirk, appellant told Kirk that he had killed a person. The State argues that this evidence

was relevant to show that “Kirk took Appellant’s threats seriously, which explains why he recanted

his initial statements.” The State also argues that this evidence was relevant to show that “when

Appellant made the threat, he knew Kirk would believe he was capable of carrying it out, and

Appellant intended that the combined effect of the threat and the knowledge of his violent past

would prevent Kirk from reporting the crime and/or recanting the statements he had already made.”

The State’s brief is somewhat vague on whetherthe truth of the matter asserted in appellant’s

statement to Kirk that he had killed a person or whether the mere assertion itself (without regard to

its truthfulness) was presented to the jury. The State cites to the following portion of the record: 13
Pollard--11

had more “than a slight affect on the jury’s verdict when the jury already knew that Appellant told

Kirk he had killed someone.”

Q. [STATE]: When did you first find out that [appellant] had killed a man?

A. [KIRK]: I can’t remember the date.

Q. Well, I’m not asking you for the date. Can you kind of remember how it fits in

there? Was it before the sex assault?

A. I believe it–I believe so.

Q. Okay.

[DEFENSE ATTORNEY 1]: Judge, just for--

[DEFENSE ATTORNEY 2]: Clay--

Q. And did you find out from the Defendant?

A. He had told me once.

 

After the parties and the trial court discussed the admissibility of this evidence, the trial court

ruled that it was admissible and also instructed the jury not to consider this “extraneous offense”

unless it found beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant committed it.

[TRIAL COURT]: I think it goes to–it goes to the basis for his fear of whether or not

the Defendant was capable of carrying out the–carrying out the threat.

[DEFENSE]: Yes, sir. That–that was the Court’s ruling yesterday. I just renewed

my--

[TRIAL COURT]: Oh, okay.

[DEFENSE]: –that it’s an extraneous–it is an extraneous offense, and I don’t think

there’s an exception, so he–he needs to state an exception if he has one.

[STATE]: That, Your Honor, and the Defendant’s motive to tamper with and

retaliate against a witness to avoid the enhanced punishment and his return to prison.

* * *

[TRIAL COURT]: Ladies and gentlemen, once again, you may hear evidence of
Pollard--12

14

Kirk then testified that he was afraid that appellant would hurt him if he did not retract his

statement:

Q. [STATE]: Okay. Mr. Kirk, did you have any fear what would happen to you if

you turned against [appellant] and left him? Did you have any fears that something

would happen to you?

A. [KIRK]: Yes, sir, if I–I had fears that if I made my statement and he knew about

it, that he was going to hurt me. He was going to–you know, more likely get some

other people after me too.

Q. Okay. Now, that’s not something that you’re guessing, is it?

A. No. I–I knew in my heart that he would do something.

Q. Is that what you were told by him would happen?

A. Yes, sir.

extraneous offenses that may have–may have been or may not have been committed

by [appellant] and again I instruct you that unless you feel–believe beyond a

reasonable doubt that he, in fact, committed those offenses, you cannot consider them

for any reason in your deliberations.

14

We do not believe that the record would support an assertion that Kirk testified that appellant

merely told Kirk that he had killed a person. The question (concerning what appellant told Kirk)

almost immediately followed the question “[w]hen did you find out that [appellant] had killed a

man.” Kirk’s answer to these two questions informed the jury in no uncertain terms that Kirk

learned from appellant that appellant had actually killed a person. The trial court’s instruction to the

jury immediately after this testimony not to consider this “extraneous offense” unless the jury

believed that appellant committed it also appears to confirm that this evidence was offered to show

that appellant had actually killed a person and not to show that he merely told Kirk that he had killed

a person.
Pollard--13

And we hold that the evidence that Kirk knew that appellant had actually killed a person was

not relevant. Kirk did not testify that his knowledge that appellant had actually killed a person

contributed to his fear of appellant or to his recantation of his initial statement implicating appellant

in the sexual-assault case, making the evidence that appellant had actually killed a person somewhat

free-wheeling and unconnected to anything of real consequence in the case. The evidence that

appellant had actually killed a person, standing alone, did not make any fact of consequence more

or less probable in this retaliation-by-threat prosecution. And, to the extent that this evidence of

“what Appellant told Kirk about the murder” might have had some marginal relevance to any fact

of consequence in this case beyond a character-conformity purpose or the State’s now-abandoned

purpose of showing motive, we do not believe that this would have affected the court of appeals’

harm analysis on the erroneous admission of appellant’s 1986 murder conviction. See Pollard, 255

S.W.3d at 190 (State emphasized the erroneously admitted evidence of appellant’s 1986 murder

conviction repeatedly throughout the trial).

The judgment of the court of appeals is affirmed.

Hervey, J.

Delivered: February 11, 2009

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