[Federal Register Volume 87, Number 56 (Wednesday, March 23, 2022)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 16590-16624]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2022-05480]



[[Page 16589]]

Vol. 87

Wednesday,

No. 56

March 23, 2022

Part III





Securities and Exchange Commission





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17 CFR Parts 229, 232, 239, et al.





Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, Governance, and Incident 
Disclosure; Proposed Rule

Federal Register / Vol. 87 , No. 56 / Wednesday, March 23, 2022 / 
Proposed Rules

[[Page 16590]]


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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

17 CFR Parts 229, 232, 239, 240, and 249

[Release Nos. 33-11038; 34-94382; IC-34529; File No. S7-09-22]
RIN 3235-AM89


Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, Governance, and Incident 
Disclosure

AGENCY: Securities and Exchange Commission.

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: The Securities and Exchange Commission (``Commission'') is 
proposing rules to enhance and standardize disclosures regarding 
cybersecurity risk management, strategy, governance, and cybersecurity 
incident reporting by public companies that are subject to the 
reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. 
Specifically, we are proposing amendments to require current reporting 
about material cybersecurity incidents. We are also proposing to 
require periodic disclosures about a registrant's policies and 
procedures to identify and manage cybersecurity risks, management's 
role in implementing cybersecurity policies and procedures, and the 
board of directors' cybersecurity expertise, if any, and its oversight 
of cybersecurity risk. Additionally, the proposed rules would require 
registrants to provide updates about previously reported cybersecurity 
incidents in their periodic reports. Further, the proposed rules would 
require the cybersecurity disclosures to be presented in Inline 
eXtensible Business Reporting Language (``Inline XBRL''). The proposed 
amendments are intended to better inform investors about a registrant's 
risk management, strategy, and governance and to provide timely 
notification of material cybersecurity incidents.

DATES: Comments should be received on or before May 9, 2022.

ADDRESSES: Comments may be submitted by any of the following methods:

Electronic Comments

    <bullet> Use the Commission's internet comment form (https://www.sec.gov/rules/submitcomments.htm).
    <bullet> Send an email to <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#483a3d242d652b2725252d263c083b2d2b662f273e"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="f98b8c959cd49a9694949c978db98a9c9ad79e968f">[email protected]</span></a>. Please include File 
Number S7-09-22 on the subject line; or

Paper Comments

    <bullet> Send paper comments to Vanessa A. Countryman, Secretary, 
Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street NE, Washington, DC 
20549-1090.

All submissions should refer to File Number S7-09-22. This file number 
should be included on the subject line if email is used. To help the 
Commission process and review your comments more efficiently, please 
use only one method of submission. The Commission will post all 
comments on the Commission's website (https://www.sec.gov/rules/proposed.shtml). Comments also are available for website viewing and 
printing in the Commission's Public Reference Room, 100 F Street NE, 
Washington, DC 20549, on official business days between the hours of 10 
a.m. and 3 p.m. Operating conditions may limit access to the 
Commission's public reference room. All comments received will be 
posted without change. Persons submitting comments are cautioned that 
we do not redact or edit personal identifying information from comment 
submissions. You should submit only information that you wish to make 
available publicly.
    Studies, memoranda, or other substantive items may be added by the 
Commission or staff to the comment file during this rulemaking. A 
notification of the inclusion in the comment file of any such materials 
will be made available on our website. To ensure direct electronic 
receipt of such notifications, sign up through the ``Stay Connected'' 
option at www.sec.gov to receive notifications by email.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Ian Greber-Raines, Special Counsel, 
Office of Rulemaking, at (202) 551-3460, Division of Corporation 
Finance; and, with respect to the application of the proposal to 
business development companies, David Joire, Senior Special Counsel, at 
(202) 551-6825 or <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#773e3a3834343704121459101801"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="622b2f2d2121221107014c050d14">[email protected]</span></a>, Chief Counsel's Office, Division of 
Investment Management, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F 
Street NE, Washington, DC 20549.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: We are proposing to amend or add the 
following rules and forms:

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Commission reference                                        CFR citation (17 CFR)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Regulation S-K.....................  .....................  17 CFR 229.10 through 229.1305.
                                     Items 106 and 407....  Sec.   229.106 and Sec.   229.407.
Regulation S-T.....................  .....................  17 CFR 232.10 through 232.903.
                                     Rule 405.............  Sec.   232.405.
Securities Act of 1933               Form S-3.............  Sec.   239.13.
 (``Securities Act'') \1\.
                                     Form SF-3............  Sec.   239.45.
Securities Exchange Act of 1934      Rule 13a-11..........  Sec.   240.13a-11.
 (``Exchange Act'') \2\.
                                     Rule 15d-11..........  Sec.   240.15d-11.
                                     Schedule 14A.........  Sec.   240.14a-101.
                                     Schedule 14C.........  Sec.   240.14c-101.
                                     Form 20-F............  Sec.   249.220f.
                                     Form 6-K.............  Sec.   249.306.
                                     Form 8-K.............  Sec.   249.308.
                                     Form 10-Q............  Sec.   249.308A.
                                     Form 10-K............  Sec.   249.310.
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Table of Contents
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    \1\ 15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.
    \2\ 15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.
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I. Background
    A. Existing Regulatory Framework and Interpretive Guidance 
Regarding Cybersecurity Disclosure
    B. Current Disclosure Practices
II. Proposed Amendments
    A. Overview
    B. Reporting of Cybersecurity Incidents on Form 8-K
    1. Overview of Proposed Item 1.05 of Form 8-K
    2. Examples of Cybersecurity Incidents that May Require 
Disclosure Pursuant to Proposed Item 1.05 of Form 8-K

[[Page 16591]]

    3. Ongoing Investigations Regarding Cybersecurity Incidents
    4. Proposed Amendment to Form 6-K
    5. Proposed Amendments to the Eligibility Provisions of Form S-3 
and Form SF-3 and Safe Harbor Provision in Exchange Act Rules 13a-11 
and 15d-11
    C. Disclosure About Cybersecurity Incidents in Periodic Reports
    1. Updates to Previously Filed Form 8-K Disclosure
    2. Disclosure of Cybersecurity Incidents That Have Become 
Material in the Aggregate
    D. Disclosure of a Registrant's Risk Management, Strategy and 
Governance Regarding Cybersecurity Risks
    1. Risk Management and Strategy
    2. Governance
    3. Definitions
    E. Disclosure Regarding the Board of Directors' Cybersecurity 
Expertise
    F. Periodic Disclosure by Foreign Private Issuers
    G. Structured Data Requirements
III. Economic Analysis
    A. Introduction
    B. Economic Baseline
    1. Current Regulatory Framework
    2. Affected Parties
    C. Potential Benefits and Costs of the Proposed Amendments
    1. Benefits
    a. Benefits to investors
    (i) More Informative and More Timely Disclosure
    (ii) Greater Uniformity and Comparability
    b. Benefits to registrants
    2. Costs
    3. Indirect Economic Effects
    D. Anticipated Effects on Efficiency, Competition, and Capital 
Formation
    E. Reasonable Alternatives
    1. Website Disclosure
    2. Disclosure Through Form 10-Q and Form 10-K
    3. Exempt Smaller Reporting Companies
    4. Modify Scope of Inline XBRL Requirement
IV. Paperwork Reduction Act
    A. Summary of the Collection of Information
    B. Summary of the Estimated Burdens of the Proposed Amendments 
on the Collections of Information
    C. Incremental and Aggregate Burden and Cost Estimates
V. Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act
VI. Initial Regulatory Flexibility Act Analysis
    A. Reasons for, and Objectives of, the Proposed Action
    B. Legal Basis
    C. Small Entities Subject to the Proposed Rules
    D. Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping and Other Compliance 
Requirements
    E. Duplicative, Overlapping, or Conflicting Federal Rules
    F. Significant Alternatives
Statutory Authority and Text of Proposed Rule and Form Amendments

I. Background

    Public company investors and other participants in the capital 
markets depend on companies' use of secure and reliable information 
systems to conduct their businesses. A significant and increasing 
amount of the world's economic activities occurs through digital 
technology and electronic communications.\3\ In today's digitally 
connected world, cybersecurity threats and incidents pose an ongoing 
and escalating risk to public companies, investors, and market 
participants.\4\ Cybersecurity risks have increased for a variety of 
reasons, including the digitalization of registrants' operations; \5\ 
the prevalence of remote work, which has become even more widespread 
because of the COVID-19 pandemic; \6\ the ability of cyber-criminals to 
monetize cybersecurity incidents, such as through ransomware, black 
markets for stolen data, and the use of crypto-assets for such 
transactions; \7\ the growth of digital payments; \8\ and increasing 
company reliance on third party service providers for information 
technology services, including cloud computing technology.\9\ In 
particular, cybersecurity

[[Page 16592]]

incidents involving third party service provider vulnerabilities are 
becoming more frequent.\10\ Additionally, cyber criminals are using 
increasingly sophisticated methods to execute their attacks.\11\
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    \3\ Bhaskar Chakravorti, Ajay Bhalla, & Ravi Shankar Chaturvedi, 
Which Economies Showed the Most Digital Progress in 2020?, Harv. 
Bus. Rev. (Dec. 18, 2020), available at https://hbr.org/2020/12/which-economies-showed-the-most-digital-progress-in-2020. See 
Percentage of Business Conducted Online, IBISWORLD, https://www.ibisworld.com/us/bed/percentage-of-business-conducted-online/88090/ (last updated Jan. 13, 2022). See also U.S. Department of 
Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Updated Digital Economy 
Estimates--June 2021, available at https://www.bea.gov/system/files/2021-06/DE%20June%202021%20update%20for%20web%20v3.pdf (``The 
digital economy accounted for 9.6 percent ($2,051.6 billion) of 
current-dollar gross domestic product ($21,433.2 billion) in 2019, 
according to new estimates from BEA. When compared with traditional 
U.S. industries or sectors, the digital economy ranked just below 
the manufacturing sector[.]'').
    \4\ See Steve Morgan, Cybercrime to Cost The World $10.5 
Trillion Annually By 2025, Cybercrime Magazine, (Nov. 13, 2020), 
available at https://cybersecurityventures.com/cybercrime-damage-costs-10-trillion-by-2025/; Matt Powell, 11 Eye Opening Cyber 
Security Statistics for 2019, CPO Magazine (June 25, 2019) available 
at https://www.cpomagazine.com/tech/11-eye-opening-cyber-security-statistics-for-2019/ (The largest cybersecurity incidents involving 
public companies took place in the last ten years.); see Michael 
Hill and Dan Swinhoe, cso, The 15 biggest data breaches of the 21st 
century, available at https://www.csoonline.com/article/2130877/the-biggest-data-breaches-of-the-21st-century.html; see e.g., Commission 
Statement and Guidance on Public Company Cybersecurity Disclosures 
(``2018 Interpretive Release''), Release No. 33-10459 (Feb. 26, 
2018) No. 33-10459 (Feb. 21, 2018) [83 FR 8166 Feb. 26, 2018], 
available at https://www.sec.gov/rules/interp/2018/33-10459.pdf 
(``Companies today rely on digital technology to conduct their 
business operations and engage with their customers, business 
partners, and other constituencies. In a digitally connected world, 
cybersecurity presents ongoing risks and threats to our capital 
markets and to companies operating in all industries, including 
public companies regulated by the Commission.'').
    \5\ See The US Digital Trust Insights Snapshot, PwC Research 
(June 2021), available at https://www.pwc.com/us/en/services/consulting/cybersecurity-risk-regulatory/library/2021-digital-trust-insights/cyber-threat-landscape.html.
    \6\ See Stephen Klemash and Jamie Smith, What companies are 
disclosing about cybersecurity risk and oversight, EY (Aug. 10, 
2020), available at https://www.ey.com/en_us/board-matters/what-companies-are-disclosing-about-cybersecurity-risk-and-oversight 
(noting ``[w]ith the COVID-19-driven accelerated shift to digital 
business and massive, potentially permanent shifts to remote 
working, including virtual board and executive management meetings, 
cybersecurity risks are exponentially greater.''). See Navigating 
Cyber 2021, FS-ISAC, available at https://www.fsisac.com/navigatingcyber2021-report. See also Vikki Davis, Combating the 
cybersecurity risks of working home, Cyber Magazine (Dec. 2, 2021), 
available at https://cybermagazine.com/cyber-security/combating-cybersecurity-risks-working-home. See also Dave Burg, Mike Maddison, 
& Richard Watson, Cybersecurity: How do you rise above the waves of 
a perfect storm?, The EY Glob. Info. Sec. Survey (July 22, 2021), 
available at https://www.ey.com/en_us/cybersecurity/cybersecurity-how-do-you-rise-above-the-waves-of-a-perfect-storm. (in a survey of 
1,000 senior cybersecurity leaders, the results indicated that 81% 
of those surveyed said that COVID-19 forced organizations to bypass 
cybersecurity processes.).
    \7\ See Combating Ransomware: A Comprehensive Framework For 
Action: Key Recommendations from the Ransomware Task Force, Inst. 
for Sec. & Tech. (Apr. 2021), available at https://securityandtechnology.org/ransomwaretaskforce/report; (``The 
explosion of ransomware as a lucrative criminal enterprise has been 
closely tied to the rise of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, 
which use distributed ledgers, such as blockchain, to track 
transactions.''); see James Lewis, Economic Impact of Cybercrime--No 
Slowing Down, P. 4, CSIS (Feb. 2018) (``Monetization of stolen data, 
which has always been a problem for cybercriminals, seems to have 
become less difficult because of improvements in cybercrime black 
markets and the use of digital currencies.''). But see Avivah Litan, 
Gartner Predicts Criminal Cryptocurrency Transactions Will Drop by 
30% by 2024, gartner (Jan. 14, 2022) available at https://www.gartner.com/en/articles/gartner-predicts-criminal-cryptocurrency-transactions-will-drop-by-30-by-2024 (predicting that 
successful ransomware payments will drop in the near future because 
of a number of developments including the transparency behind the 
blockchain platforms that crypto tokens use). See also Jeff Benson, 
Biden Administration Seeks to Expand Crypto Tracking to Fight 
Ransomware, decrypt, available at https://decrypt.co/72582/biden-administration-seeks-expand-crypto-tracking-fight-ransomware (noting 
that law enforcement agencies are putting additional resources into 
crypto-asset tracking as ``the overwhelming majority of ransomware 
attackers demand Bitcoin.'').
    \8\ Sumathi Bala, Rise in online payments spurs questions over 
cybersecurity and privacy, CNBC (July 1, 2021), available at https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/01/new-digital-payments-spur-questions-over-consumer-privacy-security-.html (``Threats over cyber security have 
become a growing concern as more people turn to online payments.''). 
See also Vaibhav Goel, Deepa Mahajan, Marie-Claude Nadeau, Owen 
Sperling, & Stephanie Yeh, New trends in US consumer digital 
payments, McKinsey & Company (Oct. 2021), available at https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/financial-services/our-insights/banking-matters/new-trends-in-us-consumer-digital-payments.
    \9\ See The Cost of Third-Party Cybersecurity Risk Management, 
Ponemon Institute LLC (Mar. 2019), available at https://info.cybergrx.com/ponemon-report (``Third-party breaches remain a 
dominant security challenge for organizations, with over 63% of 
breaches linked to a third party.''); see Digital Transformation & 
Cyber Risk: What You Need to Know Stay Safe, Ponemon Sullivan 
Privacy Report (June 2020), available at https://ponemonsullivanreport.com/2020/07/digital-transformation-cyber-risk-what-you-need-to-know-to-stay-safe/ (although companies are 
increasingly reliant on third parties, ``63% of respondents say 
their organizations have difficulty ensuring there is a secure cloud 
environment.''). See, e.g., Cost of Data Breach Report 2021, IBM 
(July 2021), available at https://www.ibm.com/security/data-breach 
(finding 15% of the initial cybersecurity attack vectors were caused 
by cloud misconfiguration).
    \10\ See Data Risk in the Third-Party Ecosystem: Second Annual 
Study, Ponemon Institute LLC (Sept. 2017) available at https://insidecybersecurity.com/sites/insidecybersecurity.com/files/documents/sep2017/cs2017_0340.pdf (noting that ``Data breaches 
caused by third parties are on the rise.''). See e.g., The Cost of 
Third Party Cybersecurity Risk Management, Ponemon Institute LLC 
(Mar. 2019), available at https://www.cybergrx.com/resources/research-and-insights/ebooks-and-reports/the-cost-of-third-party-cybersecurity-risk-management (``Over 53% of respondents have 
experienced a third-party data breach in the past 2 years at an 
average cost of $7.5 million.'').
    \11\ See Cybersecurity: How do you rise above the waves of a 
perfect storm?, supra note 6.
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    With an increase in the prevalence of cybersecurity incidents, 
there is an increased risk of the effect of cybersecurity incidents on 
the economy and registrants. Large scale cybersecurity attacks can have 
systemic effects on the economy as a whole, including serious effects 
on critical infrastructure and national security.\12\ Public companies 
of all sizes and operating in all industries are susceptible to 
cybersecurity incidents that can stem from intentional or unintentional 
acts.\13\ Additionally, senior management and boards of directors of 
public companies have become increasingly concerned about cybersecurity 
threats.\14\ In a 2019 survey, chief executive officers of the largest 
200 global companies rated ```national and corporate cybersecurity' as 
the number one threat to business growth and the international economy 
in the next 5 or 10 years.'' \15\
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    \12\ See Cyber-Risk Oversight 2020, Key Principles and Practical 
Guidance for Corporate Boards (2020), nacd, available at http://isalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/RD-3-2020_NACD_Cyber_Handbook__WEB_022020.pdf (``According to the Global 
Risks Report 2019, business leaders in advanced economies rank 
cyberattacks among their top concerns. A serious attack can destroy 
not only a company's financial health but also have systemic effects 
causing harm to the economy as a whole and even national 
security.''). See also The Cost of Malicious Cyber Activity to the 
U.S. Economy (Feb. 16, 2018), White H. Council of Econ. Advisers, 
available at https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/The-Cost-of-Malicious-Cyber-Activity-to-the-U.S.-Economy.pdf (``An attack have significant spillover effects to 
corporate partners, customers, and suppliers.'') and Testimony of 
Robert Kolasky, Director, National Risk Management Center, 
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), Securing 
U.S. Surface Transportation from Cyber Attacks, U.S. House of 
Representatives, Committee on Homeland Security (Feb. 26, 2019), 
available at https://www.congress.gov/116/meeting/house/108931/witnesses/HHRG-116-HM07-Wstate-KolaskyB-20190226.pdf. See also Exec. 
Order No. 14028, Improving the Nation's Cybersecurity, (May 12, 
2021), 86 FR 26633, available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/05/12/executive-order-on-improving-the-nations-cybersecurity/.
    \13\ See Economic Report of the President: Together with The 
Annual Report of the Council of Economic Advisers, (Mar. 2019), 
available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/ERP-2019/pdf/ERP-2019.pdf (``Drawing on new data, we document that cyber 
vulnerabilities are quite prevalent--even in Fortune 500 companies 
with significant resources at their disposal.'').
    \14\ NACD, Cyber-Risk Oversight2020, Key Principles and 
Practical Guidance for Corporate Boards, supra note 12.
    \15\ See EY CEO Imperative Study 2019, July 2019, available at 
https://assets.ey.com/content/dam/ey-sites/ey-com/en_gl/topics/growth/ey-ceo-imperative-exec-summ-single-spread-final.pdf.
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    The cost to companies and their investors of cybersecurity 
incidents is rising and doing so at an increasing rate.\16\ The types 
of costs and adverse consequences that companies may incur or 
experience as a result of a cybersecurity incident include the 
following:\17\
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    \16\ See Cost of Data Breach Report 2021, IBM Security (July 
2021), available at https://www.ibm.com/security/data-breach (``The 
average total cost of a data breach increased by nearly 10% year 
over year, the largest single year cost increase in the last seven 
years.'').
    \17\ See e.g., 2018 Interpretive Release; and Shinichi Kamiya, 
Jun-Koo Kang, Jungmin Kim, Andreas Milidonis, & Rene M. Stulz, Risk 
management, firm reputation, and the impact of successful 
cyberattacks on target firms, 139 J. of Fin. Econ. at 747, 749 
(2021).
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    <bullet> Costs due to business interruption, decreases in 
production, and delays in product launches;
    <bullet> Payments to meet ransom and other extortion demands;
    <bullet> Remediation costs, such as liability for stolen assets or 
information, repairs of system damage, and incentives to customers or 
business partners in an effort to maintain relationships after an 
attack;
    <bullet> Increased cybersecurity protection costs, which may 
include increased insurance premiums and the costs of making 
organizational changes, deploying additional personnel and protection 
technologies, training employees, and engaging third-party experts and 
consultants;
    <bullet> Lost revenues resulting from intellectual property theft 
and the unauthorized use of proprietary information or the failure to 
retain or attract customers following an attack;
    <bullet> Litigation and legal risks, including regulatory actions 
by state and federal governmental authorities and non-U.S. authorities;
    <bullet> Harm to employees and customers, violation of privacy 
laws, and reputational damage that adversely affects customer or 
investor confidence; and
    <bullet> Damage to the company's competitiveness, stock price, and 
long-term shareholder value.
    As indicated by the examples enumerated above, the potential costs 
and damage that can stem from a material cybersecurity incident are 
extensive. Many smaller companies have been targets of cybersecurity 
attacks so severe that the companies have gone out of business as a 
result.\18\ These direct and indirect financial costs can negatively 
impact stock prices,\19\ as well as short-term and long-term 
shareholder value. To mitigate the potential costs and damage that can 
result from a material cybersecurity incident, management and boards of 
directors may establish and maintain effective risk management 
strategies to address cybersecurity risks.\20\
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    \18\ See Testimony of Dr. Jane LeClair, Chief Operating Officer, 
National Cybersecurity Institute at Excelsior College, before the 
U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Small Business (Apr. 22, 
2015), available at http://docs.house.gov/meetings/SM/SM00/20150422/103276/HHRG-114-SM00-20150422-SD003-U4.pdf (``Fifty percent of 
[small businesses] SMB's have been the victims of cyber attack and 
over 60 percent of those attacked go out of business. Often SMB's do 
not even know they have been attacked until it is too late.'').
    \19\ See infra note 101, section III.A.
    \20\ See NACD, Cyber-Risk Oversight2020, Key Principles and 
Practical Guidance for Corporate Boards, supra note 12.
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    Recent research suggests that cybersecurity is among the most 
critical governance-related issues for investors, especially U.S. 
investors.\21\ Some

[[Page 16593]]

investors have been seeking information regarding registrants' 
cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance practices,\22\ 
and there is evidence that the disclosure of cybersecurity incidents 
can affect both a registrant's reputation and its share price.\23\ 
There may also be a positive correlation between a registrant's stock 
price and investments in certain cybersecurity technology.\24\ Thus, 
whether and how a registrant is managing cybersecurity risks could 
impact an investor's return on investment and would be decision-useful 
information in an investor's investment or considerations.
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    \21\ 2019 Responsible Investing Survey Key Findings, RBC Glob. 
Asset Mgmt. (2019), available at https://global.rbcgam.com/sitefiles/live/documents/pdf/rbc-gam-responsible-investing-survey-key-findings-2019.pdf. This was a study developed by RBC Global 
Asset Management and BlueBay Asset Management LLP and distributed to 
a range of constituencies including institutional asset owners, 
consultants, clients, P&I Research Advisory Panel members, and 
members of the Pensions & Investment database. Study participants 
included individuals in Canada, Europe, Asia, and the United States. 
Two thirds of all respondents identified cybersecurity as an issue 
they were concerned about. The percentages were higher for the U.S., 
where out of all the environmental, social, and governance 
(``ESG'')-issues, the highest percentage of respondents ranked 
cybersecurity as the most concerning issue. See also J.P. Morgan 
Global Research, Why is Cybersecurity Important to ESG Frameworks?, 
J.P. Morgan Glob. Rsch. (Aug. 19, 2021), available at https://www.jpmorgan.com/insights/research/why-is-cybersecurity-important-to-esg. See also Cyber security: Don't report on ESG without it 
(2021), kpmg, available at https://advisory.kpmg.us/articles/2021/cyber-security-report-on-esg.html.
    \22\ See Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance Blog, 
posted by Steve W. Klemash, Jamie C. Smith, and Chuck Seets, What 
Companies are Disclosing About Cybersecurity Risk and Oversight, 
(posted Aug. 25, 2020) available at https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2020/08/25/what-companies-are-disclosing-about-cybersecurity-risk-and-oversight (``Because the threat of a breach cannot be 
eliminated, some investors stressed that they are particularly 
interested in resiliency, including how (and how quickly) companies 
are detecting and mitigating cybersecurity incidents. Some are 
asking their portfolio companies about specific cybersecurity 
practices, such as whether the company has had an independent 
assessment of its cybersecurity program, and some are increasingly 
focusing on data privacy and whether companies are adequately 
identifying and addressing related consumer concerns and expanding 
regulatory requirements.'').
    \23\ See Shinichi Kamiya, Jun-Koo Kang, Jungmin Kim, Andreas 
Milidonis, & Rene M. Stulz, Risk management, firm reputation, and 
the impact of successful cyberattacks on target firms, 139 J. of 
Fin. Econ. at 747, 749 (2021); Georgios Spanos, and Lefteris 
Angelis, The Impact of Information Security Events to the Stock 
Market: A Systematic Literature Review, 58 Comput. & Sec. at 216, 
226 (2016) (``Respectively, negative information security events, as 
the security breaches, have a negative impact to the stock price of 
the breached firms in the majority of the studies.'').
    \24\ Id.
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    We believe investors would benefit from more timely and consistent 
disclosure about material cybersecurity incidents, because of the 
potential impact that such incidents can have on the financial 
performance or position of a registrant. We also believe that investors 
would benefit from greater availability and comparability of disclosure 
by public companies across industries regarding their cybersecurity 
risk management, strategy, and governance practices in order to better 
assess whether and how companies are managing cybersecurity risks. The 
proposal reflects these policy goals.
    Specifically, in this release, we are proposing to amend Form 8-K 
to require current disclosure of material cybersecurity incidents. We 
are also proposing to add new Item 106 of Regulation S-K that would 
require a registrant to: (1) Provide updated disclosure in periodic 
reports about previously reported cybersecurity incidents; (2) describe 
its policies and procedures, if any, for the identification and 
management of risks from cybersecurity threats, including whether the 
registrant considers cybersecurity risks as part of its business 
strategy, financial planning, and capital allocation; and (3) require 
disclosure about the board's oversight of cybersecurity risk, 
management's role in assessing and managing such risk, management's 
cybersecurity expertise, and management's role in implementing the 
registrant's cybersecurity policies, procedures, and strategies. We 
also are proposing to amend Item 407 of Regulation S-K to require 
disclosure of whether any member of the registrant's board has 
expertise in cybersecurity, and if so, the nature of such 
expertise.\25\
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    \25\ Proposed Item 407(j) of Regulation S-K.
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A. Existing Regulatory Framework and Interpretive Guidance Regarding 
Cybersecurity Disclosure

    Although there are no disclosure requirements in Regulation S-K or 
S-X that explicitly refer to cybersecurity risks or incidents, in light 
of the increasing significance of cybersecurity incidents, over the 
past decade the Commission and staff have issued interpretive guidance 
concerning the application of existing disclosure and other 
requirements under the federal securities laws to cybersecurity risks 
and incidents. In 2011, the Division of Corporation Finance issued 
interpretive guidance (``2011 Staff Guidance''), providing the 
Division's views concerning operating companies' disclosure obligations 
relating to cybersecurity risks and incidents.\26\
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    \26\ See CF Disclosure Guidance: Topic No. 2--Cybersecurity 
(Oct. 13, 2011), available at https://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/guidance/cfguidance-topic2.htm.
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    In 2018, recognizing the ``the frequency, magnitude and cost of 
cybersecurity incidents,'' and the need for investors to be informed 
about material cybersecurity risks and incidents in a timely manner, 
the Commission issued interpretive guidance (``2018 Interpretive 
Release'') to assist operating companies in determining when they may 
be required to disclose information regarding cybersecurity risks and 
incidents under existing disclosure rules.\27\ The 2018 Interpretive 
Release reinforced and expanded upon the 2011 Staff Guidance and also 
addressed the importance of cybersecurity policies and procedures, as 
well as the application of insider trading prohibitions in the context 
of cybersecurity.
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    \27\ See Commission Statement and Guidance on Public Company 
Cybersecurity Disclosures, Release No. 33-10459 (Feb. 26, 2018) No. 
33-10459 (Feb. 21, 2018) [83 FR 8166], available at https://www.sec.gov/rules/interp/2018/33-10459.pdf. In 2018, the Commission 
also issued a Report of Investigation pursuant to Section 21(a) of 
the Exchange Act regarding certain cyber-related frauds perpetrated 
against public companies and related internal accounting controls 
requirements. The report cautioned that public companies subject to 
the internal accounting controls requirements of Exchange Act 
Section 13(b)(2)(B) should consider cyber threats when implementing 
their internal accounting controls. The report is based on SEC 
Enforcement Division investigations that focused on business email 
compromises in which perpetrators posed as company executives or 
vendors and used emails to dupe company personnel into sending large 
sums to bank accounts controlled by the perpetrators. See Report of 
Investigation Pursuant to 21(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 
1934 Regarding Certain Cyber-Related Frauds Perpetrated Against 
Public Companies and Related Internal Accounting Controls 
Requirements, SEC Release No. 34-84429 (Oct. 16, 2018).
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    Specifically, the 2018 Interpretive Release stated that companies 
should consider the materiality of cybersecurity risks and incidents 
when preparing the disclosure required in registration statements under 
the Securities Act and Exchange Act, as well as in periodic and current 
reports under the Exchange Act. The 2018 Interpretive Release 
identified the following existing provisions in Regulations S-K and S-X 
that may require disclosure about cybersecurity risks, governance, and 
incidents: \28\
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    \28\ There are corresponding provisions in Form 20-F for foreign 
private issuers.
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    <bullet> Item 105 of Regulation S-K (Risk Factors) \29\--the 2018 
Interpretive Release sets forth issues for companies to consider in 
evaluating the need for cybersecurity risk factor disclosure, including 
risks arising in connection with acquisitions.
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    \29\ See also Item 3.D of Form 20-F. Please note that Risk 
Factors was designated as Regulation S-K Item 503 at the time the 
2018 Interpretive Release was issued.
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    <bullet> Item 303 of Regulation S-K (Management's Discussion and 
Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations) \30\--the 
2018 Interpretive Release discusses how the costs of ongoing 
cybersecurity efforts, the costs and other consequences of 
cybersecurity incidents, and the risks of potential cybersecurity 
incidents, among other matters, can inform a company's management's 
discussion and analysis. The 2018 Interpretive Release describes a wide 
array of potential costs that may be associated with cybersecurity 
issues and incidents such as loss of intellectual property and 
reputational harm.
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    \30\ See also Item 5 of Form 20-F.
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    <bullet> Item 101 of Regulation S-K (Description of Business) 
\31\--the 2018 Interpretive Release notes that if cybersecurity 
incidents or risks materially affect a company's products,

[[Page 16594]]

services, relationships with customers or suppliers, or competitive 
conditions, the company must provide appropriate disclosure.
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    \31\ See also Item 4.B of Form 20-F.
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    <bullet> Item 103 of Regulation S-K (Legal Proceedings)--the 2018 
Interpretive Release explains that this item may require disclosure 
about material pending legal proceedings that relate to cybersecurity 
issues.
    <bullet> Item 407 of Regulation S-K (Corporate Governance) \32\--
the 2018 Interpretive Release clarifies that a company must describe 
how the board administers its risk oversight function to the extent 
that cybersecurity risks are material to a company's business, 
including a description of the nature of the board's role in overseeing 
the management of such risks.
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    \32\ This disclosure also is required by Item 7 of Schedule 14A.
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    <bullet> Regulation S-X Financial Disclosures--the 2018 
Interpretive Release notes the Commission's expectation that a company 
would design its financial reporting and control systems to provide 
reasonable assurance that information about the range and magnitude of 
the financial impacts of a cybersecurity incident would be incorporated 
into its financial statements on a timely basis as that information 
becomes available.
    The 2018 Interpretive Release also addresses the importance of a 
company's adoption of disclosure controls and procedures that cause the 
company to appropriately record, process, summarize, and report to 
investors material information related to cybersecurity risks and 
incidents.\33\ In addition, the 2018 Interpretive Release reminds 
companies, their directors, officers, and other corporate insiders of 
the need to comply with insider trading laws in connection with 
information about cybersecurity risks and incidents, including 
vulnerabilities and breaches. The 2018 Interpretive Release further 
discusses disclosure obligations that companies may have under 17 CFR 
243 (``Regulation FD'') in connection with cybersecurity matters. The 
guidance set forth in both the 2011 Staff Guidance and the 2018 
Interpretive Release would remain in place if the Commission adopts the 
proposed rule amendments described in this release.
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    \33\ See supra note 4, 2018 Interpretive Release at 8167 
(``Crucial to a public company's ability to make any required 
disclosure of cybersecurity risks and incidents in the appropriate 
timeframe are disclosure controls and procedures that provide an 
appropriate method of discerning the impact that such matters may 
have on the company and its business, financial condition, and 
results of operations, as well as a protocol to determine the 
potential materiality of such risks and incidents.'').
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B. Current Disclosure Practices

    The majority of registrants reporting material cybersecurity 
incidents do so in a Form 8-K, press release, or periodic report. 
Although we are unable to determine the number of material 
cybersecurity incidents that either are not being disclosed or not 
being disclosed in a timely manner, the staff has observed certain 
cybersecurity incidents that were reported in the media but that were 
not disclosed in a registrant's filings. Further, the staff in the 
Division of Corporation Finance's review of Form 8-K filings, as well 
as Form 10-K and Form 20-F filings, has shown that the nature of the 
cybersecurity incident disclosure varies widely. In these filings, 
companies provide different levels of specificity regarding the cause, 
scope, impact, and materiality of cybersecurity incidents. For example, 
some companies provide a materiality analysis, disclose the estimated 
costs of an incident, discuss their engagement of cybersecurity 
professionals, and/or explain the remedial steps they have taken or are 
taking in response to a cybersecurity incident, while others do not 
provide such disclosure or provide much less detail in their disclosure 
on these topics.
    The staff has also observed that, while the majority of registrants 
that are disclosing cybersecurity risks appear to be providing such 
disclosures in the risk factor section of their annual reports on Form 
10-K, the disclosures are sometimes blended with other unrelated 
disclosures, which makes it more difficult for investors to locate, 
interpret, and analyze the information provided. Further, the staff has 
observed a divergence in these disclosures by industry and that, 
smaller reporting companies generally provide less cybersecurity 
disclosure as compared to larger registrants. One report noted a 
disconnect in which the industries experiencing the most high profile 
cybersecurity incidents provided disclosure with the ``least amount of 
information.'' \34\ While cybersecurity risks and attacks may 
disproportionately affect certain industries at different times and in 
different ways, cybersecurity risks and threats may be dynamic; it is 
foreseeable and perhaps even predictable that malicious actors will 
adapt their strategies and target companies in any industry where there 
are perceived vulnerabilities.
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    \34\ Moody's Investors Service, Research Announcement, 
``Cybersecurity disclosures vary greatly in high-risk industries,'' 
(Oct. 3, 2019), available at https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-Cybersecurity-disclosures-vary-greatly-in-high-risk-industries--PBC_1196854.
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    Registrants' disclosures of both material cybersecurity incidents 
and cybersecurity risk management and governance have improved since 
the issuance of the 2011 Staff Guidance and the 2018 Interpretive 
Release.\35\ Yet, current reporting may contain insufficient detail 
\36\ and the staff has observed that such reporting is inconsistent, 
may not be timely, and can be difficult to locate. We believe that 
investors would benefit from enhanced disclosure about registrants' 
cybersecurity incidents and cybersecurity risk management and 
governance practices, including if the registrant's board of directors 
has expertise in cybersecurity matters, and we are proposing rule 
amendments to enhance disclosure in those areas.
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    \35\ Stephen Klemash and Jamie Smith, What companies are 
disclosing about cybersecurity risk and oversight, EY, supra note 6 
(EY researchers looked at cybersecurity-related disclosures in the 
proxy statements and Form 10-K filings for the 76 ``Fortune 100'' 
companies that filed those documents from 2018 through May 31, 2020. 
Their finding indicated that, ``[m]any companies are enhancing their 
cybersecurity disclosures, with modest increases across most of the 
disclosures tracked.'').
    \36\ One report notes ``the average public company's cyber 
disclosure contains insufficient detail for investors looking to 
evaluate its risk profile and to understand which remediation 
strategies, if any, it has implemented to control for the identified 
risks.'' NACD et al., The State of Cyber-Risk Disclosures of Public 
Companies at 3 (Mar. 2021) available at https://www.nacdonline.org/insights/publications.cfm?ItemNumber=71711. This same report 
contends (and cites other sources that argue) that the 2018 
Interpretive Release alone has not resulted in adequate disclosures 
to investors. Id. at 4.
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    We welcome feedback and encourage interested parties to submit 
comments on any or all aspects of the proposed rule amendments. When 
commenting, it would be most helpful if you include the reasoning 
behind your position or recommendation.

II. Proposed Amendments

A. Overview

    Cybersecurity risks and incidents can impact the financial 
performance or position of a company. Consistent, comparable, and 
decision-useful disclosures regarding a registrant's cybersecurity risk 
management, strategy, and governance practices, as well as a 
registrant's response to material cybersecurity incidents, would allow 
investors to understand such risks and incidents, evaluate a 
registrant's risk management and governance practices regarding those 
risks, and better inform their investment and voting decisions.
    The proposed rules would require current and periodic reporting of

[[Page 16595]]

material cybersecurity incidents. Additionally, we are proposing 
amendments that would require periodic disclosures about a registrant's 
policies and procedures to identify and manage cybersecurity risk, 
including the impact of cybersecurity risks on the registrant's 
business strategy; management's role and expertise in implementing the 
registrant's cybersecurity policies, procedures, and strategies; and 
the board of directors' oversight role, and cybersecurity expertise, if 
any.
    Specifically, we are proposing to:
    <bullet> Amend Form 8-K to add Item 1.05 to require registrants to 
disclose information about a cybersecurity incident within four 
business days after the registrant determines that it has experienced a 
material cybersecurity incident; \37\
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    \37\ Proposed Item 1.05.
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    <bullet> Amend Forms 10-Q and 10-K to require registrants to 
provide updated disclosure relating to previously disclosed 
cybersecurity incidents, as specified in proposed Item 106(d) of 
Regulation S-K. We also propose to amend these forms to require 
disclosure, to the extent known to management, when a series of 
previously undisclosed individually immaterial cybersecurity incidents 
has become material in the aggregate.\38\
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    \38\ Proposed Item 106(d) of Regulation S-K.
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    <bullet> Amend Form 10-K to require disclosure specified in 
proposed Item 106 regarding:
    [cir] A registrant's policies and procedures, if any, for 
identifying and managing cybersecurity risks; \39\
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    \39\ Proposed Item 106(b) of Regulation S-K.
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    [cir] A registrant's cybersecurity governance, including the board 
of directors' oversight role regarding cybersecurity risks; \40\ and
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    \40\ Proposed Item 106(c)(1) of Regulation S-K.
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    [cir] Management's role, and relevant expertise, in assessing and 
managing cybersecurity related risks and implementing related policies, 
procedures, and strategies.\41\
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    \41\ Proposed Item 106(c)(2) of Regulation S-K.
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    <bullet> Amend Item 407 of Regulation S-K to require disclosure 
about if any member of the registrant's board of directors has 
cybersecurity expertise.\42\
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    \42\ Proposed Item 407(j).
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    <bullet> Amend Form 20-F to require foreign private issuers 
(``FPIs'') \43\ to provide cybersecurity disclosures in their annual 
reports filed on that form that are consistent with the disclosure that 
we propose to require in the domestic forms;
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    \43\ An FPI is any foreign issuer other than a foreign 
government, except for an issuer that (1) has more than 50% of its 
outstanding voting securities held of record by U.S. residents; and 
(2) any of the following: (i) A majority of its officers or 
directors are citizens or residents of the U.S.; (ii) more than 50% 
of its assets are located in the U.S.; or (iii) its business is 
principally administered in the U.S. See 17 CFR 230.405. See also 17 
CFR 240.3b-4(c).
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    <bullet> Amend Form 6-K to add ``cybersecurity incidents'' as a 
reporting topic; and
    <bullet> Require that the proposed disclosures be provided in 
Inline XBRL.\44\
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    \44\ Proposed Rule 405 of Regulation S-T.
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B. Reporting of Cybersecurity Incidents on Form 8-K

1. Overview of Proposed Item 1.05 of Form 8-K
    There is growing concern that material cybersecurity incidents \45\ 
are underreported \46\ and that existing reporting may not be 
sufficiently timely.\47\ We are proposing to address these concerns by 
requiring registrants to disclose material cybersecurity incidents in a 
current report on Form 8-K within four business days after the 
registrant determines that it has experienced a material cybersecurity 
incident.\48\
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    \45\ See infra Section II.D.3 for a discussion on the proposed 
definition of ``cybersecurity incident.''
    \46\ See New Study Reveals Cybercrime May Be Widely 
Underreported--Even When Laws Mandate Disclosure, ISACA Press 
Release (June 3, 2019), available at https://www.isaca.org/why-isaca/about-us/newsroom/press-releases/2019/new-study-reveals-cybercrime-may-be-widely-underreported-even-when-laws-mandate-disclosure. See also Gerrit De Vynck, Many ransomware attacks go 
unreported. The FBI and Congress want to change that. Wash. Post 
(July 27, 2021), available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/07/27/fbi-congress-ransomware-laws/ (quoting Eric 
Goldstein, executive assistant director at Cybersecurity & 
Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), a federal agency created in 
2018 to protect the U.S. from cyberattacks, as stating, ``[w]e 
believe that only about a quarter of ransomware intrusions are 
actually reported[.]'').
    \47\ See also infra section III.C(1)(a).
    \48\ As will be discussed in Section II.D, we propose to define 
the term ``cybersecurity incident'' as an unauthorized occurrence on 
or conducted through a registrant's information systems that 
jeopardizes the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of a 
registrant's information systems or any information residing 
therein. We also propose to define the term ``information systems'' 
as ``information resources, owned or used by the registrant, 
including physical or virtual infrastructure controlled by such 
information resources, or components thereof, organized for the 
collection, processing, maintenance, use, sharing, dissemination, or 
disposition of a registrant's information to maintain or support the 
registrant's operations.'' The definitions of ``cybersecurity 
incident'' and ``information systems'' as proposed in Item 106 of 
Regulation S-K would also apply to such terms as used in proposed 
Item 1.05 of Form 8-K.
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    Specifically, we propose to amend Form 8-K by adding new Item 1.05 
that would require a registrant to disclose the following information 
about a material cybersecurity incident, to the extent the information 
is known at the time of the Form 8-K filing:
    <bullet> When the incident was discovered and whether it is 
ongoing;
    <bullet> A brief description of the nature and scope of the 
incident;
    <bullet> Whether any data was stolen, altered, accessed, or used 
for any other unauthorized purpose;
    <bullet> The effect of the incident on the registrant's operations; 
and
    <bullet> Whether the registrant has remediated or is currently 
remediating the incident.
    We believe that this information would provide timely and relevant 
disclosure to investors and other market participants (such as 
financial analysts, investment advisers, and portfolio managers) and 
enable them to assess the possible effects of a material cybersecurity 
incident on the registrant, including any long-term and short-term 
financial effects or operational effects. While registrants should 
provide disclosure responsive to the enumerated items to the extent 
known at the time of filing of the Form 8-K, we would not expect a 
registrant to publicly disclose specific, technical information about 
its planned response to the incident or its cybersecurity systems, 
related networks and devices, or potential system vulnerabilities in 
such detail as would impede the registrant's response or remediation of 
the incident.\49\
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    \49\ See also 2018 Interpretive Release at Section II.A.1. Any 
material information not known or disclosable at the time of the 
Form 8-K filing would need to be updated in future periodic reports 
in response to proposed Item 106(d) of Regulation S-K. See 
discussion infra at Section II.C.1.
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    We believe that the proposed requirement to file an Item 1.05 Form 
8-K within four business days after the registrant determines that it 
has experienced a material cybersecurity incident would significantly 
improve the timeliness of cybersecurity incident disclosures, as well 
as provide investors with more standardized and comparable 
disclosures.\50\
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    \50\ If a triggering determination occurs within four business 
days before a registrant's filing of a Form 10-Q or Form 10-K, the 
Commission staff generally has not objected to the registrant 
satisfying its Form 8-K reporting obligation by including the 
disclosure in Item 5 (Other Information) of Part II of its Form 10-Q 
or Item 9B (Other Information) of its Form 10-K. See SEC Division of 
Corporation Finance, Exchange Act Form 8-K Compliance and Disclosure 
Interpretations (updated Dec. 22, 2017), Question 1, available at 
https://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/form8kfaq.htm.
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    We are proposing that the trigger for an Item 1.05 Form 8-K is the 
date on which a registrant determines that a cybersecurity incident it 
has experienced is material, rather than the date of discovery of the 
incident, so as to focus the Form 8-K disclosure on

[[Page 16596]]

incidents that are material to investors. In some cases, the date of 
the registrant's materiality determination may coincide with the date 
of discovery of an incident, but in other cases the materiality 
determination will come after the discovery date. If we adopt the date 
of the materiality determination as the Form 8-K reporting trigger, as 
proposed, we expect registrants to be diligent in making a materiality 
determination in as prompt a manner as feasible. To address any concern 
that some registrants may delay making such a determination to avoid a 
disclosure obligation, Instruction 1 to proposed Item 1.05 states: ``a 
registrant shall make a materiality determination regarding a 
cybersecurity incident as soon as reasonably practicable after 
discovery of the incident.''
    What constitutes ``materiality'' for purposes of the proposed 
cybersecurity incidents disclosure would be consistent with that set 
out in the numerous cases addressing materiality in the securities 
laws, including: TSC Industries, Inc. v. Northway, Inc.,\51\ Basic, 
Inc. v. Levinson,\52\ and Matrixx Initiatives, Inc. v. Siracusano.\53\ 
Information is material if ``there is a substantial likelihood that a 
reasonable shareholder would consider it important'' \54\ in making an 
investment decision, or if it would have ``significantly altered the 
`total mix' of information made available.'' \55\ In articulating this 
materiality standard, the Supreme Court recognized that ``[d]oubts as 
to the critical nature'' of the relevant information ``will be 
commonplace.'' But ``particularly in view of the prophylactic purpose'' 
of the securities laws, and ``the fact that the content'' of the 
disclosure ``is within management's control, it is appropriate that 
these doubts be resolved in favor of those the statute is designed to 
protect,'' namely investors.\56\
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    \51\ TSC Indus. v. Northway, 426 U.S. 438, 449 (1976).
    \52\ Basic Inc. v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224, 232 (1988).
    \53\ 563 U.S. 27 (2011).
    \54\ TSC Indus. v. Northway, 426 U.S. at 449.
    \55\ Id. See also the definition of ``material'' in Securities 
Act Rule 405, 17 CFR 230.405; Exchange Act Rule 12b-2, 17 CFR 
240.12b-2.
    \56\ TSC Indus. v. Northway, 426 U.S. at 448.
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    A materiality analysis is not a mechanical exercise, nor should it 
be based solely on a quantitative analysis of a cybersecurity incident. 
Rather, registrants would need to thoroughly and objectively evaluate 
the total mix of information, taking into consideration all relevant 
facts and circumstances surrounding the cybersecurity incident, 
including both quantitative and qualitative factors, to determine 
whether the incident is material. Even if the probability of an adverse 
consequence is relatively low, if the magnitude of the loss or 
liability is high, the incident may still be material; materiality 
``depends on the significance the reasonable investor would place on'' 
the information.\57\ Thus, under the proposed rules, when a 
cybersecurity incident occurs, registrants would need to carefully 
assess whether the incident is material in light of the specific 
circumstances presented by applying a well-reasoned, objective approach 
from a reasonable investor's perspective based on the total mix of 
information.
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    \57\ Basic Inc. v. Levinson, 485 U.S. at 240.
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2. Examples of Cybersecurity Incidents That May Require Disclosure 
Pursuant to Proposed Item 1.05 of Form 8-K
    The following is a non-exclusive list of examples of cybersecurity 
incidents \58\ that may, if determined by the registrant to be 
material, trigger the proposed Item 1.05 disclosure requirement:
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    \58\ As discussed infra in Section II.D, we propose to define 
cybersecurity incident as ``an unauthorized occurrence on or 
conducted through a registrant's information systems that 
jeopardizes the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of a 
registrant's information systems or any information residing 
therein.'' We believe this term is sufficiently understood and broad 
enough to encompass incidents that could adversely affect a 
registrant's information systems or information residing therein, 
such as gaining access without authorization or by exceeding 
authorized access to such systems and information that could lead, 
for example, to the modification or destruction of systems and 
information. We also propose to define information systems as 
``information resources, owned or used by the registrant, including 
physical or virtual infrastructure controlled by such information 
resources, or components thereof, organized for the collection, 
processing, maintenance, use, sharing, dissemination, or disposition 
of a registrant's information to maintain or support the 
registrant's operations.'' The definitions of ``cybersecurity 
incident'' and ``information systems'' as proposed in Item 106 of 
Regulation S-K would also apply to such terms as used in proposed 
Item 1.05 of Form 8-K. See infra note 80.
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    <bullet> An unauthorized incident that has compromised the 
confidentiality, integrity, or availability of an information asset 
(data, system, or network); or violated the registrant's security 
policies or procedures. Incidents may stem from the accidental exposure 
of data or from a deliberate attack to steal or alter data;
    <bullet> An unauthorized incident that caused degradation, 
interruption, loss of control, damage to, or loss of operational 
technology systems;
    <bullet> An incident in which an unauthorized party accessed, or a 
party exceeded authorized access, and altered, or has stolen sensitive 
business information, personally identifiable information, intellectual 
property, or information that has resulted, or may result, in a loss or 
liability for the registrant;
    <bullet> An incident in which a malicious actor has offered to sell 
or has threatened to publicly disclose sensitive company data; or
    <bullet> An incident in which a malicious actor has demanded 
payment to restore company data that was stolen or altered.
3. Ongoing Investigations Regarding Cybersecurity Incidents
    Proposed Item 1.05 would not provide for a reporting delay when 
there is an ongoing internal or external investigation related to the 
cybersecurity incident. As the Commission stated in the 2018 
Interpretive Release, while an ongoing investigation might affect the 
specifics in the registrant's disclosure, ``an ongoing internal or 
external investigation--which often can be lengthy--would not on its 
own provide a basis for avoiding disclosures of a material 
cybersecurity incident.'' \59\ Additionally, any such delay provision 
could undermine the purpose of proposed Item 1.05 of providing timely 
and consistent disclosure of cybersecurity incidents given that 
investigations and resolutions of cybersecurity incidents may occur 
over an extended period of time and may vary widely in timing and 
scope. At the same time, we recognize that a delay in reporting may 
facilitate law enforcement investigations aimed at apprehending the 
perpetrators of the cybersecurity incident and preventing future 
cybersecurity incidents. On balance, it is our current view that the 
importance of timely disclosure of cybersecurity incidents for 
investors would justify not providing for a reporting delay.
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    \59\ See supra note 33, 2018 Interpretive Release.
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    Many states have laws that allow companies to delay providing 
public notice about a data breach incident or notifying certain 
constituencies of such an incident if law enforcement determines that 
notification will impede a civil or criminal investigation. A 
registrant may have obligations to report incidents at the state or 
federal level (to customers, consumer credit reporting entities, state 
or federal regulators and law enforcement agencies, etc.); those 
obligations are distinct from its obligations to disclose material 
information to its shareholders under the federal securities laws. To 
the extent that proposed Item 1.05 of Form 8-K would require disclosure 
in a situation in which a state law delay provision

[[Page 16597]]

would excuse notification, there is a possibility a registrant would be 
required to disclose the incident on Form 8-K even though it could 
delay incident reporting under a particular state law. The proposed 
Form 8-K requirement would advance the objective of timely reporting of 
material cybersecurity incidents without the uncertainties of delay. It 
is critical to investor protection and well-functioning, orderly, and 
efficient markets that investors promptly receive information regarding 
material cybersecurity incidents.
4. Proposed Amendment to Form 6-K
    FPIs are not required to file current reports on Form 8-K.\60\ 
Instead, they are required to furnish on Form 6-K \61\ copies of all 
information that the FPI: (i) Makes or is required to make public under 
the laws of its jurisdiction of incorporation, (ii) files, or is 
required to file under the rules of any stock exchange, or (iii) 
otherwise distributes to its security holders. We are proposing to 
amend General Instruction B of Form 6-K to reference material 
cybersecurity incidents among the items that may trigger a current 
report on Form 6-K. As with proposed Item 1.05 of Form 8-K, the 
proposed change to Form 6-K is intended to provide timely cybersecurity 
incident disclosure in a manner that is consistent with the general 
purpose and use of Form 6-K.
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    \60\ See Exchange Act Rules 13a-11 and 15d-11 [17 CFR 240.13a-11 
and 15d-11].
    \61\ 17 CFR 249.306.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Proposed Amendments to the Eligibility Provisions of Form S-3 and 
Form SF-3 and Safe Harbor Provision in Exchange Act Rules 13a-11 and 
15d-11
    We are proposing to amend General Instruction I.A.3.(b) of Form S-3 
and General Instruction I.A.2 of Form SF-3 to provide that an untimely 
filing on Form 8-K regarding new Item 1.05 would not result in loss of 
Form S-3 or Form SF-3 eligibility. Under our existing rules, the 
untimely filing on Form 8-K of certain specified items does not result 
in loss of Form S-3 or Form SF-3 eligibility, so long as Form 8-K 
reporting is current at the time the Form S-3 or SF-3 is filed. In the 
past, when we have adopted new disclosure requirements that differed 
from the traditional periodic reporting obligations of companies, we 
have acknowledged concerns about the potentially harsh consequences of 
the loss of Form S-3 or Form SF-3 eligibility, and addressed such 
concerns by specifying that untimely filing of Forms 8-K relating to 
certain topics would not result in the loss of Form S-3 or Form SF-3 
eligibility.\62\ For the same reason, we believe that it is appropriate 
to add proposed Item 1.05 to the list of Form 8-K items in General 
Instruction I.A.3.(b) of Form S-3 and General Instruction I.A.2 of Form 
SF-3.\63\
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    \62\ See Selective Disclosure and Insider Trading, Release No. 
33-7881 (Aug. 15, 2000) [65 FR 51715 (Aug. 24, 2000)]; see also 
Additional Form 8-K Disclosure Requirements and Acceleration of 
Filing Date, Release No. 33-8400 (Mar. 16, 2004) [69 FR 15593 (Mar. 
25, 2004)] (the ``Additional Form 8-K Disclosure Release'').
    \63\ See Selective Disclosure and Insider Trading, Release No. 
33-7881 (Aug. 15, 2000) [65 FR 51715]; Additional Form 8-K 
Disclosure Release.
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    We are also proposing to amend Rules 13a-11(c) and 15d-11(c) under 
the Exchange Act to include new Item 1.05 in the list of Form 8-K items 
eligible for a limited safe harbor from liability under Section 10(b) 
or Rule 10b-5 under the Exchange Act.\64\ In 2004, when the Commission 
adopted the limited safe harbor, the Commission noted its view that the 
safe harbor is appropriate if the triggering event for the Form 8-K 
requires management to make a rapid materiality determination.\65\ 
While the registrant would need to file an Item 1.05 Form 8-K within 
four business days after the registrant determines that it has 
experienced a material cybersecurity incident, rather than within four 
business days after its discovery of the incident, we expect management 
to make a materiality determination about the incident as soon as 
reasonably practicable after its discovery of the incident.\66\ In some 
cases, we expect that management would make a materiality determination 
coincident with discovering a cybersecurity incident and therefore file 
a Form 8-K very soon after the registrant experiences or discovers a 
cybersecurity incident. Therefore, we believe that it is appropriate to 
extend the safe harbor to this proposed new item.
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    \64\ Rules 13a-11(c) and 15d-11(c) each provides that ``[n]o 
failure to file a report on Form 8-K that is required solely 
pursuant to Item 1.01, 1.02, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 4.02(a), 
5.02(e), or 6.03 of Form 8-K shall be deemed a violation of'' 
Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act or Rule 10b-5 thereunder.
    \65\ Additional Form 8-K Disclosure Release at 69 FR 15607.
    \66\ Instruction 1 to proposed Item 1.05 of Form 8-K.
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Request for Comment

    1. Would investors benefit from current reporting about material 
cybersecurity incidents on Form 8-K? Does the proposed Form 8-K 
disclosure requirement appropriately balance the informational needs of 
investors and the reporting burdens on registrants?
    2. Would proposed Item 1.05 require an appropriate level of 
disclosure about a material cybersecurity incident? Would the proposed 
disclosures allow investors to understand the nature of the incident 
and its potential impact on the registrant, and make an informed 
investment decision? Should we modify or eliminate any of the specified 
disclosure items in proposed Item 1.05? Is there any additional 
information about a material cybersecurity incident that Item 1.05 
should require?
    3. Could any of the proposed Item 1.05 disclosures or the proposed 
timing of the disclosures have the unintentional effect of putting 
registrants at additional risk of future cybersecurity incidents? If 
so, how could we modify the proposal to avoid this effect? For example, 
should registrants instead provide some of the disclosures in proposed 
Item 1.05 in the registrant's next periodic report? If so, which 
disclosures?
    4. We are proposing to require registrants to file an Item 1.05 
Form 8-K within four business days after the registrant determines that 
it has experienced a material cybersecurity incident. Would the 
proposed four-business day filing deadline provide sufficient time for 
registrants to prepare the disclosures that would be required under 
proposed Item 1.05? Should we modify the timeframe in which a 
registrant must file a Form 8-K under proposed Item 1.05? If so, what 
timeframe would be more appropriate for making these disclosures?
    5. Should there be a different triggering event for the Item 1.05 
disclosure, such as the registrant's discovery that it has experienced 
a cybersecurity incident, even if the registrant has not yet been able 
to determine the materiality of the incident? If so, which information 
should be disclosed in Form 8-K based on a revised triggering event? 
Should we instead require disclosure only if the expected costs arising 
from a cybersecurity incident exceed a certain quantifiable threshold, 
e.g., a percentage of the company's assets, equity, revenues or net 
income or alternatively a precise number? If so, what would be an 
appropriate threshold?
    6. To what extent, if any, would the proposed Form 8-K incident 
reporting obligation create conflicts for a registrant with respect to 
other obligations of the registrant under federal or state law? How 
would any such conflicting obligations arise, and what mechanisms could 
the Commission use to ensure that registrants can comply with other 
laws and regulations while providing these

[[Page 16598]]

timely disclosures to investors? What costs would registrants face in 
determining the extent of a potential conflict?
    7. Should any rule provide that the Commission shall allow 
registrants to delay reporting of a cybersecurity incident where the 
Attorney General requests such a delay from the Commission based on the 
Attorney General's written determination that the delay is in the 
interest of national security?
    8. We are proposing to include an instruction that ``a registrant 
shall make a materiality determination regarding a cybersecurity 
incident as soon as reasonably practicable after discovery of the 
incident.'' Is this instruction sufficient to mitigate the risk of a 
registrant delaying a materiality determination? Should we consider 
further guidance regarding the timing of a materiality determination? 
Should we, for example, suggest examples of timeframes that would (or 
would not), in most circumstances, be considered prompt?
    9. Should certain registrants that would be within the scope of the 
proposed requirements, but that are subject to other cybersecurity-
related regulations, or that would be included in the scope of the 
Commission's recently-proposed cybersecurity rules \67\ for advisers 
and funds, if adopted, be excluded from the proposed requirements? For 
example, should the proposed Form 8-K reporting requirements or the 
other disclosure requirements described in this release, as applicable, 
exclude business development companies (``BDCs''),\68\ or the publicly 
traded parent of an adviser?
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    \67\ See Cybersecurity Risk Management for Investment Advisers, 
Registered Investment Companies, and Business Development Companies, 
Release No. 34-94197 (Feb. 9, 2022) [87 FR 13524 (Mar. 9, 2022)] 
(``Investment Management Cybersecurity Proposing Release''). In this 
release, the Commission proposed new rules and rule amendments that 
would require: (i) Registered investment advisers (``advisers'') and 
investment companies (``funds'') to adopt and implement written 
cybersecurity policies and procedures reasonably designed to address 
cybersecurity risks; (ii) advisers to report significant 
cybersecurity incidents affecting the adviser, or its fund or 
private fund clients, to the Commission; (iii) advisers and funds to 
provide cyber-related disclosures to clients and investors; and (iv) 
advisers and funds to maintain certain records related to the 
proposed cybersecurity risk management obligations and the 
occurrence of cybersecurity incidents.
    \68\ For purposes of this release, the terms ``public 
companies,'' ``companies,'' and ``registrants,'' include issuers 
that are business development companies as defined in section 
2(a)(48) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (``Investment Company 
Act''), but not those investment companies registered under that 
Act.
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    10. As described further below, we are proposing to define 
cybersecurity incident to include an unauthorized occurrence on or 
through a registrant's ``information systems,'' which is proposed to 
include ``information resources owned or used by the registrant.'' 
Would registrants be reasonably able to obtain information to make a 
materiality determination about cybersecurity incidents affecting 
information resources that are used but not owned by them? Would a safe 
harbor for information about cybersecurity incidents affecting 
information resources that are used but not owned by a registrant be 
appropriate? If so, why, and what would be the appropriate scope of a 
safe harbor? What alternative disclosure requirements would provide 
investors with information about cybersecurity incidents and risks that 
affect registrants via information systems owned by third parties?
    11. We are proposing that registrants be required to file rather 
than permitted to furnish an Item 1.05 Form 8-K. Should we instead 
permit registrants to furnish an Item 1.05 Form 8-K, such that the Form 
8-K would not be subject to liability under Section 18 of the Exchange 
Act unless the registrant specifically states that the information is 
to be considered ``filed'' or incorporates it by reference into a 
filing under the Securities Act or Exchange Act?
    12. We note above a non-exclusive list of examples that would merit 
disclosure under Item 1.05 of Form 8-K covers some, but not all, types 
of material cybersecurity incidents. Are there additional examples we 
should address? Should we include a non-exclusive list of examples in 
Item 1.05 of Form 8-K?
    13. Should we include Item 1.05 in the Exchange Act Rules 13a-11 
and 15d-11 safe harbors from public and private claims under Exchange 
Act Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 for failure to timely file a Form 8-K, 
as proposed?
    14. Should we include Item 1.05, as proposed, in the list of Form 
8-K items where failure to timely file a Form 8-K will not result in 
the loss of a registrant's eligibility to file a registration statement 
on Form S-3 and Form SF-3?

C. Disclosure About Cybersecurity Incidents in Periodic Reports

1. Updates to Previously Filed Form 8-K Disclosure
    Proposed Item 106(d)(1) of Regulation S-K would require registrants 
to disclose any material changes, additions, or updates to information 
required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 1.05 of Form 8-K in the 
registrant's quarterly report filed with the Commission on Form 10-Q or 
annual report filed with the Commission on Form 10-K for the period 
(the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual 
report) in which the material change, addition, or update occurred.
    We are proposing this requirement to balance the need for prompt 
and timely disclosure regarding material cybersecurity incidents with 
the fact that a registrant may not have complete information about a 
material cybersecurity incident at the time it determines the incident 
to be material. Proposed Item 106(d)(1) provides a means for investors 
to receive regular updates regarding the previously reported incident 
when and for so long as there are material changes, additions, or 
updates during a given reporting period. For example, after filing the 
initial Form 8-K disclosure, the registrant may become aware of 
additional material information about the scope of the incident and 
whether any data was stolen or altered; the proposed Item 106(d)(1) 
disclosure requirements would allow investors to stay informed of such 
developments.
    The registrant also may be able to provide information about the 
effect of the previously reported cybersecurity incident on its 
operations as well as a description of remedial steps it has taken, or 
plans to take, in response to the incident that was not available at 
the time of the initial Form 8-K filing.\69\ In order to assist 
registrants in developing updated incident disclosure in its periodic 
reports, proposed Item 106(d)(1) provides the following non-exclusive 
examples of the type of disclosure that should be provided, if 
applicable:
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    \69\ Notwithstanding proposed Item 106(d)(1), there may be 
situations where a registrant would need to file an amended Form 8-K 
to correct disclosure from the initial Item 1.05 Form 8-K, such as 
where that disclosure becomes inaccurate or materially misleading as 
a result of subsequent developments regarding the incident. For 
example, if the impact of the incident is determined after the 
initial Item 1.05 Form 8-K filing to be significantly more severe 
than previously disclosed, an amended Form 8-K may be required.
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    <bullet> Any material impact of the incident on the registrant's 
operations and financial condition;
    <bullet> Any potential material future impacts on the registrant's 
operations and financial condition;
    <bullet> Whether the registrant has remediated or is currently 
remediating the incident; and
    <bullet> Any changes in the registrant's policies and procedures as 
a result of the cybersecurity incident, and how the incident may have 
informed such changes.

[[Page 16599]]

2. Disclosure of Cybersecurity Incidents That Have Become Material in 
the Aggregate
    Proposed Item 106(d)(2) would require disclosure when a series of 
previously undisclosed individually immaterial cybersecurity incidents 
become material in the aggregate. Thus, registrants would need to 
analyze related cybersecurity incidents for materiality, both 
individually and in the aggregate. If such incidents become material in 
the aggregate, registrants would need to disclose: When the incidents 
were discovered and whether they are ongoing; a brief description of 
the nature and scope of such incidents; whether any data was stolen or 
altered; the impact of such incidents on the registrant's operations 
and the registrant's actions; and whether the registrant has remediated 
or is currently remediating the incidents.
    While such incidents conceptually could take a variety of forms, an 
example would be where one malicious actor engages in a number of 
smaller but continuous cyber-attacks related in time and form against 
the same company and collectively, they are either quantitatively or 
qualitatively material, or both. Such incidents would need to be 
disclosed in the periodic report for the period in which a registrant 
has made a determination that they are material in the aggregate.
Request for Comment
    15. Should we require registrants to disclose any material changes 
or updates to information that would be disclosed pursuant to proposed 
Item 1.05 of Form 8-K in the registrant's quarterly or annual report, 
as proposed? Are there instances, other than to correct inaccurate or 
materially misleading prior disclosures, when a registrant should be 
required to update its report on Form 8-K or file another Form 8-K 
instead of providing disclosure of material changes, additions, or 
updates in a subsequent Form 10-Q or Form 10-K?
    16. Should we require a registrant to provide disclosure on Form 
10-Q or Form 10-K when a series of previously undisclosed and 
individually immaterial cybersecurity incidents becomes material in the 
aggregate, as proposed? Alternatively, should we require a registrant 
to provide disclosure in Form 8-K, rather than in a periodic report, as 
proposed, when a series of previously undisclosed and individually 
immaterial cybersecurity incidents becomes material in the aggregate?

D. Disclosure of a Registrant's Risk Management, Strategy and 
Governance Regarding Cybersecurity Risks

1. Risk Management and Strategy
    Companies typically address significant risks to their businesses 
by developing risk management systems, which may include policies and 
procedures for identifying, assessing, and managing the risks. These 
policies and procedures may then be subject to oversight by a company's 
management and board.\70\ Policies and procedures reasonably designed 
to provide oversight, risk assessments, and incident responses may be 
adopted to help prevent or mitigate cyber-attacks and potentially 
prevent future attacks. Staff in the Division of Corporation Finance 
has observed that most of the registrants that disclosed a 
cybersecurity incident in 2021 did not describe their cybersecurity 
risk oversight and related policies and procedures. Some of these 
registrants provided only general disclosures, such as a reference to 
cybersecurity as one of the risks overseen by the board or a board 
committee.
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    \70\ See Martin Lipton, Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz, 
Spotlight on Boards 2018, Harv. L. Sch. F. on Corp. Governance (May 
31, 2018), available at https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2018/05/31/spotlight-on-boards-2018 (one of the board's responsibilities is to, 
``[o]versee and understand the corporation's risk management and 
compliance efforts and how risk is taken into account in the 
corporation's business decision-making; respond to red flags if and 
when they arise.'').
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    We are proposing Item 106(b) of Regulation S-K to require 
registrants to provide more consistent and informative disclosure 
regarding their cybersecurity risk management and strategy. We believe 
that disclosure of the relevant policies and procedures, to the extent 
a registrant has established any, would benefit investors by providing 
greater transparency as to the registrant's strategies and actions to 
manage cybersecurity risks. For example, proposed disclosure about 
whether the registrant has a cybersecurity risk assessment program and 
undertakes activities designed to prevent, detect, and minimize effects 
of cybersecurity incidents can improve an investor's understanding of 
the registrant's cybersecurity risk profile. Given that a significant 
number of cybersecurity incidents pertain to third party service 
providers, the proposed rules would require disclosure concerning a 
registrant's selection and oversight of third-party entities as 
well.\71\
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    \71\ See Stephen Klemash and Jamie Smith, What companies are 
disclosing about cybersecurity risk and oversight, EY, supra note 6 
(``Around a third of the disclosed data breaches related to cyber 
attacks of third-party service providers.'').
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    Additionally, cybersecurity risks may have an impact on a 
registrant's business strategy, financial outlook, or financial 
planning. Across industries, companies increasingly rely on information 
technology, collection of data, and use of digital payments as critical 
components of their business model and strategy. Their exposure to 
cybersecurity risks and previous cybersecurity incidents may affect 
these critical components, informing changes in their business model, 
financial condition, financial planning, and allocation of capital. For 
example, a company with a business model that relies highly on 
collecting and safeguarding sensitive and personally identifiable 
information from its customers may consider raising additional capital 
to invest in enhanced cybersecurity protection, improvements in its 
information security infrastructure, or employee cybersecurity 
training. Another company may examine the risks and decide that its 
business model should be adapted to minimize its collection of 
sensitive and personally identifiable information in order to reduce 
its risk exposure. These strategic decisions have implications for the 
company's financial planning and future financial performance. 
Disclosure about the impact of cybersecurity risks on business strategy 
would enable investors to assess whether companies will become more 
resilient or conversely, more vulnerable to cybersecurity risks in the 
future.
    We also propose requiring disclosure of whether cybersecurity 
related risk and previous incidents have affected or are reasonably 
likely to affect the registrant's results of operations or financial 
condition. Investors would likely want to understand the financial 
impacts of cybersecurity risks and previous cybersecurity incidents in 
order to understand how these risks and incidents affect the company's 
financial performance or position, and thus the return on their 
investment. For example, a company that has previously experienced a 
cybersecurity incident may plan to provide compensation to consumers or 
it may anticipate regulatory fines or legal judgments as a result of 
the incident. These financial impacts would help investors understand 
the degree to which cybersecurity risks and incidents could affect the 
company's financial performance or position.
    Proposed Item 106(b) would therefore require registrants to 
disclose its

[[Page 16600]]

policies and procedures, if it has any, to identify and manage 
cybersecurity risks and threats, including: Operational risk; 
intellectual property theft; fraud; extortion; harm to employees or 
customers; violation of privacy laws and other litigation and legal 
risk; and reputational risk. Specifically, proposed Item 106(b) of 
Regulation S-K would require disclosure, as applicable, of whether: 
\72\
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    \72\ See proposed Item 106(b).
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    <bullet> The registrant has a cybersecurity risk assessment program 
and if so, provide a description of such program;
    <bullet> The registrant engages assessors, consultants, auditors, 
or other third parties in connection with any cybersecurity risk 
assessment program;
    <bullet> The registrant has policies and procedures to oversee and 
identify the cybersecurity risks associated with its use of any third-
party service provider (including, but not limited to, those providers 
that have access to the registrant's customer and employee data), 
including whether and how cybersecurity considerations affect the 
selection and oversight of these providers and contractual and other 
mechanisms the company uses to mitigate cybersecurity risks related to 
these providers;
    <bullet> The registrant undertakes activities to prevent, detect, 
and minimize effects of cybersecurity incidents;
    <bullet> The registrant has business continuity, contingency, and 
recovery plans in the event of a cybersecurity incident;
    <bullet> Previous cybersecurity incidents have informed changes in 
the registrant's governance, policies and procedures, or technologies;
    <bullet> Cybersecurity related risk and incidents have affected or 
are reasonably likely to affect the registrant's results of operations 
or financial condition and if so, how; and
    <bullet> Cybersecurity risks are considered as part of the 
registrant's business strategy, financial planning, and capital 
allocation and if so, how.
2. Governance
    Disclosure regarding board oversight of a registrant's 
cybersecurity risk and the inclusion or exclusion of management from 
the oversight of cybersecurity risks and the implementation of related 
policies, procedures, and strategies impacts an investor's ability to 
understand how a registrant prepares for, prevents, or responds to 
cybersecurity incidents.\73\ Accordingly, proposed Item 106(c) would 
require disclosure of a registrant's cybersecurity governance, 
including the board's oversight of cybersecurity risk and a description 
of management's role in assessing and managing cybersecurity risks, the 
relevant expertise of such management, and its role in implementing the 
registrant's cybersecurity policies, procedures, and strategies.\74\
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    \73\ See John F. Saverese et al., Cybersecurity Oversight and 
Defense--A Board and Management Imperative, Harv. L.Sch. F. on Corp. 
Governance (May 14, 2021), available at https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2021/05/14/cybersecurity-oversight-and-defense-a-board-and-management-imperative/.
    \74\ Proposed amendments to Form 10-K clarify that an asset-
backed issuer (as defined in Item 1101 of Regulation AB) that does 
not have any executive officers or directors may omit the 
information required by 17 CFR 229.106(c) (Item 106(c) of Regulation 
S-K).
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    Specifically, as it pertains to the board's oversight of 
cybersecurity risk, disclosure required by proposed Item 106(c)(1) 
would include a discussion, as applicable, of the following: \75\
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    \75\ See proposed Item 106(c)(1). In the case of a FPI with a 
two-tier board of directors, proposed Instruction 1 to Item 106(c) 
clarifies that the term ``board of directors'' means the supervisory 
or non-management board. In the case of a FPI meeting the 
requirements of 17 CFR 240.10A-3(c)(3), for purposes of proposed 
Item 106(c), the term, ``board of directors'' means the registrant's 
board of auditors (or similar body) or statutory auditors, as 
applicable.
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    <bullet> Whether the entire board, specific board members or a 
board committee is responsible for the oversight of cybersecurity 
risks;
    <bullet> The processes by which the board is informed about 
cybersecurity risks, and the frequency of its discussions on this 
topic; and
    <bullet> Whether and how the board or board committee considers 
cybersecurity risks as part of its business strategy, risk management, 
and financial oversight.
    This proposed disclosure about the board's oversight would inform 
investors about the role of the board in cybersecurity risk management, 
which may help inform their investment and voting decisions. Proposed 
Item 106(c)(1) would also reinforce the 2018 Interpretive Release, 
which states that the board's role in overseeing cybersecurity risks 
should be disclosed if ``cybersecurity risks are material to a 
company's business'' and that such disclosures should address how a 
board ``engages with management on cybersecurity issues'' and 
``discharg[es] its [cybersecurity] risk oversight responsibility.'' 
\76\
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    \76\ See 2018 Interpretive Release.
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    Proposed Item 106(c)(2) would require a description of management's 
role in assessing and managing cybersecurity-related risks and in 
implementing the registrant's cybersecurity policies, procedures, and 
strategies. This description would include, but not be limited to, the 
following information: \77\
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    \77\ See proposed Item 106(c)(2).
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    <bullet> Whether certain management positions or committees are 
responsible for measuring and managing cybersecurity risk, specifically 
the prevention, mitigation, detection, and remediation of cybersecurity 
incidents, and the relevant expertise of such persons or members;
    <bullet> Whether the registrant has a designated chief information 
security officer,\78\ or someone in a comparable position, and if so, 
to whom that individual reports within the registrant's organizational 
chart, and the relevant expertise \79\ of any such persons;
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    \78\ The chief information security officer may be responsible 
for identifying and monitoring cybersecurity risks, communicating 
with senior management and the registrant's business units about 
acceptable risk levels, developing risk mitigation strategies, and 
implementing a security framework that protects the registrant's 
digital assets. The Role of the CISO and the Digital Security 
Landscape, isaca j. vol. 2, at 22, 23-29 (2019) available at https://www.isaca.org/resources/isaca-journal/issues/2019/volume-2/the-role-of-the-ciso-and-the-digital-security-landscape.
    \79\ Proposed Instruction 2 to Item 106(c) provides guidance 
that ``expertise'' in Item 106(c)(2)(i) and (ii) may include, for 
example: Prior work experience in cybersecurity; any relevant 
degrees or certifications; any knowledge, skills, or other 
background in cybersecurity.
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    <bullet> The processes by which such persons or committees are 
informed about and monitor the prevention, mitigation, detection, and 
remediation of cybersecurity incidents; and
    <bullet> Whether and how frequently such persons or committees 
report to the board of directors or a committee of the board of 
directors on cybersecurity risk.
    This proposed disclosure of how a registrant's management assesses 
and implements policies, procedures, and strategies to mitigate 
cybersecurity risks would be of importance to investors both as they 
understand how registrants are planning for cybersecurity risks and as 
they make decisions as to how best to allocate their capital.
3. Definitions
    Proposed Item 106(a) defines the terms ``cybersecurity incident,'' 
``cybersecurity threat,'' and ``information systems,'' as used in 
proposed Item 106 and proposed Form 8-K Item 1.05 as follows: \80\
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    \80\ See proposed Item 106(a). These three terms are derived 
from a number of established sources. See Presidential Policy 
Directive--United States Cyber Incident Coordination (July 26, 2016) 
(``PPD-41''); 6 U.S.C. 1501 (2021); 44 U.S.C. 3502 (2021); 44 U.S.C. 
3552 (2021); see also National Institute of Standards and Technology 
(NIST), Computer Security Resource Center Glossary (last visited 
Feb. 6, 2022), available at https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary (``NIST 
Glossary''). The proposed definitions also are consistent with 
proposed definitions in the Investment Management Cybersecurity 
Proposing Release. See Investment Management Cybersecurity Proposing 
Release at notes 27, 28, and 30. We believe the proposed terms are 
sufficiently precise for registrants to understand and use in 
connection with the proposed rules. Use of common terms is intended 
to facilitate compliance and reduce regulatory burdens. Using common 
terms and similar definitions with the Investment Management 
Cybersecurity Proposing Release along with other federal 
cybersecurity rulemakings is intended to facilitate compliance and 
reduce regulatory burdens.

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[[Page 16601]]

    <bullet> Cybersecurity incident means an unauthorized occurrence on 
or conducted through a registrant's information systems that 
jeopardizes the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of a 
registrant's information systems or any information residing therein.
    <bullet> Cybersecurity threat means any potential occurrence that 
may result in, an unauthorized effort to adversely affect the 
confidentiality, integrity or availability of a registrant's 
information systems or any information residing therein.
    <bullet> Information systems means information resources, owned or 
used by the registrant, including physical or virtual infrastructure 
controlled by such information resources, or components thereof, 
organized for the collection, processing, maintenance, use, sharing, 
dissemination, or disposition of the registrant's information to 
maintain or support the registrant's operations.
    What constitutes a ``cybersecurity incident'' for purposes of our 
proposal should be construed broadly and may result from any one or 
more of the following: An accidental exposure of data, a deliberate 
action or activity to gain unauthorized access to systems or to steal 
or alter data, or other system compromises or data breaches.\81\
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    \81\ See supra Section II.B.2, for examples of cybersecurity 
incidents that may require disclosure pursuant to proposed Item 1.05 
of Form 8-K.
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Request for Comment
    17. Should we adopt Item 106(b) and (c) as proposed? Are there 
other aspects of a registrant's cybersecurity policies and procedures 
or governance that should be required to be disclosed under Item 106, 
to the extent that a registrant has any policies and procedures or 
governance? Conversely, should we exclude any of the proposed Item 106 
disclosure requirements?
    18. Are the proposed definitions of the terms ``cybersecurity 
incident,'' ``cybersecurity threat,'' and ``information systems,'' in 
Item 106(a) appropriate or should they be revised? Are there other 
terms used in the proposed amendments that we should define?
    19. The proposed rule does not define ``cybersecurity.'' We could 
define the term to mean, for example: ``any action, step, or measure to 
detect, prevent, deter, mitigate, or address any cybersecurity threat 
or any potential cybersecurity threat.'' Would defining 
``cybersecurity'' in proposed Item 106(a) be helpful? Why or why not? 
If defining this term would be helpful, is the definition provided 
above appropriate, or is there another definition that would better 
define ``cybersecurity''?
    20. Should we require the registrant to specify whether any 
cybersecurity assessor, consultant, auditor, or other service that it 
relies on is through an internal function or through an external third-
party service provider? Would such a disclosure be useful for 
investors?
    21. As proposed, a registrant that has not established any 
cybersecurity policies or procedures would not have to explicitly state 
that this is the case. If applicable, should a registrant have to 
explicitly state that it has not established any cybersecurity policies 
and procedures?
    22. Are there concerns that certain disclosures required under Item 
106 would have the potential effect of undermining a registrant's 
cybersecurity defense efforts or have other potentially adverse effects 
by highlighting a registrant's lack of policies and procedures related 
to cybersecurity? If so, how should we address these concerns while 
balancing investor need for a sufficient description of a registrant's 
policies and procedures for purposes of their investment decisions?
    23. Should we exempt certain categories of registrants from 
proposed Item 106, such as smaller reporting companies, emerging growth 
companies, or FPIs? If so, which ones and why? How would any exemption 
impact investor assessments and comparisons of the cybersecurity risks 
of registrants? Alternatively, should we provide for scaled disclosure 
requirements by any of these categories of registrants, and if so, how?
    24. Should we provide for delayed compliance or other transition 
provisions for proposed Item 106 for certain categories of registrants, 
such as smaller reporting companies, emerging growth companies, FPIs, 
or asset-backed securities issuers? Proposed Item 106(b), which would 
require companies to provide disclosures regarding existing policies 
and procedures for the identification and management of cybersecurity 
incidents, would be required in annual reports. Should the proposed 
Item 106(b) disclosures also be required in registration statements 
under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act?
    25. To what extent would disclosure under proposed Item 106 overlap 
with disclosure required under Item 407(h) of Regulation S-K (``Board 
leadership structure and role in oversight'') with respect to board 
oversight of cybersecurity risks? To the extent there is significant 
overlap, should we expressly provide for the use of hyperlinks or 
cross-references in Item 106? Are there other approaches that would 
effectively decrease duplicative disclosure without being cumbersome 
for investors?

E. Disclosure Regarding the Board of Directors' Cybersecurity Expertise

    Cybersecurity is already among the top priorities of many boards of 
directors \82\ and cybersecurity incidents and other risks are 
considered one of the largest threats to companies.\83\ Accordingly, 
investors may find disclosure of whether any board members have 
cybersecurity expertise to be important as they consider their 
investment in the registrant as well as their votes on the election of 
directors of the registrant.
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    \82\ NACD, 2019-2020 NACD Public Company Governance Survey, 
available at https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2019-2020-Public-Company-Survey.pdf.
    \83\ See id.
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    We propose to amend Item 407 of Regulation S-K by adding paragraph 
(j) to require disclosure about the cybersecurity expertise of members 
of the board of directors of the registrant, if any. If any member of 
the board has cybersecurity expertise, the registrant would have to 
disclose the name(s) of any such director(s), and provide such detail 
as necessary to fully describe the nature of the expertise.\84\
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    \84\ Consistent with proposed Instruction 1 to Item 106(c), we 
are proposing an instruction to Item 407(j) to clarify that in the 
case of a FPI with a two-tier board of directors the term ``board of 
directors'' means the supervisory or non-management board. In the 
case of a FPI meeting the requirements of 17 CFR 240.10A-3(c)(3), 
for purposes of 407(j), the term, ``board of directors'' means the 
registrant's board of auditors (or similar body) or statutory 
auditors, as applicable. See proposed Instruction 2 to Item 407(j). 
Likewise, proposed General Instruction J to Form 10-K permits an 
asset-backed issuer that does not have any executive officers or 
directors to omit the Item 407 disclosure required by Form 10-K as 
these entities are generally passive pools of assets and are subject 
to substantially different reporting requirements than operating 
companies. Similarly, such entities would be permitted to omit the 
proposed Item 407(j) disclosure from Form 10-K under General 
Instruction J for the same reason.
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    The proposed requirements would build upon the existing disclosure 
requirements in Item 401(e) of Regulation S-K (business experience of 
directors) and Item 407(h) of Regulation

[[Page 16602]]

S-K (board risk oversight). The proposed Item 407(j) disclosure would 
be required in a registrant's proxy or information statement when 
action is to be taken with respect to the election of directors, and in 
its Form 10-K.
    Proposed Item 407(j) would not define what constitutes 
``cybersecurity expertise,'' given that such expertise may cover 
different experiences, skills, and tasks. Proposed Item 407(j)(1)(ii) 
does, however, include the following non-exclusive list of criteria 
that a registrant should consider in reaching a determination on 
whether a director has expertise in cybersecurity:
    <bullet> Whether the director has prior work experience in 
cybersecurity, including, for example, prior experience as an 
information security officer, security policy analyst, security 
auditor, security architect or engineer, security operations or 
incident response manager, or business continuity planner;
    <bullet> Whether the director has obtained a certification or 
degree in cybersecurity; and
    <bullet> Whether the director has knowledge, skills, or other 
background in cybersecurity, including, for example, in the areas of 
security policy and governance, risk management, security assessment, 
control evaluation, security architecture and engineering, security 
operations, incident handling, or business continuity planning.
    Proposed Item 407(j)(2) would state that a person who is determined 
to have expertise in cybersecurity will not be deemed an expert for any 
purpose, including, without limitation, for purposes of Section 11 of 
the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77k),\85\ as a result of being designated 
or identified as a director with expertise in cybersecurity pursuant to 
proposed Item 407(j).\86\ This proposed safe harbor is intended to 
clarify that Item 407(j) would not impose on such person any duties, 
obligations, or liability that are greater than the duties, 
obligations, and liability imposed on such person as a member of the 
board of directors in the absence of such designation or 
identification.\87\ This provision should alleviate such concerns for 
cybersecurity experts considering board service. Conversely, we do not 
intend for the identification of a cybersecurity expert on the board to 
decrease the duties and obligations or liability of other board 
members.\88\
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    \85\ 15 U.S.C. 77k.
    \86\ See proposed Item 407(j)(3)(i).
    \87\ See proposed Item 407(j)(3)(ii).
    \88\ See proposed Item 407(j)(3)(iii).
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Request for Comment
    26. Would proposed Item 407(j) disclosure provide information that 
investors would find useful? Should it be modified in any way?
    27. Should we require disclosure of the names of persons with 
cybersecurity expertise on the board of directors, as currently 
proposed in Item 407(j)(1)? Would a requirement to name such persons 
have the unintended effect of deterring persons with this expertise 
from serving on a board of directors?
    28. When a registrant does not have a person with cybersecurity 
expertise on its board of directors, should the registrant be required 
to state expressly that this is the case under proposed Item 407(j)(1)? 
As proposed, we would not require a registrant to make such an explicit 
statement.
    29. Proposed Item 407(j) would require registrants to describe 
fully the nature of a board member's expertise in cybersecurity without 
mandating specific disclosures. Is there particular information that we 
should instead require a registrant to disclose with respect to a board 
member's expertise in cybersecurity?
    30. As proposed, Item 407(j)(1) includes a non-exclusive list of 
criteria that a company should consider in determining whether a 
director has expertise in cybersecurity. Are these factors for 
registrants to consider useful in determining cybersecurity expertise? 
Should the list be revised, eliminated, or supplemented?
    31. Would the Item 407(j) disclosure requirements have the 
unintended effect of undermining a registrant's cybersecurity defense 
efforts or otherwise impose undue burdens on registrants? If so, how?
    32. Should 407(j) disclosure of board expertise be required in an 
annual report and proxy or information statement, as proposed?
    33. To what extent would disclosure under proposed Item 407(j) 
overlap with disclosure required under Item 401(e) of Regulation S-K 
with respect to the business experience of directors? Are there 
alternative approaches that would avoid duplicative disclosure without 
being cumbersome for investors?
    34. As proposed, Item 407(j) does not include a definition of the 
term ``expertise'' in the context of cybersecurity? Should Item 407(j) 
define the term ``expertise''? If so, how should we define the term?
    35. Should certain categories of registrants, such as smaller 
reporting companies, emerging growth companies, or FPIs, be excluded 
from the proposed Item 407(j) disclosure requirement? How would any 
exclusion affect the ability of investors to assess the cybersecurity 
risk of a registrant or compare such risk among registrants?
    36. Should we adopt the proposed Item 407(j)(2) safe harbor to 
clarify that a director identified as having expertise in cybersecurity 
would not have any increased level of liability under the federal 
securities laws as a result of such identification? Are there 
alternatives we should consider?
    37. As proposed, disclosure under Item 407(j) would be required in 
a proxy or information statement. Should we require the disclosure 
under Item 407(j) to appear in a registrant's proxy or information 
statement regardless of whether the registrant is relying on General 
Instruction G(3)? Is this information relevant to a security holder's 
decision to vote for a particular director?

F. Periodic Disclosure by Foreign Private Issuers

    We propose to amend Form 20-F to add Item 16J that would require an 
FPI to include in its annual report on Form 20-F the same type of 
disclosure that we propose in Items 106 and 407(j) of Regulation S-K 
and that would be required in periodic reports filed by domestic 
registrants. One difference is that while domestic registrants would be 
required to include the proposed Item 407(j) disclosure about board 
expertise in both their annual reports and proxy or information 
statements, FPIs are not subject to Commission rules for proxy or 
information statement filings and thus, would only be required to 
include this disclosure in their annual reports.\89\
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    \89\ Exchange Act Rule 3a12-3(b) [17 CFR 240.3a12-3(b)].
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    With respect to incident disclosure, where an FPI has previously 
reported an incident on Form 6-K, the proposed amendments would require 
an update regarding such incidents, consistent with proposed Item 
106(d)(1) of Regulation S-K.\90\ We are also proposing to amend Form 
20-F to require FPIs to disclose on an annual basis information 
regarding any previously undisclosed material cybersecurity incidents 
that have occurred during the reporting period, including a series of 
previously undisclosed individually immaterial cybersecurity incidents 
that has become material in the aggregate.\91\
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    \90\ See proposed Item 16J(d)(1).
    \91\ See proposed Item 16J(d)(2).
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    The Commission created Form 40-F in connection with its 
establishment of a multijurisdictional disclosure system (``MJDS''). 
This system generally

[[Page 16603]]

permits eligible Canadian FPIs to use Canadian disclosure standards and 
documents to satisfy the Commission's registration and disclosure 
requirements. Accordingly, we are not proposing prescriptive 
cybersecurity disclosure requirements for Form 40-F filers.
Request for Comment
    38. Should we amend Form 20-F, as proposed to require disclosure 
regarding cybersecurity risk management and strategy, governance, and 
incidents? Additionally, should we amend Form 6-K, as proposed, to add 
``cybersecurity incidents'' as a reporting topic? Are there unique 
considerations with respect to FPIs in these contexts?
    39. We are not proposing any changes to Form 40-F. Should we 
instead require an MJDS issuer filing an annual report on Form 40-F to 
comply with the Commission's specific proposed cybersecurity-related 
disclosure requirements in the same manner as Form 10-K or Form 20-F 
filers?

G. Structured Data Requirements

    We are proposing to require registrants to tag the information 
specified by Item 1.05 of Form 8-K and Items 106 and 407(j) of 
Regulation S-K in Inline XBRL in accordance with Rule 405 of Regulation 
S-T (17 CFR 232.405) and the EDGAR Filer Manual.\92\ The proposed 
requirements would include block text tagging of narrative disclosures, 
as well as detail tagging of quantitative amounts disclosed within the 
narrative disclosures. Inline XBRL is both machine-readable and human-
readable, which improves the quality and usability of XBRL data for 
investors.\93\
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    \92\ This tagging requirement would be implemented by including 
a cross-reference to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T in proposed Item 
1.05 of Form 8-K and Items 106 and 407(j) of Regulation S-K, and by 
revising Rule 405(b) of Regulation S-T [17 CFR 232.405(b)] to 
include the listed disclosure Items. In conjunction with the EDGAR 
Filer Manual, Regulation S-T governs the electronic submission of 
documents filed with the Commission. Rule 405 of Regulation S-T 
specifically governs the scope and manner of disclosure tagging 
requirements for operating companies and investment companies, 
including the requirement in Rule 405(a)(3) to use Inline XBRL as 
the specific structured data language to use for tagging the 
disclosures.
    \93\ See Inline XBRL Filing of Tagged Data, Securities Act 
Release No. 10514 (June 28, 2018) [83 FR 40846 (Aug. 16, 2018)]. 
Inline XBRL allows filers to embed XBRL data directly into an HTML 
document, eliminating the need to tag a copy of the information in a 
separate XBRL exhibit. Inline XBRL is both human-readable and 
machine-readable for purposes of validation, aggregation, and 
analysis. Id. at 40851.
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    Requiring Inline XBRL tagging of the disclosures provided pursuant 
to these disclosure items would benefit investors by making the 
disclosures more readily available and easily accessible to investors, 
market participants, and others for aggregation, comparison, filtering, 
and other analysis, as compared to requiring a non-machine readable 
data language such as ASCII or HTML. This Inline XBRL tagging would 
enable automated extraction and analysis of the granular data required 
by the proposed rules, allowing investors and other market participants 
to more efficiently perform large-scale analysis and comparison of this 
information across registrants and time periods. For narrative 
disclosures, an Inline XBRL requirement would allow investors to 
extract and search for disclosures about cybersecurity incidents 
reported on Form 8-K, updated information about cybersecurity incidents 
reported in a registrant's periodic reports, a registrant's 
cybersecurity policies and procedures, management's role in assessing 
and managing cybersecurity risks, and the board of directors' oversight 
of cybersecurity risk and cybersecurity expertise rather than having to 
manually run searches for these disclosures through entire documents. 
The Inline XBRL requirement would also enable automatic comparison of 
these disclosures against prior periods, and targeted artificial 
intelligence/machine learning assessments of specific narrative 
disclosures rather than the entire unstructured document. At the same 
time, we do not expect the incremental compliance burden associated 
with tagging the proposed additional information to be unduly 
burdensome because registrants subject to the proposed tagging 
requirements are for the most part subject to similar Inline XBRL 
requirements in other Commission filings.
Request for Comment
    40. Should we require registrants to tag the disclosures required 
by proposed Item 1.05 of Form 8-K and Items 106 and 407(j) of 
Regulation S-K in Inline XBRL, as proposed? Are there any changes we 
should make to ensure accurate and consistent tagging? If so, what 
changes should we make? Should we require registrants to use a 
different structured data language to tag these disclosures? If so, 
what structured data language should we require? Are there any 
registrants, such as smaller reporting companies, emerging growth 
companies, or FPIs that we should exempt from the tagging requirement?

General Request for Comment

    We request and encourage any interested person to submit comments 
regarding the proposed rule amendments, specific issues discussed in 
this release, and other matters that may have an effect on the proposed 
rule amendments. With regard to any comments, we note that such 
comments are of particular assistance to our rulemaking initiative if 
accompanied by supporting data and analysis of the issues addressed in 
those comments.

III. Economic Analysis

A. Introduction

    Cybersecurity threats and incidents continue to increase in 
prevalence and seriousness, posing an ongoing and escalating risk to 
public companies, investors, and other market participants.\94\ The 
number of reported breaches disclosed by public companies has increased 
over the last decade, from 28 in 2011 to 144 in 2019 and 117 in 
2020.\95\ Although estimating the total cost of cybersecurity incidents 
is difficult, as many events may be unreported, some estimates put the 
total costs in the trillions of dollars per year in the U.S. alone.\96\ 
The Council of Economic Advisers estimated that in 2016 the total cost 
of cybersecurity incidents was between $57 billion and $109 billion, or 
between 0.31 and 0.58 percent of U.S. GDP in that year.\97\
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    \94\ Unless otherwise noted, when we discuss the economic 
effects of the proposed amendments on ``other market participants,'' 
we mean those market participants that typically provide services 
for investors and who rely on the information in registrant's 
filings (such as financial analysts, investment advisers, and 
portfolio managers).
    \95\ Audit Analytics, Trends in Cybersecurity Breaches (Mar. 
2021) (stating that: ``[c]ybersecurity breaches can result in a 
litany of costs, such as investigations, legal fees, and 
remediation. There is also the risk of economic costs that directly 
impact financial performance, such as a reduction in revenue due to 
lost sales.'').
    \96\ See Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Cost 
of a Cyber Incident: Systemic Review and Cross-Validation (Oct. 26, 
2020), available at https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/CISA-OCE_Cost_of_Cyber_Incidents_Study-FINAL_508.pdf.
    \97\ See supra note 12, The Council of Economic Advisers, The 
Cost of Malicious Cyber Activity to the U.S. Economy (Feb. 2018).
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    As described earlier, while cybersecurity incident disclosure has 
become more frequent since the issuance of the 2011 Staff Guidance and 
2018 Interpretive Release, there is concern that material cybersecurity 
incidents are underreported.\98\ For instance, the staff has observed 
that certain cybersecurity incidents were reported in the media but not 
disclosed in a registrant's filings.\99\ Even when

[[Page 16604]]

disclosures about cybersecurity breaches are made, they may not be 
timely. According to Audit Analytics data, in 2020, it took on average 
44 days for companies to discover breaches, and then in addition, it 
took an average of 53 days and a median of 37 days for companies to 
disclose a breach after its discovery.\100\ Additionally, incident 
disclosure practices currently vary widely across registrants--some 
registrants disclose incidents through Form 8-K and some may disclose 
on a company website or in a press release. Because cybersecurity 
incidents can significantly impact companies' stock prices, delayed 
reporting results in mispricing of registrants' securities, harming 
investors.\101\ Therefore, more timely and informative disclosure of a 
cybersecurity incident is needed for investors to assess an incident's 
impact and a registrant's ability to respond to the incident and to 
make more informed decisions.
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    \98\ See supra section II.B and note 46. See also infra note 
146, Amir et al. (2018) (providing evidence that companies 
underreport cyber-attacks).
    \99\ See supra section I.B.
    \100\ See supra note 95 (``Audit Analytics'').
    \101\ See infra note 133.
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    Investors also need to better understand the growing cybersecurity 
risks registrants are facing and their ability to manage such risks in 
order to better value their securities. Executives, boards of 
directors, and investors are focused on this emerging risk. A 2019 
survey of CEOs, boards of directors, and institutional investors found 
that they identified cybersecurity as the top global challenge for 
CEOs.\102\ In 2021, a survey of audit committee members identified 
cybersecurity as the second highest risk that their audit committee 
would focus on in 2022, second only to financial reporting and internal 
controls.\103\
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    \102\ See supra note 15, EY CEO Imperative Study (2019). The 
Ernst & Young survey consisted of interviewing 200 global CEOs 
amongst the Forbes Global 2000 and Forbes largest private companies 
as well as interviewing 100 senior investors from global firms that 
had managed at least $100 billion in assets.
    \103\ See Center for Audit Quality, Audit Committee Practices 
Report: Common Threads Across Audit Committees (Jan. 2022), 
available at https://www.thecaq.org/2022-ac-practices-report/.
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    Disclosures about cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and 
governance are increasing, although they are not currently provided by 
all registrants. An analysis of disclosures by Fortune 100 companies 
found that disclosures of cybersecurity risk in proxy statements were 
found in 89 percent of filings in 2020, up from 79 percent in 2018, and 
disclosures of efforts to mitigate cybersecurity risk were found in 92 
percent of proxy statements or 10-K Forms, up from 83 percent in 
2018.\104\
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    \104\ See Jamie Smith, How Cybersecurity Risk Disclosures and 
Oversight are Evolving in 2021, EY Center for Board Matters (Oct. 5, 
2021), available at https://www.ey.com/en_us/board-matters/cybersecurity-risk-disclosures-and-oversight.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As with incident reporting, there is a lack of uniformity in 
current reporting practice for cybersecurity risk management, strategy, 
and governance disclosure.\105\ The relevant disclosures currently are 
made in varying sections of a registrant's periodic and current 
reports, such as in risk factors, in management's discussion and 
analysis, in a description of business and legal proceedings, or in 
financial statement disclosures, and are sometimes blended with other 
unrelated disclosures. The varied disclosure about both cybersecurity 
incidents and cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance 
makes it difficult for investors and other market participants to 
understand the cybersecurity risks that companies face and their 
preparedness for an attack, and to make comparisons across registrants.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \105\ See supra section I.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To provide investors and other market participants with more 
timely, informative, and consistent disclosure about cybersecurity 
incidents, and cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance, 
we are proposing the following amendments.\106\ Regarding incident 
reporting, we propose to: (1) Amend Form 8-K to add Item 1.05 to 
require registrants to disclose information about a cybersecurity 
incident within four business days following the registrant's 
determination that such an incident is material to the registrant; and 
(2) add new Item 106(d) of Regulation S-K to require registrants to 
provide updated disclosure in its periodic reports relating to 
previously disclosed incidents; and (3) amend Form 20-F and Form 6-K to 
require FPIs to provide cybersecurity disclosures consistent with the 
disclosure that we propose to require in the domestic forms.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \106\ See supra section II.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For disclosures regarding cybersecurity risk management, strategy, 
and governance, we are proposing the following. First, we propose to 
amend Regulation S-K to require disclosure specified in proposed new 
Item 106(b) and (c) regarding: (1) A registrant's policies and 
procedures if any, for identifying and managing cybersecurity risks, 
(2) a registrant's cybersecurity governance, including the board of 
directors' oversight role regarding cybersecurity-related issues, and 
(3) management's role and expertise in assessing and managing 
cybersecurity risks and implementing related policies, procedures and 
strategies. Second, we propose to amend Item 407 of Regulation S-K to 
require disclosure about cybersecurity expertise of any member of the 
board.
    The discussion below addresses the potential economic effects of 
the proposed amendments, including the likely benefits and costs, as 
well as the likely effects on efficiency, competition, and capital 
formation.\107\ At the outset, we note that, where possible, we have 
attempted to quantify the benefits, costs, and effects on efficiency, 
competition, and capital formation expected to result from the proposed 
amendments. In many cases, however, we are unable to quantify the 
potential economic effects because we lack information necessary to 
provide a reasonable estimate. Where we are unable to quantify the 
economic effects of the proposed amendments, we provide a qualitative 
assessment of the potential effects and encourage commenters to provide 
data and information that would help quantify the benefits, costs, and 
the potential impacts of the proposed amendments on efficiency, 
competition, and capital formation.
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    \107\ Section 2(b) of the Securities Act [15 U.S.C. 77b(b)] and 
Section 3(f) of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. 78c(f)] directs the 
Commission, when engaging in rulemaking where it is required to 
consider or determine whether an action is necessary or appropriate 
in the public interest, to consider, in addition to the protection 
of investors, whether the action will promote efficiency, 
competition, and capital formation. Further, Section 23(a)(2) of the 
Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78w(a)(2)) requires the Commission, when 
making rules under the Exchange Act, to consider the impact that the 
rules would have on competition, and prohibits the Commission from 
adopting any rule that would impose a burden on competition not 
necessary or appropriate in furtherance of the Exchange Act.
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B. Economic Baseline

1. Current Regulatory Framework
    To assess the economic impact of the proposed rules, the Commission 
is using as its baseline the existing regulatory framework for 
cybersecurity disclosure. As discussed in Section I, although a number 
of rules and regulations impose an obligation on companies to disclose 
cybersecurity risks and incidents in certain circumstances, the 
Commission's regulations currently do not explicitly address 
cybersecurity.
    In 2011, the Division of Corporation Finance issued interpretive 
guidance providing the Division's views concerning operating companies' 
disclosure obligations relating to cybersecurity risks and 
incidents.\108\ The 2011 Staff Guidance provided an overview of 
existing specific disclosure obligations that may require a discussion 
of cybersecurity risks and

[[Page 16605]]

cybersecurity incidents, along with examples of potential 
disclosures.\109\ Building on the 2011 Staff Guidance, the Commission 
issued the 2018 Interpretive Release to assist operating companies in 
preparing disclosure about cybersecurity risks and incidents under 
existing disclosure rules.\110\ In the 2018 Interpretive Release, the 
Commission instructed companies to provide timely and ongoing 
information in periodic reports (Form 10-Q, Form 10-K, and Form 20-F) 
about material cybersecurity risks and incidents that trigger 
disclosure obligations. Additionally, the 2018 Interpretive Release 
encouraged companies to continue to use current reports (Form 8-K or 
Form 6-K) to disclose material information promptly, including 
disclosure pertaining to cybersecurity matters. Further, the 2018 
Interpretive Release noted that to the extent cybersecurity risks are 
material to a company's business, the Commission believes that the 
required disclosure of the company's risk oversight should include the 
nature of the board's role in overseeing the management of that 
cybersecurity risk. The 2018 Interpretive Release also stated that a 
company's controls and procedures should enable them to, among other 
things, identify cybersecurity risks and incidents and make timely 
disclosures regarding such risks and incidents. Finally, the 2018 
Interpretive Release highlighted the importance of insider trading 
prohibitions and the need to refrain from making selective disclosures 
of cybersecurity risks or incidents.
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    \108\ See supra section I.A and note 26.
    \109\ Id.
    \110\ See supra section I.A and note 27.
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    Companies currently may also be subject to other cybersecurity 
incident disclosure requirements adopted by various industry regulators 
and contractual counterparties. For example, federal contractors may be 
required to monitor and report cybersecurity incidents and breaches or 
face liability under the False Claims Act.\111\ The Health Insurance 
Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) requires covered entities 
and their business associates to provide notification following a 
breach of unsecured protected health information.\112\ Similar rules 
require vendors of personal health records and related entities to 
report data breaches to affected individuals and the Federal Trade 
Commission.\113\ All 50 states have data breach laws that require 
businesses to notify individuals of security breaches involving their 
personally identifiable information.\114\ There are other rules that 
companies must follow in international jurisdictions that are similar 
in scope to the proposed rules. For example, in the European Union, the 
General Data Protection Regulation mandates disclosure of cybersecurity 
breaches.\115\ All of the aforementioned data breach disclosure 
requirements may cover some of the material incidents that companies 
would need to report under the proposed amendments, but not all 
incidents. Additionally, the timeliness and public reporting 
requirements of these requirements vary, making it difficult for 
investors and other market participants to be alerted to the breaches, 
and to be provided with an adequate understanding of the impact of such 
incidents to registrants.
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    \111\ See Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, 
Justice News: Deputy Attorney General Lisa O. Monaco Announces New 
Civil Cyber-Fraud Initiative, (Oct. 6, 2021), available at https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/deputy-attorney-general-lisa-o-monaco-announces-new-civil-cyber-fraud-initiative; see, e.g., FAR 52.239-1 
(requiring contractors to ``immediately'' notify the federal 
government if they become aware of ``new or unanticipated threats or 
hazards . . . or if existing safeguards have ceased to function'').
    \112\ See 45 CFR 164.400-164.414 (Notification in the Case of 
Breach of Unsecured Protected Health Information).
    \113\ See 16 CFR 318 (Health Breach Notification Rule).
    \114\ Note that there are carve outs to these rules, and not 
every company may fall under any particular rule. See Security 
Breach Notification Laws, National Conference of State Legislatures 
(Jan. 17, 2022), available at https://www.ncsl.org/research/telecommunications-and-information-technology/security-breach-notification-laws.aspx.
    \115\ See Regulation (EU) 2016/679, of the European Parliament 
and the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural 
persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the 
free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC 
(General Data Protection Regulation), arts. 33 (Notification of a 
personal data breach to the supervisory authority), 34 
(Communication of a personal data breach to the data subject), 2016 
O.J. (L 119) 1 (``GDPR'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some companies are also subject to other mandates to fulfill a 
basic level of cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance. 
For instance, government contractors may be subject to the Federal 
Information Security Modernization Act, and use the National Institute 
of Standards and Technology framework to manage information and privacy 
risks.\116\ Financial institutions may be subject to the Federal Trade 
Commission's Standards for Safeguarding Customer Information Rule, 
requiring an information security program and a qualified individual to 
oversee the security program and to provide periodic reports to a 
company's board of directors or equivalent governing body.\117\ Under 
HIPAA regulations, covered entities are also subject to rules that 
require protection against reasonably anticipated threats to electronic 
protected health information.\118\ International jurisdictions also 
have cybersecurity risk mitigation measures, for example, the GDPR 
requires basic cybersecurity risk mitigation measures and has 
governance requirements.\119\ These various requirements have varying 
standards and requirements for reporting cybersecurity risk management, 
strategy, and governance, and may not provide investors with clear and 
comparable disclosure regarding how a particular registrant manages its 
cybersecurity risk profile.
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    \116\ See NIST Risk Management Framework, NIST (updated Jan. 31, 
2022), available at https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/risk-management/fisma-background.
    \117\ See 16 CFR 314.
    \118\ See 45 CFR 164 (Security and Privacy).
    \119\ See supra note 115, GDPR, Sec.  32, Sec.  37.
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2. Affected Parties
    The proposed new disclosure requirements would apply to various 
filings, including current reports, periodic reports, and certain proxy 
statements filed with the Commission. Thus, the parties that are likely 
to be affected by the proposed rules include investors, registrants, 
other market participants that use the information in these filings 
(such as financial analysts, investment advisers, and portfolio 
managers) and external stakeholders such as consumers and other 
companies in the same industry as affected firms.
    We expect the proposed rules to affect all companies with relevant 
disclosure obligations on Forms 10-K, 10-Q, 20-F, 8-K, or 6-K, and 
proxy statements. This includes approximately 7,848 companies filing on 
domestic forms and 973 FPIs filing on foreign forms based on all 
companies that filed such forms or an amendment thereto during calendar 
year 2020.\120\
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    \120\ Estimates of affected registrants here are based on the 
number of unique CIKs with at least one periodic report, current 
report, proxy filing, or an amendment to one of the three filed in 
calendar year 2020.
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    Our textual analysis \121\ of all calendar year 2020 Form 10-K 
filings and amendments (7,683) reveals that out of 6,634 domestic 
filers approximately 64% (4,272) of them made any cybersecurity-related 
disclosures. The filers' average size in terms of total assets and 
market capitalization was

[[Page 16606]]

approximately $14.1 billion and $7.5 billion, respectively.\122\ By 
comparison, the average size of domestic annual report filers that did 
not make any cyber disclosures was $892.6 million and $2.2 billion in 
terms of total assets and market capitalization, respectively. However, 
the average size of all baseline affected filers was approximately 
$14.1 billion and $5.6 billion in total assets and market 
capitalization respectively. The nature of these disclosures is 
summarized in the table below, which reports the relative frequency of 
cyber-related disclosures by location within the annual report 
conditional on a report having at least one discussion of 
cybersecurity. We note that the average number of reporting locations 
for registrants making cybersecurity-related disclosures on the annual 
report is 1.5, and registrants making cybersecurity-related disclosures 
often only did so in one section of the annual report (64%). However, 
many annual reports featured cybersecurity discussions in more than one 
section: 25% had disclosures in 2 sections, 7% in 3 sections, and 1% in 
5 or more sections. Because of this, the percentages in Table 1 sum to 
greater than 100%.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \121\ In performing this analysis, staff executed a combination 
of computer program-based keyword (and combination of key words) 
searches followed by manual review to classify disclosures by 
location within the document. This analysis covered 7,683 Forms 10-K 
and 10-K/A filed in calendar year 2020 by 6,634 registrants as 
identified by unique CIK.
    \122\ Market capitalization averages are estimated as of end of 
calendar year 2020. Total Asset averages are estimated from the 
value for the most recently completed fiscal year reported by a 
registrant by year end 2020.

Table 1--Incidence of Cybersecurity-Related Disclosures by 10-K Location
                                    a
------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Disclosure location           Item description      Percentage
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Item 1A...........................  Risk Factors........            94.3
Item 1............................  Description of                  20.5
                                     Business *.
PSLRA.............................  Cautionary Language             16.3
                                     regarding Forward
                                     Looking Statements.
Item 7............................  Management's                    10.0
                                     Discussion and
                                     Analysis *.
Item 10...........................  Directors, Executive             3.4
                                     Officers and
                                     Corporate
                                     Governance.
Item 8............................  Financial Statements             2.8
                                     and Supplementary
                                     Data.
                                    Exhibits (attached).             0.9
Item 11...........................  Executive                        0.4
                                     Compensation.
Item 15...........................  Exhibits, Financial              0.4
                                     Statement Schedules.
Item 2............................  Properties..........             0.3
Item 3............................  Legal Proceedings...             0.3
Item 9............................  Changes in and                   0.2
                                     Disagreements with
                                     Accountants on
                                     Accounting and
                                     Financial
                                     Disclosure *.
Item 13...........................  Certain                          0.2
                                     Relationships and
                                     Related
                                     Transactions, and
                                     Director
                                     Independence.
Item 6............................  Selected Financial               0.2
                                     Data.
Item 5............................  Market for                       0.1
                                     Registrant's Common
                                     Equity, Related
                                     Stockholder Matters
                                     and Issuer
                                     Purchases of Equity
                                     Securities.
Item 4............................  Mine Safety                      0.1
                                     Disclosures.
Item 14...........................  Principal Accountant             0.1
                                     Fees and Services.
Item 12...........................  Security Ownership               0.0
                                     of Certain
                                     Beneficial Owners
                                     and Management and
                                     Related Stockholder
                                     Matters.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ Because of heterogeneity in registrants' labeling of sections, Items
  other than 1A are grouped only at the numeric level. An asterisk in
  the table denotes that the identified Item may contain disclosures
  located in a more specific subsection. Item 1, for instance, includes
  Item 1B disclosures; Item 7 includes 7A; and Item 9 includes 9A, 9B,
  and 9C.

    As presented in Table 1, approximately 94% (4,029) of Form 10-K or 
amendment filers that provided any cyber-related disclosures included 
discussion of cybersecurity as a material risk factor in Item 1A.
    We further estimate that, in 2020, approximately 603 domestic 
companies reported having a director on their board with cybersecurity 
experience or expertise. This estimate is based on a review of 
cybersecurity disclosures by registrants that filed either a Form 10-K 
or an amended Form 10-K in 2020 that included cybersecurity-related 
language in their Item 10 (Directors and Executive Officers of the 
Registrant) discussion or provided similar disclosures in a proxy 
filing instead.\123\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \123\ Based on manual review of the total of 15,565 proxy 
filings filed in 2020 and the 1,600 of them that mentioned 
cybersecurity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, there were a total of 74,098 Form 8-K filings in 2020, 
involving 7,021 filers, out of which 40 filings reported material 
cybersecurity incidents. Similarly, there were a total of 23,373 Form 
6-K filings in 2020, involving 979 filers, out of which 27 filings 
reported material cybersecurity incidents. Filers of annual, quarterly, 
or current reports (Forms 10-K, 10-Q, 20-F, 8-K, or 6-K) including a 
cybersecurity discussion in any form included 104 business development 
companies.

C. Potential Benefits and Costs of the Proposed Amendments

    We have considered the potential benefits and costs associated with 
the proposed amendments. The proposed rules would benefit investors and 
other market participants by providing more timely and informative 
disclosures relating to cybersecurity incidents and cybersecurity risk 
management, strategy, and governance, facilitating investor decision-
making and reducing information asymmetry in the market. The proposed 
amendments also would entail costs. For instance, in addition to the 
costs of providing the disclosure itself, more detailed disclosure 
could potentially increase the vulnerability of registrants and the 
risk of future attacks. A discussion of the anticipated economic costs 
and benefits of the proposed amendments is set forth in more detail 
below. We first discuss benefits to investors (and other market 
participants, such as financial analysts, investment advisers, and 
portfolio managers) and registrants. We subsequently discuss costs to 
investors and registrants. We conclude with a discussion of indirect 
economic effects on registrants and external stakeholders, such as 
consumers, and companies in the same industry with registrants or those 
facing similar cybersecurity threats.
    We also expect the proposed amendments to affect compliance 
burdens. The quantitative estimates of changes in those burdens for 
purposes of the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (``PRA'') are further 
discussed in Section [IV] below. For purposes of the PRA, we estimate 
that the proposed amendments would result in an increase of 2,000 and

[[Page 16607]]

180 burden hours from the increase in the number Form 8-K and Form 6-K 
filings respectively.\124\ In addition, the estimated increase in the 
paperwork burden as a result of the proposed amendments for Form 10-Q, 
Form 10-K, Form 20-F, Schedule 14A, and Schedule 14C would be 3,000 
hours, 132,576 hours, 12,028.50 hours, 3,900 hours, and 342 hours 
respectively.\125\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \124\ See infra section IV.
    \125\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Benefits
    Investors would be the main beneficiaries from the enhanced 
disclosure of both cybersecurity incidents and cybersecurity risk 
management, strategy, and governance as a result of the proposed 
amendments. Specifically, investors would benefit because: (1) More 
informative and timely disclosure would reduce mispricing of securities 
in the market and facilitate their decision making; and (2) more 
uniform and comparable disclosures would lower search costs and 
information processing costs. Other market participants that rely on 
financial statement information to provide services to investors, such 
as financial analysts, investment advisers, and portfolio managers, 
could also benefit. Registrants could benefit, because the enhanced 
disclosure as a result of the proposed amendments could reduce 
information asymmetry and potentially lower registrants' cost of 
capital.
a. Benefits to Investors
(i) More Informative and More Timely Disclosure
    More informative and timely disclosures would reduce mispricing of 
securities in the market and facilitate investor decision making. 
Information benefits would result from both types of disclosure,\126\ 
and timeliness benefits would result from the proposed cybersecurity 
incident disclosure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \126\ Throughout this section, we use the term ``both types of 
disclosure'' to refer to the disclosure of (1) cybersecurity 
incidents and (2) cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and 
governance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed amendments would provide more informative disclosures 
related to cybersecurity incidents and cybersecurity risk management, 
strategy, and governance compared to the current disclosure framework, 
benefiting investors. The increase in disclosure would allow investors 
to better understand a registrant's cybersecurity risks and ability to 
manage such risks, and thereby make more informed investment decisions. 
As discussed in Section I, currently, there are no disclosure 
requirements that explicitly refer to cybersecurity risks or incidents. 
While existing disclosure requirements may apply to material 
cybersecurity incidents and various cybersecurity risks and mitigation 
efforts, as highlighted in the 2011 Staff Guidance and the 2018 
Interpretive Release, the existing disclosure requirements are more 
general in nature, and the resulting disclosures have not been 
consistently sufficient or necessarily informative.
    Specifically, regarding incident reporting, there is concern that 
material cybersecurity incidents are underreported,\127\ and staff has 
observed that certain cybersecurity incidents were reported in the 
media but not disclosed in a registrant's filings.\128\ Even when 
registrants have filed Form 8-K to report an incident, the Form 8-K did 
not necessarily state whether or not the incident was material, and in 
some cases, the Form 8-K stated that the incident was immaterial.\129\ 
By requiring registrants to disclose material cybersecurity incidents 
in a current report and disclose any material changes, additions, or 
updates in a periodic report, the proposed amendments could elicit more 
incident reporting. Because the proposed incident disclosure 
requirements also specify that registrants would disclose information 
such as when the incident was discovered, and the nature and scope of 
the incident, they could also result in more informative incident 
reporting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \127\ See supra section II.B and note 46.
    \128\ See supra section I.B.
    \129\ Based on staff analysis of the current and periodic 
reports in 2021 for companies identified by as having been affected 
by a cybersecurity incident.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, the proposed disclosure about cybersecurity risk 
management, strategy, and governance would include a number of specific 
items that registrants must disclose. For instance, the proposed rules 
would require disclosure regarding a registrant's policies and 
procedures for identifying and managing cybersecurity risks.\130\ The 
proposed rules would also require disclosure concerning whether and how 
cybersecurity considerations affect a registrant's selection and 
oversight of third-party service providers because a significant number 
of cybersecurity incidents pertain to third party service 
providers.\131\ As a result, the proposed rules related to risk 
management, strategy, and governance could also lead to more 
informative disclosure to investors.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \130\ See supra section II.D.
    \131\ See supra section II.D.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We anticipate the proposed cybersecurity incident reporting would 
also lead to more timely disclosure to investors. As discussed above, 
currently, it could take months for registrants to disclose a material 
cybersecurity incident after its discovery.\132\ The proposed 
amendments would require these incidents to be disclosed in a current 
report on Form 8-K within four business days after the registrant 
determines that it has experienced a material cybersecurity incident.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \132\ See supra note 95, section III.A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    More informative and timely disclosure as a result of the proposed 
amendments would benefit investors because the enhanced disclosure 
could allow them to better understand the impact of a cybersecurity 
incident on the registrant, the risk a registrant is facing and its 
ability to manage the risk. Such information is relevant to the 
valuation of registrants' securities and thereby investors' decision 
making. It is well documented in the academic literature that the 
market reacts negatively to announcements of cybersecurity incidents. 
For example, one study finds a significant mean cumulative abnormal 
return of -0.84% in the three days following cyberattack announcements, 
which, according to the study, translates into an average value loss of 
$495 million per attack.\133\ Another study finds that firms with 
higher exposure to cybersecurity risk have a higher cost of capital, 
suggesting

[[Page 16608]]

that this risk is important to investors.\134\ Therefore, whether a 
registrant is prepared for cybersecurity risks and has adequate 
cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance measures in 
place to reduce the likelihood of future incidents are important 
information for investors and the market. Delayed or incomplete 
reporting of cybersecurity incidents and risks could lead to mispricing 
of the securities and information asymmetry in the market, harming 
investors.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \133\ See Shinichi Kamiya, Jun-Koo Kang, Jungmin Kim, Andreas 
Milidonis, and Ren[eacute] M. Stulz, Risk Management, Firm 
Reputation, and the Impact of Successful Cyberattacks on Target 
Firms, 139 (3) J. of Fin. Econ. 721, 719-749 (2021). See also 
Lawrence A. Gordon, Martin P. Loeb, and Lei Zhou, The Impact of 
Information Security Breaches: Has There Been a Downward Shift in 
Costs?, 19 (1) J. of Comput. Sec. 33, 33-56 (2011) (finding ``the 
impact of the broad class of information security breaches on stock 
market returns of firms is significant''); see also Georgios Spanos 
and Lefteris Angelis, The Impact of Information Security Events to 
the Stock Market: A Systematic Literature Review, 58 Comput. & Sec. 
216-229 (2016) (documenting that the majority (75.6%) of the studies 
the paper reviewed report statistical significance of the impact of 
security events to the stock prices of firms). But see Katherine 
Campbell, Lawrence A. Gordon, Martin P. Loeb, and Lei Zhou, The 
Economic Cost of Publicly Announced Information Security Breaches: 
Empirical Evidence From the Stock Market, 11 (3) J. of Comput. Sec. 
432, 431-448 (2003) (while finding limited evidence of an overall 
negative stock market reaction to public announcements of 
information security breaches, they also find ``the nature of the 
breach affects this result'', and ``a highly significant negative 
market reaction for information security breaches involving 
unauthorized access to confidential data, but no significant 
reaction when the breach does not involve confidential 
information''; they thus conclude that ``stock market participants 
appear to discriminate across types of breaches when assessing their 
economic impact on affected firms'').
    \134\ See Chris Florakis, Christodoulos Louca, Roni Michaely, 
and Michael Weber, Cybersecurity Risk. (No. w28196), Nat'l Bureau of 
Econ. Rsch, (2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the mispricing resulting from delayed or limited 
disclosure could be exploited by the malicious actors who caused a 
cybersecurity incident, or those who could access and trade on material 
information stolen during a cybersecurity incident, causing further 
harm to investors.\135\ Malicious actors may trade ahead of an 
announcement of a data breach that they caused or pilfer material 
information to trade on ahead of company announcements. Trading on 
undisclosed cybersecurity information is particularly pernicious, 
because profits generated from this type of trading would provide 
incentives for malicious actors to ``create'' more incidents and 
proprietary information to trade on.\136\ More informative and timely 
disclosure as a result of the proposed amendments would reduce 
mispricing and information asymmetry, and thereby reduce opportunities 
for malicious actors to exploit the mispricing, all of which would 
enhance investor protection.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \135\ See Joshua Mitts and Eric Talley, Informed Trading and 
Cybersecurity Breaches, 9 Harv. Bus. L. Rev. 1 (2019) (``In many 
respects, then, the cyberhacker plays a role in creating and 
imposing a unique harm on the targeted company--one that (in our 
view) is qualitatively different from ``exogenous'' information 
shocks serendipitously observed by an information trader. Allowing a 
coordinated hacker-trader team to capture these arbitrage gains 
would implicitly subsidize the very harm-creating activity that is 
being ``discovered'' in the first instance.'').
    \136\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Overall, we believe enhanced disclosure as a result of the proposed 
amendments could benefit investors by allowing them to make more 
informed decisions. Similarly, other market participants that rely on 
financial statement information to provide services to investors would 
also benefit, because more informative and timely disclosure would 
allow them to better understand a registrant's cybersecurity risks and 
ability to manage such risks. As a result, they would be able to better 
evaluate registrants' securities and provide better recommendations. 
However, we note that the potential benefit could be reduced to the 
extent that registrants have already been providing the relevant 
disclosures.
    We are unable to quantify the potential benefit to investors and 
other market participants as a result of the increase in disclosure and 
improvement in pricing under the proposed amendments. The estimation 
requires information about the fundamental value of securities and the 
extent of the mispricing. We do not have access to such information, 
and therefore cannot provide a reasonable estimate.
(ii) Greater Uniformity and Comparability
    The proposed disclosure about cybersecurity incidents and 
cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance could also lead 
to more uniform and comparable disclosures, benefiting investors by 
lowering their search costs and information processing costs. As 
discussed in Section I, while some registrants currently file Form 8-K 
to report an incident, their reporting practices vary widely.\137\ Some 
provide a discussion of materiality, the estimated costs of an 
incident, or the remedial steps taken as a result of an incident, while 
others do not provide such disclosure or provide much less detail in 
their disclosure. Disclosures related to risk management, strategy, and 
governance also vary significantly across registrants--such information 
could be disclosed in places such as the risk factors section, or in 
the management's discussion and analysis section of Form 10-K, or not 
at all. Investors currently may find it costly to compare the 
disclosures of different companies because they would have to spend 
time to search and retrieve information from different locations. For 
both types of disclosures, the proposed amendments would specify the 
topics to be disclosed and the reporting sections to include such 
disclosures, and as a result, both the incident disclosure and risk 
management, strategy, and governance disclosure should be more uniform 
across registrants, making it easier to compare. By specifying a set of 
topics that registrants should disclose, the proposed disclosure 
requirement should provide investors and other market participants with 
a benchmark of a minimum set of information for registrants to 
disclose, allowing them to better evaluate and compare registrants' 
cybersecurity risk and disclosure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \137\ See supra section I.B.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We note that to the extent that the disclosures related to 
cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance become too 
uniform or ``boilerplate,'' the benefit of comparability may be 
diminished. However, we also note that given the level of the 
specificity that would be required, the resulting disclosures are 
unlikely to become boilerplate.
    The proposed requirement to tag the cybersecurity disclosure in 
Inline XBRL would likely augment the aforementioned informational and 
comparability benefits by making the proposed disclosures more easily 
retrievable and usable for aggregation, comparison, filtering, and 
other analysis. XBRL requirements for public operating company 
financial statement disclosures have been observed to mitigate 
information asymmetry by reducing information processing costs, thereby 
making the disclosures easier to access and analyze.\138\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \138\ See, e.g., J.Z. Chen, H.A. Hong, J.B. Kim, and J.W. Ryou, 
Information processing costs and corporate tax avoidance: Evidence 
from the SEC's XBRL mandate, 40 J. of Acct. and Pub. Pol'y. 2 
(finding XBRL reporting decreases likelihood of firm tax avoidance 
because ``XBRL reporting reduces the cost of IRS monitoring in terms 
of information processing, which dampens managerial incentives to 
engage in tax avoidance behavior''); see also P.A. Griffin, H.A., 
Hong, J-B, Kim, and Jee- Hae Lim, The SEC's XBRL Mandate and Credit 
Risk: Evidence on a Link between Credit Default Swap Pricing and 
XBRL Disclosure, 2014 American Accounting Association Annual Meeting 
(2014) (finding XBRL reporting enables better outside monitoring of 
firms by creditors, leading to a reduction in firm default risk); 
see also E. Blankespoor, The Impact of Information Processing Costs 
on Firm Disclosure Choice: Evidence from the XBRL Mandate, 57 J. of 
Acc. Res. 919, 919-967 (2019) (finding ``firms increase their 
quantitative footnote disclosures upon implementation of XBRL 
detailed tagging requirements designed to reduce information users' 
processing costs,'' and ``both regulatory and non-regulatory market 
participants play a role in monitoring firm disclosures,'' 
suggesting ``that the processing costs of market participants can be 
significant enough to impact firms' disclosure decisions'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While these observations are specific to operating company 
financial statement disclosures and not to disclosures outside the 
financial statements, such as the proposed cybersecurity disclosures, 
they suggest that the proposed Inline XBRL requirements could directly 
or indirectly (i.e., through information intermediaries such as 
financial media, data aggregators, and academic researchers) provide 
investors with increased insight into cybersecurity-related information 
at specific companies and across companies, industries, and time 
periods.\139\ Also,

[[Page 16609]]

unlike XBRL financial statements (including footnotes), which consist 
of tagged quantitative and narrative disclosures, the proposed 
cybersecurity disclosures would consist largely of tagged narrative 
disclosures.\140\ Tagging narrative disclosures can facilitate 
analytical benefits such as automatic comparison or redlining of these 
disclosures against prior periods and the performance of targeted 
artificial intelligence or machine learning assessments (tonality, 
sentiment, risk words, etc.) of specific cybersecurity disclosures 
rather than the entire unstructured document.\141\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \139\ See, e.g., N. Trentmann, Companies Adjust Earnings for 
Covid-19 Costs, but Are They Still a One-Time Expense?, The Wall 
Street J. (2020) (citing an XBRL research software provider as a 
source for the analysis described in the article); see also 
Bloomberg Lists BSE XBRL Data, XBRL.org (2018); see also R. Hoitash, 
and U. Hoitash, Measuring Accounting Reporting Complexity with XBRL, 
93 Account. Rev. 259 (2018).
    \140\ The proposed cybersecurity disclosure requirements do not 
expressly require the disclosure of any quantitative values; if a 
registrant includes any quantitative values that are nested within 
the required discussion (e.g., disclosing the number of days until 
containment of a cybersecurity incident), those values would be 
individually detail tagged, in addition to the block text tagging of 
the narrative disclosures.
    \141\ To illustrate, without Inline XBRL, using the search term 
``remediation'' to search through the text of all registrants' 
filings over a certain period of time, so as to analyze the trends 
in registrants' disclosures related to cybersecurity incident 
remediation efforts during that period, could return many narrative 
disclosures outside of the cybersecurity incident discussion (e.g., 
disclosures related to potential environmental liabilities in the 
risk factors section). If Inline XBRL is used, however, it would 
enable a user to search for the term ``remediation'' exclusively 
within the proposed cybersecurity disclosures, thereby likely 
reducing the number of irrelevant results.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Benefits to Registrants \142\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \142\ While registrants are legally distinct entities from 
investors, benefits and costs to registrants as a result of the 
proposed amendments would ultimately accrue to their investors.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed amendments regarding both incident reporting and risk 
management, strategy, and governance disclosure could potentially lower 
registrants' cost of capital, especially for those who currently have 
strong cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance measures 
in place. Economic theory suggests that better disclosure could reduce 
information asymmetry between management and investors, reducing the 
cost of capital, and thereby improving firms' liquidity and their 
access to capital markets.\143\ In an asymmetric information 
environment, investors recognize that registrants may take advantage of 
their position by issuing securities at a price that is higher than 
justified by the issuer's fundamental value. As a result, investors 
demand a discount to compensate for the risk of adverse selection. This 
discount translates into a higher cost of capital.\144\ By providing 
more disclosure, the firm can reduce the risk of adverse selection 
faced by investors and the discount they demand, ultimately decreasing 
the firm's cost of capital.\145\ Applying this theory to cybersecurity 
disclosure, the increased disclosure as a result of the proposed 
amendments could decrease the cost of capital and increase firm value.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \143\ See Douglas W. Diamond and Robert E. Verrecchia, 
Disclosure, Liquidity, and the Cost of Capital, 46 J. Fin. 1325, 
1325-1359 (1991) (finding that revealing public information to 
reduce information asymmetry can reduce a firm's cost of capital 
through increased liquidity). See also Christian Leuz and Robert E. 
Verrecchia, The Economic Consequences of Increased Disclosure, 38 J. 
Acct. Res. 91 (2000) (providing empirical evidence that increased 
disclosure lowers the information asymmetry component of the cost of 
capital in a sample of German firms); see also Christian Leuz and 
Peter D. Wysocki, The Economics of Disclosure and Financial 
Reporting Regulation: Evidence and Suggestions for Future Research, 
54 J. Acct. Res. 525 (2016) (providing a comprehensive survey of the 
literature on the economic effect of disclosure).
    \144\ See Leuz and Verrecchia, The Economic Consequences of 
Increased Disclosure, 38 J. Acct. Res. 91 (2000) (stating: ``A brief 
sketch of the economic theory is as follows. Information asymmetries 
create costs by introducing adverse selection into transactions 
between buyers and sellers of firm shares. In real institutional 
settings, adverse selection is typically manifest in reduced levels 
of liquidity for firm shares (e.g., Copeland and Galai [1983], Kyle 
[1985], and Glosten and Milgrom [1985]). To overcome the reluctance 
of potential investors to hold firm shares in illiquid markets, 
firms must issue capital at a discount. Discounting results in fewer 
proceeds to the firm and hence higher costs of capital. A commitment 
to increased levels of disclosure reduces the possibility of 
information asymmetries arising either between the firm and its 
shareholders or among potential buyers and sellers of firm shares. 
This, in turn, should reduce the discount at which firm shares are 
sold, and hence lower the costs of issuing capital (e.g., Diamond 
and Verrecchia [1991] and Baiman and Verrecchia [1996]).'').
    \145\ Although disclosure could be beneficial for the firm, 
several conditions must be met for firms to voluntarily disclose all 
their private information. See Anne Beyer, Daniel A. Cohen, Thomas 
Z. Lys, and Beverly R. Walther, The Financial Reporting Environment: 
Review Of The Recent Literature, 50 J. Acct. & Econ. 296, 296-343 
(2010) (discussing conditions under which firms voluntarily disclose 
all their private information, and these conditions include ``(1) 
disclosures are costless; (2) investors know that firms have, in 
fact, private information; (3) all investors interpret the firms' 
disclosure in the same way and firms know how investors will 
interpret that disclosure; (4) managers want to maximize their 
firms' share prices; (5) firms can credibly disclose their private 
information; and (6) firms cannot commit ex-ante to a specific 
disclosure policy.''). Increased reporting could also help determine 
the effect of investment on firm value. See Lawrence A. Gordon, 
Martin P. Loeb, William Lucyshyn, and Lei Zhou, The Impact of 
Information Sharing on Cybersecurity Underinvestment: A Real Options 
Perspective, 34 (5) J. Acct. & Pub. Policy 509, 509-519 (2015) 
(arguing that ``information sharing could reduce the tendency by 
firms to defer cybersecurity investments.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed amendments' effect on cost of capital might vary 
depending on registrants' current level of cybersecurity risk 
management, strategy, and governance and whether they are already 
making disclosures regarding their efforts. To the extent that they 
have not been making the proposed disclosure, registrants with stronger 
cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance measures could 
be priced more favorably under the proposed amendments because the 
proposed disclosure would allow the market to better differentiate them 
from the registrants with less robust measures. To the extent that some 
registrants are already making disclosures about their robust 
cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance programs, these 
registrants would benefit less. However, if registrants that previously 
had less robust cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance 
disclose improvements in their cybersecurity risk management, strategy, 
and governance in response to the proposed amendments, their cost of 
capital could also decrease.
    Registrants could also benefit from more uniform regulations 
regarding the timing of disclosures and the types of cybersecurity 
incident and risk disclosures as a result of the proposed amendments. 
Currently, the stigma or reputation loss associated with cybersecurity 
breaches may result in companies limiting reporting about or delaying 
reporting of cybersecurity incidents.\146\ If all registrants are 
required to report cybersecurity incidents on Form 8-K within four 
business days as proposed, this could reduce the reputation costs that 
any one company might suffer after reporting an attack and also reduce 
the incentives to underreport.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \146\ See supra note 133, Kamiya, at 720 (Kamiya et al.) (2021), 
(stating ``we find that successful cyberattacks have potentially 
economically large reputation costs in that the shareholder wealth 
loss far exceeds the out-of-pocket costs from the attack''). See 
also Eli Amir, Shai Levi, and Tsafrir Livne, Do Firms Underreport 
Information on Cyber-Attacks? Evidence from Capital Markets, 23 (3) 
Review of Accounting Studies 1177-1206 (2018) (finding evidence that 
is consistent with managers withholding information on cyber-
attacks, and particularly the information on the more severe 
attacks).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, by formalizing the disclosure requirements related to 
cybersecurity incidents and cybersecurity risk management, strategy, 
and governance and specifying the topics to be discussed, the proposed 
amendments could reduce compliance costs for those registrants who are 
currently providing disclosure about these topics. The compliance costs 
would only be reduced to the extent that those registrants may be over-
disclosing information, because there is uncertainty about what is 
required under the current rules. For instance,

[[Page 16610]]

the staff has observed that some registrants provide Form 8-K filings 
even when they do not anticipate the incident will have a material 
adverse impact on their business operations, or financial results.\147\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \147\ See supra note 129 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are unable to quantify these potential benefits to registrants 
as a result of the proposed amendments due to lack of data. For 
example, we are unable to observe the actual cybersecurity risk 
registrants are facing. Without such information, we cannot provide a 
reasonable estimate on how registrants' cybersecurity risk and 
therefore their cost of capital may decrease.
2. Costs
    We also recognize that enhanced cybersecurity disclosure could 
result in costs to registrants, depending on the timing and extent of 
the disclosure. These costs include potential increases in registrants' 
vulnerability, information uncertainty, and compliance costs. We 
discuss these costs below.
    First, the proposed disclosure about cybersecurity incidents and 
cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance could 
potentially increase the vulnerability of registrants. Ever since the 
issuance of the 2011 Staff Guidance, concerns have been raised that 
providing detailed disclosures of cybersecurity incidents can create 
the risk of providing a road map for future attacks.\148\ The concern 
is that malicious actors could use the disclosures to potentially gain 
insights into a registrant's practices on cybersecurity issues and thus 
better calibrate future attacks.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \148\ See, e.g., Roland L. Trope and Sarah Jane Hughes, The SEC 
Staff's Cybersecurity Disclosure Guidance: Will It Help Investors or 
Cyber-Thieves More, 2011 Bus. L. Today 2, 1-4 (2011).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed changes to Form 8-K and Form 6-K would require 
registrants to timely file current reports on these forms to disclose 
material cybersecurity incidents. The proposed disclosures include, for 
example, the nature and scope of the disclosed incident and whether the 
registrant has remediated or is currently remediating the incidents. 
While we have clarified that we would not expect a registrant to 
publicly disclose specific, technical information about its planned 
response to the incident or its cybersecurity systems, related networks 
and devices, or potential system vulnerabilities in such detail as 
would impede the registrant's response or remediation of the incident 
(to the extent that a registrant discloses information that could 
provide clues to malicious actors regarding a registrant's areas of 
vulnerability) it may face increased risk. Malicious actors could 
engage in further attacks based on the information, especially given 
that registrants would also need to make timely disclosure, which could 
mean that the underlying security issues might not have been completely 
resolved, thereby potentially exacerbating the ongoing attack. As a 
result, the proposed incident disclosure rules could potentially 
increase the vulnerability of registrants, imposing a cost on them and 
their investors.
    Similar concerns could be raised about the proposed risk 
management, strategy, and governance disclosure. Specifically, proposed 
Item 407(j) would require registrants to disclose whether a member of 
its board of directors has cybersecurity expertise, and proposed new 
Items 106(b) and (c) would require registrants to provide specified 
disclosure regarding their cybersecurity policies and procedures and 
cybersecurity governance by a company's management and board. The 
required disclosure could provide malicious actors information about 
which companies lack a board of directors with cybersecurity expertise, 
and which ones have weak policies and procedures related to 
cybersecurity risk management, and allow such malicious actors to 
determine their targets accordingly.
    However, academic research so far has not provided evidence that 
more detailed cybersecurity risk disclosures would necessarily lead to 
more attacks.\149\ For example, one study finds that measures for 
specificity (e.g., the uniqueness of the disclosure) do not have a 
statistically significant relation with subsequent cybersecurity 
incidents.\150\ Another study finds that the disclosed security risk 
factors with risk-mitigation themes are less likely to be related to 
future breach announcements.\151\ On the other hand, we note that the 
proposed amendments would require more details than under the current 
rules, and the uniformity of the proposed requirements might also make 
it easier for malicious actors to identify firms with deficiencies. 
Therefore, these findings might not be generalizable to the effects of 
the proposed amendments. Additionally, the costs resulting from this 
potential vulnerability might be partially mitigated to the extent that 
registrants may decide to enhance their cybersecurity risk management 
in anticipation of the increased disclosure.
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    \149\ We note that the papers we cited below study the effect of 
voluntary disclosure and 2011 Staff Guidance. The results from these 
studies might not be generalizable to the mandatory disclosures 
under the proposed rules.
    \150\ See He Li, Won Gyun No, and Tawei Wang, SEC's 
Cybersecurity Disclosure Guidance and Disclosed Cybersecurity Risk 
Factors, 30 Int'l. J. of Acct. Info. Sys. 40-55 (2018) (stating: 
``while Ferraro (2013) criticizes that the SEC did little to resolve 
the concern about publicly revealing too much information [that] 
could provide potential hackers with a roadmap for successful 
attacks, we find no evidence supporting such claim'').
    \151\ See Tawei Wang, Karthik N. Kannan, and Jackie Rees Ulmer, 
The Association Between the Disclosure and the Realization of 
Information Security Risk Factors, 24.2 Info. Sys. Rsch. 201, 201-
218 (2013).
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    Second, the proposed cybersecurity incident disclosure could 
potentially increase information uncertainty related to securities, 
because the disclosure about the impact of the incident on the 
registrant's operations may lack the precision needed for investors and 
the market to properly value these securities. While the proposed 
changes to Form 8-K could improve the timeliness of cybersecurity 
incident reporting and result in more disclosure about the impact of 
the incident on the registrant's operations, the proposed rules do not 
require registrants to quantify the impact of the incident. As a 
result, registrants' disclosure about the impact of a cybersecurity 
incident could be qualitative in nature or lack the precision needed 
for investors and the market to properly value the securities, 
potentially leading to information uncertainty, investor under or 
overreaction to certain disclosures, and thereby mispricing of 
registrants' securities.\152\
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    \152\ See Daniel Kent, David Hirshleifer, and Avanidhar 
Subrahmanyam, Investor Psychology and Security Market under-and 
Overreactions, J. of Fin. 1839-1885 (1998) (showing that investor 
behavioral biases such as overconfidence can cause them to under- or 
over-react to information); see Nicholas Barberis, Andrei Shleifer, 
and Robert Vishny, A Model of Investor Sentiment, 49 (3) J. of Fin. 
Econ. 307-343 (1998) (presenting a model of investor sentiment to 
explain the empirical findings of underreaction of stock prices to 
news such as earnings announcements, and overreaction of stock 
prices to a series of good or bad news based on two psychological 
phenomena, conservatism and representativeness heuristic); see also 
David Hirshleifer, Investor Psychology and Asset Pricing, 56 J. of 
Fin. 1533, 1533-1596 (2001) (stating: ``[m]ore generally, greater 
uncertainty about a set of stocks, and a lack of accurate feedback 
about their fundamentals, leaves more room for psychological biases. 
At the extreme, it is relatively hard to misperceive an asset that 
is nearly risk-free. Thus, the misvaluation effects of almost any 
mistaken-beliefs model should be strongest among firms about which 
there is high uncertainty/poor information (cash flow variance is 
one possible proxy).'').
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    Additionally, while the proposed disclosure could have the overall 
effect of reducing registrants' cost of capital as discussed in Section 
III.C.1.b, we also recognize that a subset of registrants might 
experience an increase in costs of capital. More specifically, under 
the

[[Page 16611]]

proposed amendments, registrants with less robust cybersecurity risk 
management measures might be priced more unfavorably compared to those 
with stronger measures, potentially leading to an increase in cost of 
capital for these registrants. This is because the increased 
transparency as a result of the proposed disclosure could allow 
investors to better differentiate registrants' preparedness and ability 
to manage cybersecurity risks. However, except for this scenario, we 
expect that registrants overall would benefit from reduced cost of 
capital as a result of the proposed disclosure as discussed in Section 
III.C.1.b.
    Finally, the proposed rules would impose compliance costs for 
registrants. Registrants would incur one-time and ongoing costs to 
fulfill the proposed new disclosure requirements under Items 106 and 
407 of Regulation S-K. These costs would include costs to gather the 
information and prepare the disclosures.
    Registrants would also incur compliance costs to fulfill the 
proposed disclosure requirements related to Form 8-K (Form 6-K for 
FPIs) incident reporting and Form 10-Q/10-K (Form 20-F for FPIs) 
ongoing reporting.\153\ These costs include one-time costs to implement 
or revise their incident disclosure practices, so that any registrant 
that determines it has experienced a material cybersecurity incident 
would disclose such incident with the required information within four 
business days. Registrants would also incur ongoing costs to disclose 
in a periodic report any material changes, additions, or updates 
relating to previously disclosed incidents, and to monitor whether any 
previously undisclosed immaterial cybersecurity incidents have become 
material in the aggregate, triggering a disclosure obligation. The 
costs would be mitigated for registrants whose current disclosure 
practices match or are similar to those that are proposed. To the 
extent that registrants fall under other incident reporting 
requirements or cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance 
mandates as outlined in Section III.B.1, their costs from the proposed 
amendments would be mitigated as well.
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    \153\ We note that the compliance costs related to Form 6-K 
filings would be mitigated, because a condition of the form is that 
the information is disclosed or required to be disclosed elsewhere.
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    We note that BDCs could be subject to both the proposed rules and 
rule amendments in the Investment Management Cybersecurity Proposing 
Release \154\ and those proposed in this release if both proposals were 
to be adopted. To the extent that BDCs would need to provide 
substantively the same or similar disclosure on both Form 8-K and in 
registration statements, the compliance costs could be duplicative. 
However, the potential duplication should not result in a significant 
increase in compliance costs, because BDCs should be able to provide 
similar disclosure for both sets of rules.\155\
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    \154\ See Investment Management Cybersecurity Proposing Release.
    \155\ See infra section VI.E.
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    The compliance costs would also include costs attributable to the 
Inline XBRL tagging requirements. Various preparation solutions have 
been developed and used by operating companies to fulfill XBRL 
requirements, and some evidence suggests that, for smaller companies, 
XBRL compliance costs have decreased over time.\156\ The incremental 
compliance costs associated with Inline XBRL tagging of cybersecurity 
disclosures would also be mitigated by the fact that most registrants 
who would be subject to the proposed requirements are already subject 
to other Inline XBRL requirements for other disclosures in Commission 
filings, including financial statement and cover page disclosures in 
certain periodic reports and registration statements.\157\ Such 
registrants may be able to leverage existing Inline XBRL preparation 
processes and expertise in complying with the proposed cybersecurity 
disclosure tagging requirements. Asset-backed securities issuers, 
however, are not subject to Inline XBRL requirements in Commission 
filings and would likely incur initial Inline XBRL compliance 
implementation costs (such as the cost of training in-house staff to 
prepare filings in Inline XBRL, and the cost to license Inline XBRL 
filing preparation software from vendors).\158\
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    \156\ An AICPA survey of 1,032 reporting companies with $75 
million or less in market capitalization in 2018 found an average 
cost of $5,850 per year, a median cost of $2,500 per year, and a 
maximum cost of $51,500 per year for fully outsourced XBRL creation 
and filing, representing a 45% decline in average cost and a 69% 
decline in median cost since 2014. See Michael Cohn, AICPA Sees 45% 
Drop in XBRL Costs for Small Companies, Accounting Today (Aug. 15, 
2018) (stating that a 2018 NASDAQ survey of 151 listed registrants 
found an average XBRL compliance cost of $20,000 per quarter, a 
median XBRL compliance cost of $7,500 per quarter, and a maximum, 
XBRL compliance cost of $350,000 per quarter in XBRL costs per 
quarter), available at https://www.accountingtoday.com/news/aicpa-sees-45-drop-in-xbrl-costs-for-small-reporting-companies (retrieved 
from Factiva database); Letter from Nasdaq, Inc. (March 21, 2019) 
(to the Request for Comment on Earnings Releases and Quarterly 
Reports); see Release No. 33-10588 (Dec. 18, 2018) [83 FR 65601 
(Dec. 21, 2018)].
    \157\ See 17 CFR 229.601(b)(101) and 17 CFR 232.405 (for 
requirements related to tagging financial statements, including 
footnotes and schedules in Inline XBRL). See 17 CFR 229.601(b)(104) 
and 17 CFR 232.406 (for requirements related to tagging cover page 
disclosures in Inline XBRL).
    \158\ See infra section IV.
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    Other than the Paperwork Reduction Act costs discussed in Section 
IV below, we are unable to quantify the potential increase in costs 
related to the proposed rules due to the lack of data. For example, we 
lack data to estimate how registrants' cybersecurity vulnerability 
would change under the proposal, because such change would depend on 
their current level of vulnerability. We are also unable to estimate 
the potential increase in mispricing as a result of the information 
uncertainty, because the level of the uncertainty would depend on 
registrants' disclosure.
3. Indirect Economic Effects
    Besides the direct economic effects on investors, registrants and 
other market participants we discussed above, we recognize that the 
proposed amendments could also indirectly affect registrants and 
external stakeholders, such as consumers, companies in the same 
industry with registrants or those facing similar cybersecurity 
threats.
    While the proposal would only require disclosures--not changes to 
registrants' board composition or risk management practices--the 
disclosures themselves could result in certain indirect benefits. 
Registrants might respond to the proposed disclosures by devoting more 
resources to cybersecurity governance and risk management. To the 
extent that registrants may decide to enhance their cybersecurity risk 
management in anticipation of the increased disclosure, it could reduce 
registrants' susceptibility to a cybersecurity-attack and thereby the 
likelihood of future incidents, indirectly benefiting registrants.
    Registrants may also decide to incur certain indirect costs as a 
result of the proposed amendments. For example, the proposed rules 
would require disclosure of whether members of the board or management 
staff have expertise in cybersecurity.

[[Page 16612]]

Although not required, some registrants may respond by adding a board 
member or staff to their management team with cybersecurity expertise. 
Similarly, the proposed rules would require disclosure on policies and 
procedures to identify and manage cybersecurity risks. While not 
required under the proposed rules, it is possible that registrants 
would respond by allocating more resources to devise, implement, or 
improve their policies and procedures related to cybersecurity to the 
extent they currently do not have similar policies and procedures in 
place. Similarly, indirect costs could result if a registrant were to 
decide to hire a chief information security officer or other 
individuals with cybersecurity expertise to their management team. 
Further, if many registrants move to add a board member or staff to 
their management team with cybersecurity expertise, or a chief 
information security officer at the same time, the costs to registrants 
associated with adding such individuals may increase if demand for 
cybersecurity expertise increases. This is especially true to the 
extent that certain relevant certifications or degrees are seen as 
important designations of cybersecurity expertise and there are a 
limited pool of individuals holding such certifications.
    In addition, the proposed requirement to tag the cybersecurity 
disclosure in Inline XBRL could have indirect effects on registrants. 
As discussed in section III.C.1.a.(ii), XBRL requirements for public 
operating company financial statement disclosures could reduce 
information processing cost. This reduction in information processing 
cost has been observed to facilitate the monitoring of companies by 
other market participants, and, as a result, to influence companies' 
behavior, including their disclosure choices.\159\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \159\ See supra note 138.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed amendments to require registrants to timely disclose 
material cybersecurity incidents could indirectly benefit external 
stakeholders such as other companies in the same industry, those facing 
similar cybersecurity threats or consumers. Cybersecurity incidents 
could result in costs not only to the company that suffers the 
incident, but also to other businesses and consumers. For example, a 
cybersecurity breach at one company may cause a major disruption or 
shut down of a critical infrastructure industry, such as a gas 
pipeline, a bank, or power company, resulting in massive losses 
throughout the economy.\160\ Timely disclosure of cybersecurity 
incidents as proposed could increase awareness by those external 
stakeholders that the malicious activities are occurring. More 
specifically, for companies in the same industry as registrants or for 
those facing similar cybersecurity threats, the proposed disclosure 
could alert them to a potential threat and allow them to better prepare 
for a specific potential cybersecurity attack. To the extent that the 
proposed amendments increase available disclosure, consumers may 
benefit from learning the extent of a particular cybersecurity breach, 
and therefore take appropriate actions to limit potential economic 
costs that they may incur from the breach. For example, there is 
evidence that increased disclosure of cybersecurity incidents by 
registrants can reduce the risk of identity theft for individuals.\161\ 
Also, consumers may be able to make better informed decisions about 
which companies to trust with their personal information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \160\ See Lawrence A. Gordon, Martin P. Loeb, William Lucyshyn, 
and Lei Zhou, Externalities and the Magnitude of Cyber Security 
Underinvestment by Private Sector Firms: A Modification of the 
Gordon-Loeb Model, 6 (1) J. of Info. Sec. 24, 24-30 (2014) (stating: 
``[f]irms in the private sector of many countries own a large share 
of critical infrastructure assets. Hence, cybersecurity breaches in 
private sector firms could cause a major disruption of a critical 
infrastructure industry (e.g., delivery of electricity), resulting 
in massive losses throughout the economy, putting the defense of the 
nation at risk.''). We note that this study focused on private 
firms; however, same statement could be made about public companies 
that own a large share of critical infrastructure assets. See also 
U.S. Pipeline Cyberattack Forces Closure, Wall St J., available at 
https://www.wsj.com/articles/cyberattack-forces-closure-of-largest-u-s-refined-fuel-pipeline-11620479737.
    \161\ See Sasha Romanosky, Rahul Telang, and Alessandro 
Acquisti, Do Data Breach Disclosure Laws Reduce Identity Theft?, 30 
(2) J. of Pol'y. Analysis and Mgmt. 272, 256-286 (2011) (finding 
that the adoption of state-level data breach disclosure laws reduced 
identity theft by 6.1 percent).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the proposed amendments regarding cybersecurity risk 
management, strategy, and governance disclosure could indirectly 
benefit external stakeholders through potentially reduced likelihood of 
future incidents and negative externalities associated with the 
incidents. As discussed above, to the extent that registrants may 
decide to enhance their cybersecurity risk management in anticipation 
of the increased disclosure, it could reduce registrants' 
susceptibility to a cybersecurity-attack and thereby the likelihood of 
future incidents, leading to positive spillover effects.
    We are unable to quantify the indirect effects as a result of the 
proposed amendments because we lack data or basis to estimate the 
potential changes in disclosure of cybersecurity incidents, risk 
management, strategy, and governance disclosure and the reduction in 
negative spill-over effects.

D. Anticipated Effects on Efficiency, Competition, and Capital 
Formation

    Overall, we believe the proposed rules could have positive effects 
on market efficiency. As discussed above, the proposed rules could 
improve the timeliness and informativeness of cybersecurity risk 
disclosure. Investors and other market participants could better 
understand the cybersecurity threats registrants are facing, their 
potential impact, and registrants' ability to respond to and manage 
risks under the proposed rules, and thereby better evaluate 
registrants' securities and make more informed decisions. As a result, 
the proposed disclosures could reduce information asymmetry and 
mispricing in the market, improving liquidity and market efficiency. 
However, we also recognize that, because registrants' disclosure about 
the impact of a cybersecurity incident could be qualitative in nature 
and lack the precision needed for investors and the market to properly 
value the securities, the proposed incident disclosure might lead to 
information uncertainty and investor overreaction. We believe such 
effect should be reduced by more informative reporting from other 
aspects of the proposed disclosure and subsequent updates in periodic 
reports.
    A more efficient market as a result of the proposed rules could 
promote competition among firms. Because the enhanced incident 
reporting and cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance 
disclosure could allow investors to better evaluate the relative 
cybersecurity risks for different registrants, firms that disclose 
robust cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance could 
benefit from a competitive advantage relative to firms that do not. 
This could have a secondary effect of further incentivizing firms that 
to-date have invested less in cybersecurity preparation to invest more, 
to the benefit of investors, in order to become more competitive.

[[Page 16613]]

    More efficient prices and more liquid markets could help allocate 
capital to its most efficient uses. Enhanced disclosure of 
cybersecurity incidents and cybersecurity risk management, strategy, 
and governance could allow investors to make more informed investment 
decisions. As a result, companies that disclose more robust 
cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance and thus may be 
less susceptible to cybersecurity incidents may receive more capital 
allocation. By making information related to material incident 
available to the public sooner, and reducing the information asymmetry, 
the proposed amendments could increase public trust in markets, thereby 
aiding in capital formation.

D. Reasonable Alternatives

1. Website Disclosure
    As an alternative to Form 8-K disclosure of material cybersecurity 
incidents, we considered providing companies with the option of 
disclosing this information through company websites, instead of 
through filing a Form 8-K, when the company has disclosed its intention 
to do so in its most recent annual report and subject to information 
availability and retention requirements. While this approach may be 
less costly for the registrant as it may involve fewer compliance costs 
and less legal liability compared to a filing of a Form 8-K, the 
website disclosure would not be located in the same place as other 
companies' disclosures of material cybersecurity incidents. Also, 
disclosures made on company websites would not be organized into the 
standardized sections found in Form 8-K and could thus be less uniform.
    The lack of a central repository, such as the EDGAR system,\162\ 
and a lack of uniformity of website disclosures could increase the 
costs for investors and other market participants to search for and 
process the information to compare cybersecurity risks across 
registrants. Additionally, such disclosure might not be preserved on 
the company's website for as long as it would be when the disclosure is 
filed with the Commission, because companies may not keep historical 
information available on their websites indefinitely. They also may go 
out of business, and thus, there could be information loss to investors 
when disclosures are deleted from websites. Therefore, this approach 
would be less beneficial to investors, other market participants, and 
the overall efficiency of the market.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \162\ EDGAR, the Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and 
Retrieval system, is the primary system for companies and others 
submitting documents under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, the 
Trust Indenture Act of 1939, and the Investment Company Act. EDGAR's 
public database can be used to research a public company's financial 
information and operations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Disclosure Through Form 10-Q and Form 10-K
    We also considered requiring disclosure of material cybersecurity 
incidents through Form 10-Q or Form 10-K instead of Form 8-K. Reporting 
material cybersecurity incidents at the end of the quarter or year 
would allow registrants more time to assess the financial impact of 
such incidents. The resulting disclosure might be more specific or 
informative for investors and other market participants to value the 
securities and make more informed decisions. The compliance costs would 
be less under this alternative, because registrants would not have an 
obligation to file Form 8-K. With lower compliance costs under this 
alternative, registrants could use the resources that would go towards 
disclosure on Form 8-K to instead fill gaps in their cybersecurity 
defenses exposed by the attack, potentially making it less likely that 
malicious actors would be able to exploit such vulnerabilities.
    However, it would lead to less timely reporting on material 
cybersecurity incidents. As a result, the market would not be able to 
incorporate the information related to cybersecurity risk into the 
security prices in as timely a manner, and investors and other market 
participants would not be able to make as informed decisions as they 
could under the proposed approach.
3. Exempt Smaller Reporting Companies
    We also considered exempting smaller reporting companies from 
proposed Item 106 and Item 407, because smaller companies might incur a 
cost that is disproportionally high, compared to larger companies under 
the proposed rules. As discussed above, proposed disclosure might 
expose registrants' cybersecurity weakness and increase their 
vulnerability. To avoid the potential exposure, smaller companies might 
increase spending related to cybersecurity risk management measures, 
which could be disproportionately costly. Also, to the extent that they 
do not have similar disclosure practices in place currently, it might 
be relatively more costly for smaller companies to implement the 
proposed disclosure requirements than larger companies, because they 
may have fewer resources.
    However, evidence suggests that smaller companies may have an equal 
or greater risk than larger companies of being attacked, making the 
proposed disclosures particularly important for their investors.\163\ 
The financial impact from an attack could also be more detrimental for 
smaller companies than for larger ones. To the extent that one indirect 
effect of the proposed disclosure may be that companies take additional 
steps to address potential vulnerabilities or enhance their 
cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance, any resulting 
reduction in vulnerability may be particularly beneficial for smaller 
companies and their investors.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \163\ See supra note 18.
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4. Modify Scope of Inline XBRL Requirement
    We also considered changing the scope of the proposed tagging 
requirements, such as by excluding certain subsets of registrants. For 
example, the proposed tagging requirements could have excluded asset-
backed securities issuers, which are not currently required to tag any 
filings in Inline XBRL.\164\ Under such an alternative, asset-backed 
securities issuers would submit their cybersecurity disclosures in 
unstructured HTML or ASCII, and thereby avoid the initial Inline XBRL 
implementation costs (such as the cost of training in-house staff to 
prepare filings in Inline XBRL, and the cost to license Inline XBRL 
filing preparation software from vendors) and ongoing Inline XBRL 
compliance burdens that would result from the proposed tagging 
requirement.\165\ However, narrowing the scope of the proposed tagging 
requirements, whether based on registrant type, size, or other 
criteria, would diminish the extent of any informational benefits that 
would accrue as a result of the proposed disclosure requirements by 
making the excluded registrants' cybersecurity disclosures 
comparatively costlier to process and analyze.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \164\ See supra note 157.
    \165\ See infra section IV. The Commission's EDGAR electronic 
filing system generally requires filers to use ASCII or HTML for 
their document submissions, subject to certain exceptions. See EDGAR 
Filer Manual (Volume II) version 60 (December 2021), at 5-1; 17 CFR 
232.301 (incorporating EDGAR Filer Manual into Regulation S-T). See 
also 17 CFR 232.101 (setting forth the obligation to file 
electronically on EDGAR). To the extent asset-backed securities 
issuers are affiliated with registrants that are subject to Inline 
XBRL requirements, they may be able to leverage those registrants' 
existing Inline XBRL tagging experience and software, which would 
mitigate the initial Inline XBRL implementation costs that asset-
backed securities issuers would incur under the proposal.

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[[Page 16614]]

Request for Comment
    We request comment on all aspects of our economic analysis, 
including the potential costs and benefits of the proposed rules and 
alternatives thereto, and whether the proposed rules, if adopted, would 
promote efficiency, competition, and capital formation or have an 
impact on investor protection. In addition, we also seek comment on 
alternative approaches to the proposed rules and the associated costs 
and benefits of these approaches. Commenters are requested to provide 
empirical data, estimation methodologies, and other factual support for 
their views, in particular, on costs and benefits estimates. 
Specifically, we seek comment with respect to the following questions:
    41. What are the economic effects of the proposed cybersecurity 
incident and cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance 
disclosures? Would those disclosures provide informational benefits to 
investors? Would registrants benefit from a potential decrease in cost 
of capital because of the enhanced disclosure? Are there any other 
benefits, costs, and indirect effects of the proposed disclosure that 
we should also consider?
    42. Would the proposed cybersecurity incident disclosure provide 
enough information for investors to assess the impact of a 
cybersecurity incident in making an investment decision? Because the 
proposed incident disclosure would not require quantification of an 
incident's impact, would the lack of quantification create any 
uncertainty for investors which may cause them to under or overreact to 
the disclosure? Would investors benefit more if registrants were to 
provide the disclosure after the incident's impact is quantified or can 
be reasonably estimated? If so, what metrics should be disclose to help 
investors understand the impact?
    43. Would both types of the proposed disclosure, cybersecurity 
incident disclosure and cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and 
governance disclosure, increase the vulnerability of registrants to 
cybersecurity incidents? Would this effect be mitigated by any of the 
other effects of the proposal, including indirect effects such as 
registrants' potential strengthening of cybersecurity risk management 
measures? What would be the impact of the proposed disclosure on the 
likelihood of future incidents for registrants? Would that impact be 
the same for both types of disclosure?
    44. Would the proposed incident disclosure increase registrants' 
compliance costs to fulfill the proposed disclosure requirements 
related to incident reporting? What would be the magnitude of those 
costs? Would the proposed cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and 
governance disclosure lead to indirect costs such as hiring a board 
member or staff to their management team with cybersecurity expertise, 
or costs to devise, implement or improve the processes and procedures 
related to cybersecurity?
    45. Would both types of the proposed disclosure lead to indirect 
economic effects for external stakeholders? Would the magnitude of the 
indirect effects be greater or less than we have discussed? Are there 
any other indirect effects that we should consider?
    46. Are there any specific data points that would be valuable for 
assessing the economic effects of the proposed cybersecurity incident 
and risk management, strategy, and governance that we should consider 
in the baseline analysis or the analysis of the economic effects? If 
so, please provide that data.
    47. Would any of the economic effects discussed above be more or 
less significant than in our assessment? Are any of the costs or 
benefits identified incorrectly for any of the proposed amendments? Are 
there any other economic effects associated with these proposed rules 
that we should consider? Are you aware of any data or methodology that 
can help quantify the benefits or costs of the proposed amendments?
    48. Would any of the proposed amendments positively affect 
efficiency, competition and capital formation as we have discussed? Are 
there any other effects on efficiency, competition, and capital 
formation that we should consider?
    49. Would any of the proposed amendments have disproportionate 
costs for smaller reporting companies? Do smaller reporting companies 
face a different set of cybersecurity risks than other companies?
    50. Are there any other alternative approaches to improve 
disclosure of material cybersecurity incidents, cybersecurity risk 
management, strategy, or governance that we should consider? If so, 
what are they and what would be the associated costs or benefits of 
these alternative approaches?
    51. Are there any other costs and benefits associated with 
alternative approaches that are not identified or are misidentified in 
the above analysis? Should we consider any of the alternative 
approaches outlined above instead of the proposed rules? Which approach 
and why?

IV. Paperwork Reduction Act

A. Summary of the Collection of Information

    Certain provisions of our rules and forms that would be affected by 
the proposed amendments contain ``collection of information'' 
requirements within the meaning of the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 
(``PRA'').\166\ The Commission is submitting the proposed amendments to 
the Office of Management and Budget (``OMB'') for review in accordance 
with the PRA.\167\ The hours and costs associated with preparing and 
filing the forms constitute reporting and cost burdens imposed by each 
collection of information. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a 
person is not required to comply with, a collection of information 
unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. Compliance 
with the information collections is mandatory. Responses to the 
information collections are not kept confidential and there is no 
mandatory retention period for the information disclosed. The titles 
for the affected collections of information are:
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    \166\ See 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.
    \167\ 44 U.S.C. 3507(d) and 5 CFR 1320.11.
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    <bullet> ``Schedule 14C'' (OMB Control No. 3235-0057);
    <bullet> ``Schedule 14A'' (OMB Control No. 3235-0059);
    <bullet> ``Form 8-K'' (OMB Control No. 3235-0060);
    <bullet> ``Form 10-K'' (OMB Control No. 3235-0063);
    <bullet> ``Form 10-Q'' (OMB Control No. 3235-0070);
    <bullet> ``Form 6-K'' (OMB Control No. 3235-0116); and
    <bullet> ``Form 20-F'' (OMB Control No. 3235-0288).
    We adopted the existing forms, pursuant to the Exchange Act. The 
forms set forth the disclosure requirements for periodic and current 
reports as well as proxy and information statements filed by issuers to 
help investors make informed investment and voting decisions. A 
description of the proposed amendments, including the need for the 
information and its proposed use, as well as a description of the 
likely respondents, can be found in Section II above, and a discussion 
of the economic effects of the proposed amendments can be found in 
Section III above.

[[Page 16615]]

B. Summary of the Estimated Burdens of the Proposed Amendments on the 
Collections of Information

Estimated Paperwork Burdens of the Proposed Amendments

    The following table summarizes the estimated paperwork burdens 
associated with the proposed amendments to the affected forms.

         PRA Table 1--Estimated Paperwork Burden Associated With the Proposed New Rules and Amendments *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Affected forms and      Estimated burden per     Number of estimated
  Proposed requirements and effects           schedules                 response            affected responses
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Form 8-K, Item 1.05:
    <bullet> Require disclosure        Form 8-K...............  10 Hours...............  200 Filings.
     regarding cybersecurity
     incidents.
Form 6-K:
    <bullet> Require disclosure        Form 6-K...............  9 Hours................  20 Filings.
     regarding cybersecurity
     incidents.
Adding Item 106 Disclosures:
    <bullet> Require disclosure        <bullet> Form 10-K.....  <bullet> Form 10-K: 15   <bullet> Form 10-K:
     regarding policies and                                      Hours **.                8,292 Filings.
     procedures. (Item 106(b)).
    <bullet> Require disclosure        <bullet> Form 20-F       <bullet> Form 20-F:      <bullet> Form 20-F: 729
     regarding board and management                              16.5 Hours.              Filings.
     oversight of cybersecurity risk.
     (Item 106(c)).
    <bullet> Require updated           <bullet> Form 10-Q       <bullet> Form 10-Q: 5    <bullet> Form 10-Q: 600
     disclosure regarding               (Item 106(d)).           Hours.                   Filings.
     cybersecurity incidents (Item
     106(d)).
Adding Item 407(j) disclosures:
    <bullet> Require disclosure on     <bullet> Form 10-K.....  <bullet> Form 10-K: 1.5  <bullet> Form 10-K:
     the cybersecurity expertise of    <bullet> Schedule 14A..   Hours.                   Filings: 5,464
     members of the board of           <bullet> Schedule 14C..  <bullet> Schedule: 14A:   Filings.
     directors of the registrant, if                             1.5 Hours..             <bullet> Schedule 14A:
     any.                                                       <bullet> Schedule 14C:    2,600 Filings.
                                                                 1.5 Hours <plus-        <bullet> Schedule 14C:
                                                                 minus>..                 228 Filings.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* All of these burden estimates incorporate the proposed tagging requirements Rule 405 of Regulation S-T.
** We estimate that 600 of these filings will be increased by five hours due to the proposed Item 106(d)
  disclosure.
<plus-minus> The burden estimate for Form 10-K assumes that Schedules 14A and 14C would be the primary
  disclosure documents for the information provided in response to proposed Item 407(j) of Regulation S-K in
  connection with proxy and information statements involving the election of directors. In this case, we assume
  that the disclosure would be incorporated by reference in Form 10-K from the proxy or information statement.

    Not every filing on the affected current forms, Form 6-K and Form 
8-K, would include cybersecurity disclosures. These disclosures would 
be required only when a registrant has made the determination that it 
has experienced a material cybersecurity incident. Further, in the case 
of Form 6-K, the registrant would only have to provide the disclosure 
if it is required to disclose such information elsewhere.
    The table below sets forth our estimates of the number of current 
filings on the forms which will be affected by the proposed rules. We 
used this data to extrapolate the effect of these changes on the 
paperwork burden for the listed periodic reports.\168\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \168\ The OMB PRA filing inventories represent a three-year 
average. Averages may not align with the actual number of filings in 
any given year.

            PRA Table 3--Estimated Number of Affected Filings
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                        Estimated number
                                      Current annual    of filings that
               Form                  responses in PRA    would include
                                        inventory        cybersecurity
                                                           disclosure
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Schedule 14A......................              6,369              2,600
Schedule 14C......................                569                228
10-K..............................              8,292              8,292
10-Q..............................             22,925                600
20-F..............................                729                729
8-K...............................            118,387                200
6-K...............................             34,794                 20
------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Incremental and Aggregate Burden and Cost Estimates

    Below we estimate the incremental and aggregate changes in 
paperwork burden as a result of the proposed amendments. These 
estimates represent the average burden for all respondents, both large 
and small. In deriving our estimates, we recognize that the burdens 
will likely vary among individual respondents based on a number of 
factors, including the nature of their business.
    We calculated the additional burden estimates by multiplying the 
estimated additional burden per form by the estimated number of 
responses per form. That additional burden is then added to the 
existing burden per form. For purposes of the PRA, the burden is

[[Page 16616]]

to be allocated between internal burden hours and outside professional 
costs. PRA Table 4 below sets forth the percentage estimates we 
typically use for the burden allocation for each collection of 
information and the estimated burden allocation for the proposed new 
collection of information. We also estimate that the average cost of 
retaining outside professionals is $400 per hour.\169\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \169\ We recognize that the costs of retaining outside 
professionals may vary depending on the nature of the professional 
services, but for purposes of this PRA analysis, we estimate that 
such costs would be an average of $400 per hour. This estimate is 
based on consultations with several issuers, law firms, and other 
persons who regularly assist issuers in preparing and filing reports 
with the Commission.

PRA Table 4--Estimated Burden Allocation for the Affected Collections of
                               Information
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            Outside
     Collection of information           Internal        professionals
                                        (percent)          (percent)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Schedule 14A, Schedule 14C, Form                   75                 25
 10-Q, Form 10-K, Form 6-K, and
 Form 8-K.........................
Form 20-F.........................                 25                 75
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    PRA Table 5 below illustrates the incremental change to the total 
annual compliance burden of affected forms, in hours and in costs, as a 
result of the proposed amendments' estimated effect on the paperwork 
burden per response.

           PRA Table 5--Calculation of the Incremental Change in Burden Estimates of Current Responses Resulting From the Proposed Amendments
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          Number of
                                                          estimated      Burden hour      Change in       Change in        Change in        Change in
              Collection of information                   affected      increase per    burden hours    company hours     professional     professional
                                                          responses       response                                           hours            costs
                                                              (A) \a\             (B)     (C) = (A) x      (D) = (C) x      (E) = (C) x      (F) = (E) x
                                                                                                  (B)      0.75 or .25      0.25 or .75             $400
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Schedule 14A.........................................           2,600             1.5           3,900            2,925              975         $390,000
Schedule 14C.........................................             228             1.5             342           256.50            85.50           34,200
10-K.................................................           8,292              15         124,380           93,285           31,095       12,438,000
10-K.................................................           5,464             1.5           8,196            6,147            2,049          819,600
10-Q.................................................             600               5           3,000            2,250              750          300,000
20-F.................................................             729            16.5       12,028.50        3,007.125        9,021.375        3,608,550
8-K..................................................             200              10           2,000            1,500              500          200,000
6-K..................................................              20               9             180              135               45           18,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The following tables summarize the requested paperwork burden, 
including the estimated total reporting burdens and costs, under the 
proposed amendments.

                                                             PRA Table 6--Requested Paperwork Burden Under the Proposed Amendments *
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Current burden                                          Program change                                      Requested change in burden
                                     -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                Form                    Current     Current
                                        annual      burden     Current cost     Number of affected       Change in company    Change in professional    Annual     Burden hours     Cost burden
                                       responses     hours        burden             responses                 hours                   costs           responses
                                             (A)         (B)             (C)  (D)...................  (E)...................  (F)...................   (G) = (A)     (H) = (B) +     (I) = (C) +
                                                                                                                                                                             (E)             (F)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Schedule 14A........................       6,369     777,590    $103,678,712  2,600.................  2,925.................  $390,000..............       6,369         780,515    $104,068,712
Schedule 14C........................         569      56,356       7,514,944  228...................  256.50................  34,200................         569          56,613       7,529,144
Form 10-K...........................       8,292  14,188,040   1,893,793,119  8,292 (Item 106)......  99,432................  13,257,600............       8,292      14,287,432   1,907,050,719
                                                                              5,464 (407(j))........  93,285 (Item 106).....  (12,438,000 + 819,600)
                                                                                                      6,147 (407(j))
Form 10-Q...........................      22,925   3,182,333     421,490,754  600...................  2,250.................  300,000...............      22,925       3,184,583     421,790,754
Form 20-F...........................         729     479,261     576,824,025  729...................  3,007.125.............  3,608,550.............         729         482,268     580,432,575
Form 8-K............................     118,387     818,158     108,674,430  200...................  1,500.................  200,000...............     118,387         819,658     108,847,430
Form 6-K............................      34,794     227,031      30,270,780  20....................  135...................  18,000................      34,794         227,166      30,288,780
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* For purposes of the PRA, the requested change in burden hours (column H) is rounded to the nearest whole number.

Request for Comment
    Pursuant to 44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(B), we request comment in order 
to:
    <bullet> Evaluate whether the proposed collections of information 
are necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the 
Commission, including whether the information will have practical 
utility;
    <bullet> Evaluate whether the Commission's estimates of the burden 
of the proposed collection of information are accurate;
    <bullet> Determine whether there are ways to enhance the quality, 
utility, and

[[Page 16617]]

clarity of the information to be collected;
    <bullet> Evaluate whether there are ways to minimize the burden of 
the collection of information on those who respond, including through 
the use of automated collection techniques or other forms of 
information technology; and
    <bullet> Evaluate whether the proposed amendments would have any 
effects on any other collection of information not previously 
identified in this section.
    Any member of the public may direct to us any comments concerning 
the accuracy of these burden estimates and any suggestions for reducing 
these burdens. Persons submitting comments on the collection of 
information requirements should direct their comments to the Office of 
Management and Budget, Attention: Desk Officer for the U.S. Securities 
and Exchange Commission, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, 
Washington, DC 20503, and send a copy to Vanessa A. Countryman, 
Secretary, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street NE, 
Washington, DC 20549, with reference to File No. S7-09-22 Requests for 
materials submitted to OMB by the Commission with regard to the 
collection of information requirements should be in writing, refer to 
File No. S7-09-22 and be submitted to the U.S. Securities and Exchange 
Commission, Office of FOIA Services, 100 F Street NE, Washington DC 
20549. OMB is required to make a decision concerning the collection of 
information requirements between 30 and 60 days after publication of 
the proposed amendments. Consequently, a comment to OMB is best assured 
of having its full effect if the OMB receives it within 30 days of 
publication.

V. Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act

    For purposes of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness 
Act of 1996 (``SBREFA''),\170\ the Commission must advise OMB as to 
whether the proposed amendments constitute a ``major'' rule. Under 
SBREFA, a rule is considered ``major'' where, if adopted, it results or 
is likely to result in:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \170\ 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    <bullet> An annual effect on the U.S. economy of $100 million or 
more (either in the form of an increase or a decrease);
    <bullet> A major increase in costs or prices for consumers or 
individuals industries; or
    <bullet> Significant adverse effects on competition, investment, or 
innovation.
    We request comment on whether the proposed amendments would be a 
``major rule'' for purposes of SBREFA. In particular, we request 
comment on the potential effect of the proposed amendments on the U.S. 
economy on an annual basis; any potential increase in costs or prices 
for consumers or individual industries; and any potential effect on 
competition, investment or innovation. Commenters are requested to 
provide empirical data and other factual support for their views to the 
extent possible.

VI. Initial Regulatory Flexibility Act Analysis

    When an agency issues a rulemaking proposal, the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act (``RFA'') \171\ requires the agency to prepare and make 
available for public comment an Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis 
(``IRFA'') that will describe the impact of the proposed rule on small 
entities.\172\ This IRFA relates to proposed amendments and/or 
additions to the rules and forms described in Section II above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \171\ 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.
    \172\ 5 U.S.C. 603(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

A. Reasons for, and Objectives of, the Proposed Action

    The proposed amendments are intended to provide enhanced 
disclosures regarding registrants' cybersecurity risk governance and 
cybersecurity incident reporting. They are designed to better inform 
investors about material cybersecurity risks and incidents on a timely 
basis and a registrant's assessment, governance, and management of 
those risks. The proposed amendments are discussed in more detail in 
Section II above. We discuss the economic impact and potential 
alternatives to the amendments in Section III, and the estimated 
compliance costs and burdens of the amendments under the PRA in Section 
IV above.

B. Legal Basis

    The amendments contained in this release are being proposed under 
the authority set forth in Securities Act Sections 7 and 19(a) and 
Exchange Act Sections 3(b), 12, 13, 14, 15, and 23(a).

C. Small Entities Subject to the Proposed Rules

    The proposed amendments would apply to registrants that are small 
entities. The Regulatory Flexibility Act defines ``small entity'' to 
mean ``small business,'' ``small organization,'' or ``small 
governmental jurisdiction.'' \173\ For purposes of the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act, under our rules, a registrant, other than an 
investment company, is a ``small business'' or ``small organization'' 
if it had total assets of $5 million or less on the last day of its 
most recent fiscal year and is engaged or proposing to engage in an 
offering of securities that does not exceed $5 million.\174\ Under 17 
CFR 270.0-10, an investment company, including a BDC, is considered to 
be a small entity if it, together with other investment companies in 
the same group of related investment companies, has net assets of $50 
million or less as of the end of its most recent fiscal year.\175\ An 
investment company, including a BDC,\176\ is considered to be a ``small 
business'' if it, together with other investment companies in the same 
group of related investment companies, has net assets of $50 million or 
less as of the end of its most recent fiscal year.\177\ Commission 
staff estimates that, as of June 2021, there were 660 issuers,\178\ and 
9 BDCs \179\ that may be considered small entities that would be 
subject to the proposed amendments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \173\ 5 U.S.C. 601(6).
    \174\ See 17 CFR 240.0-10(a).
    \175\ 17 CFR 270.0-10(a).
    \176\ BDCs are a category of closed-end investment company that 
are not registered under the Investment Company Act [15 U.S.C. 80a-
2(a)(48) and 80a-53-64].
    \177\ 17 CFR 270.0-10(a).
    \178\ This estimate is based on staff analysis of Form 10-K 
filings on EDGAR, or amendments thereto, filed during the calendar 
year of Jan. 1, 2020 to Dec. 31, 2020, or filed by Sept. 1, 2021, 
and on data from XBRL filings, Compustat, and Ives Group Audit 
Analytics.
    \179\ These estimates are based on staff analysis of Morningstar 
data and data submitted by investment company registrants in forms 
filed on EDGAR as of June 30, 2021.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping and Other Compliance Requirements

    If adopted, the proposed amendments would apply to small entities 
to the same extent as other entities, irrespective of size. Therefore, 
we expect that the nature of any benefits and costs associated with the 
proposed amendments to be similar for large and small entities. 
Accordingly, we refer to the discussion of the proposed amendments' 
economic effects on all affected parties, including small entities, in 
Section III above. Consistent with that discussion, we anticipate that 
the economic benefits and costs likely could vary widely among small 
entities based on a number of factors, such as the nature and conduct 
of their businesses, which makes it difficult to project the economic 
impact on small entities with precision. As a general matter, however, 
we recognize that the costs of the proposed amendments borne by the 
affected entities could have a proportionally greater effect on small

[[Page 16618]]

entities, as they may be less able to bear such costs relative to 
larger entities.
    Compliance with the proposed amendments may require the use of 
professional skills, including legal skills. We request comment on how 
the proposed disclosure amendments would affect small entities.

E. Duplicative, Overlapping, or Conflicting Federal Rules

    The Commission has also proposed cybersecurity risk management 
rules and related rule amendments for advisers and funds, including 
BDCs. To the extent that the proposed rules and rule amendments in the 
Investment Management Cybersecurity Proposing Release are adopted, BDCs 
may be subject both to those proposed rules and rule amendments and to 
certain of the rules proposed in this rulemaking. To the extent that 
there could be overlap if these proposals are adopted, we would not 
expect the overlap to result in significant burdens for BDCs (including 
small BDCs) since they should be able to use their Form 8-K disclosure 
to more efficiently prepare the corresponding disclosure that would be 
required by the Investment Management Cybersecurity Proposing Release 
or, in the alternative, use that corresponding disclosure (if adopted) 
to prepare their Form 8-K disclosure.

F. Significant Alternatives

    The RFA directs us to consider alternatives that would accomplish 
our stated objectives, while minimizing any significant adverse impact 
on small entities. In connection with the proposed amendments, we 
considered the following alternatives:
    <bullet> Establishing different compliance or reporting 
requirements that take into account the resources available to small 
entities;
    <bullet> Exempting small entities from all or part of the 
requirements;
    <bullet> Using performance rather than design standards; and
    <bullet> Clarifying, consolidating, or simplifying compliance and 
reporting requirements under the rules for small entities.
    The proposed amendments are intended to better inform investors 
about cybersecurity incidents and the cybersecurity risk management, 
strategy, and governance of registrants of all types and sizes which 
are subject to the Exchange Act reporting requirements. Under current 
requirements, the nature of registrants' cybersecurity disclosure 
varies widely, with registrants providing different levels of 
specificity regarding the cause, scope, impact and materiality of 
cybersecurity incidents. The timing of disclosure about material 
cybersecurity incidents also varies in the absence of a specific 
requirement regarding timely disclosure of such incidents. Further, 
while registrants generally discuss cybersecurity risks in the risk 
factor section of their annual reports, the disclosures are sometimes 
blended with other unrelated disclosures, which makes it more difficult 
for investors to locate, interpret, and analyze the information 
provided. The staff also has observed a divergence in these disclosures 
by industry and that smaller reporting companies generally provide less 
cybersecurity disclosure as compared to larger registrants.
    Exempting small entities from the proposed amendments or 
establishing different compliance or reporting requirements for small 
entities could frustrate the goal of providing investors in these 
companies with more uniform and timely disclosure about material 
cybersecurity incidents and disclosure about their risk management and 
governance practices that is comparable to the disclosure provided by 
other registrants. Further, as stated in Sections II and III of this 
release, evidence suggests that smaller companies may have an equal or 
greater risk than larger companies of being attacked, making the 
proposed disclosures particularly important for investors in these 
companies.\180\ Therefore, our objectives would not be served by 
establishing different compliance or reporting requirements for small 
entities or clarifying, consolidating or simplifying compliance and 
reporting requirements for small entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \180\ See supra note 18. See Section III.E.3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to using performance rather than design standards, the 
proposed amendments use primarily use design rather than performance 
standards to promote more consistent and comparable disclosures by all 
registrants.
    Section II of this release includes specific requests for comment 
on whether certain categories of registrants, including smaller 
reporting companies, should be exempted from the proposed Regulation S-
K Item 106 disclosure regarding cybersecurity risk management, strategy 
and governance. The release also requests comment on how any exemption 
would impact investor assessments and comparisons of the cybersecurity 
risks of registrants. In addition, comment is solicited on whether 
smaller reporting companies should be exempted from the board expertise 
disclosure requirement in proposed Item 407(j) and from the 
requirements to present the proposed disclosure in Inline XBRL.
Request for Comment
    We encourage the submission of comments with respect to any aspect 
of this IRFA. In particular, we request comments regarding:
    <bullet> The number of small entities that may be affected by the 
proposed amendments;
    <bullet> The existence or nature of the potential impact of the 
proposed amendments on small entities discussed in the analysis;
    <bullet> How the proposed amendments could further lower the burden 
on small entities; and
    <bullet> How to quantify the impact of the proposed amendments.
    Commenters are asked to describe the nature of any impact and 
provide empirical data supporting the extent of the impact. Comments 
will be considered in the preparation of the Final Regulatory 
Flexibility Analysis, if the proposed amendments are adopted, and will 
be placed in the same public file as comments on the proposed 
amendments themselves.

Statutory Authority and Text of Proposed Rule and Form Amendments

    We are proposing the rule and form amendments contained in this 
document under the authority set forth in Sections 7 and 19(a) of the 
Securities Act and Sections 3(b), 12, 13, 14, 15, and 23(a) of the 
Exchange Act.

List of Subjects in 17 CFR Parts 229, 232, 239, 240, and 249

    Reporting and record keeping requirements, Securities.

    For the reasons set forth in the preamble, the Commission is 
proposing to amend title 17, chapter II of the Code of Federal 
Regulations as follows:

PART 229--STANDARD INSTRUCTIONS FOR FILING FORMS UNDER SECURITIES 
ACT OF 1933, SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 AND ENERGY POLICY AND 
CONSERVATION ACT OF 1975--REGULATION S-K

0
1. The authority citation for part 229 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  15 U.S.C. 77e, 77f, 77g, 77h, 77j, 77k, 77s, 77z-2, 
77z-3, 77aa(25), 77aa(26), 77ddd, 77eee, 77ggg, 77hhh, 77iii, 77jjj, 
77nnn, 77sss, 78c, 78i, 78j, 78j-3, 78l, 78m, 78n, 78n-1, 78o, 78u-
5, 78w, 78ll, 78mm, 80a-8, 80a-9, 80a-20, 80a-29, 80a-30, 80a-31(c), 
80a-37, 80a-38(a), 80a-39, 80b-11 and 7201 et seq.; 18 U.S.C. 1350; 
sec. 953(b), Pub. L. 111-203, 124 Stat. 1904 (2010); and sec. 
102(c), Pub. L. 112-106, 126 Stat. 310 (2012).


[[Page 16619]]


0
2. Add Sec.  229.106 to read as follows:


Sec.  229.106  (Item 106) Cybersecurity.

    (a) Definitions. For purposes of this section:
    Cybersecurity incident means an unauthorized occurrence on or 
conducted through a registrant's information systems that jeopardizes 
the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of a registrant's 
information systems or any information residing therein.
    Cybersecurity threat means any potential occurrence that may result 
in, an unauthorized effort to adversely affect the confidentiality, 
integrity or availability of a registrant's information systems or any 
information residing therein.
    Information systems means information resources, owned or used by 
the registrant, including physical or virtual infrastructure controlled 
by such information resources, or components thereof, organized for the 
collection, processing, maintenance, use, sharing, dissemination, or 
disposition of the registrant's information to maintain or support the 
registrant's operations.
    (b) Risk management and strategy. Disclose in such detail as 
necessary to adequately describe the registrant's policies and 
procedures, if it has any, for the identification and management of 
risks from cybersecurity threats, including, but not limited to: 
Operational risk (i.e., disruption of business operations); 
intellectual property theft; fraud; extortion; harm to employees or 
customers; violation of privacy laws and other litigation and legal 
risk; and reputational risk. Disclosure under this section should 
include, as applicable, a discussion of whether:
    (1) The registrant has a cybersecurity risk assessment program, and 
if so, provide a description of such program;
    (2) The registrant engages assessors, consultants, auditors, or 
other third parties in connection with any cybersecurity risk 
assessment program;
    (3) The registrant has policies and procedures to oversee and 
identify the cybersecurity risks associated with its use of any third-
party service provider, including, but not limited to, those providers 
that have access to the registrant's customer and employee data. If so, 
the registrant shall describe these policies and procedures, including 
whether and how cybersecurity considerations affect the selection and 
oversight of these providers and contractual and other mechanisms the 
company uses to mitigate cybersecurity risks related to these 
providers;
    (4) The registrant undertakes activities to prevent, detect, and 
minimize effects of cybersecurity incidents, and if so, provide a 
description of the types of activities undertaken;
    (5) The registrant has business continuity, contingency, and 
recovery plans in the event of a cybersecurity incident;
    (6) Previous cybersecurity incidents informed changes in the 
registrant's governance, policies and procedures, or technologies;
    (7) Cybersecurity-related risks and previous cybersecurity-related 
incidents have affected or are reasonably likely to affect the 
registrant's strategy, business model, results of operations, or 
financial condition and if so, how; and
    (8) Cybersecurity risks are considered as part of the registrant's 
business strategy, financial planning, and capital allocation, and if 
so, how.
    (c) Governance. (1) Describe the board's oversight of cybersecurity 
risk, including the following as applicable:
    (i) Whether the entire board, specific board members, or a board 
committee is responsible for the oversight of cybersecurity risks;
    (ii) The processes by which the board is informed about 
cybersecurity risks, and the frequency of its discussions on this 
topic; and
    (iii) Whether and how the board or board committee considers 
cybersecurity risks as part of its business strategy, risk management, 
and financial oversight.
    (2) Describe management's role in assessing and managing 
cybersecurity-related risks, as well as its role in implementing the 
registrant's cybersecurity policies, procedures, and strategies. The 
description should include, but not be limited to, the following 
information:
    (i) Whether certain management positions or committees are 
responsible for measuring and managing cybersecurity risk, specifically 
the prevention, mitigation, detection, and remediation of cybersecurity 
incidents, and the relevant expertise of such persons or members in 
such detail as necessary to fully describe the nature of the expertise;
    (ii) Whether the registrant has a designated chief information 
security officer, or someone in a comparable position, and if so, to 
whom that individual reports within the registrant's organizational 
chart, and the relevant expertise of any such persons in such detail as 
necessary to fully describe the nature of the expertise;
    (iii) The processes by which such persons or committees are 
informed about and monitor the prevention, mitigation, detection, and 
remediation of cybersecurity incidents; and
    (iv) Whether and how frequently such persons or committees report 
to the board of directors or a committee of the board of directors on 
cybersecurity risk.
    Instructions to Item 106(c): 1. In the case of a foreign private 
issuer with a two-tier board of directors, for purposes of paragraph 
(c) of this section, the term board of directors means the supervisory 
or non-management board. In the case of a foreign private issuer 
meeting the requirements of Sec.  240.10A-3(c)(3) of this chapter, for 
purposes of paragraph (c) of this Item, the term board of directors 
means the issuer's board of auditors (or similar body) or statutory 
auditors, as applicable.
    2. Relevant experience of management in Item 106(c)(2)(i) and (ii) 
may include, for example: Prior work experience in cybersecurity; any 
relevant degrees or certifications; any knowledge, skills, or other 
background in cybersecurity.
    (d) Updated incident disclosure. (1) If the registrant has 
previously provided disclosure regarding one or more cybersecurity 
incidents pursuant to Item 1.05 of Form 8-K, the registrant must 
disclose any material changes, additions, or updates regarding such 
incident in the registrant's quarterly report filed with the Commission 
on Form 10-Q (17 CFR 249.308a) or annual report filed with the 
Commission on Form 10-K (17 CFR 249.310) for the period (the 
registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) in 
which the change, addition, or update occurred. The description should 
also include, as applicable, but not be limited to, the following 
information:
    (i) Any material effect of the incident on the registrant's 
operations and financial condition;
    (ii) Any potential material future impacts on the registrant's 
operations and financial condition;
    (iii) Whether the registrant has remediated or is currently 
remediating the incident; and
    (iv) Any changes in the registrant's policies and procedures as a 
result of the cybersecurity incident, and how the incident may have 
informed such changes.
    (2) The registrant should provide the following disclosure to the 
extent known to management when a series of previously undisclosed 
individually immaterial cybersecurity incidents has become material in 
the aggregate:
    (i) A general description of when the incidents were discovered and 
whether they are ongoing;
    (ii) A brief description of the nature and scope of the incidents;

[[Page 16620]]

    (iii) Whether any data was stolen or altered in connection with the 
incidents;
    (iv) The effect of the incidents on the registrant's operations; 
and
    (v) Whether the registrant has remediated or is currently 
remediating the incidents.
    (e) Structured Data Requirement. Provide the information required 
by this Item in an Interactive Data File in accordance with Rule 405 of 
Regulation S-T and the EDGAR Filer Manual.
0
3. Amend Sec.  229.407 by adding paragraph (j) to read as follows:


Sec.  229.407  (Item 407) Corporate Governance.

* * * * *
    (j) Cybersecurity expertise. (1) If any member of the registrant's 
board of directors has expertise in cybersecurity, disclose the name(s) 
of any such director(s), and provide such detail as necessary to fully 
describe the nature of the expertise. In determining whether a director 
has expertise in cybersecurity, the registrant should consider, among 
other things:
    (i) Whether the director has prior work experience in 
cybersecurity, including, for example, prior experience as an 
information security officer, security policy analyst, security 
auditor, security architect or engineer, security operations or 
incident response manager, or business continuity planner;
    (ii) Whether the director has obtained a certification or degree in 
cybersecurity; and
    (iii) Whether the director has knowledge, skills, or other 
background in cybersecurity, including, for example, in the areas of 
security policy and governance, risk management, security assessment, 
control evaluation, security architecture and engineering, security 
operations, incident handling, or business continuity planning.
    (2) Safe harbor. (i) A person who is determined to have expertise 
in cybersecurity will not be deemed an expert for any purpose, 
including, without limitation, for purposes of Section 11 of the 
Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77k), as a result of being designated or 
identified as a director with expertise in cybersecurity pursuant to 
this Item 407(j).
    (ii) The designation or identification of a person as having 
expertise in cybersecurity pursuant to this Item 407(j) does not impose 
on such person any duties, obligations or liability that are greater 
than the duties, obligations and liability imposed on such person as a 
member of the board of directors in the absence of such designation or 
identification.
    (iii) The designation or identification of a person as having 
expertise in cybersecurity pursuant to this Item 407(j) does not affect 
the duties, obligations, or liability of any other member of the board 
of directors.
    (3) Structured Data Requirement. Provide the information required 
by this Item in an Interactive Data File in accordance with Rule 405 of 
Regulation S-T and the EDGAR Filer Manual.
* * * * *
    Instruction to Item 407(j): In the case of a foreign private issuer 
with a two-tier board of directors, for purposes of paragraph (j) of 
this Item, the term board of directors means the supervisory or non-
management board. In the case of a foreign private issuer meeting the 
requirements of Sec.  240.10A-3(c)(3) of this chapter, for purposes of 
paragraph (j) of this Item, the term board of directors means the 
issuer's board of auditors (or similar body) or statutory auditors, as 
applicable.
* * * * *
0
4. Amend Sec.  229.601 by revising (b)(101)(i)(C)(1) as follows:


Sec.  229.601  (Item 601) Exhibits.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (101) * * *
    (i) * * *
    (C) * * *
    (1) Only when:
    (i) The Form 8-K contains audited annual financial statements that 
are a revised version of financial statements that previously were 
filed with the Commission and that have been revised pursuant to 
applicable accounting standards to reflect the effects of certain 
subsequent events, including a discontinued operation, a change in 
reportable segments or a change in accounting principle. In such case, 
the Interactive Data File will be required only as to such revised 
financial statements regardless of whether the Form 8-K contains other 
financial statements; or
    (ii) The Form 8-K includes disclosure required to be provided in an 
Interactive Data File pursuant to Item 1.05(b) of Form 8-K;
* * * * *

PART 232--REGULATION S-T--GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR 
ELECTRONIC FILINGS

0
5. The general authority citation for part 232 continues to read as 
follows:

    Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77c, 77f, 77g, 77h, 77j, 77s(a), 77z-3, 
77sss(a), 78c(b), 78l, 78m, 78n, 78o(d), 78w(a), 78ll, 80a-6(c), 
80a-8, 80a-29, 80a-30, 80a-37, 7201 et seq.; and 18 U.S.C. 1350, 
unless otherwise noted.

0
6. Amend Sec.  232.405 by adding paragraphs (b)(1)(iii) and (b)(4) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  232.405   Interactive Data File submissions.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (iii) The disclosure set forth in paragraph (4) of this section, as 
applicable.
* * * * *
    (4) An Interactive Data File must consist of the disclosure 
provided under 17 CFR 229 (Regulation S-K) and related provisions that 
is required to be tagged, including, as applicable:
    (i) The cybersecurity information required by:
    (A) Item 106 of Regulation S-K (Sec.  229.106 of this chapter);
    (B) Item 407(j) of Regulation S-K (Sec.  229.407(j) of this 
chapter);
    (C) Item 1.05 of Form 8-K (Sec.  249.308 of this chapter); and
    (D) Item 16J of Form 20-F (Sec.  249.220f of this chapter).
* * * * *

PART 239--FORMS PRESCRIBED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

0
7. The authority citation for part 239 continues to read in part as 
follows:

    Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77c, 77f, 77g, 77h, 77j, 77s, 77z-2, 77z-3, 
77sss, 78c, 78l, 78m,78n, 78o(d), 78o-7 note, 78u-5, 78w(a), 78ll, 
78mm, 80a-2(a), 80a-3, 80a-8, 80a-9, 80a-10, 80a-13, 80a-24, 80a-26, 
80a-29, 80a-30, and 80a-37; and sec. 107, Pub. L. 112-106, 126 Stat. 
312, unless otherwise noted.

0
8. Amend Sec.  239.13 by revising paragraph (a)(3)(ii) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  239.13  Form S-3, for registration under the Securities Act of 
1933 of securities of certain issuers offered pursuant to certain types 
of transactions.

* * * * *
    (a) * * *
    (3) * * *
    (ii) Has filed in a timely manner all reports required to be filed 
during the twelve calendar months and any portion of a month 
immediately preceding the filing of the registration statement, other 
than a report that is required solely pursuant to Item 1.01, 1.02, 
1.05, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 4.02(a), 6.01, 6.03 or 6.05 of Form 8-K 
(Sec.  249.308 of this chapter). If the registrant has used (during the 
twelve calendar months and any portion of a month immediately preceding 
the filing of the registration statement) Sec.  240.12b-25(b) of this 
chapter with respect to a report or a

[[Page 16621]]

portion of a report, that report or portion thereof has actually been 
filed within the time period prescribed by that section; and
* * * * *
0
9. Amend Form S-3 (referenced in Sec.  239.13) by adding General 
Instruction I.A.3(b) to read as follows:

    Note:  The text of Form S-3 does not, and this amendment will 
not, appear in the Code of Federal Regulations.

FORM S-3

* * * * *

INFORMATION TO BE INCLUDED IN THE REPORT

* * * * *

General Instructions

I. Eligibility Requirements for Use of Form S-3

* * * * *

A. Registrant Requirements.

* * * * *
    3. * * *
    (a) * * *
    (b) has filed in a timely manner all reports required to be filed 
during the twelve calendar months and any portion of a month 
immediately preceding the filing of the registration statement, other 
than a report that is required solely pursuant to Item 1.01, 1.02, 
1.04, 1.05, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 4.02(a) or 5.02(e) of Form 8-K 
(Sec.  249.308 of this chapter). If the registrant has used (during the 
twelve calendar months and any portion of a month immediately preceding 
the filing of the registration statement) Rule 12b-25(b) (Sec.  
240.12b-25(b) of this chapter) under the Exchange Act with respect to a 
report or a portion of a report, that report or portion thereof has 
actually been filed within the time period prescribed by that rule.
* * * * *
0
10. Amend Sec.  239.45 by revising paragraph (a)(2) to read as follows:


Sec.  239.45   Form SF-3, for registration under the Securities Act of 
1933 for offerings of asset-backed issuers offered pursuant to certain 
types of transactions.

* * * * *
    (a) * * *
    (2) To the extent the depositor or any issuing entity previously 
established, directly or indirectly, by the depositor or any affiliate 
of the depositor (as defined in Item 1101 of Regulation AB (17 CFR 
229.1101)) is or was at any time during the twelve calendar months and 
any portion of a month immediately preceding the filing of the 
registration statement on this Form subject to the requirements of 
section 12 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78l or 78o(d)) with 
respect to a class of asset-backed securities involving the same asset 
class, such depositor and each such issuing entity must have filed all 
material required to be filed regarding such asset-backed securities 
pursuant to section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78m or 
78o(d)) for such period (or such shorter period that each such entity 
was required to file such materials). In addition, such material must 
have been filed in a timely manner, other than a report that is 
required solely pursuant to Item 1.01, 1.02, 1.05, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 
2.06, 4.02(a), 6.01, or 6.03 of Form 8-K (17 CFR 249.308). If Sec.  
240.12b-25(b) of this chapter was used during such period with respect 
to a report or a portion of a report, that report or portion thereof 
has actually been filed within the time period prescribed by Sec.  
240.12b-25(b) of this chapter. Regarding an affiliated depositor that 
became an affiliate as a result of a business combination transaction 
during such period, the filing of any material prior to the business 
combination transaction relating to asset-backed securities of an 
issuing entity previously established, directly or indirectly, by such 
affiliated depositor is excluded from this section, provided such 
business combination transaction was not part of a plan or scheme to 
evade the requirements of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. See 
the definition of ``affiliate'' in Sec.  230.405 of this chapter.
* * * * *
0
11. Amend Form SF-3 (referenced in Sec.  239.45) by revising General 
Instruction I.A(2) to read as follows:

    Note:  The text of Form SF-3 does not, and this addition will 
not, appear in the Code of Federal Regulations.

FORM SF-3

* * * * *

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

I. Eligibility Requirements for Use of Form SF-3

A.

    (2) To the extent the depositor or any issuing entity previously 
established, directly or indirectly, by the depositor or any affiliate 
of the depositor (as defined in Item 1101 of Regulation AB (17 CFR 
229.1101)) is or was at any time during the twelve calendar months and 
any portion of a month immediately preceding the filing of the 
registration statement on this Form subject to the requirements of 
section 12 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78(l) or 78o(d)) 
with respect to a class of asset-backed securities involving the same 
asset class, such depositor and each such issuing entity must have 
filed all material required to be filed regarding such asset-backed 
securities pursuant to section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (15 
U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)) for such period (or such shorter period that each 
such entity was required to file such materials). In addition, such 
material must have been filed in a timely manner, other than a report 
that is required solely pursuant to Item 1.01, 1.02, 1.05, 2.03, 2.04, 
2.05, 2.06, 4.02(a), 6.01, or 6.03 of Form 8-K (17 CFR 249.308). If 
Rule 12b-25(b) (17 CFR 240.12b-25(b)) under the Exchange Act was used 
during such period with respect to a report or a portion of a report, 
that report or portion thereof has actually been filed within the time 
period prescribed by that rule. Regarding an affiliated depositor that 
became an affiliate as a result of a business combination transaction 
during such period, the filing of any material prior to the business 
combination transaction relating to asset-backed securities of an 
issuing entity previously established, directly or indirectly, by such 
affiliated depositor is excluded from this section, provided such 
business combination transaction was not part of a plan or scheme to 
evade the requirements of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. See 
the definition of ``affiliate'' in Securities Act Rule 405 (17 CFR 
230.405).
* * * * *

PART 240--GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS, SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 
1934

0
12. The authority citation for part 240 continues to read, in part, as 
follows:

    Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77c, 77d, 77g, 77j, 77s, 77z-2, 77z-3, 
77eee, 77ggg, 77nnn, 77sss, 77ttt, 78c, 78c-3, 78c-5, 78d, 78e, 78f, 
78g, 78i, 78j, 78j-1, 78k, 78k-1, 78l, 78m, 78n, 78n-1, 78o, 78o-4, 
78o-10, 78p, 78q, 78q-1, 78s, 78u-5, 78w, 78x, 78dd, 78ll, 78mm, 
80a-20, 80a-23, 80a-29, 80a-37, 80b-3, 80b-4, 80b-11, and 7201 et 
seq., and 8302; 7 U.S.C. 2(c)(2)(E); 12 U.S.C. 5221(e)(3); 18 U.S.C. 
1350; Pub. L. 111-203, 939A, 124 Stat. 1376 (2010); and Pub. L. 112-
106, sec. 503 and 602, 126 Stat. 326 (2012), unless otherwise noted.
* * * * *
    Section 240.15d-11 is also issued under secs. 3(a) and 306(a), 
Pub. L. 107-204, 116 Stat. 745.
* * * * *
0
13. Amend Sec.  240.13a-11 by revising paragraph (c) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  240. 13a-11   Current reports on Form 8-K (Sec.  249.308 of this 
chapter).

* * * * *

[[Page 16622]]

    (c) No failure to file a report on Form 8-K that is required solely 
pursuant to Item 1.01, 1.02, 1.05, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 4.02(a), 
5.02(e) or 6.03 of Form 8-K shall be deemed to be a violation of 15 
U.S.C. 78j(b) and Sec.  240.10b-5.
0
14. Amend Sec.  240.15d-11 by revising paragraph (c) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  240.15d-11   Current reports on Form 8-K (Sec.  249.308 of this 
chapter).

* * * * *
    (c) No failure to file a report on Form 8-K that is required solely 
pursuant to Item 1.01, 1.02, 1.05, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 4.02(a), 
5.02(e) or 6.03 of Form 8-K shall be deemed to be a violation of 15 
U.S.C. 78j(b) and Sec.  240.10b-5.

PART 249--FORMS, SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

0
15. The authority citation for part 249 continues to read, in part, as 
follows:

    Authority:  15 U.S.C. 78a et seq. and 7201 et seq.; 12 U.S.C. 
5461 et seq.; 18 U.S.C. 1350; Sec. 953(b), Pub. L. 111-203, 124 
Stat. 1904; Sec. 102(a)(3), Pub. L. 112-106, 126 Stat. 309 (2012); 
Sec. 107, Pub. L. 112-106, 126 Stat. 313 (2012), Sec. 72001, Pub. L. 
114-94, 129 Stat. 1312 (2015), and secs. 2 and 3 Pub. L. 116-222, 
134 Stat. 1063 (2020), unless otherwise noted.
* * * * *
    Section 249.220f is also issued under secs. 3(a), 202, 208, 302, 
306(a), 401(a), 401(b), 406 and 407, Pub. L. 107-204, 116 Stat. 745, 
and secs. 2 and 3, Pub. L. 116-222, 134 Stat. 1063.
* * * * *
    Section 249.308 is also issued under 15 U.S.C. 80a-29 and 80a-
37.
    Section 249.308a is also issued under secs. 3(a) and 302, Pub. 
L. 107-204, 116 Stat. 745.
* * * * *
    Section 249.310 is also issued under secs. 3(a), 202, 208, 302, 
406 and 407, Pub. L. 107-204, 116 Stat. 745.
* * * * *
0
16. Amend Form 20-F (referenced in Sec.  249.220f) by adding Item 16J 
to read as follows:

    Note:  The text of Form 20-F does not, and these amendments will 
not, appear in the Code of Federal Regulations.

FORM 20-F

* * * * *

PART II

* * * * *

Item 16J. Cybersecurity

    (a) Definitions. For purposes of this section:
    (1) Cybersecurity incident means an unauthorized occurrence on or 
conducted through a registrant's information systems that jeopardizes 
the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of a registrant's 
information systems or any information residing therein.
    (2) Cybersecurity threat means any potential occurrence that may 
result in, an unauthorized effort to adversely affect the 
confidentiality, integrity or availability of a registrant's 
information systems or any information residing therein.
    (3) Information systems means information resources, owned or used 
by the registrant, including physical or virtual infrastructure 
controlled by such information resources, or components thereof, 
organized for the collection, processing, maintenance, use, sharing, 
dissemination, or disposition of the registrant's information to 
maintain or support the registrant's operations.
    (b) Risk management and strategy.
    (1) Disclose in such detail as necessary to adequately describe the 
registrant's policies and procedures, if it has any, for the 
identification and management of risks from cybersecurity threats, 
including, but not limited to: Operational risk (i.e., disruption of 
business operations); intellectual property theft; fraud; extortion; 
harm to employees or customers; violation of privacy laws and other 
litigation and legal risk; and reputational risk. Disclosure under this 
section should include, as applicable, a discussion of whether:
    (i) The registrant has a cybersecurity risk assessment program, and 
if so, provide a description of such program;
    (ii) The registrant engages assessors, consultants, auditors, or 
other third parties in connection with any cybersecurity risk 
assessment program;
    (iii) The registrant has policies and procedures to oversee and 
identify the cybersecurity risks associated with its use of any third-
party service provider, including, but not limited to, those providers 
that have access to or have information about the registrant's customer 
and employee data. If so, the registrant shall describe these policies 
and procedures, including whether and how cybersecurity considerations 
affect the selection and oversight of these providers and contractual 
and other mechanisms the company uses to mitigate cybersecurity risks 
related to these providers;
    (iv) The registrant undertakes activities to prevent, detect, and 
minimize effects of cybersecurity incidents, and if so, provide a 
description of the types of activities undertaken;
    (v) The registrant has business continuity, contingency, and 
recovery plans in the event of a cybersecurity incident;
    (vi) Previous cybersecurity incidents informed changes in the 
registrant's governance, policies and procedures, or technologies;
    (vii) Cybersecurity related risks and previous cybersecurity 
related incidents have affected or are reasonably likely to affect the 
registrant's strategy, business model, results of operations, or 
financial condition and if so, how; and
    (viii) Cybersecurity risks are considered as part of the 
registrant's business strategy, financial planning, and capital 
allocation, and if so, how.
    (c) Governance.
    (1) Describe the board's oversight of cybersecurity risk, including 
the following as applicable:
    (i) Whether the entire board, specific board members, or a board 
committee is responsible for the oversight of cybersecurity risks;
    (ii) The processes by which the board is informed about 
cybersecurity risks, and the frequency of its discussions on this 
topic; and
    (iii) Whether and how the board or board committee considers 
cybersecurity risks as part of its business strategy, risk management, 
and financial oversight.
    (2) Describe management's role in assessing and managing 
cybersecurity related risks, as well as its role in implementing the 
registrant's cybersecurity policies, procedures, and strategies. The 
description should include, but not be limited to, the following 
information:
    (i) Whether certain management positions or committees are 
responsible for measuring and managing cybersecurity risk, specifically 
the prevention, mitigation, detection, and remediation of cybersecurity 
incidents, and the relevant expertise of such persons or members in 
such detail as necessary to fully describe the nature of the expertise;
    (ii) Whether the registrant has a designated chief information 
security officer, or someone in a comparable position, and if so, to 
whom that individual reports within the registrant's organizational 
chart, and the relevant expertise of any such person in such detail as 
necessary to fully describe the nature of the expertise;
    (iii) The processes by which such persons or committees are 
informed about and monitor the prevention, mitigation, detection, and 
remediation of cybersecurity incidents; and
    (iv) Whether and how frequently such persons or committees report 
to the board of directors or a committee of the board of directors on 
cybersecurity risk.

[[Page 16623]]

Instructions to Item 16J(c)

    1. In the case of a foreign private issuer with a two-tier board of 
directors, for purposes of paragraph (c) of this Item, the term board 
of directors means the supervisory or non-management board. In the case 
of a foreign private issuer meeting the requirements of Sec.  240.10A-
3(c)(3) of this chapter, for purposes of paragraph (c) of this Item, 
the term board of directors means the issuer's board of auditors (or 
similar body) or statutory auditors, as applicable.
    2. Relevant experience of management in Item 16J(c)(2)(i) and (ii) 
may include, for example: Prior work experience in cybersecurity; any 
relevant degrees or certifications; any knowledge, skills, or other 
background in cybersecurity.
    (d) Updated incident disclosure.
    (1) If the registrant has previously provided disclosure regarding 
one or more cybersecurity incidents pursuant to Form 6-K, the 
registrant must disclose any material changes, additions, or updates 
regarding such incident that occurred during the reporting period. The 
description should also include, as applicable, but not limited to, the 
following information:
    (i) Any material effect of the incident on the registrant's 
operations and financial condition;
    (ii) Any potential material future impacts on the registrant's 
operations and financial condition;
    (iii) Whether the registrant has remediated or is currently 
remediating the incident; and
    (iv) Any changes in the registrant's policies and procedures as a 
result of the cybersecurity incident, and how the incident may have 
informed such changes.
    (2) The registrant should provide the following disclosure to the 
extent known to management regarding any previously undisclosed 
material cybersecurity incidents that have occurred during the 
reporting period, including a series of individually immaterial 
cybersecurity incidents that have become material in the aggregate:
    (i) A general description of when the incidents were discovered and 
whether they are ongoing;
    (ii) A brief description of the nature and scope of the incidents;
    (iii) Whether any data was stolen or altered in connection with the 
incidents;
    (iv) The effect of the incidents on the registrant's operations; 
and
    (v) Whether the registrant has remediated or is currently 
remediating the incidents.
    (e) Cybersecurity expertise.
    (1) If any member of the registrant's board of directors has 
expertise in cybersecurity, disclose the name(s) of any such 
director(s), and provide such detail as necessary to fully describe the 
nature of the expertise. In determining whether a director has 
expertise in cybersecurity, the registrant should consider, among other 
things:
    (i) Whether the director has prior work experience in 
cybersecurity, including, for example, prior experience as an 
information security officer, security policy analyst, security 
auditor, security architect or engineer, security operations or 
incident response manager, or business continuity planner;
    (ii) Whether the director has obtained a certification or degree in 
cybersecurity; and
    (iii) Whether the director has knowledge, skills, or other 
background in cybersecurity, including, for example, in the areas of 
security policy and governance, risk management, security assessment, 
control evaluation, security architecture and engineering, security 
operations, incident handling, or business continuity planning.
    (2) Safe harbor.
    (i) A person who is determined to have expertise in cybersecurity 
will not be deemed an expert for any purpose, including, without 
limitation, for purposes of Section 11 of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 
77k), as a result of being designated or identified as a director with 
expertise in cybersecurity pursuant to this Item 16J.
    (ii) The designation or identification of a person as having 
expertise in cybersecurity pursuant to this Item 16J does not impose on 
such person any duties, obligations or liability that are greater than 
the duties, obligations and liability imposed on such person as a 
member of the board of directors in the absence of such designation or 
identification.
    (iii) The designation or identification of a person as having 
expertise in cybersecurity pursuant to this Item 16J does not affect 
the duties, obligations or liability of any other member of the board 
of directors.
    (f) Structured Data Requirement. Provide the information required 
by this Item in an Interactive Data File in accordance with Rule 405 of 
Regulation S-T and the EDGAR Filer Manual.
    Instruction to Item 16J. Item 16J applies only to annual reports, 
and does not apply to registration statements on Form 20-F.
* * * * *
0
17. Amend Form 6-K (referenced in Sec.  249.306) by adding the phrase 
``cybersecurity incident'' before the phrase ``and any other 
information which the registrant deems of material importance to 
security holders.'' in the second paragraph of General Instruction B.
0
18. Amend Form 8-K (referenced in Sec.  249.308) by:
0
a. Revising General Instruction B.1.; and
0
b. Adding Item 1.05.
    The revision and addition read as follows:

    Note: The text of Form 8-K does not, and this addition will not, 
appear in the Code of Federal Regulations.

FORM 8-K

* * * * *

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

* * * * *

Instruction B. Events To Be Reported and Time for Filing of Reports

    1. A report on this form is required to be filed or furnished, as 
applicable, upon the occurrence of any one or more of the events 
specified in the items in Sections 1 through 6 and 9 of this form. 
Unless otherwise specified, a report is to be filed or furnished within 
four business days after occurrence of the event. If the event occurs 
on a Saturday, Sunday or holiday on which the Commission is not open 
for business, then the four business day period shall begin to run on, 
and include, the first business day thereafter. A registrant either 
furnishing a report on this form under Item 7.01 (Regulation FD 
Disclosure) or electing to file a report on this form under Item 8.01 
(Other Events) solely to satisfy its obligations under Regulation FD 
(17 CFR 243.100 and 243.101) must furnish such report or make such 
filing, as applicable, in accordance with the requirements of Rule 
100(a) of Regulation FD (17 CFR 243.100(a)), including the deadline for 
furnishing or filing such report. A report pursuant to Item 5.08 is to 
be filed within four business days after the registrant determines the 
anticipated meeting date. A report pursuant to Item 1.05 is to be filed 
within four business days after the registrant determines that it has 
experienced a material cybersecurity incident.
* * * * *

Item 1.05 Cybersecurity Incidents

    (a) If the registrant experiences a cybersecurity incident that is 
determined by the registrant to be material, disclose the following 
information to the extent known to the registrant at the time of 
filing:

[[Page 16624]]

    (1) When the incident was discovered and whether it is ongoing;
    (2) A brief description of the nature and scope of the incident;
    (3) Whether any data was stolen, altered, accessed, or used for any 
other unauthorized purpose;
    (4) The effect of the incident on the registrant's operations; and
    (5) Whether the registrant has remediated or is currently 
remediating the incident.
    (b) A registrant shall provide the information required by this 
Item in an Interactive Data File in accordance with Rule 405 of 
Regulation S-T and the EDGAR Filer Manual.

Instructions to Item 1.05

    1. A registrant shall make a materiality determination regarding a 
cybersecurity incident as soon as reasonably practicable after 
discovery of the incident.
    2. Disclosure of any material changes or updates to information 
disclosed pursuant to this Item 1.05 is required pursuant to Sec.  
229.106(d) [Item 106(d) of Regulation S-K] in the registrant's 
quarterly report filed with the Commission on Form 10-Q (17 CFR 
249.308a) or annual report filed with the Commission on Form 10-K (17 
CFR 249.310) for the period (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in 
the case of an annual report) in which the change, addition, or update 
occurred.
    3. The definition of the term ``cybersecurity incident'' in Sec.  
229.106(a) [Item 106(a) of Regulation S-K] shall apply to this Item.
* * * * *
0
19. Amend Form 10-Q (referenced in Sec.  249.308(a) by:
0
a. Redesignating Item 5(b) as Item 5(c); and
0
b. Adding new Item 5(b) to read as follows:

    Note:  The text of Form 10-Q does not, and these amendments will 
not, appear in the Code of Federal Regulations.

FORM 10-Q

* * * * *

PART II--OTHER INFORMATION

* * * * *

Item 5. Other Information

* * * * *
    (b) Furnish the information required by Item 106(d) of Regulation 
S-K (Sec.  229.106(d) of this chapter).
* * * * *
0
20. Amend Form 10-K (referenced in Sec.  249.310) by:
0
a. Adding Item 1.C to Part I; and
0
b. Revising Item 10 in Part III.
    The addition and revision read as follows:

    Note:  The text of Form 10-K does not, and these amendments will 
not, appear in the Code of Federal Regulations.

FORM 10-K

* * * * *

PART I

* * * * *

Item 1.C. Cybersecurity

    (a) Furnish the information required by Item 106 of Regulation S-K 
(Sec.  229.106 of this chapter).
    (b) An asset-backed issuer as defined in Item 1101 of Regulation AB 
(Sec.  229.1101 of this chapter) that does not have any executive 
officers or directors may omit the information required by Item 106(c) 
of Regulation S-K (Sec.  229.106(c) of this chapter).
* * * * *
    Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. 
Furnish the information required by Items 401, 405, 406, and 407(c)(3), 
(d)(4), (d)(5), and (j) of Regulation S-K (Sec. Sec.  229.401, 229.405, 
229.406, and 229.407(c)(3), (d)(4), (d)(5), and (j) of this chapter).
* * * * *

    By the Commission.

    Dated: March 9, 2022.
Vanessa A. Countryman,
Secretary.
[FR Doc. 2022-05480 Filed 3-22-22; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 8011-01-P


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