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Filed 6/18/14 P. v. Davis CA3 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED 

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT 

(Sacramento) 

---- 

THE PEOPLE, 

 Plaintiff and Respondent, 

 v. 

ROBERT EDWARD DAVIS, 

 Defendant and Appellant. 

C074092 

(Super. Ct. No. 11F04134) 

 On June 4, 2011, an armed man wearing a hooded sweatshirt and a bandana 

covering his face entered three different businesses -- a thrift shop, a Taco Bell, and a gas 

station market -- and demanded money. Eyewitness accounts, clothing recovered by 

police, video surveillance footage from each of the incidents, and phone calls he made 

while in police custody linked defendant Robert Edward Davis to the crimes. 

 Defendant was charged with multiple counts of robbery in two separate cases. 

Prior to trial, the People filed a motion to consolidate the two cases. The trial court 

granted the motion over defendant’s objection. The jury found defendant guilty of three 

counts of second degree robbery and two counts of attempted second degree robbery. 
2 

 On appeal, defendant contends the trial court abused its discretion when it 

consolidated the two cases. Defendant also argues the consolidated trial violated his right 

to a fair trial. We disagree and affirm. 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

I 

The Thrift Store Robbery 

 On June 4, 2011, at 2:00 p.m., an “African-American” man wearing a “gray” or 

“black” hooded sweatshirt, a “black beanie” underneath the sweatshirt, and a “dark 

bandana” or “scarf” covering his face entered The Thrift Store.1 The man walked up to 

the cash registers, where two clerks were standing, pulled out a “black, shiny” longbarreled2 gun, and said “I want your money. I’m not playing” to one of the clerks. After 

failing to take money from the first register, the man pointed the gun at the other clerk 

and unsuccessfully attempted to take money out of the other register. He left The Thrift 

Store without taking any money. At trial, both clerks viewed surveillance footage and 

testified that it accurately depicted the attempted robbery. 

II 

Taco Bell Robbery

Approximately 30 minutes after the attempted robbery at The Thrift Store, a 

“black [man] . . . [wearing] a dark gray sweatshirt” “with the hood over his head,” “dark 

jeans,” “a blue scarf across his face” and a “revolver with a long barrel,” walked into a 

Taco Bell. The man walked to the cashier, pulled out the long-barreled “pistol,” which 

looked like a “cowboy gun,” and told the shift manager, “[g]ive me the money or I’ll 

 

1 The Thrift Store is the name of a thrift shop located in Sacramento. 

2 The second clerk could only describe the pistol as “long-barreled.” 
3 

shoot.” The shift manager handed him $177 and the man left. At trial, the shift manager 

viewed surveillance footage and testified that it accurately depicted the robbery. 

III 

Hites Market Robbery

 At approximately 6:00 p.m. on the same day, an “African-American” man wearing 

a “gray” or “black” hooded sweatshirt, “black [beanie] cap,” and a “[gray] bandana” “tied 

around his nose and mouth,” entered Hites Market. The man walked toward the counter 

of the store, pulled out a “black-colored revolver” with a “longer barrel” that was either a 

“.38 or .357,” and told the two clerks “[y]ou know what this is, you know what this is,” 

indicating it was a robbery. The clerk who was standing behind the cash register 

retrieved approximately $200 to $300 from the register, while the man held the gun on 

the other clerk and told him not to move. The man took the money from the clerk then 

left Hites Market. 

 Immediately after the robbery, one clerk grabbed a pistol from inside the store and 

led the other clerk outside to “try to hold” the man who robbed them. Both clerks ran out 

the door and the clerk carrying the gun yelled “[f]reeze” or “[h]old on” to the man. As 

the man turned toward the clerks with his gun drawn, the clerk shot him, and the man ran 

away. The clerks continued to pursue the man and saw him again with his mask and 

hood off. The man fired four to five shots at the clerks and fled. 

 Defendant was admitted to Kaiser Hospital with a gunshot wound about 20 

minutes after the Hites Market robbery occurred. Around the same time, police, who 

arrived at Hites Market, took the clerks to the same hospital to identify a man with a 

gunshot wound who police thought was the robbery suspect. Because defendant was in 

surgery, the clerks could not identify him as the robbery suspect. The police then took 

the clerks back to Hites Market to inspect clothing found on the robbery suspect at the 

hospital and discovered in a lot behind Hites Market. The clerks identified a “black 

hooded sweatshirt or jacket” with a “Carhartt emblem on the [left-hand] side of it” and a 
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bullet hole in it, a “black skull cap or beanie,” a “gray piece of cloth,” “a pair of jeans,” a 

gray shirt with a bullet hole in it, basketball shorts, and underwear as the clothes 

defendant wore during the robbery. The police also showed both clerks a six-photograph 

lineup within one to two hours of the robbery and both clerks identified defendant’s 

photo. 

 At trial, one of the clerks viewed surveillance footage and testified that it 

accurately depicted the robbery. Both clerks also testified that they clearly saw the 

robber after his mask and hood were off and it was defendant. 

IV 

Police Officer Testimony Regarding The Robberies 

 Sacramento Police Officer Pamela Prather saw defendant at the hospital after he 

was admitted for a gunshot wound approximately 20 minutes after the Hites Market 

robbery. Officer Prather also viewed hospital surveillance footage of defendant arriving 

and testified defendant was wearing “dark” clothes. 

 Detective Joseph Ellis viewed the surveillance footage from The Thrift Store and 

Taco Bell robberies and still photos from the surveillance footage of the Hites Market 

robbery. In both The Thrift Store and Taco Bell robberies, Detective Ellis testified that 

the man was “African-American,” and was “wearing the exact same clothing,” “black 

hooded sweatshirt [with] . . . a white or very light colored emblem on the left breast of 

the sweatshirt,” black or dark blue “basketball style shorts,” bright or light blue tennis 

shoes, and had a “dark-colored revolver.” Detective Ellis also testified that the suspect in 

the Hites Market robbery appeared to be the same person who robbed The Thrift Store 

and Taco Bell because the person was wearing the same “black hooded sweatshirt [with] 

. . . the white- or light-colored logo on the breast,” and the only difference in clothing was 

that he was wearing pants not shorts. Detective Ellis also testified that the gun in the 

surveillance footage and photos looked similar and the suspect in the footage held the gun 

in a similar manner, distinctive from other robberies with which the detective was 
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familiar. Specifically, he testified that the suspect held the gun in his right hand 

“loosely” and with a “limp wrist,” which is different from other robberies where suspects 

generally hold the gun in their pocket or point it at the victim’s face. 

V 

Phone Calls Made By Defendant From Jail 

 While awaiting trial, defendant made phone calls while in custody that discussed 

the various robberies. Over the course of the calls defendant stated, “I needed some 

dough . . . and . . . I did what I did and . . . I wasn’t expecting . . . to have two holes in my 

body.” “[T]hey not playing with robberies.” “They have not been for a while and then I 

-- I discharged -- I discharged a firearm.” “I heard they added two or three cases to . . . 

my stuff.” “Yeah basically . . . it’s some . . . different shit from the same day they added 

on. I already knew it was coming but just a matter of time.” “[T]hey gonna build 

something, they’re gonna find what they’re gonna find and they found what they gonna 

found. And now I got three cases instead of one.” At trial, the jury heard each phone call 

and received a written transcript of each call. 

VI 

Motion To Consolidate 

 Prior to trial, the People made a motion to consolidate two separate complaints 

that contained charges for all three robberies, arguing the crimes were all of the same 

class and involved some of the same evidence. In opposition to the motion, defendant 

argued that although “they can be joined” by statute, the evidence regarding identity was 

not cross-admissible under Evidence Code3 section 1101. Although defendant admitted 

he had not seen all of the surveillance footage, he argued that the identification evidence 

was not strong enough to meet the cross-admissibility standard of section 1101. 

 

3 All further section references are to the Evidence Code. 
6 

Defendant argued it was improper for identification evidence from The Thrift Store and 

Taco Bell robberies to be “bootstrapped” with the stronger identification evidence from 

the Hites Market robbery. The trial court granted the motion to consolidate the two 

complaints because the People represented that they viewed each of the surveillance 

videos, the robbery suspect appeared to wear the same clothes and hold the gun in a 

similar manner in each of the surveillance videos, the robberies occurred on the same 

date, in the same geographic area, and are the same class of crimes. 

 At trial, the jury found defendant guilty of three counts of second degree robbery 

and two counts of attempted second degree robbery. 

DISCUSSION 

 Defendant asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in consolidating the two 

cases prior to trial. Defendant also contends consolidation of the two cases resulted in an 

unfair trial because the evidence of the three robberies was not cross-admissible. We 

disagree. The trial court did not abuse its discretion and defendant received a fair trial. 

I 

The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion In Granting The Motion To Consolidate 

 Defendant argues the trial court abused its discretion in consolidating the cases 

because the identification evidence was not cross-admissible. We disagree. 

Penal Code section 954 permits consolidation of separate criminal cases where the 

accusatory pleadings charge “two or more different offenses connected together in their 

commission” or are “two or more different offenses of the same class of crimes or 

offenses.” The trial court “ ‘in the interest of justice and for good cause shown, may, in 

its discretion,’ ” sever or consolidate different offenses. (People v. Gonzales and Soliz

(2011) 52 Cal.4th 254, 281.) “The party seeking severance has the burden to establish a 

substantial danger of prejudice requiring the charges to be separately tried. [Citation.] 

Refusal to sever may be an abuse of discretion where . . . evidence of the crimes to be 

jointly tried would not be cross-admissible in separate trials . . . . If evidence on each of 
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the joined crimes would have been admissible in a separate trial of the other crimes, then 

such cross-admissibility ordinarily dispels any inference of prejudice.” (Gonzales and 

Soliz, at pp. 281-282.) 

Section 1101, subdivision (b), allows “the admission of evidence that a person 

committed a crime . . . when relevant to prove some fact (such as . . . identity . . .) other 

than his or her disposition to commit such an act.” “[T]here exists a continuum 

concerning the degree of similarity required for cross-admissibility, depending upon the 

purpose for which introduction of the evidence is sought[,] . . . the highest degree of 

similarity is required to prove identity.” (People v. Soper (2009) 45 Cal.4th 759, 776.) 

“For identity to be established, the uncharged misconduct and the charged offense must 

share common features that are sufficiently distinctive so as to support the inference that 

the same person committed both acts. [Citation.] ‘The pattern and characteristics of the 

crimes must be so unusual and distinctive as to be like a signature.’ ” (People v. Ewoldt

(1994) 7 Cal.4th 380, 403.) “The inference of identity, moreover, need not depend on 

one or more unique or nearly unique common features; features of substantial but lesser 

distinctiveness may yield a distinctive combination when considered together.” (People 

v. Miller (1990) 50 Cal.3d 954, 987.) We review a trial court’s decision to consolidate 

separate counts for abuse of discretion “based on the record when the motion was heard.” 

(People v. Gonzales and Soliz, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 281.) 

At the hearing on the motion to consolidate, the People provided sufficiently 

distinctive evidence to support a reasonable conclusion that the robber in both cases was 

defendant. The People proffered that the robber who appeared in each of the three 

surveillance footage videos wore “identical clothing,” used the same revolver gun, and 

held the gun in the same manner. The People also asserted the clothes defendant wore 

when he was admitted to a local hospital for a gunshot wound were taken by police as 

evidence and were identical to the clothes the robber wore. In addition to the physical 

evidence, the geographical proximity of the crimes and the fact the robberies occurred on 
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the same date both support an inference defendant committed all of the robberies. Taken 

together, the arguments presented by the People demonstrated a distinctive combination 

of features regarding defendant’s identity that provided a sufficient basis for the trial 

court to grant the motion to consolidate. 

II 

Consolidating The Cases Did Not Result In Gross Unfairness To Defendant 

 Defendant contends consolidation of the two cases resulted in an unfair trial 

because the evidence of the three robberies was not cross-admissible. Defendant does not 

point to any objection he made during trial to the cross-admissibility of the evidence. In 

any event, we reject his argument -- the evidence was cross-admissible. 

“[E]ven if a trial court’s ruling on a motion to sever is correct at the time it was 

made, a reviewing court still must determine whether, in the end, the joinder of counts 

resulted in gross unfairness depriving the defendant of due process of law.” (People v. 

Gonzales and Soliz, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 281.) However, “ ‘the difficulty of showing 

prejudice from denial of severance is so great that the courts almost invariably reject the 

claim of abuse of discretion.’ ” (People v. Matson (1974) 13 Cal.3d 35, 39.) 

Here, had the trial court severed the charges, evidence of the separate robberies 

would have been admissible in separate trials pursuant to section 1101, subdivision (b), to 

prove identity. Although eyewitnesses at The Thrift Store and Taco Bell robberies did 

not provide as detailed testimony as the eyewitnesses in the Hites Market robbery, the 

surveillance footage of the robberies, police testimony, and defendant’s inculpatory 

phone calls all reasonably supported the conclusion that defendant committed all three 

robberies. 
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In making his argument against cross-admissibility, defendant completely fails to 

mention that there was video surveillance footage corroborating eyewitness testimony for 

each robbery regarding his identity. Eyewitness testimony from The Thrift Store and 

Taco Bell robberies generally provided an accurate and similar description of the person 

who robbed each location. The eyewitnesses also identified defendant’s bloodied hooded 

sweatshirt with the light colored logo on the left breast that police recovered from the 

Hites Market robbery, which police testified defendant wore in the other two robberies. 

More importantly, video surveillance evidence and police testimony indicating the 

perpetrator of all three robberies was defendant demonstrated that the various robberies 

shared sufficiently distinctive and common features. In the surveillance footage, the gun 

used in each robbery that day was a black “long barreled” revolver pistol that looked like 

a “cowboy gun,” and the robber held the gun in a similar manner in each incident. 

Because the surveillance footage showed the robber using the same revolver pistol and 

wearing the same clothes in each of the three robberies, the evidence was sufficiently 

distinctive to prove identity. 

The phone calls made by defendant while in custody, which defendant also fails to 

address in his brief, support the conclusion that defendant committed all three robberies 

and validate the eyewitness testimony and video surveillance evidence of the crimes. 

Defendant essentially admitted to being shot after he robbed Hites Market, discharging a 

firearm, and anticipating the police would link the three robberies together and charge 

him with crimes arising out of each robbery. When considered together with the other 

identification evidence, the phone calls support the inference that defendant committed 

all three robberies. 

The cross-admissibility of the evidence of the three robberies dispels any inference 

of prejudice, and the trial court’s consolidation of the cases did not result in any 

unfairness to defendant. 
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DISPOSITION 

 The judgment is affirmed. 

 ROBIE , Acting P. J. 

We concur: 

 BUTZ , J. 

 DUARTE , J.