IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

STATE OF ARIZONA

DIVISION TWO

In the Matter of the Estate of )

FRANCES CORTEZ, )

)

Deceased. )

)

)

JUANITA CORTEZ, Personal ) 2 CA-CV 2010-0071

Representative of the Estate of FRANCES ) DEPARTMENT B

CORTEZ, on behalf of the ESTATE OF )

FRANCES CORTEZ; and JUANITA ) O P I N I O N

CORTEZ, individually and on behalf of )

FRANCES CORTEZ‟s statutory )

beneficiaries pursuant to A.R.S. )

§ 12-612(A), )

)

Plaintiffs/Appellants, )

)

v. )

)

AVALON CARE CENTER TUCSON, )

L.L.C., a Utah limited liability company, )

dba LA COLINA CARE CENTER; )

AVALON HEALTH CARE OF )

ARIZONA, L.L.C., a Utah limited )

liability company; AVALON HEALTH )

CARE CENTERS, L.L.C., a Utah limited )

liability company; AVALON HEALTH )

CARE MANAGEMENT OF ARIZONA, )

L.L.C., a Utah limited liability company; )

HERITAGE MANAGEMENT, INC., a )

Utah corporation; AVALON HEALTH )

CARE, INC., a Utah corporation; and )

PATRICIA TORRINGTON, )

Administrator, )

)

Defendants/Appellees. )

)

FILED BY CLERK

COURT OF APPEALS

DIVISION TWO

DEC 22 2010
2

APPEAL FROM THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PIMA COUNTY

Cause No. C20077278

Honorable Javier Chon-Lopez, Judge

Honorable Ted B. Borek, Judge

REVERSED AND REMANDED

Law Office of Scott E. Boehm

 By Scott E. Boehm Phoenix

and

Wilkes & McHugh, P.A.

 By Melanie L. Bossie and Elizabeth A. Gilbert Phoenix

Attorneys for Plaintiffs/Appellants

Bowman and Brooke LLP

 By Jill S. Goldsmith and Courtney A. Parecki Phoenix

Attorneys for Defendants/Appellees

E C K E R S T R O M, Judge.

¶1 Juanita Cortez, in her individual capacity and as the personal representative 

of her deceased mother‟s estate, appeals from the trial court‟s order granting the motion 

to compel arbitration filed by appellees Avalon Care Center Tucson, L.L.C., doing 

business as La Colina Care Center; Avalon Health Care of Arizona, L.L.C.; Avalon 

Health Care Centers, L.L.C.; Avalon Health Care Management of Arizona, L.L.C.; 

Heritage Management, Inc.; Avalon Health Care, Inc.; and Patricia Torrington 

(collectively “Avalon”). Juanita argues the trial court erred in granting the motion 

because Avalon waived or repudiated the arbitration agreement and because the 
3

agreement is otherwise unenforceable.1 Because we conclude Avalon waived the right to 

enforce the agreement, we reverse the trial court‟s ruling on the motion and judgment 

dismissing the case with prejudice, and we remand the case to the trial court for further 

proceedings.

2

Factual and Procedural Background

¶2 Frances Cortez was admitted to the La Colina nursing home in December 

2005 and resided there until her death two months later. In December 2007, her 

daughter, Juanita, filed a complaint against Avalon, alleging negligence, abuse or neglect 

of a vulnerable adult, and wrongful death. Avalon answered the complaint in March 

2008. Nearly one year later, in February 2009, Avalon moved to dismiss the complaint 

and compel arbitration. Avalon maintained it had not discovered before then the 

arbitration agreement Frances‟s husband had signed shortly after her admission to La 

Colina. After an evidentiary hearing, the trial court granted Avalon‟s motion, concluding 

Avalon had “not repudiate[d] its rights to enforce the arbitration agreement because it 

filed its motion to compel arbitration as soon as it found the arbitration agreement in its 

files,” and the agreement otherwise was enforceable.3This appeal followed.4

 

1Although the terms “waiver” and “repudiation” technically have distinct 

meanings, see Black’s Law Dictionary 1330, 1611 (8th ed. 2004), they have been used 

interchangeably by courts in the context of arbitration agreements. E.g., Foy v. Thorp, 

186 Ariz. 151, 153, 920 P.2d 31, 33 (App. 1996). For the sake of simplicity, we have 

used the term “waiver” throughout the decision whenever possible.

2

Judge Borek signed the final judgment in this case due to a bench rotation at Pima 

County Superior Court but did not rule on the merits of the issues before us.

3We need not discuss the trial court‟s other reasons for upholding the agreement in 

view of our resolution of this issue.
4

Discussion

¶3 Juanita argues Avalon “waived or repudiated [the arbitration agreement] by 

failing to disclose it or file the motion to compel arbitration until more than a year after 

the lawsuit was filed.” Whether conduct amounts to waiver of the right to arbitrate is a 

question of law we review de novo. See City of Cottonwood v. James L. Fann 

Contracting, Inc., 179 Ariz. 185, 189 n.2, 877 P.2d 284, 288 n.2 (App. 1994); Rancho 

Pescado, Inc. v. Nw. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 140 Ariz. 174, 180, 680 P.2d 1235, 1241 (App. 

1984). Public policy favors arbitration and thus, the burden is heavy on the party seeking 

to prove waiver of an agreement to arbitrate. Rancho Pescado, 140 Ariz. at 181, 680 

P.2d at 1242.

¶4 Section 12-1501, A.R.S., provides:

A written agreement to submit any existing 

controversy to arbitration or a provision in a written contract 

to submit to arbitration any controversy thereafter arising 

between the parties is valid, enforceable and irrevocable, save 

upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the 

revocation of any contract.

Pursuant to this provision, a party can waive the right to enforce an arbitration agreement. 

Forest City Dillon, Inc. v. Superior Court, 138 Ariz. 410, 412, 675 P.2d 297, 299 (App. 

1984); accord Bolo Corp. v. Homes & Son Constr. Co., 105 Ariz. 343, 345, 464 P.2d 

788, 790 (1970). Waiver of a contract right can be by an express and intentional 

relinquishment or by conduct that “warrants an inference of such an intentional 

 

4Because the dismissal of Juanita‟s complaint and the order compelling arbitration 

was a final judgment pursuant to Rule 54(b), Ariz. R. Civ. P., we have jurisdiction over 

the appeal. See Ruesga v. Kindred Nursing Ctrs., L.L.C., 215 Ariz. 589, ¶ 15, 161 P.3d 

1253, 1258 (App. 2007).
5

relinquishment.” Am. Cont’l Life Ins. Co. v. Ranier Constr. Co., 125 Ariz. 53, 55, 607 

P.2d 372, 374 (1980); accord Meineke v. Twin City Fire Ins. Co., 181 Ariz. 576, 581, 892 

P.2d 1365, 1370 (App. 1994) (“It is well-established . . . that a party to a contract may 

waive its right to enforce an arbitration agreement by its conduct.”). Establishing waiver 

of an arbitration agreement by conduct requires “the showing of conduct inconsistent 

with the utilization of the arbitration remedy—conduct showing an intent not to 

arbitrate.” EFC Dev. Corp. v. F.F. Baugh Plumbing & Heating, Inc., 24 Ariz. App. 566, 

569, 540 P.2d 185, 188 (1975); accord Am. Cont’l Life Ins. Co., 125 Ariz. at 55, 607 P.2d 

at 374. Examples of such inconsistent acts include a party preventing arbitration, 

proceeding in contradiction of the arbitration agreement, or unreasonably delaying the 

assertion of the right to arbitrate. EFC Dev. Corp., 24 Ariz. App. at 569, 540 P.2d at 188.

¶5 In Bolo, our supreme court held a party had waived by its conduct the right 

to arbitrate by filing a lawsuit in which it requested the same kind of relief it could have 

gained from arbitration. 105 Ariz. at 346-47, 464 P.2d at 791-92. Therein, the court 

suggested the filing of an answer under the same circumstances without asserting the 

right to arbitrate also would result in waiver of the arbitration agreement. See id. at 346, 

464 P.2d at 791 (relying on out-of-state cases so holding); accord R.P. Davis, 

Annotation, Waiver of Arbitration Provision in Contract, 161 A.L.R. 1426 (1946) 

(defendant‟s conduct in filing answer without demanding arbitration “is clearly 

inconsistent” with an intent to arbitrate and “generally constitutes a waiver”). Since then, 

in the analogous context of insurance contract appraisal clauses, this court, relying on

Bolo, concluded the defendant had waived the right to enforce the appraisal clause by 
6

failing to request appraisal at the same time it filed its answer, even though it had 

reserved the right to demand arbitration or appraisal in its answer and demanded 

appraisal ten days later. Meineke, 181 Ariz. at 582, 892 P.2d at 1371. Additionally, our 

supreme court recently has noted: “It is widely recognized that even when a dispute is 

subject to arbitration, that right may be waived by a party who participates substantially 

in litigation without promptly seeking an order from the court compelling arbitration.” 

City of Phoenix v. Fields, 219 Ariz. 568, n.4, 201 P.3d 529, 536 n.4 (2009).

¶6 Here, not only did Avalon fail to request arbitration in its answer, but it also 

made no reservation of the right to arbitrate and waited nearly a year after filing the 

answer to demand arbitration. An assertion that arbitration is mandatory is an affirmative 

defense to a complaint. See Ariz. R. Civ. P. 8(c). It is well established that any defense 

not set forth in an answer or pre-answer motion to dismiss is waived. Fields, 219 Ariz. 

568, ¶ 27, 201 P.3d at 535. Even when a party preserves an affirmative defense in its 

answer, however, “it may waive that defense by its subsequent conduct in the litigation.” 

Id. ¶ 29; see also Jones v. Cochise County, 218 Ariz. 372, ¶ 29, 187 P.3d 97, 106 (App. 

2008) (finding county waived notice of claim defense as matter of law by its significant 

participation in litigation). Here, Avalon not only failed to assert any contractual right to 

arbitrate in its answer, it also participated substantially in the litigation and thereby 

exhibited additional conduct inconsistent with enforcing the agreement. It demanded a 

jury trial, conducted discovery, and participated in a comprehensive pretrial conference. 

And Juanita repudiated the arbitration agreement by filing her complaint. See Bolo, 105 

Ariz. at 347, 464 P.2d at 792. Once Avalon had demonstrated conduct wholly 
7

inconsistent with arbitration, it “acquiesce[d] in the waiver thereby making the revocation 

complete and binding on both.” Id. at 345, 464 P.2d at 790.

¶7 Avalon contends Bolo is inapplicable to this case because the plaintiff in 

that case was aware of the arbitration agreement when it filed the complaint, see id. at 

344, 464 P.2d at 789, whereas Avalon allegedly was unaware of the arbitration agreement 

when it answered the complaint as it had not yet located Frances‟s administrative file. 

Avalon emphasized at oral argument that traditional notions of waiver require the 

intentional relinquishment of a known right. See James L. Fann Contracting, 179 Ariz. 

at 191, 877 P.2d at 290. Avalon therefore asserts that, because it did not know about the 

arbitration agreement until it found the file, it could not have waived the right to arbitrate

by its conduct preceding that discovery.

¶8 No Arizona court has specified the level and type of knowledge necessary 

to waive a contractual right to arbitration. However, a majority of courts from other 

jurisdictions have followed the longstanding rule that constructive knowledge is 

sufficient for the waiver of a contractual right, such as arbitration. See, e.g., Infinity 

Design Builders, Inc. v. Hutchinson, 964 So. 2d 752, 756 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2007); 

Bros. Jurewicz, Inc. v. Atari, Inc., 296 N.W.2d 422, 428-29 (Minn. 1980); Hoffman v.

Wheeling Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 57 S.E.2d 725, 735 (W. Va. 1950). Constructive 

knowledge “refer[s] to knowledge that „one using reasonable care or diligence should 

have, and therefore that is attributed by law to a given person.‟” Bridgestone/Firestone 

N. Am. Tire, L.L.C. v. A.P.S. Rent-A-Car & Leasing, Inc., 207 Ariz. 502, ¶ 58, 88 P.3d 

572, 586 (App. 2004), quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 876 (7th ed. 1999).
8

¶9 The record before us shows that Avalon had, at the least, constructive 

knowledge of the arbitration agreement: the admissions coordinator testified the same 

arbitration agreement is presented to every patient admitted to La Colina and the majority 

of them agree to sign it. In addition, as Avalon acknowledged in its answer, Frances had 

signed the same agreement during a previous stay at La Colina. Thus, the record 

suggests that with reasonable care and diligence, Avalon should have located the 

document in its own possession and ascertained whether it had the right to arbitration in 

this case.

¶10 Moreover, the admissions coordinator at La Colina undisputedly signed the 

arbitration agreement that Avalon seeks to enforce, which demonstrates beyond question 

that she had knowledge of the existence of the agreement at the time it was signed, see In 

re Estate of Henry, 6 Ariz. App. 183, 186, 430 P.2d 937, 940 (1967) (competent persons, 

“as a matter of law,” know contents of agreements they sign), and that knowledge can be

imputed to Avalon, her employer. See Manley v. Ticor Title Ins. Co. of Cal., 168 Ariz. 

568, 572, 816 P.2d 225, 229 (1991) (stating general rule that knowledge acquired by 

agent in course of employment imputed to principal). Accordingly, Avalon had sufficient 

knowledge, whether actual or constructive, of its right to arbitration to have waived it.

¶11 Avalon emphasizes that Juanita has not shown she suffered prejudice by its 

failure to demand arbitration until February 2009, contending such a showing is 

necessary to overturn the trial court‟s ruling here. But in Arizona a showing of prejudice 

has been required only when a party is attempting to prove waiver specifically on the 

ground of unreasonable delay. See, e.g., James L. Fann Contracting, 179 Ariz. at 191, 
9

877 P.2d at 290. We find no requirement in Bolo or Meineke that the party opposing 

arbitration must prove prejudice in addition to showing conduct inconsistent with an 

intent to arbitrate, such as the filing of a complaint or answer. See Bolo, 105 Ariz. at 346, 

464 P.2d at 791 (recognizing distinction between waiver based on unreasonable delay 

and waiver based on other inconsistent conduct); Meineke, 181 Ariz. at 581-82, 892 P.2d 

at 1370-71 (same). Thus, Juanita need not have shown she suffered prejudice in order to 

prove Avalon waived its right to arbitrate by its substantial participation in litigation.

¶12 But, in any event, Juanita is also entitled to relief based on Avalon‟s 

unreasonable delay in asserting arbitration because she has shown she suffered prejudice 

by the untimeliness of Avalon‟s demand. She had conducted and participated in 

significant discovery, filed a joint pretrial memorandum, participated in a comprehensive 

pretrial conference, and the court had set the trial date.5 See In re Noel R. Shahan 

Irrevocable & Inter Vivos Trust, 188 Ariz. 74, 78, 932 P.2d 1345, 1349 (App. 1996)

(prejudice sufficient for waiver based on unreasonable delay “can be shown by 

significant participation in litigation”); James L. Fann Contracting, 179 Ariz. at 191, 877 

P.2d at 290 (indicating prejudice from delay involves being misled by or detrimentally 

relying on delaying party‟s acts or omissions); see also Mitsui & Co. (USA) v. C&H 

Refinery, Inc., 492 F. Supp. 115, 119 (N.D. Cal. 1980) (implying finding of prejudice 

 

5Avalon‟s contention only minimal discovery had been conducted at the time it 

demanded arbitration is belied by the record. Avalon had served Juanita with requests for 

production, requests for admission, and non-uniform interrogatories, to which she had 

responded. Juanita had served Avalon with her initial disclosure statement and several 

supplemental statements, requests for production and admissions, as well as non-uniform 

interrogatories, and had moved to compel Avalon‟s responses to some of these requests. 

She also had filed the affidavits of her proposed medical experts.
10

supported if pleadings fully joined, significant discovery conducted, parties participated 

in pretrial conference, and trial date set). Not only did Juanita suffer the financial burden 

of potentially unnecessary litigation, but her efforts to secure compensation arising from 

her mother‟s death have been delayed now for nearly two years due to Avalon‟s motion 

to compel arbitration.

¶13 Avalon argues that Juanita has not suffered prejudice from such litigation 

because the case preparation that had occurred as a result could be marshaled at the 

arbitration hearing. But our state‟s jurisprudence favoring arbitration as a method of 

resolving disputes is anchored in the assumption that arbitration and conventional trial 

litigation are not equally expeditious and inexpensive processes for the parties. See

Rancho Pescado, 140 Ariz. at 182-83, 680 P.2d at 1243-44 (arbitration favored as 

“expeditious and inexpensive method of dispute resolution”). We therefore decline to 

accept Avalon‟s suggestion that Juanita endured no additional expense or delay in having 

pursued litigation in preparation for trial for nearly a year.

¶14 Finally, Avalon argues public policy favors arbitration. See Clarke v. 

ASARCO Inc., 123 Ariz. 587, 589, 601 P.2d 587, 589 (1979). Our supreme court, 

however, has acknowledged that this public policy gives way when one party “„waive[s] 

or destroy[s] by his conduct his right to insist upon arbitration.‟” Bolo, 105 Ariz. at 345, 

464 P.2d at 790, quoting United Paper Mach. Corp. v. DiCarlo, 241 N.Y.S.2d 711, 713 

(App. Div. 1963). As discussed, the primary incentive to arbitrate is that it is “an 

expeditious and inexpensive method of dispute resolution.” Rancho Pescado, 140 Ariz. 

at 182-83, 680 P.2d at 1243-44. In light of those attributes, this court has recognized that 
11

to enforce an arbitration agreement after the parties have engaged in lengthy, costly 

litigation “would abrogate the strong policy behind arbitration.” Id.; see also Meineke, 

181 Ariz. at 582, 892 P.2d at 1371. Here, the opportunity to reap the benefit of 

arbitration—an expeditious and inexpensive resolution of the dispute—has long since 

passed. We therefore see little logic in allowing the arbitration to proceed in this case 

after both parties and the court have expended significant time and resources litigating 

the case.

Disposition

¶15 Because Juanita has demonstrated Avalon waived its right to enforce 

arbitration, we reverse the trial court‟s ruling and remand the case for further proceedings

consistent with this decision.

/s/ Peter J. Eckerstrom

PETER J. ECKERSTROM, Judge

CONCURRING:

/s/ Garye L. Vásquez

GARYE L. VÁSQUEZ, Presiding Judge

/s/ Virginia C. Kelly

VIRGINIA C. KELLY, Judge