# 2008 Minerals Yearbook

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey 

# IRON AND STEEL [ADVANCE RELEASE]

March 2010IRON AND STEEL—2008 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 37.1 

# IRON AND

# S TEEL

By Michael D. Fenton
Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Hoa P. Phamdang, statistical assistant, and world production tables were prepared by Linder Roberts (pig iron) and Glenn J. Wallace (steel), international data coordinators.

The leading domestic steelmakers earned large pro fi ts during the fi rst half of 2008, and steel analysts and company of fi cials were predicting higher steel prices and demand, especially from China, during the remainder of the year. However by September 2008, the global economic recession caused a reduction in steel demand in the construction, industrial equipment, and vehicle markets; a decline of steel prices; a reduction in steel production; a delay in expansion plans; and the furloughing of workers. By October 2008, the global index of all quoted steel stocks had fallen 4% compared with the world index of all publicly traded companies (Marsh, 2008).

Steel companies continued to invest in new systems to improve operations and yield, and to reduce carbon dioxide emissions (Steel Trade Today, 2008). The new FINEX iron-making process, developed by POSCO, uses both fi ne coal and fi ne iron ore, making it more cost effective than the similar Corex process, and emissions are almost 80% less than those of the blast furnace process (Ramstad, 2008). In blast furnaces, pulverized coal, natural gas, and recycled plastics are increasingly used to replace metallurgical coke as the primary reductant and chemical energy source. A reduction in energy use is made by heat recovery, and by the recovery and re-use of waste gases.

The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) reported U.S. production of iron and steel and shipments of steel mill products. These data can be regarded as representing 100% of the raw steel producers in the United States. World production of iron and steel was reported by the World Steel Association (WSA) and by foreign government agencies. Consistent with international usage and Federal Government policy, the U.S. Geological Survey reported all data on iron and steel in metric units unless otherwise noted.

Environment

Climate change, allegedly infl uenced by manmade carbon emissions, continued to be a signi fi cant issue for the world steel industry. Developed and developing countries were expected to negotiate accords for the post-Kyoto period through 2013 and prepare for the United Nations Conference of the Parties in Copenhagen in December 2009. This global problem can only be addressed effectively by lowering carbon dioxide emissions globally, according to the American Iron and Steel Institute (2009b). In 2007, more than 2 billion metric tons (Gt) of carbon dioxide was emitted by steel producers around the world. Steel is the largest single-industry emitter of carbon dioxide, and global emissions could possibly double by 2050, should the per capita use of steel in developing countries such as China and India become comparable with levels in the developed countries (Christmas, 2008a; World Steel Association, 2008). More than 90% of global steel industry emissions came from iron production in Brazil, China, the European Union (EU), India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Russia, Ukraine, and the United States. China produced more than 50% of total carbon dioxide emitted by the steel industry (Christmas, 2007). The steel industry in the United States has the lowest energy consumption per ton of production and the lowest emissions of carbon dioxide per ton of production in the world (American Iron and Steel Industry, 2009b). The U.S. steel industry favored cooperating with foreign competitors to lower emissions, as long as U.S. competitiveness in the global marketplace was not reduced in doing so. Speci fi cally, the U.S. steel industry indicated that carbon dioxide reduction legislation in the United States should be matched by the same level of regulatory stringency in other countries, such as China and India.

At yearend 2007, the WSA announced its new global steel sector approach to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The WSA methodology used an intensity-based approach to measure carbon dioxide emissions produced per ton of steel rather than recording the total carbon dioxide emissions within a country or region. This globally consistent calculation methodology would allow production-normalized emission comparisons between plants and regions (World Steel Association, 2007). Steel plants worldwide began contributing emission data to WSA in 2008. By July 11, 106 steel plants had contributed data, and the WSA expected to receive data from about 400 steel plants worldwide, which would account for more than 50% of WSA membership production (Christmas, 2008b).

In August 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced a national program to recover 80% to 90% of all available mercury switches from scrap automobiles by 2017 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009). The National Vehicle Mercury Switch Recovery Program was designed to recover about 40 million mercury-containing light switches from scrap vehicles that are melted to make new steel. This would signi fi cantly reduce mercury air emissions from the fourth leading source in the United States—the furnaces used in steelmaking. By February 2008, one million mercury-containing automotive switches were collected, which represented more than one ton of mercury removed from the environment.

Production

Raw steel production in the United States was about 91.9 million metric tons (Mt) in 2008, down about 6.3% from that in 2007 (table 1). The AISI estimated raw steel production capability to be about 113 Mt, about the same as that in 2007. Production represented 81.4% of estimated capacity, down from 87.0% in 2007.

Integrated steel producers smelted iron ores to make liquid iron in blast furnaces and used basic oxygen furnaces to refi ne the liquid iron with some steel scrap to produce raw liquid37.2 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2008 

### steel. The basic oxygen process was used to make 39.1 Mt of steel in the United States (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2009a, p. 72). The use of this process increased to 42.6% of total steel production in 2008 from 41.8% in 2007. Blast furnace operations in the United States were operated by 7 companies at 15 locations (Iron and Steel Technology, 2008, p. 92).

Minimills and specialty mills are nonintegrated steel producers that use the electric arc furnace (EAF) to melt low-cost raw materials (usually scrap). They also employ continuous casting machines and hot-rolling mills that are often closely coupled to casting operations. Specialty mills include producers of alloy-electrical, stainless, and tool steel; high-temperature alloys; forged ingots; and other low-volume steel products. An estimated 47 companies operated about 98 EAF facilities in the United States during 2007 (Steel Business Briefi ng, 2007, p. 28). These U.S. mills used the EAF steelmaking process to produce 53.1 Mt of steel, a 7.4% decrease from that in 2007, and accounted for 57.4% of total steelmaking (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2009a, p. 73).

Raw liquid steel is mostly cast into semi fi nished products in continuous casting machines. Only 3.6% of U.S. production was cast in ingot form in 2008, and subsequently rolled into semi fi nished forms, about the same percentage as that of 2007. Continuous casting production was 88.5 Mt, or 96.4% of total steel production, about the same as in 2007 (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2009a, p. 73).

Essar Steel Minnesota, LLC (a subsidiary of Essar Steel Ltd. based in Hibbing, MN) was building an open pit mining, concentrator, and pellet plant operation to supply a new DRI plant and slab caster. This operation, formerly known as Minnesota Steel Industries, LLC, will be the fi rst integrated mine-through-steel-making facility in North America. Consumption

Steel mill products are produced at steel mills either by forging or rolling into forms normally delivered for fabrication or use. Some companies purchase semi fi nished steel mill products from other steel companies and use them to produce fi nished steel products. The accumulated shipments of all companies less the shipments to other reporting companies are identi fi ed as net shipments to avoid double counting. U.S. apparent steel consumption, an indicator of economic growth, decreased to 102 Mt in 2008 from 116 Mt in 2007. Shipments of steel mill products by U.S. companies decreased by 7.5% to 89.3 Mt compared with those of 2007 (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2009a, p. 25). Compared with those in 2007, shipments of construction and contractors’ products, the largest single end-use market of steel, decreased by 14% in 2008; automotive product shipments decreased by 6%; shipments of agricultural and industrial machinery, equipment, and tools decreased by 18%; steel service center shipments decreased by 4%; lumbering, mining, oil and gas, and quarrying industries shipments decreased by 7%; and shipments of appliances and containers, packaging, and shipping material decreased by 5% (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2009a, p. 29). Prices The U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (2009), producer price index for steel mill products was up by 21% to 220.6 in 2008 from 182.9 in 2007 (1982 base=100) (table 1). Hot-rolled steel sheet rose steadily from $579 per metric ton in January to a high of $1,068 per ton in July, before declining steadily to a December price of $566 per ton (Purchasing Magazine, 2009). Foreign Trade

Export shipments of steel mill products by AISI reporting companies increased to 12.2 Mt from 10.1 Mt in 2007 (table 1). Canada received the largest amount of U.S. exported steel, 6.3 Mt, 10% more than in 2007 (table 4). Mexico was again the second leading importer, receiving 2.7 Mt, 24% more than in 2007. Imports of steel mill products increased slightly to 28.9 Mt from 28.6 Mt in 2007. Brazil, Canada, China, the EU, Germany, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, and Ukraine were major sources of steel mill product imports.

Imports of semi fi nished steel (table 6) by steel companies should be taken into consideration in evaluating apparent consumption (supply) of steel mill products in the United States and the share of the market represented by imported steel. To avoid double counting the imported semi fi nished steel and the products produced from it, the amount of semi fi nished steel consumed by companies that also produced raw steel should be subtracted from domestic consumption. Between 1993 and 2006, semi fi nished steel imports ranged between 2.5 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr) and 8.5 Mt/yr. Prior to 1993, the amount was less than 0.2 Mt/yr. Taking the imported semi fi nished steel into consideration, the share of the U.S. steel market represented by imported steel was an estimated 30% in 2008 compared with 26% in 2007.

In mid-January 2008, the European Commission introduced proposals for cutting EU carbon dioxide emissions by at least 20% from 1990 levels by 2020 (International Herald Tribune, 2008). The EU steel sector reportedly alleges that it will be facing higher costs than its foreign competitors, specifi cally Chinese, Russian, and United States steelmakers, because of the EU’s determination to lead the world in climate protection. Thus, proposals have been made in Europe to establish a carbon tax on imports of steel and other products into the EU.

An unknown factor in the future of the steel industry is what China will do with its excess steel production (Pittsburgh Post-Tribune, 2008). The U.S. trade laws are alleged to be of little help in preventing dumping of lower grade steel products from China, as evidenced by inadequate duty collection. The U.S. General Accountability Of fi ce issued a report which said that between 2001 and 2007, Customs and Border Protection failed to collect more than $600 million in antidumping/ countervailing duties, with a signi fi cant percentage of these lost duties involving antidumping cases against China (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2008).

Regarding the reporting of imports and exports (tables 4–6), “fabricated steel products” are produced from steel mill productsIRON AND STEEL—2008 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 37.3 

### but do not include products that incorporate steel products with other materials. Examples of fabricated steel products are structural steel and steel fasteners. “Other iron and steel products” refers to products that are not produced from steel mill products. Examples of other iron and steel products include iron or steel castings and direct reduced iron (DRI).

World Review

World production of pig iron totaled about 932 Mt, slightly less than that in 2007 (table 9). The pig iron production of the EU was about 110 Mt, about the same as that in 2007. Germany was the leading producer in the EU, producing about 29 Mt, 6.5% less than that in 2007. China continued to be the leading producer of pig iron in the world, producing more than 470 Mt, slightly less than that of 2007. Japan, Russia, Brazil, the United States, and the Republic of Korea followed with 86 Mt, 48 Mt, 35 Mt, 34 Mt, and 31 Mt, respectively. The Republic of Korea’s production increased 5.5%. Russia and Ukraine were the only major pig iron producers in the Commonwealth of Independent States. In North America, the only major producer of pig iron was the United States, where production in 2008 decreased 7.1% from that in 2007. In South America, the only major pig iron producer was Brazil. India’s production was 29 Mt, about the same as in 2007.

World capacity for DRI production was estimated to be about 72 Mt/yr in 2008 (Midrex Technologies, Inc., 2009). DRI production worldwide was about 66 Mt in 2008, slightly more than that in 2007 (table 9). The leading producer of DRI was India, followed by, in descending order of tonnage, Iran, Venezuela, and Mexico. In 2008, additional DRI capacity of almost 17 Mt/yr was under construction in Egypt, India, Iran, Oman, and Pakistan. The leading technology was the Midrex process, followed by the HYL I and the HYL III processes.

World production of raw steel was 1.33 Gt, slightly less than that in 2007 (table 10). Steel production declined during 2008 in the CIS (7.7%), the EU (6.0%), North America (5.3%), and South America (1.6%). However, positive growth occurred in India (4.0%), the Republic of Korea (3.5%), and China (2.3%). China produced 38% of world total crude steel in 2008. As in previous years, production varied widely among major regions of the world. Asian countries produced about 58% of the world’s steel; the EU, 16%; North America, 9%; and the CIS, 9%. During 2008, China was again the world’s leading steel producer, exceeding 500 Mt. In descending order of production, the leading producers after China were Japan, the United States, Russia, India, and the Republic of Korea. These six countries accounted for 66% of world production. The combined steel production of the seven steel-producing countries in the CIS was about 115 Mt, a decrease of 7.7% from that in 2007. Russia and Ukraine remained the leading producers in the CIS. U.S. steel production during 2008 was 91.9 Mt, a decrease of 6.3% from that in 2007.

MEPS (International) Ltd. (Steel-grips Online, 2009) determined that the world steel capacity utilization was 87% during all of 2008. Steel capacity utilization in Asia, South America, North America, the EU, the CIS, the Middle East, and Africa in 2008 was 89%, 87%, 86%, 84%, 84%, 83%, and 79%, respectively. MEPS estimated that at yearend 2008, world maximum steelmaking production potential was 1.52 Gt.

Outlook

The expansion or contraction of gross domestic product (GDP) may be considered a predictor of the health of the steelmaking and steel manufacturing industries, worldwide and domestically. In June 2008, the World Bank cut its 2008 global GDP growth forecast to 2.7% from its earlier forecast of 3.3% (Lazzaro, 2008). Its global GDP growth forecast for 2009 and 2010 was 3.0% and 3.4%, respectively (World Bank, The, 2008). As early as November 2007, the U.S. Federal Reserve System expected the U.S. economy to expand far more slowlyin 2008 than previously predicted, and that there was a largerthan-usual uncertainty around the forecast, owing to weak housing market and turmoil in international credit markets (Kirchhoff, 2007). By June 2008, the World Bank forecasted the U.S. economy to grow by 1.1% in 2008 (Lazzaro, 2008). The U.S. Federal Reserve forecast a U.S. 2008 GDP growth rate of between 1.3% and 2.0% (Felsenthal, 2008). The U.S. Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia (2009) survey of 34 forecasters showed the economy contracting at a rate of 2.6% in 2009, but expansions in 2010, 2011, and 2012 of 2.3%, 2.9%, and 3.2%, respectively. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) 2009 forecast of GDP growth in the United States and Japan was 0.1% and 0.5%, respectively (Stecyk, 2008). EU and Japan 2008 GDP growth rates were downgraded by the World Bank to 1.7%, and 1.4%, respectively, from 2.8%, and 2.0% (Lazzaro, 2008). The European Confederation of Iron and Steel Industries (2009) projected EU GDP growth of 0.9% in 2008 and a decline of 4.5% in 2009. The World Bank GDP growth forecast for China was 7.2% in 2009 (Finfacts Ireland, 2009).

According to MEPS forecast (2009), total world steel production in 2009 will be 12% below that in 2008. MEPS also forecast declining steel production in 2009 in the EU, South America, the CIS, Africa, and Asia, of 26%, 24%, 18%, 9%, and 3%, respectively. World Steel Dynamics (WSD) forecast world crude steel production to decrease by 9% in 2009, and increase by 14%, 6%, and 5% in 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively (Locker Associates, 2009). WSD also forecast crude steel production for China to decrease by 25% in 2009, and increase by 21%, 3%, and 2% in 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively.

According to the WSA (2009), the progression of the U.S. fi nancial downturn into a global economic downturn brought about a global decline of steel demand in late 2008. Improvement through 2009 would depend on the effects of government stimulation packages, stabilization of fi nancial systems, and a return of some consumer confi dence. World apparent steel consumption (ASC) was expected to decline by 8.6% to 1,100 Mt during 2009, after declining by 1.4% in 2008, and then increase by 9.2% in 2010. China’s ASC was expected to increase by 19% to 526 Mt in 2009, and 5% in 2010. China was expected to account for 48% of world steel consumption. ACS in India was expected to increase by 9% and 12% in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The U.S. ASC was expected to decline by 39% in 2009, but increase by 18% in 2010. The EU ASC was expected to decline by 33% in 2009 and37.4 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2008 

### increase by 12% in 2010. In Japan and the CIS, the 2009 ASC was expected to decrease by 31% each, and then increase by 16% and 8%, respectively in 2010. The European Confederation of Iron and Steel Industries (2009) forecast declining apparent steel consumption in the EU by almost 45% during the fi rst half of 2009 and almost 30% during all of 2009. The outlook for the EU in 2010 showed little recovery.

References Cited
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Washington, DC, American Iron and Steel Institute, 126 p. American Iron and Steel Institute, 2009b, 2009 Public policy agenda:

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USA Today, November 20. (Accessed January 20, 2008, http:// www.usatoday.com/money/economy/ 2007-11-20-fed-minutes-forecast_H.htm.) Lazzaro, Joseph, 2008, World Bank cuts 2008 global GDP growth forecast due

to oil, food prices: Bloggingstocks.com, June 10. (Accessed June 12, 2008, at http://www.bloggingstocks.com/2008/06/10/world-bank-cuts-2008-globalgdp-growth-forecast-due-to-oil-food/print/.) Locker Associates, 2009, World seasonably adjusted crude steel production

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United Kingdom, The Financial Times, January 11. (Accessed January 12, 2008, at http://www.steel.org.) MEPS (International) Ltd., 2009, World steel production forecast to slip by 12

percent this year: London, United Kingdom, MEPS (International) Ltd., July 13. (Accessed September 14, 2009, at http://www.meps.co.uk/ article-key-out-q2-09.htm.) Midrex Technologies, Inc., 2009, 2008 World direct reduction statistics:

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worst_is_over_printer.html.) Steel Business Briefi ng, 2007, Ltd., Atlas—USA steel mills & service centers 2007: London, United Kingdom, Steel Business Briefi ng Ltd., 34 p. Steel Trade Today, 2008, EAF gaining currency over BOF: Dehli, India, Steel

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index—Commodities—Steel mill products—WPU1017: Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Labor. (Accessed August 5, 2009, at http://data.bls.gov/ cgi-bini/surveymost?wp.) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009, National vehicle mercury switch

recovery program (NVMSRP): Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, July 1. (Accessed August 26, 2009, at http:// www.epa.gov/mercury/switch.htm.) U.S. Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, 2009, Second quarter 2009 survey

of professional forecasters: Philadephia, PA, U.S. Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, May 15. (Accessed September 2, 2009, at http://www.phil.frb.org/research-and-data/real-time-center/survey-of-professionalforecasters/2009/survq309.cfm.) World Bank, The, 2008, Prospects for the global economy: New York, NY, The

World Bank, June 10. (Accessed June 15, 2008, at http://go.worldbank.org/ PF6VWYXS10.) World Steel Association, 2007, A sectoral approach to climate change: Brussels,

Belgium, World Steel Association, December 7. (Accessed July 11, 2009, at http://www.worldsteel.org/?action=storypages&id=254.) World Steel Association, 2008, 2008—Focus on value: Brussels, Belgium,

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Belgium, World Steel Association, October 12. (Accessed October 28, 2009, at http://www.worldsteel.org/?action=newsdetail&id=275.)IRON AND STEEL—2008 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 37.5 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 United States:

Pig iron:

Production 2 42,300 37,200 37,900 36,300 33,700 Exports 3 48 51 813 71 51 Imports for consumption 3 6,400 6,030 6,730 5,220 4,980 Direct-reduced iron:

Production4 180 220 240 250 260 Exports 3 13 -- (5) (5) (5) Imports for consumption 3 2,450 2,170 2,610 2,330 r 2,650 e Raw steel production: 6

Carbon steel 90,700 85,900 89,500 89,800 84,100 Stainless steel 2,400 2,240 2,460 2,170 1,930 All other alloy steel 6,560 6,710 6,190 6,140 5,810

Total 99,700 94,900 98,200 98,100 91,900 Capability utilization, percent 94.6 87.5 87.5 87.0 81.4 Steel mill products:

Net shipments 2 101,000 95,200 99,300 96,500 89,400 Exports 2 7,200 8,520 8,830 10,100 12,200 Imports 2 32,500 29,100 41,100 30,200 29,000 Producer price index (1982=100.0) 7 147.2 159.7 174.1 182.9 220.6 World production: 8

Pig iron 720,000 802,000 881,000 r 954,000 r 932,000 e Direct-reduced iron4 53,000 r 56,300 r 58,700 64,600 r 66,400 e Raw steel 1,060,000 1,140,000 1,250,000 1,350,000 r 1,330,000

4Data are from Midrex Technologies, Inc., government, and companies.

6Raw steel is defined by AISI as steel in the first solid state after melting, suitable for rolling.
7 Data are from the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 8 Data are from the U.S. Geological Survey and the World Steel Association. 5 Less than 1⁄2 unit. 3 Data are from the U.S. Census Bureau. 1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits, except producers price index; may not add to totals shown.
2Data are from the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI). TABLE 1 SALIENT IRON AND STEEL STATISTICS 1

(Thousand metric tons)

eEstimated. rRevised. -- Zero.37.6 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2008 Material 2007 2008 Iron oxides: 2

Ores

-- -- Pellets 46,300 43,800 Sinter3 6,830 6,380

Total 53,100 50,100 Scrap 4 2,780 r 2,660 e Coke2 15,000 r 14,200 Pig iron, produced 36,300 33,700

materials; also some nodules.
4Mainly briquetted turnings and borings, shredded scrap, etc.; scrap produced at blast furnaces and remelt not included. TABLE 2

MATERIALS CONSUMED IN BLAST FURNACES AND PIG IRON PRODUCED 1

(Thousand metric tons)

1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.
2American Iron and Steel Institute. 3 Includes sintered ore and pellet fines, dust, mill scale, and other revert iron-bearing eEstimated. rRevised. -- Zero.IRON AND STEEL—2008 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 37.7 2007 2008 2007 2008 Shipments by steel type:

Carbon steel 90,500 83,400 93.78 93.29 Alloy steel 4,350 4,560 4.51 5.10 Stainless steel 1,700 1,380 1.76 1.54

Total 96,500 89,400 100.00 100.00 Steel mill products:

Ingots, blooms, billets and slabs 1,920 1,120 1.99 1.25 Wire rods 2,180 2,100 2.26 2.35 Structural shapes, heavy 6,890 6,040 7.14 6.76 Steel piling 551 462 0.57 0.52 Plates, cut lengths 6,730 6,730 6.97 7.53 Plates, in coils 3,720 3,170 3.85 3.55 Rails 800 854 0.83 0.96 Railroad accessories 192 247 0.20 0.28 Bars, hot-rolled 6,590 6,710 6.83 7.51 Bars, light-shaped 1,800 1,600 1.87 1.79 Bars, reinforcing 7,280 7,010 7.54 7.84 Bars, cold finished 1,320 1,490 1.37 1.67 Tool steel 16 16 0.02 0.02 Pipe and tubing, standard pipe 981 919 1.02 1.03 Pipe and tubing, oil country goods 1,940 2,170 2.01 2.43 Pipe and tubing, line pipe 573 432 0.59 0.48 Pipe and tubing, mechanical tubing 908 821 0.94 0.92 Pipe and tubing, pressure tubing 29 47 0.03 0.05 Pipe and tubing, stainless 13 13 0.01 0.01 Pipe and tubing, structural 135 112 0.14 0.13 Pipe for piling 12 14 0.01 0.02 Wire 350 564 0.36 0.63 Tin mill products, blackplate 127 202 0.13 0.23 Tin mill products, tinplate 1,770 1,610 1.83 1.80 Tin mill products, tin-free steel 508 526 0.53 0.59 Tin mill products, tin coated sheets 91 91 0.09 0.10 Sheets, hot-rolled 18,000 17,800 18.65 19.91 Sheets, cold-rolled 11,400 10,300 11.81 11.52 Sheets and strip, hot dip galvanized 13,800 11,600 14.30 12.98 Sheets and strip, electrogalvanized 2,320 1,500 2.40 1.68 Sheets and strip, other metallic coated 1,560 1,220 1.62 1.36 Sheets and strip, electrical 456 481 0.47 0.54 Strip, hot rolled 38 39 0.04 0.04 Strip, cold rolled 1,510 1,340 1.56 1.50

Total 96,500 89,400 100.00 100.00 Shipments by markets:

Service centers and distributors 24,000 23,100 24.87 25.84 Construction 21,600 18,500 22.38 20.69 Automotive 12,400 11,700 12.85 13.09 Machinery 1,270 1,040 1.32 1.16 Containers 2,640 2,560 2.74 2.86 All others 34,700 32,500 35.96 36.35

Total 96,500 89,400 100.00 100.00 TABLE 3 DISTRIBUTION OF SHIPMENTS OF STEEL MILL PRODUCTS, BY STEEL TYPE, PRODUCT, AND MARKET 1

Source: American Iron and Steel Institute. Quantity

1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits, except percentages; may not add to totals shown. Percentage (thousand metric tons)37.8 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2008 Country Imports Exports Imports Exports Argentina 91 10 129 12 Australia 782 22 636 33 Brazil 2,080 107 1,200 318 Canada 6,110 5,710 6,430 6,290 China 4,180 155 4,380 263 European Union 2 5,140 845 2,620 653 Germany 1,100 83 1,080 85 Japan 1,540 34 1,600 32 Korea, Republic of 1,820 70 2,090 92 Mexico 2,860 2,150 2,900 2,670 Russia 1,080 -- 1,020 -- South Africa 131 11 81 16 Sweden 276 7 255 10 Taiwan 999 20 600 56 Turkey 521 -- 750 -- Ukraine 1,130 -- 1,260 -- Venezuela 149 87 38 118 Other 171 807 1,900 1,570

Total 30,200 10,100 29,000 12,200 -- Zero.

Source: American Iron and Steel Institute. 2007 2008 TABLE 4 U.S. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF STEEL MILL PRODUCTS, BY COUNTRY 1

(Thousand metric tons)

1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.
2Excludes Germany and Sweden.IRON AND STEEL—2008 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 37.9 2007 2008 Steel mill products:

Ingots, blooms, billets, slabs 383 517 Wire rods 95 139 Structural shapes, heavy 990 1,140 Steel piling 36 44 Plates, cut lengths 1,150 1,350 Plates, in coils 537 1,020 Rails, standard 107 86 Rails, other 24 31 Railroad accessories 39 60 Bars, hot-rolled 540 722 Bars, light-shaped 84 136 Bars, concrete reinforcing 304 629 Bars, cold-finished 175 190 Tool steel 16 18 Pipe and tubing, standard pipe 136 193 Pipe and tubing, oil country goods 340 419 Pipe and tubing, line pipe 226 382 Pipe and tubing, mechanical tubing 36 49 Pipe and tubing, stainless 46 44 Pipe and tubing, nonclassified 393 438 Pipe and tubing, structural 189 197 Pipe for piling 46 66 Wire 175 199 Tin mill products, blackplate 4 5 Tin mill products, tinplate 191 241 Tin mill products, tin-free steel 22 24 Sheets, hot-rolled 1,010 958 Sheets, cold-rolled 695 788 Sheets and strip, hot-dip galvanized 916 896 Sheets and strip, electrogalvanized 240 279 Sheets and strip, other metallic coated 230 296 Sheets and strip, electrical 167 278 Strip, hot-rolled 252 205 Strip, cold-rolled 323 190

Total 10,100 12,200 Fabricated steel products:

Structural shapes, fabricated 431 529 Rails, used 33 51 Railroad products 59 100 Wire rope 18 21 Wire, stranded products 37 43 Wire, other products 86 88 Springs 134 129 Nails and staples 35 37 Fasteners 465 625 Chains and parts 27 34 Grinding balls 59 92 Pipe and tube fittings 36 42 Other2 150 112

Total 1,570 1,900 Grand total 11,700 14,100 TABLE 5 U.S. EXPORTS OF IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS 1

(Thousand metric tons)

See footnotes at end of table.37.10 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2008 2007 2008 Cast iron and steel products:

Cast steel pipe fittings 37 46 Cast iron pipe and fittings 74 120 Cast steel rolls 3 4 Cast grinding balls 11 r 18 Granules, shot and grit 27 r 34 Other castings 63 82

Total 215 r 304

rRevised. (Thousand metric tons)

ornamental work, and conduit.

Source: American Iron and Steel Institute. 1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.
2Includes shapes cold formed, sashes and frames, fence and sign post, architectural and TABLE 5—Continued U.S. EXPORTS OF IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS 1IRON AND STEEL—2008 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 37.11 2007 2008 Steel mill products:

Ingots, blooms, billets, and slabs 6,040 5,420 Wire rods 1,400 1,120 Structural shapes-heavy 771 655 Steel piling 100 95 Plates, cut lengths 1,290 1,120 Plates, in coils 939 1,100 Rails and railroad accessories 371 305 Bars, hot-rolled 1,200 1,350 Bars, light-shaped 217 151 Bars, reinforcing 1,690 881 Bars, cold-finished 313 283 Tool steel 145 148 Pipe and tubing, standard pipe 1,290 1,070 Pipe and tubing, oil country goods 1,760 3,610 Pipe and tubing, line pipe 2,710 2,920 Pipe and tubing, mechanical tubing 643 551 Pipe and tubing, pressure tubing 110 128 Pipe and tubing, stainless 155 127 Pipe and tubing, nonclassified 21 15 Pipe and tubing, structural 615 442 Pipe for piling 37 17 Wire 732 643 Tin mill products-blackplate 44 21 Tin mill products-tinplate 471 291 Tin mill products-tin-free steel 111 96 Sheets, hot-rolled 2,430 2,510 Sheets, cold-rolled 1,630 1,310 Sheets and strip, hot-dip galvanized 1,820 1,650 Sheets and strip, electrogalvanized 181 170 Sheets and strip, other metallic coated 549 455 Sheets and strip, electrical 100 110 Strip, hot-rolled 82 44 Strip, cold-rolled 180 158

Total 30,200 29,000 Fabricated steel products:

Structural shapes, fabricated 1,360 1,440 Rails, used 83 73 Railroad products 210 350 Wire rope 138 141 Wire-stranded products 323 329 Springs 423 310 Nails and staples 782 589 Fasteners 1,360 1,330 Chains and parts 158 150 Pipe and tube fittings 294 307 Other 635 518

Total 5,760 5,530 Grand total 35,900 r 34,500 See footnotes at end of table. TABLE 6 U.S. IMPORTS OF MAJOR IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS 1

(Thousand metric tons)37.12 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2008 2007 2008 Cast iron and steel products:

Cast steel pipe fittings 293 307 Cast iron pipe and fittings 81 71 Other products 407 399

Total 781 777

rRevised.

Source: American Iron and Steel Institute. TABLE 6—Continued U.S. IMPORTS OF MAJOR IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS 1

(Thousand metric tons)

1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

Product 2007 2008 Semifinished 131,000 124,000 Plate 137,000 84,800 Sheet and strip 57,600 72,100 Bars and shapes 117,000 116,000 Wire and wire rods 68,900 62,400 Pipe and tube 159,000 127,000

Total 669,000 586,000

Source: American Iron and Steel Institute. 1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. TABLE 7 U.S. IMPORTS OF STAINLESS STEEL 1

(Metric tons)

2007 2008 Coal, consumption 20,600 20,000 Coke: 3

Production 14,700 14,200 Exports 1,310 1,780 Imports 2,230 3,270 Consumption, apparent 15,700 15,400

Source: Energy Information Administration, Quarterly Coal Report, DOE/EIA

–0121(2009/01Q). 1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits.
2Includes furnace and merchant coke plants. 3 Coke production and consumption do not include breeze. TABLE 8 COAL AND COKE AT COKE PLANTS 1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)IRON AND STEEL—2008 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 37.13 Country5 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 e Algeria 994 952 e 1,093 r 1,193 r 690 Argentina: Pig iron 2,392 2,646 2,481 2,593 2,500 Direct-reduced iron 1,755 1,823 1,947 1,810 2,000 Australia 5,735 6,203 6,276 6,351 r 6,100 Austriae 4,847 5,444 5,547 5,808 r 5,815 6 Belgium 8,224 7,254 7,516 6,576 6,500 Bosnia and Herzegovinae 60 60 60 60 243 6 Brazil: Pig iron 34,558 r 33,884 r 32,452 r 35,571 r 34,969 6 Direct-reduced iron e 440 411 376 r 362 r 302 Bulgaria 1,158 1,081 1,147 1,069 441 6
Burma: e Pig iron 2 r 2 r 2 r 2 r 2 Direct-reduced iron 40 40 40 40 40 Canada: Pig iron 8,828 8,274 8,305 8,577 9,000 Direct-reduced iron 1,091 591 446 910 690 Chile 1,137 1,074 1,115 1,147 r 1,150 China7 251,850 343,750 412,450 476,520 r 470,670 6 Colombia 316 325 351 r 350 325 Czech Republic 5,385 r 4,627 5,191 5,289 r 4,737 6 Egypt: Pig iron 1,000 1,100 1,100 1,000 1,000 Direct-reduced iron e 3,020 r 2,900 r 3,100 r 2,786 r, 6 3,000 Finland 3,037 3,056 3,158 2,914 2,900 France 13,198 12,705 13,013 12,426 12,400 Germany: Pig iron 30,018 28,854 30,360 31,149 r 29,111 6 Direct-reduced iron e 593 440 580 590 500 Hungary 1,351 1,329 1,335 1,394 1,289 6 India: Pig iron 25,117 27,125 28,300 28,800 29,000 Direct-reduced iron 9,370 12,040 14,740 18,100 20,200 Indonesia, direct-reduced iron e 1,470 1,390 1,290 6 1,400 1,300 Iran: Pig iron 2,136 2,300 2,041 2,118 2,200 Direct-reduced iron e 6,410 6,850 6,850 7,440 r 7,460 Italy 10,664 11,423 11,535 11,100 11,100 Japan 82,974 83,058 84,270 86,771 86,171 6 Kazakhstan 4,283 3,581 3,400 3,240 2,761 6 Korea, North e 900 900 6 900 900 900 Korea, Republic of 27,556 27,309 27,559 29,437 31,043 6 Libya, direct-reduced iron 1,580 e 1,669 r 1,633 r 1,660 r 1,569 6 Malaysia, direct-reduced iron 1,710 1,349 1,277 r 1,840 1,940 Mexico: Pig iron 4,278 4,278 3,800 4,077 4,450 p Direct-reduced iron 5,473 5,973 6,167 6,265 r 6,012 p, 6
Morocco e 15 15 15 15 15 Netherlands 8 5,846 6,031 5,417 5,500 5,500 New Zealande 650 652 664 679 600 Nigeria -- -- 150 200 r

-- TABLE 9 PIG IRON AND DIRECT-REDUCED IRON: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2, 3, 4

(Thousand metric tons)

See footnotes at end of table.37.14 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2008 

### Country5 

### 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 e 

### Norwaye 

### 100 100 100 100 100 Pakistan e 

### 1,500 1,500 1,200 1,000 1,000 Paraguay 119 124 136 137 120 Peru: e 

### Pig iron 286 263 306 351 6 

### 395 6 

### Direct-reduced iron 81 r 

### 78 r 

### 84 r 

### 90 r 

### 72 Poland 6,399 4,477 5,333 5,804 4,934 6 

### Portugale 

### 100 100 100 100 100 Qatar, direct-reduced iron 830 e 

### 820 880 1,200 1,700 Romania 4,244 4,098 3,946 3,923 3,000 Russia: Pig iron 50,427 49,175 51,683 51,523 48,300 6 

### Direct-reduced iron e 

### 3,140 3,340 3,340 4,000 4,000 Saudi Arabia, direct-reduced iron 3,141 3,630 e 

### 3,580 4,340 r 

### 4,970 6 

### Serbia 959 9 

### 1,115 9 

### 1,529 1,485 1,582 6 

### Slovakia 3,765 3,618 4,145 4,012 3,529 6 

### South Africa: Pig iron 6,011 6,130 6,159 5,358 5,358 6 

### Direct-reduced iron 1,633 1,781 1,754 1,736 1,190 6 

### Spain 4,036 4,160 3,432 3,974 3,995 6 

### Sweden 3,871 3,730 3,577 3,815 3,800 Taiwan 10,198 9,854 10,500 10,550 9,800 Trinidad and Tobago, direct-reduced iron 2,337 2,055 2,000 2,000 2,050 Turkey 5,836 5,970 5,952 6,234 6,600 Ukraine 31,000 30,747 32,926 35,647 30,982 6 

### United Kingdom 10,180 10,236 10,736 10,960 r 

### 11,000 United States: Pig iron 42,300 37,200 37,900 36,300 33,700 6 

### Direct-reduced iron 180 220 240 250 260 6 

### Venezuela, direct-reduced iron 7,825 r 

### 8,897 r 

### 8,400 7,782 r 

### 7,140 Zimbabwee 

### 125 129 38 -- r



### -- Grand total 773,000 858,000 939,000 r 

### 1,020,000 r 

### 998,000 Of which: Pig iron 10 

### 720,000 802,000 881,000 r 

### 954,000 r 

### 932,000 Direct-reduced iron 11 

### 53,000 r 

### 56,300 r 

### 58,700 64,600 r 

### 66,400

10

### Includes uspecified pig iron and direct-reduced iron.
11 

### Listed separately. 5 

### In addition to the countries listed, Vietnam has facilities to produce pig iron and may have produced limited quantities during TABLE 9—Continued PIG IRON AND DIRECT-REDUCED IRON: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2, 3, 4



### (Thousand metric tons)

2004–08, but output is not reported and available information is inadequate to make reliable estimates of output levels.

6

### Reported figure.
7 

### Figures reported by State Statistical Bureau that the Government of China considers to be official statistical data. 8 

### Includes blast furnace ferroalloys.
9

### Montenegro and Serbia formally declared independence in June 2006 from each other and dissolved their union. e

### Estimated. p

### Preliminary. r

### Revised. -- Zero.
1 

### World totals, U.S. data, and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.
2

### Production is pig iron unless otherwise specified. 3 

### Direct-reduced iron is obtained from ore by reduction of oxides to metal without melting.
4

### Table excludes ferroalloy production except where otherwise noted. Table includes data available through August 21, 2009.IRON AND STEEL—2008 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 37.15 Country4 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Albania 120 r 180 r 206 r 263 r 300 e Algeria 1,014 1,007 1,158 1,278 646 Argentina 5,133 5,386 5,533 5,387 5,400 e Australia 8,353 7,788 7,937 8,047 7,777 Austria 6,530 7,031 7,129 r 7,578 r 7,630 Azerbaijan 90 286 54 273 300 e Bangladeshe, 5 25 20 10 r

-- 6

-- Belarus 1,900 2,076 2,100 2,214 2,660 Belgium 11,698 8,906 11,238 10,692 r 10,860 Bosnia and Herzegovina, ingot production 117 283 469 514 r 588 Brazil7 32,918 31,631 30,901 r 33,782 r 33,713 Bulgaria 2,106 1,969 2,124 1,909 r 1,330 Burmae 25 25 25 25 25 Canada 16,305 15,327 15,493 15,569 15,100 e Chile7 1,579 1,536 1,627 1,679 r 1,560 e China 8 272,450 353,240 419,150 489,290 r 500,490 Colombia 730 e 842 1,221 1,260 1,200 e Croatia 80 74 81 76 r 85 e Cuba 193 245 257 262 r 274 Czech Republic 7,033 6,189 6,862 7,059 6,386 Ecuador 72 84 85 87 85 e Egypt 4,810 r 5,603 r 6,045 r 6,224 r 6,198 El Salvador 59 48 72 73 72 e Ethiopia, all from scrap e 30 60 60 110 150 Finland 4,833 4,738 5,052 4,431 r 5,000 e France 20,770 19,481 19,857 19,252 17,874 Germany 46,374 44,524 47,224 48,550 45,833 Ghana, all from scrap e 25 25 25 25 25 Greece 1,967 2,266 2,416 2,554 r 2,400 e Guatemala 232 207 292 349 300 e Hong Kong e 500 500 550 550 550 Hungary 1,944 r 2,005 r 2,144 r 2,317 r 2,096 India 32,600 45,800 49,500 53,100 55,200 Indonesia 3,682 r 3,675 3,759 r 3,900 3,600 Iran 8,682 9,405 9,789 r 10,051 r 9,960 e Israele 370 480 480 480 480 Italy 28,317 29,061 31,550 31,990 30,477 Japan 112,718 112,471 116,266 120,203 118,739 Jordan e 140 6 150 150 150 150 Kazakhstan 5,372 4,477 4,245 4,784 4,286 Korea, North e 1,070 1,070 1,180 1,230 1,279 6 Korea, Republic of 47,521 47,820 48,455 51,517 53,322 Latviae 554 6 550 550 550 550 Libya 1,026 1,255 r 1,151 1,151 r 1,137 Luxembourg 2,684 2,194 2,802 2,800 e 2,640 Macedonia 314 r 326 r 360 r 372 r 370 e Malaysia 5,698 5,296 5,834 6,895 r 6,500 e Mauritania 5 e 1 11 r 2 Mexico 16,737 16,202 16,313 17,573 r 17,230 p Moldova 1,013 1,016 675 995 885 TABLE 10 RAW STEEL: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2, 3

(Thousand metric tons)

See footnotes at end of table.37.16 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2008 Country4 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Montenegro 151 r, 9, 10 104 r, 9, 10 163 r 174 r 175 e Morocco 5 e 205 314 314 310 Netherlands 6,848 6,919 6,372 6,400 e 6,880 New Zealand 850 889 862 845 853 e Norwaye 695 701 679 680 680 Pakistan 1,145 825 1,040 1,090 1,100 Paraguay 107 101 115 95 r 85 e Peru 725 790 896 881 r 1,150 e Philippines 550 r 470 558 718 r 800 e Poland 10,578 8,336 9,992 10,621 r 9,727 Portugal 730 1,400 1,400 1,400 e 1,400 e Qatar 1,089 1,057 1,003 1,147 1,406 Romania 6,077 5,632 6,266 6,261 5,035 Russia 65,646 66,186 70,816 72,389 68,700 Saudi Arabia 3,902 4,185 3,974 4,644 r 4,670 e Serbia 1,167 r, 9, 10 1,286 r, 9, 10 1,837 1,478 r 1,662 Serbia and Montenegro

-- r, 9, 10

-- r, 9, 10

-- r

-- r

-- Singaporee 610 572 607 620 600 Slovakia 4,564 4,242 4,848 4,800 4,800 e Slovenia 566 583 627 638 670 South Africa 9,500 9,494 9,718 9,098 r 8,550 Spain 17,621 r 17,826 r 18,391 r 18,999 r 19,048 Sri Lankae 30 30 30 30 30 Sweden 5,949 5,692 5,435 5,673 r 5,500 e Switzerland 1,000 e 1,158 1,252 1,264 1,260 Syriae 70 70 70 70 63 6
Taiwan 19,604 18,567 19,203 20,883 r 19,222 Thailand 4,533 5,161 5,210 5,470 5,470 e Trinidad and Tobago 815 711 674 682 r 675 e Tunisia 70 66 68 61 80 Turkey 20,478 20,960 23,308 25,750 26,400 e Uganda 30 30 30 30 30 Ukraine 38,740 38,636 40,899 42,830 37,107 United Arab Emirates e 70 70 70 90 90 United Kingdom 13,766 13,210 13,931 14,300 13,538 United States 99,700 94,900 98,200 98,100 91,900 Uruguay 58 64 57 71 85 e Uzbekistan e 602 6 607 6 730 740 680 Venezuela 4,561 r 4,907 4,864 r 5,005 r 4,240 e Vietnam 689 890 1,860 r 2,024 r 2,020 e Zimbabwe 135 107 24 23 10 e Total 1,060,000 r 1,140,000 r 1,250,000 r 1,350,000 r 1,330,000 TABLE 10—Continued RAW STEEL: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2, 3

(Thousand metric tons)

eEstimated. pPreliminary. rRevised. -- Zero.
1 World totals, U.S. data, and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.
2 Steel formed in solid state after melting, suitable for further processing or sale; for some countries, includes material reported as “liquid steel,” presumably measured in the molten state prior to cooling in any specific form.

3 Table includes data available through August 25, 2009.IRON AND STEEL—2008 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 37.17 4In addition to the countries listed, Mozambique is known to have steelmaking plants, but available information is inadequate TABLE 10—Continued RAW STEEL: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2, 3

10Production is reported individually now. to make reliable estimates of output levels.

5 Data for year ending June 30 of that stated.
6Reported figure.
7 Excludes castings. 8Figures reported by the State Statistical Bureau that the Government of China considers as official statistical data.
9Montenegro and Serbia formally declared independence from each other in June 2006 and dissolved their union.