# Patent

## Title
Electrically isolated heat dissipating junction box

## Abstract

A junction box used for making electrical connections to a photovoltaic panel. The junction box has two chambers including a first chamber and a second chamber and a wall common to and separating both chambers. The wall may be adapted to have an electrical connection therethrough. The two lids are adapted to seal respectively the two chambers. The two lids are on opposite sides of the junction box relative to the photovoltaic panel. The two lids may be attachable using different sealing processes to a different level of hermeticity. The first chamber may be adapted to receive a circuit board. The junction box may include supports for mounting a printed circuit board in the first chamber. The second chamber is configured for electrical connection to the photovoltaic panel. A metal heat sink may be bonded inside the first chamber. The first chamber is adapted to receive a circuit board for electrical power conversion, and the metal heat sink is adapted to dissipate heat generated by the circuit board.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/785,773 filed May 24, 2010, which claims benefit from U.S. patent application 61/180,455 filed May 22, 2009. The disclosures of the above-identified applications are incorporated herein by reference.


BACKGROUND
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a junction box for power sources, and specifically to a junction box for electrically connecting to a photovoltaic panel.
2. Description of Related Art
A photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel is a packaged interconnected assembly of photovoltaic cells, also known as solar cells. Since a single photovoltaic module can only produce a limited amount of power, commercial installations include several modules or panels interconnected in serial and in parallel into a photovoltaic array. Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in parallel to provide a desired amount of current source capability. A photovoltaic installation typically includes the array of photovoltaic modules, an inverter, batteries and interconnection wiring.
When part of a photovoltaic module is shaded, the shaded cells do not produce as much current as the unshaded cells. Since photovoltaic cells are connected in series, the same amount of current must flow through every serially connected cell. The unshaded cells force the shaded cells to pass more current. The only way the shaded cells can operate at a higher current is to operate in a region of negative voltage that is to cause a net voltage loss to the system. The current times this negative voltage gives the negative power produced by the shaded cells. The shaded cells dissipate power as heat and cause “hot spots”. Bypass diodes are therefore integrated with the photovoltaic modules to avoid overheating of cells in case of partial shading of the photovoltaic module.
Blocking diodes may be placed in series with cells or modules to block reverse leakage current backwards through the modules such as to block reverse flow of current from a battery through the module at night or to block reverse flow down damaged modules from parallel-connected modules during the day.
Electronic modules may be integrated with the photovoltaic modules which perform electrical conversion, e.g. direct current (DC) to direct current conversion, electrical inversion, e.g. micro-inverter, or other functions such as monitoring of performance and/or protection against theft.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,291,036 discloses a photovoltaic connection system including a connection box with for surface mounted diodes mounted on a printed circuit board inside of the connection box. The connection box optionally includes a metal plate mounted inside the lid of the connection box as a heat sink for dissipating heat from the diodes.
The term “cable gland” as used herein refers to a device used for the entry of electrical cables or cords into electrical equipment and is used to firmly secure an electrical cable entering a piece of electrical equipment.
The term “in situ” in the context of the present invention refers to bonding or attaching during manufacture, e.g. injection molding, of a part as opposed to attaching after manufacture of the part.
BRIEF SUMMARY
According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a junction box used for making electrical connections to a photovoltaic panel. The junction box has two chambers including a first chamber and a second chamber and a wall common to and separating both chambers. The wall may be adapted to have an electrical connection therethrough. The two lids are adapted to seal respectively the two chambers. The two lids are configured to be on opposite sides of the junction box relative to the photovoltaic panel. The two lids may be attachable using different sealing processes. One of the lids may be adapted to seal the first chamber and the other lid may seal the second chamber to a different level of hermeticity from that of the first chamber. The first chamber may be adapted to receive a circuit board for electrical power conversion of the power output of the photovoltaic panel. The junction box may include supports for mounting a printed circuit board in the first chamber. The second chamber is configured for electrical connection to the photovoltaic panel. The second chamber may optionally be configured to include diodes, e.g. bypass and/or blocking diodes. The junction box may have electrical connection terminals mounted inside the second chamber for connecting a circuit to the photovoltaic panel. A metal heat sink may be bonded inside the first chamber. The first chamber is adapted to receive a circuit board for electrical power conversion, and the metal heat sink is adapted to dissipate heat generated by the circuit board. The heat sink is placed inside an injection mold during manufacture of the junction box. The junction box may further include a pad adapted to provide thermal conduction and electrical insulation between the circuit board and the metal heat sink. The metal heat sink may include a dovetail structure adapted to prevent mutual separation of the metal heat sink from the junction box. The dovetail structure may be hollow.
According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a junction box used for making electrical connections to a photovoltaic panel. The junction box has a metal heat sink bonded in situ inside the first chamber. The first chamber is adapted to receive a circuit board for electrical power conversion, and the metal heat sink is adapted to dissipate heat generated by the circuit board. The junction box optionally may have two chambers including a first chamber and a second chamber and a wall common to and separating both chambers. Two lids may be adapted to seal respectively the two chambers. The metal heat sink may include a dovetail structure adapted to prevent mutual separation of the metal heat sink from the junction box. The wall may have an electrical connection therethrough



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Aspects of the invention is herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate isometric views of a junction box, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2A shows details of cross section of the junction box indicated by dotted line XX in FIG. 1A.
FIG. 2B shows details of cross section YY of the junction box indicated by dotted line in FIG. 1A.
FIGS. 3A and 3B show isometric views of a heat sink according to another embodiment of the present invention.



The foregoing and/or other aspects will become apparent from the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawing figures.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to the like elements throughout. The embodiments are described below to explain the present invention by referring to the figures.
By way of introduction, diodes and/or electronic modules within junction boxes attached to the photovoltaic modules dissipate heat. When insulating junction boxes are used, heat must be dissipated mostly through air inside the junction box. When metallic junction boxes are used then heat may be dissipated directly through the junction box. However, the use of a metallic junction boxes may be inconvenient because of regulations which require accessible metallic surfaces to be grounded and extra wiring is required.
Before explaining exemplary embodiments of the invention in detail, it ls to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of design and the arrangement of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.
Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1A shows an isometric view 10A of a junction box 12, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Junction box 12 is shown mounted on the back (or non-photovoltaic side) 4 of a photovoltaic panel 16. Junction box 12 has cable glands 130 which allow for termination of cables inside of junction box 12. Junction box 12 has an outer casing 102 and an access into junction box 12 using a lid 106.
FIG. 1B shows an isometric view of the underside of junction box 12 detached from photovoltaic panel 16. The isometric view shows glands 130 and two sections A and B of junction box 12. chamber A is bounded by the dimensions Z×X with chamber A covered by lid 108. Lid 108 gives access into chamber A of junction box 12. Chamber B is an open section which is bounded by dimensions X×Y and shows terminals 104. A bypass diode 110 is connected between terminals 104. According to a feature of the present invention, lid 106 removed to access chamber B and lid 108 used to access chamber A are on opposite sides of junction box 12.
FIG. 2A shows details of cross section XX of junction box 12 indicated by dotted line in FIG. 1A, showing features of the present invention. Cross section XX shows chamber sections A and B of junction box 12 mounted on non-photovoltaic side 4 of photovoltaic panel 16 with clips 216. The mechanical attachment between junction box 12 and photovoltaic panel 16 using clips 216 is such that junction box 12 is flat on photovoltaic panel 16 and a gasket may be used to seal the open end of chamber B.
Chamber A includes circuit board 260, thermally conductive pad 262, heat sink 264, outer casing 102 and lid 108. Circuit board 260 is preferably mounted on supports adapted to receive circuit board 260. Thermal pad 262 provides electrical isolation and thermal conductivity between heat sink 264 and circuit board 260. The component side of circuit board 260 is preferably in contact with thermal pad 262 so that heat created by the components of circuit board 260 is dissipated by heat sink 264 via thermal pad 262. Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) emission from junction box 12 as a result of the operation of circuit board 260 is reduced by having the side of lid 108 coated in an electrically conductive shielding 108a. Shielding 108a connects electrically to heat sink 264 to form a Faraday cage which suppresses RFI emission from junction box 12.
Lid 108 according to an aspect of the present invention is preferably manufactured by an injection molding process. During the injection molding process of lid 207 a shield 108a may be placed placed in situ and bonded to lid 108 during the injection molding process. Thus, when lid 108 is attached to box chamber A; junction box 12 is electrically isolated by heat sink 264 and shield 108a. Outer casing 102 and lid 108 additionally provide a non-electrically conductive isolation of heat sink 264 and shield 108a between the backside 4 of panel 16 and the exterior of junction box 12. Lid 108 is optionally permanently and/or hermetically sealed to chamber A.
Chamber B includes terminal 104, support 214, bypass diode 110, lid 106, bus bar 212 and wall 202. Wall 202 provides physical separation between chambers A and B. Electrical connectivity between circuit board 260 in chamber A and electrical connector 104 in chamber B is via bus bar 212. Bus bar 212 is sealed in wall 202 in such a way as to preserve the desired hermeticity of chamber A for example against the ingress of water or humidity. Both electrical connector 104 and bus bar 212 are supported mechanically by support 214. Support 214 may also provide hermetic sealing and/or electrical isolation between one end of connector 104 which connects to bus bar 212 and the other end of connector 104 which connects to connections provided by photovoltaic panel 16. Bypass diode 110 connected to connector 104 may be located between support 214 or backside 4 of panel 16 or between support 214 and lid 106. Lid 106 gives access to chamber B whilst junction box 12 is physically attached photovoltaic panel 16 but electrically isolated from panel 16. A preferred mechanism of attaching lid 106 to junction box 12 is to use a rubber gasket arrangement such that chamber B is hermetically sealed against for example the ingress of water/humidity through lid 106 into chamber B.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, junction box 12 is constructed with a wall 202 that may be a double wall so that chamber A and chamber B are mutually separable and re-attachable. Similarly, bus bar 212 is re-connectable between chamber A and chamber B. In this embodiment, a failure within the electronics of circuit board 260 may be repaired by replacing chamber A with a new circuit board 260 without requiring disconnection of chamber B from photovoltaic panel 16. Similarly, an electronics upgrade may be easily achieved.
Junction box 12 including casing 102, lids 108/106, heat sink 264, and thermal pad 262 are preferably adapted to comply with temperature and insulation standard of IEC 61215 (Ed. 2) or other applicable industry standards for use with connection to photovoltaic panels. Junction box 12 and lids 108/106 may be manufactured by injection molding of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) thermoplastic, Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO) or a thermoset such as epoxy resin.
FIG. 2B shows details of cross section YY of junction box 12 indicated by dotted line in FIG. 1A, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Cross section YY is of chamber A mounted on backside 4 of photovoltaic panel 16. Cross section YY shows outer casing 102, heat sink 264 with dovetail structure 264a, thermally conductive pad 262, circuit board 260 and lid 108 with electrical shield 108a. 
The manufacture of box chamber sections A and B of junction box 12 in a preferred embodiment of the present invention is by an injection molding process. During the injection molding process heat sink 264 with or without dovetail structure 264a is placed inside box chamber A and is bonded in situ to box chamber A as a result of the injection molding process.
Additional strength of the bonding between heat sink 264 and box chamber A may be provided by a dovetail structure 264a which may be an integral part of heat sink 264. A further function of dovetail structure 264a ensures that the bonding between heat sink 264 and chamber A remains intact when for example junction box 12 is subjected to thermal stresses as a result of electronic components operating inside chamber A, high ambient heat and sunlight when junction box 12 attached to a photovoltaic panel. Where a fastener, e.g. screw is used to fasten chamber A to heat sink 264, the lateral dimensions of dovetail structure 264a is typically increased in order to accommodate the size of the fastener. A further feature of dovetail structure 264a is a hollow structure within dovetail structure 264a which allows for a deformation of dovetail structure 264a. The deformation of dovetail structure 264a allows for the different rates of thermal expansion of enclosure 102 and heat sink 264/dovetail structure 264a during the curing/cooling of the bond between heat sink 264 and enclosure 102 of chamber A.
Reference is now made to FIGS. 3A and 3B which show isometric views of heat sink 264 according to another embodiment of the present invention. Heat sink 264 has four holes 302. Holes 302 are used to attach heat sink 264 into chamber A of junction box 12 using screws. The attachment of heat sink to chamber A may come as an additional step after the injection molding of junction box 12 or of a junction box 12 which is not injection molded. An additional thermal pad may be placed between heat sink 264 and enclosure 102 to ensure good contact between heat sink 264 and enclosure 102 after heat sink 264 is attached enclosure 102. The deformable nature of the thermal pad used to accommodate non-uniformity in surfaces of the heat sink 264 and enclosure 102 due to manufacturing tolerances of heat sink 264/enclosure 102. Alternatively a thermally conducting glue or potting material may be placed between heat sink 264 and enclosure 102.
The articles “a” “an” as used herein mean “one or more” such as “a heat-sink”, “a circuit board” have the meaning of “one or more” that is “one or more heat-sinks” or “one or more circuit boards”.
Although selected embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it is to be understood the present invention is not limited to the described embodiments. Instead, it is to be appreciated that changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the claims and the equivalents thereof.

## Claims

1. A junction box comprising:
a first chamber comprising a circuit board designed to convert electrical power from one or more power outputs of a photovoltaic panel;
a second chamber comprising an electrical connection designed to receive the electrical power from the one or more power outputs of the photovoltaic panel;
a wall common to and separating the first chamber and the second chamber;
a first lid designed to seal the first chamber against ingress of water or humidity with a first level of hermeticity; and
a second lid designed to seal the second chamber against ingress of water or humidity with a second level of hermeticity different from the first level of hermeticity.

2. The junction box of claim 1, wherein the first lid and the second lid are designed to be on opposite sides of the junction box, and wherein one of the opposite sides is attached to the photovoltaic panel.

3. The junction box of claim 1, wherein the wall comprises a second electrical connection between the first chamber and the second chamber, wherein the second electrical connection is designed to receive, from the electrical connection, the power from the one or more power outputs of the photovoltaic panel.

4. The junction box of claim 1, wherein the first lid is attached to the first chamber with a first sealing process, and wherein the second lid is attached to the second chamber with a second sealing process different from the first sealing process.

5. The junction box according to claim 1, further comprising one or more supports that mount the circuit board in the first chamber.

6. The junction box of claim 1, wherein the second chamber is includes one or more diodes.

7. The junction box according to claim 1, further comprising a re-connectable second electrical connection that connects the circuit board in the first chamber to the electrical connection in the second chamber.

8. The junction box of claim 1, further comprising a metal heat sink bonded inside the first chamber during manufacture of the junction box, wherein the metal heat sink is designed to dissipate heat generated by the circuit board.

9. The junction box of claim 8, wherein the metal heat sink is cast in situ in the first chamber during an injection molding process of manufacture of the junction box.

10. The junction box of claim 8, wherein the metal heat sink includes a dovetail structure designed to prevent mutual separation of the metal heat sink from the junction box.

11. The junction box of claim 10, wherein the dovetail structure is hollow and is designed to deform according to different rates of thermal expansion between the heat sink and the junction box.

12. The junction box of claim 8, further comprising a thermal pad designed to conduct heat and provide electrical insulation between the circuit board and the metal heat sink.

13. A junction box comprising: a metal heat sink bonded in situ inside a first chamber, wherein the first chamber is designed to receive a circuit board designed to convert electrical power from one or more power outputs of a photovoltaic panel; a second chamber comprising an electrical connection designed to receive the electrical power from the one or more power outputs of the photovoltaic panel; a first lid that seals the first chamber against ingress of water or humidity with a first level of hermeticity; and a second lid that seals the second chamber against ingress of water or humidity with a second level of hermeticity different from the first level of hermeticity.

14. The junction box of claim 13, further comprising:
a wall common to and separating the first chamber and the second chamber.

15. The junction box of claim 13, wherein the metal heat sink dissipates heat generated by the circuit board and includes a dovetail structure that prevents mutual separation of the metal heat sink from the junction box.

16. The junction box of claim 15, wherein the dovetail structure is hollow and is designed to deform during curing of a bond between the heat sink and the junction box.

17. The junction box of claim 13, further comprising a wall comprising the electrical connection, wherein the electrical connection is between the first chamber and the second chamber.

18. A method comprising:
manufacturing, using an injection molding process, a junction box comprising a first chamber, a second chamber, and a wall common to and separating the first chamber and the second chamber, wherein the junction box is designed to mount a circuit board in the first chamber, designed to receive a first lid that seals the first chamber against ingress of water or humidity with a first level of hermeticity and designed to receive a second lid that seals the second chamber against ingress of water or humidity with a second level of hermeticity.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
bonding a heat sink in situ within the first chamber of the junction box during manufacture of the junction box by the injection molding process.

20. The method of claim 19, further comprising:
bonding the heat sink inside the first chamber with a dovetail structure.