No. 17-0971, Chief Justice Walker, Concurring

I concur with the majority; this Court should affirm the circuit court’s order 

denying Erin Gibbons and Quenton Burner’s appeal and affirming the final order of the 

Martinsburg Police Civil Service Commission. I write separately to clarify my analysis.

Promotions within the City of Martinsburg Police Department are 

competitive, with candidates scored on a one-hundred point scale. Under Martinsburg 

Police Civil Service Commission Rule VII, Section 2 (Rule VII), a candidate may earn up 

to fifty points based upon their performance on a standard, written examination; forty 

points based upon a review of their personnel file; and ten points for their years of service 

in the department. Rule VII further subdivides the scoring of a candidate’s personnel file. 

Relevant to Petitioners’ appeal, post-secondary education accounts for up to ten points of 

the possible forty points awarded based on the contents of a candidate’s personnel file.

When City of Martinsburg police officers Quenton Burner and Erin Gibbons 

sought promotion in late 2016, they were passed over in favor of other candidates with 

more post-secondary education. But for the education points awarded to the successful 

candidates, Burner and Gibbons would have earned scores high enough for promotion to 

sergeant and corporal, respectively.

The pair grieved the promotional decisions to the Martinsburg Police Civil 

Service Commission, challenging the Commission’s consideration of post-secondary 

FILED

May 1, 2019

EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

OF WEST VIRGINIA
2

education at promotion. In February 2017, the Commission affirmed its rule and denied 

Petitioners’ grievance.

Petitioners then appealed the Commission’s order to the Circuit Court of 

Berkeley County.1 As they had done before the Commission, Petitioners argued that the 

Commission’s Rule VII violated the Police Civil Service Act, West Virginia Code 

§§ 8-14-16 to 23 (2017) (the Act). The circuit court denied Petitioners’ appeal, reasoning 

that consideration of an officer’s educational background was “not directly inconsistent 

with the express provisions of the Act which permits consideration of the officer’s 

‘experience.’” So, the circuit court denied Petitioners’ appeal and their request for a writ 

of mandamus.

Petitioners’ grievance and appeals—to the Commission, then to the circuit 

court, and now to this Court—raise a single question of law: whether the Act authorizes 

the Commission to consider post-secondary education at promotion, so that officercandidates such as Petitioners may lose promotions they may otherwise deserve to 

 

1 See W. Va. Code § 8-14-13a(e) (2017) (“If any applicant is aggrieved by a decision 

rendered by the commission under this section, such applicant may, within twenty days of 

the date of the commission’s decision, seek judicial review thereof in the circuit court of 

the county wherein such municipality is located.”).
3

candidates with higher levels of post-secondary education. This Court may reverse the 

circuit court’s order affirming the Commission if it was “based upon a mistake of law.”2

Petitioners’ appeal hinges on West Virginia Code § 8-14-17(b), which states 

in pertinent part that “[p]romotions shall be based upon experience and by written 

competitive examinations to be provided by the Policemen’s Civil Service Commission[.]” 

Petitioners offer two arguments in support of their position that the Commission’s Rule 

VII violates that section of the Act. First, that in our prior decision in Morgan v. City of 

Wheeling, we stated that the “[A]ct prescribes the sole provisions for appointing police 

officers according to merit and fitness . . . . It provides all that is necessary for the 

appointment and promotion of the fittest applications.”3 Because § 8-14-17(b) does not 

contain the word “education,” Petitioners conclude that Rule VII necessarily conflicts with 

the Act. Second, Petitioners assert that the word “experience” cannot include consideration 

of an officer-candidate’s educational background because we have previously defined it to 

mean “seniority.” 4

 

2 Syl. Pt. 3, Bays v. Police Civil Serv. Comm’n, City of Charleston, 178 W. Va. 756, 

364 S.E.2d 547 (1987) (“‘The judgment of a circuit court affirming a final order of a police 

civil service commission, upon appeal therefrom as provided by statute, will not be 

reversed by this Court unless the final order of the commission was against the clear 

preponderance of the evidence or was based upon a mistake of law.’ Syl. pt. 2, In re Appeal 

of Prezkop, 154 W.Va. 759, 179 S.E.2d 331 (1971).”) (emphasis added).

3 205 W. Va. 34, 40, 516 S.E.2d 48, 54 (1999).

4 See Bays, 178 W. Va. at 760, 364 S.E.2d at 551.
4

These arguments require interpretation of the Act, and specifically 

§ 8-14-17(b), to determine the extent of the Commission’s authority to include education 

in its assessment of a candidate’s experience at promotion.5 In a different context, this 

Court has explained that if a “statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific 

issue, the question for the court is whether the agency’s answer is based on a permissible 

construction of the statute.”6 Given the Commission’s authority and obligation to 

“prescribe and enforce rules and regulations carrying into effect the civil service provisions 

of [West Virginia Code Chapter 8, Article 14],”

7

I conclude that that explanation applies 

equally in this context.

The Act is silent as to the meaning of “experience” in § 8-14-17(b), so the 

question becomes whether the Commission’s answer is based on a permissible construction 

 

5 Compare id. at 759, 364 S.E.2d at 550 (“Stated another way, the appellants argue 

that the PCSC lacks the authority to establish a passing score for written examinations for 

promotions, so that an applicant who fails the written examination is precluded from further 

consideration for promotion.”).

6 Syl. pt. 4, in part, Appalachian Power Co. v. State Tax Dep’t of W. Va., 195 W. 

Va. 573, 466 S.E.2d 424 (1995) (“If legislative intent is not clear, a reviewing court may 

not simply impose its own construction of the statute in reviewing a legislative rule. Rather, 

if the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue, the question for the 

court is whether the agency’s answer is based on a permissible construction of the 

statute.”).

7 W. Va. Code § 8-14-10(1) (2017). 
5

of that statute, that is, one which flows rationally from the statute.

8

 I believe that it is. As 

the circuit court reasoned, there is 

[A]mple support for [the Commission’s] position that officers 

with a higher education tend to possess better analytical and 

decision-making skills, better communication skills, and tend 

to draft better reports, warrants, etc. These skills may in turn 

aid an officer in the overall performance of his or her police 

work and interactions with the public in general. The [circuit 

court] further agree[d] with the [the Commission] that higher 

education is a legitimate factor in determining the best 

candidates for promotion to positions where the officer will 

train and supervise other officers.

For those same reasons, I conclude that the Commission’s Rule VII, which considers an 

officer’s educational attainment as part of the overall assessment of his experience under 

§ 8-14-17(b), is based on a permissible construction of that statute.

Petitioners’ arguments regarding Morgan v. City of Wheeling and this 

Court’s comments in Bays miss the proverbial boat. In Morgan, we held that a city’s 

residency requirement did not conflict with the express provisions of the Act, and therefore 

was permissible.9 We reasoned that the Act was primary and exclusive with regard to merit 

 

8 Appalachian Power Co., 195 W. Va. at 588, 466 S.E.2d at 439.

9 Syl. pt. 2, Morgan, 205 W. Va. at 34, 516 S.E. 2d at 48 (“The provisions of the 

police civil service act, W.Va.Code §§ 8–14–6—24, which provide for the appointment, 

promotion, reduction, removal and reinstatement of all municipal police officers and other 

employees of paid police departments of Class I and Class II municipal corporations, are 

not exclusive. Therefore, a residency requirement applicable to municipal police officers 

which is enacted by a municipal corporation pursuant to W.Va.Code § 8–5–11 (1969) is 

valid. The police civil service act, rather, excludes the enactment of only those measures 

which are inconsistent with the express provisions of the act.”).
6

and fitness considerations, but that a residency requirement was not related to merit and 

fitness and so could not conflict with the Act. That reasoning does not dictate the 

conclusion that the Commission’s Rule VII conflicts with the Act, and is, therefore, void. 

The Legislature chose not to define “experience,” and the definition adopted by the 

Commission is neither irrational nor contrary to the aims of the Act. As such, it would be 

very difficult to conclusively state that Rule VII is “inconsistent with the express provisions 

of the Act.”

10

Bays is not Petitioners’ silver bullet, either. There, this Court considered 

whether the Charleston Police Civil Service Commission had authority under the Act to 

impose a 90/10 pass rate on written examinations for promotion.11 We held that it did not

because the Commission’s rule elevated one promotional consideration—written exam 

scores—over the others specified in § 8-14-17, essentially reading the other factors (service 

and experience) out of the statute.12 In the course of our analysis, we stated in dicta that a 

 

10 Id.

11 Bays, 178 W. Va. at 757, 364 S.E.2d at 548 (“That is, the top ninety percent of 

those taking the examination would receive passing scores and the bottom ten percent 

would fail.”)

12 Syl. pt. 2, id. at 756, 364 S.E.2d at 547 (“The Police Civil Service Act, in 

particular, W.Va.Code, 8–14–17, as amended, requires that the promotions of individuals 

thereunder are to be based upon merit and fitness to be ascertained by competitive written 

examination and upon the superior qualifications of the individuals promoted, as shown by 

their previous service and experience. One of these test factors, in itself, is not an adequate 

determinant of the applicant’s merit and fitness; therefore, it should not be considered to 
7

prior version of § 8-14-17 (1969, 1986) “requires promotions under the [Act] to be based 

upon merit and fitness as shown by (1) competitive written examination, (2) service, i.e., 

performance appraisal and (3) experience, i.e., seniority.”13 Again, that statement was 

dicta; as such, I do not read it to preclude the Commission’s reasonable interpretation of 

the term, “experience,” in the amended version of § 8-14-17(b) (2012, 2017).

I recognize that “a municipality’s powers are strictly construed[.]”14 The 

Commission, however, is authorized by statute to “prescribe and enforce rules and 

regulations carrying into effect the civil service provisions of [West Virginia Code Chapter 

8, Article 14]”15 Thus, I believe it is proper to assess the legality of the Commission’s Rule 

VII in the context of that statutory authority and the Legislature’s decision not to define 

the term, “experience,” found in § 8-14-17(b). Based on that analysis, I concur with the 

majority that the circuit court’s final order denying petitioners’ appeal and affirming the 

final order of the Commission must be affirmed.

 

the exclusion of the others. Accordingly, regulations of a police civil service commission 

which conflict with the statute on this point are void.”).

13 Id. at 760, 364 S.E.2d at 551.

14 Id. (citing Syl. pt. 2, State ex rel. City of Charleston v. Hutchison, 154 W. Va. 

585, 176 S.E.2d 691 (1971)). 

15 W. Va. Code § 8-14-10(1).