### t) S EP ~? l~~i , 

# P
. rG 7 P~rB 8'- ~ 7) ~$ 74f 

# JA@ -~ 91100(0 03 ► ') OVW~t 0 00 r-, 9 EPA/600/6 

# -8 7 

# /008 February 1988



## RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AND DOCUMENTATION O F BIOLOGICAL VALUES FOR USE IN RISK ASSESSMENT

EPA Project Office r X . Blackburn 

### OF'A" u . S . EPA t LfRRAiy (7407)

E T ; . 3 . ! 

### j

. 

### dQ~ 20460

ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA AND ASSESSMENT OFFICE 

## OFFICE OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND-DEVELOPMENT U .S . ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

CINCINNATI, 

## OH 4 5 

## 268

REPRODUCED BY U .S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161

### p. 2

## p . 3 4 . INHALATION RATE S

The U .S . EPA (1980) has recommended the use of a reference value of 20 m3/day for humans (10 m3 breathing volume during the workday) . The inhalation rate for the ICRP Reference Man is 23 ma/day (9 .6 m3 breathing volume at work during light activity) . Other recommended values are 21 ma/day for an adult woman, 15 ma/day for a 10-year-old child, 3 .8 ma/day for a 1-year-old infant and 0 .8 m3/day for a newborn (Snyder et al ., 1975) . Minute volumes for the reference man resting and performing light activity are 7 .5 and 20 4 ./minute, respectively . The reference minute volume for light activity is reasonably close to the reported values for adult humans given in Table 4-1 . Assuming that man rests for 8 hours and is involved in light activity for 16 hours each day, the resting minute volume can be multiplied by a factor of . 2 .1 to approximate a TWA minute volume ove r • an entire day [((7 .5x8hr)+(20x16hr))/24hr)/7 .5=2 .11] . Unless this activity

factor is used on the human data, the allometric equations discussed in this section substantially underestimate human breathing volumes for adolescents and adults . Rigorous evaluation of human values is outside the scope of this text . Additional information is provided in U .S . EPA (1985a) . Since the minute volumes reported in the literature for experimental mammals andother animals were made when the animals were at rest and not under conditions of normal activity, a similar activity factor could be proposed for these species . This factor is not applied to the allometric equations for nonhuman animals because in most toxicity studies the activity of the animals Is restricted by confinement . The use of upper or lower bounds of the allometric equations should be considered if hyperactivity or lethargy is reported . In some instances in which the exposed dose must be estimated 1992A 4-1 09/03/87

### - - - p . 4

m oa . cc ~ r ~p e+ r v~ a~ e+ •r~ .-~

a+ at at Y mmlp 

## %O 

## %pATTNNNa1N 

## C" NN 

## V- r

## - ~ O~NN • t1 AAA~A O mrf ► I+{DOOmf~Of~mm • r•!q0 O OA T • CO ~O % a0 t at wk O

n O% TAO% O% O% V% A • •• AC~ ~ .. a•wtl

.L r C~. L .~f Y Ai i/ Y Y

~. .~ q O Y Y LL •~w ~ Y • • •+ ~+ r r . ii ii • b 4 L 9
~► ~~~ • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .r+ N 7 7 q • • C C~~f~• rp m q q of • ~ ~~~~rr~wwr~~~w Y1~ Cr q q 1 ► ww R~O q»>m Yfrr Z ~TaO~aqqa~Cqi6 rCqArOqq < =~J ~ •+qiOmm Q~=q• ♦

.rr+ .rr q• ~ %a 0% Gf YPfO% Y r~97~ O % Tln O q y y Ot p t w«ww+wr .rw«rrw•. ► of- OOC %be- rr~~ Y C C C r - - O

++r• 0 ~YO 060 6 0066066 C C Of 300 Yir G C is C 0% 0 m a 4 040 P- r so rCi[ r0 fO • ~ r- •C C V 99b~L V7~CL~ .n C C C C 6 .00 .•i b w C C Y Y b Y N 0 Y q q q Y Y Y Y q 61 q Y a 1 O 0- q q d Y .W iL O O C i t .C O co O ~_=r
. ac , , . ctLLVCVtLL« O w ~ww .W Y L. C6 0 .06-W .rr 4 ac ~s ~t ~ O .+ O w 9 9 a N M N N 17 N a N N i L 7 7~ i~ 7~~ r0 q O V
. ?► E A q T .O~"r~L7370 77Jd

w s L6 w < . s x 4i 0 x ~••^~ s q~w 77 i L O~~ 7 

## 2 2 ~Z'i43rr .WU . .~sW~r .~sc9 t7 SaoiaVf==== 69t 1' ~ !



### oa ~ oOC-° ~e ° -~ O°~o 0 0 o0oe°~ °~°o0o O C

## ) ey O N OOOC"l~NNONOrn O rO00CS r 

### o A 

### o rl90~Of~ 

## % D O

## b o F .00N +• E^ OOOOr 0. .•m4
' .-r•~~rO~efr<COe~ . .NN~~ rrC70~ef<N~n .Ore•f~e+~e+ .o . o r . ~lO~C~rMOOm+dmOPf<q`r► H9C~~1~ OmO ~O^~NNNNNOwrr•~ ~ C .2 = O~ AA+nrOmOO% 00~ ms- w p-o-f- ~w r- O Od 0 00 0 0000 0 00000 0

05 ► ~

Oes00 00~00000 v « 0000 0 O 00000 e~+usani+A000% AA r- IO -W 6 t'+ ! 4 1lfrll'9 OO e '7 r O l'fiLfH9 cc cc P . NIV^ %G %HrOf+T^P ► %Of ► Q% 7 piP Of~ %G 6ls • AA • q h u n ~OOO %C %O alf Pfe•lONe~fc'f'fPfON q► .4p qp === qp l9~ m ~Z==M 0f== ta lO==t•!^~ NAtN N 0000000000000 0 0

t _ O yr N Ofl~lPf~O~p~ff~lf~lfC~N9Plr . .NN~~OHrNN NNHNN mNNNNNNNt/!l~3NNNlNN ^ Q ~~ mm4p ~ e7 . 0 V V =ZO+V ^Z V =Z ZiZZZ TZZZ=ZZZ= =i=22 1 w ` <•9 . . N N N 1~ O
► O► .i ~ O C • c IQ N Q p P . P~CO~OT~OI~Y~~~C~NeVOO~efe9~efmAN~O O~~r•N~C O~DOO~A~~O~O~CNOO+ .•-NO L' NNN~I•f om ImP" V~ 9~ rN f . = l"f = ~ t7 C%& N 4w % G Z C O G ~ Z < R r R ~ y 66 . ~~= = = HNHNN N HNVl NH H NV3 N N HNNNN N ZZZZZZZZ=ZZiZ = =Z2 Z~+. .u .======ZZZ2ZZ

• a ~ at CC A- ~ C • 6 v ~ N
r+ y N N N N Y m Y Y Oi Cf 3 7 3 7 ~ rr^r•r• r M N N N M + 0 -
. • M .00 10 4. L• ~ . t === .Z .T ." S

D~CSO

R C P Im PPPOt m w a- C - O- CP ~l~~ . .~ . . .~~ ~ . ► N . Gad6GG60 .aGO .GOOG ! ► !~! ► l ► i% Iwo Qq~pqqqqAqq~CiOiO~ p cs CCCCCCCCCCC CC C CCCCCCCC Ym Y6~O A ► Y YC~YOYYY Y 0 HY6~ [d[ C C C C CCCC C C C CCCC us 7E L' ED E E C3 !' CQ C Q CQ C Q C Q ~^~^~~r~••~~ .r~~ ~ ZZZLCLtLttttt7 .ltLCLLttL i i i i E C~C~Qa~aaa~~??~C~~

~ N O
. . ~w ~ 06 p R im in

6 2
. IV a 

## 1992A 4-2 - 08/14/87

### p . 5

m m pfO 

### m , Of ~ r Y go- t> z mm0 A C .N i0 Y ~ra O L • Ci 49 Y 7 f<• r ~ N N N/V N 41

r1~mSJmmm • • a h l9 49tA &

lf %lf klI %H491!! P. f . l+1+l+m 0 A Qf 01 O
, O
, ••• Z ~ mmmmmmmmm O ► Q

, TO~TTC~ O'~a0 , ID Cr M Crrrrr •~!'!Y'!~H f~ Of~ TO ► O " C~O~O . C . O
. Ol ~Orrr•~rr cc ♦ C CO A 4 7 -v- O~~ r~r~rr~rr~ TTO~O " 9i ~G • A iC A V~ T O~ c!9 rp ! ~ O~ r• r ~ r .~f " i . LL brrrr rrr'O~O r 97~~9 ~~O 3% ! % 01 ! ► r Y Y 0 Y Y++ T • Qi Qa Y Y Y Y Y Y 61 r r• ~ ~ r Y O~ 0-01, w ie L U Y i[ Y i0 r iC • 01 01 4M M =vow C+ O p C C C C--- Z c a LCiCCCYL CCCr C , C ~C99'C7~a7 - , f .VCCZtL Y Y Y am Y Y Y 6 Y al-!-2 1 ~~•• O O O O O 6i W O fl Y O Y b O O O O Y N V V N Y 9Crr" Arrr O i Lr 666•+ J~ 4+ 1 + 0 r r~rr•rrrrr a,~Qa L b 6 . L . Lr a Ot~ >ttt Vra A W A L E>% 1 - 3ft 60 .6666G0 .6 ~~~ .•r .•~r•~L E i0i0u O i061u

. +A3CL LO> 7 O3 YCi61 Y YYY Y Y L LL1 .AA A rp A u7 ==NS''7NNNNZO :www= ...1i7 = i7 OOOOOOOOG 6iGiwwWWWai &r.NJ

04% O00 Or m 0 00000000 O OTO► ps " . en 0 ♦ OO+~ffu70Pf10 OOA O Pf0 C" O l 0 +N 4n 'OPff
- ~!! vs 0 CD 1l9TPl~O .-mm 0 Y d OONNOrONOfOrOe'lNNOr N or OmOr~rp % o F %pNQ% 1
- 01
- .00 0C
. ► E~ 9~1'7N~f+~1lA'NY7f~Pf!'910~L1ON NNNNPf!•Jlf~ of r'rNN!'!Yl . C w N > > ~t 00000000000000000 00 000000000 00000000000 ~ O 00000000000000000 00 000000000 00000000000 _ =I.

00 00 Pf 0 000000000 000000000 r+ O~N4~01•Q9mNmNaO O %O~N NO Pl~t %O~~P^f~m O~ 4 ► 615 U% ~~p~~CO•9pNi 0 -W CD 0~ ti•. t~frr~CmOO~N0% 0l7OO% T O!V NNNNPfNl7l .fP'f Or~lVNNI~Il . JPflVP1r CP cm r~Orr00~!•rr 10 rr000 00 000000000 00000000000 st a~• .+ 00000000000000000 00 OOOOOOOOO 0 00000 0 0 0 00

co 1!9 mN CA N CA NNNN ca - !'l ca Ni/f ' '! CA N C.; CA NNNt/lNNNNN 0U 00 t NN O► i~ O% rZZZZZZZZOZZZ Z= = Z=ZZZZ==Z NPf~ffpf{•1 4lYP•ps %p= t

• ♦

~ m c 4~ r O 9 OONQ~G00001~Or'~~1NN ~lf~0 rrrrrrrr~ OOOOO n TOCDmON E rrrrrrrr ♦ Z~O r!1 ~~rrr ~ rZ O c <

N ===i=='t====='t=ZZZ MM ii=i===i= _____===== Z

~ x ~ r .r~ .r . .~~ .•~ O
~ . a~aaaaaaa c ., N wc~wwwwwww ~ c r .

C c an in m ca w ca u u u u v v ip t~ ~p ~ r r ~e ,0 J A J ~O J A AJ J ~~V A J a J L N ~ WY .Y . • J r .r ~ Y rn cc~ecccccccc ~e~e'va~s~vAAA ac cc

A A C~ C7 Oi A'0 A i0 q~O Y Y Y w w w i .i w w w w w i .i w ~- c9~ . .~ . . ~ . .~ . .+ rrr• Ar . N L L'

.7rr L L L L L L N• N•N• !«<! t«! -C tt! f 1 1 21 . 3% 2ft 3% 31% 3% 3-0= ca co is M cc M 90 00 M C* CO 9= 4W dC 39 NNCC , IP NVINNNV)www47wwwww wwwiiw6i6iS2N

N Y L L L L L L L L . L L . L L L L V L .

3i Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 6 t W ~+~ .r~rrrr~ .rr•rr .r~r .rr~ ► 9i Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N i1 Y Y Y Y 6i Ci Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N N M N N N N N N N M d m N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N CL EEEEEEE EEEEEBEEEE cau ~a 4 ~Q>

Q > Q 3 Q ~ Q 3 Q ~Q o

Q »QQoQ oQo Of~ » QQ 3Q 0g N ttCCttCtttGGGLLCt Q E ~ E E E E@ E E H E E E H E~ H E H E E

L • O ~ + ~ a .N+ « 4 

## c o o C9 a C H

~ t 

## 1992A 4-3 09/08/87

### p . 6

m ~ a~ e+ r• m a e+ - as o+ . . r,- • '- ~~ a^+a^+ aa^+e^+ m . ~e ~e .- ~ .- ~ r• vs r r ~ r a ~ao~,e~c~se~ESe~ ~c c a~eeevee~~,a~e~ a : ~ ai m a i d CC O , A . mmO O ~DmmC>m mm w m C. mwO~ mO n md
. Tm C

: rd 1p

- ► uLuL uL G -IMO C~O~aO~r_NVJ O~rt~ Z . • C ~ rrr~r~rr dCa rrrrr~r~r ~ m ~^ .4 1

. .6 1 . .d . ~p O •m G C~o .c -aa aase~=o e m

. . . . . . . . . . . . . mmmmf'Dammmm . . . m 4s m m M Men= tOW • L L r• .- .- ~ O~aO

. O~Q~ O+TO+O+~rrr~r~r•~ ip, rp •999 C

r r• r r r 9 r r~ ~ rr0 r0 i6 r0 > ft > ft ~rr q- r0 M i0 f0 e M q iQ G .i G .i r Cc C - C Q 0 not i6 • .O • • q r««rr .`s«w C O ++rr«rr~+r9 9 !~ a► >~ s~ > . ! ► >. A! ► Or C~ 6f 6► meow m m!~ A! ► 7ti c o o d c d e' 0► G C r C W I O C C ~Y >. rr+~~r9rrr~rt rrr~ ~C O O .O LLGCGCCCO M d N N Nr= .rr+ ~.iLLLGLLLLGGOGpppOCCC L L ddddd Q dirfl d«rMrr .n ► «M~~ .-ddd dMMO+r«r~rrGCCCCC d a CCC7bQ~~~OArOrC~CNiC~b~O~`L 0 77a g- L
. 1A .~~~ i

.< .~=S=ltL . ~ 0 ~•-r Miz

e ~ p7 .7! LLLL S

. Z~Oi===00400COCGiOGOOOOCSOmmmnnn~2 2 J
0 0000 0 0 oao oooa o .-= 00 OOOOOOOafOe+ . T~ONON00000 ♦ .~~O~CDU n 00a000en .-aD0 Y'1 43 00t 4"lr ♦ r - .0♦♦ f ► C ') an W 7mO1 f
- Alfmc9 .0♦♦! V r• .OrNOr•!7 k l1~!! k ll Ll9r ♦ ~l90 %ae~ef r Ei . QflY ♦ b Hr~C49mr•i!9 ♦♦ W9u9~H %ffLL7 a f~0~'f .D~DO~~Dm41TO00r• ♦ ' ♦♦ iRfU9r► O t O .-r 7 7 at rNNNNr~•r~NNrrrrr•rr~rrOr+IVNNNrrrrNNNlVrrr~ ,7 - NNN ~ O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O _ >
00 0 .~00 0000000 0

0000 00000~0 b 0 rTf
- O 0000 ♦ ie'IO n 6lb ca cc fa 0000 a" M1Nr PfO m 4" in % fl %Of

► ♦ O~ m r1
- .Ommm 4 CA0i1
- N .O~n~rf~n ,_ . ► p~ .pmPf PfrOb - ► *!f ♦ i HO% mOO %OT &n 40 C" OI'fr- or m %O CD P'
- r• M, 000 Oe"f00 pY¢ NNrPI NNrr•Nr•rr~rNNr-rN C9N'MPlNPfl9 ♦ N!rlC7<f• Cy• ► CfC) _~ . OOOo=00000000000000=ZO000000000 Cie, 000zZZ0000

. .

~ A C w~ Y'fm raOtA hi'1Q9r'Ol+ cc r' Cm NN %O CA P► Of % !'fr0 V91 . . r-OmNNr• %OVfyyyyyyNtAy C di t .04 a 0~~'fTZ .OmV m v Df
- O~Pf .OmlVrO~ZO- at ~Q~e9ml
- AO~'7Nr' %pO% ZZZXZZZZtZ V « l9r- !'- C9r f+ N~NAr ► • N NN C'!r•r•r'
I- ♦ t • J N ID W r ♦ OS OOOOONOOOOOAC~TATO~O~r•NNOODO000000000 ► O~y~lf ' laVm~elm0

~ E NNNNrPfr~r~Nr~r~rrrr'r•rrrrr~NNNNNlVN= ~

O C Z <

a 2 ~L" e~ t y =~~==r► Wwra .r .rrr.rr~r .~r.~r .Wir~rr .=l=====it==i=i=====___

A~W m 3% 300 3% 3% mw 2% Aa .i % a % br•*- OidNdd Oi N dd0) >>>> >>>> r L L>> >> ~'- ~ r r r• r r• ~ r r^ 0000 ace o

N At .C~i . .IJ .J ~ A A a A A q q A R ~p - C Gicit~ OGOOCO 

# cl OC 

# 2 C L r r I• r/0 r r 1~ PI !

- r!

- r I I I 1 I I I "LL I L L L> L L L L b - • L. L L L Ocoee, d a y iit7Gi W w LV6iidGi = L Lwww 0 7 7 0 a>> 7> >

\~ . ~ . t Oi\\\~ C, 0O,O\~~~ l901D101C71C/Ds Cl, C~01 ♦ ~ ► ♦• O~L ♦ r ♦♦♦ r 40 ♦ K1 ♦♦ rOrr! ♦ " . 4 ► 4W ♦ 4W 41P ! 411P ! "W 40 d0 dp'O p /p /O q 40 q C+9Q~9~ r'fP ♦ f O V,

-fl r) l~~SP~7l'

♦!!♦ '7Cl7C' ♦ fC''~l! ♦9 N ♦ f!~'f 6~~•iP

♦9 P'f~l'

♦ JO ♦9 ~!♦ 'f@ ♦ 'f! ' ♦ l~~ e

+ "f 6C6GaCtSG6C r.WWWJwW~r 6r~r.WwwWrr U ► &riiN==1iWWW~r &h.rr .arr.NNyyNVSNyNN

N u d ca. r«rrr«rrr++rrr++rrn+rrrrrrrr~rrr~+r++++ ..+ .r«rr«rrrr r 10 i 10 10 1 0 y L L L L L L L . L L . L L L L i L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L, 10 4 L I . L L L L S . L . L 110 M

L lob O ~ d r N • ~ ~ av w

i6 O 

## 1992A 4-4 08/14/87

### p . 7



# ~ ~ mm

. : ~e, • « e . e+ e+ •o ,o ey m r•~ ► m! •O~ O~~ ~ O~ O~eO f c c eiOiO°'iO ••~ c er cmma► o~o~ .-o . ~ ~ c•• • e, r . ar r r r- .- .- .- aD R • ~+ • • • • •~- . Nr•~ .- •~••! -~• • ~ ~ ~ .- . •~ ! «E RR .o rrrrr► ~i ► r~ .rp~ ► y 9 •••~ •r r r•m m Or - 9 m e% TO► O M T AO% a+q • m C-2 M M C .) qRqrq 0% M M0%P- R 01Or- O • ~ • ~qWr ' r R Rrrr Yr O~ O~ •q •O► r 7 r R N R N L• 7 ~~ ~ll sl~r• ~7~l~ A i ~ ► oz = « ~ « OIYO O ~ ~ R qr•OC « C~rr ~ . C C C

- « r• ~R6r~[~c b ~~~~La . ~w~t .N ~1~ . ~ 01 O a0aY/ a0 O O O m 0 R V"' 15 l 5 ~ O 00000 O O b O q~ O

C C C M C++ }~ r «« rQ M Or~r~r .0 .0 'WD 7C V~t++~AG4

~. ~ ~ O O O ~ O!~ E i~~ ?~ V _ C ~ J@ N C . q R 7q 7 7 O ~ 7 g 7 7 QP

~ 7g ~ 7q q Y ~ E E l' mJJ .J

-iJZ~i9JG9~i9=J = ~Z=mNHi7 ='t=Z==Sii~N 1 = 1 2

C100=010c, O O O O Omit'+T~esNO% 000 .00 00 m0 O m a+~efO+~CN~Nl00~'f W .O %o~e9 ie+NOOPfe)n0 00 cc* 000 .Or E• . e7r~efm~~Oe~N!lrrrOr O~NNmmrmc'f ON~O~~ =220 .Om~O ►e+~n~e+ »r NNNOOOOOON On!•~Orrm PfrO~D~OO~D~O~AO~~CNN~r~•N ~ O~ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 00000000 m C9lA~'fc7~O~fK~~ ~ = y ~ ca C D

000~'e9mCe9 Ile'fOO00 N m .,r Ne+ F- mrr m NOr m00 000 0

~ .~ NOa+ %esO~00+rr~~ .~00 .•~ hefO %n~n hnN 000 00 000+000 a.v~ lNNONOO~ .- ~O~f .~lr•~eNN~O O . ~• a► ~e+ OON

_ a~~ 000000000000000 ONNNNa9e•fc7 Of0 ► . : m00 M ONOAO% O ► O %OmO+ CD he! eV .-c~
r LL'1 ~!! Y9 ~!Y r[! 41 Y ~" N NNN~I'lO~ON~ONNHNNNN NNNNNHP

_ •4"lf+~l'frH' ► O Wl rONO~ COCA NN e Qa ZZZe~~r=^ZZiZi Z ZZZZZi! ~oo~~+a+re~~e+o~r~oZ~ ZZZZ O r!! PJIONe~1NAn1~F N It r r~°!~'f rr

• W J N O ~9 ~OmmO00~00rH~l9iAN•m •N .OQ~•~O~O~O NOOOO~G~OO~NQ~l9~~rr r~NZ M Z CP 9 ! Z r' ~ONH'Y~!'! ~f9r• ~~7

~ O C

CA go go rA CA CA CA N ======i=ZZZ=Zi2 ZZZZZZZZ ~==r .rrr .~+Z==ZZZZZZZ

m 6Ti Y C = 2 i ~e ano

~ r ow e N JJ71 .~~~ V CG OiClm 6/C1 Oi OId100C/6i O~R R~O q R O O CI 0/ O
, t~r• ~, .~ ~ ~p IS qr«« .rrrrr 01 O
, Q~O l O o O► O► C~C~C► O► C~ ~ . N ~"

r ~ .+«~~~ qRmRCRR CR t v =I C , NN===== wo OW 

### s IS 

### s a o 

### ~ 2 

### c 1 1 

### ~a a

N V M r«««r«rrrrrr«r« r««r«rr« O CP el O P 00 o M w op w p► o R op ov al at ow

0 - N ~ V O VCRRRRR V RRRq4RRR RRRRRR IOH " H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. a. V L~ . V L 1. i V 1 . ~ Y b Y Y H Y 9 Q~~~9C

~ O . r N ^ ~ N ° o`mo `oo`^ g .a amu col E
~ F6 59 3 

## 1992A 4-5 08/14/87

### p . 8

M1 ~ O O m r m M1 

### C " P'~~r~ r~ •fq' L ~ t7 • lt -W -0 -W r %0 %O ~~Gr Y r a t %0%0 .o Y ~o r• .o %0%0 .040 ho .o m m ~p m m V f~ r •• V~ O~ A 0 O % ON O% 40% at C" P O % V% O► O% O► O+ O~ • 9G1 ~•00 ~ rrr V- r r•• r ~rrr ~ r r ~r .~ . . ~ •uv t 6 i s Y •~ ~ ~ In • I!f tn ~ •qZZ! ++ ~rr .p9 r f 1 ► rf~l+~rrrP. ~ r~~~ ~rr Y r m l+ ~O Y r6 to to CD C i0 to O% i0 O % T A A r0 q at M R d0 m q ,O q q iOw7CO+t !
- T W ~ rr r 0► C CrO~P9Q~ N .+r .r ~ .+ r .+ r+ .rr+ .r w wr~r rrr 10 T~O rC r~r C Y Y Y

. .m QI C► 1 4
. ; b Z Y Y Y Y~~ 61 Y Y Y Q~ Y 0~ r 7~T~0 r a O O O C N a N r Or' V- O Goof- p~ a O++ Aw O q E = L YI Y r C = o7 N N N O~ N C & . N U
. b N N N N f . N N C r C N p q OYa .1 .00 O t 000 NY O - YOYCf OOOOO► O 09t04t `Y~ LC w i[r

-

► L L
. ~ 1 . Z L 0- LQ m 7 a 7 V L L L V' L u!•r E z to to 1 ssi~~m s ~LR= I Is°v j~~

0 00 Qnom~ ,~r, o ~ r °,~° -, o e + N~° n '~ I Q ~+~~ . !!!lufOON 000 ON O ! 00000 000 O %O %O I ef o0 C~= ~ONlI+OmmO~ O Omc•f 1C'f r c7 %GNNNrOrI► O % O

- l ' ON OO .• O rr000000 Q 16 !lh Ch 00 O► N mrPf " tiefOlp~p n w Os 0~001
- C . ef

_ ~ in NN IA NP1N~ ► C9lHfb~O r r N r r N

O C-3 Q O M r O O T O O O f ZA ~ef M1e - e- Nh 00 O m -0 D7~ O 0 0000 01 ~0 in O 00 00 Orr 000

NPflVNOlV/VN O 000 ~N 0 N hO a ; r000O hrr0 N .Om

~~► P~f in r 0 Cf~r~lf~Q~9~N~ N ^ !'f "HC917

f~ . C'J r A ' • C N NmNHrNNH H ac= NH a!D a!f N49NNNOO~AN~ in VS rr - ► ONN p Ci ~ ► ZO% ZZ =an Z bNl7 ii N O~ 'ZONZZZO~NI~iI - 4w m r• P7ZZ
~ .Y O► r + i7 O r r O : f n 1► r ~ I+ rN r► r' Ob NN kn V- !

• ~ • W •A N

~ W
. ~ O ft 41 ► VY %l9 4w ~=~ = rrr to C42 r Cf M rr' f- rrrrrs ~ rm 4" ~ ~~OM1 O C Z i

m ~aNNNHN H ~4J ~6 N HNN N N iZZZZZZ = Q . &A. W . ZZ U . U . =fib . U r #A . =Z==Z= i U . ZZZ ar=2

00 0 r M Y 4j ae+~ c6 /'" aa~G C 5-49 ! t r 70b ! ► rrrr 7 . ~• C C C Y rq+ ► ++qqqq ' + r0 N 2 :3 :4-- o~9~aqaQ o := ++ aaq YOl • C euecwvuwc L L N Y Y Y N N .1~ A
. q a r0 ~O ~O ii ~O

N IV N C CO O L r N r ~ N N N N ~ N __= mdL a ! -02-06-01 Big i-I L ' w o e 7 -10 Y a C Cy.t 0, P001 : > C{'t .'=Z aQ .-7 r N NY
. N NWWfYYJ N iH O

N Y C G

.M~ M~MMMrt~ *me Y Y a- . y w

.w .•~rr~r r rrr YY Y YYOOYYY Y Y Y 4Ga Y A A~ ~ .a A G 6T M ~M •► V V .Y ~ N N N N N N N N N dl a/ 47 m a saaaaaaaa L° +~~► w ~~ _ C 4 V L V "1, L L L V f~ r P lptp C/ Y CO 01 N a 0 4ai0aiCi6 X qq ' Q rr a a o0 0o00 Colo rr ~

r. L L ~. ~. L~~ w cr u w v w v a tcttttccr ~ aaaa N N N

~ O A w
a ' 'O ^ Y w •

O~ J 

## 1992A 4-6 08/14/87

### -- ---p -~- ---- -



# cc co co 

### ~ ~ m at 

### ~ 4" 

### ~ F- 

### ^ ^ ^ ^ ~ V O~ A A A O n 4" 0~ T O~ A at Ob O b O+ O % A

. O k O r 1'+r . rf~P~~ • 1+r f~~ I+r 1~~r•f ► C r T O ► 7% r c" - T O , Ob V b ` rp r q •r r i0 r ! ~ r r~ • r

~ . . . . . m . . . . ~ r r •r r r •r' r •r O ~ 0 a • ' O O A • • ~O ai • ~O ~ ' on • A • A A r ~ r 2 N r ~O r N r/0 10 r N q++ RJ O! • Pf l'f P! O! q r 10 r r0 •► .w+ i0

Cr O Y b 61 6t 6f 41 6 . %O .o %C %C S1 b O► N C c r~+ C r O~ O~ 3 0%0%0000 r r r r O b Y N O N O b N O 01 N r r L r'" r r OI N ~ N ~ N N{/ r V t . ~ V . ^i in i ► L O>~ > ► W L p >~ Ct > .0 ! ► W N s ►

a 4Z L L YbC L 6~Z ~ J~ i~EJ~J~ bL 41 .C Otsb r+++ N C R C Nr a r N N1 Q N - + V c c N~ ► Nr t o S ~ ii = S = Gi Gi = S ii 'f J J : . J J~ J Gi .= Gi 'f Ci =_~!

0000 00 0 0 O 00 NNNr O O 00 00 !! u' s % e'i 0 G) r . %n u+ eVNOO OO ! 4n O "I ! 0+o+ e ► i+ c -fa-D .o~o 1H C 1H~lYPf!"f O ! f
- YY Igo" . N!V NN HYLL9~f n

~ at a SO O OOOO i f~P' . O ~ I'f 0% lCD -W--W OO OO C+O: ~ pv O~ O 00 C ; 0000 m m vl~ 61 O O 4" m 00 00 00 OONN

CD Q CD a u0'~ 00 0 0 ,•, . ~ ! IMP ! - r► 00 O • 0 00 NN ~tH r 0 0 ~G !! Q9 c'f c7 0I1 N O O m 40 Of !+f I
- t
- O pp~ O I~ ~O~O 0000 O O ► Ot f
- il9~ % 1'! ~O -W 00 OOOr

c'f O V; C4 O 0000
- n NN O N O Or► t"f! Or• 00 OOi ! ms ~' r• ~A !
- N r• r ~ ~ N r

"0 r. N N NN N CA CA N CA N CA ca ca to H NNNN CA CA NN NHN Cl) C p~ Z = Z= Z ZZZZ Z ZZ Z Z Z ac at Z2 ZZ ZZ'Z O

• r

W

~ N m Y . r p~ N ~ PJN GA N %O %ON Cl) Cl) rN H 0 V1NN(A lI 1N %pN ~VfNC7 0 "" Z Z Z Z Z 2 2 Z Z ~ ZZiZ 2 Z at ac O C Z mc

. X r N CA CA N NNNN N NN N Cl) 66 iRNNN NN NN NNN N N = _ =Z = ZZ2Z Z i= S S 2 

### =am= Z= ZZ Zi22

1 1 r~ C C C at O O ~ L L ~ O m O > an 00 r C C qIc ~ C ~61 ~ 41 w r `1 e

• rrr r~ ► ~ Sr ~ 10 ar ~rr 07 N N 9 t~ Y O O ~ V C iC O H N C C . O ~O 01 b S . 11 .. O IV ~O L L L S . 7 7 m di •r r rr f. ac i L L I . 6d m ii ac 4c

N r r C r _Q_ 01

_ up

_ at

~ Q r Vk L L r r` L V p c . ` 46
. C C C C ~ 7[ it ~Q E i 1 . 0 4D Go C D M N> > - t Gr r+ r 7 • O .• O 6~ G m L 7R X C C V N 1 . i0 r O O r A•6 r r N Ci 01 00 W 3i 6) 6i r• 3ft ' d N N N N N >> ___

y ~r W t~ . C~ r r r r r r• ~

6 O r r . 9 O


## 1992A 4-7 08/14/87

### P . 10

~ r-'- 

### ;
► r .rf~ o% o% o% e% v+ e+ ~ c7 ~ r- .- . . .- ~ .- •
4 ; Ci L O O HCi~it~f .i S7 a _co w_ 77979 i 6i C C C C C cc ~[ iC ~!f r0 q ,p ~7 ,O 9

C 9 a w w r . w ~ q ~p C C r•WiLiLJCd[ A r0 i0 .=i2i= ~ ~ N N N r V~{~ m Q~ Q pt 61www~ .~ O O O q A~ q ~ ~ C< I JJ I JJ m J

O O O g} O O OO ~aD .r O r0+6~ ~ N A~OONN O ~!1 C^ . .r

~ ~ 0► 1+47ww0 O O _~ O O OOr 000 O O

.+ On .~p N !9 O ~ef Z!~ O~ ~O O O O O~ ~f m 7~T ~ ~ ~r~~OmOc~fO O .O w Y _~ O O Nw~p~00 O O

N N NV)NNHN N N C = Z Z Z Z Z=_ = Z O

~ • W J N ~ W r O WI &l1HHNNN r N ~ _ Z=1ZZ Z O C Z i

NNNNNN N H = = ZZZZ== at

e e u ~ IS p0 .+ G ~ L 9 y s C ~ ~ C q ~O i 6 !E 9

_ O O

~ . t~ ~ O C7 ~' O w_ ~ ~ W V, G i1 L Y t~i O++ woo N L . C V 1 O 3 7 7 O N -= - ~ m

a .0 9 1e 0 o a Cr .- c u ar 6 N CL o c`~ 9 c •

~ r y m O = 

## 1992A 4-8 09/08/87

## p .11

from studies on inhalation exposure of free-living animals, the use of an activity correction factor may be appropriate . The U .S . EPA (1980) has used the following equations to calculate inhalation rates (I) in units of ma/day for mice and rats : 

## I (mice) = 0 .0345[W/0 .025] 2/3 (4-1) I (rats) = 0 .105[W/0 .133] 2/3 (4-2) where W is body weight in kg . The equation for rats is based on observations summarized by Altman and Dittmer (1972) and originally published by Guyton (1947), in which rats with a mean body weight of 0 .1128 had a mean minute volume of 72 .9 m4 (0 .105 ma/day) . The equation for mice is similarly derived but the mouse weight is erroneously indicated to be 0 .025 kg . The actual value reported by Guyton (1947) is 0 .0198 kg and is reported in Altman and Dittmer (1972) as 0 .02 kg . The minute volume reported by Guyton (1947) is 24 .54 m4 . (0 .0353 m3/day) . Taking body weight ratios to the 2/3 power assumes that breathing rates are proportional to body surface area . • Reported minute volumes for a wide range of animals at rest are

summarized in Table 4-1 and illustrated in Figures 4-1 (linear plot) and 4-2 (log-log plot) . While Figure 4-2 shows a relatively clear relationship between log body weight and log minute volume, certain points are atypical and are not considered in the derivation of recommended values . Three of these points come from the study by Amoroso et al . (1964) : sheep, miniature pigs, and Guernsey cattle . Most of the reported values given by Amoroso et al . (1964) are high compared with other studies . In this study, tidal volume was measured by a flow transducer attached to a mask that was sealed with jelly and made air-tight with an inflatable cuff . In addition, none of the animals were trained or subjected to such measurements prior to the published recordings . These factors may have contributed to the atypically high recorded minute volumes . 1992A 4-9 09/03/87

### p . 12

~

No

• 3DO . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 • 

## 160 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A

~• e 

### 6 IM . . . . . . . . . . 

### . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

### . . . . . . . . . . . . 

### . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~



### • 

### OD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C e • • • ' • , . . . . 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . .p . . . . . . . . . . . ; .• . . . . . . . . . .} . . . . . . . . . . . ~ e • e • • • e • • } ~ 

## ,aft' •' 

## 01A r ]-- I 0 100 M O 300 400 500 600

Body 1laight in Kilograas



## FIGURE 4- 1 Linear Plot of the Relationship of Minute Volume (i) to Body Weight (kg)

• 1992A 4-10 08/14/87

### p .13

. 

## 1 .n03

. 

## 1 .mOZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . .• !! . . . ~ • ~ ~ • 

## s. . . • • ~ • .• s 

### ; 1 .ID0i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

## . .. . . . . . . . : .~ . 

## e ~• . . .~ • caw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

## . . . . . . . . . . . : . • i : .~ .~. . . . . . . . . . . . 

## ; . . . . . . .__ . •'~• ~ 61 :• .•Y • ' : ~'r,~ ' . :

. . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . .i . . .?~ . ~ . . .~i . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . : . C ~ ~', ~ •
. . . . . . ._ .

_ 

### . . : : • : • . . . , 

### 1 .1-02 . . . . . . . . . .~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .} . . . . . . . ._ . • • 

## i . t- 0 1 .1-03 I . M I . M i .KaOG i. m01 1 .2= 1 . N003

Body Weight in Kilo g raws



## FIGURE 4- 2 Log-Log Plot of the Relationship of Minute Volume ( !,) to Body Weight (kg)

~ 1992A 4-11 08/14/87

## p .14

In the study by Lai et al . (1978), one group of rats, subjected t o 

## tracheal cannulation without anesthesia, had an atypically high mean minut e volume compared with three other groups in the study and compared with • minute volumes of rats reported in other studies . This group of rats is no t used in the recommendation of reference values . Also excluded are reported minute volumes for the Monitor lizard (Lumb, 1963), the Diamond-back turtle (Bickler and Anderson, 1986) and the value reported for horses by NAS (1971) . The exclusion of the above points is not intended to suggest that the studies were flawed or that the values are erroneous or necessarily outliers in the statistical sense . Given the experimental difficulties in recording minute volumes, the substantial degree of scatter is to be expected . Nonetheless, the excluded points are clearly at variance with the majority of the data on the same species or other species of similar body weights . The exclusion of these points does not have a substantial effect on the statistical analyses below or on the recommendations of reference inhalation • 

## rates for risk assessment . The work of Guyton (1947) is the best study of comparative respiratory volumes in laboratory animals and is commonly cited in the recent literature as the basis for assumed respiratory volumes . Guyton (1947) used fivedifferent methods, only one of which involved anesthesia, to measure respiratory rates of animals at rest . As noted by Guyton (1947) and confirmed by the larger data set in Figure 4-2, there is a strong positive correlation between body weight and minute volume for species, covering a substantial weight range (0 .0066-600 kg) . As noted by Guyton (1947) and Adolph (1949), however, this relationship does not appear to be based on the surface area proportionality . Guyton (1947) proposed a proportionality of body weight to



## ~ 1992A 4-12 09/03/87

## p .15

the 3/4 power . An analysis of the data summarized in Table 4-1, excluding only those . points discussed previously, bears out this relationship remarkably well : 

## In MV = -0 .88 + 0 .7579 In (W) (4-3) or MV = 0 .46 (W)0'7579 (4-4) This relationship, along with summary statistics, is illustrated in Figure 4-3 . Equations 4-3 and 4-4 are recommended for calculating minute volumes (MV in Vminute) for body weight (W in kg) for animals at rest if more specific relationships, detailed below, are not available . Equation 4-4 can be converted to a daily inhalation volume (I) by multiplying the right side of the equation by 1 .44 (60 minutes/hourx24 hours/day divided by 1000 4./m3 ) to yield : I = 0 .66 (W)0•7579 (4-5) This equation is based on the breathing pattern of animals reportedly at • rest . When applied to risk assessments, consideration should be given t o

upper or lower bound estimates of breathing rates, based on the summary statistics provided in Figure 4-3, if unusually high or low levels of activity are reported in the study under review . No species, with the possible exceptions of the Monitor lizard and Diamond-back turtle, are clear outliers to the above relationships . Even for the apparent outliers, it is unclear if the differences in minute volumes from those of species of similar body weights are due to true species differences or experimental variability or error . Nonetheless, if species-specific information is available on the relationship of body weight

• 1992A 4-13 09/03/87

### p . 16

S r• e, • •: f r ef`'• ~• ' •• . .•••' •• •r y ,r•• • .~~

~ 

## ~r •A : . . . . . . .•• . ~ 9 . . . . .• .• . .r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . r r~ N • ~r `r•e .•w .•r .e• . .• . 

### . . . . .. . •~ 

## • ~•r••r• 

### . .• 

## 1 •rw•••w•I .~ • . .ww•••rr• Y +~}• • .•-


## ~ . .i .•• .r• .• . .r . : . . . . . . : .••r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ~r ~ .f~ . • . •!••'•.r • • N :• • . 

## C -3
. . . .r . .. . . ~: . : :`
. . . .i
. ; . .e . .w : .•• .• . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . .

..r . • .- .~ , . C •'

•.•~e . :• . . . .~ 

### . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ee• . .e .ee . . . . . . . . . .•re . . . . .r~ .• . . . .• .eeee• ~r r 

## ?6 -3 0 3 6 9 Ln Body Weight IN -O. NM U : O.GM To -31 .41? 3i : 0.75794 S!= 0.Oi0l03 Ti ?5 .02! CM : 0. 9Y064 16;t= O.i7M Ot: 222



## FIGURE 4-3 Allometric Relationship of Minute Volume (i) to Body Weight (kg) for All Species

~ 1992A 4-14 08/14/87

## p .17

to inhalation rate, this information should be used in deriving speciesspecific recommended values . As summarized in Table 4-2 and Figures 4- 4 . through 4-14, species-specific allometric equations can be proposed for most

species of concern in risk assessment . The high correlation coefficients noted in Table 4-2 are generally due to separate clusters of points for very young and adult animals . Most of the data on the breathing rates of newborn animals come from the work of Mortola (1983, 1984) and Mortola and Noworaj (1985) . Recently, Mortola (1987) reviewed the available data on breathing in newborn mammals, including- an assessment of allometric relationships . Within either group, young or adult animals, the correlation coefficients are much lower, reflecting either experimental variability or the importance of biological variables other than body weight . This intraspecies variation is particularly evident in Figure 4-6, which plots data on individual Rhesus monkeys reported by Karel and Weston (1946) . The data reported by Cross (1949) appear to be atypically low, both for human infants when compared • with the more recent data of Fisher et al . (1982) as for humans and monkeys

combined (see Figure 4-7) . The allometric relationship for guinea pigs has a very low correlation coefficient . The reasons for the poor correlation in this species are not apparent .



## ~ 1992A 4-15 09/03/87

### p .18



## •
TABLE 4- 2 

## Allometric Relationships for Inhalation Rate in m$/day (I) to Body Weight in kg (W )
Animal Group Allometric Equation r2 Figure All species combined I= 0 .66 W0 .7579 0 .96 4-3 Monkeys I = 0 .81 W0 .4862 0 .72 4-5 Guinea pigs I = 0 .44 WO•5156 0 .32 4-8 Hamsters I = 0 .50 W0 .9017 0 .86 4-9 Mice I = 1 .99 W1 .0496 0 .87 4-1 0 Rats I = 0 .80 W0 .8206 0 .77 4-11 • Cats I = 0 .32 W0 .5945 0 .81 4-1 2 Dogs I = 0 .67 W0 .7091 0 .89 4-13 Rabbits I = 0 .46 W0 .8307 0 .88 4-14

~ 1992A 4-16 09/03/87

### P . 19

2.4 

## .•. ~ . r . .., • . "
. ~,, . .r' "

. f"' ; • • •r' • • ~ ~ 

## . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;, . : . . . . . . . . . }
. . . .,, : . . . . . . . : . _. .•: . . . . . . . . . r r.• . • r, .• ~ . . ~ ~~ ~ .• r ' .~ • ~,,, •!• " ,,~'• •• .+•. .~ • ~" "
.~ • .•'• • ~ • ~~ • 

## 0 1 .4
. . . . . . . . .. . .•: . . . . . . . . . . . . .,s . . . . ., . .' :'
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .rN
. . . . . . . . r•~ • r „• . ' ~•r, .••r•• :r, . . .r'• • .. •' • .• • . .~ ••~' ; • ,~ . •''' •••• . .•

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . :•.• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C N '•~•• .r' r . r . .••' "+ ' .+'' S . •

.•• : • r" :•r



## . . . . . . . •' . . . . . . . . . ._, . : . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .. . ~' .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

## 0 .4 . . C ••r ~ •r••

. l • ; •.~.

. : ~,,~• : 

## -0 .1 . .s : . . . . . . . . . .
. . 

## . i 

## . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . ~' . .i''•~• .2 ,~ .. 

## -0 l s 

### 2 .2 3 .2 4 .2 5.2 Ln Body Welght 

## ap : -0. 7i004B 3!s 0. 2M9 T= 3.1258 ft : 0. 65665 SIs 0.070967 Ts 9. 291 COts : 0. %iSi li= : 0. 1 4002 W: 10



## FIGURE 4-4 Allometric Relationship of Minute Volume (!) to Body Weight (kg) for Humans

• 1992A 4-17 08/14/87

### p . 20

~

~ 4.14 

## rr • ~

~ N 

### 0.09 

## .••• .••••• . :. . . . . :,;•...•s :~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ••• .••• . . •• .•• .•••••• .-• 

### 6 E ••« '«•~'- .7 « .r- •"' '~ O 

### 0 .04 . . .• . . .• .• . .w 

### . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. :

### - • . . . .•• .• 

### . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

; ~ .Vi . . . . . . .•• .• . .•••• . 

### . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 

### -0 .0 1 -0 .06 . .• .•• . 

### . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~••• .• .• .• .• .• .~• .••••••• . .• . .•• .•• : .• .••• . • C ..• . r' ••- -..~.r .. -.. 

### , ~r . .»• 

### -O .1 

### 1 . . . . . .• .•• . .r . . . . . . .••• .• . .w ~•"~'~~ . . . . . . . 

### . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .• .• .• . . . .r'•~~ .+'

_ • ~ • • • 

### -0•1~ 106 t16 in 136 (X 10 .01) Ln Body Weight



## • 3D : -0. S69'1.4 St= 0.2099 Tt -L7634 tis 0.49616 Sts 0.17675 TS L75D6 C= : O.NiZ !6[ : 6 . 59 41 -3 Kti 3



## FIGURE 4-5 Allometric Relationship o f Minute Volume (s) to Body Weight (kg) for Monkeys

(All data in Table 4-1)



## • 1992A 4-18 08/14/87

### p .21

.



## .-

~ r• '•• • • : r . : . . . . '"• •»' : : ,~ y ,,,,• •-• ~ • ~ ~ : • ~ 

### O .S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f . . . . . . . . . . . . . ` ' r . . .t i 

# ' as

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

# : ._. . . . .~ . .~ ;
. . . . . . . . .. 

# ... C 

# - :':
. . 

# . . . . . o . • , ..•- . a : _ r ;~„ r, •••• ••• ~ . 

### ~ -o . i •~-

. :'.•-~ : "''• • « 'r '

. . : ~~•s. . .. _. ~. .s•rr-.-: ;- :" : . . . . . . . . . . c ' - "'' : •~'

~ . ._ . .~ . . . . . . . . . . _ -0 .4 ~ . .~ . . . .~ . .•i :r. . .•. . . : .~ . . . . . . . . . .~ . .~ . .- . . . . . . . . . . . 

### c •.' . •'•~ ~~ ~

. • 

### -0 .7 . . . . . . . . . . *
. . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . 

### . . . . . . . . w.-~ .r:'~~
. . ~ . . ~ . . . . . .

.~. .'-"'-~--•: r-•~w~~- 

### 78 ee 9e 108 us 128

't.n Body v .ipAt cx 0 .01)
~ 9D= -1 .0Sr3 Sts 0 .89644 ! : -L 6669



## Nis 1 .0881 S=a O .iG9ZB T= Z .S36S C002 : 0 .301V lOis 0 .14= Ws 27

FIGURE 4-6



## Allometric Relationship of Minute Volume (t) to Body Weight (kg) for Individual Rhesus Monkey s 

## (Data from Karel and Weston, 1946, not swnmarized in Table 4-1 )

~ 1992A 4-19 08/14/87

### p . 22

.

2 .4 

## • . •' • `~ ' ~,, , • M M i • 

### Le • rr ~ •~ .'•~



### ,. . . . . . . :r : . . . . . . 1 .9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .r . . . . . . . ..

. . ' r,, •~~,, : '

~rr y ~~, rr 

### ~



### . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MM M{ . . . . . • ~ .~ . . . . SI • . . . . . 1 .~~ ~~ 

### . . . . . . . 0 -' ~•

### ~ : 'r ' .r • > • : ' r •• •~ •r•,I' r• & O .~ . . . . . . . . . . . .~ . .ti' . . . . . . . . .a : . .~':r . . . . ,t

: . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 ~ • ' : ~'f rr ~• '~ • 

### ' ;, . : ~ : ' , •
. . .~ : C r, . r ' ~ .• ,,I
. 

### 0

. 4
. . . . . :'

. . . .~. . .~ . ;.r

.'. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

• 

# :

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r •~•

. • r~• r r 

### •' s .~ : : • .. '



# ~ . 0 1 z 3 4 s Ln Body Weight Sos .0 . 74125 Us 0 .13@36 ?t -3.35'! s 

## Ks O.KM S!s O.OSOT3i ?s 13.1iS Cm s 0.99935 liLs 0.096919 1Ws 15

FIGURE 4- 7



## Allometric Relationship of Minute Volume (! .) • to Body Weight (kg) for Humans and Monkeys Combined

~ 1992A 4-20 08/14/87

### p . 23

I ~ •~ 

### ~ ~, .. .- "' •~~
. :



### ~ .~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ .... :t'' . . . . . . . . . . } . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . :~ . . . . . . . . . . r rw : N .
•- ~ • r~ ' f



### ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .• . . . .~ . . ~ . .n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O • ,, •-_' .. . . . ~ . . . .

• ~ .~ . .- . . . .- . . ~ii . . .•. 

### . . . . 

### . . . . 

### . . ~« . . . . . . . .• .• . . . - . . . . .



### .~ ~ .•-'' :

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . : . . . . . . . . . . -2 .3 - • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,-- : ' M . •~ -•~•~'t Y N .~ .+ f .-N .'• .-• 

## 2 2 .4 Z .0 . -i .6 -1 .2 - .8 - .4 .0 Ln Body Weight 8ps -1 .1909 Szs 0 .250 2 Ts -4 .68 ft Kt 0 . 51559 SLs 0 .2i094 Tz Z .4442 Con s 0. 56113 l6 93 0 . 15896 N: 13

FIGURE 4- 8



## Allometric Relationship of Minute Volume (!) to Body Weight (kg) for Guinea Pig s

~ 1992A 4-21 08/14/87

### p . 24

••

•

~~ ~ • r • rr . ~ • r' •~ r f•' .~ • . r '• • ~• • ~~ . '' f ~ ~ N .••••~ • r . : ~r , r 

### ~ . . . . . . . r. . . . ~.• ;, .. : •~, . •r: . a .- 0 -1 .9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E • r• ~ f ~ rr ~• N• f' f f r••'~ ~''•r•r''~•~ ' •~ rr ~, .• r . 00 r 'r~ ~~M•~ : • . •+~ . . . ~'
. .• . . .• . . . .••• .• . . .*r•t


### . . . •• . :• . ~ .,~' . . . . .•jlr

. . .• .•~• .• . . . . . . . .• . . .• M N .!' 'r• r'}•• /' r 

### ~ ,, r ' . r . : ' ,~••• C ,•-' ' . :• ''•• ~ : ,•.~' N _ • f, r" •r• r' ~ f r r•' r'' • ~

~ . . . .~ . . . . . .~I : . . . . . .~•• .• . .• . . .• . .• . .•• . • . .• .• .• . . . . . . . . C 

### -4 .9 •••, .~ ~ r • ~rN ~ ~ ♦
r' r• rl

• 1 j ✓ 

### -3 .1 ~2 .1 ~•i J& : - 4• 1
• Ln Body Weight
IN -1 .054 Si : 0 .86429 Ts -4 .3l47 Its 0 . 90148 Us 0 .091009 71 9. 5914 Con : a . WX M : 0 .076956 Us 15

FIGURE 4- 9



## Allometric Relationship of Minute Volume (!) to Body Weight (kg) for Hamsters

~ 1992A 4-22 08/14/87

### p . 25

.

. : r~•~ . .-~-''



### . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .•• .• . . . . . . . . .••••• .••• . . . . 

### •• ;• •• . .•

### .. . .'~
. .i
. ~w~•t~~ . .±'• 

### E .•, : ~~~~, ~ ~r f.•~, . O r y ~ • ~ . . •M~•~

. • a r~ ,r f'wr• .•~_~• ~ r ti }Ti/~• •• .~•• ••• •• . . .• . . . 

### -4
. 1 •
. .• . . . .• •• . . .••• .• 

### . •

. • 

### . . y ' ; , J •, .~ ' ' ~r•~,• 7 ,, :•• . -••• .~ .._,,••~'~ ,
. C• ,r' r . .~' •• r•~• ~ .rrr qP4 _ ' •r••'`' r•-•"'•• r-r''~ J,,•~ ~, {~, ~ ~ .i • • . .• I .• • : • 

## C -'S .1 •• • 

### .

. . 

## - .~ 

## ~f . . . 

## • '~N r .~~ • . .r . .•• • 

## ~ • .• . . . . .• ~ • .•••• . .•

, , ., . .• r, r ~, ~r~ t .• ~, . r•r~~+r rr r
. . 

### 6 .0 rS .S -'S .0 -4 . 5 -4.0 -3 .5 -3 .0 Ln Body VeIgh t 

## 30 : 0 .325

99 5L2 0.2764 T= 1 .1794 31 : 1 .0496 as 0.07377 Ti 1 4.328 Cm s 0. 9033f l6i I 0.065 47 1 K= 30



## FIGURE 4-1 0 Allometric Relationship of Minute Volume (1)

to Body Weight (kg) for Mic e



## ~ 1992A 4-23 08/14/81

### p . 26

.
,rfr'
~ ~, . . :r'• r•~ • . r : ~~•~••.rr• j

~ .~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . - ,• .r: . .r
• • ~ r~ r ~~ F'~ .+" r . r jfM ''r • 7 .r' rr •' ~, .

. .~ rr•• • ~ * ~ : ~ ' •• . .r ' 

## O ~1 . . .• . . . .• . . . . . .• . . . . . . . ._ . .• .,~ .• .~•

;..M•~ •
. . . .~~I: •. . . . . . ., . • . ~r ~~r• ~+ .• rrl • rr .r '•~ .r' •

.~ • '~ f •

. ► . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . : : . .• . rr ' :' .~ ~ ~ rr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . •~''''- r' = r•, ••"' ''•' ~r•"• '''~ •, : .r ' r,, ~ ,, .• rr . ~ .i''' C -'' r r ~ • ;

. . . . . . . . . . . . . J ~ .~ 

### . . . : ~ . . . .p~•.•. . . .,~~ :! . . . v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . ~rr r'~ r~~ • 

## ~3 .!-0 ' • r•• -4 -3 •2 -i 0 Ln Body Weigh t 30s -O. 5?936 Us 0 .l060T Ti rS .4s9! • K : 0 .p0u Sl= 0 .06357 Tt !2. 909 C02t : O .sm Ms 0 .09M4 N : 5D



## FIGURE 4-1 1

Allometric Relationship of Minute Volume (L)

to Body Weight (kg) for Rats

• 1992A 4-24 08/14/87

### p . 27

.0 rr r - r 1 ~ • ~ ' :



### - .4 

## . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . { . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~ . . .f. . : . . . . . . . . . . . .~i : . . . . . y: ' .~ ~ •r . .rr r„ ~, .•'~ E r r

.~ r

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .r : . . . . . . . . . : rr , . ~~ . .•' " ; ~ ~ •~ r~ • ~•r rr• : • 

## y ~i .Z . . . . . . . .~, .. : : . . . . . :•,...•: . . . . . . ~ ; : . . . . . . . . ` .~: : . . . . . . . . . . . , • :• • r :~ . c .•• . '"~ ~!' . '~' ~ •' rr •~'~•• ' 

### s 

## -1 •

### 6 , . . , . .r: . : . . . . : 

## . . . . . . . 

## . . . . . . .. : : . . . . . . .t . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C .-r rr ~• . . , . . '' .• r ~ • i • ,i ' : 

## ?»0 . . . . . . . . . . . . :. . . . .yi. . . . . .y .~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r~ r .rr r ~ •~ 

## 2~2 

## -1 .2 -0.

## 2 0 .8 1 .8 L
. 

# ; Body VOight 

## • Bpi -1 . 12E7 Bss 0. 10625 Ti -40 .623

ft : 0 .9ls3! St : 0 .091?40 Ti 6 .47 98 con : 0 .99669 16i= O .Oi*J96 9T= 10



## FIGURE 4-1 2

Allometric Relationship of Minute Volume (!)

to Body Weight (kg) for Cat s
1992A 4-25 08/14/87

### p . 28



## ~

2 5 . ~•r •~ ~••• ~, . N•• • Nr • ~ I • '~ • : N'• I'r'• r~. ~ ~• • N

. ~ • • r • • • . 

# ......... . ...... ... . . . .. .. . .. .~._: : .. . . ~ *
.:•.':..':r .t: . . . ..... . r . . .~ ~ •f ~
.
~ .~ . . . .I• ~
. Q r" • r • •'• • •-~• ', •_ r ~ •~• r! : ~ r • r • • ~'• ••' • ` rj• •~ ~ . . . . . . . . . 6 .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

### r. . .. . ._' :' : . . j : . . . . ~ . ' .' ''• . . ~•• • '~' . r . . ~,, . ri . ." . • rr ♦ ~ r .• •r' r ~ ' . . _ • r '•• r~•• r•• r~ f r,• N



## . . . . . . . . . .
. . •

. . .i . . . .~r%r~ 

### . 

## . . . . . . . . . 

### . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

## ~-'• • r rr• .t .3 r• i N r r .~• .~' r

r • f • ° •• • • • • 

### 4'-1 .3 -0 .3 0 .7 1 .7 LT 3 .7 4 .7 La Body Velgh t

so : - 0 . 39103 Us 0 .17066 Ti -2 .291 3 913 0 . 7091 Sts 0 .065161 Tt 10 .883 cons 0 .%w M : O .OM04 Nils



## FIGURE 4-1 3

Allometric Relationship of Minute Volume (1)

to Body Weight ( kg) f or Dogs

• 1992A 4-26 08/14/87

### p . 29

{

/ 7
.

1 .1 N • . • r r _ • •~ r

' :i • ~ 'N•~ • NN' ~ ~ •

_ . • . • . : ~ . • .

. • . . r'N • 

## s 0 .1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ••_••• ._• .••••• . .~ .• . . .••• .••••• . .~r . . . . . _•. . .• . o : N •N•

.:-N . . ^I ~N!• •NN•I • •••• _ . " O NN 1-00 N ~ ••••

_ N•• •• N

. • r• NN r• N•••N~~ N • rN rr ~• •1 • 

### -0 .9 

### . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w .• :• .•••••••• .• .•~ .• .• . . . . .~~3

. 

### . . . . . .

. . ~•'~ 

### c N•• r• NN ~ r ~• •~ •~ •• f _ N •r •NN~ N r

. ~ .' ~ ~• ~ •-• ' • .•N• f

, ~. •-• N•• • N, . = I~- ~, ~•• • ~ •r•N•• •

_ . ~ ~ .' •~~ •••• .••••••• . . . •••••• • • . . . . . . . . . N . •N ~M•••••••~ .••__ .•••••••• ._ .~'•• NN• •NN NN• N•• N• •~N• • : fN •'N•'•

1 • 

### -7 .9 -L 6 -1 .6 ~•6 0 .4 1 .4 Ln Body Weight


## • IN -0. 792 7 8!s 0. 14e?2 !i -LZ6Z?

Sir 0 .63065 0 = 0 . L277 Ts 6. 3048 0 .l36@S !i!t 0 .i39i4 Mi 6

-, ,

. ..; .

FIGURE 4-1 4 Allometric Relationship of Minute Volume 

## (! .) to Body Weight (kg) for Rabbit s
1992A 4-27 08/14/87