IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION ONE

THERESIA M. RIEMAN, ) No. 79356-0-I

)

Appellant, )

)

v. )

)

WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION

OF LABOR & INDUSTRIES, )

)

Respondent. )

)

VERELLEN, J. — Injuries that occur in a parking area when coming to or 

going from a place of employment are exempt from coverage under the Industrial 

Insurance Act.1 Theresia Rieman sustained an injury while walking across a 

parking lot adjacent to her office building on her way to work. Because the 

location of Rieman’s injury was a parking area, the Department of Labor and 

Industries, Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals, and the superior court properly 

concluded that industrial insurance law precludes workers’ compensation benefits. 

We affirm. 

 

1 RCW 51.08.013(1).
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FACTS

While walking through the parking lot to her Department of Social and 

Health Services’ office, Theresia Rieman slipped and fell on ice. She fractured her 

pelvis, elbow, and wrist. The Department of Labor and Industries (Department) 

denied Rieman’s claim for workers’ compensation benefits because her injury 

occurred on her way to work, but in a parking area, and was therefore not covered 

under industrial insurance laws. 

Rieman appealed to the Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals (Board). 

An industrial appeals judge (IAJ) heard the case on stipulated facts and exhibits, 

including photographs of the parking lot and the specific locations where Rieman 

parked her car and where she fell. The IAJ issued a proposed decision and order 

affirming the Department’s denial of benefits.

The IAJ found, in relevant part:

2. Theresia Rieman was going to work on January 15, 2016 

when, approximately 10 minutes before she was to start work, she 

fell in the roadway in a parking lot adjacent to the building in Everett 

where she worked for the Department of Social and Health Services.

3. The parking lot where Ms. Rieman fell is reserved for the 

vehicles of persons who work for or are clients of [the Department of 

Social and Health Services].[2] 

And based on these findings, the IAJ concluded:

2. Theresia Rieman was injured in a parking area as she was 

coming to work and, therefore, under RCW 51.08.031(1), her injury 

is excluded from coverage under the industrial insurance laws. 

 

2 Certified Board Record (CBR) at 22.
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3. The Department order dated June 16, 2016 is correct, and 

it is affirmed.[3] 

Rieman petitioned to the full Board for review. The Board denied the 

petition and adopted the IAJ’s proposed decision and order as its final order. 

Rieman then appealed to superior court. Following a hearing, the superior court 

affirmed the decision of the Board, concluding that substantial evidence supported 

the factual findings. The court adopted the findings of fact, conclusions of law, and 

the decision of the Board. 

ANALYSIS

Washington’s Industrial Insurance Act, Title 51 RCW, governs judicial 

review of workers’ compensation cases.4 The superior court conducts a de novo 

review of the Board’s decision, relying exclusively on the certified board record.5 

The Board’s findings and decision are prima facie correct, and the individual 

challenging the decision bears the burden of proof.6 

This court reviews the superior court’s decision, not the Board’s order.7 

Specifically, we review whether substantial evidence supports the superior court’s 

factual findings and whether the superior court’s conclusions of law flow from 

 

3

Id.

4 Rogers v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 151 Wn. App. 174, 179, 210 P.3d 355 

(2009).

5 RCW 51.52.115; McCaulley v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 5 Wn. App. 2d 

304, 312, 424 P.3d 221 (2018).

6 Spivey v. City of Bellevue, 187 Wn.2d 716, 727, 389 P.3d 504 (2017).

7 RCW 51.52.140.
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those findings.8 Like the superior court, our review is based solely on the 

evidence and testimony presented to the Board.9 We view the record in the light 

most favorable to the party who prevailed in superior court.10 

The Industrial Insurance Act provides the exclusive remedy for workers 

injured in the course of employment and immunizes employers from civil tort 

actions for workplace injuries.11 “Acting in the course of employment” is defined in 

the statute:

“Acting in the course of employment” means the worker acting at his 

or her employer's direction or in the furtherance of his or her 

employer’s business which shall include time spent going to and 

from work on the jobsite, as defined in RCW 51.32.015 and 

51.36.040, insofar as such time is immediate to the actual time that 

the worker is engaged in the work process in areas controlled by his 

or her employer, except parking area.

[12]

Under this provision and what is known as the coming-and-going rule, a worker is 

acting in the course of employment and is covered for injuries sustained while 

coming to and going from work on the jobsite in areas controlled by his or her 

 

8 Rogers, 151 Wn. App. at 180.

9 RCW 51.52.115; Bennerstrom v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 120 Wn. App. 

853, 858, 86 P.3d 826 (2004).

10 Rogers, 151 Wn. App. at 180.

11 RCW 51.32.010; see also Judy v. Hanford Envtl. Health Found., 106 Wn. 

App. 26, 31, 22 P.3d 810 (2001).

12 RCW 51.08.013(1) (emphasis added).
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employer.13 However, “specifically excepted from coverage are injuries occurring 

in ‘parking areas’ while going to or from work.”14 

Rieman argues that the parking area exemption does not apply because 

she fell in a lane of traffic, which is not a place “where cars actually park.”15 

Whether an interior lane of travel within a parking lot is a parking area for purposes 

of the exemption under RCW 51.08.013(1) is a matter of statutory interpretation, 

which we review de novo.16 Our fundamental objective in interpreting a statute is 

to ascertain and carry out the legislature’s intent.17 

To determine whether a location of injury constitutes a parking area, our 

courts have considered whether an ordinary person would view the location as 

intended for parking.18 And to make that determination, we consider how the area 

at issue is used.19 According to well-settled case law, a parking area for purposes 

of RCW 51.08.013(1) may include lanes of travel necessary to reach employee 

parking spaces.20

 

13 Univ. of Washington, Harborview Med. Ctr. v. Marengo, 122 Wn. App. 

798, 801, 95 P.3d 787 (2004).

14 Madera v. J.R. Simplot, Co., 104 Wn. App. 93, 96, 15 P.3d 649 (2001)

(quoting RCW 51.08.013).

15 Appellant’s Br. at 10.

16 Dillon v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 186 Wn. App. 1, 6, 344 P.3d 1216 

(2014).

17 Marengo, 122 Wn. App. at 802.

18 Madera, 104 Wn. App. at 98.

19 Dillon, 186 Wn. App. at 8.

20 Olson v. Stern, 65 Wn.2d 871, 877, 400 P.2d 305 (1965); see also

Bergsma v. Labor & Industries, 33 Wn. App. 609, 616, 656 P.2d 1109 (1983) 
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Olson v. Stern is instructive.21 Stern was driving home after work, having 

retrieved his vehicle from a parking area reserved for Boeing supervisors.22 The 

designated employee parking area was connected to a public road, East Marginal 

Way, by a roadway “the width of a normal two lane street which was not reserved 

for parking, but which [was] used as an avenue of traffic.”23 The avenue of traffic 

was used regularly by material-handling equipment, such as forklifts and cranes, 

and by “vehicles going to and from the parking area.”24

 Stern collided on the 

roadway with another employee on a motor scooter.25

 The point of impact 

occurred within “the avenue of traffic, approximately six feet off the edge of the 

parking area.”26 On these facts, our Supreme Court had no trouble concluding 

that the location of the accident, an interior roadway connecting the employee 

parking spaces to a public road, was a parking area within the meaning of the 

statute.27 Because the parking area exemption applied, the Industrial Insurance 

Act did not bar Stern’s civil suit.28 

(exemption applied to injury in employee parking lot); Bolden v. State, Dep’t of 

Transp., 95 Wn. App. 218, 221, 974 P.2d 909 (1999) (accord). 

21 65 Wn.2d 871, 400 P.2d 305 (1965). 

22 Id. at 872-73

23 Id. at 873. 

24 Id. 

25 Id. 

26 Id. 

27 Id. at 877. 

28 Id. 
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This court’s more recent decision in Dillon v. Department of Labor & 

Industries is consistent with Olson.

29

 Upon leaving work for the day, Dillon exited 

her work facility and took about 15 steps, when she fell on black ice.30 The 

location where she fell was a paved area outside the facility, near a drain where 

employees sometimes disposed of water used in the business’s operations.31 The 

paved area contained no signage, painted lines, or other markings to indicate 

parking spaces.32 

The Department denied Dillon’s claim for benefits based on its 

determination that the injury occurred in an area where employees customarily 

parked.33 Dillon argued that the exemption did not apply because the location was 

not a legal parking area under city, state, and federal codes.34 Rejecting her 

argument, we looked to whether the area “was actually used for parking” to 

resolve the issue.35 And while there was nothing to suggest that the exact location 

of Dillon’s injury was a place where employees regularly parked, the exemption 

nevertheless applied because the area had been used for employee parking for 

more than 50 years. Olson and Dillon illustrate that whether a location constitutes 

 

29 186 Wn. App. 1, 344 P.3d 1216 (2014).

30 Id. at 3.

31 Id. at 3-4.

32 Id. at 4. 

33 Id.

34 Id. at 5.

35 Id. at 8.
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a parking area depends on the use and layout of the location; whether the place of 

injury is a designated parking space is not determinative. 

Rieman cites several decisions reaching a different result. But those cases 

involve materially different facts.36 In particular, Rieman relies on Madera v. J.M. 

Simplot Co.,

37 a decision of Division Three of this court, to argue that a “drivethrough lane or roadway” does not constitute a parking area.38

 In Madera, the 

employee fell on snow and ice in a lane of traffic situated between a roadway 

controlled by her employer and a sidewalk abutting the plant where she worked.39 

The lane of traffic resembled a loading zone where vendors parked while making 

deliveries and employees briefly parked when they collected paychecks.40 Unlike 

the case here, there is nothing to suggest that the area used as a loading zone 

where Madera fell was connected to, or even proximate to, a designated area for 

employees to leave their vehicles while working. Madera and the other cases 

cited by Rieman do not undermine the Supreme Court’s decision in Olson or imply 

that parking areas do not encompass interior lanes within a parking lot.

 

36 See Boeing Co. v. Rooney, 102 Wn. App. 414, 418, 10 P.3d 423 (2000) 

(grassy slope adjacent to a parking lot was not a parking area within the meaning 

of the statute); see also Marengo, 122 Wn. App. at 803 (parking area exemption 

did not apply to an interior stairwell of a parking garage).

37 104 Wn. App. 93, 96, 15 P.3d 649 (2001)

38 Appellant’s Br. at 12.

39 Madera, 104 Wn. App. at 95.

40 Id. at 95, 98.
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Here, as in Olson, the injury occurred in a lane of travel used as ingress to 

and egress from the designated employee parking spaces. The evidence, 

including the photographic evidence showing an aerial view of the parking lot, 

demonstrates that it is impossible for vehicles to reach parking spaces without 

using the interior aisles and lanes. The evidence in the record supports the 

determination that an ordinary person would view the location of injury as a 

parking area. We affirm.41 

WE CONCUR:

 

41 The Department argues that even if the area at issue were not a parking 

area and the statutory exception did not apply, the coming-and-going rule is 

inapplicable because the evidence failed to establish that Rieman’s employer 

controlled the parking lot. Because we conclude the location of injury was within a 

parking area, it is unnecessary to reach the Department’s alternative argument.