UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Civil Action No. 19-1656 (TJK)

KENNETH HARRIOTT et al., 

Plaintiffs,

v.

WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA 

TRANSIT AUTHORITY,

Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Defendant Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) has moved to 

strike or dismiss Plaintiffs’ class allegations and to dismiss Count II of the Amended Complaint. 

WMATA argues that Plaintiffs failed to move for class certification within the time limit 

imposed by this Court’s Local Rules. WMATA also argues that it is immune from Plaintiffs’

age discrimination claims. For the reasons discussed below, the Court will grant Defendant’s 

motion. Accordingly, it will strike Plaintiffs’ class claims and dismiss Count II of the Amended 

Complaint for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.

I. Class Claims

Local Rule of Civil Procedure 23.1(b) requires a plaintiff to move for certification under 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(1) within 90 days of filing the first complaint bringing a class-wide claim. 

E.g., Sakyi v. Estee Lauder Cos., 298 F. Supp. 3d 16, 17–18 (D.D.C. 2018). “Local Rule 23.1(b) 

and its predecessors have been strictly applied in this Circuit.” Howard v. Gutierrez, 474 

F. Supp. 2d 41, 53 (D.D.C. 2007); see also McCarthy v. Kleindienst, 741 F.2d 1406, 1411 (D.C.

Cir. 1984) (explaining that the 90-day deadline “implements the policy behind the already extant 

requirement of Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(1) that class certification decisions be made as soon as 
2

practicable”) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Here, Plaintiffs raised class-wide 

claims in their first complaint, which they filed on June 6, 2019. See ECF No. 1 ¶ 12. Therefore, 

they had to move for class certification by September 4, 2019. They failed to do so. They also 

failed to seek an extension from the Court or explain why, before responding to the instant 

motion, class certification should be saved for a later time. “Serious consequences often flow 

from a fair application of time limits, and that is the case here.” Howard, 474 F. Supp. 2d at 57 

n.11. Because Plaintiffs offer no persuasive reasons to excuse their neglect, see, e.g., id. at 55–

57, the Court will grant Defendant’s motion and strike the class allegations from the Amended 

Complaint, see Artis v. Yellen, 309 F.R.D. 69, 73 (D.D.C. 2015).

II. Count II: Age Discrimination Claim

Under D.C. Circuit precedent, the Eleventh Amendment renders WMATA immune from

suit under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA). Jones v. Washington 

Metro. Area Transit Auth., 205 F.3d 428, 431–32 (D.C. Cir. 2000). Plaintiffs make several 

attempts to circumvent this holding. First, they argue that the Supreme Court’s decision in 

Mount Lemmon Fire District v. Guido, 139 S. Ct. 22 (2018), abrogated Jones. ECF No. 7 at 12–

13. The Court disagrees. Guido’s holding was narrow; it focused exclusively on the ADEA 

definition of “employer.” See Guido, 139 S. Ct. at 25–26. It never so much as cited Kimel v. 

Fla. Bd. of Regents, 528 U.S. 62, 91 (holding that the ADEA did not validly abrogate states’

Eleventh Amendment immunity), the decision on which the Jones court relied. Moreover, the 

passage in Guido to which Plaintiffs point cites the Supreme Court’s earlier decision in EEOC v. 

Wyoming, 460 U.S. 226 (1983). And Wyoming addressed the ADEA in the context of the Tenth 

Amendment and Congress’s power to regulate interstate commerce. It never so much as 

mentioned a state’s sovereign immunity under the Eleventh Amendment. By contrast, Kimel—
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which briefly discusses Wyoming in passing—explicitly invalidated “[t]he ADEA’s purported 

abrogation of the States’ sovereign immunity,” Kimel, 528 U.S. at 91. And finally, even if the 

Court agreed with Plaintiffs’ reading of Guido (which it does not), it could not so easily sidestep

this Circuit’s controlling precedent. “[D]istrict judges, like panels of [the D.C. Circuit], are 

obligated to follow controlling circuit precedent until either [the Circuit], sitting en banc, or the 

Supreme Court, overrule it.” United States v. Torres, 115 F.3d 1033, 1036 (D.C. Cir. 1997). 

And an intervening Supreme Court decision “effectively overrules” controlling precedent only if 

it “eviscerates” the prior precedent such that the two cases are “incompatible.” Perry v. Merit 

Sys. Prot. Bd., 829 F.3d 760, 764 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (citation omitted), vacated on other grounds 

sub nom. Perry v. Ross, 697 F. App’x 18 (D.C. Cir. 2017). Whatever may be said of Guido, it 

does not “eviscerate” Jones. 

Next, Plaintiffs argue that WMATA waived its Eleventh Amendment immunity when it

agreed to comply with the ADEA in a funding agreement with the Federal Transit 

Administration (FTA). ECF No. 7 at 13–14. Of course, Congress can condition receipt of 

federal funds on a state’s waiver of immunity if Congress “manifests ‘a clear intent’” to do so. 

Barbour v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., 374 F.3d 1161, 1163 (D.C. Cir. 2004)

(citation omitted). However, Plaintiffs do not suggest that Congress imposed the relevant 

condition here. Rather, they argue that the FTA, an administrative agency, did. But they cite no 

authority for the notion that Congress can delegate its power to condition funds on a state’s 

waiver of immunity to an administrative agency.

1

 In other words, they have “not shown that 

 1 Instead, Plaintiffs rely on the unremarkable proposition that “Congress may delegate rulemaking decisions attendant to the use of federal funds to executive Cabinet heads.” ECF No. 7 

at 14. 
4

Congress, by a silent, implicit delegation of authority, can open the door for expansions of 

federal power that it otherwise could not have accomplished without satisfying a stringent clearstatement rule.” See Slack v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., 325 F. Supp. 3d 146, 154

(D.D.C. 2018). Nor have they explained why merely agreeing to comply with the ADEA 

necessarily involves consenting to suits brought by private third parties. See id. at 154–55. For 

these reasons, the Court declines to find that WMATA waived its sovereign immunity through 

the terms of its agreement with the FTA.

Finally, Plaintiffs argue that WMATA waived immunity by including age discrimination 

protections in its own policies. ECF No. 7 at 14–16.

2

 In the policy Plaintiffs reference, 

WMATA commits “to complying with all applicable federal laws that prohibit workplace 

discrimination and retaliation,” on the basis of a variety of characteristics, including age. Id. at 

14–15 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).3 The policy also states that it “is not 

intended to prohibit Employees . . . from filing complaints with the U.S. Equal Employment 

Opportunity Commission.” Id. at 15 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 

“Plaintiff[s’] argument, however, fails to grasp the distinction between WMATA’s obligation to 

 2 To the extent Plaintiffs argue that WMATA’s policy is further evidence that it waived 

immunity by accepting funds from the FTA, the Court reiterates that Plaintiffs have cited no 

persuasive authority that waiver may be effectuated in that manner.

3 When considering a motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, “the court may 

consider the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts evidenced in the record, or the 

complaint supplemented by undisputed facts plus the court’s resolution of disputed facts.” 

Herbert v. Nat’l Acad. of Scis., 974 F.2d 192, 197 (D.C. Cir. 1992); see also All. For Democracy 

v. Fed. Election Comm’n, 362 F. Supp. 2d 138, 142 (D.D.C. 2005) (noting that “in deciding a 

Rule 12(b)(1) motion, it is well established in this Circuit that a court is not limited to the 

allegations in the complaint, but may also consider material outside of the pleadings in its effort 

to determine whether the court has jurisdiction in the case”). 
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comply with federal laws . . . and its immunity from private suit in the absence of a sufficient 

waiver or abrogation of that immunity.” Buck v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., No. CV 

17-632 (RDM), 2019 WL 6617853, at *10 (D.D.C. Dec. 5, 2019). WMATA’s statement in a 

policy that it will comply with federal laws that apply to it does not constitutes the “clear 

declaration” necessary to waive immunity. See Sossamon v. Texas, 563 U.S. 277, 284 (2011) 

(quoting Coll. Sav. Bank v. Fla. Prepaid Postsecondary Educ. Expense Bd., 527 U.S. 666, 682

(1999)).4

 

Because WMATA is immune from Plaintiffs’ ADEA claims, the Court lacks subjectmatter jurisdiction over Count II of the Amended Complaint and must dismiss it. See Burkhart 

v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., 112 F.3d 1207, 1216 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (noting that 

sovereign immunity is jurisdictional). 

III. Conclusion and Order

For all the above reasons, it is hereby ORDERED that Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss 

Count II and Strike Plaintiffs’ Class Allegations, ECF No. 6, is GRANTED. It is FURTHER

 4 Plaintiffs also point to Slack v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 353 F. Supp. 3d 1 (D.D.C. 

2019), in which another court in this District found that WMATA had waived immunity by

virtue of adopting a particular policy. That case is distinguishable. There, WMATA’s policy 

affirmatively notified employees that they could, pursuant to the specific statute the plaintiffs 

were suing under, “file a complaint of discrimination with the Inspector General of the 

appropriate federal agency.” Id. at 9. Here, the policy never mentions the ADEA. But in any 

event, this Court doubts that something as significant as a waiver of immunity can be effectuated 

through a policy statement that does not explicitly consent to private suit. See Buck, 2019 WL 

6617853, at *10 n.2 (observing that a WMATA policy agreeing to comply with the National 

Transit Systems Security Act would not alone waive immunity). Doing so would run contrary to 

the Supreme Court’s direction that that courts are to “indulge every reasonable presumption 

against waiver.” Coll. Sav. Bank, 527 U.S. at 682 (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted); see also Sossamon, 563 U.S. at 284 (“Waiver may not be implied.”).
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ORDERED that Plaintiffs’ class allegations are STRICKEN; and Count II of Plaintiffs’

Amended Complaint, ECF No. 5, is DISMISSED without prejudice. 

SO ORDERED.

/s/ Timothy J. Kelly

TIMOTHY J. KELLY

United States District Judge

Date: December 23, 2019