United States Court of Appeals 

For the First Circuit 

No. 17-1084 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Appellee, 

v. 

CARLOS MELÉNDEZ-GONZÁLEZ, 

Defendant, Appellant. 

No. 17-1113 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Appellee, 

v. 

ENRIQUE COSTAS-TORRES, 

Defendant, Appellant. 

APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO 

[Hon. Aida M. Delgado-Colón, U.S. District Judge] 

Before 

Torruella, Selya, and Lynch, 

Circuit Judges. 

 
Edgar L. Sánchez-Mercado and ESM Law Office on brief for 

appellant Carlos Meléndez-González. 

Allan A. Rivera-Fernández, with whom Luis Rafael RiveraRodríguez and Luis Rafael Rivera Rodríguez Law Offices were on 

brief, for appellant Enrique Costas-Torres. 

Steven L. Lane, Appellate Counsel, National Security 

Division, U.S. Department of Justice, with whom Rosa E. RodríguezVélez, United States Attorney, was on brief, for appellee. 

June 4, 2018 
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LYNCH, Circuit Judge. This case involves convictions in 

December 2016 for fraudulent recruitment practices from March 2006 

through June 2008 by members of the U.S. Army National Guard in 

Puerto Rico. Defendant National Guard officers Carlos MeléndezGonzález and Enrique Costas-Torres carried out a scheme to procure 

recruitment bonuses to which they were not entitled. They were 

convicted after a jury trial of wire fraud, embezzlement of public 

money, and conspiracy. Their appeals from their convictions raise 

multiple issues, including tolling under the Wartime Suspension of 

Limitations Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3287; rulings by the district court 

as to dress in the courtroom, meant to protect the jury from 

prejudicial influence; sufficiency of the evidence of a conspiracy 

to defraud the United States; and what constitutes impermissible 

"overview" testimony. Finding no merit in any of defendants' many 

claims of error, we affirm. 

I. 

 We review the evidence "in the light most favorable to 

the verdict." United States v. Van Horn, 277 F.3d 48, 50 (1st 

Cir. 2002) (citing United States v. Escobar-de Jesus, 187 F.3d 

148, 157 (1st Cir. 1999)). 

 In 2005, the Department of Defense instituted the 

National Guard Recruiting Assistance Program ("G-RAP") to help 

recruit soldiers during the ongoing conflicts in Iraq and 

Afghanistan. G-RAP was intended to supplement the National Guard's 
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traditional reliance on full-time recruiters. It enabled Guard 

members who are not full-time recruiters to register as "Recruiting 

Assistants," use their personal networks to identify and nominate 

potential recruits and refer them to full-time recruiters, and 

receive bonuses if their nominees ultimately enlist. Docupak, a 

marketing company and contractor, administered G-RAP by hiring and 

managing Recruiting Assistants and processing bonus payments. 

 To become a Recruiting Assistant, an applicant completed 

an online application, verified his eligibility, created an online 

profile, and completed a mandatory training. Importantly, 

Recruiting Assistants were prohibited from sharing G-RAP bonuses 

with full-time recruiters, and this limit was emphasized in the 

original training module. The rules also specified, as set forth 

in a revised training module, that Recruiting Assistants were 

prohibited from receiving information about a nominee from a 

recruiter without the nominee's consent, and from nominating an 

individual they did not know. 

 Only upon successfully completing training (which 

entailed reviewing the information in the training modules and 

then passing a quiz) could a Recruiting Assistant begin identifying 

potential recruits. After making a nomination, the Recruiting 

Assistant would facilitate a meeting between the nominee and a 

full-time recruiter. The full-time recruiter would assess the 

nominee's qualifications, perform aptitude tests, and run a 
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background check. The Recruiting Assistant was expected to 

provide support and mentorship to the nominee throughout this 

process. As compensation, the Recruiting Assistant would receive 

a $1,000 payment if the nominee enlisted and an additional $1,000 

payment if the nominee progressed to basic training. 

Each Recruiting Assistant recorded his or her participation in the 

online system administered by Docupak: first by creating a profile 

for each nominee with the nominee's personal identifying 

information, then by adding entries detailing each nominee's 

progress. 

 Carlos Meléndez-González ("Meléndez"), a part-time 

member of the Army National Guard, became a Recruiting Assistant 

in 2006. Between 2006 and 2008, Meléndez received $21,000 in 

recruitment bonuses for twelve new National Guard enlistees 

recorded as his nominees on his G-RAP account. 

 After an Army Audit Agency review found "signs of 

possible fraud" in G-RAP, the Army Criminal Investigations 

Division ("CID") launched a nationwide investigation. 

 In an interview with investigators in 2013, Meléndez 

admitted that he did not know most of his nominees. Nor did he 

act as a Recruiting Assistant for any of them; the nominees were 

all recruited by Enrique Costas-Torres ("Costas"), a full-time 

recruiter who was not eligible for recruitment bonuses. Meléndez 

knew Costas from a previous posting. The investigation also 
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revealed that Meléndez's G-RAP account contained various false 

statements, including claims that he had had meetings with nominees 

that in fact never occurred. Meléndez also informed investigators 

that he had provided his G-RAP account password to Costas. 

 The investigators concluded that Meléndez and Costas had 

carried out a fraudulent scheme to obtain recruitment bonuses: 

Costas enlisted new recruits and provided Meléndez with their 

personal identifying information, and Meléndez pretended that the 

recruits were his own leads in order to collect bonuses and then 

to split the proceeds with Costas. On October 21, 2015, a grand 

jury returned an indictment charging Costas and Meléndez with 

conspiracy to defraud the United States, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 

§ 371; conspiracy to commit wire fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 

§ 1349; wire fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343; and 

aggravated identity theft, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 

§ 1028A(a)(1). All charges pertained to conduct that occurred 

between March 2006 and June 2008. On April 13, 2016, the grand 

jury returned a superseding indictment charging the same offenses 

plus one count of embezzling public money, in violation of 

18 U.S.C. §§ 641-642, pertaining to the same conduct. 

 The two were tried jointly. Neither testified. At the 

close of an eight-day trial by jury, Meléndez was convicted of one 

count of conspiracy to defraud the United States, one count of 

embezzling public money, one count of conspiracy to commit wire 
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fraud, and thirteen counts of wire fraud. Costas was convicted of 

three counts of wire fraud. The district court granted the 

defendants' motion for acquittal on one count of wire fraud and 

one count of aggravated identity theft. The jury found the 

defendants not guilty on the remaining counts. 

 Costas was sentenced to one year in prison, three years 

of supervised release, a $5,000 fine, and $3,000 in restitution. 

Meléndez was sentenced to time served (approximately two months), 

two years of supervised release, and $20,000 in restitution. The 

court found that Costas had the "main role" in the scheme because 

he was "a higher ranking officer and was the one with access to 

the personal and identifying information for all the recruited 

. . . persons for which payments were processed." The court 

determined that Costas had not only provided his recruits' personal 

information to Meléndez but had also himself accessed Meléndez's 

G-RAP account and directly input information for certain recruits. 

 Costas appealed his conviction and sentence. Meléndez 

appealed only his conviction. Their appeals were consolidated.1

 1 While the appeals were pending, defendants filed with 

the district court a motion for a new trial based on newly 

discovered evidence. The district court promptly denied the 

motion. Defendants now seek to challenge that denial in these 

appeals. Their challenge is not properly before this court because 

defendants did not file a timely notice of appeal from the denial 

of their motion for a new trial. See Fed. R. App. P. 3; United 

States v. Velez Carrero, 140 F.3d 327, 330 (1st Cir. 1998). 
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II. 

 We address defendants' challenges to their convictions, 

then dispose of Costas's challenges to his sentence. Costas's 

brief repeats virtually verbatim the language in Meléndez's brief 

and raises claims of his own. We treat the shared arguments 

together.2

A. Statute of Limitations and Pre-Indictment Delay 

 Defendants first argue that the district court erred in 

denying their pretrial motion to dismiss the indictment as 

untimely. We review this issue de novo. United States v. Ngige, 

780 F.3d 497, 502 (1st Cir. 2015). 

 Defendants were indicted in 2015 for conduct that took 

place between March 2006 and June 2008. The district court held 

that the general five-year statute of limitations that applies to 

the criminal statutes under which defendants were charged, see 

18 U.S.C. § 3282(a), was tolled by the Wartime Suspension of 

Limitations Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3287 ("WSLA"). 

 2 We summarily reject Costas's claim that the district 

court erred in denying his motion to consolidate this case with 

two other cases in which he was charged with conspiring to commit 

fraud involving the G-RAP program. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 13. As 

the district court noted, the three cases "allege distinct 

conspiracies involving different co-defendants and overt acts." 

Costas does not allege that his co-defendants in any one case acted 

in concert with his co-defendants in either of the other cases. 

Joinder would have created a risk that the jury would treat 

evidence offered against one co-defendant as supporting unrelated 

charges against other co-defendants. The district court did not 

abuse its discretion in denying Costas's motion. 
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 As amended in October 2008,3 the WSLA tolls the statute 

of limitations for any offense involving, inter alia, fraud against 

the United States, "[w]hen the United States is at war or Congress 

has enacted a specific authorization for the use of the Armed 

Forces . . . until 5 years after the termination of hostilities as 

proclaimed by a Presidential proclamation, with notice to 

Congress, or by a concurrent resolution of Congress." Id. The 

district court found that the 2001 Authorization for the Use of 

Military Force, Pub. L. No. 107-40, 115 Stat. 224 (2001) ("AUMF"), 

"triggered, and continues to trigger," the WSLA's tolling 

provisions. 

 On appeal, defendants renew two arguments that the 

district court considered and soundly rejected: (1) that the AUMF 

constitutes an unconstitutional delegation of legislative 

authority to the President in violation of separation of powers 

principles, and (2) that the hostilities authorized by the AUMF 

ended before defendants' alleged crimes occurred. We reject these 

arguments for substantially the same reasons. Defendants' claim 

is that the AUMF lacks a "sufficient statutory standard to guide 

the President." But defendants do not deny that tolling of the 

WSLA is triggered by the "enact[ment] of a specific authorization 

 3 The district court held that the WSLA amendments applied 

because at the time the amendments were enacted, the statute of 

limitations applicable to defendants' offenses had not expired. 

Defendants do not challenge this ruling on appeal. 
- 10 - 

for the use of the Armed Forces" and that the AUMF indisputably 

qualifies as such. 

 The WSLA provides for tolling until the termination of 

hostilities is formally announced "by a Presidential proclamation, 

with notice to Congress, or by a concurrent resolution of 

Congress." 18 U.S.C. § 3287. No such formal announcement has 

occurred to date. The WSLA's tolling provisions remain active. 

See United States v. Frediani, 790 F.3d 1196, 1200-01 (11th Cir. 

2015); United States v. Pfluger, 685 F.3d 481, 485 (5th Cir. 2012). 

 Defendants approach the delay issue from another angle, 

asserting that there was excessive pre-indictment delay. We review 

the district court's denial of this claim for abuse of discretion. 

See United States v. Bater, 594 F.3d 51, 53 (1st Cir. 2010). 

 A due process claim of excessive pre-indictment delay 

requires showing "both that the 'delay caused substantial 

prejudice to [the defendant's] right to a fair trial' and that 

'the [g]overnment intentionally delayed indictment . . . to gain 

a tactical advantage.'" Id. at 54 (alteration in original) 

(quoting United States v. Picciandra, 788 F.2d 39, 42 (1st Cir. 

1986)).4 Defendants have established neither. As to the second 

 4 We do not consider here whether the standard for a due 

process claim alleging pre-indictment delay should be modified for 

cases where statutes of limitations are tolled either for very 

long periods of time or indefinitely and charges are brought, say, 

decades after the relevant events became known to the government. 

The facts of this case simply do not present such a circumstance. 
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prong, they have not even argued that the prosecution intentionally 

delayed indictment to gain a tactical advantage. As to prejudice, 

they lament that it was impossible for them to retrieve relevant 

evidence such as the "original rules" for the G-RAP program 

"between 2005 and 2007" and the "Recruiters Assistants' digital 

files where they acknowledged, agreed to and/or were quizzed on 

particular updates on rules of the G-RAP program." Yet the 

critical 2005 and 2007 G-RAP training modules (including the 

portions thereof setting the "rules that create criminal 

intention") and the contents of Meléndez's G-RAP digital account 

were introduced and discussed extensively at trial. And Meléndez 

himself admitted that he read the rules and took the training quiz 

when he enrolled in G-RAP. 

B. Court Rulings as to Military Dress in the Courtroom 

 Costas argues that the district court violated his Sixth 

Amendment right to a public trial by partially, to use his words, 

"closing" the courtroom. No such thing happened. We review this 

claim de novo. United States v. Laureano-Pérez, 797 F.3d 45, 76 

(1st Cir. 2015). 

 On the penultimate day of trial, just before closing 

arguments, the prosecution brought to the district court's 

attention that approximately fifteen National Guard members in the 

courtroom were dressed in formal National Guard Gala uniforms. 

The court recognized that while Guard members in fatigue uniforms 
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had appeared "sporadically" throughout the trial, this large group 

in formal garb constituted a conspicuous, "overwhelming presence" 

in a portion of the courtroom. The judge described the scene: 

"all you can see are the ribbons, the golden medals on the 

shoulders, [and] the stripes that are with the gold ribbon as 

well." The Guard members so dressed confirmed to the court that 

they had "taken the day off" and were not (and could not be) 

attending the proceedings in their official capacities. The court 

found that the group had acted "in concert," that it was 

"reasonable to infer" that its uniform display was "geared to 

unduly influence the jury," and that "the presence of all the Gala 

uniforms in this fashion pose[d] a strong likelihood of influencing 

the jury." 

 In an effort to protect the jury from "undue pressure" 

while preserving defendants' right to a public trial, the court 

ruled that the Guard members could remain in the courtroom as long 

as they did not wear full uniforms. The court adjourned the trial 

until the afternoon to provide them time to change or remove their 

jackets and ties. The court made clear that it was willing to 

consider other suggestions as to how to accommodate the service 

members, but defense counsel offered none. 

 The National Guard members complied with the order. 

After the adjournment and closing arguments, the court described 

for the record that "all 15 members of the National Guard are here 
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in court and have been here in court throughout the entire 

afternoon with . . . half of their uniforms, that is the trousers 

or pants and . . . the white shirt without the jacket." 

 Costas's public-trial claim plainly fails and is 

frivolous. The court did not close the courtroom at all. To the 

contrary, the court stressed that "the Court remains open," 

adjourned the proceedings to avoid excluding anyone, and 

ultimately verified that all Guard members had complied with its 

directive and remained in the courtroom through closing arguments. 

The court's order was thoughtfully crafted and an eminently 

reasonable means of maintaining courtroom decorum and protecting 

the jury from the risk of prejudicial influence.5 See United 

States v. Rios Ruiz, 579 F.2d 670, 674-75 (1st Cir. 1978). 

C. Sufficiency of the Evidence 

 Defendants contend that the evidence presented at trial 

was insufficient to support their convictions for wire fraud and, 

in Meléndez's case, conspiracy. The district court rejected these 

claims when it denied defendants' motions for judgment of 

acquittal. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 29. So do we. 

 5 Costas asserts that the district court based its order 

on the prosecution's allegedly mistaken assertion that an Army 

regulation prohibited off-duty servicemen from wearing uniforms 

when engaging in civilian activity. The court never referenced 

that point. Rather, the record makes clear that the court acted 

out of legitimate concern that the "overwhelming presence" of the 

Guard members' full Gala uniforms could unfairly prejudice the 

jury. 
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 We review sufficiency of the evidence claims de novo. 

See United States v. Wyatt, 561 F.3d 49, 54 (1st Cir. 2009). 

"[W]e examine the evidence -- direct and circumstantial -- as well 

as all plausible inferences drawn therefrom, in the light most 

favorable to the verdict, and determine whether a rational fact 

finder could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant 

committed the charged crime." Id. 

 The evidence presented at trial established that 

Meléndez used the personal identifying information of a dozen new 

National Guard enlistees to obtain recruitment bonuses; that he 

did not help recruit his purported nominees and did not know most 

of them; and that his G-RAP account entries reported fictitious 

meetings between him and his purported nominees. It was Costas 

who had recruited these enlistees, and Costas was the one, unlike 

Meléndez, who had access to their private personal information. 

Shortly after many of the $1,000 recruitment bonuses were wired to 

Meléndez's account, Meléndez made $500 cash withdrawals. Finally, 

Meléndez knew from his training (to the extent it was not selfevident) that he was prohibited from nominating persons he did not 

know. A jury could readily infer that Meléndez willfully entered 

into a scheme to defraud the National Guard by feigning eligibility 

for recruitment bonuses. 

 As to Costas, the evidence supported the conclusion that 

he committed wire fraud by giving Meléndez the personal information 
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of enlistees he had recruited, with the intent that Meléndez use 

it to fraudulently apply for recruitment bonuses. Costas was 

ineligible for such bonuses, he knew Meléndez, and at least three 

of Meléndez's nominees had given their information only to Costas. 

Costas emphasizes that the prosecution did not present any direct 

evidence that he received kickbacks. Meléndez's frequent $500 

cash withdrawals provide circumstantial evidence, though, that he 

was splitting his bonuses with whomever was providing him with the 

necessary information. Regardless, the prosecution did not need 

to prove that Costas actually received any kickbacks. It was 

sufficient to show that Costas, by giving Meléndez the personal 

information of enlistees, purposefully caused him to use that 

information fraudulently to procure unearned bonuses. See United 

States v. Carrington, 96 F.3d 1, 7 (1st Cir. 1996) (holding that 

"[t]he crime of wire fraud does not require that the defendant's 

object be attained" and that the crime is "completed" upon 

transmission of the requisite "wire communication"). 

 Finally, Meléndez challenges his conspiracy conviction. 

He argues that he could not possibly be found guilty because 

Costas, the only co-conspirator named in the superseding 

indictment, was acquitted of the conspiracy charges. The 

prosecution suggests in response that the jury could have found 

that Meléndez entered into a conspiracy with one of the "unknown" 

co-conspirators described in the superseding indictment. The 
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evidence -- that Meléndez did not have access to the private 

personal information he submitted online and that he repeatedly 

made cash withdrawals of exactly one half the amount of his 

recruitment bonuses -- was sufficient to prove that Meléndez had 

conspired with someone. "[S]o long as there is 'sufficient 

evidence to sustain a rational verdict of guilt beyond a reasonable 

doubt' for a conspiracy charge, 'an inconsistent verdict should 

stand.'" United States v. Rios-Ortíz, 708 F.3d 310, 317 (1st Cir. 

2013) (quoting United States v. Figueroa-Encarnación, 343 F.3d 23, 

30 n.4 (1st Cir. 2003)). Meléndez's conviction stands. 

D. Evidentiary Challenges 

 Defendants raise a variety of evidentiary challenges. 

We address below only the one sufficiently substantial to warrant 

discussion. The other arguments are "insufficiently developed, 

patently meritless, or both." United States v. George, 841 F.3d 

55, 61 (1st Cir. 2016). 

 1. Claim of Improper Overview Testimony from Agent De Jesús 

 Defendants argue that one of the prosecution's 

witnesses, CID Agent André de Jesús, provided improper and 

prejudicial overview testimony. Agent De Jesús conducted the 

investigation that led to Costas's and Meléndez's indictment. As 

the prosecution's sixth witness at trial, De Jesús testified 

regarding the origins of the CID's investigation of the G-RAP 

program; the procedure his office followed in conducting 
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G-RAP-related investigations; and the steps he took when 

investigating defendants, including interviewing Meléndez's 

purported nominees. Costas (but not Meléndez) contemporaneously 

objected that De Jesús was providing improper overview testimony 

and "painting a picture of guilt for the defendants" by using words 

like "fraud" and "investigation." He also objected on hearsay 

grounds to De Jesús's reporting on statements Meléndez's nominees 

made to him. The court overruled the objections. 

 We review Costas's claims for abuse of discretion. 

United States v. Rodriguez, 525 F.3d 85, 95 (1st Cir. 2008). 

Because Meléndez did not contemporaneously object, he bears the 

burden of establishing plain error. Id.; see also United States 

v. Leon-Delfis, 203 F.3d 103, 113 (1st Cir. 2000) (explaining that 

this court "typically require[s] defendants in joint criminal 

trials to raise their own objections at trial" and relaxes this 

rule "only when the district court specifically states that an 

objection from one defendant will be considered an objection for 

all defendants"). 

 The majority of De Jesús's testimony covered his 

investigation of defendants, of which he had first-hand knowledge. 

"Where an officer testifies exclusively about his or her role in 

an investigation and speaks only to information about which he or 

she has first-hand knowledge, the testimony is generally . . . 

permissible." United States v. Rose, 802 F.3d 114, 121 (1st Cir. 
- 18 - 

2015). Contrary to Costas's argument, De Jesús never expressed a 

view as to defendants' guilt. De Jesús used the word "fraud" only 

when explaining that the CID's nationwide investigation of the 

G-RAP program began after an Army Audit Agency review found 

"indications of possible fraud" in the program. De Jesús was 

merely providing context for his own investigation. 

 As the prosecution has conceded on appeal, De Jesús did 

delve into hearsay testimony when he testified about statements 

Meléndez's purported recruits made to him in interviews. 

Specifically, De Jesús reported that all of his interviewees denied 

having received assistance from Meléndez during the enlistment 

process and that six of them claimed not to know Meléndez. 

However, we find the admission of this testimony harmless. The 

interviewees later testified at trial consistent with De Jesús's 

summary. There is no indication in the record that De Jesús 

attempted to vouch for them. Nor was there any need for such 

endorsement: none of the interviewees had credibility or bias 

problems, and they provided only straightforward and unproblematic 

testimony concerning their interactions (or the lack thereof) with 

defendants during their recruitment. Defendants suffered no 

prejudice. 
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E. Costas's Sentencing 

 Costas challenges his sentence as procedurally and 

substantively unreasonable. We find no abuse of discretion. See 

United States v. Ayala-Vazquez, 751 F.3d 1, 29 (1st Cir. 2014). 

 On the procedural front, Costas argues that the district 

court erred in applying a four-level enhancement based on a loss 

amount of $20,000 under United States Sentencing Guidelines 

§ 2B1.1, and a two-level enhancement for abuse of a position of 

trust under § 3B1.3. The abuse-of-trust enhancement was plainly 

appropriate. Costas abused the "professional or managerial 

discretion" he possessed as a Sergeant Major and full-time 

recruiter when he misused the personal information of his recruits. 

See United States v. Sicher, 576 F.3d 64, 72-73 (1st Cir. 2009) 

(quoting U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3 cmt. n.1). 

 As to the loss amount, Costas asserts that the court 

should have considered only the $3,000 in bonus payments resulting 

from the three wire-fraud counts of which Costas was convicted. 

Instead, the court took into account all of the bonuses Meléndez 

obtained, including those tied to wire-fraud counts of which Costas 

was acquitted. A district court may rely on acquitted conduct in 

sentencing "so long as that conduct ha[s] been proved by a 

preponderance of the evidence." United States v. Martí-Lón, 524 

F.3d 295, 302 (1st Cir. 2008). Here, the evidence showed that 

Meléndez collected at least $20,000 in bonuses for nominating 
- 20 - 

twelve recruits who were all in fact recruited by Costas; that 

those recruits provided their personal information only to Costas; 

and that that information was nevertheless somehow input into 

Meléndez's G-RAP account. Additional evidence not admitted at 

trial (but properly considered at sentencing) showed that Meléndez 

provided his password to Costas and that Costas himself had 

directly input information into Meléndez's account. The district 

court had a sufficient basis to deem Costas responsible, by a 

preponderance of the evidence, for all of Meléndez's fraudulently 

procured bonuses. 

 Next, Costas asserts that his sentence was substantively 

unreasonable because Meléndez, who was convicted on many more 

counts, received a lesser sentence. Costas "is not entitled to a 

lighter sentence merely because . . . his co-defendant[] received 

[a] lighter sentence[]." United States v. Torres-Landrúa, 783 

F.3d 58, 69 (1st Cir. 2015) (quoting United States v. DávilaGonzález, 595 F.3d 42, 50 (1st Cir. 2010)). And we have no reason 

to second-guess the district court's conclusion that Costas had 

the "main role" in the scheme because he was "a higher ranking 

officer and the one with access to the personal and identifying 

information for all of the recruited . . . persons for which the 

payments were processed." See Ayala-Vazquez, 751 F.3d at 33-34 
- 21 - 

("Determinations as to the relative culpability amongst 

codefendants are best made by the district judge . . . ."). 

 For the first time on appeal, Costas attempts to 

challenge as unfounded the district court's statement during 

sentencing that Costas "tried to manipulate the jury by basically 

causing . . . other members . . . of the military force to come 

here dressed up in their Gala uniforms . . . ." The argument is 

waived. 

 III. 

 We affirm each of defendants' convictions.