COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges McClanahan, Petty and Senior Judge Annunziata 

Argued at Alexandria, Virginia 

FARID A. ZURMATI, D.D.S. 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION∗

 BY 

v. Record No. 1250-07-4 JUDGE ELIZABETH A. McCLANAHAN 

 JUNE 17, 2008 

VIRGINIA BOARD OF DENTISTRY 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY 

David T. Stitt, Judge 

August McCarthy for appellant. 

Howard M. Casway, Senior Assistant Attorney General 

(Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General; David E. Johnson, 

Deputy Attorney General; Jane D. Hickey, Senior Assistant 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

Farid A. Zurmati, D.D.S., appeals from an order of the circuit court affirming those 

portions of an order of the Virginia Board of Dentistry (Board): (a) setting forth the Board’s 

determination that Zurmati engaged in unprofessional conduct in the form of a deceptive billing 

practice, in violation of Code § 54.1-2706(4); and (b) imposing various sanctions against him 

based, in part, on this alleged violation.1

 Zurmati contends on appeal the circuit court erred 

because: (1) the Board’s finding of fact, upon which it based his alleged violation of Code 

§ 54.1-2706(4), was not supported by substantial evidence; (2) the Board’s same finding of fact 

 ∗

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

1

 The sanctions were also purportedly based on the Board’s determination that Zurmati 

committed two minor recordkeeping violations. The circuit court reversed the Board as to one of 

the alleged violations and affirmed the Board’s finding as to the other. Neither of those rulings is 

on appeal to this Court. However, the recordkeeping violation affirmed by the circuit court is 

relevant to our remand of this case, in terms of the Board’s sanctions against Zurmati. 
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did not constitute a violation of Code § 54.1-2706(4) as a matter of law; and (3) the Board 

violated his due process rights because of both inadequate notice of the Board’s claim that he 

engaged in deceptive billing and the Board’s failure to call as witnesses any of his patients whom 

he allegedly deceived. Concluding the Board’s disputed finding of fact was not supported by 

substantial evidence in the record, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court affirming that 

portion of the Board’s order and its sanctions, and remand the case.2 

I. BACKGROUND 

 Zurmati appeared before the Board at a formal administrative hearing on the Board’s 

eight allegations (including subparts) against Zurmati regarding his billing practice, 

recordkeeping, and treatment of certain patients. Following the two-day hearing, the Board 

entered an order containing numerous findings of fact and conclusions of law relative to the 

allegations. The Board exonerated Zurmati on five of the allegations of wrongdoing. The Board 

also concluded in its order, however, that Zurmati had committed three violations in the areas of 

billing and recordkeeping. 

 More specifically, regarding Zurmati’s billing practice, the Board stated in its finding of 

fact number 2: 

During Dr. Zurmati’s treatment of the following patients, 

he submitted a proposed treatment plan to each patient that 

included a total cost for each proposed procedure, based on the 

amount to be paid by the patient and their insurance carrier. Each 

treatment plan was signed by the respective patients. [Listing of 

nine patients with dates of treatment plans and dates of services 

rendered.] Following the procedures, Dr. Zurmati charged the 

insurance companies amounts higher than the corresponding 

amounts stated on the patients’ respective primary treatment 

plans. 

2

 Because of our holding on the substantiality of evidence issue, we need not address 

Zurmati’s other two issues presented on appeal also challenging the Board’s conclusion that he 

engaged in deceptive billing in violation of Code § 54.1-2706(4). 
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(Emphasis added.) The Board then concluded that this finding constituted a violation of Code 

§ 54.1-2706(4) (Board’s conclusion of law number 1). Code § 54.1-2706(4) provides, in 

relevant part, that the Board may “censure or reprimand any licensee or place on probation for 

such time as it may designate for . . . [a]ny unprofessional conduct likely . . . to deceive the 

public or patients.” 

With regard to Zurmati’s recordkeeping, the Board stated in finding of fact number 4(a) 

that his records for eleven patients “failed to include the patients’ names on each page of the 

patients’ records, notwithstanding his claim that there was no need to do so as the patient records 

always remain in their respective files.” The Board concluded that this finding constituted a 

second violation (citing Code § 54.1-2706(9) and 18 VAC 60-20-15(1) of the Board’s 

regulations) (Board’s conclusion of law number 2). 

Further, in finding of fact number 4(b), the Board stated, “Dr. Zurmati’s duplicate work 

orders that he submitted for [ten patients] failed to include his address,” and concluded that this 

constituted a third violation (citing Code §§ 54.1-2706(9) and 54.1-2719(B), and 18 VAC 

60-20-15(8) of the Board’s regulations) (Board’s conclusion of law number 3). 

Upon these conclusions, the Board imposed in its order sanctions against Zurmati 

consisting of a reprimand, an unannounced inspection of Zurmati’s dental practice, random 

sampling of his patient records by the Department of Health Professions, and the requirement 

that Zurmati complete four hours of continuing education in recordkeeping. 

In a petition for appeal to the circuit court, Zurmati challenged each of the alleged 

violations on various grounds. Specifically as to the Board’s conclusion that he violated Code 

§ 54.1-2706(4) by his billing practice, Zurmati asserted, inter alia, that the Board’s order “makes 

a factual finding [i.e., finding of fact number 2] that was never before alleged, namely, that [he] 

charged insurance companies amounts higher than the corresponding amounts stated on the 
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patients’ primary treatment plans.” “This finding,” he contended, “was concocted during the 

formal hearing; it was not alleged during the many months leading up to the hearing.” 

Nevertheless, Zurmati further asserted, “[w]hat the Board ignores is that insurance companies 

require that [he] submit his ‘usual and customary fee’ to the insurance company . . . . What the 

patients saw was the insurance fee, which is the fee the insurance company would eventually 

give the patient credit for. There is no inconsistency in this practice; indeed, it is standard in the 

industry,” he explained. “Yet this is the entire basis for the Board’s [conclusion of law number 

1].” Finally, Zurmati stated that the Board’s finding regarding his subject billing practice 

consisted of “vague references to conduct that allegedly could deceive but which has never been 

shown to have actually deceived anyone” and that “[t]he Board has made no attempt to 

demonstrate how the alleged conduct—e.g., submitting a fee to an insurance company that is 

different from an amount shown to a patient, which is standard in the industry and required by 

the insurance companies—violates any provision of law.” 

After hearing argument on Zurmati’s petition, the circuit court entered an order reversing 

the Board’s order as to finding of fact 4(a) (upon which the Board based its conclusion of law 

number 2), concluding that the applicable regulations did not require the patient’s name to 

appear on each page of the patient’s records. The court further ordered that the remainder of the 

Board’s order “shall remain in effect,” thus affirming Zurmati’s alleged billing violation and 

other recordkeeping violation, and each of the sanctions against him. In rejecting Zurmati’s 

various challenges to his alleged billing practice violation under Code § 54.1-2706(4) (Board’s 

conclusion of law number 1), the court found, inter alia, that the Board’s finding of fact number 

2, upon which the Board based this violation, was supported by substantial evidence in the 

record. 
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II. ANALYSIS 

Substantiality of the Evidence3

 Under the VAPA, “the duty of the court with respect to issues of fact shall be limited to 

ascertaining whether there was substantial evidence in the agency record upon which the agency 

as the trier of the facts could reasonably find them to be as it did.” Code § 2.2-4027; see

Campbell v. Virginia Dep’t of Forestry, 46 Va. App. 91, 98, 616 S.E.2d 33, 36 (2005). “We thus 

have authority to reject agency factfinding only if, considering the record as a whole, a 

reasonable mind would necessarily come to a different conclusion.” Id. (citations and internal 

quotation marks omitted). 

 3 The Commonwealth contends that Zurmati, in his appeal to the circuit court, failed to 

preserve his challenge to the substantiality of evidentiary support for the Board’s finding of fact 

regarding his alleged deceptive billing practice. 

The Virginia Administrative Process Act (VAPA) governs disciplinary hearings before 

the Board. See generally Code § 2.2-4001; Goad v. Virginia Bd. of Med., 40 Va. App. 621, 633, 

580 S.E.2d 494, 500 (2003). Under the VAPA, the circuit court reviews the Board’s action in a 

manner “equivalent to an appellate court’s role in an appeal from a trial court.” J.P. v. Carter, 24 

Va. App. 707, 721, 485 S.E.2d 162, 169 (1997) (quoting School Board v. Nicely, 12 Va. App. 

1051, 1061-62, 408 S.E.2d 545, 551 (1991)) (internal quotation marks omitted). “In this sense, 

the General Assembly has provided that a circuit court acts as an appellate tribunal.” Gordon v. 

Allen, 24 Va. App. 272, 277, 482 S.E.2d 66, 68 (1997) (citation omitted). Relating to issues on 

appeal, Code § 2.2-4001 of the VAPA provides, in relevant part, that the party complaining of 

agency action has the burden to “designate and demonstrate an error of law subject to review by 

the court. Such issues of law include: . . . (iv) the substantiality of the evidentiary support for 

findings of fact.” (Emphasis added.) In perfecting its appeal from the agency to the circuit 

court, the complaining party must therefore “designate” each such issue in its petition for appeal 

filed with the circuit court. See Pence Holdings, Inc. v. Auto Ctr., Inc., 19 Va. App. 703, 707, 

454 S.E.2d 732, 734 (1995). 

Based on Zurmati’s above-stated assertions in his petition for appeal to the circuit court, 

we conclude Zurmati preserved for appeal the issue of whether the Board’s finding of fact 

regarding his alleged deceptive billing practice was supported by substantial evidence. What the 

evidence showed, Zurmati asserted, was not that he “charged the insurance companies amounts 

higher than the corresponding amounts stated on [his] patients’ respective primary treatment 

plans,” as the Board found, but rather that he simply submitted to the insurance companies his 

“usual and customary fee,” as they required. (Emphasis added.) However, it was, in fact, the 

“insurance fee,” he further indicated, which the patients saw on their treatment plans, and upon 

which he was actually paid for his services. The substantiality of the evidentiary support for the 

Board’s disputed finding of fact is thus before this Court for review. 
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 From our review of the record in this case, we conclude that no trier of fact could 

reasonably find Zurmati “charged” the insurance companies more for his dental services than 

was indicated to his patients on their primary treatment plans. The Commonwealth argues that 

evidence of such an alleged deceptive billing practice was established by the fact that Zurmati 

“charged” the insurance companies his “usual and customary fee,” whereas he showed the 

patients only the lesser “insurance fee,” including the portion of that fee which they would be 

responsible to pay (based on a deductible and/or a co-payment) under their respective dental 

insurance plans. The undisputed facts negate that assertion. 

 As the evidence showed, Zurmati’s “usual and customary fee” (UCF) was the fee his 

office established for particular dental procedures and charged to patients who had no dental 

insurance. The “insurance fee,” on the other hand, was the fee applied to insured patients. That 

fee was pre-determined by the patient’s insurance company, as listed on the company’s fee 

schedule setting forth a fee for each particular procedure, along with a corresponding code 

number (as established by the American Dental Association (ADA)). Such fee is referred to in 

the industry as the insurance company’s “usual and customary rate” (UCR). For the patients and 

procedures at issue in this case, Zurmati’s UCF was higher than the respective insurance 

company’s UCR. Under Zurmati’s contract with each insurance company, Zurmati agreed to 

accept the lesser UCR as the fee for his services rendered to each insured patient. Accordingly, 

Zurmati provided a written office policy to the insured patients explaining “the amount to be 

paid by your policy is pre-determined and agreed to by your employer and the insurance 

company. Most policies cover what they consider [the UCR]. However, the insurance company 

sets those fees, and they are not the same as the fees that are charged in this office.” Zurmati 

also provided the insured patients with a written “primary treatment plan” in advance of 

treatment. The plan identified the dental procedure(s) expected to be performed based on an 
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initial examination, the fee for the procedure(s) in the amount of the UCR, the portion of the fee 

to be paid by the insurance company, the portion of the fee to be paid by the patient, and the 

ADA code number for each procedure. 

 The Commonwealth is correct in asserting that Zurmati did, in fact, submit his UCF to 

the respective insurance companies in the process of billing the companies for the procedures he 

performed for the subject insured patients. However, the Commonwealth’s expert witness, 

Denise Fortner, admitted that each of those nine patients paid what he or she was supposed to 

pay, and the insurance company paid what it was supposed to pay, according to Zurmati’s 

contract with the insurance company, the patient’s insurance policy, and the applicable UCR. 

Fortner also explained that the insurance companies made their payments to Zurmati according 

to the ADA codes he submitted to the companies, which “equated” to the procedures he 

performed. Moreover, Fortner conceded that Zurmati collected his fee from the insurance 

companies and the patients consistent with the explanation on the patients’ primary treatment 

plans regarding fees, with one exception. In that instance, after the primary treatment plan was 

presented to the patient, there was a change in the patient’s insurance provider, resulting in a 

change in benefits under the patient’s superseding dental insurance plan. Fortner nevertheless 

testified that she did not know “why you would need to have two different dollar amounts for the 

same date of service for the same ADA code,” referring to what she described as “the 

disconnect” between the listing of the UCR on the patients’ primary treatment plans and 

Zurmati’s submission of his UCF to the insurance companies. Zurmati’s unrefuted explanation 

was simple: the insurance companies required him to provide his UCF for the procedures on 

which he was seeking payment. His office manager also explained that the software being used 

for billing purposes during the relevant time period only produced Zurmati’s UCF. As a result, 
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the information on the insured patients’ primary treatment plans regarding the UCR was 

produced by hand. 

 Thus, the fact Zurmati provided the insurance companies his UCF did not mean that he 

was charging the companies for the subject procedures based on that fee schedule. A “charge” in 

this context means to “demand (an amount) as a price from someone for a service rendered or 

goods supplied.” New Oxford American Dictionary 286 (2d ed. 2005); see also Random House 

Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary 342 (2d ed. 2001) (defining “charge” as “to impose on or ask 

of (someone) a price or fee”). The evidence of record belies any contention that Zurmati was 

asking, much less demanding, that the insurance companies pay him based on his UCF. In sum, 

Zurmati was contractually bound to accept payment from the insurance companies based on their 

UCR, and in each instance that was the basis for each company’s payment to him. The insurance 

companies made such payments to Zurmati according to the ADA codes he submitted to the 

companies in seeking payment, not his UCF. The patients’ primary treatment plans prepared by 

Zurmati’s office indicated that payment would be based on the insurance companies’ UCR. And 

there is no indication in the record that, once Zurmati received the payments from the insurance 

companies based on their UCR, he sought to collect the difference between their UCR and his 

UCF. 

There was no substantial evidence to support the Board’s finding that Zurmati was 

charging the insurance companies his UCF when he provided that fee information to the 

insurance companies with his requests for payment. Consequently, there was no finding of fact 

upon which to base the Board’s conclusion that Zurmati was engaged in deceptive billing in 

violation of Code § 54.1-2706(4). See Campbell, 46 Va. App. at 98-102, 616 S.E.2d at 36-38. 
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III. CONCLUSION 

 For these reasons, we reverse those portions of the circuit court’s order affirming the 

Board’s conclusion that Zurmati violated Code § 54.1-2706(4), and the sanctions imposed by the 

Board based, in part, on this alleged violation. Furthermore, in light of this holding, the Board 

must reconsider which, if any, of its sanctions against Zurmati should be imposed based solely 

on the existence of the recordkeeping violation that was affirmed by the circuit court (Board’s 

finding of fact 4(b) and conclusion of law 3).4

 “Where a case decision is found ‘not to be in 

accordance with law under [Code] § 2.2-4027, the court shall suspend or set it aside and remand 

the matter to the agency for further proceedings, if any, as the court may permit or direct in 

accordance with law.’” Harrison v. Ocean View Fishing Pier, LLC, 50 Va. App. 556, 575-76, 

651 S.E.2d 421, 431 (2007) (quoting Code § 2.2-4029). Accordingly, we remand the case to the 

circuit court with instructions to further remand it to the Board for reconsideration of the 

sanctions imposed against Zurmati in a manner consistent with this opinion. 

Reversed and remanded with instructions.

 4 See, infra, footnote 1.