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# ~,-oIG dous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), 1994. MEDLARS Online Information Retrieval System, National Library of Medicine. (Retrieved August, 1994).

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# *41o0/37 p. 2 http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/servlets.. .viewers.resultPageViewer?480 487 4 

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Query: ((RN) "75-05-8")

Page 1 --~~,-~ i

1 - HSDB CAS REGISTRY NUMBER EVIDENCE FOR NO DATA CARCINOGENICITY HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS

A case of cyanide poisoning resulting from exposure to propionitrile was decribed . A 55 year old male employed at a chemical facility suffered dermal and respiratory exposure while attempting to repair a pump leaking propionitrile . Although he was wearing qloves, he did not have any other protective equipment . He rapidly lost consciousness and was taken to the infirmary. Upon arrival at the infirmary, he was comatose and unresponsive . He was administered oxygen at the rate of 5 1/min and transferred to the intensive care unit of a hospital . Clinical studies showed evidence of respiratory alkalosis and mild metabolic acidosis . The patient received 4 g hydroxycobalamin and 8 g sodium thiosulfate iv over 30 min . The symptoms completely cleared up over the next hr . Blood cyanide and thiocyanate concentrations were monitored . Before receiving the hydroxycobalamin and thiosulfate treatment, his blood cyanide concn was 5 .71 ug/ml . The thiocyanate concn was negligible . After the cyanide/thiosulfate infusion was completed, the blood cyanide concn had decreased to 0 .93 ug/ml and the thiocyanate had increased to 21 .1 ug/ml . The thiocyanate concentrations returned to the baseline value 5 hr after treatment . . . . Propionitrile can release cyanide and produce serious poisoning after skin or inhalation exposure . The combination of sodium thiosulfate and hydroxycobalamin is an effective antidote . /Propionitrile/ [Bismuth C et al ; J Emer Med 5 (3) : 191-5 (1987)] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS

. . . Three subjects breathed 40 ppm for 4 hr, while 2 subjects were similarly exposed to 80 ppm and 160 ppm . None of the subjects reported adverse response during the 40 ppm exposure, but one subject experienced a slight tightness of the chest a few hr later, and a cooling sensation in the lung the next morning and the rest of the day similar to that experienced when inhaling menthol . All subjects detected the odor at 40 ppm for the first 2 or 3 hr, then experienced some olfactory fatigue . No detectable cyanide was found in blood specimens, but one subject showed a slightly elevated urinary thiocyanate level . [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists . Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices . 5th ed . Cincinnati, OH:, p. 8] American Conference of



# Search Results

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### "F&NE.T, WebSearch

. HUMAN

HUMAN



## Page 1

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## National Librar°v ofMedicine National Institztles ofHealth Departmerit ofHealth andHumanServices E-mail TOXNETSupport Last Updated: 6August 1998 p. 3 http://toxnet.nlm

.nih.gov/servlets. ..viewers.resultPageViewer?480 487 4 Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1_986 ., .p. 8] **PEER REVIEWED** TOXICITY EXCERPTS

. . . FATAL EXPOSURE OF PHOTOGRAPHIC LABORATORY WORKER TO ACETONITRILE /VAPOR IS REPORTED/ . AFTER MASSIVE EXPOSURE . . . HE LEFT WORK, ATE EVENING MEAL, & BEGAN EXPERIENCING GASTRIC DISTRESS & NAUSEA ABOUT 4 HR AFTER EXPOSURE . HE VOMITED DURING THE NIGHT . . . . NEXT MORNING HE WAS SWEATING PROFUSELY & . . . ALTERNATELY CRYING OUT SHARPLY & LAPSING INTO COMATOSE STATE . OTHER SYMPTOMS WERE HYPERSALIVATION, CONJUNCTIVITIS, VERY LOW URINE OUTPUT, LOW BLOOD PRESSURE & ALBUMIN IN URINE & CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. HE EXPERIENCED CARDIAC & RESP ARREST FROM WHICH HE WAS RESUSCITATED . . . & DIED 6 DAYS LATER. [Clayton, G. D. and F . E . Clayton (eds .) . Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology : Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed . New York : John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982 ., p . 4870] **PEER REVIEWED** TOXICITY EXCERPTS TWO . . . /MEN OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED TO VAPOR/ WERE HOSPITALIZED WITH SEVERE SYMPTOMS CONSISTING OF NAUSEA & VOMITING, RESP DEPRESSION, EXTREME WEAKNESS & A SEMICOMATOSE STATE . . . . ONE . . . DEVELOPED TRANSIENT WEAKNESS OF FLEXOR MUSCLES OF ARMS & WRISTS, & BOTH DEVELOPED URINARY FREQUENCY, ASSOCIATED IN ONE INSTANCE WITH ALBUMINURIA & IN OTHER WITH PASSAGE OF SMALL OXALATE-TYPE URINARY CALCULUS . . . . /THEY ALSO SHOWED/ ELEVATED BLOOD CYANIDE LEVELS & SOMEWHAT INCR SERUM THIOCYANATE LEVELS . ALL OTHER EXPOSED WORKERS WERE EVALUATED; INCR BLOOD CYANIDE & THIOCYANATE VALUES WERE FOUND OCCASIONALLY, & SYMPTOMS DESCRIBED PREVIOUSLY WERE FOUND IN LESSER DEGREE . . . . NONE OF THESE INDIVIDUALS DEVELOPED ANY ENLARGEMENT OF THYROID OR ALTERATION IN THYROID FUNCTION . [Clayton, G. D. and F . E . Clayton (eds .) . Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology : Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology . 3rd ed. New York : John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982 ., p. 4870] **PEER REVIEWED**



### 2of2 2/2/99 3:27 PM

### 4 "TC~XNET Web Search http://toxnet.nlm .nih.gov/servlets.. .viewers.resultPageViewer?480 487 4 

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Query: ((RN) "75-05-8")

Page 2

HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS

SYMPTOMATOLOGY : 1 . Massive doses may produce, without warning, sudden loss of consciousness and prompt death from respiratory arrest . With smaller but still lethal doses, the illness may be prolonged for 1 or more hours . 2 . Upon ingestion, a bitter, acrid, burning taste is sometimes noted, followed by a feeling of constriction or numbness in the throat . Salivation, nausea and vomiting are not unusual . . . 3 . Anxiety, confusion, vertigo, giddiness, and often a sensation of stiffness in the lower jaw . 4 . Hyperpnea and dyspnea . Respirations become very rapid and then slow and irregular . Inspiration is characteristically short while expiration is greatly prolonged . 5 . The odor of bitter almonds may be noted on the breath or vomitus . . . 6 . In the early phases of poisoning, an increase in vasoconstrictor tone causes a rise in blood pressure and reflex slowing of the heart rate . Thereafter the pulse becomes rapid, weak, and sometimes irregular . . . A bright pink coloration of the skin due to high concentrations of oxyhemoglobin in the venous return may be confused with that of carbon monoxide poisoning . 7 . Unconsciousness, followed promptly by violent convulsions, epileptiform or tonic, sometimes localized but usually generalized . Opisthotonos and trismus may develop . Involuntary micturition and defecation occur . 8 . Paralysis follows the convulsive stage . The skin is covered with sweat . The eyeballs protrude, and the pupils are dilated and unreactive . The mouth is covered with foam, which is sometimes bloodstained . . . The skin color may be brick red . Cyanosis is not prominent in spite of weak and irregular gasping . In the unconscious patient, bradycardia and the absence of cyanosis may be key diagnostic signs . 9 . Death from respiratory arrest . As long as the heart beat continues, prompt and vigorous treatment offers some promise of survival . /Cyanide/ [Gosselin, R.E ., R.P . Smith, H .C. Hodge . Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products . 5th ed . Baltimore : Williams and Wilkins, 1984 . III-126] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS

Acute : Headache, dizziness, hyperpnea (respiration incr), rapid pulse, nausea, vomiting, unconsciousness, convulsions (fits), fatal . Chronic : Headache, anorexia (lack of appetite), dizziness, weakness, macular, papular or vesicular dermatitis . [ITII . Toxic and Hazarous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual . Tokyo, Japan : The International Technical Information Institute, 1982 ., p . 6] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS

FATALITY OCCURRED IN 23 YR OLD MAN WHO HAD BEEN ENGAGED FOR 2 DAYS IN HAND-PAINTING INTERIOR OF TANK WITH RESIN CONTAINING 30-40$ ACETONITRILE AS WELL AS OTHER SUBSTANCES, SUCH AS DIETHYLENETRIAMINE & 

### 1 of 2 v 2/2/99 3:28 PM

### 5 ~'OXNET WebSearch http://toxnet.nlm .nih.gov/servlets. ..viewers.resultPageViewer?480 487 4 A MERCAPTAN. ACETONITRILE WAS MAJOR VOLATILE COMPONENT . ABOUT 4 HR AFTER LEAVING JOB . . . /HE/ COMPLAINED OF CHEST PAIN, VOMITED & HAD MASSIVE HEMATEMESIS, FOLLOWED BY CONVULSIONS . ABOUT 9 HR LATER HE WAS

. . . IN COMATOSE STATE, WITH ASHEN-GRAY COLOR & IRREGULAR RESPIRATIONS

. . . POSTMORTEM EXAM DISCLOSED ONLY GENERALIZED VASCULAR CONGESTION. EXAMINATION OF BLOOD & VARIOUS ORGANS SHOWED HIGH LEVELS OF CYANIDE ION

. . . . [Clayton, G. D. and F . E . Clayton (eds .) . Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology : Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology . 3rd ed . New York : John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982 ., p . 4870] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS

. . . CONSIDERED TOXIC BY INGESTION, INHALATION, & SKIN CONTAMINATION. [International Labour Office . Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety . Vols . I&II . Geneva, Switzerland : International Labour Office, 1983 ., p . 1445] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS

Acetonitrile concn up to 500 ppm cause irritation of mucous membranes . Higher concn produce weakness, nausea, convulsions, and death . Urine thiocyanate concn not significantly elevated after exposure to 160 ppm/4 hr . [Tietz, N .W . (ed .) . Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests . Philadelphia, PA : W .B . Saunders Co ., 1983 ., p . 5] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS

It has insufficient warning properties to prevent men from working in atmospheres which may cause death . High concn cause rapid death . [National Fire Protection Association . Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials . 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986. 49-10] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS

Two cases of pediatric accidental ingestion of an acetonitrile-containing cosmetic are reported . One of the children, a 16 month old boy, was found dead in bed the morning after ingesting the product . No therapy had been undertaken, as the product was mistakenly assumed to be an acetone-containing nail polish remover . The second child, a 2 year old boy, experienced signs of severe cyanide poisoning, but survived with vigorous supportive care . Both children had blood cyanide levels in the potentially lethal range . The observed delayed onset of severe toxic reactions supports the proposed mechanism of acetonitrile conversion to inorganic cyanide via hepatic microsomal enzymes . [Caravati EM, Litovitz TL ; JAMA 260 (23) : 3470-3 (1988)] **PEER REVIEWED**



### Toxicology and Elivironsnental HealthInforniation Prograrn Specialized Information ~Serljces National Libmry ol Medicine National lnstitzlles

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### 6 TOXNET WebSearch http://toxnet.nlm .nih.gov/servlets.. .viewers.resultPageViewer?480 487 4 

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HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS

Several cases of accidental poisoning were caused by inhalation of acetonitrile in different work places . Signs of toxicity include : bronchial tightness, gastric distress, respiratory distress, hypotension, hypersecretion of saliva, conjunctivitis, skin discoloration, tachypnea, general weakness, absence of deep reflexes, coma and death in some cases . Postmortem analysis for cyanide and thiocyanate revealed that of all tissues, the spleen contained the largest amount of cyanide . While high levels of thiocyanate were found in the lungs, the largest amounts of acetonitrile were found in the liver and kidneys . [Snyder, R. (ed .) . Ethyl Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents . 2nd ed. Volume II : Nitrogen and Phosphorus Solvents . Amsterdam-New York-Oxford : Elsevier, 1990., p . 303] **PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES NO DATA SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS

Immediately irritating to the eye . [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards . DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No . 90-117 . Washington, DC: U .S . Government Printing Office, June 1990, p . 32] **PEER REVIEWED** SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS

May cause skin irritation . [Budavari, S . (ed .) . The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals . Rahway, NJ : Merck and Co., Inc ., 1989 ., p . 11] **PEER REVIEWED** SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS

Vapor : irritating to eyes, nose and throat . Liquid : irritating to skin and eyes . [U .S . Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data . Volume II . Washington, D.C. : U.S . Government Printing Office, 1984-5 .] **PEER REVIEWED** MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

. . . DETERMINATION OF BLOOD CYANIDE OR URINARY THIOCYANATE SHOULD NOT BE RELIED ON AS EVIDENCE FOR BRIEF INHALATION OF LOWER CONCN OF . . . VAPOR. [Clayton, G. D. and F . E . Clayton (eds .) . Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology : Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology . 3rd ed. New York : John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982 ., p . 4870] **PEER REVIEWED** MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

In biological monitoring, pre-exposure levels should be estabished, since smokers show elevated concn of metabolites . [Tietz, N.W . (ed .) . Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests . Philadelphia, PA: W .B. Saunders Co ., 1983 ., p . 5] **PEER REVIEWED** MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

Consider the skin, resp tract, heart, CNS, renal and liver function in placement and periodic exam . [Sittig, M

. Handbook of Toxic and 

### 1 of2 ,1) 2/2/99 3:29 PM

### 7 TOXNET WebSearch http://toxnet.nlm .nih.gov/servlets. ..viewers.resultPageViewer?480 487 4 Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985 . 2nd ed . Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes Data Corporation, 1985 ., p . 30] **PEER REVIEWED** MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

The following medical procedures should be made available to each employee who is exposed to acetonitrile at potentially hazardous levels : A complete history and physical examination : The purpose is to detect pre-existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring . Examination of the kidneys, liver, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system should be stressed . The skin should be examined for evidence of chronic disorders . The aforementioned medical examinations should be repeated on an annual basis . [Mackison, F . W ., R. S . Stricoff, and L . J . Partridge, Jr . (eds .) . NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards . DHHS(NIOSH) Publication, p . 1] No . 81-123 (3 VOLS) . Washington, DC: U.S . Government Printing Office, Jan . 1981 ., p . 1] **PEER REVIEWED** POPULATIONS AT SPECIAL RISK

/Protect/ from exposure those individuals with diseases of CNS, heart and lung. [ITII . Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual . Tokyo, Japan : The International Technical Information Institute, 1988 ., p . 7] **PEER REVIEWED** PROBABLE ROUTES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE

Inhalation, percutaneous absorption, ingestion and skin and eye contact . [Sittig, M . Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985 . 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes Data Corporation, 1985 ., p . 29] **PEER REVIEWED** BODY BURDENS

. . . A standardized second puff of cigarette smoke contains 0 .31 mg acetonitrile . A smoker may absorb between 73 and 82% of this, depending on post smoking habits . [USEPA; Chemical Hazard Information Profiles p .9 EPA-560/11-80-011 (1980)] **PEER REVIEWED** 

## Page 3 Toxicology andEnvir~onmental Health Information Pro rccm SpecializedInformation Services National Librarv of'Medicine National Institutes ofHeallh Department ofHealth and Human Services 

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BODY BURDENS

An individual who died about 2 hours after a 12 hr exposure to acetonitrile had the following cyanide concn detected in his tissues at autopsy : blood= 8 mg/l ; lung= 1 .3 mg/kg; liver= 0 mg/kg; kidney= 2 .0 mg/kg; urine= 2 .2 mg/l . [Baselt RC; Biological Monitoring Methods for Industrial Chemicals p .ll (1980)] **PEER REVIEWED** BODY BURDENS

Blood cyanide concentrations exceeding 0 .1 mg/1 or plasma or urine thiocyanate exceeding 20 mg/1 in workers exposed to acetonitrile are indicative of excessive exposure . [Baselt RC; Biological Monitoring Methods for Industrial Chemicals p .ll (1980)] **PEER REVIEWED** DRUG WARNINGS NO DATA 

# End Of Results Toxicology andfnvironmentalHealth Information Prokram ,Specialized Infc)rmation Ser>>ices National Librarv ofMedicine National Institutes of Ilealth 

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### p. 9 TOXNt;T WeuSearch http://toxnet.nlm .nih.gov/servlets. ..ewers.resultPageViewer?1419_1420-1 

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_ _ _ _

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...... . . . Your search found l record in Database: HSDB 

## Query: ((NAME) "ACETONITRILE")

Page 1

_ ;.a .~...__s....._ w . C_') r7l 

# ;F .)'CD NAME OF SUBSTANCE ACETONITRILE U? CAS REGISTRY NUMBER 75-05-8 ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION

. . . CAN BE ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN & RESP TRACT . [National Fire Protection Association . Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials . 9th ed . Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986. 49-10] **PEER REVIEWED** ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION

The nature and mechanism of a toxicological interaction between acetonitrile and acetone was investigated . Results of oral dose-response studies utilizing a 1 :1 mixture of acetonitrile and acetone, or varying doses of acetonitrile administered together with a constant dose of acetone, indicated that acetone potentiated acute acetonitrile toxicity 3 to 4 fold in rats . The onset of severe toxicity (manifested by tremors and convulsions) was delayed in the groups dosed with both solvents compared to the groups that recieved acetonitrile or acetone alone . Blood cyanide (a metabolite of acetonitrile) and serum acetonitrile and acetone concentrations were measured after oral administration of 25% aqueous solns of acetonitrile, acetone, or acetonitrile and acetone . Concentrations of cyanide in the blood of rats given acetonitrile and acetone remained near baseline, in contrast to the high blood cyanide concentrations found in rats dosed with acetonitrile alone . At 34 to 36 hr, high blood cyanide concentrations were found in rats dosed with both solvents . This delayed onset of elevation of blood cyanide coincided with the occurrence of clinical signs and with the disappearance of serum acetone . In further pharmacokinetic studies, blood cyanide concentrations were measured after similar dosage regimens of acetonitrile and acetone . Peak cyanide concentrations were significantly greater in rats dosed with both than in rats given only acetonitrile . Administration of sodium thiosulfate or a second dose of acetone prevented the toxicity associated with exposure to both solvents . Evidently, the effects of acetone on acetonitrile toxicity are due to a biphasic effect on the metabolism of acetonitrile to cyanide ie, an initial inhibition followed by a stimulation of this metabolism upon acetone elimination . [Freeman JJ, Hayes EP; J Toxicol Environ Health 15 (5) : 609-21 (1985)] **PEER REVIEWED** METABOLISM/METABOLITES

. . . RATS RECEIVED IP INJECTIONS . . . IN DOSES RANGING FROM 600 TO 2340 MG/KG. . . . IN GENERAL ACETONITRILE WAS . . . RATHER EVENLY DISTRIBUTED 1 - HSDB



### lof2 l ,NIK I tf 

# '3o 8' 2/3/99 9:29AM

### TOXNET Web Search p 10 http://toxnet.nlm

.nih .gov/servlets.. .ewers.resultPageViewer? 1419-1420-1 AMONG VARIOUS ORGANS, & HYDROGEN CYANIDE WAS FOUND IN NEARLY ALL ORGANS IN VARYING CONCN. . . . SUBSEQUENT STUDIES . . . /SHOWED/ SIMILAR RESULTS FOLLOWING ADMIN . . . TO RATS BY INHALATION . . . . [National Research Council . Drinking Water & Health, Volume 4 . Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1981 ., p . 203] **PEER REVIEWED** METABOLISM/METABOLITES

THIOCYANATE WAS MEASURED AS INDEX OF CYANIDE ION RELEASE IN URINE OF RATS GIVEN EQUIMOLAR DOSES OF NITRILES . MORE THIOCYANATE WAS EXCRETED AFTER ORAL ADMIN THAN AFTER IP ADMIN. ORAL ADMIN OF ACETONITRILE YIELDED 37% OF DOSE AS THIOCYANATE (SCN-), WHEREAS AFTER IP INJECTION, 4 .5% OF DOSE WAS EXCRETED AS THIOCYANATE . [SILVER EH ET AL ; DRUG METAB DISPOS 10 (5) : 495-8 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** METABOLISM/METABOLITES

Acetonitrile is metabolized to hydrogen cyanide which can be found in high levels in the brain, heart, kidney and spleen . [Sittig, M . Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985 . 2nd ed . Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes Data Corporation, 1985 ., p . 29] **PEER REVIEWED** METABOLISM/METABOLITES

When rat liver microsomes were incubated with glycolonitrile or acetonitrile, cyanide was liberated without the formation of formaldehyde . Based on the amount of cytochrome p450 in the microsomal preparation and the rates of cyanide formed, the action of an enzyme system was postulated in the metabolism of both compounds . [Freeman JJ, Hayes EP; Biochem Pharmacol 36 (1) : 184-7 (1987)] **PEER REVIEWED** METABOLISM/METABOLITES

Rats were pretreated with buthionine sulfoximine (4 mmol/kg, ip at 4 and 2 hr), cobalt heme (90 mumol/kg, sc at 48 hr), dimethylcobalt (1960 mg/kg, orally at 24 hr), or vehicle, and hepatocytes were isolated after collagenase perfusion of the liver . Buthionine sulfoximine reduced the cellular reduced glutathione content by greater than 80%, but did not affect the metabolism of methylcyanide : the liberation of cyanide correlated with cytochrome p450, and not reduced glutathione, concentrations . Cobalt heme depleted hepatocellular cytochrome p450 (-450) content, decreased cell yield and viability, and resulted in a reduction in the metabolism of methylcyanide to cyanide . Cobalt heme did not affect the recovery of sodium cyanide from hepatocyte suspensions . Pretreatment of rats with dimethylcyanide resulted in a 2-fold increase in the metabolism of methyl cyanide to cyanide . Addition of dimethylcobalt in vitro inhibited methylcyanide metabolism . Apparently, the metabolism of methylcyanide to cyanide occurs by a cytochrome p450 dependent pathway, and not by a nucleophilic substitution reaction with reduced glutathione . [Freeman JJ, Hayes EP; Fundam Appl Toxicol 8 (2) : 263-71 (1987)] **PEER REVIEWED** 

## Page 1 Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program Specialized Information Services National Library ofMedicine National Institutes ofHealth 

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.nih .gov/servlets...ewers.resultPageV iewer? 1419-1420_-1 

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## Query: ((NAME) "ACETONITRILE")

Page 2

BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE NO DATA MECHANISMOF ACTION

. . . EFFECTS . . . GENERALLY . . . OBSERVED . . . 3 TO 12 HR AFTER /ACETONITRILE/ EXPOSURE . THIS DELAYED ONSET . . . HAS BEEN EXPLAINED AS A SLOWRELEASE OF CYANIDE . . . . [National Research Council . Drinking Water & Health, Volume 4 . Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1981 ., p . 204] **PEER REVIEWED** MECHANISM OF ACTION

. . . THE FINAL CLINICAL PICTURE IS RESULT OF EFFECTS OF THE INTACT MOLECULE /ACETONITRILE/ COMBINED WITH EFFECTS OF GRADUALLY RELEASED CYANIDE IONS . [Clayton, G. D . and F . E . Clayton (eds .) . Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology : Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology . 3rd ed. New York : John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982 ., p . 4871] **PEER REVIEWED** MECHANISM OF ACTION

ALIPHATIC NITRILES (INCL ACETONITRILE) POSSESS LITTLE IF ANY ACUTE TOXICITY IN ABSENCE OF NORMAL HEPATIC FUNCTION & ARE ACTIVATED BY HEPATIC MECHANISMS TO RELEASE CYANIDE WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR MAJOR ACUTE TOXIC EFFECTS . [WILLHITE CC, SMITH RP; TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL 59 (3) : 589-602 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** INTERACTIONS

MALE CD-1 MICE WERE EXPOSED 60 MIN TO TOXIC CONCN & MAINTAINED FOR 14 DAYS . PRETREATMENT WITH SODIUM SULFITE OR SODIUM NITRITE OR HEPATOTOXIC DOSE OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE PROVIDED SIGNIFICANT PROTECTION AGAINST MORTALITY FROM INHALATION EXPOSURE . [WILLHITE CC; CLIN TOXICOL 18 (8) : 991-1004 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** INTERACTIONS

The nature and mechanism of a toxicological interaction between acetonitrile and acetone was investigated . Results of oral dose-response studies utilizing a 1 :1 mixture of acetonitrile and acetone, or varying doses of acetonitrile administered together with a constant dose of acetone, indicated that acetone potentiated acute acetonitrile toxicity 3 to 4 fold in rats . The onset of severe toxicity (manifested by tremors and convulsions) was delayed in the groups dosed with both solvents compared to the groups that recieved acetonitrile or acetone alone . Blood cyanide (a metabolite of acetonitrile) and serum acetonitrile and acetone concentrations were measured after oral administration of 25% aqueous solns of acetonitrile, acetone, or acetonitrile and acetone . Concentrations of cyanide in the blood of rats given acetonitrile and acetone remained near baseline, in contrast to the high blood cyanide concentrations found in rats dosed with acetonitrile alone . At 34 to 36 hr, high blood cyanide concentrations were found in rats dosed with both solvents . This delayed onset of 

### 1 of2 -3 2/3/99 9:29AM

### p. 12 TOXNET Web Search http://toxnet.nlm .nih.gov/servlets.. .ewers.resultPageViewer?1419-1420_1 elevation of blood cyanide coincided with the occurrence of clinical signs and with the disappearance of serum acetone . In further pharmacokinetic studies, blood cyanide concentrations were measured after similar dosage regimens of acetonitrile and acetone . Peak cyanide concentrations were significantly greater in rats dosed with both than in rats given only acetonitrile . Administration of sodium thiosulfate or a second dose of acetone prevented the toxicity associated with exposure to both solvents . Evidently, the effects of acetone on acetonitrile toxicity are due to a biphasic effect on the metabolism of acetonitrile to cyanide ie, an initial inhibition followed by a stimulation of this metabolism upon acetone elimination . [Freeman JJ, Hayes EP; J Toxicol Environ Health 15 (5) : 609-21 (1985)] **PEER REVIEWED** INTERACTIONS

Acute toxicity, in vitro metabolism, and structure-toxicity relations of aliphatic mononitriles were examined in mice pretreated with carbon tetrachloride . The LD50 in mice pretreated with carbon tetrachloride was increased in most nitriles compared to that in untreated animals with different degrees among compounds . Microsomal metabolism of nitriles to cyanide was completely inhibited when microsomes were prepared from livers of mice pretreated with carbon tetrachloride . [Tanii H, Hashimoto K; Toxicol Lett 22 (2) : 267-72 (1984)] **PEER REVIEWED** INTERACTIONS

The effect of ethanol on the metabolism of 20 nitriles was studied in vivo and in vitro in mice . At 13 hr after ethanol dosing (4 .0 g/kg), the metabolism of acetonitrile by isolated hepatic microsomes was 1 .83 times controls (ie, glucose)

. [Tanii H, Hashimoto K; Arch Toxicol 58 (3) : 171-6 (1986)] **PEER REVIEWED** 

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### p. 13 TOXNET WebSearch http://toxnet.nlm .nih.gov/servlets. ..ewers.resu1tPageViewer?1419-1420-1 

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Page 3

INTERACTIONS

Mice were exposed for 60 min to acetonitrile, propionitrile, or n-butyronitrile, and were maintained for the following 14 days . The LC50 values for acetonitrile, proprionitrile, and n-butyronitrile were 2693, 163, and 249 ppm, respectively . Pre-treatment with sodium thiosulfate or sodium nitrite, two common inorganic cyanide, provided significant protection against the mortality associated with these exposures . Administration of the thiosulfate consistently provided greater protection than the nitrile . Pre-treatment with a hepatotoxic dose of carbon tetrachloride also provided protection . [Willhite CC; Clin Toxicol 18 (8) : 991-1003 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** INTERACTIONS

WHEN SODIUM THIOSULFATE WAS GIVEN IN MULTIPLE INJECTIONS, IT PROTECTED MICE AGAINST DEATH BY PROPIONITRILE . [WILLHITE CC, SMITH RP; TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL 59 (3) : 589-602 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** INTERACTIONS

The toxic mechanism of nitriles (including acetonitrile) and the effect of metabolic modifiers in mice were studied in relation to their physicochemical properties . All the test nitriles liberated cyanide both in vivo and in vitro, with the exception of benzonitrile, although the extent of liberation and the effect of carbon tetrachloride pretreatment on the mortality of animals differed among nitriles . From these results, test compounds were tentatively divided into 3 groups . In group l, acute toxicity was greatly reduced by carbon tetrachloride pretreatment, in group 2, toxicity was not significantly changed or was somewhat enhanced, and in group 3, benzonitrile only, toxicity was clearly enhanced . The amount of cyanide was higher at death in the brains of mice given group 1 compounds, the level being comparable to that found in mice killed by dosing with potassium cyanide . The relation between log (1/LD50) and log p for the compounds in group 1 fitted a parabolic plot, while that for compounds in group 2 was linear . For most nitriles, the in vitro metabolism was inhibited when the incubation mixture contained either SKF-525A, carbon monoxide, or microsomes from mice treated with carbon tetrachloride . When mice were closed with ethyl alcohol, metabolic enhancement of nitriles was seen compared with the control . However, ethyl alcohol, when added to the incubation mixture, inhibited the in vitro metabolism of nitriles . [Tanii H; Juzen Igakkai Zasshi 94 (4) : 664-77 (1985)] **PEER REVIEWED** MOLECULAR FORMULA C2-H3-N **PEER REVIEWED** COLOR/FORM COLORLESS, LIMPID LIQUID [Sax, N .I . and R .J . Lewis, Sr . (eds .) . Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary . llth ed . New York : Van Nostrand 

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COLOR/FORM ODOR

ODOR

ODOR

TASTE

BOILING POINT MELTING POINT 

### p. 14 http://toxnet.nlm

.nih.gov/servlets...ewers.resultPageV iewer? 1419_1420-1 Reinhold Co ., 1987 ., p. 9] **QC REVIEWED** Colorless liquid . [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards . DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No . 94-116 . Washington, D.C. : U .S . Government Printing Office, June 1994 ., p . 4] **QC REVIEWED** AROMATIC ODOR [Sax, N .I . and R.J . Lewis, Sr . (eds .) . Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary . llth ed. New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold Co ., 1987 ., p . 9] **PEER REVIEWED** ETHER-LIKE ODOR [National Fire Protection Association . Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials . 9th ed . Boston, MA : National Fire Protection Association, 1986. 49-10] **PEER REVIEWED** Aromatic odor . [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards . DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No . 94-116. Washington, D .C. : U.S . Government Printing Office, June 1994 ., p. 4] **QC REVIEWED** BURNING SWEETISH TASTE [National Fire Protection Association . Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials . 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986. 49-10] **PEER REVIEWED** 81 .6 DEG C AT 760 MM HG [Budavari, S . (ed .) . The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals . Rahway, NJ : Merck and Co ., Inc ., 1989 ., p . 11] **PEER REVIEWED** -45 DEG C [Budavari, S . (ed .) . The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals . Rahway, NJ : Merck and Co ., Inc ., 1989 ., p . 11] **PEER REVIEWED**



## Page 3

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### p. 15 TOXNET WebSearch http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/servlets.. .ewers.resultPageViewer?1419-1420-1 

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## ... . Your search found 1 record in Database: HSDB Query: ((NAME) "ACETONITRILE")

Page 4

MOLECULAR WEIGHT 41 .05 [Budavari, S . (ed .) . The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals . Rahway, NJ : Merck and Co ., Inc ., 1989 ., p . 11] **PEER REVIEWED** CORROSIVITY Liquid acetonitrile will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings . [Mackison, F . W ., R. S . Stricoff, and L . J . Partridge, Jr . (eds .) . NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards . DHHS(NIOSH) Publication, p . 2] No . 81-123 (3 VOLS) . Washington, DC: U .S . Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981 ., p . 2] **PEER REVIEWED** CRITICAL TEMPERATURE & CRITICAL TEMP : 526 .5 DEG F= 274 .7 DEG C= 547 .9 DEG PRESSURE K; CRITICAL PRESSURE : 701 PSIA= 47 .7 ATM= 4 .83 MN/SQ M [U.S . Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data . Volume II . Washington, D .C. : U .S . Government Printing Office, 1984-5 .] **PEER REVIEWED** DENSITY/SPECIFIC GRAVITY SP GR: 0 .78745 @ 15 DEG C/4 DEG C [Budavari, S . (ed .) . The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals . Rahway, NJ : Merck and Co ., Inc ., 1989 ., p . 11] **PEER REVIEWED** DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS NO DATA HEAT OF COMBUSTION -13 .360 BTU/LB= -7420 CAL/G= -310 .7X10+5 J/KG [U .S . Coast Guard, Department of Transportation . CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data . Volume II . Washington, D .C. : U .S . Government Printing Office, 1984-5 .] **PEER REVIEWED** HEAT OF VAPORIZATION 313 BTU/LB= 174 CAL/G= 7 .29X10+5 J/KG [U .S . Coast Guard, Department of Transportation . CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data . Volume II . Washington, D .C. : U .S . Government Printing Office, 1984-5 .] **PEER REVIEWED** OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION log Kow= -0 .34 [Hanch C, Leo AJ ; Medchem Project COEFFICIENT Issue No . 26 CA : Claremont, Pomona College (1985)] **PEER REVIEWED** PH NO DATA SOLUBILITIES MISCIBLE WITH WATER, METHANOL, METHYL ACETATE, ACETONE, ETHYL ACETATE, ETHER, ACETAMIDE SOLUTIONS, CHLOROFORM, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, ETHYLENE CHLORIDE, & WITH MANY UNSATURATED 

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SOLUBILITIES

SOLUBILITIES SOLUBILITIES

SPECTRAL PROPERTIES 

### p. 16 http://toxnet.nlm

.nih.gov/servlets...ewers.resu1tPageV iewer? 1419-1420 1 HYDROCARBONS ; IMMISCIBLE WITH MANY SATURATED HYDROCARBONS ; DISSOLVES SOMEWHAT IN INORG SALTS SUCH AS SILVER NITRATE, LITHIUM NITRATE, MAGNESIUM BROMIDE . [Budavari, S . (ed .) . The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals . Rahway, NJ : Merck and Co ., Inc ., 1989 ., p . 11] **PEER REVIEWED** VERY SOL IN ETHYL ALC [International Labour Office . Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols . I&II . Geneva, Switzerland : International Labour Office, 1983 ., p . 1445] **PEER REVIEWED** MISCIBLE WITH BENZENE [Lide, D.R. (ed) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . 72nd ed . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 1991-1992 . 3-22] **PEER REVIEWED** Equal wt of acetonitrile and the following materials are miscible at room temp : formic acid, acetic acid, levulinic acid, methanol, cellosolve solvent, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, di-n-butyl amine, acetic anhydride, pyridine, nitrobenzene, aniline, xylene, phenol, acetyl chloride, dibutyl phthalate, diglycol stearate, n-butyl ether, dichloroethyl ether, methyl isobutyl ketone, nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane [Flick, E .W . Industrial Solvents Handbook . 3rd ed . Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes Publications, 1985 ., p . 578] **PEER REVIEWED** INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1 .33934 AT 30 DEG C/D [Budavari, S . (ed .) . The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals . Rahway, NJ : Merck and Co ., Inc ., 1989 ., p . 11] **PEER REVIEWED**



## Page 4

_.._.__ ._.__ .... ~__

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### ' p. 17 TOXNET WebSearch http://toxnet.nlm .nih.gov/servlets. ..ewers.resultPageViewer?1419-1420_1 

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_._111111 ..... ............... ._.............. .. . .---I-__._.._.__ . . .-. .. . ______ . .....__.___.~... . .. - Your search found 1 record in Database: HSDB 

## Query: ((NAME) "'ACETONITRILE")

Page 5

SPECTRAL PROPERTIES MAX ABSORPTION: 274 NM (LOG E= 2 .7) UNDILUTED [Weast, R.C . (ed .) . Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press Inc ., 1979. C-87] **PEER REVIEWED** SPECTRAL PROPERTIES Acetonitrile, 99%, exhibits its two strongest infra red absorption bands at wavelengths of 7 .0 and 7 .3 micrometers . [Aldrich ; The Aldrich Microfiche Library of Chemical Indices (1983)] **PEER REVIEWED** SPECTRAL PROPERTIES IR: 269 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection) [Weast, R.C. and M .J . Astle . CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds . Volumes I and II . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press Inc . 1985 . Vl 27] **PEER REVIEWED** SPECTRAL PROPERTIES UV: 4-2 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data, Phillips et al, John Wiley & Sons, NewYork) [Weast, R.C . and M .J . Astle . CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds . Volumes I and II . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press Inc . 1985 . VI 27] **PEER REVIEWED** SPECTRAL PROPERTIES NMR: 9154 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) [Weast, R .C. and M .J . Astle . CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds . Volumes I and II . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press Inc . 1985 . Vl 27] **PEER REVIEWED** SPECTRAL PROPERTIES MASS : 9 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) [Weast, R.C. and M .J . Astle . CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds . Volumes I and II . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press Inc. 1985 . V1 27] **PEER REVIEWED** SURFACE TENSION 29 .04 DYNES/CMAT 20 DEG C [Budavari, S . (ed .) . The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals . Rahway, NJ : Merck and Co., Inc ., 1989 ., p. 11] **PEER REVIEWED** VAPOR DENSITY 1 .42 (AIR= 1) [Clayton, G. D. and F . E . Clayton (eds .) . Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology : Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology . 3rd ed. New York : John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982 ., p . 4868] **PEER REVIEWED** VAPOR PRESSURE 87 MM HG AT 24 DEG C [Clayton, G. D. and F . E . Clayton (eds .) . Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology : Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. 

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RELATIVE EVAPORATION RATE

VISCOSITY

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 

### p. 18 http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/servlets.. .ewers.resu1tPageViewer? 1419 1420 1 New York : John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982 ., p. 4868] **PEER REVIEWED** 5 .79 (butyl acetate= 1) [Mackison, F . W ., R. S . Stricoff, and L . J . Partridge, Jr . (eds .) . NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards . DHHS(NIOSH) Publication, p . 2] No . 81-123 (3 VOLS) . Washington, DC: U .S . Government Printing Office, Jan . 1981 ., p . 2] **PEER REVIEWED** 0 .43 cP at 0 deg C; 0 .35 cP at 20 deg C; 0 .30 cP at 40 deg C [Flick, E .W . Industrial Solvents Handbook . 3rd ed. Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes Publications, 1985 ., p . 577] **PEER REVIEWED** PERCENT IN SATURATED AIR 9 .6 ; DENSITY OF SATURATED AIR 1 .04 (AIR= 1) . [Clayton, G. D. and F . E . Clayton (eds .) . Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology : Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed . New York : John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982 ., p . 4868] **PEER REVIEWED** HIGH POLARITY; STRONGLY REACTIVE [Sax, N .I . and R.J . Lewis, Sr . (eds .) . Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary . llth ed . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold Co ., 1987 ., p. 9] **PEER REVIEWED** BURNS WITH LUMINOUS FLAME ; DIELECTRIC CONSTANT : 38 .8 AT 20 DEG C; CONSTANT BOILING MIXTURE WITH WATER CONTAINS 16% H20 & BP : 76 DEG C [Budavari, S . (ed .) . The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals . Rahway, NJ : Merck and Co ., Inc ., 1989 ., p . 11] **PEER REVIEWED** 

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### ' p. 19 TOXNET Web Search http://toxnet.nlm .nih.gov/servlets.. .ewers.resu1tPageViewer?1419-1420 1 

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## -,..........._ ._.__. .____

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OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL Sat concn 163 g/cu m at 20 deg C, 249 g/cu m at 30 PROPERTIES deg C [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals . 2nd ed . New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co ., 1983 ., p . 151] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL Saturated liquid density : 48 .730 lb/cu ft ; liquid PROPERTIES heat capacity : 0 .540 Btu/lb-F ; saturated vapor pressure : 1 .383 lb/sq in; saturated vapor density: 0 .00998 lb/cu ft (all at 70 deg F) [U .S . Coast Guard, Department of Transportation . CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data . Volume II . Washington, D .C. : U .S . Government Printing Office, 1984-5 .] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL Ideal gas heat capacity : 0 .303 Btu/lb-F at 75 deg PROPERTIES F [U .S . Coast Guard, Department of Transportation . CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data . Volume II . Washington, D.C . : U .S . Government Printing Office, 1984-5 .] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL Solubility data : In 100 ml acetonitrile at room PROPERTIES temp : 50 g crotonic acid, 6 .0 g oleic acid, 3 .3 g phenol, 6 .4 g castor oil ; pentaerythriol, triethanolamine, benzene sulfonic acid insol in acetonitrile at room temp . [Flick, E .W . Industrial Solvents Handbook . 3rd ed. Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes Publications, 1985 ., p. 578] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL Coefficient of expansion at 20 deg C: 0 .00137/deg PROPERTIES C [Flick, E .W . Industrial Solvents Handbook . 3rd ed . Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes Publications, 1985 ., p . 577] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL Specific heat= 0 .541 Btu/lb/deg F (21 deg C to 76 PROPERTIES deg C) [Flick, E .W . Industrial Solvents Handbook . 3rd ed. Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes Publications, 1985 ., p . 577] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL Heat of fusion= 94 Btu/lb (at 46 deg C) [Flick, PROPERTIES E .W . Industrial Solvents Handbook. 3rd ed. Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes Publications, 1985 ., p . 577] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL Dielectric constant= 42 .0 at 0 deg C, 38 .8 at 20 PROPERTIES deg C, 26 .2 at 81 .6 deg C [Flick, E .W . Industrial Solvents Handbook. 3rd ed. Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes Publications, 1985 ., p . 577] **PEER REVIEWED** OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL Specific conductance= 5-9X10-8/ohm [Flick, E .W . 

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. PROPERTIES OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 

### p. 20 http://toxnet.nlm

.nih.gov/servlets. ..ewers.resu1tPageV iewer?1419 1420 1 Industrial Solvents Handbook . 3rd ed . Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes Publications, 1985 ., p . 577] **PEER REVIEWED** Avg wt/gal= 6 .52 lb [Flick, E .W . Industrial Solvents Handbook . 3rd ed. Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes Publications, 1985 ., p. 577] **PEER REVIEWED** Nitrocellulose dilution ratio-toluene= 2 .0 [Flick, E .W . Industrial Solvents Handbook. 3rd ed. Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes Publications, 1985 ., p . 577] **PEER REVIEWED** Henry's Law constant= 2 .93X10-5 atm-cu m/mole [Snider JR, Dawson GA; J Geophys Res 90(D2) : 3797-3805 (1985)] **PEER REVIEWED** 

# End Of Results

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