#### CHECKER CAB PHILADELPHIA, INC., trading as 215-Get-A-Cab; AF Taxi, Inc.; AG Taxi, Inc.; AGB Trans, Inc.; ATS Cab, Inc.; Batyam Cab Company; Bond Taxi, Inc.: BSP Trans, Inc.; DB Taxicab Co.; DG Cab, Inc.; Dr Cab, Inc.; Fad Trans, Inc.; GA Cab, Inc.; GD Cab, Inc.; Global CAB, Inc.; GN Trans, Inc.; God Bless America *708Trans, Inc.; Gor Trans, Inc.; Grace Trans, Inc.; IA Trans Co., Inc.; IL Trans, Inc.; Jane Cab Company; Jaydan, Inc.; KB Trans, Inc.; L&M Taxi, Inc.; LAN Trans, Co.; LMB Taxi, Inc.; MAF Trans, Inc.; MDS Trans, Inc.; MG Trans Co, Inc.; MO Taxi, Inc.; Noble Cab, Inc.; RAV Trans, Inc.; RD CAB, Inc.; SAJ Trans, Inc.; SF Taxi, Inc.; Society Taxi, Inc.; SS Taxi Cab, Inc.; Steele Taxi, Inc.; TGIF Trans, Inc.; V&S Taxi, Inc.; VAL Trans, Inc.; VB Trans, Inc.; VSM Trans, Inc., Appellants v. UBER TECHNOLOGIES, INC.; Travis Kalanick; Jon Feldman; Rasier, LLC; Gegen, LLC; Google Ventures, LLC; Igor Khmil; Lee Rudakewych; William E. Smith; Shahrair Chowdhury; Jean Litard Jean-Phillippe; Felipe Israel Munoz Moreno; Pharide Ernest Roufai; Isfandiyor Thusanov; George Robert Holmes, Jr.; Jonathon M. Brannan; Felix A. Delahoz; Raymond Reyes; Victor Abiodun Fakolujo; Timothy Judelsohn; David A. Bieker; Warqar Y. Grumman; Zaye El Bey

No. 16-3301

United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.

Argued on April 27, 2017

Opinion filed: May 25, 2017

Michael S. Henry, Esquire [ARGUED] Salaman Henry 100 South Broad Street Land Title Building, Suite 650 Philadelphia, PA 19110 Counsel for Appellant

Raymond A. Cardozo, Esquire [ARGUED] David J. de Jesus, Esquire Reed Smith 101 Second Street, Suite 1800 San Francisco, CA 94105 Shannon E. McClure, Esquire Carolyn P. Short, Esquire Reed Smith 1717 Arch Street Three Logan Square, Suite 3100 Philadelphia, PA 19103 Counsel for Appellees Uber Technologies, Inc., Travis Kalanick, Jon Feldman, Rasier, LLC, Gegen, LLC

David P. Temple, Esquire Gallagher & Turchi 1760 Market Street, Suite 1100 Philadelphia, PA 19103 Counsel for Appel-lee Igor Khmil

*709Before: McKEE, VANASKIE and RENDELL, Circuit Judges

OPINION *

RENDELL, Circuit Judge:

Plaintiffs, taxicab companies and their dispatch service (“Checker”), pleaded in the District Court that Uber Technologies, Inc. (“Uber”) had engaged in “unfair competition” by violating regulations regarding the licensure for commercial transportation.1 JA 106. The District Court granted Uber’s motion to dismiss the unfair competition claim,2 because Plaintiffs could not raise an unfair competition claim “premised on alleged violations of local laws and regulations, particularly where these statutes and regulations do not themselves provide private causes of action.” JA 10. On appeal, Checker argues the District Court erred, because it claims that Pennsylvania does in fact grant a private cause of action for enforcement of licensing regulations,3

We need not consider whether state statute grants a private cause of action for enforcement of taxi licensing regulations, because Count One — the only Claim raised on appeal — was based solely on the Pennsylvania state law of unfair competition, not on any statutory private right of action. Whatever the breadth of unfair competition in Pennsylvania, state law clearly does not contemplate that violation of licensing regulations constitutes “unfair competition.” Thus, the District Court properly dismissed Checker’s unfair competition claim.

We have noted that the contours of Pennsylvania unfair competition law are not entirely clear. *See Granite State Ins. Co. v. Aamco Transmissions, Inc.,*57 F.3d 316, 319 (3d Cir. 1995); *see also Giordano v. Claudio,*714 F.Supp.2d 508, 521 (E.D. Pa. 2010). But *all*unfair competition claims recognized by Pennsylvania courts involve some accusation of “passing off’ of one’s own product as another, or a false or dishonest statement, or tortious interference with contract, or intellectual property theft. *See Peek v. Whittaker,*2014 WL 2154965, at *10 (W.D. Pa. May 22, 2014) (“[Unfair competition] contextually is limited to claims designed to protect a business from another’s misappropriation of its business organization or its expenditure of labor, skill, or money....” (quotation and citation omitted)); *see also Granite State,*57 F.3d at 319.4 Here, Checker has only *710alleged violation of state licensing regulations for taxi cabs as unfair competition. This in no way resembles the unfair competition claims recognized by Pennsylvania courts.5

Unsurprisingly, Checker urges that we expand the definition of unfair competition. More specifically, it argues that we should “forecast” that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court *would*embrace a Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition (1995) definition. It claims that the Restatement (Third) definition would bring the alleged regulatory violations under the umbrella of unfair competition.6

We disagree that the Supreme Court would embrace the Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition as setting forth the Pennsylvania law. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has in fact said it is “difficult to imagine a modern court simply adopting something so broad-based and legislative in character as an .outside organization’s Restatement of Law.” *Tincher v. Omega Flex, Inc.,*628 Pa. 296, 104 A.3d 328, 353 (2014). Furthermore, *no*Pennsylvania appellate court has embraced a Restatement (Third) definition of unfair competition. *See Bldg. Materials Corp. of Am. v. Rotter,*535 F.Supp.2d 518, 526 n.4 (E.D. Pa. 2008).

Because Checker’s claims — rooted in alleged violations of state regulatory statutes — -fundamentally differ from those sounding in unfair competition, we will uphold the ruling of the District Court.7 We find this result not only compelled by precedent, but, like other courts before us, preferable to having “federal judges ... interpreting] and enforcing] municipal regulations” regarding taxi licensure. *Dial a Car,*Inc. *v. Trans., Inc.,*82 F.3d 484, 490 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (emphasis omitted).

Accordingly, we will affirm,

*

This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent,

1

. Checker also raised RICO and Lanham Act claims.

2

*.*The District Court granted the motion to dismiss Checker’s RICO claims and some of the Lanham Act Claims, but denied the motion to dismiss other Lanham Act claims. The parties subsequently stipulated to dismiss the remaining Lanham Act claims, and the District Court judge approved the stipulation.

3

. Checker argues that 66 Pa. C.S. § 3309 grants it a private right of action.

4

. The unfair competition cases Checker cites for support primarily involve instances of theft or misappropriation of property. *See Ettore v. Philco Television Broad. Corp.,*229 F.2d 481, 490 (3d Cir. 1956); *Pottstown Daily News Publ’g Co. v. Pottstown Broad. Co.,*411 Pa. 383, 192 A.2d 657, 663 (1963); *Waring*v. *WDAS Broad. Station,*327 Pa. 433, 194 A. 631, 640 (1937); *Babiarz v. Bell Atlantic-Pennsylvania, Inc.,*2001 WL 1808554, at *9-10 (Pa. Com. Pi. July 10, 2001). The Pennsylvania cases outside this paradigm primarily involve false or misleading statements about a competitor. *Carl A. Colteryahn Dairy, Inc. v. Schneider Dairy,*415 Pa. 276, 203 A.2d 469, 473 (1964); *Lakeview Ambulance & Med. Servs. v. Gold Cross Ambulance Servs., Inc.,*1995 WL 842000, at *2-3 (Pa. Com. Pi. Oct. 18, 1995). Contrary to Checker's assertion, *Appeal of Douglass,*12 A. 835 (Pa. 1888) and *Horn's Motor Exp. v. PA Pub. Util. Comm’n,*148 Pa.Super. 485, 26 A,2d 346 (1942) were not unfair competition cases.

5

. Checker argues that the District Court erred in noting that unfair competition law in Pennsylvania is the "equivalent of a federal Lan-. ham Act claim.” *Checker Cab Philadelphia, Inc. v. Uber Techs., Inc.,*2016 WL 950934, at *4 n.10 (E.D. Pa. March 7, 2016). While that may be somewhat imprecise, we need not engage in comparison for purposes of this opinion.

6

. Pressed at oral argument as to which provision of the Restatement Uber violated, Checker pointed to the "catch-all” provision of Section 1(a) of the Restatement, which states there is liability for "acts or practices of [an] actor determined to be actionable as an unfair method of competition.” In its brief, Checker further highlights Section 1 cmt. g, which states that an “act or practice is likely to be judged unfair only if it ... otherwise conflicts with principles of public policy recognized by statute or common law.” Also, Checker directs us to Comment (a) under Section 1 of the Restatement. We need not determine whether the Restatement would consider defendants’ alleged conduct unfair competition, for, as explained above, Pennsylvania has not adopted the Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition.

7

.Checker claims the District Court abused its discretion in denying it leave to file a second amended complaint. But, as Checker conceded at oral argument, it only motioned to amend its complaint *if the District Court granted reconsideration.*Because the District Court did not grant the motion for reconsideration, it did not err in refusing to allow Checker to amend its complaint.