[Cite as State v. Guzman, 2020-Ohio-539.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT 

ALLEN COUNTY 

 

STATE OF OHIO, 

 PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, CASE NO. 1-19-11 

 v. 

ROBERTO GUZMAN, 

 DEFENDANT-APPELLEE. O P I N I O N 

 

[AMERICAN SURETY 

COMPANY - APPELLANT]. 

 

Appeal from Allen County Common Pleas Court 

Trial Court No. CR2015 0010 

Judgment Affirmed 

Date of Decision: February 18, 2020 

 

APPEARANCES: 

 

Jason M. Flower for Appellant 

 Randall L. Basinger for Appellee 
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ZIMMERMAN, J. 

{¶1} Appellant, American Surety Company (“American Surety”), appeals

the February 19, 2019 judgment entry of the Allen County Court of Common Pleas 

issuing a judgment of forfeiture against it in the amount of $145,000. For the 

reasons that follow, we affirm. 

{¶2} In 2015, Guzman was convicted of one count of possession of cocaine 

in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), (C)(4)(e), a first-degree felony, and sentenced to 

an eight-year prison term.1

 State v. Guzman, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-16-27, 2017-

Ohio-682, ¶ 2, 3. As relevant to this appeal, after the trial court set his bail at 

$100,000, Guzman posted a $100,000 surety bond, which was issued on May 4, 

2015 by American Surety, through Scott Allen Hunter (“Hunter”), d.b.a. Erie Shore 

Bail Bonds (“Erie Shore”), as attorney in fact for America Surety. Id. at ¶ 2; (Doc. 

No. 63). After Guzman was sentenced, the trial court set Guzman’s bail at $150,000 

pending disposition of his case on review. (Doc. No. 76). To secure his release, 

Guzman posted a $50,000 surety bond, which was issued on July 29, 2015 by 

American Surety, through Erie Shore, in addition to the $100,000 surety bond 

already posted.2

 Guzman, 2017-Ohio-682, at ¶ 2; (Doc. No. 76). After Guzman 

 

1

 This court recited much of the factual and procedural background of this case in previous appeals, and we 

will not duplicate those efforts here. State v. Guzman, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-16-27, 2017-Ohio-682; State v. 

Guzman, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-18-21, 2018-Ohio-4470. 2

 Although unclear, the signature on the $50,000 bond posted on July 29, 2015 does not appear to be the 

signature (as it appears elsewhere in the record) of Hunter. 
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failed to appear, the trial court ordered Guzman’s appeal bond be revoked. Guzman, 

2017-Ohio-682, at ¶ 4. Later, the trial court ordered Guzman’s bond forfeited and, 

after a show-cause hearing, entered a judgment against Hunter and Erie Shore in the 

amount of $150,000.3

 Id. at ¶ 5. In 2016, the trial court ordered that $5,000 be 

remitted to Hunter and Erie Shore after those parties sought relief from the bond 

forfeiture once Guzman was apprehended, which we affirmed in 2017. Id. at ¶ 6, 

15. 

{¶3} In 2018, the trial court issued a nunc pro tunc entry adding American 

Surety as a party to judgment of forfeiture against Hunter and Erie Shore. State v. 

Guzman, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-18-21, 2018-Ohio-4470, ¶ 18. This court concluded 

that the trial court improperly issued the nunc pro tunc adding American Surety as 

a party and reversed the trial court’s order on November 5, 2018. Id. at ¶ 34. 

{¶4} After this court reversed the trial court’s order adding American Surety 

as a party to its judgment of forfeiture against Hunter and Erie Shore, the State filed 

a motion on November 14, 2018 seeking a judgment of forfeiture against American 

Surety as surety on Guzman’s bonds issued on May 4 and July 29, 2015. (Doc. No. 

149). On November 28, 2018, American Surety filed a memorandum in opposition 

to the State’s motion. (Doc. No. 151). After the parties exchanged further 

memoranda, the trial court on February 19, 2019 entered a judgment of forfeiture 

 

3

 Hunter and Erie Shore did not appeal this decision. 
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against American Surety in the amount of $145,000. (Doc. Nos. 154, 156, 157, 158, 

159). 

{¶5} American Surety filed its notice of appeal on March 19, 2019 and raises 

two assignments of error for our review, which we discuss together. (Doc. No. 165). 

Assignment of Error No. I 

The Trial Court incorrectly held that American Surety is liable

for $145,000.00 bond forfeiture related to Defendant Guzman’s 

criminal matter by retroactively including them in the May 12, 

2016 and December 21, 2015 Judgment Entries. 

Assignment of Error No. II 

American Surety cannot be liable for $145,000.00 in bond 

forfeiture, as the bonds are void pursuant to Ohio Criminal Rule 

of Procedure 46(H), Ohio Administrative Code § 3901-1-66, and 

the bond paperwork itself. 

{¶6} In its first assignment of error, American Surety argues that the trial 

court abused its discretion by entering a “retroactive” judgment of forfeiture against 

it in the amount of $145,000. Further, in its second assignment of error, American 

Surety argues that the trial court abused its discretion by issuing a judgment of 

forfeiture against it because the bonds are void. Specifically, American Surety 

argues that the judgment is unenforceable because the bonds are void under Crim.R. 

46 because the “stacking” of bonds is prohibited by the Ohio Administrative Code. 

In the alternative, American Surety argues that the bonds are void under Crim.R. 46 

based on a breach of contract. 
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Standard of Review 

{¶7} This Court reviews a trial court’s bond-forfeiture decision under an 

abuse-of-discretion standard. State v. Brown, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 17-CA-32, 

2018-Ohio-1047, ¶ 8, citing State v. Green, 9th Dist. Wayne No. 02CA0014, 2002-

Ohio-5769, ¶ 11. An abuse of discretion suggests the trial court’s decision is 

unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 

217, 219 (1983). 

Analysis 

{¶8} “‘Bail’ is a form of security such as cash or a bond.” State v. Dye, 5th 

Dist. No. 17 CA 00045, 2018-Ohio-4551, ¶ 24, citing Black’s Law Dictionary 1335 

(7th Ed.1999). “The purpose of bail is to ensure the appearance of a criminal 

defendant before the court at a specific time.” Id., citing State v. Holmes, 57 Ohio 

St.3d 11, 14 (1991) and R.C. 2937.22(A). 

{¶9} “If the defendant fails to appear, there is a breach of the condition of 

bond and the court may declare a forfeiture of the bond unless the surety can be 

exonerated as provided by law.” State v. Lott, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-130543, 

2014-Ohio-3404, ¶ 8, citing State v. Hughes, 27 Ohio St.3d 19, 20 (1986) and R.C. 

2937.35. “A final judgment of forfeiture in the case of a recognizance surety bond 

has two steps: an adjudication of bail forfeiture under R.C. 2937.35 and a bond 
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forfeiture show cause hearing under R.C. 2937.36.” Youngstown v. Edmonds, 7th 

Dist. Mahoning No. 17 MA 0126, 2018-Ohio-3976, ¶ 13. 

{¶10} R.C. 2937.36 governs forfeiture proceedings and requires the trial 

court to notify (“by ordinary mail at the address shown by them in their affidavits 

of qualification or on the record of the case”) the defendant and the surety of the 

defendant’s failure to appear and the trial court’s declaration of the forfeiture within 

15 days of the trial court’s order of forfeiture. R.C. 2937.36(C). After a 

recognizance is declared forfeited by a trial court, the defendant and the surety must 

show cause (between 45 and 60 days of the date of the mailing notice) “why 

judgment should not be entered against each of them for the penalty stated in the 

recognizance.” Id. “When good cause is not shown, the trial court must enter a 

judgement against them in an amount which does not exceed the face of the bond.” 

Id.

{¶11} Before addressing whether the trial court abused its discretion by 

entering judgment of forfeiture against it on the bonds, we must first address 

American Surety’s arguments that the bonds are void under Crim.R. 46 because 

Ohio Adm.Code 3901-1-66 prohibits the “stacking” of bonds or because the bond 

contract was breached when the bonds were stacked. 

{¶12} Crim.R. 46 guides a trial court’s decision on the type, amount, and 

conditions of a defendant’s bail. After considering the factors under Crim.R. 46(C), 
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a trial court may impose an amount of bail in one of the types described in Crim.R. 

46(A). See State v. Dukes, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103303, 2015-Ohio-5153, ¶ 10. 

“‘One of the permissible forms of bail is “recognizance,” which is a “written 

undertaking by one or more persons to forfeit the sum of money set by the court or 

magistrate, if the accused is in default for appearance.”’” State v. Urch, 11th Dist. 

Ashtabula No. 2019-A-0034, 2019-Ohio-3996, ¶ 17, quoting State v. Berry, 12th 

Dist. Clermont No. CA2013-11-084, 2014-Ohio-2715, ¶ 9, quoting R.C. 

2937.22(A)(3). 

{¶13} Under Crim.R. 46, “‘[o]ne form of a recognizance is a surety bond.’” 

Id., quoting Berry at ¶ 9, citing R.C. 2937.281 and Crim.R. 46(A)(3). “A ‘surety

bail bond is ‘a court accepted bond instrument from a licensed insurance company 

issued for or on behalf of an incarcerated person held under criminal charges.’”4

 

State ex rel. Sylvester v. Neal, 140 Ohio St.3d 47, 2014-Ohio-2926, ¶ 17, quoting 

Ohio Adm.Code 3901-1-66(C)(3). A surety-bond “agreement is backed by an 

insurance company contract that is signed by one or more persons and the bond 

agent on behalf of the insurance company.” Ohio Department of Insurance, Surety 

Bail Bond, https://insurance.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/odi/about-us/divisions/agentlicensing/resources/surety-bail-bond (accessed Jan. 15, 2020). “A surety’s 

 

4

 A “surety” is “an insurer that agrees to be responsible for the fulfillment of the obligation of a principal if 

the principal fails to fulfill that obligation.” R.C. 3905.83(C). An “insurer” means any domestic, foreign, or 

alien insurance company that has been issued a certificate of authority by the superintendent of insurance to 

transact surety business in this state.” R.C. 3905.83(A). 
Case No. 1-19-11 

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recognizance bond is a contract between the surety and the state whereby the state 

agrees to release the defendant into the surety’s custody and the surety agrees to 

ensure the defendant is present in court on the appearance date.” Dye, 2018-Ohio4551, at ¶ 25, citing Lott, 2014-Ohio-3404, at ¶ 8 and State v. Scherer, 108 Ohio 

App.3d 586, 591 (2d Dist.1995). 

{¶14} Once the accused posts the amount and type of bail set by the trial 

court, Crim.R. 46 authorizes the trial court to release the accused on the conditions 

imposed by the trial court in accordance with Crim.R. 46(B). Under Crim.R. 

46(H), “the same bond shall continue until the return of a verdict or the acceptance 

of a guilty plea” unless otherwise ordered by the trial court under Crim.R. 46(E) or 

if application is made by the surety for discharge. See Gaines v. Wasylyshyn, 6th 

Dist. Wood No. WD-08-040, 2008-Ohio-2991, ¶ 10. Crim.R. 46(E) permits a trial 

court (at any time) to amend the type, amount or conditions of bail. See Smith v. 

Leis, 106 Ohio St.3d 309, 2005-Ohio-5125, ¶ 68-69. 

{¶15} “The right to bail after sentencing in felony cases exists by virtue of 

R.C. 2953.09, App.R. 8, and Crim.R. 46.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Harvey, 6th 

Dist. Erie No. E-08-009, 2009-Ohio-1534, ¶ 32 (Skow, P.J., concurring). 

Specifically, “R.C. 2953.09(A)(2)(a) provides that a court may grant bail pending 

appeal consistent with App.R. 8 and Crim.R. 46.” Id. When granting bail pending 

appeal, Crim.R. 46(H) permits a trial court to continue “the same bond” “pending 
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sentence or disposition of the case on review.” Crim.R. 46(H) further provides that 

“[a]ny provision of a bond or similar instrument that is contrary to this rule is void.” 

{¶16} “The release of an accused after conviction and pending appeal is not 

a matter of right but a question to be resolved by an exercise of the sound discretion 

of the court.” State v. Ogle, 4th Dist. Hocking No. 11CA29, 2013-Ohio-3420, ¶ 55. 

See Harvey at ¶ 32 (Skow, P.J., concurring), quoting State ex rel. Pirman v. Money, 

69 Ohio St.3d 591, 594-595 (1994), and citing Coleman v. McGettrick, 2 Ohio St.2d 

177, 179 (1965). Not only is the decision to release an accused after conviction and 

pending appeal reserved to the discretion of the trial court, but “‘[a] trial court has 

broad discretion to set bail in an amount necessary to ensure that the accused will 

appear at all subsequent stages of the proceedings.’” State v. Patterson, 3d Dist. 

Hancock No. 5-11-15, 2012-Ohio-2839, ¶ 14, quoting State v. Vaughn, 106 Ohio 

App.3d 775, 787 (12th Dist.1995), citing Bland v. Holden, 21 Ohio St.2d 238, 239 

(1970). Accordingly, a trial court’s decision to release an accused after conviction 

and pending appeal, and the trial court’s decision on the amount of the accused’s 

bail, will not be reversed so long as the trial court’s decisions are not unreasonable, 

arbitrary, or unconscionable. See Ogle at ¶ 55; Patterson at ¶ 14, citing State v. 

Thomas, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 89583, 2007-Ohio-1692, ¶ 8. 

{¶17} On appeal, American Surety contends that the bonds are void under 

Crim.R. 46(H) because Ohio Adm.Code 3901-1-66(D) prohibits the stacking of 
Case No. 1-19-11 

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bonds and because Ohio Adm.Code 3901-1-66(E)(2) permits “[o]nly one power of 

attorney [to] be submitted per bond.” American Surety’s argument is without merit. 

Ohio Adm.Code 3901-1-66 does not govern a trial court’s authority to set bail. That 

is, Ohio courts are not governed by the administrative rules promulgated by 

administrative agencies—the Department of Insurance in this case. See State ex rel. 

Sylvester, 140 Ohio St.3d 47, 2014-Ohio-2926, at ¶ 17; Miller v. Sts. Peter & Paul 

School, 126 Ohio App.3d 762, 764 (11th Dist.1998); R.C. 3905.95 and 3901.041. 

See also Brookville Equip. Corp. v. Cincinnati, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-120434, 

2012-Ohio-3648, ¶ 18 (noting that “an administrative rule that conflicts with a 

legislative enactment is invalid”), citing Nestle R & D Ctr., Inc. v. Levin, 122 Ohio 

St.3d 22, 2009-Ohio-1929, ¶ 40; State v. Ventura, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-150495, 

2016-Ohio-5151, ¶ 24 (concluding that local rules promulgated under the Rules of 

Superintendence “are strictly internal administrative guidelines that are not intended 

to function as rules of practice and procedure, and therefore, they do not bestow or 

alter the basic substantive rights of criminal defendants”). 

{¶18} Indeed, Ohio Adm.Code 3901-1-66 states that “[t]he purpose of [the] 

rule is to establish criteria for surety bail bond agent conduct.” Ohio Adm.Code 

3901-1-66(A). Further, the language used in Ohio Adm.Code 3901-1-66(D) and 

(E) also prescribes the conduct of a surety bail bond agent. Specifically, Ohio 

Adm.Code 3901-1-66(D) provides, “A surety bail bond agent shall not submit more 
Case No. 1-19-11 

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than one power of attorney for any single bond, charge or charges, as is assigned a 

number by a court of proper jurisdiction.” (Emphasis added.) Ohio Adm.Code 

3901-1-66(D). In addition, Ohio Adm.Code 3901-1-66(E) describes the conduct of 

a surety bail bond agent when “[s]ubmitting powers and bonds.” 

{¶19} A surety bail bond agent’s violation of an Ohio Administrative Rule 

does not render a bail bond void under Crim.R. 46—and there is no evidence in the 

record that the trial court required the surety bail bond agent to act in contradiction 

to any rule applicable to his license. Instead, a trial court’s decision to set bail is 

governed by R.C. Chapter 2937 and Crim.R. 46. There is no such stacking 

prohibition in R.C. Chapter 2937 or Crim.R. 46. Rather, because decisions 

regarding the release of an accused pending appeal and the amount of bail necessary 

to ensure the defendant’s appearance are within the trial court’s discretion, the 

decision to accept “stacked” bonds or multiple powers of attorney per bond also 

rests with the trial court’s discretion. 

{¶20} Before we address American Surety’s argument that the bonds are

void based on a breach of contract, we must address American Surety’s argument 

that it is also relieved from liability because the trial court “revoked” Guzman’s 

$100,000 bond. At Guzman’s sentencing hearing and in its sentencing entry, the 

trial court stated that Guzman’s bond was “revoked.” (See July 27, 2015 Tr. at 15); 

(Doc. No. 76). Specifically, in its sentencing entry, the trial court stated that “the 
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bond as previously set is hereby revoked and an appellate bond of $150,000 cash or 

surety is set.” (Doc. No. 76). That the trial court stated that it “revoked” the 

previously set $100,000 bond did not release American Surety from liability. 

{¶21} R.C. 2937.40 provides for the release of bail and sureties. That statute 

provides, in relevant part: 

(A) Bail of any type that is deposited under sections 2937.22 to 

2937.45 of the Revised Code or Criminal Rule 46 by a person other 

than the accused shall be discharged and released, and sureties on 

recognizances shall be released, in any of the following ways: 

(1) When a surety on a recognizance or the depositor of cash or 

securities as bail for an accused desires to surrender the accused 

before the appearance date, the surety is discharged from further 

responsibility or the deposit is redeemed in either of the following 

ways: 

(a) By delivery of the accused into open court; 

(b) When, on the written request of the surety or depositor, the clerk 

of the court to which recognizance is returnable or in which deposit is 

made issues to the sheriff a warrant for the arrest of the accused and 

the sheriff indicates on the return that he holds the accused in his jail. 

(2) By appearance of the accused in accordance with the terms of 

the recognizance or deposit and the entry of judgment by the court or 

magistrate; 

(3) By payment into court, after default, of the sum fixed in the 

recognizance or the sum fixed in the order of forfeiture, if it is less. 

R.C. 2937.40(A). 

{¶22} At the time that the trial court imposed the $150,000 bail, none of the 

conditions instigating the release of the bail and sureties addressed under R.C. 
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2937.40 were present. See State v. Stevens, 30 Ohio St.3d 25, 28 (1987); State v. 

Hopings, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-07-1061, 2008-Ohio-375, ¶ 9. See also State v. 

Barnes, 6th Dist. Sandusky No. S-10-025, 2011-Ohio-799, ¶ 28; Toledo v. Gaston, 

188 Ohio App.3d 241, 2010-Ohio-3217, ¶ 24 (6th Dist.). Indeed, Hunter testified 

at the remittance hearing that he took no steps to discharge the original bond. (Apr. 

18, 2016 Tr. at 43). Likewise, there is no evidence in the record that American 

Surety took any steps to release the $100,000 bond. Accordingly, because American 

Surety did not apply to the trial court for a discharge of its bond under R.C. 2937.40 

or Crim.R. 46(H), it retained its agency relationship with Guzman and the bond 

remained in effect. See State v. Lee, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 11CA010083, 2012-Ohio4329, ¶ 20 (concluding that Lee’s bond remained in effect and the surety retained 

its agency relationship with Lee because the surety “did not apply to the trial court 

for discharge of its bond pursuant to Crim.R. 46(H) and R.C. 2937.40”). See also 

Stevens at 28 (“Here, the trial court made a journal entry setting forth the order that 

the same bond would continue as to the defendant. If the surety had been doing its 

job in following the progress of defendant’s case, it would have been fully aware of 

defendant’s plea and the fact that the same bond was continued.”). 

{¶23} Furthermore, because the original bond remained in effect, the trial 

court’s statement that Guzman’s original bond was revoked is inconsequential. 

Rather, the trial court was exercising its discretion to continue Guzman’s bond 
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pending the disposition of his case on review by amending the amount of his bond 

as it is permitted to do. See State v. Hopings, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-07-1061, 2008-

Ohio-375, ¶ 9 (“Sureties are given constructive notice of a continuation of bond 

after a guilty plea or conviction by way of the court’s judgment entry, and are 

obligated to remain informed of the status of its principle’s case.”), citing Stevens 

at 28 (“The fact remains that the defendant was released to the surety as a 

continuance of the original imprisonment. As part of its agency relationship with 

the defendant, the surety was obligated to remain informed of the status of the 

defendant’s case.”). 

{¶24} Turning to American Surety’s argument that the bonds are void based 

on a breach of contract, we likewise reject its argument. Here, American Surety 

contends that the bonds are void because they were improperly combined in 

violation of their express prohibition against “stacking.” Specifically, in support of 

its argument, American Surety directs us the limiting language on the face of the 

bonds stating that “[t]his power is void if * * * used in any combination with other 

powers of attorney of this company or any other company to obtain the release of 

the defendant named below or to satisfy any bond requirement in excess of the stated 

face amount of this power.” (Doc. Nos. 63, 77). 

{¶25} Notwithstanding that language, American Surety is not relieved from 

liability. American Surety authorized Hunter (d.b.a. Erie Shore) to act as its attorney 
Case No. 1-19-11 

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in fact to issue bail bonds on its behalf. “[I]n contract law, an agent’s authority to 

contract on behalf of its principal is ordinarily limited to the scope of the authority 

granted by the principal.” State v. Billingsley, 133 Ohio St.3d 277, 2012-Ohio-4307, 

¶ 26. Generally, “‘an agent cannot bind his principal to a contract entered into by 

the agent in excess or in derogation of his authority.’” Master Consol. Corp. v. 

Bancohio Nat. Bank, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 11778, 1990 WL 65666, *11 (May 

17, 1990), quoting Meyer v. Klensch, 14 Ohio App. 4, 6 (1st Dist.1961). However, 

“[i]f a principal is not bound by a contract because it was entered into outside the 

agent’s scope of authority, the principal may still be bound by the contract under the 

theories of apparent agency and ratification.” Park View Fed. Sav. Bank v. Willo 

Tree Dev., Inc., 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2000-G-2309, 2001 WL 1560930, *3 (Dec. 

7, 2001), citing Meyer at *6. 

{¶26} In order for a principal to be bound by the acts of his agent under the 

theory of apparent agency, evidence must affirmatively show: 

(1) that the principal held the agent out to the public as possessing 

sufficient authority to embrace the particular act in question, or 

knowingly permitted him to act as having such authority, and (2) that 

the person dealing with the agent knew of those facts and acting in 

good faith had reason to believe and did believe that the agent

possessed the necessary authority. 

Simmons v. Extendicare Health Servs., Inc., 5th Dist. Delaware No. 15 CAE 12 

0095, 2016-Ohio-4831, ¶ 16, citing Master Consol. Corp. at syllabus. “‘“The 

principal is responsible for the agent’s acts only when the principal has clothed the 
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agent with apparent authority and not when the agent’s own conduct has created the 

apparent authority.”’” Id. at ¶ 17, quoting Primmer v. Healthcare Industries 

Corp., 4th Dist. Athens No. 14CA29, 2015-Ohio-4104, ¶ 26, quoting Ohio State 

Bar Assn. v. Martin, 118 Ohio St.3d 119, 2008-Ohio-1809, ¶ 41. 

{¶27} On the other hand, “[a] principal ratifies the unauthorized act of his 

agent if the ‘principal, with full knowledge of the facts, conducts himself in a way 

which manifests his intention to approve an earlier act performed by his agent which 

did not bind him.’” Bailey v. Midwestern Ent., Inc., 103 Ohio App.3d 181, 185 

(10th Dist.1995), quoting Karat Gold Imports, Inc. v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 62 

Ohio App.3d 604, 611 (8th Dist.1989). See also State ex rel. Riley Const. Co. v. E. 

Liverpool City School Dist. Bd. of Ed., 10 Ohio St.2d 25, 29 (1967) (“It is well 

established that a principal may ratify the acts of his agent performed beyond the 

agent’s authority, and such ratification extends back to the doing of the unauthorized 

act by the agent and binds the principal from that time.”); Rambacher v. Staton, 4th 

Dist. Lawrence No. 1335, 1979 WL 206868, *2 (Oct. 12, 1979) (discussing that, 

under “the doctrine of ratification Acts performed by an agent beyond the scope of 

his authority may be ratified by the principal; if he ratifies such unauthorized acts, 

he is bound by them as fully as if he originally authorized them. The principal not 

only becomes entitled to all the benefits of acts he ratified, he assumes the 

responsibility for the associated obligations”). Even slight acts of ratification are 
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sufficient to bind a principal to the contract. Davis v. The May Dept. Stores Co., 9th 

Dist. Summit No. 20396, 2001 WL 1148054, *7 (Sept. 26, 2001), citing Saberton 

v. Greenwald, 146 Ohio St. 414, 430 (1946) and Williams v. Hyatt Legal Servs., 9th 

Dist. Summit No. 14235, 1990 WL 28113, *4 (Mar. 14, 1990). “Such conduct by 

the principal can be the failure to repudiate the transaction under circumstances 

where the principal would naturally be expected to assert his position.” Chevrolet 

v. Calhoun, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 03AP-816, 2004-Ohio-1006, ¶ 15, citing 

Developers Three v. Nationwide Ins. Co., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 83AP-476, 1985 

WL 9817, *3 (Jan. 15, 1985). 

{¶28} Based on the specific facts and circumstances of this case, we 

conclude that, although Hunter/Erie Shore exceeded the scope of Hunter/Erie 

Shore’s actual authority, American Surety remains liable under the doctrine of 

ratification. At the remittance hearing, Hunter testified that he contacted American 

Surety at the time he issued the bonds in this case. (Apr. 18, 2016 Tr. at 54). He 

further testified that American Surety was aware of the status of Guzman’s case 

because it “receive[d] everything that [he] receive[d].” (Id.). Therefore, because 

sureties are expected to remain informed of the status of the defendant’s case, and 

because Hunter testified that American Surety had actual knowledge of the status of 

the case, there is sufficient evidence that American Surety was aware of Hunter/Erie 

Shore’s execution of the second bond. 
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{¶29} There is also sufficient evidence demonstrating that American Surety 

is bound by the contract through ratification of Hunter/Erie Shore’s conduct. That 

is, the record reflects circumstances under which American Surety would naturally 

have been expected to assert its position. Indeed, because Hunter/Erie Shore 

executed the second bond on July 29, 2015, American Surety had over two months 

to apprise itself of the status of Guzman’s case and repudiate Hunter/Erie Shore’s 

execution of the second bond before the trial court issued the order revoking 

Guzman’s bond on October 7, 2015. (See Doc. Nos. 77, 80). American Surety did 

not repudiate Hunter/Erie Shore’s execution of the second bond. 

{¶30} Moreover, American Surety had further opportunity to repudiate its 

liability at the forfeiture hearing, the show-cause hearing, or even the remittance 

hearing. Importantly, it did not appear. Likewise, American Surety did not notify 

the trial court that it repudiated its liability in response to the trial court’s declaration 

of forfeiture, judgment against Hunter/Erie Shore, or entry remitting $5,000 to 

Hunter/Erie Shore. Simply, American Surety did nothing. At the remittance 

hearing, Hunter testified that he had been in contact with American Surety’s 

underwriter regarding the $150,000 judgment and that American Surety “cautioned 

[him] to file the motion to be relieved * * * from the payment.” (Apr. 18, 2016 Tr. 

at 54). According to Hunter, as of the date of the remittance hearing, American 

Surety was “covering the one hundred fifty thousand dollars” but was “waiting to 
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see what the conclusion to th[e] case [would] be” before proceeding with the request 

for payment. (Id. at 55). 

{¶31} Further evidence of American Surety’s knowledge of Hunter/Erie 

Shore’s conduct and its ratification of that conduct is Guzman’s premium payments. 

At the remittance hearing, Hunter testified that he collects premium payments from 

clients because he has to pay American Surety “a premium for every bond that [he] 

write[s]” and that he collected Guzman’s bail-bond premium payments. (Apr. 18, 

2016 Tr. at 10, 13-14, 20, 22, 47). Yet, there is no evidence in the record that Hunter 

failed to remit the premium that he owed American Surety—that is, there is no 

evidence in the record that American Surety terminated its relationship with Hunter 

for the failure to remit premium payments or that American Surety refused to tender 

payment in this case because Hunter failed to remit the premium. (See, e.g., id. at 

14); (Doc. No. 152). Accordingly, we conclude that, even if Hunter/Erie Shore 

exceeded the scope of the power of attorney, there is sufficient evidence that 

American Surety knew that Hunter/Erie Shore issued the second bond and further 

ratified Hunter/Erie Shore’s conduct. Therefore, American Surety remains liable 

on the contract and the bonds are not void for breach of contract. 

{¶32} Because we have determined that the bonds are not void, we now turn 

to American Surety’s argument that it cannot be liable for the $145,000 judgment 

because the trial court abused its discretion by retroactively applying its judgment 
Case No. 1-19-11 

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against Hunter and Erie Shore. American Surety’s argument is misplaced. The trial 

court did not abuse its discretion by entering a judgment of forfeiture against 

American Surety in the amount of $145,000 because it complied with the 

requirements of R.C. 2937.36(C). See State v. Worley, 5th Dist. Licking No. 2011 

CA 0067, 2012-Ohio-484, ¶ 19. 

{¶33} Here, the trial court notified American Surety that Guzman failed to 

appear in court; that the bond had been forfeited; and that a show-cause hearing was 

to be held before the trial court on December 21, 2015. (Doc. Nos. 87, 88, 90, 91, 

92). American Surety chose not to appear at any hearing—namely, it chose not to 

appear at the show-cause hearing despite being provided notice as required under 

R.C. 2937.36(C). Moreover, American Surety advances no argument that the trial 

court failed to adhere to the principles under R.C. 2937.36(C). Compare State v. 

Zepeda-Ramires, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 12CA010275, 2013-Ohio-1224, ¶ 8-9 (noting 

that the surety “made no allegation that they failed to receive the notice[s] or that 

they were otherwise unaware of the hearing[s]” and that they “did not attend” the 

hearings). Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by 

issuing a judgment of forfeiture against American Surety in the amount of $145,000. 

See id. at ¶ 11. 

{¶34} American Surety’s assignments of error are overruled. 
Case No. 1-19-11 

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{¶35} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the 

particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. 

Judgment Affirmed

PRESTON and WILLAMOWSKI, J.J., concur. 

/jlr