IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA 

No. 47 / 05-0279 

Filed October 26, 2007 

JACKIE WEISSENBURGER, 

 Plaintiff, 

vs. 

IOWA DISTRICT COURT FOR WARREN COUNTY, 

 Defendant. 

 Certiorari to the Iowa District Court for Warren County, Richard B. 

Clogg, Judge. 

 Former spouse of individual subject to no-contact order challenges 

as illegal the district court’s order allowing individual to possess firearms 

for hunting. WRIT SUSTAINED. 

 Nancy Lynn Robertson, Des Moines, for plaintiff. 

 Merle H. Weiner, Eugene, Oregon, for amici curiae, Iowans for the 

Prevention of Gun Violence and The Iowa Women’s Foundation. 
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TERNUS, Chief Justice.

 By petition for writ of certiorari, the plaintiff, Jackie 

Weissenburger, challenges the legality of an order entered by the 

defendant, Iowa District Court, amending a no-contact order to allow her 

former spouse, Joseph Weissenburger, “to possess firearms for hunting.” 

Jackie claims the amended order violates 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8) (2000), 

which prohibits certain individuals subject to a no-contact order from 

possessing firearms while the order is in effect. We agree that the 

amended order violates federal law. Therefore, we sustain the writ. 

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

 During the pendency of a dissolution-of-marriage action involving 

the plaintiff, Jackie Weissenburger, and her former husband, Joseph, the 

court entered a domestic abuse no-contact order prohibiting contact by 

Joseph with Jackie. See Iowa Code § 236.5(2)(c) (2001). Subsequently, 

Joseph was charged with a violation of that order and pled guilty to 

harassment in the third degree. In addition to imposing a deferred 

judgment with informal probation and a fine, on December 5, 2003, the 

district court entered a criminal no-contact order pursuant to Iowa Code 

section 901.5(7A) to remain in effect for five years. 

 Under federal law, if a protected party meets the definition of an 

“intimate partner,” an individual subject to a no-contact order may not 

possess firearms while the order is in effect. See 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8). A 

former spouse falls within the definition of “intimate partner.” See id.

§ 921(a)(32). The form no-contact order used by the district court 

advised Joseph that “[f]ederal law provides penalties for possessing, 

transporting, shipping, or receiving any firearm or ammunition.” In 

addition, the court had checked a box on the form order indicating the 

protected party, Jackie, met the definition of an “intimate partner.” 
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Finally, the order included the stock language: “Defendant shall not 

possess firearms while this order is in effect.” 

 Several months after entry of the criminal no-contact order, Joseph 

filed an application to have the order terminated or at least modified to 

permit him to possess firearms for the purpose of hunting with his minor 

son. Joseph asserted that he had complied with all the terms and 

conditions of his deferred judgment, as well as the no-contact order. In a 

ruling dated January 12, 2005, the district court determined the nocontact order should remain in effect, but that the order should be 

amended to allow Joseph to possess firearms for hunting. The same day, 

the district court issued an amended and substituted no-contact order in 

which the court had removed the check from the box indicating the 

protected party was an “intimate partner” and had crossed out the 

prohibition stating “Defendant shall not possess firearms while this order 

is in effect.” 

 In response to the court’s action, Jackie filed an application for 

writ of certiorari with this court, alleging the district court’s order 

allowing Joseph to possess firearms was illegal under federal law. We 

granted the petition and notified the district court that our action would 

stay further proceedings to enforce the district court’s ruling and order 

pending a resolution of the certiorari action in our court. Thereafter, the 

district court entered an “order nunc pro tunc” that removed from the 

court’s January 12, 2005 order that portion granting Joseph’s 

application to modify the criminal no-contact order. In the order nunc 

pro tunc, the district court denied Joseph’s application to modify, stating 

“the Defendant’s request exceeds this Court’s jurisdiction.” Finally, the 

court rescinded the amended and substituted no-contact order that had 

been entered after its January 12, 2005 ruling and simultaneously filed a 
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new amended and substituted no-contact order that restored the 

prohibition on Joseph’s possession of firearms. 

 In her brief, Jackie makes two arguments. First, she asserts the 

district court had no authority to amend its January 12, 2005 order 

through a nunc pro tunc order. Second, she claims the court exceeded its 

authority in modifying the December 2003 criminal no-contact order on 

January 12, 2005, to allow Joseph to possess firearms. We will address 

each issue separately. 

II. Scope and Standards of Review.

 In a certiorari case, we review the district court’s ruling for 

correction of errors at law. State Pub. Defender v. Iowa Dist. Ct. for Polk 

County, 721 N.W.2d 570, 572 (Iowa 2006). 

 “A writ of certiorari lies where a lower board, tribunal, 

or court has exceeded its jurisdiction or otherwise acted 

illegally. . . . ‘Illegality exists when the court’s findings lack 

substantial evidentiary support, or when the court has not 

properly applied the law.’ ” 

Id. (quoting State Pub. Defender v. Iowa Dist. Ct. for Black Hawk County, 

633 N.W.2d 280, 282 (Iowa 2001)). We are bound by the district court’s 

factual findings, if well supported. State Pub. Defender v. Iowa Dist. Ct. 

for Wapello County, 644 N.W.2d 354, 356 (Iowa 2002). 

III. Nunc Pro Tunc Order. 

 Although there is a question concerning the jurisdiction of the 

district court to enter an order in the criminal case once this court had 

granted an application for writ of certiorari challenging the court’s action 

in that case, we need not address that concern. Even if we assume that 

the district court retained jurisdiction in the criminal case, that court’s 

use of a nunc pro tunc order was improper. 

 It has long been understood that 
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the purpose of a nunc pro tunc entry is to supply or correct a 

record to make it conform to that which was actually done at 

an earlier date, and that as between the parties it operates to 

validate or correct the original judgment. 

Murnan v. Schuldt, 221 Iowa 242, 245, 265 N.W. 369, 371 (1936). Thus, 

a court may properly use a nunc pro tunc order to correct a clerical error, 

an error “that is not the result of judicial reasoning and determination.” 

State v. Naujoks, 637 N.W.2d 101, 113 (Iowa 2001). On the other hand, 

“a nunc pro tunc order is not available to correct a judicial, as 

distinguished from a clerical, error.” State v. Steffens, 282 N.W.2d 120, 

122 (Iowa 1979). Consequently, it “cannot be used to remedy an error in 

judicial thinking, a judicial conclusion, or a mistake of law.” Naujoks, 

637 N.W.2d at 113. It “is not an alternative to the established 

procedures to alter, vacate, or modify judgments under our procedural 

rules.” Steffens, 282 N.W.2d at 122. 

 Based on the record before us, we are convinced the district court’s 

order nunc pro tunc did not correct a clerical error made in the court’s 

January 12, 2005 order. Rather, the nunc pro tunc order reflected the 

court’s subsequent determination that it had no jurisdiction to grant 

Joseph’s request to possess firearms. See Graber v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 410 

N.W.2d 224, 230 (Iowa 1987) (concluding nunc pro tunc order constituted 

a change in the judge’s thinking, not the correction of a clerical error). A 

change of this nature is inappropriate in a nunc pro tunc order because it 

alters the court’s original decision, not simply the record made of the 

court’s original decision. See State v. Harbour, 240 Iowa 705, 710, 37 

N.W.2d 290, 293 (1949) (noting nunc pro tunc order in that case was 

proper because “[t]he correction was sought to make the record entry 

conform to the actual pronouncement of the court, not to evidence a 

change in the decision itself”). 
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 In summary, even if the district court had jurisdiction to modify its 

January 12, 2005 order, it had no power to alter its decision through a 

nunc pro tunc order. Accordingly, the nunc pro tunc order must be set 

aside. See Graber, 410 N.W.2d at 230 (sustaining writ of certiorari 

challenging district court’s issuance of nunc pro tunc order and setting 

aside such order). 

IV. Modification of No-Contact Order to Permit Possession of 

Firearms. 

 The primary issue presented in this case is whether the district 

court properly modified the criminal no-contact order on January 12, 

2005, to allow Joseph to possess firearms for the limited purpose of 

hunting. Jackie contends the court’s action was illegal because federal 

law prohibits Joseph’s possession of firearms for any purpose. 

A. Pertinent Federal Law Governing Possession of Firearms. 

In 1994, Congress enacted the Violent Crime Control and Law 

Enforcement Act of 1994. See Pub. L. 103–322, 108 Stat. 1796. Title XI 

contains a provision designed to disarm batterers. See 18 U.S.C. 

§ 922(g)(8). In pertinent part, that federal statute prohibits the 

possession of “any firearm or ammunition” by a person who is subject to 

a court order that 

 (A) was issued after a hearing of which such person 

received actual notice, and at which such person had an 

opportunity to participate; 

 (B) restrains such person from harassing, stalking, or 

threatening an intimate partner of such person or child of 

such intimate partner or person, or engaging in other 

conduct that would place an intimate partner in reasonable 

fear of bodily injury to the partner or child; and 

 (C) . . . . 

 (ii) by its terms explicitly prohibits the use, attempted 

use, or threatened use of physical force against such 

intimate partner or child that would reasonably be expected 

to cause bodily injury . . . . 
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18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8). 

 The first step in our consideration of Jackie’s challenge to the 

court’s order is a determination of whether § 922 prohibits Joseph from 

possessing firearms. There is no argument made on appeal that Joseph 

did not have notice and an opportunity to be heard prior to issuance of 

the initial criminal no-contact order in December 2003. Thus, 

§ 922(g)(8)(A) is satisfied. Secondly, the court’s initial criminal nocontact order provided that Joseph “shall not threaten, assault, stalk, 

molest, attack, harass, or otherwise abuse” Jackie and included a finding 

that Jackie was an intimate partner as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(32). 

Accordingly, § 922(g)(8)(B) of the federal law is met. Finally, the 

December 2003 order expressly prohibited Joseph from using, 

attempting to use, or threatening to use “physical force against [Jackie] 

that would reasonably be expected to cause bodily injury.” This 

provision satisfied § 922(g)(8)(C)(ii) of the federal statute. The record 

clearly demonstrates that Joseph fell within the parameters of the federal 

law prohibiting the possession of firearms by a person subject to a nocontact order. 

B. Ability of State Court to Allow Possession of Firearms in 

Contravention of Federal Law. That conclusion brings us to the final 

question: Did the district court properly allow Joseph to possess a 

firearm for hunting notwithstanding the prohibitions of federal law? 

 It has long been held that the laws of the United States are “just as 

much binding on the citizens and courts [of the States] as the State laws 

are.” Clafin v. Houseman, 93 U.S. 130, 136, 23 L. Ed. 833, 838 (1876). 

Thus, “state courts cannot refuse to apply federal law—a conclusion 

mandated by the terms of the Supremacy Clause.” Printz v. United 

States, 521 U.S. 898, 928, 117 S. Ct. 2365, 2381, 138 L. Ed. 2d 914, 
8

940 (1997). As the United States Supreme Court has observed, “state 

courts share responsibility for the application and enforcement of federal 

law.” Howlett v. Rose, 496 U.S. 356, 372–73, 110 S. Ct. 2430, 2441, 110 

L. Ed. 2d 332, 351 (1990). 

 In view of these governing principles, we conclude the district court 

had no power to authorize Joseph to possess firearms in violation of 

federal law. Once the court determined the no-contact order should 

continue in effect, Joseph was prohibited under federal law from 

possessing firearms regardless of whether this prohibition was included 

in the court’s no-contact order. 

 It has been suggested that the court’s amended no-contact order 

was not contrary to federal law because it did not explicitly state that 

Joseph could possess firearms. Although the amended no-contact order 

did not expressly authorize Joseph to possess a firearm, such 

authorization was the practical result of the court’s ruling under the 

circumstances of this case. In its ruling on Joseph’s application for 

modification of the no-contact order, the court stated: 

 Defendant [Joseph Weissenburger] has also asked the 

court to amend the order to allow hunting. There was no 

evidence that the defendant should not be allowed to possess 

firearms for hunting. The defendant’s motion to amend 

should be granted. 

Simultaneously with the entry of this ruling, the court filed an amended 

no-contact order in which the court had crossed out the prohibition 

regarding firearms possession. It is clear to this court, and presumably 

was clear to Joseph, that the district court intended its amended nocontact order to affirmatively authorize Joseph’s possession of firearms, 

as expressly determined by the court in its simultaneous ruling granting 
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Joseph’s application to modify. As previously discussed, the court had 

no power to allow Joseph to possess firearms in violation of federal laws. 

V. Disposition. 

 The writ of certiorari to this court is sustained. The district court 

order allowing Joseph Weissenburger to possess firearms is annulled. 

WRIT SUSTAINED.