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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER 

EVIDENCE FOR NO DATA 

CARCINOGENICITY 

HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS 

A case of cyanide poisoning resulting from exposure to propionitrile 

was decribed . A 55 year old male employed at a chemical facility 

suffered dermal and respiratory exposure while attempting to repair a 

pump leaking propionitrile . Although he was wearing qloves, he did not 

have any other protective equipment . He rapidly lost consciousness and 

was taken to the infirmary . Upon arrival at the infirmary, he was 

comatose and unresponsive . He was administered oxygen at the rate of 5 

1/min and transferred to the intensive care unit of a hospital . 

Clinical studies showed evidence of respiratory alkalosis and mild 

metabolic acidosis . The patient received 4 g hydroxycobalamin and 8 g 

sodium thiosulfate iv over 30 min . The symptoms completely cleared up 

over the next hr . Blood cyanide and thiocyanate concentrations were 

monitored . Before receiving the hydroxycobalamin and thiosulfate 

treatment, his blood cyanide concn was 5 .71 ug/ml . The thiocyanate 

concn was negligible . After the cyanide/thiosulfate infusion was 

completed, the blood cyanide concn had decreased to 0 .93 ug/ml and the 

thiocyanate had increased to 21 .1 ug/ml . The thiocyanate concentrations 

returned to the baseline value 5 hr after treatment . . . . Propionitrile 

can release cyanide and produce serious poisoning after skin or 

inhalation exposure . The combination of sodium thiosulfate and 

hydroxycobalamin is an effective antidote . /Propionitrile/ [Bismuth C 

et al ; J Emer Med 5 (3) : 191-5 (1987)] **PEER REVIEWED** 

HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS 

. . . Three subjects breathed 40 ppm for 4 hr, while 2 subjects were 

similarly exposed to 80 ppm and 160 ppm . None of the subjects reported 

adverse response during the 40 ppm exposure, but one subject 

experienced a slight tightness of the chest a few hr later, and a 

cooling sensation in the lung the next morning and the rest of the day 

similar to that experienced when inhaling menthol . All subjects 

detected the odor at 40 ppm for the first 2 or 3 hr, then experienced 

some olfactory fatigue . No detectable cyanide was found in blood 

specimens, but one subject showed a slightly elevated urinary 

thiocyanate level . [American Conference of Governmental Industrial 

Hygienists . Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological 

Exposure Indices . 5th ed . Cincinnati, OH :, p . 8] American Conference of 

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. 

HUMAN 

HUMAN 

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Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1_986 ., .p . 8] **PEER REVIEWED** 

TOXICITY EXCERPTS 

. . . FATAL EXPOSURE OF PHOTOGRAPHIC LABORATORY WORKER TO ACETONITRILE 

/VAPOR IS REPORTED/ . AFTER MASSIVE EXPOSURE . . . HE LEFT WORK, ATE 

EVENING MEAL, & BEGAN EXPERIENCING GASTRIC DISTRESS & NAUSEA ABOUT 4 HR 

AFTER EXPOSURE . HE VOMITED DURING THE NIGHT . . . . NEXT MORNING HE WAS 

SWEATING PROFUSELY & . . . ALTERNATELY CRYING OUT SHARPLY & LAPSING INTO 

COMATOSE STATE . OTHER SYMPTOMS WERE HYPERSALIVATION, CONJUNCTIVITIS, 

VERY LOW URINE OUTPUT, LOW BLOOD PRESSURE & ALBUMIN IN URINE & 

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID . HE EXPERIENCED CARDIAC & RESP ARREST FROM WHICH HE 

WAS RESUSCITATED . . . & DIED 6 DAYS LATER . [Clayton, G . D . and F . E . 

Clayton (eds .) . Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology : Volume 2A, 

2B, 2C : Toxicology . 3rd ed . New York : John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982 ., p . 

4870] **PEER REVIEWED** 

TOXICITY EXCERPTS 

TWO . . . /MEN OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED TO VAPOR/ WERE HOSPITALIZED WITH 

SEVERE SYMPTOMS CONSISTING OF NAUSEA & VOMITING, RESP DEPRESSION, 

EXTREME WEAKNESS & A SEMICOMATOSE STATE . . . . ONE . . . DEVELOPED 

TRANSIENT WEAKNESS OF FLEXOR MUSCLES OF ARMS & WRISTS, & BOTH DEVELOPED 

URINARY FREQUENCY, ASSOCIATED IN ONE INSTANCE WITH ALBUMINURIA & IN 

OTHER WITH PASSAGE OF SMALL OXALATE-TYPE URINARY CALCULUS . . . . /THEY 

ALSO SHOWED/ ELEVATED BLOOD CYANIDE LEVELS & SOMEWHAT INCR SERUM 

THIOCYANATE LEVELS . ALL OTHER EXPOSED WORKERS WERE EVALUATED ; INCR 

BLOOD CYANIDE & THIOCYANATE VALUES WERE FOUND OCCASIONALLY, & SYMPTOMS 

DESCRIBED PREVIOUSLY WERE FOUND IN LESSER DEGREE . . . . NONE OF THESE 

INDIVIDUALS DEVELOPED ANY ENLARGEMENT OF THYROID OR ALTERATION IN 

THYROID FUNCTION . [Clayton, G . D . and F . E . Clayton (eds .) . Patty's 

Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology : Volume 2A, 2B, 2C : Toxicology . 3rd 

ed . New York : John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982 ., p . 4870] **PEER REVIEWED** 

2 of 2 2/2/99 3 :27 PM 
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HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS 

SYMPTOMATOLOGY : 1 . Massive doses may produce, without warning, sudden 

loss of consciousness and prompt death from respiratory arrest . With 

smaller but still lethal doses, the illness may be prolonged for 1 or 

more hours . 2 . Upon ingestion, a bitter, acrid, burning taste is 

sometimes noted, followed by a feeling of constriction or numbness in 

the throat . Salivation, nausea and vomiting are not unusual . . . 3 . 

Anxiety, confusion, vertigo, giddiness, and often a sensation of 

stiffness in the lower jaw . 4 . Hyperpnea and dyspnea . Respirations 

become very rapid and then slow and irregular . Inspiration is 

characteristically short while expiration is greatly prolonged . 5 . The 

odor of bitter almonds may be noted on the breath or vomitus . . . 6 . In 

the early phases of poisoning, an increase in vasoconstrictor tone 

causes a rise in blood pressure and reflex slowing of the heart rate . 

Thereafter the pulse becomes rapid, weak, and sometimes irregular . . . A 

bright pink coloration of the skin due to high concentrations of 

oxyhemoglobin in the venous return may be confused with that of carbon 

monoxide poisoning . 7 . Unconsciousness, followed promptly by violent 

convulsions, epileptiform or tonic, sometimes localized but usually 

generalized . Opisthotonos and trismus may develop . Involuntary 

micturition and defecation occur . 8 . Paralysis follows the convulsive 

stage . The skin is covered with sweat . The eyeballs protrude, and the 

pupils are dilated and unreactive . The mouth is covered with foam, 

which is sometimes bloodstained . . . The skin color may be brick red . 

Cyanosis is not prominent in spite of weak and irregular gasping . In 

the unconscious patient, bradycardia and the absence of cyanosis may be 

key diagnostic signs . 9 . Death from respiratory arrest . As long as the 

heart beat continues, prompt and vigorous treatment offers some promise 

of survival . /Cyanide/ [Gosselin, R .E ., R .P . Smith, H .C . Hodge . 

Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products . 5th ed . Baltimore : Williams 

and Wilkins, 1984 . III-126] **PEER REVIEWED** 

HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS 

Acute : Headache, dizziness, hyperpnea (respiration incr), rapid pulse, 

nausea, vomiting, unconsciousness, convulsions (fits), fatal . Chronic : 

Headache, anorexia (lack of appetite), dizziness, weakness, macular, 

papular or vesicular dermatitis . [ITII . Toxic and Hazarous Industrial 

Chemicals Safety Manual . Tokyo, Japan : The International Technical 

Information Institute, 1982 ., p . 6] **PEER REVIEWED** 

HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS 

FATALITY OCCURRED IN 23 YR OLD MAN WHO HAD BEEN ENGAGED FOR 2 DAYS IN 

HAND-PAINTING INTERIOR OF TANK WITH RESIN CONTAINING 30-40$ 

ACETONITRILE AS WELL AS OTHER SUBSTANCES, SUCH AS DIETHYLENETRIAMINE & 

1 of 2 v 2/2/99 3 :28 PM 
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A MERCAPTAN . ACETONITRILE WAS MAJOR VOLATILE COMPONENT . ABOUT 4 HR 

AFTER LEAVING JOB . . . /HE/ COMPLAINED OF CHEST PAIN, VOMITED & HAD 

MASSIVE HEMATEMESIS, FOLLOWED BY CONVULSIONS . ABOUT 9 HR LATER HE WAS 

. . . IN COMATOSE STATE, WITH ASHEN-GRAY COLOR & IRREGULAR RESPIRATIONS 

. . . POSTMORTEM EXAM DISCLOSED ONLY GENERALIZED VASCULAR CONGESTION . 

EXAMINATION OF BLOOD & VARIOUS ORGANS SHOWED HIGH LEVELS OF CYANIDE ION 

. . . . [Clayton, G . D . and F . E . Clayton (eds .) . Patty's Industrial 

Hygiene and Toxicology : Volume 2A, 2B, 2C : Toxicology . 3rd ed . New 

York : John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982 ., p . 4870] **PEER REVIEWED** 

HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS 

. . . CONSIDERED TOXIC BY INGESTION, INHALATION, & SKIN CONTAMINATION . 

[International Labour Office . Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and 

Safety . Vols . I&II . Geneva, Switzerland : International Labour Office, 

1983 ., p . 1445] **PEER REVIEWED** 

HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS 

Acetonitrile concn up to 500 ppm cause irritation of mucous membranes . 

Higher concn produce weakness, nausea, convulsions, and death . Urine 

thiocyanate concn not significantly elevated after exposure to 160 

ppm/4 hr . [Tietz, N .W . (ed .) . Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests . 

Philadelphia, PA : W .B . Saunders Co ., 1983 ., p . 5] **PEER REVIEWED** 

HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS 

It has insufficient warning properties to prevent men from working in 

atmospheres which may cause death . High concn cause rapid death . 

[National Fire Protection Association . Fire Protection Guide on 

Hazardous Materials . 9th ed . Boston, MA : National Fire Protection 

Association, 1986 . 49-10] **PEER REVIEWED** 

HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS 

Two cases of pediatric accidental ingestion of an 

acetonitrile-containing cosmetic are reported . One of the children, a 

16 month old boy, was found dead in bed the morning after ingesting the 

product . No therapy had been undertaken, as the product was mistakenly 

assumed to be an acetone-containing nail polish remover . The second 

child, a 2 year old boy, experienced signs of severe cyanide poisoning, 

but survived with vigorous supportive care . Both children had blood 

cyanide levels in the potentially lethal range . The observed delayed 

onset of severe toxic reactions supports the proposed mechanism of 

acetonitrile conversion to inorganic cyanide via hepatic microsomal 

enzymes . [Caravati EM, Litovitz TL ; JAMA 260 (23) : 3470-3 (1988)] 

**PEER REVIEWED** 

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HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS 

Several cases of accidental poisoning were caused by inhalation of 

acetonitrile in different work places . Signs of toxicity include : 

bronchial tightness, gastric distress, respiratory distress, 

hypotension, hypersecretion of saliva, conjunctivitis, skin 

discoloration, tachypnea, general weakness, absence of deep reflexes, 

coma and death in some cases . Postmortem analysis for cyanide and 

thiocyanate revealed that of all tissues, the spleen contained the 

largest amount of cyanide . While high levels of thiocyanate were found 

in the lungs, the largest amounts of acetonitrile were found in the 

liver and kidneys . [Snyder, R . (ed .) . Ethyl Browning's Toxicity and 

Metabolism of Industrial Solvents . 2nd ed . Volume II : Nitrogen and 

Phosphorus Solvents . Amsterdam-New York-Oxford : Elsevier, 1990 ., p . 

303] **PEER REVIEWED** 

HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES NO DATA 

SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS 

Immediately irritating to the eye . [NIOSH . NIOSH Pocket Guide to 

Chemical Hazards . DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No . 90-117 . Washington, DC : 

U .S . Government Printing Office, June 1990, p . 32] **PEER REVIEWED** 

SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS 

May cause skin irritation . [Budavari, S . (ed .) . The Merck Index -

Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals . Rahway, NJ : Merck and 

Co ., Inc ., 1989 ., p . 11] **PEER REVIEWED** 

SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS 

Vapor : irritating to eyes, nose and throat . Liquid : irritating to skin 

and eyes . [U .S . Coast Guard, Department of Transportation . CHRIS -

Hazardous Chemical Data . Volume II . Washington, D .C . : U .S . Government 

Printing Office, 1984-5 .] **PEER REVIEWED** 

MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE 

. . . DETERMINATION OF BLOOD CYANIDE OR URINARY THIOCYANATE SHOULD NOT BE 

RELIED ON AS EVIDENCE FOR BRIEF INHALATION OF LOWER CONCN OF . . . VAPOR . 

[Clayton, G . D . and F . E . Clayton (eds .) . Patty's Industrial Hygiene 

and Toxicology : Volume 2A, 2B, 2C : Toxicology . 3rd ed . New York : John 

Wiley Sons, 1981-1982 ., p . 4870] **PEER REVIEWED** 

MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE 

In biological monitoring, pre-exposure levels should be estabished, 

since smokers show elevated concn of metabolites . [Tietz, N .W . (ed .) . 

Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests . Philadelphia, PA : W .B . Saunders 

Co ., 1983 ., p . 5] **PEER REVIEWED** 

MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE 

Consider the skin, resp tract, heart, CNS, renal and liver function in 

placement and periodic exam . [Sittig, M . Handbook of Toxic and 

1 of 2 ,1) 2/2/99 3:29 PM 
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Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985 . 2nd ed . Park Ridge, NJ : 

Noyes Data Corporation, 1985 ., p . 30] **PEER REVIEWED** 

MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE 

The following medical procedures should be made available to each 

employee who is exposed to acetonitrile at potentially hazardous 

levels : A complete history and physical examination : The purpose is to 

detect pre-existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at 

increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health 

monitoring . Examination of the kidneys, liver, cardiovascular system, 

and central nervous system should be stressed . The skin should be 

examined for evidence of chronic disorders . The aforementioned medical 

examinations should be repeated on an annual basis . [Mackison, F . W ., 

R . S . Stricoff, and L . J . Partridge, Jr . (eds .) . NIOSH/OSHA -

Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards . DHHS(NIOSH) 

Publication, p . 1] No . 81-123 (3 VOLS) . Washington, DC : U .S . Government 

Printing Office, Jan . 1981 ., p . 1] **PEER REVIEWED** 

POPULATIONS AT SPECIAL RISK 

/Protect/ from exposure those individuals with diseases of CNS, heart 

and lung . [ITII . Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety 

Manual . Tokyo, Japan : The International Technical Information 

Institute, 1988 ., p . 7] **PEER REVIEWED** 

PROBABLE ROUTES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE 

Inhalation, percutaneous absorption, ingestion and skin and eye 

contact . [Sittig, M . Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and 

Carcinogens, 1985 . 2nd ed . Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes Data Corporation, 

1985 ., p . 29] **PEER REVIEWED** 

BODY BURDENS 

. . . A standardized second puff of cigarette smoke contains 0 .31 mg 

acetonitrile . A smoker may absorb between 73 and 82% of this, depending 

on post smoking habits . [USEPA; Chemical Hazard Information Profiles 

p .9 EPA-560/11-80-011 (1980)] **PEER REVIEWED** 

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BODY BURDENS 

An individual who died about 2 hours after a 12 hr exposure to 

acetonitrile had the following cyanide concn detected in his tissues at 

autopsy : blood= 8 mg/l ; lung= 1 .3 mg/kg ; liver= 0 mg/kg ; kidney= 2 .0 

mg/kg ; urine= 2 .2 mg/l . [Baselt RC ; Biological Monitoring Methods for 

Industrial Chemicals p .ll (1980)] **PEER REVIEWED** 

BODY BURDENS 

Blood cyanide concentrations exceeding 0 .1 mg/1 or plasma or urine 

thiocyanate exceeding 20 mg/1 in workers exposed to acetonitrile are 

indicative of excessive exposure . [Baselt RC ; Biological Monitoring 

Methods for Industrial Chemicals p .ll (1980)] **PEER REVIEWED** 

DRUG WARNINGS NO DATA 

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Page 1 

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;.a 

.~...__s....._ 

w . 

C_') r7l 

;F.) 'CD 

NAME OF SUBSTANCE ACETONITRILE U? 

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER 75-05-8 

ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION 

. . . CAN BE ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN & RESP TRACT . [National Fire 

Protection Association . Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials . 

9th ed . Boston, MA : National Fire Protection Association, 1986 . 49-10] 

**PEER REVIEWED** 

ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION 

The nature and mechanism of a toxicological interaction between 

acetonitrile and acetone was investigated . Results of oral 

dose-response studies utilizing a 1 :1 mixture of acetonitrile and 

acetone, or varying doses of acetonitrile administered together with a 

constant dose of acetone, indicated that acetone potentiated acute 

acetonitrile toxicity 3 to 4 fold in rats . The onset of severe toxicity 

(manifested by tremors and convulsions) was delayed in the groups dosed 

with both solvents compared to the groups that recieved acetonitrile or 

acetone alone . Blood cyanide (a metabolite of acetonitrile) and serum 

acetonitrile and acetone concentrations were measured after oral 

administration of 25% aqueous solns of acetonitrile, acetone, or 

acetonitrile and acetone . Concentrations of cyanide in the blood of 

rats given acetonitrile and acetone remained near baseline, in contrast 

to the high blood cyanide concentrations found in rats dosed with 

acetonitrile alone . At 34 to 36 hr, high blood cyanide concentrations 

were found in rats dosed with both solvents . This delayed onset of 

elevation of blood cyanide coincided with the occurrence of clinical 

signs and with the disappearance of serum acetone . In further 

pharmacokinetic studies, blood cyanide concentrations were measured 

after similar dosage regimens of acetonitrile and acetone . Peak cyanide 

concentrations were significantly greater in rats dosed with both than 

in rats given only acetonitrile . Administration of sodium thiosulfate 

or a second dose of acetone prevented the toxicity associated with 

exposure to both solvents . Evidently, the effects of acetone on 

acetonitrile toxicity are due to a biphasic effect on the metabolism of 

acetonitrile to cyanide ie, an initial inhibition followed by a 

stimulation of this metabolism upon acetone elimination . [Freeman JJ, 

Hayes EP ; J Toxicol Environ Health 15 (5) : 609-21 (1985)] **PEER 

REVIEWED** 

METABOLISM/METABOLITES 

. . . RATS RECEIVED IP INJECTIONS . . . IN DOSES RANGING FROM 600 TO 2340 

MG/KG . . . . IN GENERAL ACETONITRILE WAS . . . RATHER EVENLY DISTRIBUTED 

1 - HSDB 

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AMONG VARIOUS ORGANS, & HYDROGEN CYANIDE WAS FOUND IN NEARLY ALL ORGANS 

IN VARYING CONCN . . . . SUBSEQUENT STUDIES . . . /SHOWED/ SIMILAR RESULTS 

FOLLOWING ADMIN . . . TO RATS BY INHALATION . . . . [National Research 

Council . Drinking Water & Health, Volume 4 . Washington, DC : National 

Academy Press, 1981 ., p . 203] **PEER REVIEWED** 

METABOLISM/METABOLITES 

THIOCYANATE WAS MEASURED AS INDEX OF CYANIDE ION RELEASE IN URINE OF 

RATS GIVEN EQUIMOLAR DOSES OF NITRILES . MORE THIOCYANATE WAS EXCRETED 

AFTER ORAL ADMIN THAN AFTER IP ADMIN . ORAL ADMIN OF ACETONITRILE 

YIELDED 37% OF DOSE AS THIOCYANATE (SCN-), WHEREAS AFTER IP INJECTION, 

4 .5% OF DOSE WAS EXCRETED AS THIOCYANATE . [SILVER EH ET AL ; DRUG METAB 

DISPOS 10 (5) : 495-8 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** 

METABOLISM/METABOLITES 

Acetonitrile is metabolized to hydrogen cyanide which can be found in 

high levels in the brain, heart, kidney and spleen . [Sittig, M . 

Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985 . 2nd 

ed . Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes Data Corporation, 1985 ., p . 29] **PEER 

REVIEWED** 

METABOLISM/METABOLITES 

When rat liver microsomes were incubated with glycolonitrile or 

acetonitrile, cyanide was liberated without the formation of 

formaldehyde . Based on the amount of cytochrome p450 in the microsomal 

preparation and the rates of cyanide formed, the action of an enzyme 

system was postulated in the metabolism of both compounds . [Freeman JJ, 

Hayes EP ; Biochem Pharmacol 36 (1) : 184-7 (1987)] **PEER REVIEWED** 

METABOLISM/METABOLITES 

Rats were pretreated with buthionine sulfoximine (4 mmol/kg, ip at 4 

and 2 hr), cobalt heme (90 mumol/kg, sc at 48 hr), dimethylcobalt (1960 

mg/kg, orally at 24 hr), or vehicle, and hepatocytes were isolated 

after collagenase perfusion of the liver . Buthionine sulfoximine 

reduced the cellular reduced glutathione content by greater than 80%, 

but did not affect the metabolism of methylcyanide : the liberation of 

cyanide correlated with cytochrome p450, and not reduced glutathione, 

concentrations . Cobalt heme depleted hepatocellular cytochrome p450 

(-450) content, decreased cell yield and viability, and resulted in a 

reduction in the metabolism of methylcyanide to cyanide . Cobalt heme 

did not affect the recovery of sodium cyanide from hepatocyte 

suspensions . Pretreatment of rats with dimethylcyanide resulted in a 

2-fold increase in the metabolism of methyl cyanide to cyanide . 

Addition of dimethylcobalt in vitro inhibited methylcyanide metabolism . 

Apparently, the metabolism of methylcyanide to cyanide occurs by a 

cytochrome p450 dependent pathway, and not by a nucleophilic 

substitution reaction with reduced glutathione . [Freeman JJ, Hayes EP ; 

Fundam Appl Toxicol 8 (2) : 263-71 (1987)] **PEER REVIEWED** 

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BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE NO DATA 

MECHANISM OF ACTION 

. . . EFFECTS . . . GENERALLY . . . OBSERVED . . . 3 TO 12 HR AFTER 

/ACETONITRILE/ EXPOSURE . THIS DELAYED ONSET . . . HAS BEEN EXPLAINED AS A 

SLOW RELEASE OF CYANIDE . . . . [National Research Council . Drinking 

Water & Health, Volume 4 . Washington, DC : National Academy Press, 

1981 ., p . 204] **PEER REVIEWED** 

MECHANISM OF ACTION 

. . . THE FINAL CLINICAL PICTURE IS RESULT OF EFFECTS OF THE INTACT 

MOLECULE /ACETONITRILE/ COMBINED WITH EFFECTS OF GRADUALLY RELEASED 

CYANIDE IONS . [Clayton, G . D . and F . E . Clayton (eds .) . Patty's 

Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology : Volume 2A, 2B, 2C : Toxicology . 3rd 

ed . New York : John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982 ., p . 4871] **PEER REVIEWED** 

MECHANISM OF ACTION 

ALIPHATIC NITRILES (INCL ACETONITRILE) POSSESS LITTLE IF ANY ACUTE 

TOXICITY IN ABSENCE OF NORMAL HEPATIC FUNCTION & ARE ACTIVATED BY 

HEPATIC MECHANISMS TO RELEASE CYANIDE WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR MAJOR ACUTE 

TOXIC EFFECTS . [WILLHITE CC, SMITH RP ; TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL 59 (3) : 

589-602 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** 

INTERACTIONS 

MALE CD-1 MICE WERE EXPOSED 60 MIN TO TOXIC CONCN & MAINTAINED FOR 14 

DAYS . PRETREATMENT WITH SODIUM SULFITE OR SODIUM NITRITE OR HEPATOTOXIC 

DOSE OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE PROVIDED SIGNIFICANT PROTECTION AGAINST 

MORTALITY FROM INHALATION EXPOSURE . [WILLHITE CC ; CLIN TOXICOL 18 (8) : 

991-1004 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** 

INTERACTIONS 

The nature and mechanism of a toxicological interaction between 

acetonitrile and acetone was investigated . Results of oral 

dose-response studies utilizing a 1 :1 mixture of acetonitrile and 

acetone, or varying doses of acetonitrile administered together with a 

constant dose of acetone, indicated that acetone potentiated acute 

acetonitrile toxicity 3 to 4 fold in rats . The onset of severe toxicity 

(manifested by tremors and convulsions) was delayed in the groups dosed 

with both solvents compared to the groups that recieved acetonitrile or 

acetone alone . Blood cyanide (a metabolite of acetonitrile) and serum 

acetonitrile and acetone concentrations were measured after oral 

administration of 25% aqueous solns of acetonitrile, acetone, or 

acetonitrile and acetone . Concentrations of cyanide in the blood of 

rats given acetonitrile and acetone remained near baseline, in contrast 

to the high blood cyanide concentrations found in rats dosed with 

acetonitrile alone . At 34 to 36 hr, high blood cyanide concentrations 

were found in rats dosed with both solvents . This delayed onset of 

1 of 2 

-3 2/3/99 9:29 AM 
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elevation of blood cyanide coincided with the occurrence of clinical 

signs and with the disappearance of serum acetone . In further 

pharmacokinetic studies, blood cyanide concentrations were measured 

after similar dosage regimens of acetonitrile and acetone . Peak cyanide 

concentrations were significantly greater in rats dosed with both than 

in rats given only acetonitrile . Administration of sodium thiosulfate 

or a second dose of acetone prevented the toxicity associated with 

exposure to both solvents . Evidently, the effects of acetone on 

acetonitrile toxicity are due to a biphasic effect on the metabolism of 

acetonitrile to cyanide ie, an initial inhibition followed by a 

stimulation of this metabolism upon acetone elimination . [Freeman JJ, 

Hayes EP ; J Toxicol Environ Health 15 (5) : 609-21 (1985)] **PEER 

REVIEWED** 

INTERACTIONS 

Acute toxicity, in vitro metabolism, and structure-toxicity relations 

of aliphatic mononitriles were examined in mice pretreated with carbon 

tetrachloride . The LD50 in mice pretreated with carbon tetrachloride 

was increased in most nitriles compared to that in untreated animals 

with different degrees among compounds . Microsomal metabolism of 

nitriles to cyanide was completely inhibited when microsomes were 

prepared from livers of mice pretreated with carbon tetrachloride . 

[Tanii H, Hashimoto K; Toxicol Lett 22 (2) : 267-72 (1984)] **PEER 

REVIEWED** 

INTERACTIONS 

The effect of ethanol on the metabolism of 20 nitriles was studied in 

vivo and in vitro in mice . At 13 hr after ethanol dosing (4 .0 g/kg), 

the metabolism of acetonitrile by isolated hepatic microsomes was 1 .83 

times controls (ie, glucose) . [Tanii H, Hashimoto K ; Arch Toxicol 58 

(3) : 171-6 (1986)] **PEER REVIEWED** 

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INTERACTIONS 

Mice were exposed for 60 min to acetonitrile, propionitrile, or 

n-butyronitrile, and were maintained for the following 14 days . The 

LC50 values for acetonitrile, proprionitrile, and n-butyronitrile were 

2693, 163, and 249 ppm, respectively . Pre-treatment with sodium 

thiosulfate or sodium nitrite, two common inorganic cyanide, provided 

significant protection against the mortality associated with these 

exposures . Administration of the thiosulfate consistently provided 

greater protection than the nitrile . Pre-treatment with a hepatotoxic 

dose of carbon tetrachloride also provided protection . [Willhite CC ; 

Clin Toxicol 18 (8) : 991-1003 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** 

INTERACTIONS 

WHEN SODIUM THIOSULFATE WAS GIVEN IN MULTIPLE INJECTIONS, IT PROTECTED 

MICE AGAINST DEATH BY PROPIONITRILE . [WILLHITE CC, SMITH RP ; TOXICOL 

APPL PHARMACOL 59 (3) : 589-602 (1981)] **PEER REVIEWED** 

INTERACTIONS 

The toxic mechanism of nitriles (including acetonitrile) and the effect 

of metabolic modifiers in mice were studied in relation to their 

physicochemical properties . All the test nitriles liberated cyanide 

both in vivo and in vitro, with the exception of benzonitrile, although 

the extent of liberation and the effect of carbon tetrachloride 

pretreatment on the mortality of animals differed among nitriles . From 

these results, test compounds were tentatively divided into 3 groups . 

In group l, acute toxicity was greatly reduced by carbon tetrachloride 

pretreatment, in group 2, toxicity was not significantly changed or was 

somewhat enhanced, and in group 3, benzonitrile only, toxicity was 

clearly enhanced . The amount of cyanide was higher at death in the 

brains of mice given group 1 compounds, the level being comparable to 

that found in mice killed by dosing with potassium cyanide . The 

relation between log (1/LD50) and log p for the compounds in group 1 

fitted a parabolic plot, while that for compounds in group 2 was 

linear . For most nitriles, the in vitro metabolism was inhibited when 

the incubation mixture contained either SKF-525A, carbon monoxide, or 

microsomes from mice treated with carbon tetrachloride . When mice were 

closed with ethyl alcohol, metabolic enhancement of nitriles was seen 

compared with the control . However, ethyl alcohol, when added to the 

incubation mixture, inhibited the in vitro metabolism of nitriles . 

[Tanii H ; Juzen Igakkai Zasshi 94 (4) : 664-77 (1985)] **PEER REVIEWED** 

MOLECULAR FORMULA C2-H3-N **PEER REVIEWED** 

COLOR/FORM COLORLESS, LIMPID LIQUID [Sax, N .I . and R .J . 

Lewis, Sr . (eds .) . Hawley's Condensed Chemical 

Dictionary . llth ed . New York : Van Nostrand 

1 of 2 ~ 2/3/99 9 :29 AM 
TOXNET Web Search 

COLOR/FORM 

ODOR 

ODOR 

ODOR 

TASTE 

BOILING POINT 

MELTING POINT 

p. 14 

http ://toxnet.nlm .nih .gov/servlets. . . ewers.resultPage V iewer? 1419_1420-1 

Reinhold Co ., 1987 ., p . 9] **QC REVIEWED** 

Colorless liquid . [NIOSH . NIOSH Pocket Guide to 

Chemical Hazards . DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No . 

94-116 . Washington, D .C . : U .S . Government Printing 

Office, June 1994 ., p . 4] **QC REVIEWED** 

AROMATIC ODOR [Sax, N .I . and R .J . Lewis, Sr . 

(eds .) . Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary . 

llth ed . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold Co ., 

1987 ., p . 9] **PEER REVIEWED** 

ETHER-LIKE ODOR [National Fire Protection 

Association . Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous 

Materials . 9th ed . Boston, MA : National Fire 

Protection Association, 1986 . 49-10] **PEER 

REVIEWED** 

Aromatic odor . [NIOSH . NIOSH Pocket Guide to 

Chemical Hazards . DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No . 

94-116 . Washington, D .C . : U .S . Government Printing 

Office, June 1994 ., p . 4] **QC REVIEWED** 

BURNING SWEETISH TASTE [National Fire Protection 

Association . Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous 

Materials . 9th ed . Boston, MA : National Fire 

Protection Association, 1986 . 49-10] **PEER 

REVIEWED** 

81 .6 DEG C AT 760 MM HG [Budavari, S . (ed .) . The 

Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and 

Biologicals . Rahway, NJ : Merck and Co ., Inc ., 

1989 ., p . 11] **PEER REVIEWED** 

-45 DEG C [Budavari, S . (ed .) . The Merck Index -

Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals . 

Rahway, NJ : Merck and Co ., Inc ., 1989 ., p . 11] 

**PEER REVIEWED** 

Page 3 

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Page 4 

MOLECULAR WEIGHT 41 .05 [Budavari, S . (ed .) . The Merck Index -

Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals . 

Rahway, NJ : Merck and Co ., Inc ., 1989 ., p . 11] 

**PEER REVIEWED** 

CORROSIVITY Liquid acetonitrile will attack some forms of 

plastics, rubber, and coatings . [Mackison, F . W ., 

R . S . Stricoff, and L . J . Partridge, Jr . (eds .) . 

NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for 

Chemical Hazards . DHHS(NIOSH) Publication, p . 2] 

No . 81-123 (3 VOLS) . Washington, DC : U .S . 

Government Printing Office, Jan . 1981 ., p . 2] 

**PEER REVIEWED** 

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE & CRITICAL TEMP : 526 .5 DEG F= 274 .7 DEG C= 547 .9 DEG 

PRESSURE K ; CRITICAL PRESSURE : 701 PSIA= 47 .7 ATM= 4 .83 

MN/SQ M [U .S . Coast Guard, Department of 

Transportation . CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data . 

Volume II . Washington, D .C . : U .S . Government 

Printing Office, 1984-5 .] **PEER REVIEWED** 

DENSITY/SPECIFIC GRAVITY SP GR : 0 .78745 @ 15 DEG C/4 DEG C [Budavari, S . 

(ed .) . The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of 

Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals . Rahway, NJ : 

Merck and Co ., Inc ., 1989 ., p . 11] **PEER 

REVIEWED** 

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS NO DATA 

HEAT OF COMBUSTION -13 .360 BTU/LB= -7420 CAL/G= -310 .7X10+5 J/KG 

[U .S . Coast Guard, Department of Transportation . 

CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data . Volume II . 

Washington, D .C . : U .S . Government Printing Office, 

1984-5 .] **PEER REVIEWED** 

HEAT OF VAPORIZATION 313 BTU/LB= 174 CAL/G= 7 .29X10+5 J/KG [U .S . Coast 

Guard, Department of Transportation . CHRIS -

Hazardous Chemical Data . Volume II . Washington, 

D .C . : U .S . Government Printing Office, 1984-5 .] 

**PEER REVIEWED** 

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION log Kow= -0 .34 [Hanch C, Leo AJ ; Medchem Project 

COEFFICIENT Issue No . 26 CA : Claremont, Pomona College (1985)] 

**PEER REVIEWED** 

PH NO DATA 

SOLUBILITIES MISCIBLE WITH WATER, METHANOL, METHYL ACETATE, 

ACETONE, ETHYL ACETATE, ETHER, ACETAMIDE 

SOLUTIONS, CHLOROFORM, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, 

ETHYLENE CHLORIDE, & WITH MANY UNSATURATED 

1 of 2 ~ 2/3/99 9:30 AM 
TOXNET Web Search 

SOLUBILITIES 

SOLUBILITIES 

SOLUBILITIES 

SPECTRAL PROPERTIES 

p. 16 

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HYDROCARBONS ; IMMISCIBLE WITH MANY SATURATED 

HYDROCARBONS ; DISSOLVES SOMEWHAT IN INORG SALTS 

SUCH AS SILVER NITRATE, LITHIUM NITRATE, MAGNESIUM 

BROMIDE . [Budavari, S . (ed .) . The Merck Index -

Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals . 

Rahway, NJ : Merck and Co ., Inc ., 1989 ., p . 11] 

**PEER REVIEWED** 

VERY SOL IN ETHYL ALC [International Labour 

Office . Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and 

Safety . Vols . I&II . Geneva, Switzerland : 

International Labour Office, 1983 ., p . 1445] 

**PEER REVIEWED** 

MISCIBLE WITH BENZENE [Lide, D .R . (ed) . CRC 

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . 72nd ed . Boca 

Raton, FL : CRC Press, 1991-1992 . 3-22] **PEER 

REVIEWED** 

Equal wt of acetonitrile and the following 

materials are miscible at room temp : formic acid, 

acetic acid, levulinic acid, methanol, cellosolve 

solvent, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, di-n-butyl 

amine, acetic anhydride, pyridine, nitrobenzene, 

aniline, xylene, phenol, acetyl chloride, dibutyl 

phthalate, diglycol stearate, n-butyl ether, 

dichloroethyl ether, methyl isobutyl ketone, 

nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane [Flick, 

E .W . Industrial Solvents Handbook . 3rd ed . Park 

Ridge, NJ : Noyes Publications, 1985 ., p . 578] 

**PEER REVIEWED** 

INDEX OF REFRACTION : 1 .33934 AT 30 DEG C/D 

[Budavari, S . (ed .) . The Merck Index -

Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals . 

Rahway, NJ : Merck and Co ., Inc ., 1989 ., p . 11] 

**PEER REVIEWED** 

Page 4 

_. ._.__._.__ . . . . ~ _ _ _ . . . _.~ _. _ . . ......... . ... . .- ' 'I'll 

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_ ._111111 .... . ........ ....... ._ .............. .. . .---I -__ ._ .._ .__ . . .- . . . . ______. .. .. .__.___ .~.. . . . . -

Your search found 1 record in Database: HSDB 

Query: ((NAME) " 'ACETONITRILE") 

Page 5 

SPECTRAL PROPERTIES MAX ABSORPTION : 274 NM (LOG E= 2 .7) UNDILUTED 

[Weast, R .C . (ed .) . Handbook of Chemistry and 

Physics . 60th ed . Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press 

Inc ., 1979 . C-87] **PEER REVIEWED** 

SPECTRAL PROPERTIES Acetonitrile, 99%, exhibits its two strongest 

infra red absorption bands at wavelengths of 7 .0 

and 7 .3 micrometers . [Aldrich ; The Aldrich 

Microfiche Library of Chemical Indices (1983)] 

**PEER REVIEWED** 

SPECTRAL PROPERTIES IR : 269 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism 

Collection) [Weast, R .C . and M .J . Astle . CRC 

Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds . Volumes I 

and II . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press Inc . 1985 . Vl 

27] **PEER REVIEWED** 

SPECTRAL PROPERTIES UV : 4-2 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data, 

Phillips et al, John Wiley & Sons, New York) 

[Weast, R .C . and M .J . Astle . CRC Handbook of Data 

on Organic Compounds . Volumes I and II . Boca 

Raton, FL : CRC Press Inc . 1985 . VI 27] **PEER 

REVIEWED** 

SPECTRAL PROPERTIES NMR : 9154 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral 

Collection) [Weast, R .C . and M .J . Astle . CRC 

Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds . Volumes I 

and II . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press Inc . 1985 . Vl 

27] **PEER REVIEWED** 

SPECTRAL PROPERTIES MASS : 9 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & 

Sons, New York) [Weast, R .C . and M .J . Astle . CRC 

Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds . Volumes I 

and II . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press Inc . 1985 . V1 

27] **PEER REVIEWED** 

SURFACE TENSION 29 .04 DYNES/CM AT 20 DEG C [Budavari, S . (ed .) . 

The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs 

and Biologicals . Rahway, NJ : Merck and Co ., Inc ., 

1989 ., p . 11] **PEER REVIEWED** 

VAPOR DENSITY 1 .42 (AIR= 1) [Clayton, G . D . and F . E . Clayton 

(eds .) . Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology : 

Volume 2A, 2B, 2C : Toxicology . 3rd ed . New York : 

John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982 ., p . 4868] **PEER 

REVIEWED** 

VAPOR PRESSURE 87 MM HG AT 24 DEG C [Clayton, G . D . and F . E . 

Clayton (eds .) . Patty's Industrial Hygiene and 

Toxicology : Volume 2A, 2B, 2C : Toxicology . 3rd ed . 

1 of 2 / 2/3/99 9 :30 AM 
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RELATIVE EVAPORATION RATE 

VISCOSITY 

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL 

PROPERTIES 

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL 

PROPERTIES 

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL 

PROPERTIES 

p. 18 

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New York : John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982 ., p . 4868] 

**PEER REVIEWED** 

5 .79 (butyl acetate= 1) [Mackison, F . W ., R . S . 

Stricoff, and L . J . Partridge, Jr . (eds .) . 

NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for 

Chemical Hazards . DHHS(NIOSH) Publication, p . 2] 

No . 81-123 (3 VOLS) . Washington, DC : U .S . 

Government Printing Office, Jan . 1981 ., p . 2] 

**PEER REVIEWED** 

0 .43 cP at 0 deg C ; 0 .35 cP at 20 deg C ; 0 .30 cP 

at 40 deg C [Flick, E .W . Industrial Solvents 

Handbook . 3rd ed . Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes 

Publications, 1985 ., p . 577] **PEER REVIEWED** 

PERCENT IN SATURATED AIR 9 .6 ; DENSITY OF SATURATED 

AIR 1 .04 (AIR= 1) . [Clayton, G . D . and F . E . 

Clayton (eds .) . Patty's Industrial Hygiene and 

Toxicology : Volume 2A, 2B, 2C : Toxicology . 3rd ed . 

New York : John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982 ., p . 4868] 

**PEER REVIEWED** 

HIGH POLARITY ; STRONGLY REACTIVE [Sax, N .I . and 

R .J . Lewis, Sr . (eds .) . Hawley's Condensed 

Chemical Dictionary . llth ed . New York : Van 

Nostrand Reinhold Co ., 1987 ., p . 9] **PEER 

REVIEWED** 

BURNS WITH LUMINOUS FLAME ; DIELECTRIC CONSTANT : 

38 .8 AT 20 DEG C ; CONSTANT BOILING MIXTURE WITH 

WATER CONTAINS 16% H20 & BP : 76 DEG C [Budavari, 

S . (ed .) . The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of 

Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals . Rahway, NJ : 

Merck and Co ., Inc ., 1989 ., p . 11] **PEER 

REVIEWED** 

Page 5 

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Page 6 

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL Sat concn 163 g/cu m at 20 deg C, 249 g/cu m at 30 

PROPERTIES deg C [Verschueren, K . Handbook of Environmental 

Data of Organic Chemicals . 2nd ed . New York, NY : 

Van Nostrand Reinhold Co ., 1983 ., p . 151] **PEER 

REVIEWED** 

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL Saturated liquid density : 48 .730 lb/cu ft ; liquid 

PROPERTIES heat capacity : 0 .540 Btu/lb-F ; saturated vapor 

pressure : 1 .383 lb/sq in ; saturated vapor density : 

0 .00998 lb/cu ft (all at 70 deg F) [U .S . Coast 

Guard, Department of Transportation . CHRIS -

Hazardous Chemical Data . Volume II . Washington, 

D .C . : U .S . Government Printing Office, 1984-5 .] 

**PEER REVIEWED** 

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL Ideal gas heat capacity : 0 .303 Btu/lb-F at 75 deg 

PROPERTIES F [U .S . Coast Guard, Department of Transportation . 

CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data . Volume II . 

Washington, D .C . : U .S . Government Printing Office, 

1984-5 .] **PEER REVIEWED** 

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL Solubility data : In 100 ml acetonitrile at room 

PROPERTIES temp : 50 g crotonic acid, 6 .0 g oleic acid, 3 .3 g 

phenol, 6 .4 g castor oil ; pentaerythriol, 

triethanolamine, benzene sulfonic acid insol in 

acetonitrile at room temp . [Flick, E .W . Industrial 

Solvents Handbook . 3rd ed . Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes 

Publications, 1985 ., p . 578] **PEER REVIEWED** 

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL Coefficient of expansion at 20 deg C : 0 .00137/deg 

PROPERTIES C [Flick, E .W . Industrial Solvents Handbook . 3rd 

ed . Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes Publications, 1985 ., p . 

577] **PEER REVIEWED** 

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL Specific heat= 0 .541 Btu/lb/deg F (21 deg C to 76 

PROPERTIES deg C) [Flick, E .W . Industrial Solvents Handbook . 

3rd ed . Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes Publications, 1985 ., 

p . 577] **PEER REVIEWED** 

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL Heat of fusion= 94 Btu/lb (at 46 deg C) [Flick, 

PROPERTIES E .W . Industrial Solvents Handbook . 3rd ed . Park 

Ridge, NJ : Noyes Publications, 1985 ., p . 577] 

**PEER REVIEWED** 

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL Dielectric constant= 42 .0 at 0 deg C, 38 .8 at 20 

PROPERTIES deg C, 26 .2 at 81 .6 deg C [Flick, E .W . Industrial 

Solvents Handbook . 3rd ed . Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes 

Publications, 1985 ., p . 577] **PEER REVIEWED** 

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL Specific conductance= 5-9X10-8/ohm [Flick, E .W . 

1 of 2 ~ / 2/3/99 9 :30 AM 
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. 

PROPERTIES 

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL 

PROPERTIES 

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL 

PROPERTIES 

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL 

PROPERTIES 

p. 20 

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Industrial Solvents Handbook . 3rd ed . Park Ridge, 

NJ : Noyes Publications, 1985 ., p . 577] **PEER 

REVIEWED** 

Avg wt/gal= 6 .52 lb [Flick, E .W . Industrial 

Solvents Handbook . 3rd ed . Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes 

Publications, 1985 ., p . 577] **PEER REVIEWED** 

Nitrocellulose dilution ratio-toluene= 2 .0 [Flick, 

E .W . Industrial Solvents Handbook . 3rd ed . Park 

Ridge, NJ : Noyes Publications, 1985 ., p . 577] 

**PEER REVIEWED** 

Henry's Law constant= 2 .93X10-5 atm-cu m/mole 

[Snider JR, Dawson GA; J Geophys Res 90(D2) : 

3797-3805 (1985)] **PEER REVIEWED** 

End Of Results 

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