# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

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# U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

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# PUBLIC HEARING ON THE PROPOSED REVISIONS

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# TO THE NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS

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# Thursday, January 29, 2015

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# 1201 Constitution Avenue, N.W.

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# Washington, D.C.

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# ATKINSON-BAKER, INC. COURT REPORTERS 19 

# (800) 288-3376 www.depo.com 20 

# REPORTED BY: Delores M. Green 21 

# FILE NO.: A900CF7

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

2 (Pages 2 to 5) Page 2 1 HEARING BOARD MEMBERS: 

### 2 ERIKA SASSER, CHAIR 

### 3 Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Office of Air and Radiation 

### 4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

### 5 STEVE SILVERMAN Office of General Counsel 

### 6 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

### 7 ROBIN LANGDON Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards 

### 8 Office of Air and Radiation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

### 9 MELINA WILLIAMS 

### 10 Office of General Counsel U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

### 11 ALSO PRESENT: JIM KETCHAN-COLWILL 

### 12 ALAN RUSH 

### 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21



### Page 3 1 I N D E X 2 3 PRESENTATIONS: PAGE 4 1. Henry Bouleau (phonetic)............. 11 2. Douglas Fratz ....................... 14 5 3. Julie Goodman ....................... 18 4. Sonja Sax ........................... 22 6 5. Howard Feldman ...................... 29 6. Robert Proudman ..................... 34 7 7. Mark Kresowik ....................... 39 8. Deborah Shprentz .................... 43 8 9. Wilfred Candler ..................... 48 10. James McCormick ..................... 50 9 11. Terry McGuire ....................... 56 12. Isabelle Riu ........................ 60 10 13. Greg Bertelsen ...................... 66 14. Giedrius Ambrozaitis ................ 71 11 15. Paul Miller ......................... 75 16. David Friedman ...................... 81 12 17. Adam Beitman ........................ 87 18. Kristin Cook ........................ 90 13 19. Samantha Ahdoot ..................... 92 20. Brian Urbaszewski ................... 99 14 21. Noel Martin .........................103 22. Julie Hantman .......................107 15 23. Jeffrey Levi ........................111 24. Peggy Rommen ........................116 16 25. Liz Perera ..........................117 26. Kirk Smith ..........................121 17 27. Dawud Muhammad ......................122 28. Kendyl Crawford .....................124 18 29. Jon Baker ...........................128 30. Anne Smith ..........................133 19 31. Jackie Ostfeld ......................137 32. Dnell Nicholson .....................140 20 33. Devawn Oberlender ...................143 34. George Alderson .....................151 21 35. Mary Martin .........................154 

### Page 4 1 36. Dan Greifenberger ...................161 37. Kathleen Addleson ...................165 2 38. Susan Polan .........................170 39. Kathleen Durkin .....................175 3 40. Elizabeth Agbetsiafa-Awuah ..........188 41. Karen Melton ........................191 4 42. Elizabeth Versteeg ..................195 43. Allen Schaeffer .....................198 5 44. William Penniman ....................205 45. Mollie Simon ........................209 6 46. Sarah Fraser ........................215 47. Jennifer McIntyre ...................219 7 48. Lorraine Gershman ...................224 49. Matthew Gravatt .....................229 8 50. John Noel ...........................235 51. Joshua Berman .......................238 9 52. Ronnie Citron-Fink ..................242 53. Richard Reis ........................246 10 54. Chris Yeager ........................250 55. Stephanie Madden ....................253 11 56. John Powell .........................258 57. Earle Mitchell ......................262 12 58. Lee Fuller ..........................266 59. Susan Stillman ......................271 13 60. Melynda Britt .......................275 61. Nicholas Yoon .......................279 14 62. Ameeka Badia ........................282 63. Barbara Gottlieb ....................284 15 64. Teja Sathi ..........................289 65. Steve Spacek ........................291 16 66. Ivy Main ............................295 67. Donna McDowell ......................298 17 68. Chris Millar ........................303 69. Sara Chieffo ........................305 18 70. Hayden Higgins ......................311 71. Stewart Holm ........................313 19 72. Mary Feeherry .......................318 73. Collin Rees .........................320 20 74. Erica Mitrano .......................325 75. Donna Smith .........................328 21 76. Nicola Hayes-Allen ..................331



### Page 5 1 77. Gwen DuBois .........................337 78. Mark Magana (read by Sergio Payan)...341 2 79. Joshua Low ..........................344 80. Daren Bakst .........................346 3 81. Greer McBeth ........................350 82. Raymond Keating .....................354 4 83. James Tsai ..........................358 84. Richard Nunno .......................360 5 85. Carol LeBlanc .......................364 86. Karissa Gerhke ......................366 6 87. Dana McCartney (phonetic) ...........368 88. Anastasia Schemkes ..................371 7 89. John Bloom ..........................373 90. Blake Lynch .........................377 8 91. Amanda Hurowitz .....................380 92. Malin Moench ........................383 9 93. Phillip Collins .....................391 94. Joseph Manning ......................395 10 95. Laura Kate Bender ...................399 96. Deepak Jonnalagedda .................404 11 97. Kelsey Crane ........................407 98. Jory Lerback ........................408 12 99. Tim Harlin Marks ....................410 100. Alan Bederka ........................412 13 101. Nina Sherburne (read by Collin Rees).415 102. Charles Rories ......................417 14 103. Mark Barna ..........................423 104. Travis Thompson (read by Seth Long)..425 15 105. Christopher Wilson ..................429 106. Alex Hirtle .........................435 16 107. Brenna Mueller ......................438 17 18 19 20 21

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

3 (Pages 6 to 9) Page 6 1 Washington, D.C., Thursday, January 29, 2015 

### 2 9:10 a.m. 

### 3 -- -- -- 

### 4 MS. SASSER: Good morning. My name is Erika 

### 5 Sasser, and I am the chair of this session of today's 

### 6 public hearing. I want to thank everyone for coming 

### 7 today. Joining me on the panel this morning are Steve 

### 8 Silverman and Robin Langdon. And we are here today to 

### 9 listen to your comments on the proposed revisions to 

### 10 the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone. 

### 11 EPA announced this proposed rule on 

### 12 November 25, 2014, and published the proposal in the 

### 13 Federal Register on December 17, 2014. EPA's proposal 

### 14 is based on extensive scientific evidence about 

### 15 ozone's effects on public health and welfare. 

### 16 The proposed updates will improve public 

### 17 health and protection, particularly for children, the 

### 18 elderly, and people of all ages who have lung diseases 

### 19 such as asthma, as well as improve public welfare 

### 20 protection, particularly related to ozone-sensitive 

### 21 trees and other plants in protected forested



### Page 7 1 ecosystems, such as national wilderness areas. 

### 2 We have proposed to strengthen both the 

### 3 primary ozone standard to protect public health and 

### 4 the secondary standard to protect public welfare. 

### 5 We are proposing to set the levels of the 

### 6 primary and secondary standards in a range from 65 to 

### 7 70 parts per billion. These standards would be met 

### 8 when the three-year average of the annual 

### 9 fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone 

### 10 concentration is at or below the new level. 

### 11 The proposal would also extend the ozone 

### 12 monitoring season for many states and update the Air 

### 13 Quality Index to ensure people are informed about 

### 14 their air quality. 

### 15 These proposed standards do not establish 

### 16 emission control requirements for any particular 

### 17 industry. Each state, as needed, will determine how 

### 18 best to meet the standards in a way that makes the 

### 19 most sense for that area. 

### 20 States will have time to develop and 

### 21 implement plans to meet revised standards. The 

### Page 8 1 existing and proposed federal rules will help the vast 

### 2 majority of areas meet the proposed standards by 2025. 

### 3 I'd like to thank you for taking time out of 

### 4 your day to join us here today and share your 

### 5 comments. We will accept comments on all aspects of 

### 6 the proposal, including on retaining the existing 

### 7 standards. 

### 8 Before we get started, I'd like to go 

### 9 through a few housekeeping items and ground rules that 

### 10 will help make today's hearing run smoothly. 

### 11 First, please be sure you have checked in at 

### 12 the registration desk, even if you are not planning to 

### 13 speak today. And if you signed up to speak on line or 

### 14 by phone and haven't told us that you're here in 

### 15 person, please step out at the registration desk and 

### 16 let the EPA staff there know that you have arrived. 

### 17 All right. Here's how today's hearing will 

### 18 work. I will call speakers up in pairs to this table 

### 19 in front of us here. When your name is called, please 

### 20 come to this table in front of the room and remain at 

### 21 the table until both speakers have completed their



### Page 9 1 comments. 

### 2 When I call on you to speak, please state 

### 3 your name and spell it for the court reporter. Your 

### 4 comments will be transcribed and included in the 

### 5 official record of comments, which is known as the 

### 6 docket for this rule making. Each speaker will have 

### 7 five minutes to give comments. And we have a timer at 

### 8 the end of the table here with a light to let you know 

### 9 how much time you have left to speak. 

### 10 The light will begin green. After four 

### 11 minutes, it will turn to yellow. When it turns to 

### 12 yellow, that means you have one minute remaining. And 

### 13 when it turns to red, that's a signal that it's time 

### 14 to wrap up your testimony. The light will flash red 

### 15 and beep when you have spoken for five minutes, and 

### 16 then it's time to stop. 

### 17 When you are finished speaking, please 

### 18 remain at the table until the person next to you has 

### 19 also completed his or her testimony. 

### 20 We are here today to listen to you. In some 

### 21 cases, however, a panel member may ask a clarifying

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

4 (Pages 10 to 13) Page 10 1 question. 

### 2 After each pair of speakers is finished, I 

### 3 will then call up the next pair of speakers and so on. 

### 4 And we do also want to warn you that some of the floor 

### 5 tiles in the room are loose, so please be careful as 

### 6 you walk in the room and up to the table. 

### 7 If you have a written copy of your 

### 8 testimony, we ask that you please give it to the staff 

### 9 at the registration desk before you leave. We will 

### 10 put any written comments that are submitted today into 

### 11 the docket for the proposed ruling. And if you have 

### 12 any additional comments that you would like to make, 

### 13 you may submit them in writing until the 17th of March 

### 14 2015. Instructions for submitting written materials 

### 15 are available at the materials table, which is right 

### 16 near the registration desk. 

### 17 The hearing will continue until 7:30 p.m. 

### 18 tonight. We will take a lunch break from 1 to 2:30 

### 19 and then we'll continue straight through until 7:30. 

### 20 In addition, we may take occasional short breaks 

### 21 throughout the day, as needed, and we will keep you



### Page 11 1 posted as the day goes on. 

### 2 If you have any questions at all during the 

### 3 day today, please see the staff at the registration 

### 4 desk and someone there will try to help you. 

### 5 Finally, I want to ask each of you to please 

### 6 be respectful for everyone who speaks today. We have 

### 7 people with a wide variety of views in the audience 

### 8 and we want to hear from each of you. 

### 9 So that we can do that and be fair to 

### 10 everyone, we ask that you please listen quietly. Even 

### 11 applauses can slow things down, and we want to be sure 

### 12 that we have time to hear from everyone who signed up 

### 13 to speak. 

### 14 Thank you again for taking the time today to 

### 15 come to this public hearing and share your comments on 

### 16 our proposed rule. 

### 17 Let's get started. I'd like to call, 

### 18 please, first Mr. Henry Bouleau (phonetic) and 

### 19 Mr. Douglas Fratz. 

### 20 Mr. Bouleau. 

### 21 Mr. BOULEAU: Good morning. My name is 

### Page 12 1 Henry Bouleau, and it's French. And I am representing 

### 2 the South Central Industrial Association, which is the 

### 3 multi-parish investor organization based in Houma, 

### 4 Louisiana, composed of over 200 member companies 

### 5 representing over 40,000 employees committed to the 

### 6 communities we serve. 

### 7 We appreciate this opportunity to comment in 

### 8 person on the National Ambient Air Quality Standards 

### 9 for ground-level ozone proposed by the EPA. We also 

### 10 will submit a more detailed letter on our comments and 

### 11 concerns through the proper channels. 

### 12 We are deeply concerned the proposed changes 

### 13 amount to an unfunded mandate which will place much of 

### 14 the country out of compliance, forcing hundreds of 

### 15 millions of dollars in compliance costs and/or forcing 

### 16 industries to shut down facilities across the country 

### 17 and creating devastating impacts to the flourishing 

### 18 economy, South Louisiana, and the nation. 

### 19 Our Virginia region we're seeing in use, 

### 20 economic growth, as unachievable permanent 

### 21 requirements would prevent businesses from expanding



### Page 13 1 publicly in new operations. All federally-funded 

### 2 projects in the area will be subject to conformity 

### 3 reviews which may limit highway infrastructure 

### 4 investment, including the new completion of an 

### 5 elevated Louisiana Highway 1, the main corridor to 

### 6 access Port Fourchon, which services 90 percent of the 

### 7 deep water oil and gas industry. 

### 8 Currently not accounted for are the negative 

### 9 health impact costs of unemployment and 

### 10 underemployment which will result from the proposed 

### 11 rule. Other costs of non-attainments include emission 

### 12 controls and penalties for complicated permitting and 

### 13 increased fuel and electricity costs. 

### 14 The Louisiana Department of Environmental 

### 15 Quality estimates the reduction costs in the greater 

### 16 New Orleans area alone of 246 million to meet the 

### 17 70 parts per billion standard. 

### 18 Locally in the Bayou region, we have signed 

### 19 on to the EPA's Advantage Program for Louisiana 

### 20 compliance. And most importantly, our ozone levels 

### 21 have been decreasing even in the midst of an

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

5 (Pages 14 to 17) Page 14 1 unprecedented all-gas servicing in our region. 

### 2 Not only does this demonstrate the Bayou 

### 3 region's commitment to lowering the emissions 

### 4 voluntarily, but it also calls into question the model 

### 5 the EPA relies on which would squarely blame oil and 

### 6 gas support industries, particularly knowing vessels 

### 7 associated with vessel intratraffic for increasing 

### 8 emissions. 

### 9 Thank you very much for the opportunity to 

### 10 present our comments today and we'll be forwarding a 

### 11 more detailed comment letter through the proper 

### 12 channels. Thank you. 

### 13 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Mr. Fratz. 

### 14 MR. FRATZ: Good morning. I'm D. Douglas 

### 15 Fratz, F-R-A-T-Z, Senior Science Fellow, Consumer 

### 16 Specialty Products Association. 

### 17 CSPA is a national trade association 

### 18 representing more than 250 companies that manufacture 

### 19 and market consumer specialty products. These 

### 20 products include formulated products for household and 

### 21 automotive care as well as home and garden care.



### Page 15 1 They're used by household consumers as well as 

### 2 institutional and commercial industrial users. 

### 3 The safe and effective use of these products 

### 4 provides numerous health, safety and environmental 

### 5 benefits. CSPA member companies have spent very 

### 6 significant amounts of time and resources over the 

### 7 past 25 years to reduce smog-related compounds in our 

### 8 products. We're proud of our success to date in 

### 9 reducing VOCs by more than 50 percent. We're 

### 10 compliant with the regulations adopted by California 

### 11 and various other states. 

### 12 The cost of these formulations, however, 

### 13 have been very common with billions of dollars spent 

### 14 to date. Due to the low photochemical activity in our 

### 15 emissions, studies show that our emission result in 

### 16 the most, nevertheless we know that our industry will 

### 17 continue to reach high on it, by regulations under -- 

### 18 until the ozone standards are met. 

### 19 While CSPA and its members remain committed 

### 20 to the goal of improved air quality, the cost of 

### 21 obtaining these goals are substantial and time is 

### Page 16 1 needed to develop new attainment strategies. Since 

### 2 EPA believes it is appropriate to -- it's 

### 3 inappropriate to lower the ozone standard further at 

### 4 this time. 

### 5 In 2008, EPA lowered the primary ozone 

### 6 standard from 84 to 75 parts per billion. But 

### 7 implementation of that standard is still in progress. 

### 8 California will be developing this year's submission 

### 9 to the EPA next year and we'll be planning further 

### 10 regulations in the years ahead of that. 

### 11 Consumer products play a very vulnerable 

### 12 measure in emission. Nevertheless, we realize that 

### 13 our products will likely continue to be targeted by 

### 14 California and other states. Premature imposition of 

### 15 a lower ozone standard, whether it's 70 or 65, would 

### 16 force states to seek reduction from consumer products 

### 17 that may not be feasible. 

### 18 Implementation of the current ozone standard 

### 19 may result in significant new incidents regarding what 

### 20 measures are cost effective than in lowering the visit 

### 21 to California and others want to attain theirs.



### Page 17 1 We urge EPA to allow time to restate the 

### 2 regional implementation of the existing standard and 

### 3 for necessary re-technologies and various sundries to 

### 4 be developed and commercialized. 

### 5 CSPA appreciates the opportunity to comment 

### 6 on this proposal to lower the ozone standard. We all 

### 7 want clean and healthy air. But we should not focus 

### 8 the target in two minutes. CSPA urges the EPA to 

### 9 retain the current ozone standards until states have 

### 10 completed their implementation plans. Thank you once 

### 11 again. 

### 12 MS. SASSER: Thank you. We're going to take 

### 13 just a momentary break to attempt to fix the timer 

### 14 which is only allowing three minutes before anyone 

### 15 gets to see. Well, speakers, I apologize. We have a 

### 16 technical solution or -- let's just take a momentary 

### 17 break and try to fix that so that remaining speakers 

### 18 have their whole five minutes. 

### 19 Meanwhile I do ask that Ms. Julie Goodman 

### 20 and Ms. Sonja Sax to please come to the table. 

### 21 (Break.)

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

6 (Pages 18 to 21) Page 18 1 MS. SASSER: We will resume with 

### 2 Ms. Goodman. Thank you. 

### 3 MS. GOODMAN: Thank you for the opportunity 

### 4 to speak on behalf of the American Lung Council. 

### 5 EPA Administrator included new evidence 

### 6 increasing ozone NAAQS between .065 and .070 ppm. 

### 7 However, new health NAAQS evidence cite the proposed 

### 8 rule is no stronger than evidence cited in previous 

### 9 reviews and doesn't support lowering the regular NAAQS 

### 10 below .075. This is true for all levels of evidence, 

### 11 including that control exposure to epidemiology, in 

### 12 noted action cities. And today I am focusing on to be 

### 13 able to reduce those. 

### 14 The proposed rule included two new control 

### 15 exposure studies by Keenan, et al. (phonetic), 2011 

### 16 and Gillite, et al. (phonetic), 2007, support lowering 

### 17 the ozone standard. Keenan, et al., observed 

### 18 statistically significant lung function decrements in 

### 19 the airway of which a .06 parts per billion. However, 

### 20 the new decrements that are reported across the 

### 21 population was so small that they indicate more



### Page 19 1 variability than not. 

### 2 Also, the scenario symptoms for ozone 

### 3 exposed subjects was similar to adult subjects 

### 4 indicated that ozone exposure do not cause personal 

### 5 effects. These clinically insignificant data do not 

### 6 comprise the instance for lowering the standard. 

### 7 In the second study, Gillite, et al., 

### 8 reporting lung function decrements in respiratory 

### 9 symptoms at .072 PM of lung function as historic to 

### 10 baseline condition between one and four hours at the 

### 11 exposed range. Because ozone has an active odor, the 

### 12 participants most likely knew when they were being 

### 13 exposed to ozone, and therefore may be more likely to 

### 14 report symptoms after ozone exposure. Despite this, 

### 15 in an independent analysis, my colleagues and I found 

### 16 no correlation between symptoms and the magnitude of 

### 17 all those decrements in individuals. 

### 18 Also, slight ozone levels are decrements 

### 19 greater than 10 percent. And while EPA considers the 

### 20 10 percent part reasonable or moderate in lung 

### 21 function decrements, in healthy populations the 

### Page 20 1 10 percent cut off -- or 10 percent decrement and 

### 2 possibly even a 15 percent decrement would not be 

### 3 ozone. 

### 4 Moreover, studies have shown that acute lung 

### 5 function decrements even after a high ozone exposure 

### 6 such as .2 PM are not indicative of or causally 

### 7 associated with ozone -- (inaudible) 

### 8 It's also notable in Slate (phonetic) Lab 

### 9 Study, the time period between the .072 PM exposure 

### 10 and the control exposure is 55 days on average ranging 

### 11 from 13 to 3, under two days. Coal exposure -- see no 

### 12 changes in lung function in the physical condition of 

### 13 subjects couldn't change over this time, making it 

### 14 difficult to enter results. In addition, slight up 

### 15 that aisle leads to Chart A or exposure profile, where 

### 16 exposure is increased step-wise and decreased 

### 17 step-wise to achieve target average ozone 

### 18 concentration. 

### 19 While a chamber exposure deprived is more 

### 20 reflective of gaining ozone fluctuations compared to a 

### 21 constant exposure pattern. The specific pattern shows



### Page 21 1 much to think about -- does not reflect a current 

### 2 pattern to those cities. Taken together, all of these 

### 3 issues with the Slate Lab Study indicate there's not a 

### 4 prior case for lowering the standards. 

### 5 The proposed rule suggests several 

### 6 populations, such as asthmatics, to be more responsive 

### 7 to key ozone exposure in healthy adults. But there's 

### 8 no evidence to support this. Moreover, the exercise 

### 9 level maintained in these other ozone exposure studies 

### 10 is slightly more speculative in the longer duration 

### 11 than most the general population experience with the 

### 12 exception of workers. 

### 13 These scenarios are especially unknown for 

### 14 certain populations, in addition would likely prevent 

### 15 them from performing exercise in duration, preventing 

### 16 them should make it required to produce these slow 

### 17 decrements. 

### 18 Finally, results of these and other control 

### 19 exposure studies cannot direct extrapolate to the U.S. 

### 20 population. These studies only evaluated a small 

### 21 number of people and only three subjects for ozone

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

7 (Pages 22 to 25) Page 22 1 exposure, both are responders, for that decrement over 

### 2 10 percent of these studies. 

### 3 So taken together, the Administrator is most 

### 4 relying on these two new studies saying they support 

### 5 lowering the standards because there are effects at 

### 6 exposures below 75. But as I've discussed, these 

### 7 kinds of implementations and the people experiencing 

### 8 these changes are exercising at very high intensity 

### 9 and for a long period of time than people with 

### 10 conditions like asthma would be more susceptible and 

### 11 would never be able to achieve. 

### 12 Another important factor is that compliance 

### 13 with the NAAQS is based on the highest one being in 

### 14 the area, meaning that actual exposures in that area 

### 15 are much lower. So the current NAAQS protects public 

### 16 health against exposures to 60 parts per billion and 

### 17 above. So taken together with new evidence, including 

### 18 these exposures studies, do not support lowering the 

### 19 NAAQS. Thank you. 

### 20 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Ms. Sax. 

### 21 MS. SAX: Thank you for the opportunity to



### Page 23 1 speak today. I'm Sonja Sax for Gradient. 

### 2 And in the proposed rule, the EPA 

### 3 Administrator concludes that new evidence repeats that 

### 4 ozone NAAQS should be lower. And the Administrator 

### 5 remind, in part, on the results from the Health Risk 

### 6 and Exposure Assessment and based on these studies 

### 7 concludes that the exposure risk estimates indicate 

### 8 that lowering the ozone NAAQS would significantly 

### 9 reduce exposures and prevent significant lung function 

### 10 impairments. 

### 11 As I will discuss today, EPA did not specify 

### 12 the conservative nature of these assessments or 

### 13 quantify what the models would be, which makes the 

### 14 exposure to risk estimates appear higher and more 

### 15 certain than they actually are. 

### 16 When accounting these factors, there appear 

### 17 to be marginal, if any, benefits from a lower ozone 

### 18 standard. The Exposure and Lung Function Risk 

### 19 Assessments rely on the apex model. And this model 

### 20 simulates exposures and related health risks for 

### 21 different population groups. The model results are a 

### Page 24 1 function of the eclipses and the assumption's use, and 

### 2 alternative assumptions can impact results 

### 3 significantly. 

### 4 Our independent evaluation of the apex 

### 5 modeling that EPA conducted indicates that EPA applied 

### 6 conservative assumptions at every level for the 

### 7 Exposure and Lung Function Risk Assessment, and 

### 8 therefore presented unrealistic exposures and 

### 9 associated risks. 

### 10 For example, if EPA focused on what it 

### 11 considers to be high risk individuals and children, in 

### 12 addition assume that all children spend more time 

### 13 outdoors and have "moderate or regular exertion levels 

### 14 at the time of exposure" -- although this is likely 

### 15 uncertain if this accurately reflects today's 

### 16 children. 

### 17 In fact, one of the limitations of the apex 

### 18 model is that it realized on time activity provision 

### 19 and for children that it's quite dated and it's not 

### 20 necessarily supportive by your more recent studies 

### 21 that, for example, report significant declines and the



### Page 25 1 physical activity from childhood to adolescence. 

### 2 Further, active children have higher 

### 3 recreation rates than non-active children and EPA 

### 4 acknowledges in that HRA that the ventilation base 

### 5 used in the apex modeling are greater than recently 

### 6 published known notes. 

### 7 Another feature of the apex analysis that 

### 8 likely overestimated the risks is that the 

### 9 individual's lung function decrement is calculated 

### 10 over 1 to 60-minute periods. This approach deals a 

### 11 higher estimated number of individuals experiencing 

### 12 short-term lung function decrements compared to the 

### 13 first that considers the 8-hour average exposure, 

### 14 which is the current form of the NAAQS. 

### 15 And this issue is highlighted by the claims 

### 16 from the Exposure and Lung Function Risk Assessment, 

### 17 which suggest a much higher percentage in lung 

### 18 function decrements than would be expected based on 

### 19 the results from the exposure assessment and to the 

### 20 findings and controls of exposure studies. 

### 21 It is also inconsistent with the EPA's

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

8 (Pages 26 to 29) Page 26 1 conclusion that "the issued individual variability and 

### 2 responsiveness following exposures of concern means 

### 3 that only a subset of individuals were exposed at or 

### 4 above the conventional concentration would actually be 

### 5 expected to experience lesser included." 

### 6 All of the factors that I discuss here would 

### 7 individually yield conservative estimates which is 

### 8 usually the goal of a risk assessment, one being 

### 9 conservative and one technically. But taken together 

### 10 it compound to the other's results. 

### 11 And although some of the sensitivity 

### 12 analysis that were done by EPA to address many of 

### 13 these assumptions, they seem to be unnecessarily 

### 14 conducted. The results are presented in the proposed 

### 15 rule are for those highly conservative findings. 

### 16 In addition to the overestimated exposure of 

### 17 lung function risks, there's also considerable 

### 18 uncertainty in these estimates that's not quantified 

### 19 in the proposed rule. And given the time constraints, 

### 20 I will only mention one of them. 

### 21 EPA assumes that children are as responsive



### Page 27 1 as the most responsive adult in chamber studies. It 

### 2 justifies its assumption by citing results from the 

### 3 summer camp studies and a single chamber study of 

### 4 children eight to eleven years old. 

### 5 These studies, however, suggest that 

### 6 children are no more responsive to the effects of 

### 7 ozone than adults and that they may even be less 

### 8 affected. Therefore, based on these studies, the 

### 9 Agency assume the children are as responsive as an 

### 10 average adult, rather than the most responsive adult. 

### 11 Despite being overly conservative, the 

### 12 exposure and risk results suggest that only a small 

### 13 percentage of the most highly exposed in the average 

### 14 population would have exposure to lung risk considered 

### 15 to the adverse. In a more realistic scenario, you 

### 16 would have even less people affected. 

### 17 Overall, the evaluation of the exposure risk 

### 18 assessment should indicate that lowering the ozone 

### 19 NAAQS would result in significantly -- I'm sorry. 

### 20 Overall, our evaluation of the exposure to 

### 21 risk assessments indicates that lowering the ozone 

### Page 28 1 NAAQS will not result in significant reduction in lung 

### 2 function risks. Thank you. 

### 3 MS. SASSER: Thank you. 

### 4 MS. SAX: Yes. 

### 5 MR. SILVERMAN: One question. You mentioned 

### 6 our statement that either individual with variability 

### 7 make the exposure -- meets exposure but not 

### 8 necessarily effects. But remember also -- and I don't 

### 9 know if you address this in your comments with respect 

### 10 to lung function decrements. They're being offered 

### 11 and presented actual in bona fide respects. And then 

### 12 based on the predicted models by the book, those 

### 13 issues are bigger than our thoughts. 

### 14 MS. SAX: Yes. 

### 15 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Next I'd like to 

### 16 call Mr. Howard Feldman and Mr. Robert Proudman. 

### 17 I remind the speakers please spell your name 

### 18 for the court reporter, and also please speak directly 

### 19 into the microphone as you're giving your comments. 

### 20 Thank you. 

### 21 Mr. Feldman.



### Page 29

1 MR. FELDMAN: Good morning. My name is 

### 2 Howard J. Feldman, F-E-L-D-M-A-N, Senior Director of 

### 3 Regulatory and Scientific Affairs in the American 

### 4 Petroleum Institute. 

### 5 API represents over 625 oil and natural gas 

### 6 companies, leaders of a technology-driven industry 

### 7 that supplies most of America's energy, supports 

### 8 9.8 million U.S. jobs, and 8 percent of the U.S. 

### 9 economy and, since 2000, has invested nearly 

### 10 $2 trillion of U.S. capital projects with -- to 

### 11 advance all forms of energy, including alternatives. 

### 12 API's members engage in aspects of the oil 

### 13 and gas industry and operate facilities and produce 

### 14 products impacted by regulations adopted to meet the 

### 15 National Ambient Air Quality Standards under the Clean 

### 16 Air Act. The oil and gas industry makes significant 

### 17 contributions to cleaner air. 

### 18 Since 1990, the oil and gas industry has 

### 19 invested more than $284 billion in improving its 

### 20 products and processes. America's abundant supply of 

### 21 natural gas has contributed to lower criteria and

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

9 (Pages 30 to 33) Page 30 1 greenhouse gas emissions. A combination of cleaner 

### 2 gas and diesel fuels, modernized equipment and 

### 3 facilities, and more fuel-efficient vehicles have 

### 4 helped reduce emissions of air pollutants by 

### 5 62 percent between 1980 to 2013, even as vehicle miles 

### 6 traveled went up over 95 percent. Progress is clear. 

### 7 Ozone concentrations under the current rules have 

### 8 dropped by 18 percent since 2000. 

### 9 These improvements are impressive, and will 

### 10 continue. In 2008, the ozone standards were set to 

### 11 the most stringent levels ever, and these standards 

### 12 are only now being implemented by states and 

### 13 businesses. Ironically, some of the guidance to meet 

### 14 these 2008 standards is still under review by the 

### 15 Obama Administration's Office of Management and Budget 

### 16 and has not yet been released to help the states meet 

### 17 the current standards. 

### 18 Nonetheless, EPA has now proposed to further 

### 19 tighten the standards, with the potential for 

### 20 far-ranging negative impacts. If the EPA chooses to 

### 21 unnecessarily lower the ozone standards, hundreds of



### Page 31 1 billions of dollars in annual U.S. economic output and 

### 2 millions of American jobs will be lost. 

### 3 The degree and range of potential impacts 

### 4 from any change in these standards highlight the need 

### 5 for a robust debate about the science EPA is using to 

### 6 justify its regulations. 

### 7 Regarding this proposal, API offers four 

### 8 points we believe should guide the EPA Administrator's 

### 9 decision -- decision making process on the ozone 

### 10 standards. 

### 11 First, new ozone standards are simply not 

### 12 needed. Careful analysis of the health studies 

### 13 indicates that current standards of 75 parts per 

### 14 billion are working to protect air quality and public 

### 15 health. We urge the Agency to carefully review our 

### 16 forthcoming written comments to understand the 

### 17 limitations and lack of significance in the health 

### 18 studies. 

### 19 Second, the 2008 standards have not been met 

### 20 across vast portions of the country. From a public 

### 21 policy perspective, it makes no sense to impose more 

### Page 32 1 requirements on states and businesses until further 

### 2 progress is made toward achieving compliance with the 

### 3 present standards. 

### 4 Third, the negative economic effects of 

### 5 lower ozone standards could have a catastrophic effect 

### 6 on businesses and families that the EPA -- that the 

### 7 EPA would do more harm than good by adopting that. 

### 8 Depending on the level selected, decreasing the ozone 

### 9 standards could put almost the entire country out of 

### 10 compliance. Specifically, a standard of 65 ppb could 

### 11 lead to non-attainment areas in 45 of the 48 lower -- 

### 12 lower 48 states. Furthermore, tighter standards could 

### 13 cause our economy to nose-dive and people to lose 

### 14 their jobs. More stringent standards would require 

### 15 EPA and states to impose additional requirements to 

### 16 reduce emissions across the country that would trickle 

### 17 down to even small businesses. 

### 18 A recent report by NERA Economic Consulting 

### 19 reveals that these standards could cost $270 billion 

### 20 per year and could place millions of jobs at risk. 

### 21 Fourth, such standards would be virtually



### Page 33 1 unattainable given the very high levels of peak 

### 2 background levels of ozone -- peak background levels 

### 3 of ozones (sic), which promote 70 parts per billion. 

### 4 As proposed, the new standards would impose 

### 5 unachievable emission reduction requirements on 

### 6 virtually every part of the nation, including rural 

### 7 and undeveloped areas. Even pristine areas with no 

### 8 industrial activity such as national parks would be 

### 9 out of attainment. Unattainable standards are not 

### 10 smart public policy or good government. 

### 11 Together we've made great progress in 

### 12 cleaning up our air and we can continue to do so with 

### 13 the existing ozone standards. Any option to tighten 

### 14 the standards and impose additional burdens on the 

### 15 states, localities and businesses should be rejected. 

### 16 The EPA Administrator has the discretion to affirm the 

### 17 current ozone standards. We strongly urge her to do 

### 18 so. We need policies that make sense. And we need to 

### 19 let them work before adding more unnecessary burdens 

### 20 on states, businesses -- large and small, and 

### 21 citizens. Thank you.

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

10 (Pages 34 to 37) Page 34 1 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Mr. Proudman. 

### 2 MR. PROUDMAN: Good morning. I'm Robert 

### 3 Proudman, P-R-O-U-D-M-A-N. I'm Director of 

### 4 Conservation Operations for the Appalachian Trail 

### 5 Conservancy. 

### 6 I'm here today in support of the EPA's 

### 7 proposal to strengthen the nation's air quality 

### 8 standards for ground-level ozone to improve public 

### 9 health and environmental protection. 

### 10 The proposed federal rules will help states 

### 11 meet the proposed standards by making significant 

### 12 strides towards reducing ozone pollution. 

### 13 My organization, the ATC, was founded a few 

### 14 blocks from here and we're seeing our 90th year this 

### 15 March. We've worked for generations to establish, 

### 16 promote, protect and manage the Appalachian Trail. It 

### 17 is now nearly 2200 miles long, a foot path within a 

### 18 safe greenway of the Appalachian Mountains between 

### 19 Springer Mountain and, of course, Georgia and 

### 20 Katahdin, Maine's central area. 

### 21 We're on the ridge and so we see firsthand



### Page 35 1 as hikers and pedestrians, the effects of the 

### 2 pollution on the environment. Our mission from ATC is 

### 3 to preserve and manage the Appalachian Trail, ensuring 

### 4 there's vast natural beauty and priceless cultural 

### 5 heritage can be shared and enjoyed today, tomorrow and 

### 6 for centuries to come. 

### 7 During our most recent 50 years, we've been 

### 8 working with Congress, the 14 eastern states, and 

### 9 thousands of volunteers, and U.S. citizens in our 

### 10 trail maintaining clubs to protect the natural 

### 11 environment of the trail. More than a quarter million 

### 12 acres now protect the various hidden rhythm along this 

### 13 Appalachian spine on, connecting local state and 

### 14 federal conservation units. 

### 15 Since 1978 when we were formed into a 

### 16 national park, we're proud to say we're America's 

### 17 longest and skinniest national park. 

### 18 Today incredibly the trail is walked by 

### 19 upwards of 750 people a year. When it was first done 

### 20 in 1948, it was considered stump. But now it's become 

### 21 a pilgrimage, in many cases for young people, but 

### Page 36 1 we've had people as old as -- over 80s, and please be 

### 2 fair. More than 2 million people visited the trail 

### 3 this year. 

### 4 Due to our big investments, Appalachian 

### 5 benefacting in the wilderness, walking for pleasure, 

### 6 venture and health, the ATC has been a strong 

### 7 component and supporter of the Clean Air Act and its 

### 8 amendments. Since about 2001, we have also become 

### 9 more aware what's on its -- the effects of ozone on 

### 10 people and the environment. 

### 11 The conservancy working with the others and 

### 12 Mountain Club Boston, the American Hiking Society 

### 13 located here in Washington, D.C., and other 

### 14 organizations, we founded an organization called 

### 15 Bikers and Clean Air about 15 years ago. We 

### 16 consistently urge EPA to improve air quality and 

### 17 mitigate ground-level ozone pollution. We have 

### 18 strongly supported the vast efforts and are here today 

### 19 to encourage you to go forward. 

### 20 We have heard many complaints about bad-air 

### 21 days in Great Smoky Mountains or the White Mountains,



### Page 37 1 both which are about 6,000 feet, that's the highest 

### 2 point. Those that recreate and work outdoors are at 

### 3 greater risks among ozone pollution. Therefore, we 

### 4 support the most protective recommendations being 

### 5 made, I guess, by your Clean Air Scientific Advisory 

### 6 Committee, regarding both the primary standard and the 

### 7 secondary standard. 

### 8 We welcome EPA's initiative to move forward 

### 9 with new clean air protections under the secondary 

### 10 National Ambient Air Quality Standards designed for 

### 11 the benefit of public welfare from pollution. There's 

### 12 nowhere more important than our national forest, 

### 13 parks, and public lands, those places set aside to 

### 14 protect American's national cultural resources and to 

### 15 provide healthful outdoor recreation for millions of 

### 16 Americans. 

### 17 We urge you to adopt the 7 (sic) parts per 

### 18 billion, hours, equal out the standard, the 

### 19 scientifically appropriate measure, in our opinion, 

### 20 for protecting plants and trees, which reduce smog and 

### 21 haze in our national parks.

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

11 (Pages 38 to 41) Page 38 1 ATC will be submitting written testimony 

### 2 along these lines in support of the most protective 

### 3 recommendations and regarding both the primary 

### 4 standard focusing on health and the secondary standard 

### 5 regarding ecosystem services. Thank you. 

### 6 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much, both of 

### 7 you. 

### 8 MR. SILVERMAN: One comment to Mr. Feldman. 

### 9 It's something I work on, and I know the 

### 10 standards. So we are particularly grateful for ideas 

### 11 we hear from each organization. And Paul Miller, 

### 12 appreciate you -- (Inaudible) 

### 13 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Our next two 

### 14 speakers today are -- and I do apologize if I don't 

### 15 pronounce your name correctly -- Mr. Mark Kresowik and 

### 16 Ms. Debbie Shprentz. 

### 17 MR. KRESOWIK: Thank you very much, and that 

### 18 was exactly correct. 

### 19 My name is Mark Kresowik, and I want to 

### 20 start by thanking -- 

### 21 MS. SASSER: Spell it for the court



### Page 39 1 reporter, your name. 

### 2 MR. KRESOWIK: Okay. Sorry. Mark, M-A-R-K. 

### 3 Kresowik, K-R-E-S-O-W-I-K. I just want to thank you 

### 4 all for taking the time to listen to all this 

### 5 commentary -- and important commentary, I scribbled. 

### 6 I am a relatively healthy 30-year-old male. 

### 7 This proposed rule is not about me. It's not about a 

### 8 lot of the people you're going to hear from today. 

### 9 It's not about other middle-age men who are healthy, 

### 10 who are paid by the very people who put out pollution 

### 11 to tell you not to do something. It's not about 

### 12 discrediting the report that's funded by the National 

### 13 Association of Manufacturers. It's not about power 

### 14 plants, cars, or factories. It's not even about 

### 15 statistical models or secret science. 

### 16 This proposed rule is about nearly 7 million 

### 17 children living in the United States of America today 

### 18 who have asthma. This proposed rule is about tens of 

### 19 millions of children who haven't even been born yet, 

### 20 who will live in the country, who will breathe this 

### 21 air. It's about those children living with the 

### Page 40 1 disease that has no cure, only prevention and 

### 2 treatment of the symptoms they experience. 

### 3 This proposed rule is about their right to 

### 4 breathe air, to breathe safe air, their right not to 

### 5 gasp for every breath they take. 

### 6 I was frankly appalled by an earlier comment 

### 7 who suggested that because children with asthma don't 

### 8 play outside very often, that we shouldn't afford them 

### 9 those protections. This proposed rule is about 

### 10 ensuring they don't play outside because they might 

### 11 die. Because if the air is polluted, they might not 

### 12 be able to take another breath again for the rest of 

### 13 their lives. 

### 14 To say that we shouldn't afford this 

### 15 protection or you shouldn't tighten the rule, the 

### 16 reason for this is so they can play outside, so they 

### 17 can play with their friends, so they can exercise, so 

### 18 they can hike the Appalachian Trail. That's why this 

### 19 is necessary. 

### 20 It's not just about those children. It's 

### 21 also about the parents of those children. It's about



### Page 41 1 those parents waking up every day wondering whether or 

### 2 not it's safe for their children to play outside, 

### 3 whether or not it's safe for them to go to school. 

### 4 It's about those parents who have to pay for treatment 

### 5 of their symptoms; or worse yet, a trip to the 

### 6 hospital when they can't -- their son or daughter 

### 7 can't breathe. It's about those parents, and heaven 

### 8 forbid, may have to choose the funeral arrangements 

### 9 for their son or daughter, missed their child's 

### 10 graduation, never get to experience the joy of their 

### 11 first job, their wedding, never get to experience 

### 12 their grandchildren. 

### 13 According to the EPA's own analysis and the 

### 14 analysis of dozens of scientific experts, thousands of 

### 15 those deaths are preventable, so are the trips to the 

### 16 hospital, the millions of missed school and work days. 

### 17 They're preventable when we reduce pollution and clean 

### 18 up the air in our communities. They're preventable 

### 19 when parents know whether or not the air outside is 

### 20 safe for their child to breathe. They're preventable 

### 21 for many parents.

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

12 (Pages 42 to 45) Page 42 1 The only information they get is from the 

### 2 EPA and from the dedicated folks who work here. They 

### 3 rely on this Agency for updates on the air quality in 

### 4 their community to ensure that companies follow the 

### 5 law and are quality in the air. 

### 6 They have to trust EPA to provide the most 

### 7 up-to-date information about what levels of pollution 

### 8 are safe for their children to breathe, to avoid 

### 9 asthma attacks, and even death. Because you're the 

### 10 ones who have to analyze the science and make this 

### 11 decision. 

### 12 This Agency has the responsibility, and you 

### 13 are required to provide those parents with the best 

### 14 science on what constitutes a level of protection with 

### 15 an adequate margin of safety. 

### 16 That science is clear that children with 

### 17 respiratory illnesses can experience traumatic health 

### 18 effects at smog levels as low as 60 parts per billion, 

### 19 or even lower. 

### 20 You and only you have been entrusted with 

### 21 this great responsibility. Please don't let those



### Page 43 1 parents and their children suffer needlessly. Please 

### 2 set the standard at 60 parts per billion. Thank you 

### 3 very much. 

### 4 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Ms. Shprentz. 

### 5 MS. SHPRENTZ: Good morning. My name is 

### 6 Deborah Shprentz. It's S-H-P-R-E-N-T-Z. And I follow 

### 7 through with you with the ozone NAAQS for the American 

### 8 Lung Association. 

### 9 My message to you today is very simple. The 

### 10 current air quality standard for ozone fails to 

### 11 protect public health. To follow the science and the 

### 12 law, EPA must set a standard of 60 parts per billion 

### 13 to protect the health of the public, including the 

### 14 health of sensitive populations, within an adequate 

### 15 margin of safety. 

### 16 The Clean Air Act requires to validate 

### 17 reviews of the air quality standards to ensure that 

### 18 they reflect the latest scientific evidence. And this 

### 19 review began evaluating more than 2000 studies, 

### 20 including a thousand new publications. 

### 21 After undergoing three rounds of peer review 

### Page 44 1 by clean air scientific advice from the committee, the 

### 2 Integrated Science Assessment, from ISA reaches a new 

### 3 stronger conclusion about the causal relationship 

### 4 between ozone and a broader way of health influence. 

### 5 As a prior review, the ISA concludes that 

### 6 ozone causes adverse respiratory effects. For most 

### 7 every other health that point knows the scientific 

### 8 evidence showing harm from ozone is stronger in this 

### 9 review than in 2008. 

### 10 The new evidence strengthens findings to 

### 11 determine that ozone likely causes cardiovascular 

### 12 effects and total mortality for short-term exposures, 

### 13 as well as respiratory deaths from long-term 

### 14 exposures. The stronger group evidence necessitates 

### 15 greater public health protection. EPA must revise the 

### 16 NAAQS and the Air Quality Index. 

### 17 Today I'd like to focus on respiratory 

### 18 health effects. And the requirement of the Clean Air 

### 19 Act with the NAAQS protect the health of those that 

### 20 are specially sensitive to ozone, such as children, 

### 21 the elderly, people who work or play outdoors, and



### Page 45 1 those with lung disease, with an adequate margin of 

### 2 safety. 

### 3 How does ozone firm on health? 

### 4 First, ozone exposure diminishes lung 

### 5 function. That is the ability to inhale and exhale a 

### 6 full breath. This is especially a concern with kids 

### 7 with asthma who already have limited respiratory 

### 8 reserve. 

### 9 New evidence from chamber studies confirms 

### 10 that lung function declines in healthy young adults 

### 11 with 6.6 hour exposure to 60 parts per billion ozone. 

### 12 At these concentrations of 60 parts per billion, ozone 

### 13 also induces inflammation in the airways making the 

### 14 air passages more sensitive to irritants, along 

### 15 distributors of asthma. The inflammation narrows the 

### 16 airways making it difficult to breathe. 

### 17 Secondly, ozone increases airway in 

### 18 hyperreactivity, leading to constriction or a narrow 

### 19 way to the airways. Ozone tightens the chest making 

### 20 breathing more difficult. And we know from toxicology 

### 21 studies in lab animals that airway have a

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

13 (Pages 46 to 49) Page 46 1 responsiveness that's been documented in also 50 parts 

### 2 per billion ozone. 

### 3 Third, exposure to ozone causes children 

### 4 with asthmas to cough, wheeze, and become short of 

### 5 breath. These symptoms mean that parents must 

### 6 increase the medication they give to their children 

### 7 and restrict their children's activities until the air 

### 8 clears and it gets re-code. 

### 9 Fourth, ozone diminishes the body's defense 

### 10 mechanisms increasing the likelihood of developing 

### 11 respiratory infections, such as colds and influenza. 

### 12 Fifth, ozone exposure makes people with 

### 13 asthma respond more aggressively to allergens. 

### 14 Sixth, community health studies consistently 

### 15 report increased risk of respiratory hospital 

### 16 admissions and emergency department visits when being 

### 17 8-hour massive concentrations of ozone are below 60 

### 18 parts per billion. 

### 19 And finally, death rates for respiratory 

### 20 causes rise in days with increased ozone air 

### 21 pollution. And this increased mortality rate is



### Page 47 1 evident on days with ozone concentrations less than 60 

### 2 parts per billion. 

### 3 Studies show that people with asthmas find 

### 4 their symptoms worsen further along by exposure to 

### 5 ozone. As it increases, the airway get to leave and 

### 6 inflames the airways. And the inflammatory response 

### 7 to the asthmatic lung to ozone can be more intense, 

### 8 indicating the need for tighter standards than 

### 9 proposed in order to protect the health of kids and 

### 10 adults with asthma. 

### 11 While I focused on respiratory disease, 

### 12 there are a great many other health effects of 

### 13 concern, ranging from likely cardiovascular effects to 

### 14 possible neurological and reproductive health effects. 

### 15 These new findings demand that EPA recognize 

### 16 that billions more people may be at risk of harm from 

### 17 ozone, including people with heart disease, people 

### 18 with compromised immunity, the obese, and pregnant 

### 19 women. 

### 20 To protect those at risk, EPA must adopt a 

### 21 truly protective ozone standard, 75 to 60 parts per 

### Page 48 1 billion. Thank you. 

### 2 MS. SASSER: Thank you both. The next two 

### 3 speakers are Mr. Wilfred Candler and Mr. James 

### 4 McCormick. 

### 5 State your name. 

### 6 MR. CANDLER: Wilfred Candler. 

### 7 W-I-L-F-R-E-D C-A-N-D-L-E-R. I'm just a private 

### 8 citizen. And I apologize to the reference in my notes 

### 9 to "NOx," whereas I understand this is about ozone. 

### 10 However, no way changes my argument. No way changes 

### 11 my argument. 

### 12 I wish to address the substantial argument 

### 13 which I heard, in fact, from the first speaker to 

### 14 be -- which I believe to be entirely false "Be aware 

### 15 of making the regulations too aggressive, lest they 

### 16 force the closure of one or more fossil-fired plants." 

### 17 Please note: I'm not urging you to increase 

### 18 the strictness of the past regulations, nor to shut 

### 19 down fossil plants. Merely, to not hold back on 

### 20 account of possible closures, my argument is not to 

### 21 hold back on account of possible closures.



### Page 49 1 And that brings us back to the whole issue 

### 2 of global warming. And the graph at the bottom shows 

### 3 that in the last 400,000 years, we've had maximum 5 

### 4 per million carbon dioxide, with 300 parts by huge, 

### 5 huge geo-engineering protected from the last 150 

### 6 years. We raised it to 400 parts per million. We 

### 7 have absolutely no basis for knowing what's going to 

### 8 happen as a result of having raised the amount. So 

### 9 raising it is not a very sensible thing to be doing. 

### 10 So I -- the decision which EPA is making 

### 11 here should be in the context of global warming and 

### 12 the emergency that that represents. 

### 13 So you should not hold back on your 

### 14 regulations if there is one or more fossil plants. 

### 15 The plant is not a bad thing. Closing plants is not a 

### 16 bad thing. 

### 17 Also, employment -- you've been warned that 

### 18 you might cause people to be unemployed. If they are 

### 19 doing jobs which cause real damage, then those jobs 

### 20 need not to be done. 

### 21 Well, NOx is going to be the lax regulation

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

14 (Pages 50 to 53) Page 50 1 because of many hospital jobs that will be created, 

### 2 lax regulation more to create jobs. Hospital jobs 

### 3 will be created for people who got asthma. 

### 4 I realize this is outside of -- I'm done. 

### 5 Thank you. 

### 6 MS. SASSER: Thank you. And this might be a 

### 7 good time to clarify two things. First of all, that 

### 8 the admissions of NOx are quite relevant to ozone 

### 9 standards because NOx is a principal precurser for 

### 10 ozone. 

### 11 And second of all, that EPA in formulating 

### 12 decisions on the National Ambient Air Quality 

### 13 Standards is expressly prohibited from considering 

### 14 costs or implementation issues in setting standards. 

### 15 We're strictly judging standards based on public 

### 16 health and welfare. 

### 17 MR. CANDLER: Thank you. And without taking 

### 18 into account of those things, please be assured it's 

### 19 the correct thing to do. 

### 20 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Mr. McCormick. 

### 21 MR. McCORMICK: For the record, I am James



### Page 51 1 McCormick, M-C-C-O-R-M-I-C-K. I'm a retired U.S. Army 

### 2 Captain. I'm a father, a farmer, and a native West 

### 3 Virginian. I served 22 years in the United States 

### 4 Army. I received three Purple Hearts, the Silver 

### 5 Star, and two Bronze Star Medals with a bow. 

### 6 I feel that my service to my country allowed 

### 7 me the opportunity to return home to be able to live a 

### 8 life working land. I have eight children of which I 

### 9 support with my farm and my activities. 

### 10 As the father of my children, I am as 

### 11 concerned as everyone here is today about the health 

### 12 of our children. I'm actually passionate about it. 

### 13 And I'm also concerned about the environment that we 

### 14 leave for our children in the future. 

### 15 I was born and raised in West Virginia, a 

### 16 state which has learned to balance economic 

### 17 development and the beauty of our environment for 

### 18 working very hard, very hard. 

### 19 But I appreciate the need to carefully 

### 20 consider federal regulations that impact Americans 

### 21 across the nation, as well as our position, one 

### Page 52 1 permitted. 

### 2 Having served in Iraq, I've seen firsthand 

### 3 and witnessed the physical and mental that combat 

### 4 inflicts on our men and women who serve. Returning to 

### 5 the United States, I gained a very good appreciation 

### 6 for the freedoms that we have, which is why we're all 

### 7 here today. We can express our freedoms without being 

### 8 angry at each other and our feelings. 

### 9 We fight for our freedoms. But we also must 

### 10 have a keen perspective on what I see is important, 

### 11 including the role the federal government can play to 

### 12 implement sound, fact-based policies, which help all 

### 13 Americans. One such policy is being discussed here 

### 14 today is the ozone regulation. 

### 15 Now, nobody here disputes the fact that 

### 16 clean air does protect health. However, federal 

### 17 regulators in this case are attempting to implement a 

### 18 new lower ozone standard without taking into account 

### 19 the practical impact the proposal or the standards can 

### 20 have on the American economy and small businessmen and 

### 21 veterans like me.



### Page 53



## 1 Let me give you a number. Twenty-two 

## 2 veterans a day commit suicide. That's 8,030 a year. 

## 3 Out of that 8,030 a year, many of them "spot sight" 

## 4 their inability to make a decent income. They can't 

## 5 find jobs. It's difficult. 

## 6 Our farming communities across America are 

## 7 dying a deliberate way. And we stand here today 

## 8 looking at the potential of increasing standards that 

## 9 will most definitely hurt the American farmer. 

## 10 I use a tractor that runs on diesel fuel, 

## 11 and I promise you that I can barely afford to keep my 

## 12 lights on sometimes, let alone going out and buying a 

## 13 device that's going to reduce the emissions on this 

## 14 tractor. Some of these regulations could essentially 

## 15 put us out of business. 

## 16 As a veteran, I don't want to reverse our 

## 17 course that will take as far as making a cleaner and 

## 18 healthier environment. But I say that we need to be 

## 19 able to maintain the standards that we have, as a 

## 20 farmer of eight. And I set standards for my children. 

## 21 As a commanding officer, I set standards for

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

15 (Pages 54 to 57) Page 54 1 my unit. I didn't set standards and they almost get 

### 2 there and then say, well, I'm going to make it a 

### 3 little bit more difficult. As a matter of fact, I'm 

### 4 going to make it nearly impossible for some of you to 

### 5 meet. That would not make me a very good person. 

### 6 That would not make me a very good father. That would 

### 7 not make me a very good leader. 

### 8 The National Association of Manufacturers 

### 9 says that this can be the costliest regulation in U.S. 

### 10 history. It can hurt every sector of our economy, 

### 11 cost millions of jobs across the nation, hurt the 

### 12 pocketbooks of Americans. No one including the 

### 13 American farmer will be spared. It's very difficult 

### 14 to find low cost food as it is. 

### 15 We start shutting down more farms, I want 

### 16 you to understand what we're doing when we increase 

### 17 these standards, exactly who you're hurting. There 

### 18 are people like me. It's not just gas and oil and 

### 19 factories. It's American orchards. Because it's very 

### 20 hard to plow a field that's a hundred acres without a 

### 21 tractor, without vehicles, without the workforce.



### Page 55 1 As President Obama stated recently and cited 

### 2 in the State of the Union Address and I quote, "Our 

### 3 economy is growing and creating jobs at the fastest 

### 4 pace since 1999. And we are as free from the grip of 

### 5 foreign oil as we've been almost 30 years." 

### 6 Let's not reverse that direction. Lowering 

### 7 those ozone standards will hurt job opportunities for 

### 8 thousands of veterans returning from active duty. 

### 9 There's no doubt. Because we don't hardly have the 

### 10 jobs now as it is. 

### 11 And secondly and even more importantly, it 

### 12 could put our nation security at risk. 

### 13 MS. LANGDON: Mr. McCormick, we appreciate 

### 14 your testimony. We do have a full schedule here. 

### 15 MR. MCCORMICK: Okay. Additionally, the new 

### 16 founded domestic -- domestic energy production is 

### 17 buying our nation a level of insulation from the 

### 18 insanity, which is in the millions. Turn on the 

### 19 television; it's there every day. 

### 20 So what I'm saying is if you increase the 

### 21 standards and force companies and farmers to shut 

### Page 56 

## 1 down, you will essentially force us to be more 

## 2 dependent on foreign oil sources and on foreign food 

## 3 sources, the most detriment will not care about the 

## 4 pollution that they put in the air. 

## 5 Thank you very much. 

## 6 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. And if 

## 7 you will give us your full written testimony, we'd be 

## 8 glad to put that in the docket. 

## 9 MR. McCORMICK: Thank you. 

## 10 MR. SILVERMAN: Thank you both for coming 

## 11 this evening. And thank you for your service. 

## 12 MS. SASSER: Our next two speakers are Terry 

## 13 McGuire and Isabelle Riu. 

## 14 Is Terry McGuire in the room? 

## 15 MS. LANGDON: There he is. 

## 16 MR. McGUIRE: Sorry. 

## 17 MS. SASSER: Mr. McGuire, begin. 

## 18 MR. McGUIRE: Hi. My name is Terry McGuire, 

## 19 M-C-G-U-I-R-E. I'm a Washington representative with 

## 20 the Sierra Club. Thank you for the opportunity to 

## 21 speak today on EPA's -- sorry. I was running --



### Page 57 1 proposed revision to the ozone standard. 

### 2 Sierra Club's 2.4 million members and 

### 3 supporters are spread across all 50 states, Puerto 

### 4 Rico, and the District of Columbia. We come from all 

### 5 walks of life and represent many different ages, 

### 6 races, ethnicities, incomes, interests, and beliefs. 

### 7 And we're drawn to the Sierra Club for many different 

### 8 reasons and causes, from holding big polluters 

### 9 accountable to protecting wild and special places. 

### 10 But we all share one commonality. We all breathe. 

### 11 We, like you and everyone else in this room, 

### 12 city, country, and world, depend on clean air to 

### 13 survive. At the Sierra Club, we consider equal access 

### 14 to clean, fresh air, a fundamental American right. 

### 15 And so on behalf of our 2.4 million members 

### 16 and supporters, I'm here today to applaud your move to 

### 17 update the ozone standard and urge you to put public 

### 18 health first by setting the standard no higher than 60 

### 19 parts per billion. 

### 20 I have learned a lot of things from working 

### 21 in politics and public interest advocacy for the last

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

16 (Pages 58 to 61) Page 58 1 seven years. Chief among these lessons is that you 

### 2 cannot always categorize people as either good guys or 

### 3 bad guys. Even friends are not always going to agree 

### 4 on every issue. Things are not always black and 

### 5 white. But with the ozone standard, I do not see that 

### 6 this lesson applies. The situation appears pretty 

### 7 straightforward, pretty black and white to me. 

### 8 What I see, if we put politics aside, is an 

### 9 overwhelming body of peer-reviewed scientific 

### 10 literature telling us that the current, Bush-era 

### 11 standard is insufficient to protect public health. I 

### 12 see a sizable and well-respected group of health 

### 13 organizations, including the American Lung 

### 14 Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, and the 

### 15 American Thoracic Society, telling us that if we are 

### 16 serious about protecting the public health, 

### 17 particularly the vulnerable populations like kids, the 

### 18 elderly and asthmatics, that the standard must be set 

### 19 at 60 parts per billion. I see the letter of the law 

### 20 in the Clean Air Act clearly spelling out that EPA 

### 21 must set the NAAQS at a level protective of public



### Page 59 1 health, including health of sensitive populations, 

### 2 with an adequate margin of safety. 

### 3 To be sure, I also see industry spreading 

### 4 misinformation and encouraging EPA to break the law 

### 5 and factor costs in setting the standard. As 

### 6 stakeholders, these folks deserve a seat at the table, 

### 7 fair enough. But polluters should not be driving 

### 8 decision-making and setting a health-based standard. 

### 9 You have heard their sky-is-falling rhetoric 

### 10 time and time again, that the costs will be 

### 11 astronomical, that the technology hurdles are 

### 12 insurmountable, even that the air is just fine and no 

### 13 action is needed. 

### 14 We urge you to reject these fabrications. 

### 15 Because we know better. We know that the Clean Air 

### 16 Act has been one of the most successful laws ever 

### 17 implemented and in its 40-plus year history it has 

### 18 been responsible for significantly improving our air 

### 19 quality and driving technological innovation. We 

### 20 reject their false choice that we cannot 

### 21 simultaneously have clean air and a prosperous economy 

### Page 60 1 because it is not moored in fact or experience. 

### 2 In closing, I would like to dedicate my 

### 3 testimony today to my younger brother, Tim. Many 

### 4 years ago he almost died from an asthma attack and 

### 5 seeing him gasp for air remains one of the most 

### 6 terrifying experiences in my life. We should be doing 

### 7 whatever we can to make sure as few families as 

### 8 possible have to endure that kind of horror. A good 

### 9 place to start would be establishing the strongest 

### 10 possible ozone standard. 

### 11 Sierra Club's motto is simple -- to explore, 

### 12 enjoy and protect the planet. 

### 13 Thank you for your work that helps make 

### 14 living out that motto possible, and thank you again 

### 15 for the chance to speak today. 

### 16 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Ms. Riu. 

### 17 MS. RIU: My name is Isabelle Riu. That's 

### 18 I-S-A-B-E-L-L-E and R-I-U. And I work for the Sierra 

### 19 Club in D.C. as well. And I would like to express my 

### 20 support and gratitude to EPA for proposing a new ozone 

### 21 NAAQS, but I urge EPA to set the standard at the



### Page 61 1 lowest end of the range, at 60 ppb. 

### 2 The ozone NAAQS has needed a long, overdue 

### 3 update and we now have a lot of science on the 

### 4 detrimental effects of ozone on human health, and it 

### 5 all points to not setting the ozone NAAQS any higher 

### 6 than 60 ppb. Cost is not allowed to be taken into 

### 7 account when setting the standard, and I urge EPA to 

### 8 not be influenced by politics. Please follow what 

### 9 science clearly says and do what is best for public 

### 10 health by setting a stringent and protective standard. 

### 11 In terms of health effects, ozone is well 

### 12 known to cause a number of illnesses, including 

### 13 asthma, pulmonary inflammation, respiratory illnesses, 

### 14 low birth weight, and premature death. These effects 

### 15 are disproportionately felt by the elderly, 

### 16 minorities, and children. 

### 17 Racial minorities bear a disproportionate 

### 18 asthma burden in the U.S. In many states, such as 

### 19 Connecticut, Texas, North Carolina, Indiana, and 

### 20 Wisconsin, to name just a few, minorities are two to 

### 21 three times more likely than white non-Hispanics to

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

17 (Pages 62 to 65) Page 62 1 have asthma, go to the hospital for asthma, visit the 

### 2 emergency room for asthma, and to die from asthma. It 

### 3 is undisputed that ozone is a trigger for asthma 

### 4 attacks, and I urge EPA to set a 60 ppb standard to 

### 5 address this environmental justice issue. 

### 6 Low income communities also 

### 7 disproportionately suffer from asthma in the U.S. 

### 8 According to the CDC, current asthma prevalence is the 

### 9 highest, 11.2 percent, at lower end of family incomes, 

### 10 and decreases as family income increases, with the 

### 11 lowest current asthma prevalence, at 6.7 percent, for 

### 12 the highest end of family income. This 

### 13 disproportionate burden is echoed in a number of 

### 14 states, including Georgia, North Carolina, Michigan, 

### 15 and New York. 

### 16 Children are also at a particularly high 

### 17 health risk because they often spend more time outside 

### 18 and their lungs are still developing, meaning they are 

### 19 not just mini adults -- they're an especially 

### 20 vulnerable population to ozone. Asthma strikes nearly 

### 21 one out of every 10 school children in the U.S. It is



### Page 63 1 the number one health issue that causes kids to miss 

### 2 school and on "bad-air days" they are forced to stay 

### 3 indoors. 

### 4 According to the EPA, a 60 standard would 

### 5 prevent roughly 1.8 million asthma attacks, 1.9 missed 

### 6 school days, 6,400 premature deaths. It would be 

### 7 absurd to set a weaker standard and give up all of 

### 8 these monumental benefits. 

### 9 In speaking on a more personal level, I grew 

### 10 up in LA, which is home to the worst smog pollution in 

### 11 the country. Smog often blankets my hometown, 

### 12 obscuring the view of the beautiful nearby San Gabriel 

### 13 Mountains, a new national monument, and causing 

### 14 flagrant respiratory illness throughout my community. 

### 15 Some of the scariest moments of my life have been 

### 16 seeing my little brother have an asthma attack 

### 17 triggered by poor air quality, gasping for air and 

### 18 struggling to breathe. And this air pollution is 

### 19 preventable, and the first step is setting a 

### 20 protective ozone standard at 60, which is a readily 

### 21 achievable standard. 

### Page 64 

## 1 Coal plants are a major source of NOx, an 

## 2 ozone precursor, in the U.S. NOx emissions can be 

## 3 easily reduced by installing a modern pollution 

## 4 control called "SCR" on the coal unit. Roughly half 

## 5 of the coal plants in the U.S. lack these modern NOx 

## 6 controls so this is a readily available method of 

## 7 compliance. 

## 8 I have also done an extensive amount of 

## 9 analysis using EPA's data to show that over half of 

## 10 the units with these controls are actually not even 

## 11 operating them at full capacity and not achieving the 

## 12 lowest demonstrated NOx emission rate. So a 

## 13 significant amount of ozone can be reduced if these 

## 14 units simply operated the controls that have already 

## 15 been installed and financed by us, the ratepayers. 

## 16 Electric vehicles can and should also be 

## 17 used as a major tool to attain the NAAQS, and a 

## 18 stringent standard will spur innovation, just as other 

## 19 protective regulations have done in the past. 

## 20 Industry has, of course, already launched lies about 

## 21 how the sky is falling and it will also be impossible



### Page 65 1 to comply, as they always do. And this all sounds 

### 2 familiar. Just think back to when auto executives 

### 3 predicted that having to install seat belts would 

### 4 bring the downfall of their industry as one example. 

### 5 If you look at the number of studies published on this 

### 6 topic, there's a clear pattern of industry and 

### 7 government agencies overestimating the costs of 

### 8 complying with these new rules. 

### 9 And a 60 standard is also especially 

### 10 necessary given the weak form of ozone design values, 

### 11 which are created by averaging the fourth-highest 

### 12 8-hour ozone exposures over the past three years. 

### 13 This form naively ignores the top three ozone 

### 14 exposures each year by pretending they go away, but 

### 15 people are still being subjected to very high 

### 16 exposures of ozone. Areas that would attain a 65 

### 17 NAAQS would have several exposures over 70 and even 

### 18 80, even though the EPA claims a 65 standard would 

### 19 eliminate almost all "exposures of concern." These 

### 20 areas include large areas with millions of people 

### 21 ranging from Miami to Minneapolis to Seattle to

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

18 (Pages 66 to 69) Page 66 1 Jacksonville. 

### 2 In conclusion, I urge you to set a new, 

### 3 stronger standard of 60 to clean up our air and reduce 

### 4 pollution related illnesses so millions of Americans 

### 5 with asthma and other respiratory ailments will 

### 6 breathe easier. It is the right thing to do and it is 

### 7 readily achievable. Thank you. 

### 8 MS. SASSER: Thank you all. All right. 

### 9 Our next two speakers are Greg Bertelsen and 

### 10 Devawn Oberlender. Do we have Devawn Oberlender here 

### 11 in the audience? 

### 12 The next speaker then will be Ambrozaitis. 

### 13 I apologize for the poor pronunciation. 

### 14 All right. Mr. Bertelsen. 

### 15 MR. BERTELSEN: Good morning. My name is 

### 16 Greg Bertelsen, B-E-R-T-E-L-S-E-N, and on behalf of 

### 17 the National Association of Manufacturers, I suppose 

### 18 on behalf of members, at least I offer the following 

### 19 words, the Environmental Protection Agency proposals 

### 20 to secondary quality standard for ground-level ozone. 

### 21 The NAM is the nation's largest industrial



### Page 67

1 trade association representing small, medium, and 

### 2 large manufacturers in every industrial sector in all 

### 3 50 states. The NAM urges the Agency to keep the ozone 

### 4 standard at its current level of 75 parts per billion. 

### 5 Manufacturers are committed to protecting 

### 6 the environment, the rate of stability, increasing 

### 7 energy efficiency, and reducing the emission 

### 8 standards, already doing the incredible progress in 

### 9 reducing ozone levels. 

### 10 In fact, ozone levels are down 25 percent 

### 11 since 1990 and our economy is growing by 40 percent 

### 12 during the same time period. Manufacturers are being 

### 13 whack for ability to clean up more efficient 

### 14 automobiles. Since 1990, highway NOx emissions are 

### 15 down 48 percent. VOC emissions went down 30 percent, 

### 16 while an additional 60 million vehicles have an as 

### 17 real road risk. 

### 18 We're operating cleaner and more efficient 

### 19 factories. Since 1990, manufacturers' NOx emissions 

### 20 are down by 52 percent and our VOC emissions have been 

### 21 reduced by 70 percent, while the value add to the 

### Page 68 1 economy is moving up. 

### 2 The right policies amount to being 

### 3 environmentally efficient and technologic feasibility, 

### 4 getting out door with a clean environment and 

### 5 prosperous value. However, when regulations push 

### 6 beyond the limits of technology, critical balance have 

### 7 been environmentally proven that money growth is lost 

### 8 and manufacturers and the economy suffer. 

### 9 Increasingly, we're losing our battles. 

### 10 More and more manufacturers are presented with 

### 11 regulations that are beyond the bounds of information. 

### 12 Manufacturers and other industries in position are the 

### 13 only available compliant strategy, unless policies are 

### 14 modified is closing up shop. 

### 15 When EPA first issued the rule on NAAQS 

### 16 regulation, the standard was so unrealistic at no 

### 17 single point in all of the rules requirements. In 

### 18 2012, 99.14, the EPA proposed new short performance 

### 19 standards for new coal-fired power plants at levels 

### 20 that would never be achieved in practice, nor which 

### 21 would be issued by any commercial developed economy.



### Page 69 1 Now the EPA has proposed an ozone standard 

### 2 which only identified 55 percent of necessary 

### 3 technologies to achieve a 65 parts per billion 

### 4 standard, all reliance of all unknown controls. The 

### 5 45 percent is at compliance. 

### 6 Reliance on this new technology that do not 

### 7 exist, in part, helps explain why it's nowhere near 

### 8 that kind of consulting. Last July found a 60 parts 

### 9 per billion standard will cost the economy an 

### 10 astronomically $270 billion and millions of jobs per 

### 11 year. EPA's undefined math compliance also in part 

### 12 which explains why the Agency's own estimates 

### 13 consistently show most a stricter ozone standard would 

### 14 be the most expensive regulation in U.S. history. 

### 15 This is not a choice between improving air 

### 16 quality or not. The incredible progress that had been 

### 17 made lowering emissions and ozone levels will maintain 

### 18 with or without a stricter ozone standard. The same 

### 19 cannot be said for manufacturers' ability to invest, 

### 20 expand in anew. 

### 21 Today manufacturers struggle to get their

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

19 (Pages 70 to 73) Page 70 1 necessary air permits to expand outward, even in areas 

### 2 of the country that are in attainment with federal air 

### 3 quality standards, because it didn't bargain between 

### 4 federal standards and background air quality levels. 

### 5 The picture is much deeper, manufacturers operating a 

### 6 multitude of vast in non-attainment areas. And the 

### 7 picturesque will get still worse if EPA issues an 

### 8 ozone standard. 

### 9 Manufacturers are committed to investing in 

### 10 more efficient and state-of-the-factory products so we 

### 11 can produce more while ever reducing our environment 

### 12 corporate. Manufacturers also remain committed to 

### 13 complying with all exiting regulations, including the 

### 14 current ozone standard justifies 2008 which still has 

### 15 not been fully implemented. Progress will continue 

### 16 and manufacturers will continue to be there. 

### 17 We need regulations that are realistic and 

### 18 achievable. The NA NAAQS the staff would submit 

### 19 levels being postured by the Agency as approachable 

### 20 are neither, and ask the Agency to allow us to work 

### 21 with the existing requirements before resetting



### Page 71 1 requirements. 

### 2 Thank you for the opportunity to speak with 

### 3 you today. We balance a heck of a lot of reachable 

### 4 policies. Manufacturers in the United States will 

### 5 continue to try with a stable solution but through job 

### 6 creation and drive at NAM. Thank you. 

### 7 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Mr. Giedrius 

### 8 Ambrozaitis. 

### 9 MR. AMBROZAITIS: Yes. Ambrozaitis, 

### 10 A-M-B-R-O-Z-A-I-T-I-S. Thank you for this opportunity 

### 11 to speak. Good morning. My name is Giedrius 

### 12 Ambrozaitis, and I represent the Alliance of 

### 13 Automobile Manufacturers. 

### 14 The Alliance is an association of 12 vehicle 

### 15 manufacturers will account for roughly three out of 

### 16 four new vehicles sold in the United States each year. 

### 17 Auto manufacturing is a cornerstone of the U.S. 

### 18 economy, supporting over 7 million jobs, nearly over 

### 19 7 -- primary secondary employment. 

### 20 The Alliance members share the concern of 

### 21 our customers and the American public about this 

### Page 72 1 nation's air quality and recognize the importance of 

### 2 assuring clean air that protects public health. 

### 3 Today's vehicles are 99 percent cleaner than vehicles 

### 4 of the 1970s, thanks to the dramatic reductions in 

### 5 smog-forming emissions. 

### 6 Our nation's air is getting cleaner even as 

### 7 our economy grows. According to EPA's most recent air 

### 8 trends analysis, between 1980 and 2013, when gross 

### 9 domestic product increased 145 percent, vehicle miles 

### 10 traveled increased 95 percent, and energy consumption 

### 11 increased 25 percent, and total emissions of the six 

### 12 principal air pollutants dropped by 62 percent. 

### 13 Nationally, peak ozone levels declined by 33 percent. 

### 14 Investments and improvements in vehicle 

### 15 technology and manufacturing processes are a major 

### 16 part of this success story. This is as a result of 

### 17 natural technical progress in the vehicle industry, 

### 18 the turnover of old vehicles to newer ones, and 

### 19 emissions regulations already promulgated for 

### 20 automobile sources, including the Tier 2, Tier 3, 

### 21 emissions regulations, Mobile Source Air Toxics, On



### Page 73 1 Board Diagnostics, Renewable Fuels Standard, and the 

### 2 Green House Gas Rules. Looking forward to 2017, under 

### 3 the Tier 3 rules, NMOG+NOX standards for the fleet of 

### 4 new automobiles will be 80 percent lower than today's 

### 5 fleet average. EPA models and inventories showed on 

### 6 the contribution of the entire on-road light-duty car 

### 7 and truck fleet emissions to the observed ozone will 

### 8 be less than 3 percent in 2017. In 2030, the 

### 9 contribution is projected to be less than 1 percent. 

### 10 These reductions will reduce ozone concentrations 

### 11 across the country, regardless of whether the existing 

### 12 ozone standard is revised. 

### 13 Given that dramatic reductions in ozone and 

### 14 improvements to air quality will continue to occur due 

### 15 to a recent more wide legislation resource 

### 16 regulations, EPA has reassured they had to change the 

### 17 current ozone standard. Since all measures to achieve 

### 18 some type of ppb ozone have not yet been implemented, 

### 19 their benefits and efficacy have not yet been 

### 20 determined. In fact, the current ozone levels are so 

### 21 low that a substantial portion of the ozone

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

20 (Pages 74 to 77) Page 74 1 concentration in urban and rural areas are now coming 

### 2 from either naturally occurring ozone or from ozone 

### 3 that has been transported from international sources. 

### 4 The ability of states to implement additional measures 

### 5 to counteract the contributions from the 

### 6 non-controllable sources has yet to be demonstrated. 

### 7 In addition, the Alliance has concerns with 

### 8 EPA's assumptions regarding background ozone levels 

### 9 and EPA's interpretations of human and clinical 

### 10 studies. 

### 11 These concerns are due to incorrect 

### 12 assumptions about levels of background ozone, 

### 13 discrepancy between demonstrated thresholds in 

### 14 clinical studies and EPA's assumption of no threshold, 

### 15 lack of consistency and biological plausibility in 

### 16 epidemiology studies, and the fact the controlled 

### 17 human studies show current standard is protective. 

### 18 Our comments on the NPR (phonetic) will 

### 19 elaborate on each of these. Our concerns lead us to 

### 20 two conclusions; the current standard is protective of 

### 21 public health and welfare and many of the additional



### Page 75 1 health benefits cited by EPA are unlikely to occur 

### 2 given the proposed new standard. 

### 3 The Alliance appreciates this opportunity to 

### 4 comment and will be happy to answer any question you 

### 5 may have about our testimony. We will be submitting 

### 6 written comments. 

### 7 MS. SASSER: Great. Thank you both very 

### 8 much. 

### 9 All right. I'd like to call again 

### 10 Mr. Devawn Oberlender if he's present. Okay. If not, 

### 11 Mr. Seth Long and Mr. Paul Miller. 

### 12 MR. RUSH: Mr. Long is on the way. Mr. Long 

### 13 is coming. 

### 14 MS. SASSER: Okay. Why don't we move 

### 15 forward with Paul Miller and Derrick Dureses 

### 16 (phonetic). 

### 17 All right. It appears we are missing both 

### 18 of them. Why don't we just proceed with Paul Miller. 

### 19 MR. MILLER: Good morning. My name is Paul 

### 20 Miller, M-I-L-L-E-R. I'm Chief Scientist with the 

### 21 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management, 

### Page 76 1 or NESCAUM. And NESCAUM is an association of eight 

### 2 state air quality agencies in the Northeast, which 

### 3 includes the six New England States, New Jersey, and 

### 4 New York. 

### 5 I'm speaking today on behalf of NESCAUM's 

### 6 member states. My testimony today reflects the 

### 7 majority views of NESCAUM as a state membership 

### 8 organization. Individual NESCAUM member states may 

### 9 hold views different from the NESCAUM states' majority 

### 10 consensus and may submit separate comments to the 

### 11 docket reflecting those differing views. 

### 12 Today marks the third time since 2007 that 

### 13 NESCAUM has appeared at an EPA hearing concerning a 

### 14 proposed change to the ozone NAAQS. And for the third 

### 15 time, NESCAUM calls for EPA to establish a primary 

### 16 ozone NAASQ within the range of .060 to .070 parts per 

### 17 million (sic) to better protect the public's health. 

### 18 This range is supported by the sciences, required by 

### 19 the Clean Air Act, and consistently recommended by 

### 20 EPA's independent Clean Air Scientific Advisory 

### 21 Committee, or CASAC.



### Page 77 1 Ground-level ozone is a respiratory irritant 

### 2 that adversely affects both people with respiratory 

### 3 disease and healthy children and adults. It can cause 

### 4 premature death. The science was sufficiently strong 

### 5 in 2007 to justify a more protective ozone health 

### 6 standard, but the standard set by EPA at that time 

### 7 fell short of what was needed. The science remained 

### 8 sufficiently strong in 2010 when EPA tried to 

### 9 reconsider its earlier revision, but ultimately it 

### 10 could not do so. 

### 11 It is now 2015, and the science has only 

### 12 become stronger. It is now long past time for EPA to 

### 13 do what is needed -- to adopt an ozone health standard 

### 14 consistent with the science, consistent with the 

### 15 requirements of the Clean Air Act, and consistent with 

### 16 the CASAC's recommendation. 

### 17 We are also cognizant of CASAC's June 26, 

### 18 2014 letter where it advised EPA "that based on the 

### 19 scientific evidence, a level of 70 ppb provides little 

### 20 margin of safety for the protection of public health, 

### 21 particularly for sensitive subpopulations." Lung

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

21 (Pages 78 to 81) Page 78 1 function changes in healthy adults have been 

### 2 demonstrated to occur in controlled chamber studies at 

### 3 ozone levels relevant to the 70 ppb upper range. 

### 4 These data do not account for increased sensitivities 

### 5 due to age or pre-existing respiratory conditions such 

### 6 as asthma. They also do not account for exposures 

### 7 that can occur for longer than 6.6 hours. All of 

### 8 these factors mitigate against the 70 ppb level being 

### 9 protective with an adequate margin of safety. 

### 10 By extension, the current ozone NAAQS of 

### 11 .075 ppm remains inadequate. Retaining this as a 

### 12 standard should not be an option. 

### 13 For the ozone secondary NAAQS, designed to 

### 14 protect the public welfare, NESCAUM supports a 

### 15 cumulative, seasonal standard in the form referred to 

### 16 as "W126." We continue to question the view that many 

### 17 of the benefits of a secondary NAAQS would be achieved 

### 18 by attaining an 8-hour NAAQS. In 2010, EPA stated 

### 19 that "an 8-hour form and averaging time is an indirect 

### 20 way to measure biologically relevant exposure 

### 21 patterns, is poorly correlated with such exposure



### Page 79 1 patterns, and therefore is less likely to identify and 

### 2 protect against the kind of cumulative, seasonal 

### 3 exposure patterns that have been determined to be 

### 4 harmful." The latest proposal to continue using an 

### 5 8-hour form for the secondary NAAQS is a retreat from 

### 6 EPA's previous stance, and does not reflect a 

### 7 science-based metric for biologically relevant 

### 8 exposures. 

### 9 Furthermore, EPA's proposed W126 range of 13 

### 10 to 17 ppm-hours as the starting basis for setting an 

### 11 8-hour standard is at and above the upper end of 

### 12 CASAC's recommended range of 7 to 15 ppm-hours, and is 

### 13 above levels that cause vegetation damage in the 

### 14 NESCAUM region. NESCAUM continues to support a 

### 15 secondary NAAQS of W126 form towards the lower end of 

### 16 the CASAC-recommended range. 

### 17 In attaining the ozone NAAQS, we note that 

### 18 NESCAUM states are subject to significant ozone 

### 19 contributions from pollution sources in upwind states 

### 20 in addition to pollution emitted within the NESCAUM 

### 21 region. As a result, the NESCAUM states, whether 

### Page 80 1 individually or collectively, cannot on their own meet 

### 2 a more protective ozone standard called for by the 

### 3 existing body of science unless EPA and the upwind 

### 4 states adequately address the long-range interstate 

### 5 transport of ozone pollution and its precursors in a 

### 6 timely manner. There is no rule currently in place or 

### 7 proposed that addresses ozone transport for the 

### 8 current .075 ppm ozone NAAQS, much less what will be 

### 9 needed to achieve a more protective ozone standard. 

### 10 With that, I will conclude my remarks, and 

### 11 NESCAUM will submit a more detailed written comments 

### 12 to the docket. And we thank you for your attention to 

### 13 our testimony today. 

### 14 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 15 MR. MILLER: Yes. 

### 16 MR. SILVERMAN: One clarification on 

### 17 secondary standard. You suggested that we are 

### 18 adopting a different form for the standard, that being 

### 19 156 standard. In fact, we are using the W156 metric 

### 20 to indicate what would be referenced among the 

### 21 protection and then seeing if the primary standard



### Page 81 1 would warrant that level of protection. 

### 2 MR. MILLER: That's, I think, the way I 

### 3 understood it. I guess my testimony is not clear. My 

### 4 point was that the form -- the W126 Form were starting 

### 5 that, to find out its correct percentage. Converted 

### 6 to the A Act (phonetic), it's still above the 

### 7 CASAC-recommended range and is at levels that we've 

### 8 seen vegetation damage in the past month, so we're 

### 9 recommending the lower in that range. 

### 10 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 11 Mr. Seth Long or Hunter Dureses (phonetic) 

### 12 present? 

### 13 We're ready to move on then to David 

### 14 Friedman and Adam Beitman. 

### 15 Okay. Mr. Friedman. 

### 16 MR. FRIEDMAN: Good morning. 

### 17 F-R-I-E-D-M-A-N. I'm David Friedman, Vice President, 

### 18 Regulatory Affairs for the American Fuel & 

### 19 Petrochemical Manufacturers. AFPM is a national trade 

### 20 association representing more than 400 companies that 

### 21 encompass virtually all U.S. refining and

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

22 (Pages 82 to 85) Page 82 1 petrochemical manufacturing capacity. 

### 2 The proposed NAAQS for ozone will have a 

### 3 great impact on our members, and I thank EPA for the 

### 4 opportunity to present our views on the Agency's 

### 5 review of the current ozone NAAQS standard. 

### 6 Our members have significantly reinvested in 

### 7 efforts to improve air quality in the U.S. over the 

### 8 past two decades. This has helped, as I mentioned 

### 9 before, reduce total emissions of the six principal 

### 10 air pollutants by 62 percent since 1980 and 

### 11 contributed to a two decade-long drop in ozone levels 

### 12 across the country. The petrochemical and refining 

### 13 industries have invested billions of dollars to reduce 

### 14 emissions from their facilities. Since 1990, the 

### 15 refining industry has invested more than $137 billion 

### 16 to reduce emissions from our plants and make cleaner 

### 17 fuels. By the end of this decade, we will have 

### 18 removed virtually all sulfur from gasoline and diesel 

### 19 fuel and continue to provide reformulated gasoline 

### 20 that has contributed to national air quality benefits. 

### 21 The cleaner fuels brought to market and



### Page 83 1 continuing in the future will result in cleaner air 

### 2 for decades to come as cleaner engines are put in 

### 3 place. This progress will continue as the existing 

### 4 fleet turns over. We soon will see cars and trucks 

### 5 producing significant lower emissions due to new CAFE 

### 6 standards and costly Tier 3 gasoline requirements. In 

### 7 addition, emissions from power plants have been 

### 8 reduced and that trend is expected to continue well 

### 9 into the future. The current ozone NAAQS is working 

### 10 and it will continue to protect public health in the 

### 11 future, without any further tightening of the 

### 12 standard. 

### 13 There is insufficient scientific 

### 14 justification for lowering the standard beyond the 

### 15 level EPA began implementing in 2004. Neither the 

### 16 2008 review nor the more recent ozone studies justify 

### 17 lowering the standard based on the health effects of 

### 18 exposure. The science behind lowering the standard 

### 19 was uncertain and variable during the 2008 review and 

### 20 the latest studies have not changed that earlier 

### 21 conclusion. 

### Page 84 1 Given these facts, there is certainly no 

### 2 basis for EPA to propose changing the ozone standards 

### 3 promulgated by the EPA Administrator in 2008. 

### 4 EPA should also consider the multi-pollutant 

### 5 effects of lowering the ozone standard, such as using 

### 6 SCR, selective catalytic reduction technology, that 

### 7 while it reduces NOx potentially increases particulate 

### 8 matter concentrations in the air shed. It is also 

### 9 important to note that the Agency's efforts to further 

### 10 reduce ozone levels will likely conflict with its 

### 11 increased emphasis on regulating greenhouse gases. 

### 12 Efforts to reduce NOx and VOCs could result in 

### 13 significant energy penalties through the installation 

### 14 of new control equipment. Requiring refineries to 

### 15 produce essentially sulfur free gasoline also exacts 

### 16 an energy penalty thereby increasing the carbon 

### 17 footprint. Promulgating a tighter ozone standard at 

### 18 this point in time is like asking a person to reduce 

### 19 their daily caloric intake to 800 calories per day and 

### 20 then not understanding why they don't have the energy 

### 21 the partake in extended strenuous physical activity.



### Page 85 1 Providing sufficient time for affected areas 

### 2 to attain the standard is almost as important as the 

### 3 actual level of the standard. Unfortunately, EPA has 

### 4 not completed the implementation for the 2008 standard 

### 5 and in some cases aspects of the 1997 standard 

### 6 implementation, so these areas will be faced with 

### 7 multiple schedules. This level of uncertainty makes 

### 8 it extremely difficult to plan and execute ozone 

### 9 reductions in order to reach attainment. Moreover, as 

### 10 EPA's own RIA indicates, the Agency has not been able 

### 11 to identify how the proposed standards can be met. 

### 12 Despite intensive review of available control 

### 13 technologies, EPA was forced to heavily rely on 

### 14 controls it could not identify or predict -- literally 

### 15 "unknown" controls. Within California, EPA could not 

### 16 predict how the proposed standards would be met by 

### 17 2025, even using all "unknown" controls. 

### 18 If there is no demonstrable benefit from 

### 19 this proposal, then moving forward could mean 

### 20 unnecessary energy cost increases, job losses and 

### 21 reduced domestic energy development and energy

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

23 (Pages 86 to 89) Page 86 1 security. This will negatively affect consumers in 

### 2 the midst of an economic recovery, in these very 

### 3 communities where we need to be increasing jobs. 

### 4 These rules will hinder or threaten the economic 

### 5 recovery, and will lead to further loss of American 

### 6 manufacturing jobs and increased reliance on imported 

### 7 gasoline and diesel fuel. 

### 8 For the reasons stated above, AFPM does not 

### 9 support the proposed tightening of the ozone NAAQS. 

### 10 Results from emissions reduction regulations 

### 11 that are already on the books must be allowed to come 

### 12 into effect before a new standard is considered. As 

### 13 we have said before, EPA should not move the goal 

### 14 posts in the middle of the game. 

### 15 New non-attainment area designations and 

### 16 multiple implementation schedules will hurt both large 

### 17 and small businesses and prevent expansion and growth 

### 18 in many urban, suburban, and rural counties. Hurting 

### 19 local economies without a clear scientific basis for 

### 20 selecting a different standard makes little sense. 

### 21 Again, we are grateful for the opportunity



### Page 87 1 to present our views and will be providing written 

### 2 comments further outlining our positions in March. 

### 3 I will be happy to answer any questions you 

### 4 may have about our testimony. Thank you. 

### 5 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much, 

### 6 Mr. Friedman. Mr. Beitman. 

### 7 MR. BEITMAN: Hi. My name is Adam Beitman, 

### 8 and I don't have written testimony with me. I'm just 

### 9 going to speak based on my experience. 

### 10 As a child in South Jersey, I had asthma 

### 11 quite bad. It was a bunch of different ailments. And 

### 12 it was only many years later that I realized that when 

### 13 I moved from Marmora, which is very close to the end 

### 14 and quite there. It's a coal plant. Actually it's 

### 15 right on the bay near a wildlife refuge. And so it 

### 16 was kind of hard for me and it never occurred to me 

### 17 until many years later that when I moved about a half 

### 18 an hour North, the asthma went away, almost as if it 

### 19 was miraculously. And looking back on it, I think, 

### 20 well, you know, what possibly could have been the 

### 21 different factors at work there, you know. 

### Page 88 1 At the time, doctors said there's a 

### 2 different pollen in the trees. But you're not even 

### 3 talking about a small area in South Jersey. The only 

### 4 real change was that I was no longer living and 

### 5 breathing within a mile of a coal plant, and I don't 

### 6 know particularly what the controls were at that time. 

### 7 I assume they were whatever they might have been more 

### 8 recently because the standards are involved, and we're 

### 9 talking about 30 years ago. 

### 10 So that's the fundamental thing that I come 

### 11 to this commentary with is that, you know, we're 

### 12 talking about children with asthma across this country 

### 13 who would be impacted and have paid lobbyists from the 

### 14 fossil fuel industry and from the manufacturing 

### 15 industries telling us, well, the science isn't there. 

### 16 And on the other hand, you have the American 

### 17 Lung Association whose job is to care for the lungs of 

### 18 Americans and be medical representatives on this topic 

### 19 saying, yes, the science is there, and thoracic study, 

### 20 and a variety of public health and medical groups are 

### 21 all saying the science is there. But paid industry



### Page 89 1 lobbyists are saying that it's not, so you're going to 

### 2 believe me or you're going on the comments? 

### 3 These are things we want to consider. So 

### 4 the EPA has proposed setting the standard between 70 

### 5 and 65, and then fortunately is also taking comment on 

### 6 a standard that is 60 level and that's great because 

### 7 the 60 level is the level that these medical 

### 8 associations and these doctors and scientists and the 

### 9 scientist of NESCAUM who spoke before me are saying is 

### 10 the appropriate one, the one that's most protective of 

### 11 public health, the one that's most protective of 

### 12 children with asthma, the vulnerable communities in 

### 13 places like Baltimore with coal plants, in urban areas 

### 14 where attaining -- we're just not there. 

### 15 So, you know, I hear people saying things 

### 16 like, well, we're not yet fully in attainment with the 

### 17 current standards so how could we possibly consider 

### 18 lowering it? Well, that's like saying, well, I 

### 19 haven't yet walked to 15th Street. How can you tell 

### 20 me I have to walk to 17th Street? I'm not even at 

### 21 15th yet. It just doesn't really make any sense.

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

24 (Pages 90 to 93) Page 90 

## 1 So, you know, I don't think it's any reason 

## 2 to say we're plotting to lower the standards to the 

## 3 level of science in cases is what's appropriate for 

## 4 the public health, which my understanding is the only 

## 5 criteria that EPA has to consider when it's making 

## 6 these determinations -- is what's best for public 

## 7 health. So I just wanted to say that. 

## 8 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Any questions? 

## 9 Thank you all. 

## 10 Okay. I'd like to call Ms. Kristin Cook and 

## 11 Brian Urbaszewski. 

## 12 Okay. Is Samantha Ahdoot here? 

## 13 MS. AHDOOT: Samantha Ahdoot. 

## 14 MS. SASSER: Won't you come on up, and we'll 

## 15 have the two of you go. 

## 16 You're Ms. Cook? 

## 17 MS. COOK: Hi. My name is Kristin Cook, and 

## 18 I'm here representing your average Joe citizen. 

## 19 Hence, I won't bore you with all those pesky facts 

## 20 about how smog affects the air quality. Asthma -- a 

## 21 disproportionate amount, harm 20 more kids in



### Page 91 1 vulnerable communities, all that stuff. Blah, blah, 

### 2 blah, right? You know already. They're facts, 

### 3 unqualified facts. But do facts dictate policy? 

### 4 Rhetorical question, I know that. 

### 5 I don't like smog. In fact, I resent smog. 

### 6 Why? Because it's avoidable. At least you could 

### 7 avoid having so much smog, air pollution, as we 

### 8 currently do. We had a chance back in 2008 when the 

### 9 Bush Administration rejected direct communications of 

### 10 experts, scientists, mental health professionals who 

### 11 warned that the now part of 75 parts per million 

### 12 (sic), the standard was insufficient to protect our 

### 13 health. 

### 14 What is the point of having these scientific 

### 15 professionals testify if we're just going to ignore 

### 16 their advice? Rhetorical question number two. 

### 17 I don't appreciate how power plants and 

### 18 fossil fuel industries spend so much time and money 

### 19 fighting standards that would make the air and 

### 20 everything else more healthy. If they don't use all 

### 21 that coal and upgrading their plants just to pay 

### Page 92 1 lawyers and lobbyists and TV ads and radio ads, it 

### 2 just might be a better off connection, or maybe it 

### 3 will be a wash. Well, if that added one once of 

### 4 feeling proud of themselves if they did all they could 

### 5 for the health of their fellow Americans, fellow 

### 6 humans, after all we have nothing if we don't have our 

### 7 health. 

### 8 And I'm not just referring to personal 

### 9 health. But don't get me started on the planet's 

### 10 health. It's a sad state of affairs when we put 

### 11 profits over people. But that's unfortunately all too 

### 12 often what we have in today's world. 

### 13 So in closing, please set the ozone standard 

### 14 to 60 parts per million (sic). Seize this opportunity 

### 15 to serve the people for ordinary Joes. Thank you. 

### 16 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 17 MS. AHDOOT: Good morning. 

### 18 MS. SASSER: Please spell your name for the 

### 19 court reporter. 

### 20 MS. AHDOOT: My name is Samantha Ahdoot, 

### 21 A-H-D-O-O-T. I thank you for the opportunity to



### Page 93 1 provide comments at today's public hearing on the 

### 2 Agency's proposed ozone pollution standards. 

### 3 My name is Samantha Ahdoot. I'm here 

### 4 representing the American Academy of Pediatrics, or 

### 5 AAP, a nonprofit professional organization of 62,000 

### 6 primary care pediatricians, pediatric medical 

### 7 subspecialists, and pediatric surgeon specialists, 

### 8 dedicated to the health, safety, and well-being of 

### 9 infants, children, adolescence, and young adults. And 

### 10 also I currently serve on the AAP's Council on 

### 11 Environmental Health. 

### 12 In addition to representing the AAP, I'm 

### 13 also a private pediatrician in Alexandria, Virginia. 

### 14 As part of my daily practice, I see children who 

### 15 experience health consequences of ozone pollution, and 

### 16 that helps in forming my testimony here today. 

### 17 The AAP supports the EPA's proposed ozone 

### 18 pollution limit of 65 to 70 parts per billion as a 

### 19 critical and overdue first step. While there's clear 

### 20 and compelling scientific evidence supporting a 

### 21 stricter standard of 60 parts per billion or less, the

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

25 (Pages 94 to 97) Page 94 1 proposed strengthening of the current standard of 75 

### 2 parts per billion is a major step forward so to 

### 3 protect the child's health. 

### 4 Ozone pollution disproportionately harms 

### 5 children. Simply put, children are different. They 

### 6 breathe faster. They spend more time outside playing 

### 7 and being physically active. This accounts for 

### 8 respiratory rate, increased time outdoors means at a 

### 9 given dose of a particulate and a given concentration 

### 10 of air pollution, children experience a higher dose. 

### 11 This and time combined with the immaturity of their 

### 12 lungs makes children to be most at risk from air 

### 13 pollution. 

### 14 Higher levels of ozone in the air, including 

### 15 levels above 60 parts per billion can cause healthy 

### 16 children to experience decreased lung function, 

### 17 coughing, burning, and shortness of breath, as well as 

### 18 inflammation and swelling of airways. For children 

### 19 with asthma, exposure to ozone pollution can 

### 20 precipitate asthma attacks. They require treatment in 

### 21 their doctor's offices, in the emergency room, or in



### Page 95 1 the intensive care unit. In fact, that children miss 

### 2 school, sports, and their parents miss work, putting 

### 3 significant economic strain on parents. 

### 4 In my region of Northern Virginia, which 

### 5 ranks 9th for the worst ozone pollution in United 

### 6 States, more that 200,000 children are diagnosed with 

### 7 asthma. As a pediatrician, I prescribe inhalers and 

### 8 treat asthma attacks. But I cannot protect my 

### 9 patients from dangerous air. 

### 10 The EPA's proposed new lower standards is an 

### 11 important step towards enabling children to be outside 

### 12 and safe, whether in their walk to the school bus, 

### 13 whether recess in the playground, or their after 

### 14 school soccer practice. Solution to the air pollution 

### 15 is not to keep our children indoors. The solution is 

### 16 to clean the air. 

### 17 In 2007, 2010, and now again in 2015, the 

### 18 medical community has consistently recommended that 

### 19 the EPA adopt an 8-hour Ozone National Ambient Air 

### 20 Quality Standard of 60 parts per billion in order to 

### 21 adequately protect public health. 

### Page 96 1 Since 2007 scientific evidence has only 

### 2 grown stronger. We have even more evidence that ozone 

### 3 exposures in the range of 60 to 75 parts per billion, 

### 4 a significant adverse physiological effects in the 

### 5 entire age sector from infants to older adults. 

### 6 Some highlights of this new body of evidence 

### 7 include a study of emergency department visits among 

### 8 children zero to four years in Atlanta, which found 

### 9 that in each 50 parts per billion increase in the 

### 10 three-day average of ozone was associated with 

### 11 8 percent higher risk of pneumonia and a 4 percent 

### 12 higher risk for respiratory infection. Several 

### 13 studies have then demonstrated dose response 

### 14 relationships between ozone exposure and child asthma 

### 15 admissions at exposure levels between 60 and 80 parts 

### 16 per billion. 

### 17 EPA's own analysis demonstrates how children 

### 18 are protected by a stronger ozone standard. At 70 

### 19 parts per billion in the worst year, the worst ozone 

### 20 year, 21 percent of children will experience decreased 

### 21 lung function, 10 percent or more. At 65 parts per



### Page 97 1 billion, this number increased to 18 percent for 

### 2 children. And at 60 parts per billion, this decrease 

### 3 is to 14 percent of children. 14 percent of children 

### 4 is still too many children with compromised breathing. 

### 5 But the EPA's proposal is a step in the right 

### 6 direction, though it's not as low as children need, to 

### 7 be able to play safely outdoors. 

### 8 EPA has the authority and obligation to set 

### 9 a standard that protects children from the adverse 

### 10 health effects of ozone. The APP applauds the EPA's 

### 11 proposed ozone standard as a welcome and needed step 

### 12 forward in protecting our children with air that is 

### 13 safe and clean. Pediatricians will continue 

### 14 advocating for clean air until we achieve that goal 

### 15 for our vulnerable patients. 

### 16 Thank you for the opportunity to speak 

### 17 today. 

### 18 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 19 And, Doctor, you mentioned several studies 

### 20 in your testimony, and those are things that you have 

### 21 available or the American Academy of Pediatrics has

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

26 (Pages 98 to 101) Page 98 1 available to submit to the docket before they do that 

### 2 will be very helpful. 

### 3 MS. AHDOOT: Yes. We'll also be submitting, 

### 4 as the record, testimony which has all of the 

### 5 references attached as part of the docket. 

### 6 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. Thank 

### 7 you. 

### 8 MR. SILVERMAN: You have a copy of it? 

### 9 We stated that risk assessments for children 

### 10 were based on the assumption -- I'm just reading from 

### 11 the register -- lung function response following ozone 

### 12 exposures would be the same for healthy 18-year-olds. 

### 13 Doctor, it would have been earlier to 

### 14 question the basis for that. Could you speak to that 

### 15 issue briefly or after, while you're submitting your 

### 16 comments if you would do that? 

### 17 MS. AHDOOT: Well, there's hardly no -- I 

### 18 don't believe there's exposures -- those exposure 

### 19 studies in a test environment. Most of the studies 

### 20 based on ozone exposure by those responses that EPA 

### 21 used were based on healthy young adults at 18, not



### Page 99 1 using the children. But there's now significant data 

### 2 based on everything out or typically logical data 

### 3 showing those responsive relationships at the lower 

### 4 less patients, they had to study children as well. 

### 5 But I think the EPA studies do use the young adults as 

### 6 their preferred. So whether the math is a little bit 

### 7 more accurate on whether the children were 

### 8 experiencing greater devious function is a question 

### 9 that we don't know, according to the studies that are 

### 10 used with EPA. 

### 11 MR. SILVERMAN: Thank you. 

### 12 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. I would 

### 13 like to call Brian Urbaszewski and Noel Martin. 

### 14 MR. URBASZEWSKI: Thank you. My name is 

### 15 Brian Urbaszewski. I'm Director of the Department of 

### 16 Health Program for Respiratory Health Association 

### 17 which I -- 

### 18 Thank you for the opportunity to speak on 

### 19 the proposal. Respiratory Health Association has been 

### 20 a leading lung health advocate in Illinois since 1906. 

### 21 The organization provides lung health educational 

### Page 100 1 services, supports medical research, and advocates for 

### 2 cleaner air to preserve lung health and improve the 

### 3 lives of people living with lung disease. 

### 4 While air quality has improved, the science 

### 5 shows that Illinois residents still face health risks 

### 6 from air pollution. As CASAC's recommendation, EPA's 

### 7 monitoring data and the range for the ozone standard 

### 8 under consideration today indicate, Illinois residents 

### 9 are not being served by the current ozone standard. 

### 10 It certainly is not adequately protecting people with 

### 11 asthma and other lung diseases. 

### 12 Reams of published peer-reviewed research 

### 13 examined by the Agency have convincingly demonstrated 

### 14 that there are significant negative health outcomes 

### 15 when people are exposed to ozone levels that are well 

### 16 below the current federal standard. Research 

### 17 published prior to 2007 found that children with 

### 18 asthma, newborns, the elderly and workers breathing 

### 19 ozone at levels well below the current federal health 

### 20 standard still suffer adverse health effects. Those 

### 21 with lung disease bear the brunt of ozone exposure;



### Page 101 1 ozone increases the number of asthma attacks, 

### 2 respiratory hospitalizations, and emergency room 

### 3 visits, as well as premature deaths. The most recent 

### 4 review by the Agency not only reinforces but deepens 

### 5 these findings. 

### 6 1.2 million Illinois residents have asthma. 

### 7 Over a quarter of them are children. Asthma is the 

### 8 most common chronic disease among children and within 

### 9 Illinois as many as a third of all school-age children 

### 10 in some neighborhoods live with asthma. The asthma 

### 11 hospitalization rate in Chicago nearly doubled 

### 12 national average. 

### 13 Air quality standards should be set at 

### 14 levels that protect everyone's health. The ozone 

### 15 standard must be tightened in order to protect 

### 16 sensitive groups with a reasonable margin of safety as 

### 17 required by the statutory language of the Clean Air 

### 18 Act. We urge the EPA to listen to its own advisors 

### 19 such as the Agency's Children's Health Protection 

### 20 Advisory Committee as they repeat recommendations they 

### 21 made over seven years ago, as well as independent

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

27 (Pages 102 to 105) Page 102 1 medical and health organizations, such as Respiratory 

### 2 Health Association, who all endorsed the primary 

### 3 standard of no higher than 60 parts per billion. 60 

### 4 parts per billion is the most protective option and 

### 5 the only option that would certainly provide an 

### 6 adequate margin of safety. 

### 7 People also have a right to know when the 

### 8 air they are breathing can put their health at risk. 

### 9 EPA should not hide this information from them. 

### 10 Parents of children with asthma and others living with 

### 11 lung disease follow air quality announcements based on 

### 12 the AQI through AIRnow and the media; it gives people 

### 13 real-time information that can be used in deciding to 

### 14 modify or avoid outdoor activities. It also allows 

### 15 parents of children with asthma to be extra vigilant 

### 16 about children carrying rescue medication. Having a 

### 17 protective ozone standard will ensure that these 

### 18 useful warnings are made more accurate in the 

### 19 portrayal of risk. 

### 20 We both know where the health dangers lie, 

### 21 that those dangers are real and affect millions of



### Page 103 1 Americans. Over the last several years, we have 

### 2 submitted letters to the Agency from doctors and 

### 3 nurses and respiratory therapists, pastors, elected 

### 4 officials, and business and community leaders who have 

### 5 urged the Administrator to set the ozone standards at 

### 6 this level, 60 parts per billion. We know that only 

### 7 the tightest level for the standard on which the 

### 8 Agency has asked for comment provides the required 

### 9 protections for the most vulnerable. 

### 10 Ultimately the decision on providing an 

### 11 adequate margin of safety is a policy choice left 

### 12 specifically to the Administrator's judgment; we 

### 13 strongly urge it be set at the 60 parts per billion. 

### 14 Families across America are depending on this decision 

### 15 to protect their health and the health of their loved 

### 16 ones. Thank you. 

### 17 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Ms. Martin. 

### 18 MS. MARTIN: Hi. I'm Noel Martin. N-O-E-L 

### 19 M-A-R-T-I-N. I'm going to first thank you for your 

### 20 efforts and initiative to protect public health and 

### 21 for this initiative that we're here testifying for 

### Page 104 1 today. I appreciate all the testimony with the 

### 2 rigorous staff points. I don't have any of that. My 

### 3 story is personal. 

### 4 I particularly appreciate the testimony of 

### 5 the pediatrician because I was one of those kids, 

### 6 those asthmatic kids. I'm still asthmatic. I'm an 

### 7 asthmatic adult. I watched, you know, myself through 

### 8 high school growing up and high school on through 

### 9 college and even today, you know, in and out of the 

### 10 emergency room. 

### 11 My parents had to, you know, take time off 

### 12 from work to deal with my health. I had a report 

### 13 saying too many days missed from school because of 

### 14 illness. To this day, even this last year, year 

### 15 before, I missed -- staying home from work because of 

### 16 when the air quality, you know -- the air gets bad, 

### 17 I'm predisposed to a lung function and I just walk 

### 18 outside, I couldn't even walk down the block before 

### 19 the constriction and inflammation starts. 

### 20 And just last year on a trip to the 

### 21 emergency room, and I can't count the number of times



### Page 105 1 I've been to the emergency room, I almost died. And 

### 2 it's twice. I remember another time that I almost 

### 3 died from a severe asthma attack. I take medication 

### 4 preferably daily. When air quality gets particularly 

### 5 bad, I have -- you know, the weather advisory issuing 

### 6 that news to health -- to get out of town, I have to 

### 7 go through all of this. It's an enormous -- well, 

### 8 it's expensive, you know. It causes loss of 

### 9 productivity for people like me and children, you 

### 10 know, losing their days in school. And you know, the 

### 11 insurance companies don't keep up with the rigorous 

### 12 guide, you know, to support -- cover these 

### 13 medications. 

### 14 So my point is even when it's not a work 

### 15 day, when it's not a Code Orange day, my baseline is 

### 16 barely tolerant, you know. I'm a candidate for a new 

### 17 procedure, but unfortunately the insurance companies 

### 18 are denying this because even though it's been 

### 19 approved by the FDA, it's just -- it's all a matter of 

### 20 economics. 

### 21 And I just want to be able to breathe. I

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

28 (Pages 106 to 109) Page 106 

## 1 want the kids today if they want to to play outside 

## 2 and not have to play inside and their efforts afoot. 

## 3 You know, these days to have kids play more outside, 

## 4 to have them eating healthier food. Well, our food is 

## 5 being toxic, you know, oxygen to grow to produce 

## 6 healthy foods. So it's a multi-dimensional issue that 

## 7 we face with regard to our environment and our 

## 8 personal health. 

## 9 In closing, I just want to say that with 

## 10 respect to, you know -- and I hope that -- my hope is 

## 11 that we can effect this change to 60 parts per billion 

## 12 and my hope is that, you know, I do respect that this 

## 13 may mean an economic infractional cost to some 

## 14 industries. But how does that, you know, compare to 

## 15 the cost of health of our children and people, you 

## 16 know, middle-age people like myself and the elderly? 

## 17 My mother recently died from lung function 

## 18 contra. So what is the costs associated with that, to 

## 19 help preserve the quality of life so that we can 

## 20 breathe easier, so that we can be productive citizens 

## 21 and not the desire to constant medication and losing



### Page 107 1 productivity and work. So thank you. 

### 2 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 3 If anyone is in the room and believes that 

### 4 their name should already have been called, you were 

### 5 expecting to have testified already, please make a 

### 6 trip to the registration desk or see Alan Rush here; 

### 7 he'd be glad to talk to you. We're running two rooms 

### 8 simultaneously. We want to be sure everyone is in the 

### 9 right room and that we hear from everyone. 

### 10 Next, I'd like to call Julie Hantman and 

### 11 Jeff Levi -- Jeffrey Levi. 

### 12 Thank you. You guys just come right up. 

### 13 MS. HANTMAN: Thank you. Good morning. My 

### 14 name is Julie Hantman, and I'm with Moms Clean Air 

### 15 Force, a community of parents fighting for clean air. 

### 16 I'm grateful to speak to you today to urge EPA to 

### 17 strengthen the National Ambient Air Quality Standards 

### 18 for Ozone. 

### 19 I am wearing many hats, I do, many reasons 

### 20 why I need to testify. I am born with asthma; it's 

### 21 worse in the summer. I'm a resident of Washington, 

### Page 108 1 D.C. and a mother to a toddler who loves the outdoors, 

### 2 yet live a hundred steps away from heavy traffic, 

### 3 Massachusetts Avenue, and a region that gets an F 

### 4 grade from among the experts for respiratory health. 

### 5 I must fight or clean up the air in order to breathe. 

### 6 And I'm a D.C. field worker with Moms Clean 

### 7 Air Force. In that role, I have come to know moms 

### 8 here and around the country whose family suffer from 

### 9 dirty air. Many state they have multiple respiratory 

### 10 threats in their regions. This makes each and every 

### 11 clean air battle ground especially important, 

### 12 extremely important. And smog is one of the biggest 

### 13 problems. 

### 14 Therefore, we respectfully urge you to set 

### 15 the smog standard at 60 parts per billion. The 

### 16 scientific record demonstrates that this level would 

### 17 provide the strongest public health protections for 

### 18 Americans, and most importantly for our children. It 

### 19 is based on the recommendation of the independent 

### 20 Clean Air Scientific Advisory Panel which rests on a 

### 21 thorough and expert review of the science.



### Page 109 1 You will hear vigorous pushback, 

### 2 particularly from foolish industries that this cannot 

### 3 or should not be done. But an account for over 1200 

### 4 moms and dads in my DC Chapter and over 400,000 

### 5 vigorous Moms Clean Air Force nationally, I urge you 

### 6 to hold on and dig below the line, down to that 60 

### 7 parts per billion level. Pushback at sound public 

### 8 health initiatives, of course, is the norm. 

### 9 I wear another hat today, that of a public 

### 10 health professional, who in the last 20 years has 

### 11 scratched my head many times at the prevailing 

### 12 tendency to ignore or minimize public health crises. 

### 13 It's entered our resistance and more. And here's what 

### 14 I've learned. The more a public health problem 

### 15 affects certain groups of people, most and not 

### 16 everyone, or the problem has lasted long enough and 

### 17 broadly enough, that it seems in a sense normal or 

### 18 requires preventive solutions that are from class 

### 19 hotel changes to establish practices or extensive 

### 20 retrofit, that the more some people drive down on that 

### 21 left front price tag. Yet the more insufficiently you

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

29 (Pages 110 to 113) Page 110 1 address, the problem builds and builds. 

### 2 So this is a terrific opportunity to invoke 

### 3 power. The science is clear. EPA has an opportunity 

### 4 to protect millions of Americans from dirty air and 

### 5 unnecessary illness. 

### 6 According to the EPA's analysis, 

### 7 strengthening this NAAQS standard to a more stringent 

### 8 60 parts per billion would confer profound health 

### 9 benefits to Americans. At this level of protection, 

### 10 EPA estimates 7900 fewer deaths, 1.8 million fewer 

### 11 asthma attacks in children, 9.2 million fewer 

### 12 restricted activity days or lost school days each 

### 13 year. The monetized benefits at this level of 

### 14 protection in 2025 in the upwards of 37 billion 

### 15 profound savings as well. 

### 16 And ounce of prevention is worth a pound of 

### 17 care. EPA should follow the science setting the 

### 18 invaluable level strong at 60 parts per billion and 

### 19 provide the strongest public health protections for 

### 20 American families. New stronger standards for smog 

### 21 pollution will help millions of Americans with asthma



### Page 111 1 and other respiratory ailments breathe easier. 

### 2 I thank you for the opportunity to testify. 

### 3 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. Mr. Levi. 

### 4 MR. LEVI: Good morning. I'm Jeffrey Levi, 

### 5 the Executive Director of Trust for Americas Health, 

### 6 non-partisan, non-profit organization dedicated to 

### 7 saving lives of everyone to make disease prevention a 

### 8 national priority. 

### 9 TFAH is pleased that the Environmental 

### 10 Protection Agency is moving forward with the proposal 

### 11 to update the National Ambient Air Quality Standards 

### 12 for ground-level ozone. We have known for nearly a 

### 13 decade the current standard of 75 parts per billion is 

### 14 not adequate to protect the public's health, 

### 15 especially our nation's most vulnerable -- young 

### 16 children, the elderly, and those who are already 

### 17 suffering from certain chronic diseases. 

### 18 Today we are urging EPA to adopt the 

### 19 standard of 60 parts per billion in support of public 

### 20 health. Our nation is majored and ascribes for 

### 21 improving health in recent years. Before the draft 

### Page 112 1 range insurance coverage for the first 5 millions of 

### 2 Americans spend in excess to percent level and the 

### 3 services will make historic investments in the 

### 4 venture. 

### 5 Their insurance coverage alone cannot 

### 6 protect Americans from environmental threats to their 

### 7 health. We're serious about improving health and 

### 8 lowering the costs. We must also continue to clean up 

### 9 the air we breathe. We felt like we haven't gotten 

### 10 anywhere near the root of the problem, and certainly 

### 11 will behoove the health and welfare of the country. 

### 12 Even at the lowest end of the range proposed 

### 13 today, ozone pollution is dangerous to human health. 

### 14 Even healthy adults are susceptible to the hazards, 

### 15 VOC, pollution, even where most are concerned about 

### 16 those among us or particulate in all the respiratory, 

### 17 cardiovascular and other sickness, VOC, ozone. 

### 18 Additional research explained examined by 

### 19 the EPA's Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee 

### 20 would suggest ozone may also lead to low birth weight 

### 21 babies, negative neurological effects, and many other



### Page 113 

## 1 health hazards. 

## 2 For this reason, lowering the standard to 

## 3 the 65 parts per billion that the EPA is proposing 

## 4 would go a long way in terms of improving the health 

## 5 of millions of Americans. But we are also glad EPA is 

## 6 soliciting comment on a 60 parts per billion option. 

## 7 We believe the standard of 60 parts per 

## 8 billion would be most effective of the current 

## 9 evidence base and the recommendations of the many 

## 10 independent scientists in the health and medical 

## 11 societies. Most importantly, the standard of 60 parts 

## 12 per billion would provide the most public health 

## 13 protection invested by all the lettered losses 

## 14 contained in the Clean Air Act. 

## 15 In addition to the standard, we are strongly 

## 16 urging EPA to finalize this proposal without any 

## 17 further delay. Every day delayed is another day 

## 18 Americans risk their health by breathing unclean air. 

## 19 Currently, air quality is based on the old outdated 

## 20 standard. We are now so many years behind the 

## 21 statutory requirements for review of the standard

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

30 (Pages 114 to 117) Page 114 1 every five years. This is not a lack of scientific 

### 2 evidence about the danger posed by the current 

### 3 standard. I hope EPA will act decisively and exhume 

### 4 in strong support for public health. 

### 5 We have all the evidence we need in support 

### 6 of the 60 parts per billion ozone standard. We have 

### 7 decades of evidence that proves of the amount that 

### 8 pictures into unhealthy air and an unhealthy 

### 9 environment. Most importantly, we get a stronghold on 

### 10 health for all vulnerables employing with the Clean 

### 11 Air Act. It says the public health is what EPA must 

### 12 focus on in coming to their decision. 

### 13 Thank you again for the opportunity to 

### 14 provide this testimony. I'd be happy to provide any 

### 15 further information needed. 

### 16 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 17 At this time, I think we're going to check 

### 18 and see if a short break will be in order. 

### 19 All right. I'm going to call a short break 

### 20 until twenty after eleven and twenty after eleven, we 

### 21 will begin again with Anne Smith and Peggy Rommen if



### Page 115 1 they could be ready to go at twenty after eleven. 

### 2 (Break.) 

### 3 MS. SASSER: At this time, we are ready to 

### 4 resume the public hearing for the National Ambient Air 

### 5 Quality Standards for Ozone proposed rule. 

### 6 The next two speakers that I have on the 

### 7 list here were Anne Smith and Peggy Rommen. Either of 

### 8 those individuals are present, they could please come 

### 9 forward and sit at the table here. 

### 10 We'll call the speakers up in twos. And if 

### 11 I give a name and the individual is not in the room at 

### 12 that time, I will skip over the individual and come 

### 13 back to that name. 

### 14 We're asking folks to be a little flexible 

### 15 with our time. We may call you up at a slightly 

### 16 different time than you probably signed up for. And 

### 17 we're working to get as many speakers in as possible 

### 18 and as quickly as possible so that people can continue 

### 19 with their day if they need to do that. 

### 20 So since Anne Smith is not present in the 

### 21 room, we're going to call Elizabeth Perera. Thank you 

### Page 116 1 very much. 

### 2 And as a reminder, please spell your name 

### 3 for the court reporter as you begin, and also pay 

### 4 attention to the timer sitting up here. It will turn 

### 5 yellow after four minutes and turn red after five 

### 6 minutes. And after five minutes, we would ask that 

### 7 you bring your comments to a close if you're not yet 

### 8 finished. So with that, Ms. Rommen, please. 

### 9 MS. ROMMEN: Yes. My name is Peggy Rommen, 

### 10 R-O-M-M-E-N, and I'm from Virginia Beach, Virginia. 

### 11 And I just want say the EPA was established in 1970 to 

### 12 set and control air pollution standards. 

### 13 Please continue to do your job for the 

### 14 American people. Most industries do not care how much 

### 15 they pollute or deny our right. So it's up to you to 

### 16 protect the public from pollution and hold industry to 

### 17 clean air standards. 

### 18 The numerous medical associations, public 

### 19 health organizations that endorse 60 ppb as the 

### 20 standard for smog pollution that is consistent with 

### 21 protecting public health. If the EPA follows their



### Page 117 1 advice, the new standard will go a long way to clean 

### 2 up the air. And I am finished. Thank you very much. 

### 3 MS. SASSER: Thank you. 

### 4 MS. PERERA: My name is Elizabeth Martin 

### 5 Perera, P-E-R-E-R-A, and I'm Climate Policy Director 

### 6 for the Sierra Club here in Washington, D.C. and I'm 

### 7 also a volunteer chair for the American Public Health 

### 8 Association's Climate and Health Topic Committee. 

### 9 And I want to speak today about why I and 

### 10 the Sierra Club, with our 2.4 million members, support 

### 11 the EPA's stronger standards for smog pollution. 

### 12 Strong smog standards will clean up our air 

### 13 and reduce pollution-related illness and this will 

### 14 help millions of Americans with asthma and respiratory 

### 15 ailments breathe easier. 

### 16 I have two children, four and six, and 

### 17 children are at the greatest health risk from air 

### 18 pollution because they are more likely to be active 

### 19 outdoors and their lungs are still developing. We 

### 20 live in Bethesda, Maryland, and the Washington area 

### 21 continues to be at the top 10 for the most air

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

31 (Pages 118 to 121) Page 118 1 pollution, according to the American Lung 

### 2 Association's Sate of the Air Report. 

### 3 Asthma strikes nearly one out of every ten 

### 4 school children in the U.S. and is the number one 

### 5 health issue that causes kids to miss school. On 

### 6 "bad-air days" or "air alert days," particularly 

### 7 during the warmer months, kids with asthma are forced 

### 8 to stay indoors to avoid aggravating their condition. 

### 9 As the planet continues to warm because of dangerous 

### 10 climate disruption, there will be more bad-air days 

### 11 and that is why strengthening the standards now is 

### 12 critical. 

### 13 Ozone pollution is going to get worse as 

### 14 warmer temperatures increase. That's why we hear 

### 15 warnings of more bad-air days due to ozone pollution 

### 16 often during the summer on cloud-free days. 

### 17 In 2011, I wrote a report with the Union of 

### 18 Concerned Scientists called "Climate Change and Your 

### 19 Health: Rising Temperatures, Worsening Ozone 

### 20 Pollution." This report combined projections of 

### 21 future climate-induced temperature increases with



### Page 119 1 findings on the relationship between ozone 

### 2 concentrations and temperature to explore the 

### 3 potential "climate penalty on ozone pollution." 

### 4 The key findings include: That just in five 

### 5 years from now, in 2020, we estimate that the 

### 6 continental U.S. could pay an average of $5.4 billion 

### 7 in health impact costs associated with just that 

### 8 increment of increased ozone pollution from the 

### 9 attacks of climate destruction. 

### 10 Higher ground-level ozone concentrations due 

### 11 to rising temperatures could also lead to an average 

### 12 of 2.8 million more occurrences of acute respiratory 

### 13 symptoms, such as asthma attacks, shortness of breath, 

### 14 coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness. In 2050, 

### 15 that could rise to an average of 11.8 million 

### 16 additional occurrences. Also in 2020, the climate 

### 17 penalty could lead to an average of 944,000 more 

### 18 missed school days in 2020; and when kids miss school, 

### 19 their parents have to sit out as well and that 

### 20 increased the costs with that one there. In 2050, 

### 21 that could rise to an average of 4.1 additional missed 

### Page 120 1 school days. 

### 2 In addition, this could lead to an average 

### 3 of 3,700 more seniors and 1,400 more infants 

### 4 hospitalized for respiratory-related problems also in 

### 5 2020. And in 2050, that could rise to 24,000 more 

### 6 seniors and 5,700 more infants hospitalized, and 

### 7 that's just from the increasing for the climate 

### 8 destruction. 

### 9 California and states in the Midwest and the 

### 10 Mid-Atlantic could be hit especially hard by the 

### 11 climate penalty on ozone. California may experience 

### 12 the greatest health impacts, with an estimated average 

### 13 of $729 million in 2020 alone. 

### 14 These costs will just continue to rise, and 

### 15 that is why strengthening these ozone protections now 

### 16 is so critical. Again, we strongly support the EPA 

### 17 strengthening smog standards to 60 parts per billion, 

### 18 and we urge you to do this as soon as possible so that 

### 19 we can start reducing ozone pollution before climate 

### 20 destruction grows out of control. Thank you. 

### 21 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. Anne



### Page 121 1 Smith join us? All right. Let me call then Kirk 

### 2 Smith and Dawud Muhammad. 

### 3 Thank you. Mr. Smith. 

### 4 MR. SMITH: My name is Kirk Smith, K-I-R-K, 

### 5 Smith. Hi. I'm here from the County of Virginia. 

### 6 I've lived there all my life. I had the privilege to 

### 7 fresh air, clean water, and a healthy life. 

### 8 During my childhood, I remember playing in 

### 9 parts of the suburban area where I lived, as well as 

### 10 visiting and hiking the nearby Appalachian mountains. 

### 11 I never really saw the smog or any obvious 

### 12 life-threatening air pollution when I was there. That 

### 13 all changed one year when I went to visit Baton Rouge, 

### 14 Louisiana. 

### 15 During archery days, I visited Baton Rouge, 

### 16 Louisiana, and there it hit me. I got all this 

### 17 expansion of smog and pollution bursting in my 

### 18 nostrils, smelling like a combination of boiled eggs, 

### 19 burning rubber with sewage. There's across where the 

### 20 slow moving Mississippi River, I looked over a city 

### 21 that was barely visible with a thick cloud of smoggy

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

32 (Pages 122 to 125) Page 122 

## 1 base. 

## 2 As we became older, I don't drive anymore. 

## 3 I recognize the universal presence of smog, from 

## 4 Seattle to New York City, the smell and slight of 

## 5 smog -- the smell and sight of smog and air pollution 

## 6 rid my eyes and nose with a discomforting frequency. 

## 7 I recognize this problem is complex and not well 

## 8 moving through the challenges. 

## 9 But let's work together to strive for 

## 10 emissions and provide these standards that are 

## 11 healthier to also make a better society. Let's make 

## 12 60 parts per billion the new standard for smog, 

## 13 emissions, and providing a better world for those that 

## 14 are behind us. Thank you. 

## 15 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Mr. Muhammad. 

## 16 MR. MUHAMMAD: Yes. Thank you. And I 

## 17 support the smog polluter, but we got to limit that. 

## 18 But let me start. We fully reference the stats for 

## 19 the environmental public health problems. 

## 20 I'm from Newport News, Virginia. And the 

## 21 historical -- legacy of the industry relation akin to



### Page 123 1 being poor. There's three out of seven citizens that 

### 2 have been operating in our community since 1890, 1892 

### 3 that contribute to the overall bad health and quality 

### 4 of the people in the Southeast community. And 

### 5 according to the historical on the City of Newport 

### 6 News rates one of the top 10 dirtiest worse counties 

### 7 in the United States in terms of the average 

### 8 individual with cancerous or hazardous air pollutants 

### 9 and the top 10 percent of all counties in terms of 

### 10 known casualties from hazardous air pollution. 

### 11 Now, according to the public health records 

### 12 from Virginia to Newport News is considered a stroke 

### 13 death, mean residents suffer from stroke, 

### 14 cardiovascular disease, cancer, asthma, bronchitis, 

### 15 vision perception, learning disability, and performing 

### 16 with other complex tasks; respiratory effects and the 

### 17 chemical that also provide event systems against 

### 18 foreign material that damage your lungs, tissue and 

### 19 also contributes to cancer and premature death. 

### 20 And so the reason why we must make this 

### 21 because when we look at communities of colors, which 

### Page 124 1 is hardly hit by environmental issues, we are being 

### 2 marginalized and when it comes to those who do sit 

### 3 down to re-write, they do not allow us to come to the 

### 4 table and testify on the issue. 

### 5 So I support this for EPA, that we reduce 

### 6 the smog pollution. But I also understand that our 

### 7 communities are poor; white, Latinos, and black 

### 8 communities further affected if the EPA is not funded 

### 9 and y'all cut -- they cut -- about $60 billion they're 

### 10 trying to cut. So I'm telling you listen. We got to 

### 11 do something. We got to get it said, and we need to 

### 12 take it now. Thank you. 

### 13 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. Next two 

### 14 speakers will be Kendyl Crawford and Jon Baker. 

### 15 Ms. Crawford. 

### 16 MS. CRAWFORD: Hi. My name is Kendyl 

### 17 Crawford, and that's spelled K-E-N-D-Y-L; Crawford, 

### 18 C-R-A-W-F-O-R-D. Well, I suffered with asthma for 

### 19 almost as long as I can remember. Thus far the best 

### 20 description I've come across of having an asthma 

### 21 attack is feeling like a fish outside of water.



### Page 125 1 Throughout the majority of my life, I've 

### 2 been tethered to expensive asthma treatments and 

### 3 inhalers. The worst part of the year for me to be 

### 4 able to breathe is the summer. The summer is my 

### 5 favorite season of the year, but each year it is met 

### 6 with apprehension because I need to make sure that I 

### 7 am carrying around with me my rescue inhaler, 

### 8 especially on days when I will be outside for extended 

### 9 periods of time. But I always make sure that I'm 

### 10 checking the Air Quality Index forecast as well 

### 11 because this helps me to plan to not put myself in 

### 12 harm's way because my asthma is not the best 

### 13 controlled and it has been known to flare up. 

### 14 If the EPA fails to remedy the gap between 

### 15 its ozone standard and what the expert medical 

### 16 community says is needed, the EPA is failing in its 

### 17 duty to ensure that all Americans are protected from 

### 18 significant risks to human health and the environment 

### 19 where they live, learn, and work. Not only is EPA 

### 20 failing in its duty, but it is also essentially 

### 21 misleading the one in 12 people, or around 25 million

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

33 (Pages 126 to 129) Page 126 1 and increasing, who suffer from asthma. By having a 

### 2 loose standard, you're telling us that the air outside 

### 3 is safe to breathe when the research clearly says 

### 4 otherwise. 

### 5 The EPA should not be playing fast and loose 

### 6 with this rule putting at risk people like myself who 

### 7 just want to be able to breathe. I'm sure you can 

### 8 imagine my horror when I initially found out the smog 

### 9 rule was not already set at a level recommended by our 

### 10 nation's health professionals. 

### 11 As a person of color, I am acutely aware 

### 12 that black children have, as the EPA's own data has 

### 13 found, nearly two times the rates of asthma as white 

### 14 children, are two times as likely to be hospitalized, 

### 15 and are four times likely to die from asthma as white 

### 16 children. 

### 17 According to the National Medical 

### 18 Association, our nation's only organization 

### 19 representing black physicians, "minority children and 

### 20 adults who live in inner cities or urban areas are the 

### 21 most affected and are those who are least likely to



### Page 127 1 receive help." The socioeconomic and environmental 

### 2 factors that drive the trend of higher asthma rates in 

### 3 people of color need to be urgently addressed because 

### 4 people are suffering and people are dying. 

### 5 I live in Richmond, Virginia, a city that's 

### 6 been repeatedly ranked as the number one Asthma 

### 7 Capitol of the United States by the Asthma and Allergy 

### 8 Foundation of America. 

### 9 Strengthening the smog rule is an 

### 10 opportunity for our country to protect vulnerable 

### 11 populations and to move towards extending to every 

### 12 American the courtesy of having clean air to breathe. 

### 13 Being frank, having clean air should not be a 

### 14 courtesy; it should be an amiable right for every 

### 15 American no matter race, young, old, rich, poor, 

### 16 asthmatic or not. 

### 17 By strengthening the current, weak standard, 

### 18 60 parts per billion, the EPA can better protect our 

### 19 communities from deadly air pollution. According to 

### 20 the EPA, a 60 parts per billion standard would prevent 

### 21 roughly 1.8 million asthma attacks, 1.9 million missed 

### Page 128 1 school days, and 6,400 premature deaths. 

### 2 Isn't that worth protecting? 

### 3 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 4 Mr. Baker. 

### 5 MR. BAKER: Yes. My name is Jon; it's J-O-N 

### 6 Baker, B-A-K-E-R. Good morning. Thank you for this 

### 7 opportunity to speak on this good topic. 

### 8 I'm an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at 

### 9 Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, 

### 10 Virginia. For the past 15 years, I've taught General, 

### 11 Organic, and Analytical Chemistry to over 10,000 

### 12 undergraduate students. 

### 13 As some others have said, though, I'm a 

### 14 scientist. Additionally although I know a good bit 

### 15 about chemistry and the reactions that occur in the 

### 16 gas phase that perform ozone, I'm not an atmospheric 

### 17 chemist. However, as someone else said recently, I am 

### 18 able to listen to and understand what the very smart 

### 19 people who do study these areas have to say. 

### 20 I recently attended a number of hearings 

### 21 held at the General Assembly in Richmond pertaining to



### Page 129 1 the EPA's Clean Power Plan. I'm aware that this is a 

### 2 different proposal than the Smog Rules, but most 

### 3 strategies that lower carbon dioxide emissions also 

### 4 help with pollution. 

### 5 The general tone of the hearings has been 

### 6 one of "We can't." Even though Virginia is over 

### 7 70 percent of the way to its target, our 

### 8 representatives seem to be stuck with the attitude of, 

### 9 "It's too hard. It will cost too much. We can't." 

### 10 Well, maybe. Maybe the technology to impact 

### 11 any improvement in our environment to make it 

### 12 healthier for our families doesn't exist, or it's just 

### 13 too expensive to implement. Or not. 

### 14 In fact, there are countless changes, large 

### 15 and small, that we can make, both in behavior and 

### 16 technology, to positively impact the health of our 

### 17 environment: better mass transit, shorter commutes, 

### 18 insulation, renewable energies. It's a very long 

### 19 list. 

### 20 I'd like to spend the remainder of my time 

### 21 on just going over these technologies that I have some

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

34 (Pages 130 to 133) Page 130 

## 1 familiarity with as a user and may be able to help. 

## 2 I'm the very happy owner -- surveys 

## 3 consistently show that we have the highest owner 

## 4 satisfaction of any vehicle -- of a 2012 Chevrolet 

## 5 Volt. The Volt is an electric vehicle, or EV, which 

## 6 also has a gasoline range extender to go in the 

## 7 battery -- its charge. 

## 8 When EV's are operating on battery power, 

## 9 which mine has done for over 70 percent of 44,000 

## 10 miles, and pure electrics such as the Tesla, Nissan 

## 11 Leaf and others, they produce no exhaust, no 

## 12 pollution, no cloud of toxins for the group of kids 

## 13 waiting on the corner for the bus to breathe in to 

## 14 start their day. Also, not a penny leaving the 

## 15 country for a foreign oil producer. 

## 16 There are now over 20 models of plug-in EV's 

## 17 sold in America. For over three years, every month 

## 18 set a new record for cars sold, electric vehicles sold 

## 19 on a year-to-year basis. People are becoming more 

## 20 familiar with the capabilities of these vehicles and 

## 21 they like them. I personally will never buy an



### Page 131 1 all-gasoline car again. 

### 2 But wait, don't these cars just have a 

### 3 really long tail pipe? Aren't we really just driving 

### 4 on burning coal from a power plant? 

### 5 Well, let's think about that. What if that 

### 6 was all that they did? They just move pollution from 

### 7 one place to another. Isn't that good? Cars are 

### 8 inherently where people are. People are in the cities 

### 9 and suburbs where the cars are being driven. Moving 

### 10 smog away from population centers would be good in and 

### 11 of itself. 

### 12 But EV's do more, far more than that. They 

### 13 are incredibly efficient users of energy. Converted 

### 14 to miles per gallon, EV's all lie around 100 miles per 

### 15 gallon, more or less. It works in the grid instead of 

### 16 gas in the tank. It notes, electricity is being 

### 17 supplied by the electrical grid. And the grid is 

### 18 getting cleaner by the day. 

### 19 We're only five years into the introduction 

### 20 of these products. Still the first generation. The 

### 21 second generation of my particular car was introduced 

### Page 132 1 two weeks ago and has improved tremendously, about 

### 2 30 percent greater electric range, 10 percent higher 

### 3 energy and operating on gasoline, more power and a 

### 4 gift receipt in the package. Both Telsa and General 

### 5 Motors plan to introduce 200 mile electric range 

### 6 vehicles, the cost near $30,000, a price that makes 

### 7 them accessible to a large number of Americans. And 

### 8 there will be a used car market developing soon. 

### 9 Time doesn't permit me to discuss the 

### 10 advances in renewable energy that can power these 

### 11 electric vehicles and our other activities cleanly, 

### 12 but suffice it to say that the "We can't" chorus is 

### 13 simply in a word wrong. We have the tools now, and 

### 14 more are emerging daily, to allow for the improvements 

### 15 in our environment. 

### 16 The lower standard of ozone level is 

### 17 achievable and we owe it to ourselves and our children 

### 18 to achieve it. Thank you very much for your time. 

### 19 MS. SASSER: Thank you. The next two 

### 20 speakers this morning are Anne Smith and Jackie 

### 21 Ostfeld.



### Page 133

1 Ms. Smith. 

### 2 MS. SMITH: Thank you for the opportunity to 

### 3 speak today. I'm Dr. Anne Smith, A-N-N-E S-M-I-T-H. 

### 4 I'm the Senior Vice President at NERA Economic 

### 5 Consulting, where our co-head is Environmental Group; 

### 6 my colleague, Dr. Dave Harrison. 

### 7 I'm here to comment today on the potential 

### 8 economic impacts on, I suppose, tightening the ozone 

### 9 NAAQS. Although EPA in this NAAQS did not consider 

### 10 the second NAAQS, those costs are not irrelevant to 

### 11 the public. 

### 12 Scientific evidence for setting the ozone 

### 13 NAAQS is subject to many sources of uncertainly and 

### 14 very independent on the other states, some of the 

### 15 health effects are in question. Reliance on highly 

### 16 speculative assumptions about health risks to set the 

### 17 NAAQS can create wanting more of this, some other 

### 18 adverse impacts. And those impacts, I think we 

### 19 understood. 

### 20 In this case the ozone NAAQS, which EPA's 

### 21 own analyses find that they're very costly, and indeed

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

35 (Pages 134 to 137) Page 134 1 EPA has not even identified the attainment to be 

### 2 achieved. 

### 3 In advance of this, the recent proposed 

### 4 rule, in July of last year, Dr. Harrison and I 

### 5 released a major study demonstrating how, 

### 6 interestingly, potential costs and our impacts for 

### 7 tightening ozone NAAQS. 

### 8 Our analysis considered 60 ppb NAAQS and it 

### 9 spoke to some illustrated data, and that was to create 

### 10 a more evidence base. The credit was set at NAAQS 

### 11 assessments, then EPA developed in its prior ozone 

### 12 NAAQS review. The key objective of the study was to 

### 13 recommend additional information and analyses that EPA 

### 14 could incorporate into and send a forthcoming 

### 15 regulatory impact analysis with this rule. 

### 16 EPA's prior cost estimates were dominated by 

### 17 when you get false unknown controls. Such control 

### 18 methods are not unnotable, however. They were simply 

### 19 not a depth-binding case analysis. 

### 20 Using data on a feature emissions test, we 

### 21 determined that it meets many tons of reductions that



### Page 135 1 would have come from things such as closures of 

### 2 domestic one-third of the U.S. coal-fired termination 

### 3 passing and for possibly early turnover on both 

### 4 sources, both on and off for ozone, and not just 

### 5 further demands on manufacturing facilities, however, 

### 6 we determine in the future it will be a small fraction 

### 7 of emissions that we could use. 

### 8 Like EPA, we estimated these actions would 

### 9 cost tens of billions of dollars per year. But our 

### 10 more in-depth analysis sound we can greatly 

### 11 underestimate it just on many type abilities. So 

### 12 using our estimates, potential buyers costs that are 

### 13 model of the energy target in U.S., we determined that 

### 14 a 60 ppb standard could reduce U.S. gross domestic 

### 15 product by an average of $270 million a year. Other 

### 16 new pattern measures were comparably large, such as 

### 17 reduction in an annual employment due to NAAQS, 

### 18 equivalent to 3 million jobs. 

### 19 A title or express standard may also result 

### 20 in various sustained energy reduction in the U.S. of 

### 21 potential additional sources and what it impacts. In 

### Page 136 1 our study down with this outcome, we substantially add 

### 2 to the negative impacts that we estimated into the 

### 3 standard into the reduction loss. We also found that 

### 4 this sort of outcome would dramatically alter the 

### 5 distribution of cost impacts across markets, another 

### 6 flow sheet to understand those. 

### 7 So while our study examined the 60 ppb 

### 8 standard, our research analysis indicates any lower of 

### 9 the ozone NAAQS to another standard will impact them, 

### 10 maybe therefore impacts and they need to be further 

### 11 assessed. 

### 12 With the potential costs, why is all this 

### 13 uncertain, or why the source of action is to just try 

### 14 to release that uncertainty, and thus we recommended 

### 15 that EPA perform one thorough and realistic analysis 

### 16 of the actions needed to achieve -- achieve below the 

### 17 alternative ozone NAAQS, including determining the 

### 18 extent to which such actions would have to involve 

### 19 earlier determinants, rather to valuable reduction 

### 20 equipment, not just more in reduction equipment 

### 21 purchases.



### Page 137



## 1 EPA has now released its new estimates of 

## 2 the costs of this proposed rule. EPA has not adopted 

## 3 more evidence base techniques that are certainly 

## 4 described impacts. EPA has retreated to an even less 

## 5 informed, a less -- a more simplistic method for 

## 6 assessing that large per action meeting controls, that 

## 7 it still calls "unknown." 

## 8 This analytic setback has greatly reduced 

## 9 its cost assessments, both in dollar amounts and in 

## 10 credibility. And moreover, the RA -- this RA provides 

## 11 no economy. Well, why expect it on the impact 

## 12 analysis at all? EPA owes the public a more complete 

## 13 credible assessment with lax challenges and potential 

## 14 economic impacts would tighten the ozone NAAQS. 

## 15 Because those costs are a great relevance to our 

## 16 society. Thank you very much. 

## 17 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Ms. Ostfeld. 

## 18 MS. OSTFELD: Hi. My name is Jackie 

## 19 Ostfeld. It's J-A-C-K-I-E O-S-T-F-E-L-D. And I'm the 

## 20 Director of Sierra Club's Nearby Nature Initiative to 

## 21 connect people with opportunities to explore, enjoy

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

36 (Pages 138 to 141) Page 138 1 and protect urban parks and waters. 

### 2 For the past 10 years, I have advocated for 

### 3 children, youth and families to get outdoors and 

### 4 improve their health. Today's children spend less 

### 5 time outdoors than any generation in history. This 

### 6 indoor and increasingly sedentary lifestyle is 

### 7 contributing to the childhood obesity epidemic in 

### 8 America. While it's recommended that kids engage in 

### 9 60 minutes a day of moderate to vigorous physical 

### 10 activity, most children in America are not able to 

### 11 safely walk to a park or a playground, limiting their 

### 12 ability to spend time playing and being active. 

### 13 Children have enough barriers to getting outdoors. 

### 14 Air pollution should not be one of them. 

### 15 One in every 10 children has asthma. My 

### 16 3 1/2 year old nephew is one of them. He lives in 

### 17 Allentown, Pennsylvania, the town where I grew up, a 

### 18 town that last year received an F for its ozone 

### 19 pollution, according to the American Lung 

### 20 Association's State of the Air Report. My nephew's 

### 21 father, my brother, also has asthma. As a kid, I



### Page 139 1 remember several times playing outside with my little 

### 2 brother and having to run in the house to get one of 

### 3 my parents because he was having an asthma attack. 

### 4 As I got older, I was taught how to give my 

### 5 brother his asthma medication myself when my parents 

### 6 were away. It nearly broke my heart a few years ago 

### 7 when I learned that my nephew was also starting to 

### 8 have asthma attacks. 

### 9 Asthma is so prevalent among children today 

### 10 that my nephew's nebulizer has a colorful dinosaur on 

### 11 it, to help make the times he has to see this medicine 

### 12 just a bit more fun. I have a picture of him right 

### 13 here (indicating). 

### 14 The smog pollution standard hasn't been 

### 15 updated since 2008. Scientists, medical associations, 

### 16 and public health organizations recommend a standard 

### 17 of 60 parts per billion to protect public health. 

### 18 With the final smog pollution standards set to be 

### 19 announced in October of this year, the EPA has the 

### 20 opportunity to protect kids and families across 

### 21 America from dirty air and unnecessary illness by 

### Page 140 1 setting the standard at 60 parts per billion. 

### 2 This standard will prevent approximately 

### 3 1.8 million asthma attacks, 1.9 million missed school 

### 4 days, and 6,400 premature deaths. New, stronger 

### 5 standards for smog pollution will clean up our air and 

### 6 reduce pollution-related illness. Millions of 

### 7 Americans like my nephew and brother with asthma and 

### 8 other respiratory ailments will breathe easier. 

### 9 Thank you for this opportunity to testify. 

### 10 MS. SASSER: Thank you. The next two 

### 11 speakers are Dnell Nicholson and Devawn Oberlender. 

### 12 MR. NICHOLS: Good morning. My name is 

### 13 Dnell Nicholson, D-N-E-L-L Nicholson, 

### 14 N-I-C-H-O-L-S-O-N, and I'm going to speak on becoming 

### 15 a product of my environment, now knowing that the 

### 16 things that was coincidental to, sitting there being a 

### 17 product of my environment for real. 

### 18 I'm from Virginia Beach, Virginia. And even 

### 19 as an adult, you know, as an upcoming kid, I played a 

### 20 lot outside, outdoors, not knowing what the effects of 

### 21 a lot of the things that was constantly eating at me.



### Page 141 1 And it amazed me that when I took -- when I was 

### 2 diagnosed with, you know, asthma at an older age, and 

### 3 I was wondering, well, why, you know, I never heard of 

### 4 anyone being diagnosed with asthma at such a mature 

### 5 adult age. Come to find out the area in which I was 

### 6 living was causing so much toxicity to my respiratory 

### 7 system that, you know, it was unknown to me. 

### 8 And so I started taking those and started 

### 9 following certain active groups and trying to find out 

### 10 what was being the cause of my breathing problems, and 

### 11 different things that I couldn't do no more and I was 

### 12 doing all my life and found out that becoming a 

### 13 product of your environment, it's not willing. It's 

### 14 not willing. 

### 15 But to have so many things around you that's 

### 16 not being taken care of -- I seem to categorize it as 

### 17 you're being humor news -- it's a "do or die" 

### 18 situation. It's like everybody can take the do and 

### 19 the die and put it in any category they want to put 

### 20 it. And after becoming a product I'm going to die, I 

### 21 decided to change that, just change one to have it say

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

37 (Pages 142 to 145) Page 142 1 "do and die." Because everything was being done, 

### 2 that's it; it's killing people around there. You 

### 3 know, the numbers of the people and the children that 

### 4 I came up with are older, if I can speak clearly for 

### 5 old ones in here; married no one, they had all the 

### 6 things that we was up against. 

### 7 So my interest basically, you know, for 

### 8 following Sierra and the different people that's 

### 9 active in the environments, hazards, is that looking 

### 10 out for the younger children. Because I don't think 

### 11 my mother knew -- actually knew the harm they was up 

### 12 against. They was told. But we have to inform a lot 

### 13 of other people because there are people out here who 

### 14 has a health conscience. I can say that embarrassing 

### 15 now, myself, because I was a health fanatic. But my 

### 16 environment made it not possible. Things are going to 

### 17 still happen regardless of what you do or what you 

### 18 say. 

### 19 So I learned how to live with things and I 

### 20 learned how to start, people knowing what they're up 

### 21 against. Because people are more educated through



### Page 143 1 programs, the different auxiliaries and a lot of 

### 2 non-func -- you know, functional programs. It's not 

### 3 getting off "The Real." Because people are not 

### 4 educating other people that's out here that are 

### 5 citizens, that are retired; like myself, retired, 

### 6 taxpaying, home-owning citizens, who was actually 

### 7 doing things to me that, quote-unquote, that dirt 

### 8 life. Then all of a sudden their health fails. Not 

### 9 because something you have done, but it's something 

### 10 that people aren't doing. 

### 11 I can really eradicate what the doctor 

### 12 prescribed, but it's a "do or die." I'm not trying to 

### 13 medicate what the environment has in store for me, 

### 14 very harmful. The summer is dangerous, and they say 

### 15 it's not. Look at the numbers on the killings that 

### 16 they have killed. Yet to say the environment is 

### 17 America, we need to get the other side. Thinking that 

### 18 where can we turn, well I beg to differ. Thank you 

### 19 for listening. 

### 20 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 21 Ms. Oberlender. 

### Page 144 1 MS. OBERLENDER: Hi. My name is Devawn 

### 2 Oberlender. That's D-E-V-A-W-N. Oberlender is 

### 3 O-B-E-R-L-E-N-D-E-R. 

### 4 I'm here as a member of the 400,000 plus 

### 5 strong Moms Clean Air Force, and I'm representing the 

### 6 Environmental Patriots of the New River Valley in 

### 7 Southwestern Virginia, where we have no ambient air 

### 8 quality monitoring. There is no awareness of whether 

### 9 or not the green or brown or bad day to go out and 

### 10 play because no one monitors our air. 

### 11 I want clean air and I have concerns about 

### 12 pollution in my home place because of the open burning 

### 13 of waste explosives at the Radford Army Ammunition 

### 14 Plant. This toxic assault exposes my family and my 

### 15 community to particle pollution and other dangerous 

### 16 air toxins. The children in the New River Valley and 

### 17 all over America are being made victims of smog 

### 18 created by open burning of military waste. 

### 19 We know that smog is created when industrial 

### 20 emissions from power plants and cars and factories 

### 21 react with heat and sunlight in the atmosphere. And



### Page 145 1 although it may be hard to believe, munitions 

### 2 classified as hazardous waste are being burned to the 

### 3 open air without any pollution controls or air quality 

### 4 monitoring in my Appalachian home. 

### 5 At the Radford Army Ammunition Plant, they 

### 6 have been open burning toxic waste for decades in 

### 7 spite of repeated permit violations since 2001. As a 

### 8 matter of fact, tens of thousands of pounds of 

### 9 Volatile Organic Compounds were released at the 

### 10 facility last year alone. But that permit violation 

### 11 only resulted in a consent order and a small fine from 

### 12 the State DEQ and nothing from the EPA. EPA oversight 

### 13 seems to have been suspended at federal facilities 

### 14 where toxic smog from open burning waste goes 

### 15 unchecked. 

### 16 And it's a cost that we are paying that our 

### 17 children are paying. It's may not be so quantifiable 

### 18 as a balance sheet, but believe you me, the children 

### 19 live around these Army bases where they are burning 

### 20 munitions waste down there. We're paying a very high 

### 21 price.

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

38 (Pages 146 to 149) Page 146 1 Last month, EPA magically proposed open tray 

### 2 burning an almost incomprehensible quantity of 

### 3 explosives waste at Camp Minden in Louisiana. 

### 4 18 million pounds proposed to be burned at a rate of 

### 5 80,000 pounds per day, lasting over a period of 200 

### 6 days. 

### 7 Please consider these pictures of the people 

### 8 from Camp Minden. There's a mom and her child, 

### 9 Daisey. These two kids, it was unfortunately I was 

### 10 unable to get their name. The babies here, this is 

### 11 actually a photograph of General Honore, has put on 

### 12 his Facebook page for the Green Army, because General 

### 13 Honore this month has gotten me the accountant who did 

### 14 ether. 

### 15 So in fact, when General Honore got wind of 

### 16 the plans to open burn explosives at Camp Minden, he 

### 17 contacted an organic chemistry professor at the LSU to 

### 18 try to understand how the EPA could claim that this 

### 19 was safe. So after Louisiana lawmakers wrote to Gina 

### 20 McCarthy to question this process of open burning the 

### 21 M6 propellant, it was put on hold for 90 days. But my



### Page 147 1 understanding is the EPA only solicited bids from 

### 2 companies that were -- agreed to open burn out waste, 

### 3 rather that pursuing time testing two alternatives, 

### 4 they made possible money on a bottom line of your 

### 5 balance sheet and saved a lot of lives. 

### 6 Concerned communities nationwide are asking 

### 7 EPA to give due diligence to the military's ongoing 

### 8 subversion of federal statutes by using the cheapest 

### 9 disposal method to be rid of hazardous munitions 

### 10 waste -- open burning and open detonation creating 

### 11 smog bombs. 

### 12 It's simply not acceptable, free to ask our 

### 13 children to sacrifice their health for the sake of 

### 14 making money on waste disposal. No child should be on 

### 15 the receiving end of this toxic assault waged by our 

### 16 own military. The callous disregard for public health 

### 17 and safety inherent in open burning munitions waste 

### 18 must stop now. Failure to address this practice under 

### 19 your new smog guidelines would be foolhardy. 

### 20 I think that the EPA should regulate a 

### 21 standard lower than the one you're proposing. You 

### Page 148 1 need to go to 60 parts per billion in order to protect 

### 2 families in Virginia with an adequate margin of 

### 3 safety. You need to look at this practice of open 

### 4 burning, open detonation of toxic military waste the 

### 5 Army bases nationwide because it flies in the face of 

### 6 EPA regulations and common sense. The smog created by 

### 7 this process triggers episodes of asthma, respiratory 

### 8 ailments, heart attacks. Today local communities are 

### 9 paying the price for this industrial smog created by 

### 10 our military. 

### 11 And we don't just need better regulations. 

### 12 We need conscientious enforcement by EPA to uphold the 

### 13 laws that are there to protect the air that we all 

### 14 breathe. And this is especially true for the little 

### 15 kids at Belview Elementary School which is just a mile 

### 16 and a half downwind of the open burning ground at 

### 17 Radford Army Ammunition Plant. 

### 18 We're not exposed to just one pollutant. Of 

### 19 course we live in a world where we're exposed to many 

### 20 toxins on an ongoing basis. But this is a 

### 21 particularly egregious lack of oversight. And I hope



### Page 149 1 that you'll consider the practice of the military open 

### 2 burning, open detonating, waste munitions all around 

### 3 this country, in Appalachia, and the Holston Burning 

### 4 Ammunition Plant, the Tennessee, at the Radford 

### 5 Ammunition Plant. The proposal is due at Camp Minden, 

### 6 Louisiana. It's not a surprise where the places are, 

### 7 that these proposals are made and where the burning 

### 8 actually happens. 

### 9 MS. LANGDON: Thank you for your comments. 

### 10 We've got a full schedule this morning. 

### 11 MS. OBERLENDER: Thank you for listening. 

### 12 MS. SASSER: Yes. Thank you very much. 

### 13 That particular issue is not noticed, 

### 14 covered by the proposal that we are discussing today. 

### 15 But we'll be glad to take your comments back. 

### 16 MS. OBERLENDER: Yeah. That would be great. 

### 17 You're going to ask them to get us some air 

### 18 quality monitors. We've never had air quality 

### 19 monitoring in Montgomery, Pulaski, or Radford Counties 

### 20 ever and the DEQ says they don't have a Ninth Ward, 

### 21 and EPSs (phonetic) now have new Ward and the private

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

39 (Pages 150 to 153) Page 150 1 contractor who's running this Army Base, the BAE 

### 2 Systems, who does have a lot of money, they said they 

### 3 don't have money for air plug monitoring. 

### 4 So on one occasion they burned too much 

### 5 chromium. They got a warning letter from the DEQ for 

### 6 burning too much chromium and no one told the parents. 

### 7 No one told the teachers. No one said anything to 

### 8 anyone at Belview Elementary School. And the EPA 

### 9 doesn't even list that excessive chromium on their 

### 10 violations. 

### 11 They spent 40, this other during a 

### 12 multi-media inspection in 2011. They took pictures of 

### 13 the open burning ground. They showed these huge toxic 

### 14 cannals (phonetic). This is what comes off the open 

### 15 burning ground, and mind you you have upwind of 

### 16 Belview Elementary school. They're dumping in all 

### 17 kinds of vibrations. 

### 18 When our group, Environmental Patriots of 

### 19 the New River Valley, when we got this inspection 

### 20 report by FOIA, it came with a letter telling us that 

### 21 the Department of Defense had redacted information



### Page 151 1 from the inspection report and, yes, that included 

### 2 pictures of environmental additions. I'm not sure I 

### 3 see the national security time there. But what I do 

### 4 see is everything that President Eisenhower warned us 

### 5 about. What I do see is the EPA who has primacy in 

### 6 these matters is giving over control to the military 

### 7 for what seems to be a cost motive, and this is too 

### 8 important. This is too important to keep letting go. 

### 9 So I hope when you're writing these smog regulations 

### 10 and thinking about what you do and don't do effects 

### 11 people, that you'll think about the kids living around 

### 12 Radford Army Ammunition Plant. Thank you. You can 

### 13 have the photos. 

### 14 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. Our next 

### 15 two speakers are George Alderson and Mary Martin. 

### 16 Mr. Alderson. 

### 17 MR. ALDERSON: Thank you. Do you want the 

### 18 copies, correct? 

### 19 MS. SASSER: I'll be happy to take those 

### 20 from you. Thank you. 

### 21 MR. ALDERSON: I am George Alderson of 

### Page 152 1 Catonsville, Maryland. And these comments are on 

### 2 behalf of my wife, Frances Alderson, and myself. We 

### 3 heartily support EPA's proposal to set more strict 

### 4 standards for ozone. 

### 5 We second the primary standard. We favor a 

### 6 primary standard of 60 parts per billion as 

### 7 recommended by medical associations. Two members of 

### 8 our family are physicians who have treated patients 

### 9 suffering from asthma and bronchitis. But one is just 

### 10 to check things; former, Medical of the Chief. I 

### 11 usually state that before I walk down here. 

### 12 I had asthma attacks when I was a child. I 

### 13 remember struggling to breathe for long minutes until 

### 14 the doctor arrived to give me an adrenaline shot. 

### 15 This is what I knew before people had inhalers and 

### 16 things. Because of asthma, I was not allowed to 

### 17 participate in strenuous exercise at school, so I 

### 18 missed out on some valuable parts of the physical 

### 19 education program. 

### 20 We are cheered by EPA's estimate that even a 

### 21 65 ppb standard will avert up to 960,000 childhood



### Page 153 

## 1 asthma attacks every year. It will also liberate many 

## 2 of those children from restrictions on aerobic 

## 3 exercises. That will help them all their lives by 

## 4 getting involved in any ways to maintain physical 

## 5 fitness and keep their hearts and lungs in good 

## 6 condition. If EPA has not considered these lifecycle 

## 7 benefits of the stricter ozone standard, we urge you 

## 8 to add them to the analysis. 

## 9 EPA should also include the benefits of 

## 10 reducing childhood obesity, which is another huge 

## 11 problem. Exercise helps. Kids with asthma can't 

## 12 exercise outside when the air is polluted. Now that I 

## 13 know these things are related, so this too needs to be 

## 14 included among the dockets. 

## 15 With respect to the secondary standard, that 

## 16 we also favor a stricter standard as proposed by EPA, 

## 17 to protect public welfare by improving the protection 

## 18 of trees, plants, and ecosystems. But this is 

## 19 relevant to my professional field, biology and land 

## 20 management. 

## 21 We live in Maryland, which is forested

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

40 (Pages 154 to 157) Page 154 1 especially in the western part of the state, the head 

### 2 waters, the rivers. The healthy native because 

### 3 it's -- Maryland forests is essential to maintain the 

### 4 watershed functions of the Potomac River and our 

### 5 rivers which originated in those forests. Residents 

### 6 of the Washington-Baltimore region are dependent on 

### 7 these rivers for clean drinking water. 

### 8 And our state is one of the great expanse 

### 9 over the last hundred years to restore these forests 

### 10 after they've gotten bacteria out of that dirty base 

### 11 of the charcoal and oil, that kind of thing. The 

### 12 water service is in terrible condition. And now they 

### 13 have plenty of plans brought up for states parks and 

### 14 state forests, and they certainly got some -- I think 

### 15 ecosystem plans. 

### 16 And we thank US EPA for this excellent 

### 17 proposal, and thank you for considering our comments. 

### 18 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 19 Ms. Martin. 

### 20 MS. MARTIN: Good afternoon. My name is 

### 21 Mary Martin. I'm here on behalf the U.S. Chamber of



### Page 155 1 Commerce, which is the world's largest business 

### 2 federation representing the interests of more than 

### 3 3 million businesses of all sizes, sectors, and 

### 4 regions, as well as state and local chambers and 

### 5 industry associations. 

### 6 The Chamber is very concerned about the 

### 7 EPA's proposal regarding the National Ambient Air 

### 8 Quality Standards for Ozone because of the potentially 

### 9 devastating economic employment and past result, as 

### 10 well as augmentation burden on states. 

### 11 One thing that is particularly troubling is 

### 12 EPA's continued failure to absolutely consider the 

### 13 impact of international water pollution on prime and 

### 14 feature ozone levels in the United States. 

### 15 In recent years, scientists have measured 

### 16 increasing amounts of air pollution coming to the 

### 17 United States from overseas to Rhodesia. Pollutants 

### 18 such as ozone and particulate matter are carried 

### 19 across the oceans at high altitude and deposit a 

### 20 clustered United States. Other pollutants coming from 

### 21 Mexico, Canada, and Africa affect air quality in the 

### Page 156 1 Northeast, Southeast and Southwest areas of the U.S. 

### 2 A recent study found on a daily basis the 

### 3 transport of emissions, a body, and escort-related 

### 4 Chinese solution contributed at a maximum of 2 to 

### 5 5 percent of ozone over the Western United States. 

### 6 That also contributed up to 8 percent of daily mean 

### 7 ozone on parts of the freight bank's region. 

### 8 And downwardly as the world economy expands 

### 9 its numbers, like these apply to the impact of 

### 10 overseas pollution on U.S. upcoming growth. 

### 11 The Chamber has long before the EPA to 

### 12 consider international emissions in its regulation of 

### 13 air pollutants. In fact, in 2006 the Chamber 

### 14 petitioned EPA for a rule implementing Clean Air Act 

### 15 Section 179(b), which requires the Agency to protect 

### 16 U.S. states and regulating entities from suffering 

### 17 regulatory and economic burdens due to foreign 

### 18 emissions. 

### 19 Specifically, Section 179(b) eases an 

### 20 opportune net penalties on states able to share the 

### 21 neighboring attainment by poor emissions that may be



### Page 157 1 outside the U.S. 

### 2 Despite these efforts the impacts of 

### 3 international emissions on ozone levels in the U.S. 

### 4 continue essentially to be a nonfactor in the 

### 5 imposition of ozone standards. This is a critical 

### 6 blah in the review setting and limitation under ozone 

### 7 NAAQS, because international emissions and the 

### 8 aptitude increasingly will add to domestic ozone 

### 9 levels, cause areas in the U.S. to be in 

### 10 noncompliance. 

### 11 As we are all aware, failure to comply with 

### 12 an existing ozone standard can lead to non-attainment 

### 13 designations, which are often viewed as a death now 

### 14 for economic and business development in an area. 

### 15 Indeed, severe repercussions result almost immediately 

### 16 for non-attainment designations, such as increased 

### 17 cost to industry, permanent delays, restrictions on 

### 18 expansion, as well as impasse to transportation 

### 19 planning. 

### 20 There are significant added responsibilities 

### 21 to being designated a non-attainment area, making it

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

41 (Pages 158 to 161) Page 158 1 substantially harder for a community to attract new 

### 2 business or expand existing facilities. Furthermore, 

### 3 in non-attainment areas, EPA's order rises to air 

### 4 permits, which can cost tremendous uncertainty, 

### 5 delays, and increased costs in the permitting process 

### 6 for businesses. 

### 7 Another potentially harmful impact in 

### 8 lowering the ozone standard is the increased 

### 9 implementation burden on the states. States implement 

### 10 approximately 96.5 percent of federal environmental 

### 11 programs. This is a tremendous burden on states, 

### 12 particularly putting time, money and resources, 

### 13 respective. To add to the difficulties that states 

### 14 face, according to the environmental harms on states 

### 15 (EHOS), states have seen a trend in declining funds 

### 16 from the federal government to implement these 

### 17 programs. 

### 18 Federal budget documents confirm that EPA's 

### 19 state antrillises (phonetic), DIPS, grants, budget has 

### 20 decreased significantly in recent years. While a 

### 21 larger source of funding were stated on the Agency's



### Page 159 1 permit lease, federal funding is the second largest 

### 2 source. EHOS reports that, quote, Decreasing funds 

### 3 from the federal government jeopardize states' 

### 4 abilities to implement federally-delegated programs 

### 5 and policies. We, the regulated community, recognize 

### 6 and appreciate the fact that states are carrying such 

### 7 a huge burden, and doing so straining resources. 

### 8 Indeed, that burden is only going to grow in the 

### 9 future, as EPA issues more complex and costly 

### 10 regulations, such as the ozone proposal at issue here 

### 11 today. 

### 12 All of this amounts to a sovereign 

### 13 conclusion. States are being asked to do more and 

### 14 more, with less and less, when it comes to 

### 15 implementing federal environmental programs and 

### 16 policies. 

### 17 And worse yet, I think EPA's new rule 

### 18 imposes on states spiral rising air quality standards, 

### 19 like the ozone NAAQS, before the current standard has 

### 20 been implemented fully. 

### 21 Consequently, the Chamber urges the EPA to 

### Page 160 1 retain the current ozone standard and fully implement 

### 2 it before taking any further action. Moreover, any 

### 3 tightening of the ozone standard would be premature. 

### 4 We think the impact of international emissions must be 

### 5 fully considered by EPA. Otherwise, even stricter 

### 6 regulatory measures will be imposed. States and 

### 7 regulated stakeholders could well be burdened with 

### 8 even costlier responsibilities but still find 

### 9 themselves in noncompliance because of overseas 

### 10 pollution impacts. 

### 11 As the nation's leading business regulator, 

### 12 the Chamber impresses upon the Agency to backup likely 

### 13 economic fallout on such noncompliance, especially as 

### 14 to critical time and confused economic recovery to be 

### 15 particularly harmful for states, local communities, 

### 16 and the business community. 

### 17 Thank you for your time and consideration 

### 18 today. 

### 19 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. The next 

### 20 two speakers are Dan Greifenberger and Kate Addleson. 

### 21 And if you'd please spell your name for the



### Page 161 1 court reporter. 

### 2 MR. GREIFENBERGER: Yes. My name is Dan 

### 3 Greifenberger. It's 13 letters long. Start with a 

### 4 G-R-E-I-F-E-N-B-E-R-G-E-R. 

### 5 First, I'd like to thank you for giving me 

### 6 this opportunity to speak. We heard from lots of 

### 7 people. You're human beings. You must deal with a 

### 8 lot of stress, coming natural it must be to listen to 

### 9 this hour after hours. My hat is off to you. 

### 10 I was diagnosed with bronchial asthma at the 

### 11 age of 1 1/2. I've literally been dealing with 

### 12 allergies and asthma my entire life to one degree or 

### 13 another. Now my family curse has spread to the next 

### 14 generation and yesterday I was told my two-year-old 

### 15 niece was diagnosed with asthma. 

### 16 Twenty years ago, I went to Baltimore from 

### 17 Connecticut as an AmeriCorps Volunteer. Since moving 

### 18 to Baltimore, my asthma has gotten worse. I never 

### 19 experienced feeling a 20-pound weight on my chest 

### 20 simply from taking a walk at night during the summer 

### 21 months. And anyone in this room who does

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

42 (Pages 162 to 165) Page 162 1 weight-lifting, I would ask you to lay on the floor 

### 2 and put a 20-pound weight on your chest, jab it in 

### 3 your chest, and then you will know what it's like. 

### 4 Whenever the weather gets very hot, I become 

### 5 a prisoner to the air conditioning. I should not have 

### 6 to feel anxiety. I should not, should not, take a 

### 7 walk with my friends at night because of high smog 

### 8 levels. 

### 9 I also suffer from atypical type of asthma, 

### 10 I may go without a single attack for many months and 

### 11 then a perfect storm of events occur and then I 

### 12 experience a potentially life-threatening asthma 

### 13 attack, like I did on Christmas Eve. Yeah, mostly 

### 14 convenient. I'm getting desensitization shots for the 

### 15 third time during my life. I want to explain what 

### 16 that is. That means the commitment of getting shots 

### 17 for years on a weekly basis. My allergies are so 

### 18 severe I now have to receive three shots, entirely 

### 19 mature, every week. But all the desensitization shots 

### 20 in the world will not protect me against smog. 

### 21 My brother's mother-in-law died in the arms



### Page 163 1 of her sister from an asthma attack. She was a nurse 

### 2 with obvious medical training. An asthma attack can 

### 3 kill a person rather quickly. Now is the time to pass 

### 4 stringent rules protecting our breathing from dirty 

### 5 air -- not later. 

### 6 I would also like to remind EPA and other 

### 7 people in this audience that asthma kills not only 

### 8 ordinary, everyday folks, like my brother's 

### 9 mother-in-law, but also the famous. This can all be 

### 10 verified. Look it up for yourself. Celebrities 

### 11 ranging from the legendary South African heart 

### 12 surgeon, Christiaan Barnard, if you remember back in 

### 13 the 1960s did the first heart transplant, died of an 

### 14 asthma attack; Jarvis Eric Williams, Sr., okay, a 

### 15 defensive back for the Miami Dolphins and the New York 

### 16 Giants, also died from an asthma attack, a physically 

### 17 fit man, obviously; to super model Kristy -- I'm 

### 18 sorry -- Kristen Erin "Krissy" Taylor, who was at the 

### 19 height of her career; she was only 17 years old. She 

### 20 died from an asthma attack. 

### 21 For those of you have never experienced an 

### Page 164 1 asthma attack that could cost you your life, you have 

### 2 no idea how genuinely fortunate you are. 

### 3 With the time remaining, I just want to 

### 4 bring up another point. We hear a lot about finance, 

### 5 money. It's going to cost money. Also, people care 

### 6 about it. That's fine. That's what they're paid to 

### 7 care about. 

### 8 I want you to know that my family has a very 

### 9 hard-nose business memoir, very prominent in their 

### 10 fields. And they also support the EPA regulations. 

### 11 They're all in order. 

### 12 Okay. I want to make it clear, this is not 

### 13 a partisan issue. My niece's father is a prominent 

### 14 Republican. His father -- I won't mention who he 

### 15 is -- is an official in the Cabinet of Governors. 

### 16 These people are Republicans. Their grandmother dies, 

### 17 asthma. Do you think they wanted to see her go 

### 18 through what I went through? I don't think so. 

### 19 My death as a former lay person, or any 

### 20 other asthmatic, cross jobs. By the job I die, that's 

### 21 a job that's lost. Okay. So people talking about



### Page 165 

## 1 costing jobs. My death, other deaths of other 

## 2 asthmatics who were employed have also lost jobs. 

## 3 I see my time is up, and I thank you very 

## 4 much for the great opportunity to share this 

## 5 experience with you. 

## 6 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. And I 

## 7 want to assure you and all the speakers today that we 

## 8 are very anxious to hear your comments and it is our 

## 9 pleasure to be here to hear the various view points 

## 10 that you bring to us today. 

## 11 Ms. Addleson. 

## 12 MS. ADDLESON: Thank you. My name is 

## 13 Kathleen Addleson, K-A-T-H-L-E-E-N. Last name 

## 14 A-D-D-L-E-S-O-N. 

## 15 I'm a Conservation Director for the Virginia 

## 16 Chapter of the Sierra Club and native Virginian and 

## 17 grew up in Centreville, Virginia, just outside of 

## 18 Washington, D.C., near Dulles Airport, in the suburbs. 

## 19 And as a child, I fell in love with the 

## 20 forest and wilderness of Appalachia through camping, 

## 21 hiking and other outdoor trips with my family, as well

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

43 (Pages 166 to 169) Page 166 1 as with the Girl Scouts. Being outdoors was, and 

### 2 still is, what I like most to do with my free time, 

### 3 and I learned many tough life lessons that may have 

### 4 eluded me had I remained indoors. 

### 5 I was very fortunate not to have serious 

### 6 health problems that kept me from enjoying outdoor 

### 7 activities, but some of my friends were no so lucky. 

### 8 One of my very close friends, and the daughter of our 

### 9 troop leader, suffered from asthma, which required her 

### 10 to carry her inhaler to our PE classes at school, and 

### 11 out to all of our outings; keeping it very close at 

### 12 hand on particularly hot days, or when she was doing 

### 13 strenuous activities, as many others have described 

### 14 before me. 

### 15 On several occasions, I was with her when 

### 16 she suffered an asthma attack, and listening to her 

### 17 pain as she tried, unsuccessfully, to breath, was 

### 18 truly upsetting. What was worst was the helplessness 

### 19 that I felt as I looked on, with nothing to do but 

### 20 reassure her that it would pass and just, you know, 

### 21 help to support her as she were getting her inhaler



### Page 167 1 routine in that time to regain her breathing. This 

### 2 happened far more frequently at school, in the 

### 3 suburbs, than it did on our camping and hiking trips 

### 4 in the wilderness. And I didn't fully understand why 

### 5 at the time. I just knew that it had something to do 

### 6 with the fresh air. 

### 7 At the time, I simply felt that it was 

### 8 unfair for her to suffer so much while other kids like 

### 9 me were able to take normal breathing for granted. 

### 10 Now, years later, understanding much more about the 

### 11 cause of her condition, I realize that the greatest 

### 12 unfairness lies in the extraordinary power wielded by 

### 13 corporate polluters over our popular right to clean 

### 14 air. 

### 15 I brought with me today two sets of photos 

### 16 that are courtesy of the National Park Service. These 

### 17 are both photographs from Shenandoah National Park 

### 18 (indicating). And you can see, pretty clearly, that 

### 19 these are side-by-side comparisons of a view from up 

### 20 at Blue Ridge Mountains looking down onto the valley 

### 21 below. One has been taken on a clear day and one has 

### Page 168 1 been taken on a high ozone day. There is no question 

### 2 which is which. 

### 3 This is the view of a valley from one of our 

### 4 nation's most treasured places. We frequently see 

### 5 images of pollution in major cities. But I will be 

### 6 willing to bet few people, and particularly Americans 

### 7 across the country who enjoy our national parks and 

### 8 wild places, are aware of how much smog is now present 

### 9 in some of these special wilderness spots. 

### 10 Today, most people like myself are living in 

### 11 urban and suburban areas where we cannot escape the 

### 12 day-to-day air quality, and more and more people and 

### 13 children in particular are suffering. As I'm sure 

### 14 others have stated, children tend to deal with asthma 

### 15 much more because of the fact that they breath more 

### 16 frequently than adults do. And we are seeing a loss 

### 17 of clean air in more and more suburban areas as well 

### 18 as in the rural areas that previously did not suffer 

### 19 from such low quality air, lower quality conditions. 

### 20 Now, the loss of clean air in such pristine 

### 21 places as our national parks and forests, there is no



### Page 169 1 more really left to escape to to get away from 

### 2 oppressive, dirty air that used to be just -- excuse 

### 3 me -- just unless you're in large cities. The places 

### 4 that I always thought we would be able to go to revive 

### 5 ourselves, both mentally and physically, are being 

### 6 lost to this invasive pollution. And it's both unfair 

### 7 and completely unnecessary. 

### 8 With the increasing advances of science and 

### 9 technology, there is no doubt that we can improve our 

### 10 air quality across the country, and reduce harmful 

### 11 pollution that is now stretching into the wilderness. 

### 12 It's imperative that we do so for the health of our 

### 13 communities and families, those living in urban and 

### 14 rural areas. And the pollution, which is touching 

### 15 more people now than ever, must be addresses. 

### 16 So I implore the EPA to set a smog standard 

### 17 at 60 parts per billion, to adequately reflect the 

### 18 best scientific and medical knowledge we have, in 

### 19 order to fully protect our health today and for years 

### 20 to come. 

### 21 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. Our next

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

44 (Pages 170 to 173) Page 170 1 two speakers this morning, Susan Polan and Kathleen 

### 2 Durkin. 

### 3 Ms. Polan. 

### 4 MS. POLAN: Good afternoon. My name is 

### 5 Susan Polan, the Associate Executive Director for 

### 6 Public Affairs and Advocacy at the American Public 

### 7 Health Association. 

### 8 APHA represents the health of all people in 

### 9 all communities with respect to professional public 

### 10 health, share the latest usage information, promote 

### 11 the best practices, and advocate for public health 

### 12 issues, credibly from science and research. 

### 13 We are the only organization on its 140-plus 

### 14 year perspective, a broad base community division, and 

### 15 the ability to improve federal policy to improve the 

### 16 public's health. 

### 17 We're pleased to have this opportunity to be 

### 18 here today representing the APHA to count down EPA's 

### 19 proposal to strengthen the National Ambient Air 

### 20 Quality Standard for ozone to a standard in the range 

### 21 of no more than 65 to 70 parts per billion.



### Page 171 1 This proposed range of the health-based 

### 2 standard would provide greater protection to millions 

### 3 of Americans than the current standard, which fails to 

### 4 protect public health and is not meeting the 

### 5 requirements of the law, taking a step too long 

### 6 overdue. 

### 7 We're also pleased we can speak on the 60 

### 8 parts per billion, the clear affirmation of the Clean 

### 9 Air Scientific Advisory Committee, a view from the 

### 10 scientists, APHA would welcome a view of medical 

### 11 health organizations. 

### 12 The health-based standard protects the 

### 13 public from conditions from high exposure ozone. The 

### 14 standard sets the goal for cleaning up the pollution 

### 15 that can trigger asthma attacks when people are sick, 

### 16 send people to the emergency room, even causing 

### 17 premature death. And we've known since at least 2008 

### 18 that the current ozone standard is not strong enough 

### 19 to protect the public's health from harm of ozone 

### 20 pollution. 

### 21 Air quality orders designed to protect those 

### Page 172 1 at greatest risk of ozone pollution, a basically old 

### 2 outdated standard, this means the public does not know 

### 3 when ozone issues develops. That represent a bad 

### 4 sound. So for too long the American people have been 

### 5 getting no solution and that's frankly 15 years coming 

### 6 up, of being told that those levels were safe. This 

### 7 must stop. 

### 8 So people know ozone pollution is dangerous. 

### 9 There are groups of people called "special ozones," 

### 10 affects of previous ozone in children and teens, 

### 11 anyone 65 and older, people with existing lung disease 

### 12 such as asthma and COPD, people with cardiovascular 

### 13 disease and people even in healthy adults who work or 

### 14 exercise vicariously. 

### 15 Someone in every family faces risk for 

### 16 breathing ozone. As a person with asthma, whose 

### 17 mother wasn't active, nothing either way, this is 

### 18 actually a prayer for me. 

### 19 The evidence shows that ozone pollution is 

### 20 dangerous to even healthy levels below the lowest 

### 21 standard being proposed today, a recommended 65 to 70



### Page 173 1 parts per billion. There's only one way to protecting 

### 2 public health. This is still underlying, just a 

### 3 little part of. 

### 4 The scientific record clearly shows that a 

### 5 standard of 60 parts per billion will provide the most 

### 6 health and protection. 

### 7 Post Pollutis (phonetic) and Ellen should 

### 8 have gone to court to tell the truth about ozone 

### 9 pollution. They denied the common effects of ozone. 

### 10 They've attempted to threaten decision makers with the 

### 11 saturated process of this, but their predictions never 

### 12 come true and the science does not support their 

### 13 claims. 

### 14 The Supreme Court in Meddis (phonetic) was 

### 15 decided in 2001 that the Clean Air Act said that you 

### 16 can't base the standards solely on a technicality, 

### 17 period. 

### 18 It comes as diffusional that costs should be 

### 19 full content when I say it's okay with power plants 

### 20 and dilution and control strategy to the protective 

### 21 standards. That comes from well over 40 years. That

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

45 (Pages 174 to 177) Page 174 1 he, fellow, should have never had to choose between 

### 2 healthy air and healthy family, Eugene Pope. 

### 3 The medical science is clear. Americans 

### 4 need to know the truth about the danger of ozone 

### 5 pollution to family and community, and with this 

### 6 change they will. Even more importantly, Americans 

### 7 get protection from the dangers from the air they 

### 8 breathe, protection that they're given under the Clean 

### 9 Air Act. 

### 10 EPA must and should finalize those 

### 11 standards, offer the most protection to your people, 

### 12 especially the most vulnerable are children and those 

### 13 with asthmas. These new standards must not be 

### 14 delayed. The vulnerable has suffered too long 

### 15 already. 

### 16 I urge you to revise the National Ambient 

### 17 Air Quality Standards for ozone to the most protective 

### 18 possible for your health. We understand that 65 to 70 

### 19 is an improvement, but the scientist shows that 60 

### 20 parts per billion will be the most protective and best 

### 21 for the health of American people. Thank you.



### Page 175 

## 1 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Ms. Durkin. 

## 2 MS. DURKIN: All right. I'll try to keep 

## 3 this brief. 

## 4 My name is Kathleen Durkin, D-U-R-K-I-N. I 

## 5 was born and raised in a small town right on the 

## 6 outskirts of Baltimore City; Arbutus, Maryland. It's 

## 7 uphill, three miles away from the closest industrial 

## 8 points for pollution, a burn center near downtown, 

## 9 near Pigtown, in Baltimore City. 

## 10 So growing up, I think really no one noticed 

## 11 things that I was questioning the normal, that I 

## 12 myself and all of my neighbors living in Baltimore 

## 13 County and Baltimore City, always have. 

## 14 Growing up I assume my attacks were an 

## 15 emergency, betting, then it was dirty. In 2000, I was 

## 16 in a rush and walked to other points towards pollution 

## 17 along, and then learning about in third grade 

## 18 ground-level ozone and acid rain, learning about celta 

## 19 (phonetic) in plant matter, learning about the way it 

## 20 was in asthma. 

## 21 I've been lucky. I have never until this 

### Page 176 1 year started experiencing side effects, breathing 

### 2 problems. I have doctors who still try and diagnose 

### 3 me. When my sister was a teenager, in the mid 90s, 

### 4 she developed severe asthma and suffered multiple 

### 5 episodes of one of her lungs collapsing. It was a 

### 6 lack of lung function, one of her lungs on multiple 

### 7 occasions and passing out in public. 

### 8 My mother in her thirties, also in the 90s, 

### 9 she discovered -- she developed asthma also. And they 

### 10 both started to develop severe allergies at the same 

### 11 time in the 90s. All of this, I think, for many of us 

### 12 growing up in the Mid-Atlantic feel this to be a 

### 13 normal way of life. 

### 14 It wasn't until I joined the National Park 

### 15 Service when I was 24, and I moved up in Tennessee and 

### 16 I taught for two years. I taught Spanish for two 

### 17 years, living in Great Smoky Mountains National Park 

### 18 where you can see firsthand, alongside the scientist 

### 19 working on this research on ground-level ozone, the 

### 20 extremes of a clean environment and a damaged 

### 21 environment.



### Page 177

1 Though Great Smoky Mountains National Park 

### 2 has no direct point source pollution in its 

### 3 boundaries, its watersheds are complete from within 

### 4 the mountain range and precipitation. Ground-level 

### 5 ozone was extremely high on these southern grades of 

### 6 slopes. And you can see it in the plants. We were 

### 7 actually monitoring celta in leaves. 

### 8 Now, I know leaves are small and very 

### 9 different from human lungs. But in a sense, leaves 

### 10 are the lungs of plants. Any form of foliage is the 

### 11 respiration part of the plant. 

### 12 And what we saw in small fragile plants that 

### 13 are in these exposed areas of the mountain basically, 

### 14 anything that wasn't on the north face that didn't go 

### 15 through really, really good soil cleansing and 

### 16 brown-like foliage cleansing, they -- small plants 

### 17 died. And what we saw was the loss by adversity or 

### 18 cheating (phonetic) mild adversity, moving a foreign 

### 19 species or just drastic changing in the environment. 

### 20 Again, celta in plants is very different 

### 21 from celta in human lung tissue because we don't wear

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

46 (Pages 178 to 181) Page 178 1 our lungs outside of our bodies but plants do. But it 

### 2 still goes direct into the air as to what's happening 

### 3 on the ground four feet and below, for anything 

### 4 weeping in my hair. So that's the first point I want 

### 5 to make. 

### 6 And what we also saw was the loss of -- when 

### 7 you have ground-level ozone, obviously you guys know 

### 8 this, you have over migration soil. You have acid 

### 9 deposition when it's not dry and it's in VOCs. You 

### 10 get acid deposition in the latter form as an acid 

### 11 rain. So you start to see nutrients in the soil that 

### 12 would need to be present in the root belly (phonetic), 

### 13 including calcium. 

### 14 And the way I think you see this when you're 

### 15 in the National Park Service and not running food is 

### 16 the loss of all the insects that depend on calcium, 

### 17 and it would be alive like snails. So that's 

### 18 research, say, leaves apply. 

### 19 So therefore, if the plant don't come 

### 20 looking as the new -- the normal that I saw, like in 

### 21 the clean slides of the national park where you didn't



### Page 179 1 have plantae on the north facing actually that clean 

### 2 running water, that's not the normal that any child is 

### 3 going to know in Baltimore City. 

### 4 That's not a normal that most kids living in 

### 5 Baltimore County are going to know. So I question the 

### 6 standard of normal, like the bugs I've been living 

### 7 with for the pass thirty years, living in the 

### 8 neighborhood I'd say. And so I do support that the 

### 9 limit moved up to -- I mean, set down to 60 parts per 

### 10 billion. 

### 11 And the one point that I want to make is I 

### 12 have heard the normal again, fear rhetoric, of this 

### 13 coming down as being a burden on state and also a 

### 14 burden on small business within the state. I've 

### 15 actually worked with and monitored a number of the 

### 16 Castler (phonetic) stations taking place in Maryland. 

### 17 That's undoubtedly yet. 

### 18 And yes, sometimes it's difficult depending 

### 19 on which county they're putting this in. That's a 

### 20 problem that we saw at state level. I've seeing 

### 21 counties like Howard County and Wilmer and things like 

### Page 180 1 the stormwater bile fees, brilliantly. And I've seen 

### 2 other counties not do it. 

### 3 So I'd have to say I'm very disinterested as 

### 4 a citizen, as a working artist, and a person who comes 

### 5 from families that own small businesses or are public 

### 6 civil servants, like public school teachers that don't 

### 7 make a lot of money. And I'm very disinterested in 

### 8 that fear rhetoric because I've seen how we can 

### 9 implement it properly at the state level. So thank 

### 10 you. 

### 11 MS. SASSER: Thank you both very much. 

### 12 All right. I want to ask at this time if 

### 13 there are any speakers in the room who are registered 

### 14 to speak before lunch and we have not called? I want 

### 15 to make sure we haven't missed anyone from the morning 

### 16 session. 

### 17 We're a little early for our planned lunch 

### 18 break. But I think in the absence of there's no one 

### 19 registered to comment at this time, we will call for 

### 20 lunch break until 2:30. 

### 21 MR. SILVERMAN: Two o'clock.



### Page 181 

## 1 MS. SASSER: Two o'clock. All right. We 

## 2 will call a lunch break until two o'clock. We will 

## 3 resume at two o'clock, with a slightly different 

## 4 panel. But we will reopen the hearing nationally. So 

## 5 for now, we will begin back at two o'clock. Thank 

## 6 you. 

## 7 (At 11:45 a.m. luncheon break.) 

## 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

47 (Pages 182 to 185) Page 182 1 A F T E R N O O N S E S S I O N 

### 2 (Time Noted: 2:15 p.m.) 

### 3 MS. SASSER: Good afternoon. My name is 

### 4 Erika Sasser, and I am chair of the session of today's 

### 5 public hearing. I want to thank everyone for coming 

### 6 today. Joining me on the panel this afternoon are 

### 7 Steve Silverman and Jim Ketchan-Colwill. 

### 8 We are here today to listen to your comments 

### 9 on proposed revisions to the National Ambient Air 

### 10 Quality Standards for Ozone. EPA announced this 

### 11 proposed rule on November 25, 2014, and the proposed 

### 12 rule was published in the Federal Register on 

### 13 December 17, 2014. 

### 14 EPA's proposal is based on extensive 

### 15 scientific evidence about ozone's effects on public 

### 16 health and welfare. The proposed updates will improve 

### 17 public health protection, particularly for children, 

### 18 the elderly, and people of all ages who have lung 

### 19 diseases such as asthma, as well as improve the public 

### 20 welfare, particularly as related to ozone-sensitive 

### 21 trees and other plants in protected forested



### Page 183 1 ecosystems, such as national wilderness areas. 

### 2 We have proposed to strengthen both the 

### 3 primary ozone standard for public health, and the 

### 4 secondary ozone standard to protect public welfare. 

### 5 We are proposing to set the levels of the 

### 6 primary and secondary standards in a range from 65 to 

### 7 70 parts per billion. These standards would be met 

### 8 when the 3-year average of the annual fourth-highest 

### 9 daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration is at 

### 10 or below the new level. 

### 11 The proposal would also extend the ozone 

### 12 monitoring season for many states, and update the Air 

### 13 Quality Index to ensure people are informed about 

### 14 their air quality. 

### 15 These proposed standards do not establish 

### 16 emission control requirements for any particular 

### 17 industry. Each state, as needed, will determine how 

### 18 best to meet the standards in a way that makes the 

### 19 most sense for that area. 

### 20 States will have time to develop and 

### 21 implement plans to meet revised standards. And 

### Page 184 1 existing and proposed federal rules will help the vast 

### 2 majority of areas meet the proposed standards by year 

### 3 2025. 

### 4 I'd like to thank you for taking time out of 

### 5 your day to join us and to share your thoughts with us 

### 6 today and your comments. We will accept comments on 

### 7 all aspects of the proposal, including on retaining 

### 8 the existing standards. 

### 9 Before we get started, I'd like to go 

### 10 through a few housekeeping items and ground rules that 

### 11 will help make this run a little more smoothly today. 

### 12 First, please be sure you have checked in at 

### 13 the registration desk. Even if you're not planning to 

### 14 speak today, we ask that you check in there. And if 

### 15 you signed up to speak on line or by phone, but you 

### 16 haven't told us you're actually here in person, please 

### 17 step out to the registration desk and let us know that 

### 18 you have arrived today in person. 

### 19 All right. So here's how today's hearing 

### 20 will work. I will call speakers up in pairs to this 

### 21 table in front of the panel here. When your name is



### Page 185 1 called, please come to the table at the front of the 

### 2 room and remain seated at the table until both 

### 3 speakers have completed their comments. 

### 4 When I call on you to speak, please state 

### 5 your name and then spell it for the court reporter. 

### 6 Your comments will be transcribed and included in the 

### 7 official record of comments, which is known as the 

### 8 docket for this proposed rule. Each speaker will have 

### 9 five minutes to give comments. And we have a timer 

### 10 system here on the end of the table with a light to 

### 11 help you know how much time you have left to speak. 

### 12 And how it works is that it starts out 

### 13 green. The first four minutes, it will warn in green. 

### 14 When the light turns from green to yellow, that means 

### 15 you have one more minute. And when it turns red, 

### 16 that's a signal that you need to wrap up your 

### 17 testimony. The light will flash red and beep when you 

### 18 have spoken for five minutes, and then it's time to 

### 19 stop. 

### 20 When you are finished speaking, please 

### 21 remain seated at the table here until the person next

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

48 (Pages 186 to 189) Page 186 1 to you has also completed his or her testimony. 

### 2 We are here to listen to you as for your 

### 3 comments today. In some cases a panel member may ask 

### 4 you a clarifying question. And when you're -- you 

### 5 have your additional comments, we will then call the 

### 6 next pair of speakers and so on. 

### 7 And I will just remind you that the floor in 

### 8 this room is uneven. You will see places that are 

### 9 unlevel. Please be careful as you walk to the table 

### 10 not to trip. 

### 11 If you have a written copy of your 

### 12 testimony, we ask that you give us here on the panel. 

### 13 You can provide it out at the registration desk after 

### 14 you finish your testimony today. We will put any 

### 15 written comments we receive into the official docket 

### 16 for this proposed ruling. 

### 17 If you have any additional comments that you 

### 18 would like to make, you can submit those comments in 

### 19 writing until March 17, 2015. And instructions for 

### 20 submitting those official written comments are 

### 21 available at the materials table near the registration



### Page 187 1 desk. 

### 2 The hearing will continue until 7:30 p.m. 

### 3 this evening. In addition, we're going to take 

### 4 occasional short breaks starting in the afternoon as 

### 5 needed, and we will keep you posted as the day goes 

### 6 on. 

### 7 Also, I want you to know that in some cases, 

### 8 we will be changing out members of the panel during 

### 9 the afternoon, so please don't be surprised by that. 

### 10 As we change panel members, I will introduce the new 

### 11 addition to the panel. 

### 12 If you have any questions at all today 

### 13 during the day, you are welcome to step out to the 

### 14 registration desk and someone there will assist you. 

### 15 And finally, I would like to ask each of you 

### 16 to please be respectful of everyone who speaks today. 

### 17 People have a wide variety of views and we want to 

### 18 hear from everyone. And to ensure that we can do 

### 19 that, we ask that you listen quietly. You know, 

### 20 applause can be disruptive to the speakers and slow 

### 21 things down. We want to be sure that we have time to 

### Page 188 1 hear everyone's comments. 

### 2 So thank you again for taking your time to 

### 3 come here today to talk with us, and we look forward 

### 4 to hearing your comments on the proposed rule. 

### 5 So let's get started. The first two 

### 6 speakers this afternoon -- I apologize in advance if I 

### 7 mispronounce your name -- Elizabeth Agbetsiafa-Awuah 

### 8 and Karen Melton. If you would all please come to the 

### 9 table here. 

### 10 I'll just remind you to please state your 

### 11 name and spell your name for the court reporter. 

### 12 MS. AGBETSIAFA-AWUAH: Good afternoon. My 

### 13 name is Elizabeth Agbetsiafa-Awuah, 

### 14 A-G-B-E-T-S-I-A-F-A hyphen A-W-U-A-H. 

### 15 Thank you for having me. It's an honor to 

### 16 speak before you this afternoon. 

### 17 Smog pollution is a serious public health 

### 18 problem. As a frontline beside nurse, I witness every 

### 19 day the fear and anxiety patients who suffer from 

### 20 respiratory illnesses like asthma, emphysema, COPD, 

### 21 among others, show when they have exacerbation and



### Page 189 1 they are admitted to the hospital. It is a 

### 2 frightening experience to look into the eyes of a 

### 3 patient having air hunger and difficulty breathing. 

### 4 It feels like learned helplessness because sometimes 

### 5 all the oxygen support and Nebulizer treatment doesn't 

### 6 always help, even in a controlled hospital 

### 7 environment. 

### 8 Can anyone imagine how air hunger will look 

### 9 and feel like when the air becomes so polluted with 

### 10 smog that even people with healthy lungs in the 

### 11 community could have trouble breathing especially on 

### 12 hot and humid summer days? Children and the elderly 

### 13 are almost always vulnerable when it comes to 

### 14 respiratory illnesses. According to the American Lung 

### 15 Association, long-term exposure to smog can be harmful 

### 16 to human health in countless ways and has 

### 17 life-threatening and lasting consequences. 

### 18 Smog pollution is the major asthma trigger, 

### 19 and asthma is the number one health-related reason for 

### 20 school absenteeism, and why a child in America ends up 

### 21 in the ER, especially in minority communities. This

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

49 (Pages 190 to 193) Page 190 1 puts an enormous economic drain on communities, 

### 2 results in lost productivity and drives up healthcare 

### 3 cost. 

### 4 A 2011 analysis of U.S. populations and air 

### 5 quality found that African Americans and Hispanics 

### 6 were more likely to live in counties that have worse 

### 7 ambient air pollution. In addition, African Americans 

### 8 were more likely to live in counties with worse ozone 

### 9 pollution, and their children have twice the rate of 

### 10 asthma compared to white children and are four times 

### 11 more likely to die from the condition. 

### 12 In 2013, researchers from MIT's Aviation and 

### 13 the Environment mapped local emissions in 5695 U.S. 

### 14 cities and found that Baltimore -- which is where I'm 

### 15 from. I'm originally from Silver Spring, but that's 

### 16 where I live in Baltimore -- that Baltimore has the 

### 17 highest emissions-related mortality rate in America, 

### 18 where 130 out of every 100,000 residents are likely to 

### 19 die in a given year due to long-term exposure to air 

### 20 pollution. The evidence linking air pollution 

### 21 exposure to the risk of early death has solidified and



### Page 191 1 gained momentum in the past five to 10 years, 

### 2 according to the MIT researchers. 

### 3 It is therefore imperative that the EPA put 

### 4 tough measures in place against smog pollution to save 

### 5 our air and the environment for now and for future 

### 6 generations, to help prevent premature deaths. Thank 

### 7 you. 

### 8 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 9 Ms. Melton. 

### 10 MS. MELTON: Good afternoon. I appreciate 

### 11 the opportunity to provide feedback on the EPA 

### 12 proposal to strengthen National Ambient Air Quality 

### 13 Standards for ground-level ozone. I'm speaking today 

### 14 as a citizen, as board member of the Chester County 

### 15 Citizens for Climate Protection, and as volunteer with 

### 16 the Sierra Club, an organization that's very concerned 

### 17 about the health impacts of smog, particularly in 

### 18 environmental Chester communities. 

### 19 We know a great deal about the damage and 

### 20 cost of smog, and I don't want to repeat the data that 

### 21 many have presented today. But this hearing, like so 

### Page 192 1 many others, ultimately comes down to how much loss of 

### 2 life and productivity is an acceptable cost with 

### 3 business. At what point are the people getting sick 

### 4 or dying prematurely if you would require an industry 

### 5 to do something or to do something more? 

### 6 There are about 14,000 coal industry jobs in 

### 7 Pennsylvania. And coal is about the only industry 

### 8 responsible for making it off the site in the public 

### 9 submissions. But it is the largest in our state. On 

### 10 the other hand, we have more than 8 million 

### 11 Pennsylvanians, when EPA raised the "Do not meet 

### 12 federal air quality standards." So we're exposed to 

### 13 the many ethnic health risks, with asthma affecting 

### 14 about 750,000. Philadelphia is one of those 

### 15 non-attainment areas, it used to be where I live, 

### 16 where one out of 4 children has asthma. 

### 17 That sounds to me like it's time for the 

### 18 industry to do something more. People testifying 

### 19 today that the standard should not be lowered are 

### 20 effectively arguing that those numbers are a 

### 21 reasonable trade off.



### Page 193

1 The coal industry also argues that they 

### 2 should not have to take out any more pollution control 

### 3 because the economy realized on the cheap energy that 

### 4 they provide, but we don't get cheap energy from coal. 

### 5 We get energy from where the public gets general 

### 6 energy cost, such as due to the public, the 

### 7 environment. The coal is not on our doctor bills; 

### 8 it's on our doctor notes, and ambulance bills. 

### 9 Industry is correct in saying air quality in 

### 10 Pennsylvania has improved over time. We have come a 

### 11 long way from the gates when Pittsburgh looked like 

### 12 they shamed us today. I don't think anyone will 

### 13 disagree that these improvements are a result of EPA 

### 14 air quality standards. Nor do I think anyone would 

### 15 argue that these improvements would come about on 

### 16 their own. Every EPA has come to regulating 

### 17 industrial pollution has got the same predictions, so 

### 18 you can only comment then. But throughout the years 

### 19 of the Clean Air Act the economy passed for knowing. 

### 20 I do a lot of advocacy around the climate 

### 21 change. So now whenever I hear industry saying the

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

50 (Pages 194 to 197) Page 194 1 science is unsettled, I have to assume this is a 

### 2 tactic. The health experts are saying that science 

### 3 supports 60 parts per billion. So I would urge you to 

### 4 adopt that as the new target. 

### 5 In Pennsylvania, many of us are trying to 

### 6 get our state government to come up with a serious 

### 7 compliance plan for the existing standard. The latest 

### 8 draft still will not bring Pennsylvania into 

### 9 compliance. For example, SCR is not defined in the 

### 10 plan as reasonable available truck technology, even 

### 11 though it's installed and I was told as. The 

### 12 allowable proposed emissions, whatever, plans with SCR 

### 13 are much higher than can be attained with good 

### 14 operating procedures. And the draft proposes allowing 

### 15 for 30-day averaging. 

### 16 Unfortunately people do not disagree on 

### 17 average. In fact, their days are exactly the ones we 

### 18 need to eliminate rather than waste a high limited 

### 19 data. So that's our challenge in Pennsylvania, and I 

### 20 hope when the plan finally does get to you, you will 

### 21 evaluate it with the children in Philadelphia in mind.



### Page 195 1 And finally, this argument that you 

### 2 shouldn't update a standard that not every state has 

### 3 attained yet doesn't make any sense. It's an argument 

### 4 to reward the states like Pennsylvania who haven't 

### 5 complied and punish the states that did and would send 

### 6 a message that the standards can be ignored. 

### 7 EPA has a really tough job and there are new 

### 8 organizations and people like me doing what we can to 

### 9 support your efforts when we have the clean air and 

### 10 water. Please continue to evaluate the science in 

### 11 each and every standard, and thank you for listening. 

### 12 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. The next 

### 13 speakers this afternoon are Elizabeth Versteeg and 

### 14 Allen Schaeffer. 

### 15 MS. VERSTEEG: Hello. My name is Elizabeth 

### 16 Versteeg. Elizabeth, E-L-I-Z-A-B-E-T-H 

### 17 V-E-R-S-T-E-E-G. And I'm with the China Sierra Club's 

### 18 The Honorable Campaign here in Washington, D.C. 

### 19 I'm a strong supporter of lowering the 

### 20 standards to 60 parts per billion, because research 

### 21 has shown that the standard would save four to five 

### Page 196 1 times more lives than 70 parts per billion standard. 

### 2 One major called this a Self-Dialysis 

### 3 Magnes -- Davers (phonetic) instruct-yourself test. 

### 4 It arose some while I'm in D.C., and now it's fastway 

### 5 up to New York. Helping valuable tissue is such about 

### 6 childress (phonetic) in us, two-sided forcefulness. 

### 7 A few weeks ago, I left my hometown in New 

### 8 York, and I said bye to a number of children at the 

### 9 day care center where I work. One of those children 

### 10 is name Mina. Since I've been there for 

### 11 2 1/2 years -- I have known her and got to know her 

### 12 family. But a couple weeks after I started, about a 

### 13 quarter percent of our -- she was diagnosed with 

### 14 asthma. And she's one of the happiest and most 

### 15 active, you know, one of the most active children that 

### 16 I ever met. But her breathing problems are very 

### 17 obvious, especially when it comes to playing with 

### 18 other children. 

### 19 When she's running around outside with her 

### 20 friends, we have to sit her down occasionally to ask 

### 21 her, Do you want to play something else? You look



### Page 197 1 tired, while we're encouraging all the other kids keep 

### 2 moving, keep active. When she wakes up from a nap 

### 3 from a nightmare, her crying turns into wheezing and 

### 4 we have to give her Nebulizer treatments. It's 

### 5 becoming more and more common for her to have attacks 

### 6 and it's getting worse and worse as she's getting 

### 7 older. 

### 8 She like all of the other kids at our 

### 9 center, our center is also in a good city, and there's 

### 10 an outdoor playground that is fenced in. We're 

### 11 required every day to keep children out for at least 

### 12 15 minutes as long as it's not snowing or raining or 

### 13 it hasn't been like warm weather. You can see traffic 

### 14 from the playground and you can see pollution going 

### 15 off from the cars. 

### 16 And I understand how the rules, we have 

### 17 some, so that they exercise and get fresh air. But 

### 18 I'm not sure that's what they're getting, especially 

### 19 the children in these areas which are enduring more -- 

### 20 which we got are very poor and minority children who 

### 21 already have enough trouble in their life.

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

51 (Pages 198 to 201) Page 198 1 Smog doesn't just impacts the children in 

### 2 the cities, all the dust, unseen portion of it. I 

### 3 would freshen whenever I should, breath the air that 

### 4 scientists say are as safe -- are safe now for them, 

### 5 which 70 parts per billion to 65 is progress and made 

### 6 simple that one day it. Could reach to 60 parts per 

### 7 billion. But I believe that's even better because 

### 8 these children are growing up now. Their lungs are 

### 9 developing now, not healthy. By 10 or 15 years down 

### 10 the road, one might -- they might be more political by 

### 11 all this. 

### 12 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 13 Mr. Schaeffer. 

### 14 MR. SCHAEFFER: Thanks. Good afternoon. 

### 15 I'm Allen Schaeffer, Executive Director of 

### 16 the Diesel Technology Forum. We represent leaders in 

### 17 clean diesel technology including engine, vehicle and 

### 18 equipment manufacturers, and various affiliated 

### 19 organizations. 

### 20 As the EPA considers its rule making on the 

### 21 ozone standard, we would like to outline a perspective



### Page 199 1 about our industry's work to reduce an important 

### 2 precursor, that's nitrogen oxide emissions; and 

### 3 highlight clean air benefits of new technology clean 

### 4 diesel engines, and the importance of efforts to 

### 5 modernize and upgrade existing vehicles and equipment, 

### 6 and why both these strategies will be important in 

### 7 meeting any future clean air standards. 

### 8 First off, diesel vehicles and equipment 

### 9 play a key role in 15 sectors of the U.S. Economy, 

### 10 from Agriculture where diesels power more than 

### 11 two-thirds of all farm machines and equipment to goods 

### 12 movement and warehousing where diesel engines power 

### 13 over 90 percent of all partial trucks. Increasingly 

### 14 clean diesel cars, SUVs, and light trucks are also 

### 15 favored choice for consumers seeking proven fuel 

### 16 efficient technology vehicles that do not compromise 

### 17 size or performance. 

### 18 Emissions from diesel engines are a 

### 19 declining contributor to the national emissions 

### 20 inventory for nitrogen oxide. 

### 21 Thanks to investments in these new 

### Page 200 1 technologies and cleaner diesel fuels, today's 

### 2 standards are a more declining contributor, according 

### 3 to the National Emissions Inventory for 2011, NOx 

### 4 emissions from diesel sources fell 12 percent since 

### 5 2005, today account for 29 percent of all NOx 

### 6 emissions. 

### 7 Secondly, new clean diesel technology is 

### 8 contributing substantially to clean air progress. 

### 9 Since 2000, the leaders in clean diesel technology and 

### 10 the EPA worked together establishing a regulatory 

### 11 pathway that brought about the introduction of a new 

### 12 generation of clean diesel engines for both on- and 

### 13 off-road applications. Manufacturers were challenged 

### 14 then to virtually eliminate both NOx and particulate 

### 15 emissions from diesel engines, reducing emissions by 

### 16 as much as 98 percent from previous levels. 

### 17 Today, I'm happy to report that 

### 18 manufacturers have met that challenge, first in 

### 19 heavy-duty highway trucks and increasing just in the 

### 20 last year being phased in for off road machines and 

### 21 engine equipment.



### Page 201 1 Exhibit A (indicating), my earmarks by some 

### 2 trucks for table showing the risk of combining 

### 3 emission standards that we submitted is our purpose. 

### 4 These new technology engines are 

### 5 increasingly making their ways in populations. It's 

### 6 very important to join that clean air benefits issue. 

### 7 According to the state vehicle registration 

### 8 data for 2014, of the roughly 8.8 million Class 3-8 

### 9 heavy-duty vehicles on the road nationwide, about 

### 10 one-third or 2.8 million are deployed for the national 

### 11 base 2007 standards while about 14 percent -- 14.7 or 

### 12 roughly 1.3 million vehicles on the road meet the 2007 

### 13 (sic) emissions milestone which requires near zero 

### 14 levels of both NOx ambient. 

### 15 As of 2013, we estimate these clean 

### 16 heavy-duty vehicles were new stocks by Mayton 

### 17 (phonetic) Edition. More of these will hit the road. 

### 18 Last year was a down year, truck sales for annual 

### 19 report. Over 186,000 new medium duty trucks sold, all 

### 20 for over 230,000 heavy-duty Class 8 trucks. 

### 21 In addition to having met these NOx and PM

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

52 (Pages 202 to 205) Page 202 1 standards, there's an additive benefit that will 

### 2 accrue resulting from the nitrous oxide emissions 

### 3 reductions yet to be fully realized from the 2014-2018 

### 4 Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium- and Heavy-duty 

### 5 vehicles. By 2018, the EPA standards will represent 

### 6 an average per-vehicle reduction in Greenhouse Gate 

### 7 emissions [of which N2O is a component] of 17 percent 

### 8 diesel vehicles. 

### 9 In fact, the penetration of new clean diesel 

### 10 technology is so impressive that the American Lung 

### 11 Association in its 2014 State of the Air Report 

### 12 recognized that diesel premium fleets contributed to 

### 13 success where more than half of people today in 

### 14 America meets the clean air standards. 

### 15 To achieve today's very low levels NOx 

### 16 emissions, engine manufacturers and emissions control 

### 17 suppliers have invested billions for strategies to 

### 18 produce a better understanding and control the 

### 19 combustion process as well as use of advanced 

### 20 emissions control technology like SCR. So I can 

### 21 channel reproduction.



### Page 203 1 And according to the Advanced Collaborative 

### 2 Emissions Study (ACES) research co-sponsored by EPA 

### 3 and released just this week by the Health Effects 

### 4 Institute, new technology diesel engines are near-zero 

### 5 emissions performance was confirmed, as was the 

### 6 finding of no significant health effects in laboratory 

### 7 animals over lifetime exposure. 

### 8 Third, EPA must remain invested in and help 

### 9 ensure a viable future for the National Clean Diesel 

### 10 Campaign. While new technologies are at a stance of 

### 11 your -- are things we can do addressing older engines, 

### 12 and those done through the use of Diesel Emissions 

### 13 Reduction Act, which the Agency is the one who wants 

### 14 the concession. 

### 15 In 2005, we're part of a very successful 

### 16 enduring stakeholder coalition that represents the 

### 17 Environmental Defense Fund. We are tasked with the 

### 18 American Lung Association, and we strongly urge you to 

### 19 renew its commitment to the DERA program, despite the 

### 20 fact in the last year when these emissions were both 

### 21 eliminated, we never got annual budgets. I won't go 

### Page 204 1 into events that grew from using -- upgrading diesel 

### 2 engines, which are slight reports. Fifteen days by 

### 3 the events over the past years. 

### 4 In conclusion, the increasing new 

### 5 utilization of new technology diesel engines that are 

### 6 at or near zero levels of NOx emissions play the most 

### 7 important role in assuring continued progress towards 

### 8 clean air and climate objectives. 

### 9 As we looked at this discussion, my members 

### 10 raised a lot of interesting questions. With all these 

### 11 major improvements NOx reduction in the mobile and 

### 12 stationary source sectors, is it premature to 

### 13 establish a new Ozone target before we get a better 

### 14 understanding of those impacts? 

### 15 And finally, are there unintended 

### 16 consequences -- negative consequences that could occur 

### 17 by emissions? 

### 18 We learned by NOx that making it lesser and 

### 19 the answer isn't always guaranteed. There are ups and 

### 20 downs to pass the law. 

### 21 These are very difficult questions. The



### Page 205 1 diesel industry has been a partner in clean air 

### 2 progress and looks forward to working with EPA and all 

### 3 stakeholders in the consideration of these and any of 

### 4 the future clean air standards. Thank you. 

### 5 Questions. 

### 6 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 7 MR. SILVERMAN: Thank you. Your comments 

### 8 really got standards are big. I'm not sure of the 

### 9 current operation, but that's just me blockhead. 

### 10 MR. SCHAEFFER: Thank you very much. 

### 11 MS. SASSER: Our next two speakers are Sarah 

### 12 Fraser and William Penniman. 

### 13 I guess Sarah didn't show up. I call Mollie 

### 14 Simon. Is Mollie Simon in the room? 

### 15 Okay. Mr. Penniman, we'll begin with you. 

### 16 Please spell your name. 

### 17 MR. PENNIMAN: My name is Penniman. I'm a 

### 18 resident of Virginia. I'm active in Virginia, the 

### 19 environmental issues in a number of respects and here 

### 20 speaking for myself. 

### 21 Did you get the spelling of my name?

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

53 (Pages 206 to 209) Page 206 1 MS. SASSER: Please go ahead and spell your 

### 2 name. 

### 3 MR. PENNIMAN: Okay. It's William Penniman, 

### 4 P-E-N-N-I-M-A-N. 

### 5 I want to begin by thanking the EPA for 

### 6 finally coming out with those rules to reduce the 

### 7 level -- the ground-level ozone, or smog, around the 

### 8 United States. I understand since 2008 it's -- it's 

### 9 appreciated, the plain proposal. 

### 10 Your proposal, and I understand it is to 

### 11 reduce the level of smog to a range of 60 to 70 parts 

### 12 per billion -- 65 to 70 parts per billion with an 

### 13 invitation on comments of whether to take part of the 

### 14 60 ppb. And I am here to take you up on your 

### 15 invitation and urge EPA to adopt 60 parts per billion 

### 16 or at least close to that. 

### 17 The issue of healthy NAAQS from ground-level 

### 18 ozone are well documented both in the record that EPA 

### 19 has compiled up to date and minutes for these which 

### 20 are reflected in submissions by the American Lung 

### 21 Association and others. We keep all of them. But



### Page 207 1 it's clear that smog has severe health consequences 

### 2 for a broad spectrum of the public, particularly 

### 3 including asthma sufferers, but not only them. Asthma 

### 4 sufferers -- 

### 5 Well, first, it's something like 140 million 

### 6 people who live in an area that have unhealthy smog 

### 7 levels currently. And within the United States, 

### 8 asthma is only quite by stress, 25-plus million 

### 9 people, including 7 million children suffer from 

### 10 asthma and the impacts of their condition is severe. 

### 11 The CDC had put out a number of statistics 

### 12 on that quantifies the impacts of asthma alone at 

### 13 $56 billion a year with a -- average a cost of health 

### 14 care for children effected by asthma in excess of a 

### 15 thousand dollars per child. 

### 16 There are millions of lost work days and 

### 17 school days. And it's close to 3400 people die each 

### 18 year from asthma. If for no other reason than that, 

### 19 it would be grounds enough to tighten the ozone 

### 20 standards. 

### 21 If you look at your own record, which had 

### Page 208 1 been quite nicely compiled, the costs and benefits are 

### 2 documented. And the benefits clearly great above 

### 3 that, the cost, that the cost -- and the benefits from 

### 4 going to 60 parts per billion are substantially in 

### 5 excess for those for 65 or 70 ppb. 

### 6 In fact, just from the standard of the 

### 7 health cost documented from the Nation (ex California) 

### 8 for 2025, the health benefits, in dollar terms, are 

### 9 five times greater for the 60 ppb standard than they 

### 10 are for the 70 ppb standard, and nearly two times as 

### 11 great for the 60 ppb standard compared to 65. Those 

### 12 are very substantial benefits and quite a great distal 

### 13 better than -- well, there seem a similar range for 

### 14 California. Okay. 

### 15 From a cost standpoint, every one of those 

### 16 cases, particularly the second part, within 

### 17 substantial dollar standings relative to the 70 

### 18 standard or certainly the 75 standard. 

### 19 Now, I know you hear an earful from 

### 20 businesses who say that this -- we discussed in the 

### 21 hall. You adopt these standards. But I hope you will



### Page 209 1 get signed a credibility discount factor based on the 

### 2 fact that those standards come in every time for every 

### 3 proposed rule and claim the sky will fall under a plan 

### 4 of costs for energy exaggerated. In fact, there are 

### 5 health costs that's left to children and -- other 

### 6 people is also very significant. 

### 7 So again, I want to thank you for 

### 8 undertaking this and urge you to adopt this latest 

### 9 standard. I have a written version of this, obviously 

### 10 that I didn't read. 

### 11 Do you want me to give that to you or to the 

### 12 folks out front or submit it on line and hope for the 

### 13 best? 

### 14 MS. SASSER: Any way you prefer, sir. 

### 15 MR. PENNIMAN: Okay. As long as it gets in 

### 16 the record, I'm fine. Thank you very much. 

### 17 MS. SASSER: I'm sorry. Ms. Fraser. 

### 18 MS. SIMON: I'm Mollie Simon. 

### 19 MS. SASSER: Ms. Simon. I'm sorry. 

### 20 MS. SIMON: My name is Mollie Simon. That's 

### 21 M-O-L-L-I-E. Simon, S-I-M-O-N. And I am the Outreach

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

54 (Pages 210 to 213) Page 210 1 Coordinator for the Clean Air Council. Clean Air 

### 2 Council is a non-profit environmental health 

### 3 organization in the Port of Philadelphia, and Council 

### 4 members throughout the states in Pennsylvania and 

### 5 Delaware and the Squadtoon for Air Quality for over 

### 6 four years. 

### 7 The Clean Air Council supports the 

### 8 environmental agencies' efforts to propose a stronger 

### 9 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone. I 

### 10 thank you for the opportunity to speak today. 

### 11 Everyone has a right to breathe clean air. 

### 12 But too often I meet people across Pennsylvania who 

### 13 are unable to take in a clean deep breath. 

### 14 Ground-level ozone pollution which we find is in major 

### 15 urban areas, causing high levels of asthma, cancer, 

### 16 respiratory illnesses, and cardio complications. 

### 17 While Philadelphia and Pittsburgh are in the 

### 18 top 25 most polluted in the U.S. of at least ozone and 

### 19 smog, nine out of 10 of these communities most 

### 20 populated counties are designated non-attainment for 

### 21 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone. If



### Page 211 1 you live in Pennsylvania, there's a 60 percent chance 

### 2 that you are living in those non-attainment areas. 

### 3 While the Clean Air Council is in support of 

### 4 the EPA's efforts to reduce ozone pollution, the 

### 5 Council believes that strong limits are necessary. 

### 6 Peer-review studies have concluded that the present 

### 7 ozone standard is not protective of public health. 

### 8 The Clean Air Council joins with other 

### 9 public health advocates in asking the EPA to adopt the 

### 10 primary standard of ozone as 60 parts per billion. 

### 11 These new levels are needed to actively protect public 

### 12 health and limit ozone related health instances. 

### 13 The revisions to the ozone quality standards 

### 14 are long over due. The American Lung Association 

### 15 calls ozone, quote, the most pervasive and widespread 

### 16 pollutant in the country. 

### 17 The exposures tell me that also ozone can 

### 18 cause aggravation of an existing respiratory in 

### 19 current condition; lung tissue damage and premature 

### 20 death. Furthermore, these negative impacts are found 

### 21 more damaging in the most vulnerable other community. 

### Page 212 1 Children, the elderly, and those like myself are 

### 2 predisposition to persons and lung complications. 

### 3 By adopting the National Ambient Air Quality 

### 4 Standard as 60 parts per billion, EPA estimates up to 

### 5 12,000 premature deaths and billions of dollars in 

### 6 community health benefits could be saved by year 2020. 

### 7 Outside of Pittsburgh, the grew concerned 

### 8 citizens formed Paula Allegheny County Clean Air 

### 9 Network to share the story of how the difficulties 

### 10 living in an area with heavily polluted air. 

### 11 Tonya, an otherwise healthy boy (sic), and 

### 12 pace during marathons, she acknowledges the difficulty 

### 13 making it up the stairs due to her lung asthma. 

### 14 Lea, a young mother of two toddlers, who 

### 15 doesn't allow her children to play outside in fear 

### 16 that a cancer or asthma diagnosis is in their future. 

### 17 Many of these members share similar 

### 18 experiences. Amelia Dovers (phonetic), respiratory 

### 19 illnesses, loved ones had heart attacks before the age 

### 20 58. Sadly their stories and many experiences of 

### 21 millions of people across Pennsylvania and the



### Page 213 1 country. 

### 2 On a personal note, my grandmother suffered 

### 3 from paralyzing asthma, where it's hard to link, and 

### 4 possible since she was a teenager. The doctor begged 

### 5 her to move away from Philadelphia and to a part of 

### 6 the country where air pollution and illness truncated. 

### 7 She stayed in Philadelphia and passed away at the age 

### 8 of 70. It's very possible that she could have lived a 

### 9 much longer life if she wasn't anyway exposed to poor 

### 10 air quality. 

### 11 Critical asthmatics like my grandmother 

### 12 shouldn't be forced to sacrifice her life in order to 

### 13 remain close to home and loves ones. 

### 14 The people of Pennsylvania ought to be able 

### 15 to breathe clean air. Pennsylvanians don't want to 

### 16 struggle and be disreactive due to respiratory 

### 17 illness. They don't want to be forced to leave their 

### 18 shelter on a summer day. They don't want their 

### 19 children to be exposed to dangerous levels of 

### 20 pollutions simply because they're playing outside. 

### 21 The environment should be truly protective of public

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

55 (Pages 214 to 217) Page 214 1 health. It's what's required under the Clean Air Act 

### 2 and it's the right thing to do in order to protect 

### 3 public health and welfare. 

### 4 The Clean Air Council supports EPA's efforts 

### 5 to raise ozone pollution, as doing so will have a 

### 6 direct impact on breathing clean air and public health 

### 7 in Pennsylvania and across the country. Thank you. 

### 8 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 9 MR. SILVERMAN: One clarification. In your 

### 10 comments, you might consider the analysis you put into 

### 11 the record indicating that it's in the ratio of this 

### 12 case, focus at 60 part per billion pieces. The 

### 13 statute will possibly coat the number. In fact, the 

### 14 standard -- I believe stand in the range of 65 or 70. 

### 15 That's not even the recent standards. In other words, 

### 16 at 60 part per billion, you should speak for the 

### 17 adults and show your number through any exposures, not 

### 18 at 60 part per billion. That would be a pretty good 

### 19 special discussion at 75, 308 and also the first 

### 20 column of 75, 310. 

### 21 MS. SIMON: Thank you.



### Page 215 1 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 2 Next I'd like to call Sarah Fraser and 

### 3 Jennifer McIntyre. 

### 4 MS. FRASER: My name is Sarah Fraser. I am 

### 5 the mother to two young children who are with me 

### 6 today, and I am a resident of Washington, D.C. I'm 

### 7 and taxpayer. I am speaking to you today as a member 

### 8 of Moms Clean Air Force in unequivocal support of the 

### 9 EPA's proposed strengthening of the National Ambient 

### 10 Air Quality Standards for ground-level ozone. 

### 11 Fifty years ago, President Kennedy talked of 

### 12 the human right to breathe air as nature provided it. 

### 13 Today's proposal supports this basic human right, 

### 14 expanding the ozone-monitoring season in many 

### 15 jurisdictions, and updating the Air Quality Index. 

### 16 The Air Quality alerts are an important 

### 17 national system that helps mothers like me make 

### 18 decisions about whether to let my two children, ages 

### 19 three and seven, play outside. The Air Quality alerts 

### 20 are tethered to EPA's standard. If the smog standard 

### 21 is too lax, as it currently stands, the Air Quality 

### Page 216 1 Alert System can tell me that it's safe to send my 

### 2 children outside to play, even when it's not. The 

### 3 smog standard needs to tell everyone if the air we 

### 4 breath is safe. 

### 5 I unequivocally support the new, lower 

### 6 standards, an 8-hour limit of 60 parts per billion, 

### 7 based on the extensive, irrefutable scientific 

### 8 evidence about ozone's effects on children and on the 

### 9 public welfare. 

### 10 Breathing ground-level ozone can trigger a 

### 11 variety of pulmonary problems, worsen existing 

### 12 pulmonary diseases, reduce lung function and 

### 13 permanently scar lung tissue. In my neighborhood, 

### 14 these fumes prevent my children from playing outside. 

### 15 These fumes prevent us from doing work in our yard to 

### 16 maintain and improve our property. These fumes 

### 17 prevent us from asking our friends and our children's 

### 18 friends over to enjoy our yard. These fumes prevent 

### 19 my parents and my husband's parents from seeing their 

### 20 grandchildren often, as both elderly couples have 

### 21 compromised lung and immune system dysfunction.



### Page 217 1 In order to adequately protect children, 

### 2 scientists think that the national standard for smog 

### 3 should be set at 60 parts per billion. The American 

### 4 Lung Association and the American Thoracic Society, 

### 5 among others, also support this standard. The EPA 

### 6 states that reducing levels of smog to 60 parts per 

### 7 billion would prevent 1.8 million asthma attacks, 

### 8 1.9 million missed school days, and 6,400 premature 

### 9 deaths each year. 

### 10 I support the new, lower standards as a 

### 11 mother in a global family, as a mother living in the 

### 12 mid-Atlantic region of the United States, and as a 

### 13 mother living here in Washington, D.C. 

### 14 D.C. is considered a non-industrial 

### 15 jurisdiction, and in 2009, Mayor Adrian Fenty 

### 16 requested that the District be designated a 

### 17 non-attainment area. We have, however, an industrial 

### 18 zone: Ward 5. My husband, two young children, and I 

### 19 live in the residential part of it. 

### 20 Ward 5 has some of the worst air quality in 

### 21 the District. Our Industries are: an

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

56 (Pages 218 to 221) Page 218 1 asphalt-processing facility, light and heavy trucking, 

### 2 two city bus lots, and an auto-body paint industry, 

### 3 which uses high-VOC solvents and paints. All of these 

### 4 industries and processes contribute to ground-level 

### 5 ozone formation. 

### 6 The District Department of the Environment 

### 7 maintains a stationary Air Quality Monitor at 

### 8 McMillian Reservoir, the number on that is 

### 9 11-001-0043, which is nearly four miles from my ward. 

### 10 This monitor has been recording violations of both the 

### 11 primary and secondary 8-hour EPA ground-level ozone 

### 12 standards since 2006. 

### 13 Since 2008, D.C. has had only two summers in 

### 14 16 years without Code Red days for unhealthy air 

### 15 quality. And since 2008, we have had four years of 

### 16 summers where we exceeded the 75 parts per billion 

### 17 ozone standard for upwards of four weeks. In a family 

### 18 with no history of asthma, my children were diagnosed 

### 19 last year as pre-asthmatic by the pediatrician. 

### 20 Ward 5 contributes ozone to the environments 

### 21 of Maryland and Virginia, which in turn contributes



### Page 219 1 ozone to the environment of the mid-Atlantic. The 

### 2 East Coast contributes all this ozone to the global 

### 3 environment, affecting my parents in Texas, my 

### 4 husband's parents in New Zealand, and our cousins in 

### 5 Australia. 

### 6 The strengthening of the NAAQS by the EPA is 

### 7 an essential first step in rule creation that will 

### 8 ultimately enable our District, and our country, to 

### 9 provide clean air for people everywhere. Please move 

### 10 forward with this rule. 

### 11 Thank you very much for the opportunity to 

### 12 testify today. 

### 13 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 14 Ms. McIntyre. 

### 15 MS. McINTYRE: My name is Jennifer McIntyre, 

### 16 and I'm with Moms Clean Air Force, a community of 

### 17 parents fighting for children's health and clean air. 

### 18 On behalf of our nearly 500,000 members across the 

### 19 United States, thank you for this opportunity to 

### 20 testify. 

### 21 I'm here today as an asthma sufferer who has 

### Page 220 

## 1 a daughter that suffers from asthma to illustrate the 

## 2 health effects of smog, and to respectfully urge you 

## 3 to set the smog standard at 60 parts per billion -- a 

## 4 stronger standard than you proposed in November. A 

## 5 respected body of scientific research posits that this 

## 6 level would provide the strongest public health 

## 7 protections for my daughter, me, and all Americans. 

## 8 While there has been tremendous progress in 

## 9 the past few decades to clean the air, our nation has 

## 10 much more to do to protect public health from ozone 

## 11 pollution. Scientific evidence overwhelmingly 

## 12 demonstrates that the current 75 parts per billion 

## 13 standard for ground-level ozone is not enough to 

## 14 protect human health with an adequate margin of 

## 15 safety, as required by the Clean Air Act. 

## 16 Children, in particular, are the most 

## 17 vulnerable group because they breathe more air per 

## 18 unit of body weight, are more active outdoors, are 

## 19 more likely to have asthma than adults, and are still 

## 20 developing their lungs and other organs. In fact, 

## 21 EPA's Children's Health Protection Advisory



### Page 221 1 Committee -- a body of external experts that provide 

### 2 the Administrator with recommendations concerning 

### 3 children's health -- recommends that a revised ambient 

### 4 air quality standard of 60 parts per billion to 

### 5 protect the health of children. In fact, CHPAC states 

### 6 that "Children suffer a disproportionate burden of 

### 7 ozone-related health impacts due to critical 

### 8 developmental periods of lung growth in childhood and 

### 9 adolescence that can result in permanent disability." 

### 10 One glaring problem is that the Air Quality 

### 11 Index (AQI) is a function of the National Ambient Air 

### 12 Quality Standards. It represents the health 

### 13 determination implicit in the EPA standard. If the 

### 14 EPA standard is too weak, the AQI doesn't help 

### 15 parents. 

### 16 And parents need a NAAQS that tells us the 

### 17 truth. Through the AQI, we rely on this measure to 

### 18 make determinations about how to care for our 

### 19 children, our parents, and ourselves. We use it to 

### 20 keep our babies safe. If the smog standard is weak, 

### 21 as it currently stands, the air quality alert system

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

57 (Pages 222 to 225) Page 222 

## 1 can tell us that it's safe to send our kids outside to 

## 2 play when it's not. We deserve to know the truth 

## 3 about whether the air is safe to breathe. 

## 4 Smog levels at 65 parts per billion can harm 

## 5 some of the most vulnerable among us -- potentially 

## 6 people like me and my children. That's what the 

## 7 independent Clean Air Scientific Advisory Panel said 

## 8 to your Agency, based on their thorough and expert 

## 9 review of the science. Our national standard needs to 

## 10 reflect that determination. 

## 11 We know that breathing smog triggers asthma 

## 12 attacks, interferes with lung development, increases 

## 13 lung infections, increases hospital visits, and is 

## 14 associated with premature death from cardiovascular 

## 15 and respiratory causes. Breathing smog gets in the 

## 16 way of the tiniest lungs developing properly, 

## 17 exacerbates the national childhood asthma epidemic, 

## 18 and causes the elderly pain, suffering, and even 

## 19 death. 

## 20 Right now, EPA has the opportunity to 

## 21 protect millions of Americans from dirty air and



### Page 223 1 unnecessary illness. According to EPA's own analysis, 

### 2 strengthening the smog standard to 60 parts per 

### 3 billion would confer profound health benefits to 

### 4 Americans. At this level of protection, EPA estimates 

### 5 7,900 fewer deaths, 1.8 million fewer asthma attacks 

### 6 in children, and 9.2 million fewer restricted 

### 7 activities or lost school days each year. The 

### 8 monetized benefits of this level of protection in 2025 

### 9 would be upwards of $37 billion. 

### 10 The science is clear: research shows that 

### 11 setting the allowable level of smog at 60 parts per 

### 12 billion would provide the strongest public health 

### 13 protections for American families. New, stronger 

### 14 standards for smog pollution will help millions of 

### 15 Americans with asthma and other respiratory ailments, 

### 16 like myself and my daughter, breathe without fear. 

### 17 Thank you so much for the opportunity to 

### 18 testify. 

### 19 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. Your next 

### 20 speakers are Ms. Lorraine Gershman and Matthew 

### 21 Gravatt. 

### Page 224 1 MS. GERSHMAN: Good afternoon. My name is 

### 2 Lorraine Gershman, and my statement is on behalf of 

### 3 the American Chemistry Council. ACC represents so 

### 4 many companies engaged in the business of chemistry. 

### 5 The applied science of chemistry create products and 

### 6 services that make people live better, healthier, and 

### 7 safer. 

### 8 The U.S. chemical industry is the key 

### 9 element in the economy, providing hundreds of 

### 10 thousands of skilled good paying jobs across the 

### 11 country, as a leader in exports, investments, and 

### 12 research and development. ACC member company being a 

### 13 wide range of solutions, such as plastics and 

### 14 installation bars which help save energy in vehicles, 

### 15 homes, and businesses. The energy savings that goes 

### 16 to lower emissions, greenhouse gases, and ozone 

### 17 vapors, such as NOx. 

### 18 We are here today to voice our opposition to 

### 19 EPA's proposal to lower the ozone NAAQS. ACC will be 

### 20 using appropriate NERA science. We do not believe 

### 21 scientific evidence towards lowering the standard.



### Page 225 1 EPA's existing ozone standard at 75 parts per billion 

### 2 will be taken to provide adequate protection of the 

### 3 whole column. 

### 4 Moreover, there are numerous questions about 

### 5 the science being used to justify a lower standard. 

### 6 Some recent health sites are being inconsistent or in 

### 7 looking bias, while others reanalysis of previous 

### 8 letters are OI, outdated information. 

### 9 The nations air quality has significantly 

### 10 improved. According to EPA, total emissions of the 

### 11 air pollutants fell by 62 percent from 1988 to 2013. 

### 12 Voluntary regulatory emission reduction programs, 

### 13 including a cleaner fuel and utility regulations, will 

### 14 continue to yield benefits for decades to come. 

### 15 ACC members understand the value of the 

### 16 importance of clean air, and we support protecting the 

### 17 public health and the environment. Our committee is 

### 18 reflected in our significant and continued progress in 

### 19 reducing emissions. 

### 20 Since 1990, ACC member companies has a 

### 21 broader business of chemistry, have reduced nitrogen

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

58 (Pages 226 to 229) Page 226 1 oxide by 70 percent, sulfur dioxide by 88 percent, 

### 2 volatile organic compound by 87 percent, and 

### 3 particulate matter at 65 percent. These results are 

### 4 due to a combination of voluntary regulatory company 

### 5 emissions, such as responsive air and regulatory 

### 6 requirements. 

### 7 American industry is undergoing a historic 

### 8 expansion, more than $137 million in new chemical 

### 9 emission investments, standard on the way. Thanks to 

### 10 Planecone (phonetic) herbal supplies and natural gas. 

### 11 These 220 products, new plants, expansions, and 

### 12 factory new trucks could create instant work, more 

### 13 than 700,000 jobs in the next 10 years, along with an 

### 14 increased GDP, tax revenue, and access to innovative 

### 15 new products, a lower ozone standard in key 

### 16 manufacture and growth in many areas of the country. 

### 17 EPA's proposal to lower the ozone standard will result 

### 18 in much of the U.S. being unable to meet the lower 

### 19 NAAQS. 

### 20 Currently, 222 counties around the 

### 21 population of over 120 million people are classified



### Page 227 1 in IT metrics of 75 part per billion standard. If the 

### 2 EPA revises this standard to a lower at the proposed 

### 3 range, we estimate that more that 2,000 families, 

### 4 urban and rural, would be in non-attainment based on 

### 5 modeling and current marginal data. 

### 6 Communities designated non-attainment have a 

### 7 hard time of attracting a team industry and seeing 

### 8 economic activity and growth. Manufacture and growth 

### 9 would slow or stop and cease. They find themselves as 

### 10 non-attaining, as industry will gain a non-attaining 

### 11 area, face increased operating loss, permanent delays, 

### 12 and restriction on building or expanding facilities. 

### 13 New facilities and expansion in 

### 14 non-attaining areas cannot proceed until emissions are 

### 15 set. Options are not always readily available and 

### 16 increasing price has become scarce. For example, 

### 17 offset prices in peaks and gaps in Missouri, a 

### 18 non-attaining area, for more than $200,000 per time 

### 19 pronounced and $300,000 for time to be at cease. 

### 20 Offset prices in Southern California non-attaining 

### 21 area are approaching $125,000 for time amounts. Even 

### Page 228 1 facilities that are non-attained experience the 

### 2 burdens of operating in a non-attaining area. 

### 3 For example, in a Houston non-attaining 

### 4 area, it just seems looking at your subject 

### 5 conditional controls under the Highway Act of the FC 

### 6 rule. And Bashibian (phonetic) set the boiler 

### 7 exacting powers, plus this all caused the SCR to move 

### 8 out first. Non-attaining area may also include 

### 9 federal highway and transit funding as federal 

### 10 projects are super on the state implementation plans 

### 11 in order to proceed. Furthermore, the study is 

### 12 looking in how you designate it as a severe or true 

### 13 NOx-ide (phonetic) with a significant Section number 5 

### 14 we use for emissions in the area, even though there 

### 15 may be facilities that already spend many millions of 

### 16 dollars on emission reduction technologies. 

### 17 In conclusion, the prior ozone standard of 

### 18 75 parts per billion is the most stringent ever and 

### 19 has not yet implemented -- fully implemented across 

### 20 the United States. 

### 21 EPA and the states should focus on fully



### Page 229 1 implementing and attain the existing standard before 

### 2 contemplating a lower standard. As the science 

### 3 further develops, EPA will have an opportunity to 

### 4 determine whether any additional action might be 

### 5 warranted. Thank you. 

### 6 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Mr. Gravatt. 

### 7 MR. GRAVATT: Good afternoon. I wanted to 

### 8 start by thanking the EPA and today's panel for 

### 9 allowing the public the opportunity to comment and 

### 10 testify on such a vitally important issue. 

### 11 My name is Matthew Gravatt, and I'm a 

### 12 graduate and communications strategist that lives here 

### 13 in beautiful Washington, D.C., and I'm here today on 

### 14 behalf of the DC Chapter of the Sierra Club for which 

### 15 I am the vice chair. 

### 16 I'm sure that the panel is aware that 

### 17 communities all across the United States, and 

### 18 including right here in Washington, D.C., are facing 

### 19 serious and detrimental human and environmental 

### 20 effects of smog pollution. 

### 21 We need a solution to make certain

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

59 (Pages 230 to 233) Page 230 1 communities are protected by robust and common sense 

### 2 air quality standards that mitigate exposure to 

### 3 dangerous and unhealthy pollution and ensure that 

### 4 every American, young and old alike, might go outside 

### 5 without fear of jeopardizing their health and their 

### 6 ability to breathe. 

### 7 The EPA's proposed modifications to air 

### 8 quality standards concerning ground-level ozone, or 

### 9 smog, have the opportunity to do precisely that. I 

### 10 urge this panel, and the EPA to pursue strong 

### 11 standards that set smog limits at or below 60 parts 

### 12 per billion. 

### 13 I wanted to take a brief moment to address a 

### 14 few key points. 

### 15 First is the smog pollution has a severe 

### 16 effect on human health, particularly affecting young 

### 17 children and seniors. Children are at the greatest 

### 18 health risk from air pollution because they are more 

### 19 likely to be active outdoors and their lungs are still 

### 20 developing. 

### 21 Right now, asthma affects nearly one in 10



### Page 231 1 school children in the United States and is the number 

### 2 one health issue that causes kids to miss school. On 

### 3 "bad-air" days or "air alert" days, particularly 

### 4 during the warmer months, kids with asthma are forced 

### 5 to stay indoors to avoid aggravating their condition. 

### 6 And smog pollution also disproportionately 

### 7 affects communities of color. A 2011 analysis of U.S. 

### 8 populations and air quality found that African 

### 9 Americans and Latinos were more likely to live in 

### 10 counties that had worse problems with particulate 

### 11 pollution. African Americans, particularly children, 

### 12 have asthma at a rate nearly two times that of white 

### 13 children, and are four times as likely to die from 

### 14 asthma. This is an unsettling and unacceptable 

### 15 statistic. 

### 16 According to the American Lung Association, 

### 17 ALA, inhaling smog pollution is like getting a sunburn 

### 18 on your lungs and often results in immediate breathing 

### 19 trouble. Long-term exposure to smog pollution is 

### 20 linked to chronic asthma and other respiratory and 

### 21 lung diseases, reproductive and developmental harm, 

### Page 232 1 and even premature death. Further research by the 

### 2 American Lung Association suggests that nearly half of 

### 3 all Americans live in areas where the air is unsafe to 

### 4 breathe. 

### 5 Research into smog and greenhouse gas 

### 6 emission reduction by the EPA and others has shown by 

### 7 reducing disruptive pollution, the U.S. could avoid up 

### 8 to 6,600 premature deaths, 150,000 acute asthma 

### 9 attacks in children, 3,000 heart attacks, 2,800 

### 10 hospital admissions, and 490,000 missed days of school 

### 11 and work days -- all by 2030. 

### 12 In light of all this information about the 

### 13 negative externalities and destructive power of smog 

### 14 pollution, the single most important fact remains that 

### 15 reducing smog pollution can, and should, be a priority 

### 16 for the EPA, and for all Americans. 

### 17 Clearly, the nation is in desperate need of 

### 18 a common-sense solution to the public health concerns 

### 19 brought about by high ground-level ozone levels and 

### 20 the detrimental effects this pollution has on our 

### 21 economy and our community.



### Page 233 1 This is why it is imperative the EPA 

### 2 exercise its authority to set smog limits at the 

### 3 lowest possible concentration. I add my voice to the 

### 4 numerous public health organizations and medical 

### 5 associations, as well as to the countless thousands of 

### 6 Americans who are struggling to breathe clean air. We 

### 7 deserve clean air quality standards that protect and 

### 8 preserve health. 

### 9 I urge the EPA to set ground-level ozone 

### 10 standards at 60 parts per billion. 

### 11 In conclusion: Members of the panel, 

### 12 concrete steps to improve air quality are long overdue 

### 13 and vitally important, and must be implemented 

### 14 nationwide and without further delay. 

### 15 This Agency, with its stated mission to 

### 16 "protect human health and the environment," has a 

### 17 moral obligation to address this public health issue, 

### 18 now and for future generations of Americans that live, 

### 19 work, and play here in Washington, D.C. and all across 

### 20 our nation. 

### 21 New standards to limit smog pollution are

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

60 (Pages 234 to 237) Page 234 1 not only the right course of action, they are the only 

### 2 course of action. Strong standards will ensure every 

### 3 person has clean air to breathe, that children can 

### 4 play outside and go to school without fear of an 

### 5 asthma attack; that every community, regardless of 

### 6 race or socioeconomic status, must not live in the 

### 7 shadow of pollution and the ill-effects of smog and 

### 8 other noxious pollutants on environmental and public 

### 9 health. 

### 10 We can do something. And we must do 

### 11 something. And the time to act is now. 

### 12 I applaud and support the EPA's efforts and 

### 13 intent to establish strong national limits on smog 

### 14 pollution. And I thank you for your leadership and 

### 15 action on this important issue. 

### 16 MR. SILVERMAN: In the rear of your comments 

### 17 where you address the science, please make sure you 

### 18 address all the comments of the case back there on the 

### 19 data sciences. 

### 20 MS. SASSER: John Noel and Joshua Berman. 

### 21 Mr. Noel.



### Page 235

1 MR. NOEL: Good afternoon. My name is John 

### 2 Noel. I'm the National Oil and Gas Campaigns 

### 3 Coordinator with Clean Water Action. Also, I used to 

### 4 work at the EPA. Clean Water Action is a one million 

### 5 organization of diverse people and groups joined 

### 6 together to protect our environment, health, economic 

### 7 well-being and community quality of life. 

### 8 First, I want to recognize EPA's courageous 

### 9 efforts to address the threat that smog pollution 

### 10 poses for all of us in this room and especially our 

### 11 nation's young. Tackling this crippling form of power 

### 12 plant pollution, in which the impacts are 

### 13 disproportionately felt in communities of color, 

### 14 deserves support by all stakeholders. 

### 15 Clean Water Action strongly supports EPA's 

### 16 pollution reduction plan and urges the Agency to set 

### 17 the smog protections at 60 parts per billion to 

### 18 provide the greatest protections for public health 

### 19 possible under federal law. Impacted communities and 

### 20 the most vulnerable of our populations, including the 

### 21 elderly and young children deserve nothing less. 

### Page 236 

## 1 According to the American Lung Association, 

## 2 inhaling smog pollution is like getting a sunburn on 

## 3 your lungs and often results in immediate breathing 

## 4 trouble. Long-term exposure to smog pollution is 

## 5 linked to chronic asthma and other respiratory and 

## 6 lung diseases, reproductive and developmental harm, 

## 7 and even premature death. 

## 8 Children are at the greatest health risk 

## 9 from air pollution because they are more likely to be 

## 10 active outdoors and their lungs are still developing. 

## 11 Asthma strikes nearly one out of 10 school children in 

## 12 the United States and is the number one health issue 

## 13 that causes kids to miss school. 

## 14 Further, smog pollution from power plants 

## 15 disproportionately affects communities of color. A 

## 16 2011 analysis of U.S. populations and air quality 

## 17 found that African Americans and Latino were more 

## 18 likely to live in counties that had worse problems 

## 19 with particle pollution. African Americans were also 

## 20 more likely to live in counties with worse smog 

## 21 pollution, have nearly two times the rate of current



### Page 237 1 asthma as white children, and are four times as likely 

### 2 to die from it. 

### 3 According to the EPA's own analysis, 60 

### 4 parts per billion standard would prevent roughly 

### 5 1.8 million asthma attacks, 1.9 million missed school 

### 6 days, 6,400 premature deaths. New, stronger standards 

### 7 for smog pollution will clean up our air and reduce 

### 8 pollution-related illness; millions of Americans with 

### 9 asthma and other respiratory ailments will breathe 

### 10 easier. A healthy and sustainable future is what we 

### 11 all deserve. 

### 12 The American Lung Association, American 

### 13 Public Health Association, and the American Thoracic 

### 14 Society have all joined the call for reforming the 

### 15 standards, while the other side has failed to produce 

### 16 any health studies or data contradicting the 

### 17 scientific consensus on the need for stronger smog 

### 18 standards. A small portion of power plant operators 

### 19 and trade associations, profiting off outdated health 

### 20 standards, should not get a pollution pass in 2015, 

### 21 especially with the mountain of evidence supporting

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

61 (Pages 238 to 241) Page 238 1 the health benefits of these reforms. 

### 2 Let these opposition voices fade into 

### 3 irrelevance as the rest of America faces the challenge 

### 4 head on and continues to work for just transition 

### 5 towards a healthy future for everyone. 

### 6 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 7 Mr. Berman. 

### 8 MR. BERMAN: Thank you. Thank you for the 

### 9 opportunity to provide comments on EPA's proposed 

### 10 admission to the ozone standards. 

### 11 My name is Joshua Berman, and I'm the staff 

### 12 attorney for the Sierra Club in Washington, D.C. I 

### 13 have secondary similar points. 

### 14 The first national promise. The NAAQS must 

### 15 be set at a level that ensures that public health will 

### 16 be protected without looking for members of the public 

### 17 to remain indoors in order to protect their lungs. 

### 18 The Clean Air Act promises that where air quality is 

### 19 contained in the NAAQS, anyone can go outside whenever 

### 20 they want and the air will be safe for them to 

### 21 breathe. This promise applies to not only healthy



### Page 239 1 adults, but also to sensitive populations such as 

### 2 children and asthmatics. 

### 3 EPA's proposed reliance on risk exposure 

### 4 assessments to include that if you set the NAAQS above 

### 5 the truly health protected level on the theory that 

### 6 many people spend the majority of their days indoors 

### 7 will become awful and deeply problematic. 

### 8 As an initial matter, the ability to be 

### 9 outdoors is not an option for all people, especially 

### 10 those whose work -- by working outdoors all day. The 

### 11 work adversity will enhance or effect the current 

### 12 behavior as a justification for setting a less 

### 13 protected NAAQS, discourages the very types of health 

### 14 of a perfect society that EPA should be encouraging 

### 15 that the Clean Air Act promises us and that our sense 

### 16 of critical jeopardy in this country today. 

### 17 The NAAQS should be set at a level that 

### 18 encourages rather than discourages our children to 

### 19 play outdoors. EPA must set the standard at a level 

### 20 that protect all the poor people, especially if they 

### 21 spend their time outdoors. The scientific evidence is 

### Page 240 1 unequivocal that it starts with 60 parts per billion. 

### 2 Second, EPA cannot set the level of the 

### 3 NAAQS with information from the form. This proposal 

### 4 EPA treats for some poor elements of the NAAQS 

### 5 performed at the line indicator level as distinct 

### 6 considerations so the obvious is dependent on. But in 

### 7 reality you at least recommended your plan. 

### 8 New team analysis requires to recognize a 

### 9 standard that is based on the fourth-highest daily 

### 10 maximum average over 10 years, allows for multiple 

### 11 exposure at a level allowable standard each year 

### 12 without considering any new year requirements for the 

### 13 Clean Air Act. 

### 14 The same thing EPA first came to acknowledge 

### 15 in the proposal that I quote, Even single occurrences 

### 16 seem problematic than something more particularly for 

### 17 the 70 to 80 ppb benchmarks, and that two or more lung 

### 18 function decrements, at least 10 percent next highest 

### 19 for people with lung disease. Decrements demonstrated 

### 20 to occur even in healthy individual from the chambers 

### 21 at 60 parts per billion represented adverse health



### Page 241 1 impact. 

### 2 Given the current ozone NAAQS, a standard 

### 3 between 65 and 70 parts per billion will be wholly 

### 4 inadequate to prevent individual for even multiple 

### 5 exposures at 70 parts per billion requirement. Let 

### 6 alone at multiple exposures above 60 parts per 

### 7 billion. 

### 8 With all due respect, when you gave the 

### 9 analysis that you mentioned a moment ago, you gave 75 

### 10 fair game. Per review of the actual air monitor gauge 

### 11 that was set for the statistical areas presently 

### 12 attained a standard of 65 parts per billion on 

### 13 numerous days, as a single copier, with the elements 

### 14 on supposed concentrations above 70 part per billion, 

### 15 even above 80 parts per billion. These have no 

### 16 consequences -- there are consequences to clean up the 

### 17 air in these areas under EPA proposal level of 65. 

### 18 When you choose to change the performance, it's proven 

### 19 the standard must be set no higher than 60 parts per 

### 20 billion. 

### 21 Finally, I'd just like to close on a

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

62 (Pages 242 to 245) Page 242 1 personal note. I recently became a father, and 

### 2 raising a child in the Brooklyn environment, there are 

### 3 too many areas -- air quality issues that are 

### 4 affecting my son's developing lungs. I'd like my 

### 5 child to be able to experience and enjoy the outdoors. 

### 6 It's the greatest out sport. But in order to do so 

### 7 safely, I submit a further to permit decent air 

### 8 quality is needed. 

### 9 With EPA's compliance to establish a truly 

### 10 healthier helpful NAAQS, and particularly if it gets 

### 11 set to the maximum level of 70 part per billion, there 

### 12 will be a need to pretend to clean up this city's air. 

### 13 I urge you to set the NAAQS for the common welfare of 

### 14 making a cleaner country for all Americans. 

### 15 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 16 Our next two speakers this afternoon will be 

### 17 Ronnie Citron-Fink and Richard Reis -- Reis. 

### 18 MR. REIS: Reis. 

### 19 MS. SASSER: Reis. Ms. Ronnie Citron-Fink. 

### 20 MS. CITRON-FINK: Good afternoon. My name 

### 21 is Ronnie Citron-Fink. I traveled from New York to



### Page 243 

## 1 speak as a mom, a teacher, and a representative for 

## 2 Moms Clean Air Force, a community of over 400,000 

## 3 parents who believe the children are the biggest 

## 4 stakeholders in the fight for clean air. 

## 5 I met many, many parents, and 

## 6 overwhelmingly, I hear a resounding, "Nobody wants 

## 7 sick kids who can't breathe." 

## 8 When we started Moms Clean Air Force almost 

## 9 four years ago, I felt similar -- I would do anything 

## 10 to keep my family healthy. Since then, I have delved 

## 11 deep into stacks and stacks of clean air reports, 

## 12 regulations, and cost analysis associated with 

## 13 childhood asthma, lung disease, cancer, infant 

## 14 mortality. And I've kept a close eye on the insane 

## 15 politics of those who seek to block clean air progress 

## 16 by putting powerful industry over people. 

## 17 It was almost enough to leave me paralyzed 

## 18 with parental fear. 

## 19 But knowing that our children are the 

## 20 human-toll of air pollution, I couldn't ignore the 

## 21 science. Paul Billings, a senior vice president of 

### Page 244 1 the American Lung Association says, "Ozone is the most 

### 2 pervasive and widespread pollutant in the country," 

### 3 and William Becker, Executive Director of the National 

### 4 Association of Clean Air Agencies add, "Ozone is not 

### 5 only killing people, but causing tens of millions of 

### 6 people to get sick every day." 

### 7 So what's a parent to do? 

### 8 We look to our leaders in Washington to do 

### 9 what's right because, well, frankly, nobody wants sick 

### 10 kids who can't breathe. And when nearly one and every 

### 11 10 school children in our country has asthma, we have 

### 12 a serious breathing problem. On the EPA website it 

### 13 states, "Children are at greatest risk from exposure 

### 14 to ozone because their lungs are still developing and 

### 15 they are more likely to be active outdoors when ozone 

### 16 levels are high, which increases their exposure." 

### 17 Not only does smog contribute heavily to 

### 18 asthma and respiratory illnesses, hundreds of 

### 19 thousands of otherwise avoidable hospitalizations and 

### 20 emergency room visits could be eliminated with a 

### 21 stronger ozone regulation. This could save parents



### Page 245 1 from taking time off from work, which in turn, saves 

### 2 money...and most importantly, peace of mind...because 

### 3 no parent wants to see their child gasping for 

### 4 life-sustaining clean air. 

### 5 The proposed new standard would reduce the 

### 6 level of allowable ozone in the atmosphere from the 

### 7 current 75 parts per billion -- a weak standard put in 

### 8 place since 2008 -- to a range of 65 to 70 parts per 

### 9 billion. It is critical that the EPA move forward and 

### 10 set the smog standard at 60 parts per billion -- which 

### 11 is more stringent than the proposed standard. 

### 12 Please take the burden of getting sick from 

### 13 smog pollution off our kids' backs and put it where it 

### 14 belongs -- on the industries that profit by polluting 

### 15 America's citizens. 

### 16 Let's set an example to the rest of the 

### 17 world that we value and protect what's most 

### 18 important -- our precious children. 

### 19 Why? Because nobody wants sick kids who 

### 20 can't breathe. 

### 21 Thank you for the opportunity to testify.

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

63 (Pages 246 to 249) Page 246 1 MS. SASSER: Thank you. 

### 2 MR. REIS: Hello. My name is Richard Reis. 

### 3 In my testimony today, I don't represent the Sierra 

### 4 Club or many other environmental organizations, 

### 5 although these organizations count me as a supporter, 

### 6 activist, and member. I also work as a professional 

### 7 engineer on energy conservation and alternative 

### 8 energy. This background gives me some insight into 

### 9 both the technical feasibility and the environmental 

### 10 and public health benefits of reducing energy use, 

### 11 which in turn reduces pollution. 

### 12 Electrical energy generation still comes 

### 13 primarily from burning fossil fuels, especially coal 

### 14 and natural gas. Generating facilities that rely on 

### 15 these fuels are the principal sources of air pollution 

### 16 in our country, but especially in cities. During the 

### 17 summer months when the air conditioning load is the 

### 18 highest, these facilities work even harder emitting 

### 19 more nitrogen oxides that the sun's strong summer rays 

### 20 convert to ozone. Ground-level ozone is the primary 

### 21 risk factor for asthma and other diseases. In fact,



### Page 247 1 an August 2013 study from the Massachusetts Institute 

### 2 of Technology found that air pollution cause 200,000 

### 3 early deaths in the U.S. alone. 

### 4 My testimony focuses on the good news that 

### 5 we can greatly reduce this pollution and it will 

### 6 actually save us money. 

### 7 I'm going to summarize what I have here. 

### 8 We can curtail smog precursors by: 

### 9 Employing better technology on existing and future 

### 10 fossil fuel fired generating stations, such as 

### 11 selective catalytic reduction, although this would not 

### 12 address climate change; increasing the supply of 

### 13 alternative energy would address climate change; and 

### 14 employing more conservation and efficiency would 

### 15 decrease our need for any energy thereby lowering both 

### 16 costs and pollution. 

### 17 The EPA should use economic persuasion or 

### 18 regulations to reduce air pollution from power plants. 

### 19 If this affects electric rates, consumers would have 

### 20 more incentive to lower their bills by reducing energy 

### 21 use through LED lamps and other technologies. 

### Page 248 1 Businesses have an even wider array of energy-saving 

### 2 opportunities. And I'll just cite three: The Empire 

### 3 State Building reduced its energy use by 38 percent 

### 4 while actually increasing the population within the 

### 5 building. An auto shop reduced their energy use by 

### 6 40 percent. The Maryland Sierra Club reduced our 

### 7 energy use for light by 75 percent recently, and we 

### 8 improved our lighting quality. 

### 9 The other major sources of disease-causing 

### 10 pollution are from mobile sources, cars and trucks. 

### 11 And here, we need to think about other ways of 

### 12 transportation other than driving, such as walking, 

### 13 bicycling, and using transit. 

### 14 Reducing fossil fuel use, other benefits, 

### 15 which I won't go into in my statement. But I do want 

### 16 to say on a very personal note I recently became a 

### 17 grandfather, and I have a granddaughter in New York 

### 18 City and a grandson in Baltimore, and passionately we 

### 19 want to see them grow up healthy and grow up with 

### 20 clean air. 

### 21 I urge you to set smog standards as low as



### Page 249 1 possible and consistent with the recommendations of 

### 2 public health experts at 60 parts per billion. Thanks 

### 3 for your attention. 

### 4 MS. SASSER: Thank you. 

### 5 MS. CITRON-FINK: Ms. Sasser, can I give you 

### 6 something that as humble leaders of Moms Clean Air 

### 7 Force, we put this together for parents? 

### 8 Thank you. 

### 9 MS. SASSER: And being consciously reminded 

### 10 many of you traveled great distances to be here with 

### 11 us today and we appreciate making the effort to come 

### 12 in and give us your comments. It's very, very helpful 

### 13 to us. 

### 14 Okay. Our next two speakers this 

### 15 afternoon -- 

### 16 All right. I do want to note we will be 

### 17 making a change in new panel members. Mr. Silverman 

### 18 will be leaving us shortly to replace Melina Williams. 

### 19 We will do that with the least disruption possible. I 

### 20 just wanted to let you know that. 

### 21 Our next two speakers are Chris Yeager --

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

64 (Pages 250 to 253) Page 250 1 I'm being distracted -- Mr. Yeager and Stephanie 

### 2 Madden. 

### 3 MR. YEAGER: Yeah. My name is Chris Yeager. 

### 4 I live just across the river in Arlington-Falls Church 

### 5 area. I might start by saying that my daughter when 

### 6 she was about two and had not been very healthy, after 

### 7 that point, we were not sure why. 

### 8 Well, I ended up suddenly spending four days 

### 9 in a roll at the hospital in Arlington, for me 

### 10 spending a lot of those 24 hours with her when she had 

### 11 a severe asthma attack. We had no idea why she wasn't 

### 12 in good shape until then. But thereafter for years, 

### 13 I'd grab the Nebulizer at night and sometimes before 

### 14 or after school, and so I'm acutely aware of the 

### 15 asthma problem. 

### 16 I might mention that 35 years ago, I was an 

### 17 activist against the construction of nuclear power 

### 18 because of the cost of nuclear power, which was so 

### 19 underwritten by the government that it wasn't easily 

### 20 noticed what the honest cost was. But we discovered 

### 21 that by simply weatherizing American homes and



### Page 251 1 beginning to develop wind directives, because some of 

### 2 them was very expensive in those days, that we could 

### 3 make as much difference as building new power plants. 

### 4 Well, the power plants got built, a lot of 

### 5 America has not weatherized yet, and we are only 

### 6 really beginning to consider wind. And potential and 

### 7 on the Blue Ridge, so we don't need to use combustive 

### 8 materials especially coal. We know that here in 

### 9 Washington a lot of our electricity comes from out in 

### 10 West Virginia or Ohio and so maybe it's reasonable 

### 11 that there's smog limits over here because we got 

### 12 their electricity. We've got their pollutants as 

### 13 well. But we can eliminate that. We can move -- in 

### 14 Germany to move -- after the run. And then I need 70 

### 15 to 80 currently moving heavily through nuclear power. 

### 16 And after the machine levels are set by the minute, 

### 17 this is potential life -- and we're going to get rid 

### 18 of the thing -- shut most of it down, maybe all of it 

### 19 down and they focus -- even strictly on solar and wind 

### 20 mostly and they have some days they generate more than 

### 21 half of their nation's requirements, electricity just 

### Page 252 1 with their clean energy. 

### 2 So we can do this and we can shut down the 

### 3 coal plants west from here as quickly as we can build 

### 4 the facilities to generate it naturally. And we 

### 5 haven't even talked about the title in some areas, I 

### 6 guess it's near Maine. The title is actually theirs. 

### 7 The other thing is I wanted to say when I 

### 8 came up to my 25th reunion at my college, I joined 

### 9 with some other people, pretty much pulled it together 

### 10 myself to issue a challenge to the rest of the class 

### 11 to put pressure on the university. And early in the 

### 12 year, they started offering joint degree in 

### 13 environment and virtually any other subject for joint 

### 14 degree. And I will say that if America did the job in 

### 15 education that -- tiny bit as much as for mediation 

### 16 for our dirty power, we could move forward into a 

### 17 clean future. 

### 18 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 19 Just before you begin, Melina Williams is 

### 20 going to join our panel, then Mr. Silverman is going 

### 21 to start, as a general note.



### Page 253 1 Ms. Madden. 

### 2 MS. MADDEN: Good afternoon. I'm so honored 

### 3 to be here, and I'm just thrilled we're all assembled. 

### 4 I'd just wanted to share some good news, some bad 

### 5 news, and then try to bring some more good news. So 

### 6 that's just an outlet. 

### 7 The good news -- just before I even get into 

### 8 that, my name is Stephanie Madden. I'm a real estate 

### 9 counsel for Earthjustice here in D.C., and I work 

### 10 exclusively on panel issues. But today I'm going to 

### 11 be here in my sole capacity sharing my testimony. 

### 12 And the good news is that you've heard from 

### 13 some of the other witnesses today. The trend would be 

### 14 like living your life and seeing reductions in the 

### 15 smog pollution, and that's something, of course, the 

### 16 Agency should be proud of. 

### 17 Another thing that's really good news is 

### 18 that, you know, we're all hyper on the clean air 

### 19 standards have been finalized in the recent year that 

### 20 will do great work to helping areas come to 

### 21 attainment. So in the future we had -- the record of

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

65 (Pages 254 to 257) Page 254 1 the toxic standard, which is something that's a very 

### 2 big deal, of course they're crossing every pollution 

### 3 standard. And, of course, the chair bringing up the 

### 4 real standards. So they're all being set. We want to 

### 5 remind you. Great. It's done and it's -- and 

### 6 reducing smoke smog precursors. 

### 7 And another little piece of good and we're 

### 8 all going to hear is that you guys decided, proposed 

### 9 to lower the smog limits. So that's something that we 

### 10 can all agree on; going down, so we all may go, Just 

### 11 how low? Is it worth putting the insight in? 

### 12 So for me, some of the bad news that is 

### 13 hidden between the lines of some of the good news is 

### 14 that though they find out what really causes a trend 

### 15 in the reduction of smog pollution, it's going to be 

### 16 experienced even across the United States. I think 

### 17 that's something we can all say it's something we want 

### 18 to improve upon. 

### 19 So while some of the folks said I'm giving 

### 20 testimony today have said, Well, the trends look 

### 21 great; we don't need to do any more. One of the



### Page 255 1 elements of the real assessment, it varied, Mr. Keith 

### 2 (phonetic) said and moaned, on today's efforts. We're 

### 3 also promoting all the efforts in the past that led 

### 4 themselves to government trends and they became 

### 5 responsive. So I think we have to acknowledge that 

### 6 there's always going to be oppositions to cleaning up 

### 7 the air, and so you contribute it to that's already a 

### 8 downward trend. But because this is nonemotionally 

### 9 the standard, the scientific case standard, we want to 

### 10 urge your team led by Suttelson (phonetic), team led 

### 11 by Dana (phonetic). 

### 12 Another piece of bad news is that even 

### 13 though we have a proposal between 65 and 70 parts per 

### 14 billion, there's also lower than the existing standard 

### 15 of 75, it still do not -- matching up with the group 

### 16 of full and compelling, and we're willing to have that 

### 17 same chair with the clean -- cleared chair, probably 

### 18 thinking of special advisory council with EPA. 

### 19 We're mostly saying that the range of 60 to 

### 20 70 parts per billion would be more, and then we should 

### 21 really insist on adopting a standard closer to 60. 

### Page 256 1 We've heard that many times today. But it's not too 

### 2 often that you got unanimous decisions that appear not 

### 3 once, not twice, not three, but four times. And you 

### 4 really need to listen to the recommendations from each 

### 5 side. 

### 6 And one of the last things I'm going to 

### 7 leave you with, and just so give you a little personal 

### 8 about me, I'm from Virginia Beach, Virginia. I live 

### 9 in Baltimore and I work in D.C. So I've worked and 

### 10 lived in non-attaining areas. And as I've lived and 

### 11 worked in these two areas, I realized that sometimes 

### 12 when -- to me it's considered -- well, obviously 

### 13 really a choice of life. I've always had to wonder if 

### 14 you can go outside for a weekend, entertain -- a 

### 15 certain activity. 

### 16 It's becoming normalized for certain parts 

### 17 of our population. There are people I can be sure to 

### 18 go to, seeing them acres away, but they're great. Gas 

### 19 seems so offensively, I don't mean to -- you, know, to 

### 20 breathe. And I think that's what's really driving me 

### 21 personally and beginning to become my professional



### Page 257 1 capacity to -- certain things should be normal. It 

### 2 should be normal, sure, to breathe. 

### 3 And as we purpose of -- of what is this day? 

### 4 We see grandparents in the room and even parents. I'm 

### 5 a new parent of an eight-month-old son. I enjoy him, 

### 6 but I'm not use to, like -- and he's very cute. I 

### 7 didn't bring him today. I'm being smart here. 

### 8 But I want to thank the students for 

### 9 comments about how you do not have asthma -- we love 

### 10 where you're at now. Look up a ways farther, you'll 

### 11 find something that helping us will help the children 

### 12 and that's representing some stats. The reason why 

### 13 you're doing it is unclear. But that's something you 

### 14 wonder about when all that -- when you're living in an 

### 15 area that smog is in the air. I just soon forgot 

### 16 that. And that's certainly that -- though you might 

### 17 know what caused it and you know what causes triggers, 

### 18 you should endeavor that's an environment for 

### 19 protection inducing to develop and lower the standards 

### 20 that indeed protective of the general public and human 

### 21 health. So I commend you for the time that you shared

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

66 (Pages 258 to 261) Page 258 1 with us today, to listen to our concerns today. 

### 2 I greatly urge you to adopt a standard at 60 

### 3 parts per billion. Thank you so much. 

### 4 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Next two speakers 

### 5 are John Powell and Earle Mitchell. 

### 6 Mr. Powell. 

### 7 MR. POWELL: Good afternoon. My name is 

### 8 John Powell. I'm a father, husband, son, and resident 

### 9 of South Carolina, and I'm representing citizens of 

### 10 the state. I'm here to speak about the new proposed 

### 11 air quality standard of 60 parts per billion. 

### 12 Twelve months ago, I received the 

### 13 unthinkable news from my doctor, a Stage 4 Lung Cancer 

### 14 diagnosis. All my life, I've been health-conscious, 

### 15 fit, and a nonsmoker. 

### 16 My doctors told me I had 9 to 12 months to 

### 17 live. He admitted me to the hospital and started 

### 18 systematic intravenous chemotherapy in hopes that my 

### 19 breathing would improve short term. After returning 

### 20 home, two days later I was bound to a wheelchair and 

### 21 lots of pain medication. We considered hospice.



### Page 259 1 Four weeks later, my doctor called me to 

### 2 inform me of a potential drug that would help, a drug 

### 3 that could potentially prolong my life for a couple of 

### 4 years until new clinical trials arrive. 

### 5 I wanted to live, just having married the 

### 6 woman of my dreams and adopting her six-year-old son. 

### 7 Doctors informed me there was no cure for Stage 4 Lung 

### 8 Cancer and that there is a DNA mutation present in my 

### 9 damaged lung tissue. 

### 10 Lung disease has been with me all my life. 

### 11 I grew up with chronic asthma condition in my youth. 

### 12 It was difficult playing sports as my breathing was 

### 13 impaired. And in seventh grade, I did not make the 

### 14 school's soccer team. I just wanted to be a normal 

### 15 kid who could play ball with my friends. There was a 

### 16 lot of self-blame and a feeling of bad -- just luck -- 

### 17 bad luck in my adolescence and early adult life. As 

### 18 someone who loves the outdoors; camping, sports, 

### 19 asthma restricted these activities. 

### 20 Growing up in the Southern Appalachian 

### 21 Mountains, air pollution is a huge problem. In South 

### Page 260 1 Carolina one of them, there are over 85,000 adults 

### 2 living with asthma and over 27,500 children with 

### 3 chronic asthma. I pose the question what happens to 

### 4 those children when they grow up? 

### 5 There's not a cure for asthma, neither is 

### 6 there a cure for lung cancer. Researchers have found 

### 7 impaired ventilation lung function are positively 

### 8 associated with the occurrence of lung cancer. Once 

### 9 developing lungs in children are damaged, lung disease 

### 10 is present or at high risk throughout their life. 

### 11 Statistically, lung cancer has the highest 

### 12 mortality rate in people with breast, prostate, colon, 

### 13 liver, kidney, and melanoma cancers combined. The 

### 14 five-year survival rate for Stage 4 Lung Cancer is 

### 15 less than 5 percent. Over 224,000 people in the U.S. 

### 16 will be diagnosed with lung cancer in 2015. Nearly 

### 17 160,000 will die this year. Nearly 60 percent of lung 

### 18 cancers are diagnosed in people who never smoked or 

### 19 people that quit decades ago. 

### 20 In African Americans, it is 32 times higher 

### 21 to get lung cancer than Caucasians, even though



### Page 261 1 smoking rates have dropped significantly in decades. 

### 2 Meanwhile many urban areas in the South air quality 

### 3 rates are high and above the level considered healthy, 

### 4 60 parts per billion for ozone air pollution. This 

### 5 year there will be twice as many women who die of lung 

### 6 cancer than breast cancer in the U.S. 

### 7 I want to point out anyone in this room can 

### 8 develop asthma at any time. Anyone in this room can 

### 9 get lung cancer. If you have lungs, you can get lung 

### 10 cancer. I think about this fact every time I tuck my 

### 11 son into bed at night. And here he is there 

### 12 (indicating). I want him to have a successful future 

### 13 who can breathe clean air one day. 

### 14 And I just want to point out that the drugs 

### 15 saved my life. It's right here. I take two of these 

### 16 a day and it blocks the mutation in my lungs, but it's 

### 17 only temporary. 

### 18 Ten thousand dollars and lot of hospital 

### 19 bills. I'm not working now. It's not my choice. But 

### 20 I do want to point out that the health concerns is 

### 21 real. I'm a real person. I have children. And I

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

67 (Pages 262 to 265) Page 262 1 never have had a family history of lung cancer. Thank 

### 2 you. 

### 3 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 4 Mr. Mitchell. 

### 5 MR. MITCHELL: Good afternoon. My name is 

### 6 Earle Mitchell, and I live across the river also in 

### 7 Springfield, Virginia. 

### 8 You heard many arguments today from 

### 9 polluting industries that claim that new and tougher 

### 10 standards are not needed. They claim that the 

### 11 government is overreaching its authority and trampling 

### 12 on industry. During my lifetime, I have witnessed 

### 13 many examples of companies/industries that look first 

### 14 to the profit line and secondarily to human welfare; 

### 15 i.e., toxic waste dumped into the atmosphere, on the 

### 16 earth's surface into bodies of water. Cheap ways to 

### 17 get rid of unwanted byproducts. 

### 18 The standards which we are addressing today 

### 19 will be opposed by all portions of the fossil fuel 

### 20 community. The coal producers and electrical 

### 21 generating companies, that use fossil fuels, will



### Page 263 1 scream "War on Coal." In all fairness, the population 

### 2 should counter that with cries of "War on Human 

### 3 Health." 

### 4 Let's look at some of the low points of the 

### 5 year 2010 and examine the havoc that the fossil fuel 

### 6 industry caused in the United States: 

### 7 San Bruno, California natural gas pipeline 

### 8 explosion, eight killed. 

### 9 BP oil drilling explosion and fire in Gulf 

### 10 of Mexico, 11 killed and millions of gallons of crude 

### 11 oil released into the water. 

### 12 West Virginia coal mine explosion, 29 

### 13 killed. 

### 14 All three of these could have been avoided 

### 15 had the corporations followed good safety practices 

### 16 and performed needed maintenance and not attempted to 

### 17 bypass sound safety rules. This is merely looking at 

### 18 three events in one year. 

### 19 In the first week of this year, 3 million 

### 20 gallons of toxic waste water, from oil drilling, was 

### 21 leaked from a North Dakota pipeline. Two creeks have 

### Page 264 1 been affected and the full environmental impact may 

### 2 not be known for months. Some previous spills have 

### 3 taken years to clean up. This is further proof that 

### 4 the fossils fuel industry will not adequately police 

### 5 itself; we need strong government oversight. 

### 6 It is estimated that 26 million Americans 

### 7 suffer with asthma. Cutting back on the amount of 

### 8 harmful ozone will ease their suffering and also 

### 9 reduce the chance of heart attacks for many. I have 

### 10 suffered from the bad effects of " Code Red" summer 

### 11 days which we experience here in the Metropolitan Area 

### 12 of D.C. Excessive ozone is also harmful to trees and 

### 13 other plant life. 

### 14 Ever since the start of the Industrial 

### 15 Revolution, we have heard cries of the government 

### 16 stepping in and being a "job killer." The textile 

### 17 industry thought nothing of working 10-year-old girls 

### 18 12 hours a day in New England. The coal miners used 

### 19 12-year-old boys to lead the mules pulling the coal 

### 20 cars from the mines in Pennsylvania. The government 

### 21 stepped in and imposed stiffer working conditions for



### Page 265 1 industry. In addition, the government stopped the 

### 2 mills from dumping waste chemicals and dyes into the 

### 3 streams next to the cotton and woolen mills. Yes, 

### 4 these measures cost industry at the bottom line. But 

### 5 it freed children from near bondage and it cleared 

### 6 streams for fishing. 

### 7 If these standards cause some coal plants to 

### 8 close because they cannot meet the threshold, so be 

### 9 it. Ever since the start of the Industrial 

### 10 Revolution, we have seen companies fold and others 

### 11 take their place. The solar industry is now larger 

### 12 than coal in the United States and it also grows at a 

### 13 faster pace than most other industries in the USA. 

### 14 Solar is now at 143,000 jobs and growing coal. Coal 

### 15 is at 100,000 and declining. Solar does not emit any 

### 16 harmful byproducts into our world. 

### 17 Scientists generally believe that a 60 parts 

### 18 per billion standard would prevent roughly 1.8 million 

### 19 asthma attacks, 1.9 million missed school, and 64,000 

### 20 premature deaths annually. The institution of tougher 

### 21 ozone standards will be a blessing to mankind.

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

68 (Pages 266 to 269) Page 266 

## 1 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

## 2 Our next speakers are Lee Fuller and Susan 

## 3 Stillman. 

## 4 Mr. Fuller. 

## 5 MR. FULLER: Thank you very much. I'm Lee 

## 6 Fuller. I'm speaking today on behalf of the 

## 7 Independent Petroleum Association of America. IPAA 

## 8 represents the thousands of independent oil and 

## 9 natural gas explorers and producers, as well as the 

## 10 services and supply industries supporting their 

## 11 efforts, that will be significantly affected by the 

## 12 predictable consequences of this proposed regulatory 

## 13 action. 

## 14 EPA is proposing a reduction of the National 

## 15 Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone from its 

## 16 current level of 75 parts per billion to somewhere in 

## 17 the range of 65 to 70 ppb. IPAA believes that EPA 

## 18 should retain the current standard of 75. 

## 19 While EPA has a responsibility to set an 

## 20 ozone NAAQS at a level to protect public health, it 

## 21 should not act in a manner that imposes -- do not



### Page 267 1 impose unnecessary costs on American citizens. EPA's 

### 2 materials associated with its proposed revision to the 

### 3 current standard demonstrate that a change is neither 

### 4 necessary nor appropriate. 

### 5 First, the quality of EPA's determination of 

### 6 potential health benefits from a lower standard is 

### 7 flawed. In 2011, when the EPA proposed a 70 ppb 

### 8 standard, its media "net benefits" estimate for a 65 

### 9 ppb standard was only $700 million, with a high 

### 10 possibility that the costs could outweigh any 

### 11 benefits. But in 2014, the EPA changed its mind, 

### 12 claiming net benefits of ozone standard are now as 

### 13 high as $23 billion -- a 3,100 percent increase in net 

### 14 benefits for the exact same standard. EPA is arguing 

### 15 that new scientific research justifies a lower 

### 16 standard But it says nothing of the 2011 Regulatory 

### 17 Impact Analysis, much less the scientific studies that 

### 18 were used to justify its previous claims about 

### 19 benefits and costs. 

### 20 Nearly 70 percent of the sources it uses 

### 21 were published prior to 2011, meaning they were part 

### Page 268 1 of the broader scientific understanding of ozone when 

### 2 EPA determined net benefits from a 65 ppb standard 

### 3 were essentially zero. However, IPAA believes that 

### 4 EPA's own materials demonstrate that even these 

### 5 projected health benefits will not result from the 

### 6 revised NAAQS proposals. 

### 7 Second, set against EPA's flawed benefit 

### 8 analysis is EPA's assessment of technologies that 

### 9 would be used to reduce emissions of ozone precursors. 

### 10 EPA has stated in its support documents for its 

### 11 proposed standard that: 

### 12 Existing and proposed federal rules...will 

### 13 help states meet the proposed standards by making 

### 14 significant strides toward reducing ozone-forming 

### 15 pollution. EPA projections show the vast majority of 

### 16 U.S. counties with monitors would meet the proposed 

### 17 standard by 2025 just with the rules and programs now 

### 18 in place or under way. 

### 19 Consequently, these national federal 

### 20 requirements will essentially protect the overwhelming 

### 21 number of areas which would be placed in ozone NAAQS



### Page 269 1 non-attainment by a lower standard without any of the 

### 2 local actions that would be required from such 

### 3 categorization. 

### 4 Third, the areas that EPA has determined 

### 5 will not meet the proposed ambient standard by 2025 

### 6 are essentially the same areas that have failed to 

### 7 meet every ozone NAAQS that has been promulgated since 

### 8 the Clean Air Act was passed in 1970. These areas are 

### 9 already subject to extensive regulations under Part D 

### 10 of the Act and would be subjected to the same 

### 11 stringent mobile source requirements and existing new 

### 12 stationary source regulations under the current 75 ppb 

### 13 NAAQS as they would be under the proposed standard by 

### 14 2025. 

### 15 Fourth, while EPA has not provided an 

### 16 assessment of the geographical distribution of health 

### 17 benefits from meeting the ozone NAAQS, it is logical 

### 18 to conclude that the greatest benefits would occur in 

### 19 the most populous areas. However, the most populous 

### 20 areas are the areas that remain in non-attainment 

### 21 after 2025 and, therefore, the health benefits

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

69 (Pages 270 to 273) Page 270 1 calculated under the proposed NAAQS would not be 

### 2 achieved. 

### 3 Fifth, on the other hand, for the remaining 

### 4 areas that EPA projects would reach attainment using 

### 5 only national federal mandates regardless of the 

### 6 NAAQS, promulgating a lower NAAQS would compel them to 

### 7 be subject to the requirements of Part D of the Clean 

### 8 Air Act. These requirements would impose on those 

### 9 areas emissions controls on new sources, including 

### 10 offsets, which would be burdensome, cost ineffective 

### 11 and unnecessary. Similarly, the requirements could 

### 12 impose on numerous communities the implementation of 

### 13 costly, burdensome and unnecessary vehicle inspection 

### 14 and maintenance programs. 

### 15 Therefore, IPAA believes EPA should retain 

### 16 the current ozone NAAQS. EPA'S own materials 

### 17 demonstrate that lowering the existing ozone NAAQS 

### 18 would only result in excessive regulatory costs with 

### 19 no new health benefits. Instead, EPA should devote 

### 20 its attention to developing cost effective control 

### 21 strategies -- if any exist -- to achieve the current



### Page 271 1 ozone NAAQS in the enduring non-attainment areas 

### 2 instead of misdirecting important national resources 

### 3 to other areas where EPA states they are unnecessary. 

### 4 Thank you. 

### 5 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Ms. Stillman. 

### 6 MS. STILLMAN: Thank you for having me to 

### 7 speak today. My name is Susan Stillman. I live in 

### 8 Vienna, Virginia. 

### 9 I'm here to speak in support of the 

### 10 strongest smog standards possible. I understand that 

### 11 the science says that 60 parts per billion is much 

### 12 more effective than 70 parts per billion and would 

### 13 save four to five times as many lives. One of those 

### 14 lives might be mine. 

### 15 I'm a cyclist that finds it difficult on hot 

### 16 summer days to ride in the Washington, D.C. area. I 

### 17 often have a hard time breathing and I have to stop to 

### 18 take a break. It's frightening when it happens if I 

### 19 can't get two lungs full of good air. You feel like 

### 20 you're going to just keel over. 

### 21 But I'm out there riding for recreation and 

### Page 272 1 exercise and I shouldn't have to curtail my activities 

### 2 because of pollution. That's not the biggest concern. 

### 3 The biggest concern is for children that develop 

### 4 asthma because the smog burns their lungs and people 

### 5 have no choice but to work outside, because that's how 

### 6 they earn their living. It's society's obligation to 

### 7 protect these at risk populations. 

### 8 I understand that in 2008 the smog pollution 

### 9 standard could have been made more stringent than the 

### 10 current 75 parts per billion, but a tighter standard 

### 11 was rejected. In November 2014, the EPA proposed 

### 12 lowering the ozone standard between 65 and 70 and 

### 13 would like comments on a variation of 60 parts per 

### 14 billion. I'm here to encourage you to adopt that 

### 15 stringent standard. 

### 16 I can't imagine how frightening it is for a 

### 17 child to experience an asthma attack and have to be 

### 18 rushed to the emergency room. On top of a very scary 

### 19 experience, there is the cost to the family of the 

### 20 medical care. I have talked to people who have moved 

### 21 to this area and developed asthma after relocating and



### Page 273 1 they talk about the allocated funds and how hard it is 

### 2 for their personal budgets, and this a financial pain. 

### 3 They're provided with inhalers to mitigate the asthma. 

### 4 Where some businesses might be saving money by not 

### 5 having to reduce the smog in the air, others are 

### 6 paying dearly from their pockets and sometimes with 

### 7 their lives. 

### 8 We still have people in this country that 

### 9 don't have health care, the people who work as 

### 10 laborers, mowing lawns, construction, etc., are often 

### 11 in this situation. Their jobs are physically 

### 12 demanding. They are working outside in all kinds of 

### 13 weather and particularly in the hottest parts of the 

### 14 day. Here we have people that are at the greatest 

### 15 risk, who are the least likely to have the means to 

### 16 pay for health care. 

### 17 We as a society are obligated to protect 

### 18 those who can't protect themselves. By setting the 

### 19 strongest possible smog standards, we will improve the 

### 20 health and welfare of many Americans. Please adopt 

### 21 the 60 parts per billion standard. Thank you.

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

70 (Pages 274 to 277) Page 274 1 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 2 At this time, I think we are going to take a 

### 3 break. Is there anyone here before I call a break -- 

### 4 is there anyone seated who expected to be home who's 

### 5 registered to speak and I have not called your name? 

### 6 Okay. Then we will take a break until at 

### 7 least to -- it's a 15-minute break till about five 

### 8 after four and we will reconvene at that time. 

### 9 (Break.) 

### 10 MS. SASSER: At this time, we're ready to 

### 11 reconvene the hearing on the National Ambient Air 

### 12 Quality Standards for Ozone. And I want to remind 

### 13 speakers about the grounds rules just briefly. 

### 14 Speakers are called out in pairs of twos to 

### 15 the table. We ask that you remain there until both 

### 16 people have had a chance to complete their comments. 

### 17 We use the timer system which is over here to my right 

### 18 on the corner. It will stay green the first four 

### 19 minutes and then turn yellow. When it turns red at 

### 20 the end of five minutes, then it's time to wrap up 

### 21 your testimony.



### Page 275

1 And so let me begin by calling the first two 

### 2 speakers. Melynda Britt and Nicholas Yoon. 

### 3 I'd like to remind you to speak into the 

### 4 microphone, and please spell your name so the court 

### 5 reporter get an accurate spelling. It will be 

### 6 grateful. 

### 7 MS. BRITT: Melynda is M-E-L-Y-N-D-A 

### 8 B-R-I-T-T. 

### 9 Good afternoon. My name is Melynda Britt, 

### 10 and thank you for providing the time to allow me to 

### 11 testify regarding EPA's proposal to lower the 

### 12 70 standard. 

### 13 I have more than 20 years experience in 

### 14 business development and private sector, first in 

### 15 information technology and the past 10 years with the 

### 16 textile industry. 

### 17 Obviously left the corporate sector to 

### 18 fulfill a dream of owning a small business, and the 

### 19 business that I have is called the Brownie Shop. But 

### 20 that's in addition to providing the additional time to 

### 21 spend with our 4 1/2 year old daughter who is with us 

### Page 276 1 today. 

### 2 As a parent with a small business in 

### 3 America, it was enriched to hear the President's 

### 4 comments about our economy in the recent State of the 

### 5 Union Address, although we're still in a recession, 

### 6 Northern Virginia, I think, horizon is very helpful. 

### 7 However, I was dismayed when I heard about 

### 8 the new proposal to lower the ozone standards from the 

### 9 current level of 75 parts per billion. I was even 

### 10 more surprised to hear that Fairfax County, of which I 

### 11 am resident, is currently not meeting the ozone 

### 12 standard and however is seeking to lower the standard 

### 13 even further before we got the opportunity to achieve 

### 14 the current goal. 

### 15 I think that obviously with the goals it 

### 16 makes a great deal of sense. However, it makes sense 

### 17 only without exceeding -- without exceeding a good 

### 18 reason and the current situation regarding 

### 19 implications. I find this is not sound policy and 

### 20 that's why I appreciate the opportunity that you are 

### 21 providing the public to give you some input.



### Page 277 1 But the overall purpose to be outdoors, I'm 

### 2 concerned about air quality. However, I understand 

### 3 the current 75 parts per billion standards is 

### 4 protective of health. I do appreciate that even a low 

### 5 standard to be protective for many individuals, but 

### 6 maybe you don't have to do so. 

### 7 What I understand is that it could have a 

### 8 widespread impact on major cost to power plants, 

### 9 manufacturers institutionally, they're assigning to 

### 10 our oil and natural gas industry in order to allow 

### 11 areas where they're operating to come into attainment. 

### 12 Having worked in the textile industry for 

### 13 more than a decade, I can appreciate the number of 

### 14 regulations, but the trend not to risk the supply and 

### 15 the cost of doing so. 

### 16 The most recent textile firm that I worked 

### 17 with by the name of Maharam -- it's a contract to 

### 18 install many things -- invested in a considerable 

### 19 amount on their own to implement progressive 

### 20 environmental standard and practices. In order to 

### 21 create essentially an environmental responsible

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

71 (Pages 278 to 281) Page 278 1 operation. They took deliberate steps to be a nice 

### 2 little certified -- and I'm not sure -- but model 

### 3 facilities, reduce their usage of chemical oils and 

### 4 use the more sensitive environmentally friendly 

### 5 fibers, and it's a long governing situation with 

### 6 Maharam. 

### 7 However, it pains me to think what 

### 8 additional investments they, environmental 

### 9 manufacturers, will need to take to help to lower 

### 10 ozone standards. Because then costs and the economic 

### 11 burden will trickle down to small businesses and to 

### 12 consumers such as me, or worse job losses to 

### 13 thousands. 

### 14 In Northern Virginia, as I mentioned 

### 15 previously, we're still hurting and cannot afford any 

### 16 additional job losses, beyond when they're already 

### 17 facing the recent and ongoing federal budgets. The 

### 18 loss of income with the associated loss of health care 

### 19 benefits can be devastating. 

### 20 I think that the EPA could consider to leave 

### 21 the current 75 parts per billion standard in place and



### Page 279 1 to allow areas which are not in compliance, such as 

### 2 Fairfax County, to meet the current standards or 

### 3 establish standards. 

### 4 Our air quality has suffered dramatically 

### 5 from the past decade. It will continue to do so with 

### 6 a myriad of other environmental regulations that are 

### 7 already in place. Please don't move to lower the 

### 8 ozone, not yet. I'd rather see us achieve the other 

### 9 goals and continuing to be a strong American economy. 

### 10 Thank you for allowing me to testify. 

### 11 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. Mr. Yoon. 

### 12 MR. YOON: Hi. My name is Nicholas Yoon. 

### 13 N-I-C-H-O-L-A-S Y-O-O-N. I'm a sophomore at Thomas 

### 14 Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in 

### 15 Alexandria, Virginia. In college, I would like to 

### 16 major in either Environmental Education and 

### 17 Interpretation or in Environmental Studies. I live if 

### 18 Fairfax County with my parents, my grandparents, and 

### 19 my seven-year-old sister. 

### 20 So a lot of you are probably wondering why 

### 21 I'm here on the last day of the first semester, when 

### Page 280 1 schools let out early and my friends are probably 

### 2 already chilling. I'm here because the issues of smog 

### 3 and air pollution are important to me, and very 

### 4 recently a member of my family had a very bad 

### 5 experience with smog. 

### 6 Right before Christmas we went to 

### 7 Philadelphia. One day we were running some errands 

### 8 and spent most of the day along I-95 in the northern 

### 9 part of Philadelphia. If you have been to that area, 

### 10 you know that there are quite a few factories in that 

### 11 area that produce a lot of pollution. My grandma's 

### 12 lungs are a little bit weak and she had a hard time 

### 13 breathing that day. She started coughing a lot and 

### 14 had to stop frequently from walking. She then 

### 15 complained that she was getting light-headed. So we 

### 16 got into the car and left the area. It took her the 

### 17 rest of the day to finally start breathing normally 

### 18 and to stop coughing. 

### 19 I have been interested in environmental 

### 20 science and studies since the third grade and the 

### 21 recent incident with my grandmother underscored for me



### Page 281 1 how important maintaining the environment is for 

### 2 everyone. 

### 3 In my school's Environmental Impact Club, we 

### 4 try to raise awareness of environmental issues through 

### 5 having "Power-Down Days" at TJ or educating elementary 

### 6 school students about the environment. Smog and air 

### 7 pollution in general are issues that need to be 

### 8 addressed now and strict ozone standards should be 

### 9 enforced as soon as possible. 

### 10 If the EPA does not take action on clean air 

### 11 now, my generation will be the first of many to suffer 

### 12 the consequences. And when my seven-year-old sister 

### 13 grows up, she won't be able to enjoy the air quality 

### 14 that we even have now. 

### 15 With these kind of changes, I feel that it 

### 16 would take time for it to truly progress and to make a 

### 17 difference. So I feel on a more personal note that it 

### 18 will better to make these changes as soon as possible. 

### 19 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. Thank you 

### 20 you-all for coming. 

### 21 The next two speakers are Ameeka Badia and

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

72 (Pages 282 to 285) Page 282 1 Barbara Gottlieb. 

### 2 And if you could spell your name for the 

### 3 court reporter that would be very helpful. 

### 4 MS. BADIA: My name is Ameeka Badia. 

### 5 A-M-E-E-K-A B-A-D-I-A. 

### 6 My name is Ameeka Badia, and I'm a sophomore 

### 7 at Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and 

### 8 Technology in Alexandria, Virginia, as well. 

### 9 I'm interested in biology and environmental 

### 10 science and would like to pursue environmental 

### 11 engineering college. In my free time, I like to stay 

### 12 in and read and be actively involved in making 

### 13 environmental changes. When I was younger, I 

### 14 developed atopic dermatitis and started having severe 

### 15 reaction to dust and smog. Now, however, I started to 

### 16 have respiratory problems. What's interesting nobody 

### 17 has them. 

### 18 From my own interactions with air 

### 19 pollution are minimum when compared to others. 

### 20 That's really sad to see and some of my friends are 

### 21 unable to go outside for a long period of time to



### Page 283 1 participate in activities with me because of the poor 

### 2 air quality. 

### 3 This is why I decided to join the school's 

### 4 Environmental Impact Club, an organization meant on -- 

### 5 bent on making legislative changes in and increasing 

### 6 environmental advocacy. We encourage elementary 

### 7 school students to take the initiative in their own 

### 8 families and move their own trend. 

### 9 We've also worked with the School Foundation 

### 10 staff to try to create a more equal friendly energy in 

### 11 the new building. Currently we're there working for 

### 12 the Grieverance (phonetic) Foundation, I'm proud 

### 13 working the campaign, to get all residents of Virginia 

### 14 to sponsor a weekend. Our generation deserves to grow 

### 15 up and live in a world where worries about air quality 

### 16 and smog pollution does not plague us. 

### 17 Now, America take action in their own 

### 18 communities to achieve this. However, there's only so 

### 19 much a few dedicated students can do. This is why we 

### 20 need your help to change the quality of air we breathe 

### 21 to the better, and the first step to doing this is by 

### Page 284 1 lowering the ozone standard to 60 parts per billion. 

### 2 As a doctor once said, Be a change if you 

### 3 want seeds to grow. Thank you. 

### 4 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 5 Ms. Gottlieb. 

### 6 MS. GOTTLIEB: Hello. B-A-R-B-A-R-A 

### 7 G-O-T-T-L-I-E-B. Thank you for this opportunity to 

### 8 comment on the proposed changes to the National 

### 9 Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone. 

### 10 I'm Barbara Gottlieb. I'm the director for 

### 11 Environmental and Health at Physicians for Social 

### 12 Responsibility, or PSR, a 501(c)(3) scientific and 

### 13 educational organization with approximately 40,000 

### 14 members and supporters across the United States. 

### 15 You really don't need me to tell you how 

### 16 dangerous ozone is to health. Breathing ozone can 

### 17 trigger problems ranging from the relatively minor -- 

### 18 chest pain, coughing, throat irritation -- to 

### 19 aggravation of lung diseases like bronchitis, 

### 20 emphysema, and asthma; reduction of lung function, and 

### 21 permanent scarring of lung tissue. Research also



### Page 285 1 indicates that ozone exposure may increase the risk of 

### 2 premature death from heart or lung disease. I know 

### 3 you know all that, because I'm quoting from the EPA 

### 4 website. 

### 5 You also know that ozone is not only one of 

### 6 the most dangerous air pollutants; it's one of the 

### 7 most widespread. The sheer number of U.S. counties -- 

### 8 and residents -- exposed to dangerous levels of ozone 

### 9 makes it urgent that we keep ground-level ozone at 

### 10 safe limits. PSR is pleased you are now considering 

### 11 lowering the ozone threshold. 

### 12 The Clean Air Act requires you to set a 

### 13 primary outdoor air quality standard that protects 

### 14 public health with an "adequate margin of safety" for 

### 15 sensitive populations, which include children and 

### 16 patients with respiratory diseases. PSR holds that 

### 17 the lower limit of 65 to 70 parts per billion 

### 18 encouraged in the proposed rule will not provide that 

### 19 mandated protection. We hold that concern for the 

### 20 following reasons: 

### 21 First, the data from which standards have

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

73 (Pages 286 to 289) Page 286 1 been established in the past relied on studies 

### 2 conducted on non-representative populations. 

### 3 Typically, in those scientific studies, 

### 4 participants inhaled filtered air mixed with varied 

### 5 amounts of ozone. They then underwent standard tests 

### 6 of pulmonary function, such as forced expiratory 

### 7 volume test. 

### 8 What's interesting about these studies is 

### 9 that the research participants were all healthy adult 

### 10 males, generally in their 20s to 30s. Many were 

### 11 trained athletes; most of the others exercised 

### 12 regularly. These "super-healthy" young men are not 

### 13 representative of the general population, much less of 

### 14 vulnerable populations. Thus, the results of these 

### 15 studies are inadequate for developing a regulatory 

### 16 standard, because they fail to take into account the 

### 17 greater vulnerability of children and other sensitive 

### 18 populations. 

### 19 Second, peer-reviewed studies do indicate 

### 20 that harm occurs from ozone exposure at and below 

### 21 concentrations of 60 parts per billion.



### Page 287 1 For example, a study directed by Kim, et 

### 2 al. -- Kim, et al., found a "significant" decrease in 

### 3 forced expiratory volume -- the most important 

### 4 measurement of lung function is used to diagnose 

### 5 obstructive lung diseases like asthma and COPD -- as 

### 6 well as an increase in airway inflammation in young 

### 7 adults exposed to 60 parts per billion of ozone for 

### 8 6.6 hours. Another very recent report, published this 

### 9 year by Chen, et al., measured pulmonary function in a 

### 10 group of almost 1,500 non-asthmatic school children. 

### 11 Researchers tested children's pulmonary function and 

### 12 then correlated those findings with ozone data from 

### 13 monitoring sites near their schools. They found that 

### 14 a day after an ozone peak, there was a reduction in 

### 15 mid-expiratory flow -- again, that key indicator of 

### 16 decreased lung function. Smaller children, six to 10 

### 17 years old, were more affected than older children by 

### 18 increases in exposure. 

### 19 What's particularly concerning is when you 

### 20 consider an appropriate standard for ozone 

### 21 concentrations in the U.S. is that mean ozone 

### Page 288 

## 1 concentration during the monitoring period was 29 

## 2 parts per billion, and the maximum did not exceed 53 

## 3 parts per billion -- way below the threshold you are 

## 4 proposing. 

## 5 In other words, ozone inhalation has adverse 

## 6 effects on respiratory function even at what we would 

## 7 consider low concentrations. These effects pose an 

## 8 unacceptable risk. 

## 9 Your role is to protect human health, the 

## 10 environment, and vulnerable populations. Like the 

## 11 doctors, nurses and other health professionals I 

## 12 represent, you're called by your mission to be guided 

## 13 exclusively by scientific data. 

## 14 We urge you to examine the documentation 

## 15 that PSR will present in its full written comments, 

## 16 embrace the scientific evidence, stand fast on your 

## 17 mandate to protect the vulnerable, and establish a 

## 18 primary 8-hour standard that is no higher than 60 

## 19 parts per billion. Thank you. 

## 20 MS. SASSER: Thank you all very much. 

## 21 Our next two speakers are Teja Sathi and



### Page 289 1 Steve Spacek. 

### 2 MS. SATHI: My name is Teja Sathi, spelled 

### 3 T-E-J-A and then the last name is S-A-T-H-I. 

### 4 My name is Teja Sathi, and I'm a senior at 

### 5 Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and 

### 6 Technology. I'm a Science and Technology graduate 

### 7 student, and as such I'm all for science of good 

### 8 behaviors to alleviate the effects of global warming. 

### 9 I intend to contribute to the field of anthropology, 

### 10 an engineering pathway to college and future career, 

### 11 including the best advice the field has to offer. You 

### 12 just can't combat your way out of college. It's like 

### 13 a junior leadership. 

### 14 I remember watching Captain McHale as a kid. 

### 15 In that world, Captain McHale was the leader, who had 

### 16 just got charged to Captain Cook, immediately thought 

### 17 he went from here. 

### 18 As I've grown up, I know unfortunately that 

### 19 there's no super hero going to save us. But just like 

### 20 Captain McHale's adversary, our mission should be 

### 21 that's not how it line the wheels. Hard to assume

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

74 (Pages 290 to 293) Page 290 1 ozone exposure triggers to the atmosphere, and in turn 

### 2 really a slight chance of ozone under exerts smog. 

### 3 Smog is a threat to anyone who spends time 

### 4 outdoors -- pretty much everyone. I want to describe 

### 5 how the ozone aggravates asthma and COPD. But it also 

### 6 reacts something like in your heart airways, causing 

### 7 inflammation to even those who don't already suffer 

### 8 from respiratory illnesses. Clearly, smog is 

### 9 dangerous, and I point then 140 million people in the 

### 10 United States live in areas under two levels of it. 

### 11 EPA can help protect the people. Lowering 

### 12 the smog standards to the most and full and logical 

### 13 action to take from the scientific perspective. 

### 14 People need clear choices to decrease their tail pipe, 

### 15 power plants and industrial emissions by decreasing 

### 16 the allotted amount of ozone in the atmosphere to 60 

### 17 parts per billion. 

### 18 According to the Clean Air Act, the decision 

### 19 help strengthening ozone and pollution must be based 

### 20 solely on public health, not in other factors. Some 

### 21 factors are still important and should not be ignored.



### Page 291 1 It should be taken into account by the individual's 

### 2 statement. 

### 3 EPA needs to hold down its responsibility to 

### 4 the American people and their health by enforcing the 

### 5 lowest ozone levels very possible. The EPA can help 

### 6 keep millions in our country safe by making the 

### 7 statute stronger under ozone regulations. 

### 8 Even though I don't have my entire base with 

### 9 me today, I care to speak for all the youth and all 

### 10 the interns that love this country. Thank you. 

### 11 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 12 Mr. Spacek. 

### 13 MR. SPACEK: Steve Spacek, S-P-A-C-E-K. 

### 14 Hello, I'm Steve Spacek, author of the 

### 15 American State Litter Scorecard and monthly website, 

### 16 litterscorecard.com, and I live here in the D.C. area. 

### 17 I want to thank the EPA's Eloise Shepherd for 

### 18 providing time for me to comment on the Primary and 

### 19 Secondary Standards for Ozone. 

### 20 I've come to uphold a calling for good, 

### 21 honest governance and support equitable rights to, and 

### Page 292 1 appropriate environmental justice for 315 million plus 

### 2 humans of our 50 states that comprise thousands of 

### 3 counties, communities, un-incorporated areas. 

### 4 I want to say a few words about the 

### 5 Scorecard. It holistically assesses states with tried 

### 6 and true objective and subjective measures, then deems 

### 7 regimes "Best" down to "Worst." Readers get a 

### 8 credible picture of what's going on within one or all 

### 9 states. The Scorecard focuses on illegal littering 

### 10 and dumping and related behaviors that lead to 

### 11 disease-breeding while hurting humans and animals. A 

### 12 consequence is deaths of over 800 Americans each year 

### 13 from vehicle crashes with un-removed litter and 

### 14 debris. 

### 15 Another consequence of un-reused, 

### 16 un-recycled solid wastes is their ability to make from 

### 17 homes and businesses, and with poor-to-no state or 

### 18 local oversight, into municipal and incinerators 

### 19 located along roadways or railroad tracks -- private 

### 20 and public transport routes where most human-engaged 

### 21 littering and dumping tends to take place. Waste



### Page 293 1 incineration can generate sizable ash particles that 

### 2 may settle onto beneficial public spaces. A ton of 

### 3 incinerated solid waste roughly produces a ton carbon 

### 4 dioxide emissions, easily drifting into the air of 

### 5 "people spaces." Waste incineration discharges of 

### 6 Heavy Metals and Furan are by author Milton Beychok of 

### 7 Fundamentals of Stack Gas Dispersion, he quotes and I 

### 8 read, "considered to be serious health hazards." 

### 9 The EPA web page, "State Energy CO2 

### 10 Emissions" states that "While emissions from 

### 11 Industrial Processes, Solvents, Agriculture, Waste, 

### 12 and Land-Use, and Forestry are important...often 

### 13 significant within a state, they're not included in 

### 14 the CO2 estimates due to a lack of availability, 

### 15 higher level of uncertainty in quantification methods, 

### 16 and smaller contribution to total emissions." 

### 17 Now, I understand the EPA's dilemma because 

### 18 measuring real world results is tough. So analysts, 

### 19 the public and private sector and I'm one of those 

### 20 people, they're forced to turn to data elements and 

### 21 "surrogates," and as you know the Scorecard can't read

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

75 (Pages 294 to 297) Page 294 1 it; it functions to address public problems or it 

### 2 creates non-existent knowledge. 

### 3 The states of Louisiana, Kentucky, Nevada, 

### 4 Indiana, West Virginia, Georgia, South Carolina, 

### 5 Texas, Illinois, and Michigan, they are former or 

### 6 current Scorecard "worst" regimes, which subdivisions 

### 7 that make the EPA-listed "Counties Violating" or 

### 8 "Projected to Violate Ground-Level Ozone Standards." 

### 9 Some of these same Counties have also been part of 

### 10 TRAVEL+LEISURE's "America's Dirtiest Cities," and 

### 11 FORBES "20 Dirtiest Cities," including counties that 

### 12 comprise New York City, Baton Rouge, Fresno, (just up 

### 13 the road) Baltimore, Philadelphia, Las Vegas, 

### 14 Milwaukee, Dallas, Miami. 

### 15 Now, I want to say that it's my views that 

### 16 are on the Scorecard that quite a few Legislatures and 

### 17 Assemblies, they had abundant budget revenues and 

### 18 conditions and they were capable to create effective 

### 19 environmental administrative practices and laws. But 

### 20 they chose to ignore a coming and spirit for good 

### 21 governance. They chose to carry out operations that



### Page 295 1 lead to unpleasant, unhealthy ecological conditions, 

### 2 including harmful, lethal air pollution emissions. 

### 3 That's why the EPA, they must step in to and 

### 4 resolve the shenanigans allowed by states and 

### 5 localities that continually demonstrate, year after 

### 6 year, a lack for virtuous public sector and a lack for 

### 7 rightful environmental justice. I ask the EPA to 

### 8 please support 60 parts per billion as the standard 

### 9 for smog pollution, and to have stronger oversight 

### 10 over these mentioned localities and states. Thank 

### 11 you. 

### 12 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 13 The next two speakers are Ivy Main and Donna 

### 14 McDowell. 

### 15 MS. MAIN: My name is Ivy Main, I-V-Y 

### 16 M-A-I-N. This is the second time I've testified 

### 17 before the EPA on this air quality issue. The first 

### 18 time I told you about my personal experience as the 

### 19 mother of two daughters who grew up playing soccer in 

### 20 suburban Northern Virginia, both of them developed 

### 21 asthma in spite of our having no family history of it. 

### Page 296 1 I told you the time when I felt playing soccer on bad 

### 2 quality days was a significant contributor. I'm glad 

### 3 to say that now they seem to have outgrown it, though 

### 4 I don't know whether there are going to be long-term 

### 5 issues. 

### 6 Asthma is an expensive disease to treat, 

### 7 even if you have health insurance, and it places a 

### 8 burden on families that goes way beyond the cost of 

### 9 doctor visits and medicines. So a mere comparison of 

### 10 cost to industry of tighter regulations, versus a cost 

### 11 to human health of looser regulations, misses the full 

### 12 cost picture. There's a cost to families of children 

### 13 with asthma, and a cost to all people who have asthma, 

### 14 in time lost and suffering, the quality of life, in 

### 15 soccer games not played, in work that didn't get done, 

### 16 and worrying about the health of loved ones, or your 

### 17 own health. 

### 18 And the same is true of the other victims of 

### 19 smog -- people with heart disease and lung ailments 

### 20 and, you know, this could be all of us some day. It 

### 21 could be me some day. So I feel particularly



### Page 297 1 conscious what's happening to my kids. It could be me 

### 2 or anybody else. 

### 3 And it's one thing to be a suburban soccer 

### 4 mom and worried about this, but I'm now the chair of 

### 5 the Virginia Chapter of the Sierra Club, and so I 

### 6 represent our 15,000 members here in Virginia, and 

### 7 that includes a lot of people who live in areas that 

### 8 have even worse air quality and who happen to have 

### 9 fewer resources to deal with it. A lot of them live 

### 10 in Richmond, which use to have a dubious distinction 

### 11 of being the asthma capital of the U.S. for several 

### 12 years. 

### 13 And many of those most vulnerable to asthma 

### 14 and other smog-related illness are low-income and 

### 15 minorities. They often live in areas of higher air 

### 16 pollution like inner city and industrial 

### 17 neighborhoods. They have less access to health care, 

### 18 and they may not have the choice to stay indoors or 

### 19 take a day off from school or work. In some cases, 

### 20 they're recent immigrants and don't have access to 

### 21 health information or other resources. And everyone,

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

76 (Pages 298 to 301) Page 298 1 though, has as much right to let their kids play 

### 2 soccer and to breathe clean air as I do. 

### 3 Our low-income residents and recent 

### 4 immigrants also are more likely to work outdoors, 

### 5 where exposure is highest. They work in construction, 

### 6 as day laborers, on landscape crews, sanitation 

### 7 workers, farm workers. So staying indoors on bad air 

### 8 quality days and when they're having trouble breathing 

### 9 or tightness in their chests, often is not an option. 

### 10 And it's going to get worse as climate 

### 11 change progresses. The southeast is likely to see 

### 12 prolonged summer heatwaves in the future that will 

### 13 exacerbate the effects of ozone. Children, the 

### 14 elderly, minorities, and low-income workers will 

### 15 suffer most. It's critical that EPA adopt the most 

### 16 protective standard, that is 60 part per billion 

### 17 level, so that we can protect our most vulnerable 

### 18 residents. Thank you. 

### 19 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Ms. McDowell. 

### 20 MS. McDOWELL: Yes. Good afternoon. My 

### 21 name is Donna McDowell. I'm vice chair of the



### Page 299 1 Conservation Committee for the Maryland Sierra Club, 

### 2 and the grandmother to two boys, ages 9 and 10. And 

### 3 I'm really here because of them today. I reside in a 

### 4 rural part of Montgomery County. But as you know, the 

### 5 entire state of Maryland receives Fs from the American 

### 6 Lung Association for ozone days, every county in the 

### 7 State of Maryland report. 

### 8 According to Dr. Gottlieb, who just spoke 

### 9 today, low levels of ozone can cause coughing, 

### 10 wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest pain. And 

### 11 higher concentrations breathing ozone can lead to more 

### 12 serious effects, including lung tissue damage, reduced 

### 13 lung capacity, asthma exacerbation, as well as the 

### 14 increased risk of hospitalization for asthma, 

### 15 bronchitis, and other chronic respiratory diseases. 

### 16 EPA's own policy assessment, based on data from major 

### 17 cities, concludes that the current ozone standard 

### 18 results in some 7,000 to 7,500 premature deaths per 

### 19 year. 

### 20 Ozone pollution, as it's just been stated, 

### 21 disproportionately affects the poor, the young, the 

### Page 300 1 elderly, group that make up large proportions of this 

### 2 area, the greater Washington-Baltimore Metropolitan 

### 3 area. Here are some figures which are kind of 

### 4 shocking. 

### 5 The American Lung Association estimates that 

### 6 in this metropolitan area, 214,000 children have 

### 7 asthma, 651,000 adults have asthma, and 884,000 people 

### 8 live in poverty. There are more than 1.1 million 

### 9 adults over 65 and more that 2.1 million children 

### 10 under 18. Children are prone to more risks from ozone 

### 11 pollution; their lungs are growing, they are outside 

### 12 and active during peak ozone periods in the summer, 

### 13 and they are more susceptible to respiratory 

### 14 infections. 

### 15 My grandsons, avid baseball players, play 

### 16 games -- they're on the track team. They play games 

### 17 several times a week and are exposed to more ozone 

### 18 than the average adult. Last summer was really 

### 19 scared, an incident where the older one, the 

### 20 10-year-old, on a very high ozone day was with me and 

### 21 I was taking him to baseball practice in Olney and he



### Page 301 1 started wheezing and he was crying and wheezing and 

### 2 crying and wheezing, barely could make it to the 

### 3 field. I texted his parents; they arrived and they 

### 4 immediately took him to the hospital. He left with 

### 5 inhalers. Although most of us shield our children 

### 6 from smoking, we alone cannot shield them from ozone. 

### 7 Not only do present levels of ozone lead to 

### 8 7,000 unnecessary human deaths per year, they also 

### 9 wreak havoc on the environment. Nitrogen oxide settle 

### 10 in the Bay causing eutrophication, causing 

### 11 accelerating growth of allergy, which leads to oxygen 

### 12 depletion. Your own website notes that high levels of 

### 13 ozone in the mid-Atlantic area result in high or 

### 14 severe foliar damage to 12 percent of ozone sensitive 

### 15 plants. In addition to reduced growth and visible 

### 16 injury to leaves, continued ozone exposure over time 

### 17 can lead to sensitive plants, obtain serious diseases, 

### 18 damage from insects, effects of other pollutants, 

### 19 competition, and harm from severe weather. And this 

### 20 can also have adverse impact on the ecosystems, 

### 21 including loss of species diversity and changes to

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

77 (Pages 302 to 305) Page 302 1 habitat quality and water and nutrient cycles. 

### 2 A stronger EPA standard of 60 parts per 

### 3 billion will help reduce ozone, improve the health of 

### 4 our citizens, and reduce damage to ecosystems. 

### 5 I was thinking about the Tragedy of the 

### 6 Commons and the truth heard about that today. But 

### 7 Garrett Hardin, even to the end, Garrett Hardin stated 

### 8 that in the case of pollution it is not a question of 

### 9 taking something out of the Commons, but of the 

### 10 putting something in -- sewage, chemical, radioactive, 

### 11 waste in this case, ozone. And it's rational for a 

### 12 person to find that his share of the cost of the waste 

### 13 he discharges is less than the cost of purifying his 

### 14 waste, therefore -- this is true for everyone -- we 

### 15 end up "fouling our own nests," and that's why it's 

### 16 crucial and imperative that the Environmental 

### 17 Protection Agency protect us; protect all of us, our 

### 18 children, adults, and recognize the unacceptable costs 

### 19 in ill health and habitat destruction that occur from 

### 20 ozone. Please use your authority to require 

### 21 significant reductions of ozone to the 60 parts per



### Page 303 1 billion level. Thank you so much. 

### 2 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. Thank you 

### 3 both. 

### 4 Our next two speakers are Christopher Millar 

### 5 and Sara Chieffo. 

### 6 Mr. Millar. 

### 7 MR. MILLAR: Good afternoon. Chris, 

### 8 C-H-R-I-S-T-O-P-H-E-R; Millar, M-I-L-L-A-R. 

### 9 Thank you for taking all the comments all 

### 10 day long. I'm Chris Millar, Executive Director of 

### 11 Advanced Engine Systems Institute. AESI is pleased to 

### 12 provide comments today regarding EPA's proposal to 

### 13 revise the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for 

### 14 Ozone. 

### 15 AESI represents several emissions 

### 16 manufacturers -- emissions control manufacturers in 

### 17 the industry, a qualified 65,000 people in the United 

### 18 States. Around the 40 years emissions control 

### 19 uncertain that they worked in the big plant factories, 

### 20 our primary customers and the regulators of all 

### 21 technologies who can stop pollution in those cars 

### Page 304 1 effected with fossil. 

### 2 The industry main innovation developed and 

### 3 deployed in the U.S. in response to science regulators 

### 4 and quality regulations from reduced pollution for 

### 5 cars running up to 175 percent since 1975. This is a 

### 6 very new idea for at least 300 percent, driving a Ford 

### 7 and its new convenient testing ability. 

### 8 AESI do not have the public health science 

### 9 expertise to comment on what exact position EPA should 

### 10 make to NAAQS ozone. But it is worth knowing any 

### 11 expert opinion and Clean Air Scientific Advisory 

### 12 Committee has stated that the current ozone NAAQS of 

### 13 75 parts per billion is not essentially protecting the 

### 14 health with an adequate margin of safety as 

### 15 recommended by the EPA select range including 

### 16 substantially lower values. 

### 17 There are well-documented substantial 

### 18 negative impacts and economic loss proposing to 

### 19 restore it at and above the APC standard. It's not a 

### 20 division of quality of life or economic growth, 

### 21 particularly since 40 percent of all Americans still



### Page 305 1 live in areas that effect the APC standard. 

### 2 If the Agency determines the downward 

### 3 revision in the ozone standard is necessary, the 

### 4 industry will totally redouble its efforts to work 

### 5 with our customers, policymakers in developing for our 

### 6 customers the control technologies to ensure that the 

### 7 transportation sector can help monitor endurance. I 

### 8 think we'll have the progress that we use then. 

### 9 AESI members standing as free as a whole and 

### 10 are already at work conducting a massive research 

### 11 development testing, a new technology that will ensure 

### 12 tomorrow's vehicles are the cleanest and most 

### 13 efficient possible. 

### 14 We will continue to make and add emissions 

### 15 new for treatment on past reductions necessary to make 

### 16 progress in the United States and set the performance 

### 17 standards and work and to curtail smog from our 

### 18 communities. Thank you. 

### 19 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 20 Ms. Chieffo. 

### 21 MS. CHIEFFO: Good afternoon. My name is

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

78 (Pages 306 to 309) Page 306 1 Sara Chieffo, S-A-R-A; last name C-H-I-E-F-F-O. 

### 2 Again, thank you for the long day. The 

### 3 public's testimony is a very important part of this 

### 4 process, and I thank the individuals for the time 

### 5 you've taken today to do this. 

### 6 First, I want to thank you for this 

### 7 opportunity. I speak in strong support of the 

### 8 Environmental Protection Agency strengthening the 

### 9 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone 

### 10 Pollution, as we all know at best, smog. 

### 11 I'm here today as a mom, as an asthma 

### 12 sufferer, and as an Associate Director for the League 

### 13 of Conservation Voters. 

### 14 Today unhealthy levels of smog pollution rob 

### 15 hundreds of thousands of Americans with asthma and 

### 16 other respiratory illnesses of the quality of life. 

### 17 It sends thousands of children to the emergency room 

### 18 each year, and cost Americans billions in healthcare 

### 19 costs, lost work days, and even premature death. 

### 20 Dangerous smog pollution spread emissions 

### 21 from burning fossil fuels and other chemical



### Page 307 1 processes, mixed with the sunlight with heat. It is 

### 2 most found in areas wagering industrial facilities, 

### 3 power plants, and heavy iron builders. 

### 4 The American Lung Association compares that 

### 5 even smog pollution to getting a sunburn on your 

### 6 lungs, and as you can imagine often results in 

### 7 immediate breathing trouble. The long-term exposure 

### 8 to smog pollution is also very damaging. In fact, it 

### 9 is linked to some lasting health problems like chronic 

### 10 asthmas and other respiratory and lung diseases. 

### 11 Reproductive and developmental harm is also on the 

### 12 list, even premature death. 

### 13 Smog pollution also disproportionately 

### 14 affects communities of color. A 2011 analysis of the 

### 15 U.S. populations and their air quality found that 

### 16 African Americans and Latinos communities were more 

### 17 likely to live in counties that had worse problems 

### 18 with particulate pollution, also found that African 

### 19 Americans were more likely to live in counties where 

### 20 smog pollution is primarily two times the rate for 

### 21 current asthmas of white children and be four times as 

### Page 308 1 likely to die from asthma. 

### 2 Smog also lives on for me. I grew up in 

### 3 Southern California, and I traveled when I was 17, on 

### 4 several weekends, to play in tournaments across the 

### 5 Seattle basin. I remember playing many games with 

### 6 what now is the San Diego Mountains -- to now protect 

### 7 it makes it perfect. But it was so smoggy that you 

### 8 could barely see to the other side of the field. 

### 9 I was also asthmatic, and my attacks strike 

### 10 on my birthdays, when the smog pollution is at its 

### 11 worse. I often wonder if I would have developed 

### 12 asthma had I not spent all those hours with the kids 

### 13 sucking in crude air, and that's what's magical across 

### 14 the soccer field. 

### 15 People have a right to know if the air they 

### 16 breathe is safe or not. It's a pretty simple concept; 

### 17 that's Breathe 101. And that's precisely what 

### 18 updating ozone pollution standards is all about. 

### 19 EPA sets the NAAQS standards based on levels 

### 20 the experts tell us is safe, and then localities 

### 21 figure out the best, most cost-effective ways to meet



### Page 309 1 these clean air safeguards. 

### 2 And I had a business for a while, and we 

### 3 know what you're up against -- strong opposition. We 

### 4 probably heard from well-found opportunists like the 

### 5 National Association for Union Manufacturers and the 

### 6 American Petroleum Institute, and even today, who 

### 7 quoted inflated costs, so then we simply can't afford 

### 8 to attain a smog pollution. But we know better. 

### 9 It's time again to issue a set of can-do 

### 10 standards, whether it be from padlock diverters, seat 

### 11 belts or acid rain. And time again issue and set 

### 12 those standards faster, and a far small loss. 

### 13 I'd like to close by sharing a few numbers 

### 14 that you won't hear from the polluters who are trying 

### 15 to undermine a stronger ozone standards. 1.8 million 

### 16 avoided asthma attacks; 1.9 million fewer missed 

### 17 school days; 6,400 premature deaths avoided. 

### 18 These are some of the new present health 

### 19 benefits that were delivered, the EPA test in ozone 

### 20 standards at 60 parts per billion. 

### 21 These numbers add to future health benefits.

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

79 (Pages 310 to 313) Page 310 1 But behind these statistics are real people, real 

### 2 families whose lives stand to improve, be saved. 

### 3 And I feel very fortunate to advocate today, 

### 4 and on paper -- clean air, clean water, and action on 

### 5 climate change. 

### 6 And now I'm going to try to plug important 

### 7 my work, our work together. I do my best to protect 

### 8 the nurture of my almost two-year-old-daughter, and I 

### 9 thank you all for taking the time at EPA to help 

### 10 ensure the air she breathes is safe. 

### 11 On behalf of the League of Conservation 

### 12 Voters, on more than 1 million numbers, I encourage 

### 13 EPA to follow that science and finalize the ozone 

### 14 pollution standard of 60 parts per billion which will 

### 15 do the most for DEQ. Thank you. 

### 16 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 17 Our next two speakers are Claire Collins and 

### 18 Hunter Dureses (phonetic). 

### 19 How about Hayden Higgins and Stewart Holm? 

### 20 Okay. Mr. Higgins. 

### 21 MR. HIGGINS: Thank you. Would you like me



### Page 311 1 to spell my name? 

### 2 MS. SASSER: Yes. 

### 3 MS. HIGGINS: It's H-A-Y-D-E-N and then 

### 4 Higgins, H-I-G-G-I-N-S. 

### 5 My name is Hayden Higgins. My mother is a 

### 6 school nurse in the San Ramon Valley High School 

### 7 District in Danville, California, where I grew up. 

### 8 She's a loving caregiver throughout the week to 

### 9 thousands of young children who are entrusted to her 

### 10 care throughout the day. And she has to deal with a 

### 11 lot of the usual bumps and bruises, try to -- 

### 12 Well, one thing that she has told me about 

### 13 time and time again is how many of her students suffer 

### 14 from asthma, childhood asthma. And she has told me 

### 15 about how unnecessary this all is. 

### 16 Ozone pollution is the hardest contributor 

### 17 to childhood asthma, which is the number one reason 

### 18 children miss school in America. Her time spent to 

### 19 deal with asthma means less time for other serious 

### 20 issues, like checking on diabetics. 

### 21 To my mother and to me, this suffering is 

### Page 312 1 not a necessary part of life. This is a deliberate 

### 2 choice to the lack of air quality in favor of the 

### 3 economic interests. It support best whose economic 

### 4 interests? 

### 5 Greater interstate examination goes on smog 

### 6 and reveals that polluters are causing undue stress, 

### 7 particularly for people who already have a tendency to 

### 8 gasp. 

### 9 Research by the Associated Press shows black 

### 10 Americans are 79 percent more likely than whites to 

### 11 live in neighborhoods where industrial pollution is a 

### 12 common health nature. By tolerating the ozone 

### 13 concentration level above the level of 60 parts per 

### 14 billion, which is the level your organization has 

### 15 determined is the safest for humans, we are saying 

### 16 that black dropouts are disregarded in the USA. 

### 17 I'd like to point out that there is weighed 

### 18 progress in this country right now with the death of 

### 19 Barry Gardner. And a lot of people have pointed to 

### 20 this encounter with the police as the reason he died. 

### 21 We need to remember that the reasons they



### Page 313 1 killed Barry Gardner started a long time before he had 

### 2 that encounter with the police. It started as a black 

### 3 American he breathes air that was much, much, much 

### 4 worse than those -- than that air afforded to many of 

### 5 the people living in places with an acceptable level 

### 6 of air quality. Thank you. 

### 7 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. Mr. Holm. 

### 8 MR. HOLM: Hi. Thank you for the 

### 9 opportunity to speak today. I'm Stewart Holm, 

### 10 S-T-E-W-A-R-T H-O-L-M, and I'm Chief Scientist at the 

### 11 American Forest and Paper Association. 

### 12 In 2006, EPA concluded that evidence for 

### 13 respiratory mortality form long-term ozone exposure 

### 14 was "suggestive" of causation, but in the proposed 

### 15 rule, the EPA Administrator concluded that the 

### 16 association with respiratory mortality was likely to 

### 17 be causal, whereas the evidence for all-cause and 

### 18 cardiovascular mortality were deemed to be suggestive 

### 19 of causation. However, the evidence for respiratory 

### 20 mortality is limited, not consistent across studies, 

### 21 and not consistent with the evidence for total

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

80 (Pages 314 to 317) Page 314 1 mortality. Consequently, these data do not support 

### 2 lowering the primary NAAQS below the current standard 

### 3 of 75 parts per billion. 

### 4 Studies of long-term exposures and 

### 5 respiratory mortality are far too limited to make a 

### 6 causal determination for respiratory mortality. 

### 7 Compared to studies of short-term ozone exposures and 

### 8 mortality, there are few studies that have evaluated 

### 9 mortality associated with long-term ozone exposures. 

### 10 Most studies that assessed cause-specific mortality 

### 11 have focused on cardiopulmonary mortality; and I'm 

### 12 fully aware of three that have evaluated respiratory 

### 13 mortality on its own. One is Abbey and another 

### 14 Jerrett, and Lipsett. 

### 15 Only the studies by Abbey and Jerrett 

### 16 referenced in the ISA, and EPA appeared to base its 

### 17 likely causal conclusion for respiratory mortality 

### 18 only on the inconsistent results in Jerrett. 

### 19 Jerrett evaluated total, respiratory, and 

### 20 cardiovascular mortality risks associated with 

### 21 long-term ozone exposure in most single- and



### Page 315 1 two-pollutant models with PM 2.5 in the American 

### 2 Cancer Society cohort. Jerrett reported small 

### 3 increases in mortality, particularly respiratory 

### 4 mortality, but the results were inconsistent across 

### 5 the mortality endpoints evaluated. For example, 

### 6 Jerrett did not observe an association between ozone 

### 7 exposure and all-cause mortality or other 

### 8 cause-specific mortality outcomes. Notably, in their 

### 9 two-pollutant models that controlled for PM 2.5, 

### 10 Jerrett found statistically significant decreased 

### 11 risks between long-term ozone exposure and all-cause 

### 12 and cardiovascular-related mortality. These findings 

### 13 raise questions regarding the respiratory mortality 

### 14 findings on which EPA relied in the proposed rule to 

### 15 calculate long-term risks. 

### 16 In addition, this study has several 

### 17 shortcomings in its design and implementation. For 

### 18 example, it did not fully consider meteorological 

### 19 factors, such as temperature, or lifestyle factors, 

### 20 such as smoking, that may be independently linked to 

### 21 mortality risk. There are also significant 

### Page 316 1 uncertainties associated with the use of a single 

### 2 ozone value, averaged over both space and time to, 

### 3 represent ozone exposures for the entire population 

### 4 within each metropolitan area. 

### 5 EPA acknowledged that environmental 

### 6 temperature and region of the country were significant 

### 7 modifiers of the reported ozone associations with 

### 8 respiratory mortality. Jerrett reported a lack of 

### 9 statistically significant associations between ozone 

### 10 and mortality in the Northeast and Industrial Midwest, 

### 11 which had the most respiratory deaths, and in Southern 

### 12 California, which had the highest ozone 

### 13 concentrations. This lack of correlation suggests 

### 14 that something other than ozone is affecting mortality 

### 15 risks and further highlights a lack of clear support 

### 16 for ozone-induced respiratory mortality. 

### 17 The findings by Jerrett were not supported 

### 18 by the other two epidemiology studies that 

### 19 specifically evaluated respiratory mortality and 

### 20 long-term ozone exposures. Abbey, et al., conducted a 

### 21 study of mortality in the Seventh-day Adventist cohort



### Page 317 1 in California. The authors reported results for 

### 2 non-malignant respiratory, cardiopulmonary, and 

### 3 all-cause mortality that were not statistically 

### 4 significantly increased with long-term ozone 

### 5 exposures. Lipsett investigated the association 

### 6 between ozone and mortality, including respiratory 

### 7 mortality, in a cohort of female teachers in 

### 8 California. For respiratory mortality, the authors 

### 9 also reported results that were not statistically 

### 10 significant. 

### 11 Overall, EPA's conclusions in the proposed 

### 12 rule regarding long-term ozone exposure and 

### 13 respiratory mortality are not supported by the limited 

### 14 evidence or the lack of association with total 

### 15 mortality. Thus, respiratory mortality risks from 

### 16 long-term ozone exposure do not support lowering the 

### 17 standard below 75 ppb. Thank you very much. 

### 18 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 19 Okay. I guess we're going to switch panel 

### 20 members again to Mr. Silverman. 

### 21 Also, we'd like to make sure that

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

81 (Pages 318 to 321) Page 318 1 individuals who came to this room from the other room 

### 2 across the hall are on the list. Joefa (phonetic) and 

### 3 Jessica did not sign, if those two names are here. 

### 4 Just to clarify, we changed panel members. 

### 5 I have along with me Steve Silverman. 

### 6 I have several names here. The names I have 

### 7 are Mary Feeherry and Collin Rees. 

### 8 MS. FEEHERRY: My name is Mary Feeherry. 

### 9 That's F-E-E-H-E-R-R-Y. I'm a long-time resident in 

### 10 the District of Columbia, retired educator, and a 

### 11 member of the Sierra Club. 

### 12 I'm here to support EPA's efforts to protect 

### 13 our people and our environment from the effects of 

### 14 pollution from smog. 

### 15 D.C. has some of the worst smog pollution 

### 16 and ozone levels in the nation. Like 147 million 

### 17 people in the country, we live in an environment where 

### 18 air can be so polluted that it's unhealthy to breathe, 

### 19 especially on our hazy hot summer days. 

### 20 Our children with asthma and other 

### 21 respiratory problems must stay indoors until summer is



### Page 319 1 over and can play only winter sports. 

### 2 Ozone and particle pollution trigger attacks 

### 3 of asthma and acute bronchitis. Children and the 

### 4 elderly are especially susceptible. These attacks 

### 5 result in unnecessary and costly hospital emergency 

### 6 room visits and can cause premature deaths. They also 

### 7 result in missed days at work and at school. 

### 8 Coal burning power plants are the major 

### 9 source of this pollution. The well-being of our most 

### 10 vulnerable citizens is being held hostage to profit 

### 11 generated by these polluting plants. 

### 12 We need EPA to update its standards to 

### 13 reduce the allowable smog pollution limit to 65 parts 

### 14 per billion at the least, to bring smog pollution 

### 15 standards into line with current public health 

### 16 research. 

### 17 Selling and implementing EPA -- I'm sorry. 

### 18 Setting and implementing EPA standards for air quality 

### 19 has cut harmful pollution significantly since 1970. 

### 20 But now we need EPA to update its standards to protect 

### 21 our community from the unnecessary illness caused by 

### Page 320 1 filling our lungs with disgusting and filthy air. 

### 2 I support EPA's continued efforts to insist 

### 3 that producers reduce the smog pollution generated by 

### 4 their power plants and exported to our neighborhoods. 

### 5 Thank you very much for providing the 

### 6 opportunity to comment on this important issue. 

### 7 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much for your 

### 8 comments. Mr. Rees. 

### 9 MR. REES: Thank you. My name is Collin 

### 10 Rees, C-O-L-L-I-N R-E-E-S. 

### 11 My name is Collin Rees, and I'm here today 

### 12 to speak on the topic of lower the National Ambient 

### 13 Air Quality Ground-level Ozone Pollution Standards to 

### 14 save both money and lives. 

### 15 I work for the U.S. Youth Organization, 

### 16 called SustainUS. It goes to empower the youth to 

### 17 advance sustainable development in the U.S. and around 

### 18 the world. 

### 19 The frame of NAAQS ozone standard was worked 

### 20 on by environmental regulations with the public and 

### 21 private sectors and started to support the EPA's



### Page 321 1 effort to lower the standard of smog pollution to 60 

### 2 parts per billion and a score below that standard 

### 3 further out in the future. 

### 4 The current smog standard at 75 parts per 

### 5 billion is totally inadequate and dangerous to the 

### 6 American public. This is true and it's not what the 

### 7 public needs, and it's still true today. The 

### 8 scientific community and public health professionals 

### 9 everywhere agree -- 60 parts per billion is the 

### 10 maximum standard allowable for safety, and it will 

### 11 save four to five times as many lives as the standard 

### 12 of 70 parts per billion, that's EPA's ozone standard, 

### 13 but also save millions of dollars in public health 

### 14 costs, making it a wise investment for American 

### 15 citizens, the government said that alone. 

### 16 Madison University has a varsity athlete, 

### 17 the growth of four years have reached. It was one of 

### 18 the best experiences of my college career. Madison 

### 19 has a sport that makes you sit down and expose to you 

### 20 before college. This would be the case of my best 

### 21 friend, Matt.

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

82 (Pages 322 to 325) Page 322 1 Matt is a young black man, one of the 

### 2 demographics most impacted by dangerous smog 

### 3 pollution, one that stands to be further impacted if 

### 4 the EPA does not lower the smog pollution standards at 

### 5 appropriate levels. 

### 6 By refusing to lower the standard means a 

### 7 clear sign that the government is not willing to stand 

### 8 up a few more years and protect those Americans and 

### 9 people of color. 

### 10 Matt grew up in inner city LA. He suffered 

### 11 from dangerous smog pollution for many decades. On 

### 12 hot summer days in childhood, his mother wouldn't let 

### 13 him go outside because ground-level ozone was too 

### 14 severe. And at an early age, Matt developed asthma 

### 15 and has continued to suffer from the easily 

### 16 preventable disease throughout his life. 

### 17 Matt joined the broker team, my freshman 

### 18 year, looking for a healthy escape from asthma, make a 

### 19 name that says support the various high school. He 

### 20 excels in his work -- 55 perhaps put him in the top 

### 21 book, and every couple of weeks or so, he'd suffer a



### Page 323 1 debilitating asthma attack. He'd start coming in tag 

### 2 team practicing, miss a day every week. 

### 3 Finding that 70 attacks in two months is too 

### 4 dangerous, and it's worse; it started around 13. And 

### 5 as the smog pollution says, my close friend would have 

### 6 had to give up a team that he loved so much. He 

### 7 wouldn't have had asthma and have to endure this. 

### 8 Instead, today he goes through life on "what ifs." 

### 9 This is an opportunity to still talk to him, 

### 10 a damaging disease he will have to live with and treat 

### 11 for the rest of this. 

### 12 We're here today to test the policy of the 

### 13 clear obvious sentiments, strict responsibility to set 

### 14 to save lives and protect public health. The 

### 15 regulation saves lives. That's a fact. 

### 16 Many of the companies affected by this 

### 17 pollution standard, models for industries and the 

### 18 industries of civilization. 

### 19 And for the NAAQS mandate, each state has to 

### 20 follow your regimes, and the people who profit, like 

### 21 while those, off the record, get to do this. And this 

### Page 324 1 has caused income -- believing our environment, 

### 2 perhaps, care because they're not liable for the 

### 3 extent of the nationality increase. They now have to 

### 4 reduce pollution on earth. Regulations like these 

### 5 are, like you said, are supposed to have the 

### 6 Constitution under them, where they can firmly report 

### 7 and protect our citizens. 

### 8 These industries and representatives are not 

### 9 safe with their TVs and what's on there. 

### 10 EPA should do what it needs to do to protect 

### 11 the American people from smoke, fog, smog, and take 

### 12 time without the TV. A healthier life depend on 

### 13 whether they are able to breathe easily and continue 

### 14 their daily lives. 

### 15 Regulating the ozone standards is proven to 

### 16 be one of the greatest successes in the history across 

### 17 governmental, environmental conditions. Saving 

### 18 millions of lives and billions, if not trillions of 

### 19 dollars. Let's not stop before your mission is done. 

### 20 Let's lower smog pollution standards to a 

### 21 scientifically safe standard, no more than 60 parts



### Page 325 1 per billion and move forward with other initiatives -- 

### 2 clean power plants, and strict many rules that would 

### 3 save lives, prevent the intruders from trampling all 

### 4 over the health and wellness of the American public, 

### 5 that would allow us to live a cleaner, brighter future 

### 6 for all. 

### 7 If I have children, I don't want to be 

### 8 forced to choose whether they can go outside or not to 

### 9 play. Let's lower the smog pollution standards, 

### 10 strictly enforce the standards for regions still not 

### 11 in compliance with the current standards, and move 

### 12 forward to help get American down for NAAQS. 

### 13 Thank you for your time to listen to me, a 

### 14 long day with this. 

### 15 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. Next two 

### 16 speakers are Monica Loswal (phonetic) and Erica 

### 17 Mitrano. 

### 18 Okay. Donna Smith. 

### 19 Ms. Mitrano. 

### 20 MS. MITRANO: Okay. My name is Erica 

### 21 Mitrano. I'm a nursing student in NY (phonetic)

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

83 (Pages 326 to 329) Page 326 

## 1 University in Arlington, and I'm here to urge you to 

## 2 lower the ozone NAAQS to 60 parts per billion. 

## 3 The important thing here today -- I took a 

## 4 quick look at some of the peer-review nursing 

## 5 literature and I found data -- or surprising and 

## 6 suggested, ozone disproportionately harms racial 

## 7 minorities, the unemployed, and the poor. But the 

## 8 actual people that it hurts the most are the elderly 

## 9 people. The elderly is a larger people in our 

## 10 population. 

## 11 In fact, there were a lot of recent articles 

## 12 that show statistics and significant results, 

## 13 including ozone contributed to the deaths of the 

## 14 elderly people. 

## 15 Among the health implications of high ozone 

## 16 levels are respiratory or tissue damage, including 

## 17 asthma attacks, as you know, and increase in 

## 18 vulnerability to infections like pneumonia, because 

## 19 they're already weak in their shin, and they even 

## 20 cause permanent scarring of the lungs. 

## 21 So I know that in listening today, I heard



### Page 327 1 the comment that it cost too much to reduce emissions. 

### 2 But I'm learning it actually costs more not to than to 

### 3 reduce emissions. So you really can't afford not to. 

### 4 And there is a self-serving, I'm sure, in their 

### 5 attempt in reducing ozone is too expensive because -- 

### 6 proving that action save money. 

### 7 It only shifts the cost from people who 

### 8 might have controlled their emissions to other people, 

### 9 on to families who have to pay medical bills for 

### 10 people who have respiratory or asthma problems or on 

### 11 to workers who can't come to work and don't have leave 

### 12 or on to their employers whose workers aren't coming 

### 13 in because they're sick. 

### 14 And they also transfer responsibility to 

### 15 insurance companies who have to pay for people's 

### 16 illnesses or in hospitals who aren't being paid 

### 17 because somebody can't pay. And finally, it transfers 

### 18 the costs on the federal government because they can 

### 19 take care of it; disproportionately covers minorities, 

### 20 poor people, and older people who exactitudes are 

### 21 being hurt in this disproportionate environment 

### Page 328 1 initially. 

### 2 Finally in terms of economics, those records 

### 3 down to plants and specialists, soybean and rock 

### 4 literature, a couple of very important documents, and 

### 5 also perhaps in -- plants are in poor communities that 

### 6 suffer; they provide oxygen. They clean the air. And 

### 7 they -- really nobody else asked us, so there's a 

### 8 value to protecting plants and protecting the air too. 

### 9 We really need to quantify them. 

### 10 And so I really urge you to lower the ozone 

### 11 standard to protect the people directly, directly. 

### 12 The environment is still divided -- it's at their 

### 13 peak. Thank you. 

### 14 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Ms. Smith. 

### 15 MS. SMITH: My name is Donna Smith. I live 

### 16 in downtown D.C. I thank you for having this hearing. 

### 17 I was born in Los Angeles 77 years ago, and 

### 18 I remember the blue skies, being able to see the hills 

### 19 surrounding the basin, and running on the beach with 

### 20 white zinc oxide on my nose because the sun was so 

### 21 strong. Only 17 years later, I entered college and



### Page 329 1 facing among the orange groves. We were advised to 

### 2 bring big plastic clothing bags to protect our 

### 3 "formals" from soot from the smudge pots to keep the 

### 4 orange groves from freezing. 

### 5 On many days, we couldn't see Mt. Baldy only 

### 6 a few miles away. But over the years, the air quality 

### 7 got much worse. First, back yard incinerators which 

### 8 people had to burn their trash were banned. Not many 

### 9 laws and rules. It's much faster to replace my wind 

### 10 machines. Most importantly, when California began to 

### 11 pass laws and rules to reduce car emissions to require 

### 12 increased fuel efficiency and power began to be 

### 13 generated by fossil fuels sources and pollution 

### 14 decreased. 

### 15 By late 90s when I moved back to LA, I was 

### 16 able to on my garage-top apartment see all across the 

### 17 basin and watch the airplanes parading into the 

### 18 airport, see the snows on top of San Bernardino 

### 19 mountains, enjoyed much better air in the decade we 

### 20 were living in. Visits to my cousin now give evidence 

### 21 of how that improved, but her house in the foothills,

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

84 (Pages 330 to 333) Page 330 1 those you can see coming to my house across the basin. 

### 2 The air pollution was the sunset, unnaturally orange. 

### 3 When I worked -- and so we continued to be vigilant 

### 4 and increased standards living in California. That's 

### 5 my neighborhood. 

### 6 When I worked on the Hill, my office looked 

### 7 over the big power plant, coal-fired power plant 

### 8 belching its fumes on the nation's Capitol. It is 

### 9 scandalous that this is allowed in a city with 

### 10 increased air pollution problems. It must be changed 

### 11 for the health and safety of those of us who live 

### 12 here. 

### 13 When I visited Beijing 10 years ago, the 

### 14 smog made walking among the historic sites in Paris 

### 15 all day so unhealthy, and it exhausted me and I didn't 

### 16 want to go out because it's so much worse today. And 

### 17 I lived in New Delhi 50 years ago when winter was the 

### 18 best time to be there. Joining the crowds watching 

### 19 the Republic Day Parade was a thrill as we stood in 

### 20 the sun under clear skies. This week, Monday, 

### 21 President Obama was lucky to have rain because now



### Page 331 1 with the weather in New Delhihas has the worse smog in 

### 2 the world for every season. 

### 3 Both of these countries must do a great deal 

### 4 to improve because their air problems too because 

### 5 their actions affect the global climate for all of us. 

### 6 But in this country, it is critical that the 

### 7 EPA set that lowest recommended level of ozone for 

### 8 America's air quality for the benefit of our people. 

### 9 But also we must not behave like this. We must be 

### 10 real leaders in the rest of the world. Thank you. 

### 11 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Thank you all. 

### 12 We see that Marlin Mosroff (phonetic) is 

### 13 here. Ms. Moore -- Ms. Hayes-Allen and Ms. DuBois. 

### 14 So please come sit at the table here and use 

### 15 the microphone. And I'll call you up by twos. 

### 16 You can go first. Okay. So you can start 

### 17 by spelling your name for the court reporter. 

### 18 MS. HAYES-ALLEN: My name is Nicola 

### 19 Hayes-Allen. 

### 20 MS. SASSER: Spell the last name. 

### 21 MS. HAYES-ALLEN: Okay. My last name is 

### Page 332 1 Hayes-Allen, so H-A-Y-E-S hyphen A-L-L-E-N. 

### 2 And I'm here actually -- a small girl, two 

### 3 children, brought up in the city, back to Washington, 

### 4 D.C. I just want to share a memory I had when I'm 

### 5 driving. 

### 6 We were driving up, a trip from Maryland to 

### 7 a site for weekend camping. As we drove the car down 

### 8 towards Washington, all of a sudden you see a city, 

### 9 the suburbs in the summer. And as I looked down to 

### 10 the city, there was actually a dome of yellow-brown 

### 11 vapor hanging, clinging to the city. It was 

### 12 absolutely -- it was very striking. And I still 

### 13 remember my feelings was I could not believe, I could 

### 14 not believe that I was driving my two little children 

### 15 into this, that what I was looking at was I didn't 

### 16 have all of this by the next day. 

### 17 So, of course, the color of the -- I mean, 

### 18 yellow-brown -- it's actually nitrogen oxide. But 

### 19 mixing them was a huge amount of ozone, hydrocarbons, 

### 20 all the chemicals we know are very harmful. I'm a 

### 21 biologist so I was very afraid that the ozone -- it's



### Page 333 1 a tiny molecule. And it's so tiny nothing is going to 

### 2 stop that molecule, like any of us would. It's 

### 3 nothing to stop it from getting into every single air 

### 4 sac in the bodies. 

### 5 Faced with the membranes, our only defense 

### 6 of natural potential are cell membranes want to 

### 7 recharge. And some membranes cannot tell, it cannot 

### 8 tell oxygen from ozone. So ozone is there, it's going 

### 9 to go in. And from there, go into the bloodstream and 

### 10 every part of your body. 

### 11 So effectively, companies that produce or 

### 12 cause pollute, companies that pollute by burning 

### 13 fossil fuels, what they're actually doing is putting 

### 14 their toxic waste into the air. It's not just into 

### 15 the air. Not just this stuff is around, it's like 

### 16 into our bodies without us ever getting a response, 

### 17 nobody knows, without anyone's permission. It's 

### 18 there. 

### 19 I mostly know -- so basically the defense, 

### 20 the only defense we have, the only way to protect our 

### 21 children is just with this chemical -- these chemical

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

85 (Pages 334 to 337) Page 334 1 ozone is not to be in the air with the damaging level 

### 2 in the first place. 

### 3 And the EPA, of course, has done this 

### 4 analysis where you've shown that with 60 parts per 

### 5 billion we actually limit it significantly. It would 

### 6 help lots of children. Because we only resonate with 

### 7 women who have cancer. 

### 8 Well, in fact, one of my children did 

### 9 develop asthma as she grew up in Washington, D.C. And 

### 10 I can't tell you how many visits we had to go to, how 

### 11 she was hooked up to a machine in the doctor's office 

### 12 because she couldn't breathe. But for several months, 

### 13 she found that she also had to have an inhaler. She's 

### 14 sort of free today. And she visited me last weekend, 

### 15 the inhaler was right there with her. 

### 16 So this is a disease that once a child has 

### 17 it, it take -- it goes with them throughout their 

### 18 lives. And of course, I see she was passionate about 

### 19 playing soccer. She was willing to run to the point 

### 20 of being extreme nausea, but she still couldn't make 

### 21 it to the team.



### Page 335

1 So it was a real personal cost. The mere 

### 2 cost for many, many days work, we had to miss going to 

### 3 help my daughter. And she actually drives around this 

### 4 one family and one child. But today in America, 

### 5 roughly one child -- one family with children. One in 

### 6 five is dealing with childhood asthmas and many of 

### 7 those cases, many of them are linked to NAAQS of 

### 8 ozone. So NAAQS of ozone they don't need to be as 

### 9 high as they are today. 

### 10 And why did it happen? It happened because 

### 11 our country, this country decided, like times in the 

### 12 past, back then when my daughter was little, that her 

### 13 health and the health of other girls like her, little 

### 14 boys like her was not as important as allowing these 

### 15 businesses, not just to make good profits, but to make 

### 16 better profits. 

### 17 Now, actually it was a small cost for all of 

### 18 this, which is the financial cost, mostly be on 

### 19 ground, like the present overheads or some. But the 

### 20 financial cost to this country is huge. We're talking 

### 21 about an individual don't have a child, that it's one 

### Page 336 1 and 4 or 5,000 don't have to deal with this, everybody 

### 2 pays. These people got to go, as I say, with this 

### 3 disease throughout their lives. It's going to the 

### 4 cost for Medicare. It's going to the cost for 

### 5 Medicaid. It's a part -- a significant part of why 

### 6 insurance costs are going up by leaps and bounds, and 

### 7 this country can't afford that. We have to find a way 

### 8 to, in fact, slow this process. 

### 9 So it's a huge burden on everybody. And it 

### 10 just makes economic sense for us to decide then let's 

### 11 stop this process where it starts. Let's go to where 

### 12 this pollutant is made. It's much, much cheaper, far 

### 13 more cheaper to deal with pollution then as it's being 

### 14 made and the less it gets into everybody's bodies and 

### 15 then deal with the consequences afterwards over 

### 16 decades. 

### 17 So, in fact, at the same time, we're leaving 

### 18 progress out, because every time the EPA performs some 

### 19 stringent -- you try to have something developed and 

### 20 now that you're going to promote that particular 

### 21 business sector in our country. And this country



### Page 337 1 instead of believing, perhaps, look forward to their 

### 2 leaders into developing our technologies; instead, you 

### 3 know, in my country they watch their own. So that's 

### 4 what I would like to say, comment. Okay? 

### 5 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 6 Ms. DuBois. 

### 7 MS. DuBOIS: My name is Dr. Gwen DuBois. 

### 8 I'm a physician, internist who has practiced in 

### 9 Baltimore since 1984. Baltimore has a big asthma 

### 10 problem. 

### 11 From 2009 data: Asthma led to 11,474 

### 12 hospitalizations, 40,000 ER visits, and 67 deaths and 

### 13 cost Maryland $99 million that year. 15 percent 

### 14 adults were actively asthmatic, that's about 

### 15 40 percent above national average. In some areas 

### 16 20 percent of children were asthmatic, 9.4 nationwide, 

### 17 and only has changed much more this year, 75, go a lot 

### 18 further. 

### 19 In Baltimore, pediatric hospitalization 

### 20 rates are among the highest in the nation. Not 

### 21 coincidentally, Baltimore has had a serious

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

86 (Pages 338 to 341) Page 338 1 non-attainment problems with the 80 parts per billion 

### 2 standards in the past few years with the ozone 

### 3 standards. 

### 4 The relationship between respiratory disease 

### 5 and ozone pollution is solidly established. Long-term 

### 6 studies have shown that children who exercise in high 

### 7 ozone environments are more likely to develop asthma 

### 8 than children who exercise in low ozone environments. 

### 9 And that is stated in integrated study that it's much 

### 10 too basic a few years ago. And long-term exposure to 

### 11 higher ozone levels lead to higher relative risk to 

### 12 respiratory death (10 ppb increase in ozone levels 

### 13 leading to 1.04 relative risk of respiratory death), 

### 14 and that's Jerrett 2009. 

### 15 There is an environmental justice piece as 

### 16 well in low income neighborhoods like Baltimore's 

### 17 Curtis Bay with the highest level of emissions of air 

### 18 toxics in the state and is slated for the largest 

### 19 industrial incinerator licensed to spew ozone causing 

### 20 VOCs and nitrogen oxides, though our city is in 

### 21 non-attainment for ozone.



### Page 339 1 These new regs will prevent some new cases 

### 2 of asthma in children, and reduce asthma related ER 

### 3 visits. There will be fewer deaths from respiratory 

### 4 illness; with nitrogen oxide still be fewer heart 

### 5 attacks, there will be heart attacks that won't 

### 6 happen; and lung cancers that don't develop because of 

### 7 these regulations. Health providers, patients and 

### 8 taxpayers can all rejoice. 

### 9 Asthmatics, people with COPD, the young and 

### 10 elderly, outdoor workers are more prone to the 

### 11 respiratory effects -- and many of you know this. It 

### 12 references hospitalization. 

### 13 As a primary care doctor taking care of 

### 14 people with chronic lung disease, as the mother of two 

### 15 asthmatics, and as someone who bicycles to work every 

### 16 day, I'm just constantly aware of fine particulate 

### 17 matter and ozone, and I wonder what it's doing to me, 

### 18 but I don't give up. 

### 19 The health savings of 8-hour ozone standard 

### 20 of 65 parts per billion -- which you heard this many 

### 21 times and I think it did come from EPA, the data -- 

### Page 340 1 whether it be $19-38 billion of cost saving and it 

### 2 cost $15 billion. The cost would be to industries 

### 3 that too many cases have been accepted or failed to 

### 4 pay for upgrades in pollution controls beyond what the 

### 5 EPA thwart. 

### 6 And then not mentioned but seen in the EPA 

### 7 data that climate forcing -- then decide where it bear 

### 8 the most significant climate increasing among chemical 

### 9 control. 

### 10 So you must call for the strictest ozone 

### 11 standards possible. You have the power to save lives 

### 12 and reduce suffering. As I said, I'm a doctor. I've 

### 13 practice for 35 years. I tinker at the edges in terms 

### 14 of saving lives. So, you the regulatory standards 

### 15 setters, you have the power to make a little 

### 16 difference. 

### 17 I thought I'd bring a little culture in 

### 18 here. I was blown away by Dickens hard times. So 

### 19 Dickens wrote this, and I think he's very positive. 

### 20 So this, the beginning, the second book. He says -- 

### 21 where he talks about the mortality.



### Page 341 1 (Whereupon, a passage was read from a book.) 

### 2 Nothing has changed. Thank you. 

### 3 MS. SASSER: Thank you. 

### 4 Thank you all for your comments. Our next 

### 5 two speakers are Sergio Payan and Joshua Low. 

### 6 MR. PAYAN: My name is Sergio Payan. I live 

### 7 in Washington, D.C. I'll just read the "Statement for 

### 8 the Record from Mark Magana, President of 

### 9 GreenLatinos, on the Ground-Level Ozone Pollution 

### 10 Standard." 

### 11 Growing up in Los Angeles, we were exposed 

### 12 to many, many natural disasters; wildfires, 

### 13 earthquakes, floods, mudslides, severe storms. But 

### 14 the worst natural disasters for me were the days that 

### 15 we couldn't go out and play because of an unhealthy or 

### 16 harmful Air Quality Index warning. 

### 17 For a child to be told that they shouldn't 

### 18 go out and play because of dangerous air quality 

### 19 levels -- a high level of smog -- is a societal shame. 

### 20 But for me, it just became new normal. 

### 21 The days that we could go out and play,

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

87 (Pages 342 to 345) Page 342 1 especially the days that I would go out and play 

### 2 soccer, I remember coming home and often crashing on 

### 3 the bed gasping for air through my nose. I remember 

### 4 vomiting in search of relief. This is a horrible 

### 5 consequence of a child going out to play, but for me 

### 6 it just became the new normal. 

### 7 My best friend and next door neighbor used 

### 8 to have to bring his asthma inhaler with him wherever 

### 9 he went out to play, and I remember hearing him wheeze 

### 10 and witnessing him having to pull his inhaler out to 

### 11 help him breathe. A child should not have to carry 

### 12 around an inhaler to be able to breathe, but to him 

### 13 this just became the new normal. 

### 14 Now, I have two children. My oldest 

### 15 daughter is two years old, and I feel a cold sweat 

### 16 when I hear her have a coughing fit, vomiting up what 

### 17 little she has in her stomach to relief. I purchase 

### 18 air purifiers for every room in the house and filters 

### 19 for every air vent. It may have nothing to do with 

### 20 the air quality, but it may, and my wife and I 

### 21 shouldn't live in fear reading about declining air



### Page 343 

## 1 quality and the rapid growth in asthma rates among 

## 2 children. I fear that for her and children of her 

## 3 generation, air pollution, asthma, and lung disease, 

## 4 could just become her new normal, but that is 

## 5 unacceptable when the Administration has an 

## 6 opportunity to do better, for many children like mine. 

## 7 That is why I write this statement today. 

## 8 I refuse to accept that smog pollution is 

## 9 just something that we must accept. I refuse to 

## 10 believe that this has to be my children's new normal. 

## 11 A 60 parts per billion standard would be a 

## 12 step forward, it would follow science and it would 

## 13 protect our children and their growing bodies and 

## 14 lungs even more susceptible to ozone pollution. This 

## 15 60 parts per billion standard would start us on the 

## 16 road to cleaner air so that our children would be able 

## 17 to go out and play without parents having to worry 

## 18 what breathing in outside air is doing to their bodies 

## 19 and health. With this new standard, we have the 

## 20 opportunity to make healthy, safe, clean air the new 

## 21 normal for our children and for generations to come. 

### Page 344 1 Thank you very much. 

### 2 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Mr. Low. 

### 3 MR. LOW: Yeah. My name is Joshua Low, 

### 4 J-O-S-H-U-A L-O-W, and I'm a resident of Washington, 

### 5 D.C. I come today to plead to you to reach a 60 parts 

### 6 per billion or a more effective standard. I do this 

### 7 because while I don't have asthma, I have been 

### 8 affected by bad air quality, bad-air days when I train 

### 9 for a triathlon near Washington, D.C. and Alexandria, 

### 10 near the incinerator. 

### 11 You could feel the pile bad air was 

### 12 inhibiting the performance that I had training for the 

### 13 triathlon. Not too long after that, I moved to 

### 14 Minnesota, which has much better air quality. And I 

### 15 got faster. 

### 16 And while certainly the EPA's authority is 

### 17 much more better used to protect people's health, it's 

### 18 also what the NAAQS do. And I think that is the 

### 19 important piece and the EPA can make it, not only 

### 20 to -- and structure this too, but it's mainly about 

### 21 the EPA to protect U.S. health of the 5 billion



### Page 345 

## 1 Americans. And that is something that we all get 

## 2 behind. I hope that you finalize the rule soon. It's 

## 3 a long overdue rule. And I thank you for your time. 

## 4 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

## 5 Our next two speakers are Daren Bakst -- 

## 6 MR. BAKST: Bakst. 

## 7 MS. SASSER: Bakst. -- and Marlin Mosroff 

## 8 here? Greer McBeth? 

## 9 That's Greer McBeth? 

## 10 MS. McBETH: Yes, I'm Greer McBeth. 

## 11 MS. SASSER: Okay. For those speakers that 

## 12 are just arriving, we are calling you in pairs. 

## 13 Please sit there and wait until the other speaker is 

## 14 finished. We have a time system up here with the 

## 15 timing of five minutes. After four minutes, the light 

## 16 will turn yellow to give you an additional one minute 

## 17 remaining. 

## 18 Mr. Bakst. 

## 19 MR. BAKST: Okay. you want me to spell it? 

## 20 MS. SASSER: Yes, please. Spell your name 

## 21 for the court reporter.

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

88 (Pages 346 to 349) Page 346 1 MR. BAKST: First name is Daren, D-A-R-E-N. 

### 2 Last name is Bakst, B-A-K-S-T. And a hard copy should 

### 3 have been provided to you, right? 

### 4 My name is Daren Bakst, and I'm Research 

### 5 Fellow in Agricultural Policy at the Heritage. 

### 6 Foundation. The views I express in this statement are 

### 7 my own, and should not be construed as representing 

### 8 any official position of the Heritage Foundation. 

### 9 I really appreciate this opportunity to 

### 10 speak today and look forward to submitting written 

### 11 comments for the docket. 

### 12 States are just now starting to meet the 

### 13 current 75 parts per billion standard. According to 

### 14 the Congressional Research Service, 123 million people 

### 15 live in areas that have not attained the current 

### 16 standards. In fact, 105 million people live in areas 

### 17 that are still considered non-attainment for the less 

### 18 stringent ozone standard. 

### 19 When nearly 40 percent of the nation's 

### 20 population lives in areas that have not met the 

### 21 current standard, it's premature to adopt an even more



### Page 347 1 stringent standard. 

### 2 EPA claims that the benefits of a new 70 

### 3 parts per billion or 65 parts per billion standard 

### 4 outweigh the costs. However, this is misleading. 

### 5 When focusing on ozone only benefits, the costs far 

### 6 exceed benefits for each of the more stringent 

### 7 standards. 

### 8 Based on EPA's own data, and taking the most 

### 9 generous estimate of ozone benefits, the costs exceed 

### 10 the benefits, ranging anywhere from half a billion 

### 11 dollars for a 70 parts per billion standard to 19 

### 12 billion for a 60 parts per billion standard. 

### 13 The benefits only outweigh costs if taking 

### 14 into account PM 2.5 co-benefits. PM 2.5 co-benefits, 

### 15 assuming the highest levels of benefits, account for 

### 16 anywhere between 70 to 75 percent of the total 

### 17 benefits, depending on the standard. In other words, 

### 18 for the proposed ozone standard, ozone benefits are 

### 19 only about a quarter of the total benefits. 

### 20 While the EPA has constantly used PM 2.5 

### 21 co-benefits to improperly justify a seemingly endless 

### Page 348 1 amount of regulations that have nothing to do with the 

### 2 reason for the regulations, using PM 2.5 co-benefits 

### 3 to make the case for an ozone standard is particularly 

### 4 egregious. 

### 5 EPA has a very clear and direct means to 

### 6 address PM 2.5 through the National Ambient Air 

### 7 Quality Standards process, and that, not surprisingly, 

### 8 is through the PM 2.5 standard. The ozone standard is 

### 9 a distinct standard that is supposed to be focused on 

### 10 ozone. 

### 11 To sell a more stringent ozone standard, the 

### 12 EPA lists a series of alleged facts in its "By the 

### 13 Numbers" document that will scare the public into 

### 14 thinking a more stringent standard is necessary. For 

### 15 example, according to the EPA, setting the ozone 

### 16 standard to 70 parts per billion or 65 parts per 

### 17 billion would avoid: 65,000 to 180,000 missed work 

### 18 days, and 790 to 2,300 cases of acute bronchitis among 

### 19 children. 

### 20 Here's the catch, though. Both of these 

### 21 alleged facts are based on reductions in PM 2.5 alone,



### Page 349 1 and not ozone. The other facts listed in the 

### 2 document, except for one, actually account both PM 2.5 

### 3 and ozone. 

### 4 The public is being led to believe that 

### 5 reducing ozone achieves these health benefits. In 

### 6 reality, much of these alleged benefits have nothing 

### 7 to do with an actual reduction in ozone. 

### 8 These numbers, assuming the facts listed are 

### 9 reasonable assumptions, should also be put in 

### 10 perspective. For example, the EPA claims making the 

### 11 standard more stringent would avoid 1,400 to 4,300 

### 12 asthma-related emergency room visits. Given that 

### 13 there are about 1.8 million such visits in a year, the 

### 14 reduction amounts to eight-hundredths of 1 percent to 

### 15 two-tenths of 1 percent, a minuscule impact at best. 

### 16 Further, these numbers are based on both reductions in 

### 17 PM 2.5 and ozone, not just ozone. 

### 18 So I strongly urge the EPA to maintain the 

### 19 current 75 parts per billion standard. A more 

### 20 stringent standard is both premature and unjustified. 

### 21 As the EPA does move forward, the Agency should be

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

89 (Pages 350 to 353) Page 350 

## 1 very transparent regarding the ozone benefits and 

## 2 costs, and not sell a stricter standard -- a stricter 

## 3 ozone standard on PM 2.5 co-benefits. Thank you. 

## 4 MS. SASSER: Thank you for your comments. 

## 5 Ms. McBeth. 

## 6 MS. McBETH: Do you want me to spell my 

## 7 name? 

## 8 MS. SASSER: Yes, please. 

## 9 MS. McBETH: Hi. My name is Greer, 

## 10 G-R-E-E-R, McBeth, M-C-B-E-T-H. 

## 11 My name is Greer McBeth, and I'm a junior at 

## 12 Columbia University, currently a member of the Sierra 

## 13 Club. I appreciate the opportunity to speak to you 

## 14 today regarding the ozone pollution standard. 

## 15 Smog pollution varies in our nation from 

## 16 burning fossil fuels next to something, its prevalent 

## 17 places, in major industrial facilities, among 

## 18 billions. I've been pretty fortunate to grow up in 

## 19 rural New Hampshire, no American major industrial 

## 20 facilities, and therefore largely without suffering 

## 21 from the effects of smog pollution.



### Page 351 1 A real but small part of enduring the 

### 2 forest, I spent the majority of my free time walking 

### 3 my two dogs in the woods, helping two close friends of 

### 4 mine, hiking, biking, camping with my family. Winters 

### 5 consisted of equestrian team and several feet of snow 

### 6 we typically got, summers were often spent moving on 

### 7 the horizon little lakes. For as long as I can 

### 8 remember, enjoying the outdoors has been a staple of 

### 9 my life. 

### 10 It was my early love to be outdoors and 

### 11 planning to pursue a neuroscience major for now and 

### 12 to lead me to my career path as well. After learning 

### 13 of the effects of smog pollution, I know the damage 

### 14 smog can do, it seem to almost unregrettable. 

### 15 What the statute says is clean air is mixed 

### 16 with soot and smog is huge impact on our nation's 

### 17 health. As for scientists in global warming 

### 18 professionals warn that the current 75 parts per 

### 19 billion standard is insufficient to protect public 

### 20 health. Continuing on the standard is endangering and 

### 21 it will continue to impede our health, furnished in 

### Page 352 1 report. 

### 2 We can, all here, like, take the clean air 

### 3 for granted, or we move out the carbon-unhealthy 

### 4 country, and a country that robs children of the 

### 5 opportunity to grow up and live in an atmosphere where 

### 6 it's so bad. 

### 7 When I think of the environment, I think of 

### 8 my childhood, protecting my childhood and making it 

### 9 possible for others to experience is what brings me 

### 10 here today. 

### 11 It's becoming dangerous for kids to be 

### 12 outdoors some places in this country, making the 

### 13 enriching experience that I cherished as merely 

### 14 impossible for having. This fact alone saddens me, 

### 15 but it's simply unfair, as it strikes nearly one out 

### 16 of 10 -- every 10 school children in the United 

### 17 States, and it's the number one health issue that 

### 18 causes kids to miss school. 

### 19 I can't imagine having being forced to stay 

### 20 indoors on bad-air days or air alert days as kids with 

### 21 asthma are today, and virtually who will have to live



### Page 353 1 in that condition. I feel that my generation already 

### 2 lived to see people on earth, people in scarce 

### 3 resource. And I don't know the generation will come 

### 4 to live to see clean air, the most scarce resources 

### 5 above. 

### 6 Lowering the smog pollution standards, as 

### 7 the scientists have said, is the best for the record 

### 8 million that humans can comfortably survive at, 

### 9 instead of being separated from school. 

### 10 Securing a standard is not only a matter of 

### 11 our nation's health, but taking care of one of the 

### 12 resources promised and that one cannot survive 

### 13 without. Thank you. 

### 14 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. Thank you 

### 15 both for your comments. 

### 16 Raymond Keating. Please have a seat. 

### 17 All right. Thank you, Mr. Keating. You may 

### 18 go ahead. 

### 19 MR. KEATING: Sure. Do I need to spell my 

### 20 name? 

### 21 MS. SASSER: Yes, please.

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

90 (Pages 354 to 357) Page 354 1 MR. KEATING: Raymond, R-A-Y-M-O-N-D, 

### 2 Keating, K-E-A-T-I-N-G. Thank you very much. 

### 3 My name is Raymond Keating. I serve as 

### 4 chief economist for the Small Business and 

### 5 Entrepreneurship Council, which is a nonpartisan, 

### 6 nonprofit advocacy, research and education 

### 7 organization that works to protect small business and 

### 8 promote entrepreneurship. In addition, the Center for 

### 9 Regulatory Solutions is a project of SBE Council. 

### 10 I confer with the EPA proposal to tighten 

### 11 the National Ambient Air Quality Standards pertaining 

### 12 to ozone. SBE Council is very concerned about the 

### 13 considerable costs involved with these new 

### 14 regulations, including the resulting ills for 

### 15 entrepreneurship, small business and the economy. 

### 16 Based on the full comments that I am 

### 17 submitting, I'd like to submit those; I am here. I'd 

### 18 like to highlight four areas of concern: uncertainty, 

### 19 scope, costs, and particular potential impact on small 

### 20 business. 

### 21 Regarding uncertainty, the process EPA is



### Page 355 1 wrought with a lot of uncertainties and confusion in 

### 2 addition to the ways of costs. This uncertainty 

### 3 derails projects and means lost opportunity for job 

### 4 growth and economic opportunity. And I've seen that 

### 5 many times over the last several years. This 

### 6 unfortunately made matters worse. 

### 7 Regarding scope, as noted in July 2014 study 

### 8 by NERA Economic Consulting Group, they pointed out 

### 9 NERA regulations in target specific sectors, an ozone 

### 10 standard would directly affect virtually every sector 

### 11 of the economy, because ozone precursors are emitted 

### 12 by a wide range of stationary, mobile, and area 

### 13 sources. Much of the nation would be non-attainment 

### 14 areas under EPA's new regulatory standards, for 

### 15 example, by a Business Roundtable analysis. 

### 16 Regarding costs, in September 2014, SBE 

### 17 Council's Center for Regulatory Solutions Senior 

### 18 Fellow Kevin Nyland, who was the former Deputy 

### 19 Administrator of OIRA, was first to identify the ozone 

### 20 rule as possibly, in his words, "the most expensive in 

### 21 U.S. history." NERA study, for example, family costs 

### Page 356 1 reaching up to $4 trillion for 2017 to 2040 in present 

### 2 value terms, average annual loss of 4.3 million 

### 3 job-equivalents. 

### 4 Regarding small business, in the end, all 

### 5 sectors of the economy would be negatively affected by 

### 6 the EPA's new, stringent NAAQS ozone regulations. 

### 7 That means, of course, that small business will be hit 

### 8 hardest, as is the case with nearly all regulations. 

### 9 Consider the major role of small business plays in the 

### 10 overall economy and in some of the key industry 

### 11 sectors that will be affected by these regulations. 

### 12 Among all industries, we look at employer 

### 13 firms. 90 percent of them have less than 20 workers. 

### 14 When you look at manufacturing businesses 

### 15 which tend to take a whole margin on this with 

### 16 75 percent of those have less than 20 workers. 

### 17 When you look at energy use, you hear a lot 

### 18 about energy and oil, consider the share with clear 

### 19 firms that have fewer than 20 workers and just 

### 20 these -- here, I'll add it up here -- 91 percent, oil 

### 21 and gas extractions; 82 percent, businesses like



### Page 357 1 support activity for oil and gas operations; 

### 2 61 percent, oil and gas and pipeline and related 

### 3 structures construction businesses; 59 percent rely on 

### 4 firms with less than 20 workers, and about two-thirds 

### 5 of businesses that provide support activities for coal 

### 6 mining have less than 20 workers. It's very much 

### 7 small institutions when you look the potential to 

### 8 most. 

### 9 The costs of the proposed EPA ozone 

### 10 regulations promise to be enormous for small 

### 11 businesses, and for the overall economy. Small 

### 12 businesses in non-attainment areas will have a 

### 13 difficult time expanding and competing for "offsets." 

### 14 Compliance will be complex and costly. Economic 

### 15 opportunity and job creation, however, has got to 

### 16 suffer. The expense and red tape will be a massive 

### 17 barrier to new startups and business formations. 

### 18 These regulations would hamper local efforts to spur 

### 19 new business creation, and could, in effect, serve as 

### 20 a cap on entrepreneurship and small business growth. 

### 21 I assume wherever it is, it's going to be out, I don't

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

91 (Pages 358 to 361) Page 358 1 know the costs of small businesses. Those are your 

### 2 conditions. Thank you for your time. I appreciate 

### 3 it. 

### 4 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 5 Next we will call James Tsai and Rick Nunno. 

### 6 MR. TSAI: Hi. My name is James Tsai, 

### 7 T-S-A-I, Tsai. Good evening. It is an honor and 

### 8 privilege to testify today. 

### 9 Hi. My name is James Tsai. I'm a member of 

### 10 the Sierra Club. I'm a long-time resident of the D.C. 

### 11 area. I was born in Los Angeles. Among the reasons 

### 12 that my family decided to move here when I was eight 

### 13 was the presence of smog and air pollution that caused 

### 14 some early childhood asthma in myself and my brothers 

### 15 and sisters. 

### 16 Today, according to the American Lung 

### 17 Association, asthma is and continues to be one of the 

### 18 most common chronic disorders in childhood, currently 

### 19 affecting an estimated 7.1 million children under age 

### 20 18 years; of which 4.1 million suffered from an asthma 

### 21 attack or episode in 2011. The Sierra Club says that



### Page 359 1 soot pollution, a contributor to unclean air and 

### 2 asthma, causes an estimated 9,700 hospitalizations and 

### 3 more than 20,000 heart attacks each year. 

### 4 The proposed updated air quality standards 

### 5 that are being submitted by yourselves today are 

### 6 critical in time where we are living in more densely 

### 7 populations with one another, lowering gas prices 

### 8 (recently cause more driving and more pollution) and a 

### 9 much more fragile ecosystem in the face of climate 

### 10 change. I fully support and believe that the proposed 

### 11 primary and secondary revisions of the ppm ozone 

### 12 levels, which were last set in 2008, are supported by 

### 13 science and grounded in fact. The lives saved, 

### 14 improvement in quality in life, are all worthy goals 

### 15 and rewards for setting such standards. 

### 16 Those opposed to these new standards (as 

### 17 some have previously testified) have brought out old 

### 18 arguments of costs for compliance, reduction of GDP by 

### 19 the billions, and the facts some small businesses end 

### 20 by you. I say to these doomsday-preachers that there 

### 21 is another doomsday coming if we don't adopt these 

### Page 360 1 standards -- the advancement of technology and the 

### 2 creation of new jobs around these technologies, as 

### 3 well as the reduced production and all costs in 

### 4 non-economic benefits of a healthy environment, are 

### 5 not only a business case for adopting these new 

### 6 standards, but also a moral case. Thank you. 

### 7 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Mr. Nunno. 

### 8 MR. NUNNO: Yes. My name is Rick Nunno, and 

### 9 I'm a member and a voter of DC Chapter of Sierra Club, 

### 10 also a resident of Washington, D.C. 

### 11 Ground-level ozone is produced when nitrogen 

### 12 oxides and volatile organic compounds react with 

### 13 oxygen in the presence of sunlight, a reaction is 

### 14 enhanced by the presence of hydrocarbons, which are 

### 15 produced by the burning of fossil fuels. This can be 

### 16 from coal fired or gas-fired power plants or motor 

### 17 vehicle exhaust, gasoline vapors, or chemical 

### 18 solvents. Because ozone is created from nitrogen 

### 19 oxides, the only way to reduce ozone levels is to 

### 20 reduce the nitrogen oxygen levels. 

### 21 Ozone causes eye irritation, nasal



### Page 361 1 congestion, asthma, reduced lung functioning, damaged 

### 2 lung tissue, and reduced resistance to infection. It 

### 3 also harms vegetation by damaging plant tissue, 

### 4 inhibiting photosynthesis, and increasing plants' 

### 5 susceptibility to disease and drout. Even short-term 

### 6 exposure to ozone for more than three hours is 

### 7 directly linked to increased hospital admissions and 

### 8 emergency room visits for respiratory problems. 

### 9 According to EPA measurements, ozone levels 

### 10 in Washington, D.C., as well as most other U.S. 

### 11 cities, has been consistently above the EPA's maximum 

### 12 threshold or daily 8-hour average concentrations, the 

### 13 75 parts per billion, since it started being measured 

### 14 in 1993. 

### 15 According to the U.S. Census, 81 percent of 

### 16 American citizens live in urban areas, so the vast 

### 17 majority of Americans are exposed to these dangerous 

### 18 levels. EPA itself has found that combustion 

### 19 emissions in the United States account for about 

### 20 10,000 premature deaths per year as a result of ozone 

### 21 levels. It's probably a little information you've

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

92 (Pages 362 to 365) Page 362 1 heard already, but there are some things you might not 

### 2 have heard. 

### 3 Other studies have assessed the impact of 

### 4 ozone and other pollutants on worker productivity. 

### 5 For example, the American Council for an Energy 

### 6 Efficient Economy has found that a 10 percent decrease 

### 7 in ozone levels below the federal standard increases 

### 8 worker productivity by 4.2 percent. So if ozone is 

### 9 elevated in the work environments for about one-third 

### 10 of the U.S. workforce, then about 60 million people 

### 11 might be 4 percent more productive if the ozone levels 

### 12 were reduced by 10 percent. This translates into an 

### 13 economic benefit of $185 billion per year. 

### 14 I'm concerned about how ozone pollution 

### 15 affects me when I walk down the street with cars 

### 16 driving by, or when I'm forced to breathe in the 

### 17 exhaust of a car standing behind a traffic light or 

### 18 idling on the street. These effects are even worse 

### 19 for children and elderly people or those who live near 

### 20 power plants or industrial operations. They're also 

### 21 worse in the summer when there's more sunlight, more



### Page 363 1 UV radiation, when the air is more stagnant, and 

### 2 people happen to spend more time outdoors. 

### 3 The air is a public good -- we all have to 

### 4 share it -- rich, poor, all races, ethnicities, and 

### 5 religious groups. It is worth the extra expense to 

### 6 require polluters, who are mainly profitable 

### 7 corporations that can easily afford it, to install 

### 8 mitigation devices on their pollution generators or 

### 9 else stop polluting. 

### 10 Numerous medical associations and public 

### 11 health organizations have endorsed 60 parts per 

### 12 billion as the standard for ozone smog pollution to 

### 13 protect public health. The EPA now has the 

### 14 opportunity to protect millions of Americans from 

### 15 dirty air and unnecessary illness by lowering the 

### 16 ozone standard to that level, 60 parts per billion, 

### 17 and holding polluters accountable for their 

### 18 transgressions. Thank you. 

### 19 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. Thank you 

### 20 both. 

### 21 Next speakers are Carol LeBlanc and Karissa 

### Page 364 1 Gerhke. 

### 2 Ms. LeBlanc. 

### 3 MS. LeBLANC: Do you need the spelling? 

### 4 MS. SASSER: Yes. Please spell your last 

### 5 name for the court reporter. 

### 6 MS. LEBLANC: L-E-B-L-A-N-C. 

### 7 Thank you for this opportunity to speak. I 

### 8 appreciate it. 

### 9 While preparing my comments for today, I 

### 10 tried to come up with one or two examples of 

### 11 individuals, whom I know who have been affected by 

### 12 unhealthy air, and I couldn't do it. Not that I 

### 13 didn't have examples, but I had too many, as we're 

### 14 limited to five minutes and I couldn't narrow down 

### 15 who's been affected. But I know there are dozens of 

### 16 friends, family members, colleagues, acquaintances 

### 17 with asthma, allergies, or other health conditions 

### 18 that affect their breathing, are all directly impacted 

### 19 by ozone pollution. 

### 20 Ozone which is the main component of smog 

### 21 can inflame and damage your lungs. It aggravates lung



### Page 365 1 disease, including asthma, emphysema, and Bronchitis; 

### 2 increases the frequency and severity of asthma 

### 3 attacks. It reduces lung function, making it harder 

### 4 to breathe as deeply as normal. It causes coughing 

### 5 and sore throat, or burning sensation in airways. I 

### 6 have experienced that many times in the summer. I 

### 7 thought I was getting sick, but it was the air was bad 

### 8 and I think it was my throat was sore. 

### 9 The saddest part of this is that children 

### 10 are at the greatest health risk from pollution because 

### 11 they are more likely to be active outdoors when the 

### 12 air is bad and their lungs are still developing. 

### 13 Asthma strikes nearly one out of every 10 

### 14 school children in the U.S. and is the number one 

### 15 health issue that causes kids to miss school. 

### 16 We know that setting and implementing 

### 17 national air standards has reduced air pollution and 

### 18 made air cleaner. But we also know that further 

### 19 reductions in ozone will reduce pollution-related 

### 20 illness even further. Reducing ozone to 60 parts per 

### 21 billion will help millions of Americans breathe

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

93 (Pages 366 to 369) Page 366 

## 1 easier. This is a problem that we can fix. So let's 

## 2 fix it. Thank you. 

## 3 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Ms. Gerhke. 

## 4 MS. GERHKE: Gerhke. So it's G-E-R-H-K-E. 

## 5 I am sorry you all have been here a long 

## 6 time, so I'll keep my comments short. 

## 7 Again, my name is Karissa Gerhke. I'm the 

## 8 National Director of the Sierra Student Coalition 

## 9 which is the youth arm of the Sierra Club which is the 

## 10 United States full list -- environmental organization. 

## 11 But today I'm here speaking as a voter and a resident 

## 12 of Maryland, and a fortunate runner, mountain bike 

## 13 owner, who deeply values the ability to do both of 

## 14 those activities in a way that won't cause me to 

## 15 get -- have health effects in relation to respiratory 

## 16 illnesses that are caused by increased smog in the 

## 17 air. 

## 18 So today I'll tell you how my views are in 

## 19 support of the EPA passing a 60 parts per billion 

## 20 standard which would prevent roughly 1.8 million 

## 21 asthma attacks -- sorry, asthma attacks, 1.9 million



### Page 367 1 missed school days, and 6400 premature deaths. 

### 2 The evidence I'd like to add to that is that 

### 3 I don't know if the EPA is considering somewhere 

### 4 around 65 to 70, but please you-all would consider the 

### 5 numbers that EPA consultants had come out with around 

### 6 60 parts per billion and really take the extra need 

### 7 for that. Thanks. 

### 8 MS. SASSER: Thank you both very much. 

### 9 And I want to assure everyone here that we 

### 10 are actually quite anxious to hear what you have to 

### 11 say and we're very happy to afford you a whole five 

### 12 minutes, and we want to hear from everyone. We know a 

### 13 lot of you traveled a long way and took the time out 

### 14 of your day to come here, and we really appreciate you 

### 15 doing that and we're very glad that you're here. So 

### 16 thank you all for coming. 

### 17 I will continue to call speakers up as they 

### 18 arrive and I'll share these rules so the various new 

### 19 arrivals will know the way today's hearing -- so I 

### 20 will repeat myself when going through this list here. 

### 21 As I call your name to speak, please come up 

### Page 368 1 in pairs to the table, remain at the table until both 

### 2 speakers have finished. 

### 3 We have a timer here on the end of the table 

### 4 that will change from green to yellow after four 

### 5 minutes. When it turns red, your five minutes are up 

### 6 so I would ask that you try to wrap up your testimony 

### 7 as quickly as possible. 

### 8 Also, as you begin to speak, please spell 

### 9 your name, first name and last name for the court 

### 10 reporter so she can accurately capture that 

### 11 information. 

### 12 Our next two speakers are Dana McCartney 

### 13 (phonetic) and Anastasia Schemkes. 

### 14 Okay. Ms. McCartney. 

### 15 MS. McCARTNEY: My name is Dana McCartney. 

### 16 I am the Washington Representative of the 

### 17 Union of Concerned Scientists. UCS is a leading 

### 18 science based nonprofit, hoping for a healthy 

### 19 environment as we go forth. 

### 20 Thank you for the opportunity to comment on 

### 21 the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone.



### Page 369 

## 1 As an advocate and as a mother, I urge the 

## 2 EPA to choose the strongest standards supported by 

## 3 scientific evidence. 

## 4 The EPA has the civil network charter to 

## 5 protection of the environment. In order to carry out 

## 6 this mission, I believe EPA must -- must make 

## 7 science-based policy decisions that protect the public 

## 8 with an adequate margin of safety. 

## 9 In the case of ozone standards, the Clean 

## 10 Air Act to make -- standard is set as to slow down 

## 11 ozone levels protective of the public health and with 

## 12 an adequate margin of safety. 

## 13 UCS urges the EPA to remember the depth on 

## 14 setting a standard and ignore any requests for legal 

## 15 factors, including what it might cost, into the 

## 16 determination of the air quality standard. 

## 17 The science on what standard protects public 

## 18 health is clear -- that hazard ozone can't where you 

## 19 can. 

## 20 Finally, the current NAAQS standard for 

## 21 ozone is not protective of human health. The panel

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

94 (Pages 370 to 373) Page 370 1 concluded that a concentration of ozone meeting the 

### 2 current standard, there are still a causal 

### 3 relationship between even short-term ozone exposure 

### 4 and corroborating respiratory effects, including 

### 5 inflammation and possible admissions to the emergency 

### 6 department. 

### 7 This built on findings, previous NAAQS of 

### 8 ozone, which repeatedly concluded in the internal 

### 9 outcome 2014, the strongest scientific evidence 

### 10 demands a standard below 70 parts per billion with the 

### 11 greatest health benefits seen for making 60 parts per 

### 12 billion an effective ozone standard. 

### 13 The Union of Concerned Scientists applauds 

### 14 the EPA's decision to strengthen the ozone standard 

### 15 and encourages the Agency to set a standard that 

### 16 follows the recognition of its advisory committee. 

### 17 The standard provides an adequate margin of safety for 

### 18 normal populations and it protects Americans from 

### 19 preventable asthma attacks, and I ask that you return 

### 20 this. 

### 21 Thank you very much for your time.



### Page 371 1 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Ms. Schemkes. 

### 2 MS. SCHEMKES: Yes, very good. That's 

### 3 Schemkes. That's the best I heard in a long time. 

### 4 Do you need a spelling or do you have it? 

### 5 MS. SASSER: Yes. 

### 6 MS. SCHEMKES: My name is Anastasia 

### 7 Schemkes, A-N-A-S-T-A-S-I-A S-C-H-E-M-K-E-S. So I'm 

### 8 here, actually here in town from Oakland, California. 

### 9 I work also with the Sierra Student Coalition, the 

### 10 National Youth Branch of the Sierra Club. So every 

### 11 day I actually work with hundreds of gathered people 

### 12 across the country taking action for clean air in our 

### 13 communities. But I'm actually here because this issue 

### 14 is very personal for me, and so I just speak 

### 15 personally and not representing the SSC at this moment 

### 16 in time. 

### 17 As a kid, my older sister and I shared a 

### 18 room. And we'd, you know, fall asleep talking to each 

### 19 other and sharing stories or something. Sometimes I 

### 20 think she was unable to sleep. 

### 21 Now, let's forward about 20 years and my 

### Page 372 1 sister and I will go back home. We share a wall right 

### 2 now, rooms share a wall. And I can hear her coughing 

### 3 and wheezing as we go to bed at night. Even as I sit 

### 4 around the living room talking, my sister, her sleep 

### 5 pattern is interrupted with coughing, that's to the 

### 6 point of gasping, more like she can't catch her 

### 7 breath. My sister is also very damaged because of bad 

### 8 pollution. 

### 9 She lived in Southern California and since 

### 10 then she moved away from Southern California and has 

### 11 been away for several years. But her lungs are badly 

### 12 damaged to the point that she keeps an asthma inhaler 

### 13 with her in her drawer, in her nightstand. And you 

### 14 know this is -- it was a transformation that I saw, 

### 15 very startlely (phonetic). And someone who means a 

### 16 lot to me, that will touch her entire life. 

### 17 And to see the difference in her health so 

### 18 dramatically that, you know, to grow up and my sister 

### 19 not ever having trouble breathing and now experiencing 

### 20 coughing fits or trouble getting through sentences or 

### 21 falling asleep at night through coughing to now, I've



### Page 373 1 seen the difference there. 

### 2 So as you look to reset this rule, I urge 

### 3 you to set the strongest standards possible, 60 parts 

### 4 per billion, because there are so many people we met 

### 5 and have it worse like my sister and that shouldn't be 

### 6 there. 

### 7 MS. SASSER: We thank you all for your 

### 8 testimony. We thank you very much. 

### 9 Our next two speakers are Carol -- pardon 

### 10 me, John Bloom and Blake Lynch. 

### 11 Begin just by spelling your name. I call 

### 12 Mr. Bloom. 

### 13 MR. BLOOM: Good evening. My name is John 

### 14 Bloom. That's J-O-H-N B-L-O-O-M. And I'm pleased to 

### 15 be here this evening, as a public health lawyer and a 

### 16 father. I'm speaking in support of strengthening 

### 17 EPA's ground-level ozone standards and urging EPA to 

### 18 follow clear and compelling science in this area and 

### 19 to set a new standard at 60 parts per billion. On 

### 20 this issue, the public health, environmental and 

### 21 medical communities are united.

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

95 (Pages 374 to 377) Page 374 

## 1 Of course, whatever EPA does, it will be 

## 2 challenged in court. We all know that. I believe EPA 

## 3 ultimately will be legally compelled to adopt a 

## 4 standard in the range of 60 parts per billion because 

## 5 the public health benefits of doing so are so dramatic 

## 6 and sharp. So why not get it right from the outset 

## 7 and avoid embarrassing litigation? 

## 8 As a matter of law, I think the most 

## 9 important point is that EPA is required by the Clean 

## 10 Air Act to protect public health, including the health 

## 11 of vulnerable populations, with an adequate margin of 

## 12 safety. And that phrase has been litigated all the 

## 13 way to the Supreme Court in Whitman v. American 

## 14 Trucking Associations. Justice Scalia, writing for 

## 15 the majority, found that the Clean Air Act requires 

## 16 that the standard be set on the basis of public health 

## 17 considerations alone. Costs of compliance really do 

## 18 not, and legally cannot, enter into the picture at 

## 19 this point. Of course, costs are hugely important as 

## 20 states and industries choose how to comply, but that 

## 21 comes later.



### Page 375

1 EPA's Regulatory Assessment -- Regulatory 

### 2 Impact Assessment clearly shows major health benefits 

### 3 to an ozone standard of 60 parts per billion over and 

### 4 above 65 parts per billion. Table ES-7 shows that in 

### 5 every health impact category -- deaths, hospital 

### 6 admissions, heart attacks, bronchitis -- the benefits 

### 7 of 60 parts per billion standard are dramatically 

### 8 higher than they would be for a 65 parts per billion 

### 9 standard. 

### 10 To cite just one example, specifically, the 

### 11 data show that reducing the standard from 65 to 60 

### 12 parts would result in about 900,000 fewer missed days 

### 13 from school. These are not small numbers. Under any 

### 14 reasonable interpretation of the law, it's pretty 

### 15 clear that 60 parts per billion standard should be on 

### 16 the high side of the range of what EPA considers. 

### 17 Now, from what I've read, it sounds like the 

### 18 fossil fuel industry and its allies are trying to turn 

### 19 this "adequate margin of safety" standard on its head, 

### 20 presuming that any kernel of uncertainty should be 

### 21 resolved in favor of continued pollution. And that's 

### Page 376 1 all well, but that's a matter of rhetoric, that's just 

### 2 not what the Clean Air Act says. 

### 3 The opponents also say that a lower standard 

### 4 is impossible, or won't work. The problem there is 

### 5 that the rest of the world is way ahead of us here, 

### 6 and proving this can be done. The entire European 

### 7 Union, for one example, has already adopted a target 

### 8 of 60 parts per billion and is considering lower 

### 9 limits. Canada has set a standard of 62 parts per 

### 10 billion by 2020. And the World Health Organization 

### 11 recommends 50 parts per billion. 

### 12 So personally, I'm glad that this decision 

### 13 won't be reduced to economic numbers alone. Numbers 

### 14 don't capture the pain and suffering of the 7 million 

### 15 children and their families -- children with asthma 

### 16 and their families, or the long-term consequences of 

### 17 hundreds of thousands of school days missed by 

### 18 low-income children who are at risk in so many ways, 

### 19 or the cost to a family of a grandparent lost too 

### 20 soon. 

### 21 Americans deserve a stronger standard.



### Page 377 1 Please help to protect them with a 60 parts per 

### 2 billion ground-level ozone standard. Thank you. 

### 3 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Mr. Lynch. 

### 4 MR. LYNCH: Hi. Blake Lynch. That's 

### 5 B-L-A-K-E L-Y-N-C-H. 

### 6 Good evening. My name is again Blake Lynch, 

### 7 and I'm testifying today in my capacity as a Climate 

### 8 Reality Leadership Corps presenter, as an 

### 9 Environmental and Energy Policy Consultant, and, most 

### 10 importantly, as a very concerned citizen. 

### 11 I know that we're at the end of a very long 

### 12 day and you've heard lots of testimony, so I'll keep 

### 13 my comments brief. 

### 14 And since you're also already aware of the 

### 15 vast public health benefits that reducing the smog 

### 16 standard to, at most, 60 parts per billion would 

### 17 bring, I want to just relay one personal anecdote 

### 18 about how reducing smog improves American lives and 

### 19 our quality of life. 

### 20 When my family moved from Utah to Southern 

### 21 California in 1987, I remember firsthand how smog

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

96 (Pages 378 to 381) Page 378 1 choked the horizon on hot days and how many kids at my 

### 2 school developed asthma as we grew from fourth grade 

### 3 through high school together. 

### 4 Mostly though, I remember the almost daily 

### 5 spring and summertime air quality alerts that 

### 6 prevented me and my friends from just playing sports 

### 7 or even going outside to participate in physical 

### 8 education, all because of the unhealthy amounts of 

### 9 smog in the air. 

### 10 Luckily, though, the state of California 

### 11 recognized the profound and widespread impact that 

### 12 smog and air pollution was having on its citizens, and 

### 13 took aggressive pollution control measures to reduce 

### 14 that smog that clouded the horizon and filled both the 

### 15 inland valleys and lungs of its children 

### 16 Today, nearly 30 years later, thanks to 

### 17 those tough decisions made by regulators and 

### 18 policymakers at the state level, my nieces and nephews 

### 19 in Los Angeles are healthy, they are asthma-free, and 

### 20 much less likely to experience the daily impacts of 

### 21 smog pollution that kids from my generation did.



### Page 379 1 In this era of unprecedented daily 

### 2 screen-time, child obesity rates, and other hurdles 

### 3 preventing our children from exercising properly, we 

### 4 must remember the role that air pollution also plays 

### 5 in putting not just our children's lungs, but their 

### 6 whole bodies, at risk. Without smog-free air, we are 

### 7 robbing them of their health and living and human 

### 8 potential. 

### 9 My nieces and nephews have benefited from 

### 10 strengthened smog air pollution regulations, but there 

### 11 are millions of children across this nation who 

### 12 deserve the same protection and foresight. 

### 13 So now is your chance, EPA, to do just that. 

### 14 I urge you to take action for the sake of today's 

### 15 generation of American children and for their children 

### 16 to come. Please reduce the smog standard to, at most, 

### 17 60 parts per billion. Thank you. 

### 18 MS. SASSER: Thank you. 

### 19 MR. SILVERMAN: And to Mr. Bloom, you got it 

### 20 exactly right on Whitman. You said that you got 

### 21 concerned costs, so you can stand on purposely and not 

### Page 380 1 just quote from majority. You wrote the unanimous 

### 2 court in that opinion so -- 

### 3 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much for coming. 

### 4 Our next to speakers, Amanda Hurowitz and 

### 5 Malin Moench. 

### 6 MR. MOENCH: Moench. 

### 7 MS. SASSER: Moench. Please have a seat at 

### 8 the center. 

### 9 All right. Ms. Hurowitz. 

### 10 MS. HUROWITZ: Hi. My name is Amanda 

### 11 Hurowitz, and it's an easy first, A-M-A-N-D-A; 

### 12 Hurowitz, H-U-R-O-W-I-T-Z. And I'm a resident of D.C. 

### 13 I'm originally from New York. I'm a Social Studies 

### 14 teacher at Thomas Jefferson High School for Science 

### 15 and Technology. I think you've heard from three of my 

### 16 students earlier today. 

### 17 Anyway, I'm here today to urge the EPA to 

### 18 adopt a smog standard of, at most, 60 parts per 

### 19 billion. I'm just shy of five months pregnant. It's 

### 20 our first, so it's an exciting and scary time. And we 

### 21 just found out it will be a girl. And I want to bring



### Page 381 1 my daughter into a world where she will have no 

### 2 trouble breathing. I've, you know, been concerned 

### 3 about the environment for a long time, and this is the 

### 4 first time I have someone else to think about, that I 

### 5 am responsible for. 

### 6 I feel that I've done everything concrete 

### 7 personally to create that environment of clean air. 

### 8 We recently installed solar columns on the roof of our 

### 9 house. We own one car for the two of us, a Prius. I 

### 10 try, in fact, if it's possible, I'll take the public 

### 11 transportation, walking. I have a bike. I just got a 

### 12 new air pump so I can actually ride it. If the tires 

### 13 are flat, I hope to do so with my plan conceived, you 

### 14 know how that goes. And a couple years ago, I helped 

### 15 in the Outreach (phonetic) Associates Capitol Power 

### 16 Plant and it holds natural gas. Back when there was a 

### 17 climate bill in Congress, I worked with my students to 

### 18 lobby the Representatives to help its passage. 

### 19 So I feel like I'm doing everything I can 

### 20 personally. But the air, it floats. The air we 

### 21 breathe in D.C. is not entirely a healthy part of

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

97 (Pages 382 to 385) Page 382 1 breathing. Dirty coal-fired power plants and the bus 

### 2 contribute, unfortunately, to our poor air quality. 

### 3 Now, I can't personally do anything to stop that. In 

### 4 this case, personal action can't fix that bump. 

### 5 I want my daughter to be able to play 

### 6 outside every day in the spring and summer. I don't 

### 7 want to ever have to tell her that she can't go 

### 8 outside because the air quality is too poor. 

### 9 I need the EPA's help. One of the most 

### 10 important roles of the federal government is to 

### 11 protect its citizens. 

### 12 Being a U.S. History teacher, I tell my 

### 13 students sometimes that I got protection and sort of 

### 14 police power, but not with security, nor security 

### 15 prevention, guns, weapons. But other times that leads 

### 16 to helping the public out. That's just as important. 

### 17 And citizens should not have to bear the cost for 

### 18 dirty air. 

### 19 It's not probably then -- it's not something 

### 20 we can resolve ourselves. We need the EPA's help. 

### 21 Please listen to the scientists and set the standard



### Page 383 1 at 60 parts per billion so all children, including my 

### 2 daughter one day, can play outside whenever they want. 

### 3 Thank you. 

### 4 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 5 Mr. Moench. 

### 6 MR. MOENCH: My name is Malin Moench. 

### 7 That's spelled M-A-L-I-N M-O-E-N-C-H. I advise a 

### 8 group called the Utah Physicians for a Healthy 

### 9 Environment. It's a group of nearly 300 professionals 

### 10 and that's including the major scientists. I advise 

### 11 them on economic regulatory matters. 

### 12 Many of the illnesses that our health 

### 13 professionals treat are merely caused by poor air 

### 14 condition by pollution. The UPHE offer our expertise 

### 15 informatively on how society should deal with these 

### 16 threats to human health. 

### 17 The American Lung Association estimates that 

### 18 nearly a million of Utah's 28 million people are 

### 19 especially vulnerable to the effects of ozone and 

### 20 basically are the children, the seniors, or have 

### 21 respiratory conditions, heart conditions, and 

### Page 384 1 metabolic symptoms. 

### 2 Our state legislature seems to assume that 

### 3 our air is bad and cleaned out. We're not destroying 

### 4 the economy. We haven't read the science with the air 

### 5 pollution's loss health and productivity. And they 

### 6 deny there's ill-related jobs. Smog so bad that it's 

### 7 not safe for anybody's children to go outdoors at 

### 8 least at the time, especially at times during the 

### 9 heat. 

### 10 The EPA cited their own standard -- ozone 

### 11 standards and relate it to which you would call, at 

### 12 the EPA, "the disadvantaged folks," to come to the aid 

### 13 of children. 

### 14 The primary ozone standard is based on the 

### 15 three-year average of the fourth-highest daily for the 

### 16 8-hour period. This emphasize avoiding short-term 

### 17 needs, so we would need to avoid long-term exposure. 

### 18 The short-term emphasis may be appropriate 

### 19 for these who have symptom for ozone concentrations, 

### 20 but typically only a problem in the sun as explained 

### 21 in months. But this standard doesn't address the



### Page 385 1 problem with long-term exposure. 

### 2 Most of the universe of the United States 

### 3 has ozone concentrations year-round. They invoked 

### 4 World Health Organization to sort of put a standard 

### 5 thinking on the part of per billion. The other EPA 

### 6 assumes that we can resurrect and be protected, in 

### 7 short term at least, about on some short-term 

### 8 standard. I'd like to think it will be critical. 

### 9 This assumption is not ordered by science. Every day 

### 10 the logical study show with increases in long-term 

### 11 ozone exposure in 5 to 10 parts per billion are 

### 12 associated with increase in mortality. 

### 13 In the West have done great risk of harm, 

### 14 long-term, low-level exposure. And the EPA should 

### 15 develop primary ozone standards strict enough to 

### 16 protect us from the list of long-term exposures as 

### 17 well. 

### 18 Regarding the secondary standard, it wasn't 

### 19 about the West. Feedback was said, rising heat, drout 

### 20 dealt with ozone. Join our force to kindle and the 

### 21 resulting fires elevated. The length of the fire

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

98 (Pages 386 to 389) Page 386 1 season in the mountain West has doubled since 1970 and 

### 2 the annual brook areas may affect altitude, mine 

### 3 forest as it creates minus 1 through 6, 150 percent. 

### 4 It's now a routine matter before the fire, 

### 5 smoke fill the skies of the mountain West at the root 

### 6 summer of Eden and fall. If the EPA takes all the 

### 7 Russian forest fires in our region, it's historic 

### 8 never against for the purposes of meeting ozone 

### 9 standards, that exception requires such a large share 

### 10 of it here, unless it modify benefits to the primary 

### 11 standard. 

### 12 And the EPA should adopt the secondary ozone 

### 13 standard, as long as it mitigates the source, the one 

### 14 below 13 parts per billion hours, and the W1 through 6 

### 15 of this, with nearly one exception -- for which he 

### 16 already didn't have a star. 

### 17 High concentrations of ground-level ozone do 

### 18 not address, they only appear beyond our state and 

### 19 beyond the sun. Thousands of oil and gas companies in 

### 20 the middle of the Southwest Wyoming and Northwest 

### 21 Colorado and Northeastern Utah, and the standard ozone



### Page 387 1 levels are well beyond those. 

### 2 Experience in Los Angeles, even in the 

### 3 middle of winter, and there's a supply of ozone 

### 4 precursors that needs to be moderations as well. 

### 5 Ozone is spilling over into healthy -- heavily 

### 6 populated of alps of Utah and Colorado, including the 

### 7 air share of the iconic Ranti (phonetic) colon in the 

### 8 out stone parks. 

### 9 Ozone levels are merely as high in Southern 

### 10 Utah. The iconic 20-mile distance, there was once a 

### 11 hallmark companion with its arches, rocks, and Zion 

### 12 national parks, are now a dingy ground once in the 

### 13 summer. 

### 14 This domestic groundhogs of Salt Lake City 

### 15 can consider its own level of Las Vegas, Nevada -- 

### 16 (inaudible) 

### 17 The secondary ozone standard above is marked 

### 18 per billion hours. It should be adopted to help 

### 19 mitigate this major loss, this quality of life in the 

### 20 Southwest. 

### 21 My time is up. And I'll submit a written 

### Page 388 1 statement. 

### 2 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Malyn, you have a 

### 3 minute. We're on our probate -- 

### 4 MR. MOENCH: Oh. Two things -- two points I 

### 5 wanted to make in addition. One is about a 60 part 

### 6 per billion standard about the science, fully supports 

### 7 60 and even 40. It's a threshold for 60 or better 

### 8 respiratory profits. 

### 9 The second point I want to make is that the 

### 10 calculation of the external benefits of ozone and the 

### 11 stricter ozone standard is far too narrow. They focus 

### 12 on what we call "high visibility health impacts," 

### 13 which consists of things like deaths or visits to 

### 14 emergency rooms or missed work days. What they missed 

### 15 are what we call "internal effects" in the economics 

### 16 profession. These are things like -- (inaudible) 

### 17 Very elegant -- I found that new study was 

### 18 published in the American Economics Journal in 2012 

### 19 and analyzed the effect at variations of ozone levels 

### 20 on fire workers at Central Valley in California. And 

### 21 they concluded that an increase -- a decrease of 10



### Page 389 1 parts per billion of ozone caused a VICOR of 5 percent 

### 2 and increase in productivity of these workers. 

### 3 You can check that nationwide by going to 

### 4 the Bureau of Vital Statistics. It's a breakdown of 

### 5 populations. It's very fine and very detailed. So 

### 6 you can pick it up at the professions staff of 

### 7 predominantly performed outdoors. Take the median 

### 8 salary of these professions, add them up, multiply a 

### 9 factor of productivity factor of 5.5 percent on the 

### 10 assumption that you were able to produce those on 

### 11 computations by 10 parts per billion. Factor in what 

### 12 the length of the ozone season across the country, and 

### 13 you can come up with an increase productivity in the 

### 14 neighborhood of $11 billion per year, if you're able 

### 15 to reduce ozone concentration by 10 parts per billion. 

### 16 So you can take 38 billion and estimate as associated 

### 17 with reducing the standard of 65 and you can add 

### 18 another billion to that 38 billion. 

### 19 MS. SASSER: All right. Thank you very 

### 20 much. 

### 21 I do also want to thank you for bringing up

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

99 (Pages 390 to 393) Page 390 1 the issue of western ozone NAAQS. I also point out 

### 2 the only of our proposal that is not mentioned today 

### 3 in any of the comments, except for a couple of 

### 4 mentions that said the monitoring season for many 

### 5 states, including mid states in the West, which 

### 6 currently are required to monitor only a few months a 

### 7 year. We are proposing in many cases to require the 

### 8 round off right in many of those western states. 

### 9 So in my commentary about that, that would 

### 10 be a valuable input for EPA to receive on the rule. 

### 11 Thank you so very much. 

### 12 MR. SILVERMAN: You traveled from Utah here? 

### 13 MR. MOENCH: What's that? 

### 14 MR. SILVERMAN: Did you travel here from 

### 15 Utah today? 

### 16 MR. MOENCH: I actually have two homes; one 

### 17 in Virginia and one Salt Lake Valley. My home I have 

### 18 in Salt Lake Valley is right up on the mountain and it 

### 19 overlooks 70 miles to the North and 70 miles to the 

### 20 South and 20 miles to the West, and it's gorgeous, but 

### 21 only on a rare day, when the air is great.



### Page 391 1 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 2 Our next speakers are Phillip Collins and 

### 3 Joseph Manning. 

### 4 Mr. Collins, please. 

### 5 MR. COLLINS: Thank you. I'm a D.C. 

### 6 resident and taxpayer, member of the Sierra Club. I'm 

### 7 an avid bicyclist. So I am a person that breathes in 

### 8 an area. And I'm also an attorney, a D.C. lawyer. 

### 9 And I'm here to talk about the purposes of 

### 10 the Constitution related to this proposed legislation. 

### 11 It starts off with "We the People," and 

### 12 people that time, I believe, was talking about real 

### 13 human-living-breathing people, rather than a 

### 14 corporation. 

### 15 The Constitution was established for "to 

### 16 form a more perfect Union," which was an indication 

### 17 for continual improvement, in order to establish 

### 18 justice and, I believe, have a balance. 

### 19 And "justice" is referring to the original 

### 20 three words of the Constitution "justice for people," 

### 21 rather than as living, breathing people up as a 

### Page 392 1 financial exponents like -- not only people such as 

### 2 corporations are. 

### 3 To "insure domestic Tranquility," obviously 

### 4 the standard having health and someone and life is a 

### 5 trick question, tranquility -- 

### 6 And "promote common defense," President 

### 7 Nixon, Wallace, or -- to protect the country from all, 

### 8 I guess, foreign and domestic. 

### 9 Through the circumstance, you look at smog 

### 10 as a domestic enemy, you know, protect your enemy. 

### 11 We're reasonable people. So we have to take that type 

### 12 into account. 

### 13 Also, "promote general Welfare," at least 

### 14 that's part of health and education, welfare, and so 

### 15 health is included. 

### 16 Welfare and the general Welfare on that, the 

### 17 general welfare is what includes individual's welfare. 

### 18 And what the "Blessings of Liberty" for 

### 19 ourselves and "Posterity," it's looking to the future 

### 20 for us and all generations. 

### 21 So that's the purpose of the Constitution.



### Page 393 1 And set straight destruction, and the 

### 2 statute is read in accordance with the purposes that 

### 3 are set out. These are the purposes of the 

### 4 Constitution, not just to promote the gross domestic 

### 5 products. 

### 6 Gross domestic product is and two-play 

### 7 argument. It's dollars and a Forbes Magazine. In the 

### 8 October 20th issue an article called "Money Is Not 

### 9 Wealth," because wealth is actually something a lot 

### 10 of us -- people think is wealth -- our health is part 

### 11 of our wealth, not just the dollar sentiment, gross 

### 12 domestic product. 

### 13 Gross domestic product, I mean, I was 

### 14 looking on -- you look at, you know, the people talk 

### 15 about drawing the line. Well, not living, breathing 

### 16 people walk the line sometimes and includes his 

### 17 diaper, because, you know, so that the gross domestic 

### 18 product sometimes is the most domestic poop and you 

### 19 need to look, you know, at the fact that it's a lot 

### 20 more than dollars aren't here. 

### 21 So I would support the world out standard,

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

100 (Pages 394 to 397) Page 394 1 the organization standard to keep our fortune a better 

### 2 with less, equal for equal, mention ground 40 part per 

### 3 billion. So that will be real in this, and isn't that 

### 4 honest to be able to come up with a dollar figure? 

### 5 So I'd like to say, in conclusion, that the 

### 6 idea that dollar -- and also look at the job. I mean, 

### 7 someone has jobs. I don't think you're going to have 

### 8 too many people come here -- get here today who say, I 

### 9 want a job that doesn't kill as many people with 

### 10 ozone. 

### 11 You know, just as a leader of a large 

### 12 country one time, he said the death of one person is a 

### 13 tragedy. But the death of a million people is a 

### 14 statistic. We talked about statistics here today. I 

### 15 mean, people like to talk about their business. 

### 16 You're probably not going to see the 

### 17 business mentioned here. But I don't think you got 

### 18 too many people coming in, So I want my job; I think 

### 19 it's only has few people, you know, Republicans as few 

### 20 as the -- or investor will come and say, I want a good 

### 21 investment that makes a good return on something that



### Page 395 1 I don't care really, well, whether people die from it. 

### 2 I just want a good investment. I don't think there's 

### 3 any people coming in here saying that, unless usually 

### 4 it is a job with some other people. 

### 5 I see people are sick are not working. You 

### 6 can say, well, you know, these people are taking days 

### 7 off from school and from their jobs. Well, they have 

### 8 to be replaced and it beats our employment level. And 

### 9 still you have to come back to the purpose of the 

### 10 Constitution which is "We the People," not we the 

### 11 dollars or we the corporations. 

### 12 So, in conclusion, I'd say that the idea 

### 13 that dollars and jobs on the lives and health of human 

### 14 people is a sad, silly, sorry silhouette with which 

### 15 upward ways we must not put. Let's be human if we 

### 16 can. Thanks. 

### 17 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Mr. Manning. 

### 18 MR. MANNING: Good evening. My name is 

### 19 Joseph Manning. That's J-O-S-E-P-H M-A-N-N-I-N-G. 

### 20 I'm a graduate student at Columbia University, a 

### 21 former chair and current executive member of the CRC 

### Page 396 1 Coalition, which is the National Youth Chapter of the 

### 2 Sierra Club in the nation for this organization. 

### 3 Thank you for giving me the opportunity to 

### 4 speak with you all today about the proposed smog 

### 5 rules. 

### 6 I want to begin by urging the Environmental 

### 7 Protection Agency to adopt the strictest possible 

### 8 standards to set ground-level ozone standards at 60 

### 9 parts per billion. 

### 10 I remember quite vividly that spring, 

### 11 frankly, it wasn't that long ago. My child spent 

### 12 countless hours visiting the doctor, taking breathing 

### 13 tests and using the inhaler. I remember particularly 

### 14 the concern of my mother when the doctor prescribed a 

### 15 daily regiment of steroids in order to manage my 

### 16 asthma. She asked questions like, Will they stunt his 

### 17 growth? Will there be other side effects? His asthma 

### 18 really isn't that bad. Could the cure be worse than 

### 19 the disease? 

### 20 Ultimately, I had to take this medication, 

### 21 and it worked after two years receiving. It had



### Page 397 1 helped me manage my own asthma. But mothers shouldn't 

### 2 have to worry about their sons' asthma medication, 

### 3 because children shouldn't have to struggle with 

### 4 asthma, not when we have the ability to do something 

### 5 about it. 

### 6 Today the EPA is considering lowering the 

### 7 ozone standards to somewhere between 65 and 70 parts 

### 8 per billion, while also receiving comments, 60 parts 

### 9 per billion. 

### 10 I merely urge you to adopt the 60 parts per 

### 11 billion. A standard of 60 parts per billion will save 

### 12 four to five times more lives than a standard of 70 

### 13 parts per billion, four to five times more lives. 

### 14 Think about that for a minute. 

### 15 By revising the ground-level ozone standards 

### 16 to 60 parts per billion, we have the ability to 

### 17 prevent thousands of deaths. By the EPA's own 

### 18 estimates, 60 parts per billion standard would prevent 

### 19 6400 premature deaths, 6400 children who may go home 

### 20 to their parents, 6400 fathers and mothers who will 

### 21 raise their children, 6400 brothers and sisters who

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

101 (Pages 398 to 401) Page 398 1 will grow up together, and 6400 grandparents who will 

### 2 love their partners and all their grandchildren. 

### 3 How often do we get to make that type of 

### 4 impact? The proposed ground-level ozone rule before 

### 5 us today provide an opportunity to make a substantial 

### 6 difference in the lives of millions of Americans. Not 

### 7 only can you prevent 6400 premature deaths, but we can 

### 8 avert 1.8 million asthma attacks. 

### 9 We live in the United States of America, the 

### 10 most advanced industrial society our world has ever 

### 11 seen. In a country like ours, no child should have to 

### 12 spend hours at a doctor's office when they could have 

### 13 been playing outside. And no life should be cut short 

### 14 to a preventable pollution. We can achieve a 60 part 

### 15 per billion standard. Indeed, you have a moral 

### 16 obligation to achieve this standard. 

### 17 Please set the ground-level ozone standards 

### 18 at 60 parts per billion. Thank you. 

### 19 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 20 Our next two speakers will be Laura Kate 

### 21 Bender and Deepak Jonnalagedda.



### Page 399 

## 1 MR. JONNALAGEDDA: Jonnalagedda. 

## 2 MS. SASSER: I'm going to let you spell that 

## 3 for the court reporter. 

## 4 Okay. Ms. Bender. 

## 5 MS. BENDER: Hi. My name is Laura Kate 

## 6 Bender. That's L-A-U-R-A K-A-T-E B-E-N-D-E-R. 

## 7 I'm a program specialist with the American 

## 8 Lung Association in Virginia. I work on our Healthy 

## 9 Air Campaign up in Virginia, educating the public and 

## 10 our officials about the health impacts of clean air. 

## 11 In somebody's absence today, I'm here to ask 

## 12 you to finalize the ozone standard of no bigger than 

## 13 60 parts per billion. It's no secret that ozone is 

## 14 dangerous. The American Clean Air and Lung 

## 15 Association -- and talk about the problem with 

## 16 prosperage (sic). 

## 17 I train nurse practitioners and asthma 

## 18 educators to use the Air Quality Index so they can 

## 19 help their patients next to the machine based on the 

## 20 forecast. I don't know if they're senior citizens, 

## 21 COPD, children with asthma -- teach them how a RAV 

### Page 400 1 (phonetic), a Virginia nail base for ozone, can affect 

### 2 their health. 

### 3 At some point, the whole New Mexico sunk to 

### 4 the media and so I followed the new arch, that it 

### 5 leads out to the main common suite. So people were 

### 6 standing; they're behind me. So that's our special 

### 7 holding room. And they're healthy people, 

### 8 particularly kids, and they experience long-term 

### 9 lasting harm from all their illnesses. 

### 10 The people I talk to are fairly very 

### 11 surprised about ozone pollution. They know firsthand. 

### 12 They are often very experienced with symptoms like 

### 13 shortness of breath and then in combination and notice 

### 14 their smogging. 

### 15 What does impress them is the tools -- they 

### 16 get them out, Grays Rules -- my tongue is a little -- 

### 17 sorry. 

### 18 Naturally you want to talk to the Inspector 

### 19 of Air Quality. They ask for information, I give them 

### 20 information about how much are the intubate's 

### 21 computer, I'll confirm. All of us know, it's the



### Page 401 

## 1 least 2,000 received, but the firmness there is not 

## 2 strong enough to get the technical up. 

## 3 And while the post update is 65 to 70 parts 

## 4 per billion, the improvement you will still not get 

## 5 the little plus, for the amount of ozone. 

## 6 The scientific record clearly shows that the 

## 7 standard of 60 parts per billion provides the most 

## 8 protection. And the ozone pollution is dangerous to 

## 9 human health. That's also allowed for Public's 

## 10 Interface Meetings folks. 

## 11 That's why a 60 parts per billion is for our 

## 12 nation and the scientists and all know the advantages 

## 13 of clean air, the Lung Association. 

## 14 As you know, the organization uses EPA data; 

## 15 it's surround. You will see the Clean Air Report. 

## 16 And it shapes a lot of great cities and counties 

## 17 across the metric globe ozone. 

## 18 In particular, however, the D.C. suburbs, 

## 19 Richmond, and Danbury's suburbs, that's where it's 

## 20 really going to help me to look for a solvent. So in 

## 21 my experience it got me, especially on the humids,

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

102 (Pages 402 to 405) Page 402 1 it's steaming high and the Air Quality Index. It 

### 2 varies for Baltimore zone. And we've come a long way 

### 3 being in this facility in Virginia, when a publicist 

### 4 issued her solicited report on a Virginia's goal -- I 

### 5 live in Fairfax County. 

### 6 Fairfax, we updated on mid-average. 

### 7 Mid-average was one of the 35 that help me go to the 

### 8 base three year. And I was just mentioning the 

### 9 report, that average -- the mid-average is about 35. 

### 10 So we made great progress. 

### 11 However, so many failed to grade for ozone. 

### 12 And I completely -- it was recent an outward standard, 

### 13 but we had the first like Chuterber (phonetic) Base on 

### 14 Sierra's in-log screen. 

### 15 We embark NAAQS ozone standards, so we 

### 16 continue the great progress we made on Enochs 

### 17 (phonetic), and they can truly help me, for people 

### 18 that need for asthma, as well as children and the 

### 19 elderly and also the vulnerable. 

### 20 It's strictly at our cotton peak, living 

### 21 people, living in an area that got a failing grade for



### Page 403 1 its ozone levels, I'm assuming it's a report. 120,000 

### 2 other children with asthma; 262 plus in a number of 

### 3 poll safety. 

### 4 It's clear there's still more work to do to 

### 5 protect their health from ozone pollution. And it's 

### 6 clear that all Virginians regardless of the great 

### 7 rooms, its the Air Quality Test. Otherwise, you know 

### 8 what's in the room. 

### 9 The Clean Air Act requires the EPA to set 

### 10 the primary ozone standard at a level that protects 

### 11 public health with an adequate margin of safety. 

### 12 It's the test. Gave us the standard, as you 

### 13 gave us yours, and EPA had a promise ozone safety-free 

### 14 report. We will ask for safety and our lungs need 

### 15 some ground pressure, nearly every day a test factor. 

### 16 They expect our lungs to be solely on science. 

### 17 Not with spoken, these years will come to a 

### 18 cross solution and you're fine. They point to some 

### 19 base laws and assertions; do you want to play? Do we 

### 20 assert? We'll trust the end result. Are we going to 

### 21 continue? I'm not a scientist. Just attorney, for 

### Page 404 1 example, of law. 

### 2 We did erupt. Kid's asthma erupted. 

### 3 Grandparents will see you again with the next call. 

### 4 From position do services more often or certain 

### 5 summers, two parents are available. Make sure it's 

### 6 official time. All Virginians deserve their hands 

### 7 free. 

### 8 And I called them asking to finalize the 

### 9 ozone limits with no greater than 60 parts per 

### 10 billion. Our health depends on it. Thank you. 

### 11 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 12 Mr. Jonnalagedda. 

### 13 MR. JONNALAGEDDA: Yes. Jonnalagedda. 

### 14 MS. SASSER: Yes. Spell that. 

### 15 MR. JONNALAGEDDA: My name is Deepak 

### 16 Jonnalagedda, D-E-E-P-A-K J-O-N-N-A-L-A-G-E-D-D-A. 

### 17 I'm a computer science student, minoring in 

### 18 mathematics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, and 

### 19 I'm also an Executive Committee Member of Sierra's 

### 20 Student Coalition. And I would like to urge the EPA 

### 21 to support an ozone level at 60 parts per billion or



### Page 405 1 my personal preference. 

### 2 I am an American citizen of India, Kolkata. 

### 3 And when I first came to this country, I was always 

### 4 told that USA is number one. I was always told that 

### 5 you are the greatest country in the world. And I 

### 6 believed this. But we can always -- we can say 

### 7 whatever we want, but what we say does not matter. 

### 8 All that matters is what we prove. And we need to 

### 9 prove to the world that we are the greatest country in 

### 10 the world. 

### 11 We often forget that our atmosphere is not 

### 12 limited to just the United States. That act proves 

### 13 that we produce -- spread across the world. The harm 

### 14 that we do to the environment is not just leading to 

### 15 what happens in America, that's every single country 

### 16 in the world. There are some people that don't 

### 17 operate air at quality standard. We use a current 

### 18 step gesturing, distributes the air, and all above and 

### 19 all considerate. 

### 20 We need to prove to the world that we 

### 21 prioritize the public's health over making money. And

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

103 (Pages 406 to 409) Page 406 

## 1 I believe that we do prioritize the public's health by 

## 2 lowering the ozone standards below 60 parts per 

## 3 billion. We need to set these low emission standards 

## 4 because this also encourage clean energy and 

## 5 encouraging clean energy is a big part of investing in 

## 6 our future. And investing in our future is what we're 

## 7 supposed to be doing, isn't it? 

## 8 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. We 

## 9 appreciate you coming today. Thank you both. 

## 10 Next speakers are Kelsey Crane and Jory 

## 11 Lerback. 

## 12 Before we get started, is there anyone else 

## 13 here who I hadn't seen and has not been called, has 

## 14 their time? 

## 15 Are you Alan Bederka? 

## 16 MR. BEDERKA: Yes, I'm Alan Bederka. 

## 17 MS. SASSER: Okay. So you're on my list. 

## 18 Okay. Anybody else? 

## 19 MR. RORIES: Chuck Rories. 

## 20 MS. SASSER: I'm sorry. Who? 

## 21 MR. RORIES: Chuck Rories.



### Page 407 

## 1 MS. SASSER: Okay. I have a Collin Rees. 

## 2 MR. REES: Yes. I had my speech already. 

## 3 MS. SASSER: Let's get started with 

## 4 Ms. Crane. Let's start back and then we will check 

## 5 the list. Ms. Crane. 

## 6 MS. CRANE: Hi. My name is Kelsey Crane, 

## 7 K-E-L-S-E-Y C-R-A-N-E. I'm a directional leader with 

## 8 the Sierra Student Coalition. We are the largest 

## 9 youth organization dedicated to environmental 

## 10 protection and supporting climate change. 

## 11 I'm here -- I'm going to keep this short. 

## 12 You've already heard a lot of science and you heard a 

## 13 lot of arguments. I'd really like to ask EPA to stand 

## 14 up for what you already shown the value and believe 

## 15 in, and to set a smog standard at 60 parts per 

## 16 billion. Lower them. 

## 17 From what I understand, to live we need 

## 18 food, water and air. To live well, we need clean 

## 19 food, water and air. And I would like to know that 

## 20 this organization, the SSC, that we've given all this 

## 21 power to protect our environment, we are achieving 

### Page 408 1 them and it's not protecting -- the interest is 

### 2 protecting people who like the ability to not only 

### 3 live, but to live well. 

### 4 And to do that, we need to enact the 

### 5 standards that we know are scientifically necessary 

### 6 and what we've been told is the maximum of 60 parts 

### 7 per billion is what's scientifically necessary to keep 

### 8 people healthy and living well. Thank you. 

### 9 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Ms. Lerback. 

### 10 MS. LERBACK: Hi. I'm Jory Lerback, J-O-R-Y 

### 11 L-E-R-B-A-C-K. 

### 12 I'm from the greater Los Angeles area, and I 

### 13 was diagnosed with asthma when I was in eighth grade. 

### 14 And at that time, I wanted to become an athlete and do 

### 15 all those sorts of things, running and soccer. And so 

### 16 when I started to play sports and do one mile, 

### 17 two-mile races, that was just not worth the pain and 

### 18 panic and the cost that go with having to treat that. 

### 19 And I couldn't help by being an athlete when I had to 

### 20 leave in the middle of the school days because I would 

### 21 cough so hard that I started to vomit.



### Page 409 1 So those were some of the things that I 

### 2 personally would like you to only know and not wish 

### 3 them on anyone else. And I would hope that the U.S. 

### 4 in general would grow to that same level. 

### 5 And so I would like to urge the EPA to have 

### 6 lower standards for the smog and air pollutants. And 

### 7 now I am a geologist and I work in the ground-water 

### 8 industry and I'm watching the pollutants go through 

### 9 just the ground-water system. I know that those 

### 10 travel a lot further than are currently reported. I 

### 11 know that so many factors affect the air as well. 

### 12 And I would like to urge the EPA to have 

### 13 more accurate and assess monitoring throughout the 

### 14 U.S. and using that information to hold the 

### 15 contributors to pollution -- air pollution 

### 16 accountable. Thank you. 

### 17 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 18 And I'd like to call Tim Harlin Marks and 

### 19 Alan Bederka. 

### 20 MR. BEDERKA: Bederka. 

### 21 MS. SASSER: Mr. Marks.

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

104 (Pages 410 to 413) Page 410 1 MR. MARKS: Thank you. So my name is Tim 

### 2 Harlin Marks. I'll do exactly that which is to tell 

### 3 the truth or something. I'm coming here from a little 

### 4 town called Minneapolis, Minnesota, where I'm a member 

### 5 and a leader for the North Star Chapter of the Sierra 

### 6 Club. 

### 7 So you heard a lot of testimony tonight 

### 8 about people who have asthma, some people know people 

### 9 have some. But it's not my story to tell this. 

### 10 My best friend growing up had severe asthma 

### 11 and I still remember to this day the coughing and the 

### 12 wheezing and horror in his face a few times when he 

### 13 had a more severe reaction and the ambulances were 

### 14 reached. 

### 15 I also remember going to his door some 

### 16 beautiful summer Saturdays, and I remember his mom 

### 17 come and said and telling me he couldn't come outside 

### 18 and join us because we would go play soccer in the 

### 19 park. And I didn't really understand it then, but I 

### 20 know now those were days when the air quality was 

### 21 particularly low and it wasn't safe.



### Page 411

1 So not surprisingly, I'm here tonight to 

### 2 testify in favor of the smog standard of no more than 

### 3 60 parts per billion, and I'm sure there will be some, 

### 4 probably many even and probably quite a bit of money, 

### 5 saying you can't afford standards like these. But I'm 

### 6 quite confident anyone who has a child or knows a 

### 7 child with asthma would strongly disagree. 

### 8 We're passing all of these costs to those 

### 9 children in the form of missed school days, and missed 

### 10 opportunities to go outside and play with their 

### 11 friends and a normal childhood experience. 

### 12 I love my best friend growing up who had 10 

### 13 children in the house and was doing these challenges, 

### 14 and we can no longer plead ignorance. We know better. 

### 15 The EPA's findings have shown us that 

### 16 implementing standards of 60 parts per billion would 

### 17 prevent 1.8 million asthma attacks, 1.9 million missed 

### 18 school days, and 6,400 premature deaths per year. 

### 19 So with this proposed standard, we have an 

### 20 opportunity to make an immeasurable impact on the 

### 21 lives of children and the families of children with 

### Page 412 1 asthmas. And I'd like the EPA to implement the 

### 2 standard and allow the science we trust. Thank you. 

### 3 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Mr. Bederka. 

### 4 MR. BEDERKA: Yes. My name is Alan Bederka. 

### 5 That's B-E-D-E-R-K-A. I have no special title, 

### 6 credentials, or anything else. I'm simply another 

### 7 American citizen, and maybe that's enough. 

### 8 Ever since I was eight years old, I've 

### 9 carried this inhaler in my pocket. For 15 years, I, 

### 10 like millions of Americans, have lived with asthma. 

### 11 My first attack occurred in the fall of my third grade 

### 12 year at Ashlawn Elementary, a public elementary school 

### 13 in Arlington, Virginia. 

### 14 My mother had taken me to the pumpkin patch, 

### 15 as she did every year, so that I might take a hay 

### 16 ride, play in the hay bails, and of course, get our 

### 17 Halloween pumpkin. This year, however, following our 

### 18 trip to the pumpkin patch, I found myself deathly ill. 

### 19 In the following days, my condition continued to 

### 20 worsen as I struggled every day to breathe. 

### 21 My mother, not knowing what to do, took me



### Page 413 1 to the doctor where I was nebulized for the first 

### 2 time. The doctor then informed us that I had 

### 3 developed asthma, which had been triggered by a 

### 4 previously unknown allergy to hay mold. Needless to 

### 5 say, my days at the pumpkin patch were over. For the 

### 6 rest of my childhood, my asthma had a profound effect 

### 7 on my life. I couldn't run as fast as the other kids, 

### 8 play as hard as the other kids, and often could not be 

### 9 outside for as long as the other kids, especially in 

### 10 the summer. 

### 11 While my asthma certainly had a profound 

### 12 effect on me personally growing up, I was one of the 

### 13 lucky kids. Many of the children I played with and 

### 14 grew close to growing up had asthma far more severe 

### 15 than my own. One of my friends, Fenimore, had asthma 

### 16 that was so bad that he needed to have a nebulizer in 

### 17 his home, which he used almost religiously, every 

### 18 other week. In addition, Fenimore was put on copious 

### 19 amounts of prednisone by his doctor which resulted in 

### 20 stunting is physical development and his growth. The 

### 21 amount of prednisone Fen was put on resulted in his

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

105 (Pages 414 to 417) Page 414 1 growing more slowly than other children. In addition, 

### 2 he had a condition commonly referred to as "moon 

### 3 face," as a result of his copious prednisone usage. 

### 4 Fen's story, and my story, are stories that 

### 5 are lived out every day by millions of children across 

### 6 America. The true tragedy, however, is that stories 

### 7 like mine, and Fen's, could easily be prevented. 

### 8 Thanks to efforts by the EPA. -- including its new 

### 9 Clean Power Plan, which will further reduce particle 

### 10 and smog pollution -- by 2030 we could avoid up to 

### 11 150,000 asthma attacks in children and 2800 hospital 

### 12 admissions. 

### 13 I sincerely hope that the EPA will continue 

### 14 to act to regulate particle and smog pollution in the 

### 15 United States. With an aggressive enough plan, it may 

### 16 even be possible that asthma will be a thing of the 

### 17 past in my lifetime. Thank you all for taking the 

### 18 time to hear my testimony. 

### 19 MS. SASSER: Thank you for taking the time 

### 20 to come here and give it. We appreciate that very 

### 21 much.



### Page 415

1 Next speakers I have are Collin Rees 

### 2 speaking for someone else and Charles Rories. 

### 3 MR. REES: Thank you. Collin Rees on behalf 

### 4 of Nina Sherburne. That's N-I-N-A; last name is 

### 5 S-H-E-R-B-U-R-N-E. Nina Sherburne. 

### 6 My name is Nina Sherburne. I'm a preschool 

### 7 teacher in the District of Columbia and in the 

### 8 unfortunate position of watching sweet two and 

### 9 three-year-olds battle with real for real various 

### 10 symptoms of asthma. 

### 11 This past year, I had two asthmatic children 

### 12 in my class. My fellow teachers and I, who constantly 

### 13 monitor ambient air quality during the summer months, 

### 14 hoping to never encounter Code Orange or Code Red 

### 15 days. In such cases, our whole class will remain 

### 16 indoors to protect the health of that little girl and 

### 17 little boy. 

### 18 When the air quality was supposedly safe, I 

### 19 watched one of those same children have weekly 

### 20 episodes of wheezing, coughing, and difficulty 

### 21 breathing. One of us will take the boy to the 

### Page 416 1 director's office, monitoring him closely for the next 

### 2 15 or 20 minutes, while crossing our fingers that his 

### 3 symptoms wouldn't worsen. These episodes were 

### 4 obviously frightening to the boy, unsettling for his 

### 5 classmates, and scary for us as adults. Suddenly I 

### 6 know this child will only get harder as he ages. The 

### 7 heat, humidity, and particulate power in the D.C. 

### 8 summer air will only be exacerbated as time changes to 

### 9 be stable. And that's why I'm asking you to take the 

### 10 most strict stance on smog as you are possibly able to 

### 11 do so. 

### 12 It even hurt, but I can. I'm constantly 

### 13 stepping outside on the playground to tap on the 

### 14 window of my new car and having to move away. Every 

### 15 season during this task force at my place of 

### 16 employment, I cover air quality in the neighborhood, 

### 17 and I volunteer at several fossil-free campaigns and 

### 18 we push for an additional way from fossil fuels 

### 19 center -- heard when they were coming. 

### 20 But in the end, I'm supposed to be teaching 

### 21 and preparing my preschoolers for their future, not to



### Page 417 1 have had their health, it's right in the presence. 

### 2 I ask you to please take a moment to 

### 3 consider the powerful position you are in and how your 

### 4 decision can change lives with a single number. Think 

### 5 about the amount of time and energy, resources and 

### 6 dollars that are spent fighting smog and its effects. 

### 7 If you choose the scientifically proven with 

### 8 a 60 parts per billion recommended by public health 

### 9 professional, 60 parts per billion, imagine the gift 

### 10 of freedom you will give to this country. What might 

### 11 be as decided "gains two," if air quality is never 

### 12 achieved? And you might by secret become if you were 

### 13 able to step -- just step out into the world and 

### 14 breathe. Thank you. 

### 15 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Mr. Rories. 

### 16 MR. RORIES: Hi. So I'm humbled by the 

### 17 powerful stories, and people have -- many spoken have 

### 18 a better grasp of the daily impacts on many of you. 

### 19 So I'm going to follow on anyway. 

### 20 My name is Charles Rories, and I'm here on 

### 21 behalf of the DC Sierra Club Chapter. I'm a biologist

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

106 (Pages 418 to 421) Page 418 1 and a biochemist. I work at the Mayo Clinic and NIHU 

### 2 presently doing cancer and quantitative research. I 

### 3 worked at the Patent Office for a while doing biotech 

### 4 Patent examination. And now I'm kind of working with 

### 5 energy issues and so it's D.C. who want to extend 

### 6 dramatic climate change. 

### 7 I taught at a community college for a while, 

### 8 I-N-O-V -- four years ago, INOVA. So I'm a biologist 

### 9 first, and I came here with two thoughts, that -- I 

### 10 was sent -- my brother had asthma. I remember that he 

### 11 still gets the nebulizer, the inhalers. Those should 

### 12 make -- conditions are not so great. 

### 13 We're under attack. I have to be concerned 

### 14 of these preventative measures. These days anything 

### 15 can happen at any time. And I heard a lot in 

### 16 preparing for this talk. I understand that the 

### 17 current level is 75 parts per billion for ozone and 

### 18 that's not sufficient to protect public health. 

### 19 I came here with two thoughts. One is that 

### 20 the information of the lung scarring in a large number 

### 21 of children. So as they get older, every time there's



### Page 419 1 an attack, there's more loss of function in lung 

### 2 tissue. And the accumulation cumulative effect is how 

### 3 tiny they be -- teenagers they have the more 

### 4 debilitated permanently, and it goes on throughout 

### 5 their lives every time there's -- has attacks 

### 6 permanent and the nature of this genetic. 

### 7 Well, this is permanent scarring of the 

### 8 lungs and loss of lung function. And that and the 

### 9 idea that this is just corporations and enterprises 

### 10 shouldn't be allowed to profit on human health and by 

### 11 their life span and the quality of life -- doing 

### 12 ungratefully, and so the dilemma strongly assumes by 

### 13 the arguments today. So the cost is too great for us 

### 14 that we have to be allowed to kill people and make a 

### 15 mistake to be able to stay in business. I think that 

### 16 there are ways to proceed without placing pocket 

### 17 first. 

### 18 All right. So I started looking at the 

### 19 issues by the EPA regs. I can see that we have 

### 20 current proposal of 65 to 70 parts per billion. I was 

### 21 surprised to read this statement on the EPA documents: 

### Page 420 1 The Administrator did not include a standard of 65 

### 2 part per billion in the proposed range, because in 

### 3 increasing uncertainty of the scientific evidence to 

### 4 lower ozone concentrations, that lower -- uncertainty 

### 5 in scientific evidence that lower the proposed ozone 

### 6 concentrations. 

### 7 This uncertainty reduces competence in ozone 

### 8 standard level below 65 parts per billion and will 

### 9 result in additional health improvements compared to 

### 10 those that contend 65 to 70. But then I see this, the 

### 11 EPA staff propose that there could be benefits. A lot 

### 12 of us met people and noticed they said, yes, 

### 13 definitely benefits. 

### 14 Just looking at the numbers, I think it's 

### 15 very powerful. You'll see at 70 parts per billion, 

### 16 let's see, expected to be health benefits. I don't 

### 17 know how you put a dollar value on a child's future or 

### 18 on their life, on a person's life, on the value. But 

### 19 people manage -- how can you know the potential of an 

### 20 individual who either dies or is crippled by 

### 21 debilitating effects of bad air?



### Page 421 1 So economists can come up with numbers, 

### 2 6.4 to -- 13 billion benefits by 2025 and a cost of 

### 3 about 4 billion. Or if you go to 65 part per billion, 

### 4 you get 19 to 38 billion benefits. Now, that's 

### 5 three-fold improvement in health benefits by 5 part 

### 6 per billion drop at a cost of 15 billion. So it's 

### 7 even by -- over a four-fold increase in costs. You 

### 8 have a three-fold increase in benefits and spelled in 

### 9 terms of premature deaths, asthma-related emergency 

### 10 visits, children missing time from school, children 

### 11 being laid out, dead is permanently; heart attacks, 

### 12 cardiovascular effects. It's interesting you get 

### 13 heart attacks from people who never had signs of 

### 14 health problems, when the air is bad and that hurts, 

### 15 with relation to smoggy areas, high polluted areas. 

### 16 That seems to be the case. 

### 17 So we got these people, they're receiving 

### 18 benefits, health benefits resulting in hundreds of 

### 19 thousands of asthma attacks, and each one of them 

### 20 possibly injuring that child permanently in life. 

### 21 And a four-fold increasing cost, I can only

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

107 (Pages 422 to 425) Page 422 1 imagine that the conclusion is made, well, if you go 

### 2 down to 60 parts per billion, even higher treatment on 

### 3 that, we can expect significant benefits. But take -- 

### 4 now take that and even set aside the costs and think 

### 5 of the -- and look at analyzing that. Because I heard 

### 6 someone say 2 million school days at 60 parts per 

### 7 billion and the numbers that I have were 1 million at 

### 8 65. So that's doubling the number of lost school 

### 9 days, and children are losing school because they're 

### 10 too sick to come, another million days when children 

### 11 are missing school by going down 65 to 60. 

### 12 At least I understand -- but really it's 

### 13 supportive of 65 to 70 part per billion, I think, is 

### 14 powerful and good. And I just want to urge that EPA 

### 15 have a 60 or better. So we have numerous health -- 

### 16 medical associations, health organizations are 

### 17 endorsing 60 part per billion, and I think that we can 

### 18 afford it. Humans are innovative and remiss when it 

### 19 comes to solving problems. And I think with the 

### 20 failure of cost to protect people would find ways to 

### 21 get around it, find alternative unless those millions



### Page 423 1 are assumed to proceed. 

### 2 So I thank you for the opportunity to speak. 

### 3 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. I've got 

### 4 two names, two final names. Mark Barna and Seth Long. 

### 5 Mr. Barna, please. 

### 6 MR. BARNA: Hi. Good afternoon. Thank you 

### 7 for this opportunity to speak. 

### 8 I'm currently a resident of Southeast, 

### 9 Washington, D.C. However, I grew up in Detroit. 

### 10 As I can remember as child, I happen to get 

### 11 away and I seen a lot of parts of the city and seen 

### 12 the effects of the cars, the factories, power plants, 

### 13 seen the pollution from some of the fire power plants 

### 14 issued -- (inaudible) 

### 15 They are driving the cost of health care, it 

### 16 excessively affects vulnerable communities, and kids 

### 17 in the neighborhood, some of the plants. 

### 18 These families both in general have beared 

### 19 the costs dealing with the consequences of air 

### 20 pollution and current asthma and lung disease. 

### 21 Friends of the EPA propose the subject air 

### Page 424 

## 1 quality standards for ground-level ozone. The effects 

## 2 of this is possible to provide the requirements of 

## 3 very low standards. 

## 4 The economic benefits far outweighs its 

## 5 costs. For every dollar invested in reducing smog 

## 6 emissions, the American public stands to save $7 in 

## 7 healthcare expenses associated with clean air. It's a 

## 8 huge savings. 

## 9 Just as important as the financial burden, 

## 10 though, if you reduce smog and your life just goes up 

## 11 for substantial amounts. 

## 12 Personally, I'm an avid runner and seconds 

## 13 will bust into wealthy stores today and train outside. 

## 14 But that deserves to be able to handle clean air 

## 15 around where I'll run. I can't imagine having to give 

## 16 up my daily sports as a result of pollution being 

## 17 squeamished. 

## 18 For many Americans such as children living 

## 19 in open neighborhood plants, this is reality for them. 

## 20 The answer is clear. The EPA has an 

## 21 opportunity to prevent 1.8 million asthma attacks,



### Page 425 1 over 6400 premature deaths, as well as your proposal 

### 2 to reduce ground-level ozone at 60 parts per billion, 

### 3 and I urge you to implement this soon. Thank you. 

### 4 And thank you for your time. 

### 5 MS. SASSER: Yes. Thank you very much. You 

### 6 may remain seated. Mr. Long. 

### 7 MR. LONG: Thanks for your time. I'm 

### 8 actually going to be reading testimony submitted by 

### 9 Travis Thompson, a doctor. I'm not actually a doctor. 

### 10 I'm just playing one at EPA hearings. He's a DC 

### 11 Sierra Club Chapter member. 

### 12 As an Emergency Medicine doctor, I see many 

### 13 terrifying cases come racing through the Emergency 

### 14 Department doors. Nothing scares me, however, than a 

### 15 critically-ill child. I can remember one particular 

### 16 case endly (sic). 

### 17 During the middle of the night, a young 

### 18 child woke from sleep with a tight chest and 

### 19 struggling to breathe. The ambulance would have 

### 20 started medication, but there's no noticeable 

### 21 improvement. The child's mother was in tears asking

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

108 (Pages 426 to 429) Page 426 

## 1 if we would have to intubate him, and facing the 

## 2 life-saving process that involves forcing a tube 

## 3 through the vocal chords. 

## 4 Fortunately, the team and I were able to 

## 5 avoid this by getting additional medications to resume 

## 6 his breathing. This patient was lucky. He only spent 

## 7 one night in the hospital. 

## 8 I wish I could say that cases like this only 

## 9 present a few times a year, but they don't. I wish I 

## 10 could say that all cases have a happy ending like this 

## 11 one, but they don't. 

## 12 Severe complication with asthma can be 

## 13 deadly. Parents often ask me what they can do to 

## 14 protect their children from having asthma 

## 15 exacerbations, commonly known as an asthma attack. 

## 16 And when educating the patients about asthma, one 

## 17 point in the talk I cover is how to avoid asthma 

## 18 triggers. Poor air quality is a common asthma 

## 19 trigger, so I advise parents to monitor the air 

## 20 quality each day. 

## 21 On days of moderate to colder air quality



### Page 427 1 measures, their child should avoid going outside. 

### 2 However, of course right especially the summer poor 

### 3 air is so common that its precaution is unrealistic. 

### 4 There are also now two effects, with growing 

### 5 childhood obesity and diabetes, keeping a child inside 

### 6 or in recess also prevents much needed exercise. 

### 7 And the air quality primarily affects those 

### 8 most vulnerable in society; the young and the elderly. 

### 9 It manifests itself as asthma attacks in children and 

### 10 refer -- and lung problem in the elderly. 

### 11 Some of those harmful effects come from 

### 12 burning fossil fuels worse, which are very small 

### 13 particles that easily travel deep into the lungs. 

### 14 Once in the lung tissue, these particles cause 

### 15 significant damage, though temporary and permanent. 

### 16 Besides these two, there are no additional 

### 17 known effects in the young adult, but there's also 

### 18 evidence to indicate that poor air quality is harmful 

### 19 for people of all ages. Some studies report that poor 

### 20 air quality associated with decreased exercise volumes 

### 21 increased rates of lung inflammation, as known as 

### Page 428 1 exacerbations, lung cancer and overall mortality. 

### 2 The World Health Organization 2014 Report 

### 3 progress explained on one side it's heart disease, 

### 4 stroke, and several other cancers to the list. And 

### 5 the report highlights a limited number of options, and 

### 6 though citizens have changed their air quality and 

### 7 challenge governments and industries to enact and 

### 8 enforce regulations that will protect all people. 

### 9 Physicians are charged to maintain community 

### 10 health over individuals and communities. Every day I 

### 11 see patients with ailments and treat many of those for 

### 12 poor air quality. And breathing air quality or 

### 13 reducing particulate matter can prevent long-term 

### 14 health effects for people of all ages, but only if you 

### 15 choose to take action. 

### 16 If I can tell all my patients of what's smog 

### 17 and particulate matter, I would, never mind taking an 

### 18 aspirin a day or quitting smoking conditions all 

### 19 directly. To have control over the quality of the air 

### 20 you breathe, any government embodied concerning the 

### 21 public good must set stringent standards for air



### Page 429 1 quality to help protect the health of its people. 

### 2 Travis Thompson, M.D. Thank you. 

### 3 And I also wanted to add this word -- 

### 4 suggested comment on studying the air quality time 

### 5 from the West was in fossil fuel. Plants don't stop 

### 6 polluting during winter or days. 

### 7 I just want to say personally, today we're 

### 8 living. You see the hand we're dealt, you know, how 

### 9 much help you need to be here, like a 100-degree day, 

### 10 trying to get -- so I'm sure you all have personal 

### 11 experiences too. Thanks for your time. 

### 12 MS. SASSER: Thank you. Okay. Our next two 

### 13 speakers, Christopher Wilson and Alex Hirtle. You 

### 14 both come and sit at the table here. 

### 15 And you have a timer system working here 

### 16 that will give you five minutes. As I said, when you 

### 17 see the light turn yellow, that means you spoke for 

### 18 four minutes. And when it turns red, you can try to 

### 19 wrap up. 

### 20 Mr. Wilson. 

### 21 MR. WILSON: I'm here. I'm Christopher

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

109 (Pages 430 to 433) Page 430 1 Wilson. I'm a public affairs consultant, and I'm 

### 2 based in New York State. And I worked for the past 

### 3 seven years as an advisor to the American Chain 

### 4 (phonetic) Governance and energy also, American Oil 

### 5 Policy. And I'm prepared today as a private citizen. 

### 6 I should not begin with -- 

### 7 Let me make it clear from the outset based 

### 8 on my professional knowledge and experience, I support 

### 9 the adoption to significantly strengthen ambient air 

### 10 quality, your standard for ozone. 

### 11 As EPA's Clean Air Act sets out -- current 

### 12 science clearly indicates that the existing ozone 

### 13 standard of 75 ppb do not adequately protect the 

### 14 health of Americans, the health effects, the health 

### 15 requirement of effects of ozone. And there's a strong 

### 16 evidence the vulnerable populations, especially 

### 17 children with asthma and those would be compromised by 

### 18 health, suffer at much lower levels down to 60 ppb. 

### 19 For this reason, I recommend that you -- 

### 20 NAAQS be set at 60 ppb, providing an adequate margin 

### 21 of safety requirement by the Clean Air Act.



### Page 431 1 With that said, I'd like to address some of 

### 2 the issues surrounding the standard. 

### 3 As we've already seen, there's a strong 

### 4 opposition to strengthening the ozone rule for 

### 5 elements for our country's "yes, we have corporate 

### 6 sector." 

### 7 The argument, then, in tightening the 

### 8 standard beyond the current 75 ppb would be prohibited 

### 9 at the expense of drastic over your current plans. I 

### 10 would like to offer a different perspective based on 

### 11 the assents wrote by example, three of corporate 

### 12 sector over many years of air quality issues. So it 

### 13 will be a little different perspective from some 

### 14 you've heard. 

### 15 For five years from 2007 to 2012, I worked 

### 16 very closely as a consultant, referred since major 

### 17 industrial sectors, multiple levels of government, and 

### 18 health environment NGOs, and a successful development 

### 19 of the new National Air Quality, NAAQS System, Canada. 

### 20 This was the ground-breaking tests and 

### 21 census-base process. The actual -- this agreement on 

### Page 432 1 the new Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone on 

### 2 particulate matter, along with management systems -- 

### 3 At first this sounds like mixing -- in a 

### 4 climate change with us, with their actually large 

### 5 science upon us and lessons that are relevant to the 

### 6 current EPA verses. 

### 7 First, the new standards surrounding ozone, 

### 8 agreed to by consensus, are more demanding than the 

### 9 range considered by the common EPA proposal, 63 ppb 

### 10 for 2015 and 62 ppb for 2020, with the same average as 

### 11 new present NAAQS. And by the way, initiated a new 

### 12 process to revise those standards for 2025 to further 

### 13 increase the stringent in the standard. 

### 14 Secondly, the final NAAQS were approved, 

### 15 less stringent than 60 ppb, supported by a health 

### 16 environmental organization stationed in -- 

### 17 (inaudible), where they were accepted as a compromise 

### 18 by all, including the industry, as a necessary 

### 19 protection for human health, which was the primary. 

### 20 Three, Ozanian (phonetic) air quality 

### 21 challenges among the severe results in the U.S. Ozone



### Page 433 1 pollution is the factor where their wrought problem in 

### 2 reporting accretions, including by popular in 

### 3 domestic product -- (inaudible). The yield (phonetic) 

### 4 told Sanford docket in full a realization. In fact, 

### 5 it's quite explicit that they would be challenging to 

### 6 implement new required action on multiple fronts, 

### 7 including by industry, transportation sectors, and all 

### 8 other government. 

### 9 Fourth, the business sector, including most 

### 10 of the major industries in the country, did not see at 

### 11 option more protective air quality standards as the 

### 12 one agreed on earlier. They were forever to get a 

### 13 share of the heavy lifting, all responsible sectors 

### 14 faced the same demands, the system when it docket the 

### 15 comprehensive with the youth. I'm sure not the case. 

### 16 It's also worth noting that the youth system 

### 17 in the proposed ozone and 2.5 ambient standards were 

### 18 unanimously adopted by all the Canada's governance, 

### 19 federal and resource, including government's strong 

### 20 assertive credential, as well as liberals. This 

### 21 indicates that governance, the parties involved, see

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

110 (Pages 434 to 437) Page 434 1 air quality standards as a pressing public health 

### 2 concern and all this pollution. 

### 3 What overriding conclusion can been drawn 

### 4 from this excursion with the alien and sum up, plus in 

### 5 the interest of Canadian air quality policy? 

### 6 The conclusion I'd like to highlight is the 

### 7 good air quality policy and good business and all your 

### 8 accommodation. 

### 9 Clearly, the major trade business is all 

### 10 about you. I see many smart folding corporations all 

### 11 over the world, including major companies in this 

### 12 country. I have noted above the EPA administrative 

### 13 period, since 1970 have seen the greatest NAAQS 

### 14 regulation on national improvements in air quality in 

### 15 the United States. We also have a period serving both 

### 16 the U.S. economy. 

### 17 So if I go with the alien's good air quality 

### 18 and key number growth of -- (inaudible) 

### 19 Finally, as important as these 

### 20 considerations are in the political world to deliver 

### 21 an economic requirement, they, of course, should not



### Page 435 1 be a basis for the new ozone NAAQS. With the Clean 

### 2 Air Act, as I've talked about courts, the standard 

### 3 must be set solely on the basis of health and 

### 4 environmental protection. On that basis, I suggest 

### 5 you pass it with protection and health for the 

### 6 requirement of NAAQS of ozone with an adequate margin 

### 7 of safety. The ozone NAAQS should set at 60 ppb. 

### 8 Thank you for your consideration. 

### 9 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. 

### 10 Mr. Hirtle. 

### 11 MR. HIRTLE: Good evening. Thank you for 

### 12 allowing me to testify. And thanks for staying so 

### 13 late for stragglers. 

### 14 My name is Alex Hirtle, and live in 

### 15 Riverdale Park, Maryland, a small incorporated town 

### 16 about 11 miles northeast of here. I'm here tonight to 

### 17 testify that I absolutely support EPA's proposal to 

### 18 strengthen the National Ambient Air Quality Standards 

### 19 for ground-level ozone. 

### 20 I've lived in Maryland most of my life, and 

### 21 although I find my state to be the beautiful "America 

### Page 436 1 in Miniature" that it is as well as having a wealth of 

### 2 cultural opportunities, I'm also aware that Maryland 

### 3 is, according to a recently validated science-based 

### 4 report, the most polluted state east of the 

### 5 Mississippi River in terms of overall quality. 

### 6 As a young boy growing up and enjoying 

### 7 running, I signed early onto my school's cross-country 

### 8 team and spent my summers running hundreds of miles to 

### 9 train for our fall races. Unfortunately, I wasn't 

### 10 aware that this region was one of the worst places for 

### 11 a young cross-country trainer, especially in the 

### 12 summertime when ground-level ozone becomes acute. At 

### 13 the age of about 14, I started to develop asthma, 

### 14 which came in the form of coughing, pressure on my 

### 15 chest, and was so severe at times that I had to use an 

### 16 inhaler and could not perform my daily workouts. 

### 17 Although I finished high school generally in good 

### 18 health, my asthma has remained with me, to the point 

### 19 where I get allergy injections on a regular basis. To 

### 20 moderate my asthma symptoms, I have to carry an 

### 21 inhaler around in the event of having an asthma



### Page 437 1 attack. 

### 2 This is not my testimony. The doctors feel 

### 3 that the bad air quality has aggravated by much 

### 4 migrated asthma was enhanced from that. 

### 5 You just heard my story why I fully support 

### 6 strengthening standards to clean our air, but I want 

### 7 to take a minute to speak for someone that cannot 

### 8 testify on her behalf this evening -- in my hand here 

### 9 I have a picture of my beautiful daughter, Willow. 

### 10 She is 21 months old and to my knowledge is in pretty 

### 11 good health. But last summer I noticed something -- 

### 12 on certain days she was not really herself, coughing 

### 13 and sneezing regularly, having puffier eyes, and more 

### 14 irritable as well as having difficulty sleeping. It 

### 15 is then that I started noticing a correlation between 

### 16 her health and Code Yellow and Code Orange days. 

### 17 Although our pediatrician could not make an 

### 18 absolute determination if Willow has allergies and 

### 19 asthma, living in a state with some of the worst air 

### 20 quality in the country certainly isn't helping her, 

### 21 and it's not helping me knowing she may have to go

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

111 (Pages 438 to 441) Page 438 1 through the same things I've gone through -- limit 

### 2 your physical activity on Code Orange and Code Red 

### 3 days, get regular allergy shots, carry around and use 

### 4 an inhaler when needed, and always be under the threat 

### 5 of knowing that a severe asthma attack can end your 

### 6 life, just like it has for thousands of children, 

### 7 adults with respiratory concerns, and seniors in the 

### 8 past few years. 

### 9 Willow, just like your sons and daughters, 

### 10 as well as your grandsons and granddaughters, deserve 

### 11 better. I'm asking the EPA to strengthen our air 

### 12 quality standards for ground-level ozone for the 

### 13 health and safety of everyone in Maryland and the D.C. 

### 14 Metropolitan area, as well as the country as a whole. 

### 15 Thank you. And I have two copies of my 

### 16 testimony to submit to the Agency for your record. 

### 17 Thank you. 

### 18 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much. Okay. 

### 19 This is our last speaker. I would like to call Brenna 

### 20 Mueller. 

### 21 MS. MUELLER: Hi. Thank you so much. And



### Page 439 1 it's 7:30 and we're wrapping this up. I'll keep this 

### 2 brief. I want to thank you for your time. 

### 3 Hi. My name is Brenna Mueller. I'm in the 

### 4 DC Chapter of the Sierra Club. Here in the District 

### 5 we comprise over 3600 -- over 3600 members to support 

### 6 us here in the District of Columbia. 

### 7 And we strongly urge EPA to implement those 

### 8 protective standards on the lowest end of the range 

### 9 recommended by EPA science advisors, 60 parts per 

### 10 billion. 

### 11 As you know, this will have a specific 

### 12 effect on public health safety and a direct impact on 

### 13 lives, and EPA should move forward with this 

### 14 protective standard advised by scientists. 

### 15 Smog is the most widespread pollutant in 

### 16 United States, and it's also one of the most 

### 17 dangerous. It is linked to asthma attacks, 

### 18 respiratory illness, health disease, and even 

### 19 premature death. 

### 20 And as you know and as we've heard 

### 21 throughout the day, scientists have studied the impact 

### Page 440 1 of smog on health for decades. And the science is 

### 2 very clear that smog hurts people at levels currently 

### 3 considered safe in the United States. And Americans 

### 4 deserve to know when smog pollution reaches dangerous 

### 5 or unhealthy levels. 

### 6 So the EPA's proposal follows existing law 

### 7 that scientists set for protective standards of a 

### 8 reduce smog, it should save lives. So we urge today 

### 9 EPA to deliver the most effective standards. 

### 10 The Sierra Club and the American Lung 

### 11 Association have partnered here to -- met here today 

### 12 in support of protective standards at 60 parts per 

### 13 billion. And the case analysis shows that setting a 

### 14 standard for smog will prevent up to 7,900 premature 

### 15 deaths, 1.8 million asthma attacks on children, and 

### 16 1.9 million missed school days each year. 

### 17 So Americans today need a health benefit 

### 18 that will protect the standard to reduce the smog 

### 19 pollution. So thank you for your time. 

### 20 MS. SASSER: Thank you very much for coming. 

### 21 Is there any speakers in the room who have



### Page 441 1 not had an opportunity to speak? 

### 2 All right. Well, I want to thank everyone 

### 3 again for coming today. We really appreciate taking 

### 4 time to do that, and we have reported all your 

### 5 comments and will be entered into the docket with this 

### 6 rule making and considered by the Administrator of the 

### 7 Agency as we move forward on this proposed rule. 

### 8 If you have additional comments, they need 

### 9 to be submitted in writing by March 17th. And the 

### 10 instructions for that are available outside in the 

### 11 lobby and also on the website. So I thank you all 

### 12 very much, and that concludes today's hearing. Thank 

### 13 you. 

### 14 Meeting adjourned. 

### 15 (The hearing concluded at 7:35 p.m.) 

### 16 17 18 19 20 21

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015**

112 (Page 442) Page 442 

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ology. 1 CERTIFICATE OF REPORTER 

## 2 3 I, Delores M. Green, reporter, do hereby 

## 4 certify that I was authorized to and did report in 

## 5 stenotype notes the foregoing proceedings and that 

## 6 thereafter my stenotype notes were reduced to 

## 7 typewriting under my supervision. 

## 8 I further certify that the transcript 

## 9 contains a true and correct transcript of my stenotype 

## 10 notes taken therein to the best of my ability and 

## 11 knowledge. 

## 12 13

___________________________ Delores M. Green 

## 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015** Page 1

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36:8,15,20 37:1 39:7,7 39:9,11,13,14,16,18,21 40:3,9,20,21,21 41:4,7 42:7 44:3 48:9 51:11,12 51:13 56:3 58:16 64:20 71:21 74:12 75:5 87:4 87:17 88:3,9,12 90:20 102:16 112:7,15 114:2 117:9 124:9 128:15 131:5 132:1 133:16 144:11 151:5,10,11 155:6 164:4,6,7,21 167:10 173:8 174:4 175:17,18,19 182:15 183:13 191:17,19 192:6 192:7,14 193:15 196:5 196:12 199:1 200:11 201:9,11 215:18 216:8 221:18 222:3 225:4 232:12,19 248:11 250:6 252:5 256:8 257:9,14 258:10 261:10 267:18 273:1 274:7,13 276:4,7 277:2 281:6 283:15 286:8 292:4 295:18 296:16 297:4 302:5,6 308:18 310:19 311:12 311:15 334:18 335:21 337:14 340:21 342:21 344:20 347:19 349:13 354:12 356:18 357:4 361:19 362:9,10,14 371:21 375:12 377:18 381:3,4 385:7,19 388:5 388:6 390:9 391:9,12 393:15 394:14,15 396:4 397:2,5,14 399:10,15 400:11,20 402:9 410:8 417:5 421:3 426:16 434:10 435:2,16 436:13 **above** 22:17 26:4 79:11

79:13 81:6 86:8 94:15 208:2 239:4 241:6,14 241:15 261:3 304:19 312:13 337:15 353:5 361:11 375:4 387:17 405:18 434:12 **absence** 180:18 399:11 **absenteeism** 189:20 **absolute**437:18 **absolutely**49:7 155:12

332:12 435:17 **absurd** 63:7 **abundant**29:20 294:17 **Academy** 58:14 93:4

97:21 **ACC** 224:3,12,19 225:15

225:20 **accelerating** 301:11 **accept**8:5 184:6 343:8,9 **acceptable** 147:12 192:2

313:5 **accepted** 340:3 432:17 **access** 13:6 57:13 226:14

297:17,20 **accessible** 132:7 **accommodation** 434:8 **accordance**393:2 **according** 41:13 62:8

63:4 72:7 99:9 110:6 118:1 123:5,11 126:17 127:19 138:19 158:14 189:14 191:2 200:2 201:7 203:1 223:1 225:10 231:16 236:1 237:3 290:18 299:8 346:13 348:15 358:16 361:9,15 436:3 **account**48:20,21 50:18

52:18 61:7 71:15 78:4,6 109:3 200:5 286:16 291:1 347:14,15 349:2 361:19 392:12 **accountable**57:9 363:17

409:16 **accountant** 146:13 **accounted** 13:8 **accounting** 23:16 **accounts** 94:7 **accretions**433:2 **accrue**202:2 **accumulation** 419:2 **accurate** 99:7 102:18

275:5 409:13 **accurately** 24:15 368:10 **ACES** 203:2 **achievable**63:21 66:7

70:18 132:17 **achieve**20:17 22:11 69:3

73:17 80:9 97:14 132:18 136:16,16 202:15 270:21 276:13 279:8 283:18 398:14,16 **achieved** 68:20 78:17

134:2 270:2 417:12 **achieves** 349:5 **achieving** 32:2 64:11

407:21 **acid** 175:18 178:8,10,10

309:11 **acknowledge**240:14

255:5 **acknowledged** 316:5 **acknowledges** 25:4

212:12 **acquaintances** 364:16 **acres** 35:12 54:20 256:18 **across** 12:16 18:20 31:20

32:16 51:21 53:6 54:11 57:3 73:11 82:12 88:12 103:14 121:19 124:20 136:5 139:20 155:19 168:7 169:10 210:12 212:21 214:7 219:18 224:10 228:19 229:17 233:19 250:4 254:16 262:6 284:14 308:4,13 313:20 315:4 318:2 324:16 329:16 330:1 371:12 379:11 389:12 401:17 405:13 414:5 **act**29:16 36:7 43:16

44:19 58:20 59:16 76:19 77:15 81:6 101:18 113:14 114:3,11 156:14 173:15 174:9 193:19 203:13 214:1 220:15 228:5 234:11 238:18 239:15 240:13 266:21 269:8,10 270:8 285:12 290:18 369:10 374:10,15 376:2 403:9 405:12 414:14 430:11 430:21 435:2 **action** 18:12 59:13

136:13 137:6 160:2 229:4 234:1,2,15 235:3 235:4,15 266:13 281:10 283:17 290:13 310:4 327:6 371:12 379:14 382:4 428:15 433:6 **actions** 135:8 136:16,18

269:2 331:5 **active** 19:11 25:2 55:8

94:7 117:18 138:12 141:9 142:9 172:17 196:15,15 197:2 205:18 220:18 230:19 236:10 244:15 300:12 365:11 **actively** 211:11 282:12

337:14 **activist**246:6 250:17 **activities**46:7 51:9

102:14 132:11 166:7,13 223:7 259:19 272:1 283:1 357:5 366:14 **activity** 15:14 24:18 25:1

33:8 84:21 110:12 138:10 227:8 256:15 357:1 438:2 **actual** 22:14 28:11 85:3

241:10 326:8 349:7 431:21 **actually** 23:15 26:4 51:12

64:10 87:14 142:11 143:6 146:11 149:8 172:18 177:7 179:1,15 184:16 247:6 248:4 252:6 327:2 332:2,10 332:18 333:13 334:5 335:3,17 349:2 367:10 371:8,11,13 381:12 390:16 393:9 425:8,9 432:4 **acute**20:4 119:12 232:8 319:3 348:18 436:12 **acutely** 126:11 250:14 **Adam** 3:12 81:14 87:7 **add** 67:21 136:1 153:8

157:8 158:13 233:3 244:4 305:14 309:21 356:20 367:2 389:8,17 429:3 **added** 92:3 157:20 **adding** 33:19 **addition** 10:20 20:14

21:14 24:12 26:16 74:7 79:20 83:7 93:12 113:15 120:2 187:3,11 190:7 201:21 265:1 275:20 301:15 315:16 354:8 355:2 388:5 413:18 414:1 **additional** 10:12 32:15

33:14 67:16 74:4,21 112:18 119:16,21 134:13 135:21 186:5,17 229:4 275:20 278:8,16 345:16 416:18 420:9 426:5 427:16 441:8 **Additionally** 55:15

128:14 **additions** 151:2 **additive** 202:1 **Addleson** 4:1 160:20

165:11,12,13 **address** 26:12 28:9 48:12

55:2 62:5 80:4 110:1 147:18 230:13 233:17 234:17,18 235:9 247:12 247:13 276:5 294:1 348:6 384:21 386:18 431:1 **addressed** 127:3 281:8 **addresses** 80:7 169:15 **addressing** 203:11

262:18 **adequate**42:15 43:14

45:1 59:2 78:9 102:6 103:11 111:14 148:2 220:14 225:2 285:14 304:14 369:8,12 370:17 374:11 375:19 403:11 430:20 435:6 **adequately** 80:4 95:21

100:10 169:17 217:1 264:4 430:13 **adjourned** 441:14 **Administration** 91:9

343:5 **Administration's** 30:15 **administrative** 294:19

434:12 **Administrator** 18:5 22:3

23:3,4 33:16 84:3 103:5 221:2 313:15 355:19 420:1 441:6 **Administrator's** 31:8

103:12 **admission** 238:10 **admissions**46:16 50:8

96:15 232:10 361:7 370:5 375:6 414:12 **admitted** 189:1 258:17 **adolescence**25:1 93:9 221:9 259:17 **adopt**37:17 47:20 77:13

95:19 111:18 194:4 206:15 208:21 209:8 211:9 258:2 272:14 273:20 298:15 346:21 359:21 374:3 380:18 386:12 396:7 397:10 **adopted** 15:10 29:14

137:2 376:7 387:18 433:18 **adopting** 32:7 80:18

212:3 255:21 259:6 360:5 **adoption** 430:9 **adrenaline** 152:14 **Adrian** 217:15 **ads** 92:1,1 **adult** 19:3 27:1,10,10

104:7 140:19 141:5 259:17 286:9 300:18 427:17 **adults**21:7 27:7 45:10

47:10 62:19 77:3 78:1 93:9 96:5 98:21 99:5 112:14 126:20 168:16 172:13 214:17 220:19 239:1 260:1 287:7 300:7,9 302:18 337:14 416:5 438:7 **advance**29:11 134:3

188:6 320:17 **advanced** 202:19 203:1

303:11 398:10 **advancement**360:1 **advances** 132:10 169:8 **Advantage** 13:19 **advantages**401:12 **Adventist**316:21 **adversary**289:20 **adverse**27:15 44:6 96:4

97:9 100:20 133:18 240:21 288:5 301:20 **adversely** 77:2 **adversity** 177:17,18

239:11 **advice**44:1 91:16 117:1

289:11 **advise** 383:7,10 426:19 **advised** 77:18 329:1

439:14 **advisor**430:3 **advisors** 101:18 439:9 **advisory** 37:5 76:20

101:20 105:5 108:20 112:19 171:9 220:21 222:7 255:18 304:11 370:16 **advocacy** 57:21 170:6

193:20 283:6 354:6 **advocate**99:20 170:11

310:3 369:1 **advocated** 138:2 **advocates** 100:1 211:9 **advocating** 97:14 **aerobic** 153:2 **AESI** 303:11,15 304:8

305:9

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015** Page 2

**affairs** 29:3 81:18 92:10

170:6 430:1 **affect**86:1 102:21 155:21

331:5 355:10 364:18 386:2 400:1 409:11 **affected** 27:8,16 85:1

124:8 126:21 264:1 266:11 287:17 323:16 344:8 356:5,11 364:11 364:15 **affecting** 192:13 219:3

230:16 242:4 316:14 358:19 **affects** 77:2 90:20 109:15

172:10 230:21 231:7 236:15 247:19 299:21 307:14 362:15 423:16 427:7 **affiliated** 198:18 **affirm** 33:16 **affirmation** 171:8 **afford** 40:8,14 53:11

278:15 309:7 327:3 336:7 363:7 367:11 411:5 422:18 **afforded** 313:4 **afoot** 106:2 **AFPM** 81:19 86:8 **afraid** 332:21 **Africa** 155:21 **African** 163:11 190:5,7

231:8,11 236:17,19 260:20 307:16,18 **after**9:10 10:2 19:14 20:5

43:21 92:6 95:13 98:15 114:20,20 115:1 116:5 116:5,6 141:20 146:19 154:10 161:9 186:13 196:12 250:6,14 251:14 251:16 258:19 269:21 272:21 274:8 287:14 295:5 344:13 345:15 351:12 368:4 396:21 **afternoon** 154:20 170:4

182:3,6 187:4,9 188:6 188:12,16 191:10 195:13 198:14 224:1 229:7 235:1 242:16,20 249:15 253:2 258:7 262:5 275:9 298:20 303:7 305:21 423:6 **afterwards** 336:15 **again** 11:14 17:11 40:12

59:10 60:14 75:9 86:21 95:17 114:13,21 120:16 131:1 177:20 179:12 188:2 209:7 287:15 306:2 309:9,11 311:13 317:20 366:7 377:6 404:3 441:3 **against**22:16 78:8 79:2

123:17 142:6,12,21 162:20 191:4 250:17 268:7 309:3 386:8 **Agbetsiafa-Awuah** 4:3

188:7,12,13 **age** 78:5 96:5 141:2,5

161:11 212:19 213:7 322:14 358:19 436:13 **agencies** 65:7 76:2 210:8 244:4 **Agency** 1:1 2:4,6,8,10

27:9 31:15 42:3,12 66:19 67:3 70:19,20 85:10 100:13 101:4 103:2,8 111:10 156:15 160:12 203:13 222:8 233:15 235:16 253:16 302:17 305:2 306:8 349:21 370:15 396:7 438:16 441:7 **Agency's** 69:12 82:4 84:9

93:2 101:19 158:21 **ages** 6:18 57:5 182:18

215:18 299:2 416:6 427:19 428:14 **aggravated** 437:3 **aggravates**290:5 364:21 **aggravating** 118:8 231:5 **aggravation** 211:18

284:19 **aggressive**48:15 378:13

414:15 **aggressively**46:13 **ago** 36:15 60:4 88:9

101:21 132:1 139:6 161:16 196:7 215:11 241:9 243:9 250:16 258:12 260:19 328:17 330:13,17 338:10 381:14 396:11 418:8 **agree** 58:3 254:10 321:9 **agreed** 147:2 432:8

433:12 **agreement**431:21 **Agricultural** 346:5 **Agriculture** 199:10

293:11 **Ahdoot**3:13 90:12,13,13

92:17,20,20 93:3 98:3 98:17 **ahead** 16:10 206:1

353:18 376:5 **aid** 384:12 **ailments** 66:5 87:11

111:1 117:15 140:8 148:8 223:15 237:9 296:19 428:11 **air** 1:5 2:3,3,7,8 6:10 7:12

7:14 12:8 15:20 17:7 29:15,16,17 30:4 31:14 33:12 34:7 36:7,15,16 37:5,9,10 39:21 40:4,4 40:11 41:18,19 42:3,5 43:10,16,17 44:1,16,18 45:14 46:7,20 50:12 52:16 56:4 57:12,14 58:20 59:12,15,18,21 60:5 63:17,17,18 66:3 69:15 70:1,2,4 72:1,2,6 72:7,12,21 73:14 75:21 76:2,19,20 77:15 82:7 82:10,20 83:1 84:8 90:20 91:7,19 94:10,12 94:14 95:9,14,16,19 97:12,14 100:2,4,6 101:13,17 102:8,11 104:16,16 105:4 107:14 107:15,17 108:5,7,9,11 108:20 109:5 110:4 111:11 112:9,19 113:14 113:18,19 114:8,11 115:4 116:12,17 117:2 117:12,17,21 118:2,6 121:7,12 122:5 123:8 123:10 125:10 126:2 127:12,13,19 138:14,20 139:21 140:5 144:5,7 144:10,11,16 145:3,3 148:13 149:17,18 150:3 153:12 155:7,16,21 156:13,14 158:3 159:18 162:5 163:5 167:6,14 168:12,17,19,20 169:2 169:10 170:19 171:9,21 173:15 174:2,7,9,17 178:2 182:9 183:12,14 189:3,8,9 190:4,7,19,20 191:5,12 192:12 193:9 193:14,19 195:9 197:17 198:3 199:3,7 200:8 201:6 202:11,14 204:8 205:1,4 210:1,1,5,7,9 210:11,21 211:3,8 212:3,8,10 213:6,10,15 214:1,4,6 215:8,10,12 215:15,16,19,21 216:3 217:20 218:7,14 219:9 219:16,17 220:9,15,17 221:4,10,11,21 222:3,7 222:21 225:9,11,16 226:5 230:2,7,18 231:3 231:8 232:3 233:6,7,12 234:3 236:9,16 237:7 238:18,18,20 239:15 240:13 241:10,17 242:3 242:7,12 243:2,4,8,11 243:15,20 244:4 245:4 246:15,17 247:2,18 248:20 249:6 253:18 255:7 257:15 258:11 259:21 261:2,4,13 266:15 269:8 270:8 271:19 273:5 274:11 277:2 279:4 280:3 281:6,10,13 282:18 283:2,15,20 284:9 285:6,12,13 286:4 290:18 293:4 295:2,17 297:8,15 298:2,7 303:13 304:11 306:9 307:15 308:13,15 309:1 310:4,10 312:2 313:3,4 313:6 318:18 319:18 320:1,13 328:6,8 329:6 329:19 330:2,10 331:4 331:8 333:3,14,15 334:1 338:17 341:16,18 342:3,18,19,20,21 343:3,16,18,20 344:8 344:11,14 348:6 351:15 352:2,20 353:4 354:11 358:13 359:1,4 363:1,3 363:15 364:12 365:7,12 365:17,17,18 366:17 368:21 369:10,16 371:12 374:10,15 376:2 378:5,9,12 379:4,6,10 381:7,12,20,20 382:2,8 382:18 383:13 384:3,4 387:7 390:21 399:9,10 399:14,18 400:19 401:13,15 402:1 403:7 403:9 405:17,18 407:18 407:19 409:6,11,15 410:20 415:13,18 416:8 416:16 417:11 420:21 421:14 423:19,21 424:7 424:14 426:18,19,21 427:3,7,18,20 428:6,12 428:12,19,21 429:4 430:9,11,21 431:12,19 432:1,20 433:11 434:1 434:5,7,14,17 435:2,18 437:3,6,19 438:11 **AIRnow** 102:12 **airplanes** 329:17 **airport** 165:18 329:18 **airway** 18:19 45:17,21

47:5 287:6 **airways**45:13,16,19 47:6

94:18 290:6 365:5 **aisle**20:15 **akin** 122:21 **al** 18:15,16,17 19:7 287:2

287:2,9 316:20 **ALA**231:17 **Alan** 2:12 5:12 107:6

406:15,16 409:19 412:4 **Alderson** 3:20 151:15,16

151:17,21,21 152:2 **alert** 118:6 216:1 221:21

231:3 352:20 **alerts** 215:16,19 378:5 **Alex**5:15 429:13 435:14 **Alexandria**93:13 279:15

282:8 344:9 **alien** 434:4 **alien's**434:17 **alike**230:4 **alive** 178:17 **alleged** 348:12,21 349:6 **Allegheny** 212:8 **Allen** 4:4 195:14 198:15 **Allentown** 138:17 **allergens**46:13 **allergies** 161:12 162:17

176:10 364:17 437:18 **allergy** 127:7 301:11

413:4 436:19 438:3 **alleviate**289:8 **Alliance** 71:12,14,20 74:7

75:3 **allies** 375:18 **allocated** 273:1 **allotted** 290:16 **allow** 17:1 70:20 124:3

132:14 212:15 275:10 277:10 279:1 325:5 412:2 **allowable** 194:12 223:11

240:11 245:6 319:13 321:10 **allowed** 51:6 61:6 86:11

152:16 295:4 330:9 401:9 419:10,14 **allowing** 17:14 194:14 229:9 279:10 335:14 435:12 **allows** 102:14 240:10 **all-cause**313:17 315:7

315:11 317:3 **all-gas** 14:1 **all-gasoline** 131:1 **almost**32:9 54:1 55:5

60:4 65:19 85:2 87:18 105:1,2 124:19 146:2 157:15 189:13 243:8,17 287:10 310:8 351:14 378:4 413:17 **alone** 13:16 53:12 112:5

120:13 145:10 207:12 241:6 247:3 301:6 321:15 348:21 352:14 374:17 376:13 **along** 35:12 38:2 45:14

47:4 175:17 226:13 280:8 292:19 318:5 432:2 **alongside** 176:18 **alps** 387:6 **already**45:7 64:14,20

67:8 72:19 86:11 91:2 107:4,5 111:16 126:9 174:15 197:21 228:15 255:7 269:9 278:16 279:7 280:2 290:7 305:10 312:7 326:19 353:1 362:1 376:7 377:14 386:16 407:2,12 407:14 431:3 **alter** 136:4 **alternative** 24:2 136:17

246:7 247:13 422:21 **alternatives** 29:11 147:3 **although** 24:14 26:11

128:14 133:9 145:1 246:5 247:11 276:5 301:5 435:21 436:17 437:17 **altitude** 155:19 386:2 **always** 58:2,3,4 65:1

125:9 169:4 175:13 189:6,13 204:19 227:15 255:6 256:13 405:3,4,6 438:4 **Amanda**5:8 380:4,10 **amazed** 141:1 **ambient** 1:5 6:10 12:8

29:15 37:10 50:12 95:19 107:17 111:11 115:4 144:7 155:7 170:19 174:16 182:9 190:7 191:12 201:14 210:9,21 212:3 215:9 221:3,11 266:15 269:5 274:11 284:9 303:13 306:9 320:12 348:6 354:11 368:21 415:13 430:9 432:1 433:17 435:18 **Ambrozaitis** 3:10 66:12

71:8,9,9,12 **ambulance** 193:8 425:19 **ambulances**410:13

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015** Page 3

**Ameeka**4:14 281:21

282:4,6 **Amelia**212:18 **amendments** 36:8 **America**39:17 53:6

103:14 127:8 130:17 138:8,10 139:21 143:17 144:17 189:20 190:17 202:14 238:3 251:5 252:14 266:7 276:3 283:17 311:18 335:4 398:9 405:15 414:6 435:21 **American** 18:4 29:3 31:2

36:12 43:7 52:20 53:9 54:13,19 57:14 58:13 58:14,15 71:21 81:18 86:5 88:16 93:4 97:21 110:20 116:14 117:7 118:1 127:12,15 138:19 170:6 172:4 174:21 189:14 202:10 203:18 206:20 211:14 217:3,4 223:13 224:3 226:7 230:4 231:16 232:2 236:1 237:12,12,13 244:1 250:21 267:1 279:9 291:4,15 299:5 300:5 307:4 309:6 313:3,11 315:1 321:6 321:14 324:11 325:4,12 350:19 358:16 361:16 362:5 374:13 377:18 379:15 383:17 388:18 399:7,14 405:2 412:7 424:6 430:3,4 440:10 **Americans** 37:16 51:20

52:13 54:12 66:4 88:18 92:5 103:1 108:18 110:4,9,21 112:2,6 113:5,18 117:14 125:17 132:7 140:7 168:6 171:3 174:3,6 190:5,7 220:7 222:21 223:4,15 231:9,11 232:3,16 233:6,18 236:17,19 237:8 242:14 260:20 264:6 273:20 292:12 304:21 306:15,18 307:16,19 312:10 322:8 345:1 361:17 363:14 365:21 370:18 376:21 398:6 412:10 424:18 430:14 440:3,17 **American's** 37:14 **Americas** 111:5 **America's** 29:7,20 35:16

245:15 294:10 331:8 **AmeriCorps** 161:17 **amiable** 127:14 **Ammunition** 144:13

145:5 148:17 149:4,5 151:12 **among** 37:3 58:1 80:20

96:7 101:8 108:4 112:16 139:9 153:14 188:21 217:5 222:5 326:15 329:1 330:14 337:20 340:8 343:1 348:18 350:17 356:12 358:11 432:21 **amount** 12:13 49:8 64:8

64:13 68:2 90:21 114:7 264:7 277:19 290:16 332:19 348:1 401:5 413:21 417:5 **amounts** 15:6 137:9

155:16 159:12 227:21 286:5 349:14 378:8 413:19 424:11 **analyses** 133:21 134:13 **analysis** 19:15 25:7

26:12 31:12 41:13,14 64:9 72:8 96:17 110:6 134:8,15,19 135:10 136:8,15 137:12 153:8 190:4 214:10 223:1 231:7 236:16 237:3 240:8 241:9 243:12 267:17 268:8 307:14 334:4 355:15 440:13 **analysts**293:18 **analytic** 137:8 **Analytical** 128:11 **analyze**42:10 **analyzed** 388:19 **analyzing** 422:5 **Anastasia** 5:6 368:13

371:6 **and/or** 12:15 **anecdote**377:17 **anew**69:20 **Angeles** 328:17 341:11

358:11 378:19 387:2 408:12 **angry** 52:8 **animals**45:21 203:7

292:11 **Anne**3:18 114:21 115:7

115:20 120:21 132:20 133:3 **announced** 6:11 139:19

182:10 **announcements** 102:11 **annual** 7:8 31:1 135:17

183:8 201:18 203:21 356:2 386:2 **annually**265:20 **another**22:12 25:7 40:12

105:2 109:9 113:17 131:7 136:5,9 153:10 158:7 161:13 164:4 253:17 254:7 255:12 287:8 292:15 314:13 359:7,21 389:18 412:6 422:10 **answer**75:4 87:3 204:19

424:20 **anthropology**289:9 **antrillises** 158:19 **anxiety** 162:6 188:19 **anxious** 165:8 367:10 **anybody**297:2 406:18 **anybody's** 384:7 **anymore** 122:2 **anyone** 17:14 107:3

141:4 150:8 161:21 172:11 180:15 189:8 193:12,14 238:19 261:7 261:8 274:3,4 290:3 406:12 409:3 411:6 **anyone's** 333:17 **anything** 150:7 177:14

178:3 243:9 382:3 412:6 418:14 **anyway**213:9 380:17

417:19 **anywhere** 112:10 347:10

347:16 **apartment**329:16 **APC** 304:19 305:1 **apex**23:19 24:4,17 25:5,7 **APHA** 170:8,18 171:10 **API** 29:5 31:7 **API's** 29:12 **apologize** 17:15 38:14

48:8 66:13 188:6 **APP**97:10 **Appalachia** 149:3 165:20 **Appalachian** 34:4,16,18

35:3,13 36:4 40:18 121:10 145:4 259:20 **appalled** 40:6 **appear**23:14,16 256:2

386:18 **appeared** 76:13 314:16 **appears** 58:6 75:17 **applaud** 57:16 234:12 **applauds** 97:10 370:13 **applause** 187:20 **applauses** 11:11 **applications**200:13 **applied** 24:5 224:5 **applies** 58:6 238:21 **apply** 156:9 178:18 **appreciate** 12:7 38:12

51:19 55:13 91:17 104:1,4 159:6 191:10 249:11 276:20 277:4,13 346:9 350:13 358:2 364:8 367:14 406:9 414:20 441:3 **appreciated** 206:9 **appreciates** 17:5 75:3 **appreciation** 52:5 **apprehension** 125:6 **approach** 25:10 **approachable** 70:19 **approaching** 227:21 **appropriate** 16:2 37:19

89:10 90:3 224:20 267:4 287:20 292:1 322:5 384:18 **approved** 105:19 432:14 **approximately** 140:2

158:10 284:13 **aptitude** 157:8 **AQI** 102:12 221:11,14,17 **Arbutus** 175:6 **arch** 400:4 **archery** 121:15 **arches** 387:11 **area** 7:19 13:2,16 22:14

22:14 34:20 86:15 88:3 117:20 121:9 141:5 157:14,21 183:19 207:6 212:10 217:17 227:11 227:18,21 228:2,4,8,14 250:5 257:15 264:11 271:16 272:21 280:9,11 280:16 291:16 300:2,3 300:6 301:13 316:4 355:12 358:11 373:18 391:8 402:21 408:12 438:14 **areas** 7:1 8:2 32:11 33:7

33:7 65:16,20,20 70:1,6 74:1 85:1,6 89:13 126:20 128:19 156:1 157:9 158:3 168:11,17 168:18 169:14 177:13 183:1 184:2 192:15 197:19 210:15 211:2 226:16 227:14 232:3 241:11,17 242:3 252:5 253:20 256:10,11 261:2 268:21 269:4,6,8,19,20 269:20 270:4,9 271:1,3 277:11 279:1 290:10 292:3 297:7,15 305:1 307:2 337:15 346:15,16 346:20 354:18 355:14 357:12 361:16 386:2 421:15,15 **argue** 193:15 **argues** 193:1 **arguing** 192:20 267:14 **argument**48:10,11,12,20

195:1,3 393:7 431:7 **arguments** 262:8 359:18

407:13 419:13 **Arlington** 250:9 326:1

412:13 **Arlington-Falls**250:4 **arm** 366:9 **arms** 162:21 **Army** 51:1,4 144:13

145:5,19 146:12 148:5 148:17 150:1 151:12 **arose** 196:4 **around** 108:8 125:7,21

131:14 141:15 142:2 145:19 149:2 151:11 193:20 196:19 206:7 226:20 303:18 320:17 323:4 333:15 335:3 342:12 360:2 367:4,5 372:4 422:21 424:15 436:21 438:3 **arrangements**41:8 **array**248:1 **arrivals** 367:19 **arrive** 259:4 367:18 **arrived** 8:16 152:14

184:18 301:3 **arriving** 345:12 **article** 393:8 **articles** 326:11 **artist** 180:4 **ascribes** 111:20 **ash** 293:1 **Ashlawn** 412:12 **aside**37:13 58:8 422:4 **asked** 103:8 159:13 328:7

396:16 **asking** 84:18 115:14 147:6 211:9 216:17 404:8 416:9 425:21 438:11 **asleep** 371:18 372:21 **aspects** 8:5 29:12 85:5

184:7 **asphalt-processing**

218:1 **aspirin** 428:18 **assault** 144:14 147:15 **assembled** 253:3 **Assemblies**294:17 **Assembly** 128:21 **assents**431:11 **assert**403:20 **assertions**403:19 **assertive**433:20 **assess**409:13 **assessed** 136:11 314:10

362:3 **assesses**292:5 **assessing** 137:6 **assessment**23:6 24:7

25:16,19 26:8 27:18 44:2 137:13 255:1 268:8 269:16 299:16 375:1,2 **assessments** 23:12,19

27:21 98:9 134:11 137:9 239:4 **assigning** 277:9 **assist** 187:14 **Assistant** 128:8 **Associate** 170:5 306:12 **associated** 14:7 20:7

24:9 96:10 106:18 119:7 222:14 243:12 260:8 267:2 278:18 312:9 314:9,20 316:1 385:12 389:16 424:7 427:20 **Associates** 381:15 **association** 12:2 14:16

14:17 39:13 43:8 54:8 58:14 66:17 67:1 71:14 76:1 81:20 88:17 99:16 99:19 102:2 126:18 170:7 189:15 202:11 203:18 206:21 211:14 217:4 231:16 232:2 236:1 237:12,13 244:1 244:4 266:7 299:6 300:5 307:4 309:5 313:11,16 315:6 317:5 317:14 358:17 383:17 399:8,15 401:13 440:11 **associations** 89:8 116:18

139:15 152:7 155:5 233:5 237:19 316:7,9 363:10 374:14 422:16 **Association's** 117:8

118:2 138:20 **assume**24:12 27:9 88:7

175:14 194:1 289:21 357:21 384:2 **assumed** 423:1 **assumes** 26:21 385:6

419:12 **assuming** 347:15 349:8

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015** Page 4

403:1 **assumption** 27:2 74:14

98:10 385:9 389:10 **assumptions**24:2,6

26:13 74:8,12 133:16 349:9 **assumption's**24:1 **assure** 165:7 367:9 **assured** 50:18 **assuring** 72:2 204:7 **asthma**6:19 22:10 39:18

40:7 42:9 45:7,15 46:13 47:10 50:3 60:4 61:13 61:18 62:1,1,2,2,3,7,8 62:11,20 63:5,16 66:5 78:6 87:10,18 88:12 89:12 90:20 94:19,20 95:7,8 96:14 100:11,18 101:1,6,7,10,10 102:10 102:15 105:3 107:20 110:11,21 117:14 118:3 118:7 119:13 123:14 124:18,20 125:2,12 126:1,13,15 127:2,6,7 127:21 138:15,21 139:3 139:5,8,9 140:3,7 141:2 141:4 148:7 152:9,12 152:16 153:1,11 161:10 161:12,15,18 162:9,12 163:1,2,7,14,16,20 164:1,17 166:9,16 168:14 171:15 172:12 172:16 175:20 176:4,9 182:19 188:20 189:18 189:19 190:10 192:13 192:16 196:14 207:3,3 207:8,10,12,14,18 210:15 212:13,16 213:3 217:7 218:18 219:21 220:1,19 222:11,17 223:5,15 230:21 231:4 231:12,14,20 232:8 234:5 236:5,11 237:1,5 237:9 243:13 244:11,18 246:21 250:11,15 257:9 259:11,19 260:2,3,5 261:8 264:7 265:19 272:4,17,21 273:3 284:20 287:5 290:5 295:21 296:6,13,13 297:11,13 299:13,14 300:7,7 306:11,15 308:1,12 309:16 311:14 311:14,17,19 318:20 319:3 322:14,18 323:1 323:7 326:17 327:10 334:9 337:9,11 338:7 339:2,2 342:8 343:1,3 344:7 352:21 358:14,17 358:20 359:2 361:1 364:17 365:1,2,13 366:21,21 370:19 372:12 376:15 378:2 396:16,17 397:1,2,4 398:8 399:17,21 402:18 403:2 404:2 408:13 410:8,10 411:7,17 412:10 413:3,6,11,14 413:15 414:11,16 415:10 418:10 421:19 423:20 424:21 426:12 426:14,15,16,17,18 427:9 430:17 436:13,18 436:20,21 437:4,19 438:5 439:17 440:15 **asthmas**46:4 47:3

174:13 307:10,21 335:6 412:1 **asthmatic**47:7 104:6,6,7

127:16 164:20 308:9 337:14,16 415:11 **asthmatics** 21:6 58:18

165:2 213:11 239:2 339:9,15 **asthma-free** 378:19 **asthma-related** 349:12

421:9 **astronomical** 59:11 **astronomically** 69:10 **ATC** 34:13 35:2 36:6 38:1 **athlete** 321:16 408:14,19 **athletes**286:11 **ATKINSON-BAKER** 1:18 **Atlanta** 96:8 **atmosphere** 144:21

245:6 262:15 290:1,16 352:5 405:11 **atmospheric** 128:16 **atopic**282:14 **attached** 98:5 **attack**60:4 63:16 105:3

124:21 139:3 162:10,13 163:1,2,14,16,20 164:1 166:16 234:5 250:11 272:17 323:1 358:21 412:11 418:13 419:1 426:15 437:1 438:5 **attacks**42:9 62:4 63:5

94:20 95:8 101:1 110:11 119:9,13 127:21 139:8 140:3 148:8 152:12 153:1 171:15 175:14 197:5 212:19 217:7 222:12 223:5 232:9,9 237:5 264:9 265:19 308:9 309:16 319:2,4 323:3 326:17 339:5,5 359:3 365:3 366:21,21 370:19 375:6 398:8 411:17 414:11 419:5 421:11,13,19 424:21 427:9 439:17 440:15 **attain** 16:21 64:17 65:16

85:2 229:1 309:8 **attained** 194:13 195:3

241:12 346:15 **attaining** 78:18 79:17

89:14 **attainment** 16:1 33:9

70:2 85:9 89:16 134:1 156:21 253:21 270:4 277:11 **attempt** 17:13 327:5 **attempted** 173:10 263:16 **attempting** 52:17 **attended** 128:20 **attention** 80:12 116:4 249:3 270:20 **attitude** 129:8 **attorney** 238:12 391:8

403:21 **attract** 158:1 **attracting** 227:7 **atypical** 162:9 **audience** 11:7 66:11

163:7 **augmentation** 155:10 **August**247:1 **Australia**219:5 **author**291:14 293:6 **authority** 97:8 233:2

262:11 302:20 344:16 **authorized** 442:4 **authors** 317:1,8 **auto** 65:2 71:17 248:5 **automobile** 71:13 72:20 **automobiles** 67:14 73:4 **automotive** 14:21 **auto-body** 218:2 **auxiliaries** 143:1 **availability** 293:14 **available** 10:15 64:6

68:13 85:12 97:21 98:1 186:21 194:10 227:15 404:5 441:10 **Avenue** 1:10 108:3 **average** 7:8,9 20:10,17

25:13 27:10,13 73:5 90:18 96:10 101:12 119:6,11,15,17,21 120:2,12 123:7 135:15 183:8,9 194:17 202:6 207:13 240:10 300:18 337:15 356:2 361:12 384:15 402:9 432:10 **averaged** 316:2 **averaging** 65:11 78:19

194:15 **avert** 152:21 398:8 **Aviation** 190:12 **avid** 300:15 391:7 424:12 **avoid** 42:8 91:7 102:14

118:8 231:5 232:7 348:17 349:11 374:7 384:17 414:10 426:5,17 427:1 **avoidable**91:6 244:19 **avoided** 263:14 309:16

309:17 **avoiding** 384:16 **aware** 36:9 48:14 126:11

129:1 157:11 168:8 229:16 250:14 314:12 339:16 377:14 436:2,10 **awareness** 144:8 281:4 **away** 65:14 87:18 108:2

131:10 139:6 169:1 175:7 213:5,7 256:18 329:6 340:18 372:10,11 416:14 423:11 **awful** 239:7 **A-D-D-L-E-S-O-N** 165:14 **A-G-B-E-T-S-I-A-F-A**

188:14 **A-H-D-O-O-T** 92:21 **A-L-L-E-N** 332:1 **A-M-A-N-D-A**380:11 **A-M-B-R-O-Z-A-I-T-I-S**

71:10 **A-M-E-E-K-A**282:5 **A-N-A-S-T-A-S-I-A**371:7 **A-N-N-E** 133:3 **A-W-U-A-H** 188:14 **a.m** 6:2 181:7 **A900CF7** 1:21

**B babies**  112:21 146:10

221:20 **back**48:19,21 49:1,13

65:2 87:19 91:8 115:13 149:15 163:12,15 181:5 234:18 264:7 329:7,15 332:3 335:12 372:1 381:16 395:9 407:4 **background** 33:2,2 70:4

74:8,12 246:8 **backs** 245:13 **backup** 160:12 **bacteria** 154:10 **bad** 49:15,16 58:3 87:11

104:16 105:5 123:3 144:9 172:3 253:4 254:12 255:12 259:16 259:17 264:10 280:4 296:1 298:7 344:8,11 352:6 365:7,12 372:7 384:3,6 396:18 413:16 420:21 421:14 437:3 **Badia**4:14 281:21 282:4

282:4,6 **badly** 372:11 **bad-air**36:20 63:2 118:6

118:10,15 231:3 344:8 352:20 **BAE** 150:1 **bags** 329:2 **bails**412:16 **Baker**3:18 124:14 128:4

128:5,6 **Bakst**5:2 345:5,6,6,7,18

345:19 346:1,2,4 **balance** 51:16 68:6 71:3

145:18 147:5 391:18 **Baldy** 329:5 **ball** 259:15 **Baltimore** 89:13 161:16

161:18 175:6,9,12,13 179:3,5 190:14,16,16 248:18 256:9 294:13 337:9,9,19,21 402:2 **Baltimore's** 338:16 **bank's** 156:7 **banned** 329:8 **Barbara**4:14 282:1

284:10 **barely** 53:11 105:16

121:21 301:2 308:8 **bargain** 70:3 **Barna**5:14 423:4,5,6 **Barnard** 163:12 **barrier**357:17 **barriers** 138:13 **Barry** 312:19 313:1 **bars** 224:14 **base**25:4 113:9 122:1 134:10 137:3 150:1 154:10 170:14 173:16 201:11 291:8 314:16 400:1 402:8,13 403:19 **baseball** 300:15,21 **based** 6:14 12:3 22:13

23:6 25:18 27:8 28:12 50:15 77:18 83:17 87:9 98:10,20,21 99:2 102:11 108:19 113:19 182:14 209:1 216:7 222:8 227:4 240:9 290:19 299:16 308:19 347:8 348:21 349:16 354:16 368:18 384:14 399:19 430:2,7 431:10 **baseline** 19:10 105:15 **bases** 145:19 148:5 **Bashibian** 228:6 **basic**215:13 338:10 **basically** 142:7 172:1

177:13 333:19 383:20 **basin** 308:5 328:19

329:17 330:1 **basis**49:7 79:10 84:2

86:19 98:14 130:19 148:20 156:2 162:17 374:16 435:1,3,4 436:19 **Baton** 121:13,15 294:12 **battery** 130:7,8 **battle** 108:11 415:9 **battles** 68:9 **bay** 87:15 301:10 338:17 **Bayou** 13:18 14:2 **beach** 116:10 140:18

256:8 328:19 **bear**61:17 100:21 340:7

382:17 **beared** 423:18 **beats** 395:8 **beautiful** 63:12 229:13

410:16 435:21 437:9 **beauty** 35:4 51:17 **became** 122:2 242:1

248:16 255:4 341:20 342:6,13 **Becker**244:3 **become**35:20 36:8 46:4

77:12 162:4 227:16 239:7 256:21 343:4 408:14 417:12 **becomes** 189:9 436:12 **becoming** 130:19 140:14

141:12,20 197:5 256:16 352:11 **bed** 261:11 342:3 372:3 **Bederka** 5:12 406:15,16

406:16 409:19,20,20 412:3,4,4 **beep** 9:15 185:17 **before** 8:8 10:9 17:14

33:19 70:21 82:9 86:12 86:13 89:9 98:1 104:15 104:18 111:21 120:19 152:11,15 156:11 159:19 160:2 166:14 180:14 184:9 188:16

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204:13 212:19 229:1 250:13 252:19 253:7 274:3 276:13 280:6 295:17 313:1 321:20 324:19 386:4 398:4 406:12 **beg** 143:18 **began** 43:19 83:15

329:10,12 **begged** 213:4 **begin** 9:10 56:17 114:21

116:3 181:5 205:15 206:5 252:19 275:1 368:8 373:11 396:6 430:6 **beginning** 251:1,6

256:21 340:20 **behalf** 18:4 57:15 66:16

66:18 76:5 152:2 154:21 219:18 224:2 229:14 266:6 310:11 415:3 417:21 437:8 **behave** 331:9 **behavior** 129:15 239:12 **behaviors** 289:8 292:10 **behind** 83:18 113:20

122:14 310:1 345:2 362:17 400:6 **behoove** 112:11 **Beijing** 330:13 **being** 19:12 22:13 26:8

27:11 28:10 30:12 37:4 46:16 52:7,13 65:15 67:12 68:2 70:19 78:8 80:18 94:7 100:9 106:5 123:1 124:1 127:13 131:9,16 138:12 140:16 141:4,10,16,17 142:1 144:17 145:2 157:21 159:13 166:1 169:5 172:6,21 179:13 200:20 224:12 225:5,6 226:18 249:9 250:1 254:4 257:7 264:16 297:11 319:10 327:16,21 328:18 334:20 336:13 349:4 352:19 353:9 359:5 361:13 382:12 402:3 408:19 421:11 424:16 **beings** 161:7 **Beitman** 3:12 81:14 87:6

87:7,7 **belching** 330:8 **beliefs** 57:6 **believe** 31:8 48:14 89:2

98:18 113:7 145:1,18 198:7 214:14 224:20 243:3 265:17 332:13,14 343:10 349:4 359:10 369:6 374:2 391:12,18 406:1 407:14 **believed** 405:6 **believes** 16:2 107:3

211:5 266:17 268:3 270:15 **believing** 324:1 337:1 **belly** 178:12 **belongs** 245:14 **below**7:10 18:10 22:6 46:17 100:16,19 109:6 136:16 167:21 172:20 178:3 183:10 230:11 286:20 288:3 314:2 317:17 321:2 362:7 370:10 386:14 406:2 420:8 **belts** 65:3 309:11 **Belview** 148:15 150:8,16 **benchmarks** 240:17 **Bender**5:10 398:21

399:4,5,6 **benefacting** 36:5 **beneficial** 293:2 **benefit**37:11 85:18 202:1

268:7 331:8 362:13 440:17 **benefited** 379:9 **benefits** 15:5 23:17 63:8

73:19 75:1 78:17 82:20 110:9,13 153:7,9 199:3 201:6 208:1,2,3,8,12 212:6 223:3,8 225:14 238:1 246:10 248:14 267:6,8,11,12,14,19 268:2,5 269:17,18,21 270:19 278:19 309:19 309:21 347:2,5,6,9,10 347:13,15,17,18,19 349:5,6 350:1 360:4 370:11 374:5 375:2,6 377:15 386:10 388:10 420:11,13,16 421:2,4,5 421:8,18,18 422:3 424:4 **bent**283:5 **Berman** 4:8 234:20 238:7

238:8,11 **Bernardino** 329:18 **Bertelsen** 3:10 66:9,14

66:15,16 **beside** 188:18 **Besides**427:16 **best**7:18 42:13 61:9 90:6

124:19 125:12 169:18 170:11 174:20 183:18 209:13 289:11 292:7 306:10 308:21 310:7 312:3 321:18,20 330:18 342:7 349:15 353:7 371:3 410:10 411:12 442:10 **bet** 168:6 **Bethesda** 117:20 **better**59:15 76:17 92:2

122:11,13 127:18 129:17 148:11 198:7 202:18 204:13 208:13 224:6 247:9 281:18 283:21 309:8 329:19 335:16 343:6 344:14,17 388:7 394:1 411:14 417:18 422:15 438:11 **betting** 175:15 **between** 18:6 19:10,16

20:9 30:5 34:18 44:4 69:15 70:3 72:8 74:13 89:4 96:14,15 119:1 125:14 174:1 241:3 254:13 255:13 272:12 315:6,11 316:9 317:6 338:4 347:16 370:3 397:7 437:15 **Beychok**293:6 **beyond** 68:6,11 83:14

278:16 296:8 340:4 386:18,19 387:1 431:8 **bias** 225:7 **bicycles** 339:15 **bicycling** 248:13 **bicyclist**391:7 **bids** 147:1 **big** 36:4 57:8 205:8 254:2

303:19 329:2 330:7 337:9 406:5 **bigger**28:13 399:12 **biggest** 108:12 243:3

272:2,3 **bike** 366:12 381:11 **Bikers** 36:15 **biking** 351:4 **bile** 180:1 **bill** 381:17 **Billings**243:21 **billion** 7:7 13:17 16:6

18:19 22:16 29:19 31:14 32:19 33:3 37:18 42:18 43:2,12 45:11,12 46:2,18 47:2 48:1 57:19 58:19 67:4 69:3,9,10 82:15 93:18,21 94:2,15 95:20 96:3,9,16,19 97:1 97:2 102:3,4 103:6,13 106:11 108:15 109:7 110:8,14,18 111:13,19 113:3,6,8,12 114:6 119:6 120:17 122:12 124:9 127:18,20 139:17 140:1 148:1 152:6 169:17 170:21 171:8 173:1,5 174:20 179:10 183:7 194:3 195:20 196:1 198:5,7 206:12 206:12,15 207:13 208:4 211:10 212:4 214:12,16 214:18 216:6 217:3,7 218:16 220:3,12 221:4 222:4 223:3,9,12 225:1 227:1 228:18 230:12 233:10 235:17 237:4 240:1,21 241:3,5,7,12 241:14,15,20 242:11 245:7,9,10 249:2 255:14,20 258:3,11 261:4 265:18 266:16 267:13 271:11,12 272:10,14 273:21 276:9 277:3 278:21 284:1 285:17 286:21 287:7 288:2,3,19 290:17 295:8 298:16 302:3 303:1 304:13 309:20 310:14 312:14 314:3 319:14 321:2,5,9,12 325:1 326:2 334:5 338:1 339:20 340:1,2 343:11,15 344:6,21 346:13 347:3,3,10,11 347:12,12 348:16,17 349:19 351:19 361:13 362:13 363:12,16 365:21 366:19 367:6 370:10,12 373:4,19 374:4 375:3,4,7,8,15 376:8,10,11 377:2,16 379:17 380:19 383:1 385:5,11 386:14 387:18 388:6 389:1,11,14,15 389:16,18,18 394:3 396:9 397:8,9,11,11,13 397:16,18 398:15,18 399:13 401:4,7,11 404:10,21 406:3 407:16 408:7 411:3,16 417:8,9 418:17 419:20 420:2,8 420:15 421:2,3,3,4,6,6 422:2,7,13,17 425:2 439:10 440:13 **billions** 15:13 31:1 47:16

82:13 135:9 202:17 212:5 306:18 324:18 350:18 359:19 **bills** 193:7,8 247:20

261:19 327:9 **biochemist**418:1 **biological** 74:15 **biologically** 78:20 79:7 **biologist**332:21 417:21

418:8 **biology** 153:19 282:9 **biotech** 418:3 **birth** 61:14 112:20 **birthdays** 308:10 **bit**54:3 99:6 128:14

139:12 252:15 280:12 411:4 **black**58:4,7 124:7 126:12

126:19 312:9,16 313:2 322:1 **blah** 91:1,1,2 157:6 **Blake**5:7 373:10 377:4,6 **blame** 14:5 **blankets** 63:11 **blessing** 265:21 **Blessings** 392:18 **block** 104:18 243:15 **blockhead** 205:9 **blocks** 34:14 261:16 **bloodstream** 333:9 **Bloom** 5:7 373:10,12,13

373:14 379:19 **blown** 340:18 **blue** 167:20 251:7 328:18 **board** 2:1 73:1 191:14 **bodies** 178:1 262:16

333:4,16 336:14 343:13 343:18 379:6 **body** 58:9 80:3 96:6

156:3 220:5,18 221:1 333:10 **body's** 46:9 **boiled** 121:18 **boiler**228:6 **bombs** 147:11 **bona**28:11 **bondage**265:5 **book**28:12 322:21 340:20 341:1 **books** 86:11 **bore** 90:19 **born** 39:19 51:15 107:20

175:5 328:17 358:11 **Boston** 36:12 **both** 7:2 8:21 22:1 37:1,6

38:3,6 48:2 56:10 75:7 75:17 77:2 86:16 102:20 129:15 132:4 135:3,4 137:9 167:17 169:5,6 176:10 180:11 183:2 185:2 199:6 200:12,14 201:14 203:20 206:18 216:20 218:10 246:9 247:15 274:15 295:20 303:3 316:2 320:14 331:3 348:20 349:2,16,20 353:15 363:20 366:13 367:8 368:1 378:14 406:9 423:18 429:14 434:15 **bottom**49:2 147:4 265:4 **Bouleau** 3:4 11:18,20,21

12:1 **bound** 258:20 **boundaries** 177:3 **bounds** 68:11 336:6 **bow**51:5 **boy**212:11 415:17,21

416:4 436:6 **boys** 264:19 299:2

335:14 **BP**263:9 **Branch** 371:10 **break** 10:18 17:13,17,21

59:4 114:18,19 115:2 180:18,20 181:2,7 271:18 274:3,3,6,7,9 **breakdown** 389:4 **breaks** 10:20 187:4 **breast**260:12 261:6 **breath** 40:5,12 45:6 46:5

94:17 119:13 166:17 168:15 198:3 210:13 216:4 299:10 372:7 400:13 **breathe** 39:20 40:4,4 41:7

41:20 42:8 45:16 57:10 63:18 66:6 94:6 105:21 106:20 108:5 111:1 112:9 117:15 125:4 126:3,7 127:12 130:13 140:8 148:14 152:13 174:8 210:11 213:15 215:12 220:17 222:3 223:16 230:6 232:4 233:6 234:3 237:9 238:21 243:7 244:10 245:20 256:20 257:2 261:13 283:20 298:2 308:16,17 318:18 324:13 334:12 342:11 342:12 362:16 365:4,21 381:21 412:20 417:14 425:19 428:20 **breathes** 310:10 313:3

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391:7 **breathing**45:20 88:5

97:4 100:18 102:8 113:18 141:10 163:4 167:1,9 172:16 176:1 189:3,11 196:16 214:6 216:10 222:11,15 231:18 236:3 244:12 258:19 259:12 271:17 280:13,17 284:16 298:8 299:11 307:7 343:18 364:18 372:19 381:2 382:1 391:21 393:15 396:12 415:21 426:6 428:12 **Brenna** 5:16 438:19

439:3 **Brian** 3:13 90:11 99:13,15 **brief** 175:3 230:13 377:13

439:2 **briefly** 98:15 274:13 **brighter**325:5 **brilliantly** 180:1 **bring** 65:4 116:7 164:4

165:10 194:8 253:5 257:7 319:14 329:2 340:17 342:8 377:17 380:21 **bringing** 254:3 389:21 **brings**49:1 352:9 **Britt**4:13 275:2,7,9 **broad** 170:14 207:2 **broader**44:4 225:21

268:1 **broadly** 109:17 **broke** 139:6 **broker**322:17 **bronchial** 161:10 **bronchitis** 123:14 152:9

284:19 299:15 319:3 348:18 365:1 375:6 **Bronze** 51:5 **brook**386:2 **Brooklyn** 242:2 **brother**60:3 63:16

138:21 139:2,5 140:7 418:10 **brothers** 358:14 397:21 **brother's** 162:21 163:8 **brought**82:21 154:13

167:15 200:11 232:19 332:3 359:17 **brown** 144:9 **Brownie**275:19 **brown-like** 177:16 **bruises** 311:11 **Bruno**263:7 **brunt** 100:21 **budget**30:15 158:18,19

294:17 **budgets**203:21 273:2

278:17 **bugs** 179:6 **build** 252:3 **builders** 307:3 **building** 227:12 248:3,5

251:3 283:11 **builds** 110:1,1 **built**251:4 370:7 **bump** 382:4 **bumps** 311:11 **bunch** 87:11 **burden** 61:18 62:13

155:10 158:9,11 159:7 159:8 179:13,14 221:6 245:12 278:11 296:8 336:9 424:9 **burdened** 160:7 **burdens** 33:14,19 156:17

228:2 **burdensome**270:10,13 **Bureau** 389:4 **burn** 146:16 147:2 175:8

329:8 **burned** 145:2 146:4

150:4 **burning** 94:17 121:19

131:4 144:12,18 145:6 145:14,19 146:2,20 147:10,17 148:4,16 149:2,3,7 150:6,13,15 246:13 306:21 319:8 333:12 350:16 360:15 365:5 427:12 **burns**272:4 **bursting** 121:17 **bus** 95:12 130:13 218:2

382:1 **Bush** 91:9 **Bush-era**58:10 **business** 53:15 103:4

155:1 157:14 158:2 160:11,16 164:9 179:14 192:3 224:4 225:21 275:14,18,19 276:2 309:2 336:21 354:4,7 354:15,20 355:15 356:4 356:7,9 357:17,19,20 360:5 394:15,17 419:15 433:9 434:7,9 **businesses** 12:21 30:13

32:1,6,17 33:15,20 86:17 155:3 158:6 180:5 208:20 224:15 248:1 273:4 278:11 292:17 335:15 356:14 356:21 357:3,5,11,12 358:1 359:19 **businessmen** 52:20 **bust**424:13 **buy** 130:21 **buyers** 135:12 **buying** 53:12 55:17 **bye** 196:8 **bypass**263:17 **byproducts**262:17

265:16 **B-A-D-I-A**282:5 **B-A-K-E-R** 128:6 **B-A-K-S-T** 346:2 **B-A-R-B-A-R-A**284:6 **B-E-D-E-R-K-A**412:5 **B-E-N-D-E-R**399:6 **B-E-R-T-E-L-S-E-N** 66:16 **B-L-A-K-E** 377:5 **B-L-O-O-M** 373:14 **B-R-I-T-T** 275:8 **C Cabinet**  164:15 **CAFE** 83:5 **calcium** 178:13,16 **calculate** 315:15 **calculated** 25:9 270:1 **calculation** 388:10 **California** 15:10 16:8,14

16:21 85:15 120:9,11 208:7,14 227:20 263:7 308:3 311:7 316:12 317:1,8 329:10 330:4 371:8 372:9,10 377:21 378:10 388:20 **call** 8:18 9:2 10:3 11:17

28:16 75:9 90:10 99:13 107:10 114:19 115:10 115:15,21 121:1 180:19 181:2 184:20 185:4 186:5 205:13 215:2 237:14 274:3 331:15 340:10 358:5 367:17,21 373:11 384:11 388:12 388:15 404:3 409:18 438:19 **called** 8:19 36:14 64:4

80:2 107:4 118:18 172:9 180:14 185:1 196:2 259:1 274:5,14 275:19 288:12 320:16 383:8 393:8 404:8 406:13 410:4 **calling** 275:1 291:20

345:12 **callous** 147:16 **calls** 14:4 76:15 137:7

211:15 **caloric**84:19 **calories** 84:19 **came** 142:4 150:20

240:14 252:8 318:1 405:3 418:9,19 436:14 **camp**27:3 146:3,8,16

149:5 **campaign** 195:18 203:10

283:13 399:9 **campaigns**235:2 416:17 **camping** 165:20 167:3

259:18 332:7 351:4 **Canada** 155:21 376:9

431:19 **Canada's**433:18 **Canadian** 434:5 **cancer** 123:14,19 210:15

212:16 243:13 258:13 259:8 260:6,8,11,14,16 260:21 261:6,6,9,10 262:1 315:2 334:7 418:2 428:1 **cancerous** 123:8 **cancers** 260:13,18 339:6

428:4 **candidate** 105:16 **Candler**3:8 48:3,6,6

50:17 **cannals** 150:14 **can-do** 309:9 **cap** 357:20 **capabilities** 130:20 **capable**294:18 **capacity** 64:11 82:1

253:11 257:1 299:13 377:7 **capital** 29:10 297:11 **Capitol** 127:7 330:8

381:15 **Captain** 51:2 289:14,15

289:16,20 **capture** 368:10 376:14 **car**73:6 131:1,21 132:8

280:16 329:11 332:7 362:17 381:9 416:14 **carbon** 49:4 84:16 129:3

293:3 **carbon-unhealthy** 352:3 **cardio**210:16 **cardiopulmonary** 314:11

317:2 **cardiovascular**44:11

47:13 112:17 123:14 172:12 222:14 313:18 314:20 421:12 **cardiovascular-related**

315:12 **care** 14:21,21 56:3 88:17

93:6 95:1 110:17 116:14 141:16 164:5,7 196:9 207:14 221:18 272:20 273:9,16 278:18 291:9 297:17 311:10 324:2 327:19 339:13,13 353:11 395:1 423:15 **career** 163:19 289:10

321:18 351:12 **careful** 10:5 31:12 186:9 **carefully** 31:15 51:19 **caregiver**311:8 **Carol** 5:5 363:21 373:9 **Carolina**61:19 62:14

258:9 260:1 294:4 **carried** 155:18 412:9 **carry** 166:10 294:21

342:11 369:5 436:20 438:3 **carrying** 102:16 125:7

159:6 **cars** 39:14 83:4 130:18

131:2,7,9 144:20 197:15 199:14 248:10 264:20 303:21 304:5 362:15 423:12 **CASAC** 76:21 **CASAC's** 77:16,17 79:12

100:6 **CASAC-recommended**

79:16 81:7 **case**21:4 52:17 133:20

134:19 214:12 234:18 255:9 302:8,11 321:20 348:3 356:8 360:5,6 369:9 382:4 421:16 425:16 433:15 440:13 **cases** 9:21 35:21 85:5

90:3 186:3 187:7 208:16 297:19 335:7 339:1 340:3 348:18 390:7 415:15 425:13 426:8,10 **Castler** 179:16 **casualties** 123:10 **catalytic**84:6 247:11 **catastrophic**32:5 **catch** 348:20 372:6 **categorization** 269:3 **categorize** 58:2 141:16 **category** 141:19 375:5 **Catonsville** 152:1 **Caucasians** 260:21 **causal** 44:3 313:17 314:6

314:17 370:2 **causally** 20:6 **causation** 313:14,19 **cause** 19:4 32:13 49:18

49:19 61:12 77:3 79:13 94:15 141:10 157:9 167:11 211:18 247:2 265:7 299:9 319:6 326:20 333:12 359:8 366:14 427:14 **caused** 228:7 257:17

263:6 319:21 324:1 358:13 366:16 383:13 389:1 **causes**44:6,11 46:3,20

57:8 63:1 105:8 118:5 222:15,18 231:2 236:13 254:14 257:17 352:18 359:2 360:21 365:4,15 **cause-specific**314:10

315:8 **causing** 63:13 141:6

171:16 210:15 244:5 290:6 301:10,10 312:6 338:19 **CDC** 62:8 207:11 **cease**227:9,19 **Celebrities** 163:10 **cell** 333:6 **celta** 175:18 177:7,20,21 **Census** 361:15 **census-base**431:21 **center** 175:8 196:9 197:9

197:9 354:8 355:17 380:8 416:19 **centers** 131:10 **central** 12:2 34:20 388:20 **Centreville** 165:17 **centuries** 35:6 **certain** 21:14 23:15

109:15 111:17 141:9 229:21 256:15,16 257:1 404:4 437:12 **certainly** 84:1 100:10

102:5 112:10 137:3 154:14 208:18 257:16 344:16 413:11 437:20 **CERTIFICATE** 442:1 **certified** 278:2 **certify**442:4,8 **Chain** 430:3 **chair**2:2 6:5 117:7 182:4

229:15 254:3 255:17,17 297:4 298:21 395:21 **challenge** 194:19 200:18

238:3 252:10 428:7 **challenged** 200:13 374:2 **challenges** 122:8 137:13

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411:13 432:21 **challenging** 433:5 **chamber**20:19 27:1,3

45:9 78:2 154:21 155:6 156:11,13 159:21 160:12 **chambers** 155:4 240:20 **chance**60:15 91:8 211:1

264:9 274:16 290:2 379:13 **change**20:13 31:4 73:16

76:14 88:4 106:11 118:18 141:21,21 174:6 187:10 193:21 241:18 247:12,13 249:17 267:3 283:20 284:2 298:11 310:5 359:10 368:4 407:10 417:4 418:6 432:4 **changed** 83:20 121:13

267:11 318:4 330:10 337:17 341:2 428:6 **changes** 12:12 20:12

22:8 48:10,10 78:1 109:19 129:14 281:15 281:18 282:13 283:5 284:8 301:21 416:8 **changing** 84:2 177:19

187:8 **channel** 202:21 **channels** 12:11 14:12 **Chapter** 109:4 165:16

229:14 297:5 360:9 396:1 410:5 417:21 425:11 439:4 **charcoal** 154:11 **charge** 130:7 **charged** 289:16 428:9 **Charles** 5:13 415:2

417:20 **Chart**20:15 **charter**369:4 **cheap** 193:3,4 262:16 **cheaper**336:12,13 **cheapest** 147:8 **cheating** 177:18 **check** 114:17 152:10

184:14 389:3 407:4 **checked** 8:11 184:12 **checking** 125:10 311:20 **cheered** 152:20 **chemical** 123:17 224:8

226:8 278:3 302:10 306:21 333:21,21 340:8 360:17 **chemicals** 265:2 332:20 **chemist** 128:17 **chemistry** 128:8,11,15

146:17 224:3,4,5 225:21 **chemotherapy**258:18 **Chen** 287:9 **cherished** 352:13 **chest**45:19 119:14

161:19 162:2,3 284:18 299:10 425:18 436:15 **Chester** 191:14,18 **chests** 298:9 **Chevrolet** 130:4 **Chicago** 101:11 **chief**58:1 75:20 152:10

313:10 354:4 **Chieffo**4:17 303:5

305:20,21 306:1 **child** 41:20 87:10 96:14

146:8 147:14 152:12 165:19 179:2 189:20 207:15 242:2,5 245:3 272:17 334:16 335:4,5 335:21 341:17 342:5,11 379:2 396:11 398:11 411:6,7 416:6 421:20 423:10 425:15,18 427:1 427:5 **childhood** 25:1 121:8

138:7 152:21 153:10 221:8 222:17 243:13 311:14,17 322:12 335:6 352:8,8 358:14,18 411:11 413:6 427:5 **children** 6:17 24:11,12,16

24:19 25:2,3 26:21 27:4 27:6,9 39:17,19,21 40:7 40:20,21 41:2 42:8,16 43:1 44:20 46:3,6 51:8 51:10,12,14 53:20 61:16 62:16,21 77:3 88:12 89:12 93:9,14 94:5,5,10,12,16,18 95:1 95:6,11,15 96:8,17,20 97:2,3,3,4,6,9,12 98:9 99:1,4,7 100:17 101:7,8 101:9 102:10,15,16 105:9 106:15 108:18 110:11 111:16 117:16 117:17 118:4 126:12,14 126:16,19 132:17 138:3 138:4,10,13,15 139:9 142:3,10 144:16 145:17 145:18 147:13 153:2 168:13,14 172:10 174:12 182:17 189:12 190:9,10 192:16 194:21 196:8,9,15,18 197:11 197:19,20 198:1,8 207:9,14 209:5 212:1 212:15 213:19 215:5,18 216:2,8,14 217:1,18 218:18 220:16 221:5,6 221:19 222:6 223:6 230:17,17 231:1,11,13 232:9 234:3 235:21 236:8,11 237:1 239:2 239:18 243:3,19 244:11 244:13 245:18 257:11 260:2,4,9 261:21 265:5 272:3 285:15 286:17 287:10,16,17 296:12 298:13 300:6,9,10 301:5 302:18 306:17 307:21 311:9,18 318:20 319:3 325:7 332:3,14 333:21 334:6,8 335:5 337:16 338:6,8 339:2 342:14 343:2,2,6,13,16 343:21 348:19 352:4,16 358:19 362:19 365:9,14 376:15,15,18 378:15 379:3,11,15,15 383:1 383:20 384:7,13 397:3 397:19,21 399:21 402:18 403:2 411:9,13 411:21,21 413:13 414:1 414:5,11 415:11,19 418:21 421:10,10 422:9 422:10 424:18 426:14 427:9 430:17 438:6 440:15 **children's**46:7 101:19

216:17 219:17 220:21 221:3 287:11 343:10 379:5 **childress** 196:6 **child's**41:9 94:3 420:17

425:21 **chilling** 280:2 **China** 195:17 **Chinese** 156:4 **choice** 59:20 69:15

103:11 199:15 256:13 261:19 272:5 297:18 312:2 **choices**290:14 **choked** 378:1 **choose**41:8 174:1

241:18 325:8 369:2 374:20 417:7 428:15 **chooses** 30:20 **chords**426:3 **chorus** 132:12 **chose**294:20,21 **CHPAC** 221:5 **Chris**4:10,17 249:21

250:3 303:7,10 **Christiaan** 163:12 **Christmas** 162:13 280:6 **Christopher**5:15 303:4

429:13,21 **chromium** 150:5,6,9 **chronic** 101:8 111:17

231:20 236:5 259:11 260:3 299:15 307:9 339:14 358:18 **Chuck**406:19,21 **Church** 250:4 **Chuterber**402:13 **circumstance** 392:9 **cite** 18:7 248:2 375:10 **cited** 18:8 55:1 75:1

384:10 **cities** 18:12 21:2 126:20

131:8 168:5 169:3 190:14 198:2 246:16 294:10,11 299:17 361:11 401:16 **citing** 27:2 **citizen** 48:8 90:18 180:4

191:14 377:10 405:2 412:7 430:5 **citizens** 33:21 35:9

106:20 123:1 143:5,6 191:15 212:8 245:15 258:9 267:1 302:4 319:10 321:15 324:7 361:16 378:12 382:11 382:17 399:20 428:6 **Citron-Fink**4:9 242:17 242:19,20,21 249:5 **city** 57:12 121:20 122:4

123:5 127:5 175:6,9,13 179:3 197:9 218:2 248:18 294:12 297:16 322:10 330:9 332:3,8 332:10,11 338:20 387:14 423:11 **city's** 242:12 **civil** 180:6 369:4 **civilization** 323:18 **claim** 146:18 209:3 262:9

262:10 **claiming** 267:12 **claims**25:15 65:18

173:13 267:18 347:2 349:10 **Claire** 310:17 **clarification** 80:16 214:9 **clarify** 50:7 318:4 **clarifying** 9:21 186:4 **class** 109:18 201:8,20

252:10 415:12,15 **classes** 166:10 **classified** 145:2 226:21 **classmates**416:5 **clean** 17:7 29:15 36:7,15

37:5,9 41:17 43:16 44:1 44:18 52:16 57:12,14 58:20 59:15,21 66:3 67:13 68:4 72:2 76:19 76:20 77:15 95:16 97:13,14 101:17 107:14 107:15 108:5,6,11,20 109:5 112:8,19 113:14 114:10 116:17 117:1,12 121:7 127:12,13 129:1 140:5 144:5,11 154:7 156:14 167:13 168:17 168:20 171:8 173:15 174:8 176:20 178:21 179:1 193:19 195:9 198:17 199:3,3,7,14 200:7,8,9,12 201:6,15 202:9,14 203:9 204:8 205:1,4 210:1,1,7,11,13 211:3,8 212:8 213:15 214:1,4,6 215:8 219:9 219:16,17 220:9,15 222:7 225:16 233:6,7 234:3 235:3,4,15 237:7 238:18 239:15 240:13 241:16 242:12 243:2,4 243:8,11,15 244:4 245:4 248:20 249:6 252:1,17 253:18 255:17 261:13 264:3 269:8 270:7 281:10 285:12 290:18 298:2 304:11 309:1 310:4,4 325:2 328:6 343:20 351:15 352:2 353:4 369:9 371:12 374:9,15 376:2 381:7 399:10,14 401:13 401:15 403:9 406:4,5 407:18 414:9 424:7,14 430:11,21 435:1 437:6 **cleaned** 384:3 **cleaner**29:17 30:1 53:17 67:18 72:3,6 82:16,21 83:1,2 100:2 131:18 200:1 225:13 242:14 325:5 343:16 365:18 **cleanest**305:12 **cleaning** 33:12 171:14

255:6 **cleanly** 132:11 **cleansing** 177:15,16 **clear**30:6 42:16 65:6

81:3 86:19 93:19 110:3 164:12 167:21 171:8 174:3 207:1 223:10 290:14 316:15 322:7 323:13 330:20 348:5 356:18 369:18 373:18 375:15 403:4,6 424:20 430:7 440:2 **cleared** 255:17 265:5 **clearly** 58:20 61:9 126:3

142:4 167:18 173:4 208:2 232:17 290:8 375:2 401:6 430:12 434:9 **clears**46:8 **climate** 117:5,8 118:10

118:18 119:3,9,16 120:7,11,19 191:15 193:20 204:8 247:12,13 298:10 310:5 331:5 340:7,8 359:9 377:7 381:17 407:10 418:6 432:4 **climate-induced** 118:21 **clinging** 332:11 **Clinic**418:1 **clinical** 74:9,14 259:4 **clinically** 19:5 **close** 87:13 116:7 166:8

166:11 206:16 207:17 213:13 241:21 243:14 265:8 309:13 323:5 351:3 413:14 **closely**416:1 431:16 **closer**255:21 **closest** 175:7 **closing** 49:15 60:2 68:14

92:13 106:9 **closure**48:16 **closures**48:20,21 135:1 **clothing** 329:2 **cloud** 121:21 130:12 **clouded** 378:14 **cloud-free** 118:16 **Club** 36:12 56:20 57:7,13

60:19 117:6,10 165:16 191:16 229:14 238:12 246:4 248:6 281:3 283:4 297:5 299:1 318:11 350:13 358:10 358:21 360:9 366:9 371:10 391:6 396:2 410:6 417:21 425:11 439:4 440:10 **clubs** 35:10 **Club's** 57:2 60:11 137:20

195:17 **clustered** 155:20 **coal** 20:11 64:1,4,5 87:14

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88:5 89:13 91:21 131:4 192:6,7 193:1,4,7 246:13 251:8 252:3 262:20 263:1,12 264:18 264:19 265:7,12,14,14 319:8 357:5 360:16 **coalition** 203:16 366:8

371:9 396:1 404:20 407:8 **coal-fired** 68:19 135:2

330:7 382:1 **Coast**219:2 **coat**214:13 **Code** 105:15 218:14

264:10 415:14,14 437:16,16 438:2,2 **cognizant**77:17 **cohort**315:2 316:21

317:7 **coincidental** 140:16 **coincidentally** 337:21 **cold** 342:15 **colder**426:21 **colds**46:11 **Collaborative** 203:1 **collapsing** 176:5 **colleague** 133:6 **colleagues** 19:15 364:16 **collectively** 80:1 **college** 104:9 252:8

279:15 282:11 289:10 289:12 321:18,20 328:21 418:7 **Collin** 4:19 5:13 318:7

320:9,11 407:1 415:1,3 **Collins** 5:9 310:17 391:2

391:4,5 **colon** 260:12 387:7 **color** 126:11 127:3 231:7

235:13 236:15 307:14 322:9 332:17 **Colorado** 386:21 387:6 **colorful** 139:10 **colors** 123:21 **Columbia**57:4 318:10

350:12 395:20 415:7 439:6 **column** 214:20 225:3 **columns** 381:8 **combat**52:3 289:12 **combination** 30:1 121:18

226:4 400:13 **combined** 94:11 118:20

260:13 **combining** 201:2 **combustion** 202:19

361:18 **combustive** 251:7 **come**8:20 11:15 17:20

35:6 57:4 83:2 86:11 88:10 90:14 107:12 108:7 115:8,12 124:3 124:20 135:1 141:5 169:20 173:12 178:19 185:1 188:3,8 193:10 193:15,16 194:6 209:2 225:14 249:11 253:20 277:11 291:20 327:11 331:14 339:21 343:21 344:5 353:3 364:10 367:5,14,21 379:16 384:12 389:13 394:4,8 394:20 395:9 402:2 403:17 410:17,17 414:20 421:1 422:10 425:13 427:11 429:14 **comes** 124:2 150:14

159:14 173:18,21 180:4 189:13 192:1 196:17 246:12 251:9 374:21 422:19 **comfortably** 353:8 **coming** 6:6 56:10 74:1

75:13 114:12 155:16,20 161:8 172:5 179:13 182:5 206:6 281:20 294:20 323:1 327:12 330:1 342:2 359:21 367:16 380:3 394:18 395:3 406:9 410:3 416:19 440:20 441:3 **commanding** 53:21 **commend** 257:21 **comment** 12:7 14:11 17:5

38:8 40:6 75:4 89:5 103:8 113:6 133:7 180:19 193:18 229:9 284:8 291:18 304:9 320:6 327:1 337:4 368:20 429:4 **commentary** 39:5,5

88:11 390:9 **comments** 6:9 8:5,5 9:1,4

9:5,7 10:10,12 11:15 12:10 14:10 28:9,19 31:16 74:18 75:6 76:10 80:11 87:2 89:2 93:1 98:16 116:7 149:9,15 152:1 154:17 165:8 182:8 184:6,6 185:3,6,7 185:9 186:3,5,15,17,18 186:20 188:1,4 205:7 206:13 214:10 234:16 234:18 238:9 249:12 257:9 272:13 274:16 276:4 288:15 303:9,12 320:8 341:4 346:11 350:4 353:15 354:16 364:9 366:6 377:13 390:3 397:8 441:5,8 **Commerce** 155:1 **commercial** 15:2 68:21 **commercialized** 17:4 **commit**53:2 **commitment** 14:3 162:16

203:19 **committed** 12:5 15:19

67:5 70:9,12 **committee**37:6 44:1

76:21 101:20 112:19 117:8 171:9 221:1 225:17 299:1 304:12 370:16 404:19 **common** 15:13 101:8

148:6 173:9 197:5 230:1 242:13 312:12 358:18 392:6 400:5 426:18 427:3 432:9 **commonality** 57:10 **commonly**414:2 426:15 **Commons** 302:6,9 **Commonwealth** 128:9 **common-sense**232:18 **communications** 91:9

229:12 **communities** 12:6 41:18

53:6 62:6 86:3 89:12 91:1 123:21 124:7,8 127:19 147:6 148:8 160:15 169:13 170:9 189:21 190:1 191:18 210:19 227:6 229:17 230:1 231:7 235:13,19 236:15 270:12 283:18 292:3 305:18 307:14,16 328:5 371:13 373:21 423:16 428:10 **community**42:4 46:14

63:14 95:18 103:4 107:15 123:2,4 125:16 144:15 158:1 159:5 160:16 170:14 174:5 189:11 211:21 212:6 219:16 232:21 234:5 235:7 243:2 262:20 319:21 321:8 418:7 428:9 **commutes** 129:17 **companies** 12:4 14:18

15:5 29:6 42:4 55:21 81:20 105:11,17 147:2 224:4 225:20 262:21 265:10 323:16 327:15 333:11,12 386:19 434:11 **companies/industries**

262:13 **companion** 387:11 **company** 224:12 226:4 **comparably** 135:16 **compare** 106:14 **compared** 20:20 25:12

190:10 208:11 282:19 314:7 420:9 **compares** 307:4 **comparison** 296:9 **comparisons** 167:19 **compel** 270:6 **compelled** 374:3 **compelling** 93:20 255:16

373:18 **competence**420:7 **competing** 357:13 **competition** 301:19 **compiled** 206:19 208:1 **complained** 280:15 **complaints** 36:20 **complete** 137:12 177:3

274:16 **completed** 8:21 9:19

17:10 85:4 185:3 186:1 **completely** 169:7 402:12 **completion** 13:4 **complex** 122:7 123:16

159:9 357:14 **compliance** 12:14,15

13:20 22:12 32:2,10 64:7 69:5,11 194:7,9 242:9 279:1 325:11 357:14 359:18 374:17 **compliant** 15:10 68:13 **complicated** 13:12 **complication** 426:12 **complications**210:16

212:2 **complied** 195:5 **comply** 65:1 157:11

374:20 **complying** 65:8 70:13 **component**36:7 202:7

364:20 **composed** 12:4 **compound** 26:10 226:2 **compounds** 15:7 145:9

360:12 **comprehensive**433:15 **comprise** 19:6 292:2

294:12 439:5 **compromise** 199:16

432:17 **compromised** 47:18 97:4

216:21 430:17 **computations** 389:11 **computer**400:21 404:17 **conceived** 381:13 **concentration** 7:10 20:18

26:4 74:1 94:9 183:9 233:3 288:1 312:13 370:1 389:15 **concentrations** 30:7

45:12 46:17 47:1 73:10 84:8 119:2,10 241:14 286:21 287:21 288:7 299:11 316:13 361:12 384:19 385:3 386:17 420:4,6 **concept**308:16 **concern** 26:2 45:6 47:13

65:19 71:20 272:2,3 285:19 354:18 396:14 434:2 **concerned** 12:12 51:11

51:13 112:15 118:18 147:6 155:6 191:16 212:7 277:2 354:12 362:14 368:17 370:13 377:10 379:21 381:2 418:13 **concerning** 76:13 221:2

230:8 287:19 428:20 **concerns** 12:11 74:7,11

74:19 144:11 232:18 258:1 261:20 438:7 **concession** 203:14 **conclude**80:10 269:18 **concluded** 211:6 313:12

313:15 370:1,8 388:21 441:15 **concludes** 23:3,7 44:5

299:17 441:12 **conclusion** 26:1 44:3

66:2 83:21 159:13 204:4 228:17 233:11 314:17 394:5 395:12 422:1 434:3,6 **conclusions** 74:20 317:11 **concrete**233:12 381:6 **condition** 19:10 20:12

118:8 153:6 154:12 167:11 190:11 207:10 211:19 231:5 259:11 353:1 383:14 412:19 414:2 **conditional** 228:5 **conditioning** 162:5

246:17 **conditions**22:10 78:5

168:19 171:13 264:21 294:18 295:1 324:17 358:2 364:17 383:21,21 418:12 428:18 **conducted** 24:5 26:14

286:2 316:20 **conducting** 305:10 **confer** 110:8 223:3

354:10 **confident**411:6 **confirm** 158:18 400:21 **confirmed** 203:5 **confirms**45:9 **conflict**84:10 **conformity** 13:2 **confused** 160:14 **confusion** 355:1 **congestion** 361:1 **Congress** 35:8 381:17 **Congressional** 346:14 **connect** 137:21 **Connecticut**61:19

161:17 **connecting** 35:13 **connection** 92:2 **conscience** 142:14 **conscientious** 148:12 **conscious**297:1 **consciously**249:9 **consensus** 76:10 237:17

432:8 **consent** 145:11 **consequence**292:12,15

342:5 **consequences** 93:15

189:17 204:16,16 207:1 241:16,16 266:12 281:12 336:15 376:16 423:19 **Consequently** 159:21

268:19 314:1 **conservancy** 34:5 36:11 **conservation** 34:4 35:14

165:15 246:7 247:14 299:1 306:13 310:11 **conservative**23:12 24:6

26:7,9,15 27:11 **consider**51:20 57:13

84:4 89:3,17 90:5 133:9 146:7 149:1 155:12 156:12 214:10 251:6 278:20 287:20 288:7 315:18 356:9,18 367:4 387:15 417:3 **considerable**26:17

277:18 354:13 **considerate**405:19

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**consideration** 100:8

160:17 205:3 435:8 **considerations** 240:6

374:17 434:20 **considered** 27:14 35:20

86:12 123:12 134:8 153:6 160:5 217:14 256:12 258:21 261:3 293:8 346:17 432:9 440:3 441:6 **considering** 50:13

154:17 240:12 285:10 367:3 376:8 397:6 **considers** 19:19 24:11

25:13 198:20 375:16 **consisted** 351:5 **consistency** 74:15 **consistent**77:14,14,15

116:20 249:1 313:20,21 **consistently** 36:16 46:14

69:13 76:19 95:18 130:3 361:11 **consists** 388:13 **constant**20:21 106:21 **constantly** 140:21 339:16

347:20 415:12 416:12 **constitutes**42:14 **Constitution** 1:10 324:6

391:10,15,20 392:21 393:4 395:10 **constraints** 26:19 **constriction** 45:18

104:19 **construction** 250:17

273:10 298:5 357:3 **construed** 346:7 **consultant**377:9 430:1

431:16 **consultants** 367:5 **consulting** 32:18 69:8

133:5 355:8 **consumer** 14:15,19

16:11,16 **consumers** 15:1 86:1

199:15 247:19 278:12 **consumption** 72:10 **contacted** 146:17 **contained** 113:14 238:19 **contains**442:9 **contemplating** 229:2 **contend** 420:10 **content** 173:19 **context**49:11 **continental** 119:6 **continual** 391:17 **continually**295:5 **continue** 10:17,19 15:17

16:13 30:10 33:12 70:15,16 71:5 73:14 78:16 79:4 82:19 83:3,8 83:10 97:13 112:8 115:18 116:13 120:14 157:4 187:2 195:10 225:14 279:5 305:14 324:13 351:21 367:17 402:16 403:21 414:13 **continued** 155:12 204:7

225:18 301:16 320:2 322:15 330:3 375:21 412:19 **continues** 79:14 117:21

118:9 238:4 358:17 **continuing** 83:1 279:9

351:20 **contra** 106:18 **contract**277:17 **contractor** 150:1 **contradicting** 237:16 **contribute** 123:3 218:4

244:17 255:7 289:9 382:2 **contributed** 29:21 82:11

82:20 156:4,6 202:12 326:13 **contributes** 123:19

218:20,21 219:2 **contributing** 138:7 200:8 **contribution** 73:6,9

293:16 **contributions**29:17 74:5

79:19 **contributor** 199:19 200:2

296:2 311:16 359:1 **contributors**409:15 **control** 7:16 18:11,14

20:10 21:18 64:4 84:14 85:12 116:12 120:20 134:17 151:6 173:20 183:16 193:2 202:16,18 202:20 270:20 303:16 303:18 305:6 340:9 378:13 428:19 **controlled** 74:16 78:2

125:13 189:6 315:9 327:8 **controls** 13:12 25:20

64:6,10,14 69:4 85:14 85:15,17 88:6 134:17 137:6 145:3 228:5 270:9 340:4 **convenient** 162:14 304:7 **conventional** 26:4 **convert**246:20 **Converted** 81:5 131:13 **convincingly** 100:13 **Cook**3:12 90:10,16,17,17

289:16 **Coordinated** 75:21 **Coordinator**210:1 235:3 **COPD** 172:12 188:20

287:5 290:5 339:9 399:21 **copier**241:13 **copies** 151:18 438:15 **copious**413:18 414:3 **copy** 10:7 98:8 186:11

346:2 **corner** 130:13 274:18 **cornerstone** 71:17 **corporate** 70:12 167:13

275:17 431:5,11 **corporation** 391:14 **corporations**263:15

363:7 392:2 395:11 419:9 434:10 **Corps** 377:8 **correct**38:18 50:19 81:5

151:18 193:9 442:9 **correctly** 38:15 **correlated** 78:21 287:12 **correlation** 19:16 316:13

437:15 **corridor** 13:5 **corroborating** 370:4 **cost** 15:12,20 16:20

32:19 54:11,14 61:6 69:9 85:20 106:13,15 129:9 132:6 134:16 135:9 136:5 137:9 145:16 151:7 157:17 158:4 164:1,5 190:3 191:20 192:2 193:6 207:13 208:3,3,7,15 243:12 250:18,20 265:4 270:10,20 272:19 277:8 277:15 296:8,10,10,12 296:12,13 302:12,13 306:18 327:1,7 335:1,2 335:17,18,20 336:4,4 337:13 340:1,2,2 369:15 376:19 382:17 408:18 419:13 421:2,6 421:21 422:20 423:15 **costing** 165:1 **costlier** 160:8 **costliest**54:9 **costly** 83:6 133:21 159:9

270:13 319:5 357:14 **costs** 12:15 13:9,11,13

13:15 50:14 59:5,10 65:7 106:18 112:8 119:7,20 120:14 133:10 134:6 135:12 136:12 137:2,15 158:5 173:18 208:1 209:4,5 247:16 267:1,10,19 270:18 278:10 302:18 306:19 309:7 321:14 327:2,18 336:6 347:4,5,9,13 350:2 354:13,19 355:2 355:16,21 357:9 358:1 359:18 360:3 374:17,19 379:21 411:8 421:7 422:4 423:19 424:5 **cost-effective** 308:21 **cotton** 265:3 402:20 **cough** 46:4 408:21 **coughing** 94:17 119:14

280:13,18 284:18 299:9 342:16 365:4 372:2,5 372:20,21 410:11 415:20 436:14 437:12 **council** 18:4 93:10 210:1

210:2,3,7 211:3,5,8 214:4 224:3 255:18 354:5,9,12 362:5 **Council's** 355:17 **counsel** 2:5,10 253:9 **count** 104:21 170:18

246:5 **counter**263:2 **counteract**74:5 **counties** 86:18 123:6,9

149:19 179:21 180:2 190:6,8 210:20 226:20 231:10 236:18,20 268:16 285:7 292:3 294:7,9,11 307:17,19 401:16 **countless** 129:14 189:16

233:5 396:12 **countries** 331:3 **country** 12:14,16 31:20

32:9,16 39:20 51:6 57:12 63:11 70:2 73:11 82:12 88:12 108:8 112:11 127:10 130:15 149:3 168:7 169:10 211:16 213:1,6 214:7 219:8 224:11 226:16 239:16 242:14 244:2,11 246:16 273:8 291:6,10 312:18 316:6 318:17 331:6 335:11,11,20 336:7,21,21 337:3 352:4,4,12 371:12 389:12 392:7 394:12 398:11 405:3,5,9,15 417:10 433:10 434:12 437:20 438:14 **country's**431:5 **county** 121:5 175:13

179:5,19,21 191:14 212:8 276:10 279:2,18 299:4,6 402:5 **couple** 196:12 259:3

322:21 328:4 381:14 390:3 **couples** 216:20 **courageous** 235:8 **course**34:19 53:17 64:20

109:8 148:19 234:1,2 253:15 254:2,3 332:17 334:3,18 356:7 374:1 374:19 412:16 427:2 434:21 **court** 1:18 9:3 28:18

38:21 92:19 116:3 161:1 173:8,14 185:5 188:11 275:4 282:3 331:17 345:21 364:5 368:9 374:2,13 380:2 399:3 **courtesy** 127:12,14

167:16 **courts**435:2 **cousin** 329:20 **cousins**219:4 **cover** 105:12 416:16

426:17 **coverage** 112:1,5 **covered** 149:14 **covers** 327:19 **co-benefits** 347:14,14,21

348:2 350:3 **co-head** 133:5 **co-sponsored** 203:2 **CO2** 293:9,14 **Crane** 5:11 406:10 407:4

407:5,6,6 **crashes**292:13 **crashing** 342:2 **Crawford** 3:17 124:14,15

124:16,17,17 **CRC** 395:21 **create**50:2 133:17 134:9 224:5 226:12 277:21 283:10 294:18 381:7 **created** 50:1,3 65:11

144:18,19 148:6,9 360:18 **creates** 294:2 386:3 **creating** 12:17 55:3

147:10 **creation** 71:6 219:7

357:15,19 360:2 **credential** 433:20 **credentials**412:6 **credibility** 137:10 209:1 **credible** 137:13 292:8 **credibly** 170:12 **credit** 134:10 **creeks** 263:21 **crews** 298:6 **cries** 263:2 264:15 **crippled** 420:20 **crippling** 235:11 **crises** 109:12 **criteria**29:21 90:5 **critical** 68:6 93:19 118:12

120:16 157:5 160:14 213:11 221:7 239:16 245:9 298:15 331:6 359:6 385:8 **critically-ill** 425:15 **cross** 164:20 403:18 **crossing** 254:2 416:2 **cross-country**436:7,11 **crowds** 330:18 **crucial** 302:16 **crude**263:10 308:13 **crying** 197:3 301:1,2 **CSPA** 14:17 15:5,19 17:5

17:8 **cultural** 35:4 37:14 436:2 **culture** 340:17 **cumulative** 78:15 79:2

419:2 **cure**40:1 259:7 260:5,6

396:18 **current** 16:18 17:9 21:1

22:15 25:14 30:7,17 31:13 33:17 43:10 58:10 62:8,11 67:4 70:14 73:17,20 74:17 74:20 78:10 80:8 82:5 83:9 89:17 94:1 100:9 100:16,19 111:13 113:8 114:2 127:17 159:19 160:1 171:3,18 205:9 211:19 220:12 227:5 236:21 239:11 241:2 245:7 266:16,18 267:3 269:12 270:16,21 272:10 276:9,14,18 277:3 278:21 279:2 294:6 299:17 304:12 307:21 314:2 319:15 321:4 325:11 346:13,15 346:21 349:19 351:18 369:20 370:2 395:21 405:17 418:17 419:20 423:20 430:11 431:8,9 432:6 **currently** 13:8 80:6 91:8

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93:10 113:19 207:7 215:21 221:21 226:20 251:15 276:11 283:11 350:12 358:18 390:6 409:10 423:8 440:2 **curse** 161:13 **curtail** 247:8 272:1

305:17 **Curtis** 338:17 **customers** 71:21 303:20

305:5,6 **cut**20:1 124:9,9,10

319:19 398:13 **cute**257:6 **Cutting** 264:7 **cycles** 302:1 **cyclist**271:15 **C-A-N-D-L-E-R**48:7 **C-H-I-E-F-F-O**306:1 **C-H-R-I-S-T-O-P-H-E-R**

303:8 **C-O-L-L-I-N** 320:10 **C-R-A-N-E** 407:7 **C-R-A-W-F-O-R-D** 124:18

**D D**  3:1 14:14 269:9 270:7 **dads** 109:4 **daily** 7:9 84:19 93:14

105:4 132:14 156:2,6 183:9 240:9 324:14 361:12 378:4,20 379:1 384:15 396:15 417:18 424:16 436:16 **Daisey** 146:9 **Dakota**263:21 **Dallas** 294:14 **damage**49:19 79:13 81:8

123:18 191:19 211:19 299:12 301:14,18 302:4 326:16 351:13 364:21 427:15 **damaged** 176:20 259:9

260:9 361:1 372:7,12 **damaging** 211:21 307:8

323:10 334:1 361:3 **Dan** 4:1 160:20 161:2 **Dana** 5:6 255:11 368:12

368:15 **Danbury's**401:19 **danger** 114:2 174:4 **dangerous** 95:9 112:13

118:9 143:14 144:15 172:8,20 213:19 230:3 284:16 285:6,8 290:9 306:20 321:5 322:2,11 323:4 341:18 352:11 361:17 399:14 401:8 439:17 440:4 **dangers** 102:20,21 174:7 **Danville** 311:7 **Daren** 5:2 345:5 346:1,4 **data** 19:5 64:9 78:4 99:1

99:2 100:7 126:12 134:9,20 191:20 194:19 201:8 227:5 234:19 237:16 285:21 287:12 288:13 293:20 299:16 314:1 326:5 337:11 339:21 340:7 347:8 375:11 401:14 **date** 15:8,14 206:19 **dated** 24:19 **daughter**41:6,9 166:8

220:1,7 223:16 250:5 275:21 335:3,12 342:15 381:1 382:5 383:2 437:9 **daughters** 295:19 438:9 **Dave** 133:6 **Davers** 196:3 **David** 3:11 81:13,17 **Dawud** 3:17 121:2 **day** 8:4 10:21 11:1,3 41:1

53:2 55:19 84:19 104:14 105:15,15 113:17,17 115:19 130:14 131:18 138:9 144:9 146:5 167:21 168:1 184:5 187:5,13 188:19 196:9 197:11 198:6 213:18 239:10 244:6 257:3 261:13,16 264:18 273:14 279:21 280:7,8,13,17 287:14 296:20,21 297:19 298:6 300:20 303:10 306:2 311:10 323:2 325:14 330:15,19 332:16 339:16 367:14 371:11 377:12 382:6 383:2 385:9 390:21 403:15 410:11 412:20 414:5 426:20 428:10,18 429:9 439:21 **days** 20:10,11 36:21

41:16 46:20 47:1 63:2,6 104:13 105:10 106:3 110:12,12 118:6,6,10 118:15,16 119:18 120:1 121:15 125:8 128:1 140:4 146:6,21 166:12 189:12 194:17 204:2 207:16,17 217:8 218:14 223:7 231:3,3 232:10 232:11 237:6 239:6 241:13 250:8 251:2,20 258:20 264:11 271:16 281:5 296:2 298:8 299:6 306:19 309:17 318:19 319:7 322:12 329:5 335:2 341:14,21 342:1 344:8 348:18 352:20,20 367:1 375:12 376:17 378:1 388:14 395:6 408:20 410:20 411:9,18 412:19 413:5 415:15 418:14 422:6,9 422:10 426:21 429:6 437:12,16 438:3 440:16 **day-to-day** 168:12 **DC** 109:4 229:14 360:9

417:21 425:10 439:4 **dead** 421:11 **deadly** 127:19 426:13 **deal** 104:12 161:7 168:14

191:19 254:2 276:16 297:9 311:10,19 331:3 336:1,13,15 383:15 **dealing** 161:11 335:6

423:19 **deals** 25:10 **dealt**385:20 429:8 **dearly**273:6 **death** 42:9 46:19 61:14

77:4 123:13,19 157:13 164:19 165:1 171:17 190:21 211:20 222:14 222:19 232:1 236:7 285:2 306:19 307:12 312:18 338:12,13 394:12,13 439:19 **deathly**412:18 **deaths**41:15 44:13 63:6

101:3 110:10 128:1 140:4 165:1 191:6 212:5 217:9 223:5 232:8 237:6 247:3 265:20 292:12 299:18 301:8 309:17 316:11 319:6 326:13 337:12 339:3 361:20 367:1 375:5 388:13 397:17,19 398:7 411:18 421:9 425:1 440:15 **debate** 31:5 **Debbie**38:16 **debilitated** 419:4 **debilitating** 323:1 420:21 **Deborah** 3:7 43:6 **debris** 292:14 **decade** 82:17 111:13

277:13 279:5 329:19 **decades** 82:8 83:2 114:7

145:6 220:9 225:14 260:19 261:1 322:11 336:16 440:1 **decade-long** 82:11 **December**6:13 182:13 **decent**53:4 242:7 **decide** 336:10 340:7 **decided** 141:21 173:15

254:8 283:3 335:11 358:12 417:11 **deciding** 102:13 **decision** 31:9,9 42:11

49:10 103:10,14 114:12 173:10 290:18 370:14 376:12 417:4 **decisions** 50:12 215:18

256:2 369:7 378:17 **decision-making** 59:8 **decisively** 114:3 **declined** 72:13 **declines** 24:21 45:10 **declining** 158:15 199:19

200:2 265:15 342:21 **decrease** 97:2 247:15

287:2 290:14 362:6 388:21 **decreased** 20:16 94:16

96:20 158:20 287:16 315:10 329:14 427:20 **decreases** 62:10 **decreasing** 13:21 32:8

159:2 290:15 **decrement**20:1,2 22:1 25:9 **decrements** 18:18,20

19:8,17,18,21 20:5 21:17 25:12,18 28:10 240:18,19 **dedicate**60:2 **dedicated** 42:2 93:8

111:6 283:19 407:9 **deemed** 313:18 **deems** 292:6 **deep** 13:7 210:13 243:11

427:13 **Deepak**5:10 398:21

404:15 **deepens** 101:4 **deeper**70:5 **deeply** 12:12 239:7 365:4

366:13 **defense**46:9 150:21

203:17 333:5,19,20 392:6 **defensive** 163:15 **defined** 194:9 **definitely** 53:9 420:13 **degree**31:3 161:12

252:12,14 **Delaware**210:5 **delay** 113:17 233:14 **delayed** 113:17 174:14 **delays** 157:17 158:5

227:11 **Delhi** 330:17 **Delhihas** 331:1 **deliberate** 53:7 278:1

312:1 **deliver**434:20 440:9 **delivered** 309:19 **Delores** 1:20 442:3,13 **delved** 243:10 **demand** 47:15 **demanding** 273:12 432:8 **demands** 135:5 370:10

433:14 **demographics** 322:2 **demonstrable** 85:18 **demonstrate** 14:2 267:3

268:4 270:17 295:5 **demonstrated** 64:12 74:6

74:13 78:2 96:13 100:13 240:19 **demonstrates** 96:17

108:16 220:12 **demonstrating** 134:5 **denied** 173:9 **densely** 359:6 **deny** 116:15 384:6 **denying** 105:18 **department** 13:14 46:16

96:7 99:15 150:21 218:6 370:6 425:14 **depend** 57:12 178:16

324:12 **dependent**56:2 154:6

240:6 **depending** 32:8 103:14

179:18 347:17 **depends**404:10 **depletion** 301:12 **deployed** 201:10 304:3 **deposit** 155:19 **deposition** 178:9,10 **deprived** 20:19 **depth** 369:13 **depth-binding** 134:19 **Deputy** 355:18 **DEQ** 145:12 149:20 150:5

310:15 **DERA**203:19 **derails** 355:3 **dermatitis**282:14 **Derrick**75:15 **describe**290:4 **described** 137:4 166:13 **description** 124:20 **desensitization** 162:14

162:19 **deserve** 59:6 222:2 233:7

235:21 237:11 376:21 379:12 404:6 438:10 440:4 **deserves**235:14 283:14

424:14 **design** 65:10 315:17 **designate**228:12 **designated** 157:21

210:20 217:16 227:6 **designations** 86:15

157:13,16 **designed** 37:10 78:13

171:21 **desire** 106:21 **desk**8:12,15 10:9,16 11:4

107:6 184:13,17 186:13 187:1,14 **desperate**232:17 **despite** 19:14 27:11

85:12 157:2 203:19 **destroying** 384:3 **destruction** 119:9 120:8

120:20 302:19 393:1 **destructive** 232:13 **detailed** 12:10 14:11

80:11 389:5 **determinants** 136:19 **determination** 221:13

222:10 267:5 314:6 369:16 437:18 **determinations** 90:6

221:18 **determine** 7:17 44:11

135:6 183:17 229:4 **determined** 73:20 79:3

134:21 135:13 268:2 269:4 312:15 **determines** 305:2 **determining** 136:17 **detonating** 149:2 **detonation** 147:10 148:4 **detriment**56:3 **detrimental** 61:4 229:19

232:20 **Detroit**423:9 **devastating** 12:17 155:9

278:19 **Devawn** 3:20 66:10,10

75:10 140:11 144:1 **develop** 7:20 16:1 176:10

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261:8 272:3 334:9 338:7 339:6 385:15 436:13 **developed** 17:4 68:21

134:11 176:4,9 272:21 282:14 295:20 304:2 308:11 322:14 336:19 378:2 413:3 **developing** 16:8 46:10

62:18 117:19 132:8 198:9 220:20 222:16 230:20 236:10 242:4 244:14 260:9 270:20 286:15 305:5 337:2 365:12 **development**51:17

85:21 157:14 222:12 224:12 275:14 305:11 320:17 413:20 431:18 **developmental** 221:8

231:21 236:6 307:11 **develops** 172:3 229:3 **device** 53:13 **devices** 363:8 **devious** 99:8 **devote**270:19 **diabetes**427:5 **diabetics** 311:20 **diagnose** 176:2 287:4 **diagnosed** 95:6 141:2,4

161:10,15 196:13 218:18 260:16,18 408:13 **diagnosis** 212:16 258:14 **Diagnostics** 73:1 **diaper**393:17 **Dickens** 340:18,19 **dictate**91:3 **die**40:11 62:2 126:15

141:17,19,20 142:1 143:12 164:20 190:11 190:19 207:17 231:13 237:2 260:17 261:5 308:1 395:1 **died** 60:4 105:1,3 106:17

162:21 163:13,16,20 177:17 312:20 **Diego** 308:6 **dies** 164:16 420:20 **diesel** 30:2 53:10 82:18

86:7 198:16,17 199:4,8 199:12,14,18 200:1,4,7 200:9,12,15 202:8,9,12 203:4,9,12 204:1,5 205:1 **diesels** 199:10 **differ** 143:18 **difference**251:3 281:17

340:16 372:17 373:1 398:6 **different**23:21 57:5,7

76:9 80:18 86:20 87:11 87:21 88:2 94:5 115:16 129:2 141:11 142:8 143:1 177:9,20 181:3 431:10,13 **differing** 76:11 **difficult**20:14 45:16,20

53:5 54:3,13 85:8 179:18 204:21 259:12 271:15 357:13 **difficulties** 158:13 212:9 **difficulty** 189:3 212:12

415:20 437:14 **diffusional** 173:18 **dig** 109:6 **dilemma**293:17 419:12 **diligence** 147:7 **dilution** 173:20 **diminishes**45:4 46:9 **dingy** 387:12 **dinosaur** 139:10 **dioxide**49:4 129:3 226:1

293:4 **DIPS** 158:19 **direct**21:19 91:9 177:2

178:2 214:6 348:5 439:12 **directed** 287:1 **direction** 55:6 97:6 **directional** 407:7 **directives**251:1 **directly** 28:18 328:11,11

355:10 361:7 364:18 428:19 **director**29:2 34:3 99:15

111:5 117:5 137:20 165:15 170:5 198:15 244:3 284:10 303:10 306:12 366:8 **director's**416:1 **dirt** 143:7 **dirtiest** 123:6 294:10,11 **dirty** 108:9 110:4 139:21

154:10 163:4 169:2 175:15 222:21 252:16 363:15 382:1,18 **disability** 123:15 221:9 **disadvantaged** 384:12 **disagree** 193:13 194:16

411:7 **disasters** 341:12,14 **discharges** 293:5 302:13 **discomforting** 122:6 **discount**209:1 **discourages**239:13,18 **discovered** 176:9 250:20 **discrediting** 39:12 **discrepancy** 74:13 **discretion** 33:16 **discuss**23:11 26:6 132:9 **discussed** 22:6 52:13

208:20 **discussing** 149:14 **discussion** 204:9 214:19 **disease**40:1 45:1 47:11

47:17 77:3 100:3,21 101:8 102:11 111:7 123:14 172:11,13 240:19 243:13 259:10 260:9 285:2 296:6,19 322:16 323:10 334:16 336:3 338:4 339:14 343:3 361:5 365:1 396:19 423:20 428:3 439:18 **diseases** 6:18 100:11

111:17 182:19 216:12 231:21 236:6 246:21 284:19 285:16 287:5 299:15 301:17 307:10 **disease-breeding** 292:11 **disease-causing** 248:9 **disgusting** 320:1 **disinterested** 180:3,7 **dismayed** 276:7 **disorders** 358:18 **Dispersion** 293:7 **disposal** 147:9,14 **disproportionate** 61:17

62:13 90:21 221:6 327:21 **disproportionately** 61:15

62:7 94:4 231:6 235:13 236:15 299:21 307:13 326:6 327:19 **disputes** 52:15 **disreactive**213:16 **disregard** 147:16 **disregarded** 312:16 **disruption** 118:10 249:19 **disruptive** 187:20 232:7 **distal** 208:12 **distance** 387:10 **distances**249:10 **distinct**240:5 348:9 **distinction** 297:10 **distracted** 250:1 **distributes**405:18 **distribution** 136:5 269:16 **distributors**45:15 **District**57:4 217:16,21

218:6 219:8 311:7 318:10 415:7 439:4,6 **diverse**235:5 **diversity** 301:21 **diverters** 309:10 **divided** 328:12 **division** 170:14 304:20 **DNA**259:8 **Dnell** 3:19 140:11,13 **docket**9:6 10:11 56:8

76:11 80:12 98:1,5 185:8 186:15 346:11 433:4,14 441:5 **dockets** 153:14 **doctor**97:19 98:13

143:11 152:14 193:7,8 213:4 258:13 259:1 284:2 296:9 339:13 340:12 396:12,14 413:1 413:2,19 425:9,9,12 **doctors** 88:1 89:8 103:2

176:2 258:16 259:7 288:11 437:2 **doctor's** 94:21 334:11

398:12 **document**348:13 349:2 **documentation** 288:14 **documented**46:1 206:18

208:2,7 **documents** 158:18

268:10 328:4 419:21 **dogs** 351:3 **doing** 49:9,19 54:16 60:6

67:8 141:12 143:7,10 159:7 166:12 195:8 214:5 216:15 257:13 277:15 283:21 333:13 339:17 343:18 367:15 374:5 381:19 406:7 411:13 418:2,3 419:11 **dollar** 137:9 208:8,17

393:11 394:4,6 420:17 424:5 **dollars** 12:15 15:13 31:1

82:13 135:9 207:15 212:5 228:16 261:18 321:13 324:19 347:11 393:7,20 395:11,13 417:6 **Dolphins** 163:15 **dome** 332:10 **domestic**55:16,16 72:9

85:21 135:2,14 157:8 387:14 392:3,8,10 393:4,6,12,13,17,18 433:3 **dominated** 134:16 **done**26:12 35:19 49:20

50:4 64:8,19 109:3 130:9 142:1 143:9 203:12 254:5 296:15 324:19 334:3 376:6 381:6 385:13 **Donna**4:16,20 295:13

298:21 325:18 328:15 **doomsday** 359:21 **doomsday-preachers**

359:20 **door**68:4 342:7 410:15 **doors**425:14 **dose** 94:9,10 96:13 **doubled** 101:11 386:1 **doubling** 422:8 **doubt**55:9 169:9 **Douglas** 3:4 11:19 14:14 **Dovers** 212:18 **down** 11:11 12:16 32:17

48:19 54:15 56:1 67:10 67:15,15,20 104:18 109:6,20 124:3 136:1 145:20 152:11 167:20 170:18 179:9,13 187:21 192:1 196:20 198:9 201:18 251:18,19 252:2 254:10 278:11 291:3 292:7 321:19 325:12 328:3 332:7,9 362:15 364:14 369:10 422:2,11 430:18 **downfall** 65:4 **downs** 204:20 **downtown** 175:8 328:16 **downward** 255:8 305:2 **downwardly** 156:8 **downwind** 148:16 **dozens**41:14 364:15 **Dr** 133:3,6 134:4 299:8

337:7 **draft** 111:21 194:8,14 **drain** 190:1 **dramatic** 72:4 73:13

374:5 418:6 **dramatically** 136:4 279:4

372:18 375:7 **drastic** 177:19 431:9 **drawer**372:13 **drawing** 393:15 **drawn** 57:7 434:3 **dream** 275:18 **dreams**259:6 **drifting** 293:4 **drilling** 263:9,20 **drinking** 154:7 **drive** 71:6 109:20 122:2

127:2 **driven** 131:9 **drives** 190:2 335:3 **driving** 59:7,19 131:3

248:12 256:20 304:6 332:5,6,14 359:8 362:16 423:15 **drop** 82:11 421:6 **dropouts** 312:16 **dropped** 30:8 72:12

261:1 **drout**361:5 385:19 **drove** 332:7 **drug** 259:2,2 **drugs**261:14 **dry** 178:9 **dubious**297:10 **DuBois** 5:1 331:13 337:6

337:7,7 **due** 15:14 36:4 73:14

74:11 78:5 83:5 118:15 119:10 135:17 147:7 149:5 156:17 190:19 193:6 211:14 212:13 213:16 221:7 226:4 241:8 293:14 **Dulles** 165:18 **dumped** 262:15 **dumping** 150:16 265:2

292:10,21 **duration** 21:10,15 **Dureses** 75:15 81:11

310:18 **during** 11:2 35:7 67:12

83:19 118:7,16 121:8 121:15 150:11 161:20 162:15 187:8,13 212:12 231:4 246:16 262:12 288:1 300:12 384:8 415:13 416:15 425:17 429:6 **Durkin** 4:2 170:2 175:1,2

175:4 **dust** 198:2 282:15 **duty** 55:8 125:17,20

201:19 **dyes** 265:2 **dying** 53:7 127:4 192:4 **dysfunction** 216:21 **D-A-R-E-N** 346:1 **D-E-E-P-A-K**404:16 **D-E-V-A-W-N** 144:2 **D-N-E-L-L** 140:13 **D-U-R-K-I-N** 175:4 **D.C** 1:11 6:1 36:13 60:19

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238:12 253:9 256:9 264:12 271:16 291:16 318:15 328:16 332:4 334:9 341:7 344:5,9 358:10 360:10 361:10 380:12 381:21 391:5,8 401:18 416:7 418:5 423:9 438:13

**E E**  3:1 182:1,1 **each** 7:17 9:6 10:2 11:5,8

38:11 52:8 65:14 71:16 74:19 96:9 108:10 110:12 125:5 183:17 185:8 187:15 195:11 207:17 217:9 223:7 240:11 256:4 292:12 306:18 316:4 323:19 347:6 359:3 371:18 421:19 426:20 440:16 **earful** 208:19 **Earle**4:11 258:5 262:6 **earlier**40:6 77:9 83:20

98:13 136:19 380:16 433:12 **early** 135:3 180:17

190:21 247:3 252:11 259:17 280:1 322:14 351:10 358:14 436:7 **earmarks** 201:1 **earn** 272:6 **earth** 324:4 353:2 **Earthjustice**253:9 **earthquakes** 341:13 **earth's** 262:16 **ease**264:8 **eases** 156:19 **easier**66:6 106:20 111:1

117:15 140:8 237:10 366:1 **easily** 64:3 250:19 293:4

322:15 324:13 363:7 414:7 427:13 **east**219:2 436:4 **eastern** 35:8 **easy** 380:11 **eating** 106:4 140:21 **echoed** 62:13 **eclipses** 24:1 **ecological** 295:1 **economic** 12:20 31:1

32:4,18 51:16 86:2,4 95:3 106:13 133:4,8 137:14 155:9 156:17 157:14 160:13,14 190:1 227:8 235:6 247:17 278:10 304:18,20 312:3 312:3 336:10 355:4,8 357:14 362:13 376:13 383:11 424:4 434:21 **economics** 105:20 328:2

388:15,18 **economies** 86:19 **economist**354:4 **economists**421:1 **economy** 12:18 29:9

32:13 52:20 54:10 55:3 59:21 67:11 68:1,8,21 69:9 71:18 72:7 137:11 156:8 193:3,19 199:9 224:9 232:21 276:4 279:9 354:15 355:11 356:5,10 357:11 362:6 384:4 434:16 **ecosystem** 38:5 154:15

359:9 **ecosystems** 7:1 153:18

183:1 301:20 302:4 **Eden** 386:6 **edges** 340:13 **Edition** 201:17 **educated** 142:21 **educating** 143:4 281:5

399:9 426:16 **education** 152:19 252:15

279:16 354:6 378:8 392:14 **educational** 99:21 284:13 **educator**318:10 **educators** 399:18 **effect**32:5 86:12 106:11

230:16 239:11 305:1 357:19 388:19 413:6,12 419:2 439:12 **effected** 207:14 304:1 **effective** 15:3 16:20

113:8 270:20 271:12 294:18 344:6 370:12 440:9 **effectively** 192:20 333:11 **effects** 6:15 19:5 22:5

27:6 28:8 32:4 35:1 36:9 42:18 44:6,12,18 47:12,13,14 61:4,11,14 83:17 84:5 96:4 97:10 100:20 112:21 123:16 133:15 140:20 151:10 173:9 176:1 182:15 203:3,6 216:8 220:2 229:20 232:20 264:10 288:6,7 289:8 298:13 299:12 301:18 318:13 339:11 350:21 351:13 362:18 366:15 370:4 383:19 388:15 396:17 417:6 420:21 421:12 423:12 424:1 427:4,11 427:17 428:14 430:14 430:15 **efficacy** 73:19 **efficiency** 67:7 202:4

247:14 329:12 **efficient**67:13,18 68:3

70:10 131:13 199:16 305:13 362:6 **effort**249:11 321:1 **efforts** 36:18 82:7 84:9

84:12 103:20 106:2 157:2 195:9 199:4 210:8 211:4 214:4 234:12 235:9 255:2,3 266:11 305:4 318:12 320:2 357:18 414:8 **eggs** 121:18 **egregious** 148:21 348:4 **EHOS** 158:15 159:2 **eight**27:4 51:8 53:20 76:1 263:8 358:12 412:8 **eighth** 408:13 **eight-hundredths** 349:14 **eight-month-old** 257:5 **Eisenhower** 151:4 **either**28:6 58:2 74:2

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61:15 100:18 106:16 111:16 182:18 189:12 212:1 216:20 222:18 235:21 298:14 300:1 319:4 326:8,9,14 339:10 362:19 402:19 427:8,10 **elected** 103:3 **electric**64:16 130:5,18

132:2,5,11 247:19 **electrical** 131:17 246:12

262:20 **electricity** 13:13 131:16

251:9,12,21 **electrics** 130:10 **elegant**388:17 **element**224:9 **elementary** 148:15 150:8

150:16 281:5 283:6 412:12,12 **elements** 240:4 241:13

255:1 293:20 431:5 **elevated** 13:5 362:9

385:21 **eleven** 27:4 114:20,20

115:1 **eliminate** 65:19 194:18

200:14 251:13 **eliminated** 203:21 244:20 **Elizabeth** 4:3,4 115:21

117:4 188:7,13 195:13 195:15,16 **Ellen** 173:7 **Eloise**291:17 **eluded** 166:4 **embark**402:15 **embarrassing** 142:14

374:7 **embodied** 428:20 **embrace**288:16 **emergency**46:16 49:12

62:2 94:21 96:7 101:2 104:10,21 105:1 171:16 175:15 244:20 272:18 306:17 319:5 349:12 361:8 370:5 388:14 421:9 425:12,13 **emerging** 132:14 **emission** 7:16 13:11

15:15 16:12 33:5 64:12 67:7 183:16 201:3 225:12 226:9 228:16 232:6 406:3 **emissions** 14:3,8 15:15

30:1,4 32:16 53:13 64:2 67:14,15,19,20 69:17 72:5,11,19,21 73:7 82:9 82:14,16 83:5,7 86:10 122:10,13 129:3 134:20 135:7 144:20 156:3,12 156:18,21 157:3,7 160:4 190:13 194:12 199:2,18,19 200:3,4,6 200:15,15 201:13 202:2 202:7,16,16,20 203:2,5 203:12,20 204:6,17 224:16 225:10,19 226:5 227:14 228:14 268:9 270:9 290:15 293:4,10 293:10,16 295:2 303:15 303:16,18 305:14 306:20 327:1,3,8 329:11 338:17 361:19 424:6 **emissions-related**

190:17 **emit**265:15 **emitted** 79:20 355:11 **emitting** 246:18 **emphasis** 84:11 384:18 **emphasize** 384:16 **emphysema** 188:20

284:20 365:1 **Empire**248:2 **employed** 165:2 **employees** 12:5 **employer**356:12 **employers** 327:12 **employing** 114:10 247:9

247:14 **employment**49:17 71:19

135:17 155:9 395:8 416:16 **empower**320:16 **enable**219:8 **enabling** 95:11 **enact**408:4 428:7 **encompass** 81:21 **encounter**312:20 313:2

415:14 **encourage** 36:19 272:14

283:6 310:12 406:4 **encouraged** 285:18 **encourages**239:18

370:15 **encouraging** 59:4 197:1

239:14 406:5 **end** 9:8 61:1 62:9,12

79:11,15 82:17 87:13 112:12 147:15 185:10 274:20 302:7,15 356:4 359:19 368:3 377:11 403:20 416:20 438:5 439:8 **endangering** 351:20 **endeavor**257:18 **ended** 250:8 **ending**426:10 **endless** 347:21 **endly**425:16 **endorse** 116:19 **endorsed** 102:2 363:11 **endorsing** 422:17 **endpoints** 315:5 **ends** 189:20 **endurance** 305:7 **endure** 60:8 323:7 **enduring** 197:19 203:16 271:1 351:1 **enemy** 392:10,10 **energies** 129:18 **energy**29:7,11 55:16

67:7 72:10 84:13,16,20 85:20,21,21 131:13 132:3,10 135:13,20 193:3,4,5,6 209:4 224:14,15 246:7,8,10 246:12 247:13,15,20 248:3,5,7 252:1 283:10 293:9 356:17,18 362:5 377:9 406:4,5 417:5 418:5 430:4 **energy-saving** 248:1 **enforce**325:10 428:8 **enforced** 281:9 **enforcement** 148:12 **enforcing** 291:4 **engage**29:12 138:8 **engaged** 224:4 **engine** 198:17 200:21

202:16 303:11 **engineer**246:7 **engineering** 282:11

289:10 **engines** 83:2 199:4,12,18

200:12,15 201:4 203:4 203:11 204:2,5 **England** 76:3 264:18 **enhance**239:11 **enhanced** 360:14 437:4 **enjoy** 60:12 137:21 168:7

216:18 242:5 257:5 281:13 **enjoyed** 35:5 329:19 **enjoying** 166:6 351:8

436:6 **Enochs**402:16 **enormous** 105:7 190:1

357:10 **enough** 59:7 109:16,17

138:13 171:18 197:21 207:19 220:13 243:17 385:15 401:2 412:7 414:15 **enriched** 276:3 **enriching** 352:13 **ensure** 7:13 42:4 43:17

102:17 125:17 183:13 187:18 203:9 230:3 234:2 305:6,11 310:10 **ensures** 238:15 **ensuring** 35:3 40:10 **enter**20:14 374:18 **entered** 109:13 328:21

441:5 **enterprises**419:9 **entertain** 256:14 **entire** 32:9 73:6 96:5

161:12 291:8 299:5 316:3 372:16 376:6 **entirely**48:14 162:18

381:21 **entities** 156:16 **entrepreneurship** 354:5

354:8,15 357:20 **entrusted** 42:20 311:9

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**environment**35:2,11

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2:8,10 13:14 15:4 34:9 62:5 66:19 93:11 111:9 112:6 122:19 124:1 127:1 133:5 144:6 150:18 151:2 158:10,14 159:15 191:18 203:17 205:19 210:2,8 229:19 234:8 246:4,9 264:1 277:20,21 278:8 279:6 279:16,17 280:19 281:3 281:4 282:9,10,13 283:4,6 284:11 292:1 294:19 295:7 302:16 306:8 316:5 320:20 324:17 338:15 366:10 373:20 377:9 396:6 407:9 432:16 435:4 **environmentally** 68:3,7

278:4 **environments** 142:9

218:20 338:7,8 362:9 **EPA**6:11 8:16 12:9 14:5

16:2,5,9 17:1,8 18:5 19:19 23:2,11 24:5,5,10 25:3 26:12,21 30:18,20 31:5,8 32:6,7,15 33:16 36:16 42:2,6 43:12 44:15 47:15,20 49:10 50:11 58:20 59:4 60:20 60:21 61:7 62:4 63:4 65:18 68:15,18 69:1 70:7 73:5,16 75:1 76:13 76:15 77:6,8,12,18 78:18 80:3 82:3 83:15 84:2,3,4 85:3,13,15 86:13 89:4 90:5 95:19 97:8 98:20 99:5,10 101:18 102:9 107:16 110:3,10,17 111:18 113:3,5,16 114:3,11 116:11,21 120:16 124:5 124:8 125:14,16,19 126:5 127:18,20 133:9 134:1,11,13 135:8 136:15 137:1,2,4,12 139:19 145:12,12 146:1 146:18 147:1,7,20 148:6,12 150:8 151:5 153:6,9,16 154:16 156:11,14 159:9,21 160:5 163:6 164:10 169:16 174:10 182:10 191:3,11 192:11 193:13 193:16 195:7 198:20 200:10 202:5 203:2,8 205:2 206:5,15,18 211:9 212:4 217:5 218:11 219:6 221:13,14 222:20 223:4 225:10 227:2 228:21 229:3,8 230:10 232:6,16 233:1 233:9 235:4 239:14,19 240:2,4,14 241:17 244:12 245:9 247:17 255:18 266:14,17,19 267:7,11,14 268:2,10 268:15 269:4,15 270:4 270:15,19 271:3 272:11 278:20 281:10 285:3 290:11 291:3,5 293:9 295:3,7,17 298:15 302:2 304:9,15 308:19 309:19 310:9,13 313:12 313:15 314:16 315:14 316:5 319:12,17,18,20 322:4 324:10 331:7 334:3 336:18 339:21 340:5,6 344:19,21 347:2,20 348:5,12,15 349:10,18,21 354:10,21 357:9 361:9,18 363:13 366:19 367:3,5 369:2,4 369:6,13 373:17 374:1 374:2,9 375:16 379:13 380:17 384:10,12 385:5 385:14 386:6,12 390:10 397:6 401:14 403:9,13 404:20 407:13 409:5,12 412:1 414:8,13 419:19 419:21 420:11 422:14 423:21 424:20 425:10 432:6,9 434:12 438:11 439:7,9,13 440:9 **EPA's** 6:13 13:19 25:21

34:6 37:8 41:13 56:21 64:9 69:11 72:7 74:8,9 74:14 76:20 79:6,9 85:10 93:17 95:10 96:17 97:5,10 100:6 110:6 112:19 117:11 126:12 129:1 133:20 134:16 152:3,20 155:7 155:12 158:3,18 159:17 170:18 182:14 211:4 214:4 215:9,20 220:21 223:1 224:19 225:1 226:17 230:7 234:12 235:8,15 237:3 238:9 239:3 242:9 267:1,5 268:4,7,8 270:16 275:11 291:17 293:17 299:16 303:12 317:11 318:12 320:2,21 321:12 344:16 347:8 355:14 356:6 361:11 370:14 373:17 375:1 382:9,20 397:17 411:15 430:11 435:17 440:6 **EPA-listed** 294:7 **epidemic** 138:7 222:17 **epidemiology** 18:11

74:16 316:18 **episode**358:21 **episodes** 148:7 176:5

415:20 416:3 **EPSs** 149:21 **equal** 37:18 57:13 283:10

394:2,2 **equestrian** 351:5 **equipment**30:2 84:14

136:20,20 198:18 199:5 199:8,11 200:21 **equitable**291:21 **equivalent** 135:18 **ER** 189:21 337:12 339:2 **era** 379:1 **eradicate** 143:11 **Eric** 163:14 **Erica**4:20 325:16,20 **Erika**2:2 6:4 182:4 **Erin** 163:18 **errands** 280:7 **erupt**404:2 **erupted** 404:2 **escape** 168:11 169:1

322:18 **escort-related** 156:3 **especially**21:13 45:6

62:19 65:9 108:11 111:15 120:10 125:8 148:14 154:1 160:13 174:12 189:11,21 196:17 197:18 235:10 237:21 239:9,20 246:13 246:16 251:8 318:19 319:4 342:1 383:19 384:8 401:21 413:9 427:2 430:16 436:11 **essential** 154:3 219:7 **essentially** 53:14 56:1

84:15 125:20 157:4 268:3,20 269:6 277:21 304:13 **establish** 7:15 34:15

76:15 109:19 183:15 204:13 234:13 242:9 279:3 288:17 391:17 **established** 116:11 286:1

338:5 391:15 **establishing** 60:9 200:10 **estate**253:8 **estimate** 119:5 152:20

201:15 227:3 267:8 347:9 389:16 **estimated** 25:11 120:12

135:8 136:2 264:6 358:19 359:2 **estimates** 13:15 23:7,14

26:7,18 69:12 110:10 134:16 135:12 137:1 212:4 223:4 293:14 300:5 383:17 397:18 **ES-7** 375:4 **et** 18:15,16,17 19:7 287:1

287:2,9 316:20 **etc**273:10 **ether** 146:14 **ethnic** 192:13 **ethnicities** 57:6 363:4 **Eugene** 174:2 **European** 376:6 **eutrophication** 301:10 **EV** 130:5 **evaluate** 194:21 195:10 **evaluated** 21:20 314:8,12

314:19 315:5 316:19 **evaluating** 43:19 **evaluation** 24:4 27:17,20 **Eve** 162:13 **even** 8:12 11:10 13:21

20:2,5 27:7,16 30:5 32:17 33:7 39:14,19 42:9,19 55:11 58:3 59:12 64:10 65:17,18 70:1 72:6 85:17 88:2 89:20 96:2 104:9,14,18 105:14,18 112:12,14,15 129:6 134:1 137:4 140:18 150:9 152:20 160:5,8 171:16 172:13 172:20 174:6 184:13 189:6,10 194:10 198:7 214:15 216:2 222:18 227:21 228:14 232:1 236:7 240:15,20 241:4 241:15 246:18 248:1 251:19 252:5 253:7 254:16 255:12 257:4 260:21 268:4 276:9,13 277:4 281:14 288:6 290:7 291:8 296:7 297:8 302:7 306:19 307:5,12 309:6 326:19 343:14 346:21 361:5 362:18 365:20 370:3 372:3 378:7 387:2 388:7 411:4 414:16 416:12 421:7 422:2,4 439:18 **evening** 56:11 187:3

358:7 373:13,15 377:6 395:18 435:11 437:8 **event** 123:17 436:21 **events** 162:11 204:1,3

263:18 **ever**30:11 59:16 70:11

149:20 169:15 196:16 228:18 264:14 265:9 333:16 372:19 382:7 398:10 412:8 **every** 24:6 33:6 40:5 41:1

44:7 54:10 55:19 58:4 62:21 67:2 108:10 113:17 114:1 118:3 127:11,14 130:17 138:15 153:1 162:19 172:15 188:18 190:18 193:16 195:2,11 197:11 208:15 209:2,2 230:4 234:2,5 244:6,10 254:2 261:10 269:7 299:6 322:21 323:2 331:2 333:3,10 336:18 339:15 342:18,19 352:16 355:10 365:13 371:10 375:5 382:6 385:9 403:15 405:15 412:15 412:20 413:17 414:5 416:14 418:21 419:5 424:5 428:10 **everybody** 141:18 336:1

336:9 **everybody's** 336:14 **everyday** 163:8 **everyone**6:6 11:6,10,12

51:11 57:11 107:8,9 109:16 111:7 182:5 187:16,18 210:11 216:3 238:5 281:2 290:4 297:21 302:14 367:9,12 438:13 441:2 **everyone's** 101:14 188:1 **everything** 91:20 99:2

142:1 151:4 381:6,19 **everywhere** 219:9 321:9 **evidence**6:14 18:5,7,8

18:10 21:8 22:17 23:3 43:18 44:8,10,14 45:9 77:19 93:20 96:1,2,6 113:9 114:2,5,7 133:12 134:10 137:3 172:19 182:15 190:20 216:8 220:11 224:21 237:21 239:21 288:16 313:12 313:17,19,21 317:14 329:20 367:2 369:3 370:9 420:3,5 427:18 430:16 **evident**47:1 **EV's** 130:8,16 131:12,14 **ex**208:7 **exacerbate**298:13 **exacerbated** 416:8 **exacerbates**222:17 **exacerbation** 188:21

299:13 **exacerbations**426:15

428:1 **exact**267:14 304:9 **exacting** 228:7 **exactitudes** 327:20 **exactly** 38:18 54:17

194:17 379:20 410:2 **exacts** 84:15 **exaggerated** 209:4 **examination** 312:5 418:4 **examine**263:5 288:14 **examined** 100:13 112:18

136:7 **example**24:10,21 65:4

194:9 227:16 228:3 245:16 287:1 315:5,18 348:15 349:10 355:15 355:21 362:5 375:10 376:7 404:1 431:11 **examples** 262:13 364:10

364:13 **exceed** 288:2 347:6,9 **exceeded** 218:16 **exceeding** 276:17,17 **excellent** 154:16 **excels** 322:20 **except**349:2 390:3 **exception** 21:12 386:9,15 **excess** 112:2 207:14

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**excessive** 150:9 264:12

270:18 **excessively**423:16 **exciting** 380:20 **exclusively** 253:10

288:13 **excursion** 434:4 **excuse** 169:2 **execute** 85:8 **executive** 111:5 170:5

198:15 244:3 303:10 395:21 404:19 **executives** 65:2 **exercise**21:8,15 40:17

152:17 153:11,12 172:14 197:17 233:2 272:1 338:6,8 427:6,20 **exercised** 286:11 **exercises** 153:3 **exercising** 22:8 379:3 **exertion** 24:13 **exerts** 290:2 **exhale**45:5 **exhaust** 130:11 360:17

362:17 **exhausted** 330:15 **Exhibit**201:1 **exhume** 114:3 **exist**69:7 129:12 270:21 **existing** 8:1,6 17:2 33:13

70:21 73:11 80:3 83:3 157:12 158:2 172:11 184:1,8 194:7 199:5 211:18 216:11 225:1 229:1 247:9 255:14 268:12 269:11 270:17 430:12 440:6 **exiting** 70:13 **expand** 69:20 70:1 158:2 **expanding** 12:21 215:14

227:12 357:13 **expands** 156:8 **expanse** 154:8 **expansion** 86:17 121:17

157:18 226:8 227:13 **expansions** 226:11 **expect** 137:11 403:16

422:3 **expected** 25:18 26:5 83:8

274:4 420:16 **expecting** 107:5 **expense** 357:16 363:5

431:9 **expenses**424:7 **expensive** 69:14 105:8

125:2 129:13 251:2 296:6 327:5 355:20 **experience**21:11 26:5

40:2 41:10,11 42:17 60:1 87:9 93:15 94:10 94:16 96:20 120:11 162:12 165:5 189:2 228:1 242:5 264:11 272:17,19 275:13 280:5 295:18 352:9,13 378:20 387:2 400:8 401:21 411:11 430:8 **experienced** 161:19

163:21 254:16 365:6 400:12 **experiences** 60:6 212:18

212:20 321:18 429:11 **experiencing** 22:7 25:11

99:8 176:1 372:19 **expert** 108:21 125:15

222:8 304:11 **expertise**304:9 383:14 **experts**41:14 91:10

108:4 194:2 221:1 249:2 308:20 **expiratory** 286:6 287:3 **explain** 69:7 162:15 **explained** 112:18 384:20

428:3 **explains** 69:12 **explicit**433:5 **explore**60:11 119:2

137:21 **explorers** 266:9 **explosion** 263:8,9,12 **explosives** 144:13 146:3

146:16 **exponents** 392:1 **exported** 320:4 **exports** 224:11 **expose** 321:19 **exposed** 19:3,11,13 26:3

27:13 100:15 148:18,19 177:13 192:12 213:9,19 285:8 287:7 300:17 341:11 361:17 **exposes** 144:14 **exposure** 18:11,15 19:4

19:14 20:5,9,10,11,15 20:16,19,21 21:7,9,19 22:1 23:6,7,14,18 24:7 24:14 25:13,16,19,20 26:16 27:12,14,17,20 28:7,7 45:4,11 46:3,12 47:4 78:20,21 79:3 83:18 94:19 96:14,15 98:18,20 100:21 171:13 189:15 190:19,21 203:7 230:2 231:19 236:4 239:3 240:11 244:13,16 285:1 286:20 287:18 290:1 298:5 301:16 307:7 313:13 314:21 315:7,11 317:12,16 338:10 361:6 370:3 384:17 385:1,11,14 **exposures**22:6,14,16,18

23:9,20 24:8 26:2 44:12 44:14 65:12,14,16,17 65:19 78:6 79:8 96:3 98:12,18 211:17 214:17 241:5,6 314:4,7,9 316:3 316:20 317:5 385:16 **express** 52:7 60:19

135:19 346:6 **expressly** 50:13 **extend** 7:11 183:11 418:5 **extended** 84:21 125:8 **extender** 130:6 **extending** 127:11 **extension** 78:10 **extensive** 6:14 64:8

109:19 182:14 216:7 269:9 **extent** 136:18 324:3 **external** 221:1 388:10 **externalities**232:13 **extra** 102:15 363:5 367:6 **extractions** 356:21 **extraordinary** 167:12 **extrapolate**21:19 **extreme** 334:20 **extremely** 85:8 108:12

177:5 **extremes** 176:20 **eye** 243:14 360:21 **eyes** 122:6 189:2 437:13 **E-L-I-Z-A-B-E-T-H**

195:16

**F F**  108:3 138:18 182:1 **fabrications** 59:14 **face** 100:5 106:7 148:5

158:14 177:14 227:11 359:9 410:12 414:3 **Facebook** 146:12 **faced** 85:6 333:5 433:14 **faces** 172:15 238:3 **facilities** 12:16 29:13

30:3 82:14 135:5 145:13 158:2 227:12,13 228:1,15 246:14,18 252:4 278:3 307:2 350:17,20 **facility** 145:10 218:1

402:3 **facing** 179:1 229:18

278:17 329:1 426:1 **fact**24:17 48:13 52:15

54:3 60:1 67:10 73:20 74:16 80:19 91:5 95:1 129:14 145:8 146:15 156:13 159:6 168:15 194:17 202:9 203:20 208:6 209:2,4 214:13 220:20 221:5 232:14 246:21 261:10 307:8 323:15 326:11 334:8 336:8,17 346:16 352:14 359:13 381:10 393:19 433:4 **factor**22:12 59:5 209:1

246:21 389:9,9,11 403:15 433:1 **factories** 39:14 54:19

67:19 144:20 280:10 303:19 423:12 **factors** 23:16 26:6 78:8

87:21 127:2 290:20,21 315:19,19 369:15 409:11 **factory** 226:12 **facts** 84:1 90:19 91:2,3,3

348:12,21 349:1,8 359:19 **fact-based** 52:12 **fade**238:2 **fail** 286:16 **failed** 237:15 269:6 340:3

402:11 **failing** 125:16,20 402:21 **fails**43:10 125:14 143:8 171:3 **failure** 147:18 155:12

157:11 422:20 **fair** 11:9 36:2 59:7 241:10 **Fairfax**276:10 279:2,18

402:5,6 **fairly**400:10 **fairness** 263:1 **fall** 209:3 371:18 386:6

412:11 436:9 **falling** 64:21 372:21 **fallout** 160:13 **false**48:14 59:20 134:17 **familiar**65:2 130:20 **familiarity** 130:1 **families** 32:6 60:7 103:14

110:20 129:12 138:3 139:20 148:2 169:13 180:5 223:13 227:3 283:8 296:8,12 310:2 327:9 376:15,16 411:21 423:18 **family** 62:9,10,12 108:8

144:14 152:8 161:13 164:8 165:21 172:15 174:2,5 196:12 217:11 218:17 243:10 262:1 272:19 280:4 295:21 335:4,5 351:4 355:21 358:12 364:16 376:19 377:20 **famous** 163:9 **fanatic** 142:15 **far**53:17 124:19 131:12

167:2 309:12 314:5 336:12 347:5 388:11 413:14 424:4 **farm** 51:9 199:11 298:7 **farmer**51:2 53:9,20

54:13 **farmers** 55:21 **farming** 53:6 **farms** 54:15 **farther**257:10 **far-ranging** 30:20 **fast** 126:5 288:16 413:7 **faster**94:6 265:13 309:12

329:9 344:15 **fastest**55:3 **fastway** 196:4 **father**51:2,10 54:6

138:21 164:13,14 242:1 258:8 373:16 **fathers** 397:20 **favor** 152:5 153:16 312:2

375:21 411:2 **favored** 199:15 **favorite** 125:5 **FC** 228:5 **FDA** 105:19 **fear** 179:12 180:8 188:19

212:15 223:16 230:5 234:4 243:18 342:21 343:2 **feasibility** 68:3 246:9 **feasible** 16:17 **feature**25:7 134:20

155:14 **federal** 6:13 8:1 34:10 35:14 51:20 52:11,16 70:2,4 100:16,19 145:13 147:8 158:10,16 158:18 159:1,3,15 170:15 182:12 184:1 192:12 228:9,9 235:19 268:12,19 270:5 278:17 327:18 362:7 382:10 433:19 **federally-delegated**

159:4 **federally-funded** 13:1 **federation** 155:2 **feedback** 191:11 385:19 **Feeherry**4:19 318:7,8,8 **feel** 51:6 162:6 176:12

189:9 271:19 281:15,17 296:21 310:3 342:15 344:11 353:1 381:6,19 437:2 **feeling** 92:4 124:21

161:19 259:16 **feelings** 52:8 332:13 **feels** 189:4 **fees** 180:1 **feet**37:1 178:3 351:5 **Feldman** 3:6 28:16,21

29:1,2 38:8 **fell** 77:7 165:19 200:4

225:11 **fellow** 14:15 92:5,5 174:1

346:5 355:18 415:12 **felt**61:15 112:9 166:19

167:7 235:13 243:9 296:1 **female** 317:7 **Fen** 413:21 **fenced** 197:10 **Fenimore**413:15,18 **Fenty** 217:15 **Fen's**414:4,7 **few**8:9 34:13 60:7 61:20

139:6 168:6 184:10 196:7 220:9 230:14 280:10 283:19 292:4 294:16 309:13 314:8 322:8 329:6 338:2,10 390:6 394:19,19 410:12 426:9 438:8 **fewer** 110:10,10,11 223:5

223:5,6 297:9 309:16 339:3,4 356:19 375:12 **fibers** 278:5 **fide**28:11 **field** 54:20 108:6 153:19

289:9,11 301:3 308:8 308:14 **fields** 164:10 **Fifteen** 204:2 **Fifth** 46:12 270:3 **Fifty**215:11 **fight**52:9 108:5 243:4 **fighting** 91:19 107:15

219:17 417:6 **figure**308:21 394:4 **figures** 300:3 **FILE** 1:21 **fill** 386:5

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**filled** 378:14 **filling** 320:1 **filtered** 286:4 **filters** 342:18 **filthy** 320:1 **final** 139:18 423:4 432:14 **finalize** 113:16 174:10

310:13 345:2 399:12 404:8 **finalized** 253:19 **finally** 11:5 21:18 46:19

187:15 194:20 195:1 204:15 206:6 241:21 280:17 327:17 328:2 369:20 434:19 **finance** 164:4 **financed** 64:15 **financial** 273:2 335:18,20

392:1 424:9 **find** 47:3 53:5 54:14 81:5

133:21 141:5,9 160:8 210:14 227:9 254:14 257:11 276:19 302:12 336:7 422:20,21 435:21 **finding** 203:6 323:3 **findings**25:20 26:15

44:10 47:15 101:5 119:1,4 287:12 315:12 315:14 316:17 370:7 411:15 **finds**271:15 **fine**59:12 145:11 164:6

209:16 339:16 389:5 403:18 **fingers**416:2 **finish** 186:14 **finished** 9:17 10:2 116:8

117:2 185:20 345:14 368:2 436:17 **fire**263:9 385:21 386:4

388:20 423:13 **fired** 247:10 360:16 **fires** 385:21 386:7 **firm** 45:3 277:16 **firmly** 324:6 **firmness**401:1 **firms** 356:13,19 357:4 **first**8:11 11:18 25:13

31:11 35:19 41:11 45:4 48:13 50:7 57:18 63:19 68:15 93:19 103:19 112:1 131:20 161:5 163:13 178:4 184:12 185:13 188:5 199:8 200:18 207:5 214:19 219:7 228:8 230:15 235:8 238:14 240:14 262:13 263:19 267:5 274:18 275:1,14 279:21 281:11 283:21 285:21 295:17 306:6 329:7 331:16 334:2 346:1 355:19 368:9 380:11,20 381:4 402:13 405:3 412:11 413:1 418:9 419:17 432:3,7 **firsthand** 34:21 52:2

176:18 377:21 400:11 **fish** 124:21 **fishing** 265:6 **fit** 163:17 258:15 342:16 **fitness** 153:5 **fits** 372:20 **five** 9:7,15 17:18 114:1

116:5,6 119:4 131:19 185:9,18 191:1 195:21 208:9 271:13 274:7,20 321:11 335:6 345:15 364:14 367:11 368:5 380:19 397:12,13 429:16 431:15 **five-year**260:14 **fix** 17:13,17 366:1,2 382:4 **flagrant**63:14 **flare** 125:13 **flash** 9:14 185:17 **flat**381:13 **flawed** 267:7 268:7 **fleet**73:3,5,7 83:4 **fleets**202:12 **flexible** 115:14 **flies** 148:5 **floats** 381:20 **floods** 341:13 **floor** 10:4 162:1 186:7 **flourishing** 12:17 **flow** 136:6 287:15 **fluctuations**20:20 **focus** 17:7 44:17 114:12

214:12 228:21 251:19 388:11 **focused** 24:10 47:11

314:11 348:9 **focuses**247:4 292:9 **focusing** 18:12 38:4

347:5 **fog** 324:11 **FOIA** 150:20 **fold** 265:10 **folding** 434:10 **foliage** 177:10,16 **foliar**301:14 **folks**42:2 59:6 115:14

163:8 209:12 254:19 384:12 401:10 **follow**42:4 43:6,11 61:8

102:11 110:17 310:13 323:20 343:12 373:18 417:19 **followed** 263:15 400:4 **following** 26:2 66:18

98:11 141:9 142:8 285:20 412:17,19 **follows** 116:21 370:16

440:6 **food** 54:14 56:2 106:4,4

178:15 407:18,19 **foods** 106:6 **foolhardy** 147:19 **foolish** 109:2 **foot**34:17 **foothills** 329:21 **footprint**84:17 **Forbes** 294:11 393:7 **forbid** 41:8 **force** 16:16 48:16 55:21

56:1 107:15 108:7 109:5 144:5 215:8 219:16 243:2,8 249:7 385:20 416:15 **forced** 63:2 85:13 118:7

213:12,17 231:4 286:6 287:3 293:20 325:8 352:19 362:16 **forcefulness** 196:6 **forcing** 12:14,15 340:7

426:2 **Ford** 304:6 **forecast** 125:10 399:20 **foregoing** 442:5 **foreign** 55:5 56:2,2

123:18 130:15 156:17 177:18 392:8 **foresight**379:12 **forest**37:12 165:20

313:11 351:2 386:3,7 **forested** 6:21 153:21

182:21 **Forestry** 293:12 **forests** 154:3,5,9,14

168:21 **forever**433:12 **forget**405:11 **forgot**257:15 **form** 25:14 65:10,13

78:15,19 79:5,15 80:18 81:4,4 177:10 178:10 235:11 240:3 313:13 391:16 411:9 436:14 **formals** 329:3 **formation** 218:5 **formations** 357:17 **formed** 35:15 212:8 **former** 152:10 164:19

294:5 355:18 395:21 **forming** 93:16 **forms**29:11 **formulated** 14:20 **formulating** 50:11 **formulations** 15:12 **forth** 368:19 **forthcoming** 31:16

134:14 **fortunate** 164:2 166:5

310:3 350:18 366:12 **fortunately** 89:5 426:4 **fortune**394:1 **Forum** 198:16 **forward** 36:19 37:8 73:2

75:15 85:19 94:2 97:12 111:10 115:9 188:3 205:2 219:10 245:9 252:16 325:1,12 337:1 343:12 346:10 349:21 371:21 439:13 441:7 **forwarding** 14:10 **fossil** 48:19 49:14 88:14

91:18 246:13 247:10 248:14 262:19,21 263:5 304:1 306:21 329:13 333:13 350:16 360:15 375:18 416:18 427:12 429:5 **fossils**264:4 **fossil-fired** 48:16 **fossil-free**416:17 **fouling** 302:15 **found** 19:15 69:8 96:8 100:17 126:8,13 136:3 141:12 156:2 190:5,14 211:20 231:8 236:17 247:2 260:6 287:2,13 307:2,15,18 315:10 326:5 334:13 361:18 362:6 374:15 380:21 388:17 412:18 **Foundation** 127:8 283:9

283:12 346:6,8 **founded** 34:13 36:14

55:16 **four**9:10 19:10 31:7

71:16 96:8 116:5 117:16 126:15 178:3 185:13 190:10 195:21 210:6 218:9,15,17 231:13 237:1 243:9 250:8 256:3 259:1 271:13 274:8,18 307:21 321:11,17 345:15 354:18 368:4 397:12,13 418:8 429:18 **Fourchon** 13:6 **fourth** 32:21 46:9 269:15

378:2 433:9 **fourth-highest**7:9 65:11

183:8 240:9 384:15 **four-fold**421:7,21 **fraction** 135:6 **fragile** 177:12 359:9 **frame** 320:19 **Frances** 152:2 **frank** 127:13 **frankly**40:6 172:5 244:9

396:11 **Fraser**4:6 205:12 209:17

215:2,4,4 **Fratz** 3:4 11:19 14:13,14

14:15 **free** 55:4 84:15 147:12

166:2 282:11 305:9 334:14 351:2 404:7 **freed** 265:5 **freedom**417:10 **freedoms** 52:6,7,9 **freezing** 329:4 **freight** 156:7 **French** 12:1 **frequency** 122:6 365:2 **frequently** 167:2 168:4

168:16 280:14 **fresh** 57:14 121:7 167:6

197:17 **freshen** 198:3 **freshman** 322:17 **Fresno**294:12 **Friedman** 3:11 81:14,15

81:16,17 87:6 **friend** 321:21 323:5 342:7

410:10 411:12 **friendly**278:4 283:10 **friends**40:17 58:3 162:7

166:7,8 196:20 216:17 216:18 259:15 280:1 282:20 351:3 364:16 378:6 411:11 413:15 423:21 **frightening** 189:2 271:18 272:16 416:4 **from** 7:6 10:18 11:8,12

12:21 13:10 16:6,16 20:11 21:15 23:5,17 25:1,16,19 27:2 31:4,20 34:14 35:2 37:11 38:11 39:8 42:1,2 44:1,2,8,13 45:9,20 47:13,16 48:13 49:5 50:13 55:4,8,17 57:4,8,20 60:4 62:2,7 65:21 74:2,2,3,5 76:9 79:5,19 82:14,16,18 83:7 85:18 86:10 87:13 88:13,14 94:12 95:9 96:5 97:9 98:10 100:6 102:9 103:2 104:12,13 104:15 105:3 106:17 107:9 108:2,4,8 109:2 109:18 110:4 111:17 112:6 116:10,16 117:17 119:5,8 120:7 121:5 122:3,20 123:10,12,13 125:17 126:1,15 127:19 131:4,6,10 135:1 139:21 140:18 144:20 145:11,12,14 146:8 147:1 150:5 151:1,20 152:9 153:2 155:17,20 156:16 158:16 159:3 161:6,16,20 162:9 163:1,4,11,16,20 166:6 166:9 167:17,19 168:3 168:19 169:1 170:12 171:9,13,13,19 173:21 174:7,7 175:7 177:3,9 177:21 180:5,15 183:6 185:14 187:18 188:19 190:11,12,15,15 193:4 193:5,11 197:2,3,14,15 199:10,18 200:4,15,16 202:2,3 204:1 206:17 207:9,18 208:3,6,7,15 208:19 213:3,5 216:14 216:15,17,19 218:9 220:1,10 222:14,21 225:11 230:18 231:13 236:9,14 237:2 240:3 240:20 242:21 244:13 245:1,1,6,12 246:13 247:1,18 248:10 251:9 252:3 253:12 256:4,8 258:13 262:8 263:20,21 264:10,20 265:2,5 266:15 267:6 268:2,5 269:2,17 273:6 276:8 279:5 280:14 282:18 284:17 285:2,3,21 286:20 287:12 289:17 290:8,13 292:13,16 293:10 297:19 299:5,16 300:10 301:6,6,18,19 302:19 304:4 305:17 306:21 308:1 309:4,10 309:14 311:14 317:15 318:1,13,14 319:21 322:11,15,18 324:11 325:3 327:7 329:3,3,4 332:6 333:3,8,9 337:11

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339:3,21 341:1,8 347:10 350:15,21 353:9 358:20 360:16,18 363:14 365:10 367:12 368:4 370:18 371:8 372:10 374:6 375:11,13 375:17 377:20 378:2,6 378:21 379:3,9 380:1 380:13,15 385:16 390:12,14 392:7 395:1 395:7,7 400:9 403:5 404:4 407:17 408:12 410:3 416:18 421:10,13 423:13 425:18 426:14 427:11 429:5 430:7 431:13,15 434:4 437:4 **front**8:19,20 109:21

184:21 185:1 209:12 **frontline** 188:18 **fronts**433:6 **Fs** 299:5 **fuel** 13:13 53:10 81:18

82:19 86:7 88:14 91:18 199:15 202:4 225:13 247:10 248:14 262:19 263:5 264:4 329:12 375:18 429:5 **fuels** 30:2 73:1 82:17,21

200:1 246:13,15 262:21 306:21 329:13 333:13 350:16 360:15 416:18 427:12 **fuel-efficient**30:3 **fulfill** 275:18 **full** 45:6 55:14 56:7 64:11

149:10 173:19 255:16 264:1 271:19 288:15 290:12 296:11 354:16 366:10 433:4 **Fuller**4:12 266:2,4,5,6 **fully** 70:15 89:16 122:18

159:20 160:1,5 167:4 169:19 202:3 228:19,21 314:12 315:18 359:10 388:6 437:5 **fumes** 216:14,15,16,18

330:8 **fun** 139:12 **function** 18:18 19:8,9,21

20:5,12 23:9,18 24:1,7 25:9,12,16,18 26:17 28:2,10 45:5,10 78:1 94:16 96:21 98:11 99:8 104:17 106:17 176:6 216:12 221:11 240:18 260:7 284:20 286:6 287:4,9,11,16 288:6 365:3 419:1,8 **functional** 143:2 **functioning** 361:1 **functions** 154:4 294:1 **Fund** 203:17 **fundamental** 57:14 88:10 **Fundamentals** 293:7 **funded** 39:12 124:8 **funding** 158:21 159:1

228:9 **funds** 158:15 159:2 273:1 **funeral** 41:8 **Furan** 293:6 **furnished** 351:21 **further** 16:3,9 25:2 30:18

32:1 47:4 83:11 84:9 86:5 87:2 113:17 114:15 124:8 135:5 136:10 160:2 229:3 232:1 233:14 236:14 242:7 264:3 276:13 316:15 321:3 322:3 337:18 349:16 365:18 365:20 409:10 414:9 432:12 442:8 **Furthermore** 32:12 79:9

158:2 211:20 228:11 **future** 51:14 83:1,9,11

118:21 135:6 159:9 191:5 199:7 203:9 205:4 212:16 233:18 237:10 238:5 247:9 252:17 253:21 261:12 289:10 298:12 309:21 321:3 325:5 392:19 406:6,6 416:21 420:17 **F-E-E-H-E-R-R-Y** 318:9 **F-E-L-D-M-A-N** 29:2 **F-R-A-T-Z** 14:15 **F-R-I-E-D-M-A-N** 81:17

**G Gabriel**  63:12 **gain** 227:10 **gained** 52:5 191:1 **gaining** 20:20 **gains**417:11 **gallon** 131:14,15 **gallons** 263:10,20 **game**86:14 241:10 **games** 296:15 300:16,16

308:5 **gap** 125:14 **gaps** 227:17 **garage-top** 329:16 **garden** 14:21 **Gardner**312:19 313:1 **Garrett**302:7,7 **gas** 13:7 14:6 29:5,13,16

29:18,21 30:1,2 54:18 73:2 128:16 131:16 226:10 232:5 235:2 246:14 256:18 263:7 266:9 277:10 293:7 356:21 357:1,2 359:7 381:16 386:19 **gases** 84:11 224:16 **gasoline** 82:18,19 83:6

84:15 86:7 130:6 132:3 360:17 **gasp**40:5 60:5 312:8 **gasping** 63:17 245:3

342:3 372:6 **gas-fired** 360:16 **Gate**202:6 **gates** 193:11 **gathered** 371:11 **gauge**241:10 **gave**241:8,9 403:12,13 **GDP**226:14 359:18 **general** 2:5,10 21:11 128:10,21 129:5 132:4 146:11,12,15 193:5 252:21 257:20 281:7 286:13 392:13,16,17 409:4 423:18 **generally** 265:17 286:10

436:17 **generate**251:20 252:4

293:1 **generated** 319:11 320:3

329:13 **generating** 246:14

247:10 262:21 **generation** 131:20,21

138:5 161:14 200:12 246:12 281:11 283:14 343:3 353:1,3 378:21 379:15 **generations** 34:15 191:6

233:18 343:21 392:20 **generators** 363:8 **generous** 347:9 **genetic**419:6 **genuinely** 164:2 **geographical** 269:16 **geologist**409:7 **George** 3:20 151:15,21 **Georgia**34:19 62:14

294:4 **geo-engineering** 49:5 **Gerhke**5:5 364:1 366:3,4

366:4,7 **Germany** 251:14 **Gershman** 4:7 223:20

224:1,2 **gesturing** 405:18 **gets** 17:15 46:8 104:16

105:4 108:3 162:4 193:5 209:15 222:15 242:10 336:14 418:11 **getting** 68:4 72:6 131:18

138:13 143:3 153:4 162:14,16 166:21 172:5 192:3 197:6,6,18 231:17 236:2 245:12 280:15 307:5 333:3,16 365:7 372:20 426:5 **Giants** 163:16 **Giedrius** 3:10 71:7,11 **gift** 132:4 417:9 **Gillite** 18:16 19:7 **Gina** 146:19 **girl** 166:1 332:2 380:21

415:16 **girls**264:17 335:13 **give** 9:7 10:8 46:6 53:1

56:7 63:7 115:11 139:4 147:7 152:14 185:9 186:12 197:4 209:11 249:5,12 256:7 276:21 323:6 329:20 339:18 345:16 400:19 414:20 417:10 424:15 429:16 **given** 26:19 33:1 65:10

73:13 75:2 84:1 94:9,9 174:8 190:19 241:2 349:12 407:20 **gives** 102:12 246:8 **giving** 28:19 151:6 161:5 254:19 396:3 **glad** 56:8 107:7 113:5

149:15 296:2 367:15 376:12 **glaring** 221:10 **global** 49:2,11 217:11

219:2 289:8 331:5 351:17 **globe**401:17 **go** 8:8 36:19 41:3 62:1

65:14 90:15 105:7 113:4 115:1 117:1 130:6 144:9 148:1 151:8 162:10 164:17 169:4 177:14 184:9 203:21 206:1 230:4 234:4 238:19 248:15 254:10 256:14,18 282:21 322:13 325:8 330:16 331:16 333:9,9 334:10 336:2,11 337:17 341:15,18,21 342:1 343:17 353:18 368:19 372:1,3 382:7 384:7 397:19 402:7 408:18 409:8 410:18 411:10 421:3 422:1 434:17 437:21 **goal** 15:20 26:8 86:13

97:14 171:14 276:14 402:4 **goals** 15:21 276:15 279:9

359:14 **goes** 11:1 145:14 178:2

187:5 224:15 296:8 312:5 320:16 323:8 334:17 381:14 419:4 424:10 **going** 17:12 39:8 49:7,21

53:12,13 54:2,4 58:3 87:9 89:1,2 91:15 103:19 114:17,19 115:21 118:13 129:21 140:14 141:20 142:16 149:17 159:8 164:5 179:3,5 187:3 197:14 208:4 247:7 251:17 252:20,20 253:10 254:8 254:10,15 255:6 256:6 271:20 274:2 289:19 292:8 296:4 298:10 310:6 317:19 333:1,8 335:2 336:3,4,6,20 342:5 357:21 367:20 378:7 389:3 394:7,16 399:2 401:20 403:20 407:11 410:15 417:19 422:11 425:8 427:1 **gone** 173:8 438:1 **good** 6:4 11:21 14:14

29:1 32:7 33:10 34:2 43:5 50:7 52:5 54:5,6,7 58:2 60:8 66:15 71:11 75:19 81:16 92:17 107:13 111:4 128:6,7 128:14 131:7,10 140:12 153:5 154:20 170:4 177:15 182:3 188:12 191:10 194:13 197:9 198:14 214:18 224:1,10 229:7 235:1 242:20 247:4 250:12 253:2,4,5 253:7,12,17 254:7,13 258:7 262:5 263:15 271:19 275:9 276:17 289:7 291:20 294:20 298:20 303:7 305:21 335:15 358:7 363:3 371:2 373:13 377:6 394:20,21 395:2,18 422:14 423:6 428:21 434:7,7,17 435:11 436:17 437:11 **Goodman** 3:5 17:19 18:2

18:3 **goods** 199:11 **gorgeous** 390:20 **gotten** 112:9 146:13

154:10 161:18 **Gottlieb**4:14 282:1 284:5

284:6,10 299:8 **governance**291:21

294:21 430:4 433:18,21 **governing** 278:5 **government**33:10 52:11

65:7 158:16 159:3 194:6 250:19 255:4 262:11 264:5,15,20 265:1 321:15 322:7 327:18 382:10 428:20 431:17 433:8 **governmental** 324:17 **governments**428:7 **government's**433:19 **Governors** 164:15 **grab**250:13 **grade** 108:4 175:17

259:13 280:20 378:2 402:11,21 408:13 412:11 **grades** 177:5 **Gradient**23:1 **graduate**229:12 289:6

395:20 **graduation** 41:10 **grandchildren** 41:12

216:20 398:2 **granddaughter**248:17 **granddaughters**438:10 **grandfather**248:17 **grandma's** 280:11 **grandmother** 164:16

213:2,11 280:21 299:2 **grandparent**376:19 **grandparents**257:4

279:18 398:1 404:3 **grandson** 248:18 **grandsons** 300:15

438:10 **granted** 167:9 352:3 **grants** 158:19 **graph** 49:2 **grasp**417:18 **grateful** 38:10 86:21

107:16 275:6 **gratitude**60:20 **Gravatt**4:7 223:21 229:6

229:7,11

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015** Page 17

**Grays**400:16 **great**33:11 36:21 42:21

47:12 75:7 82:3 89:6 137:15 149:16 154:8 165:4 176:17 177:1 191:19 208:2,11,12 249:10 253:20 254:5,21 256:18 276:16 331:3 385:13 390:21 401:16 402:10,16 403:6 418:12 419:13 **greater** 13:15 19:19 25:5

37:3 44:15 99:8 132:2 171:2 208:9 286:17 300:2 312:5 404:9 408:12 **greatest** 117:17 120:12

167:11 172:1 230:17 235:18 236:8 242:6 244:13 269:18 273:14 324:16 365:10 370:11 405:5,9 434:13 **greatly** 135:10 137:8

247:5 258:2 **green** 1:20 9:10 73:2

144:9 146:12 185:13,13 185:14 274:18 368:4 442:3,13 **greenhouse**30:1 84:11

202:6 224:16 232:5 **GreenLatinos** 341:9 **greenway** 34:18 **Greer**5:3 345:8,9,10

350:9,11 **Greg** 3:10 66:9,16 **Greifenberger**4:1 160:20

161:2,3 **grew**63:9 138:17 165:17

204:1 212:7 259:11 295:19 308:2 311:7 322:10 334:9 378:2 413:14 423:9 **grid** 131:15,17,17 **Grieverance**283:12 **grip** 55:4 **gross** 72:8 135:14 393:4

393:6,11,13,17 **ground** 8:9 108:11

148:16 150:13,15 178:3 184:10 335:19 387:12 394:2 403:15 **grounded** 359:13 **groundhogs** 387:14 **grounds** 207:19 274:13 **ground-breaking** 431:20 **ground-level** 12:9 34:8

36:17 66:20 77:1 111:12 119:10 175:18 176:19 177:4 178:7 191:13 206:7,17 210:14 215:10 216:10 218:4,11 220:13 230:8 232:19 233:9 246:20 285:9 294:8 320:13 322:13 341:9 360:11 373:17 377:2 386:17 396:8 397:15 398:4,17 424:1 425:2 435:19 436:12 438:12 **ground-water**409:7,9 **group**44:14 58:12

130:12 133:5 150:18 220:17 255:15 287:10 300:1 355:8 383:8,9 **groups**23:21 88:20

101:16 109:15 141:9 172:9 235:5 363:5 **groves** 329:1,4 **grow** 106:5 159:8 248:19

248:19 260:4 283:14 284:3 350:18 352:5 372:18 398:1 409:4 **growing** 55:3 67:11 104:8

175:10,14 176:12 198:8 259:20 265:14 300:11 341:11 343:13 410:10 411:12 413:12,14 414:1 427:4 436:6 **grown** 96:2 289:18 **grows** 72:7 120:20

265:12 281:13 **growth** 12:20 68:7 86:17

156:10 221:8 226:16 227:8,8 301:11,15 304:20 321:17 343:1 355:4 357:20 396:17 413:20 434:18 **guaranteed** 204:19 **guess** 37:5 81:3 205:13

252:6 317:19 392:8 **guidance** 30:13 **guide** 31:8 105:12 **guided** 288:12 **guidelines** 147:19 **Gulf**263:9 **guns** 382:15 **guys** 58:2,3 107:12 178:7

254:8 **Gwen** 5:1 337:7 **G-E-R-H-K-E** 366:4 **G-O-T-T-L-I-E-B**284:7 **G-R-E-E-R**350:10 **G-R-E-I-F-E-N-B-E-R-G...**

161:4

**H habitat** 302:1,19 **hair** 178:4 **half**64:4,9 87:17 148:16

202:13 232:2 251:21 347:10 **hall** 208:21 318:2 **hallmark**387:11 **Halloween** 412:17 **hamper**357:18 **Hampshire** 350:19 **hand** 88:16 166:12

192:10 270:3 429:8 437:8 **handle**424:14 **hands**404:6 **hanging** 332:11 **Hantman** 3:14 107:10,13

107:14 **happen** 49:8 142:17

297:8 335:10 339:6 363:2 418:15 423:10 **happened** 167:2 335:10 **happening** 178:2 297:1 **happens** 149:8 260:3

271:18 405:15 **happiest** 196:14 **happy** 75:4 87:3 114:14

130:2 151:19 200:17 367:11 426:10 **hard** 51:18,18 54:20

87:16 120:10 129:9 145:1 213:3 227:7 271:17 273:1 280:12 289:21 340:18 346:2 408:21 413:8 **harder** 158:1 246:18

365:3 416:6 **hardest**311:16 356:8 **Hardin** 302:7,7 **hardly** 55:9 98:17 124:1 **hard-nose** 164:9 **Harlin** 5:12 409:18 410:2 **harm** 32:7 44:8 47:16

90:21 142:11 171:19 222:4 231:21 236:6 286:20 301:19 307:11 385:13 400:9 405:13 **harmful** 79:4 143:14

158:7 160:15 169:10 189:15 264:8,12 265:16 295:2 319:19 332:20 341:16 427:11,18 **harms** 94:4 158:14 326:6

361:3 **harm's** 125:12 **Harrison** 133:6 134:4 **hat** 109:9 161:9 **hats** 107:19 **having** 49:8 52:2 65:3

91:7,14 102:16 124:20 126:1 127:12,13 139:2 139:3 188:15 189:3 201:21 259:5 271:6 273:5 277:12 281:5 282:14 295:21 298:8 328:16 342:10 343:17 352:14,19 372:19 378:12 392:4 408:18 416:14 424:15 426:14 436:1,21 437:13,14 **havoc**263:5 301:9 **hay**412:15,16 413:4 **Hayden** 4:18 310:19

311:5 **Hayes-Allen** 4:21 331:13

331:18,19,21 332:1 **hazard** 369:18 **hazardous** 123:8,10

145:2 147:9 **hazards** 112:14 113:1

142:9 293:8 **haze** 37:21 **hazy** 318:19 **head** 109:11 154:1 238:4

375:19 **health** 6:15,17 7:3 13:9

15:4 18:7 22:16 23:5,20 31:12,15,17 34:9 36:6 38:4 42:17 43:11,13,14 44:4,7,15,18,19 45:3 46:14 47:9,12,14 50:16 51:11 52:16 57:18 58:11,12,16 59:1,1 61:4 61:10,11 62:17 63:1 72:2 74:21 75:1 76:17 77:5,13,20 83:10,17 88:20 89:11 90:4,7 91:10,13 92:5,7,9,10 93:8,11,15 94:3 95:21 97:10 99:16,16,19,20 99:21 100:2,5,14,19,20 101:14,19 102:1,2,8,20 103:15,15,20 104:12 105:6 106:8,15 108:4 108:17 109:8,10,12,14 110:8,19 111:5,14,20 111:21 112:7,7,11,13 113:1,4,10,12,18 114:4 114:10,11 116:19,21 117:7,8,17 118:5,19 119:7 120:12 122:19 123:3,11 125:18 126:10 129:16 133:15,16 138:4 139:16,17 142:14,15 143:8 147:13,16 166:6 169:12,19 170:7,8,10 170:11,16 171:4,11,19 173:2,6 174:18,21 182:16,17 183:3 188:17 189:16 191:17 192:13 194:2 203:3,6 207:1,13 208:7,8 209:5 210:2 211:7,9,12,12 212:6 214:1,3,6 219:17 220:2 220:6,10,14,21 221:3,5 221:7,12 223:3,12 225:6,17 230:5,16,18 231:2 232:18 233:4,8 233:16,17 234:9 235:6 235:18 236:8,12 237:13 237:16,19 238:1,15 239:5,13 240:21 246:10 249:2 257:21 261:20 263:3 266:20 267:6 268:5 269:16,21 270:19 273:9,16,20 277:4 278:18 284:11,16 285:14 288:9,11 290:20 291:4 293:8 296:7,11 296:16,17 297:17,21 302:3,19 304:8,14 307:9 309:18,21 312:12 319:15 321:8,13 323:14 325:4 326:15 330:11 335:13,13 339:7,19 343:19 344:17,21 349:5 351:17,20,21 352:17 353:11 363:11,13 364:17 365:10,15 366:15 369:11,18,21 370:11 372:17 373:15 373:20 374:5,10,10,16 375:2,5 376:10 377:15 379:7 383:12,16 384:5 385:4 388:12 392:4,14 392:15 393:10 395:13 399:10 400:2 401:9 403:5,11 404:10 405:21 406:1 415:16 417:1,8 418:18 419:10 420:9,16 421:5,14,18 422:15,16 423:15 428:2,10,14 429:1 430:14,14,14,18 431:18 432:15,19 434:1 435:3,5 436:18 437:11 437:16 438:13 439:12 439:18 440:1,17 **healthcare** 190:2 306:18

424:7 **healthful** 37:15 **healthier**53:18 106:4

122:11 129:12 224:6 242:10 324:12 **healthy** 17:7 19:21 21:7

39:6,9 45:10 77:3 78:1 91:20 94:15 98:12,21 106:6 112:14 121:7 154:2 172:13,20 174:2 174:2 189:10 198:9 206:17 212:11 237:10 238:5,21 240:20 243:10 248:19 250:6 261:3 286:9 322:18 343:20 360:4 368:18 378:19 381:21 383:8 387:5 399:8 400:7 408:8 **health-based** 59:8 171:1

171:12 **health-conscious**258:14 **health-related** 189:19 **hear** 11:8,12 38:11 39:8

89:15 107:9 109:1 118:14 164:4 165:8,9 187:18 188:1 193:21 208:19 243:6 254:8 276:3,10 309:14 342:16 356:17 367:10,12 372:2 414:18 **heard** 36:20 48:13 59:9

141:3 161:6 179:12 253:12 256:1 262:8 264:15 276:7 302:6 309:4 326:21 339:20 362:1,2 371:3 377:12 380:15 407:12,12 410:7 416:19 418:15 422:5 431:14 437:5 439:20 **hearing** 1:4 2:1 6:6 8:10

8:17 10:17 11:15 76:13 93:1 115:4 181:4 182:5 184:19 187:2 188:4 191:21 274:11 328:16 342:9 367:19 441:12,15 **hearings** 128:20 129:5

425:10 **heart**47:17 139:6 148:8

163:11,13 212:19 232:9 264:9 285:2 290:6 296:19 339:4,5 359:3 375:6 383:21 421:11,13 428:3 **heartily** 152:3 **hearts** 51:4 153:5 **heat** 144:21 307:1 384:9

385:19 416:7 **heatwaves** 298:12 **heaven** 41:7 **heavily** 85:13 212:10

244:17 251:15 387:5

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015** Page 18

**heavy** 108:2 218:1 293:6

307:3 433:13 **heavy-duty**200:19 201:9

201:16,20 202:4 **heck**71:3 **height** 163:19 **held** 128:21 319:10 **Hello** 195:15 246:2 284:6

291:14 **help** 8:1,10 11:4 30:16

34:10 52:12 106:19 110:21 117:14 127:1 129:4 130:1 139:11 153:3 166:21 184:1,11 185:11 189:6 191:6 203:8 221:14 223:14 224:14 257:11 259:2 268:13 278:9 283:20 290:11,19 291:5 302:3 305:7 310:9 325:12 334:6 335:3 342:11 365:21 377:1 381:18 382:9,20 387:18 399:19 401:20 402:7,17 408:19 429:1,9 **helped** 30:4 82:8 381:14

397:1 **helpful** 98:2 242:10

249:12 276:6 282:3 **helping** 196:5 253:20

257:11 351:3 382:16 437:20,21 **helplessness** 166:18

189:4 **helps** 60:13 69:7 93:16

125:11 153:11 215:17 **Hence**90:19 **Henry** 3:4 11:18 12:1 **her**9:19 33:17 146:8

163:1,19 164:17 166:9 166:10,15,16,20,21,21 167:1,8,11 176:5,6,8 186:1 196:11,11,16,19 196:20,21 197:3,4,5 212:13,15 213:5,12 250:10 259:6 280:16 311:9,13,18 329:21 334:15 335:12,13,14 342:16,17 343:2,2,4 372:2,4,6,11,13,13,13 372:16,17 382:7 402:4 437:8,16,20 **herbal** 226:10 **heritage** 35:5 346:5,8 **hero** 289:19 **herself**437:12 **Hi** 56:18 87:7 90:17

103:18 121:5 124:16 137:18 144:1 279:12 313:8 350:9 358:6,9 377:4 380:10 399:5 407:6 408:10 417:16 423:6 438:21 439:3 **hidden** 35:12 254:13 **hide** 102:9 **Higgins**4:18 310:19,20

310:21 311:3,4,5 **high** 15:17 20:5 22:8

24:11 33:1 62:16 65:15 104:8,8 145:20 155:19 162:7 168:1 171:13 177:5 194:18 210:15 232:19 244:16 260:10 261:3 267:9,13 279:14 282:7 289:5 300:20 301:12,13 311:6 322:19 326:15 335:9 338:6 341:19 375:16 378:3 380:14 386:17 387:9 388:12 402:1 421:15 436:17 **higher**23:14 25:2,11,17

57:18 61:5 94:10,14 96:11,12 102:3 119:10 127:2 132:2 194:13 241:19 260:20 288:18 293:15 297:15 299:11 338:11,11 375:8 422:2 **highest**22:13 37:1 62:9

62:12 130:3 190:17 240:18 246:18 260:11 298:5 316:12 337:20 338:17 347:15 **highlight**31:4 199:3

354:18 434:6 **highlighted** 25:15 **highlights** 96:6 316:15

428:5 **highly**26:15 27:13

133:15 **highway** 13:3,5 67:14

200:19 228:5,9 **high-VOC** 218:3 **hike**40:18 **hikers** 35:1 **hiking** 36:12 121:10

165:21 167:3 351:4 **Hill** 330:6 **hills** 328:18 **him** 60:5 139:12 257:5,7

261:12 300:21 301:4 322:13,20 323:9 342:8 342:9,10,11,12 416:1 426:1 **hinder**86:4 **Hirtle** 5:15 429:13 435:10

435:11,14 **Hispanics** 190:5 **historic** 19:9 112:3 226:7

330:14 386:7 **historical** 122:21 123:5 **history** 54:10 59:17 69:14

138:5 218:18 262:1 295:21 324:16 355:21 382:12 **hit** 120:10 121:16 124:1

201:17 356:7 **hold** 48:19,21 49:13 76:9

109:6 116:16 146:21 285:19 291:3 409:14 **holding** 57:8 363:17

400:7 **holds** 285:16 381:16 **holistically**292:5 **Holm**4:18 310:19 313:7,8

313:9 **Holston** 149:3 **home** 14:21 51:7 63:10 104:15 144:12 145:4 213:13 258:20 274:4 342:2 372:1 390:17 397:19 413:17 **homes**224:15 250:21

292:17 390:16 **hometown** 63:11 196:7 **home-owning** 143:6 **honest**250:20 291:21

394:4 **honor** 188:15 358:7 **Honorable** 195:18 **Honore** 146:11,13,15 **honored** 253:2 **hooked** 334:11 **hope** 106:10,10,12 114:3

148:21 151:9 194:20 208:21 209:12 345:2 381:13 409:3 414:13 **hopes** 258:18 **hoping** 368:18 415:14 **horizon** 276:6 351:7

378:1,14 **horrible** 342:4 **horror**60:8 126:8 410:12 **hospice**258:21 **hospital** 41:6,16 46:15

50:1,2 62:1 189:1,6 222:13 232:10 250:9 258:17 261:18 301:4 319:5 361:7 375:5 414:11 426:7 **hospitalization** 101:11

299:14 337:19 339:12 **hospitalizations** 101:2

244:19 337:12 359:2 **hospitalized** 120:4,6

126:14 **hospitals** 327:16 **hostage**319:10 **hot** 162:4 166:12 189:12

271:15 318:19 322:12 378:1 **hotel** 109:19 **hottest**273:13 **Houma** 12:3 **hour**45:11 87:18 161:9 **hours** 19:10 37:18 78:7

161:9 250:10 264:18 287:8 308:12 361:6 386:14 387:18 396:12 398:12 **house** 73:2 139:2 329:21

330:1 342:18 381:9 411:13 **household** 14:20 15:1 **housekeeping** 8:9

184:10 **Houston** 228:3 **Howard** 3:6 28:16 29:2

179:21 **HRA**25:4 **huge**49:4,5 150:13

153:10 159:7 259:21 332:19 335:20 336:9 351:16 424:8 **hugely** 374:19 **human** 61:4 74:9,17

112:13 125:18 161:7 177:9,21 189:16 215:12 215:13 220:14 229:19 230:16 233:16 257:20 262:14 263:2 288:9 296:11 301:8 369:21 379:7 383:16 395:13,15 401:9 419:10 432:19 **humans** 92:6 292:2,11

312:15 353:8 422:18 **human-engaged** 292:20 **human-living-breathing**

391:13 **human-toll** 243:20 **humble**249:6 **humbled** 417:16 **humid** 189:12 **humidity**416:7 **humids**401:21 **humor** 141:17 **hundred** 54:20 108:2

154:9 **hundreds** 12:14 30:21

224:9 244:18 306:15 371:11 376:17 421:18 436:8 **hunger** 189:3,8 **Hunter**81:11 310:18 **hurdles** 59:11 379:2 **Hurowitz** 5:8 380:4,9,10

380:11,12 **hurt**53:9 54:10,11 55:7

86:16 327:21 416:12 **hurting** 54:17 86:18

278:15 292:11 **hurts** 326:8 421:14 440:2 **husband** 217:18 258:8 **husband's** 216:19 219:4 **hydrocarbons** 332:19

360:14 **hyper**253:18 **hyperreactivity**45:18 **hyphen** 188:14 332:1 **H-A-Y-D-E-N** 311:3 **H-A-Y-E-S** 332:1 **H-I-G-G-I-N-S** 311:4 **H-O-L-M** 313:10 **H-U-R-O-W-I-T-Z** 380:12

**I iconic** 387:7,10 **idea** 164:2 250:11 304:6

394:6 395:12 419:9 **ideas** 38:10 **identified** 69:2 134:1 **identify** 79:1 85:11,14

355:19 **idling** 362:18 **ifs** 323:8 **ignorance**411:14 **ignore** 91:15 109:12

243:20 294:20 369:14 **ignored** 195:6 290:21 **ignores** 65:13 **ill** 302:19 412:18 **illegal** 292:9 **Illinois** 99:20 100:5,8

101:6,9 294:5 **illness** 63:14 104:14

110:5 117:13 139:21 140:6 213:6,17 223:1 237:8 297:14 319:21 339:4 363:15 365:20 439:18 **illnesses**42:17 61:12,13

66:4 188:20 189:14 210:16 212:19 244:18 290:8 306:16 327:16 366:16 383:12 400:9 **ills** 354:14 **illustrate**220:1 **illustrated** 134:9 **ill-effects**234:7 **ill-related** 384:6 **images** 168:5 **imagine** 126:8 189:8

272:16 307:6 352:19 417:9 422:1 424:15 **immaturity** 94:11 **immeasurable**411:20 **immediate**231:18 236:3

307:7 **immediately** 157:15

289:16 301:4 **immigrants** 297:20 298:4 **immune**216:21 **immunity**47:18 **impact** 13:9 24:2 51:20

52:19 82:3 119:7 129:10,16 134:15 136:9 137:11 155:13 156:9 158:7 160:4 214:6 241:1 264:1 267:17 277:8 281:3 283:4 301:20 349:15 351:16 354:19 362:3 375:2,5 378:11 398:4 411:20 439:12,21 **impacted** 29:14 88:13

235:19 322:2,3 364:18 **impacts** 12:17 30:20 31:3

120:12 133:8,18,18 134:6 135:21 136:2,5 136:10 137:4,14 157:2 160:10 191:17 198:1 204:14 207:10,12 211:20 221:7 235:12 304:18 378:20 388:12 399:10 417:18 **impaired** 259:13 260:7 **impairments** 23:10 **impasse** 157:18 **impede** 351:21 **imperative** 169:12 191:3

233:1 302:16 **implement**7:21 52:12,17

74:4 129:13 158:9,16 159:4 160:1 180:9 183:21 277:19 412:1 425:3 433:6 439:7 **implementation** 16:7,18

17:2,10 50:14 85:4,6 86:16 158:9 228:10 270:12 315:17 **implementations**22:7 **implemented** 30:12

59:17 70:15 73:18 159:20 228:19,19 233:13

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015** Page 19

**implementing** 83:15

156:14 159:15 229:1 319:17,18 365:16 411:16 **implications**276:19

326:15 **implicit**221:13 **implore** 169:16 **importance** 72:1 199:4

225:16 **important**22:12 37:12

39:5 52:10 84:9 85:2 95:11 108:11,12 151:8 151:8 199:1,6 201:6 204:7 215:16 229:10 232:14 233:13 234:15 245:18 271:2 280:3 281:1 287:3 290:21 293:12 306:3 310:6 320:6 326:3 328:4 335:14 344:19 374:9,19 382:10,16 424:9 434:19 **importantly** 13:20 55:11

108:18 113:11 114:9 174:6 245:2 329:10 377:10 **imported** 86:6 **impose** 31:21 32:15 33:4

33:14 267:1 270:8,12 **imposed** 160:6 264:21 **imposes** 159:18 266:21 **imposition** 16:14 157:5 **impossible**54:4 64:21

352:14 376:4 **impress**400:15 **impresses** 160:12 **impressive** 30:9 202:10 **improperly** 347:21 **improve** 6:16,19 34:8

36:16 82:7 100:2 138:4 169:9 170:15,15 182:16 182:19 216:16 233:12 254:18 258:19 273:19 302:3 310:2 331:4 **improved** 15:20 100:4

132:1 193:10 225:10 248:8 329:21 **improvement** 129:11

174:19 359:14 391:17 401:4 421:5 425:21 **improvements** 30:9

72:14 73:14 132:14 193:13,15 204:11 420:9 434:14 **improves** 377:18 **improving** 29:19 59:18

69:15 111:21 112:7 113:4 153:17 **inability** 53:4 **inadequate** 78:11 241:4

286:15 321:5 **inappropriate** 16:3 **inaudible**20:7 38:12

387:16 388:16 423:14 432:17 433:3 434:18 **INC** 1:18 **incentive** 247:20 **incident**280:21 300:19 **incidents** 16:19 **incinerated** 293:3 **incineration** 293:1,5 **incinerator**338:19

344:10 **incinerators** 292:18

329:7 **include** 13:11 14:20

65:20 96:7 119:4 153:9 228:8 239:4 285:15 420:1 **included** 9:4 18:5,14 26:5

151:1 153:14 185:6 293:13 392:15 **includes** 76:3 297:7

392:17 393:16 **including** 8:6 13:4 18:11

22:17 29:11 33:6 43:13 43:20 47:17 52:11 54:12 58:13 59:1 61:12 62:14 70:13 72:20 94:14 136:17 178:13 184:7 198:17 207:3,9 225:13 229:18 235:20 270:9 289:11 294:11 295:2 299:12 301:21 304:15 317:6 326:13,16 354:14 365:1 369:15 370:4 374:10 383:1,10 387:6 390:5 414:8 432:18 433:2,7,9,19 434:11 **income** 53:4 62:6,10,12

278:18 324:1 338:16 **incomes** 57:6 62:9 **incomprehensible** 146:2 **inconsistent**25:21 225:6

314:18 315:4 **incorporate** 134:14 **incorporated** 435:15 **incorrect**74:11 **increase**46:6 48:17

54:16 55:20 96:9 118:14 267:13 285:1 287:6 324:3 326:17 338:12 385:12 388:21 389:2,13 421:7,8 432:13 **increased** 13:13 20:16

46:15,20,21 72:9,10,11 78:4 84:11 86:6 94:8 97:1 119:8,20 157:16 158:5,8 226:14 227:11 299:14 317:4 329:12 330:4,10 361:7 366:16 427:21 **increases**45:17 47:5

62:10 84:7 85:20 101:1 118:21 222:12,13 244:16 287:18 315:3 362:7 365:2 385:10 **increasing** 14:7 18:6

46:10 53:8 67:6 84:16 86:3 120:7 126:1 155:16 169:8 200:19 204:4 227:16 247:12 248:4 283:5 340:8 361:4 420:3 421:21 **increasingly** 68:9 138:6

157:8 199:13 201:5 **incredible**67:8 69:16 **incredibly** 35:18 131:13 **increment** 119:8 **indeed** 133:21 157:15

159:8 257:20 398:15 **independent** 19:15 24:4

76:20 101:21 108:19 113:10 133:14 222:7 266:7,8 **independently** 315:20 **Index**7:13 44:16 125:10

183:13 215:15 221:11 341:16 399:18 402:1 **India**405:2 **Indiana** 61:19 294:4 **indicate** 18:21 21:3 23:7

27:18 80:20 100:8 286:19 427:18 **indicated** 19:4 **indicates**24:5 27:21

31:13 85:10 136:8 285:1 430:12 433:21 **indicating** 47:8 139:13

167:18 201:1 214:11 261:12 **indication** 391:16 **indicative** 20:6 **indicator**240:5 287:15 **indirect**78:19 **individual** 26:1 28:6 76:8

115:11,12 123:8 240:20 241:4 335:21 420:20 **individually** 26:7 80:1 **individuals** 19:17 24:11

25:11 26:3 115:8 277:5 306:4 318:1 364:11 428:10 **individual's** 25:9 291:1

392:17 **indoor** 138:6 **indoors** 63:3 95:15 118:8

166:4 231:5 238:17 239:6 297:18 298:7 318:21 352:20 415:16 **induces**45:13 **inducing** 257:19 **industrial** 12:2 15:2 33:8

66:21 67:2 144:19 148:9 175:7 193:17 217:17 264:14 265:9 290:15 293:11 297:16 307:2 312:11 316:10 338:19 350:17,19 362:20 398:10 431:17 **industries** 12:16 14:6

68:12 82:13 88:15 91:18 106:14 109:2 116:14 217:21 218:4 245:14 262:9 265:13 266:10 323:17,18 324:8 340:2 356:12 374:20 428:7 433:10 **industry** 7:17 13:7 15:16

29:6,13,16,18 59:3 64:20 65:4,6 72:17 82:15 88:14,21 116:16 122:21 155:5 157:17 183:17 192:4,6,7,18 193:1,9,21 205:1 218:2 224:8 226:7 227:7,10 243:16 262:12 263:6 264:4,17 265:1,4,11 275:16 277:10,12 296:10 303:17 304:2 305:4 356:10 375:18 409:8 432:18 433:7 **industry's** 199:1 **ineffective** 270:10 **infant**243:13 **infants** 93:9 96:5 120:3,6 **infection** 96:12 361:2 **infections**46:11 222:13

300:14 326:18 **inflame**364:21 **inflames**47:6 **inflammation** 45:13,15

61:13 94:18 104:19 287:6 290:7 370:5 427:21 **inflammatory**47:6 **inflated** 309:7 **inflicts** 52:4 **influence**44:4 **influenced** 61:8 **influenza**46:11 **inform** 142:12 259:2 **information** 42:1,7 68:11

102:9,13 114:15 134:13 150:21 170:10 225:8 232:12 240:3 275:15 297:21 361:21 368:11 400:19,20 409:14 418:20 **informatively** 383:15 **informed** 7:13 137:5

183:13 259:7 413:2 **infractional** 106:13 **infrastructure** 13:3 **inhalation** 288:5 **inhale**45:5 **inhaled** 286:4 **inhaler** 125:7 166:10,21

334:13,15 342:8,10,12 372:12 396:13 412:9 436:16,21 438:4 **inhalers** 95:7 125:3

152:15 273:3 301:5 418:11 **inhaling** 231:17 236:2 **inherent** 147:17 **inherently** 131:8 **inhibiting** 344:12 361:4 **initial** 239:8 **initially** 126:8 328:1 **initiated** 432:11 **initiative** 37:8 103:20,21

137:20 283:7 **initiatives** 109:8 325:1 **injections**436:19 **injuring** 421:20 **injury** 301:16 **inland** 378:15 **inner** 126:20 297:16

322:10 **innovation** 59:19 64:18

304:2 **innovative**226:14 422:18 **INOVA**418:8 **input**276:21 390:10 **insane**243:14 **insanity** 55:18 **insects** 178:16 301:18 **inside** 106:2 427:5 **insight**246:8 254:11 **insignificant** 19:5 **insist**255:21 320:2 **inspection** 150:12,19

151:1 270:13 **Inspector**400:18 **install** 65:3 277:18 363:7 **installation** 84:13 224:14 **installed** 64:15 194:11

381:8 **installing** 64:3 **instance** 19:6 **instances**211:12 **instant**226:12 **instead** 131:15 270:19

271:2 323:8 337:1,2 353:9 **Institute**29:4 203:4 247:1

303:11 309:6 404:18 **institution** 265:20 **institutional** 15:2 **institutionally**277:9 **institutions** 357:7 **instructions** 10:14

186:19 441:10 **instruct-yourself** 196:3 **insufficient**58:11 83:13

91:12 351:19 **insufficiently** 109:21 **insulation** 55:17 129:18 **insurance** 105:11,17

112:1,5 296:7 327:15 336:6 **insure** 392:3 **insurmountable**59:12 **intake**84:19 **integrated** 44:2 338:9 **intend** 289:9 **intense**47:7 **intensity** 22:8 **intensive** 85:12 95:1 **intent**234:13 **interactions**282:18 **interest**57:21 142:7

408:1 434:5 **interested** 280:19 282:9 **interesting** 204:10

282:16 286:8 421:12 **interestingly** 134:6 **interests** 57:6 155:2

312:3,4 **Interface**401:10 **interferes**222:12 **internal** 370:8 388:15 **international** 74:3 155:13

156:12 157:3,7 160:4 **internist**337:8 **interns** 291:10 **interpretation** 279:17

375:14 **interpretations** 74:9 **interrupted** 372:5 **interstate** 80:4 312:5 **intratraffic** 14:7

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015** Page 20

**intravenous**258:18 **introduce** 132:5 187:10 **introduced** 131:21 **introduction** 131:19

200:11 **intruders** 325:3 **intubate**426:1 **intubate's**400:20 **invaluable** 110:18 **invasive** 169:6 **inventories** 73:5 **inventory** 199:20 200:3 **invest**69:19 **invested** 29:9,19 82:13

82:15 113:13 202:17 203:8 277:18 424:5 **investigated** 317:5 **investing** 70:9 406:5,6 **investment** 13:4 321:14

394:21 395:2 **investments** 36:4 72:14

112:3 199:21 224:11 226:9 278:8 **investor** 12:3 394:20 **invitation** 206:13,15 **invoke** 110:2 **invoked** 385:3 **involve** 136:18 **involved** 88:8 153:4

282:12 354:13 433:21 **involves**426:2 **in-depth** 135:10 **in-log** 402:14 **IPAA**266:7,17 268:3

270:15 **Iraq** 52:2 **iron** 307:3 **Ironically** 30:13 **irrefutable**216:7 **irrelevance**238:3 **irrelevant** 133:10 **irritable**437:14 **irritant**77:1 **irritants**45:14 **irritation** 284:18 360:21 **ISA**44:2,5 314:16 **Isabelle** 3:9 56:13 60:17 **issue**25:15 49:1 58:4

62:5 63:1 98:15 106:6 118:5 124:4 149:13 159:10 164:13 201:6 206:17 229:10 231:2 233:17 234:15 236:12 252:10 295:17 309:9,11 320:6 352:17 365:15 371:13 373:20 390:1 393:8 **issued** 26:1 68:15,21

402:4 423:14 **issues**21:3 28:13 50:14

70:7 124:1 159:9 170:12 172:3 205:19 242:3 253:10 280:2 281:4,7 296:5 311:20 418:5 419:19 431:2,12 **issuing** 105:5 **items** 8:9 184:10 **Ivy** 4:16 295:13,15 **I-N-O-V**418:8 **I-S-A-B-E-L-L-E** 60:18 **I-V-Y**295:15 **I-95**280:8 **i.e**262:15

**J J**  29:2 **jab** 162:2 **Jackie** 3:19 132:20

137:18 **Jacksonville** 66:1 **James** 3:8 5:4 48:3 50:21

358:5,6,9 **January** 1:9 6:1 **Jarvis** 163:14 **Jeff** 107:11 **Jefferson** 279:14 282:7

289:5 380:14 **Jeffrey** 3:15 107:11 111:4 **Jennifer**4:6 215:3 219:15 **jeopardize** 159:3 **jeopardizing** 230:5 **jeopardy** 239:16 **Jerrett**314:14,15,18,19

315:2,6,10 316:8,17 338:14 **Jersey** 76:3 87:10 88:3

404:18 **Jessica** 318:3 **Jim** 2:11 182:7 **job**41:11 55:7 71:5 85:20

88:17 116:13 164:20,21 195:7 252:14 264:16 278:12,16 355:3 357:15 394:6,9,18 395:4 **jobs** 29:8 31:2 32:14,20

49:19,19 50:1,2,2 53:5 54:11 55:3,10 69:10 71:18 86:3,6 135:18 164:20 165:1,2 192:6 224:10 226:13 265:14 273:11 360:2 384:6 394:7 395:7,13 **job-equivalents** 356:3 **Joe** 90:18 **Joefa**318:2 **Joes** 92:15 **John** 4:8,11 5:7 234:20

235:1 258:5,8 373:10 373:13 **join** 8:4 121:1 184:5

201:6 252:20 283:3 385:20 410:18 **joined** 176:14 235:5

237:14 252:8 322:17 **Joining** 6:7 182:6 330:18 **joins** 211:8 **joint**252:12,13 **Jon** 3:18 124:14 128:5 **Jonnalagedda**5:10

398:21 399:1,1 404:12 404:13,13,15,16 **Jory** 5:11 406:10 408:10 **Joseph** 5:9 391:3 395:19 **Joshua**4:8 5:2 234:20

238:11 341:5 344:3 **Journal** 388:18 **joy**41:10 **judging** 50:15 **judgment** 103:12 **Julie**3:5,14 17:19 107:10

107:14 **July** 69:8 134:4 355:7 **June** 77:17 **junior**289:13 350:11 **jurisdiction** 217:15 **jurisdictions**215:15 **just** 17:13,16 39:3 40:20

48:7 54:18 59:12 61:20 62:19 64:18 65:2 75:18 87:8 89:14,21 90:7 91:15,21 92:2,8 98:10 104:17,20 105:19,21 106:9 107:12 116:11 119:4,7 120:7,14 126:7 129:12,21 131:2,3,6 135:4,11 136:13,20 139:12 141:21 148:11 148:15,18 152:9 164:3 165:17 166:20 167:5 169:2,3 173:2 177:19 186:7 188:10 198:1 200:19 203:3 205:9 208:6 228:4 238:4 241:21 248:2 249:20 250:4 251:21 252:19 253:3,4,6,7 254:10 256:7 257:15 259:5,14 259:16 261:14 268:17 271:20 274:13 289:12 289:16,19 294:12 299:8 299:20 318:4 332:4 333:14,15,21 335:15 336:10 339:16 341:7,20 342:6,13 343:4,9 345:12 346:12 349:17 356:19 371:14 373:11 375:10 376:1 377:17 378:6 379:5,13 380:1 380:19,21 381:11 382:16 393:4,11 394:11 395:2 402:8 403:21 405:12,14 408:17 409:9 417:13 419:9 420:14 422:14 424:9,10 425:10 429:7 437:5 438:6,9 **justice** 62:5 292:1 295:7

338:15 374:14 391:18 391:19,20 **justification** 83:14

239:12 **justifies** 27:2 70:14

267:15 **justify** 31:6 77:5 83:16

225:5 267:18 347:21 **J-A-C-K-I-E** 137:19 **J-O-H-N** 373:14 **J-O-N** 128:5 **J-O-N-N-A-L-A-G-E-D-...**

404:16 **J-O-R-Y**408:10 **J-O-S-E-P-H** 395:19 **J-O-S-H-U-A**344:4

**K Karen**  4:3 188:8 **Karissa**5:5 363:21 366:7 **Katahdin** 34:20 **Kate** 5:10 160:20 398:20 399:5 **Kathleen** 4:1,2 165:13

170:1 175:4 **Keating** 5:3 353:16,17,19

354:1,2,3 **keel** 271:20 **keen** 52:10 **Keenan** 18:15,17 **keep** 10:21 53:11 67:3

95:15 105:11 151:8 153:5 175:2 187:5 197:1,2,11 206:21 221:20 243:10 285:9 291:6 329:3 366:6 377:12 394:1 407:11 408:7 439:1 **keeping** 166:11 427:5 **keeps** 372:12 **Keith** 255:1 **Kelsey** 5:11 406:10 407:6 **Kendyl** 3:17 124:14,16 **Kennedy** 215:11 **Kentucky**294:3 **kept** 166:6 243:14 **kernel** 375:20 **Ketchan-Colwill** 2:11

182:7 **Kevin** 355:18 **key** 21:7 119:4 134:12

199:9 224:8 226:15 230:14 287:15 356:10 434:18 **kid** 138:21 140:19 259:15

289:14 371:17 **kidney** 260:13 **kids**45:6 47:9 58:17 63:1

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313:1 **killer**264:16 **killing** 142:2 244:5 **killings** 143:15 **kills** 163:7 **Kim** 287:1,2 **kind** 60:8 69:8 79:2 87:16

154:11 281:15 300:3 418:4 **kindle**385:20 **kinds**22:7 150:17 273:12 **Kirk**3:16 121:1,4 **knew** 19:12 142:11,11

152:15 167:5 **know**8:16 9:8 15:16 28:9

38:9 41:19 45:20 59:15 59:15 87:20,21 88:6,11 89:15 90:1 91:2,4 99:9 102:7,20 103:6 104:7,9 104:11,16 105:5,8,10 105:10,12,16 106:3,5 106:10,12,14,16 108:7 128:14 140:19 141:2,3 141:7 142:3,7 143:2 144:19 153:13 162:3 164:8 166:20 172:2,8 174:4 177:8 178:7 179:3,5 184:17 185:11 187:7,19 191:19 196:11 196:15 208:19 222:2,11 249:20 251:8 253:18 256:19 257:17,17 280:10 285:2,3,5 289:18 293:21 296:4,20 299:4 306:10 308:15 309:3,8 326:17,21 332:20 333:19 337:3 339:11 351:13 353:3 358:1 364:11,15 365:16 365:18 367:3,12,19 371:18 372:14,18 374:2 377:11 381:2,14 392:10 393:14,17,19 394:11,19 395:6 399:20 400:11,21 401:12,14 403:7 407:19 408:5 409:2,9,11 410:8 410:20 411:14 416:6 420:17,19 429:8 439:11 439:20 440:4 **knowing** 14:6 49:7

140:15,20 142:20 193:19 243:19 304:10 412:21 437:21 438:5 **knowledge** 169:18 294:2

430:8 437:10 442:11 **known** 9:5 25:6 61:12

111:12 123:10 125:13 171:17 185:7 196:11 264:2 426:15 427:17,21 **knows**44:7 333:17 411:6 **Kolkata**405:2 **Kresowik**3:7 38:15,17,19

39:2,3 **Krissy** 163:18 **Kristen** 163:18 **Kristin** 3:12 90:10,17 **Kristy** 163:17 **K-A-T-E** 399:6 **K-A-T-H-L-E-E-N** 165:13 **K-E-A-T-I-N-G** 354:2 **K-E-L-S-E-Y**407:7 **K-E-N-D-Y-L** 124:17 **K-I-R-K** 121:4 **K-R-E-S-O-W-I-K**39:3

**L LA** 63:10 322:10 329:15 **lab** 20:8 21:3 45:21 **laboratory** 203:6 **laborers** 273:10 298:6 **lack**31:17 64:5 74:15

114:1 148:21 176:6 293:14 295:6,6 312:2 316:8,13,15 317:14 **laid** 421:11 **Lake**387:14 390:17,18 **lakes** 351:7

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**lamps** 247:21 **land** 51:8 153:19 **lands** 37:13 **landscape**298:6 **Land-Use**293:12 **Langdon** 2:7 6:8 55:13

56:15 149:9 **language** 101:17 **large** 33:20 65:20 67:2

86:16 129:14 132:7 135:16 137:6 169:3 300:1 386:9 394:11 418:20 432:4 **largely** 350:20 **larger** 158:21 265:11

326:9 **largest**66:21 155:1 159:1

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307:9 400:9 **late** 329:15 435:13 **later**87:12,17 163:5

167:10 258:20 259:1 328:21 374:21 378:16 **latest**43:18 79:4 83:20

170:10 194:7 209:8 **Latino**236:17 **Latinos** 124:7 231:9

307:16 **latter** 178:10 **launched** 64:20 **Laura** 5:10 398:20 399:5 **law**42:5 43:12 58:19 59:4

171:5 204:20 235:19 374:8 375:14 404:1 440:6 **lawmakers** 146:19 **lawns** 273:10 **laws** 59:16 148:13 294:19

329:9,11 403:19 **lawyer**373:15 391:8 **lawyers** 92:1 **lax**49:21 50:2 137:13

215:21 **lay** 162:1 164:19 **Lea**212:14 **lead** 32:11 74:19 86:5

112:20 119:11,17 120:2 157:12 264:19 292:10 295:1 299:11 301:7,17 338:11 351:12 **leader**54:7 166:9 224:11

289:15 394:11 407:7 410:5 **leaders** 29:6 103:4

198:16 200:9 244:8 249:6 331:10 337:2 **leadership**234:14 289:13

377:8 **leading** 45:18 99:20

160:11 338:13 368:17 405:14 **leads** 20:15 301:11

382:15 400:5 **Leaf** 130:11 **League** 306:12 310:11 **leaked** 263:21 **leaps** 336:6 **learn** 125:19 **learned** 51:16 57:20

109:14 139:7 142:19,20 166:3 189:4 204:18 **learning** 123:15 175:17

175:18,19 327:2 351:12 **lease** 159:1 **least**66:18 91:6 126:21

171:17 197:11 206:16 210:18 240:7,18 249:19 273:15 274:7 304:6 319:14 384:8 385:7 392:13 401:1 422:12 **leave** 10:9 47:5 51:14

213:17 243:17 256:7 278:20 327:11 408:20 **leaves** 177:7,8,9 178:18

301:16 **leaving** 130:14 249:18

336:17 **LeBlanc**5:5 363:21 364:2

364:3,6 **led** 247:21 255:3,10,10

337:11 349:4 **Lee**4:12 266:2,5 **left**9:9 103:11 109:21

169:1 185:11 196:7 209:5 275:17 280:16 301:4 **legacy** 122:21 **legal** 369:14 **legally** 374:3,18 **legendary** 163:11 **legislation** 73:15 391:10 **legislative** 283:5 **legislature** 384:2 **Legislatures**294:16 **length** 385:21 389:12 **Lerback**5:11 406:11

408:9,10,10 **less**27:7,16 47:1 73:8,9

79:1 80:8 93:21 99:4 131:15 137:4,5 138:4 159:14,14 235:21 239:12 260:15 267:17 286:13 297:17 302:13 311:19 336:14 346:17 356:13,16 357:4,6 378:20 394:2 432:15 **lesser**26:5 204:18 **lesson** 58:6 **lessons** 58:1 166:3 432:5 **lest**48:15 **let**8:16 9:8 33:19 42:21

53:1,12 121:1 122:18 184:17 215:18 238:2 241:5 249:20 275:1 280:1 298:1 322:12 399:2 430:7 **lethal** 295:2 **letter** 12:10 14:11 58:19

77:18 150:5,20 **lettered** 113:13 **letters** 103:2 161:3 225:8 **letting** 151:8 **let's** 11:17 17:16 55:6

122:9,11 131:5 188:5 245:16 263:4 324:19,20 325:9 336:10,11 366:1 371:21 395:15 407:3,4 420:16 **level** 7:10 21:9 24:6 32:8

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19:18 24:13 30:11 33:1 33:2,2 42:7,18 67:9,10 68:19 69:17 70:4,19 72:13 73:20 74:8,12 78:3 79:13 81:7 82:11 84:10 94:14,15 96:15 100:15,19 101:14 155:14 157:3,9 162:8 172:6,20 183:5 200:16 201:14 202:15 204:6 207:7 210:15 211:11 213:19 217:6 222:4 232:19 244:16 251:16 285:8 290:10 291:5 299:9 301:7,12 306:14 308:19 318:16 322:5 326:16 338:11,12 341:19 347:15 359:12 360:19,20 361:9,18,21 362:7,11 369:11 387:1 387:9 388:19 403:1 430:18 431:17 440:2,5 **Levi** 3:15 107:11,11

111:3,4,4 **liable**324:2 **liberals**433:20 **liberate** 153:1 **Liberty** 392:18 **licensed** 338:19 **lie** 102:20 131:14 **lies** 64:20 167:12 **life**51:8 57:5 60:6 63:15

106:19 121:6,7 125:1 141:12 143:8 161:12 162:15 164:1 166:3 176:13 192:2 197:21 213:9,12 235:7 251:17 253:14 256:13 258:14 259:3,10,17 260:10 261:15 264:13 296:14 304:20 306:16 312:1 322:16 323:8 324:12 351:9 359:14 372:16 377:19 387:19 392:4 398:13 413:7 419:11,11 420:18,18 421:20 424:10 435:20 438:6 **lifecycle** 153:6 **lifestyle** 138:6 315:19 **lifetime**203:7 262:12

414:17 **life-saving** 426:2 **life-sustaining** 245:4 **life-threatening** 121:12

162:12 189:17 **lifting** 433:13 **light**9:8,10,14 185:10,14

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21:14 24:14 25:8 44:11 47:13 61:21 79:1 84:10 117:18 126:14,15,21 160:12 190:6,8,11,18 220:19 230:19 231:9,13 236:9,18,20 237:1 244:15 273:15 298:4,11 307:17,19 308:1 312:10 313:16 314:17 338:7 365:11 378:20 **limit** 13:3 93:18 122:17

179:9 211:12 216:6 233:21 285:17 319:13 334:5 438:1 **limitation** 157:6 **limitations**24:17 31:17 **limited** 45:7 194:18

313:20 314:5 317:13 364:14 405:12 428:5 **limiting** 138:11 **limits** 68:6 211:5 230:11

233:2 234:13 251:11 254:9 285:10 376:9 404:9 **line** 8:13 109:6 147:4

184:15 209:12 240:5 262:14 265:4 289:21 319:15 393:15,16 **lines** 38:2 254:13 **link**213:3 **linked** 231:20 236:5

307:9 315:20 335:7 361:7 439:17 **linking** 190:20 **Lipsett**314:14 317:5 **list** 115:7 129:19 150:9

307:12 318:2 366:10 367:20 385:16 406:17 407:5 428:4 **listed** 349:1,8 **listen** 6:9 9:20 11:10 39:4

101:18 124:10 128:18 161:8 182:8 186:2 187:19 256:4 258:1 325:13 382:21 **listening** 143:19 149:11

166:16 195:11 326:21 **lists** 348:12 **literally** 85:14 161:11 **literature** 58:10 326:5

328:4 **litigated** 374:12 **litigation** 374:7 **litter**291:15 292:13 **littering** 292:9,21 **litterscorecard.com**

291:16 **little**54:3 63:16 77:19

86:20 99:6 115:14 139:1 148:14 173:3 180:17 184:11 254:7 256:7 278:2 280:12 332:14 335:12,13 340:15,17 342:17 351:7

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361:21 400:16 401:5 410:3 415:16,17 431:13 **live** 39:20 51:7 101:10

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256:10,10 330:17 353:2 372:9 412:10 414:5 435:20 **liver**260:13 **lives**40:13 100:3 111:7

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88:4 100:3 102:10 141:6 151:11 168:10 169:13 175:12 176:17 179:4,6,7 211:2 212:10 217:11,13 253:14 257:14 260:2 272:6 313:5 329:20 330:4 359:6 372:4 379:7 391:21 393:15 402:20 402:21 408:8 424:18 429:8 437:19 **Liz** 3:16 **load** 246:17 **lobby** 381:18 441:11 **lobbyists** 88:13 89:1 92:1 **local** 35:13 86:19 148:8

155:4 160:15 190:13 269:2 292:18 357:18 **localities** 33:15 295:5,10

308:20 **Locally** 13:18 **located** 36:13 292:19 **logical** 99:2 269:17

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75:11,12,12 77:12 81:11 109:16 113:4 117:1 124:19 129:18 131:3 152:13 156:11 161:3 171:5 172:4 174:14 193:11 197:12 209:15 211:14 233:12 278:5 282:21 303:10 306:2 313:1 325:14 344:13 345:3 351:7 366:5 367:13 371:3 377:11 381:3 386:13 396:11 402:2 413:9 423:4 425:6,7 **longer**21:10 78:7 88:4

213:9 411:14 **longest**35:17 **long-range** 80:4 **long-term**44:13 189:15

190:19 231:19 236:4 296:4 307:7 313:13 314:4,9,21 315:11,15 316:20 317:4,12,16 338:5,10 376:16 384:17 385:1,10,14,16 400:8 428:13 **long-time** 318:9 358:10 **look**65:5 123:21 143:15

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142:9 167:20 178:20 225:7 228:4,12 238:16 263:17 322:18 332:15 392:19 393:14 419:18 420:14 **looks**205:2 **loose** 10:5 126:2,5 **looser**296:11 **Lorraine**4:7 223:20

224:2 **Los** 328:17 341:11

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278:12,16 **lost**31:2 68:7 110:12

164:21 165:2 169:6 190:2 207:16 223:7 296:14 306:19 355:3 376:19 422:8 **Loswal** 325:16 **lot**39:8 57:20 61:3 71:3

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334:6 377:12 **Louisiana** 12:4,18 13:5

13:14,19 121:14,16 146:3,19 149:6 294:3 **love** 165:19 257:9 291:10

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259:18 **loving** 311:8 **low**5:2 15:14 42:18 54:14

61:14 62:6 73:21 97:6 112:20 168:19 202:15 248:21 254:11 263:4 277:4 288:7 299:9 338:8,16 341:5 344:2,3 344:3 406:3 410:21 424:3 **lower** 16:3,15 17:6 22:15

23:4,17 29:21 30:21 32:5,11,12 42:19 52:18 62:9 73:4 79:15 81:9 83:5 90:2 95:10 99:3 129:3 132:16 136:8 147:21 168:19 216:5 217:10 224:16,19 225:5 226:15,17,18 227:2 229:2 247:20 254:9 255:14 257:19 267:6,15 269:1 270:6 275:11 276:8,12 278:9 279:7 285:17 304:16 320:12 321:1 322:4,6 324:20 325:9 326:2 328:10 376:3,8 407:16 409:6 420:4,4,5 430:18 **lowered** 16:5 192:19 **lowering** 14:3 16:20 18:9

18:16 19:6 21:4 22:5,18 23:8 27:18,21 55:6 69:17 83:14,17,18 84:5 89:18 112:8 113:2 158:8 195:19 224:21 247:15 270:17 272:12 284:1 285:11 290:11 314:2 317:16 353:6 359:7 363:15 397:6 406:2 **lowest**61:1 62:11 64:12

112:12 172:20 233:3 291:5 331:7 439:8 **low-income**297:14 298:3

298:14 376:18 **low-level** 385:14 **LSU** 146:17 **luck**259:16,17 **Luckily** 378:10 **lucky** 166:7 175:21 330:21 413:13 426:6 **lunch** 10:18 180:14,17,20

181:2 **luncheon** 181:7 **lung** 6:18 18:4,18 19:8,9

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117:19 123:18 153:5 176:5,6 177:9,10 178:1 189:10 198:8 220:20 222:16 230:19 231:18 236:3,10 238:17 242:4 244:14 260:9 261:9,16 271:19 272:4 280:12 300:11 307:6 320:1 326:20 343:14 364:21 365:12 372:11 378:15 379:5 403:14,16 419:8 427:13 **Lynch** 5:7 373:10 377:3,4

377:4,6 **L-A-U-R-A**399:6 **L-E-B-L-A-N-C** 364:6 **L-E-R-B-A-C-K**408:11 **L-O-W**344:4 **L-Y-N-C-H** 377:5

**M M**  1:20 442:3,13 **machine**251:16 334:11

399:19 **machines** 199:11 200:20

329:10 **Madden** 4:10 250:2 253:1

253:2,8 **made** 32:2 33:11 37:5

69:17 101:21 102:18 142:16 144:17 147:4 149:7 198:5 272:9 330:14 336:12,14 355:6 365:18 378:17 402:10 402:16 422:1 **Madison** 321:16,18 **Magana** 5:1 341:8 **Magazine** 393:7 **magical** 308:13 **magically** 146:1 **Magnes** 196:3 **magnitude** 19:16 **Maharam** 277:17 278:6 **main** 4:16 13:5 295:13,15

295:15 304:2 364:20 400:5 **Maine**252:6 **Maine's** 34:20 **mainly** 344:20 363:6 **maintain** 53:19 69:17

153:4 154:3 216:16 349:18 428:9 **maintained** 21:9 **maintaining** 35:10 281:1 **maintains**218:7 **maintenance**263:16

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134:5 168:5 189:18 196:2 204:11 210:14 248:9 277:8 279:16 299:16 319:8 350:17,19 351:11 356:9 375:2 383:10 387:19 431:16 433:10 434:9,11 **majored** 111:20 **majority** 8:2 76:7,9 125:1

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28:7 33:18 42:10 53:4 54:2,4,5,6,7 60:7,13 82:16 89:21 91:19 107:5 111:7 112:3 122:11,11 123:20 125:6 125:9 129:11,15 139:11 164:12 178:5 179:11 180:7,15 184:11 186:18 195:3 215:17 221:18 224:6 229:21 234:17 251:3 259:13 281:16,18 292:16 294:7 300:1 301:2 304:10 305:14,15 314:5 317:21 322:18 334:20 335:15,15 340:15 343:20 344:19 348:3 369:6,10 388:5,9 398:3,5 404:5 411:20 418:12 419:14 430:7 437:17 **makers** 173:10 **makes** 7:18 23:13 29:16

31:21 46:12 85:7 86:20 94:12 108:10 132:6 183:18 276:16,16 285:9 308:7 321:19 336:10 394:21 **making** 9:6 20:13 31:9

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212:13 242:14 249:11 249:17 268:13 282:12 283:5 291:6 321:14 349:10 352:8,12 365:3 370:11 405:21 441:6 **male** 39:6 **males** 286:10 **Malin** 5:8 380:5 383:6 **Malyn** 388:2 **man** 163:17 322:1 **manage** 34:16 35:3

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54:8 66:17 67:2,5,12,19 68:8,10,12 69:19,21 70:5,9,12,16 71:4,13,15 81:19 198:18 200:13,18 202:16 277:9 278:9 303:16,16 309:5 **manufacturing** 71:17

72:15 82:1 86:6 88:14 135:5 356:14 **many** 7:12 26:12 35:21

36:20 41:21 47:12 50:1 53:3 57:5,7 60:3 61:18 74:21 78:16 86:18 87:12,17 97:4 101:9 104:13 107:19,19 108:9 109:11 112:21 113:9,20 115:17 133:13 134:21 135:11 141:15 148:19 153:1 162:10 166:3,13 176:11 183:12 191:21 192:1,13 194:5 212:17 212:20 215:14 224:4 226:16 228:15 239:6 242:3 243:5,5 246:4 249:10 256:1 261:2,5 262:8,13 264:9 271:13 273:20 277:5,18 281:11 286:10 297:13 308:5 311:13 313:4 321:11 322:11 323:16 325:2 329:5,8 334:10 335:2,2 335:6,7 339:11,20 340:3 341:12,12 343:6 355:5 364:13 365:6 373:4 376:18 378:1 383:12 390:4,7,8 394:8 394:9,18 402:11 409:11 411:4 413:13 417:17,18 424:18 425:12 428:11 431:12 434:10 **mapped** 190:13 **marathons** 212:12 **March** 10:13 34:15 87:2 186:19 441:9 **margin** 42:15 43:15 45:1

59:2 77:20 78:9 101:16 102:6 103:11 148:2 220:14 285:14 304:14 356:15 369:8,12 370:17 374:11 375:19 403:11 430:20 435:6 **marginal** 23:17 227:5 **marginalized** 124:2 **Mark**3:7 5:1,14 38:15,19

39:2 341:8 423:4 **marked** 387:17 **market** 14:19 82:21 132:8 **markets** 136:5 **marks** 5:12 76:12 409:18

409:21 410:1,2 **Marlin** 331:12 345:7 **Marmora** 87:13 **married** 142:5 259:5 **Martin** 3:14,21 99:13

103:17,18,18 117:4 151:15 154:19,20,21 **Mary** 3:21 4:19 151:15

154:21 318:7,8 **Maryland** 117:20 152:1

153:21 154:3 175:6 179:16 218:21 248:6 299:1,5,7 332:6 337:13 366:12 435:15,20 436:2 438:13 **mass** 129:17 **Massachusetts** 108:3

247:1 **massive**46:17 305:10

357:16 **matching** 255:15 **material** 123:18 **materials** 10:14,15

186:21 251:8 267:2 268:4 270:16 **math** 69:11 99:6 **mathematics**404:18 **Matt**321:21 322:1,10,14

322:17 **matter**54:3 84:8 105:19

127:15 145:8 155:18 175:19 226:3 239:8 339:17 353:10 374:8 376:1 386:4 405:7 428:13,17 432:2 **matters** 151:6 355:6

383:11 405:8 **Matthew**4:7 223:20

229:11 **mature** 141:4 162:19 **maximum** 7:9 49:3 156:4

183:9 240:10 242:11 288:2 321:10 361:11 408:6 **may** 9:21 10:13,20 13:3

16:17,19 19:13 27:7 41:8 47:16 75:5 76:8,10 87:4 106:13 112:20 115:15 120:11 130:1 135:19 145:1,17 156:21 162:10 166:3 186:3 228:8,15 254:10 264:1 285:1 293:2 297:18 315:20 342:19,20 353:17 384:18 386:2 397:19 414:15 425:6 437:21 **maybe** 92:2 129:10,10

136:10 251:10,18 277:6 412:7 **Mayo**418:1 **Mayor**217:15 **Mayton** 201:16 **McBeth** 5:3 345:8,9,10,10

350:5,6,9,10,11 **McCarthy** 146:20 **McCartney** 5:6 368:12,14

368:15,15 **McCormick**3:8 48:4

50:20,21 51:1 55:13,15 56:9 **McDowell** 4:16 295:14

298:19,20,21 **McGuire** 3:9 56:13,14,16

56:17,18,18 **McHale**289:14,15 **McHale's** 289:20 **McIntyre**4:6 215:3

219:14,15,15 **McMillian** 218:8 **mean** 46:5 85:19 106:13

123:13 156:6 179:9 256:19 287:21 332:17 393:13 394:6,15 **meaning** 22:14 62:18

267:21 **means** 9:12 26:2 94:8

162:16 172:2 185:14 273:15 311:19 322:6 348:5 355:3 356:7 372:15 429:17 **meant**283:4 **measure** 16:12 37:19

78:20 221:17 **measured** 155:15 287:9

361:13 **measurement**287:4 **measurements** 361:9 **measures** 16:20 73:17

74:4 135:16 160:6 191:4 265:4 292:6 378:13 418:14 427:1 **measuring** 293:18 **mechanisms**46:10 **Medals** 51:5 **Meddis** 173:14 **media** 102:12 267:8

400:4 **median** 389:7 **mediation** 252:15 **Medicaid** 336:5 **medical** 88:18,20 89:7

93:6 95:18 100:1 102:1 113:10 116:18 125:15 126:17 139:15 152:7,10 163:2 169:18 171:10 174:3 233:4 272:20 327:9 363:10 373:21 422:16 **Medicare** 336:4 **medicate** 143:13 **medication** 46:6 102:16 105:3 106:21 139:5 258:21 396:20 397:2 425:20 **medications** 105:13

426:5 **medicine** 139:11 425:12 **medicines** 296:9 **medium** 67:1 201:19

202:4 **meet**7:18,21 8:2 13:16

29:14 30:13,16 34:11 54:5 80:1 183:18,21 184:2 192:11 201:12 210:12 226:18 265:8 268:13,16 269:5,7 279:2 308:21 346:12 **meeting** 137:6 171:4

199:7 269:17 276:11 370:1 386:8 441:14 **Meetings**401:10 **meets**28:7 134:21

202:14 **melanoma**260:13 **Melina**2:9 249:18 252:19 **Melton** 4:3 188:8 191:9

191:10 **Melynda**4:13 275:2,7,9 **member**9:21 12:4 15:5

76:6,8 144:4 186:3 191:14 215:7 224:12 225:20 246:6 280:4 318:11 350:12 358:9 360:9 391:6 395:21 404:19 410:4 425:11 **members** 2:1 15:19 29:12

57:2,15 66:18 71:20 82:3,6 117:10 152:7 187:8,10 204:9 210:4 212:17 219:18 225:15 233:11 238:16 249:17 284:14 297:6 305:9 317:20 318:4 364:16 439:5 **membership** 76:7 **membranes** 333:5,6,7 **memoir** 164:9 **memory** 332:4 **men** 39:9 52:4 286:12 **mental** 52:3 91:10 **mentally** 169:5 **mention** 26:20 164:14

250:16 394:2 **mentioned** 28:5 82:8

97:19 241:9 278:14 295:10 340:6 390:2 394:17 **mentioning** 402:8 **mentions** 390:4 **mere** 296:9 335:1 **merely**48:19 263:17

352:13 383:13 387:9 397:10 **message**43:9 195:6 **met**7:7 15:18 31:19

85:11,16 125:5 183:7 196:16 200:18 201:21 243:5 346:20 373:4 420:12 440:11 **metabolic**384:1 **Metals** 293:6 **meteorological** 315:18 **method** 64:6 137:5 147:9 **methods** 134:18 293:15 **metric** 79:7 80:19 401:17 **metrics**227:1 **metropolitan** 264:11

300:2,6 316:4 438:14 **Mexico** 155:21 263:10

400:3 **Miami** 65:21 163:15

294:14 **Michigan** 62:14 294:5 **microphone**28:19 275:4

331:15 **mid** 176:3 390:5 **middle**86:14 386:20

387:3 408:20 425:17 **middle-age**39:9 106:16 **midst** 13:21 86:2 **Midwest** 120:9 316:10 **Mid-Atlantic** 120:10

176:12 217:12 219:1 301:13 **mid-average**402:6,7,9 **mid-expiratory** 287:15 **might**40:10,11 49:18

50:6 88:7 92:2 198:10 198:10 214:10 229:4 230:4 250:5,16 257:16 271:14 273:4 327:8 362:1,11 369:15 412:15 417:10,12 **migrated** 437:4 **migration** 178:8 **mild** 177:18 **mile** 88:5 132:5 148:15

408:16 **miles** 30:5 34:17 72:9

130:10 131:14,14 175:7 218:9 329:6 390:19,19 390:20 435:16 436:8 **milestone**201:13 **military** 144:18 147:16

148:4,10 149:1 151:6 **military's** 147:7 **Millar**4:17 303:4,6,7,8,10 **Miller**3:11 38:11 75:11

75:15,18,19,20 80:15 81:2 **million** 13:16 29:8 35:11

36:2 39:16 49:4,6 57:2 57:15 63:5 67:16 71:18 76:17 91:11 92:14 101:6 110:10,11 117:10 119:12,15 120:13 125:21 127:21,21 135:15,18 140:3,3 146:4 155:3 192:10 201:8,10,12 207:5,8,9 217:7,8 223:5,6 226:8 226:21 235:4 237:5,5 263:19 264:6 265:18,19 267:9 290:9 292:1 300:8,9 309:15,16 310:12 318:16 337:13 346:14,16 349:13 353:8 356:2 358:19,20 362:10 366:20,21 376:14

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015** Page 24

383:18,18 394:13 398:8 411:17,17 422:6,7,10 424:21 440:15,16 **millions** 12:15 31:2 32:20

37:15 39:19 41:16 54:11 55:18 65:20 66:4 69:10 102:21 110:4,21 112:1 113:5 117:14 140:6 171:2 207:16 212:21 222:21 223:14 228:15 237:8 244:5 263:10 291:6 321:13 324:18 363:14 365:21 379:11 398:6 412:10 414:5 422:21 **mills**265:2,3 **Milton** 293:6 **Milwaukee**294:14 **Mina** 196:10 **mind** 150:15 194:21

245:2 267:11 428:17 **Minden** 146:3,8,16 149:5 **mine** 130:9 263:12

271:14 343:6 351:4 386:2 414:7 **miners** 264:18 **mines** 264:20 **mini** 62:19 **Miniature**436:1 **minimize** 109:12 **minimum** 282:19 **mining** 357:6 **Minneapolis** 65:21 410:4 **Minnesota** 344:14 410:4 **minor**284:17 **minoring** 404:17 **minorities** 61:16,17,20

297:15 298:14 326:7 327:19 **minority** 126:19 189:21

197:20 **minus** 386:3 **minuscule** 349:15 **minute**9:12 185:15

251:16 345:16 388:3 397:14 437:7 **minutes** 9:7,11,15 17:8

17:14,18 116:5,6,6 138:9 152:13 185:9,13 185:18 197:12 206:19 274:19,20 345:15,15 364:14 367:12 368:5,5 416:2 429:16,18 **miraculously** 87:19 **misdirecting** 271:2 **misinformation** 59:4 **misleading** 125:21 347:4 **mispronounce** 188:7 **miss** 63:1 95:1,2 118:5

119:18 231:2 236:13 311:18 323:2 335:2 352:18 365:15 **missed** 41:9,16 63:5

104:13,15 119:18,21 127:21 140:3 152:18 180:15 217:8 232:10 237:5 265:19 309:16 319:7 348:17 367:1 375:12 376:17 388:14 388:14 411:9,9,17 440:16 **misses**296:11 **missing** 75:17 421:10

422:11 **mission** 35:2 233:15

288:12 289:20 324:19 369:6 **Mississippi** 121:20 436:5 **Missouri** 227:17 **mistake**419:15 **MIT** 191:2 **Mitchell** 4:11 258:5 262:4

262:5,6 **mitigate** 36:17 78:8 230:2

273:3 387:19 **mitigates** 386:13 **mitigation** 363:8 **Mitrano**4:20 325:17,19

325:20,21 **MIT's** 190:12 **mixed** 286:4 307:1

351:15 **mixing** 332:19 432:3 **moaned** 255:2 **mobile** 72:21 204:11

248:10 269:11 355:12 **model** 14:4 23:19,19,21

24:18 135:13 163:17 278:2 **modeling** 24:5 25:5 227:5 **models** 23:13 28:12

39:15 73:5 130:16 315:1,9 323:17 **moderate** 19:20 24:13

138:9 426:21 436:20 **moderations** 387:4 **modern** 64:3,5 **modernize** 199:5 **modernized** 30:2 **modifications**230:7 **modified** 68:14 **modifiers** 316:7 **modify** 102:14 386:10 **Moench** 5:8 380:5,6,6,7

383:5,6,6 388:4 390:13 390:16 **mold** 413:4 **molecule** 333:1,2 **Mollie**4:5 205:13,14

209:18,20 **mom** 146:8 243:1 297:4

306:11 410:16 **moment**230:13 241:9

371:15 417:2 **momentary** 17:13,16 **moments** 63:15 **momentum** 191:1 **moms** 107:14 108:6,7

109:4,5 144:5 215:8 219:16 243:2,8 249:6 **Monday** 330:20 **monetized** 110:13 223:8 **money** 68:7 91:18 147:4

147:14 150:2,3 158:12 164:5,5 180:7 245:2 247:6 273:4 320:14 327:6 393:8 405:21 411:4 **Monica** 325:16 **monitor**218:7,10 241:10

305:7 390:6 415:13 426:19 **monitored** 179:15 **monitoring** 7:12 100:7

144:8 145:4 149:19 150:3 177:7 183:12 287:13 288:1 390:4 409:13 416:1 **monitors** 144:10 149:18

268:16 **Montgomery** 149:19

299:4 **month** 81:8 130:17 146:1

146:13 **monthly**291:15 **months** 118:7 161:21

162:10 231:4 246:17 258:12,16 264:2 323:3 334:12 380:19 384:21 390:6 415:13 437:10 **monument**63:13 **monumental** 63:8 **moon** 414:2 **Moore** 331:13 **moored** 60:1 **moral** 233:17 360:6

398:15 **more** 12:10 14:11,18 15:9

18:21 19:13 20:19 21:6 21:10 22:10 23:14 24:12,20 27:6,15 29:19 30:3 31:21 32:7,14 33:19 35:11 36:2,9 37:12 43:19 45:14,20 46:13 47:7,16 48:16 49:14 50:2 54:3,15 55:11 56:1 61:21 62:17 63:9 67:13,18 68:10,10 70:10,11 73:15 77:5 80:2,9,11 81:20 82:15 83:16 88:7 90:21 91:20 94:6 95:6 96:2,21 99:7 102:18 106:3 109:13,14 109:20,21 110:7 117:18 118:10,15 119:12,17 120:3,3,5,6 130:19 131:12,12,15 132:3,14 133:17 134:10 135:10 136:20 137:3,5,12 139:12 141:11 142:21 152:3 155:2 159:9,13 159:14 167:2,10 168:12 168:12,15,15,17,17 169:1,15 170:21 174:6 184:11 185:15 190:6,8 190:11 192:5,10,18 193:2 196:1 197:5,5,19 198:10 199:10 200:2 201:17 202:13 211:21 220:10,17,18,19 226:8 226:12 227:3,18 230:18 231:9 236:9,17,20 240:16,17 244:15 245:11 246:19 247:14 247:20 251:20 253:5 254:21 255:20 271:12 272:9 275:13 276:10 277:13 278:4 281:17 283:10 287:17 298:4 299:11 300:8,9,10,13 300:17 307:16,19 310:12 312:10 322:8 324:21 327:2 336:13 337:17 338:7 339:10 343:14 344:6,17 346:21 347:6 348:11,14 349:11 349:19 359:3,6,8,8,9 361:6 362:11,21,21 363:1,2 365:11 372:6 391:16 393:20 397:12 397:13 403:4 404:4 409:13 410:13 411:2 413:14 414:1 419:1,3 432:8 433:11 437:13 **moreover**20:4 21:8 85:9

137:10 160:2 225:4 **morning** 6:4,7 11:21

14:14 29:1 34:2 43:5 66:15 71:11 75:19 81:16 92:17 107:13 111:4 128:6 132:20 140:12 149:10 170:1 180:15 **mortality**44:12 46:21

190:17 243:14 260:12 313:13,16,18,20 314:1 314:5,6,8,9,10,11,13,17 314:20 315:3,4,5,7,8,12 315:13,21 316:8,10,14 316:16,19,21 317:3,6,7 317:8,13,15,15 340:21 385:12 428:1 **Mosroff**331:12 345:7 **most**7:19 13:20 15:16

19:12 21:11 22:3 27:1 27:10,13 29:7 30:11 35:7 37:4 38:2 42:6 44:6 53:9 56:3 59:16 60:5 69:13,14 72:7 89:10,11 94:12 98:19 101:3,8 102:4 103:9 108:18 109:15 111:15 112:15 113:8,11,12 114:9 116:14 117:21 126:21 129:2 138:10 166:2 168:4,10 173:5 174:11,12,17,20 179:4 183:19 196:14,15 204:6 210:18,19 211:15,21 220:16 222:5 228:18 232:14 235:20 244:1 245:2,17 251:18 265:13 269:19,19 277:16 280:8 285:6,7 286:11 287:3 290:12 292:20 297:13 298:15,15,17 301:5 305:12 307:2 308:21 310:15 314:10,21 316:11 319:9 322:2 326:8 329:10 340:8 347:8 353:4 355:20 357:8 358:18 361:10 374:8 377:9,16 379:16 380:18 382:9 385:2 393:18 398:10 401:7 416:10 427:8 433:9 435:20 436:4 439:15,16 440:9 **mostly** 162:13 251:20

255:19 333:19 335:18 378:4 **mother** 106:17 108:1

142:11 172:17 176:8 212:14 215:5 217:11,11 217:13 295:19 311:5,21 322:12 339:14 369:1 396:14 412:14,21 425:21 **mothers** 215:17 397:1,20 **mother-in-law** 162:21

163:9 **motive** 151:7 **motor**360:16 **Motors** 132:5 **motto** 60:11,14 **mountain** 34:19 36:12

177:4,13 237:21 366:12 386:1,5 390:18 **mountains** 34:18 36:21

36:21 63:13 121:10 167:20 176:17 177:1 259:21 308:6 329:19 **move** 37:8 57:16 75:14

81:13 86:13 127:11 131:6 213:5 219:9 228:7 245:9 251:13,14 252:16 279:7 283:8 325:1,11 349:21 352:3 358:12 416:14 439:13 441:7 **moved** 87:13,17 176:15

179:9 272:20 329:15 344:13 372:10 377:20 **movement** 199:12 **moving** 68:1 85:19

111:10 121:20 122:8 131:9 161:17 177:18 197:2 251:15 351:6 **mowing** 273:10 **Mt**329:5 **much** 9:9 12:13 14:9 21:1

22:15 25:17 38:6,17 43:3 56:5,6 70:5 75:8 80:8,14 81:10 87:5 91:7 91:18 92:16 97:18 98:6 99:12 107:2 111:3 114:16 116:1,14 117:2 120:21 124:13 128:3 129:9 132:18 137:16 141:6 143:20 149:12 150:4,6 151:14 154:18 160:19 165:4,6 167:8 167:10 168:8,15 169:21 180:11 185:11 191:8 192:1 194:13 195:12 198:12 200:16 205:6,10 209:16 213:9 214:8 215:1 219:11,13 220:10 223:17,19 226:18 238:6 242:15 251:3 252:9,15 252:18 258:3 262:3 266:1,5 267:17 271:11 274:1 279:11 281:19 283:19 284:4 286:13 288:20 290:4 291:11

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295:12 298:1 303:1,2 305:19 310:16 313:3,3 313:3,7 317:17,18 320:5,7 323:6 325:15 327:1 329:7,9,19 330:16 336:12,12 337:5 337:17 338:9 344:1,14 344:17 345:4 349:6 353:14 354:2 355:13 357:6 358:4 359:9 363:19 367:8 370:21 373:8 378:20 380:3 383:4 389:20 390:11 391:1 398:19 400:20 404:11 406:8 409:17 414:21 423:3 425:5 427:6 429:9 430:18 435:9 437:3 438:18,21 440:20 441:12 **mudslides** 341:13 **Mueller**5:16 438:20,21

439:3 **Muhammad** 3:17 121:2

122:15,16 **mules** 264:19 **multiple** 85:7 86:16 108:9

176:4,6 240:10 241:4,6 431:17 433:6 **multiply** 389:8 **multitude** 70:6 **multi-dimensional** 106:6 **multi-media** 150:12 **multi-parish** 12:3 **multi-pollutant**84:4 **municipal** 292:18 **munitions** 145:1,20

147:9,17 149:2 **must**43:12 44:15 46:5

47:20 52:9 58:18,21 86:11 101:15 108:5 112:8 114:11 123:20 147:18 160:4 161:7,8 169:15 172:7 174:10,13 203:8 233:13 234:6,10 238:14 239:19 241:19 290:19 295:3 318:21 330:10 331:3,9,9 340:10 343:9 369:6,6 379:4 395:15 428:21 435:3 **mutation** 259:8 261:16 **myriad** 279:6 **myself** 104:7 106:16

125:11 126:6 139:5 142:15 143:5 152:2 168:10 175:12 205:20 212:1 223:16 252:10 358:14 367:20 412:18 **M-A-I-N** 295:16 **M-A-L-I-N** 383:7 **M-A-N-N-I-N-G** 395:19 **M-A-R-K**39:2 **M-A-R-T-I-N** 103:19 **M-C-B-E-T-H** 350:10 **M-C-C-O-R-M-I-C-K**51:1 **M-C-G-U-I-R-E** 56:19 **M-E-L-Y-N-D-A**275:7 **M-I-L-L-A-R**303:8 **M-I-L-L-E-R**75:20 **M-O-E-N-C-H** 383:7 **M-O-L-L-I-E** 209:21 **M.D**429:2 **M6** 146:21

**N N**  3:1 182:1,1,1 **NAAQS** 18:6,7,9 22:13,15

22:19 23:4,8 25:14 27:19 28:1 43:7 44:16 44:19 58:21 60:21 61:2 61:5 64:17 65:17 68:15 70:18 76:14 78:10,13 78:17,18 79:5,15,17 80:8 82:2,5 83:9 86:9 110:7 133:9,9,10,13,17 133:20 134:7,8,10,12 135:17 136:9,17 137:14 157:7 159:19 206:17 219:6 221:16 224:19 226:19 238:14,19 239:4 239:13,17 240:3,4 241:2 242:10,13 266:20 268:6,21 269:7,13,17 270:1,6,6,16,17 271:1 304:10,12 308:19 314:2 320:19 323:19 325:12 326:2 335:7,8 344:18 356:6 369:20 370:7 390:1 402:15 430:20 431:19 432:11,14 434:13 435:1,6,7 **NAASQ**76:16 **nail** 400:1 **naively** 65:13 **NAM** 66:21 67:3 71:6 **name**6:4 8:19 9:3 11:21

28:17 29:1 38:15,19 39:1 43:5 48:5 56:18 60:17 61:20 66:15 71:11 75:19 87:7 90:17 92:18,20 93:3 99:14 107:4,14 115:11,13 116:2,9 117:4 121:4 124:16 128:5 137:18 140:12 144:1 146:10 154:20 160:21 161:2 165:12,13 170:4 175:4 182:3 184:21 185:5 188:7,11,11,13 195:15 196:10 205:16,17,21 206:2 209:20 215:4 219:15 224:1 229:11 235:1 238:11 242:20 246:2 250:3 253:8 258:7 262:5 271:7 274:5 275:4,9 277:17 279:12 282:2,4,6 289:2 289:3,4 295:15 298:21 305:21 306:1 311:1,5 318:8 320:9,11 322:19 325:20 328:15 331:17 331:18,20,21 337:7 341:6 344:3 345:20 346:1,2,4 350:7,9,11 353:20 354:3 358:6,9 360:8 364:5 366:7 367:21 368:9,9,9,15 371:6 373:11,13 377:6 380:10 383:6 395:18 399:5 404:15 407:6 410:1 412:4 415:4,6 417:20 435:14 439:3 **names** 318:3,6,6 423:4,4 **nap** 197:2 **narrow**45:18 364:14

388:11 **narrows**45:15 **nasal** 360:21 **nation** 12:18 33:6 51:21

54:11 55:12,17 111:20 208:7 220:9 232:17 233:20 318:16 337:20 350:15 355:13 379:11 396:2 401:12 **national** 1:5 6:10 7:1 12:8

14:17 29:15 33:8 35:16 35:17 37:10,12,14,21 39:12 50:12 54:8 63:13 66:17 81:19 82:20 95:19 101:12 107:17 111:8,11 115:4 126:17 151:3 155:7 167:16,17 168:7,21 170:19 174:16 176:14,17 177:1 178:15 178:21 182:9 183:1 191:12 199:19 200:3 201:10 203:9 210:9,21 212:3 215:9,17 217:2 221:11 222:9,17 234:13 235:2 238:14 244:3 266:14 268:19 270:5 271:2 274:11 284:8 303:13 306:9 309:5 320:12 337:15 348:6 354:11 365:17 366:8 368:21 371:10 387:12 396:1 431:19 434:14 435:18 **nationality** 324:3 **nationally** 72:13 109:5

181:4 **nations**225:9 **nationwide** 147:6 148:5

201:9 233:14 337:16 389:3 **nation's** 34:7 66:21 72:1

72:6 111:15 126:10,18 160:11 168:4 235:11 251:21 330:8 346:19 351:16 353:11 **native** 51:2 154:2 165:16 **natural** 29:5,21 35:4,10

72:17 161:8 226:10 246:14 263:7 266:9 277:10 333:6 341:12,14 381:16 **naturally** 74:2 252:4

400:18 **nature**23:12 137:20

215:12 312:12 419:6 **nausea**334:20 **near** 10:16 69:7 87:15

112:10 132:6 165:18 175:8,9 186:21 201:13 204:6 252:6 265:5 287:13 344:9,10 362:19 **nearby** 63:12 121:10 137:20 **nearly**29:9 34:17 39:16

54:4 62:20 71:18 101:11 111:12 118:3 126:13 139:6 208:10 218:9 219:18 230:21 231:12 232:2 236:11,21 244:10 260:16,17 267:20 346:19 352:15 356:8 365:13 378:16 383:9,18 386:15 403:15 **near-zero** 203:4 **nebulized** 413:1 **nebulizer** 139:10 189:5

197:4 250:13 413:16 418:11 **necessarily** 24:20 28:8 **necessary** 17:3 40:19

65:10 69:2 70:1 211:5 267:4 305:3,15 312:1 348:14 408:5,7 432:18 **necessitates**44:14 **need** 31:4 33:18,18 47:8

49:20 51:19 53:18 70:17 86:3 97:6 107:20 114:5 115:19 124:11 125:6 127:3 136:10 143:17 148:1,3,11,12 174:4 178:12 185:16 194:18 221:16 229:21 232:17 237:17 242:12 247:15 248:11 251:7,14 254:21 256:4 264:5 278:9 281:7 283:20 284:15 290:14 312:21 319:12,20 328:9 335:8 353:19 364:3 367:6 371:4 382:9,20 384:17 393:19 402:18 403:14 405:8,20 406:3 407:17 407:18 408:4 429:9 440:17 441:8 **needed** 7:17 10:21 16:1

31:12 59:13 61:2 77:7 77:13 80:9 97:11 114:15 125:16 136:16 183:17 187:5 211:11 242:8 262:10 263:16 413:16 427:6 438:4 **Needless**413:4 **needlessly**43:1 **needs** 153:13 216:3

222:9 291:3 321:7 324:10 384:17 387:4 **negative** 13:8 30:20 32:4

100:14 112:21 136:2 204:16 211:20 232:13 304:18 **negatively** 86:1 356:5 **neighbor**342:7 **neighborhood** 179:8

216:13 330:5 389:14 416:16 423:17 424:19 **neighborhoods** 101:10

297:17 312:11 320:4 338:16 **neighboring** 156:21 **neighbors** 175:12 **neither**70:20 83:15 260:5 267:3 **nephew** 138:16 139:7

140:7 **nephews** 378:18 379:9 **nephew's** 138:20 139:10 **NERA**32:18 133:4 224:20

355:8,9,21 **NESCAUM** 76:1,1,7,8,9

76:13,15 78:14 79:14 79:14,18,20,21 80:11 89:9 **NESCAUM's** 76:5 **nests** 302:15 **net** 156:20 267:8,12,13

268:2 **network**212:9 369:4 **neurological** 47:14

112:21 **neuroscience**351:11 **Nevada**294:3 387:15 **never**22:11 41:10,11

68:20 87:16 121:11 130:21 141:3 149:18 161:18 163:21 173:11 174:1 175:21 203:21 260:18 262:1 386:8 415:14 417:11 421:13 428:17 **nevertheless** 15:16 16:12 **new**7:10 13:1,4,16 16:1

16:19 18:5,7,14,20 22:4 22:17 23:3 31:11 33:4 37:9 43:20 44:2,10 45:9 47:15 52:18 55:15 60:20 62:15 63:13 65:8 66:2 68:18,19 69:6 71:16 73:4 75:2 76:3,3 76:4 83:5 84:14 86:12 86:15 95:10 96:6 105:16 110:20 117:1 122:4,12 130:18 135:16 137:1 140:4 144:6,16 147:19 149:21 150:19 158:1 159:17 163:15 174:13 178:20 183:10 187:10 194:4 195:7 196:5,7 199:3,21 200:7 200:11 201:4,16,19 202:9 203:4,10 204:4,5 204:13 211:11 216:5 217:10 219:4 223:13 226:8,11,12,15 227:13 233:21 237:6 240:8,12 242:21 245:5 248:17 249:17 251:3 257:5 258:10 259:4 262:9 264:18 267:15 269:11 270:9,19 276:8 283:11 294:12 304:6,7 305:11 305:15 309:18 330:17 331:1 339:1,1 341:20 342:6,13 343:4,10,19 343:20 347:2 350:19 354:13 355:14 356:6 357:17,19 359:16 360:2 360:5 367:18 373:19 380:13 381:12 388:17 400:3,4 404:18 414:8 416:14 430:2 431:19

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015** Page 26

432:1,7,11,11 433:6 435:1 **newborns** 100:18 **newer**72:18 **Newport** 122:20 123:5,12 **news** 105:6 122:20 123:6

123:12 141:17 247:4 253:4,5,5,7,12,17 254:12,13 255:12 258:13 **next**9:18 10:3 16:9 28:15

38:13 48:2 56:12 66:9 66:12 107:10 115:6 124:13 132:19 140:10 151:14 160:19 161:13 169:21 185:21 186:6 195:12 205:11 215:2 223:19 226:13 240:18 242:16 249:14,21 258:4 265:3 266:2 281:21 288:21 295:13 303:4 310:17 325:15 332:16 341:4 342:7 345:5 350:16 358:5 363:21 368:12 373:9 380:4 391:2 398:20 399:19 404:3 406:10 415:1 416:1 429:12 **NGOs**431:18 **nice**278:1 **nicely** 208:1 **Nicholas**4:13 275:2

279:12 **NICHOLS** 140:12 **Nicholson** 3:19 140:11

140:13,13 **Nicola**4:21 331:18 **niece** 161:15 **nieces** 378:18 379:9 **niece's** 164:13 **night** 161:20 162:7

250:13 261:11 372:3,21 425:17 426:7 **nightmare** 197:3 **nightstand** 372:13 **NIHU** 418:1 **Nina**5:13 415:4,5,6 **nine**210:19 **Ninth** 149:20 **Nissan** 130:10 **nitrogen** 199:2,20 225:21

246:19 301:9 332:18 338:20 339:4 360:11,18 360:20 **nitrous**202:2 **Nixon** 392:7 **NMOG+NOX**73:3 **nobody** 52:15 243:6

244:9 245:19 282:16 328:7 333:17 **Noel** 3:14 4:8 99:13

103:18 234:20,21 235:1 235:2 **noncompliance** 157:10

160:9,13 **nonemotionally**255:8 **Nonetheless** 30:18 **nonfactor** 157:4 **nonpartisan** 354:5 **nonprofit**93:5 354:6 368:18 **nonsmoker**258:15 **non-active**25:3 **non-asthmatic**287:10 **non-attained** 228:1 **non-attaining** 227:10,10

227:14,18,20 228:2,3,8 256:10 **non-attainment**32:11

70:6 86:15 157:12,16 157:21 158:3 192:15 210:20 211:2 217:17 227:4,6 269:1,20 271:1 338:1,21 346:17 355:13 357:12 **non-attainments** 13:11 **non-controllable** 74:6 **non-economic**360:4 **non-existent**294:2 **non-func** 143:2 **non-Hispanics** 61:21 **non-industrial** 217:14 **non-malignant**317:2 **non-partisan** 111:6 **non-profit** 111:6 210:2 **non-representative**

286:2 **norm** 109:8 **normal** 109:17 167:9

175:11 176:13 178:20 179:2,4,6,12 257:1,2 259:14 341:20 342:6,13 343:4,10,21 365:4 370:18 411:11 **normalized** 256:16 **normally**280:17 **north** 61:19 62:14 87:18

177:14 179:1 263:21 390:19 410:5 **northeast**75:21 76:2

156:1 316:10 435:16 **Northeastern** 386:21 **northern** 95:4 276:6

278:14 280:8 295:20 **Northwest**386:20 **nose** 122:6 328:20 342:3 **nose-dive** 32:13 **nostrils** 121:18 **notable**20:8 **Notably** 315:8 **note**48:17 79:17 84:9

213:2 242:1 248:16 249:16 252:21 281:17 **noted** 18:12 182:2 355:7

434:12 **notes** 25:6 48:8 131:16

193:8 301:12 442:5,6 442:10 **nothing** 92:6 145:12

166:19 172:17 235:21 264:17 267:16 333:1,3 341:2 342:19 348:1 349:6 425:14 **notice**400:13 **noticeable**425:20 **noticed** 149:13 175:10

250:20 420:12 437:11 **noticing** 437:15 **noting** 433:16 **November**6:12 182:11

220:4 272:11 **nowhere** 37:12 69:7 **NOx**48:9 49:21 50:8,9

64:1,2,5,12 67:14,19 84:7,12 200:3,5,14 201:14,21 202:15 204:6 204:11,18 224:17 **noxious**234:8 **NOx-ide**228:13 **NPR**74:18 **nuclear**250:17,18 251:15 **number**21:21 25:11 53:1

61:12 62:13 63:1 65:5 91:16 97:1 101:1 104:21 118:4 127:6 128:20 132:7 179:15 189:19 196:8 205:19 207:11 214:13,17 218:8 228:13 231:1 236:12 268:21 277:13 285:7 311:17 352:17 365:14 403:2 405:4 417:4 418:20 422:8 428:5 434:18 **numbers** 142:3 143:15

156:9 192:20 309:13,21 310:12 348:13 349:8,16 367:5 375:13 376:13,13 420:14 421:1 422:7 **numerous** 15:4 116:18

225:4 233:4 241:13 270:12 363:10 422:15 **Nunno**5:4 358:5 360:7,8

360:8 **nurse** 163:1 188:18 311:6

399:17 **nurses** 103:3 288:11 **nursing** 325:21 326:4 **nurture** 310:8 **nutrient**302:1 **nutrients** 178:11 **NY** 325:21 **Nyland** 355:18 **N-I-C-H-O-L-A-S** 279:13 **N-I-C-H-O-L-S-O-N**

140:14 **N-I-N-A**415:4 **N-O-E-L** 103:18 **N.W** 1:10 **N2O**202:7

**O O**  182:1,1,1 **Oakland** 371:8 **Obama**30:15 55:1 330:21 **Oberlender**3:20 66:10

66:10 75:10 140:11 143:21 144:1,2,2 149:11,16 **obese**47:18 **obesity** 138:7 153:10

379:2 427:5 **objective** 134:12 292:6 **objectives**204:8 **obligated** 273:17 **obligation** 97:8 233:17

272:6 398:16 **obscuring** 63:12 **observe** 315:6 **observed** 18:17 73:7 **obstructive** 287:5 **obtain** 301:17 **obtaining** 15:21 **obvious** 121:11 163:2

196:17 240:6 323:13 **obviously** 163:17 178:7

209:9 256:12 275:17 276:15 392:3 416:4 **occasion** 150:4 **occasional** 10:20 187:4 **occasionally** 196:20 **occasions** 166:15 176:7 **occur**73:14 75:1 78:2,7

128:15 162:11 204:16 240:20 269:18 302:19 **occurred** 87:16 412:11 **occurrence**260:8 **occurrences** 119:12,16

240:15 **occurring** 74:2 **occurs** 286:20 **oceans** 155:19 **October** 139:19 393:8 **odor** 19:11 **off**20:1 92:2 104:11

135:4 143:3 150:14 161:9 192:8,21 197:15 199:8 200:20 237:19 245:1,13 297:19 323:21 390:8 391:11 395:7 **offensively** 256:19 **offer**66:18 174:11 289:11

383:14 431:10 **offered** 28:10 **offering** 252:12 **offers** 31:7 **office**2:3,3,5,7,8,10

30:15 330:6 334:11 398:12 416:1 418:3 **officer**53:21 **offices** 94:21 **official** 9:5 164:15 185:7

186:15,20 346:8 404:6 **officials** 103:4 399:10 **offset**227:17,20 **offsets** 270:10 357:13 **off-road** 200:13 **often** 40:8 62:17 63:11

92:12 118:16 157:13 210:12 216:20 231:18 236:3 256:2 271:17 273:10 293:12 297:15 298:9 307:6 308:11 342:2 351:6 398:3 400:12 404:4 405:11 413:8 426:13 **Oh** 388:4 **Ohio**251:10 **OI** 225:8 **oil** 13:7 14:5 29:5,12,16

29:18 54:18 55:5 56:2 130:15 154:11 235:2 263:9,11,20 266:8 277:10 356:18,20 357:1 357:2 386:19 430:4 **oils** 278:3 **OIRA**355:19 **okay** 39:2 55:15 75:10,14

81:15 90:10,12 163:14 164:12,21 173:19 205:15 206:3 208:14 209:15 249:14 274:6 310:20 317:19 325:18 325:20 331:16,21 337:4 345:11,19 368:14 399:4 406:17,18 407:1 429:12 438:18 **old** 27:4 36:1 72:18

113:19 127:15 138:16 142:5 163:19 172:1 230:4 275:21 287:17 342:15 359:17 412:8 437:10 **older**96:5 122:2 139:4

141:2 142:4 172:11 197:7 203:11 287:17 300:19 327:20 371:17 418:21 **oldest**342:14 **Olney** 300:21 **once** 17:10 92:3 256:3

260:8 284:2 334:16 387:10,12 427:14 **one**9:12 19:10 22:13

24:17 26:8,9,20 28:5 38:8 48:16 49:14 51:21 52:13 54:12 57:10 59:16 60:5 62:21 63:1 65:4 80:16 89:10,10,11 92:3 104:5 108:12 118:3,4 119:20 121:13 123:6 125:21 127:6 129:6 131:7 136:15 138:14,15,16 139:2 141:21 142:5 144:10 147:21 148:18 150:4,6 150:7,7 152:9 154:8 155:11 161:12 166:8 167:21,21 168:3 173:1 175:10 176:5,6 179:11 180:18 185:15 189:19 192:14,16 196:2,9,14 196:15 198:6,10 203:13 208:15 214:9 221:10 230:21 231:2 235:4 236:11,12 244:10 254:21 256:6 260:1 261:13 263:18 271:13 280:7 285:5,6 292:8 293:19 297:3 300:19 311:12,17 314:13 321:17 322:1,3 324:16 334:8 335:4,4,5,5,5,21 345:16 349:2 352:15,17 353:11,12 358:17 359:7 364:10 365:13,14 375:10 376:7 377:17 381:9 382:9 383:2 386:13,15 388:5 390:16 390:17 394:12,12 402:7 405:4 408:16 413:12,15 415:19,21 418:19 421:19 425:10,15 426:7 426:11,16 428:3 433:12 436:10 439:16

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**ones**42:10 72:18 103:16

142:5 194:17 212:19 213:13 296:16 **one-third** 135:2 201:10

362:9 **ongoing** 147:7 148:20

278:17 **only** 14:2 17:14 21:20,21

26:3,20 27:12 30:12 40:1 42:1,20 68:13 69:2 77:11 87:12 88:3 90:4 96:1 101:4 102:5 103:6 125:19 126:18 131:19 145:11 147:1 159:8 163:7,19 170:13 173:1 192:7 193:18 207:3,8 218:13 234:1,1 238:21 244:5,17 251:5 261:17 267:9 270:5,18 276:17 283:18 285:5 301:7 314:15,18 319:1 327:7 328:21 329:5 333:5,20 333:20 334:6 337:17 344:19 347:5,13,19 353:10 360:5,19 384:20 386:18 390:2,6,21 392:1 394:19 398:7 408:2 409:2 416:6,8 421:21 426:6,8 428:14 **onto** 167:20 293:2 436:7 **on-road** 73:6 **open** 144:12,18 145:3,6

145:14 146:1,16,20 147:2,10,10,17 148:3,4 148:16 149:1,2 150:13 150:14 424:19 **operate**29:13 405:17 **operated** 64:14 **operating** 64:11 67:18

70:5 123:2 130:8 132:3 194:14 227:11 228:2 277:11 **operation** 205:9 278:1 **operations** 13:1 34:4

294:21 357:1 362:20 **operators** 237:18 **opinion** 37:19 304:11

380:2 **opponents** 376:3 **opportune** 156:20 **opportunists** 309:4 **opportunities** 55:7

137:21 248:2 411:10 436:2 **opportunity** 12:7 14:9

17:5 18:3 22:21 51:7 56:20 71:2,10 75:3 82:4 86:21 92:14,21 97:16 99:18 110:2,3 111:2 114:13 127:10 128:7 133:2 139:20 140:9 161:6 165:4 170:17 191:11 210:10 219:11 219:19 222:20 223:17 229:3,9 230:9 238:9 245:21 276:13,20 284:7 306:7 313:9 320:6 323:9 343:6,20 346:9 350:13 352:5 355:3,4 357:15 363:14 364:7 368:20 396:3 398:5 411:20 423:2,7 424:21 441:1 **opposed** 262:19 359:16 **opposition** 224:18 238:2

309:3 431:4 **oppositions**255:6 **oppressive** 169:2 **option** 33:13 78:12 102:4

102:5 113:6 239:9 298:9 433:11 **options** 227:15 428:5 **orange** 105:15 329:1,4

330:2 415:14 437:16 438:2 **orchards** 54:19 **order**47:9 85:9 95:20

101:15 108:5 114:18 145:11 148:1 158:3 164:11 169:19 213:12 214:2 217:1 228:11 238:17 242:6 277:10,20 369:5 391:17 396:15 **ordered** 385:9 **orders** 171:21 **ordinary** 92:15 163:8 **organic** 128:11 145:9

146:17 226:2 360:12 **organization** 12:3 34:13

36:14 38:11 76:8 93:5 99:21 111:6 126:18 170:13 191:16 210:3 235:5 283:4 284:13 312:14 320:15 354:7 366:10 376:10 385:4 394:1 396:2 401:14 407:9,20 428:2 432:16 **organizations** 36:14

58:13 102:1 116:19 139:16 171:11 195:8 198:19 233:4 246:4,5 363:11 422:16 **organs** 220:20 **original** 391:19 **originally** 190:15 380:13 **originated** 154:5 **Orleans** 13:16 **Ostfeld** 3:19 132:21

137:17,18,19 **other**6:21 13:11 15:11

16:14 21:9,18 36:13 39:9 44:7 47:12 52:8 64:18 66:5 68:12 88:16 100:11 111:1 112:17,21 123:16 132:11 133:14 133:17 135:15 140:8 142:13 143:4,17 144:15 150:11 155:20 163:6 164:20 165:1,1,21 167:8 175:16 180:2 182:21 192:10 196:18 197:1,8 207:18 209:5 211:8,21 214:15 220:20 223:15 231:20 234:8 236:5 237:9,15 246:4 246:21 247:21 248:9,11 248:12,14 252:7,9,13 253:13 264:13 265:13 270:3 271:3 279:6,8 286:17 288:5,11 290:20 296:18 297:14,21 299:15 301:18 306:16 306:21 307:10 308:8 311:19 315:7 316:14,18 318:1,20 325:1 327:8 335:13 345:13 347:17 349:1 361:10 362:3,4 364:17 371:19 379:2 382:15 385:5 395:4 396:17 403:2 413:7,8,9 413:18 414:1 428:4 433:8 **others** 16:21 36:11

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212:11 244:19 403:7 **other's** 26:10 **ought**213:14 **ounce** 110:16 **ourselves** 132:17 169:5

221:19 382:20 392:19 **out**8:3,15 12:14 32:9

33:9 37:18 39:10 53:3 53:12,15 58:20 60:14 62:21 68:4 71:15 81:5 99:2 104:9 105:6 118:3 119:19 120:20 123:1 126:8 141:5,9,12 142:10,13 143:4 144:9 147:2 152:18 154:10 166:11 176:7 184:4,17 185:12 186:13 187:8,13 190:18 192:16 193:2 197:11 206:6 207:11 209:12 210:19 228:8 236:11 242:6 251:9 254:14 261:7,14,20 271:21 274:14 280:1 289:12 294:21 302:9 308:21 312:17 321:3 330:16 336:18 341:15 341:18,21 342:1,5,9,10 343:17 352:3,15 355:8 357:21 359:17 365:13 367:5,13 369:5 380:21 382:16 384:3 387:8 390:1 393:3,21 400:5 400:16 414:5 417:13 421:11 430:11 **outcome** 136:1,4 370:9 **outcomes** 100:14 315:8 **outdated** 113:19 172:2

225:8 237:19 **outdoor**37:15 102:14

165:21 166:6 197:10 285:13 339:10 **outdoors** 24:13 37:2

44:21 94:8 97:7 108:1 117:19 138:3,5,13 140:20 166:1 220:18 230:19 236:10 239:9,10 239:19,21 242:5 244:15 259:18 277:1 290:4 298:4 351:8,10 352:12 363:2 365:11 384:7 389:7 **outgrown** 296:3 **outings** 166:11 **outlet**253:6 **outline** 198:21 **outlining** 87:2 **output**31:1 **Outreach** 209:21 381:15 **outset**374:6 430:7 **outside**40:8,10,16 41:2

41:19 50:4 62:17 94:6 95:11 104:18 106:1,3 124:21 125:8 126:2 139:1 140:20 153:12 157:1 165:17 178:1 196:19 212:7,15 213:20 215:19 216:2,14 222:1 230:4 234:4 238:19 256:14 272:5 273:12 282:21 300:11 322:13 325:8 343:18 378:7 382:6,8 383:2 398:13 410:17 411:10 413:9 416:13 424:13 427:1 441:10 **outskirts** 175:6 **outward** 70:1 402:12 **outweigh** 267:10 347:4

347:13 **outweighs**424:4 **over** 12:4,5 15:6 20:13

22:1 25:10 29:5 30:6 36:1 64:9 65:12,17 71:18,18 82:7 83:4 92:11 101:7,21 103:1 109:3,4 115:12 121:20 128:11 129:6,21 130:9 130:16,17 144:17 146:5 151:6 154:9 156:5 167:13 173:21 178:8 193:10 199:13 201:19 201:20 203:7 204:3 210:5 211:14 216:18 226:21 240:10 243:2,16 251:11 260:1,2,15 271:20 274:17 292:12 295:10 300:9 301:16 316:2 319:1 325:4 329:6 330:7 336:15 355:5 375:3 387:5 405:21 413:5 421:7 425:1 428:10,19 431:9 431:12 434:11 439:5,5 **overall** 27:17,20 123:3

277:1 317:11 356:10 357:11 428:1 436:5 **overdue** 61:2 93:19 171:6

233:12 345:3 **overestimated** 25:8

26:16 **overestimating** 65:7 **overheads** 335:19 **overlooks** 390:19 **overly** 27:11 **overreaching** 262:11 **overriding** 434:3 **overseas** 155:17 156:10 160:9 **oversight** 145:12 148:21

264:5 292:18 295:9 **overwhelming** 58:9

268:20 **overwhelmingly** 220:11

243:6 **owe** 132:17 **owes** 137:12 **own** 41:13 69:12 80:1

85:10 96:17 101:18 126:12 133:21 147:16 180:5 193:16 207:21 223:1 237:3 268:4 270:16 277:19 282:18 283:7,8,17 296:17 299:16 301:12 302:15 314:13 337:3 346:7 347:8 381:9 384:10 387:15 397:1,17 413:15 **owner** 130:2,3 366:13 **owning** 275:18 **oxide** 199:2,20 202:2

226:1 301:9 328:20 332:18 339:4 **oxides** 246:19 338:20

360:12,19 **oxygen** 106:5 189:5

301:11 328:6 333:8 360:13,20 **Ozanian** 432:20 **ozone** 6:10 7:3,9,11 12:9

13:20 15:18 16:3,5,15 16:18 17:6,9 18:6,17 19:2,4,11,13,14,18 20:3 20:5,7,17,20 21:7,9,21 23:4,8,17 27:7,18,21 30:7,10,21 31:9,11 32:5 32:8 33:2,13,17 34:8,12 36:9,17 37:3 43:7,10 44:4,6,8,11,20 45:3,4 45:11,12,17,19 46:2,3,9 46:12,17,20 47:1,5,7,17 47:21 48:9 50:8,10 52:14,18 55:7 57:1,17 58:5 60:10,20 61:2,4,5 61:11 62:3,20 63:20 64:2,13 65:10,12,13,16 66:20 67:3,9,10 69:1,13 69:17,18 70:8,14 72:13 73:7,10,12,13,17,18,20 73:21 74:2,2,8,12 76:14 76:16 77:1,5,13 78:3,10 78:13 79:17,18 80:2,5,7 80:8,9 82:2,5,11 83:9 83:16 84:2,5,10,17 85:8 86:9 92:13 93:2,15,17 94:4,14,19 95:5,19 96:2 96:10,14,18,19 97:10 97:11 98:11,20 100:7,9 100:15,19,21 101:1,14 102:17 103:5 107:18 111:12 112:13,17,20 114:6 115:5 118:13,15 118:19 119:1,3,8,10 120:11,15,19 125:15 128:16 132:16 133:8,12 133:20 134:7,11 135:4

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015** Page 28

136:9,17 137:14 138:18 152:4 153:7 155:8,14 155:18 156:5,7 157:3,5 157:6,8,12 158:8 159:10,19 160:1,3 168:1 170:20 171:13,18 171:19 172:1,3,8,10,16 172:19 173:8,9 174:4 174:17 175:18 176:19 177:5 178:7 182:10 183:3,4,9,11 190:8 191:13 198:21 204:13 206:7,18 207:19 210:9 210:14,18,21 211:4,7 211:10,12,13,15,17 214:5 215:10 216:10 218:5,11,17,20 219:1,2 220:10,13 224:16,19 225:1 226:15,17 228:17 230:8 232:19 233:9 238:10 241:2 244:1,4 244:14,15,21 245:6 246:20,20 261:4 264:8 264:12 265:21 266:15 266:20 267:12 268:1,9 268:21 269:7,17 270:16 270:17 271:1 272:12 274:12 276:8,11 278:10 279:8 281:8 284:1,9,16 284:16 285:1,5,8,9,11 286:5,20 287:7,12,14 287:20,21 288:5 290:1 290:2,5,16,19 291:5,7 291:19 294:8 298:13 299:6,9,11,17,20 300:10,12,17,20 301:6 301:7,13,14,16 302:3 302:11,20,21 303:14 304:10,12 305:3 306:9 308:18 309:15,19 310:13 311:16 312:12 313:13 314:7,9,21 315:6,11 316:2,3,7,9,12 316:14,20 317:4,6,12 317:16 318:16 319:2 320:13,19 321:12 322:13 324:15 326:2,6 326:13,15 327:5 328:10 331:7 332:19,21 333:8 333:8 334:1 335:8,8 338:2,5,7,8,11,12,19,21 339:17,19 340:10 341:9 343:14 346:18 347:5,9 347:18,18 348:3,8,10 348:11,15 349:1,3,5,7 349:17,17 350:1,3,14 354:12 355:9,11,19 356:6 357:9 359:11 360:11,18,19,21 361:6 361:9,20 362:4,7,8,11 362:14 363:12,16 364:19,20 365:19,20 368:21 369:9,11,18,21 370:1,3,8,12,14 373:17 375:3 377:2 383:19 384:10,14,19 385:3,11 385:15,20 386:8,12,17 386:21 387:3,5,9,17 388:10,11,19 389:1,12 389:15 390:1 394:10 396:8 397:7,15 398:4 398:17 399:12,13 400:1 400:11 401:5,8,17 402:11,15 403:1,5,10 403:13 404:9,21 406:2 418:17 420:4,5,7 424:1 425:2 430:10,12,15 431:4 432:1,7,21 433:17 435:1,6,7,19 436:12 438:12 **ozones** 33:3 172:9 **ozone's** 6:15 182:15

216:8 **ozone-forming** 268:14 **ozone-induced** 316:16 **ozone-monitoring**

215:14 **ozone-related** 221:7 **ozone-sensitive** 6:20

182:20 **o'clock** 180:21 181:1,2,3

181:5 **O-B-E-R-L-E-N-D-E-R**

144:3 **O-S-T-F-E-L-D** 137:19

**P pace** 55:4 212:12 265:13 **package** 132:4 **padlock**309:10 **page** 3:3 146:12 293:9 **paid** 39:10 88:13,21

164:6 327:16 **pain** 166:17 222:18

258:21 273:2 284:18 299:10 376:14 408:17 **pains**278:7 **paint**218:2 **paints**218:3 **pair** 10:2,3 186:6 **pairs** 8:18 184:20 274:14

345:12 368:1 **panel** 6:7 9:21 108:20

181:4 182:6 184:21 186:3,12 187:8,10,11 222:7 229:8,16 230:10 233:11 249:17 252:20 253:10 317:19 318:4 369:21 **panic**408:18 **paper**310:4 313:11 **Parade** 330:19 **parading** 329:17 **paralyzed** 243:17 **paralyzing** 213:3 **pardon** 373:9 **parent**244:7 245:3 257:5

276:2 **parental** 243:18 **parents**40:21 41:1,4,7,19

41:21 42:13 43:1 46:5 95:2,3 102:10,15 104:11 107:15 119:19 139:3,5 150:6 216:19 216:19 219:3,4,17 221:15,16,19 243:3,5 244:21 249:7 257:4 279:18 301:3 343:17 397:20 404:5 426:13,19 **Paris** 330:14 **park**35:16,17 138:11

167:16,17 176:14,17 177:1 178:15,21 410:19 435:15 **parks** 33:8 37:13,21

138:1 154:13 168:7,21 387:8,12 **part** 19:20 23:5 33:6 69:7

69:11 72:16 91:11 93:14 98:5 125:3 154:1 173:3 177:11 203:15 206:13 208:16 213:5 214:12,16,18 217:19 227:1 241:14 242:11 267:21 269:9 270:7 280:9 294:9 298:16 299:4 306:3 312:1 333:10 336:5,5 351:1 365:9 381:21 385:5 388:5 392:14 393:10 394:2 398:14 406:5 420:2 421:3,5 422:13 422:17 **partake** 84:21 **partial** 199:13 **participants** 19:12 286:4

286:9 **participate** 152:17 283:1

378:7 **particle** 144:15 236:19

319:2 414:9,14 **particles**293:1 427:13,14 **particular**7:16 131:21

149:13 168:13 183:16 220:16 336:20 354:19 401:18 425:15 **particularly** 6:17,20 14:6

38:10 58:17 62:16 77:21 88:6 104:4 105:4 109:2 118:6 148:21 155:11 158:12 160:15 166:12 168:6 182:17,20 191:17 207:2 208:16 230:16 231:3,11 240:16 242:10 273:13 287:19 296:21 304:21 312:7 315:3 348:3 396:13 400:8 410:21 **particulate** 84:7 94:9

112:16 155:18 200:14 226:3 231:10 307:18 339:16 416:7 428:13,17 432:2 **parties**433:21 **partisan** 164:13 **partner**205:1 **partnered** 440:11 **partners** 398:2 **parts** 7:7 13:17 16:6

18:19 22:16 31:13 33:3 37:17 42:18 43:2,12 45:11,12 46:1,18 47:2 47:21 49:4,6 57:19 58:19 67:4 69:3,8 76:16 91:11 92:14 93:18,21 94:2,15 95:20 96:3,9,15 96:19,21 97:2 102:3,4 103:6,13 106:11 108:15 109:7 110:8,18 111:13 111:19 113:3,6,7,11 114:6 120:17 121:9 122:12 127:18,20 139:17 140:1 148:1 152:6,18 156:7 169:17 170:21 171:8 173:1,5 174:20 179:9 183:7 194:3 195:20 196:1 198:5,6 206:11,12,15 208:4 211:10 212:4 216:6 217:3,6 218:16 220:3,12 221:4 222:4 223:2,11 225:1 228:18 230:11 233:10 235:17 237:4 240:1,21 241:3,5 241:6,12,15,19 245:7,8 245:10 249:2 255:13,20 256:16 258:3,11 261:4 265:17 266:16 271:11 271:12 272:10,13 273:13,21 276:9 277:3 278:21 284:1 285:17 286:21 287:7 288:2,3 288:19 290:17 295:8 302:2,21 304:13 309:20 310:14 312:13 314:3 319:13 321:2,4,9,12 324:21 326:2 334:4 338:1 339:20 343:11,15 344:5 346:13 347:3,3 347:11,12 348:16,16 349:19 351:18 361:13 363:11,16 365:20 366:19 367:6 370:10,11 373:3,19 374:4 375:3,4 375:7,8,12,15 376:8,9 376:11 377:1,16 379:17 380:18 383:1 385:11 386:14 389:1,11,15 396:9 397:7,8,10,11,13 397:16,18 398:18 399:13 401:3,7,11 404:9,21 406:2 407:15 408:6 411:3,16 417:8,9 418:17 419:20 420:8,15 422:2,6 423:11 425:2 439:9 440:12 **pass** 163:3 166:20 179:7

204:20 237:20 329:11 435:5 **passage** 341:1 381:18 **passages**45:14 **passed** 193:19 213:7

269:8 **passing** 135:3 176:7

366:19 411:8 **passionate** 51:12 334:18 **passionately** 248:18 **past** 15:7 48:18 64:19

65:12 77:12 81:8 82:8 128:10 138:2 155:9 191:1 204:3 220:9 255:3 275:15 279:5 286:1 305:15 335:12 338:2 414:17 415:11 430:2 438:8 **pastors** 103:3 **patch** 412:14,18 413:5 **Patent**418:3,4 **path** 34:17 351:12 **pathway**200:11 289:10 **patient** 189:3 426:6 **patients** 95:9 97:15 99:4

152:8 188:19 285:16 339:7 399:19 426:16 428:11,16 **Patriots** 144:6 150:18 **pattern** 20:21,21 21:2

65:6 135:16 372:5 **patterns** 78:21 79:1,3 **Paul** 3:11 38:11 75:11,15

75:18,19 243:21 **Paula**212:8 **pay**41:4 91:21 116:3

119:6 273:16 327:9,15 327:17 340:4 **Payan** 5:1 341:5,6,6 **paying** 145:16,17,20

148:9 224:10 273:6 **pays** 336:2 **PE** 166:10 **peace**245:2 **peak**33:1,2 72:13 287:14

300:12 328:13 402:20 **peaks** 227:17 **pedestrians** 35:1 **pediatric**93:6,7 337:19 **pediatrician** 93:13 95:7

104:5 218:19 437:17 **pediatricians** 93:6 97:13 **Pediatrics** 58:14 93:4

97:21 **peer**43:21 **peer-review**211:6 326:4 **peer-reviewed** 58:9

100:12 286:19 **Peggy** 3:15 114:21 115:7

116:9 **penalties** 13:12 84:13

156:20 **penalty** 84:16 119:3,17

120:11 **penetration** 202:9 **Penniman** 4:5 205:12,15

205:17,17 206:3,3 209:15 **Pennsylvania** 138:17

192:7 193:10 194:5,8 194:19 195:4 210:4,12 211:1 212:21 213:14 214:7 264:20 **Pennsylvanians** 192:11

213:15 **penny** 130:14 **people**6:18 7:13 11:7

21:21 22:7,9 27:16 32:13 35:19,21 36:1,2 36:10 39:8,10 44:21 46:12 47:3,16,17,17 49:18 50:3 54:18 58:2 65:15,20 77:2 89:15 92:11,15 100:3,10,15 102:7,12 105:9 106:15 106:16 109:15,20 115:18 116:14 123:4 125:21 126:6 127:3,4,4

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015** Page 29

128:19 130:19 131:8,8 137:21 142:2,3,8,13,13 142:20,21 143:3,4,10 146:7 151:11 152:15 161:7 163:7 164:5,16 164:21 168:6,10,12 169:15 170:8 171:15,16 172:4,8,9,11,12,13 174:11,21 182:18 183:13 187:17 189:10 192:3,18 194:16 195:8 202:13 207:6,9,17 209:6 210:12 212:21 213:14 219:9 222:6 224:6 226:21 235:5 239:6,9,20 240:19 243:16 244:5,6 252:9 256:17 260:12,15,18,19 272:4,20 273:8,9,14 274:16 290:9,11,14 291:4 293:5,20 296:13 296:19 297:7 300:7 303:17 308:15 310:1 312:7,19 313:5 318:13 318:17 322:9 323:20 324:11 326:8,9,9,14 327:7,8,10,20,20 328:11 329:8 331:8 336:2 339:9,14 346:14 346:16 353:2,2 362:10 362:19 363:2 371:11 373:4 383:18 391:11,12 391:13,20,21 392:1,11 393:10,14,16 394:8,9 394:13,15,18,19 395:1 395:3,4,5,6,10,14 400:5 400:7,10 402:17,21 405:16 408:2,8 410:8,8 410:8 417:17 419:14 420:12,19 421:13,17 422:20 427:19 428:8,14 429:1 440:2 **people's** 327:15 344:17 **per**7:7 13:17 16:6 18:19

22:16 31:13 32:20 33:3 37:17 42:18 43:2,12 45:11,12 46:2,18 47:2 47:21 49:4,6 57:19 58:19 67:4 69:3,9,10 76:16 84:19 91:11 92:14 93:18,21 94:2,15 95:20 96:3,9,16,19,21 97:2 102:3,4 103:6,13 106:11 108:15 109:7 110:8,18 111:13,19 113:3,6,7,12 114:6 120:17 122:12 127:18 127:20 131:14,14 135:9 137:6 139:17 140:1 146:5 148:1 152:6 169:17 170:21 171:8 173:1,5 174:20 179:9 183:7 194:3 195:20 196:1 198:5,6 206:12 206:12,15 207:15 208:4 211:10 212:4 214:12,16 214:18 216:6 217:3,6 218:16 220:3,12,17 221:4 222:4 223:2,11 225:1 227:1,18 228:18 230:12 233:10 235:17 237:4 240:1,21 241:3,5 241:6,10,12,14,15,19 242:11 245:7,8,10 249:2 255:13,20 258:3 258:11 261:4 265:18 266:16 271:11,12 272:10,13 273:21 276:9 277:3 278:21 284:1 285:17 286:21 287:7 288:2,3,19 290:17 295:8 298:16 299:18 301:8 302:2,21 304:13 309:20 310:14 312:13 314:3 319:14 321:2,4,9 321:12 325:1 326:2 334:4 338:1 339:20 343:11,15 344:6 346:13 347:3,3,11,12 348:16 348:16 349:19 351:18 361:13,20 362:13 363:11,16 365:20 366:19 367:6 370:10,11 373:4,19 374:4 375:3,4 375:7,8,15 376:8,9,11 377:1,16 379:17 380:18 383:1 385:5,11 386:14 387:18 388:6 389:1,11 389:14,15 394:2 396:9 397:8,9,10,11,13,16,18 398:15,18 399:13 401:4 401:7,11 404:9,21 406:2 407:15 408:7 411:3,16,18 417:8,9 418:17 419:20 420:2,8 420:15 421:3,6 422:2,6 422:13,17 425:2 439:9 440:12 **percent** 13:6 15:9 19:19

19:20 20:1,1,2 22:2 29:8 30:5,6,8 62:9,11 67:10,11,15,15,20,21 69:2,5 72:3,9,10,11,12 72:13 73:4,8,9 82:10 96:11,11,20,21 97:1,3,3 112:2 123:9 129:7 130:9 132:2,2 156:5,6 158:10 196:13 199:13 200:4,5,16 201:11 202:7 211:1 225:11 226:1,1,2,3 240:18 248:3,6,7 260:15,17 267:13,20 301:14 304:5 304:6,21 312:10 337:13 337:15,16 346:19 347:16 349:14,15 356:13,16,20,21 357:2 357:3 361:15 362:6,8 362:11,12 386:3 389:1 389:9 **percentage**25:17 27:13

81:5 **perception** 123:15 **Perera** 3:16 115:21 117:4

117:5 **perfect** 162:11 239:14

308:7 391:16 **perform** 128:16 136:15 436:16 **performance** 68:18

199:17 203:5 241:18 305:16 344:12 **performed** 240:5 263:16

389:7 **performing** 21:15 123:15 **performs** 336:18 **perhaps** 322:20 324:2

328:5 337:1 **period** 20:9 22:9 67:12

146:5 173:17 282:21 288:1 384:16 434:13,15 **periods**25:10 125:9

221:8 300:12 **permanent** 12:20 157:17

221:9 227:11 284:21 326:20 419:6,7 427:15 **permanently**216:13

419:4 421:11,20 **permission** 333:17 **permit** 132:9 145:7,10

159:1 242:7 **permits** 70:1 158:4 **permitted** 52:1 **permitting** 13:12 158:5 **person** 8:15 9:18 12:8

54:5 84:18 126:11 163:3 164:19 172:16 180:4 184:16,18 185:21 234:3 261:21 302:12 391:7 394:12 **personal** 19:4 63:9 92:8

104:3 106:8 213:2 242:1 248:16 256:7 273:2 281:17 295:18 335:1 371:14 377:17 382:4 405:1 429:10 **personally** 130:21 256:21

371:15 376:12 381:7,20 382:3 409:2 413:12 424:12 429:7 **persons** 212:2 **person's**420:18 **perspective** 31:21 52:10

170:14 198:21 290:13 349:10 431:10,13 **persuasion** 247:17 **pertaining** 128:21 354:11 **pervasive** 211:15 244:2 **per-vehicle**202:6 **pesky** 90:19 **petitioned** 156:14 **petrochemical** 81:19

82:1,12 **Petroleum** 29:4 266:7

309:6 **phase** 128:16 **phased** 200:20 **Philadelphia** 192:14

194:21 210:3,17 213:5 213:7 280:7,9 294:13 **Phillip** 5:9 391:2 **phone** 8:14 184:15 **phonetic**3:4 5:6 11:18

18:15,16 20:8 74:18 75:16 81:6,11 149:21 150:14 158:19 173:7,14 175:19 177:18 178:12 179:16 196:3,6 201:17 212:18 226:10 228:6,13 255:2,10,11 283:12 310:18 318:2 325:16,21 331:12 368:13 372:15 381:15 387:7 400:1 402:13,17 430:4 432:20 433:3 **photochemical** 15:14 **photograph** 146:11 **photographs** 167:17 **photos** 151:13 167:15 **photosynthesis** 361:4 **phrase**374:12 **physical** 20:12 25:1 52:3

84:21 138:9 152:18 153:4 378:7 413:20 438:2 **physically** 94:7 163:16

169:5 273:11 **physician** 337:8 **physicians** 126:19 152:8

284:11 383:8 428:9 **physiological** 96:4 **pick**389:6 **picture** 70:5 139:12 292:8

296:12 374:18 437:9 **pictures** 114:8 146:7

150:12 151:2 **picturesque** 70:7 **piece**254:7 255:12

338:15 344:19 **pieces** 214:12 **Pigtown** 175:9 **pile** 344:11 **pilgrimage** 35:21 **pipe** 131:3 290:14 **pipeline**263:7,21 357:2 **Pittsburgh** 193:11 210:17

212:7 **place** 12:13 32:20 60:9

80:6 83:3 131:7 144:12 179:16 191:4 245:8 265:11 268:18 278:21 279:7 292:21 334:2 416:15 **placed** 268:21 **places** 37:13 57:9 89:13

149:6 168:4,8,21 169:3 186:8 296:7 313:5 350:17 352:12 436:10 **placing** 419:16 **plague**283:16 **plain** 206:9 **plan** 85:8 125:11 129:1

132:5 194:7,10,20 209:3 235:16 240:7 381:13 414:9,15 **Planecone**226:10 **planet**60:12 118:9 **planet's** 92:9 **planned** 180:17 **planning** 2:3,7 8:12 16:9

157:19 184:13 351:11 **plans** 7:21 17:10 146:16

154:13,15 183:21 194:12 228:10 431:9 **plant**49:15 87:14 88:5

131:4 144:14 145:5 148:17 149:4,5 151:12 175:19 177:11 178:19 235:12 237:18 264:13 303:19 330:7,7 361:3 381:16 **plantae** 179:1 **plants** 6:21 37:20 39:14

48:16,19 49:14,15 64:1 64:5 68:19 82:16 83:7 89:13 91:17,21 144:20 153:18 173:19 177:6,10 177:12,16,20 178:1 182:21 226:11 236:14 247:18 251:3,4 252:3 265:7 277:8 290:15 301:15,17 307:3 319:8 319:11 320:4 325:2 328:3,5,8 360:16 361:4 362:20 382:1 423:12,13 423:17 424:19 429:5 **plastic**329:2 **plastics**224:13 **plausibility** 74:15 **play** 16:11 40:8,10,16,17

41:2 44:21 52:11 97:7 106:1,2,3 144:10 196:21 199:9 204:6 212:15 215:19 216:2 222:2 233:19 234:4 239:19 259:15 298:1 300:15,16 308:4 319:1 325:9 341:15,18,21 342:1,5,9 343:17 382:5 383:2 403:19 408:16 410:18 411:10 412:16 413:8 **played** 140:19 296:15

413:13 **players** 300:15 **playground** 95:13 138:11

197:10,14 416:13 **playing** 94:6 121:8 126:5

138:12 139:1 196:17 213:20 216:14 259:12 295:19 296:1 308:5 334:19 378:6 398:13 425:10 **plays** 356:9 379:4 **plead** 344:5 411:14 **please** 8:11,15,19 9:2,17

10:5,8 11:3,5,10,18 17:20 28:17,18 36:1 42:21 43:1 48:17 50:18 61:8 92:13,18 107:5 115:8 116:2,8,13 146:7 160:21 184:12,16 185:1 185:4,20 186:9 187:9 187:16 188:8,10 195:10 205:16 206:1 219:9 234:17 245:12 273:20 275:4 279:7 295:8 302:20 331:14 345:13 345:20 350:8 353:16,21 364:4 367:4,21 368:8 377:1 379:16 380:7 382:21 391:4 398:17 417:2 423:5 **pleased** 111:9 170:17

171:7 285:10 303:11

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373:14 **pleasure** 36:5 165:9 **plenty** 154:13 **plotting** 90:2 **plow**54:20 **plug** 150:3 310:6 **plug-in** 130:16 **plus** 144:4 228:7 292:1

401:5 403:2 434:4 **PM** 19:9 20:6,9 201:21

315:1,9 347:14,14,20 348:2,6,8,21 349:2,17 350:3 **pneumonia** 96:11 326:18 **pocket**412:9 419:16 **pocketbooks** 54:12 **pockets** 273:6 **point**37:2 44:7 68:17

81:4 84:18 91:14 105:14 164:4 177:2 178:4 179:11 192:3 250:7 261:7,14,20 290:9 312:17 334:19 372:6,12 374:9,19 388:9 390:1 400:3 403:18 426:17 436:18 **pointed** 312:19 355:8 **points** 31:8 61:5 104:2

165:9 175:8,16 230:14 238:13 263:4 388:4 **Polan** 4:2 170:1,3,4,5 **police**264:4 312:20

313:2 382:14 **policies** 33:18 52:12 68:2

68:13 71:4 159:5,16 **policy** 31:21 33:10 52:13

91:3 103:11 117:5 170:15 276:19 299:16 323:12 346:5 369:7 377:9 430:5 434:5,7 **policymakers** 305:5

378:18 **political** 198:10 434:20 **politics** 57:21 58:8 61:8

243:15 **poll** 403:3 **pollen** 88:2 **pollutant** 148:18 211:16

244:2 336:12 439:15 **pollutants** 30:4 72:12

82:10 123:8 155:17,20 156:13 225:11 234:8 251:12 285:6 301:18 362:4 409:6,8 **pollute** 116:15 333:12,12 **polluted** 40:11 153:12

189:9 210:18 212:10 318:18 421:15 436:4 **polluter** 122:17 **polluters** 57:8 59:7

167:13 309:14 312:6 363:6,17 **polluting** 245:14 262:9

319:11 363:9 429:6 **pollution** 34:12 35:2

36:17 37:3,11 39:10 41:17 42:7 46:21 56:4 63:10,18 64:3 66:4 79:19,20 80:5 91:7 93:2 93:15,18 94:4,10,13,19 95:5,14 100:6 110:21 112:13,15 116:12,16,20 117:11,18 118:1,13,15 118:20 119:3,8 120:19 121:12,17 122:5 123:10 124:6 127:19 129:4 130:12 131:6 138:14,19 139:14,18 140:5 144:12 144:15 145:3 155:13,16 156:10 160:10 168:5 169:6,11,14 171:14,20 172:1,8,19 173:9 174:5 175:8,16 177:2 188:17 189:18 190:7,9,20,20 191:4 193:2,17 197:14 210:14 211:4 213:6 214:5 220:11 223:14 229:20 230:3,15,18 231:6,11,17,19 232:7 232:14,15,20 233:21 234:7,14 235:9,12,16 236:2,4,9,14,19,21 237:7,20 243:20 245:13 246:11,15 247:2,5,16 247:18 248:10 253:15 254:2,15 259:21 261:4 268:15 272:2,8 280:3 280:11 281:7 282:19 283:16 290:19 295:2,9 297:16 299:20 300:11 302:8 303:21 304:4 306:10,14,20 307:5,8 307:13,18,20 308:10,18 309:8 310:14 311:16 312:11 318:14,15 319:2 319:9,13,14,19 320:3 320:13 321:1 322:3,4 322:11 323:5,17 324:4 324:20 325:9 329:13 330:2,10 336:13 338:5 340:4 341:9 343:3,8,14 350:14,15,21 351:13 353:6 358:13 359:1,8 362:14 363:8,12 364:19 365:10,17 372:8 375:21 378:12,13,21 379:4,10 383:14 398:14 400:11 401:8 403:5 409:15,15 414:10,14 423:13,20 424:16 433:1 434:2 440:4,19 **pollutions** 213:20 **pollution's** 384:5 **pollution-related** 117:13

140:6 237:8 365:19 **Pollutis** 173:7 **poop**393:18 **poor**63:17 66:13 123:1

124:7 127:15 156:21 197:20 213:9 239:20 240:4 283:1 299:21 326:7 327:20 328:5 363:4 382:2,8 383:13 426:18 427:2,18,19 428:12 **poorly** 78:21 **poor-to-no** 292:17 **Pope** 174:2 **popular** 167:13 433:2 **populated** 210:20 387:6 **population** 18:21 21:11

21:20 23:21 27:14 62:20 131:10 226:21 248:4 256:17 263:1 286:13 316:3 326:10 346:20 **populations** 19:21 21:6

21:14 43:14 58:17 59:1 127:11 190:4 201:5 231:8 235:20 236:16 239:1 272:7 285:15 286:2,14,18 288:10 307:15 359:7 370:18 374:11 389:5 430:16 **populous**269:19,19 **Port** 13:6 210:3 **portion** 73:21 198:2

237:18 **portions** 31:20 262:19 **portrayal** 102:19 **pose**260:3 288:7 **posed** 114:2 **poses**235:10 **position** 51:21 68:12

304:9 346:8 404:4 415:8 417:3 **positions** 87:2 **positive** 340:19 **positively** 129:16 260:7 **posits** 220:5 **possibility** 267:10 **possible**47:14 48:20,21

60:8,10,14 115:17,18 120:18 142:16 147:4 174:18 213:4,8 233:3 235:19 249:1,19 271:10 273:19 281:9,18 291:5 305:13 340:11 352:9 368:7 370:5 373:3 381:10 396:7 414:16 424:2 **possibly**20:2 87:20

89:17 135:3 214:13 355:20 416:10 421:20 **post** 173:7 401:3 **posted** 11:1 187:5 **Posterity** 392:19 **posts** 86:14 **postured** 70:19 **potential** 30:19 31:3 53:8

119:3 133:7 134:6 135:12,21 136:12 137:13 251:6,17 259:2 267:6 333:6 354:19 357:7 379:8 420:19 **potentially** 84:7 155:8

158:7 162:12 222:5 259:3 **Potomac** 154:4 **pots** 329:3 **pound** 110:16 **pounds** 145:8 146:4,5 **poverty** 300:8 **Powell** 4:11 258:5,6,7,8 **power**39:13 68:19 83:7

91:17 110:3 129:1 130:8 131:4 132:3,10 144:20 167:12 173:19 199:10,12 232:13 235:11 236:14 237:18 247:18 250:17,18 251:3 251:4,15 252:16 277:8 290:15 307:3 319:8 320:4 325:2 329:12 330:7,7 340:11,15 360:16 362:20 381:15 382:1,14 407:21 414:9 416:7 423:12,13 **powerful** 243:16 417:3,17

420:15 422:14 **powers** 228:7 **Power-Down** 281:5 **ppb** 32:10 61:1,6 62:4

73:18 77:19 78:3,8 116:19 134:8 135:14 136:7 152:21 206:14 208:5,9,10,11 240:17 266:17 267:7,9 268:2 269:12 317:17 338:12 430:13,18,20 431:8 432:9,10,15 435:7 **ppm** 18:6 78:11 80:8

359:11 **ppm-hours** 79:10,12 **practical** 52:19 **practice** 68:20 93:14

95:14 147:18 148:3 149:1 300:21 340:13 **practiced** 337:8 **practices** 109:19 170:11

263:15 277:20 294:19 **practicing** 323:2 **practitioners** 399:17 **prayer** 172:18 **precaution** 427:3 **precious**245:18 **precipitate**94:20 **precipitation** 177:4 **precisely** 230:9 308:17 **precurser**50:9 **precursor**64:2 199:2 **precursors** 80:5 247:8

254:6 268:9 355:11 387:4 **predict**85:14,16 **predictable**266:12 **predicted** 28:12 65:3 **predictions** 173:11

193:17 **predisposed** 104:17 **predisposition** 212:2 **prednisone**413:19,21

414:3 **predominantly** 389:7 **prefer**209:14 **preferably** 105:4 **preference**405:1 **preferred** 99:6 **pregnant**47:18 380:19 **premature** 16:14 61:14

63:6 77:4 101:3 123:19 128:1 140:4 160:3 171:17 191:6 204:12 211:19 212:5 217:8 222:14 232:1,8 236:7 237:6 265:20 285:2 299:18 306:19 307:12 309:17 319:6 346:21 349:20 361:20 367:1 397:19 398:7 411:18 421:9 425:1 439:19 440:14 **prematurely** 192:4 **premium** 202:12 **prepared** 430:5 **preparing** 364:9 416:21

418:16 **preschool** 415:6 **preschoolers**416:21 **prescribe** 95:7 **prescribed** 143:12

396:14 **presence** 122:3 358:13

360:13,14 417:1 **present**2:11 14:10 32:3

75:10 81:12 82:4 87:1 115:8,20 168:8 178:12 211:6 259:8 260:10 288:15 301:7 309:18 335:19 356:1 426:9 432:11 **PRESENTATIONS** 3:3 **presented** 24:8 26:14

28:11 68:10 191:21 **presenter**377:8 **presently** 241:11 418:2 **preserve** 35:3 100:2

106:19 233:8 **president**55:1 81:17

133:4 151:4 215:11 243:21 330:21 341:8 392:6 **President's** 276:3 **Press** 312:9 **pressing** 434:1 **pressure** 252:11 403:15

436:14 **presuming** 375:20 **pretend** 242:12 **pretending** 65:14 **pretty** 58:6,7 167:18

214:18 252:9 290:4 308:16 350:18 375:14 437:10 **prevailing** 109:11 **prevalence** 62:8,11 **prevalent** 139:9 350:16 **prevent** 12:21 21:14 23:9

63:5 86:17 127:20 140:2 191:6 216:14,15 216:17,18 217:7 237:4 241:4 265:18 325:3 339:1 366:20 397:17,18 398:7 411:17 424:21 428:13 440:14 **preventable**41:15,17,18

41:20 63:19 322:16 370:19 398:14 **preventative**418:14 **prevented** 378:6 414:7 **preventing** 21:15 379:3 **prevention** 40:1 110:16

111:7 382:15 **preventive** 109:18 **prevents**427:6

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**previous** 18:8 79:6

172:10 200:16 225:7 264:2 267:18 370:7 **previously** 168:18

278:15 359:17 413:4 **pre-asthmatic**218:19 **pre-existing** 78:5 **price** 109:21 132:6

145:21 148:9 227:16 **priceless** 35:4 **prices**227:17,20 359:7 **primacy** 151:5 **primarily** 246:13 307:20

427:7 **primary** 7:3,6 16:5 37:6

38:3 71:19 76:15 80:21 93:6 102:2 152:5,6 183:3,6 211:10 218:11 246:20 285:13 288:18 291:18 303:20 314:2 339:13 359:11 384:14 385:15 386:10 403:10 432:19 **prime** 155:13 **principal** 50:9 72:12 82:9

246:15 **prior**21:4 44:5 100:17

134:11,16 228:17 267:21 **prioritize**405:21 406:1 **priority** 111:8 232:15 **prisoner** 162:5 **pristine**33:7 168:20 **Prius** 381:9 **private**48:7 93:13 149:21

275:14 292:19 293:19 320:21 430:5 **privilege** 121:6 358:8 **probably** 115:16 255:17

279:20 280:1 309:4 361:21 382:19 394:16 411:4,4 **probate** 388:3 **problem** 109:14,16 110:1

112:10 122:7 153:11 179:20 188:18 221:10 244:12 250:15 259:21 337:10 366:1 376:4 384:20 385:1 399:15 427:10 433:1 **problematic**239:7

240:16 **problems** 108:13 120:4

122:19 141:10 166:6 176:2 196:16 216:11 231:10 236:18 282:16 284:17 294:1 307:9,17 318:21 327:10 330:10 331:4 338:1 361:8 421:14 422:19 **procedure** 105:17 **procedures** 194:14 **proceed** 75:18 227:14

228:11 419:16 423:1 **proceedings**442:5 **process** 31:9 146:20

148:7 158:5 173:11 202:19 306:4 336:8,11 348:7 354:21 426:2 431:21 432:12 **processes** 29:20 72:15

218:4 293:11 307:1 **produce**21:16 29:13

70:11 84:15 106:5 130:11 202:18 237:15 280:11 333:11 389:10 405:13 **produced** 360:11,15 **producer** 130:15 **producers** 262:20 266:9

320:3 **produces**293:3 **producing** 83:5 **product** 72:9 135:15

140:15,17 141:13,20 393:6,12,13,18 433:3 **production** 55:16 360:3 **productive** 106:20

362:11 **productivity** 105:9 107:1

190:2 192:2 362:4,8 384:5 389:2,9,13 **products** 14:16,19,20,20

15:3,8 16:11,13,16 29:14,20 70:10 131:20 224:5 226:11,15 393:5 **profession** 388:16 **professional** 93:5 109:10

153:19 170:9 246:6 256:21 417:9 430:8 **professionals** 91:10,15

126:10 288:11 321:8 351:18 383:9,13 **professions** 389:6,8 **professor** 128:8 146:17 **profile**20:15 **profit**245:14 262:14

319:10 323:20 419:10 **profitable**363:6 **profiting** 237:19 **profits** 92:11 335:15,16

388:8 **profound** 110:8,15 223:3

378:11 413:6,11 **program** 13:19 99:16

152:19 203:19 399:7 **programs** 143:1,2 158:11

158:17 159:4,15 225:12 268:17 270:14 **progress** 16:7 30:6 32:2

33:11 67:8 69:16 70:15 72:17 83:3 198:5 200:8 204:7 205:2 220:8 225:18 243:15 281:16 305:8,16 312:18 336:18 402:10,16 428:3 **progresses**298:11 **progressive** 277:19 **prohibited** 50:13 431:8 **project**354:9 **projected** 73:9 268:5

294:8 **projections** 118:20

268:15 **projects** 13:2 29:10

228:10 270:4 355:3 **prolong** 259:3 **prolonged** 298:12 **prominent** 164:9,13 **promise**53:11 238:14,21

357:10 403:13 **promised** 353:12 **promises** 238:18 239:15 **promote** 33:3 34:16

170:10 336:20 354:8 392:6,13 393:4 **promoting** 255:3 **promulgated** 72:19 84:3

269:7 **promulgating** 84:17

270:6 **prone**300:10 339:10 **pronounce** 38:15 **pronounced** 227:19 **pronunciation** 66:13 **proof**264:3 **propellant** 146:21 **proper** 12:11 14:11 **properly** 180:9 222:16

379:3 **property** 216:16 **proportions** 300:1 **proposal** 6:12,13 7:11

8:6 17:6 31:7 34:7 52:19 79:4 85:19 97:5 99:19 111:10 113:16 129:2 149:5,14 152:3 154:17 155:7 159:10 170:19 182:14 183:11 184:7 191:12 206:9,10 215:13 224:19 226:17 240:3,15 241:17 255:13 275:11 276:8 303:12 354:10 390:2 419:20 425:1 432:9 435:17 440:6 **proposals** 66:19 149:7

268:6 **propose** 84:2 210:8

420:11 423:21 **proposed** 1:4 6:9,11,16

7:2,15 8:1,2 10:11 11:16 12:9,12 13:10 18:7,14 21:5 23:2 26:14 26:19 30:18 33:4 34:10 34:11 39:7,16,18 40:3,9 47:9 57:1 68:18 69:1 75:2 76:14 79:9 80:7 82:2 85:11,16 86:9 89:4 93:2,17 94:1 95:10 97:11 112:12 115:5 134:3 137:2 146:1,4 153:16 171:1 172:21 182:9,11,11,16 183:2 183:15 184:1,2 185:8 186:16 188:4 194:12 209:3 215:9 220:4 227:2 230:7 238:9 239:3 245:5,11 254:8 258:10 266:12 267:2,7 268:11,12,13,16 269:5 269:13 270:1 272:11 284:8 285:18 313:14 315:14 317:11 347:18 357:9 359:4,10 391:10 396:4 398:4 411:19 420:2,5 433:17 441:7 **proposes** 194:14 **proposing** 7:5 60:20

113:3 147:21 183:5 266:14 288:4 304:18 390:7 **prosperage**399:16 **prosperous** 59:21 68:5 **prostate**260:12 **protect**7:3,4 31:14 34:16

35:10,12 37:14 43:11 43:13 44:19 47:9,20 52:16 58:11 60:12 76:17 78:14 79:2 83:10 91:12 94:3 95:8,21 101:14,15 103:15,20 110:4 111:14 112:6 116:16 127:10,18 138:1 139:17,20 148:1,13 153:17 156:15 162:20 169:19 171:4,19,21 183:4 211:11 214:2 217:1 220:10,14 221:5 222:21 233:7,16 235:6 238:17 239:20 245:17 266:20 268:20 272:7 273:17,18 288:9,17 290:11 298:17 302:17 302:17 308:6 310:7 318:12 319:20 322:8 323:14 324:7,10 328:11 329:2 333:20 343:13 344:17,21 351:19 354:7 363:13,14 369:7 374:10 377:1 382:11 385:16 392:7,10 403:5 407:21 415:16 418:18 422:20 426:14 428:8 429:1 430:13 440:18 **protected** 6:21 49:5

96:18 125:17 182:21 230:1 238:16 239:5,13 385:6 **protecting** 37:20 57:9

58:16 67:5 97:12 100:10 116:21 128:2 163:4 173:1 225:16 304:13 328:8,8 352:8 408:1,2 **protection** 1:1 2:4,6,8,10

6:17,20 34:9 40:15 42:14 44:15 66:19 77:20 80:21 81:1 101:19 110:9,14 111:10 113:13 153:17 171:2 173:6 174:7,8,11 182:17 191:15 220:21 223:4,8 225:2 257:19 285:19 302:17 306:8 369:5 379:12 382:13 396:7 401:8 407:10 432:19 435:4,5 **protections** 37:9 40:9

103:9 108:17 110:19 120:15 220:7 223:13 235:17,18 **protective** 37:4 38:2

47:21 58:21 61:10 63:20 64:19 74:17,20 77:5 78:9 80:2,9 89:10 89:11 102:4,17 173:20 174:17,20 211:7 213:21 257:20 277:4,5 298:16 369:11,21 433:11 439:8 439:14 440:7,12 **protects** 22:15 72:2 97:9

171:12 285:13 369:17 370:18 403:10 **proud** 15:8 35:16 92:4

253:16 283:12 **Proudman** 3:6 28:16 34:1

34:2,3 **prove**405:8,9,20 **proven** 68:7 199:15

241:18 324:15 417:7 **proves** 114:7 405:12 **provide** 37:15 42:6,13

82:19 93:1 102:5 108:17 110:19 113:12 114:14,14 122:10 123:17 171:2 173:5 186:13 191:11 193:4 219:9 220:6 221:1 223:12 225:2 235:18 238:9 285:18 303:12 328:6 357:5 398:5 424:2 **provided** 215:12 269:15

273:3 346:3 **providers** 339:7 **provides** 15:4 77:19

99:21 103:8 137:10 370:17 401:7 **providing** 85:1 87:1

103:10 122:13 224:9 275:10,20 276:21 291:18 320:5 430:20 **proving** 327:6 376:6 **provision** 24:18 **PSR**284:12 285:10,16

288:15 **public** 1:4 6:6,15,16,19

7:3,4 11:15 22:15 31:14 31:20 33:10 34:8 37:11 37:13 43:11,13 44:15 50:15 57:17,21 58:11 58:16,21 61:9 71:21 72:2 74:21 77:20 78:14 83:10 88:20 89:11 90:4 90:6 93:1 95:21 103:20 108:17 109:7,9,12,14 110:19 111:19 113:12 114:4,11 115:4 116:16 116:18,21 117:7 122:19 123:11 133:11 137:12 139:16,17 147:16 153:17 170:6,6,9,11 171:4,13 172:2 173:2 176:7 180:5,6 182:5,15 182:17,19 183:3,4 188:17 192:8 193:5,6 207:2 211:7,9,11 213:21 214:3,6 216:9 220:6,10 223:12 225:17 229:9 232:18 233:4,17 234:8 235:18 237:13 238:15,16 246:10 249:2 257:20 266:20 276:21 285:14 290:20 292:20

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015** Page 32

293:2,19 294:1 295:6 304:8 319:15 320:20 321:6,7,8,13 323:14 325:4 348:13 349:4 351:19 363:3,10,13 369:7,11,17 373:15,20 374:5,10,16 377:15 381:10 382:16 399:9 403:11 412:12 417:8 418:18 424:6 428:21 430:1 434:1 439:12 **publications**43:20 **publicist**402:3 **publicly** 13:1 **public's** 76:17 111:14

170:16 171:19 306:3 401:9 405:21 406:1 **published** 6:12 25:6 65:5

100:12,17 182:12 267:21 287:8 388:18 **Puerto** 57:3 **puffier**437:13 **Pulaski** 149:19 **pull** 342:10 **pulled** 252:9 **pulling** 264:19 **pulmonary** 61:13 216:11

216:12 286:6 287:9,11 **pump** 381:12 **pumpkin** 412:14,17,18

413:5 **punish** 195:5 **purchase**342:17 **purchases** 136:21 **pure** 130:10 **purifiers** 342:18 **purifying** 302:13 **Purple**51:4 **purpose**201:3 257:3

277:1 392:21 395:9 **purposely** 379:21 **purposes** 386:8 391:9

393:2,3 **pursue**230:10 282:10

351:11 **pursuing** 147:3 **push** 68:5 416:18 **pushback** 109:1,7 **put** 10:10 32:9 39:10

53:15 55:12 56:4,8 57:17 58:8 83:2 92:10 94:5 102:8 125:11 141:19,19 146:11,21 162:2 186:14 191:3 207:11 214:10 245:7,13 249:7 252:11 322:20 349:9 385:4 395:15 413:18,21 420:17 **puts** 190:1 **putting** 95:2 126:6

158:12 179:19 243:16 254:11 302:10 333:13 379:5 **P-E-N-N-I-M-A-N** 206:4 **P-E-R-E-R-A** 117:5 **P-R-O-U-D-M-A-N** 34:3 **p.m** 10:17 182:2 187:2

441:15 **Q qualified**  303:17 **quality** 1:5 2:3,7 6:10

7:13,14 12:8 13:15 15:20 29:15 31:14 34:7 36:16 37:10 42:3,5 43:10,17 44:16 50:12 59:19 63:17 66:20 69:16 70:3,4 72:1 73:14 76:2 82:7,20 90:20 95:20 100:4 101:13 102:11 104:16 105:4 106:19 107:17 111:11 113:19 115:5 123:3 125:10 144:8 145:3 149:18,18 155:8,21 159:18 168:12,19,19 169:10 170:20 171:21 174:17 182:10 183:13 183:14 190:5 191:12 192:12 193:9,14 210:5 210:9,21 211:13 212:3 213:10 215:10,15,16,19 215:21 217:20 218:7,15 221:4,10,12,21 225:9 230:2,8 231:8 233:7,12 235:7 236:16 238:18 242:3,8 248:8 258:11 261:2 266:15 267:5 274:12 277:2 279:4 281:13 283:2,15,20 284:9 285:13 295:17 296:2,14 297:8 298:8 302:1 303:13 304:4,20 306:9,16 307:15 312:2 313:6 319:18 320:13 329:6 331:8 341:16,18 342:20 343:1 344:8,14 348:7 354:11 359:4,14 368:21 369:16 377:19 378:5 382:2,8 387:19 399:18 400:19 402:1 403:7 405:17 410:20 415:13,18 416:16 417:11 419:11 424:1 426:18,20,21 427:7,18 427:20 428:6,12,12,19 429:1,4 430:10 431:12 431:19 432:1,20 433:11 434:1,5,7,14,17 435:18 436:5 437:3,20 438:12 **quantifiable** 145:17 **quantification** 293:15 **quantified** 26:18 **quantifies** 207:12 **quantify**23:13 328:9 **quantitative**418:2 **quantity** 146:2 **quarter**35:11 101:7

196:13 347:19 **question** 10:1 14:4 28:5

75:4 78:16 91:4,16 98:14 99:8 133:15 146:20 168:1 179:5 186:4 260:3 302:8 392:5 **questioning** 175:11 **questions** 11:2 87:3 90:8

187:12 204:10,21 205:5 225:4 315:13 396:16 **quick**326:4 **quickly** 115:18 163:3

252:3 368:7 **quietly** 11:10 187:19 **quit**260:19 **quite**24:19 50:8 87:11,14

207:8 208:1,12 280:10 294:16 367:10 396:10 411:4,6 433:5 **quitting** 428:18 **quote**55:2 159:2 211:15

240:15 380:1 **quoted** 309:7 **quotes** 293:7 **quote-unquote** 143:7 **quoting** 285:3

**R R**  182:1 **RA** 137:10,10 **race** 127:15 234:6 **races** 57:6 363:4 408:17

436:9 **racial** 61:17 326:6 **racing** 425:13 **Radford** 144:13 145:5

148:17 149:4,19 151:12 **radiation** 2:3,8 363:1 **radio** 92:1 **radioactive** 302:10 **railroad** 292:19 **rain** 175:18 178:11

309:11 330:21 **raining** 197:12 **raise**214:5 281:4 315:13

397:21 **raised** 49:6,8 51:15 175:5

192:11 204:10 **raising** 49:9 242:2 **Ramon** 311:6 **range** 7:6 19:11 31:3 61:1

76:16,18 78:3 79:9,12 79:16 81:7,9 96:3 100:7 112:1,12 130:6 132:2,5 170:20 171:1 177:4 183:6 206:11 208:13 214:14 224:13 227:3 245:8 255:19 266:17 304:15 355:12 374:4 375:16 420:2 432:9 439:8 **ranging** 20:10 47:13

65:21 163:11 284:17 347:10 **ranked** 127:6 **ranks** 95:5 **Ranti** 387:7 **rapid** 343:1 **rare** 390:21 **rate**46:21 64:12 67:6

94:8 101:11 146:4 190:9,17 231:12 236:21 260:12,14 307:20 **ratepayers** 64:15 **rates** 25:3 46:19 123:6

126:13 127:2 247:19 261:1,3 337:20 343:1 379:2 427:21 **rather**27:10 136:19 147:3 163:3 194:18 239:18 279:8 391:13,21 **ratio**214:11 **rational** 302:11 **RAV**399:21 **Raymond** 5:3 353:16

354:1,3 **rays** 246:19 **reach** 15:17 85:9 198:6

270:4 344:5 **reachable** 71:3 **reached** 321:17 410:14 **reaches**44:2 440:4 **reaching** 356:1 **react** 144:21 360:12 **reaction** 282:15 360:13

410:13 **reactions** 128:15 **reacts**290:6 **read** 5:1,13,14 209:10

282:12 293:8,21 341:1 341:7 375:17 384:4 393:2 419:21 **Readers** 292:7 **readily** 63:20 64:6 66:7

227:15 **reading** 98:10 342:21

425:8 **ready** 81:13 115:1,3

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192:21 194:10 251:10 349:9 375:14 392:11 **reasons** 57:8 86:8 107:19 285:20 312:21 358:11 **reassure** 166:20 **reassured** 73:16 **receipt** 132:4 **receive** 127:1 162:18

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106:17 128:17,20 242:1 248:7,16 280:4 359:8 381:8 436:3 **recess** 95:13 427:6 **recession** 276:5 **recharge** 333:7 **recognition** 370:16 **recognize**47:15 72:1

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30:4 32:16 37:20 41:17 53:13 66:3 73:10 82:9 82:13,16 84:10,12,18 117:13 124:5 135:14 140:6 169:10 199:1 206:6,11 211:4 216:12 237:7 245:5 247:5,18 264:9 268:9 273:5 278:3 302:3,4 319:13 320:3 324:4 327:1,3 329:11 339:2 340:12 360:19,20 365:19 378:13 379:16 389:15 414:9 424:10 425:2 440:8,18 **reduced** 64:3,13 67:21

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169:17 222:10 **reflected** 206:20 225:18 **reflecting** 76:11 **reflective**20:20 **reflects**24:15 76:6 **reforming** 237:14 **reforms** 238:1 **reformulated** 82:19 **refuge** 87:15 **refuse** 343:8,9 **refusing** 322:6 **regain** 167:1 **regard** 106:7 **regarding** 16:19 31:7

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**S S**  182:1,1,1 **sac**333:4 **sacrifice** 147:13 213:12 **sad** 92:10 282:20 395:14 **saddens** 352:14 **saddest**365:9 **Sadly**212:20 **safe** 15:3 34:18 40:4 41:2

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198:13,14,15 205:10 **schedule** 55:14 149:10 **schedules** 85:7 86:16 **Schemkes** 5:6 368:13

371:1,2,3,6,7 **school** 41:3,16 62:21

63:2,6 95:2,12,14 104:8 104:8,13 105:10 110:12 118:4,5 119:18,18 120:1 128:1 140:3 148:15 150:8,16 152:17 166:10 167:2 180:6 189:20 207:17 217:8 223:7 231:1,2 232:10 234:4 236:11,13 237:5 244:11 250:14 265:19 279:14 281:6 282:7 283:7,9 287:10 289:5 297:19 309:17 311:6,6 311:18 319:7 322:19 352:16,18 353:9 365:14 365:15 367:1 375:13 376:17 378:2,3 380:14 395:7 408:20 411:9,18 412:12 421:10 422:6,8 422:9,11 436:17 440:16 **schools** 280:1 287:13 **school's** 259:14 281:3

283:3 436:7 **school-age** 101:9 **science** 14:15 31:5 39:15

42:10,14,16 43:11 44:2 61:3,9 77:4,7,11,14 80:3 83:18 88:15,19,21 90:3 100:4 108:21 110:3,17 169:8 170:12 173:12 174:3 194:1,2 195:10 222:9 223:10 224:5,20 225:5 229:2 234:17 243:21 271:11 279:14 280:20 282:7,10 289:5,6,7 304:3,8 310:13 343:12 359:13 368:18 369:17 373:18 380:14 384:4 385:9 388:6 403:16 404:17 407:12 412:2 430:12 432:5 439:9 440:1 **sciences** 76:18 234:19 **science-based** 79:7

369:7 436:3 **scientific**6:14 29:3 37:5

41:14 43:18 44:1,7 58:9 76:20 77:19 83:13 86:19 91:14 93:20 96:1 108:16,20 112:19 114:1 133:12 169:18 171:9 173:4 182:15 216:7 220:5,11 222:7 224:21 237:17 239:21 255:9 267:15,17 268:1 284:12 286:3 288:13,16 290:13 304:11 321:8 369:3 370:9 401:6 420:3,5 **scientifically** 37:19

324:21 408:5,7 417:7 **scientist** 75:20 89:9

128:14 174:19 176:18 313:10 403:21 **scientists** 89:8 91:10

113:10 118:18 139:15 155:15 171:10 198:4 217:2 265:17 351:17 353:7 368:17 370:13 382:21 383:10 401:12 439:14,21 440:7 **scope**354:19 355:7 **score** 321:2 **Scorecard** 291:15 292:5

292:9 293:21 294:6,16 **Scouts** 166:1 **SCR**64:4 84:6 194:9,12

202:20 228:7 **scratched** 109:11 **scream** 263:1 **screen** 402:14 **screen-time** 379:2 **scribbled** 39:5 **search** 342:4 **season** 7:12 125:5

183:12 215:14 331:2 386:1 389:12 390:4 416:15 **seasonal** 78:15 79:2 **seat**59:6 65:3 309:10

353:16 380:7 **seated** 185:2,21 274:4

425:6 **Seattle** 65:21 122:4 308:5 **second** 19:7 31:19 50:11

131:21 133:10 152:5 159:1 208:16 240:2 268:7 286:19 295:16 340:20 388:9 **secondarily**262:14 **secondary** 7:4,6 37:7,9

38:4 66:20 71:19 78:13 78:17 79:5,15 80:17 153:15 183:4,6 218:11 238:13 291:19 359:11 385:18 386:12 387:17 **secondly**45:17 55:11

200:7 432:14 **seconds**424:12 **secret**39:15 399:13

417:12 **Section** 156:15,19 228:13 **sector**54:10 67:2 96:5

275:14,17 293:19 295:6 305:7 336:21 355:10 431:6,12 433:9 **sectors** 155:3 199:9

204:12 320:21 355:9 356:5,11 431:17 433:7 433:13 **Securing** 353:10 **security** 55:12 86:1 151:3

382:14,14 **sedentary** 138:6 **see** 11:3 17:15 20:11

34:21 52:10 58:5,8,12 58:19 59:3 83:4 93:14 107:6 114:18 139:11 151:3,4,5 164:17 165:3 167:18 168:4 176:18 177:6 178:11,14 186:8 197:13,14 245:3 248:19 257:4 279:8 282:20 298:11 308:8 328:18 329:5,16,18 330:1 331:12 332:8 334:18 353:2,4 372:17 394:16 395:5 401:15 404:3 419:19 420:10,15,16 425:12 428:11 429:8,17 433:10,21 434:10 **seeds** 284:3 **seeing** 12:19 34:14 60:5

63:16 80:21 168:16 179:20 216:19 227:7 253:14 256:18 **seek** 16:16 243:15 **seeking** 199:15 276:12 **seem** 26:13 129:8 141:16

208:13 240:16 296:3 351:14 **seemingly** 347:21 **seems** 109:17 145:13

151:7 228:4 256:19 384:2 421:16 **seen** 52:2 81:8 158:15

180:1,8 265:10 340:6 355:4 370:11 373:1 398:11 406:13 423:11 423:11,13 431:3 434:13 **Seize** 92:14 **select**304:15 **selected** 32:8 **selecting** 86:20 **selective** 84:6 247:11 **self-blame**259:16 **Self-Dialysis** 196:2 **self-serving** 327:4 **sell** 348:11 350:2 **Selling** 319:17 **semester**279:21 **send** 134:14 171:16

195:5 216:1 222:1 **sends** 306:17 **senior** 14:15 29:2 133:4

243:21 289:4 355:17 399:20 **seniors** 120:3,6 230:17

383:20 438:7 **sensation** 365:5 **sense** 7:19 31:21 33:18

86:20 89:21 109:17 148:6 177:9 183:19 195:3 230:1 239:15 276:16,16 336:10 **sensible**49:9 **sensitive**43:14 44:20

45:14 59:1 77:21 101:16 239:1 278:4 285:15 286:17 301:14 301:17 **sensitivities** 78:4 **sensitivity** 26:11 **sent**418:10 **sentences** 372:20 **sentiment**393:11 **sentiments** 323:13 **separate** 76:10 **separated** 353:9 **September**355:16 **Sergio** 5:1 341:5,6 **series** 348:12 **serious** 58:16 112:7

166:5 188:17 194:6 229:19 244:12 293:8 299:12 301:17 311:19 337:21 **servants** 180:6 **serve** 12:6 52:4 92:15 93:10 354:3 357:19 **served** 51:3 52:2 100:9 **service** 51:6 56:11

154:12 167:16 176:15 178:15 346:14 **services** 13:6 38:5 100:1

112:3 224:6 266:10 404:4 **servicing** 14:1 **serving** 434:15 **session** 6:5 180:16 182:4 **set**7:5 30:10 37:13 43:2

43:12 53:20,21 54:1 58:18,21 60:21 62:4 63:7 66:2 77:6 92:13 97:8 101:13 103:5,13 108:14 116:12 126:9 130:18 133:16 134:10 139:18 152:3 169:16 179:9 183:5 217:3 220:3 227:15 228:6 230:11 233:2,9 235:16 238:15 239:4,17,19 240:2 241:11,19 242:11 242:13 245:10,16 248:21 251:16 254:4 266:19 268:7 285:12 305:16 309:9,11 323:13 331:7 359:12 369:10 370:15 373:3,19 374:16 376:9 382:21 393:1,3 396:8 398:17 403:9 406:3 407:15 422:4 428:21 430:20 435:3,7 440:7 **setback** 137:8 **Seth** 5:14 75:11 81:11

423:4 **sets** 167:15 171:14

308:19 430:11 **setters** 340:15 **setting** 50:14 57:18 59:5

59:8 61:5,7,10 63:19 79:10 89:4 110:17 133:12 140:1 157:6 223:11 239:12 273:18 319:18 348:15 359:15 365:16 369:14 440:13 **settle**293:2 301:9 **seven** 58:1 101:21 123:1

215:19 430:3 **seventh** 259:13 **Seventh-day** 316:21 **seven-year-old** 279:19

281:12 **several** 21:5 65:17 96:12

97:19 103:1 139:1 166:15 297:11 300:17 303:15 308:4 315:16 318:6 334:12 351:5 355:5 372:11 416:17 428:4 **severe** 105:3 157:15

162:18 176:4,10 207:1 207:10 228:12 230:15 250:11 282:14 301:14 301:19 322:14 341:13 410:10,13 413:14 426:12 432:21 436:15

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438:5 **severity** 365:2 **sewage** 121:19 302:10 **shadow**234:7 **shame** 341:19 **shamed** 193:12 **shape**250:12 **shapes**401:16 **share** 8:4 11:15 57:10

71:20 156:20 165:4 170:10 184:5 212:9,17 253:4 302:12 332:4 356:18 363:4 367:18 372:1,2 386:9 387:7 433:13 **shared** 35:5 257:21

371:17 **sharing** 253:11 309:13

371:19 **sharp** 374:6 **shed** 84:8 **sheer**285:7 **sheet** 136:6 145:18 147:5 **shelter**213:18 **Shenandoah** 167:17 **shenanigans** 295:4 **Shepherd** 291:17 **Sherburne** 5:13 415:4,5,6 **shield** 301:5,6 **shifts** 327:7 **shin** 326:19 **shocking** 300:4 **shop** 68:14 248:5 275:19 **short** 10:20 46:4 68:18

77:7 114:18,19 187:4 258:19 366:6 385:7 398:13 407:11 **shortcomings** 315:17 **shorter** 129:17 **shortly** 249:18 **shortness** 94:17 119:13

299:10 400:13 **short-term** 25:12 44:12

314:7 361:5 370:3 384:16,18 385:7 **shot** 152:14 **shots** 162:14,16,18,19

438:3 **show** 15:15 47:3 64:9

69:13 74:17 130:3 188:21 205:13 214:17 268:15 326:12 375:11 385:10 **showed** 73:5 150:13 **showing** 44:8 99:3 201:2 **shown** 20:4 195:21 232:6

334:4 338:6 407:14 411:15 **shows** 20:21 49:2 100:5

172:19 173:4 174:19 223:10 312:9 375:2,4 401:6 440:13 **Shprentz** 3:7 38:16 43:4

43:5,6 **shut** 12:16 48:18 55:21

251:18 252:2 **shutting** 54:15 **shy** 380:19 **sic**33:3 37:17 76:17 91:12 92:14 201:13 212:11 399:16 425:16 **sick** 171:15 192:3 243:7

244:6,9 245:12,19 327:13 365:7 395:5 422:10 **sickness** 112:17 **side** 143:17 176:1 237:15

256:5 308:8 375:16 396:17 428:3 **side-by-side** 167:19 **Sierra** 56:20 57:2,7,13

60:11,18 117:6,10 137:20 142:8 165:16 191:16 195:17 229:14 238:12 246:3 248:6 297:5 299:1 318:11 350:12 358:10,21 360:9 366:8,9 371:9,10 391:6 396:2 407:8 410:5 417:21 425:11 439:4 440:10 **Sierra's**402:14 404:19 **sight**53:3 122:5 **sign** 318:3 322:7 **signal** 9:13 185:16 **signed** 8:13 11:12 13:18

115:16 184:15 209:1 436:7 **significance**31:17 **significant** 15:6 16:19

18:18 23:9 24:21 28:1 29:16 34:11 64:13 79:18 83:5 84:13 95:3 96:4 99:1 100:14 125:18 157:20 203:6 209:6 225:18 228:13 268:14 287:2 293:13 296:2 302:21 315:10,21 316:6,9 317:10 326:12 336:5 340:8 422:3 427:15 **significantly** 23:8 24:3

27:19 59:18 82:6 158:20 225:9 261:1 266:11 317:4 319:19 334:5 430:9 **signs**421:13 **silhouette** 395:14 **silly** 395:14 **Silver**51:4 190:15 **Silverman** 2:5 6:8 28:5

38:8 56:10 80:16 98:8 99:11 180:21 182:7 205:7 214:9 234:16 249:17 252:20 317:20 318:5 379:19 390:12,14 **similar** 19:3 208:13

212:17 238:13 243:9 **Similarly** 270:11 **Simon** 4:5 205:14,14

209:18,18,19,20,20,21 214:21 **simple**43:9 60:11 198:6

308:16 **simplistic** 137:5 **simply** 31:11 64:14 94:5

132:13 134:18 147:12 161:20 167:7 213:20 250:21 309:7 352:15 412:6 **simulates**23:20 **simultaneously** 59:21

107:8 **since** 16:1 29:9,18 30:8

35:15 36:8 55:4 67:11 67:14,19 73:17 76:12 82:10,14 96:1 99:20 115:20 123:2 139:15 145:7 161:17 171:17 196:10 200:4,9 206:8 213:4 218:12,13,15 225:20 243:10 245:8 264:14 265:9 269:7 280:20 304:5,21 319:19 337:9 361:13 372:9 377:14 386:1 412:8 431:16 434:13 **sincerely**414:13 **single**27:3 68:17 162:10

232:14 240:15 241:13 314:21 316:1 333:3 405:15 417:4 **sir**209:14 **sister** 163:1 176:3 279:19

281:12 371:17 372:1,4 372:7,18 373:5 **sisters** 358:15 397:21 **sit** 115:9 119:19 124:2

196:20 321:19 331:14 345:13 372:3 429:14 **site** 192:8 332:7 **sites**225:6 287:13 330:14 **sitting** 116:4 140:16 **situation** 58:6 141:18

273:11 276:18 278:5 **six**72:11 76:3 82:9

117:16 287:16 **Sixth** 46:14 **six-year-old** 259:6 **sizable** 58:12 293:1 **size** 199:17 **sizes** 155:3 **skies** 328:18 330:20

386:5 **skilled** 224:10 **skinniest**35:17 **skip** 115:12 **sky** 64:21 209:3 **sky-is-falling** 59:9 **Slate**20:8 21:3 **slated** 338:18 **sleep** 371:20 372:4

425:18 **sleeping**437:14 **slides** 178:21 **slight** 19:18 20:14 122:4

204:2 290:2 **slightly** 21:10 115:15

181:3 **slopes** 177:6 **slow** 11:11 21:16 121:20

187:20 227:9 336:8 369:10 **slowly**414:1 **small** 18:21 21:20 27:12

32:17 33:20 52:20 67:1 86:17 88:3 129:15 135:6 145:11 175:5 177:8,12,16 179:14 180:5 237:18 275:18 276:2 278:11 309:12 315:2 332:2 335:17 351:1 354:4,7,15,19 356:4,7,9 357:7,10,11 357:20 358:1 359:19 375:13 427:12 435:15 **smaller**287:16 293:16 **smart**33:10 128:18 257:7

434:10 **smell** 122:4,5 **smelling** 121:18 **Smith** 3:16,18 4:20

114:21 115:7,20 121:1 121:2,3,4,4,5 132:20 133:1,2,3 325:18 328:14,15,15 **smog** 37:20 42:18 63:10

63:11 90:20 91:5,5,7 108:12,15 110:20 116:20 117:11,12 120:17 121:11,17 122:3 122:5,5,12,17 124:6 126:8 127:9 129:2 131:10 139:14,18 140:5 144:17,19 145:14 147:11,19 148:6,9 151:9 162:7,20 168:8 169:16 188:17 189:10 189:15,18 191:4,17,20 198:1 206:7,11 207:1,6 210:19 215:20 216:3 217:2,6 220:2,3 221:20 222:4,11,15 223:2,11 223:14 229:20 230:9,11 230:15 231:6,17,19 232:5,13,15 233:2,21 234:7,13 235:9,17 236:2,4,14,20 237:7,17 244:17 245:10,13 247:8 248:21 251:11 253:15 254:6,9,15 257:15 271:10 272:4,8 273:5 273:19 280:2,5 281:6 282:15 283:16 290:2,3 290:8,12 295:9 296:19 305:17 306:10,14,20 307:5,8,13,20 308:2,10 309:8 312:5 318:14,15 319:13,14 320:3 321:1 321:4 322:2,4,11 323:5 324:11,20 325:9 330:14 331:1 341:19 343:8 350:15,21 351:13,14,16 353:6 358:13 363:12 364:20 366:16 377:15 377:18,21 378:9,12,14 378:21 379:10,16 380:18 384:6 392:9 396:4 407:15 409:6 411:2 414:10,14 416:10 417:6 424:5,10 428:16 439:15 440:1,2,4,8,14 440:18 **smogging** 400:14 **smoggy** 121:21 308:7

421:15 **smog-forming** 72:5 **smog-free**379:6 **smog-related** 15:7

297:14 **smoke**254:6 324:11

386:5 **smoked** 260:18 **smoking** 261:1 301:6

315:20 428:18 **Smoky** 36:21 176:17

177:1 **smoothly** 8:10 184:11 **smudge**329:3 **snails** 178:17 **sneezing** 437:13 **snow**351:5 **snowing** 197:12 **snows** 329:18 **soccer**95:14 259:14

295:19 296:1,15 297:3 298:2 308:14 334:19 342:2 408:15 410:18 **Social** 284:11 380:13 **societal** 341:19 **societies** 113:11 **society** 36:12 58:15

122:11 137:16 217:4 237:14 239:14 273:17 315:2 383:15 398:10 427:8 **society's** 272:6 **socioeconomic** 127:1

234:6 **soil** 177:15 178:8,11 **solar**251:19 265:11,14

265:15 381:8 **sold** 71:16 130:17,18,18

201:19 **sole**253:11 **solely** 173:16 290:20

403:16 435:3 **solicited** 147:1 402:4 **soliciting** 113:6 **solid** 292:16 293:3 **solidified** 190:21 **solidly** 338:5 **solution** 17:16 71:5 95:14

95:15 156:4 172:5 229:21 232:18 403:18 **solutions** 109:18 224:13

354:9 355:17 **solvent**401:20 **solvents** 218:3 293:11

360:18 **solving** 422:19 **some**9:20 10:4 26:11

30:13 53:14 54:4 63:15 73:18 85:5 96:6 101:10 106:13 109:20 128:13 129:21 133:14,17 134:9 149:17 152:18 154:14 166:7 168:9 186:3 187:7 196:4 197:17 201:1 217:20 222:5 225:6 240:4 246:8 251:1,20 252:5,9 253:4 253:4,5,13 254:12,13 254:19 257:12 263:4 264:2 265:7 273:4

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276:21 280:7 282:20 290:20 294:9 296:20,21 297:19 299:18 300:3 307:9 309:18 318:15 326:4 333:7 335:19 336:18 337:15 339:1 352:12 356:10 358:14 359:17,19 362:1 385:7 395:4 400:3 403:15,18 405:16 409:1 410:8,9 410:15 411:3 423:13,17 427:11,19 431:1,13 437:19 **somebody** 327:17 **somebody's** 399:11 **someone** 11:4 128:17

172:15 187:14 259:18 339:15 372:15 381:4 392:4 394:7 415:2 422:6 437:7 **something** 38:9 39:11

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189:4 250:13 256:11 273:6 371:19 382:13 393:16,18 **somewhere** 266:16 367:3

397:7 **son** 41:6,9 257:5 258:8

259:6 261:11 **Sonja** 3:5 17:20 23:1 **sons** 397:2 438:9 **son's** 242:4 **soon** 83:4 120:18 132:8

257:15 281:9,18 345:2 376:20 425:3 **soot**329:3 351:16 359:1 **sophomore**279:13 282:6 **sore** 365:5,8 **sorry** 27:19 39:2 56:16,21

163:18 209:17,19 319:17 366:5,21 395:14 400:17 406:20 **sort** 136:4 334:14 382:13

385:4 **sorts**408:15 **sound** 52:12 109:7

135:10 172:4 263:17 276:19 **sounds** 65:1 192:17

375:17 432:3 **source**64:1 72:21 136:13

158:21 159:2 177:2 204:12 269:11,12 319:9 386:13 **sources** 56:2,3 72:20

74:3,6 79:19 133:13 135:4,21 200:4 246:15 248:9,10 267:20 270:9 329:13 355:13 **South** 12:2,18 87:10 88:3 163:11 258:9 259:21 261:2 294:4 390:20 **southeast** 123:4 156:1

298:11 423:8 **southern** 177:5 227:20

259:20 308:3 316:11 372:9,10 377:20 387:9 **Southwest** 156:1 386:20

387:20 **Southwestern** 144:7 **sovereign** 159:12 **soybean** 328:3 **space** 316:2 **Spacek**4:15 289:1

291:12,13,13,14 **spaces**293:2,5 **span** 419:11 **Spanish** 176:16 **spared** 54:13 **speak**8:13,13 9:2,9 11:13

18:4 23:1 28:18 56:21 60:15 71:2,11 87:9 97:16 98:14 99:18 107:16 117:9 128:7 133:3 140:14 142:4 161:6 171:7 180:14 184:14,15 185:4,11 188:16 210:10 214:16 243:1 258:10 271:7,9 274:5 275:3 291:9 306:7 313:9 320:12 346:10 350:13 364:7 367:21 368:8 371:14 396:4 423:2,7 437:7 441:1 **speaker**9:6 48:13 66:12

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17:15,17 28:17 38:14 48:3 56:12 66:9 115:6 115:10,17 124:14 132:20 140:11 151:15 160:20 165:7 170:1 180:13 184:20 185:3 186:6 187:20 188:6 195:13 205:11 223:20 242:16 249:14,21 258:4 266:2 274:13,14 275:2 281:21 288:21 295:13 303:4 310:17 325:16 341:5 345:5,11 363:21 367:17 368:2,12 373:9 380:4 391:2 398:20 406:10 415:1 429:13 440:21 **speaking** 9:17 63:9 76:5

185:20 191:13 205:20 215:7 266:6 366:11 373:16 415:2 **speaks** 11:6 187:16 **special** 57:9 168:9 172:9

214:19 255:18 400:6 412:5 **specialist**399:7 **specialists** 93:7 328:3 **specially**44:20 **specialty** 14:16,19 **species** 177:19 301:21 **specific**20:21 355:9 439:11 **specifically** 32:10 103:12

156:19 316:19 375:10 **specify** 23:11 **spectrum** 207:2 **speculative** 21:10 133:16 **speech** 407:2 **spell** 9:3 28:17 38:21

92:18 116:2 160:21 185:5 188:11 205:16 206:1 275:4 282:2 311:1 331:20 345:19,20 350:6 353:19 364:4 368:8 399:2 404:14 **spelled** 124:17 289:2

383:7 421:8 **spelling** 58:20 205:21

275:5 331:17 364:3 371:4 373:11 **spend** 24:12 62:17 91:18

94:6 112:2 129:20 138:4,12 228:15 239:6 239:21 275:21 363:2 398:12 **spending** 250:8,10 **spends** 290:3 **spent** 15:5,13 150:11

280:8 308:12 311:18 351:2,6 396:11 417:6 426:6 436:8 **spew**338:19 **spilling** 387:5 **spills** 264:2 **spine**35:13 **spiral** 159:18 **spirit**294:20 **spite** 145:7 295:21 **spoke** 89:9 134:9 299:8

429:17 **spoken** 9:15 185:18

403:17 417:17 **sponsor**283:14 **sport**242:6 321:19 **sports** 95:2 259:12,18

319:1 378:6 408:16 424:16 **spot**53:3 **spots** 168:9 **spread** 57:3 161:13

306:20 405:13 **spreading** 59:3 **spring** 190:15 378:5

382:6 396:10 **Springer**34:19 **Springfield** 262:7 **spur**64:18 357:18 **Squadtoon** 210:5 **squarely** 14:5 **squeamished** 424:17 **Sr** 163:14 **SSC** 371:15 407:20 **stability** 67:6 **stable** 71:5 416:9 **Stack**293:7 **stacks** 243:11,11 **staff**8:16 10:8 11:3 70:18

104:2 238:11 283:10 389:6 420:11 **Stage**258:13 259:7 260:14 **stagnant**363:1 **stairs** 212:13 **stakeholder**203:16 **stakeholders** 59:6 160:7

205:3 235:14 243:4 **stance** 79:6 203:10

416:10 **stand** 53:7 214:14 288:16

310:2 322:7 379:21 407:13 **standard** 7:3,4 13:17

16:3,6,7,15,18 17:2,6 18:17 19:6 23:18 32:10 37:6,7,18 38:4,4 43:2 43:10,12 47:21 52:18 57:1,17,18 58:5,11,18 59:5,8 60:10,21 61:7,10 62:4 63:4,7,20,21 64:18 65:9,18 66:3,20 67:4 68:16 69:1,4,9,13,18 70:8,14 73:1,12,17 74:17,20 75:2 77:6,6,13 78:12,15 79:11 80:2,9 80:17,18,19,21 82:5 83:12,14,17,18 84:5,17 85:2,3,4,5 86:12,20 89:4,6 91:12 92:13 93:21 94:1 95:20 96:18 97:9,11 100:7,9,16,20 101:15 102:3,17 103:7 108:15 110:7 111:13,19 113:2,7,11,15,20,21 114:3,6 116:20 117:1 122:12 125:15 126:2 127:17,20 132:16 135:14,19 136:3,8,9 139:14,16 140:1,2 147:21 152:5,6,21 153:7,15,16 157:12 158:8 159:19 160:1,3 169:16 170:20,20 171:2 171:3,12,14,18 172:2 172:21 173:5 179:6 183:3,4 192:19 194:7 195:2,11,21 196:1 198:21 208:6,9,10,11 208:18,18 209:9 211:7 211:10 212:4 214:14 215:20,20 216:3 217:2 217:5 218:17 220:3,4 220:13 221:4,13,14,20 222:9 223:2 224:21 225:1,5 226:9,15,17 227:1,2 228:17 229:1,2 237:4 239:19 240:9,11 241:2,12,19 245:5,7,10 245:11 254:1,3 255:9,9 255:14,21 258:2,11 265:18 266:15,18 267:3 267:6,8,9,12,14,16 268:2,11,17 269:1,5,13 272:9,10,12,15 273:21 275:12 276:12,12 277:5 277:20 278:21 284:1 285:13 286:5,16 287:20 288:18 295:8 298:16 299:17 302:2 304:19 305:1,3 310:14 314:2 317:17 320:19 321:1,2 321:4,10,11,12 322:6 323:17 324:21 328:11 339:19 341:10 343:11 343:15,19 344:6 346:13 346:18,21 347:1,3,11 347:12,17,18 348:3,8,8 348:9,11,14,16 349:11 349:19,20 350:2,3,14 351:19,20 353:10 355:10 362:7 363:12,16 366:20 369:10,14,16,17 369:20 370:2,10,12,14 370:15,17 373:19 374:4 374:16 375:3,7,9,11,15 375:19 376:3,9,21 377:2,16 379:16 380:18 382:21 384:10,14,21 385:4,8,18 386:11,13 386:21 387:17 388:6,11 389:17 392:4 393:21 394:1 397:11,12,18 398:15,16 399:12 401:7 402:12 403:10,12 405:17 407:15 411:2,19 412:2 420:1,8 430:10 430:13 431:2,8 432:13 435:2 439:14 440:14,18 **standards** 1:5 2:3,7 6:10

7:6,7,15,18,21 8:2,7 12:8 15:18 17:9 21:4 22:5 29:15 30:10,11,14 30:17,19,21 31:4,10,11 31:13,19 32:3,5,9,12,14 32:19,21 33:4,9,13,14 33:17 34:8,11 37:10 38:10 43:17 47:8 50:9 50:13,14,15 52:19 53:8 53:19,20,21 54:1,17 55:7,21 67:8 68:19 70:3 70:4 73:3 83:6 84:2 85:11,16 88:8 89:17 90:2 91:19 93:2 95:10 101:13 103:5 107:17 110:20 111:11 115:5 116:12,17 117:11,12 118:11 120:17 122:10 139:18 140:5 152:4 155:8 157:5 159:18 173:16,21 174:11,13,17 182:10 183:6,7,15,18 183:21 184:2,8 191:13 192:12 193:14 195:6,20 199:7 200:2 201:3,11 202:1,4,5,14 205:4,8 207:20 208:21 209:2 210:9,21 211:13 214:15 215:10 216:6 217:10 218:12 221:12 223:14 230:2,8,11 233:7,10,21 234:2 237:6,15,18,20 238:10 248:21 253:19 254:4 257:19 262:10,18 265:7,21 268:13 271:10 273:19 274:12 276:8 277:3 278:10 279:2,3 281:8 284:9 285:21 290:12 291:19 294:8

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303:13 305:17 306:9 308:18,19 309:10,12,15 309:20 319:12,15,18,20 320:13 322:4 324:15,20 325:9,10,11 330:4 338:2,3 340:11,14 346:16 347:7 348:7 353:6 354:11 355:14 359:4,15,16 360:1,6 365:17 368:21 369:2,9 373:3,17 384:11 385:15 386:9 396:8,8 397:7,15 398:17 402:15 406:2,3 408:5 409:6 411:5,16 424:1,3 428:21 432:1,7 432:12 433:11,17 434:1 435:18 437:6 438:12 439:8 440:7,9,12 **standing** 305:9 362:17

400:6 **standings**208:17 **standpoint**208:15 **stands**215:21 221:21

322:3 424:6 **staple**351:8 **star**51:5,5 386:16 410:5 **start**38:20 54:15 60:9

120:19 122:18 130:14 142:20 161:3 178:11 229:8 250:5 252:21 264:14 265:9 280:17 323:1 331:16 343:15 407:4 **started** 8:8 11:17 92:9

141:8,8 176:1,10 184:9 188:5 196:12 243:8 252:12 258:17 280:13 282:14,15 301:1 313:1 313:2 320:21 323:4 361:13 406:12 407:3 408:16,21 419:18 425:20 436:13 437:15 **starting** 79:10 81:4 139:7

187:4 346:12 **startlely** 372:15 **starts** 104:19 185:12

240:1 336:11 391:11 **startups** 357:17 **state** 7:17 9:2 35:13 48:5

51:16 55:2 76:2,7 92:10 108:9 138:20 145:12 152:11 154:1,8,14 155:4 158:19 179:13,14 179:20 180:9 183:17 185:4 188:10 192:9 194:6 195:2 201:7 202:11 228:10 248:3 258:10 276:4 291:15 292:17 293:9,13 299:5 299:7 323:19 338:18 378:10,18 384:2 386:18 430:2 435:21 436:4 437:19 **stated** 55:1 78:18 86:8

98:9 158:21 168:14 233:15 268:10 299:20 302:7 304:12 338:9 **statement**28:6 224:2

248:15 291:2 341:7 343:7 346:6 388:1 419:21 **states** 7:12,20 15:11

16:14,16 17:9 30:12,16 32:1,12,15 33:15,20 34:10 35:8 39:17 51:3 52:5 57:3 61:18 62:14 67:3 71:4,16 74:4 75:21 76:3,6,8,9 79:18,19,21 80:4 95:6 120:9 123:7 127:7 133:14 154:13 155:10,14,17,20 156:5 156:16,20 158:9,9,11 158:13,14,15 159:3,6 159:13,18 160:6,15 183:12,20 195:4,5 206:8 207:7 210:4 217:6,12 219:19 221:5 228:20,21 229:17 231:1 236:12 244:13 254:16 263:6 265:12 268:13 271:3 284:14 290:10 292:2,5,9 293:10 294:3 295:4,10 303:18 305:16 346:12 352:17 361:19 366:10 374:20 385:2 390:5,5,8 398:9 405:12 414:15 434:15 439:16 440:3 **state-of-the-factory**

70:10 **stationary** 204:12 218:7

269:12 355:12 **stationed** 432:16 **stations** 179:16 247:10 **statistic**231:15 394:14 **statistical** 39:15 241:11 **statistically** 18:18 260:11

315:10 316:9 317:3,9 **statistics** 207:11 310:1

326:12 389:4 394:14 **stats** 122:18 257:12 **status** 234:6 **statute**214:13 291:7

351:15 393:2 **statutes** 147:8 **statutory** 101:17 113:21 **stay** 63:2 118:8 231:5

274:18 282:11 297:18 318:21 352:19 419:15 **stayed** 213:7 **staying** 104:15 298:7

435:12 **steaming** 402:1 **stenotype**442:5,6,9 **step** 8:15 63:19 93:19

94:2 95:11 97:5,11 171:5 184:17 187:13 219:7 283:21 295:3 343:12 405:18 417:13 417:13 **Stephanie**4:10 250:1

253:8 **stepped** 264:21 **stepping** 264:16 416:13 **steps** 108:2 233:12 278:1 **step-wise**20:16,17 **steroids** 396:15 **Steve** 2:5 4:15 6:7 182:7 289:1 291:13,14 318:5 **Stewart**4:18 310:19

313:9 **stiffer**264:21 **still** 16:7 30:14 62:18

65:15 70:7,14 81:6 97:4 100:5,20 104:6 117:19 131:20 137:7 142:17 160:8 166:2 173:2 176:2 178:2 194:8 220:19 230:19 236:10 244:14 246:12 255:15 273:8 276:5 278:15 290:21 304:21 321:7 323:9 325:10 328:12 332:12 334:20 339:4 346:17 365:12 370:2 395:9 401:4 403:4 410:11 418:11 **Stillman** 4:12 266:3 271:5

271:6,7 **stocks**201:16 **stomach** 342:17 **stone** 387:8 **stood** 330:19 **stop**9:16 147:18 172:7

185:19 227:9 271:17 280:14,18 303:21 324:19 333:2,3 336:11 363:9 382:3 429:5 **stopped** 265:1 **store** 143:13 **stores**424:13 **stories**212:20 371:19

414:4,6 417:17 **storm** 162:11 **storms** 341:13 **stormwater** 180:1 **story** 72:16 104:3 212:9

410:9 414:4,4 437:5 **stragglers**435:13 **straight** 10:19 393:1 **straightforward** 58:7 **strain** 95:3 **straining** 159:7 **strategies** 16:1 129:3

199:6 202:17 270:21 **strategist**229:12 **strategy** 68:13 173:20 **streams** 265:3,6 **street**89:19,20 362:15,18 **strengthen** 7:2 34:7

107:17 170:19 183:2 191:12 370:14 430:9 435:18 438:11 **strengthened** 379:10 **strengthening** 94:1 110:7

118:11 120:15,17 127:9 127:17 215:9 219:6 223:2 290:19 306:8 373:16 431:4 437:6 **strengthens**44:10 **strenuous** 84:21 152:17

166:13 **stress** 161:8 207:8 312:6 **stretching** 169:11 **strict** 152:3 281:8 323:13

325:2 385:15 416:10 **stricter**69:13,18 93:21 153:7,16 160:5 350:2,2 388:11 **strictest**340:10 396:7 **strictly** 50:15 251:19

325:10 402:20 **strictness**48:18 **strides** 34:12 268:14 **strike** 308:9 **strikes** 62:20 118:3

236:11 352:15 365:13 **striking** 332:12 **stringent**30:11 32:14

61:10 64:18 110:7 163:4 228:18 245:11 269:11 272:9,15 336:19 346:18 347:1,6 348:11 348:14 349:11,20 356:6 428:21 432:13,15 **strive** 122:9 **stroke** 123:12,13 428:4 **strong** 36:6 77:4,8

110:18 114:4 117:12 144:5 171:18 195:19 211:5 230:10 234:2,13 246:19 264:5 279:9 306:7 309:3 328:21 401:2 430:15 431:3 433:19 **stronger** 18:8 44:3,8,14

66:3 77:12 96:2,18 110:20 117:11 140:4 210:8 220:4 223:13 237:6,17 244:21 291:7 295:9 302:2 309:15 376:21 **strongest**60:9 108:17

110:19 220:6 223:12 271:10 273:19 369:2 370:9 373:3 **stronghold** 114:9 **strongly** 33:17 36:18

103:13 113:15 120:16 203:18 235:15 349:18 411:7 419:12 439:7 **structure** 344:20 **structures** 357:3 **struggle**69:21 213:16

397:3 **struggled** 412:20 **struggling** 63:18 152:13

233:6 425:19 **stuck** 129:8 **student**289:7 325:21

366:8 371:9 395:20 404:17,20 407:8 **students** 128:12 257:8

281:6 283:7,19 311:13 380:16 381:17 382:13 **studied** 439:21 **studies** 15:15 18:15 20:4

21:9,19,20 22:2,4,18 23:6 24:20 25:20 27:1,3 27:5,8 31:12,18 43:19 45:9,21 46:14 47:3 65:5 74:10,14,16,17 78:2 83:16,20 96:13 97:19 98:19,19 99:5,9 211:6 237:16 267:17 279:17 280:20 286:1,3,8,15,19 313:20 314:4,7,8,10,15 316:18 338:6 362:3 380:13 427:19 **study** 19:7 20:9 21:3 27:3

88:19 96:7 99:4 128:19 134:5,12 136:1,7 156:2 203:2 228:11 247:1 287:1 315:16 316:21 338:9 355:7,21 385:10 388:17 **studying** 429:4 **stuff**91:1 333:15 **stump** 35:20 **stunt**396:16 **stunting** 413:20 **subdivisions**294:6 **subject** 13:2 79:18

133:13 228:4 252:13 269:9 270:7 423:21 **subjected** 65:15 269:10 **subjective**292:6 **subjects** 19:3,3 20:13

21:21 **submission** 16:8 **submissions** 192:9

206:20 **submit** 10:13 12:10 70:18

76:10 80:11 98:1 186:18 209:12 242:7 354:17 387:21 438:16 **submitted** 10:10 103:2

201:3 359:5 425:8 441:9 **submitting** 10:14 38:1

75:5 98:3,15 186:20 346:10 354:17 **subpopulations** 77:21 **subset**26:3 **subspecialists** 93:7 **substantial** 15:21 48:12

73:21 208:12,17 304:17 398:5 424:11 **substantially** 136:1 158:1

200:8 208:4 304:16 **suburban** 86:18 121:9

168:11,17 295:20 297:3 **suburbs** 131:9 165:18

167:3 332:9 401:18,19 **subversion** 147:8 **success** 15:8 72:16

202:13 **successes** 324:16 **successful** 59:16 203:15

261:12 431:18 **sucking** 308:13 **sudden** 143:8 332:8 **suddenly**250:8 416:5 **suffer**43:1 62:7 68:8

100:20 108:8 123:13 126:1 162:9 167:8 168:18 188:19 207:9 221:6 264:7 281:11 290:7 298:15 311:13 322:15,21 328:6 357:16 430:18 **suffered** 124:18 166:9,16

174:14 176:4 213:2 264:10 279:4 322:10 358:20

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**sufferer**219:21 306:12 **sufferers** 207:3,4 **suffering** 111:17 127:4

152:9 156:16 168:13 222:18 264:8 296:14 311:21 340:12 350:20 376:14 **suffers** 220:1 **suffice** 132:12 **sufficient**85:1 418:18 **sufficiently** 77:4,8 **suggest**25:17 27:5,12

112:20 435:4 **suggested** 40:7 80:17

326:6 429:4 **suggestive** 313:14,18 **suggests**21:5 232:2

316:13 **suicide**53:2 **suite**400:5 **sulfur**82:18 84:15 226:1 **sum** 434:4 **summarize** 247:7 **summer**27:3 107:21

118:16 125:4,4 143:14 161:20 189:12 213:18 246:17,19 264:10 271:16 298:12 300:12 300:18 318:19,21 322:12 332:9 362:21 365:6 382:6 386:6 387:13 410:16 413:10 415:13 416:8 427:2 437:11 **summers** 218:13,16

351:6 404:5 436:8 **summertime** 378:5

436:12 **sun** 328:20 330:20

384:20 386:19 **sunburn** 231:17 236:2

307:5 **sundries** 17:3 **sunk**400:3 **sunlight** 144:21 307:1

360:13 362:21 **sunset**330:2 **sun's** 246:19 **super** 163:17 228:10

289:19 **supervision** 442:7 **super-healthy**286:12 **supplied** 131:17 **suppliers** 202:17 **supplies** 29:7 226:10 **supply** 29:20 247:12

266:10 277:14 387:3 **support** 14:6 18:9,16

21:8 22:4,18 34:6 37:4 38:2 51:9 60:20 79:14 86:9 105:12 111:19 114:4,5 117:10 120:16 122:17 124:5 152:3 164:10 166:21 173:12 179:8 189:5 195:9 211:3 215:8 216:5 217:5,10 225:16 234:12 235:14 268:10 271:9 291:21 295:8 306:7 312:3 314:1 316:15 317:16 318:12 320:2,21 322:19 357:1,5 359:10 366:19 373:16 393:21 404:21 430:8 435:17 437:5 439:5 440:12 **supported** 36:18 76:18

316:17 317:13 359:12 369:2 432:15 **supporter**36:7 195:19

246:5 **supporters** 57:3,16

284:14 **supporting** 71:18 93:20

237:21 266:10 407:10 **supportive** 24:20 422:13 **supports**29:7 78:14

93:17 100:1 194:3 210:7 214:4 215:13 235:15 388:6 **suppose** 66:17 133:8 **supposed** 241:14 324:5

348:9 406:7 416:20 **supposedly**415:18 **Supreme** 173:14 374:13 **sure** 8:11 11:11 59:3 60:7

107:8 125:6,9 126:7 151:2 168:13 180:15 184:12 187:21 197:18 205:8 229:16 234:17 250:7 256:17 257:2 278:2 317:21 327:4 353:19 404:5 411:3 429:10 433:15 **surface**262:16 **surgeon** 93:7 163:12 **surprise** 149:6 **surprised** 187:9 276:10

400:11 419:21 **surprising** 326:5 **surprisingly** 348:7 411:1 **surrogates** 293:21 **surround** 401:15 **surrounding** 328:19

431:2 432:7 **surveys** 130:2 **survival** 260:14 **survive** 57:13 353:8,12 **Susan** 4:2,12 170:1,5

266:2 271:7 **susceptibility** 361:5 **susceptible**22:10 112:14

300:13 319:4 343:14 **suspended** 145:13 **sustainable**237:10

320:17 **sustained** 135:20 **SustainUS** 320:16 **Suttelson** 255:10 **SUVs** 199:14 **sweat**342:15 **sweet**415:8 **swelling** 94:18 **switch** 317:19 **symptom** 384:19 **symptoms** 19:2,9,14,16

40:2 41:5 46:5 47:4 119:13 384:1 400:12 415:10 416:3 436:20 **system** 141:7 185:10 215:17 216:1,21 221:21 274:17 345:14 409:9 429:15 431:19 433:14 433:16 **systematic**258:18 **systems** 123:17 150:2

303:11 432:2 **S-A-R-A**306:1 **S-A-T-H-I** 289:3 **S-C-H-E-M-K-E-S** 371:7 **S-H-E-R-B-U-R-N-E**

415:5 **S-H-P-R-E-N-T-Z** 43:6 **S-I-M-O-N** 209:21 **S-M-I-T-H** 133:3 **S-P-A-C-E-K**291:13 **S-T-E-W-A-R-T** 313:10

**T T**  182:1 **table** 8:18,20,21 9:8,18

10:6,15 17:20 59:6 115:9 124:4 184:21 185:1,2,10,21 186:9,21 188:9 201:2 274:15 331:14 368:1,1,3 375:4 429:14 **Tackling** 235:11 **tactic** 194:2 **tag** 109:21 323:1 **tail** 131:3 290:14 **take** 10:18,20 17:12,16

40:5,12 53:17 104:11 105:3 124:12 141:18 149:15 151:19 162:6 167:9 187:3 193:2 206:13,14 210:13 230:13 245:12 261:15 265:11 271:18 274:2,6 278:9 281:10,16 283:7 283:17 286:16 290:13 292:21 297:19 324:11 327:19 334:17 352:2 356:15 367:6 379:14 381:10 389:7,16 392:11 396:20 412:15 415:21 416:9 417:2 422:3,4 428:15 437:7 **taken** 21:2 22:3,17 26:9

61:6 141:16 167:21 168:1 225:2 264:3 291:1 306:5 412:14 442:10 **takes** 386:6 **taking** 8:3 11:14 39:4

50:17 52:18 89:5 141:8 160:2 161:20 171:5 179:16 184:4 188:2 245:1 300:21 302:9 303:9 310:9 339:13 347:8,13 353:11 371:12 395:6 396:12 414:17,19 428:17 441:3 **talk** 107:7 188:3 273:1

323:9 391:9 393:14 394:15 399:15 400:10 400:18 418:16 426:17 **talked** 215:11 252:5 272:20 394:14 435:2 **talking** 88:3,9,12 164:21

335:20 371:18 372:4 391:12 **talks** 340:21 **tank** 131:16 **tap**416:13 **tape**357:16 **target** 17:8 20:17 129:7

135:13 194:4 204:13 355:9 376:7 **targeted** 16:13 **task**416:15 **tasked** 203:17 **tasks** 123:16 **taught** 128:10 139:4

176:16,16 418:7 **tax**226:14 **taxpayer**215:7 391:6 **taxpayers** 339:8 **taxpaying** 143:6 **Taylor** 163:18 **teach** 399:21 **teacher**243:1 380:14

382:12 415:7 **teachers** 150:7 180:6

317:7 415:12 **teaching** 416:20 **team** 227:7 240:8 255:10

255:10 259:14 300:16 322:17 323:2,6 334:21 351:5 426:4 436:8 **tears**425:21 **technical** 17:16 72:17

246:9 401:2 **technicality** 173:16 **technically**26:9 **techniques** 137:3 **technologic**68:3 **technological** 59:19 **technologies** 69:3 85:13

129:21 200:1 203:10 228:16 247:21 268:8 303:21 305:6 337:2 360:2 **technology** 59:11 68:6

69:6 72:15 84:6 129:10 129:16 169:9 194:10 198:16,17 199:3,16 200:7,9 201:4 202:10 202:20 203:4 204:5 247:2,9 275:15 279:14 282:8 289:6,6 305:11 360:1 380:15 404:18 **technology-driven** 29:6 **teenager** 176:3 213:4 **teenagers**419:3 **teens** 172:10 **Teja**4:15 288:21 289:2,4 **television** 55:19 **tell** 39:11 89:19 173:8

211:17 216:1,3 222:1 284:15 308:20 333:7,8 334:10 366:18 382:7,12 410:2,9 428:16 **telling** 58:10,15 88:15

124:10 126:2 150:20 410:17 **tells** 221:16 **Telsa** 132:4 **temperature** 118:21

119:2 315:19 316:6 **temperatures** 118:14,19

119:11 **temporary** 261:17 427:15 **ten** 118:3 261:18 **tend** 168:14 356:15 **tendency** 109:12 312:7 **tends** 292:21 **Tennessee** 149:4 176:15 **tens** 39:18 135:9 145:8

244:5 **term** 258:19 385:7 **termination** 135:2 **terms** 61:11 113:4 123:7

123:9 208:8 328:2 340:13 356:2 421:9 436:5 **terrible** 154:12 **terrific** 110:2 **terrifying** 60:6 425:13 **Terry** 3:9 56:12,14,18 **Tesla** 130:10 **test**98:19 134:20 196:3

286:7 309:19 323:12 403:7,12,15 **tested** 287:11 **testified** 107:5 295:16

359:17 **testify** 91:15 107:20

111:2 124:4 140:9 219:12,20 223:18 229:10 245:21 275:11 279:10 358:8 411:2 435:12,17 437:8 **testifying** 103:21 192:18

377:7 **testimony** 9:14,19 10:8

38:1 55:14 56:7 60:3 75:5 76:6 80:13 81:3 87:4,8 93:16 97:20 98:4 104:1,4 114:14 185:17 186:1,12,14 246:3 247:4 253:11 254:20 274:21 306:3 368:6 373:8 377:12 410:7 414:18 425:8 437:2 438:16 **testing** 147:3 304:7

305:11 **tests** 286:5 396:13

431:20 **tethered** 125:2 215:20 **Texas** 61:19 219:3 294:5 **texted** 301:3 **textile**264:16 275:16

277:12,16 **TFAH** 111:9 **thank**6:6 8:3 11:14 14:9

14:12,13 17:10,12 18:2 18:3 22:19,20,21 28:2,3 28:15,20 33:21 34:1 38:5,6,13,17 39:3 43:2 43:4 48:1,2 50:5,6,17 50:20 56:5,6,9,10,11,20 60:13,14,16 66:7,8 71:2 71:6,7,10 75:7 80:12,14 81:10 82:3 87:4,5 90:8

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90:9 92:15,16,21 97:16 97:18 98:6,6 99:11,12 99:14,18 103:16,17,19 107:1,2,12,13 111:2,3 114:13,16 115:21 117:2 117:3 120:20,21 121:3 122:14,15,16 124:12,13 128:3,6 132:18,19 133:2 137:16,17 140:9 140:10 143:18,20 149:9 149:11,12 151:12,14,17 151:20 154:16,17,18 160:17,19 161:5 165:3 165:6,12 169:21 174:21 175:1 180:9,11 181:5 182:5 184:4 188:2,15 191:6,8 195:11,12 198:12 205:4,6,7,10 209:7,16 210:10 214:7 214:8,21 215:1 219:11 219:13,19 223:17,19 229:5,6 234:14 238:6,8 238:8 242:15 245:21 246:1 249:4,8 252:18 257:8 258:3,4 262:1,3 266:1,5 271:4,5,6 273:21 274:1 275:10 279:10,11 281:19,19 284:3,4,7 288:19,20 291:10,11,17 295:10,12 298:18,19 303:1,2,2,9 305:18,19 306:2,4,6 310:9,15,16,21 313:6,7 313:8 317:17,18 320:5 320:7,9 325:13,15 328:13,14,16 331:10,11 331:11 337:5 341:2,3,4 344:1,2 345:3,4 350:3,4 353:13,14,14,17 354:2 358:2,4 360:6,7 363:18 363:19,19 364:7 366:2 366:3 367:8,16 368:20 370:21 371:1 373:7,8 377:2,3 379:17,18 380:3 383:3,4 388:2 389:19,21 390:11 391:1 391:5 395:17 396:3 398:18,19 404:10,11 406:8,9 408:8,9 409:16 409:17 410:1 412:2,3 414:17,19 415:3 417:14 417:15 423:2,3,6 425:3 425:4,5 429:2,12 435:8 435:9,11 438:15,17,18 438:21 439:2 440:19,20 441:2,11,12 **thanking** 38:20 206:5

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72:3 73:4 92:12 93:1 138:4 182:4 184:19 200:1 202:15 215:13 229:8 255:2 367:19 379:14 441:12 **toddler** 108:1 **toddlers** 212:14 **together**21:2 22:3,17

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161:14 172:6 184:16 194:11 258:16 295:18 296:1 311:12,14 341:17 405:4,4 408:6 433:4 **tolerant** 105:16 **tolerating** 312:12 **tomorrow**35:5 **tomorrow's** 305:12 **ton** 293:2,3 **tone** 129:5 **tongue**400:16 **tonight** 10:18 410:7

411:1 435:16 **tons** 134:21 **Tonya** 212:11 **tool** 64:17 **tools** 132:13 400:15 **top** 65:13 117:21 123:6,9

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331:15 **two-mile**408:17 **two-play** 393:6 **two-pollutant**315:1,9 **two-sided** 196:6 **two-tenths** 349:15 **two-thirds** 199:11 357:4 **two-year-old** 161:14 **two-year-old-daughter**

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**U UCS**  368:17 369:13 **ultimately** 77:9 103:10

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218:14 230:3 295:1 306:14 318:18 330:15 341:15 364:12 378:8 440:5 **unintended** 204:15 **Union** 55:2 118:17 276:5

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414:3 **use** 12:19 15:3 24:1 53:10

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395:3 **Utah** 377:20 383:8 386:21

387:6,10 390:12,15 **Utah's** 383:18 **utility** 225:13 **utilization** 204:5 **UV**363:1 **U.S** 1:1 2:4,6,8,10 21:19

29:8,8,10 31:1 35:9 51:1 54:9 61:18 62:7,21 64:2,5 69:14 71:17 81:21 82:7 118:4 119:6 135:2,13,14,20 154:21 156:1,10,16 157:1,3,9 190:4,13 199:9 210:18 224:8 226:18 231:7 232:7 236:16 247:3 260:15 261:6 268:16 285:7 287:21 297:11 304:3 307:15 320:15,17 344:21 355:21 361:10 361:15 362:10 365:14 382:12 409:3,14 432:21 434:16

**V**

**v** 374:13 **validate**43:16 **validated** 436:3 **valley** 144:6,16 150:19

167:20 168:3 311:6 388:20 390:17,18 **valleys** 378:15 **valuable** 136:19 152:18

196:5 390:10 **value**67:21 68:5 225:15

245:17 316:2 328:8 356:2 407:14 420:17,18 **values** 65:10 304:16

366:13 **vapor**332:11 **vapors** 224:17 360:17 **variability** 19:1 26:1 28:6 **variable**83:19 **variation** 272:13 **variations** 388:19 **varied** 255:1 286:4 **varies** 350:15 402:2 **variety** 11:7 88:20 187:17

216:11 **various** 15:11 17:3 35:12

135:20 165:9 198:18 322:19 367:18 415:9 **varsity** 321:16 **vast**8:1 31:20 35:4 36:18

70:6 184:1 268:15 361:16 377:15 **Vegas**294:13 387:15 **vegetation** 79:13 81:8

361:3 **vehicle** 30:5 71:14 72:9

72:14,17 130:4,5 198:17 201:7 270:13 292:13 360:17 **vehicles** 30:3 54:21

64:16 67:16 71:16 72:3 72:3,18 130:18,20 132:6,11 199:5,8,16 201:9,12,16 202:5,8 224:14 305:12 **vent**342:19 **ventilation** 25:4 260:7 **venture** 36:6 112:4 **verified** 163:10 **verses**432:6 **version** 209:9 **Versteeg** 4:4 195:13,15

195:16 **versus** 296:10 **very** 14:9 15:5,13 16:11

22:8 33:1 38:6,17 39:10 40:8 43:3,9 49:9 51:18 51:18 52:5 54:5,6,7,13 54:19 56:5,6 65:15 75:7 80:14 81:10 86:2 87:5 87:13 92:16 97:18 98:2 98:6 99:12 107:2 111:3 114:16 116:1 117:2 120:21 124:13 128:3,18 129:18 130:2 132:18 133:14,21 137:16 143:14,20 145:20 149:12 151:14 154:18 155:6 160:19 162:4 164:8,9 165:3,6,8 166:5 166:8,11 169:21 177:8 177:20 180:3,7,11 191:8,16 195:12 196:16 197:20 198:12 201:6 202:15 203:15 204:21 205:6,10 208:12 209:6 209:16 213:8 214:8 215:1 219:11,13 223:19 238:6 239:13 242:15 248:16 249:12,12 250:6 251:2 252:18 254:1 257:6 262:3 266:1,5 272:18 274:1 276:6 279:11 280:3,4 281:19 282:3 284:4 287:8 288:20 291:5,11 295:12 300:20 303:2 304:6 305:19 306:3 307:8 310:3,16 313:7 317:17 317:18 320:5,7 325:15 328:4 332:12,20,21 337:5 340:19 344:1 345:4 348:5 350:1 353:14 354:2,12 357:6 358:4 363:19 367:8,11 367:15 370:21 371:2,14 372:7,15 373:8 377:10 377:11 380:3 383:4 388:17 389:5,5,19 390:11 391:1 398:19 400:10,12 404:11 406:8 409:17 414:20 420:15 423:3 424:3 425:5 427:12 431:16 435:9 438:18 440:2,20 441:12 **vessel** 14:7 **vessels** 14:6 **veteran** 53:16 **veterans** 52:21 53:2 55:8 **viable**203:9 **vibrations** 150:17 **vicariously** 172:14 **vice** 81:17 133:4 229:15

243:21 298:21 **VICOR**389:1 **victims** 144:17 296:18 **Vienna**271:8 **view**63:12 78:16 165:9

167:19 168:3 171:9,10 **viewed** 157:13 **views** 11:7 76:7,9,11 82:4

87:1 187:17 294:15 346:6 366:18 **vigilant** 102:15 330:3 **vigorous** 109:1,5 138:9 **Violate**294:8 **Violating** 294:7 **violation** 145:10 **violations** 145:7 150:10

218:10 **Virginia** 12:19 51:15

93:13 95:4 116:10,10 121:5 122:20 123:12 127:5 128:9,10 129:6 140:18,18 144:7 148:2 165:15,17 205:18,18 218:21 251:10 256:8,8 262:7 263:12 271:8 276:6 278:14 279:15 282:8 283:13 294:4 295:20 297:5,6 390:17 399:8,9 400:1 402:3 412:13 **Virginian** 51:3 165:16 **Virginians**403:6 404:6 **Virginia's**402:4 **virtually** 32:21 33:6 81:21

82:18 200:14 252:13 352:21 355:10 **virtuous**295:6 **visibility** 388:12 **visible** 121:21 301:15 **vision** 123:15 **visit** 16:20 62:1 121:13 **visited** 36:2 121:15

330:13 334:14 **visiting** 121:10 396:12 **visits**46:16 96:7 101:3

222:13 244:20 296:9 319:6 329:20 334:10 337:12 339:3 349:12,13 361:8 388:13 421:10 **Vital** 389:4 **vitally**229:10 233:13 **vividly** 396:10 **VOC** 67:15,20 112:15,17 **vocal** 426:3 **VOCs** 15:9 84:12 178:9

338:20 **voice**224:18 233:3 **voices**238:2 **volatile** 145:9 226:2

360:12 **Volt** 130:5,5 **volume**286:7 287:3 **volumes**427:20 **voluntarily** 14:4 **voluntary**225:12 226:4 **volunteer** 117:7 161:17

# A900CF7 **PUBLIC HEARING January 29, 2015** Page 43

191:15 416:17 **volunteers** 35:9 **vomit**408:21 **vomiting** 342:4,16 **voter**360:9 366:11 **Voters** 306:13 310:12 **vulnerability** 286:17

326:18 **vulnerable** 16:11 58:17

62:20 89:12 91:1 97:15 103:9 111:15 127:10 174:12,14 189:13 211:21 220:17 222:5 235:20 286:14 288:10 288:17 297:13 298:17 319:10 374:11 383:19 402:19 423:16 427:8 430:16 **vulnerables** 114:10 **V-E-R-S-T-E-E-G** 195:17

**W waged**  147:15 **wagering** 307:2 **wait** 131:2 345:13 **waiting** 130:13 **wakes** 197:2 **waking** 41:1 **walk** 10:6 89:20 95:12

104:17,18 138:11 152:11 161:20 162:7 186:9 362:15 393:16 **walked** 35:18 89:19

175:16 **walking** 36:5 248:12

280:14 330:14 351:2 381:11 **walks** 57:5 **wall** 372:1,2 **Wallace**392:7 **want**6:6 10:4 11:5,8,11

16:21 17:7 38:19 39:3 53:16 54:15 89:3 105:21 106:1,1,9 107:8 116:11 117:9 126:7 141:19 144:11 151:17 162:15 164:3,8,12 165:7 178:4 179:11 180:12,14 182:5 187:7 187:17,21 191:20 196:21 206:5 209:7,11 213:15,17,18 235:8 238:20 248:15,19 249:16 254:4,17 255:9 257:8 261:7,12,14,20 274:12 284:3 290:4 291:17 292:4 294:15 306:6 325:7 330:16 332:4 333:6 345:19 350:6 367:9,12 377:17 380:21 382:5,7 383:2 388:9 389:21 394:9,18 394:20 395:2 396:6 400:18 403:19 405:7 418:5 422:14 429:7 437:6 439:2 441:2 **wanted** 90:7 164:17

229:7 230:13 249:20 252:7 253:4 259:5,14 388:5 408:14 429:3 **wanting** 133:17 **wants** 203:13 243:6 244:9

245:3,19 **War**263:1,2 **ward** 149:20,21 217:18

217:20 218:9,20 **warehousing** 199:12 **warm** 118:9 197:13 **warmer** 118:7,14 231:4 **warming** 49:2,11 289:8

351:17 **warn** 10:4 185:13 351:18 **warned** 49:17 91:11

151:4 **warning** 150:5 341:16 **warnings** 102:18 118:15 **warrant**81:1 **warranted** 229:5 **wash** 92:3 **Washington** 1:11 6:1

36:13 56:19 107:21 117:6,20 165:18 195:18 215:6 217:13 229:13,18 233:19 238:12 244:8 251:9 271:16 332:3,8 334:9 341:7 344:4,9 360:10 361:10 368:16 423:9 **Washington-Baltimore**

154:6 300:2 **wasn't** 172:17 176:14

177:14 213:9 250:11,19 385:18 396:11 410:21 436:9 **waste** 144:13,18 145:2,6

145:14,20 146:3 147:2 147:10,14,17 148:4 149:2 194:18 262:15 263:20 265:2 292:21 293:3,5,11 302:11,12 302:14 333:14 **wastes**292:16 **watch** 329:17 337:3 **watched** 104:7 415:19 **watching** 289:14 330:18

409:8 415:8 **water** 13:7 121:7 124:21

154:7,12 155:13 179:2 195:10 235:3,4,15 262:16 263:11,20 302:1 310:4 407:18,19 **waters** 138:1 154:2 **watershed** 154:4 **watersheds** 177:3 **way** 7:18 44:4 45:19

48:10,10 53:7 75:12 78:20 81:2 113:4 117:1 125:12 129:7 172:17 173:1 175:19 176:13 178:14 183:18 193:11 209:14 222:16 226:9 268:18 288:3 289:12 296:8 333:20 336:7 360:19 366:14 367:13 367:19 374:13 376:5 402:2 416:18 432:11 **ways** 153:4 189:16 201:5

248:11 257:10 262:16 308:21 355:2 376:18 395:15 419:16 422:20 **weak**65:10 127:17

221:14,20 245:7 280:12 326:19 **weaker**63:7 **wealth** 393:9,9,10,11

436:1 **wealthy**424:13 **weapons** 382:15 **wear** 109:9 177:21 **wearing** 107:19 **weather** 105:5 162:4

197:13 273:13 301:19 331:1 **weatherized** 251:5 **weatherizing** 250:21 **web**293:9 **website**244:12 285:4

291:15 301:12 441:11 **wedding**41:11 **week** 162:19 203:3

263:19 300:17 311:8 323:2 330:20 413:18 **weekend** 256:14 283:14

332:7 334:14 **weekends** 308:4 **weekly** 162:17 415:19 **weeks** 132:1 196:7,12

218:17 259:1 322:21 **weeping** 178:4 **weighed** 312:17 **weight**61:14 112:20

161:19 162:2 220:18 **weight-lifting** 162:1 **welcome**37:8 97:11

171:10 187:13 **welfare**6:15,19 7:4 37:11

50:16 74:21 78:14 112:11 153:17 182:16 182:20 183:4 214:3 216:9 242:13 262:14 273:20 392:13,14,16,16 392:17,17 **well** 6:19 14:21 15:1

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319:9 **well-documented** 304:17 **well-found** 309:4 **well-respected** 58:12 **went**30:6 67:15 87:18

121:13 161:16 164:18 280:6 289:17 342:9 **were** 19:12 26:3,12 30:10

35:15 81:4 88:6,7 98:10 98:21 99:7 107:4 115:7 134:16,18 135:16 139:6 145:9 147:2 158:21 165:2 166:7,21 167:9 172:6 175:14 177:6 190:6,8 200:13 201:16 203:20 218:18 231:9 236:17,19 250:7 267:18 267:21,21 268:3 280:7 286:9,10 287:17 294:18 307:16,19 309:19 313:18 315:4 316:6,17 317:3,9 326:11 329:1,8 329:20 332:6 337:14,16 341:11,14 351:6 359:12 362:12 389:10 400:5 409:1 410:13,20 413:5 416:3,19 417:12 422:7 426:4 432:14,17 433:12 433:17 442:6 **west**51:2,15 251:10

252:3 263:12 294:4 385:13,19 386:1,5 390:5,20 429:5 **western** 154:1 156:5

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36:1 49:3 55:5 81:7 149:10,18 171:17 251:12 256:1 283:9 402:2 407:20 408:6 431:3 439:20 **whack**67:13 **wheelchair**258:20 **wheels** 289:21 **wheeze**46:4 342:9 **wheezing** 119:14 197:3

299:10 301:1,1,2 372:3 410:12 415:20 **while** 15:19 19:19 20:19

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124:7 126:13,15 190:10 231:12 237:1 307:21 328:20 **whites** 312:10 **Whitman** 374:13 379:20 **whole** 17:18 49:1 225:3

305:9 356:15 367:11 379:6 400:3 415:15 438:14 **wholly** 241:3 **wide** 11:7 73:15 187:17

224:13 355:12 **wider**248:1 **widespread** 211:15 244:2

277:8 285:7 378:11 439:15 **wielded** 167:12 **wife** 152:2 342:20 **wild** 57:9 168:8 **wilderness** 7:1 36:5

165:20 167:4 168:9 169:11 183:1 **wildfires** 341:12 **wildlife**87:15 **Wilfred** 3:8 48:3,6 **William** 4:5 205:12 206:3

244:3 **Williams**2:9 163:14

249:18 252:19 **willing** 141:13,14 168:6

255:16 322:7 334:19 **Willow**437:9,18 438:9 **Wilmer** 179:21 **Wilson** 5:15 429:13,20,21

430:1 **wind** 146:15 251:1,6,19

329:9 **window**416:14 **winter**319:1 330:17

387:3 429:6 **Winters** 351:4 **Wisconsin** 61:20 **wise** 321:14 **wish** 48:12 409:2 426:8,9 **witness** 188:18 **witnessed** 52:3 262:12 **witnesses**253:13 **witnessing** 342:10 **woke**425:18 **woman** 259:6

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**women** 47:19 52:4 261:5

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288:5 292:4 347:17 355:20 391:20 **work**8:18 33:19 37:2

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298:7,7,14 327:11,12 339:10 356:13,16,19 357:4,6 388:20 389:2 **workforce** 54:21 362:10 **working** 31:14 35:8 36:11

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128:10 172:5 197:12 198:9 199:9 337:13 412:9 416:2 421:6 **15th** 89:19,21 **15,000**297:6 **15-minute**274:7 **150**49:5 386:3 **150,000** 232:8 414:11 **151** 3:20 **154**3:21 **156** 80:19 **16**3:11 218:14 **160,000** 260:17 **161** 4:1 **165**4:1 **17** 3:12 6:13 79:10 163:19

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