2022 IL App (1st) 191099-U

No. 1-19-1099 

FIRST DIVISION

August 15, 2022 

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and may not be cited as precedent 

by any party except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1). 

____________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

____________________________________________________________________________ 

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

v. 

NATHANIEL McCRAY, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

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Appeal from the Circuit Court

of Cook County.

No. 06 CR 9038

The Honorable

James B. Linn, 

Judge Presiding. 

____________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE PUCINSKI delivered the judgment of the court.

Justices Hyman and Walker concur in the judgment. 

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: Second-stage dismissal of defendant’s postconviction petition affirmed where defendant 

failed to make a substantial showing of any constitutional violations. Denial of defendant’s motion 

for judicial substitution and motion for recusal during second stage postconviction proceedings 

affirmed where there was no evidence of ex parte communications or improper contacts between 

the State and the trial court.

¶ 2 Defendant appeals the second-stage dismissal of his postconviction petition. Previously, in 

reviewing the trial court’s summary dismissal of his postconviction petition, we remanded this 

case for second stage postconviction proceedings after we found that there was sufficient evidence 
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to show that the trial court erred in denying defense counsel’s request for separate verdict forms. 

People v. McCray, 2013 IL App (1st) 112376-U.

¶ 3 BACKGROUND

¶ 4 Trial

¶ 5 Defendant Nathaniel McCray and his codefendant, Jennifer Reeves (codefendant Reeves), 

were charged with eight counts of first degree murder, one count of aggravated kidnapping of the 

victim, Roger Hunz, Jr. (the victim), one count of residential burglary, and one count of possession 

of a stolen motor vehicle. In a separate jury trial, defendant was convicted of first degree murder 

and aggravated kidnapping.1 Defendant was subsequently sentenced to consecutive sentences of 

50 years’ imprisonment for first degree murder and 25 years’ imprisonment for aggravated 

kidnapping. We affirmed defendant’s conviction on direct appeal. People v. McCray, No. 1-07-

2640 (2010) (unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23)

¶ 6 At trial, the State’s theory was that defendant and codefendant Reeves were motivated to 

commit the kidnapping, torture, and murder of the victim based upon their belief that the victim 

had money in his apartment. The State’s case was largely based on the testimony of Christina 

Noojin (Christina), her live-in boyfriend, Mitchell Alicea (Mitchell), a surveillance videotape, and 

the forensic evidence recovered in this case. 

¶ 7 On the morning of March 14, 2006, the partially clad body of a male individual was discovered 

in the alley at 6758 South Campbell Street. This person had sustained injuries to his face, hands, 

and legs. A dog collar and duct tape were wound around his neck. The police surmised that this 

1 Codefendant Reeves was tried before a separate jury and found guilty of first degree murder and 

aggravated kidnapping. The trial court sentenced her to consecutive sentences of 30 years’ 

imprisonment for first degree murder and 10 years’ imprisonment for aggravated kidnapping. We 

affirmed codefendant Reeves’ conviction and sentence on direct appeal. People v. Reeves, 2012

IL App (1st) 083199-U.
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person had not been killed in the alley based upon the fact that there was only blood on the victim’s 

body and clothing and not at the scene. After fingerprint testing revealed the victim’s identity, 

Chicago police detectives went to the victim’s residence and discovered that his car was missing,

and his apartment had been ransacked. Based upon information from the victim’s brother, the 

police detectives began searching for Christina and Mitchell. 

¶ 8 The victim lived across the street from Christina and Mitchell in Whiting, Indiana before the 

victim sold his residence and moved to Lansing, Illinois. In March of 2006, Christina and Mitchell 

had been living together for 13 years, had two children together, and had known the victim for 

approximately four to five years. Christina also had two older children from another relationship. 

Christina had also known codefendant Reeves from the neighborhood for approximately ten years. 

Christina, as well as the victim, had previously purchased drugs from her. Mitchell had previously 

met codefendant Reeves once or twice prior to March 2006 and had purchased cocaine from her 

in January 2006. Christina and Mitchell had previously met defendant one time and identified him 

as codefendant Reeves’ boyfriend. 

¶ 9 During the evening of March 13, 2006, Christina, Mitchell, codefendant Reeves and the victim

were together at Christina’s residence when the victim agreed to drive codefendant Reeves to 

purchase cocaine and asked Christina to accompany them. The victim drove them in his maroon 

Lincoln Marquis (the Lincoln) while codefendant Reeves directed him to an alley where he parked 

the Lincoln. A short time later, defendant knocked on the driver’s door and was allowed to enter 

the back seat behind the driver’s seat. Defendant gave codefendant Reeves what appeared to be a 

bag of cocaine, and codefendant Reeves handed the defendant some money. At that point, 

defendant yelled that he was being set up and began spraying a substance at codefendant Reeves 

and Christina. He then struck codefendant Reeves. Defendant reached around and started choking 
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the victim with a cord. The victim struggled to loosen the cord, but defendant pulled it tighter. 

After the victim stopped struggling, defendant tied the victim’s hands and told him that nothing 

would happen to him if he cooperated. Defendant placed a pillowcase over the victim’s head, 

removed him from the Lincoln, and carried him over to a light-colored SUV (“SUV”), belonging 

to codefendant Reeves.2

¶ 10 Codefendant Reeves sat in the driver’s seat of the Lincoln and directed Christina to sit in the 

front passenger seat. Codefendant Reeves told her that they were going to the victim’s apartment 

in Lansing, Illinois, to get the money that the victim kept there, and she assured Christina that the 

defendant was not going to harm the victim. Christina was aware that the victim had received 

approximately $65,000 from the sale of his home in Whiting, Indiana, and had heard him mention 

this money to other people. Christina, however, knew that the victim kept the money in a bank.

¶ 11 Upon arriving at the victim’s apartment, codefendant Reeves opened the doors using the keys 

on the key ring for the victim’s Lincoln. Codefendant Reeves began ransacking the victim’s 

apartment as she looked for the money. She also told Christina to assist in the search, and Christina 

made it appear that she was doing so. After approximately 20 minutes, codefendant Reeves called 

defendant on Christina’s cell phone and told him that she did not find any money. Codefendant 

Reeves handed the cell phone to Christina, and defendant told her that the victim said there was 

$2,000 under the mattress. Christina told defendant that they did not find any money, to which 

defendant responded that she did not realize how serious this was and said that he had just cut off 

the victim’s ear. 

2 Codefendant Reeves’ vehicle is referred to as an SUV and as a truck at various points in the 

record.
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¶ 12 At this point, codefendant Reeves drove the victim’s Lincoln, with Christina in the front 

passenger seat, to defendant’s residence in Chicago. Codefendant Reeves parked the victim’s 

Lincoln in the alley behind the garage and entered the residence through a side door that went into 

the basement. Inside the basement, they met defendant and another man, whom codefendant 

Reeves stated was defendant’s brother. Both men were smoking marijuana. Defendant said that he 

had let the victim go, but Christina did not believe him.

¶ 13 Defendant said, “You guys wanna see some funny shit.” He led the three of them to the garage, 

which was in the rear of the property and along the alley. Defendant opened the side door to the 

garage and turned on the light. Christina stood in the doorway and saw the victim sitting in a chair 

in the middle of the garage, towards the large garage door. The victim was tied up with something 

in his mouth and covered in blood. She did not see the victim moving or breathing. Christina 

started to cry.

¶ 14 Defendant turned off the light and closed the side door. The four of them walked back into the 

basement and defendant said he had not done all this for nothing and that he intended to get the 

money. Codefendant Reeves and Christina got into the victim’s Lincoln while defendant and his 

brother got into Reeves’ SUV to drive back to the victim’s apartment. On the way there, 

codefendant Reeves was stopped by the police, so she pulled into a service station. Defendant 

pulled into the adjacent pump. When codefendant Reeves said that she did not have a driver’s 

license, Christina gave her the name of her daughter, Rebecca. After the officer checked the name, 

he returned to the Lincoln and cautioned her about her speed. Christina did not alert the police 

officer about the victim because she was afraid. 

¶ 15 Christina’s testimony was corroborated by the trial testimony of Vinny Patel, a clerk at the 

Mobil Gas Station at 159th and Torrence Avenue in Dolton, Illinois. He testified that he saw a 
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Lincoln pull up to the gas pump, followed by a police squad car and an SUV. The squad car pulled 

up behind the Lincoln and the SUV pulled into the pump on the other side. A black male exited 

the SUV, entered the station, and paid for gas for both cars. A few minutes later, the black male 

came back inside the station and bought a bottle of water. Surveillance equipment at the gas station 

showed defendant exiting the SUV and entering the station.

¶ 16 Burnham Police Officer Thomas Dillner conducted a traffic stop of a maroon Lincoln after the 

vehicle accelerated quickly from a stoplight at 159th and Paxton. The occupants of the maroon 

Lincoln had been arguing with the occupants of a silver Chevrolet Blazer when the two vehicles 

were stopped for a red light. He activated his mars lights and followed the maroon Lincoln after it 

pulled into a Mobil Gas Station at 159th and Torrence. He called the stop into his dispatch to let 

them know his location. He noticed that the silver Chevrolet Blazer pulled into the adjacent gas 

pump. Officer Dillner approached on the driver’s side of the maroon Lincoln and saw two white 

females inside the vehicle. He advised the driver why he had conducted the stop and asked her for 

identification. While neither occupant was able to provide him with identification, the driver gave 

him the name of Rebecca Noojin and a date of birth.

¶ 17 He went to his squad car to run the name and while doing so, he received a call from his partner 

that he was needed to assist another police officer in a pursuit. He observed a black male exit the 

SUV parked next to the maroon Lincoln, briefly walk over to the maroon Lincoln, and walk into 

the gas station. Officer Dillner also saw the black male exit the gas station, pace back and forth for 

a short amount of time, and then enter the gas station for a second time. During the trial, Officer 

Dillner narrated what happened as the surveillance video from the gas station was played.

¶ 18 Codefendant Reeves and Christina reunited with defendant and his brother at the victim’s 

apartment building. They entered the victim’s apartment and proceeded to further ransack the 
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residence, to the point of pulling ceiling tiles down and pulling off the ventilation grates, but they 

did not find any money. Codefendant Reeves began to empty the contents of the freezer into 

garbage bags and took “TGIF chips” and paper towels. Defendant and his brother removed a 

television from a television stand and placed it in the back of codefendant Reeves’ SUV. With 

codefendant Reeves and Christina in the victim’s Lincoln and defendant and his brother in the 

SUV, they drove to codefendant Reeves’ apartment in Whiting, Indiana, where they left the food. 

Then, they returned to defendant’s home in Chicago and entered the basement. Defendant’s brother 

went to sleep in one of the bedrooms. After codefendant Reeves and defendant went to sleep in 

the other bedroom, Christina heard them arguing about what to do with the victim’s body. Christina 

heard codefendant Reeves tell defendant to cut off the victim’s fingers and pull out his teeth. 

¶ 19 Christina took the victim’s car keys and drove away from defendant’s home in the victim’s 

Lincoln. She got lost and the car ran out of gas. She left the victim’s Lincoln parked on the side of 

the road and called her parents from a nearby convenience store. She threw the car keys in the 

garbage can at the convenience store. Her father picked her up and drove her back to her home in 

Whiting, Indiana. She did not tell her father what happened because she was scared. She arrived 

home in the early morning hours. After being home for a short while, she told Mitchell what 

happened. Mitchell recalled that this conversation occurred at approximately 8:30 a.m., and he was 

frightened by what he heard. Thinking that they might be in danger, he called his friend, Peggy 

Bulutis (Peggy) and asked if they could spend the night at her residence.

¶ 20 Later that night, Christina and Mitchell dropped their two young children off with her mother 

and went to Peggy’s home. While there, codefendant Reeves appeared at the door, kicking, and 

pounding on the door. Peggy answered the door and codefendant Reeves barged past her and 

demanded that Christina give her the keys to the victim’s car. Christina told her that she did not 
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have the keys. Codefendant Reeves told her, “You don’t know what you’re dealing with, you don’t 

know these people, you don’t know what’s gonna happen.” As codefendant Reeves left, Christina 

looked outside and saw that defendant was inside the SUV with her.

¶ 21 The next morning, Christina and Mitchell decided to go to the Whiting Police Station where 

they spoke with Detective John Sotello. Christina told him that someone had been taken to Chicago 

from Whiting, Indiana, and had been hurt or murdered. After Detective Sotello made a telephone 

call, four detectives from the Chicago Police Department arrived and transported Christina and 

Mitchell to Area One Police District. While there, she told Chicago Police Detective John Murray 

what happened. During the interview, she and Detective Murray left the station and went to look 

for the victim’s Lincoln. She was unsure of its exact location, but they ultimately found the car. 

They also went to the convenience store where she had made the telephone call, and they were 

able to find the keys to the victim’s Lincoln in the garbage. Later, at Area One, both Christina and 

Mitchell identified defendant in the surveillance videotape as the person walking from the SUV 

into the gas station. On March 19, 2006, Christina identified defendant in a police lineup.

¶ 22 Christina denied knowing that the victim was going to be killed. She testified that she never 

agreed to try to find the money or to share in any proceeds from the searches of the victim’s 

residence.

¶ 23 Christina acknowledged that she was a drug user and had been convicted of having obtained 

prescription drugs through deceptive means. She acknowledged that she had not been charged with 

any offenses in connection with the victim’s death. She further acknowledged that, on another day 

prior to this murder, she had taken the victim’s car without his permission and that he had filed a 

police report. She was currently incarcerated for not reporting to the judge who gave her probation 

for a possession of paraphernalia offense.
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¶ 24 Mitchell acknowledged that both he and Christina had substance abuse problems in March 

2006. He acknowledged that, in 2003, he had been convicted of felony theft in Lake County, 

Indiana. He had an outstanding warrant for failing to appear on a retail theft charge in Illinois. He 

testified that he had not received any promises for his testimony with respect to these charges.

¶ 25 At 7:15 a.m., on March 14, 2006, Chicago Police Detective Robert Girardi arrived at the alley 

behind 6758 South Campbell, Chicago, Illinois, after a body was found at that location. The crime 

scene has already been secured by 8th District officers. The body was that of a male, partially 

clothed, but with no identification. He subsequently learned that the body was that of the victim in 

this case. Chicago Police Officer Steven Strzepek, a forensic investigator, processed the scene 

while the victim’s body was still there. He took photographs of the scene and saw that the victim 

was only wearing underwear, socks and a sweatshirt. The victim had duct tape between the back 

of his jaw line and his neck. The victim also had a dog collar around his neck. There were injuries 

to the victim’s face, hands and legs. He found blood on the victim’s body and clothing, but no 

blood in the immediate area. There was no physical evidence in that alley to suggest that the victim 

had been injured in that alley.

¶ 26 During the investigation conducted by the Chicago Police Department, Detective William 

Brogan showed Burnham Police Officer Thomas Dillner a photograph of Rebecca Noojin, a white 

female in her early 20’s. Officer Dillner stated that she was not one of the two women inside the 

car that he stopped. He identified a photograph of Christina Noojin as one of the two occupants of 

the car that he stopped. 

¶ 27 Detective Brogan was one of the officers who, pursuant to a search warrant, conducted a search 

of codefendant Reeves’ apartment in Whiting, Indiana on March 16, 2006. During the search, the 
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officers recovered photocopies of the victim’s driver’s license, social security card, and birth 

certificate. 

¶ 28 That same day, Chicago Police Officer Fred Hideman, a forensic investigator, processed the 

victim’s Lincoln after it had been towed and secured at the police auto pound. He used a light 

scope, an ultraviolet light, as well as super glue fuming process on the interior and exterior of this 

vehicle to locate fingerprints. From this process, he located two fingerprints, one on the rearview 

mirror, and another on a hand mirror found on the floorboard. He did not see any blood inside this 

vehicle. Tiffany Kimble, a forensic scientist, and expert in the field of latent fingerprints, found 

that only one of the fingerprints was suitable for comparison, and did not match the fingerprints of 

the defendant or codefendant Reeves. In making her comparisons, she had fingerprints standards 

from the victim, defendant, and codefendant Reeves, but she did not have them for Christina 

Noojin or Mitchell Alicea.

¶ 29 The police also secured a search warrant for the victim’s apartment at 17701 South Park, Unit 

203, Lansing, Illinois. Chicago Police Officer Marvin Otten, a forensic investigator, took 

photographs of the apartment and searched for evidence. He recovered ten cigarette butts from an 

ashtray on the living room coffee table. He also recovered ten latent fingerprints from various 

objects in the apartment. He noticed that there was no television on the television stand in the 

living room. There were no signs of forced entry into the apartment. Tiffany Kimble tested the ten 

latent fingerprints taken from the victim’s apartment and found the victim’s fingerprints on some 

of these items, but nobody else’s fingerprints.

¶ 30 On March 18, 2006, at 2:52 a.m., defendant was arrested by the Chicago police in the basement 

of his home. That same day, Detective Brogan learned that codefendant Reeves’ SUV had been 

found and was secured at the police auto pound. He went to the auto pound and saw that the interior 
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of this vehicle had been partially burned. He also saw “red splattering” in the rear seat of the SUV, 

which he thought might be blood. Chicago Police Officer Raymond Jaster, a forensic investigator, 

processed this vehicle. He described it as a 2001 Chevrolet Blazer. He took photographs of the 

vehicle and recovered one fingerprint impression from the hood and another one from the tailgate. 

He found a red substance on the rear seat and took swabs of it for further testing to determine if it 

was blood. The forensic testing performed by Kelly Ashton-Hand, an expert in the field of forensic 

biology, revealed that the swabs from the rear seat did not test positive for blood. The forensic 

testimony also showed that none of the fingerprints were suitable for comparison.

¶ 31 On March 19, 2006, a search warrant was executed for defendant’s home and garage at 6939 

South Martin Luther King Drive. When Detective Brogan entered the garage, he saw what he 

thought were spots of blood in numerous places throughout the garage. He secured the scene and 

called for the mobile crime lab to process it. A search of the basement area showed a letter 

addressed to defendant at that address. He did not find a “big screen” television in defendant’s 

home. 

¶ 32 Chicago Police Officer William Sullivan, a forensic investigator with the department, was 

assigned to process the garage and basement areas of defendant’s residence. Officer Sullivan noted 

red stains on the interior surface of the overhead door, a lawn mower, a gas tank on a motorcycle, 

a wooden door jam, as well as a large, red stain on the concrete floor of the garage. He estimated 

that the stain on the garage floor was approximately two feet in diameter. Based upon his 

experience, he believed that the red stains were blood, and that the blood stains appeared to be 

dried. He thought that it was possible that the red stain on the garage floor showed signs of 

someone attempting to clean it up. He took samples from four locations. Officer Sullivan also 
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collected a couple pieces of broken wood that were lying on the floor and portion of a wooden 

door jamb with molding attached to it. 

¶ 33 Kelly Ashton-Hand, an expert in the field of forensic biology, tested the swabs from the four 

different areas of the garage at defendant’s residence. All the swabs tested positive for the presence 

of blood. She also tested the swab taken from the rear seat of codefendant Reeves’ SUV, and it 

tested negative for the presence of blood. She received ten cigarette butts recovered from the 

victim’s apartment and took snippets from each of these items to preserve it for DNA testing.

¶ 34 Brian School, an expert in the field of DNA analysis, compared the four swabs of blood found 

inside the defendant’s garage, as well as the ten cigarette butts from the victim’s apartment. He 

identified a male DNA profile that matched the DNA profile of the victim for these items and did 

not match the DNA profile of defendant or codefendant Reeves. He determined that the blood 

samples from the garage were consistent with having originated from the victim. 

¶ 35 The autopsy of the victim’s body, conducted by Doctor Lawrence Cogan, showed 223 separate 

wounds. There were multiple bruises and abrasions. The victim’s right ear was nearly cut through 

from top to bottom. There were injuries around his neck, suggesting that some type of ligature was 

used to strangle him. There were fractures in the neck area also suggestive of strangulation. These 

injuries suggested to Doctor Cogan that a choke hold was used. The victim’s jaw was also 

fractured, and there were linear marks and abrasions on the neck and a laceration on the chin. 

These injuries did not usually occur through strangulation, indicating that there was separate blunt 

trauma to the chin area. Doctor Cogan testified further that there were patterns to the contusions 

found the victim’s body. Some indicated a man-made object had been used on him and would be 

consistent with the door hinge attached to a piece of wood. Another pattern formed a loop, which 

was consistent with a dog leash. There was also a strong smell of gasoline when Doctor Cogan 
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first opened the bag containing the victim’s body. The condition of his skin indicated the use of a 

solvent on the body, most likely after death. The victim also had internal injuries, including 

hemorrhaging in the brain, fractured ribs and neck bones, and a fractured hand. His organs were 

pale because of blood loss. The toxicology report indicated the victim had recently used cocaine.

Dr. Cogan determined that the cause of death was the multiple injuries related to the assault along 

with strangulation, and the manner of death was homicide.

¶ 36 Defendant testified in his own behalf, and the defense called the victim’s younger brother, 

William Hunz, and defendant’s grandmother, Mae McCray, as witnesses. William Hunz testified 

that the victim lived across the street from Christina Noojin and Mitchell Alicea, and the victim 

sold his home in Whiting, Indiana in late 2005. He was aware that his brother had a drug problem 

but denied that his brother moved away from Whiting because of his drug problem. He was also 

aware that his brother’s car had previously been taken, and afterwards he discovered that Christine 

Noojin had taken it. 

¶ 37 Mae McCray testified that she lived at 6959 South Martin Luther King Drive, Chicago. Her

residence had a detached garage, located in the back of the property and along an alley. In 2006, 

between February and March, defendant lived in the basement of her residence. 

¶ 38 On February 25, 2006, she was awakened by the sounds of someone beating on the back door. 

Defendant answered the door. Looking out to the front of the house, she saw defendant arguing 

with a white female, known to her as Jennifer. She saw Jennifer strike defendant, and she was 

yelling about the keys to her “truck.” Then, she saw Jennifer hand keys to defendant. She also saw 

Jennifer’s “truck” and a dark car parked behind the it. Jennifer pulled away in her vehicle with the 

other car following her.
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¶ 39 Ms. McCray never saw defendant bring a white male to her residence or to the garage. She 

never saw defendant clean the garage. She never saw the police remove a large television set or 

frozen food from her residence when they arrested defendant.

¶ 40 Defendant testified to his previous criminal history, including a juvenile adjudication for 

possession of a controlled substance and an adult arrest for possession of a controlled substance 

and, while released on bond, for aggravated battery to a government employee. 

¶ 41 Defendant acknowledged that he knew codefendant Reeves and that they had previously taken

drugs together. She went to his residence because he knew people who sold drugs. Codefendant 

Reeves and someone named “Chrissy” had been in his basement.

¶ 42 Around midnight on March 14, 2006, he was returning home from the store when he heard a 

horn sound and saw codefendant Reeves in a maroon Lincoln. She asked him to follow her so she 

could return this vehicle to a friend. Codefendant Reeves told him that “Chrissy” had driven her 

truck, parked it behind defendant’s house, and codefendant Reeves handed car keys to her truck. 

Defendant asked her where they were going, and codefendant Reeves said they were going to 

Chicago Heights or something like that. Defendant was suspicious but did not want anything to 

happen to codefendant Reeves.

¶ 43 Defendant further testified that, after following codefendant Reeves for a long time, he pulled 

up next to her at a stoplight and asked her where they were going. Defendant yelled at codefendant 

Reeves when she told him that the Lincoln needed gas, but she had no money. Codefendant Reeves 

sped up and was pulled over by the police. Both cars pulled into a gas station, and defendant spoke 

to her before going inside the station to pay for gas. 

¶ 44 At that point, defendant drove back to Chicago in codefendant Reeves’ truck. He parked this 

vehicle at 73rd Street and Eberhardt Avenue and walked home. He never returned the truck to 
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codefendant Reeves, never spoke to her again, and kept the keys to the truck. He thought that she 

must have picked up her truck at some point.

¶ 45 Defendant denied killing, beating, or torturing anyone for money in his garage. He denied 

meeting the victim and knowing anything about money from a house sale. He denied that he 

searched for money in a condominium with codefendant Reeves. 

¶ 46 On cross-examination, defendant testified that he met codefendant Reeves around Christmas 

in 2005. He purchased drugs for her on two or three occasions. He recalled that, in the middle of 

February 2006, he had an argument with her about her truck, during which he told her that he did 

not want to see her again.

¶ 47 Defendant testified that he was surprised by codefendant Reeves’ request for assistance in 

returning the Lincoln. He went along with her request because he did not want anything to happen 

to her. When the police stopped her, defendant left because he knew she did not have a driver's 

license, and she was probably going to jail. Later that morning, he checked and saw that her truck 

was no longer where he had parked it. In the following five or six days, he did not contact her or 

go into his garage.

¶ 48 As the jury began its deliberations, the trial court stated, “All right. Let me know if there is any 

objection about any exhibits going back. No police reports, protocol is not going back, also 

doctor’s chart is not going back. The pictures and physical exhibits are available. Let me know if 

you have any objections...” There was no further discussion regarding the exhibits.

¶ 49 During jury deliberations, the trial court, after noting that both parties were present, stated that 

the jury had requested the transcript of Christina’s testimony, and that “[i]t was tendered by 

agreement of the parties...” 

¶ 50 After the verdict was announced, the following colloquy occurred:
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COURT: Back on the record. There were a few things that did come up. One thing was the 

Government asked that the piece of wood that had been received in evidence but not given 

to the jury during deliberations last night be given to the jury. This was done over the 

objection of the defense.

The Court believed that they were entitled to see so the defense made a timely 

objection. 

As a matter of fact, the Government asked for it last night.

Anything else you want to say about that timely objection being made?

[DEFENSE COUNSEL McBETH]: Although we did make ourselves available, we were 

not building. [sic] The only person who was aware that was happening was able to be in 

court was Mr. Florey, and he was not, an objection was made on the record with the court 

reporter.

We do think that it makes no difference. They asked for all the evidence as opposed to 

it coming in without request. For the jury this morning and suggesting because obviously 

was from Your Honor, perhaps there’s something important they could be looking at since 

they couldn’t reach a decision last night.

We had made that objection. If Marijane had been afforded the chance to come over 

here and we had an objection.

COURT: Mr. Florey did have that I’m not sure where you were. I’m not holding it upon 

the fact it was received in evidence and it was relevant. Either side had asked to go back, 

it would have gone back.

Understanding what you said now, Mr. Florey did make timely objection at the time.
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¶ 51 The trial court further noted that the jury had sent out a note requesting a transcript, that the 

transcript for unavailable at that time, but subsequently “we did give them that transcript and both 

sides agreed to that.” In response, defense counsel stated, “I think what both sides agreed to your 

Honor’s response on paper which was transcript was not available and then it became available

later.” During further discussion, defense counsel again stated the defense had objected to the 

transcript going back to the jury.

¶ 52 Direct Appeal 

¶ 53 On direct appeal, defendant challenged his conviction on the following grounds: (1) the trial 

court improperly admitted codefendant Reeves’ statements under the co-conspirator exception to 

the hearsay rule thereby violating his Sixth Amendment confrontation rights; and (2) he was not 

proven guilty of first degree murder and aggravated kidnapping beyond a reasonable doubt. We 

affirmed defendant’s convictions. People v. McCray No. 1-07-2640 (2010) (unpublished order 

under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23).

¶ 54 Postconviction Petition and Remand

¶ 55 On May 12, 2011, defendant filed a pro se petition for postconviction relief pursuant to the 

Illinois Postconviction Hearing Act. 725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2008). In the petition, 

defendant asserted: (1) the trial court abused its discretion by denying his request for separate 

verdict forms; (2) the trial court denied him a fair trial by allowing the State to admit 

uncorroborated evidence without a sufficient chain of custody; (3) the State committed a Batson

violation during jury selection; (4) the State committed a Brady violation by failing to disclose a 

deal with Christina Noojin, thereby supporting perjury; (5) the trial court erred by allowing a 

wooden door frame wrapped in a bag marked “hazardous material” back to the jury during 

deliberations; (6) he was denied effective trial counsel when counsel failed to object to chain of 
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custody, failed to object at trial and file a post-trial motion regarding separate verdict forms, and 

failed to investigate DNA evidence to establish that Christina Noojin lied; (7) he was denied 

effective appellate counsel for failing to raise the aforementioned claims, failed to provide legal 

support for the admission of surveillance video and the door frame, and failed to confront 

witnesses; (8) the “cumulative and synergistic effect” of appellate counsel’s errors denied the 

defendant his right to due process; and (9) there was newly discovered evidence of his actual 

innocence.

¶ 56 The circuit court summarily dismissed the petition. Defendant appealed the summary 

dismissal. In reviewing the summary dismissal, we reversed the summary dismissal of the 

postconviction petition on the ground that there was sufficient evidence to show that the trial court 

erred in denying defense counsel’s request for separate verdict forms. Specifically, we found:

The trial court erred when it denied defendant McCray’s request for separate verdict 

forms, and the error provided a meritorious issue for appeal. Even if forfeited, since the 

error fell under the second prong of the plain error, it would have been reviewed on appeal. 

Had appellate counsel raised plain error on direct appeal, there was a reasonable probability 

that the appellate court would have vacated defendant McCray’s conviction for aggravated 

kidnapping and his 25-year sentence for that offense.

We conclude that defendant McCray’s postconviction petition had an arguable basis in 

both fact and law and was not subject to summary dismissal. The petition must be advanced 

to the second stage of postconviction proceedings. We do not address defendant McCray’s 

ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim with respect to the door jamb exhibit. See 

People v. Sparks, 393 Ill.App.3d 878, 887 (2009) (partial summary dismissals are not 
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permitted at the first stage of postconviction proceedings). People v. McCray, 2013 IL App 

(1st) 112376-U, ¶¶ 27-28.” 

¶ 57 Upon remand, defendant was appointed counsel to represent him in his postconviction 

proceedings. On February 14, 2011, defendant filed a pro se motion for substitution of judge asking 

that Judge Linn be removed from the pending postconviction case. He asserted that Judge Linn: 

“has already shown his inability to correct his own mistakes”; “has already pre-judged” the claims 

as shown by his summary dismissal; commenting at trial involving the relevancy of “that piece of 

wood”; used his personal knowledge of defense counsels in dismissing the ineffective assistance 

of counsel claim; was the subject to the defendant’s complaint to the Judicial Inquiry Board; and 

could be called as a “material witness” in “future hearings. 

¶ 58 The motion was transferred to the Honorable Dennis Porter. The record does not contain the 

transcript from the hearing, before Judge Porter, on the defendant’s motion for substitution. 

However, we can surmise that Judge Porter denied this motion when defendant subsequently filed 

a motion to reconsider. In that motion, he alleged that Judge Linn had an “ex parte communication” 

with the prosecution during the jury trial regarding physical evidence that was sent back to the 

jury. According to defendant’s motion, “one of the attorneys was made aware of what occurred in 

his and his counterparts absence and entered an objection with the court reporter”; this attorney 

“was not authorized as a third chair to handle any evidence going back to the jury”; Judge Linn 

was “intricately involved in this case and will be called upon to rule on its merits at the second 

stage,” and could “well be a witness” if a third-stage hearing was granted; the issue of the door 

jamb going back to the jury “without the input or objection and arguments of lead counsel is a 

substantive issue,” and that Judge Linn’s statements in summarily dismissing the petition at the 
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first stage showed the court “failed to liberally construe the record in [the defendant’s] favor, and 

instead made impermissible factual determinations about the evidence.”

¶ 59 At the hearing on the defendant’s pro se motion to reconsider, he was represented by his 

postconviction counsel. When Judge Porter commented that “This looks to me, like, it is nothing 

more than a rehash of his original claim, again,” postconviction counsel stated that the defendant 

attached the affidavit of “the lead attorney” at trial regarding Judge Linn’s failure to notify the first 

chair and second chair defense counsel about an exhibit going back to the jury during deliberations. 

Postconviction counsel stated that “we think that’s a problem in Judge Linn having to rule on this 

issue that directly concerns him and the conduct.” Judge Porter denied the motion to reconsider 

stating, “I think my original ruling is correct,” and transferred the case back to Judge Linn.

¶ 60 Then, on August 27, 2015, postconviction counsel filed a motion for recusal on the basis that

Judge Linn was “intricately involved” in the ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim for 

failure to raise the issue of the propriety of the wooden door jamb going back to the jury during 

deliberations, would be “called upon to rule on its merit at the second stage,” and if the 

postconviction petition proceeded to the third-stage, he would be a potential witness. In support, 

postconviction counsel cited to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 62, that a judge should avoid the 

appearance of impropriety, and Illinois Supreme Court Rule 63, precluding a judge from 

participating in ex parte communications. An affidavit from one of defendant’s trial counsels, 

Assistant Public Defender Marijane Placek (APD Placek), was attached to the motion. APD Placek 

averred that, “[w]hen an issue came up about sending a wooden door jamb wrapped in a plastic 

bag marked ‘Hazardous Material’ to the jury, only our third chair, APD Daniel Florey was present 

in the courtroom.” She further averred that, her “strong recollection” was that she and the other 

defense counsel were not present in the courthouse at this time, APD Florey was “not authorized 
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to handle” these types of questions, and she “was not able to make the forceful objection I would 

have wanted to make...” 

¶ 61 In hearing this motion, Judge Linn expressed concern that this issue had already been addressed 

and resolved by Judge Porter when defendant filed his pro se motion for substitution. 

Postconviction counsel stated that the previous motion was filed pro se, defendant incorrectly 

thought that he had the automatic right to have Judge Linn removed from the case, and this motion 

listed “some, you know, different case law and different reasons” for recusal. When postconviction 

counsel noted that APD Placek stated in her affidavit that “the correct objection” should have 

made, Judge Linn stated, “There were no objections that might have been made that would have 

caused me to not send that item back to the jury” and “It was going back. It would not make any 

difference to me whether [the first chair] or [second chair] had objected vociferously that they 

thought it would be more prejudicial than probative. I found that the item would have been 

extremely probative.” In response to Judge Linn’s question as to whether he could rule on this 

motion himself or had to send it another judge for ruling, postconviction counsel said that Judge 

Linn could rule on it. Judge Linn denied the motion, finding that “...I don’t believe that no matter 

what [the second chair] or [the first chair] might have said by way of objection that it would have 

prevented that item from going back to the jury.”

¶ 62 As the case proceeded, on April 10, 2017, defendant filed a motion to proceed pro se, citing 

“irreconcilable differences pertaining to several issues[,]” which the trial court granted.

Subsequently, defendant sought leave to file a “petition of mandamus” in which he, again, alleged 

that Judge Linn violated Illinois Supreme Court Rule 63 by engaging in an ex parte

communication. During a subsequent hearing date, defendant also informed Judge Linn that he 

was verbally requesting a motion for substitution on the grounds that he was not present when 
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Judge Porter ruled on his original motion for substitution, and he wanted the opportunity to address 

Judge Porter about his claim.

¶ 63 On February 13, 2018, defendant was present for the hearing on his motion for substitution 

before Judge Porter. The matter was continued until April 26, 2018, at which time, defendant 

argued that Judge Linn admitted that there was an ex parte communication. Judge Porter stated, “I 

don’t read it that way...” and “You are reading things into it that I don’t think are there...” Judge 

Porter denied defendant’s motion for substitution. 

¶ 64 In the postconviction proceedings after the case was remanded, defendant filed two additional 

supplemental postconviction petitions. In the supplemental petitions, in support of his claim of 

actual innocence, he attached the affidavits of Kiearre Reese (Reese). The first affidavit is dated 

July 18, 2013, and the second affidavit is dated May 7, 2015. In both affidavits, Reese averred that 

on the morning of March 14, 2006, she was on the back porch of the second floor of 6933 South 

King Drive when she heard some car doors slam. She saw, in a vacant lot across the alley from her 

location, codefendant Reeves, Christina Noojin and Shannon Randolph.3 They were standing 

between codefendant Reeves’ truck and a red car. Shannon Randolph entered the front seat of the 

truck while codefendant Reeves and Christina walked towards defendant’s garage. Christina 

returned helping a “drunk white guy wearing only a yellow hoodie and a pair of dirty white brief 

style underwear.” Codefendant Reeves and Christina put the man in the back seat of the truck, and 

Christina retrieved a butcher knife from the passenger side of the red car. She further averred that 

Christina got back into the truck, got on top of the man “like they were having sex” and stabbed 

the “white guy” for “a few minutes.” Codefendant Reeves traded places with Christina, “got on 

3 During argument on his claim of actual innocence, defendant stated that Shannon Randolph is a 

male also known as Odell White. Odell White was listed as a potential witness on the State’s 

answer to discovery. There is no other mention of this person in the record.
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top of the white guy and started to stab him” for “a few minutes” while Christina and Shannon 

watched. Then, codefendant Reeves retrieved a “reddish color rope” from the rear storage area of 

her truck, handed it to Christina, who chocked the man for “couple of minutes.” Codefendant 

Reeves took the rope back and also chocked him. The two of them also repeatedly hit the man with 

a piece of concrete they found on the vacant lot. They threw the piece of concrete back onto the 

ground. 

¶ 65 Codefendant Reeves grabbed an empty plastic bag off the ground, put the knife and bloody rag 

inside of it, and walked towards defendant’s garage. Codefendant Reeves quickly returned from 

the garage and threw the plastic bag into the garbage can behind 6935 South King Drive. 

Codefendant Reeves drove away in her truck followed by Christina drove away in the red car. 

Reese attested that she never came forward out of fear of Randolph, who was in a gang. She also 

attested that defendant was “completely innocent of this crime.” In the second affidavit, Reese 

further averred that she was never contacted by any of defendant’s family members or defense 

team. She never told anyone what she saw because she was scared, but she was no longer scared 

because “I know the police can protect me where I’m at now.”

¶ 66 The trial court granted the State’s motion to dismiss after concluding that none of defendant’s 

claims had merit. The trial court, however, vacated defendant’s consecutive sentence of 25 years’ 

imprisonment for aggravated kidnapping based upon the error in failing to provide separate verdict 

forms. Consequently, trial court corrected the mittimus to reflect that defendant’s sentence for 

aggravated kidnapping run concurrent to his sentence for first degree murder.

¶ 67 ANALYSIS

¶ 68 On appeal, defendant attacks the trial court’s decisions regarding his motion for recusal and 

his motions for substitution, filed during the pendency of the second-stage proceedings of his 
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postconviction petition. Defendant also attacks on several different grounds, the trial court’s 

decision to grant the State’s motion to dismiss his postconviction petition at the second stage.

¶ 69 I. Motion for Recusal and Motion for Substitution

¶ 70 During the second stage of postconviction proceedings, defendant, while being represented by 

postconviction counsel at that time, filed a pro se motion for substitution. Defendant argued that 

Judge Linn and the State had engaged in an ex parte conversation during jury deliberations as to 

whether the jury should receive an admitted exhibit, a wooden door jamb, and the trial transcript

of Christina Noojin’s testimony. Subsequently, postconviction counsel subsequently filed a motion 

for recusal arguing that Judge Linn should have recused himself where the discussion regarding 

an exhibit was sent back to the jury without his two lead defense counsels being present. On appeal, 

defendant challenges the denial of both motions. 

¶ 71 We recognize, as our supreme court has noted, “recusal and substitution for cause are not the 

same thing.” In re Marriage of O’Brien, 2011 IL 109039, ¶ 45. Thus, our supreme court has 

provided helpful guidance regarding the law pertaining to the differences between requests for a 

court to recuse itself under the Code of Judicial Conduct versus a motion compelling the 

substitution of judge for cause under either the civil or criminal statutes. Id. Whether a judge should 

recuse or himself or herself is a decision that rests exclusively within the determination of the 

individual judge, whereas petitions for substitution for cause under the statute can be brought by a 

party and are decided by another judge. Id. at ¶¶ 45-46. 

¶ 72 We first consider the denial of defendant’s motion for substitution. Pursuant to section 114-5 

of the Criminal Procedure Code (725 ILCS 5/114-5 (West 2014)), a defendant may file a motion 

for substitution of judge. This section allows for a second judge to hear the petition, allaying due 

process concerns, and “ensures that any substitution coming after a substantive ruling has been 
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made is the result of a proven bias or high probability of the high risk for actual bias and is not a 

mere ploy for tactical advantage.” In re Marriage of O’Brien, 2011 IL 109039, ¶ 46. In other 

words, the forced removal of a judge in such circumstances requires that actual prejudice, “that is, 

either prejudicial trial conduct or personal bias,” be established. Id. at ¶ 30. The O’Brien court 

held, “[I]n construing the term ‘cause’ for purposes of a substitution once a substantial ruling has 

been made in a case, Illinois courts have consistently required actual prejudice to be established, 

not just under the current statute, but under every former version of the statute.” Id. at ¶ 30. It is 

not enough for a defendant to allege there is a potential appearance of impropriety, as it does not 

equate to actual prejudice. People v. Klein, 2015 IL App (3d) 130052, ¶ 89. Prejudice has been 

defined as “animosity, hostility, ill will, or distrust towards [the] defendant.” Id. (quoting People 

v. Patterson, 192 Ill.2d 93, 131 (2000)). Bias sufficient to remove a judge for cause must be “a 

deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that would make fair judgment impossible.” (internal 

quotation marks omitted.) O’Brien, 2011 IL 109039, ¶ 46 (quoting Eychaner v. Gross, 202 Ill.2d 

228, 280 (2002)). 

¶ 73 We also recognize that defendant’s request was made during the pendency of his 

postconviction petition. As we previously recognized, “There is no absolute right to a substitution 

of judge in postconviction proceedings. Rather, there is a preference for the judge who presided 

over a defendant’s trial to also preside over the postconviction proceedings.” People v. Zirko, 2021 

IL App (1st) 162956, ¶ 28 (citing People v. Hall, 157 Ill.2d 324, 331 (1993)). During 

postconviction proceedings, the defendant must show that allowing the same judge to preside over 

the case would result in “substantial prejudice.” Id. (citing People v. Townsend, 2020 IL App (1st) 

171024, ¶ 49). 
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¶ 74 “‘The trial court’s decision on a petition for substitution for cause will not be disturbed unless 

it is against the manifest weight of the evidence.’” In re Marriage of Potenza and Wereko, 2020 

IL App (1st) 192454, ¶ 45 (citing In re Marriage of Peradotti, 2018 IL App (2d) 180247, ¶ 16). 

Findings are against the manifest weight of the evidence if they are clearly erroneous, or the record 

supports an opposite conclusion. People v. Haywood, 2016 IL App (1st) 133201, ¶ 29 (citing 

People v. Mercado, 244 Ill.App.3d 1040, 1047 (1st Dist. 1993)). 

¶ 75 In the present case, we cannot say that Judge Porter’s denial of defendant’s motion to substitute 

for cause was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Our review of the record does not lead 

us to the opposite conclusion from the trial court. The crux of defendant’s claim is that Judge Linn 

engaged in an ex parte communication with the State as to whether an exhibit should be sent back 

to the jury during deliberations. The record, however, contains no evidence of ex parte

communications or improper contacts by the trial judge. In fact, Judge Linn explained that one of 

defendant’s three attorneys was present for this discussion and stated his objection. In defendant’s 

motion for a new trial, he argued trial court error “in sending the six-foot-long board back to the 

jury during deliberations, over the defense objection.” On appeal, defendant concedes that one of 

the three attorneys who represented him at trial was present for the discussion with the State and 

Judge Linn regarding the propriety of sending the wooden board, admitted into evidence, for the 

jury to view during their jury deliberations. See People v. Kliner, 185 Ill.2d 81, 169-170 (1998) 

(the trial court did not err in not recusing itself where the record did not contain evidence of any 

ex parte communications concerning the merits of the case). 

¶ 76 We reach the same conclusion as to defendant’s claim that the trial court and the State engaged 

in an ex parte communication as to whether the jury should receive a copy of Christina Noojin’s 

trial transcript. The record clearly refutes this claim where defense counsel admitted, during a 
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subsequent discussion, that one of the three defense counsels was present and had objected at the 

time that this issue was raised. Because the evidence refutes defendant’s claim that there was an 

ex parte communication, defendant did not demonstrate actual prejudice.

¶ 77 We also find that defendant’s reliance upon People v. Wilson, 37 Ill.2d 617 (1967) and People 

v. Washington, 38 Ill.2d 446 (1967) are unpersuasive. Wilson involved an allegation regarding the 

effect of certain pretrial in camera conversations between the defendant’s attorney and the trial 

judge on the sentence the defendant ultimately received. In that case, the court found that the trial 

judge would necessarily be a material witness and have knowledge de hors the record of the truth 

or falsity of the allegations. 

¶ 78 Likewise, in Washington, the defendant alleged that he pled guilty in reliance upon his defense 

counsel’s representation that defense counsel had discussed his case with the trial judge and the 

prosecutor, off the record, and they had agreed that, if the defendant pled guilty, he would be 

sentenced to 14 years’ imprisonment. Washington, 38 Ill.2d at 451. Citing to Wilson, the court 

held, “And since in this case ‘either the trial judge would be a material witness ***or would have 

knowledge De hors [sic] the record of the truth or falsity’ of the allegations of the petition, the 

proceeding should be transferred to another judge for hearing.” Id. at 451.

¶ 79 Here, the issue is not the truth or falsity of the allegations, but whether an ex parte

communication occurred. From the record, no such ex parte communication occurred as one of 

defendant’s three attorneys who represented him at trial was present for the discussion. 

¶ 80 We now consider defendant’s motion for recusal. A defendant may file a motion for recusal 

pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 63(C)(1) (eff. July 1, 2013). “‘Unlike a motion for 

substitution of judge, a motion for recusal does not trigger a duty on the part of the trial judge to 

transfer the motion to another judge for determination.’” People v. Hinthorn, 2019 IL App (4th) 
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160818, ¶ 61; (quoting Kamelgard v. American College of Surgeons, 385 Ill.App.3d 675, 681 

(2008)). 

¶ 81 Illinois Supreme Court Rule 63(C)(1) directs a judge to voluntarily recuse himself where his 

impartiality may reasonably be questioned, including when he “has a personal bias or prejudice 

concerning a party ***or personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts concerning the 

proceeding” has “served as a lawyer in the matter in controversy,” is known “to have more than a 

de minimus interest that could be substantially affected by the proceeding, “or is likely to be a 

material witness in the proceeding.” Ill.S.Ct.R. 63(C)(1)(a), (b), (e)(iii), (e)(iv) (eff. July 1, 2013). 

Additionally, judges may voluntarily recuse themselves where their “impartiality might reasonably 

be questioned” [citation] including ‘situations involving the appearance of impropriety.’” Obrien, 

2011 IL 109039, ¶ 39. In the context of a motion for recusal, we must determine whether the 

decision was an abuse of the judge’s discretion. Barth v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 228 

Ill.2d 163, 175 (2008); People v. Kliner, 185 Ill.2d 81, 169 (1998). 

¶ 82 Although Rule 63(C) provides an extensive list of circumstances requiring judicial selfdisqualification, none of those reasons exist here. Again, the basis for defendant’s claim on judicial 

error is that an ex parte communication occurred between Judge Linn and the State, creating a 

situation in which defendant was prevented from having a fair trial. The record does not support 

defendant’s claim, and, in fact, directly refutes that such a situation occurred. Thus, the trial court 

exercised appropriate discretion in denying defendant’s motion for recusal.

¶ 83 II. Postconviction Proceedings

¶ 84 The remaining claims relate to the second-stage dismissal of defendant’s postconviction 

petition. Defendant’s assertions concern several claims of ineffective assistance of trial and 

appellate counsels as well as a claim of actual innocence. The Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) 
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(725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2008)) provides a method by which persons under criminal 

sentence in this state can assert that their convictions were the result of a substantial denial of their 

rights under the United States Constitution or the Illinois Constitution or both. People v. Hodges, 

234 Ill.2d 1, 9 (2009); People v. Peeples, 205 Ill.2d 480, 509 (2002). Here, the trial court reviewed 

defendant’s postconviction petition at the second stage of postconviction proceedings. At this 

stage, counsel may be appointed to an indigent defendant (725 ILCS 5/122-4 (West 2008)), and 

the State, as respondent, enters the litigation (725 ILCS 5/122-5 (West 2008)). The circuit court 

must determine whether the petition and any accompanying documentation make “a substantial 

showing of a constitutional violation.” People v. Edwards, 197 Ill.2d 239, 246 (2001) (citing 

People v. Coleman, 183 Ill.2d 366, 381 (1998)). At this stage, all well-pleaded facts that are not 

positively rebutted by the trial record are to be taken as true. People v. Pendleton, 223 Ill. 458, 473 

(2006). The court reviews the petition’s factual sufficiency as well as its legal sufficiency 

considering the trial court record and appliable law. People v. Ryburn, 2019 IL App (4th) 170779, 

¶ 22 (citing People v. Alberts, 383 Ill.App.3d 374, 377 (4th Dist. 2008)). If no such showing of a 

constitutional violation is made, the petition is dismissed. Edwards, 197 Ill.2d at 246. If, however, 

a substantial showing of a constitutional violation is set forth, the petition is advanced to the third 

stage, where the circuit court conducts an evidentiary hearing. Id; 725 ILCS 5/122-6 (West 2008). 

We review de novo the circuit court’s dismissal of a postconviction petition at the second stage. 

Pendleton, 223 Ill.2d at 473.

¶ 85 A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

¶ 86 Defendant asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to preserve several issues for 

appellate review, and his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to properly raise several 

claims on direct appeal. Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are resolved under the standard 
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set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). The Strickland test also applies to 

claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. People v. Rogers, 197 Ill.2d 216, 223 (2001). 

Under Strickland, a defendant must demonstrate that counsel’s performance was deficient and that 

such deficient performance substantially prejudiced the defendant. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. To 

demonstrate performance deficiency, a defendant must establish that counsel’s performance fell 

below an objective standard of reasonableness. People v. Edwards, 195 Ill.2d 142, 163 (2001). To 

show sufficient prejudice, “[t]he defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, 

but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A 

reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” 

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. If a case can be disposed of on the ground of lack of sufficient 

prejudice, the court need not consider the quality of the attorney’s performance. Id. at 697.

¶ 87 A defendant who claims that appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise an issue on 

appeal must allege facts demonstrating that such failure was objectively unreasonable and 

prejudiced the defendant. Rogers, 197 Ill.2d at 223. Appellate counsel is not obligated to brief 

every conceivable issue on appeal, and it is not incompetence for counsel to refrain from raising 

issues that, in his or her judgment, are without merit, unless counsel’s appraisal of the merits is 

patently wrong. People v. Simms, 192 Ill.2d 348, 362 (2000). Thus, the inquiry as to prejudice 

requires the court to examine the merits of the underlying issue, for a defendant does not suffer 

prejudice from appellate counsel’s failure to raise a nonmeritorious claim on appeal. Id. Appellate 

counsel’s choices concerning which issues to pursue are entitled to substantial deference. Rogers, 

197 Ill.2d at 223.

¶ 88 1. Failure to Cite Legal Authority on Direct Appeal
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¶ 89 Defendant first asserts that appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to cite any legal 

authority for the claim, raised on direct appeal, that the wooden door jamb should not have gone 

back to the jury during its deliberations. In particular, defendant asserts that he was prejudiced 

when the wooden door jamb, found in defendant’s garage, was packaged to suggest that it 

contained blood, but where the prosecution failed to prove that the red stains were blood. For 

clarification, defendant raised this same issue in his motion for a new trial, stating that “[t]he board 

was enclosed in a plastic bag with warnings that it contained toxic or biological evidence.” He 

points to this court’s decision, on direct appeal, that the failure to cite to any legal authority resulted 

in forfeiture of this claim. People v. McCray, No. 1-07-2640 (2010) (unpublished order under 

Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23)

¶ 90 Defendant, however, has not provided this court with any relevant legal authority or citation 

to the trial court record to persuade this court that his claim had merit. See People v. Edwards, 

2012 IL App (1st) 091651, ¶ 28 (“Given that appellate counsel at bar has the same record that was 

available to counsel on direct appeal, if meritorious issues were forfeited, it would seem an easy 

matter to provide us with that which appellate counsel in his first appeal failed to provide.”) 

¶ 91 In support, defendant relies on United States v. Adams, 385 F.2d 548 (2d Cir. 1967) and United 

States v. Ware, 247 F.2d 698 (2d Cir. 1957). However, both cases are distinguishable. Those cases 

involved prosecutions for the unlawful sale and possession of narcotics. The jury was allowed to 

consider, in their deliberations, the government agent’s notations on envelopes used to deliver the 

illegal substance to an examining chemist. Both courts found that submission of these statements 

was prejudicial because the notations provided a complete summary of the government's entire 

case against the defendant, and the trial judge allowed the jury to consider the exhibits in their

deliberations. Adams, 385 F.2d at 550; Ware, 247 F.2d at 700. Here, the exhibit was admitted into 
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evidence and did not contain any attachments or notations that could be persuasive. Therefore, he 

does not provide any legal authority in support of his claim.

¶ 92 The trial record also does not support defendant’s claim. Defendant suggests that his appellate 

counsel was ineffective for forfeiting this claim where, sending the wooden door jamb back to the 

jury, misled the jury because it “suggested that it bore [the victim’s] blood” which was a fact not 

established by the evidence. We recognize that it is within the discretion of the trial court whether 

to allow evidence to be taken into the jury room. People v. Shum, 117 Ill.2d 317 (1987). Here, we 

cannot find that the trial court abused its discretion. The jury was aware that, while the victim’s 

blood was identified from four different samples taken from different areas of defendant’s garage, 

Officer Sullivan did not take a sample from the wooden door jamb that also contained a red stain. 

The medical examiner, Doctor Cogan, testified that the injuries to the victim’s groin area was 

consistent with the use of a man-made object such as “some type of board or some type of squaredoff wooden two-by-four or something of that sort[.]” Doctor Cogan also testified that the injuries 

to the victim’s right inner thigh were consistent with being caused by an object such as the wooden 

door jamb. The State also never argued that the victim’s blood was found on the wooden door 

jamb. Moreover, contrary to defendant’s claim otherwise, the State did not argue that the evidence 

established that this exhibit was used to kill the victim, but only that Dr. Cogan testified that it was 

consistent with some of the victim’s injuries. As Judge Linn noted, the wooden door jamb was 

sitting in the courtroom for the jury to see and was used in closing arguments. Consequently, there 

is no basis for defendant’s underlying claim that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing 

this exhibit to be sent back to the jury during its deliberations. Thus, we find that he cannot 

establish his claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel.

¶ 93 2. Separate Verdict Forms
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¶ 94 Next, defendant contends that appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise a claim that 

he was deprived of his “right to a jury verdict” involving separate verdict forms. However, this 

issue has already been resolved by the trial court. Upon remand, Judge Linn reviewed this claim 

and vacated defendant’s aggravated kidnapping conviction and 25-year consecutive sentence. We 

need not address defendant’s claim further.

¶ 95 3. Motion to Suppress Arrest

¶ 96 Defendant contends that he received ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsels for 

failing to file a motion to suppress, and to challenge on direct appeal, the constitutionality of his 

arrest when he was arrested pursuant to an investigative alert rather than a warrant from a neutral 

magistrate. We find that defendant did not make a substantial showing of ineffective assistance of 

trial counsel where, even if he was illegally arrested pursuant to an investigative alert, because the 

other evidence of guilty was overwhelming, the admission of evidence derived from defendant’s 

arrest constituted harmless error. Moreover, because there is no merit to defendant’s underlying 

claim, he cannot establish his claims that he received ineffective assistance at the appellate level. 

¶ 97 On March 14, 2006, at approximately 7:00 a.m., the police were notified after the victim’s 

body was found in the alley behind 6758 South Campbell, Chicago, Illinois. During the police 

investigation, Detective Brogan viewed the surveillance video from the gas station with Christina 

and Mitchell, and they identified defendant as the person walking into the station. Detective 

Brogan testified that, after viewing the video, “we asked the State’s Attorney for an arrest warrant.” 

Defendant’s objection to this testimony was sustained, and the trial court instructed the jury to 

disregard this testimony. On March 18, 2006, at 2:52 a.m., defendant was placed under arrest after 

he was found in the basement of his home by Officer Czubak, who testified that he was part of a 

team who would “go on warrant missions, investigative alert mission.” Defendant’s arrest report 
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shows that the arresting officers “had knowledge above subject was wanted on an investigative 

alert #2999936581 probable cause to arrest.” After defendant’s arrest, he was placed in a physical 

lineup in which he was identified by Christina.

¶ 98 In resolving this issue, we turn to our recent decision in People v. Smith, 2022 IL App (1st) 

190691, ¶ 99, and likewise find that defendant’s warrantless arrest, based solely on an investigative 

alert, violated article I, section 6, of the Illinois Constitution. The state constitution contemplates 

that an arrest warrant shall issue after an “affidavit” is submitted to a neutral magistrate for a 

determination of probable cause. Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 6 (“No warrant shall issue without 

probable cause, supported by affidavit particularly describing the place to be searched and the 

persons or things to be seized.”) An investigative alert circumvents the role of a magistrate, as it 

allows for an arrest based on a probable cause determination made by the Chicago police, rather 

than a neutral judge. See People v. McGurn, 341 Ill. 632 (1930) (an arrest cannot be solely based 

on a “standing order” from a superior officer, as “under the constitution of this state no 

municipality has authority to clothe any officer with the autocratic power to order the summary 

arrest and incarceration of any citizen without warrant or process of law”).

¶ 99 However, as in Smith, we also find that because the other evidence of guilt was overwhelming, 

the admission of evidence derived from defendant’s arrest was harmless error. Smith, 2022 IL App 

(1st) 190691, ¶ 100. “That is, we cannot say the improperly admitted evidence affected the verdict, 

given the other evidence of guilt.” Id. Defendant asserts that he is entitled to a new trial without 

the evidence resulting from his illegal arrest, namely Christina’s identification of him in a physical 

lineup, and the evidence recovered during the search warrant executed for his garage. While we 

agree that the improperly admitted evidence derived from defendant’s arrest included Christina’s 

identification of him during a physical lineup, the record clearly contradicts that the evidence 
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secured by the search warrant for his garage derived from his arrest. The record includes the 

complaint for search warrant for his garage, and it does not reference defendant’s arrest or 

Christina’s identification of him during the lineup as a basis for the request for a search warrant.

¶ 100 However, even without the evidence derived from his arrest, there was overwhelming evidence 

of guilt. The trial evidence included the detailed eyewitness testimony of Christina, who was well 

acquainted with defendant and codefendant Reeves, which was corroborated by Mitchell’s 

testimony, the state of the victim’s apartment following the search for money, and the physical 

evidence found inside defendant’s garage, including the victim’s blood found splattered in various 

places and a large pool of the victim’s blood in a blood stain on the concrete floor. Therefore, 

under the record before us, the admission of evidence derived from defendant’s arrest, i.e

Christina’s identification of defendant in a physical lineup, was harmless error, given the other 

overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt. 

¶ 101 Consequently, defendant cannot establish that his trial counsel was ineffective. He cannot meet 

the prejudice requirement under Strickland, as he cannot show a reasonable likelihood that his 

arrest would have been quashed, even if his counsel had challenged the investigative alert. 

Moreover, because there is no merit to defendant’s underlying claim, he cannot establish that he 

received ineffective assistance at the appellate level.

¶ 102 4. Motive Evidence

¶ 103 Next, defendant contends that both his trial and appellate counsels were ineffective for failing 

to object to the introduction of motive evidence where there was no direct evidence presented that 

defendant previously knew the victim or knew that the victim had money. 

¶ 104 Motive is not an element of murder, but evidence tending to show that the defendant had a 

motive for killing the victim is relevant as such evidence renders it more probable that the 
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defendant was the individual who killed the victim. Thus, “‘[a]lthough the State has no obligation 

to prove motive, the State may introduce evidence which tends to show that an accused had a 

motive for killing the deceased.’” People v. Cook, 2018 IL App (1st) 142134, ¶ 53, quoting People 

v. James, 348 Ill.App.3d 498, 509 (1st Dist. 2004). “Evidence which tends to establish that the 

accused had a motive for killing the victim is relevant, ***if the evidence, at least to a slight degree, 

tends to establish the motive relied on, [and] is also competent.” People v. Rush, 294 Ill.App.3d 

334, 341 (5th Dist. 1998). “The relevance of motive evidence must be fairly inferable from the 

evidence; direct testimony to this effect is not necessary.” Cook, 2018 IL App (1st) 142134, ¶ 57, 

citing People v. Wallace, 114 Ill.App.3d 242, 249 (1st Dist. 1983).

¶ 105 We find the evidence involving the victim’s acquisition of a sum of money from the sale of his 

house was inferable from the evidence in this case, regardless of defendant’s direct knowledge of 

the source of the money. While defendant testified that he did not know about the victim’s 

acquisition of money from the sale of his home, the evidence overwhelmingly established that 

defendant’s motive for killing the victim was based upon his belief that the victim had money 

inside his apartment. Defendant committed this offense with the assistance of codefendant Reeves, 

who previously knew the victim. The evidence established that defendant and codefendant Reeves 

were working together to determine where the victim was keeping his money. Codefendant Reeves 

first revealed their motive when she jumped into the driver’s seat of the victim’s car and told 

Christina that “Don’t freak out, I’m going to [the victim’s] house, he’s got money there, I’m gonna 

get the money, he’s not gonna hurt him, nothing’s gonna happen to him.” Christina explained that 

the victim sold his home in Whiting, Indiana for approximately $65,000, that the victim would 

“sometimes talk about money...he was kind of a showoff.” 
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¶ 106 While defendant was not present inside the victim’s vehicle at that time, he called codefendant 

Reeves as she was inside the victim’s apartment looking for money and told her that the victim 

told him, “[T]here is $2000 under the mattress.” When Christina told him that they could not find 

any money, defendant told her that he had just cut off the victim’s ear. Later, defendant said that 

they were going back to the victim’s apartment because “...I didn’t do this for nothing, there’s 

something out there [sic] with money.” They searched the victim’s apartment again for money, 

did not find any money, and then decided to steal a television and some frozen food. 

¶ 107 We also find People v. Smith, 141 Ill.2d 40 (1990), to be distinguishable. There, the State’s 

motive theory was that the defendant murdered a prison guard on behalf of the King Cobras’ leader 

due to the guard’s intolerance of gang activity, but there was no evidence that the defendant was 

an active member of the King Cobras or that he was acting on behalf of the gang or its leader. 

Smith, 141 Ill.2d at 58-59. Additionally, the evidence did not suggest that the defendant knew the 

gang leader harbored animosity toward the guard. Id. at 59. “The only evidence even arguably 

tending to tie the alleged motive to defendant was the testimony that defendant had been seen, on 

certain occasions, in the presence of [the gang leader].” Id. The supreme court found the evidence 

was “simply too slim a thread upon which to tie the State’s theory of motive." Id. The problem 

with the alleged motive evidence in Smith was that there was no evidence the defendant was a 

gang member. Thus, the State improperly portrayed him as a gang member, carrying out the orders 

of a known gang member, potentially prejudicing the jury. 

¶ 108 Here, defendant’s motive for killing the victim was the belief that he had money in his 

apartment and this motive could directly be attributable to defendant. It is plausible that defendant 

knew about the victim’s financial situation based upon defendant’s relationship with codefendant 

Reeves, who had previously sold drugs to the victim. While, in Smith, it was not a fair inference 
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that the defendant was a gang member simply because he had been seen with an alleged gang 

leader on two occasions, here, it is a fair inference that defendant was motivated to kidnap and kill 

the victim based upon his belief that the victim had acquired money. Therefore, because the 

underlying issue is without merit, defendant cannot establish that either his trial or appellate 

counsels were ineffective for failing to raise this issue.

¶ 109 5. Accountability Jury Instruction

¶ 110 Defendant asserts that he was provided ineffective by his trial counsels and his appellate 

counsel where they failed to object to the inclusion of an accountability jury instruction or raise 

this issue on direct appeal. In particular, according to defendant, the indictment, charging him with 

first degree murder and which did not charge him under a theory of accountability, was 

“unconstitutionally broadened” by the inclusion of an accountability jury instruction. 

¶ 111 Initially, this court recognizes that a point raised but not argued or supported by citation to 

relevant authority fails to meet the requirements of Supreme Court Rule 341(e)(7), and, therefore, 

is deemed waived. Ill.Sup.Ct.R. 341(e)(7). Here, defendant failed to support his claim with citation 

to relevant authority. The case law cited by defendant was not even tangentially related to his 

claim. Accordingly, we find this issue waived for failure to cite to any relevant authority.

¶ 112 Waiver aside, defendant’s claim is without merit. Defendant was charged with eight counts of 

first degree murder in that he and codefendant Reeves committed the acts supporting a conviction

for first degree murder. The jury also received the standard pattern jury instruction defining 

accountability using Illinois Pattern Jury Instruction, Criminal, No. 5.03 (3d ed. 1992). It is wellestablished in Illinois that accountability is not a crime in and of itself, and individuals are not 

charged with the offense of accountability. People v. Stanciel, 153 Ill.2d 218, 233 (1992). Rather, 

“individuals may be charged with a criminal offense, but their guilt is established through behavior 
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which makes them accountable for the crimes of others.” People v. Testa, 261 Ill.App.3d 1025, 

1030 (2d Dist. 1994). “Accordingly, accountability is a method through which a criminal 

conviction may be reached.” Testa, 261 Ill.App.3d at 1030. “In essence, accountability provides 

an alternative basis of liability, not an additional basis for liability.” People v. Hicks, 181 Ill.2d 

541, 547 (1998). Consequently, because there is no basis for error in defendant’s underlying claim, 

his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel during his trial and on direct appeal must necessarily 

fail.

¶ 113 6. Batson Challenge

¶ 114 Defendant contends that his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to pursue a challenge 

made during jury selection pursuant to Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986). According to 

defendant, the trial court erred when it “considered facts totally irrelevant to the Batson inquiry[]” 

when it considered the race of the seated members of the jury as a factor.

¶ 115 In Batson, the United States Supreme Court held that, in a criminal case, the fourteenth 

amendment’s equal protection clause prohibits a prosecutor from using a peremptory challenge to 

exclude a prospective juror solely on the basis of his or her race. Batson, 476 U.S. at 89. Under 

Batson, the equal protection clause is violated when the facts show that the State excluded an 

African American venireperson on the assumption that he or she will be biased in favor of the 

defendant simply because of their shared race. Id. at 97.

¶ 116 The Batson Court established a three-step procedure for evaluating claims of discrimination in 

jury selection. First, “the defendant must make a prima facie showing that the prosecutor has 

exercised peremptory challenges on the basis of race.” People v. Williams, 209 Ill.2d 227, 244 

(2004). During the second step, once the trial court determines defendant has established a prima 

facie case, the burden shifts to the State to provide a race-neutral explanation for excluding the 
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potential jury members. Id. The defendant may then rebut the proffered reason as pretextual. Id. 

Finally, during the third step, the trial court must determine whether the defendant has met his 

burden of showing purposeful discrimination in light of the parties’ submissions. Id. 

¶ 117 To establish a prima facie showing discrimination, a defendant must present relevant factors 

or circumstances, which raise an inference that the prosecutor challenged the venirepersons on 

account of their race. See People v. Williams, 173 Ill.2d 48, 71 (1996); People v. Davis, 231 Ill.2d 

349, 360 (2008). Some of the factors generally deemed relevant in establishing a prima facie case 

of discrimination include (1) the racial identity between the defendant and the excluded

venirepersons; (2) a pattern of strikes against African American venirepersons; (3) a 

disproportionate use of peremptory challenges against African American venirepersons; (4) the 

level of African American representation in the venire as compared to the jury; (5) the State’s 

questions and statements during voir dire and while exercising peremptory challenges; (6) whether 

the excluded African American venirepersons were a heterogenous group sharing race as their 

only common characteristic; and (7) the race of the defendant, victim, and witnesses. Williams, 

173 Ill.2d at 71. These examples, however, are “‘merely illustrative’” and are not all inclusive. 

People v. Davis, 345 Ill.App.3d 901, 907 (1st Dist. 2004) (quoting Batson, 476 U.S. at 97). Instead, 

the trial court “must consider ‘the totality of the relevant facts’ and ‘all relevant circumstances’ 

surrounding the peremptory strike.” Davis, 231 Ill.2d at 360 (quoting Batson, 476 U.S. at 94, 96-

97). Moreover, the trial court’s decision on a Batson claim will not be overturned unless it is clearly 

erroneous. Id. at 364.

¶ 118 Initially, we recognize that the trial court conducted a review of defendant’s Batson claim in 

which it afforded defendant an opportunity to provide a prima facie case of discrimination. After 

defense counsel presented facts in support of the claim, the trial court reviewed the relevant factors 
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and concluded that defendant had failed to a prima facie case of discrimination. In conclusion, the 

trial court stated, “I don’t believe we’ve established enough to force the government to explain the 

race neutral reasons, and I would wish the lawyers would be cautious about making such 

allegations...” 

¶ 119 In support of his claim that the trial court erred in considering the racial makeup of the seated 

jurors, defendant cites to United States v. Joe, 928 F.2d 99 (1991). However, defendant’s reliance 

is misplaced. Specifically, in Joe, the court recognized “[a]lthough the presence of members of a 

defendant’s race on a jury may weigh against a finding of discrimination, a defendant is not 

automatically foreclosed from establishing a prima facie case of discrimination under Batson even 

when members of the defendant’s racial group were seated.” Joe, 928 F.2d at 102, citing United 

States v. Grandison, 885 F.2d 143, 146 (4th Cir. 1989). Recently, our supreme court has also 

recognized, “the unchallenged presence of jurors of that race on the seated jury is a factor properly 

considered and tends to weaken the basis for a prima facie case of discrimination.” [internal 

citations omitted] People v Rivera, 221 Ill.2d 481, 513 (2006); see also People v. Austin, 2017 IL 

App (1st) 142737, ¶ 39 (same); In re A.S., 2016 IL App (1st) 161259, ¶ 29 (same). Consequently, 

because there is no basis for error in defendant’s underlying claim, his claim of ineffective 

assistance of counsel on direct appeal must necessarily fail.

¶ 120 B. Actual Innocence

¶ 121 For a claim of actual innocence, the supporting evidence must be newly discovered, material 

and not cumulative, and of such conclusive character that it would probably change the result on 

retrial. Jackson, 2021 IL 124818, ¶ 4, citing Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 47. “This is a 

comprehensive approach where the court must determine whether the new evidence places the 

evidence presented in the underlying proceedings in a different light and ‘undercuts the court’s 
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confidence in the factual correctness’ of the conviction. People v. Reed, 2020 IL 124940, ¶ 49, 

quoting People v. Coleman, 2013 IL 113307, ¶ 97. Because probability and not certainly is the 

key, the new evidence need not be entirely dispositive to be likely to alter the result on retrial. 

Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 47. Within the context of an actual innocence claim, “newly 

discovered evidence” means evidence that was discovered after trial and that petitioner could not 

have discovered earlier through the exercise of due diligence. Jackson, 2021 IL 124818, ¶ 42, 

citing Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 47. Evidence is material if it is relevant and probative of the 

petitioner’s innocence. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 47. Evidence is cumulative if it adds nothing 

to what was already before the jury. People v. Willingham, 2020 IL App (1st) 162250, ¶ 24, citing 

People v. Ortiz, 235 Ill.2d 319, 335 (2009).

¶ 122 Defendant argues that the affidavits of Kiearre Reese constitutes newly discovered evidence 

of actual innocence. Relying solely upon the fact that the affidavits were discovered “subsequent 

to his convictions and sentences[,]” defendant contends that he has satisfied the element of the 

affidavits being newly discovered. The State has presented no argument in its brief for why Reese’s 

affidavit should not qualify as newly discovered evidence – and similarly raises no arguments 

concerning materiality or cumulativeness – and we can think of none ourselves. See Ill.S.Ct.R. 

341(h)(7), (i) (eff. Jan. 1, 2016) (the appellee’s brief shall contain reasons supporting its 

contentions “with citation of the authorities and the page of the record relied on”). 

¶ 123 We recognize that, while Reese did not aver how she knew defendant at the time of the 

incident, Reese averred that she did not tell anyone what she saw that day because she was fearful 

that Shannon Randolph was a gang member, but she was no longer scared because “I know the 

police can protect me where I’m at now.” Defendant could not have discovered this evidence 
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sooner where defendant was clearly unaware of Reese as a witness where Reese did not tell anyone 

what she saw that day until she submitted the affidavits in this case. 

¶ 124 Reese’s affidavits are material and noncumulative where defendant has presented an 

eyewitness who would testify as to the involvement of other persons in the murder of the victim.

¶ 125 The remaining issue then is whether Reese’s affidavits were conclusive enough to necessitate 

second-stage proceedings. In Robinson, our supreme court clarified that the “conclusive character” 

of newly discovered evidence necessary to support a postconviction petition based on actual 

innocence does not mean that the new evidence must be entirely dispositive or completely 

exonerate the defendant. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 48. Ultimately, the question is whether the 

evidence supporting the post-conviction petition “places the trial evidence in a different light and 

undermines the court’s confidence in the judgment of guilt.” Id. at ¶ 48. “Probability, rather than 

certainty, is the key in considering whether the fact finder would reach a different result after 

considering the prior evidence along with the new evidence.” Id. 

¶ 126 We find that Reese’s affidavits do not place the evidence in a different light or undermine this 

court’s confidence in the guilty verdict. The new evidence, here, is contradicted by the forensic 

evidence as well as the trial testimony of Christina Noojin. Reese’s attestations that defendant was 

beaten and repeatedly stabbed in codefendant Reeve’s vehicle are contradicted by the forensic 

evidence showing that no blood was found in that vehicle. Certainly, the type of vicious attack 

described by Reese would have left an abundance of physical evidence, including the victim’s 

blood, inside that vehicle, but the forensic evidence introduced at trial is in direct contradiction to 

such a claim. Instead, the physical evidence supported Christina’s testimony that the victim was 

tortured inside defendant’s garage. The victim’s blood, as established by forensic testing, was 
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splattered throughout defendant’s garage, including a large pool of blood stain on the concrete 

floor. 

¶ 127 Doctor Cogan’s testimony also established that the victim was not stabbed to death or attacked 

with a piece of concrete. Doctor Cogan described in detail the types of injuries that the victim 

sustained throughout his body, and he never described any of these injuries as being stab wounds. 

While Reese never testified to seeing any injuries to the back of the victim’s head or to the victim’s 

lower jaw, Doctor Cogan found evidence that the back of the victim’s head contained an elongated 

laceration caused by a rounded surface, such as a bat, and the victim’s lower jaw was fractured. 

The victim’s underwear was also blood stained and there were contusions to his penis, testicles,

and general groin area. Doctor Cogan determined that these injuries were consistent with the use 

of a man-made object such as “some type of board or some type of squared-off” object. Moreover, 

Doctor Cogan determined that the victim was physically upright and walking while he was being 

tortured as indicated by the soles of both feet of the victim were blood stained. 

¶ 128 Moreover, Reese’s affidavits do not contradict Christina’s testimony that she heard defendant 

tell her that he had just cut off the victim’s ear. Doctor Cogan testified that there was a slit on the 

victim’s right ear, along with hemorrhaging, caused by a cut with a relatively sharp object. On the 

other hand, Reese’s affidavit did not attest to seeing anyone cause any injury to the victim’s ear.

¶ 129 We also reject defendant’s argument that the trial court improperly made credibility 

determinations in denying defendant’s postconviction petition. Judge Linn found that the evidence 

presented in the affidavits was “very questionable and would have flown in the face a mass [sic] 

of other evidence against [defendant], and I cannot imagine that anything that’s been described to 

me would change the outcome of these proceedings.” This comment was not a credibility 
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determination so much as it was a finding that the newly discovered evidence would not have 

affected the outcome of the proceedings. 

¶ 130 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the second-stage dismissal of defendant’s postconviction 

petition.

¶ 131 Affirmed.