I 

118TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION H. R. 6643 

To guarantee the right to vote for all citizens regardless of conviction of 

a criminal offense, and for other purposes. 

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

DECEMBER 6, 2023 

Ms. PRESSLEY (for herself, Ms. BUSH, Mr. CARTER of Louisiana, Ms. 

CLARKE of New York, Mr. FROST, Mr. GOLDMAN of New York, Mr. 

JOHNSON of Georgia, Ms. KAMLAGER-DOVE, Ms. LEE of California, Ms. 

LEE of Pennsylvania, Mr. MULLIN, Mr. NADLER, Ms. NORTON, Ms. PINGREE, Ms. SCHAKOWSKY, Ms. TLAIB, Mr. TONKO, and Ms. WILLIAMS of 

Georgia) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary, and in addition to the Committee on House Administration, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, 

in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned 

A BILL 

To guarantee the right to vote for all citizens regardless 

of conviction of a criminal offense, and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Inclusive Democracy 

5 Act of 2023’’. 

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1 SEC. 2. PROTECTING THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT TO VOTE. 

2 (a) PROTECTION OF RIGHT.—The right of citizens of 

3 the United States to vote in a election for Federal office 

4 shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or 

5 by any State on account of conviction of a criminal of6 fense. 

7 (b) APPLICATION.—Subsection (a) applies with re8 spect to convictions occurring before, on, or after the date 

9 of the enactment of this Act. 

10 SEC. 3. ACCESS TO THE BALLOT. 

11 (a) NOTIFICATION OF VOTING RIGHTS.— 

12 (1) STATE NOTIFICATION.—At the time an in13 dividual is convicted of a criminal offense under the 

14 law of a State, the State shall notify the individual 

15 in writing that the individual’s conviction of the of16 fense does not affect the individual’s right to vote in 

17 an election for Federal office and that the individual 

18 may register or remain registered to vote in an elec19 tion for Federal office if the individual is otherwise 

20 eligible to vote in the election, notwithstanding the 

21 individual’s conviction. 

22 (2) FEDERAL NOTIFICATION.—At the time an 

23 individual is convicted of a criminal offense under 

24 Federal law, the court in which the individual is con25 victed shall notify the individual in writing that the 

26 individual’s conviction of the offense does not affect 

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1 the individual’s right to vote in an election for Fed2 eral office and that the individual may register or re3 main registered to vote in an election for Federal of4 fice if the individual is otherwise eligible to vote in 

5 the election, notwithstanding the individual’s convic6 tion. 

7 (3) PERSONS ON PROBATION AND PAROLE.— 

8 Not later than 90 days after the date of the enact9 ment of this Act, the head of each Federal, State, 

10 and local probation or parole office shall provide 

11 each individual on probation or parole under the ju12 risdiction of that office with written notification 

13 about any changes made by this Act to voter eligi14 bility requirements in the applicable State. 

15 (4) PERSONS IN CARCERAL SETTINGS.—Not 

16 later than 90 days after the date of the enactment 

17 of this Act, the head of each Federal, State, and 

18 local carceral setting shall provide each individual in19 carcerated in their carceral setting with written noti20 fication that the individual’s criminal conviction does 

21 not affect the individual’s right to vote in an election 

22 for Federal office and that the individual may reg23 ister or remain registered to vote in an election for 

24 Federal office if the individual is otherwise eligible 

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1 to vote in the election, notwithstanding the individ2 ual’s conviction. 

3 (5) PUBLIC NOTICE.— 

4 (A) ROLE OF THE ELECTION ASSISTANCE

5 COMMISSION.—Not later than 180 days after 

6 the date of the enactment of this Act, the Elec7 tion Assistance Commission shall conduct a na8 tional public service announcement campaign, 

9 using newspapers, radio stations, social media 

10 platforms, and network television, to inform the 

11 public about the changes in voter eligibility pur12 suant to this Act. 

13 (B) ROLE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF JUS14 TICE.—Not later than 60 days after the date of 

15 the enactment of this Act, the Attorney General 

16 shall publish updated information on voting 

17 rights for individuals with criminal records and 

18 guidance on developing voting practices for such 

19 individuals. Such information shall be— 

20 (i) made publicly available on the De21 partment of Justice’s website; 

22 (ii) made publicly available on the 

23 Election Assistance Commission’s website; 

24 and 

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1 (iii) provided to the Federal Bureau 

2 of Prisons, the Office of U.S. Probation 

3 and Pretrial Services, and the chief State 

4 election official and the head of the depart5 ment of corrections in each State. 

6 (b) REGISTRATION.— 

7 (1) ACCESS TO REGISTRATION.—The head of 

8 each carceral setting shall offer an individual who is 

9 incarcerated at the carceral setting the opportunity 

10 to register to vote in an election for Federal office 

11 by providing the individual with the mail voter reg12 istration application form described in section 

13 9(a)(2) of the National Voter Registration Act of 

14 1993 (52 U.S.C. 20508(a)(2)) at the time of the in15 dividual’s incarceration at the carceral setting and 

16 upon the individual’s request. 

17 (2) TRANSMISSION OF VOTER REGISTRATION

18 APPLICATIONS BY CARCERAL SETTING.— 

19 (A) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 10 days 

20 after an individual who is incarcerated in a 

21 carceral setting provides an employee of the 

22 carceral setting with the individual’s completed 

23 voter registration application form, the head of 

24 the carceral setting shall mail or otherwise 

25 transmit the form to the chief State election ofVerDate Sep 11 2014 18:45 Dec 29, 2023 Jkt 049200 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H6643.IH H6643
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1 ficial of the State in which the individual has 

2 applied to register to vote. 

3 (B) EXPEDITED TRANSMISSION WITHIN 5

4 DAYS OF ELECTION.—If an individual provides 

5 an employee of the carceral setting with a com6 pleted voter registration application form 5 

7 days before the deadline for registering to vote 

8 in an election for Federal office for which the 

9 individual seeks to register, the head of the 

10 carceral setting shall— 

11 (i) transmit to the chief State election 

12 official of the State in which the individual 

13 seeks to register to vote the individual’s 

14 application form electronically on the day 

15 on which the head of the carceral setting 

16 receives the form from the individual; or 

17 (ii) shall ensure that the form is 

18 mailed to the chief State election official of 

19 the State in which the individual seeks to 

20 register to vote and is postmarked within 

21 2 days of receiving the form from the indi22 vidual. 

23 (3) ACCEPTANCE OF FORMS BY ELECTION OF24 FICIALS.— 

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1 (A) DEADLINE FOR ACCEPTANCE.—A 

2 State may not refuse to accept or process a 

3 voter registration application form submitted on 

4 behalf of an individual under this subsection 

5 with respect to an election for Federal office in 

6 the State on the grounds that the individual did 

7 not meet a deadline for returning the form to 

8 the appropriate State or local election official if 

9 the form is postmarked or otherwise indicated 

10 by the United States Postal Service to have 

11 been mailed within 2 days of the deadline for 

12 receipt of the form under State law. 

13 (B) REQUIRING ACCEPTANCE IN ELEC14 TRONIC FORM.—A State may not refuse to ac15 cept or process a voter registration application 

16 form submitted on behalf of an individual under 

17 this subsection with respect to an election for 

18 Federal office in the State on the grounds that 

19 the individual submitted the form electronically, 

20 including by fax or email, or that the individual 

21 submitted the form by mail. 

22 (4) ADDRESS FOR PURPOSES OF VOTER REG23 ISTRATION.— 

24 (A) CHOICE OF ADDRESS.—An incarcer25 ated individual may register to vote in an elecVerDate Sep 11 2014 18:45 Dec 29, 2023 Jkt 049200 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H6643.IH H6643
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1 tion for Federal office in accordance with this 

2 section by using either the individual’s last 

3 known address or the address of the carceral 

4 setting. 

5 (B) PROVIDING SAME ABILITY TO CHANGE

6 ADDRESS BETWEEN ELECTIONS AS REG7 ISTRANTS NOT INCARCERATED.—To the extent 

8 that a State permits an individual who is not 

9 incarcerated to use a different address to reg10 ister to vote in elections for the same Federal 

11 office, including primary, general, and runoff 

12 elections for that office, the State shall permit 

13 an incarcerated individual to use either the in14 dividual’s last known address or the address of 

15 the carceral setting to register to vote in elec16 tions for the same Federal office. 

17 (5) EXCEPTION.—Nothing in this section shall 

18 be construed as requiring an incarcerated individual 

19 to register to vote if the individual’s address under 

20 paragraph (4)(A) is located in a jurisdiction that 

21 does not require voter registration as a prerequisite 

22 to voting in an election for Federal office. 

23 (c) ABSENTEE VOTING.— 

24 (1) IN GENERAL.—An individual who is incar25 cerated in a carceral setting and who is registered 

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1 to vote in an election for Federal office shall have 

2 the right to vote in the election by mail by absentee 

3 ballot. 

4 (2) ABSENTEE BALLOT APPLICATIONS.— 

5 (A) PROVISION OF APPLICATIONS.—If an 

6 individual who is incarcerated in a carceral set7 ting is registered to vote in an election for Fed8 eral office, the head of the carceral setting shall 

9 provide the individual with an application to 

10 vote by absentee ballot in the election upon re11 quest. 

12 (B) TRANSMISSION OF APPLICATIONS.— 

13 Not later than 2 days after an incarcerated in14 dividual provides an employee of the carceral 

15 setting with a completed application to vote by 

16 absentee ballot, the head of the carceral setting 

17 shall mail or otherwise transmit the application 

18 to the chief State election official of the State 

19 in which the individual is registered to vote in 

20 the election. 

21 (C) ACCEPTANCE OF APPLICATIONS.— 

22 (i) DEADLINE.—A State may not 

23 refuse to accept or process an application 

24 to vote by absentee ballot submitted on be25 half of an individual under this subsection 

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1 with respect to an election for Federal of2 fice in the State on the grounds that the 

3 individual did not meet a deadline for re4 turning the application to the appropriate 

5 State or local election official if the form is 

6 postmarked or otherwise indicated by the 

7 United States Postal Service to have been 

8 mailed within 2 days of the deadline for 

9 the receipt of the application under State 

10 law. 

11 (ii) REQUIRING ACCEPTANCE IN ELEC12 TRONIC FORM.—A State may not refuse to 

13 accept or process an application to vote by 

14 absentee ballot submitted on behalf of an 

15 individual under this subsection with re16 spect to an election for Federal office in 

17 the State on the grounds that the indi18 vidual submitted the application electroni19 cally, including by fax or email, or that the 

20 individual submitted the application by 

21 mail. 

22 (D) REQUIREMENTS FOR STATES TRANS23 MITTING APPLICATIONS WITHOUT REQUEST

24 FROM REGISTRANT.—A State which transmits 

25 applications to vote by absentee ballot in an 

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1 election for Federal office to each individual 

2 who is registered to vote in the election, without 

3 regard to whether the individual requests the 

4 application, shall ensure that applications are 

5 transmitted to individuals who are incarcerated 

6 in a carceral setting and who are registered to 

7 vote in the election in the same manner as ap8 plications are transmitted to other individuals 

9 who are registered to vote in the election. 

10 (3) ABSENTEE BALLOTS.— 

11 (A) PROVISION OF ABSENTEE BALLOTS.— 

12 (i) ELECTION MAIL.—An absentee 

13 ballot that is mailed to an incarcerated in14 dividual under this subsection shall be 

15 treated and marked as election mail for 

16 purposes of title 39, United States Code. 

17 (ii) EXPEDITED PROCESSING.—The 

18 head of a carceral setting shall ensure that 

19 any election mail is made available to an 

20 incarcerated individual to whom it is ad21 dressed not later than 24 hours after such 

22 mail is received at the carceral setting. 

23 (B) PROVISIONAL BALLOTS.— 

24 (i) RIGHT TO CAST PROVISIONAL AB25 SENTEE BALLOT.—If an incarcerated indiVerDate Sep 11 2014 18:45 Dec 29, 2023 Jkt 049200 PO 00000 Frm 00011 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H6643.IH H6643
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1 vidual declares that such individual is a 

2 registered voter in the jurisdiction in which 

3 the individual desires to vote and that the 

4 individual is eligible to vote in an election 

5 for Federal office, but the name of the in6 dividual does not appear on the official list 

7 of eligible voters for the election or an elec8 tion official asserts that the individual is 

9 not eligible to vote, such individual shall be 

10 permitted to cast a provisional absentee 

11 ballot in the election, notwithstanding the 

12 failure of the individual to request an ab13 sentee ballot prior to the deadline for sub14 mitting a request for the ballot under the 

15 law of the State in which the individual 

16 seeks to vote. 

17 (ii) PROCESS.—Section 302(a) of the 

18 Help America Vote Act of 2002 (52 U.S.C. 

19 21082(a)) shall apply with respect to a 

20 provisional absentee ballot cast by an in21 carcerated individual under this subsection 

22 in the same manner as such section applies 

23 to a provisional ballot cast by a voter. 

24 (C) PRE-PAID POSTAGE.—Consistent with 

25 regulations of the United States Postal Service, 

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1 the State or the unit of local government re2 sponsible for the administration of the election 

3 for Federal office involved shall prepay the 

4 postage on any envelope provided to an incar5 cerated individual under this Act. 

6 (D) TRANSMISSION OF BALLOTS.—The 

7 head of a carceral setting shall mail or other8 wise transmit a ballot on behalf of an incarcer9 ated individual under this subsection to the ap10 propriate election official on the same day on 

11 which an incarcerated individual submits the 

12 ballot to an employee of the carceral setting, or, 

13 if the individual submits the ballot to an em14 ployee of the carceral setting after business 

15 hours, not later than 24 hours after the indi16 vidual submits the ballot to the employee. 

17 (E) ACCEPTANCE OF BALLOTS.—A State 

18 may not refuse to accept or process an absentee 

19 ballot submitted on behalf of an individual 

20 under this subsection with respect to an election 

21 for Federal office in the State— 

22 (i) on the grounds that the individual 

23 did not meet a deadline for returning the 

24 ballot to the appropriate State or local 

25 election official if the ballot is postmarked 

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1 or otherwise indicated by the United States 

2 Postal Service to have been mailed on or 

3 before the date of the election; or 

4 (ii) on the grounds that the individual 

5 did not include with the ballot a copy of a 

6 form of identification otherwise required 

7 under State law. 

8 (F) NOTICE AND OPPORTUNITY TO CURE

9 MISSING SIGNATURE OR OTHER DEFECT.—If an 

10 incarcerated individual submits a ballot under 

11 this subsection without a signature or submits 

12 a ballot with another defect (other than a defect 

13 consisting of the failure of a ballot to meet the 

14 applicable deadline for the acceptance of the 

15 ballot) which, if left uncured, would cause the 

16 ballot to not be counted, the appropriate State 

17 or local election official, prior to making a final 

18 determination as to the validity of the ballot, 

19 shall— 

20 (i) make a good faith effort to imme21 diately notify the individual by mail, tele22 phone, and (if available) text message and 

23 electronic mail that— 

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1 (I) the ballot did not include a 

2 signature or has some other defect, 

3 and 

4 (II) if the individual does not 

5 provide the missing signature or cure 

6 the other defect prior to the expira7 tion of the 10-day period which begins 

8 on the date the official notifies the in9 dividual that the ballot did not include 

10 a signature or has some other defect, 

11 such ballot will not be counted; and 

12 (ii) count the ballot if, prior to the ex13 piration of the 10-day period described in 

14 clause (i)(II), the individual provides the 

15 official with the missing signature on a 

16 form proscribed by the State or cures the 

17 other defect. 

18 (G) REQUIREMENTS FOR STATES TRANS19 MITTING APPLICATIONS WITHOUT REQUEST

20 FROM REGISTRANT.—A State which transmits 

21 absentee ballots in an election for Federal office 

22 to each individual who is registered to vote in 

23 the election, without regard to whether the indi24 vidual requests the absentee ballot, shall ensure 

25 that absentee ballots are transmitted to individVerDate Sep 11 2014 18:45 Dec 29, 2023 Jkt 049200 PO 00000 Frm 00015 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H6643.IH H6643
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1 uals who are incarcerated in a carceral setting 

2 and who are registered to vote in the election 

3 in the same manner as absentee ballots are 

4 transmitted to other individuals who are reg5 istered to vote in the election. 

6 (d) ACCESS TO SERVICES AND INFORMATION ON

7 ELECTIONS.— 

8 (1) ONLINE SERVICES.—If a carceral setting 

9 provides the individuals who are incarcerated in the 

10 carceral setting with access to computers, tablets, or 

11 other electronic devices with internet access, the 

12 carceral setting shall permit an incarcerated indi13 vidual who is eligible to vote in an election for Fed14 eral office with access to the internet and such de15 vices free of charge for the purpose of researching 

16 candidates in the election, political campaigns, and 

17 procedures for registration and voting. 

18 (2) DISTRIBUTION OF INFORMATION BY CAN19 DIDATES, CAMPAIGNS, AND NONPARTISAN

20 GROUPS.—A carceral setting shall permit candidates, 

21 political campaigns, and non-partisan groups that 

22 register individuals to vote and distribute voter edu23 cational materials and information on an election for 

24 Federal office and voting, candidates, and political 

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1 campaigns involved with the election to distribute 

2 such materials inside the carceral setting— 

3 (A) in the case of a candidate, political 

4 campaign, or nonpartisan group that distributes 

5 such materials and information on elections for 

6 Federal office held in the State in which the 

7 carceral setting is located, for not fewer than 

8 60 days before the date of any election for Fed9 eral office held in the State; or 

10 (B) in the case of a candidate, political 

11 campaign, or nonpartisan group that distributes 

12 such materials and information on elections for 

13 Federal office which are not held in that State, 

14 at least once a year. 

15 (3) POSTING OF INFORMATION IN CARCERAL

16 SETTING.—The head of a carceral setting shall en17 sure that information on registering to vote in elec18 tions for Federal office, requesting an absent ballot 

19 in such elections, and voting in elections for Federal 

20 office is posted prominently in an area of the 

21 carceral setting that is commonly accessible and visi22 ble to the incarcerated individuals. 

23 (e) ACCESS FOR THIRD PARTIES TO PROVIDE VOTER

24 REGISTRATION SERVICES.— 

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1 (1) ACCESS REQUIRED.—The head of a carceral 

2 setting shall permit a nonpartisan entity that pro3 vides non-partisan voter registration services to 

4 enter the carceral setting and provide such services 

5 to individuals who are incarcerated in the carceral 

6 setting. 

7 (2) PROHIBITING RESTRICTIONS ON ACCESS OF

8 CERTAIN INDIVIDUALS.—The head of a carceral set9 ting may not place restrictions on an individual’s 

10 ability to enter a carceral setting as a representative 

11 of a nonpartisan entity described in paragraph (1) 

12 on the grounds that the individual was formerly in13 carcerated or that the individual is on the visitors 

14 list of an individual who is currently incarcerated. 

15 (f) GUIDANCE ON PROSECUTION.—No incarcerated 

16 individual who is registered to vote in an election for Fed17 eral office and who is provided a ballot that includes an 

18 election for a non-Federal office, ballot initiative, or ref19 erendum for which the individual is not registered to vote 

20 may be prosecuted under any law on the grounds that the 

21 individual voted in that election for a non-Federal office, 

22 ballot initiative, or referendum. 

23 (g) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This section shall apply with 

24 respect to the regularly scheduled general elections for 

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1 Federal office in November 2024 and each succeeding 

2 election for Federal office. 

3 SEC. 4. ENFORCEMENT. 

4 (a) ATTORNEY GENERAL.—The Attorney General 

5 may, in a civil action, obtain such declaratory or injunctive 

6 relief as is necessary to remedy a violation of this Act. 

7 (b) PRIVATE RIGHT OF ACTION.— 

8 (1) IN GENERAL.—A person who is aggrieved 

9 by a violation of this Act may provide written notice 

10 of the violation to the chief State election official of 

11 the State involved, or, if the violation is alleged to 

12 be committed by an officer or employee of the Fed13 eral government, to the Attorney General. 

14 (2) RELIEF.—Except as provided in paragraph 

15 (3), if the violation is not corrected within 30 days 

16 after receipt of a notice under paragraph (1), or 

17 within 10 days after receipt of the notice if the viola18 tion occurred within 120 days before the date of an 

19 election for Federal office, the aggrieved person 

20 may, in a civil action, obtain declaratory or injunc21 tive relief with respect to the violation. 

22 (3) EXCEPTIONS.—Notwithstanding paragraphs 

23 (1) and (2), a civil action to obtain declaratory or 

24 injunctive relief with respect to a violation of this 

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1 Act may be immediately brought by an incarcerated 

2 individual— 

3 (A) who requested the opportunity to reg4 ister to vote in an election for Federal office 

5 and did not receive a voter registration applica6 tion, or who submitted a voter registration ap7 plication that was not properly transmitted or 

8 processed, within 30 days of the State’s voter 

9 registration deadline; and 

10 (B) who is registered to vote in an election 

11 for Federal office and who— 

12 (i) is denied access to an absentee bal13 lot application; 

14 (ii) has their request for an absentee 

15 ballot improperly denied; 

16 (iii) is not supplied with an absentee 

17 ballot after properly requesting one; 

18 (iv) does not have their voted ballot 

19 properly transmitted to the appropriate 

20 election official; or 

21 (v) is otherwise denied the right to re22 ceive or cast an absentee ballot. 

23 SEC. 5. DEFINITIONS. 

24 For purposes of this Act: 

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1 (1) CARCERAL SETTING.—The term ‘‘carceral 

2 setting’’ means any prison, penitentiary, jail, or 

3 other institution or facility that confines individuals 

4 charged with or convicted of criminal offenses, 

5 whether publicly or privately operated, except that 

6 such term does not include any residential commu7 nity treatment center (or similar public or private 

8 facility). 

9 (2) CHIEF STATE ELECTION OFFICIAL.—The 

10 term ‘‘chief State election official’’ means the indi11 vidual designated by a State under section 10 of the 

12 National Voter Registration Act of 1003 (52 U.S.C. 

13 20509) to be responsible for the coordination of 

14 State responsibilities under such Act. 

15 (3) ELECTION.—The term ‘‘election’’ means— 

16 (A) a general, special, primary, or runoff 

17 election; 

18 (B) a convention or caucus of a political 

19 party held to nominate a candidate; 

20 (C) a primary election held for the selec21 tion of delegates to a national nominating con22 vention of a political party; or 

23 (D) a primary election held for the expres24 sion of a preference for the nomination of per25 sons for election to the office of President. 

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1 (4) FEDERAL OFFICE.—The term ‘‘Federal of2 fice’’ means the office of President or Vice President 

3 of the United States, or of Senator or Representa4 tive in, or Delegate or Resident Commissioner to, 

5 the Congress. 

6 SEC. 6. RELATION TO OTHER LAWS. 

7 (a) STATE LAWS RELATING TO VOTING RIGHTS.— 

8 Nothing in this Act shall be construed to prohibit a State 

9 from enacting any law which affords the right to vote or 

10 the right to register to vote in any election for Federal, 

11 State, or local office on terms less restrictive than those 

12 established by this Act. 

13 (b) CERTAIN FEDERAL ACTS.—The rights and rem14 edies established by this Act are in addition to all other 

15 rights and remedies provided by law, and neither rights 

16 and remedies established by this Act shall supersede, re17 strict, or limit the application of the Voting Rights Act 

18 of 1965 (52 U.S.C. 10301 et seq.), the National Voter 

19 Registration Act of 1993 (52 U.S.C. 20501 et seq.), or 

20 the Help America Vote Act of 2002 (52 U.S.C. 20901 et 

21 seq.). 

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1 SEC. 7. INTERPRETATIONS FAVORABLE TO THE PERSON 

2 SEEKING TO REGISTER OR VOTE. 

3 If a provision of this Act is susceptible to differing 

4 interpretations, it shall be construed in favor of the person 

5 seeking to register or vote. 

6 SEC. 8. SEVERABILITY. 

7 If any provision of this Act or the application of any 

8 provision thereof to any person or circumstance is judi9 cially determined to be invalid, the remainder of this Act 

10 or the application of such provision to other persons or 

11 circumstances shall not be affected by such determination. 

Æ