1 

# INDUSTRY **LOW**

**- SULFUR**  **TEST PROGRAM**

• **AUTOMOBILE**

**- INDUSTRY**  **LEV/ULEV VEHICLE TEST PROGRAM**  **(The Alliance, AIAM and Honda)**

• **PERFORMED AT REQUEST OF CARB**  **IN CONJUNCTION WITH MTBE** 

**- BAN**  **AND NEW CBF3 REGULATIONS**

• **PERFORMED WITH COOPERATIVE**  **ASSISTANCE OF OIL INDUSTRY**2



# GOAL #1:

• **EVALUATE VERY**

**- LOW SULFUR**  **FUEL IN TECH**

**- 5**  **VEHICLES**

• **KEEP OTHER FUEL PARAMETERS CONSTANT** 

• **USE 1, 30 AND 100 ppm S FUEL SULFUR LEVELS** 

• **START WITH 1 ppm S FUEL, DOPE TO 30 AND 100 ppm S w MULTI** 

**- MIX** 3



# GOAL #2:

• **EVALUATE FUEL OXYGENATE EFFECT ON EMISSIONS** 

• **USE MTBE**

**- CONTAINING CBF2 FUEL**  **AND COMPARE TO ETHANOL FUEL AT 4% OXYGEN,** 

• **AND** 

# TO OXYGENATE

**- FREE**  **FUEL, ATTEMPTING**  **TO HOLD KEY FUEL PARAMETERS CONSTANT** 4

Emissions Class 1 TLEV 9 LEV 3 ULEV Vehicle Class 9 LDV 2 LDT2 2 MDV2 Body Class 9 PC 4 T SFTP Chip 3 Yes 10 No Engine-Out Data 5 Yes 8 No Catalyst Inefficiency 7 Yes 6 No Bags 1, 2, 3 of FTP 9 Yes 4 No Methane 11 Yes 2 No "1" 13 Yes Sulfur Fuels "30" 13 Yes "100" 13 Yes Emissions Class-Oxy 0 TLEV 8 LEV 2 ULEV Vehicle Class-Oxy 8 LDV 1 LDT2 1 MDV2 Body Class-Oxy 8 PC 2 T Ethanol Fuel "E" 10 Yes 3 No Clear Fuel "C" 10 Yes 3 No Reversibility Standard 12 Yes 1 No Extra 8 Yes 5 No US06 "U" 2 Yes 11 No Other 2 w Species 4 w/o FE 

### Status of Industry CBF3 Low Sulfur Data Set: Summary Information:5



## 0. **00 0.**  **02 0.**  **04 0.**  **06 0.**  **08 0.**  **10**

**0 50**  **100** 

# Fue **l Sul**  **fu r**  **Le ve**  **l, ppm**  **S E** **m i** **s s** **i o** **n s** **R a** **t e** **, g** **/ m** **i**



## Fl **eet (1**  **3) PC**  **F le**  **et**

**(9 )**  **Tr ucks**  **(4 )**  **Te ch**  **5 Mo**  **del** 

# NM **HC**6



## 0. **0 0.**  **5 1.**  **0 1.**  **5 2.**  **0 2.**  **5**

**0 50**  **100** 

# Fuel **S ul**  **fu r**  **Lev el**  **, ppmS E** **m i** **s s** **i o** **n s** **R a** **t e** **, g** **/ m** **i**



## Fl **eet (**  **13) PC**  **F le**  **et**

**(9 )**  **Tr ucks**  **(4 )**  

# CO7



## 0. **00 0.**  **04 0.**  **08 0.**  **12 0.**  **16 0.**  **20 0.**  **24**

**0 50**  **100** 

# Fue **l Su**  **lf ur** 

**Lev el**  **, ppmS E** **m i** **s s** **i o** **n s** **R a** **t e** **, g** **/ m** **i**



## Fl **eet**

**(1 3)**  **PC F**  **le et** 

**(9 )**  **Tech 5**  **Mo de**  **l Tr**  **ucks (4**  **)** 

# NO **x**8 

## NO **x- Wt**  **d**

**-4.0 -3.5**  **-3.0 -2.5**  **-2.0 -1.5**  **-1.0**

**0 1**  **2 3**  **4 5**  

### ln **(Fuel Sul**  **fu r)** **l n** **( E** **m i** **s s** **i o** **n s** **)**



### Li **ne ar**  **Te ch**  **5**

**13-V eh**  **ic le**  **F le**  **et G**  **eo me**  **tri c**  **Me an**  **sT LE** 

**V, LE V &**  **U LE**  **V PC &**  **T AAM**  **/A IA**  **M/H onda**  **Te ch**  **5 Sulf**  **ur fo**  **r CARB** 

**E mis**  **si ons**  **R ed**  **ucti on**  **30 ppm**  **S g/**  **mi Sp ec**  **ie s**  **3 0**  **to 1**  **Z er**  **o Lube**  **0. 09**  **N Ox**  **1 6%**  **5 5%** 

**0 .0**  **5 g/**  **mi 0.**  **90 C**  **O 1**  **2% 6**  **9%**

**0 .6**  **1 g/**  **mi 0.**  **06 H**  **C 1**  **1% 5**  **8%**

**0 .0**  **2 g/**  **mi Lube**  **S???**9 

# CONCLUSIONS

**- SULFUR** 

• **LINEAR ln(EMISSIONS) vs. SULFUR ppm**

• **FUEL SULFUR REDUCTIONS STILL NEEDED FOR HC, CO & NOx** 

• **REDUCTIONS LESS THAN AUTO/OIL LOG** 

**- LOG**  **PREDICTION AT 1 ppm S**

• **DIFFERENCE PRESUMABLY LUBRICANT** 

**- SULFUR**  **CONTRIBUTION**

• **DATA SUPPORTS MAKING CARB TECH**  **5**

**- MODEL UPDATES** 

**-- Effects observed are greater than ARB model**  **prediction**10 

# OXYGENATE CONCERNS

• **IMPOSSIBLE TO BLEND IDENTICAL FUELS AT 0, 2 & 4% OXYGEN LEVELS** 

• **OIL INDUSTRY MADE GALLANT EFFORT, MUCH BETTER THAN COULD**  **BE EXPECTED**

• **OXYGENATE EFFECT CAN RESULT IN**  **CONFOUNDING ENGINE** 

**- OUT**  **DIFFERENCES**

**- LIMITED DATA** 11



## Fuel A **naly**

**sis Data**

**Test Units**  **<N on-Ox**  **y> MT**  **BE <EtOH>**  **10%**  **F 145**  **141 136**  **50%**  **F 210**  **202 205**  **90%**  **F 297**  **294 291**  **Gr avity**   **API 61.4**  **61.9 60.2**  **Reid Vapor**

**P ressu**  **re ps**  **i 7.1**  **6.91 7.1**  **Car bon**  **wt. f ra**  **ction 0.851**  **0.834 0.824**  **Hydr ogen**  **wt. f ra**  **ction 0.141**  **0.139 0.142**  **Hydr ogen/Car**  **bon Ratio mole/mole**  **1.98 1.99**  **2.05 Sul**  **fur ppm**  **35 31**  **28 Ethanol**  **vol %**  **0.0 0.0**  **11.5 MT**  **BE vol**  **% 0.0**  **11.3 0.0**  **Com position, ar**  **om atics**  **vol %**  **24.6 22.0**  **21.6 Com**  **position, ol efins**  **vol %**  **4.6 3.4**  **4.1 Com**  **position, satur ates**  **vol %**  **70.9 63.3**  **62.8 (R**  **+M )/2**  **91.4 95.0**  **95.7 Net Heat of** 

**Com bustion**  **btu/l b**  **18347 18468**  **17776**12 

### Al **liance Sulfur/Oxy genate Data**  **Error Bars represent one standard deviation**

**0.00 0.05**  **0.10 0.15**  **0.20 0.25** 

**0 20**  **40 60**  **80 100**  **120 Sulfur Content (ppm)** **N O** **x g** **r a** **m s** **p e** **r m** **i l** **e**

**NO x Data Set**  **Clear Ethanol**  **MT BE** 13 

### Al **liance Sulfur/Oxy genate Data**  **Error Bars represent one standard deviation**

**0.0 0.5**  **1.0 1.5**  **2.0 2.5** 

**0 20**  **40 60**  **80 100**  **120 Sulfur (ppm)** **C O** **g r** **a m** **s p** **e r** **m i** **l e** 



### Sulfur Data Set Clear Ethanol MTB E14 

### Alliance Sulfur/Oxygenate Data **Error Bars represent one standard deviation**

**0.00 0.02**  **0.04 0.06**  **0.08 0.10**  **0.12**

**0 20**  **40 60**  **80 100**  **120 Sulfur (ppm)** **N M** **H C** **g r** **a m** **s p** **e r** **m i** **l e** 



### Sulfur Data Set Clear Ethanol MTBE corrected15



# Al **lia nce**  **NO x**  **by Ox**  **ygen Cont**  **ent Ca**  **lc ul**  **at ed**  **Er ror**  **Bar s**  **y = -**  **0.00221x + 0.13056**  **R 2**  **= 0.35** 



## 0. **00 0.**  **04 0.**  **08 0.**  **12 0.**  **16**

**0 1**  **2 3**  **4**



# Ox **ygen We**  **ig ht** 

**P er**  **cent N** **O x** **g r** **a m** **s /** **m i** **l e** 

co rre ct ed16



# Al **lia nce**  **NM HC**  **b y**  **Ox ygen**  **Cont ent**  **Cal cul**  **at ed**  **Er ro**  **r Bar**  **s y =**  **- 0.00201x +**  **0.05720 R**  **2 =**  **0.82**



## 0. **00 0.**  **01 0.**  **02 0.**  **03 0.**  **04 0.**  **05 0.**  **06 0.**  **07**

**0 1**  **2 3**  **4**



# Ox **ygen We**  **ig ht** 

**P ercent** **N M** **H C** **g r** **a m** **s /** **m i** **l e** 

co rre ct ed17



# Al **lia nce**  **CO by**  **Ox ygen**  **Cont ent**  **Cal cul**  **at ed**  **Er ro**  **r Bar**  **s y =**  **- 0.09131x +**  **1.22158 R**  **2 =**  **0.93**



## 0. **0 0.**  **2 0.**  **4 0.**  **6 0.**  **8 1.**  **0 1.**  **2 1.**  **4**

**0 1**  **2 3**  **4**



# Ox **ygen We**  **ig ht** 

**P er**  **cent C** **O g** **r a** **m s** **/ m** **i l** **e**

co rre ct ed18 

# CONCLUSIONS

**- OXYGENATE** 

• **SOME, BUT NOT ALL, OXYGENATE DIFFERENCES ARE STATISTICALLY**  **SIGNIFICANT**

• **NOT CLEAR THAT MODEL CHANGES WARRANTED BASED ON THIS DATA**