# Patent

## Title
System for producing electromagnetic radiation

## Abstract

Disclosed is a system for producing electromagnetic radiation with enhancement from a drift tube containing a cylindrical Smith-Purcell structure. The system includes a magnetically insulated linear oscillator. The oscillator includes a cylindrical resonant cavity having a traveling wave electron gun and a cooperating anode. The drift tube is formed of a hollow cylindrical conductive element that is positioned within a resonant cavity of the oscillator. The drift tube includes an inner surface and a pair of ends. The drift tube may be adapted such that the interaction between an electron beam, from the electron gun, passes through the inner space of the drift tube, and the internal grating, so as to produce RF radiation by the Smith-Purcell Effect. Spacing, face angle and shape of the grating, and the energy of the electron beam are determinants of the frequency of the RF radiation.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/754,928, filed May 29, 2007, for Method and System for Controlled Fusion Reactions, claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/809,453 entitled “Method & Apparatus for Controlled Fusion Reactions” filed May 30, 2006. The foregoing applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a system for producing electromagnetic radiation incorporating a drift tube modified to enable output of higher frequencies from a high power RF source incorporating the drift tube.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Prior art Magnetically Insulated Linear Oscillators (MILOs) are high power RF sources, which have typical outputs between 300 MHz and 3.5 GHz. For various applications, it would be desirable to provide a high power RF source that can achieve even higher frequencies.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a system for producing electromagnetic radiation incorporating a drift tube which includes a hollow cylindrical conductive element having a grating surface formed on its inner surface, with the ends of the cylindrical conductive element being radiused to minimize electrical stress buildup.
The interaction between a relativistic electron beam from an electron source passing through the inner space of the hollow element and the internal grating produces RF radiation by the Smith-Purcell Effect. The spacing, face angle and shape of the grating, and the energy of the electron beam, are determinants of the frequency of the RF radiation.
The foregoing drift tube, having a grating on the inner surface of a cylindrical drift tube, can be used advantageously to increase the frequency output of such devices as a Magnetically Insulated Linear Oscillator (MILO) beyond the aforementioned range of 300 MHz to 3.5 GHz mentioned for a MILO.



DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a sectional view along the length of a combined SXE-MILO driver.
FIG. 2 is a partly sectional view along the length of the MILO RF head of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3A is a sectional view along the length of a Drift Tube used in the MILO RF head of FIG. 1, and FIG. 3B is an enlarged view of the circled region in FIG. 3A entitled “FIG. 3B”.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
A list of drawing reference numbers, their associated parts and preferred materials for the parts can be found near the end of this description of the preferred embodiments.
RF Energy Drivers
FIG. 1 shows a cross-section of a Stimulated X-ray Emitter (SXE) combined with a Magnetically Insulated Linear Oscillator (MILO) at the output (right-shown) end of the SXE. The Stimulated X-ray Emitters were first described by the inventor of this current invention in U.S. Pat. No. 4,723,263. The MILO is another well known, high power RF source, similar to the Vircator. The significant difference is that it can produce much higher frequencies than the Vircator. Structurally, the major difference is the incorporation of a drift tube 122 of FIG. 3A and use of a Traveling Wave Electron Gun (TWEG) instead of the planar cathode 90 and grid 92 of the Vircatron. There is a resonant cavity 98 and its dimensions in conjunction with the dimensions of the drift tube 122 (FIG. 3A) determine the output range. Conventional MILO devices have outputs between 300 MHz and 3.5 GHz. The inventor of the present invention has experimentally verified that by placing a grating surface on the inner face of the drift tube 122 (FIG. 3A), as shown in FIG. 3B, it is possible to generate RF at much higher frequencies than those available from a smooth bore drift tube 122. The source of this RF is due to the Smith-Purcell effect which describes the interaction of a relativistic electron beam with a grating surface 123. Outputs in the THz range are possible. The grating surface can be formed by many methods. The spacing, face angle and grating geometry all are determinants in the frequency achieved (FIG. 3B). It has been determined that the preferred embodiment of the drift tube grating is an internal thread as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. By altering the thread parameters, the output frequency is changed. The ends of the Drift Tube 125 are radiused to minimize formation of undesirable electric field perturbations inside the Resonant Cavity 98.
The balance of the SXE-MILO driver is the same as the SXE-Vircator. In fact, the RF heads—Vircator and MILO—can be interchanged. As in the case of the SXE-Vircator, the TWEG of the MILO has a hollow center through which the x-rays pass. The electron output from the TWEG is compressed by the drift tube 122 and oscillates in the resonant cavity 98.
DRAWING REFERENCE NUMBERS
The following list of drawing reference numbers has three columns. The first column includes drawing reference numbers; the second column specifies the parts associated with the reference numbers; and the third column mentions a preferred material (if applicable) for the parts.











REFERENCE NUMBER LIST
PREFERRED MATERIAL

















64
Anode
Refractory Metal; Hi-Z


66
Grid
Refractory Metal


68
Cathode
Graphite (Preferred




Embodiment)


70
Coaxial Capacitor
Dielectric/Metal Layers


72
Cathode Feedthrough
Ceramic & Metal


74
Grid Feedthrough
Ceramic & Metal


78
Radiation Shield
Lead


94
Anode Mesh
Refractory Metal


96
Output Window
RF Transparent Low-Z




Ceramic


98
Resonant Circular Cavity
Stainless Steel or Copper


100
Mounting Flange
Stainless Steel


102
Cathode Feedthrough
Ceramic & Metal


106
Grid Feedthrough
Ceramic & Metal


110
Getter Pump
n/a


112
Getter Pump Feedthrough
Ceramic & Metal


114
MILO Cathode
Graphite


116
MILO Cathode Support
Refractory Metal


118
MILO Grid
Refractory Metal


120
MILO Grid support
refractory Metal


122
Drift Tube
Refractory Metal


123
Grating Surface
Refractory Metal


124
Drift Tube Support
Ceramic


125
Radiused end of Drift Tube
Refractory Material


126
Internal Anode Insulator
Ceramic


142
Grid Output Terminal
Refractory Metal









The foregoing describes a drift tube where the inclusion of a grating surface on the inner surface of the tube generates higher frequencies of RF radiation.
While the invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments by way of illustration, many modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true scope and spirit of the invention.

## Claims

1. System for producing electromagnetic radiation with enhancement from a drift tube containing a cylindrical Smith-Purcell structure, comprising:
a) a magnetically insulated linear oscillator having a cylindrical resonant cavity containing a traveling wave electron gun and cooperating anode, and further containing a drift tube positioned between the traveling wave electron gun and the cooperating anode;
b) the drift tube being formed of a hollow cylindrical conductive element that is positioned within said resonant cavity and that is electrically isolated from the traveling wave electron gun, wherein a cylindrical axis of the drift tube is coaxial with a main axis of the resonant cylindrical cavity in a region between said electron gun and said anode;
c) the drift tube having an inner surface and a pair of ends; the hollow cylindrical conductive element being enhanced by containing a cylindrical Smith-Purcell grating surface formed on the inner surface of the drift tube; said grating surface comprising a reflection grating surface having a series of ridges spaced apart by respective grooves; said reflection grating surface extending for at least a majority of the length of the drift tube;
d) the drift tube being adapted so that an electron beam, from the electron gun, passes through the inner space of the drift tube and interacts with the internal Smith-Purcell grating surface, so as to produce RF radiation by Smith-Purcell Effect; and
e) the drift tube being further adapted so that spacing, face angle and shape of the Smith-Purcell grating surface, and an energy of the electron beam are determinants of the frequency of the RF radiation.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the Smith-Purcell grating surface comprises an internal thread extending for at least a majority of length of the drift tube.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein each ridge of the reflection grating surface has a cross-section, taken along a plane passing through said cylindrical axis of the drift tube, comprising a triangle having one side parallel to said cylindrical axis.