This opinion will be unpublished and

may not be cited except as provided by

Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN COURT OF APPEALS

A13-1700

In re the Marriage of: 

Kathryn Suzanne Neufeld Hare, 

n/k/a Kathryn Suzanne Neufeld, petitioner, 

Respondent, 

vs. 

Robert Russell Hare, 

Appellant. 

Filed August 4, 2014

Affirmed

Hudson, Judge

Stearns County District Court

File No. 73-FA-11-3209

Virginia A. Marso, Marso & Kremer Law Office, Waite Park, Minnesota (for respondent)

Robert R. Hare, Upsala, Minnesota (pro se appellant)

Considered and decided by Smith, Presiding Judge; Halbrooks, Judge; and 

Hudson, Judge. 

U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N

HUDSON, Judge

In this marital dissolution dispute, pro-se appellant husband argues that the district 

court abused its discretion by denying his claim for maintenance from respondent wife, 

erred by ordering him to pay a debt owed to a third party, and abused its discretion by 
2

granting respondent legal custody of the parties’ second-youngest child and granting 

conduct-based attorney fees. We affirm. 

FACTS

The district court issued a judgment dissolving the 23-year marriage of appellant 

Robert Hare and respondent Kathryn Neufeld in 2012. At the time of trial, appellant was 

working intermittent part-time jobs; respondent was a teacher for the Albany school 

district who worked more than 80%, but less than 100%, time. The parties have two 

minor children. Appellant has proceeded pro se throughout this action. 

While the dissolution was pending, respondent sought permission from the district 

court to take the children on a family trip to Canada, alleging that appellant would not 

sign a permission slip unless she agreed to his proposed summer parenting schedule. In 

response, appellant moved for appointment of a parenting consultant or family 

counseling. After a June 2011 hearing, the district court found that, although appellant 

had recently signed the slip, he had unreasonably contributed to the length and expense of 

the proceeding by failing to timely sign it, refusing to cancel the hearing because of 

summer parenting-schedule concerns when his motion did not address temporary 

parenting time, and refusing to advise respondent’s counsel on an acceptable mediator.

The district court ordered appellant to pay $500 in conduct-based attorney fees. 

The district court held a trial on maintenance and custody issues. A custody 

evaluator recommended that the parties share joint legal and physical custody of the 

minor children. She opined that, because of the parties’ inability to make joint decisions, 

if there were disputed medical issues, the party providing medical insurance should make 
3

the final decision, and if a problem arose about academic decisionmaking, respondent 

should decide during the academic year, and appellant would decide during the summer. 

Appellant testified that the homestead was in foreclosure; that the parties had filed 

bankruptcy, with over $100,000 in unsecured credit-card debt; and that they both also had 

student loan debt. Respondent testified that to pay the bankruptcy filing fees, she had a 

friend, L.N., act as guarantor, with the understanding that appellant would pay back his 

half of the fees, but that appellant had not paid his portion. Appellant also challenged 

respondent’s claimed monthly budget as higher than the marital standard of living and

alleged that her list of monthly expenses was not supported by receipts. 

Appellant testified that he earned about $5,000 in 2011 and that respondent was 

primarily supporting the children. He testified that he graduated from college in 2008 

with a degree in philosophy and a minor in information media and planned to become a 

public school librarian, but was unable obtain work in that field. He then worked part 

time as a school paraprofessional and preparing taxes, wrote a few articles yearly, and did 

some painting. He testified that it had “been very very hard to find a job” because he was 

over 55 and had been a long-term homemaker. He testified that his long-term goal had 

originally been to “sit down and seriously write philosophy[, not] . . . to make money, 

[but] to try and offer something of enrichment to the world.” He submitted information 

on jobs he had sought since 2008 and testified that he was now looking at low paying 

jobs, for which he was being called back. He stated that he cared for the children’s 

medical needs and, before he had health issues, performed major remodeling on the 

homestead and car repairs. 
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Respondent testified that she currently worked .84 time and that her working hours 

had varied from .64-.96 full-time equivalent (FTE). She testified that, since beginning 

work at the Albany school district 16 years previously, she had not turned down full time 

work. She indicated that the parties had not lived extravagantly; that the debt was 

incurred to support the family; and that she shared the childcare and housework with 

appellant. Respondent testified that she had asked appellant “to get a job many many 

many times” and that she had no ability to pay him maintenance without borrowing 

money to feed the children. 

Appellant argued that respondent had intentionally reduced her total income since 

the parties’ separation by declining to continue her previous additional work in school 

musicals and giving private music lessons. Respondent testified that she had never made 

$63,000 gross income, as alleged by appellant, and that her most recent tax return showed

income of $54,240. Respondent testified that she did not take on additional work during 

the last two years because it involved too much time for the financial benefit provided, 

including significant after-school driving. 

In the dissolution judgment, the district court granted the parties joint physical 

custody of the minor children, with sole legal custody to respondent. The district court 

found that, because the parties were unable to work together on major parenting 

decisions, joint legal custody was not in the children’s best interests. The district court 

found that respondent had total gross yearly income of $54,240, based on her 

employment with the Albany school district, with reasonable monthly expenses of 

$3,036. The district court found respondent’s claimed monthly grocery budget excessive 
5

and reduced her reasonable monthly expenses for groceries from $700 to $500 per month. 

The district court found that appellant was “voluntarily employed on a less-than-full-time 

basis,” with potential income of $15,080 per year, calculated at 150% of the current 

minimum wage of $7.25 per hour, with reasonable monthly expenses of $1,864. 

Based on the maintenance factors in Minn. Stat. § 518.552 (2012), the district 

court found that both parties were unable to meet their reasonable monthly needs and that 

respondent was unable to contribute to appellant’s needs because she could not even meet 

her own reasonable monthly expenses. The district court therefore denied appellant’s 

request for maintenance. The district court also ordered appellant to reimburse 

respondent for his portion of the debt owed to L.N. and ordered that the attorney-fee 

award from June 2011 would not merge into the judgment, but remain outstanding. 

Appellant moved to reopen the judgment or, in the alternative, for amended 

findings or a new trial. The district court issued amended findings, incorporating

additional findings that respondent was not voluntarily underemployed, no basis existed 

to assign potential income to her, and appellant had failed to rebut the presumption that

he could be gainfully employed on a full-time basis. This appeal follows. 

D E C I S I O N 

I

Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion by declining to grant 

him maintenance. The district court has broad discretion when determining spousal 

maintenance. Erlandson v. Erlandson, 318 N.W.2d 36, 38 (Minn. 1982). “A district 

court abuses its discretion regarding maintenance if its findings of fact are clearly 
6

erroneous.” Kampf v. Kampf, 732 N.W.2d 630, 633 (Minn. App. 2007), review denied

(Minn. Aug. 21, 2007). “Findings of fact are clearly erroneous when they are manifestly 

contrary to the weight of the evidence or not reasonably supported by the evidence as a 

whole.” Id. (quotation omitted). The reviewing court views the record in the light most 

favorable to the district court’s findings and defers to the district court’s credibility 

determinations. Vangsness v. Vangsness, 607 N.W.2d 468, 472 (Minn. App. 2000).

The district court may grant spousal maintenance if it finds, among other things, 

that the spouse seeking maintenance lacks the property to provide for that party’s own 

reasonable needs or is unable to obtain adequate support through employment. Minn. 

Stat. § 518.552, subd. 1. If maintenance is granted, the court must consider all relevant 

factors including the financial resources of the party seeking maintenance, the likelihood 

of that party becoming self-supporting, the standard of living during the marriage, the 

duration of the marriage, the length of absence from employment, opportunities lost by 

the party seeking maintenance, the age and the physical and emotional condition of that 

party, and the contribution of each party to the marital property. Id., subd. 2 (2012). The 

district court weighs these factors under the particular circumstances of the case to 

determine whether spousal maintenance is needed, and if so, the amount and duration of 

the award. Kampf, 732 N.W.2d at 633–34. “The issue is, in essence, a balancing of the 

recipient’s need against the obligor’s ability to pay.” Prahl v. Prahl, 627 N.W.2d 698, 

702 (Minn. App. 2001). 
7

Appellant’s income

In considering appellant’s motion for amended findings, the district court found 

that he was voluntarily employed on a less-than-full-time basis. The district court 

therefore imputed to him the amount of income that he could earn working full time at 

150% of the minimum wage of $7.25 per hour; the district court computed this amount as 

$1,885 gross income per month. See Minn. Stat. § 518A.32 (2012) (providing methods 

of calculating potential income when a party is voluntarily unemployed or 

underemployed); see also Welsh v. Welsh, 775 N.W.2d 364, 370 (Minn. App. 2009) 

(stating that whether a party is voluntarily unemployed or underemployed for purposes of 

child support presents a question of fact, which this court reviews for clear error).

Appellant argues that he should not be considered voluntarily underemployed 

because he has been a full-time caregiver for the parties’ children, did not decrease his 

income in bad faith, and has worked increased hours since the separation. But in 

addressing appellant’s motion for amended findings, the district court noted evidence that

the parties have recently shared caretaking duties, that appellant is a college graduate 

with a good academic record and needs no further training, and that he only recently 

extended his job search to lower-paying jobs. Based on this record, the district court did 

not clearly err by determining that appellant was voluntarily underemployed and did not 

err by imputing potential income to him under Minn. Stat. § 518A.32. 

Respondent’s income and expenses

Appellant maintains that the district court clearly erred by declining to find that 

respondent was voluntarily underemployed and unjustifiably self-limited her income. He 
8

argues that she had a gross income of $63,000 before the parties separated in 2010, that 

she was working only part time for the Albany school district, and that she recently cut 

back on her additional work of teaching private lessons and directing extracurricular 

activities. But the record shows that in 2010, the parties reported joint federal taxable 

income of $48,955. And the district court did not err by considering respondent’s 

regular, nine-month school-year employment as appropriate employment in determining 

her ability to meet her needs while meeting those of the party seeking maintenance under 

Minn. Stat. § 518.552, subd. 2(g). The district court found that, since 2006-2007, 

respondent’s teaching contracts varied between .63 FTE and .84 FTE, and that she never 

turned down full-time employment. Although the evidence shows that in one previous 

year, her contract was for .89 FTE, the district court’s general finding on the range of her 

FTE is not clearly erroneous. Further, respondent’s testimony reflects that, generally, in 

years in which she directed a play, she had an FTE on the lower end of that range, so that 

any extra work would only increase her income to the upper end of that range. “That the 

record might support findings other than those made by the [district] court does not show 

that the court’s findings are defective.” Vangsness, 607 N.W.2d at 474. Finally, 

imputing income to a maintenance obligor requires a determination that the obligor was 

acting in bad faith or unjustifiably limiting income. Melius v. Melius, 765 N.W.2d 411, 

415 (Minn. App. 2009). The district court was entitled to credit respondent’s testimony 

that her previous schedule of additional part-time work required long hours and made it 

difficult to spend time with her children. See Vangsness, 607 N.W.2d at 472 (stating that 

an appellate court defers to the district court’s credibility determinations). The district 
9

court did not clearly err by finding that respondent did not unjustifiably self-limit her 

income. 

Appellant also argues that the district court clearly erred in its findings of 

respondent’s monthly expenses, maintaining that they were significantly higher than her 

claimed budget in the 2011 bankruptcy proceedings, above the marital standard of living,

and, if used to set maintenance, would produce an inequitable result. The district court 

reduced respondent’s claimed grocery budget by $200 per month, but otherwise adopted 

her proposed monthly expenses as reasonable. The district court, which also reduced 

appellant’s claimed expenses, did not err by declining to base its findings of respondent’s 

expenses for maintenance purposes on the expenses she claimed for bankruptcy purposes 

over a year before trial. And the marital standard of living is only one factor that informs 

the district court’s decision on spousal maintenance. See Minn. Stat. § 518.552, subd. 2 

(requiring consideration of “all relevant factors” and providing list of necessary 

considerations). The district court’s allowance of respondent’s claimed budget does not 

mean that it did not consider all of the statutory factors in declining to grant maintenance

to appellant. 

Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion by failing to allow him

additional time for discovery to rebut respondent’s claimed expenses. At trial, he

indicated that he had not been furnished with receipts for groceries or from respondent’s 

family trips; respondent’s attorney stated that she had furnished all of the information that 

respondent possessed. Appellant acknowledged that he did not move to compel 
10

additional discovery, and the district court did not abuse its discretion by failing to order 

it. See Minn. R. Civ. P. 37.01 (governing motion to compel discovery). 

Permanent maintenance and reservation of maintenance 

Appellant maintains that, because there is no evidence that he will become selfsupporting in the future, an award of permanent maintenance is proper. See Minn. Stat. 

§ 518.552, subd. 3 (stating that when there is uncertainty as to the necessity of a 

permanent award, the court “shall” award permanent maintenance and leave the order 

open for later modification). But a prerequisite for ordering permanent maintenance is a 

showing that some maintenance is appropriate. Here, the district court thoroughly 

considered the statutory factors and determined that no maintenance was warranted. The 

district court found that both parties were unable to meet their reasonable monthly needs, 

and that “[respondent] simply has no ability to meet any of [appellant’s] needs because 

[she] cannot even meet her own reasonable monthly expenses.” This finding is not 

clearly erroneous. The district court did not abuse its discretion by declining to order 

either maintenance for a limited period or permanent maintenance. 

Appellant argues in the alternative that the district court abused its discretion by 

failing to reserve jurisdiction over the issue of maintenance. When the district court 

neither awards maintenance nor retains jurisdiction to award it in the future, the district 

court loses authority to do so after dissolution. Tomscak v. Tomscak, 352 N.W.2d 464, 

466 (Minn. App. 1984), superseded on other grounds by Minn. Stat. § 518.145 (2012). A 

district court “may reserve jurisdiction of the issue of maintenance for determination at a 

later date,” Minn. Stat. § 518A.27, subd. 1 (2012), but it is not generally required to do 
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so. Although the record shows that appellant has health conditions that limit his ability to 

perform physical labor, the district court found that there was no evidence that those 

conditions may prevent him from future full-time employment. Appellant has not 

challenged this finding, and we reject his speculative argument that respondent will be 

better able to afford maintenance at a later date because her finances will improve with an 

impending move and remarriage. 

II

Appellant challenges the district court’s finding that allocated him the remaining 

$600 debt owed when L.N., a third party, lent the parties money for the bankruptcy filing. 

The district court found that the indebtedness was co-signed by L.N.; that respondent 

paid for her half, but L.N. was forced to pay appellant’s portion; and that L.N. sought 

recovery of the remaining amount from appellant. “Debts, like assets, are apportionable” 

in a dissolution matter. Chamberlain v. Chamberlain, 615 N.W.2d 405, 414 (Minn. App. 

2000), review denied (Minn. Oct. 25, 2000). Apportionment of marital debt is within the 

district court’s discretion. O’Donnell v. O’Donnell, 412 N.W.2d 394, 396 (Minn. App. 

1987). Appellant argues that L.N. is not a party to this matter and that his payment of the 

debt to respondent would not guarantee that L.N. would receive it. But because it is 

undisputed that the parties owed a marital debt to L.N., the district court did not err by 

dividing that debt or abuse its discretion by ordering appellant to reimburse respondent 

when she paid his half of the debt to L.N. 
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III

Appellant challenges the district court’s grant of sole legal custody to respondent 

of the parties’ second-youngest child, who will turn 18 in October 2014. We initially 

note that after this appeal was filed, the district court approved the parties’ stipulation as 

to custody of the parties’ youngest child and issued an amended judgment awarding sole 

legal and physical custody of that child to appellant as of June 1, 2014. The district court 

considered the matter as a motion for custody modification, based on respondent’s 

impending move to Canada and the child’s wish to remain in the United States. Although 

the filing of an appeal suspends the district court’s authority to issue an order that affects 

its previous judgment, it retains jurisdiction relating to matters “independent of, 

supplemental to, or collateral to” that judgment. Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 108.01, subd. 1; 

see Perry v. Perry, 749 N.W.2d 399, 403 (Minn. App. 2008) (concluding that the district 

court had jurisdiction to consider a motion to modify a child-support order while an

appeal of that support order was pending, when the more recent order involved new facts, 

did not require reconsideration of the merits of the appealed-from issue, and implicated 

the district court’s ability to address changing circumstances and protect the children’s 

best interests). Here, the district court’s later order, which was issued pursuant to the 

parties’ stipulation, addressed the changing circumstances of respondent’s move to 

Canada and the best interests of the youngest child. It did not affect the custody issue 

currently on appeal, which relates only to the second-youngest child. 

This court reviews custody determinations to determine whether the district court 

“abused its discretion by making findings unsupported by the evidence or by improperly 
13

applying the law.” In re Custody of N.A.K., 649 N.W.2d 166, 174 (Minn. 2002). The 

controlling principle in a child-custody determination is the best interests of the children. 

Schallinger v. Schallinger, 699 N.W.2d 15, 19 (Minn. App. 2005), review denied (Minn. 

Sept. 28, 2005). In making its determination, the district court must consider all relevant 

factors, including thirteen statutorily enumerated factors, see Minn. Stat. § 518.17, 

subd. 1(a) (2012), as well as additional factors when the parties seek either joint legal or 

physical custody, see Minn. Stat. § 518.17, subd. 2 (2012). Absent domestic abuse, a 

rebuttable presumption exists that joint legal custody is in the best interests of a child. Id. 

When the record demonstrates that the parties “lack the ability to cooperate and 

communicate, joint legal custody is not appropriate.” Wopata v. Wopata, 498 N.W.2d 

478, 482 (Minn. App. 1993). The district court made findings on the best-interest and 

joint-custody factors, including that the presumption of joint legal custody had been 

overcome and that joint legal custody was not in the child’s best interests because the 

parties were unable to work together on decisions such as education and medical care, 

and it would not be detrimental for respondent to be granted sole legal custody. Based on 

this record, the district court’s custody findings are not clearly erroneous, and the district 

court did not abuse its discretion by granting sole physical custody of the child to 

respondent. 

Appellant argues that the district court adopted verbatim at least one of

respondent’s proposed findings, which is disfavored and raises the question of whether 

the district court independently evaluated the parties’ testimony and evidence. Bliss v. 

Bliss, 493 N.W.2d 583, 590 (Minn. App. 1992), review denied (Minn. Feb. 12, 1993). 
14

But in denying appellant’s motion for a new trial, the district court found that his

assertion was “simply incorrect” and that its findings “reflect the [c]ourt’s independent 

analysis of the record evidence.” Further, even the verbatim adoption of proposed 

findings is not necessarily reversible error. Id. Appellant has failed to show that the 

district court did not exercise its independent judgment in considering the issue of 

custody, and we affirm the district court’s grant of sole legal custody of the secondyoungest child to respondent. 

IV

Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion by reiterating its order 

for $500 in conduct-based attorney fees relating to the June 2011 hearing. Under Minn. 

Stat. § 518.14, subd. 1 (2012), the district court may, “in its discretion,” award conductbased attorney fees against a party who unreasonably contributes to the length or expense 

of a dissolution proceeding. See id. (listing requirements for need-based, as well as 

conduct-based, attorney fees). A decision to award conduct-based attorney fees lies 

“almost entirely” within the discretion of the district court and will not be reversed absent 

a clear abuse of that discretion. Crosby v. Crosby, 587 N.W.2d 292, 298 (Minn. App. 

1998) (quotation omitted), review denied (Minn. Feb. 18, 1999). “An award of conductbased fees . . . may be made regardless of the recipient’s need for fees and regardless of 

the payor’s ability to contribute to a fee award.” Geske v. Marcolina, 624 N.W.2d 813, 

818 (Minn. App. 2001). 

Appellant maintains that the conduct-based fee award is inappropriate because he 

gave permission a week before the hearing for the children to go to Canada and because 
15

mediation was not raised as an issue in respondent’s motion. But the district court 

reasonably found that appellant’s permission was untimely given, and the record shows 

that in replying to respondent’s motion, appellant addressed the issue of a mediator. The 

district court made sufficient findings in support of its conduct-based fee award and did 

not abuse its discretion by ordering the award. 

Affirmed.