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Contents

Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... 1

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 2

Purpose and Scope ............................................................................................................................. 3

Enteric Viruses and Microbiological Indicators of Fecal Contamination ................................... 3

Previous Studies .................................................................................................................................. 4

Enteric Viruses in Ground-Water Supplies ............................................................................ 4

Factors that Affect the Presence of Enteric Viruses in Ground-Water Supplies ............ 6

Indicators of Fecal Contamination in the Subsurface .......................................................... 7

Environmental setting ......................................................................................................................... 7

Methods of Study .......................................................................................................................................... 9

Sampling procedures .......................................................................................................................... 9

Microbiological analyses ................................................................................................................. 10

Enteric Virus Analysis by RT-PCR .......................................................................................... 10

Enteric Virus Analysis by Cell Culture ................................................................................... 11

Indicator Bacteria ..................................................................................................................... 11

Coliphage ................................................................................................................................... 11

Ancillary Environmental and Water-Quality Information ............................................................ 11

Quality Assurance and Quality Control .......................................................................................... 12

Enteric Viruses and Microbiological Indicators of Fecal Contamination in Small Public

 Ground-Water Supplies .............................................................................................................. 12

Quality-Control Considerations for Enteric Viruses by RT-PCR ................................................. 14

Occurrence of Enteric Viruses and Microbiological Indicators of Fecal Contamination ...... 15

Microbiological Indicators of Fecal Contamination as Predictors of the Presence of

 Enteric Viruses ...................................................................................................................... 16

Environmental Factors and Chemical-Quality Constituents Related to the Presence of 

 Indicators and Enteric Viruses ................................................................................................... 17

Summary, Conclusions, and Suggestions for Future Study ................................................................. 23

Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................................... 25

References Cited ........................................................................................................................................ 25

Figures

 1. Map showing well location and surficial geology of the study area ................................... 8 

 2. Example of hybridization results from reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain

 reaction (RT-PCR) analysis for enteric viruses ............................................................. 13

 3. Graph showing chloride concentrations in relation to chloride to bromide (Cl:Br)

 ratios for small-public-supply wells sampled July 1999 through July 2001:

 Distribution of wells by map number, and at least one detection of total

 coliforms, enterococci, Escherichia coli, and (or) coliphage, and enteric

 viruses .................................................................................................................................. 21
iv

Tables

 1. Summary of literature on the occurrence of enteric viruses, bacterial indicators, 

 and coliphage in ground-water-supply wells ......................................................................... 5

 2. Results of enteric virus analysis by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain 

 reaction (RT-PCR) of regular and replicate spike samples collected from small-

 public-supply wells in southeastern Michigan, July 1999 through July 2001 .................. 14

 3. Detections of enteric virus by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction 

 (RT-PCR), culturable viruses, and microbiological indicators of fecal 

 contamination from small-public-supply wells in southeastern Michigan, 

 July 1999 through July 2001 ..................................................................................................... 15

 4. Small-public-supply wells in southeastern Michigan with detections of 

 enteric viruses, July 1999 through July 2001, and detections of 

 microbiological indicators from the same well .................................................................... 16

 5. Predictive accuracy of microbiological indicators for virus occurrence in the 

 same small-public-supply well in southeastern Michigan, July 1999 through 

 July 2001 ...................................................................................................................................... 17

 6. Rankings of environmental and chemical-quality categorical variables by risk 

 of fecal contamination and relations to detections of microorganisms in small-

 public-supply wells in southeastern Michigan, July 1999 through July 2001 .................. 18

 7. Relations between detections of microorganisms and continuous environmental 

 and chemical-quality variables of small-public-supply wells in southeastern 

 Michigan, July 1999 through July 2001 .................................................................................. 20

 8. Characteristics of small-public-supply wells in southeastern Michigan 

 sampled from July 1999 through July 2001 ............................................................................ 29

 9. Oligonucleotide primers and probes used for virus detection in the reverse 

 transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method ............................................. 35

 10. Quality-control samples for reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction 

 (RT-PCR) analysis ...................................................................................................................... 36

 11. Field water-quality measurements and microbiological data for small-public-

 supply wells sampled July 1999 through July 2001 .............................................................. 37

 12. Chemical-quality data for small-public-supply wells in southeastern Michigan 

 sampled from July 1999 through July 2001 ............................................................................ 51
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Environmental Factors and Chemical-Quality Contituents 21

B

Maximum total coliform concentration 81

No detection of total coliforms

Cl:Br = 400

23

5

18

35

32

22

24

1

16

20

29

14

17

25

34

12

19

28

11 8

37

36

7

33 21

30

3

9

13

10

6

38

Sewage + halite

100

1,000

10,000

Background GW

GW + sewage

GW + halite

 GW+brine upper limit

 GW+brine lower limit

Sewage

10

1 10 100 1,000

100

1,000

10,000

Background GW

GW + sewage

Sewage + halite

CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

GW + halite

Sewage

10

 GW+brine upper limit

 GW+brine lower limit

CHLORIDE TO BROMIDE RATIO

18

5

17

1

250

4

1

81

1

CHLORIDE TO BROMIDE RATIO

1 Map identifier

Figure 3. Chloride concentrations in relation to chloride to bromide (Cl:Br) ratios for small-public- supply wells sampled 

July 1999 through July 2001: A, Distribution of wells by map number, and at least one detection of B, total coliforms, 

C, enterococci, Escherichia coli, and (or) coliphage, and D, enteric viruses. (Halite end-member from Knuth and others, 

1990; domestic sewage end-member from Davis and others, 1998, and Peavy, 1978; sewage has a Cl:Br ratio of 

30–600 and chloride concentration of 37–101 mg/L (Peavy, 1978, as cited in Thomas, 2000); brine end-members from 

Eberts and others, 1990; a Cl:Br ratio of 400 is the theoretical maximum for natural water (Thomas, 2000).)

A

Cl:Br = 400
22 Enteric Viruses in Ground Water from Small Public Water Supplies in Southeastern Michigan

1 10 100 1,000

Sewage + halite

100

1,000

10,000

Background GW

GW + sewage

GW + halite

 GW+brine upperlimit

 GW+brine lower limit

Sewage

10

Enteric virus detection

D

C

100

1,000

10,000

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Sewage + halite

GW + halite

10

 GW+brine upper limit

 GW+brine lower limit

1 2

6

88

1

1

9

Sewage

Enterococci concentration

1 Escherichia coli concentration

1

No detection of Escherichia coli, enterococci or coliphage

Coliphage detected

CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER

CHLORIDE TO BROMIDE RATIO

Cl:Br = 400

Cl:Br = 400

CHLORIDE TO BROMIDE RATIO

Figure 3. Chloride concentrations in relation to chloride to bromide (Cl:Br) ratios for small-public- supply wells sampled 

July 1999 through July 2001: A, Distribution of wells by map number, and at least one detection of B, total coliforms, 

C, enterococci, Escherichia coli, and (or) coliphage, and D, enteric viruses. (Halite end-member from Knuth and others, 

1990; domestic sewage end-member from Davis and others, 1998, and Peavy, 1978; sewage has a Cl:Br ratio of 

30–600 and chloride concentration of 37–101 mg/L (Peavy, 1978, as cited in Thomas, 2000); brine end-members from 

Eberts and others, 1990; a Cl:Br ratio of 400 is the theoretical maximum for natural water (Thomas, 2000).) – Continued.
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