# Appendix A Listing of All HAPsAppendix A. Listing of HAPsCAS Number Chemical Name Common Name CAA HAP TRI Chemical Urban HAPMobileSource AirToxic75-07-0 AcetaldehydeXX XX60-35-5 AcetamideX X75-05-8 AcetonitrileX X98-86-2 AcetophenoneX X53-96-3 2-AcetylaminofluoreneX X107-02-8 AcroleinXX XX79-06-1 AcrylamideX X79-10-7 Acrylic acidX X107-13-1 AcrylonitrileXX X107-05-1 Allyl chlorideX X92-67-1 4-AminobiphenylX X62-53-3 AnilineX X90-04-0 o-AnisidineX X1332-21-4 AsbestosX X71-43-2 Benzene (including benzene from gasoline)XX XX92-87-5 BenzidineX X98-07-7 BenzotrichlorideX X100-44-7 BenzylchlorideX X92-52-4 BiphenylX X117-81-7 Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate DEHPX X542-88-1 Bis(chloromethyl )etherX X75-25-2 BromoformX X106-99-0 1,3-ButadieneXX XX156-62-7 Calcium cyanamideX X133-06-2 CaptanX X63-25-2 CarbarylX X75-15-0 Carbon disulfideX X56-23-5 Carbon tetrachlorideXX X463-58-1 Carbonyl sulfideX X120-80-9 CatecholX X133-90-4 ChlorambenX X57-74-9 ChlordaneX X7782-50-5 ChlorineX X79-11-8 Chloroacetic acidX X532-27-4 2-ChloroacetophenoneX X108-90-7 ChlorobenzeneX X510-15-6 ChlorobenzilateX X67-66-3 ChloroformXX X107-30-2 Chloromethyl methyl etherX X126-99-8 ChloropreneX X1319-77-3 Cresol/Cresylic acid (mixed isomers)X XApril 2004Page A-1Appendix A. Listing of HAPsCAS Number Chemical Name Common Name CAA HAP TRI Chemical Urban HAPMobileSource AirToxic95-48-7 o-CresolX X108-39-4 m-CresolX X106-44-5 p-CresolX X98-82-8 CumeneX XN/A 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (including salts and esters) 2-4-DX72-55-9 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene DDEX334-88-3 DiazomethaneX X132-64-9 DibenzofuranX X96-12-8 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropaneX X84-74-2 Dibutyl phthalateX X106-46-7 1,4-DichlorobenzeneX X91-94-1 3,3'-DichlorobenzidineX X111-44-4 Dichloroethylether Bis[2-chloroethyl]etherX X542-75-6 1,3-DichloropropeneXX X62-73-7 DichlorvosX X111-42-2 DiethanolamineX X64-67-5 Diethyl sulfateX X119-90-4 3,3'-DimethoxybenzidineX X60-11-7 4-DimethylaminoazobenzeneX X121-69-7 N,N-DimethylanilineX X119-93-7 3,3'-DimethylbenzidineX X79-44-7 Dimethylcarbamoyl chlorideX X68-12-2 N,N-DimethylformamideX X57-14-7 1,1-DimethylhydrazineX X131-11-3 Dimethyl phthalateX X77-78-1 Dimethyl sulfateX XN/A 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (including salts)X51-28-5 2,4-DinitrophenolX X121-14-2 2-4-DinitrotolueneX X123-91-1 1,4-Dioxane 1,4-DiethyleneoxideX X122-66-7 1,2-DiphenylhydrazineX X106-89-8 Epichlorohydrin l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropaneX X106-88-7 1,2-EpoxybutaneX X140-88-5 Ethyl acrylateX X100-41-4 EthylbenzeneXX X51-79-6 Ethyl carbamate UrethaneX X75-00-3 Ethyl chloride ChloroethaneX X106-93-4 Ethylene dibromide DibromoethaneXX X107-06-2 Ethylene dichloride 1,2-DichloroethaneXX X107-21-1 Ethylene glycolX X151-56-4 Ethyleneimine AziridineX XApril 2004Page A-2Appendix A. Listing of HAPsCAS Number Chemical Name Common Name CAA HAP TRI Chemical Urban HAPMobileSource AirToxic75-21-8 Ethylene oxideXX X96-45-7 Ethylene thioureaX X75-34-3 Ethylidene dichloride 1-1-DichloroethaneX X50-00-0 FormaldehydeXX XX76-44-8 HeptachlorX X118-74-1 HexachlorobenzeneXX X87-68-3 HexachlorobutadieneX XN/A 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane (all stereoisomers-including lindane)X77-47-4 HexachlorocyclopentadieneX X67-72-1 HexachloroethaneX X822-06-0 Hexamethylene diisocyanateX680-31-9 HexamethylphosphoramideX X110-54-3 HexaneXX X302-01-2 HydrazineXX X7647-01-0 Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen ChlorideX X7664-39-3 Hydrogen fluoride Hydrofluoric acidX X123-31-9 HydroquinoneX X78-59-1 IsophoroneX108-31-6 Maleic anhydrideX X67-56-1 MethanolX X72-43-5 MethoxychlorX X74-83-9 Methyl bromide BromomethaneX X74-87-3 Methyl chloride ChloromethaneX X71-55-6 Methyl chloroform 1-1-1-TrichloroethaneX X78-93-3 Methyl ethyl ketone 2-ButanoneX X60-34-4 Methyl hydrazineX X74-88-4 Methyl iodide IodomethaneX X108-10-1 Methyl isobutyl ketone HexoneX X624-83-9 Methyl isocyanateX X80-62-6 Methyl methacrylateX X1634-04-4 Methyl tert-butyl ether MTBEXX X101-14-4 4,4'-Methylenebis 2-chloroanilineX X75-09-2 Methylene chloride DichloromethaneXX X101-68-8 4-4'-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate MDIX101-77-9 4-4'-MethylenedianilineX X91-20-3 NaphthaleneXX X98-95-3 NitrobenzeneX X92-93-3 4-NitrobiphenylX X100-02-7 4-NitrophenolX X79-46-9 2-NitropropaneX X684-93-5 N-Nitroso-N-methylureaX XApril 2004Page A-3Appendix A. Listing of HAPsCAS Number Chemical Name Common Name CAA HAP TRI Chemical Urban HAPMobileSource AirToxic62-75-9 N-NitrosodimethylamineX X59-89-2 N-NitrosomorpholineX X56-38-2 ParathionX X82-68-8 Pentachloronitrobenzene QuintobenzeneX X87-86-5 PentachlorophenolX X108-95-2 PhenolX X106-50-3 p-PhenylenediamineX X75-44-5 PhosgeneX X7803-51-2 PhosphineX X7723-14-0 PhosphorusX X85-44-9 Phthalic anhydrideX X1336-36-3 Polychlorinated biphenyls AroclorsXX X1120-71-4 1-3-Propane sultoneX X57-57-8 beta-PropiolactoneX X123-38-6 PropionaldehydeX X114-26-1 Propoxur BaygonX X78-87-5 Propylene dichloride 1,2-DichloropropaneXX X75-56-9 Propylene oxideX X75-55-8 1-2-Propylenimine 2-MethylaziridineX X91-22-5 QuinolineXX X106-51-4 Quinone p-BenzoquinoneX X100-42-5 StyreneXX X96-09-3 Styrene oxideX X1746-01-6 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxinX XX79-34-5 1,1,2,2-TetrachloroethaneXX X127-18-4 Tetrachloroethylene PerchloroethyleneXX X7550-45-0 Titanium tetrachlorideX X108-88-3 TolueneXX X95-80-7 Toluene-2,4-diamineX X584-84-9 2,4-Toluene diisocyanateX X95-53-4 o-ToluidineX X8001-35-2 Toxaphene chlorinated campheneX X120-82-1 1,2,4-TrichlorobenzeneX X79-00-5 1,1,2-TrichloroethaneX X79-01-6 TrichloroethyleneXX X95-95-4 2-4-5-TrichlorophenolX X88-06-2 2-4-6-TrichlorophenolX X121-44-8 TriethylamineX X1582-09-8 TrifluralinX X540-84-1 2,2,4-TrimethylpentaneX108-05-4 Vinyl acetateX XApril 2004Page A-4Appendix A. Listing of HAPsCAS Number Chemical Name Common Name CAA HAP TRI Chemical Urban HAPMobileSource AirToxic593-60-2 Vinyl bromideX X75-01-4 Vinyl chlorideXX X75-35-4 Vinylidene chloride 1,1-DichloroethyleneX X1330-20-7 Xylenes (mixed isomers)XX X95-47-6 o-XyleneX X108-38-3 m-XyleneX X106-42-3 p-XyleneX XAntimony CompoundsX XArsenic Compounds (inorganic including arsine)XX XXBeryllium CompoundsXX XCadmium CompoundsXX XChromium CompoundsXX XXCobalt CompoundsX XCoke Oven EmissionsX XCyanide Compounds1X XGlycol ethers2XLead CompoundsXX XXManganese CompoundsXX XXMercury CompoundsXX XXFine mineral fibers3XNickel CompoundsXX XXPolycyclic Organic Matter4XX XXRadionuclides (including radon)5XSelenium CompoundsX X3Includes mineral fiber emissions from facilities manufacturing or processing glass, rock or slag fibers (or other mineral derived fibers) or average diameter 1micrometer or less.5A type of atom which spontaneously undergoes radioactive decay.1X'CN where X=H or any other group where a formal dissociation may occur. For example KCN or CA(CN)2.2Includes mono- and di- ethers of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol R-(OCH2CH2)n-OR where n= 1,2, or 3; R= alkyl or aryl groups; R' = R, H or groups which, whenremoved, yield glycol ethers with the structure: R-(OCH2CH)n-OH. Polymers are excluded from the glycol category.4Includes organic compounds with more than one benzene ring, and which have a boiling point greater than or equal to 100 degrees C.April 2004Page A-5April 2004 Page B -1 

# Appendi x B Guide to Federal Agenci es that Oversee

Air Toxics

This appe ndix contai

ns descr iptions and contac ts of the p rimary EPA org anizations

that routi nely deal with air toxics risk related regulations and information. Additional gover nmental offices that also deal with air toxics information are also listed. This listing is not meant to be either compreh ensive or

static an d updates and sug gestion s for add

itions are welcome (email to mitchell.ken@epa.gov ).
The listing

is arran ged first by

EPA head

quarter s office s and con

tacts tha t deal spe cifical ly w

ith air toxics risk related issues. EPA Regional air toxics contacts and other governme ntal agencies that p rovid e healt h and r isk as sessm ent in forma tion compl ete th e list ing.

1. EPA Headquarters Offices that Work Directly on Air Toxics Issues

a. Office of Air

and Radiatio n. The Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) deve lops national programs, technical policies, and reg ulations for controlling air pollution and radiation exposure. OAR is concerned with energy conservation and pollution prevention, indoor and outdo or air qu

ality , industria

l air pollu tion, pollu

tion from v ehicles

and eng ines, radon, acid rain, stratospheric ozone depletion, and radiation prote ction. http://www .epa.g ov/air

There are three main office s within OAR that work on air toxics issues - OAQPS, OTAQ, and ORIA.

i. Office of Air Quality Planning and Stand ards (OAQPS). OAQPS primary mission is to preserve and improve air quality in the United States. OAQPS, as part of this goa l, monitors

and repo rts on air quality , air toxics , and emis sions. The y a lso watch for visibility issues, as they relate to the level of air pollution. In a ddition, OAQPS is ta sked by

the EPA wit

h providin

g techn ical info rmation f

or profe ssionals involved with monitoring and controlling air pollution, creating g overnmental policies, rules, and guidance for profe ssionals and government, and educating the public about air pollution and what can be done to control and prevent it. http://www .epa.g ov/air/oa qps/index.h

tml

ii. Office of Transportation and Air Quality (OTAQ). OTAQ pro tects pub lic healt h and the environment by c ontrolling air pollution from motor vehicles, engines, and the f uels u sed to

oper ate t hem, and b y e

ncou rag ing t rave l cho icesthat m

inimi ze emissions. These “mobile sources” include cars and lig ht trucks, large trucks and buses, nonroad recreational vehicles (suc h as dirt bikes and snowmobiles), farm and construction equipment, lawn and garden equipment, mar ine engines, aircraft, and locomotives. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/

iii. Office of Radiation and Indoor Air (ORIA). The mission of ORIA is to protect the public and the environment from the risks of radiation and indoor air pollution. The

### April 2004 Page B-2 

## programs within EPA and other agencies to control radiation and indoor air pollution exposures; provides technical assistance to states through EPA’s regional offices, and to other agencies having radiation and indoor air protection programs; directs an environmental radiation monitoring program; responds to radiological emergencies; and evaluates and assesses the overall risk and impact of radiation and indoor air pollution. http://www.epa.gov/air/oria.html

b. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT). OPPT has the primary responsibility for administering the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990. It also manages the Chemical Right-to-Know Initiative and the New and Existing Chemicals programs; the Design for the Environment (DFE), Green Chemistry, and Environmentally Preferable Products (EPP) programs; and the Lead, Asbestos, and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) program. http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/

.

c. Office of Research and Development (ORD). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) relies on sound science to safeguard both human health and the environment. The Office of Research and Development (ORD) is the scientific research arm of EPA. ORD’s leading-edge resear ch helps provide the solid underpinning of science and technology for the Agency. ORD conducts research on ways to prevent pollution, protect human health, and reduce risk. The work at ORD laboratories, research centers, and offices across the country helps improve the quality of air, water, soil, and the way we use resources. Applied science at ORD builds our understanding of how to protect and enhance the relationship between humans and the ecosystems of Earth. www.epa.gov/ord

i. Office of Science Policy (OSP) . The OSP integrates and communicates scientific information generated by or for ORD’s laboratories and centers, as well as ORD’s expert advice on the use of scientific information. EPA and the scientific community at large use this information to ensure that EPA’s decisions and environmental policies are informed by sound science. http://www.epa.gov/osp/

ii. The National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA). NCEA is EPA’s national resource center for human health and ecological risk assessment. NCEA conducts risk assessments, carries out research to improve the state-of-the-science of risk assessment, and provides guidance and support to risk assessors. www.epa.gov/ncea

iii. National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL). NERL is comprised of several divisions with diversified research specialties. NERL conducts research and development that leads to improved methods, measurements and models to assess and predict exposures of humans and ecosystems to harmful pollutants and other conditions in air, water, soil, and food. www.epa.gov/nerl/

iv. National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL). NHEERL is the Agency’s focal point for scientific research on the effects of contaminants and environmental stressors on human health and ecosystem integrity. Its research mission and goals help the Agency to identify and understand the

### April 2004 Page B-3 

## processes that affect our health and environment, and helps the Agency to evaluate the risks that pollution poses to humans and ecosystems. The impact of NHEERL’s efforts can be felt far beyond the EPA, by enabling state and local governments to implement effective environmental programs, assisting industry in setting and achieving environmental goals, and collaborating with international governments and organizations on issues of environmental importance. http://www.epa.gov/nheerl/

v. National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL). NRMRL conducts research into ways to prevent and reduce pollution risks that threaten human health and the environment. The laboratory investigates methods to prevent and control pollution of air, land, and water, and to restore ecosystems. The goals of this research are to develop and promote technologies that protect and improve the environment; develop scientific and engineering information to support regulatory and policy decisions; and provide technical support and information transfer to ensure implementation of environmental regulations and strategies at the national and community levels. In addition, NRMRL collaborates with both public and private sector partners to anticipate emerging problems and to foster technologies that reduce the cost of compliance. http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/

2. EPA Headquarters Offices that Work on Specific Air Toxics Risk Issues

a. OAQPS Risk and Exposure Assessment Group (REAG). The REAG maintains the scientific and analytical expertise necessary to conduct human and ecological air toxics risk assessments and develop new assessment methodologies, guidelines, and policies for air toxics risk assessments, risk characteristics, and risk communication. The Group also serves as a center of air toxics health risk information for Regional, State, and local agencies. http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/organization/esd/reag.html

b. OAQPS Air Quality Modeling Group (AQMG). The Air Quality Modeling Group is responsible for providing leadership and direction on the full range of atmospheric dispersion models and other mathematical simulation techniques used in assessing source impacts and control strategies. The Group serves as the focal point on modeling techniques for other EPA headquarters sta ff, Regional Offices, and State and local agencies. It coordinates with ORD on the development of new models and techniques, as well as wider issues of atmospheric research. Finally, the Group conducts modeling analyses to support policy/regulatory decisions in OAQPS. http://www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/organization/emad/aqmg.html

c. OAQPS Emission Factors and Inventories Group (EFIG). Emission inventories are the basis for numerous efforts including trends analysis, regional, and local scale air quality modeling, regulatory impact assessments, and human exposure modeling. These inventories are used in analyses by EPA, State and local agencies, as well as the public. As a central depository for emission facts, inventory data and factor and inventory development references, the EFIG is responsible for providing technical assistance to Regional, State, and local clients. Through this working relationship, inventories are

### April 2004 Page B-4 

## developed to meet the emerging needs of all their users. http://www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/organization/emad/efig.html

d. OAQPS Monitoring and Quality Assurance Group (MQAG). MQAG is responsible for identifying ambient monitoring needs based on OAQPS’ data requirements, and for developing the monitoring program and quality assurance infrastructure to support these requirements with the highest quality ambient air data. http://www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/organization/emad/mqag.html

e. OAQPS Policy, Planning, and Standards Group (PPSG). The PPSG, which is in the Emissions Standards Division of OAQPS, facilitates planning and development of Division activities and integration of Di vision programs with other OAQPS and EPA programs. The group is responsible for developing and implementing national emission standards, new source performance standards, control techniques guidelines, regulatory review programs, and other technical docum ents for specific categories of stationary sources of hazardous and criteria air pollutants. Finally, the Group performs comprehensive analyses of hazardous and criteria air pollutant emissions and control measures for the specified categories of stationary sources. Such analyses typically form the basis for national emission standards or technical guidance documents. http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/organization/esd/ppsg.html

f. OTAQ Air Toxics Center. The Air Toxics Center is OTAQ’s resource on mobile source air toxics and other mobile source-related human health and welfare issues. The Center provides expertise on mobile source air toxic emissions, exposure and risk to the Agency. It helps regulators and the public understand the risk from mobile source air toxics to human health and welfare. It also develops mobile source-related air toxics regulations, and addresses air toxics impacts of all mobile source control programs. In addition, it develops information, tools and resources to empower states, communities and individuals to make and implement their ow n decisions about air toxics. Finally, the Center works to influence the toxics research agenda and strategies of parties internal and external to EPA in order to advance OTAQ’s mission. www.epa.gov/otaq/toxics.htm

### April 2004 Page B-5 

## 3. EPA Regional Air Toxics Contacts

Region 1

FUNCTION NAME TELEPHONE

Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Susan Lancey 617-918-1656

Toxics Emissions Inventory Bob McConnell 617-918-1046

Air Deposition Ian Cohen 617-918-1655

Air Dispersion/ Deposition Modeling Brian Hennessey 617-918-1654

Monitoring Peter Kahn 781-860-4392

Community Assessments Marybeth Smuts 617-918-1512

Risk Assessment Marybeth Smuts 617-918-1512

Mobile Sources Robert Judge 617-918-1045

Indoor Air Eugene Benoit 617-918-1639

### April 2004 Page B-6 

### Region 2

FUNCTION NAME TELEPHONE

Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Umesh Dholakia 212-637-4023

Toxics Emissions Inventory Raymond Forde 212-637-3716

Air Deposition Bob Kelly 212-637-3709

Air Dispersion/ Deposition Modeling Bob Kelly 212-637-3709

Monitoring Mazeeda Khan
Avi Teitz 212-637-3715
732-906-6160 Community Assessments Carol Bellizzi
Marlon Gonzales 212-637-3712
212-637-3769

Risk Assessment Gina Ferreira
Carol Bellizzi 212-637-3768
212-637-3712

Mobile Sources Reema Persaud 212-637-3760

Indoor Air Larainne Koehler 212-637-4005

### April 2004 Page B-7 

### Region 3

FUNCTION NAME TELEPHONE

Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Ray Chalmers 215-814-2061

Air Deposition Al Cimorelli 215-814-2189

Air Dispersion/Deposition Modeling Al Cimorelli 215-814-2189

Monitoring Ted Erdman 215-814-2766

Community Assessments Helene Drago 215-814-5796

Risk Assessment Alvaro Alvarado 215-814-2109

Mobile Sources Brian Rehn 215-814-2176

Indoor Air Fran Dougherty Cristina Schulingkamp 215-814-2083
215-814-2086

### April 2004 Page B-8 

### Region 4

FUNCTION NAME TELEPHONE

Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Lee Page 404-562-9131

Toxics Emissions Inventory Leonardo Ceron 404-562-9129

Air Deposition Dr. John Ackermann Latoya Miller 404-562-9063
404-562-9885 Air Dispersion/Deposition Modeling Stan Krivo
Rick Gillam 404-562-9123
404-562-9049 Monitoring Van Shrieves Danny France 404-562-9089
706-355-8738 Community Assessments Paul Wagner 404-562-9100

Risk Assessment Dr. Kenneth Mitchell (human health/ecological) Dr. Solomon Pollard (human health) Ofia Hodoh (human health) Dr. John Ackermann (ecological) Latoya Miller (ecological) 404-562-9065
404-562-9180
404-562-9176
404-562-9063
404-562-9885

Mobile Sources Dale Aspy 404-562-9041 Indoor Air Henry Slack 404-562-9143

### April 2004 Page B-9 

### Region 5

FUNCTION NAME TELEPHONE

Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Bruce Varner 312-886-6793

Toxics Emissions Inventory Suzanne King 312-886-6054

Air Deposition Erin Newman 312-886-4587

Air Dispersion/ Deposition Modeling Randy Robinson Phuong Nguyen 312-353-6713
312-886-6701 Monitoring Motria Caudill 312-886-0267 Community Assessments Jackie Nwia
Michele Palmer 312-886-6081
312-886-0387 Risk Assessment George Bollweg Margaret Sieffert
Jaime Julian 312-353-5598
312-353-1151
312-886-9402 Mobile Sources Suzanne King 312-886-6054

Indoor Air Jack Barnette
Sheila Batka 312-886-6175
312-886-6053

### April 2004 Page B-10 

### Region 6

FUNCTION NAME TELEPHONE

Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Jeff Robinson 214-665-6435

Toxics Emissions Inventory Herb Sherrow 214-665-7237

Air Deposition Phil Crocker 214-665-7373

Air Dispersion/ Deposition Modeling Quang Nguyen 214-665-7238

Monitoring Kuenja Chung 214-665-8345

Community Assessments Ruben Casso 214-665-6763

Risk Assessment Jeff Yurk 214-665-8309

Mobile Sources Sandra Rennie 214-665-7367

Indoor Air Mike Miller 214-665-7550

### April 2004 Page B-11 

### Region 7

FUNCTION NAME TELEPHONE

Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Richard Tripp 913-551-7566

Toxics Emissions Inventory Michael Jay 913-551-7460

Air Deposition Michael Jay 913-551-7460

Air Dispersion/ Deposition Modeling Richard Daye 913-551-7619

Monitoring Michael Davis 913-551-7096

Community Assessments Marcus Rivas 913-551-7669

Risk Assessment James Hirtz 913-551-7472

Mobile Sources James Hirtz 913-551-7472

Indoor Air Robert Dye 913-551-7605

### April 2004 Page B-12 

### Region 8

FUNCTION NAME TELEPHONE

Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Deldi Reyes 303-312-6055

Toxics Emissions Inventory Daniel Webster 303-312-6446

Air Deposition Anne-Marie Patrie 303-312-6524

Air Dispersion/ Deposition Modeling Victoria Parker-Christensen 303-312-6441

Monitoring Michael Copeland 303-312-6010

Community Assessments Victoria Parker-Christensen Anne-Marie Patrie 303-312-6441 303-312-6524

Risk Assessment Victoria Parker-Christensen Anne-Marie Patrie 303-312-6441 303-312-6524

Mobile Sources Jeff Kimes 303-312-6445

Indoor Air Ron Schiller 303-312-6017

### April 2004 Page B-13 

### Region 9

FUNCTION NAME TELEPHONE

Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Mae Wang John Brock 415-947-4124 415-947-3999 Toxics Emissions Inventory Larry Biland 415-947-4132

Air Deposition Pam Tsai Barbara Toole-O’Neil 415-947-4196 415-972-3991
Air Dispersion/ Deposition Modeling Carol Bohnenkamp Scott Bohning 415-947-4130 415-947-4127 Monitoring Catherine Brown 415-947-4137

Community Assessments Mike Bandrowski 415-947-4194

Risk Assessment Pam Tsai Arnold Den 415-947-4196 415-947-4191 Indoor Air Barbara Spark 415-947-4189

Mobile Sources Sylvia Dugre David Jesson 415-947-4149 415-947-4150

### April 2004 Page B-14 

### Region 10

FUNCTION NAME TELEPHONE

Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Lucita Valiere 206-553-8087

Toxics Emissions Inventory Madonna Narvaez 206-553-2117

Air Deposition Madonna Narvaez 206-553-2117

Air Dispersion/ Deposition Modeling Mahbubul Islam 206-553-6985

Monitoring Keith Rose 206-553-1949

Community Assessments Peter Murchie Lisa McArthur 503-326-6554
206-553-1814

Risk Assessment Julie Wroble 206-553-1079

Mobile Sources Wayne Elson 206-553-1463

Indoor Air Ann Wawrukiewicz 206-553-2589

### April 2004 Page B-15 

## 4. Other Federal Agencies
a. Agency for Toxics Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). The mission of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), as an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, is to serve the public by using the best science, taking responsive public health actions, and providing trusted health information to prevent harmful exposures and disease related to toxic substances. ATSDR is directed by congressional mandate to perform specific functions concerning the effect on public health of hazardous substances in the environment. These functions include public health assessments of waste sites, health consultations concerning specific hazardous substances, health surveillance and registries, response to emergency releases of hazardous substances, applied research in support of public health assessments, information development and dissemination, and education and training concerning hazardous substances. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/about.html

b. National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH). CDC’s National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH) strives to promote health and quality of life by preventing or controlling those diseases or deaths that result from interactions between people and their environment. http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/

c. National Cancer Institute (NCI). The NCI is a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), one of eight agencies that co mpose the Public Health Service (PHS) in the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). The NCI, established under the National Cancer Act of 1937, is the Federal Government’s principal agency for cancer research and training. The National Cancer Act of 1971 broadened the scope and responsibilities of the NCI and created the National Cancer Program. Over the years, legislative amendments have maintained the NCI authorities and responsibilities and added new information dissemination mandates as well as a requirement to assess the incorporation of state-of-the-art cancer treat ments into clinical practice. The National Cancer Institute coordinates the National Cancer Program, which conducts and supports research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer, rehabilitation from cancer, and the continuing care of cancer patients and the families of cancer patients. www.cancer.gov

d. National Library of Medicine (NLM). The National Library of Medicine (NLM), on the campus of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, is the world’s largest medical library. The Library collects materials in all areas of biomedicine and health care, as well as works on biomedical aspects of technology, the humanities, and the physical, life, and social sciences. The collections stand at more than 6 million items- -books, journals, technical reports, manuscripts, microfilms, photographs and images. Housed within the Library is one of the worl d’s finest medical history collections of old and rare medical works. The Library’s collection may be consulted in the reading room or requested on interlibrary loan. NLM is a national resource for all U.S. health science libraries through a National Network of Libraries of Medicine ®



## . http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nlmhome.htmlApril 2004 Page B-16 

## e. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). Human health and human disease result from three interactive ele ments: environmental factors, individual suscepti bility and ag e. The mis sion of the National Insti tute of En vironmen tal Heal th Sciences (NIEHS) is to reduc e the burden of human illness and dy sfunction from environmental causes by

understanding each of these ele ments and how they interr elate. The NI EHS achie

ves its miss ion throug

h multidisc iplinary

biomedic al rese arch pr

ograms , prevent ion and int

erventi on effor

ts, and co mmunicati on strate gies tha t encompa ss training, education, technology transfer, and community outreach. http://www .niehs.ni

h.gov/e xternal/w elcome. htm

# Appendi x C Recommended Dose-Response Values

for HAPs

This appe ndix prese

nts tabula ted dose- response

assessme nts that the

Office of Air Qu

ality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) uses for risk assessments of hazardous air pollutants. A description of the derivation of these values, along with any updates can be found at the following website: http://www .epa.g ov/ttn/atw /toxsource

/summary .html

.CHEMICAL NAME CAS NO.1HAPNO.2EPA IARC mg/m3SOURCE1/(ug/m3)SOURCEmg/kg/dSOURCE1/(mg/kg/d)SOURCEAcetaldehyde 75-07-0 1B2 2B 0.009IRIS2.2E-06IRISAcetamide 60-35-5 22B 2.0E-05CALAcetonitrile 75-05-8 3D 0.06IRISAcetophenone 98-86-2 4DAcrolein 107-02-8 63 0.00002IRISAcrylamide 79-06-1 7B2 2A 0.0007P-CAL1.3E-03IRISAcrylic acid 79-10-7 80.001IRISAcrylonitrile 107-13-1 9B1 2A 0.002IRIS6.8E-05IRISAllyl chloride 107-05-1 10C 3 0.001IRIS6.0E-06CALAniline 62-53-3 12B2 3 0.001IRIS1.6E-06CALAntimony compounds 7440-36-0 173Antimony pentoxide 1314-60-9 173Antimony potassium tartrate 304-61-0 173Antimony tetroxide 1332-81-6 173Antimony trioxide 1309-64-4 1732B 0.0002IRISArsenic compounds 7440-38-2 174A 1 0.00003CAL4.3E-03IRISArsine 7784-42-1 1740.00005IRISBenzene 71-43-2 15A 1 0.03IRIS7.8E-06IRISBenzidine 92-87-5 16A 0.01P-CAL6.7E-02IRISBenzotrichloride 98-07-7 17B2 2B 3.7E-03Conv. OralBenzyl chloride 100-44-7 18B2 2B 4.9E-05CALBeryllium compounds 7440-41-7 175B1 1 0.00002IRIS2.4E-03IRISBiphenyl 92-52-4 19DBis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 117-81-7 20B2 2B 0.01CAL2.4E-06CALBis(chloromethyl)ether542-88-1 21A 1 6.2E-02IRISBromoform 75-25-2 22B2 3 1.1E-06IRIS1,3-Butadiene 106-99-0 23A 2A 0.002IRIS3.0E-05IRISCadmium compounds 7440-43-9 176B1 1 0.00002CAL1.8E-03IRIS0.0005IRISCaptan 133-06-2 26B2 3 1.0E-06Conv. OralCarbaryl 63-25-2 27Carbon disulfide 75-15-0 280.7IRISCarbon tetrachloride 56-23-5 29B2 2B 0.04CAL1.5E-05IRISChloramben 133-90-4 32Chlordane 57-74-9 33B2 2B 0.0007IRIS1.0E-04IRIS0.0005IRIS3.5E-01IRISChlorine 7782-50-5 340.0002CALChloroacetic acid 79-11-8 352-Chloroacetophenone 532-27-4 360.00003IRISChlorobenzene 108-90-7 37D 1CALChlorobenzilate 510-15-6 38B2 7.8E-05HEASTChloroform 67-66-3 39B2 2B 0.098ATSDRChloroprene 126-99-8 410.007HEASTChromium (III) compounds 16065-83-1 177DChromium (VI) compounds 18540-29-9 177A 1 0.0001IRIS1.2E-02IRISTable 1. Prioritized Dose-Response Values (10/28/03)WOE3forCancerCHRONIC INHALATION CHRONIC ORALNONCANCER CANCERNONCANCER CANCERApril 2004Page C-1CHEMICAL NAME CAS NO.1HAPNO.2EPA IARC mg/m3SOURCE1/(ug/m3)SOURCEmg/kg/dSOURCE1/(mg/kg/d)SOURCETable 1. Prioritized Dose-Response Values (10/28/03)WOE3forCancerCHRONIC INHALATION CHRONIC ORALNONCANCER CANCERNONCANCER CANCERChromium (VI) trioxide, chromic acid mist 11115-74-5 177A 1 0.000008IRISCobalt compounds 7440-48-4 1780.0001ATSDRCoke Oven Emissions 8007-45-2 179A 6.2E-04IRISm-Cresol 108-39-4 44Co-Cresol 95-48-7 43Cp-Cresol 106-44-5 45CCresols (mixed) 1319-77-3 42C 0.6CALCumene 98-82-8 46D 0.4IRISCyanazine 21725-46-2 180C 2.4E-04Conv. OralCyanide compounds 57-12-5 180DAcetone cyanohydrin 75-86-5 1800.01HEASTCalcium cyanide 592-01-8 180Copper cyanide 544-92-3 180Cyanogen 460-19-5 180Cyanogen bromide 506-68-3 180Cyanogen chloride 506-77-4 180Ethylene cyanohydrin 109-78-4 180Hydrogen cyanide 74-90-8 1800.003IRISPotassium cyanide 151-50-8 180Potassium silver cyanide 506-61-6 180Silver cyanide 506-64-9 180Sodium cyanide 143-33-9 180Thiocyanic acid, 2-(benzothiazolylthio) methyl est21564-17-0 180Zinc cyanide 557-21-1 1802,4-D, salts and esters 94-75-7 47DDE 72-55-9 48B2 9.7E-05Conv. Oral3.4E-01IRIS1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 96-12-8 51B2 0.0002IRIS2.0E-03CALDibutylphthalate 84-74-2 52Dp-Dichlorobenzene 106-46-7 53C 2B 0.8IRIS1.1E-05CAL3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine 91-94-1 54B2 2B 3.4E-04CALDichloroethyl ether111-44-4 55B2 3.3E-04IRIS1,3-dichloropropene 542-75-6 56B2 2B 0.02IRIS4.0E-06IRISDichlorvos 62-73-7 57B2 2B 0.0005IRIS8.3E-05Conv. OralDiesel engine emissions DIESEL EMIS. 190B1 0.005IRISDiethanolamine 111-42-2 580.003CAL3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine 119-90-4 61B2 2B 4.0E-06Conv. Oralp-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 60-11-7 622B 1.3E-03CAL3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine 119-93-7 63B2 2.6E-03Conv. OralDimethyl formamide 68-12-2 652B 0.03IRISN,N-dimethylaniline 121-69-7 5931,1-Dimethylhydrazine 57-14-7 66B2 2B2,4-dinitrophenol 51-28-5 702,4-Dinitrotoluene 121-14-2 71B2 2B 0.007P-CAL8.9E-05CALApril 2004Page C-2CHEMICAL NAME CAS NO.1HAPNO.2EPA IARC mg/m3SOURCE1/(ug/m3)SOURCEmg/kg/dSOURCE1/(mg/kg/d)SOURCETable 1. Prioritized Dose-Response Values (10/28/03)WOE3forCancerCHRONIC INHALATION CHRONIC ORALNONCANCER CANCERNONCANCER CANCER2,4/2,6-Dinitrotoluene (mixture) 25321-14-6 71B2 2B 1.9E-04Conv. Oral1,4-Dioxane 123-91-1 72B2 2B 3CAL3.1E-06Conv. Oral1,2-Diphenylhydrazine 122-66-7 73B2 2.2E-04IRISEpichlorohydrin 106-89-8 74B2 2A 0.001IRIS1.2E-06IRIS1,2-Epoxybutane 106-88-7 750.02IRISEthyl acrylate140-88-5 76B2 2B 1.4E-05Conv. OralEthyl benzene 100-41-4 77D 1IRISEthyl carbamate 51-79-6 782B 2.9E-04CALEthyl chloride 75-00-3 7910IRISEthylene dibromide 106-93-4 80B2 2A 0.0008CAL2.2E-04IRISEthylene dichloride 107-06-2 81B2 2B 2.4ATSDR2.6E-05IRISEthylene glycol 107-21-1 820.4CALEthylene oxide 75-21-8 84B1 1 0.03CAL8.8E-05CALEthylene thiourea 96-45-7 85B2 2B 0.003P-CAL1.3E-05CALEthylidene dichloride 75-34-3 86C 0.5HEAST1.6E-06CALFormaldehyde 50-00-0 87B1 2A 0.0098ATSDR5.5E-09EPA OAQPSDiethylene glycol monobutyl ether112-34-5 1810.02HEASTDiethylene glycol monoethyl ether111-90-0 181Ethylene glycol butyl ether111-76-2 181C 13IRISEthylene glycol ethyl ether110-80-5 1810.2IRISEthylene glycol ethyl ether acetate111-15-9 1810.3CALEthylene glycol methyl ether109-86-4 1810.02IRISEthylene glycol methyl ether acetate110-49-6 1810.09CALHeptachlor 76-44-8 88B2 2B 1.3E-03IRIS0.0005IRIS4.5E+00IRISHexachlorobenzene 118-74-1 89B2 2B 0.003P-CAL4.6E-04IRIS0.0008IRIS1.6E+00IRISHexachlorobutadiene 87-68-3 90C 3 0.09P-CAL2.2E-05IRISHexachlorocyclopentadiene 77-47-4 91E 0.0002IRISHexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, mixture 19408-74-3 187B2 1.3E+00IRIS6.2E+03IRISHexachloroethane 67-72-1 92C 3 0.08P-CAL4.0E-06IRISHexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanate 822-06-0 930.00001IRISn-Hexane 110-54-3 950.2IRISHydrazine 302-01-2 96B2 2B 0.0002CAL4.9E-03IRISHydrochloric acid 7647-01-0 970.02IRISHydrofluoric acid 7664-39-3 980.03CALHydroquinone 123-31-9 99Isophorone 78-59-1 100C 2CAL2.7E-07Conv. OralLead compounds 7439-92-1 182B2 2B 0.0015EPA OAQPSTetraethyl lead 78-00-2 1820.0000001IRISLindane (gamma-HCH) 58-89-9 1012B 0.0003P-CAL3.1E-04CAL0.0003IRIS1.1E+00CALalpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane (a-HCH) 319-84-6 101B2 2B 0.02P-CAL1.8E-03IRIS0.008ATSDR6.3E+00IRISbeta-Hexachlorocyclohexane (b-HCH) 319-85-7 101C 2B 0.002P-CAL5.3E-04IRIS1.8E+00IRIStechnical Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) 608-73-1 101B2 2B 5.1E-04IRIS1.8E+00IRISMaleic anhydride 108-31-6 1020.0007CALApril 2004Page C-3CHEMICAL NAME CAS NO.1HAPNO.2EPA IARC mg/m3SOURCE1/(ug/m3)SOURCEmg/kg/dSOURCE1/(mg/kg/d)SOURCETable 1. Prioritized Dose-Response Values (10/28/03)WOE3forCancerCHRONIC INHALATION CHRONIC ORALNONCANCER CANCERNONCANCER CANCERManganese compounds 7439-96-5 183D 0.00005IRISMercuric chloride 7487-94-7 184C 0.00009CAL0.0003IRISMercury (elemental) 7439-97-6 184D 0.0003IRISMethyl mercury22967-92-6 184C 0.0001IRISPhenylmercuric acetate 62-38-4 1840.00008IRISMethanol 67-56-1 1034CALMethoxychlor72-43-5 104D 3 0.005IRISMethyl bromide 74-83-9 105D 0.005IRISMethyl chloride 74-87-3 106D 0.09IRISMethyl ethyl ketone 78-93-3 1085IRISMethyl isobutyl ketone 108-10-1 1113IRISMethyl isocyanate 624-83-9 1120.001CALMethyl methacrylate 80-62-6 113E 0.7IRISMethyl tert-butyl ether1634-04-4 1143IRIS4,4'-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) 101-14-4 115B2 2A 4.3E-04CALMethylene chloride 75-09-2 116B2 2B 1ATSDR4.7E-07IRISMethylene diphenyl diisocyanate 101-68-8 117D 0.0006IRIS4,4'-Methylenedianiline 101-77-9 1182B 0.02CAL4.6E-04CALNaphthalene 91-20-3 119C 0.003IRISNickel compounds 7440-02-0 186A 2B 0.0002ATSDRNickel oxide 1313-99-1 1860.0001CALNickel refinery dustNI_DUST 186A 2.4E-04IRISNickel subsulfide 12035-72-2 186A 4.8E-04IRISNitrobenzene 98-95-3 120D 2B 0.03P-CAL2-Nitropropane 79-46-9 123B2 2B 0.02IRIS5.6E-06EPA OAQPSNitrosodimethylamine 62-75-9 125B2 2A 1.4E-02IRISN-Nitrosomorpholine 59-89-2 1262B 1.9E-03CALParathion 56-38-2 127C 3Polychlorinated biphenyls 1336-36-3 136B2 2A 1.0E-04IRIS2.0E+00IRISAroclor 1016 12674-11-2 1360.00007IRISAroclor 1254 11097-69-1 1360.00002IRISPentachloronitrobenzene 82-68-8 128C 3 7.4E-05Conv. OralPentachlorophenol 87-86-5 129B2 2B 0.1P-CAL5.1E-06CALPhenol 108-95-2 130D 3 0.2CALp-Phenylenediamine 106-50-3 131Phosgene 75-44-5 1320.0003P-CALPhosphine 7803-51-2 133D 0.0003IRISPhosphorus, white 7723-14-0 134D 0.00007P-CALPhthalic anhydride 85-44-9 1350.02CALPolybrominated Diphenyl Ethers PBDE 1870.007ATSDRAcenaphthene 83-32-9 187D 0.06IRISAcenaphthylene 206-96-8 187DAnthracene 120-12-7 187D 3 0.3IRISApril 2004Page C-4CHEMICAL NAME CAS NO.1HAPNO.2EPA IARC mg/m3SOURCE1/(ug/m3)SOURCEmg/kg/dSOURCE1/(mg/kg/d)SOURCETable 1. Prioritized Dose-Response Values (10/28/03)WOE3forCancerCHRONIC INHALATION CHRONIC ORALNONCANCER CANCERNONCANCER CANCERBenzo(a)anthracene 56-55-3 187B2 2A 1.1E-04CAL1.2E+00CALBenzo(b)fluoranthene 205-99-2 187B2 2B 1.1E-04CAL1.2E+00CALBenzo[j]fluoranthene 205-82-3 1872B 1.1E-04CAL1.2E+00CALBenzo(k)fluoranthene 207-08-9 187B2 2B 1.1E-04CAL1.2E+00CALBenzo(g,h,i)perylene 191-24-2 187D 3Benzo(a)pyrene 50-32-8 187B2 2A 1.1E-03CAL7.3E+00IRISBenzo(e)pyrene 192-97-2 1873Carbazole 86-74-8 187B2 3 5.7E-06Conv. Oral2.0E-02HEASTbeta-Chloronaphthalene 91-58-7 1870.08IRISChrysene 218-01-9 187B2 3 1.1E-05CAL1.2E-01CALDibenz[a,h]acridine 226-36-8 1872B 1.1E-04CAL1.2E+00CALDibenz[a,j]acridine 224-42-0 1872B 1.1E-04CAL1.2E+00CALDibenz(a,h)anthracene 53-70-3 187B2 2A 1.2E-03CAL4.1E+00CAL7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole 194-59-2 1872B 1.1E-03CAL1.2E+01CALDibenzo[a,e]pyrene 192-65-4 1872B 1.1E-03CAL1.2E+01CALDibenzo[a,h]pyrene 189-64-0 1872B 1.1E-02CAL1.2E+02CALDibenzo[a,i]pyrene 189-55-9 1872B 1.1E-02CAL1.2E+02CALDibenzo[a,l]pyrene 191-30-0 1872B 1.1E-02CAL1.2E+02CAL7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene 57-97-6 1877.1E-02CAL2.5E+02CAL1,6-Dinitropyrene 42397-64-8 1872B 1.1E-02CAL1.2E+02CAL1,8-Dinitropyrene 42397-65-9 1872B 1.1E-03CAL1.2E+01CALFluoranthene 206-44-0 187D 3 0.04IRISFluorene 86-73-7 187D 3 0.04IRISIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 193-39-5 187B2 2B 1.1E-04CAL1.2E+00CAL3-Methylcholanthrene 56-49-5 1876.3E-03CAL2.2E+01CAL5-Methylchrysene 3697-24-3 1872B 1.1E-03CAL1.2E+01CAL1-Methylnaphthalene 90-12-0 1870.07ATSDR5-Nitroacenaphthene 602-87-9 1872B 3.7E-05CAL1.3E-01CAL6-Nitrochrysene 7496-02-8 1872B 1.1E-02CAL1.2E+02CAL2-Nitrofluorene 607-57-8 1872B 1.1E-05CAL1.2E-01CAL1-Nitropyrene 5522-43-0 1872B 1.1E-04CAL1.2E+00CAL4-Nitropyrene 57835-92-4 1872B 1.1E-04CAL1.2E+00CALPhenanthrene 85-01-8 187DPyrene 129-00-0 187D 0.03IRIS1,3-Propane sultone 1120-71-4 1372B 6.9E-04CALPropoxur 114-26-1 140B2Propylene dichloride 78-87-5 141B2 0.004IRIS1.9E-05Conv. OralPropylene oxide 75-56-9 142B2 2B 0.03IRIS3.7E-06IRISQuinoline 91-22-5 144B2Selenium compounds 7782-49-2 189D 0.02CALHydrogen selenide 7783-07-5 1890.00008CALSelenious acid 7783-00-8 189DSelenourea 630-10-4 189April 2004Page C-5CHEMICAL NAME CAS NO.1HAPNO.2EPA IARC mg/m3SOURCE1/(ug/m3)SOURCEmg/kg/dSOURCE1/(mg/kg/d)SOURCETable 1. Prioritized Dose-Response Values (10/28/03)WOE3forCancerCHRONIC INHALATION CHRONIC ORALNONCANCER CANCERNONCANCER CANCERStyrene 100-42-5 1462B 1IRISStyrene oxide 96-09-3 1472A 0.006P-CAL2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 1746-01-6 148B2 4E-08CAL3.3E+01EPA ORD1E-09ATSDR1.5E+05EPA ORD1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 79-34-5 149C 3 5.8E-05IRISTetrachloroethene 127-18-4 150B2-C 2A 0.27ATSDR5.9E-06CALTitanium tetrachloride 7550-45-0 1510.0001ATSDRToluene 108-88-3 152D 3 0.4IRIS2,4-Toluene diamine 95-80-7 153B2 1.1E-03CAL2,4/2,6-Toluene diisocyanate mixture (TDI) 26471-62-5 1542B 0.00007IRIS1.1E-05CALo-Toluidine 95-53-4 155B2 2B 5.1E-05CALToxaphene 8001-35-2 156B2 2B 3.2E-04IRIS1.1E+00IRIS1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 120-82-1 157D 0.2HEAST1,1,2-Trichloroethane 79-00-5 158C 3 0.4P-CAL1.6E-05IRIS1,1,1-Trichloroethane 71-55-6 107D 1CALTrichloroethylene 79-01-6 159B2-C 2A 0.6CAL2.0E-06CAL2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 95-95-4 1602,4,6-Trichlorophenol 88-06-2 161B2 3.1E-06IRISTriethylamine 121-44-8 1620.007IRISTrifluralin 1582-09-8 163C 3 2.2E-06Conv. Oral0.0075IRIS7.7E-03IRISUranium compounds 7440-61-1 1880.0003ATSDRUranium, soluble salts URANSOLS 188Vinyl acetate 108-05-4 1652B 0.2IRISVinyl bromide 593-60-2 166B2 2A 0.003IRIS3.2E-05HEASTVinyl chloride 75-01-4 167A 1 0.1IRIS8.8E-06IRISVinylidene chloride 75-35-4 168C 0.2IRISm-Xylene 108-38-3 171o-Xylene 95-47-6 170Xylenes (mixed) 1330-20-7 1690.1IRIS1Chemical Abstracts Services number for the compound.2Position of the compound on the HAP list in the Clean Air Act (112[b][2])3Weight-of-evidence. See http://www.epa/iris/carcino.htm, http://193.51.164.11/monoeval/grlist.html.April 2004Page C-6ERPG-1 ERPG-2 ERPG-3 IDLH/10 MRL RELCHEMICAL NAMECAS NO. HAP NO. mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 1 18 360 1800 360Acetonitrile 75-05-8 384Acrolein 107-02-8 6 0.069p0.23p3.2p0.23 1.1 6.9 0.46 0.00011 0.00019Acrylamide 79-06-1 76Acrylic acid 79-10-7 8 2.9i140i530i5.9 150 2200 6Acrylonitrile 107-13-1 9 22 77 170 19 0.22Allyl chloride 107-05-1 10 9.4 130 940 78Aniline 62-53-3 12 30f46f57f38Anisidine 90-04-0 135Antimony compounds 7440-36-0 1735Arsenic compounds 7440-38-2 1740.5 0.00019Arsine 7784-42-1 174 0.54f1.6f1.6 4.8 0.96 0.16Benzene 71-43-2 15 2600p13000p160 480 3200 160 0.16 1.3Benzyl chloride 100-44-7 18 5.2 52 130 52 0.24Beryllium compounds 7440-41-7 175 0.025 0.1 0.4Bis(chloromethyl)ether 542-88-1 21 0.47 2.4Bromoform 75-25-2 228801,3-Butadiene 106-99-0 23 22 440 11000 440Cadmium compounds 7440-43-9 1769Carbaryl 63-25-2 2710Carbon disulfide 75-15-0 28 12p500p1500p3.1 160 1600 160 6.2Carbon tetrachloride 56-23-5 29 75i350i1100i130 630 4700 130 1.3 1.9Chlordane 57-74-9 3310Chlorine 7782-50-5 34 1.5i5.8i58i2.9 8.7 58 2.9 0.21Chloroacetic acid 79-11-8 35 26pChlorobenzene 108-90-7 37460Chloroform 67-66-3 39 430p8300p240 24000 240 0.49 0.15Chloromethyl methyl ether 107-30-2 40 0.2i3.1i3.3 33Chloroprene 126-99-8 41110Chromium (VI) compounds 18540-29-9 1771.5Chromium (VI) trioxide, chromic acid mist 11115-74-5 1771.5Cobalt compounds 7440-48-4 1782m-Cresol 108-39-4 44110o-Cresol 95-48-7 43110p-Cresol 106-44-5 45110Cresols (mixed) 1319-77-3 42110Cumene 98-82-8 46440Cyanide compounds 57-12-5 1802.5Acetone cyanohydrin 75-86-5 180 2.9p19p52pCyanogen chloride 506-77-4 1801 10Hydrogen cyanide 74-90-8 180 2.2i7.8f17f11 28 5.5 0.342,4-D, salts and esters 94-75-7 4710mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3Table 2. Acute Dose-Response Values (10/22/03)AEGL-1 AEGL-2 AEGL-3April 2004Page C-7ERPG-1 ERPG-2 ERPG-3 IDLH/10 MRL RELCHEMICAL NAMECAS NO. HAP NO. mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3Table 2. Acute Dose-Response Values (10/22/03)AEGL-1 AEGL-2 AEGL-3Dibutylphthalate 84-74-2 52400p-Dichlorobenzene 106-46-7 5390 4.8Dichloroethyl ether 111-44-4 5558Dichlorvos 62-73-7 5710 0.018Dimethyl formamide 68-12-2 65 270p540p6 300 600 150Dimethyl phthalate 131-11-3 67200Dimethyl sulfate 77-78-1 683.6N,N-dimethylaniline 121-69-7 59501,1-Dimethylhydrazine 57-14-7 66 7.4f27f3.74,6-Dinitro-o-cresol 534-52-1 690.52,4-Dinitrotoluene 121-14-2 7151,4-Dioxane 123-91-1 72 61p1200p2700p180 3Epichlorohydrin 106-89-8 74 19p91p270p7.6 76 380 28 1.3Ethyl acrylate 140-88-5 76 0.041 120 1200 1400Ethyl benzene 100-41-4 77350Ethyl chloride 75-00-3 791000 40Ethylene dibromide 106-93-4 8077Ethylene dichloride 107-06-2 81 200 810 810 20Ethylene glycol 107-21-1 821.3Ethylene imine (aziridine) 151-56-4 83 8.1i17iEthylene oxide 75-21-8 84 81i360i90 900 140Ethylidene dichloride 75-34-3 861200Formaldehyde 50-00-0 87 0.49p17p61p1.2 12 31 2.5 0.049 0.094Ethylene glycol butyl ether 111-76-2 181340 29 14Ethylene glycol ethyl ether 110-80-5 181180 0.37Ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate 111-15-9 1810.14Ethylene glycol methyl ether 109-86-4 1810.093Heptachlor 76-44-8 883.5Hexachlorobutadiene 87-68-3 90 32 110 320Hexachloroethane 67-72-1 9258n-Hexane 110-54-3 95390Hydrazine 302-01-2 96 0.13i17i46i0.65 6.5 39 6.5Hydrochloric acid 7647-01-0 97 2.7i33i150i4.5 30 220 7.5 2.1Hydrofluoric acid 7664-39-3 98 0.82i20i36i1.6 16 41 2.5 0.025 0.24Hydroquinone 123-31-9 995Lead compounds 7439-92-1 18210Tetraethyl lead 78-00-2 1824Tetramethyl lead 75-74-1 1824Lindane (gamma-HCH) 58-89-9 1015Maleic anhydride 108-31-6 1021Manganese compounds 7439-96-5 18350Mercury (elemental) 7439-97-6 1841.6 16 0.0018April 2004Page C-8ERPG-1 ERPG-2 ERPG-3 IDLH/10 MRL RELCHEMICAL NAMECAS NO. HAP NO. mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3Table 2. Acute Dose-Response Values (10/22/03)AEGL-1 AEGL-2 AEGL-3Mercury compounds HG_CMPDS 1841Methyl mercury 22967-92-6 1840.2Methanol 67-56-1 103 690i2700i10000i260 1300 6500 790 28Methoxychlor 72-43-5 104500Methyl bromide 74-83-9 105190 780 97 0.19 3.9Methyl chloride 74-87-3 106830 2100 410 1Methyl ethyl ketone 78-93-3 108 290p5000p12000p13Methyl hydrazine 60-34-4 109 3.6f11f7.2Methyl iodide 74-88-4 110 150 290 730 58Methyl isocyanate 624-83-9 112 0.16i0.47i0.058 1.2 12 0.7Methyl methacrylate 80-62-6 113410Methyl tert-butyl ether 1634-04-4 1147.2Methylene chloride 75-09-2 116 690 2600 14000 800 2.1 14Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate 101-68-8 117 0.2 2 25 7.5Naphthalene 91-20-3 119130Nickel carbonyl 13463-39-3 186 0.25i1.1i1.4Nickel compounds 7440-02-0 1861 0.006Nitrobenzene 98-95-3 1201002-Nitropropane 79-46-9 12336Parathion 56-38-2 1271Pentachlorophenol 87-86-5 1290.25Phenol 108-95-2 130 17i58i180i38 190 770 96 5.8Phosgene 75-44-5 132 1.2f3f0.81 4 0.81 0.004Phosphine 7803-51-2 133 2.8i5i0.7 7Phosphorus, white 7723-14-0 1340.02Phthalic anhydride 85-44-9 1356Propylene dichloride 78-87-5 141180 0.23Propylene oxide 75-56-9 142 140i690i1400i120 590 1800 95 3.11,2-Propyleneimine 75-55-8 143 28i54iQuinone 106-51-4 14510Selenium compounds 7782-49-2 1890.1Hydrogen selenide 7783-07-5 189 2.4p7.3p0.66 6.6 0.33 0.005Styrene 100-42-5 146 210 1100 4300 300 211,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 79-34-5 14969Tetrachloroethene 127-18-4 150 240i1600i8100i680 1400 6800 100 1.4 20Titanium tetrachloride 7550-45-0 151 0.54p7.8p44p5 20 100Toluene 108-88-3 152 750i1900i11000i190 1100 3800 190 3.8 372,4-Toluene diisocyanate 584-84-9 154 0.14i0.59i3.6i0.071 1.8o-Toluidine 95-53-4 155221,1,2-Trichloroethane 79-00-5 158551,1,1-Trichloroethane 71-55-6 107 1300i3300i21000i1900 3800 19000 380 11 68Trichloroethylene 79-01-6 159 700p2400p20000p540 2700 27000 11April 2004Page C-9ERPG-1 ERPG-2 ERPG-3 IDLH/10 MRL RELCHEMICAL NAMECAS NO. HAP NO. mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3Table 2. Acute Dose-Response Values (10/22/03)AEGL-1 AEGL-2 AEGL-3Triethylamine 121-44-8 1622.8Uranium compounds 7440-61-1 1881Uranium hexafluoride 7783-81-5 188 52i140i520i5 15 30Vinyl acetate 108-05-4 165 18 260 1800Vinyl chloride 75-01-4 167 640p3100p12000p1.3 180m-Xylene 108-38-3 171390o-Xylene 95-47-6 170390p-Xylene 106-42-3 172390Xylenes (mixed) 1330-20-7 169 560p1900p4000p390 4.3 22AEGLs: f = final, I = interim, p = proposedApril 2004Page C-10

# Appendix D Methodology for Identifying PB-HAP Compounds

### April 2004 Page D-1 

## This Appendix provides and justifies a list of hazardous air pollutants that have sufficient persistence and bioaccumulation potential to make them candidates for multipathway risk assessments. The list was selected in two stages.
The first stage was to determine which HAPs are already listed as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) substances by the following EPA programs:
1. Priority PBT Profiles (Pollution Prevention program): http://www.epa.gov/pbt/cheminfo.htm

.
2. Great Waters Pollutants of Concern: http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/gr8water/3rdrpt/execsum.html

. 3. Toxics Release Inventory: http://www.epa.gov/tri/chemical/pbt_chem_list.htm

. All substances that are both HAPs pursuant to the CAA and listed by at least one of these programs are shown in Exhibit 1.
The second stage was to determine if, based on their toxicity and bioaccumulation potential, any additional substances should be assessed for multipathway risk by the air toxics program. This determination was made by calculating two indexes for all HAPs for which data could be obtained. One index (intended to estimate rela tive carcinogenic potential by oral exposure) was the product of the oral carcinogenic potency slope and the bioconcentration factor (obtained from the EPA PBT Profiler, http://www.pbtprofiler.net/ ). The other index (intended to estimate relative noncarcinogenic hazard by oral exposure) was the ratio of the same bioconcentration factor to the oral reference dose. The cancer and noncancer indexes were normalized to a scale of 1 and combined by averaging (with chemicals with no data not averaged, rather than averaged as zero).
The HAPs were then ranked in descending order of the combined index, and the substances that comprised 99.9999% of the total of all substances were selected as potential candidates for multipathway risk assessment. Results of the ranking exercise are shown in Exhibit 1.
Of the 26 substances that comprised 99.9999% of the aggregate index for all HAPs, 19 are classified as polycyclic organic matter under the Clean Air Act. These were combined into a single category in the table. Metals could not be ranked because the PBT Profiler does not contain data for inorganic pollutants, but were included in the table because of their presence on the other lists. Three other substances shown as “NA” fell outside the 99.9999% aggregate limit.
In summary, no substance not already on at least one existing list emerged in this analysis as a significant potential PBT substance. Therefore, based on our current estimates of toxicity and bioaccumulation potential, the 14 substances in the table represent a conservative list for multipathway risk assessments in the air toxics program.

### April 2004 Page D-2 

### Exhibit 1. Identity and Ranking of Potential PB-HAP Compounds

PB-HAP Compound OAQPS Rank Pollution Prevention

Priority

PBTs Great Waters Pollutants of Concern TRI PBT Chemicals

Cadmium compounds NA (1) 

### X

Chlordane 7 X X X

Chlorinated dibenzodi oxins and furans 1 X (2) 

### X X (3)



### DDE 8 X X Heptachlor 4 X

Hexachlorobenzene 6 X X X Hexachlorocyclohexane (all isomers) NA (4) 

### X Lead compounds NA (1) 

### X (5) 

### X X Mercury compounds NA (1) 

### XXX Methoxychlor NA (4) 

### X Polychlorinated biphenyls 3 X X X Polycyclic organic matter 2 (6) 

### X (7) 

### X X (8)


### Toxaphene 5 X X X

Trifluralin NA (4) 

### X

(1) 

### Not ranked because the PBT Profiler lacks data for inorganic compounds (2) 

### “Dioxins and furans” (denotes the phraseology of the source list) (3) 

### “Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds” (4) 

### Did not fall within 99.9999% of cumulative index (5) 

### Alkyl lead (6) 

### 19 POM compounds that fell within the t op 26 substances were assigned the rank of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, the highest-ranked compound (7) 

### Benzo[a]pyrene (8) 

### “Polycyclic aromatic compound s” and benzo[g,h,i]perylene

# Appendix E Overvi ew of Ai r Toxic s Emis sion

Sources

This appe ndix provide s gene

ral infor mation on th e ty

pes of ai r toxics com

monly associa ted with various t ype s of sourc es. The ta

ble beg ins with the

regula ted major source c ategor

ies and is followed by mobile source s, indoor sources, and miscellaneous sources. This table is not meant to be a comprehensive listing of all chemicals that may be emitted from a given source or g roup of sources in a particular location.April 2004 Page E -1 Sourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

Commercial / I ndustrial Sources Halogenated Solvent Clean ers (1614) methyl ene chlor ide; perchloroet

hylen e; trichlor oethyle ne; 1,1,1-t richl oroethane; carbon tet

rachlor ide; chloroform (c) SIC: 33, 34, 36, 37 NAICS: 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 447 MA CT/G ACT , see 40 CFR P art 63 S ubp art T U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the I ron and Steel In dus try. Offi ce of Compli ance Se ctor No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., Sep temb er 19 95. E PA /310 -R-95 -005

. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/i ron .html

Acetal Resins Product ion ( 1301) SIC: 2869 NAICS: 325199 MACT, se e 40 CFR Par t 6 3 YY (Ge ne ra l MACT) U.S . EP A. 19 97. Pro file of the P lastic Resins a nd M an-m ade F ibers Indu stry

. Offi ce of Compli ance Se ctor

Notebook Pro ject, W ashing ton, D .C., Se ptem ber 1 997

. EP A/31 0-R-9 7-00 8. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions /ass ist ance/s ectors/ notebooks/

plas tic.html Acrylic /M oda crylic Fiber s Produc ti on (1001) SIC: 2869 NAICS: 325199 MACT, se e 40 CFR Par t 6 3 YY U.S . EP A. 19 97. Pro file of the P lastic Resins a nd M an-m ade F ibers Indu stry

. Offi ce of Compli ance Se ctor

Notebook Pro ject, W ashing ton, D .C., Se ptem ber 1 997

. EP A/31 0-R-9 7-00 8. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions /ass ist ance/s ectors/ notebooks/

plas tic.htmlSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E -2 Acryloni tri leButadiene-Styrene Product ion ( 1302) sty rene; acryl onitr ile; butadiene; ethyl ene glycol; m ethano l; acetal dehyde; dioxane SIC: 2821, 2822 NAICS: 325211, 325212 MA CT, see 40 CFR Part 63 JJJ U.S . EP A. 20 01. Polymers an d Resins IV Insp ection Too l. Adopt -a -MACT Co mplia nce T ool, W ashing ton, D .C., Sep temb er 20 01. A vailab le at: http://www .epa.g ov/ttn/atw /pr4 /privinsp ect.h tml US EP A. 19 97. Profi le of the Pl asti c Resi ns and Ma n-m ade F ibers Indu stry . Off ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., Se ptem ber 1 997

. EP A/31 0-R-9 7-00 8. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions /ass ist ance/s ectors/ notebooks/

plas tic.html Aerospace Indus tri es (0701) chr omiu m; c admi um; methyl ene; chl oride; toluen e; xy lene; methyl ethy l ket one; ethylene glycol; glycol ether s SIC: 3720, 3721, 3724, 3728, 3760, 3761, 3764, 3769 NAICS: 336411, 336412, 336413, 336414, 336419, 481111, 481112 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt GG U.S . EP A. 19 98. Profil e of the Aer ospace Indu stry . Off

ice of Compl ianc e Sect or No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., No vem ber 1 998 . EP A/31 0-R-9 8-00 1. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/aero
spac e.h tml

Amino/Phenolic Resins Product ion ( 1347) formaldeh yde, metha nol, ph eno l, xylene, t oluene SIC: 2821 NAICS: 325211 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt OOO U.S . EP A. 19 97. Pro file of the P lastic Resins and Man-made F ibers Industry. Offi ce of Compli ance Se ctor

Notebook Pro ject, W ashing ton, D .C., Se ptem ber 1 997

. EP A/31 0-R-9 7-00 6. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions /ass ist ance/s ectors/ notebooks/

plas tic.html U.S . EP A. 19 98. Hazardous Ai r Poll utant Emissi ons f

rom the Manuf

actur e of Amino and Phen olic Resins: B asis and Purp ose Document for

Proposed St

andards

. Emission Standards Division, Washington, D.C ., M ay 19 98. A vailab le at: htt p:/ /www .epa. gov/ tt n/at

w/ami no/p_r 3bpd. wpdSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E -3 Ammonium Sulfat e - Cap rolac tam B yProduct Plant s (1401) toluen e; meth ano l;

xylene; m ethyl ethyl keton e; ethyl ben zene ; methyl isobutyl ke tone; hydrogen ch lori de; vinyl ace tate NAICS: 3251, 3252, 3253, 3254, 3255, 3256, 3259 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart FFFF U.S . EP A. 20 02. Pro file of the O rga nic Che mica l Industry . Off ice of Compliance Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject, W ashing ton, D .C., No vem ber 2 002 . EP A/31 0-R-0 2-00 1. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/org ani c.h tml Asphalt Roofing and Process ing (0418) formaldeh yde; hexane; hydrogen chlor ide; p heno l; polyc yclic org anic matter; t oluene SIC: 2911, 2952 NAICS: 32411, 324122 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart LLLLL U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profil e of the St

one, Clay, Glass a nd C oncre te Industry . Off ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., Se ptem ber 1 995

. EP A/31 0-R-9 5-01 7. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/s ton e.h tmlSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E -4 Asphalt /Coal Tar Applicat ion - Metal Pipes (0402) xylen es; t oluene; methyl ethy l ket one; phe nol;

cres ols/ cres yl ic a cid; glycol ether s (including et

hylene glycol m ono butyl ether) ; st yrene; methyl iso butyl keton e; ethyl benzene NAICS: 335312, 336111, 336211, 336312, 33632, 33633, 33634, 33637, 336399, 331316, 331524, 332321, 332323, 33312, 333611, 333618, 332312, 332722, 332813, 332991, 332999, 334119, 336413, 339999, 33612, 336211, 331319, 331422, 335929, 332311, 33242, 81131, 322214, 326199, 331513, 332439, 331111, 331513, 33121, 331221, 331511, 33651, 336611, 482111, 3369, 331316, 336991, 336211, 336112, 336213, 336214, 336399, 326291, 326299, 332311, 332312, 336212, 336999, 33635, 56121, 8111, 56211 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bp ar t MMMM U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profil e of the Fabri cated Me tal Prod ucts Indu stry . Office of the Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., Sep temb er 19 95. EP A/31 0-R-9 5-00 7. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/f

abr ic. ht ml

U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profil e of the St

one, Clay, Glass a nd C oncre te Industry . Off ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., Se ptem ber 1 995

. EP A/31 0-R-9 5-01 7. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/s ton e.h tmlSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E -5 Auto & L ight D uty Truck (Surf

ace Coati ng) ( 0702) toluen e; xy lene; glycol e thers; m ethyl ethyl keto ne; me thyl isobutyl ke tone; ethyl benzene; metha nol NAICS: 336111, 336112, 336211 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart IIII U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Motor Veh icle Assem bly Indu stry . Off ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., Se ptem ber 1 995

. EP A/31 0-R-9 5-00 9. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/mot

or. ht ml

U.S . EP A. 20 02. Regulatory Impact Analysi s f or t he Propose d Automobil e and Li ght Dut y Tr uck Coat in g NESHAP . Fina l Rep ort, W ashing ton, D .C., O ctob er 20 02. EP A-45 2/R-0 1-01 3. Av ailable at: htt p:/ /www .epa. gov/ tt n/at

w/au to/ autor iap. pd f U.S. EPA. 1997. U.S . Au to As sem bly P lants and The ir Co mm unities -- En viron me ntal, Eco nom ic, an d D em ogr aph ic Pro file

. Co mm on S ense In itiative Au tomo bile M anufac turing S ector . W ashing ton, D .C., De cem ber 1 997 . Availa ble at: htt p:/ /www .epa. gov/ oar/ opar/ auto/

Boat M anufacturing (1305) styrene; m ethyl methacry late ; methy lene chl oride (dichloromethane); toluene; xyl ene; nhexa ne; me thyl ethyl keton e; meth yl isobutyl ke tone; methyl chloroform (1,1, 1- tri chloroet

hane) SIC: 3731, 3732

NAICS: 336612 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt VVVV U.S . EP A. 19 97. Profi le of the Shi pbuil ding and Repa ir Industry . Off ice of Compliance Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject. W ashing ton, D .C., No vem ber 1 997 . EP A/31 0-R-9 7-00 8. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions/assista nce/se ctors/n oteb ook s/ship .h tmlSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E -6 Brick and Str

uctura l Clay P rod ucts Manufact

uri ng (0414) hydrogen f luori de; hydrogen ch lori de; anti mony; ar senic; bery ll iu m; c admi um; chro mium ; cob alt;
mercury; manganese; nick el; lea d; selenium SIC: 3251, 3253, 3259 NAICS: 327121, 327122, 327123 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart JJJJJ U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profil e of the St

one, Clay, Gla ss an d C onc rete In dus try. Offi ce of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct. W ashing ton, D .C., Se ptem ber 1 995

. EP A/31 0-R-9 5-01 7. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/s ton e.h tml Butyl Rubber Product ion ( 1307) n-h exane ; 1, 3- butadien e; acrylo nitrile; meth yl chlori de; hydr ogen chlor ide; carbon
tetr achlori de; chloroprene; toluene SIC: 2821, 2822 NAICS: 325211, 325212 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part U U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Rubber

and Plastics Ind ustry . Off

ice of Compliance Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject, W ashing ton, D .C., Sep temb er 19 95. E PA /310 -R-95 -016

. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/rub ber. ht ml

Carbon Black Product ion ( 1415) cyanide co mpo unds; acryl onitr ile;
aceto nitrile; carb onyl sul fi de; c arbon disul fide; benzene; 1,3 butadi ene; toluene; 2,4 toluene diisoc yanate SIC: 2895 NAICS: 325182 General MACT , s ee 40 CFR Par t 6 3 YY U.S . EP A. 20 02. Pro file of the O rga nic Che mica l Industry . Off ice of Compliance Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject, W ashing ton, D .C., No vem ber 2 002 . EP A/31 0-R-0 2-00 1. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/org ani c.h tml Carbony l Sul fi de (COS) Product ion (1604) toluen e; meth ano l; xylen e; hy drogen chloride; methyl ene chlor ide NAICS: 3251, 3252, 3253, 3254, 3255, 3256, 3259 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 FFFF

(Ge ne ra l MACT) U.S . EP A. 20 02. Pro file of the O rga nic Chemical

Indust ry, Second Edit ion (

2002)

. Offi ce of Compli ance Se ctor

Notebook Pro ject, W ashing ton, D .C., N ove mbe r 20 02. EP A/31 0-R-0 2-00 1. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/org ani c.h tmlSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E -7 Cellulo se Pr odu cts Manufact

uri ng (1349) carbon disu lfi de;

carbonyl sulf

ide; ethyl ene oxide; metha nol; m ethyl chloride; propylene oxide; toluene SIC: 2819, 2821, 2823, 2869, 3089 NAICS: 325188, 325199, 325211, 325221, 326121, 326199 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 UUUU U.S. EPA . 2002. Profile of the Pulp and Paper In dust

ry, 2nd Edit ion. Offi ce of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., N ove mbe r 20 02. EP A/31 0-R-0 2-00 2. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/pul p.h tml

U.S . EP A. 19 97. Pro

file of the P lastic Resins a nd M an-m ade F ibers Indu stry

. Offi ce of Compli ance Se ctor

Notebook Pro ject, W ashing ton, D .C., Se ptem ber 1 997

. EP A/31 0-R-9 7-00 8. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions /ass ist ance/s ectors/ notebooks/

plas ti c.h tmlMercury Cell ChlorAlka li Plants (F orm erly Chlorine Production) SIC: c hlor ine 2812 EP A pr opo ses no t to regu late chlor ine and hydro chlor ic acid (HCl) emissions for the Chlori ne Pro duc tion so urce c atego ry. U.S . EP A. 19 95. Pro file of the I nor gan ic Che mica l Industry . Off ice of Compliance Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject, W ashing ton, D .C., Sep temb er 19 95. E PA /310 -R-95 -004

. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/i nor gan ic. ht ml

Chro mic A cid Anodizi ng (1607) chromium NAICS: 332, 333, 334, 335, 336 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part N U.S . EP A. 19 93. Chromium Emiss ions from Ch rom ium Elec tropla ting a nd C hro mic Acid Ano dizing O peration s. Background Information for P ropo sed Stand ards, Washi ngt on, D.C. , J ul y 199 3. EPA 4 53/R93-03 0a and EP A 45 3/r-93-03 0b, V olumes 1 and 2. Av ailable at: htt p:// www.epa.g ov/tt

n/at w/chrome/ chromep
g. ht mlSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E -8 Clay Cerami cs Manufact

uri ng (0415) hydrogen f louri de; hydrogen ch lori de; anti mony; ar senic; bery ll iu m; c admi um; chro mium ; cob alt;
mercury; manganese; nick el; lea d; selenium SIC: 3253, 3261 NAICS: 327122, 327111 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt KKKKK U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profil e of the St

one, Clay, Gla ss an d C onc rete In dus try. Offi ce of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct. W ashing ton, D .C., Se ptem ber 1 995

. EP A/31 0-R-9 5-01 7. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/s ton e.html

Co ke O vens: Charging, Top Side, and Door Lea ks ( 0302) coal ta r (benzene, toluene, and xyl ene); creosote; coal t ar pitch; p olycyclic

arom atic hydrocarbons (benzo(a)py rene, benzanthr acene, chrys ene, phenanthr ene) NAICS: 331111, 324199 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part L U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Pet role um Refining Indu stry . Offi ce of Complian ce, Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject. W ashing ton, D .C., Sep temb er 19 95. E PA /310 -R-95 -013

. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions/assista nce/se ctors/n oteb ook s/petr ole um. ht ml

Coke O vens: Pushing, Quenching, & B attery Stack s (0303) polyc yclic org anic
matter ; poly nuclear

arom atic hydroca rbons; benzene; t oluene; xylene NAICS: 331111, 324199 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpa rt CCCCC U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Pet role um Refining Indu stry . Offi ce of Complian ce, Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject. W ashing ton, D .C., Sep temb er 19 95. E PA /310 -R-95 -013

. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions/assista nce/se ctors/n oteb ook s/petr ole um. ht ml

Commercial Steri liza tion Fac ili ties (1609) ethy lene oxide NAICS: 3391 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt O U.S . EP A. 19 97. Ethyl ene Oxide Commercial

Ster il izat

ion and Fumigat ion Op eratio ns. NESHAP Imple menta ti on Docum ent. Washington, D.C., September, 199 7. EP A-45 6/R-0 04. A vailab le at: htt p:/ /www .epa. gov/ tt n/at

w/eo/ eogui de.pdfSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E -9 Cyan ide C hem icals Manufact

uri ng (1405) cyanide co mpo unds;

acryl onitr ile;
aceto nitrile; carb onyl sul fi de; c arbon disul fide; benzene; 1,3 butadi ene; toluene; 2,4 toluene diisoc yanate SIC: 2819, 2869 NAICS: 325188, 325199 MACT, se e 40 CFR Par t 6 3 YY

(Ge ne ra l MACT)

Decorative Chromium Elect ropla ti ng (1610) chromium NAICS: 332, 333, 334, 335, 336 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part N Dry C leaning : Perchloroethylene (1643) perchloroethylene NAICS: 8123 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part M U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Dry Cleani ng Indu stry . Off

ice of Compl ianc e Sect or No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., Septembe r 1995. EPA/310-R- 95-001. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions/assista nce/se ctors/n oteb ook s/dry. ht mlSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-10 Engine Test Fac ili ties (0101) toluen e; benzene; mixed xyl enes ; 1, 3- butadiene SIC: 3511, 3519, 3523, 3524, 3531, 3559, 3566, 3599, 3621, 3711, 3714, 3721, 3724, 3761, 3764, 4226, 4512, 4581, 5541, 7538, 7539, 7699, 8299, 8711, 8731, 8734, 8741, 9661, 9711 NAICS: 54171, 92711, 92811, 332212 333111, 333112, 333120, 333319, 333611, 333612, 333618, 335312, 336111, 336112, 336120, 336312, 336350, 336399, 336411, 336412, 336414, 336415, 336992, 481111, 488190, 541380, 611692, 811111, 811118, 811310, 811411 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub par t PPP PP

Ep ichloro hydrin Elast omers Pr oducti on (1311) n-h exane ; 1, 3- butadien e; acrylo nitrile; meth yl chlori de; hydr ogen chlor ide; carbon
tetr achlori de; chloroprene; toluene SIC: 2821, 2822 NAICS: 325211, 325212 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part USourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-11 Epoxy Resins Product ion ( 1312) epichlorohydrin, metha nol, hydro chlor ic acid SIC: 2821, 2823, 2824 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part W U.S . EP A. 19 97. Profi le of the Pl asti c Resi ns and Ma n-m ade F ibers Indu stry . Off ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D C, Se ptem ber 1 997

. EP A/31 0-R-9 7-00 8. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions /ass ist ance/s ectors/ notebooks/

plas ti c.h tml Ethyl ene Processes (1635) cyanide co mpo unds; acryl onitr ile;
aceto nitrile; carb onyl sul fi de; c arbon disul fide; benzene; 1,3 butadi ene; toluene; 2,4 toluene diisoc yanate SIC: 2869 NAICS: 325110 MACT, se e 40 CFR Par t 6 3 YY U.S . EP A. 19 97. Profi le of the Pl asti c Resi ns and Ma n-m ade F ibers Indu stry . Off ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct, Washingt on, DC. EPA/310-R- 97-006. http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions /ass ist ance/s ectors/ notebooks/

plas ti c.h tml

Ethylene-Propylene Rubber Produ cti on (1313) n-h exane ; 1, 3- butadien e; acrylo nitrile; meth yl chlori de; hydr ogen chlor ide; carbon
tetr achlori de; chloroprene; toluene SIC: 2821, 2822 NAICS: 325211, 325212 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part U U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Rubber

and Plastics Ind ustry . Offi ce of Complian ce Sect or Not ebook Proj ect , Wash in gt on, DC, Septembe r 1995. EPA/310-R- 95-016. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/rub ber. ht ml

Ferroa ll oys Pr oducti on (0304) ferr omanganese; sil icomanganes e; nick el c ompounds SIC: 3313 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt XXX

Flexible Polyurethane Foam Fabri cati on Operati ons ( 1341) hydr ochlor ic a cid; 2,4-toluene diis ocyanat e; hydrogen cy anide; methy lene chl oride SIC: 3086 NAICS: 32615 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bp ar t MMMMM U.S. EPA. 1995 . Prof il e of t he Wood Furn iture and Fixtures Ind ustry . Off ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., Se ptem ber 1 995

. EP A/31 0-R-9 5-00 3. http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/w oo d.htm lSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-12 Flexible Polyurethane Foam Product ion (1314) methyl ene chlor ide; 2,4-toluene diisoc yanate ; methyl chl orof orm; methyle ne dip henyl diis ocyanat e; propylene oxide; dietha nolamine; methyl ethy l ket one; methanol; toluene SIC: 3086 NAICS: 32615 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart III U.S. EPA. 1995. Prof il e of t he Wood Furni tur e and Fi xtu res Indus try . Off ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., Se ptem ber 1 995

. EP A/31 0-R-9 5-00 3. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/w oo d.htm l

Frictio n Pro duc ts Manufact

uri ng (1636) n-hexan e; t oluene;

trichl oroethylene NAICS: 33634, 327999, 333613 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 QQQQQ

Fumed Sili ca Product ion ( 1406) hydr ochlor ic a cid; chlorine SIC: 2819, 2821, 2869 NAICS: 325188, 325211, 325199 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt NNNNN

Gasoli ne Dis tri

buti on (Sta ge I) (0601) benzene; t oluene; hexa ne; ethyl benzene; naphthal ene;cumene; xylenes; nhexan e; 2, 2, 4- tri methyl pentane; methyl te rt-butyl ether SIC: 2911, 4226, 4613, 5171 NAICS: 324110, 493190, 486910, 422710 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part R U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Pet role um Refining Indu stry . Offi ce of Complian ce Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject, W ashing ton, D .C., Septembe r 1995. EPA/310-R- 95-013. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions/assista nce/se ctors/n oteb ook s/petr oleum .html.

Hard C hromium Elect ropla ti ng (1615) chromium NAICS: 332, 333, 334, 335, 336 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part NSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-13 Ha zard ous W aste Inci nerat ion ( 0801) chlorinated dioxins and furans; parti culat e matte r (as

a sur rogat e for antimo ny, cob alt,

man gane se, nicke l, and selenium); carbon monoxide;

mercur y; lea d; cadmium; ar senic; bery ll iu m; chromium; hydrogen chloride and chlorine gas (combined); hydrocarbons MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part s 63, 261 and 270 U.S . EP A. Hazardous Was te Combust ion NE SH AP Too lkit

. Ava ilable a t: htt p:/ /www .epa. gov/ epaoswe r/h azwas te/ com bust/to olkit/ind ex.htm

Hyd roch loric A cid Product ion ( 1407) hydr ochlor ic a cid; chlorine SIC: 2819, 2821, 2869 NAICS: 325188, 325211, 325199 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt NNNNN None found at this writ ing.

Hydrogen

Fluor ide Product ion ( 1409) SIC: 2819 NAICS: 325188 MACT, se e 40 CFR Par t 6 3 YY

(Ge ne ra l MACT) U.S . EP A. Profi le of the Pl asti c Resi ns and Ma n-m ade F ibers Indu stry . Off ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct, Washingt on, D. C., Septembe r 1997. EP A/31 0-R-9 7-00 6 . Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions /ass ist ance/s ectors/ notebooks/

plas ti c.h tml
Hy pa l on ( TM) Product ion ( 1315) n-h exane ; 1, 3- butadien e; acrylo nitrile; meth yl chlori de; hydr ogen chlor ide; carbon
tetr achlori de; chloroprene; toluene SIC: 2821, 2822 NAICS: 325211, 325212 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part U None found at this writ ing.Sourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-14 Indu strial/Co mm ercial/ Institutional Boilers & Process Heater s (0107) ars eni c; cadmi um; chromium; hydrogen chlori de; hydr ogen fl uori de; l ead;

man gane se; me rcury; nickel SIC: 13, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 37, 49, 80, 82 NAICS: 211, 221, 316, 321, 322, 324, 325, 326, 331, 332, 336, 339, 611, 622 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt DDDDD U.S . EP A. 19 99. Profi le of Oil and Gas Extraction Indu stry . Offi ce of Complian ce Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject, W ashing ton, D .C., Oc tobe r 20 00. E PA /310 -R-99 -006

. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions/assista nce/se ctors/n oteb ook s/oil. html.

Also see Profi le of

Lumber and Wood Products Indust

ry, Profi le of

Organic and Inorganic Chemical Manufacturi ng Industry, Profi le of

Petr oleum Ref

ini ng Indust

ry, and Profile of Ru bber a nd P lastic Industry

. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions/assista nce/se ctors/ind ex.htm l

Industrial Cooling Towers ( 1619) chromium compounds MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part Q U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Pet role um Refining Indu stry . Offi ce of Complian ce, Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject. W ashing ton, D .C., Sep temb er 19 95. E PA /310 -R-95 -013

. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions/assista nce/se ctors/n oteb ook s/petr ole um. ht ml

U.S . EP A. 20 01. Pro

file of the O rga nic Che mica l Industry . Off ice of Compliance Assistan ce an d Se ctor P rogra ms D ivision. Washingt on, D. C., Septembe r 2001. EP A/31 0/R-0 2-00 1. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/org ani c.h tmlSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-15 Integr ated Iron & Steel Manufact

uri ng (0305) meta ls (prim arily

manganese and lead); polyc yclic org anic
matter ; benzene; carbon disu lf

ide SIC: 3312

NAICS: 331111 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart FFFFF U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the I ron and Steel Indu stry . Off

ice of Compl ianc e Sect or No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., Septembe r 1995. EPA/310-R- 95-005. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/i ron .html

Iron Foundri es ( 0308) lead; man ganese; cadmi um; chr omiu m; nickel; acetophenone; benzene; cu mene; dibenzo furans; dioxins; formaldeh yde; metha nol;
nap hthalen e; phe nol;
pyrene; tolue ne; triet hylamine; xy lene NAICS: 331511 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub par t EE EEE U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the I ron and Steel Indu stry . Off

ice of Compl ianc e Sect or No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., Septembe r 1995. EPA/310-R- 95-005. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/i ron .html

Large Applia nce (Surface Coating) (0704) glycol ethers; methyle ne dip henyl diisoc yanate ; methyl ethyl ketone; tolue ne; xylene NAICS: 333312, 333319, 333415, 335221, 335222, 335224, 335228 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt NNNN U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Dry Cleani ng Indu stry . Off

ice of Compl ianc e Sect or No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., Sep temb er 19 95. E PA /310 -R-95 -001

. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions/assista nce/se ctors/n oteb ook s/dry. html. Leather Tanning & Finishing Operations (1634) glycol ethers; toluene; xyl ene SIC: 3111 NAICS: 3161 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt TTTT None found as of this writ ingSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-16 Light Weight Agg regate Manufact

uri ng (0417) toluen e; meth ano l;

methyl ethy l ket one; xylenes ; phen ol; methyl ene chlor ide; ethylene glycol; glycol ethers; hexa ne; me thyl isobutyl ke tone;

creso ls and c resylic acid; dimethy lfor

mamide; viny l acet ate; form aldeh yde; eth yl benzene NAICS: 322211, 322212, 322221, 322222, 322223, 322224, 322225, 322226, 322299, 323111, 323116, 325992, 326111, 326112, 326113, 32613, 326192, 32791, 332999, 339944 See MACT in 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart JJJJ None found as of this writ ing

Lime M anufacturing (0408) hydro gen ch loride ; anti mony; ar senic; bery ll iu m; c admi um; chromi um; l ead;

man gane se; me rcury; nickel; s elenium NAICS: 32741, 33111, 3314 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpa rt AAAAA None found at this writ ing.

Magnetic Tapes (Surface Coating) (0705) methyl ethy l ket one; toluen e; meth yl isobutyl ke tone; toluen e diis ocyanat e; ethylene glycol; methano l; xylenes; ethyl benzene; acetal dehyde; chro mium ; cob alt SIC: 3695, 2675 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub par t EE

Manufact

ure of Nutritional Y east (1101) acet aldeh yde SIC: 2099 NAICS: 311999 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpa rt CCCCSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-17 Marine V essel Loading Operati ons ( 0603) benzene; t oluene; hexane MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part Y U.S . EP A. 19 97. Profil e of the Wate r Transpor tat ion Indus try (Shi pping and Barging) . Off

ice of Compl ianc e Sect or No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., Septembe r 1997. EPA/310-R- 97-003. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions /ass ist ance/s ectors/ notebooks/ wat

er. ht ml Metal Can (Surf

ace Coati ng) ( 0707) ethy lene gly col monobutyl ether; other glycol ethers; xylen es; he xane; methyl iso butyl keton e; meth yl ethyl ketone NAICS: 332115, 332116, 332431, 332812, 332999 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt KKKK U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Met al Fab rication Ind ustry . Offi ce of Complian ce Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject, W ashing ton, D .C., Septembe r 1995. EPA/310-R- 95-007. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/f

abr ic.html Metal Coil ( Surface Coati ng) ( 0708) methyl ethy l ket one; glycol ethers; xylenes (i somers and mixtur es); tolue ne; isophorone. SIC: 34 NAICS: 332812, 331319, 332312, 332322, 332323, 332311, 33637, 332813, 332999, 333293, 336399, 325992, 42183, 323122, 339991, 326113, 32613, 32614, 331112, 331221, 33121, 331312, 331314, 331315 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart SSSS U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Met al Fab rication Ind ustry . Offi ce of Complian ce Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject, W ashing ton, D .C., Septembe r 1995. EPA/310-R- 95-007. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/f

abr ic.htmlSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-18 Metal Furniture (Surface Coating) (0709) xylen e; t oluene; ethy lene gly col monobutyl ether; other glycol ethers; ethylbe nzen e; meth yl ethyl ket one NAICS: 81142, 337124, 337127, 337214, 337215, 339111 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpa rt RRRR U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Met al Fab rication Ind ustry . Offi ce of Complian ce Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject, W ashing ton, D .C., Septembe r 1995. EPA/310-R- 95-007. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/f

abr ic. ht ml Methyl Methacry late

Acryloni tri leButadiene-Styrene Product ion ( 1317) sty rene; acryl onitr ile; butadiene; ethyl ene glycol; m ethano l; acetal dehyde; dioxane SIC: 2821, 2822 NAICS: 325211, 325212 MA CT, see 40 CFR Part 63 JJJ U.S . EP A. 20 01. Polymers an d Resins IV Insp ection Too l. Adopt -a -MACT Co mplia nce T ool, W ashing ton, D .C., Sep temb er 20 01. A vailab le at: http://www .epa.g ov/ttn/atw /pr4 /privinsp ect.h tml Methyl Methacry late

Butadiene-Styrene Terpo lymers Product ion ( 1318) sty rene; acryl onitr ile; butadiene; ethyl ene glycol; m ethano l; acetal dehyde; dioxane SIC: 2821, 2822 NAICS: 325211, 325212 MA CT, see 40 CFR Part 63 JJJ U.S . EP A. 20 01. Polymers an d Resins IV Insp ection Too l. Adopt -a -MACT Co mplia nce T ool, W ashing ton, D .C., Sep temb er 20 01. A vailab le at: http://www .epa.g ov/ttn/atw /pr4 /privinsp ect.h tml

Mineral Wool Product ion ( 0409) carbonyl sulf ide; nine hazardous metals; formaldeh yde; phenol SIC: 3296 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 DDD

Miscellaneous Coatings Manufact

uri ng (1642) toluen e; xy lene;

glycol e thers; m ethyl ethyl ket one, and methyl iso butyl ketone NAICS: 3255 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt HHHHH U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Met al Fab rication Ind ustry . Offi ce of Complian ce Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject. W ashing ton, D .C., Septembe r 1995. EPA/310-R- 95-007. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/f

abr ic.htmlSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-19 Miscella neous Metal Par ts & P rod ucts (Surface Coating) (0710) xylen e; t oluene; methyl ethy l ket one; phe nol;

cres ols/ cres yl ic a cid; 2-bu toxyeth ano l; styrene; m ethyl isobu tyl ketone ; ethyl benzen e; g ly col ethers NAICS: 335312, 336111, 336211, 336312, 33632, 33633, 33634, 33637, 336399, 331316, 331524, 332321, 332323, 33312, 333611, 333618, 332312, 332722, 332813, 332991, 332999, 334119, 336413, 339999, 33612, 336211, 331319, 331422, 335929, 332311, 33242, 81131, 322214, 326199, 331513, 332439, 331111, 331513, 33121, 331221, 331511, 33651, 336611, 482111, 3369, 331316, 336991, 336211, 336112, 336213, 336214, 336399, 326291, 326299, 332311, 332312, 336212, 336999, 33635, 56121, 8111, 56211 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bp ar t MMMM U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Met al Fab rication Ind ustry . Offi ce of Complian ce Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject. W ashing ton, D .C., Septembe r 1995. EPA/310-R- 95-007. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/f

abr ic. ht mlSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-20 M iscellane ous O rganic Chem ical Prod ucts & Process es ( 1641) toluen e; meth ano l; xylene; m ethyl ethyl keton e; ethyl ben zene ; methyl isobutyl ke tone; hydrogen ch lori de; vinyl ace tate NAICS: 3251, 3252, 3253, 3254, 3255, 3256, 3259 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart FFFF U.S . EP A. 20 02. Pro file of the O rga nic Ch em ical In dus try, 2 nd

Edit ion . Off

ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct. Washingt on, DC., November 2002. EP A/31 0-R-0 2-00 1. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/org anic.htm l.

M unicip al Lan dfills (0802) vinyl chlo ride; eth yl benzene; t oluene; benzene SIC: 4953, 9511 NAICS: 562212, 924110 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpa rt AAAA None found as of this writ ing

Natural Gas Transmission & Stora ge (0504) benzene; t oluene; ethyl benzene; mi xed xylenes; n-hexane SIC: 40, 42,46, 49, 1321 NAICS: 211112 Note: Conde nsate tank batt eri es, gly col dehydra tion units, natural gas processi ng plants , and nat

ural g as transmissi on and
stor age f acil it ies not incl uded. MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt HHH U.S. EPA. 1997. Profi le of the Ground Transpor tat ion Indus try - Rail road, Trucki ng, and Pi

peli ne . Off

ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct, Washingt on, D. C., Septembe r 1997. EP A/31 0-R-9 7-00 2. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/gro und.h tml

Neoprene Pr oducti on (1320) n-h exane ; 1, 3- butadien e; acrylo nitrile; meth yl chlori de; hydr ogen chlor ide; carbon
tetr achlori de; chloroprene; toluene SIC: 2821, 2822 NAICS: 325211, 325212 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part U U.S . EP A. 19 97. Profi le of Plast ic Res ins and Ma n-M ade F ibers Indu stry . Off ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., Se ptem ber 1 997

. EP A/31 0-R-9 7-00 6. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions /ass ist ance/s ectors/ notebooks/

plas ti c.h tmlSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-21 Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Produ cti on (1321) n-h exane ; 1, 3- butadien e; acrylo nitrile; meth yl chlori de; hydr ogen chlor ide; carbon
tetr achlori de; chloroprene; toluene SIC: 2821, 2822 NAICS: 325211, 325212 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part U U.S. EPA. 1995 . Prof il e of t he Rubber and Plastic Ind ustry . Offi ce of Complian ce Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject, W ashing ton, D .C., Septembe r 1995. EPA/310-R- 95-016. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/rub ber. ht ml

Nitrile Resins Product ion ( 1342) Styre ne, n- hexane, 1,3- butadien e, acrylo nitrile, me thyl chlori de, hydr ogen chlor ide, carbon
tetr achlori de, chloroprene, toluene MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part U U.S . EP A. 19 97. Profi le of Plast ic Res ins and Ma n-M ade F ibers Indu stry . Off ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., Se ptem ber 1 997

. EP A/31 0-R-9 7-00 6. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions /ass ist ance/s ectors/ notebooks/

plas tic.html.

Off-Site Waste and Recovery Op erations (0806) benzene, methylene chlor ide MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt DD None found at this writ ing.

Oil & Natural Gas Product ion ( 0501) benzene; t oluene; ethyl benzene; mi xed xylenes; n-hexane SIC: 1311, 1321, 1381, 1382, 1389 NAICS: 211112 (Condensate tank batt eri es, gly col dehydra tion units, natural gas processi ng plants , and nat

ural g as transmissi on and storag e facilities.) MACT, se e 40 CFR Par t 6 3 HH U.S . EP A. 19 99. Profi le of the Oi l and Gas Extraction Indu stry . Offi ce of Complian ce Sect or Not ebook Proj ect , Wash in gt on, D.C. EP A/31 0-R-9 9-00 6. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions/assista nce/se ctors/n oteb ook s/oil. ht mlSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-22 Organi c Liqu ids Distributi on (NonGasoli ne) ( 0602) benzene; ethyl benzene; toluen e; vinyl chloride; xylenes SIC: 2821, 2865, 2869, 2911, 4226, 4612, 5169, 5171 NAICS: 325211, 325192, 325188, 32411, 49311, 49319, 48611, 42269, 42271 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub par t EE EE U.S . EP A. 1997. Prof il e of t he Ground Transpor tat ion Indus try - Rail road, Trucki ng and Pipel ine

. Offi ce of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct. Washingt on, D. C., Septembe r 1997. EPA/310-R- 97-002. http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/gro und.h tml

U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Pet role um Refin ing In dus try. Offic e of Complianc e Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject. W ashing ton, D .C., Septembe r 1995. EPA/310-R- 95-013. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions/assista nce/se ctors/n oteb ook s/petr ole um. ht ml

U.S . EP A. 20 02. Organic Chemi cal Ma nufac turing Ind ustry . Off ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct. Washingt on, D. C., November 2002. EP A/31 0-R-0 2-00 1. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/org ani c.h tmlSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-23 Paper & Othe r Webs (Surface Coating) (0711) toluen e; meth ano l; methyl ethy l ket one; xylenes ; phen ol; methyl ene chlor ide; ethylene glycol; glycol ethers; hexa ne; me thyl isobutyl ke tone;

creso ls and c resylic acid; dimethy lfor

mamide; viny l acet ate; form aldeh yde; eth yl benzene NAICS: 322211, 322212, 322221, 322222, 322223, 322224, 322225, 322226, 322299, 323111, 323116, 325992, 326111, 326112, 326113, 32613, 326192, 32791, 332999, 339944 MA CT, see 40 CFR Part 63 JJJJ MA CT S ources: Profile of t he Pulp and Paper Industry, 2nd Edition (2002). http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/pul p.h tml

Pesticide Active Ingr edien t Produ cti on (0911) toluen e; meth ano l; methyl chlori de; hydr ogen ch lori de SIC: 2869, 2879 NAICS: 32532, 325199 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 MMM U.S . EP A. 20 00. Profi le of the Agr icul tural Che mica l, Pesticide, and Fertilizer Industry

. Offi ce of Compli ance Se ctor

Notebook Pro ject, W ashing ton, D .C., Se ptem ber 2 000

. EP A/31 0-R-0 0-00 3. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/che mic al. ht ml

Petroleum Refineries - Catalyti c Cracking, Cata lytic Refo rming , & Sulfur P lant U nits (0502) hydrogen f luori de; hydrogen ch lori de; 2,2, 4- tri methyl pentane; methyl te rt butyl ether; benzene; naphthal ene;

creso ls/cresylic a cid; phe nol; ethylbe nzen e; toluen e; hexan e; xylenes ; methyl eth yl ketone SIC: 2911 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpa rt CC U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Pet role um Refining Indu stry . Offi ce of Complian ce Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject, W ashing ton, D .C., Septembe r 1995. EPA/310-R- 95-013. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions/assista nce/se ctors/n oteb ook s/petr ole um. ht mlSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-24 Petroleum Refineries - Other Source s Not Disti nctl y Lis ted (0503) benzene, t oluene, ethyl benzene, 2,2,4-t rimet hylpent an e, creso ls/cresylic acid, e thyl

benzene, hexa ne, me thyl ethyl ketone SIC: 2911 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpa rt CC U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Pet role um Refining Indu stry . Offi ce of Complian ce Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject. W ashing ton, D .C., Septembe r 1995. EPA/310-R- 95-013. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions/assista nce/se ctors/n oteb ook s/petr oleum .html.

Pha rmac euticals Product ion ( 1201) methyl ene chlor ide; methanol; tolue ne; hydrogen ch lori de; dimethy lfor

mamide; hexane SIC: 2833, 2834 NAICS: 32541, 325412 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 GGG U.S . EP A. 19 97. Profi le of the Pha rma ceutical Ind ustry . Off ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct. Washingt on, D. C., Septembe r 1997. EP A/31 0-R-9 7-00 5. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/pha

rmac eut ica l. ht ml Phosphate Fertilizers Product ion ( 1410) hydrogen f luori de;

ars eni c; bery ll iu m; cadmi um; chr omiu m;

man gane se; me rcury; nickel; m ethyl isobutyl ke tone SIC: 2874 NAICS: 325314 MACT, se e 40 CFR Par t 6 3 BB U.S . EP A. 20 00. Profi le of the Agr icul tural Che mica l, Pesticide, and Fertilizer Industry

. Offi ce of Compli ance Se ctor

Notebook Project . Washi ngt on, D. C., Septembe r 2000. EP A/31 0-R-0 0-00 3. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/che mic al. ht ml

Pho spho ric Ac id Manufact

urng (1411) hydrogen f luori de;

ars eni c; bery ll iu m; cadmi um; chr omiu m;

man gane se; me rcury; nickel; m ethyl isobutyl ke tone SIC: 2874 NAICS: 325314 MACT, see 40 CFR Par t 63 AA U.S . EP A. 20 00. Profi le of the Agr icul tural Che mica l, Pesticide, and Fertilizer Industry

. Offi ce of Compli ance Se ctor

Notebook Project . Washi ngt on, D. C., Septembe r 2000. EP A/31 0-R-0 0-00 3. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/che mic al. ht mlSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-25 Plastic Parts & Products (Sur face Coati ng) ( 0712) methyl ethy l ket one; methyl iso butyl ketone; tolue ne; ethy lene gly col monobutyl ether; other glycol ethers; xylen es NAICS: 32615, 32614, 33422, 33992, 326199, 333313, 336211, 336212, 336213, 336214, 336399, 336999, 337214, 339111, 339112, 339999 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub par t PPP P U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Motor Veh icle Assem bly Indu stry . Off ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct. W ashing ton, D .C., Se ptem ber 1 995

. EP A/31 0-R-9 5-00 9. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/mot or.htm l Plywood and Composit e Wood Product s (1624) acetal dehyde; acrolein; formaldeh yde; metha nol; ph eno l; propion aldeh yde SIC: 2421, 2435, 2436, 2439, 2493 NAICS: 321211, 321212, 321213, 321219, 321999 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt DDDD Th e Plyw ood and C omp osite W ood Pro duc ts MACT was pr oposed on J anuar y 9, 2003. The comment

peri od ended on March 10, 2003. The f

inal rul e wil l most

li kely be promulgated in March 20 04, with a

com plianc e date of M arch 2 007

. Polybutadi ene Rubber Product ion ( 1325) sty rene; n-hexan e; 1,3- but adiene; acrylo nitrile; meth yl chlori de; hydr ogen chlor ide; carbon
tetr achlori de; chloroprene; toluene SIC: 2821, 2822 NAICS: 325211, 325212 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part U U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Rubber

and Plastic Ind ustry . Offi ce of Complian ce Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject. W ashing ton, D .C., Septembe r 1995. EPA/310-R- 95-016. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/rub ber. ht ml Polycarbonat es Product ion ( 1326) TOC, or gan ic HAPs SIC: 2869 NAICS: 325199 MACT, se e 40 CFR Par t 6 3 YY

(Ge ne ri c MAC T) U.S . EP A. 19 97. Profi le of the Pl asti c Resi ns and Ma n-m ade F ibers Indu stry . Off ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct. Washingt on, D. C., Septembe r 1997. EP A/31 0-R-9 7-00 6 . Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions /ass ist ance/s ectors/ notebooks/

plas ti c.h tml

Po lyether P olyols Product ion ( 1625) ethyl ene oxide; propylene oxide; hexane; toluene SIC: 2843, 2869 NAICS: 325199, 325613 MACT, s ee 4 0 CFR Pa rt 63 PPP None found at this writ ing.Sourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-26 Polyethylene Te reph thalate Product ion ( 1328) sty rene; acryl onitr ile; butadiene; ethyl ene glycol; m ethano l; acetal dehyde; dioxane SIC: 2821, 2822 NAICS: 325211, 325212 MA CT, see 40 CFR Part 63 JJJ U.S . EP A. 20 01. Polymers an d Resins IV Insp ection Too l. Adopt -a -MACT Co mplia nce T ool, W ashing ton, D .C., Sep temb er 20 01. A vailab le at: http://www .epa.g ov/ttn/atw /pr4 /privinsp ect.h tml Polys ty rene Product ion (1331) sty rene; acryl onitr ile; butadiene; ethyl ene glycol; m ethano l; acetal dehyde; dioxane SIC: 2821, 2822 NAICS: 325211, 325212 MA CT, see 40 CFR Part 63 JJJ U.S . EP A. 20 01. Polymers an d Resins IV Insp ection Too l. Adopt -a -MACT Co mplia nce T ool, W ashing ton, D .C., Sep temb er 20 01. A vailab le at: http://www .epa.g ov/ttn/atw /pr4 /privinsp ect.h tml Polysul fide Rubber Product ion ( 1332) sty rene; n-hexan e; 1,3- but adiene; acrylo nitrile; meth yl chlori de; hydr ogen chlor ide; carbon
tetr achlori de; chloroprene; toluene SIC: 30 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part U U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Rubber

and Plastic Ind ustry . Offi ce of Complian ce Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject. W ashing ton, D .C., Septembe r 1995. EPA/310-R- 95-016. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/rub ber. ht ml Polyvin yl Chl oride & Copolyme rs Produ cti on (1336) viny l chl oride; vin yl idene chl oride (1,1 dichloroethylene); vinyl ace tate SIC: 2821 NAICS: 325211 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 J None found as of this writ ingSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-27 Portland Cement Manufact

uri ng (0410) acetal dehyde;

arseni c; benzene; cadmi um; chr omiu m; chlorobenzene ; dibenzo furans; formaldeh yde; hexane; hydrogen chlor ide; lea d;

man gane se; me rcury; nap hthalen e; nicke l; phe nol; po lycyclic organic matter; seleni um; st yrene; 2,3, 7,8-
tet rachl orodibe nzo- pdioxin; tolue ne; xylen es SIC: 3241 NAICS: 32731 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart LLL U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profil e of the St

one, Clay, Glass a nd C oncre te Industry . Off ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct. Washingt on, D. C., Septembe r 1995. EP A/31 0-R-9 5-01 7. http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/s ton e.html

Primary Aluminum Product ion ( 0201) hydrogen f louri de; polyc yclic aro matic hydrocarbons NAICS: 331312 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart LL U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Nonf

errous Me tals Industry . Offi ce of Complian ce Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject. W ashing ton, D .C., Septembe r 1995. EPA/310-R- 95-010. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/n on fe rro us. ht ml Primary Copper Smelt ing (0203) anti mony; ar senic; bery ll iu m; c admi um; cobalt ; l ead;

man gane se; nicke l; selenium SIC: 3339 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt QQQ None found at this writ ing.

Primary Lead Smelting (0204) arsen ic; antimo ny; cadmium SIC: 3339 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt TTT None found at this writ ing.

Primary Magnesium Refi nin g (0207) chlori ne; hydr ochlor ic a cid; dioxin/ furan ; tr ace amounts of

several HA P m etals NAICS: 331419 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt TTTTT None found at this writ ing.Sourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-28 Printing, Coating & Dyeing Of Fabri cs (0713) toluen e; meth yl ethyl keton e; meth ano l; xylenes ; methyl isobutyl ke tone; methyl ene chlor ide; n-hexan e; tri chloroet

hylen e; n,n-dim ethyl forma mide. ; 1, 1,1- tri chloroet

hane;
nap hthalen e; ethyl benzen e; g ly col ethers (ethy lene glycol); b iphen yl; styrene NAICS: 31321, 31322, 313241, NAICS: 313311, 313312, 313320, 314110 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt OOOO U.S. EPA. 1997 . Profi le of t he Textil es Indu stry . Off

ice of Compl ianc e Sect or No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., Septembe r 1997. EPA/310-R- 97-009. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/text il es. ht ml

Printing/Publis hing (Surface Coating) (0714) xylen e; t oluene; ethylbe nzen e; meth yl ethyl keto ne; me thyl isobutyl ke tone; methanol; ethyl ene gly col; cert ain gly col ethers SIC: 2671, 2711, 2721, 2754, 2759 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt KK U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Pr int ing Indu stry . Off

ice of Compl ianc e Sect or No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., Septembe r 1995. EPA/310-R- 95-014. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions/assista nce/se ctors/n oteb ook s/prin ti ng. ht ml

Publicl y Owned Treatment W orks (POT W ) Emissions (0803) xylenes; methylene chlori de; tol uene; ethyl benzene; chl orof orm; tetr achloroet

hylen e; benzene; naphthalene SIC: 4952 NAICS: 22132 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt VVV None found at this writ ing.

Pulp & Paper Production - Co mbu stion (K raft, Sod a, Sulfite, & Sem iChemic al) (1626- 2) SIC: 2611, 2621,2631 NAICS: 32211, 32212, 32213 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part S U.S . EP A. 20 02. Profi le of the Pul p and Paper Indus try

, 2nd Edi ti on . Off

ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., N ove mbe r 20 02. EP A/31 0-R-9 5-01 5. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/pul p.h tmlSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-29 Pulp & PaperProduction - NonCombust ion ( 1626-1) SIC 26 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part S U.S . EP A. 20 02. Profi le of the Pul p and Paper Indus try

, 2nd Edi ti on . Off

ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., N ove mbe r 20 02. EP A/31 0-R-9 5-01 5. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/pul p.h tml

Refra ctorie s Pro duc ts Manufact

uri ng (0406) ethylene glycol;

formaldeh yde; hydrogen f

luori de; hydr ochlor ic a cid; metha nol; ph eno l; polyc yclic org anic
matter NAICS: 327124, 327125 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart SSSSS None found at this writ ing.

Rein force d P lastic Composit es Produ cti on (1337) styrene; m ethyl methacry late ; methy lene chl oride (dichl oromethane) SIC: 2821, 3084, 3087, 3088, 3089, 3281, 3296, 3431, 3531, 3612, 3613, 3621, 3663, 3711, 3713, 3714, 3716, 3728, 3743, 3792, 3799 NAICS: 33312, 33612, 33651, 33653, 35313, 325211, 325991, 326122, 326191, 327991, 327993, 332998, 333422, 335311, 335312, 336112, 336211, 336213, 336214, 336399, 336413 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part W W W W None found at this writ ing.Sourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-30 Roc ket Engine T est Firi ng (1627) toluen e, benzene, mixed xyl enes , 1, 3- butadiene SIC: 3724, 3761, 3764, 9661, 9711 NAICS: 336412, 336414 , 336415, 54171, 92711, 92811 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub par t PPP PP U.S. EPA. 1997. Pro file of the A ir Transp ortation In dustry . Off ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct, Washingt on, D. C., Februa ry 1998. EP A/31 0-R-9 7-00 1. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/air. ht ml

Rubber Tir e Product ion (1631) toluene; hexane SIC: 2296, 3011, 7534 NAICS: 314992, 326211, 326212 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt XXXX U.S . EP A. Pro file of the R ubb er an d P lastic Indu stry . Off

ice of Compl ianc e Sect or No tebo ok P roje ct, W ashing ton, D .C., Septembe r 1995. EPA/310-R- 95-016. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/rub ber. ht ml Secondary Aluminum Product ion ( 0202) hydrogen ch lori de, hydrogen f

luori de, chlori ne, 2,3, 7,8- tet

rachl orodi benzo-p-dioxin, organic H APs, part icu lat e HAP
meta ls SIC: 3341, 3334, 3353, 3354, 3355, 3363, 3365 NAICS: 331314, 331312, 331315, 331316, 331319, 331521, 331524 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpa rt RRR None found at this writ ing.

Secondary Lead Smelt ing (0205) lead com pound s; arsenic com pound s; 1,3-butadiene NAICS: 331492 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part X None found at this writ ing.

Semicon ductor Manufact

uri ng (1629) hydr ochlor ic a cid;

hydrogen f

louri de; metha nol; gly col ethers; xy lene SIC: 3674 NAICS: 334413 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt BBBBB U.S . EP A. 20 01. Nati onal Emis sion Stand ards for H azardo us Air Po llutants: Semiconduct

or Manufact

uring- Background Infor mation f or Propos ed Standar

ds . Offi ce of Air Qu ality Planning and S tandards, Resear ch Tri angl e Park, NC, Febru ary 2001. Ava ilable a t: htt p:/ /www .epa. gov/ tt n/at

w/s emicon /sma tr_b id. pdfSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-31 Ship build ing & Ship Repair (Sur face Coati ng) ( 0715) xylen e; t oluene; ethylbe nzen e; meth yl ethyl keto ne; me thyl isobutyl ke tone; ethylene glycol; glycol ether s SIC: 3731 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart II U.S . EP A. 19 97. Profi le of the Shi pbuil ding and Repa ir Industry . Offi ce of Complian ce Sec tor N oteb ook Pro ject, W ashing ton, D .C., November 1997. EPA/310-R- 97-008. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions/assista nce/se ctors/n oteb ook s/ship .html

Sit e Remedi ati on (0805) ben zene ; ethyl benzene; t oluene; viny l chl oride; xylen es; ot

her volatile o rganic compounds NAICS: 325211, 325192, 325188, 32411, 49311, 49319, 48611, 42269, 42271 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt GGGGG

Solve nt Ext

ract ion f or Ve getab le Oil Product ion ( 1103) n-hexane SIC: 2076, 2079 NAICS: 311223 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt GGGG None found at this writ ing.

Spandex Pr oducti on (1003) cyanide co mpo unds; acryl onitr ile;
aceto nitrile; carb onyl sul fi de; c arbon disul fide; benzene; 1,3 butadi ene; toluene; 2,4 toluene diisoc yanate SIC: 2824 NAICS: 325222 MACT, se e 40 CFR Par t 6 3 YY U.S . EP A. 19 97. Profi le of the Pl asti c Resi ns and Ma n-m ade F ibers Indu stry . Off ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct, Washingt on, D. C., Septembe r 1997. EP A/31 0-R-9 7-00 6. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublica tions /ass ist ance/s ectors/ notebooks/

plas ti c.h tml

Stat ionar y Combus ti on Turbine s (0108) formaldeh yde; toluen e; benzene;
acet aldeh yde SIC: 1311, 1321, 4911, 4922, 4931 NAICS: 221, 2211, 211111, 211112, 486210 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 YYYY

Station ary Re cipro cal Int ernal Combust ion Engin es ( 0105) formaldeh yde;

acro lein; me thano l;
acet aldeh yde SIC: 1311, 1321, 4911, 4922, 9711 NAICS: 2211, 48621, 92811, 211111, 211112 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart ZZZZSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-32 Ste el Pick li ng - HCL Process (0310) hydro chlor ic acid SIC: 3312, 3315, 3317 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpa rt CCC Styren e Ac rylonitrile Product ion ( 1338) sty rene; acryl onitr ile; butadiene; ethyl ene glycol; m ethano l; acetal dehyde; dioxane SIC: 2821, 2822 NAICS: 325211, 325212 MA CT, see 40 CFR Part 63 JJJ U.S . EP A. 20 01. Polymers an d Resins IV Insp ection Too l. Adopt -a -MACT Co mplia nce T ool, W ashing ton, D .C., Sep temb er 20 01. A vailab le at: http://www .epa.g ov/ttn/atw /pr4 /privinsp ect.h tml Styrene-Butadiene Rubber & Latex Product ion ( 1339) sty rene; n-hexan e; 1,3- but adiene; acrylo nitrile; meth yl chlori de; hydr ogen chlor ide; carbon
tetr achlori de; chloroprene; toluene SIC: 2821, 2822 NAICS: 325211, 325212 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Sub part U U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Rubber

and Plastic Ind ustry . Offi ce of Complian ce Sector Notebo ok Program, W ashington, D.C., Septe mber 1995. EPA/310-R- 95-016. Ava ilable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ublications/ assist ance/sectors/not ebooks/rub ber. ht ml Synthe tic Org anic Chemical Manu fa ct

ur in g ( HON) (1501) toluen e, meth ano l, xylen e, hy drogen chloride, and methy lene chl oride NAICS: 3251, 3252, 3253, 3254, 3255, 3256, 3259 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart FFFF and M iscellane ous O rganic NESHAP

Taconite Iron Ore Process ing (0411) metal compounds (such as manganese,

arsen ic, lead , nickel, chromium, and

merc ury); pro duc ts of inco mple te combust ion (including formaldehyde); hydrogen ch lori de; hydr ogen f

luor ide NAICS: 21221 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpa rt RRRRR None found at this writ ing.Sourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-33 Utili ty Boil ers: Coal (1808-1) ars eni c; cadmi um; chromium; hydrogen chlori de; hydr ogen fl uori de; l ead;

man gane se; me rcury; nickel SIC: 29 NAICS: 324 See 40 C FR Part 63 S ubpart DDDDD None found at this writ ing.

Utili ty Boil ers: Natural Gas (1808- 2) ars eni c; cadmi um; chromium; hydrogen chlori de; hydr ogen fl uori de; l ead;

man gane se; me rcury; nickel SIC: 13, 49 NAICS: 211, 221 See 40 C FR Part 63 S ubpart DDDDD None found at this writ ing.

Utility B oilers: O il (1808-3) ars eni c; cadmi um; chromium; hydrogen chlori de; hydr ogen fl uori de; l ead;

man gane se; me rcury; nickel SIC: 24, 29 NAICS: 321, 324 See 40 C FR Part 63 S ubpart DDDDD None found at this writ ing.

W et-Formed Fiberglass Mat Product ion ( 0413) formaldeh yde; metha nol; vinyl
aceta te SIC: 3229325 NAICS: 327212 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt HHHH None found at this writ ing.

W ood B uilding Products (Sur face Coati ng) ( 0703) xylen es; t oluene; ethyl benzene; ethy lene gly col monobutyl ether; other glycol ethers; methyl ethy l ket one; methyl iso butyl keton e; meth ano l; sty rene; forma ldehy de SIC: 2421, 2426, 2431, 2435, 2436, 2493, 2499 NAICS: 321211, 321212, 321219, 321911, 321918, 321999 Note: The subcategory of t he SI C and NAI CS code dep ends on the final end use of the
pro duc t. MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt QQQQ U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Wood Furn iture and Fixtures Ind ustry . Off ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct, Washingt on, D. C., Septembe r 1995. EP A/31 0-R-9 5-00 3. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/w oo d.h tmlSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-34 W ood Furniture (Surface Coating) (0716) toluen e; xy lene; metha nol; m ethyl ethyl keto ne; me thyl isobutyl ke tone; glycol ethers; forma ldehy de SIC: 2511, 2512, 2517, 2519, 2521, 2531, 2541 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart JJ U.S . EP A. 19 95. Profi le of the Wood Furn iture and Fixtures Ind ustry . Off ice of Co mplia nce S ector No tebo ok P roje ct, Washingt on, D. C., Septembe r 1995. EP A/31 0-R-9 5-00 3. Av ailable at: http://www .epa.g ov/co mplia nce/re sourc es/p ubli cati ons/ assi sta nce/ sect ors/ notebook s/w oo d.h tml

W ool Fibe rglass Manufact

uri ng (0412) arseni c,

chromi um, l ead, formaldeh yde, phenol, and metha nol SIC: 3296 MACT , s ee 40 CFR Part 63 Su bpa rt NNN None found at this writ ing.

M obile Sources Mob ile sources acetal dehyde,

acro lein, arse nic compounds, benzene, 1,3-but adiene, chromium compounds, dies el particulat e matter, diesel exhaust organic gase s, dioxin/ furans, ethyl benzene, formaldeh yde , n-hexan e, le ad
comp ounds,
mangan ese compo unds, mercury
comp oun ds, MTBE, naphthal ene, ni ckel
comp ounds, polyc yclic org anic
matter , st

yrene, toluene, xyl ene N/A Various, see htt p:/ /www .epa. gov/ otaq/ EP A’s O ffice of T ransp ortatio n Air Q ualtiy
pro vides inform ation o n mo bile so urce a ir toxics a t http://www .epa.g ov/o taq/tox ics.htm

In-depth inf

ormation on desiel engine exhaust can be found a t http://cfpu b.ep a.gov /ncea /cfm/rec ord isplay.c fm ?de id =29 060 &CFI D=12 048 081 &CFTOK EN=92457493

The Health Eff

ects I nsti tut e is an independent , nonprof

it c orporati on chart ered in 19 80 to pro vide h igh-qu ality, impa rtial, and re leva nt s cien ce on t he hea lt h ef

fect s of poll utan ts from mot or veh icl es an d fr om other s ources i n the en vironment (see www.healtheff

ects.org ).Sourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-35 Indoor Sources Tob acco smoke Many, including ben zene , toluene
, formaldeh yde,

ac ro le in , Nnitrosd imethylamine , polyc yclic organic matter, methy l ch lori de, 1, 3- butad iene, p heno l,
catec hol, hydroquin one, anil ine, o-tol uidin e, quinoli ne, polychl orinat ed dibenzo -p-dioxins, ni ckel , c admi um, poloni um-210 N/A Voluntary programs t o protect chil dren f

rom th e ef

fect s of secondhand smoke U.S . EP A. 19 92. Res pirato ry H ealth Effects of Passiv e Smoking: Lung Cancer and O ther Diso rders

. Office of Research and Developm ent and Office of Air and Radiati on, Washingt on, D.C., December 199 2. EP A/60 0/6-9 0/00 6F. A vailab le at: http://cfpu b.ep a.gov /ncea /cfm/rec ord isplay.c fm?dei d=2835

Smoke-Free H omes Cam paign: htt p:// www.epa.g ov/smokef

ree/

Consumer and

com merc ial pro duc ts M any or ganic chemicals and metals, i ncluding benzene, t oluene, xylen es, al dehydes and keto nes, chlorinated so lvents, ethylene gl ycol and glycol ethers, phthal ates, pesti cides N/A Volunt ary progr ams t o cont rol exposures/risks Source s of VO Cs indo ors: ht tp: // www. epa. gov/ iaq /v oc. ht ml

Pesticides: ht tp: // www. epa. gov/ iaq /pe st ici d.h tmlSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-36 Building m aterials Many, including forma ldehy de fr om press ed wood
pro duc ts; chem icals (see consumer and commercial product s) f

rom caulks and sea lants, paints a nd wa ll coveri ngs, fl oor coverings, etc. ; and asbe stos an d lead in older buildings N/A Volunt ary progr ams t o cont rol exposures/risks For mald ehyd e: ht tp: // www. epa. gov/ iaq /f

ormal de. ht ml

Asbesto s: ht tp: // www. epa. gov/ asbe st os/ ash ome. ht ml

Lead: ht tp: // www. epa. gov/ iaq /l ead. ht ml

Natural Sources Forest f ires Various volatile and

semiv olatile o rganic

com pou nds (e .g., dioxins, PA Hs) N/A No feder al pro gram s curre ntly exist See tables 32-34 in: htt p:// www.epa.g ov/tt

n/chi ef/a p42/ch13/rel at ed/f ire rept .pdf

. Al so se e th e documen tat ion for the Preliminar

y 2002 N ational Emissions Inven tory (N EI), p ages A 58-A 70: ft p:/ /f tp. epa. gov/

pub/ Emis Inv ent ory /pr eli m2 002 nei/no npo int/doc ume ntation/2 002 prelim nein onpt_032004. pdf

, and and t

he 1999 final NE I, (pag es A5 6-A6 0: ftp:/ /ft p.epa.gov/EmisInventory/f inalnei99ve r3/haps/ documentati on/nonpoint /nonpt99ver 3_aug2003. pdf

Radon radon N/A Volunt ary progr ams t o cont rol exposures/risks Radon in indoor air: htt p:/ /www .epa. gov/ radonSourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-37 Other Sources Long-range transport aldri n, chl ordane, DD T, dieldrin, dioxins and furans, endrin, mirex, hep tachlo r, hexachl orobenzene, mercury, P CB s, toxaphene N/A N/A Information on mercury as a global pollut ant can be found on the United Nations Environment

Programme websit e, whi ch also provides in-depth i nformation and assessment of t

he issue of gl obal mercury (see http://www .chem .unep .ch/me rcury/ ). General information about the healt h and enviro nme ntal imp acts of p ersistent o rganic pollut ants ( POP s) can be f ound at htt p:/ /www .epa. gov/ int ernat ional /t oxics /broc hur e.h tml . This sit e describes what acti ons the Unit ed States and some other countri es have alread y taken to add ress these pollutants, and to describe the action s set into m otion by the S tockh olm Conv ention on P OP s to addre ss ths issue glo bally. M ore in-d epth information on global POPs can be found in The Foundati on for

Global Act

ion on Persi ste nt Organi c Poll utant s: a Uni ted States Perspecti ve , Office of Research and De velop men t, U.S. E PA , Rese arch T riangle Park, NC, EPA/600/P- 01/003F, 2002 ( http://cfpu b.ep a.gov /ncea /cfm/rec ord isplay. cfm?dei d=51746 ). General refer ence websi tes wit

h in forma ti on on t he i ssu e of long ran ge tra nsport ar e EPA's Great Lakes Nat io na l P ro gr am Of

fi ce (GL NPO;

www. epa.g ov/g lnpo/ ), t he Binati onal Toxics Strateg y ( www.epa .gov/glnpo/b ns/ ), and the Artic Monitoring and Assessment Programme ( htt

p:/ /www .amap. no/ ).Sourc e Name (a) Typical Po llutants Typical Indust ries (S IC) Regulator y and Control Program s Referenc es and Other Infor mation

April 2004 Page E-38 (a) HAP So urce Categ ory names a re fol lowed by MACT source cat egory codes u sed for s ource cla ssi fica tion i n the Nati onal Toxics I nventory (see htt p:// www.epa.g ov/tt

n/chi ef/c odes/i ndex.ht

ml#mact ). Except for

mobil e and na tur al s ources , an d sour ces of indoor air toxi cs, the tabl e does n ot i nclu de

sources o f criteria pollutants and T RI chem icals that are not also M ACT HA P sourc es. (b) Very li mit ed i nf

ormat ion is ava il abl e abou t e mis si ons and r is ks a ss oci ate d wi th th e man y n on- HAP compoun ds u sed in sol ven t c lea ni ngs si nce th e MACT rule wa s promulgat ed. These compounds are not li sted i n the t able.

(c) The estimat e of ai r toxi cs emis sions from hal ogenated s olvent cleani ng is from backgr ound analy ses conduct ed for t he MACT rule. The esti mate is based on estimates and assumptions about t he national number of cleaning machines, the t ypes of cleaning machines and processes in use, control equipment and work practice standards in us e before and after the MACT rule, sol vents used and solvent use r ates, and emissi ons factors f or the various machine ty pes and control equipment c ombinati ons. A sa mple of MACT compliance reports collec ted fr om stat es and EPA regions for a r esidual ris k asses sment s uggest that (1) the population of cleani ng machines estimated f or the MAC T rule may have been substantiall y overestimated and/or (2) many cleani ng machines have be en re mov ed f

ro m s er vi ce or ch an ge d t o s ol ve nt s n ot co ve re d b y t he MACT.

# Appendix F Specific HAPs Included in the National Emissions Inventory (NEI)Appendix F. Specific HAPs Included in the NEIEPAChemRegistryName NEI HAP Category NEI Pollutant Name CASRN1,1,1-TrichloroethaneMethyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane) Methyl Chloroform 71-55-61,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 79-34-51,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 79-00-51,1'-Biphenyl, chloro derivs. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Aroclors)Polychlorinated Biphenyls1336-36-31,1-DichloroethaneEthylidene Dichloride (1,1-Dichloroethane)Ethylidene Dichloride (1,1-Dichloroethane) 75-34-31,1-DichloroethyleneVinylidene Chloride (1,1-Dichloroethylene) Vinylidene Chloride 75-35-41,1-Dimethylhydrazine1,1-Dimethylhydrazine1,1-Dimethyl Hydrazine57-14-71,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octachlorodibenzofuran Dioxins/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs Octachlorodibenzofuran 39001-02-01,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Dioxins/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs Octachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin 3268-87-91,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzofuran Dioxins/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzofuran 67562-39-41,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Dioxins/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzo-pDioxin 35822-46-91,2,3,4,7,8,9-Heptachlorodibenzofuran Dioxins/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs1,2,3,4,7,8,9-Heptachlorodibenzofuran 55673-89-71,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran Dioxins/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran 70648-26-91,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Dioxins/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-pDioxin 39227-28-61,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran Dioxins/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran 57117-44-91,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Dioxins/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-pDioxin 57653-85-71,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzofuran Dioxins/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzofuran 72918-21-91,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Dioxins/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzo-pDioxin 19408-74-31,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran Dioxins/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs 1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran 57117-41-61,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Dioxins/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-pDioxin 40321-76-4April 2004Page F-1Appendix F. Specific HAPs Included in the NEIEPAChemRegistryName NEI HAP Category NEI Pollutant Name CASRN1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 120-82-11,2-Butylene oxide1,2-Epoxybutane1,2-Epoxybutane106-88-71,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane 1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane 96-12-81,2-DichloroethaneEthylene Dichloride (1,2-Dichloroethane) Ethylene Dichloride 107-06-21,2-DichloropropanePropylene Dichloride (1,2-Dichloropropane) Propylene Dichloride 78-87-51,2-Diphenylhydrazine1,2-Diphenylhydrazine1,2-Diphenylhydrazine122-66-71,3-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 106-99-01,3-Dichloropropene 1,3-Dichloropropene 1,3-Dichloropropene 542-75-61,3-Propane sultone 1,3-Propane Sultone 1,3-Propanesultone 1120-71-41,4-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 106-46-71,4-Dioxane p-Dioxane p-Dioxane 123-91-11,6-DinitropyrenePolycyclic Organic Matter1,6-Dinitropyrene42397-64-81,8-DinitropyrenePolycyclic Organic Matter1,8-Dinitropyrene42397-65-912-Methylbenz[a]anthrancenePolycyclic Organic Matter12-Methylbenz(a)Anthracene2422-79-91-MethylnaphthalenePolycyclic Organic Matter1-Methylnaphthalene90-12-01-MethylphenanthrenePolycyclic Organic Matter1-Methylphenanthrene832-69-91-MethylpyrenePolycyclic Organic Matter1-Methylpyrene2381-21-71-Nitropyrene Polycyclic Organic Matter1-Nitropyrene 5522-43-02,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 540-84-12,3,4,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran Dioxins/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran 60851-34-52,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran Dioxins/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran 57117-31-42,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran Dioxins/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran 51207-31-92,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Dioxins/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-pDioxin 1746-01-62,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, TEQ Dioxins/Furans as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ No CAS Number2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 95-95-42,4,6-Trichlorophenol 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 88-06-22,4-D2,4-D (2,4-DichlorophenoxyaceticAcid)(Including Salts And Esters) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid 94-75-72,4-Dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol 51-28-5April 2004Page F-2Appendix F. Specific HAPs Included in the NEIEPAChemRegistryName NEI HAP Category NEI Pollutant Name CASRN2,4-Dinitrotoluene 2,4-Dinitrotoluene 2,4-Dinitrotoluene 121-14-22,4-Toluenediamine Toluene-2,4-Diamine Toluene-2,4-Diamine 95-80-72-Acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene 53-96-32-Chloroacetophenone 2-Chloroacetophenone 2-Chloroacetophenone 532-27-42-Chloronaphthalene Polycyclic Organic Matter2-Chloronaphthalene 91-58-72-Ethoxyethanol Glycol Ethers Cellosolve Solvent110-80-52-Methoxyethanol Glycol Ethers Ethylene Glycol Methyl Ether109-86-42-Methoxyethyl oleateGlycol Ethers Methoxyethyl Oleate111-10-42-MethylnaphthalenePolycyclic Organic Matter2-Methylnaphthalene91-57-62-Nitrofluorene Polycyclic Organic Matter2-Nitrofluorene 607-57-82-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane 79-46-92-Propoxyethanol acetateGlycol Ethers 2-Propoxyethyl Acetate20706-25-63,3'-Dichlorobenzidine3,3'-Dichlorobenzidene 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidene 91-94-13,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine119-90-43,3'-Dimethylbenzidine3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine119-93-73-Butoxy-1-propanol Glycol Ethers 3-Butoxy-1-Propanol 10215-33-53-MethylcholanthrenePolycyclic Organic Matter3-Methylcholanthrene56-49-54,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)4,4'-Methylenebis(2-Chloroaniline)4,4'-Methylenebis(2-Chloraniline)101-14-44,4'-Methylenedi(phenyl isocyanate)4,4'-Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate(MDI)4,4'-MethylenediphenylDiisocyanate 101-68-84,4'-Methylenedianiline4,4'-Methylenedianiline4,4'-Methylenedianiline101-77-94,6-Dinitro-o-cresol 4,6-Dinitro-o-Cresol (Including Salts) 4,6-Dinitro-o-Cresol 534-52-14-Aminobiphenyl 4-Aminobiphenyl 4-Aminobiphenyl 92-67-14-Dimethylaminoazobenzene4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene60-11-74-Nitrobiphenyl 4-Nitrobiphenyl 4-Nitrobiphenyl 92-93-34-Nitrophenol 4-Nitrophenol 4-Nitrophenol 100-02-75-MethylchrysenePolycyclic Organic Matter5-Methylchrysene3697-24-36-Nitrochrysene Polycyclic Organic Matter6-Nitrochrysene 7496-02-87,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracenePolycyclic Organic Matter7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]Anthracene57-97-69-MethylanthracenePolycyclic Organic Matter9-Methylbenz(a)Anthracene779-02-2Acenaphthene Polycyclic Organic Matter as 15-PAHAcenaphthene 83-32-9AcenaphthylenePolycyclic Organic Matter as 15-PAHAcenaphthylene208-96-8AcetaldehydeAcetaldehydeAcetaldehyde75-07-0AcetamideAcetamideAcetamide 60-35-5AcetonitrileAcetonitrileAcetonitrile 75-05-8AcetophenoneAcetophenoneAcetophenone 98-86-2April 2004Page F-3Appendix F. Specific HAPs Included in the NEIEPAChemRegistryName NEI HAP Category NEI Pollutant Name CASRNAcroleinAcroleinAcrolein 107-02-8AcrylamideAcrylamideAcrylamide 79-06-1Acrylic acidAcrylic AcidAcrylic Acid 79-10-7AcrylonitrileAcrylonitrileAcrylonitrile107-13-1Alkylated lead Lead CompoundsAlkylated Lead No CAS NumberAllyl chlorideAllyl ChlorideAllyl Chloride107-05-1Ammonium dichromate (VI) Chromium CompoundsAmmonium Dichromate 7789-09-5AnilineAnilineAniline 62-53-3Anthracene Polycyclic Organic Matter as 15-PAHAnthracene 120-12-7Antimonate(1-), hexafluoro-, sodium, (OC-6-11)- Antimony Compounds Sodium hexafluoroantimenate 16925-25-0AntimonyAntimony CompoundsAntimony7440-36-0Antimony and compoundsAntimony CompoundsAntimony & Compounds No CAS NumberAntimony oxide (unspecified)Antimony CompoundsAntimony Oxide 1327-33-9Antimony pentafluorideAntimony CompoundsAntimony Pentafluoride 7783-70-2Antimony trichlorideAntimony CompoundsAntimony Trichloride 10025-91-9Antimony trioxideAntimony CompoundsAntimony Trioxide 1309-64-4Antimony trisulfideAntimony CompoundsAntimony Trisulfide 1345-04-6ArsenicArsenic Compounds(Inorganic IncludingArsine) Arsenic 7440-38-2Arsenic acidArsenic Compounds(Inorganic IncludingArsine) Arsenic Acid 7778-39-4Arsenic acid (H3AsO4), lead(2+) salt (1:1) Lead Compounds Lead Arsenate 7784-40-9Arsenic compounds (inorganic including arsine)Arsenic Compounds(Inorganic IncludingArsine)Arsenic & Compounds (InorganicIncluding Arsine) No CAS NumberArsenic(III) trioxideArsenic Compounds(Inorganic IncludingArsine) Arsenic Trioxide 1327-53-3Arsenic(V) pentoxideArsenic Compounds(Inorganic IncludingArsine) Arsenic Pentoxide 1303-28-2Arsenous acid, triethyl esterArsenic Compounds(Inorganic IncludingArsine) Arsenous Acid 3141-12-6ArsineArsenic Compounds(Inorganic IncludingArsine) Arsine 7784-42-1AsbestosAsbestosAsbestos 1332-21-4Aurate(1-), bis(cyano-.kappa.C)-, potassium Cyanide Compounds Gold (I) Potassium Cyanide 13967-50-5Aurate(1-), bis(cyano-.kappa.C)-, potassium Cyanide Compounds Gold Potassium Cyanide 13967-50-5April 2004Page F-4Appendix F. Specific HAPs Included in the NEIEPAChemRegistryName NEI HAP Category NEI Pollutant Name CASRNAziridine Ethyleneimine (Aziridine)Ethyleneimine 151-56-4Benz[a]anthracene Polycyclic Organic Matter as 7-PAH Benz[a]Anthracene 56-55-3Benz[a]anthracene mixt. with chrysenePolycyclic Organic Matter as 7-PAH Benz(a)Anthracene/ChryseneNo CAS NumberBenzeneBenzene (Including Benzene FromGasoline) Benzene 71-43-2Benzene soluble organics Coke Oven Emissions Benzene Soluble Organics (BSO) No CAS NumberBenzeneacetonitrileCyanide Compounds Benzyl Cyanide140-29-4BenzidineBenzidineBenzidine92-87-5Benzo(b)fluoranthene Polycyclic Organic Matter as 7-PAH Benzo[b]Fluoranthene205-99-2Benzo[a]fluoranthene Polycyclic Organic MatterBenzo(a)fluoranthene 203-33-8Benzo[a]pyrenePolycyclic Organic Matter as 7-PAH Benzo[a]Pyrene50-32-8Benzo[b]fluoranthene mixt. withbenzo[k]fluoranthenewith benzo[k]fluoranthene Polycyclic Organic Matter as 7-PAH Benzo[b+k]Fluoranthene No CAS NumberBenzo[c]phenanthrene Polycyclic Organic MatterBenzo(c)phenanthrene 195-19-7Benzo[e]pyrenePolycyclic Organic MatterBenzo[e]Pyrene192-97-2Benzo[ghi]fluoranthenePolycyclic Organic MatterBenzo(g,h,i)Fluoranthene203-12-3Benzo[ghi]perylenePolycyclic Organic Matter as 15-PAH Benzo[g,h,i,]Perylene191-24-2Benzo[j]fluoranthene Polycyclic Organic MatterB[j]Fluoranthen 205-82-3Benzo[k]fluoranthene Polycyclic Organic Matter as 7-PAH Benzo[k]Fluoranthene 207-08-9Benzofluoranthene Polycyclic Organic Matter as 7-PAH Benzofluoranthenes 56832-73-6Benzotrichloride Benzotrichloride Benzotrichloride 98-07-7Benzyl chlorideBenzyl ChlorideBenzyl Chloride100-44-7Beryllium Beryllium Compounds Beryllium 7440-41-7Beryllium and compounds Beryllium Compounds Beryllium & Compounds No CAS NumberBeryllium difluoride Beryllium Compounds Beryllium Fluoride 7787-49-7Beryllium oxide Beryllium Compounds Beryllium Oxide 1304-56-9beta-Propiolactone Beta-Propiolactone Beta-Propiolactone 57-57-8Biphenyl Biphenyl Biphenyl 92-52-4Bis(2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl) phthalate Glycol EthersDi(Ethylene Glycol MonobutylEther) Phthalate 16672-39-2Bis(2-chloroethyl) etherDichloroethyl Ether (Bis[2-Chloroethyl]Ether) Dichloroethyl Ether 111-44-4Bis(chloromethyl) etherBis(Chloromethyl) EtherBis(Chloromethyl)Ether542-88-1Borate(1-), tetrafluoro-, lead(2+) (2:1) Lead Compounds Lead Fluoroborate 13814-96-5April 2004Page F-5Appendix F. Specific HAPs Included in the NEIEPAChemRegistryName NEI HAP Category NEI Pollutant Name CASRNC.I. Pigment Blue 28 Cobalt Compounds Cobalt Aluminate 1345-16-0Cadmium Cadmium Compounds Cadmium 7440-43-9Cadmium and compounds Cadmium Compounds Cadmium & Compounds No CAS NumberCadmium dichloride Cadmium Compounds Cadmium Chloride 10108-64-2Cadmium iodide Cadmium Compounds Cadmium Iodide 7790-80-9Cadmium nitrate Cadmium Compounds Cadmium Nitrate 10325-94-7Cadmium oxide Cadmium Compounds Cadmium Oxide 1306-19-0Cadmium sulfide Cadmium Compounds Cadmium Sulfide 1306-23-6Captan Captan Captan 133-06-2Carbaryl Carbaryl Carbaryl 63-25-2Carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide Carbon Disulfide 75-15-0Carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride 56-23-5Carbonic acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1) Lead Compounds Lead Carbonate 598-63-0Carbonic acid, nickel(2+) salt (1:1) Nickel Compounds Nickel Carbonate 3333-67-3Carbonyl sulfide Carbonyl SulfideCarbonyl Sulfide463-58-1Catechol Catechol Catechol 120-80-9Ceramic fibers, man-made Fine Mineral Fibers Ceramic Fibers (Man-Made) No CAS NumberChloramben Chloramben Chloramben 133-90-4Chlordane Chlordane Chlordane 57-74-9Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins Dioxins/Furans (total, non TEQ)Dioxins, Total, w/o Individ. IsomersReported {PCDDs} 136677-09-3Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins Dioxins/Furans (total, non TEQ)Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins,Total 136677-09-3Chlorine Chlorine Chlorine 7782-50-5Chloroacetic acid Chloroacetic Acid Chloroacetic Acid 79-11-8Chlorobenzene Chlorobenzene Chlorobenzene 108-90-7ChlorobenzilateChlorobenzilateChlorobenzilate510-15-6Chlorodibenzofurans Dioxins/Furans (total, non TEQ)Dibenzofurans (Chlorinated){PCDFs} 136677-10-6Chlorodibenzofurans Dioxins/Furans (total, non TEQ)Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans,Total 136677-10-6Chloroethane Ethyl ChlorideEthyl Chloride75-00-3Chloroform Chloroform Chloroform 67-66-3Chloromethane Methyl Chloride (Chloromethane)Methyl Chloride74-87-3Chloromethyl methyl etherChloromethyl Methyl EtherChloromethyl Methyl Ether107-30-2Chloroprene Chloroprene Chloroprene 126-99-8April 2004Page F-6Appendix F. Specific HAPs Included in the NEIEPAChemRegistryName NEI HAP Category NEI Pollutant Name CASRNChlorpyrifos Phosphorus Compounds Phosphorothioic Acid 2921-88-2Chromic acid (H2CrO4), barium salt (1:1) Chromium Compounds Barium Chromate 10294-40-3Chromic acid (H2CrO4), calcium salt (1:1) Chromium Compounds Calcium Chromate 13765-19-0Chromic acid (H2CrO4), lead(2+) salt (1:1) Lead Compounds Lead Chromate 7758-97-6Chromic acid (H2CrO4), strontium salt (1:1) Chromium Compounds Strontium Chromate 7789-06-2Chromic acid, mixt. with sulfuric acid Chromium Compounds Chromic Sulfuric Acid No CAS NumberChromic(VI) acid Chromium Compounds Chromic Acid 7738-94-5Chromic(VI) acid Chromium Compounds Chromic Acid (VI) 7738-94-5Chromium Chromium Compounds Chromium 7440-47-3Chromium and compounds Chromium Compounds Chromium & Compounds No CAS NumberChromium chloride, hexahydrate Chromium Compounds Chromium Chloride 10060-12-5Chromium difluoride dioxide Chromium Compounds Chromyl Fluoride 7788-96-7Chromium oxide (CrO2) Chromium Compounds Chromium Dioxide 12018-01-8Chromium zinc oxide (Cr2ZnO4) Chromium Compounds Chromium Zinc Oxide 12018-19-8Chromium zinc oxide (unspecified) Chromium Compounds Zinc Chromite 50922-29-7Chromium(III) Chromium Compounds Chromium III 16065-83-1Chromium(III) acetylacetonate Chromium Compounds Chromium (III)-AA 21679-31-2Chromium(III) hydroxide Chromium Compounds Chromium Hydroxide 1308-14-1Chromium(III) oxide Chromium Compounds Chromic Oxide 1308-38-9Chromium(VI) Chromium Compounds Chromium (VI) 18540-29-9Chromium(VI) dioxychloride Chromium Compounds Chromyl Chloride 14977-61-8Chromium(VI) trioxide Chromium Compounds Chromium Trioxide 1333-82-0Chrysene Polycyclic Organic Matter as 7-PAH Chrysene 218-01-9Coal tarCoke Oven Emissions Coal Tar 8007-45-2CobaltCobalt Compounds Cobalt7440-48-4Cobalt and compounds Cobalt Compounds Cobalt & Compounds No CAS NumberCobalt hydrocarbonylCobalt Compounds Cobalt Hydrocarbonyl16842-03-8Cobalt naphthenate Cobalt Compounds Cobalt Naphtha 61789-51-3Cobalt tetraoxide Cobalt Compounds Cobalt Oxide (II,III) 1308-06-1Cobalt(II) oxide Cobalt Compounds Cobalt Oxide 1307-96-6Cobalt(II) sulfide Cobalt Compounds Cobalt Sulfide 1317-42-6Cobalt, tetracarbonylhydro-Cobalt Compounds Cobalt Carbonate 16842-03-8Coke oven emissions Coke Oven Emissions Coke Oven Emissions No CAS NumberCopper(I) cyanide Cyanide Compounds Copper Cyanide544-92-3Cresol Cresol/Cresylic Acid (Mixed Isomers) Cresol 1319-77-3April 2004Page F-7Appendix F. Specific HAPs Included in the NEIEPAChemRegistryName NEI HAP Category NEI Pollutant Name CASRNCresol Cresol/Cresylic Acid (Mixed Isomers)Cresols (Includes o, m, &p)/Cresylic Acids 1319-77-3Cumene Cumene Cumene 98-82-8Cyanamide, calcium salt (1:1) Calcium Cyanamide Calcium Cyanamide 156-62-7CyanideCyanide Compounds Cyanide57-12-5Cyanide and compounds Cyanide Compounds Cyanide & Compounds No CAS NumberCyclonaphthenesPolycyclic Organic MatterNaphthenes (Cyclo) No CAS NumberDi(2-ethylhexyl) phthalateBis(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate (Dehp)Bis(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate117-81-7Diazomethane Diazomethane Diazomethane 334-88-3Dibenz[a,h]anthracene Polycyclic Organic Matter as 7-PAH Dibenzo[a,h]Anthracene53-70-3Dibenz[a,j]acridine Polycyclic Organic MatterDibenzo[a,j]Acridine 224-42-0Dibenzo[a,e]pyrenePolycyclic Organic MatterDibenzo[a,e]Pyrene192-65-4Dibenzo[a,h]pyrenePolycyclic Organic MatterDibenzo[a,h]Pyrene189-64-0Dibenzo[a,i]pyrenePolycyclic Organic MatterDibenzo[a,i]Pyrene189-55-9Dibenzo[a,l]pyrenePolycyclic Organic MatterDibenzo[a,l]Pyrene191-30-0Dibenzofuran Dibenzofuran Dibenzofuran 132-64-9Dibenzo-p-dioxin Dioxins/Furans (total, non TEQ) Dibenzo-p-Dioxin 262-12-4Dibutyl phthalateDibutyl PhthalateDibutyl Phthalate84-74-2Dichlorvos Dichlorvos Dichlorvos 62-73-7Diethanolamine Diethanolamine Diethanolamine 111-42-2Diethyl sulfate Diethyl SulfateDiethyl Sulfate64-67-5Diethylene glycol dibenzoateGlycol Ethers Diethylene Glycol Dibenzoate120-55-8Diethylene glycol diethyl etherGlycol Ethers Diethylene glycol diethyl ether112-36-7Diethylene glycol diglycidyl ether Glycol Ethers Diethylene Glycol Diglycidyl Ether 4206-61-5Diethylene glycol dimethyl etherGlycol Ethers Diethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether111-96-6Diethylene glycol dinitrateGlycol Ethers Diethylene Glycol Dinitrate693-21-0Diethylene glycol ethyl methyl ether Glycol EthersDiethylene Glycol Ethyl MethylEther 1002-67-1Diethylene glycol mono-2-cyanoethyl ether Glycol EthersDiethylene Glycol Mono-2-Cyanoethyl Ether 10143-54-1Diethylene glycol mono-2-methylpentyl ether Glycol EthersDiethyleneglycol-Mono-2-MethylPentyl Ether 10143-56-3Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Glycol Ethers Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether 112-34-5Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetateGlycol Ethers Butyl Carbitol Acetate124-17-4April 2004Page F-8Appendix F. Specific HAPs Included in the NEIEPAChemRegistryName NEI HAP Category NEI Pollutant Name CASRNDiethylene glycol monoethyl ether Glycol Ethers Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether 111-90-0Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetateGlycol Ethers Carbitol Acetate 112-15-2Diethylene glycol monohexyl etherGlycol Ethers N-Hexyl Carbitol 112-59-4Diethylene glycol monoisobutyl ether Glycol EthersDiethylene Glycol MonoisobutylEther 18912-80-6Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Glycol EthersDiethylene Glycol MonomethylEther 111-77-3Diethylene glycol monovinyl ether Glycol Ethers Diethylene Glycol Monovinyl Ether 929-37-3Dimethyl mercuryMercury Compounds Methyl Mercury593-74-8Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl PhthalateDimethyl Phthalate131-11-3Dimethyl sulfate Dimethyl Sulfate Dimethyl Sulfate 77-78-1Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride Dimethylcarbamoyl ChlorideDimethylcarbamoyl Chloride79-44-7Dioxins Dioxins/Furans (total, non TEQ) Dioxins No CAS NumberEpichlorohydrinEpichlorohydrin (1-Chloro-2,3-Epoxypropane) 1-Chloro-2,3-Epoxypropane 106-89-8Ethanol, 2-(phenylmethoxy)- Glycol Ethers Ethylene Glycol Monobenzyl Ether 622-08-2Ethene, [2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy]- Glycol Ethers Diethylene Glycol Ethylvinyl Ether 10143-53-0Ethene, 1,1'-[oxybis(2,1-ethanediyloxy)]bis-Glycol Ethers Diethylene Glycol Divinyl Ether764-99-8Ethyl acrylateEthyl AcrylateEthyl Acrylate140-88-5EthylbenzeneEthylbenzeneEthyl Benzene100-41-4Ethylene dibromideEthylene Dibromide (Dibromoethane) Ethylene Dibromide 106-93-4Ethylene glycolEthylene GlycolEthylene Glycol107-21-1Ethylene glycol bis(2,3-epoxy-2-methylpropyl)ether Glycol EthersEthylene Glycol Bis(2,3-Epoxy-2-Methylpropyl) Ether 3775-85-7Ethylene glycol diallyl etherGlycol Ethers Ethylene Glycol Diallyl Ether7529-27-3Ethylene glycol diethyl etherGlycol Ethers Ethylene Glycol Diethyl Ether629-14-1Ethylene glycol dimethyl etherGlycol Ethers 1,2-Dimethoxyethane 110-71-4Ethylene glycol mono-2,6,8-trimethyl-4-nonylether Glycol EthersEthyleneglycolmono-2,6,8-Trimethyl-4-Nonyl Ether 10137-98-1Ethylene glycol mono-2-methylpentyl ether Glycol EthersEthyleneglycol Mono-2-Methylpentyl Ether 10137-96-9Ethylene glycol monobutyl etherGlycol Ethers Butyl Cellosolve111-76-2April 2004Page F-9Appendix F. Specific HAPs Included in the NEIEPAChemRegistryName NEI HAP Category NEI Pollutant Name CASRNEthylene glycol monobutyl ether acetateGlycol Ethers 2-Butoxyethyl Acetate112-07-2Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetateGlycol Ethers Cellosolve Acetate 111-15-9Ethylene glycol monohexyl etherGlycol Ethers 2-(Hexyloxy)Ethanol 112-25-4Ethylene glycol monoisobutyl etherGlycol Ethers Isobutyl Cellosolve4439-24-1Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Glycol EthersEthylene Glycol Monomethyl EtherAcetate 110-49-6Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acrylateGlycol Ethers Methyl Cellosolve Acrylate3121-61-7Ethylene glycol monophenyl etherGlycol Ethers Phenyl Cellosolve122-99-6Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether propionate Glycol EthersEthyleneglycol Monophenyl EtherPropionate 23495-12-7Ethylene glycol monopropyl etherGlycol Ethers Propyl Cellosolve2807-30-9Ethylene glycol mono-sec-butyl ether Glycol EthersEthylene Glycol Mono-Sec-ButylEther 7795-91-7Ethylene glycol monovinyl etherGlycol Ethers Ethylene Glycol Monovinyl Ether764-48-7Ethylene oxideEthylene OxideEthylene Oxide75-21-8Ethylene thioureaEthylene ThioureaEthylene Thiourea96-45-7Ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid Glycol Ethers(Ethylenebis(Oxyethylenenitrilo))Tetraacetic Acid 67-42-5Extractable organic matter (EOM) Polycyclic Organic Matter Extractable Organic Matter (EOM) No CAS NumberFine mineral fibers Fine Mineral Fibers Fine Mineral Fibers No CAS NumberFine mineral fibers Fine Mineral Fibers Glasswool (Man-Made Fibers) No CAS NumberFine mineral fibers Fine Mineral Fibers Slagwool (Man-Made Fibers) No CAS NumberFine mineral fibers Fine Mineral Fibers Rockwool (Man-Made Fibers) No CAS NumberFluoranthene Polycyclic Organic Matter as 15-PAH Fluoranthene 206-44-0Fluorene Polycyclic Organic Matter as 15-PAH Fluorene 86-73-7Formaldehyde Formaldehyde Formaldehyde 50-00-0Glycol ethers -- CAA 112B Glycol Ethers Glycol Ethers No CAS NumberGold cyanideCyanide Compounds Gold Cyanide37187-64-7HeptachlorHeptachlorHeptachlor76-44-8Heptachlorodibenzofuran Dioxins/Furans (total, non TEQ) Total Heptachlorodibenzofuran 38998-75-3Heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Dioxins/Furans (total, non TEQ) Total Heptachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin 37871-00-4Hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene 118-74-1Hexachlorobutadiene Hexachlorobutadiene Hexachlorobutadiene 87-68-3HexachlorocyclopentadieneHexachlorocyclopentadieneHexachlorocyclopentadiene77-47-4April 2004Page F-10Appendix F. Specific HAPs Included in the NEIEPAChemRegistryName NEI HAP Category NEI Pollutant Name CASRNHexachlorodibenzofuran Dioxins/Furans (total, non TEQ) Total Hexachlorodibenzofuran 55684-94-1Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Dioxins/Furans (total, non TEQ) Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin 34465-46-8Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Dioxins/Furans (total, non TEQ)Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxins,Total 34465-46-8Hexachloroethane Hexachloroethane Hexachloroethane 67-72-1Hexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanateHexamethylene DiisocyanateHexamethylene Diisocyanate822-06-0Hexamethylphosphoramide Hexamethylphosphoramide Hexamethylphosphoramide 680-31-9Hexane Hexane Hexane 110-54-3Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, cobalt(2+) saltCobalt Compounds Cobalt 2-ethylhexanoate136-52-7HydrazineHydrazineHydrazine302-01-2Hydrochloric acidHydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride[Gas Only]) Hydrochloric Acid 7647-01-0Hydrofluoric acid Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid)Hydrogen Fluoride7664-39-3Hydrogen cyanideCyanide Compounds Hydrogen Cyanide74-90-8HydroquinoneHydroquinoneHydroquinone123-31-9Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrenePolycyclic Organic Matter as 7-PAH Indeno[1,2,3-c,d]Pyrene193-39-5Iodine-131 Radionuclides (Including Radon) Iodine-131 10043-66-0IsobutyronitrileCyanide Compounds 2-Methyl-Propanenitrile78-82-0Isophorone Isophorone Isophorone 78-59-1Lead Lead Compounds Lead 7439-92-1Lead acetate Lead Compounds Lead Subacetate 1335-32-6Lead and compounds Lead Compounds Lead & Compounds No CAS NumberLead and compounds (other than inorganic) Lead CompoundsLead Compounds (Other ThanInorganic) No CAS NumberLead and compounds, inorganic Lead Compounds Lead Compounds (Inorganic) No CAS NumberLead arsenite (Pb(AsO2)2) Lead Compounds Lead Arsenite 10031-13-7Lead chromate(VI) oxide Lead Compounds Lead Chromate Oxide 18454-12-1Lead dioxide Lead Compounds Lead Dioxide 1309-60-0Lead dioxide Lead Compounds Lead Dioxide, Unknown CAS#1309-60-0Lead monoxide Lead Compounds Lead (II) Oxide 1317-36-8Lead naphthenate Lead Compounds Lead Naphthenate 61790-14-5Lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) Lead Compounds Lead Nitrate 10099-74-8Lead oxide Lead Compounds Lead Oxide 1335-25-7Lead stearate Lead Compounds Lead Stearate 7428-48-0Lead tetraoxide Lead Compounds Lead (II, IV) Oxide 1314-41-6Lead titanium oxide (PbTiO3) Lead Compounds Lead Titanate 12060-00-3April 2004Page F-11Appendix F. Specific HAPs Included in the NEIEPAChemRegistryName NEI HAP Category NEI Pollutant Name CASRNLead titanium zirconium oxide (Pb(Ti,Zr)O3) Lead Compounds Lead Titanate Zircon 12626-81-2Lead(II) acetate Lead Compounds Lead Acetate 301-04-2Lindane1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclyhexane (AllStereo Isomers, Including Lindane) 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclyhexane 58-89-9Lithium chromate Chromium Compounds Lithium Chromate 14307-35-8Maleic anhydrideMaleic AnhydrideMaleic Anhydride108-31-6Manganese Manganese Compounds Manganese 7439-96-5Manganese and compounds Manganese Compounds Manganese & Compounds No CAS NumberManganese dioxide Manganese Compounds Manganese Dioxide 1313-13-9Manganese naphthenate Manganese Compounds Manganese Napthenate 1336-93-2Manganese tallate Manganese Compounds Manganese Tallate 8030-70-4Manganese tetraoxide Manganese Compounds Manganese Tetroxide 1317-35-7Manganese(II) hypophosphite monohydrateManganese Compounds Manganesehypophosphi 7783-16-6Manganese(III) oxide Manganese Compounds Manganese Trioxide 1317-34-6m-Cresol Cresol/Cresylic Acid (Mixed Isomers) m-Cresol 108-39-4Mercuric chloride Mercury Compounds Mercuric Chloride 7487-94-7MercuryMercury Compounds Elemental Gaseous Mercury7439-97-6MercuryMercury Compounds Mercury7439-97-6Mercury and compounds Mercury Compounds Mercury & Compounds No CAS NumberMercury, divalentMercury Compounds Gaseous Divalent Mercury14302-87-5Mercury, divalentMercury Compounds Particulate Divalent Mercury14302-87-5Methanol Methanol Methanol 67-56-1MethoxychlorMethoxychlorMethoxychlor72-43-5Methyl bromide Methyl Bromide (Bromomethane) Methyl Bromide 74-83-9Methyl cellosolve acetyl ricinoleate Glycol Ethers Methyl Cellosolve Acetylricinoleate 140-05-6Methyl ethyl ketoneMethyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)Methyl Ethyl Ketone78-93-3Methyl hydrazineMethylhydrazineMethylhydrazine60-34-4Methyl iodideMethyl Iodide (Iodomethane)Methyl Iodide74-88-4Methyl isobutyl ketoneMethyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone)Methyl Isobutyl Ketone108-10-1Methyl isocyanateMethyl IsocyanateMethyl Isocyanate624-83-9Methyl methacrylateMethyl MethacrylateMethyl Methacrylate80-62-6Methyl tert-butyl etherMethyl Tert-Butyl EtherMethyl Tert-Butyl Ether1634-04-4MethylanthracenePolycyclic Organic MatterMethylanthracene26914-18-1MethylbenzopyrenePolycyclic Organic MatterMethylbenzopyrenes65357-69-9April 2004Page F-12Appendix F. Specific HAPs Included in the NEIEPAChemRegistryName NEI HAP Category NEI Pollutant Name CASRNMethylchrysenePolycyclic Organic MatterMethylchrysene41637-90-5Methylene chloride Methylene Chloride (Dichloromethane) Methylene Chloride 75-09-2Methylene chloride soluble organics Coke Oven EmissionsMethylene Chloride SolubleOrganics (MCSO) No CAS NumberMethylmercuryMercury Compounds Mercury (Organic) 22967-92-6m-Xylene Xylenes (Mixed Isomers) m-Xylene 108-38-3N,N-Dimethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 121-69-7N,N-Dimethylformamide N,N-Dimethylformamide N,N-Dimethylformamide 68-12-2Naphthalene Naphthalene Naphthalene 91-20-3Neodecanoic acid, lead saltLead Compounds Lead Neodecanoate 27253-28-7Nickel Nickel Compounds Nickel 7440-02-0Nickel and compounds Nickel Compounds Nickel & Compounds No CAS NumberNickel carbide Nickel Compounds Nickel Carbide 12710-36-0Nickel carbonyl Nickel Compounds Nickel Carbonyl 13463-39-3Nickel diacetate tetrahydrate Nickel Compounds Nickel Diacetate TET 6018-89-9Nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) Nickel Compounds Nickel Hydroxide 12054-48-7Nickel refinery dustNickel Compounds Nickel Refinery DustNo CAS NumberNickel subsulfide Nickel Compounds Nickel Subsulfide 12035-72-2Nickel(II) acetate Nickel Compounds Nickel Acetate 373-02-4Nickel(II) bromide Nickel Compounds Nickel Bromide 13462-88-9Nickel(II) chloride Nickel Compounds Nickel Chloride 7718-54-9Nickel(II) nitrate Nickel Compounds Nickel Nitrate 13138-45-9Nickel(II) oxide Nickel Compounds Nickel Oxide 1313-99-1Nickel(III) oxide Nickel Compounds Nickel Peroxide 1314-06-3Nickel-59 Nickel Compounds Nickel (NI 059) 14336-70-0Nickelate(2-), tetrakis(cyano-.kappa.C)-,dipotassium, (SP-4-1)- Cyanide Compounds Potass Nickel Cyanid 14220-17-8Nickelocene Nickel Compounds Nickelocene 1271-28-9Nitric acid, manganese(2+) salt Manganese Compounds Manganese Nitrate 10377-66-9Nitrobenzene Nitrobenzene Nitrobenzene 98-95-3N-Nitrosodimethylamine N-Nitrosodimethylamine N-Nitrosodimethylamine 62-75-9N-Nitrosomorpholine N-Nitrosomorpholine N-Nitrosomorpholine 59-89-2N-Nitroso-N-methylurea N-Nitroso-N-Methylurea N-Nitroso-N-Methylurea 684-93-5o-Anisidine o-Anisidine o-Anisidine 90-04-0o-Cresol Cresol/Cresylic Acid (Mixed Isomers) o-Cresol 95-48-7April 2004Page F-13Appendix F. Specific HAPs Included in the NEIEPAChemRegistryName NEI HAP Category NEI Pollutant Name CASRNo-Toluidine o-Toluidine o-Toluidine 95-53-4o-Xylene Xylenes (Mixed Isomers) o-Xylene 95-47-6p,p'-DDEDde (1,1-Dichloro-2,2-Bis(pChlorophenyl) Ethylene)Dde (1,1-Dichloro-2,2-Bis(p-Chlorophenyl) Ethylene) 72-55-9Parathion Parathion Parathion 56-38-2p-Cresol Cresol/Cresylic Acid (Mixed Isomers) p-Cresol 106-44-5Pentachlorodibenzofuran Dioxins/Furans (total, non TEQ) Total Pentachlorodibenzofuran 30402-15-4Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Dioxins/Furans (total, non TEQ) Total Pentachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin 36088-22-9PentachloronitrobenzenePentachloronitrobenzene(Quintobenzene) Pentachloronitrobenzene 82-68-8Pentachlorophenol Pentachlorophenol Pentachlorophenol 87-86-5PerylenePolycyclic Organic MatterPerylene198-55-0Phenanthrene Polycyclic Organic Matter as 15-PAH Phenanthrene 85-01-8Phenol Phenol Phenol 108-95-2Phenylmercury acetateMercury Compounds Mercury Acetato Phen 62-38-4Phosgene Phosgene Phosgene 75-44-5Phosphine Phosphine Phosphine 7803-51-2Phosphoric acid Phosphorus Compounds Phosphoric Acid 7664-38-2Phosphoric acid, lead(2+) salt (2:3) Lead Compounds Lead Phosphate 7446-27-7Phosphoric acid, monoammonium monosodiumsalt Phosphorus Compounds Phosphorous Salt 13011-54-6Phosphoric acid, reaction products withaluminum hydroxide and chromium oxide(CrO3) Phosphorus Compounds Phosphoric Acid,Rx P 92203-02-6Phosphoric acid, zinc salt (2:3) Phosphorus Compounds Zinc Phosphate 7779-90-0Phosphorous acid Phosphorus Compounds Phosphorous Acid 10294-56-1Phosphorus Phosphorus Compounds Phosphorus 7723-14-0Phosphorus and compounds Phosphorus Compounds Phosphorus & Compounds No CAS NumberPhosphorus nitride (P3N5) Phosphorus Compounds Phosphorous Nitride 12136-91-3Phosphorus oxychloride Phosphorus Compounds Phosphorus Oxychloride 10025-87-3Phosphorus pentasulfide Phosphorus Compounds Phosphorus Pentasulfide 1314-80-3Phosphorus pentoxide Phosphorus Compounds Phosphorus Pentoxide 1314-56-3Phosphorus trichloride Phosphorus Compounds Phosphorus Trichloride 7719-12-2Phosphorus trioxide Phosphorus Compounds Phosphorus Trioxide 1314-24-5Phthalic anhydridePhthalic AnhydridePhthalic Anhydride85-44-9April 2004Page F-14Appendix F. Specific HAPs Included in the NEIEPAChemRegistryName NEI HAP Category NEI Pollutant Name CASRNPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsPolycyclic Organic Matter as 7-PAH PAH, Total 130498-29-2Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - 16-PAH Polycyclic Organic Matter16-PAH No CAS NumberPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - 7-PAH Polycyclic Organic Matter as 7-PAH 7-PAH No CAS NumberPolycyclic organic matter - including 15-PAH Polycyclic Organic Matter as 7-PAH Polycyclic Organic MatterNo CAS NumberPotassium chromate (VI) Chromium Compounds Potassium Chromate 7789-00-6Potassium cyanide Cyanide Compounds Potassium Cyanide 151-50-8Potassium dichromate Chromium Compounds Potassium Dichromate 7778-50-9Potassium ferrocyanide Cyanide Compounds Potassium Ferrocyani 13943-58-3Potassium permanganate Manganese Compounds Potassium permanganate 7722-64-7Potassium zinc chromate hydroxide(KZn2(CrO4)2(OH)) Chromium Compounds Zinc Potassium Chromate 11103-86-9p-Phenylenediaminep-Phenylenediaminep-Phenylenediamine106-50-3PropionaldehydePropionaldehydePropionaldehyde123-38-6Propoxur Propoxur (Baygon) Propoxur 114-26-1Propylene glycol monoisobutyl etherGlycol Ethers 1-Isobutoxy-2-Propanol 23436-19-3Propylene oxidePropylene OxidePropylene Oxide75-56-9Propyleneimine 1,2-Propylenimine (2-Methylaziridine)1,2-Propylenimine 75-55-8p-Xylene Xylenes (Mixed Isomers) p-Xylene 106-42-3Pyrene Polycyclic Organic Matter as 15-PAH Pyrene 129-00-0Quinoline Quinoline Quinoline 91-22-5Quinone Quinone (p-Benzoquinone)Quinone 106-51-4Radionuclides (including radon) Radionuclides (Including Radon) Radionuclides (Including Radon) No CAS NumberRadionuclides (including radon) Radionuclides (Including Radon) Radionuclides No CAS NumberRadon and its decay products Radionuclides (Including Radon) Radon And Its Decay Products No CAS NumberSelenious acid (H2SeO3) Selenium Compounds Selenous Acid 7783-00-8Selenium Selenium Compounds Selenium 7782-49-2Selenium and compounds Selenium Compounds Selenium & Compounds No CAS NumberSelenium dioxide Selenium Compounds Selenium Dioxide 7446-08-4Selenium disulfide Selenium Compounds Selenium Disulfide 7488-56-4Selenium hexafluoride Selenium Compounds Selenium Hexafluoride 7783-79-1Selenium monosulfide Selenium Compounds Selenium Monosulfide 7446-34-6Selenium oxide Selenium Compounds Selenium Oxide 12640-89-0Silver cyanideCyanide Compounds Silver Cyanide506-64-9Sodium chromate (VI) Chromium Compounds Sodium Chromate 7775-11-3Sodium chromate(VI), tetrahydrate Chromium Compounds Sodium Chromate(VI) 10034-82-9Sodium cyanide Cyanide Compounds Sodium Cyanide 143-33-9April 2004Page F-15Appendix F. Specific HAPs Included in the NEIEPAChemRegistryName NEI HAP Category NEI Pollutant Name CASRNSodium dichromate Chromium Compounds Sodium Dichromate 10588-01-9Sodium permanganate Manganese Compounds Permanganic acid 10101-50-5Styrene Styrene Styrene 100-42-5Styrene oxideStyrene Oxide Styrene Oxide 96-09-3Sulfamic acid, nickel(2+) salt (2:1) Nickel Compounds Nickel Sulfamate 13770-89-3Sulfuric acid, beryllium salt (1:1) Beryllium Compounds Beryllium Sulfate 13510-49-1Sulfuric acid, cadmium salt (1:1) Cadmium Compounds Cadmium Sulfate 10124-36-4Sulfuric acid, chromium(3+) salt (3:2) Chromium Compounds Chromic Sulfate 10101-53-8Sulfuric acid, cobalt(2+) salt (1:1) Cobalt Compounds Cobalt Sulfate 10124-43-3Sulfuric acid, lead(2+) salt (1:1) Lead Compounds Lead Sulfate 7446-14-2Sulfuric acid, manganese(2+) salt (1:1) Manganese Compounds Manganese Sulfate 7785-87-7Sulfuric acid, nickel(2+) salt (1:1) Nickel Compounds Nickel Sulfate 7786-81-4Sulfuric acid, nickel(2+) salt (1:1), hexahydrate Nickel Compounds Nickel (II) Sulfate Hexahydrate 10101-97-0Tetrachlorodibenzofuran Dioxins/Furans (total, non TEQ) Total Tetrachlorodibenzofuran 30402-14-3Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Dioxins/Furans (total, non TEQ) Total Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin 41903-57-5Tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) Tetrachloroethylene 127-18-4Tetraethyl lead Lead Compounds Tetraethyl Lead 78-00-2Titanium tetrachloride Titanium Tetrachloride Titanium Tetrachloride 7550-45-0Toluene Toluene Toluene 108-88-3Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate 2,4-Toluene Diisocyanate 2,4-Toluene Diisocyanate 584-84-9Toxaphene Toxaphene (Chlorinated Camphene) Toxaphene 8001-35-2Tribromomethane Bromoform Bromoform 75-25-2Trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene 79-01-6Triethylamine Triethylamine Triethylamine 121-44-8Triethylene glycolGlycol Ethers Triethylene glycol112-27-6Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether Glycol Ethers Triethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether 112-49-2Triethylene glycol monobutyl etherGlycol Ethers Triglycol Monobutyl Ether143-22-6Triethylene glycol monoethyl etherGlycol Ethers Ethoxytriglycol112-50-5Triethylene glycol monomethyl etherGlycol Ethers Methoxytriglycol112-35-6Trifluralin Trifluralin Trifluralin 1582-09-8Trimethylene glycol monomethyl etherGlycol Ethers 3-Methoxy-1-Propanol 1589-49-7Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Phosphorus Compounds Triorthocresyl Phosphate 78-30-8Triphenyl phosphate Phosphorus Compounds Triphenyl Phosphate 115-86-6April 2004Page F-16Appendix F. Specific HAPs Included in the NEIEPAChemRegistryName NEI HAP Category NEI Pollutant Name CASRNTriphenyl phosphite Phosphorus Compounds Triphenyl Phosphite101-02-0Uranium-238 Radionuclides (Including Radon) Uranium 7440-61-1UrethaneEthyl Carbamate (Urethane) Chloride(Chloroethane) Ethyl Carbamate Chloride 51-79-6Vinyl acetateVinyl AcetateVinyl Acetate108-05-4Vinyl bromide Vinyl Bromide Vinyl Bromide 593-60-2Vinyl chlorideVinyl ChlorideVinyl Chloride75-01-4Xylene Xylenes (Mixed Isomers)Xylenes (Mixture of o, m, and pIsomers) 1330-20-7Zinc chromate Chromium Compounds Zinc Chromate 13530-65-9Zinc chromate Chromium Compounds Zinc Chromate 13530-65-9Zinc cyanide Cyanide Compounds Zinc Cyanide 557-21-1Field Definitions:•“EPAChemRegistryName” (EPA Chemical Registry Name) - the name EPA has selected as the name to be commonly used byEPA in referring to a chemical substance•“NEI HAP Category” - Grouping of related NEI pollutants•“NEI Pollutant Name” - HAP name for NEI pollutant•“CASRN” (Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number)- the unique number assigned by Chemical AbstractsService(CAS) to a chemical substanceTable from:EPA. 2003.1999 NEI Final Version 3 for Hazardous Air Pollutants Point, non point, and mobile sources.Documentation for the1999 NEI Final Version 3 for Hazardous Air Pollutants. HAPs list with chemical ID standard fields - August 2003OAQPS.Available athttp://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/1999inventory.html#final3hapsField Definitions from:1999 NEI Final Version 3 for Hazardous Air Pollutants Point, non point, and mobile sources (September 2003). Documentation forthe 1999 NEI Final Version 3 for Hazardous Air Pollutants.Readme file for HAPs list with chemical ID standard fields - August2003. Available athttp://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/1999inventory.html#final3hapsField Definitions:April 2004Page F-17

# Appendix G Atmosphe ric and Meteorol ogical Concepts Relev ant to Dispers al, Transport, and Fate of Air Toxic s

Table of Contents

1.0 Structu

re and C ompo sition o f the At mosp here

............ ............ ............ ... 1

2.0 Atmosphe ric Ene rgy

............ ............ ............ ............ ........... 1 2.1 Solar Radiation and D ifferential Heating

............ ............ ............ 1 2.2 Effects of Topography

............ ............ ............ ............ ... 3

3.0 Atmospheric Motions

............ ............ ............ ............ .......... 4 3.1 Horizontal Air Motions

............ ............ ............ ............ . . 4 3.2 Vertical Air Motions

............ ............ ............ ............ .... 5

4.0 Meteorol ogica

l Data

............ ............ ............ ............ ........... 8 4.1 Wind Speed and Direction

............ ............ ............ ............ 8 4.2 Other I

mport ant Mete orolog ical Da

ta

............ ............ ............ ... 9 4.3 Sources

of Meteo rologi cal Dat a

............ ............ ............ ...... 11

References

............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 12April 2004 Page G -1 

## This Appe

ndix define s and disc

usses atmo spheric

and mete orologi cal conc epts rele vant to modeling dispersion, transport, and fate of air toxics. I n addition, this appendix provides information on sources of meteorological data that c an be used for air toxics modeling. Much of this information was obtained from EPA’s primer on air pollution meteorology (see http://www .epa.g ov/oar/o aqps/eog /catalog /si409.html ). Basic textbooks on meteorology provide

more deta iled d iscus sions

of the material summa rized in thi s Appe

ndix.

1.0 Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere
The atmosphere consists of mixture of about 78 percent nitrogen, 21 per cent oxygen a

nd one percent argon up to about 90 km. Within this region trace g ases include carbon dioxide, neon, helium, a nd water vapor. A lthough t

he wate r vapor c ontent of

the air is fairly small it is hi ghly variabl e. Water

vapor ab sorbs six time s more ra diation e nergy than any other at mospheri c constituent and is therefore a very important component of the atmosphere. Similarly, c arbon dioxide is highly variable and is important g as because it absorbs and re-radia tes back some of the infrared radiation emitted by the earth.
The atmosphere has been divided into four reg ions (Exhibit 1) based on temperature changes with height: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere , and ionosphere. The troposphere accounts for about three quarters of the mass of the atmosphere and contains nearly all of the water in the atmosphere (in the forms of vapor, clouds, a nd precipitation). The depth of the troposphere is on average about 16.5 km (54,000 f t) over the equator and about 8.5 km (28,000 ft) over the poles. The troposphere also tends to be thicker in summer ( when the air is warmer) than in the

winter. T

he depth o f the trop osphere chang es consta

ntly due to cha

nges in atmosphe ric tempe rature . The trop osphere

is the most i

mportant l ay er of the

atmosphe

re with respect to air toxics, because this is the region in which most of the air toxics are re leased. Of the other re gions of

the atmosp

here onl y th e stratos

phere ha s a direc t role for some air t

oxics. Some air toxic e missions ca

n be circ ulated in to the lowe

r stratos phere vi a weath er sy stem or dir ectly emitted from aircraft or volcanic eruption. Once air toxics reach the stratosphere they maybe transpor ted very long dist ances.

2.0 Atmospheric Energy
The troposphere is the most variable lay er of the atmosphere and is the lay er where weather occurs. It is where a

ir masses, weather fronts, and storms reside. Weather c onditions are governed by

a number of factors, including solar ra diation, atmospheric circulation, water vapor and topography . However, the underly ing driving force in all cases is the ra diant energy

from the

sun.

2.1 Solar Radia

tion and Differ ential Hea ting
The amount of incident sunlight influences the heating of the surface of the earth and the overlying atmosphere. The radiation received dire ctly from the sun is called solar radiation

. The amount of incoming solar radiation receive d at a particular time and location (insolation) on th e e ar th is go ve rn ed by:April 2004 Page G -2 

### Exhibit 1. S tructure of the Atmosphere



## • The transparency

of the atmosphere (for example, clouds reflect solar r adiation);

• Hours of daylig

ht; and

• The angle at which the sun’s ray s strike the earth.

The earth’s surface absorbs short-w ave solar radiation and emits longer wave length terrestrial radiation . In the atmosphere, clouds, wa ter vapor, and to a lesser extent carbon dioxide absorb terrestrial radiation, which causes the atmosphere to warm. The atmosphere absorbs much more terrestrial radiation than solar radiation. The atmosphere also radiates energy

to outer space and back to the earth’s surface. The e arth-atmosphere sy stem emits terrestrial radiation continuously. The atmospheric absorption of terrestrial radiation bene fits the earth by r etaining energy

that would otherwise be radiated to space. This phenomenon explains how air temper atures are generally warmer on nights when cloud cover is pre sent. The greenhouse effect is the descriptive name given to the result of the ener gy e xchange process that causes the ear th’s surface to be warmer than it would be if the a tmosphere did not radiate energy back to earth. Gases such as carbon dioxide and methane (and other similarly behaving gases often ca

lled greenhouse gases ) also inc rease t he ability of the at mosphere to absorb radiatio n (Exhibit 2).
The amount of solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface varies fr

om place to place. In a

ddition, different type s of earth surfaces (and man-made structures) vary

in their ability to absorb and store heat energy . For example, land masses absorb and store heat differ ently than water

masses. The color, shape, surface texture, veg etation and presence of buildings can a ll influence the heating and cooli ng of the ground . Gener

ally , dry surfac es heat a

nd cool fa ster than

moistApril 2004 Page G -3 

## surfaces. Plowed fields, sandy beaches, and paved roads become hotter than surrounding meadows and wooded areas. During the day, the a

ir over a plowed field is warmer than over a forest or swamp; during the night, the situation is reversed. T he property

of different surfaces which ca uses them to heat a nd cool at differe nt rates i s refer

red to as differentia

l heating

.

Exhibit 2. T he Greenhouse E ffect

Source : EPA’s “Global Warm ing Kids Site.” (1)



## Heat is tr ansfer red withi n the atmo sphere b y c onduction , convec tion, and a dvection . These processes affect the temperatur e of the atmosphere near the surfac e of the earth. Conduction is the process by w

hich heat is transferred through matter without movement of the matter itself. For example, the handle of an iron skillet becomes hot due to the conduction of hea t from the stove burner. Conduction occurs from a warmer to a cooler object. Heat transfer also occ urs due to the move

ment of a tmospher ic gase s. Meteor

ologists use the te

rm convection to denote the transfer of heat that occurs mainly by vertical motion. Air that is war med by a hea

ted land surface will rise because it is lighter than the sur rounding air. Likewise , cooler air aloft will sink because it is heavi er than t

he surro unding a ir. Meteorologis ts use the term advection to denote heat tra nsfer th at occurs mainly

by horizontal motion. All o f these e nergy exchang e proce sses, particu larly betwee n the ear th surfa ce and th e atmosph ere, pr oduce the complex atm

ospheric motions of weather. As a result of these process air toxics may be widely distributed far

from their location of origin.

2.2 Effects of Topo graphy
The phy sical ch aracte

ristics of the ear th’s surf ace ar e refe rred to a s terrain features or topography . T op og ra ph y ca n b e g ro up ed in to fo ur ge ne ra l c at eg or ie s: fl at , m ou nt ai n/ va ll ey,April 2004 Page G -4 

## land/water, and urban. Topography also causes two type s of turbulence in the atmosphere. As noted abo ve, topog

raphy causes thermal turbulence through differential heating. Topog raphy

causes mechanical turbulence as the result of the wind flowing over differe nt sizes and shapes of objects. Physical fe atures induce a frictional effec t on wind speed and direction. For example, urban settings with dense construction and tall buildings exert a strong f rictional force on the wind cau sing it to s low down, chang e direc tion, and b ecome mo re turbu lent.
Urban areas have a spec ial effect on the atmosphere due to the high de nsity of man-made featur es. Build ing mate rials suc h as bric k and con

crete a bsorb and store he at more e fficien

tly than soil and vegetation found in rural areas. A fter sunset, the urban areas continue to radia te the stored he at from bu

ildings a nd paved surfac es. Air is

warmed b

y th is urban c omplex and r

ises to create a dome ( heat island ) over an urban area. L arge cities continue to emit heat throughout the night and generally

never completely

cool down to the more stable surrounding conditions before the sun rises and begins to heat the urban complex aga in. The overall effect of the urban landscape is to increase the dispersion of air toxics through incre ased mixing.

3.0 Atmos pheric Mo tions
The differential heating of the ea rth’s surface causes imbalances in air pressure . The atmosphe ric pre ssure at

any point is due

to the wei ght of th e air pr essing d own from a

bove due to gravity . In any

gas such as air, molecules are moving around in all directions at very high speeds. The speed actually

depends on the temperature of the ga s. Air pressure is caused by the molecules of atmospheric gases bumping into ea ch other and other surfaces and bounc ing off. Air pressure is a function of the number of air molecule s in a given volume and the speed at which they ar

e moving. When air is warmed, the molecules speed up, and a ir pressure increases. As air co ols, the mo lecules slow down, and air p ressure decrea ses.

3.1 Horizont al Air Mot ions

Air moves

in an atte mpt to equa

lize respo nse to imba

lances i n pressur e. The mo vement of

air ( wind ) tends to move from areas of high to low pressure . Wind is the basic element in the gener al circu lation of t he atmosp here. Win

d movemen

ts from sma

ll gusts to large air masse s all contribute to transport of heat, moisture and as well as air toxics around the ear th. Winds are always name d by the direction fr om which they blow. Thus a “ north wind” is a wind blowing from the north to the south and a “westerly wind” blows from west to east. When wind blows more frequently

from one direction than from any other, the direction is termed the prevailing wind . Section 4.1 provides further information on how meteorologists measure a nd describe wind speed and direction.
Wind speed is heavily influenced by the presence or absence of f riction (“drag”) and incre ases rapidly with heig

ht about the ground level. Wind is commonly not a stea dy curre nt but is made up of a succession of gusts, slightly variable in direction, separated by lulls. Close to the earth, wind gustiness is caused by irregularities of the surface , which create eddies , which are variations from the main current of wind flow. L arger irreg ularities are caused by

convection (vertical transport of heat). These and othe r forms of turbulence contribute to the movement of heat, moisture, dust, and pollutants into the air. See Section 2.2 for additional information on how topog

raphy affec ts air motio ns.April 2004 Page G -5 

## Air masses cover hundreds of thousands of square miles and extend upward f or several miles. They ar e relatively homog eneous volumes of air with regard to tempera ture and moisture, and they acquire

the characteristics of the reg ion over which they f orm and travel. Pollutants released into an air mass tend to travel and disperse within the air mass. Air masses develop more commonly in some reg ions than in others. Air masses are classified as maritime or continental accord ing to the ir orig in over oc ean or la nd, and a s arctic , polar, o r tropica l dependi ng princ ipally on the latitude of origin. Continental polar air masses are similar to arc tic air masses, but not as cold and dry a s arctic air masses. The chief air masses tha t affect the weather of North Amer ica are continental polar, maritime polar, and maritime tropical.
Frontal patterns are formed by the interaction of adjacent air masses. A cold fr ont is a transition zone where a cold air mass is moving into the area pre viously occupied by

a warm air mass. The rise of w arm air o ver an a dvancing cold fro nt and the

subseque nt expansiv e cooling

of this air lead t o clou d form ation , and i f suff icien t moi sture is ava ilabl e preci pitat ion n ear the leadi ng edge of the front. A warm front is a transition zone where a wa rm air mass is moving into the area previously occupie d by a cold air ma ss. Precipitation commonly occurs in adva nce of a warm front, as the warm air slowly rises above the cold air.

3.2 Vertic al Air Mot ions
When air is displaced vertically , atmospheric behavior is a function of atmospheric stability . A stable a tmospher e resists vertica l motion, an

d air tha t is displac ed verti cally

in a stable atmosphere tends to return to its original position. This atmospheric character istic determines the ability of the at mosphere to disper se polluta

nts. To und

erstand atmosphe

ric stabi lity

and the r ole it plays in pollution dispersion, it is important to understand the mechanics of the atmosphere as they relate

to vertical atmospheric motion.
The degree of stability

of the atmosphere is determined by the temperature difference be tween an air parcel and the surrounding a ir. This difference can cause the parcel to rise or fall. There

ar e t hr ee ge ne ra l c at eg or ie s o f a tm os ph er ic st ab il it y.

• In stable

conditions, vertical movement tends not to occur. Stable conditions occur at night when there is little or no wind. Air that is lifted vertically will remain cooler, and therefore denser than the surrounding air. Once the lifting force is remove d, the air that has been lifted will return to its original position.

• Neutral conditions (“well mixed”) neither encourage nor discourage air movement. Neutral stability occurs o n windy

day s or when

there is c loud cove

r such tha t there is neither strong h eating

nor cooli ng of the earth’ s surfac e. Air lif

ted vert ically will gener ally remain a t the lifte d heigh

t.

• In unstable

conditions, the air parcel tends to move upward or downward a nd to continue that movement. Unstable conditions most commonly develop on sunny days with low wind speeds where strong solar radia tion is present. The earth rapidly absorbs heat and transfers some of it to the surface air lay er. As warm air rises, cooler air moves underne ath. The

cooler a ir, in turn , may

be heate d by

the ear th’s surf ace and begin to rise. Under such conditions, vertical motion in both directions is enhanced, and consider able ver tical mixing

occurs.April 2004 Page G -6 

## Inversions

occur w heneve r warm ov er-run s cold air and “tra ps” the c old air be

neath. With

in these inv ersions th ere is lit tle air mo tion, and t

he air be comes re latively

stagna nt. High air toxic concentrations can occur within inversions due to the limited amount of mixing between the “trapped” air and the surrounding a tmosphere. Inversions can limit the volume of air into which emissions are dispersed, even from tall stacks. Exhibit 3 illustrates the three major ty pes of inversions that are caused by different atmospheric interactions and can pe rsist for different amounts of time.

Most common is the radiation inversion , which occurs when the earth’s surfa ce cools rapidly

. As the earth cools, it also cools the lay er of air close to the surface, which be comes trapped under the layer of

warmer air above. Radiation inversions usually occur in the late evening throug h the early morning

under clear skies with calm winds, when the cooling e ffect is greatest. I n many cases, solar radiation following sunrise results in vigorous ve rtical mixing, which breaks down the inversion and disperses any trapped air pollutants. Under some conditions (e.g., thick fog ), the daily warming

may not be strong

enough to break down the inversion lay er. Inversions persistin g for se veral da ys m ay lead to in crease d pollutan t concen trations. This situa

tion is most likely to occur in an e

nclosed valley, whe

re nocturnal, cool, downslope air movement can reinforce a radiation inversion and enc ourage fog forma tion.

The subsidence inversion is alm ost al ways asso ciate d wit h high press ure syste ms. Ai r in a h igh pressure syste

m descends and flows outward in a clockwise rotation in the Norther n Hemisphere. As the air descends, the higher pre ssure present at lower altitudes enhances compre ssion and warming. The inversion lay er thus formed is often elevated several hundre d meters above the ground surface during the day. At nig

ht, when the surface air cools, the base of the subsidence inver sion often descen ds, ev en to t he grou nd. Th e clear , clou dless days chara cteri stic o f high pressure syste

ms encourage radiation inversions, so that there ma y be a surf

ace inversion at night and an elevated inversion during the day . Although the lay er below the inversion may vary diurnally , it will nev er beco me very deep. Sub sidence

inversio ns, unlike

radiatio n inversi ons, last a relatively long

time. They are

associated with both the semi permanent high pressure sys tems cen

tered on each oc ean and

the slow- moving hi gh pre ssure sy stems that move ge nerally from west to east across the United States. When a high pressure system stagna

tes, pollutant concentrations may

become unusually hig

h. The most severe air pollution episodes in the United States ha ve occu rred ei ther unde r a stag nant hig h pressur e sy stem (for

example, N ew York i

n Novembe r, 1966 a nd Pennsy

lvania in October , 1948) or

under the easter n edge of the se mi permanent high pressure sy stem associated with the Pacific Ocean (L os Angeles).

Advecti on inversio ns are associated with air masses moving acr oss surfaces of different temperatures than themselves. When warm air moves over a cold surface, the principles of conduction and convection cool the air nearer to the surface, causing a surfa ce-based inversion. This inversion is most likely to occur in winter when wa rm air passes over snow cover or extremely cold land. The same type of inversion ca

n occur when air cooled by a cold surface, such as the ocean, flows towards a warme r air mass, such as inland air in the summer.April 2004 Page G -7 

### Table 3. Type s of InversionsApril 2004 Page G -8 

## 4.0 Meteorological Data

Measu ring an d recor ding m eteoro logica l vari ables provi des th e neces sary info rmati on to manage the release of air contaminants into the atmosphere and to unde rstand the transport and dispersion of emitted air pollutants. The most useful data in air pollution studies are wind speed and direction, ambient temperature and vertical temper ature difference, solar ra

diation and mixing height. For indirect exposure, precipitation data ar e needed as well. These same varia bles can be used to make qualitative and quantitative predictions of ambient air toxic concentrations resulting from the r

elease of air toxic s, and to c onduct quantitativ e risk as sessments

.
4.1 Wind Speed and Direction
It is common to consider wind speed and wind direc tion as separate variables. Wind speed determines the amount of initial dilution experienced by a ir toxics released into the atmosphere. Wind speed also influences the height to which the toxics will rise after being r eleased from an elevate d source

- as wind i

ncreas es, the a

ir toxics ar

e kept low er to the

ground , allowing

them to impact the ground at shorter distances downwind.

Wind direc tion for me

teorolog ical pur poses is de fined as

the dire ction fro m which the wind is blowing. However, wind direction has both horizontal and vertical compone nts. The horizontal and vertical components of the wind direction can be mea sured with a bi-directional wind vane or an anemometer.

Wind roses are often used to graphically depict the prevailing wind direction of an are a. The wind rose depicts th e relati

ve freq uency of wind dir

ection, t ypi cally on a 16-p oint compa ss, with north, ea st, south, a

nd west dir

ections g oing clo ckwise. Each rin g on the wind rose

repres ents a frequency of the total. The WINDROSE progra m, which calculates and prints a frequency distribution for wind speed and wind direction for 36 (10 degre e) sectors, can be obtained from EPA. (2)



## Exhibit 4 presents an example wind rose for Brownsville, Texas. The right hand shows that the winds are predominantly

from the south-southeasterly direction. The left hand side shows that the stron gest win ds occur betwee n 14 and 21 UTC (8 A.M . to 3 P.M. CST ). On ave rage, 2 P.M. is the windiest time of day, aver aging just over 15 knots (18 UTC). The shaded por tion of the bar show s the fre quency

of winds o ver 20 kn ots. At noo n CST, winds are ove r 20 knots approximately 15 perce

nt of the time.
The distribution of pollutants is determined by the wind direc tions. A wind rose can provide information regarding the per centage of time that the direction(s) and spe ed(s) associated with a certain air quality

can be expected over a time period. Howeve r, due to the influences of local terrain, possible coastal effects, exposure of the instruments, and tempora l variability of the wind, the wind rose statistics from a nearby weather station may

not always be r

epresentative of true wind speed and direction for the area of concern.

### April 2004 Page G-9 Source: 

### Brownsville CLIMATE page at: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/bro/roshelp.htm 

### Exhibit 4. Example of a Wind Rose



## Another tool useful for understanding the distribution of pollutants is wind trajectories , which are aerial maps showing the path taken by a parcel of air over a period of time. Trajectories are important for understanding the transport of air toxics and/or the potential geographic regions from which sources of air toxics may emanate. Trajectories illustrate estimates of the general path that air has traveled over a recent time period in order to arrive at a particular location, and where it is likely to be going immediately afterw ard. The meteorological dynamics that cause air to rise or fall, and that determine its path, can affect air quality by carrying air toxics many miles from their sources. Exhibit 5 presents an example of a trajectory map for the Northeastern United States.
4.2 Other Important Meteorological Data

Both ambient air temperatures at a single level (typically 1.5 to 2 m) and temperature differences between two levels (typically 2 m and 10 m) are useful in air pollution studies. These temperature measurements are used in calculations of plume rise and can be used in determining atmospheric stability.

Solar radiation is related to the stability of the atmosphere. Cloud cover and ceiling height (height of the base of the cloud deck that obscures at least half the sky) data, taken routinely at National Weather Service (NWS) stations, provide an indirect estimation of radiation effects, and are used in conjunction with wind speed to derive an atmospheric stability category. If representative information is not available from routine NWS observations, it may be appropriate to measure solar radiation for use in determining atmospheric stability. For information on the use of cloud cover and ceiling height data in air toxics modeling, refer to EPA’s Guideline on Air Quality Models. (3)April 2004 Page G-10 

### Exhibit 5. E xample of a Trajectory Map

Source : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad ministration (NOA

A) HYSPLI T Model. (4)



## The vertical depth of the atmosphere throug h which vertical mixing takes place is called the mixing layer . The top of the mixing layer is re ferred to as the mixing he ight . The mixing height i s an impor

tant var iable in a ir toxic stud

ies, as it l imits the ve

rtical mixin

g of air toxics. Daytime m ixi ng heigh ts may reac h as hi gh as se veral k ilom eters durin g the da y. Altho ugh mixing heights are not typic ally measure d directly, they can be approximated from routine upper-a ir and sur face me teorolog ical mea suremen

ts. In the day time the mixin

g heig ht is determin ed by

the depth of the la ye r thoroug h which th e sun’s he ating ha s establis hed a we ll mixed conditions. On clear nights, radiational cooling might be expected to establish an inversio ns and re duce the mixing heig

ht to near zero. How ever, it

has been found tha

t in metropolitan areas, the urban heat island effe ct keeps the mixing height between 100 and 200 meters. T

he mixing h eights a

re used i n air qua lity models as

an upper boundar y to which airApril 2004 Page G-11 

## toxics can be mixed. The level of the mixing height is most important for elevated stacks and much less so for ground level sources.

4.3 Sources of Meteorological Data
The principal federal sources for me teorological data include:

• The Nati onal Clima tic Data Center ( NCDC) loc ated in As heville, NC.

• The National Weather Service (NWS) Foreca st Centers

• The EPA Support Center for Regulatory Models (SCRAM) at Research Triangle Park, NC.
State climatological offices are excellent source s of meteorological data. Data ca n often be obtained in a text format, and can be used in conjunction with applications that are available as downloads from federal and state data I nternet sites. Commercial and university Internet sites are also sources of current weather c onditions.
The NCDC is the most extensive source of historical meteorological and climatologic al data. EPA’s SCRAM site has surface and mixing height data that can be used to c reate wind roses and/or used in air dispersion models. These data are for the major NWS stations throughout the United States. The data are mostly for the ye ars 1984 through 1992 (for surface data) or 1991 (for upper air data used for mixing heig hts). Exhibit 6 presents a list of Internet sites where meteorological data are ava ilable.

Exhib it 6. I nternet

Sites with

Meteoro logical

Data

Nationa l Clim atic Da ta Cent er ( http :// www.n cdc. noaa .gov/ oa/ ncdc .html ) EPA SCRAM S ite ( http://www.epa.g ov/scram001 / ) Weather Underground ( htt p:/ /www .wun derg roun d.co m/ ) UNSYSI S ( htt p:/ /wea the r.un isys .com/ ) NWS Pleasant Hill , MO ( http://www.crh.noaa.g ov/eax/ ) Western Regio nal Clim

ate Cen ter ( http://www.wrcc.dri.ed u/ ) Northeast Regional Climate Center ( htt p:/ /met -www.c it. corn ell .edu /nr cc_h ome.h tml ) Midwest Regi onal Cl imate

Center ( http://mcc.sws.uiuc .edu/ ) High Plains R

egion al Clim

ate Cen ter ( http://www.hprcc.unl.e du/ ) Southe rn Reg ional C limate

Center ( http://www.srcc.lsu.edu/ ) Southe ast Reg

ional C limate

Center ( htt p:/ /www .ser cc.c om/ ) Web MET .com ( htt p:/ /www .web met.c om/ )April 2004 Page G-12 

## 1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2004. Global Warming Kids Site. Greenho use Effect . Update d March 1 , 2004. Av ailable a t: http://www .epa.g ov/globa lwarming /kids/gr eenhous e.html. (Last accesse d March 2004).

2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2004. Technology Transfer Network. Support Center for Regula tory Air M

odels

, 

## Meteorological Data, Related Programs. Updated March 8, 2004. Availabl e at: http://www .epa.g ov/scra m001/tt24. htm#rela

tedprog rams (Last accesse d March 2004).

3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2004. Technology Transfer Network. Support Center for

Regulator

y Air Mode ls

, 

## Guidance/Support, Modeling Guidance. Updated March 22, 2004. A

vailable at http://www.epa.gov/scram001/tt25.htm#guidance (Last accesse d March 2004).

4. Rolph, G.D. 2003. Real-time Environmental Applications and Display sYstem (READY) Website. A

vailable at: http://www .arl.noa

a.gov/ ready /hy split4.html

. NOAA Air Resources Laboratory

, Silver Spring, MD. (Last acc essed March 2004) References

# Appendix H Data Quality Evaluation

Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction

.................................................................. 1
2.0 Step 1: Gather All Data Available from the Sampling Investigation and Sort by Medium . . . . . 2
3.0 Step 2: Evaluate the Analytical Methods Used

...................................... 4
4.0 Step 3: Evaluate the Quality of Data with Respect to Sample Quantitation Limits

........... 5 4.1 Sample Quantitation Limits (SQLs) That Are Greater Than Benchmark Concentrations

..................................................................... 5 4.2 Unusually High SQLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.3 When Only Some Samples in a Medium Test Positive For a Chemical

............. 8 4.4 When SQLs Are Not Available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.5 When Air Toxics Are Not Detected in Any Samples in a Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.0 Step 4: Evaluate the Quality of Da ta with Respect to Qualifiers and Codes

................ 8 5.1 Types of Qualifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.2 Using the Appropriate Qualifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.0 Step 5: Evaluate the Quality of Data with Respect to Blanks

.......................... 13
7.0 Step 6: Evaluate Tentatively Identified Compounds

................................. 14
8.0 Step 7: Compare Potential Contamination with Background

.......................... 15
9.0 Step 8: Develop a Set of Data for Use in the Risk Assessment

......................... 17
10.0 Step 9: Further Limit the Number of Chem icals to Be Carried Through the Risk Assessment, If Appropriate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 10.1 Conduct Initial Activities

................................................ 18 10.2 Group Chemicals by Class

............................................... 18 10.3 Evaluate Frequency of Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 10.4 Use a Toxicity-Weighted or Risk-based Screening Analysis

.................... 19

11.0 Summarize and Present Data

................................................... 19 11.1 Summarize Data Collection and Evaluation Results in Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 11.2 Summarize Data Collection and Evaluation Results in Tables and Graphics . . . . . . . . 21

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

### April 2004 Page H-1 

### Acronyms for Appendix H
CLP = Contract Laboratory Program CRDL = Contract-Required Detection Limit CRQL = Contract-Required Quantitation Limit EQL = Estimated Quantitation Limits DL = Detection Limit FIT = Field Investigation Team IDL = Instrument Detection Limit MDL = Method Detection Limit ND = Non-detect PE = Performance Evaluation PQL = Practical Quantitation Limit QA/QC = Quality Assurance/Quality Control QL = Quantitation Limit RfC = Inhalation Reference Concentration RfD = Oral Reference Dose SQL = Sample Quantitation Limit SVOC = Semivolatile Organic Chemical TCL = Target Compound List TIC = Tentatively Identified Compound TOC = Total Organic Carbon TOX = Total Organic Halogens VOC = Volatile Organic Chemical 

## 1.0 Introduction
This appendix presents information for assembling the analytical data available after a monitoring investigation has been completed and deciding which of the data are of sufficient quality to be used in the risk assessment. Each sample may have been analyzed for the presence of many different air toxics, and many of thos e substances may have been detected. The following nine steps describe an approach to organize the data for use in a risk assessment. This stepwise approach is modified from that described in Chapter 5 of EPA’s Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund

. (1) 

## Note that the application of this stepwise approach requires considerable knowledge related to sampling and analysis methods and risk assessment and therefore should be done in consultation with appropriate experts.

1. Gather all data available from the sampling investigation and sort by medium (Section 2); 2. Evaluate the analytical methods used (Section 3); 3. Evaluate the quality of data with respect to sample quantitation limits (Section 4); 4. Evaluate the quality of data with respect to qualifiers and codes (Section 5); 5. Evaluate the quality of data with respect to blanks (Section 6); 6. Evaluate tentatively identified compounds (Section 7); 7. Compare potential contamination with background (Section 8); 8. Develop a set of data for use in the risk assessment (Section 9); and 9. Further limit the number of chemicals to be carried through the risk assessment, if appropriate (Section 10). 10. Summarize and present data (Section 11).

The outcome of this evaluation is (1) the iden tification of contaminants of potential concern (COPC) that will be carried through the risk assessment and (2) reported concentrations that are of acceptable quality for use in a quantitative risk assessment. If the nine data evaluation steps are followed, the number of air toxics to be considered in the remainder of the risk assessment usually will be less than the number of substances initially identified. A suggested process for averaging acceptable data to develop chemical specific exposure concentrations is provided in Appendix I.

### April 2004 Page H-2 

### Definitions for Appendix H

Chemicals of Potential Concern . Air toxics that are evaluate d in the risk assessment because they have the potential to affect the risk management decision. The corresponding term for ecological risk assessment are chemicals of potential ecological c oncern (COPEC). The risk assessment often finds that most of the risk is associated with a sub set of the COPC. The subset, which drives the risk management decisions, is referred to as chemicals of concern (COC).
Common Laboratory Contaminants . Certain organic chemicals (e.g., acetone, 2-butanone, methylene chloride, toluene, and the phthalate ester s) that are commonly used in the laboratory and thus may be introduced into a sample from laboratory cross-contamination.
Contract-required Quantitation Limit (CRQL) . Chemical-specific levels that the laboratory must be able to routinely and reliably detect and qua ntitate in specified sample matrices to meet prespecified data quality objectives. May or may not be equal to the reported quantitation limit of a given chemical in a given sample. (This term is also used in the Superfund Program under their Contract Laboratory Program.)

Detection Limit (DL) . The lowest amount that can be distinguished from the normal “noise” of an analytical instrument or method.

Non-detects (NDs) . Chemicals that are not detected in a particular sample above a certain limit, usually the quantitation limit for the chemical in that sample. Non-detects are often indicated by a “U” data qualifier.

Positive Data . Analytical results for which measurabl e concentrations (i.e., above a quantitation limit) are reported. May have data qualifiers a ttached (except a U, which indicates a non-detect).

Quantitation Limit (QL) . The lowest level at which a chemical can be accurately and reproducibly quantitated. Usually equal to the instrument detec tion limit multiplied by a factor of three to five, but varies for different chemicals and different samples.



## 2.0 Step 1: Gather All Data Available from the Sampling Investigation and Sort by Medium
Gather data, which may be from several different sampling periods and based on several different analytical methods, from all available sources. Sort data by medium (i.e., air, water, sediment, soil, and biota, if appropriate). Exhibit 1 illustrates a useful table format for presenting data.
The data should be given to the risk assessor in a data summary report (or reports) that provides information on a number of critical elements that allow the assessor to judge the adequacy of the data to perform the risk analysis. Some of the critical elements include:
• Description of the study area, • Sampling design and sampling locations, • Procedures followed to ensure quality data (e.g., SOPs, QAPPs), • Analytical methods and quantitation limits,

### April 2004 Page H-3 

## • Chemical-specific results on a per sample basis,

Exhibit 1. Example of Output Format for Validated Data
Hypothetical Soil Sampling Results from Area X
Sample medium Soil Soil Soil
Sample ID SRB-3-1 SRB-3-1DU SRB-3-2
Sample or screen depth 0-1' 0-1' 2-4'

Date collected 12/14/99 12/14/99 12/14/99

Air Toxic SQL (a) 

### Concentration Qualifier (b) 

### SQL (a) 

### Concentration Qualifier (b) 

### SQL (a) 

### Concentration Qualifier (b)


### toxaphene 80 80 U 80 80 U 80 40 J
2,4,7,8-TCDD 20 10 J 20 8 J 200 200 U/J

lead 160 120 J 160 110 J 400 360 J
mercury 60 30 J 60 44 J 300 300 U/J

Note : All values other than qualifiers must be entered as numbers, not labels. (a) 

### Sample quantitation limit. Values for illustration only. (b) 

### Refer to Section 5.1 (Exhibit 3) for an explanation of qualifiers.



## • Field conditions, including meteorological conditions, • Data validation reports (both by the laboratory and any secondary validation), and • A description of any issues with field coll ection, transportation/storage, or analysis that impact the veracity of the data.
The data reports provided to the risk assessor must be sufficient to allow the assessor to judge the completeness, comparability, representativeness, precision, and accuracy of the data.
[A more thorough overview of the process for assessing the usability of data for risk assessment purposes, including minimum data and documentation needs, is provided in reference 2. While this document was developed for the Superfund program, it provides relevant information for the evaluation of environmental monitoring data in a risk assessment context and, as such, is referenced here. Assessors are strongly encouraged to review this document prior to planning and scoping a assessment. This will help to ensure that all the information necessary to assess the useability of data for risk assessment purposes will be developed during the sampling and analysis phase of the assessment. (For example, assessing precision of sampling results is usually performed by establishing duplicate monitors at one or more sampling stations. The requirements for duplicate sampling must be written into the analytical plan during the planning and scoping phase of the assessment.) Reference 2 may also be consulted for information on assessing the useability of historical data for risk assessment.] (2)

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## Evaluate data from different time periods to determine if concentrations of air toxics are similar or if changes have occurred between sampling periods (e.g., during different seasons of the year). If the methods used to analyze samples from different time periods are similar in terms of the types of analyses conducted and the QA/QC procedures followed, then the data may be combined for the purposes of quantitative risk assessment. Usually, this means averaging at least one year’s worth of data to develop an estimate of long term average concentration (see Appendix I for a suggested methodology for combining results from air monitoring to estimate exposure concentration for the inhalation pathway) . If concentrations of air toxics change significantly between sampling periods, it may be useful to also note temporal variation in the risk characterization. If data are available that spans long periods of time (e.g., multiple years) one could use only the most recent data in the quantitative risk assessment and evaluate older data in a qualitative analysis of changes in concentrations over time. When data are eliminated from a data set, justification for such elimination should be fully described in the risk assessment report. (A good understanding of the risk management goals will help in deciding what data to keep and how to combine data.)
3.0 Step 2: Evaluate the Analytical Methods Used
Group data according to the types of analyses conducted (e.g., Toxic Organic method, semivolatiles analyzed by EPA methods for air) to determine which analytical method results are appropriate for use in quantitative risk assessment.
Some types of data usually are not appropriate for use in quantitative risk assessment, even though they may be available. For example, analytical results that are not specific for a particular compound (e.g., total organic carbon [TOC], total organic halogens [TOX]), or results from insensitive analytical methods (e.g., analyses using portable field instruments such as organic vapor analyzers and other field scr eening methods) may be useful for identifying potential monitoring locations and/or examining the potential fate and transport of contaminants. These types of analytical results, however, generally are not appropriate for quantitative risk assessment. In addition, the results of analytical methods associated with unknown, few, or no QA/QC procedures are generally eliminated from further quantitative use. (Note that one of the purposes of the data quality objectives (DQO) process described in Chapter 6 and elsewhere in this manual is to avoid the use of sampling and analysis protocols that will not provide data that are useable for the risk assessment). These types of results, however, may be useful for qualitative discussions of risk.
The outcome of this step is a set of study-specific data that has been developed according to a standard set of sensitive, chemical-specific methods (see Chapters 10 and 19 for links to identified, standardized methods).

Note however that even when standardized, ve rified field and analytical procedures and associated QA/QC have been used during sampling and analysis, there is no guarantee that all analytical results are consistently of sufficient quality and reliability for use in quantitative risk assessment. Instead, it is important to determine – according to the steps discussed below – the limitations and uncertainties associated with the data, so that only data that are appropriate and reliable for use in a quantitative risk assessment are carried through the process.

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## 4.0 Step 3: Evaluate the Quality of Data with Respect to Sample Quantitation Limits
This step involves evaluation of quantitation limits (QLs) and detection limits (DLs) for all of the air toxics assessed. This evaluation may lead to the re-analysis of some samples, the use of “proxy” (or estimated) concentrations, and/or the elimination of certain air toxics from further consideration (because they are believed to be absent in all samples). Types and definitions of QLs and DLs are presented in the box on the next page. Before eliminating an air toxic because they are not detected (or conducting any other manipulation of the data), the following points should be considered:
• The sample quantitation limit (SQL) for a specific air toxic may be greater than corresponding standards, criteria, or concentrations against which the concentrations will be compared (e.g., RfCs, RfDs, or ecological benchmark levels). In this situation, the “undetected” air toxic may be present at levels greater than these benchmarks and their exclusion from the risk assessment may result in an underestimate of risk.
• A particular SQL may be significantly higher than positively detected values in other samples in a data set.
These two points are discussed in detail in the following two subsections. A third subsection provides guidance for situations where only some of the samples for a given medium test positive for a particular chemical. A fourth subsection addresses the special situation where SQLs are not available. The final subsection addresses the specific steps involved with elimination of air toxics from the quantitative risk assessment based on their QLs.
4.1 Sample Quantitation Limits (SQLs) That Are Greater Than Benchmark Concentrations
QLs needed for the sampling and analysis investigation should be specified in the sampling plan. For some air toxics, however, SQLs obtained from available analytical methods may exceed certain concentrations of potential concern (e.g., RfCs, tissue sample concentrations that might result in a dietary intake level that exceeds an RfD). Exhibits 10-10 and 10-11 identify some known deficiencies in available air monitoring methods and some air toxics for which improved monitoring methods are needed. Two points should be noted when considering this situation:
• Review of available information on sources and emissions, a preliminary determination of COPC, and/or the results of fate and transport modeling prior to sample collection may allow the risk assessor to identify when more sensitive sampling and/or analytical methods may be needed before an investigation begins. This is the most efficient way to minimize the problem of QLs exceeding levels of potential concern.
• Analytical laboratories may not be able to attain QLs in particular samples that meet data quality requirements using standardized, verified procedures.
If an air toxic is not detected in any sample from a particular medium at the QL and a more sensitive method is not available, then modeling data, as well as professional judgment, may be used to evaluate whether the chemical may be present above the concentrations of potential concern. If the available information indicates the chemical is not present, see Section 3.5 of this

### April 2004 Page H-6 

### Detection Limits and Quantitation Limits
Strictly interpreted, the detection limit (DL) is the lowest amount of a chemical that can be “seen” above the normal, random noise of an analytical instrument or method. A chemical present below that level cannot reliably be distinguished from noise. DLs are chemical-specific and instrument-specific and are determined by statistical treatment of multip le analyses in which the ratio of the lowest amount observed to the electronic noise level (i.e., the signal- to-noise ratio) is determined. On any given day in any given sample, the calculated limit may not be attainable; however, a properly calculated limit can be used as an overall general measure of laboratory performance.
Two types of DLs may be described: instrument DLs (IDLs) and method DLs (MDLs). The IDL is generally the lowest amount of a substance that can be detected by an instrument; it is a measure only of the DL for the instrument, and does not consid er any effects that sample matrix, handling, and preparation may have. The MDL, on the other hand, takes into account the reagents, sample matrix, and preparation steps applied to a sample in specific analytical methods.
Due to the irregular nature of instrument or me thod noise, reproducible quantitation of a chemical is not possible at the DL. Generally, a factor of three to five is applied to the DL to obtain a quantitation limit (QL), which is considered to be the lowest level at which a chemical may be accurately and reproducibly quantitated. DLs indicate the level at which a small amount would be “seen,” whereas QLs indicate the levels at which measureme nts of concentration can be “trusted.”
Two types of QLs may be described: estimated quantitation limits (EQL - also sometimes referred to as a practical quantitation limit or PQL) and sample QLs (SQLs). EPA’s Superfund Program maintains a Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) as a means to obtain reliable analytical results from many different laboratories. To participate in the CLP, a laboratory must be able to meet EPA’s EQL. This EQL is established by contract and, thus, is called a contract required quantitation limit (CRQL). CRQLs are chemical-specific and vary depending on the medium analyzed and the amount of chemical expected to be present in the sample. As the name implies, CRQLs are not necessarily the lowest detectable levels achievable, but rather ar e levels that a CLP laboratory should routinely and reliably detect and quantitate in a variety of sample matrices. For most air toxics risk assessments, SQLs, not CRQLs, will be the QLs of interest for most samples. In fact, for the same chemical, a specific SQL may be higher than, lower than, or e qual to SQL values for other samples. In addition, preparation or analytical adjustments such as dilu tion of a sample for quantitation of an extremely high level of only one compound could result in non-det ects for all other compounds included as analytes for a particular method, even though these compounds may have been present at trace quantities in the environmental sample. Because SQLs take into account sample characteristics, sample preparation, and analytical adjustments, these values are th e most relevant QLs for evaluating non-detected chemicals. Also note that because of the inability to accurately measure concentration at the MDL, the SQL is used as he starting point for developing e xposure concentrations where some of the samples in a data set have detections of an an alyte and others do not (see Appendix I).

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## appendix for guidance on eliminating chemicals. If there is some indication that the chemical is present, the only choices are to:
• Use modeling results in the risk assessment; • Re-analyze selected samples using a more sensitive analytical method (if feasible); or • Address the chemical qualitatively in the risk assessment.
In determining which option is most appropriate for an analysis, it may be helpful to assume the air toxic is present at the SQL for purposes of an initial (tier 1) screening risk assessment. In this way, risks that would be posed if the chemical is present at the SQL can be compared with risks posed by other air toxics in the analysis.
4.2 Unusually High SQLs
Due to one or more sample-specific problems (e.g., matrix interferences), SQLs for a particular chemical in some samples may be unusually high, sometimes greatly exceeding the positive results reported for the same chemical in other samples from the data set. Even if these SQLs do not exceed health-based standards or criteria, they may still present problems. If the SQLs cannot be reduced by re-analyzing the sample, consider excluding the samples from the quantitative risk assessment if they cause the calculated exposure concentration to exceed the maximum detected concentration for a particular sample set. Exhibit 2 presents an example of how to address a situation with unusually high QLs.

Exhibit 2. Example of Unusually High Quantitation Limits In this hypothetical example, ambient air concentr ations of benzene in air have been determined using the TO-1 method. Concentration (ppb) Chemical Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4

benzene 50 U (a) 

### 59 200 U 74

(a) 

### U indicates that benzene was analyzed for, but not detected; the value presented (e.g., 50 U) is the SQL.
The ambient air concentrations presented in this example (i.e., 50 to 200 ppb) vary widely from sample to sample. Assume a more sensitive analytical method would not aid in reducing the unusually high QL of 200 ppb noted in Sample 3. In this case, the result for benzene in Sample 3 would be eliminated from the quantitative ri sk assessment because it would cause the calculated exposure concentrations to exceed the maximum detected concentration (in this case 74 ppb). Thus the data set would be reduced to three sam ples: the non-detect in Sample 1 and the two detected values in Samples 2 and 4.

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## 4.3 When Only Some Samples in a Medium Test Positive For a Chemical
Most analytes are not positively detected in each sample collected and analyzed. Instead, for a particular chemical the data set generally will contain some samples with positive results and others with non-detected results. The non-detected results usually are reported as SQLs. These limits indicate that the chemical was not measured above certain levels, which may vary from sample to sample. The chemical may be present at a concentration just below the reported quantitation limit, or it may not be present in the sample at all (i.e., the concentration in the sample is zero). Appendix I provides a suggested methodology for combining the results of a dataset where some of the samples test positive for an analyte and others do not.

4.4 When SQLs Are Not Available
In some cases, laboratory data summaries may not provide the SQLs. Instead, MDLs, CRQLs, or even IDLs may have been substituted wherever a chemical was not detected. Sometimes, no detection or quantitation limits may be provided with the data. As a first step in these situations, always attempt to obtain the SQLs, because these are the most appropriate limits to consider when evaluating non-detected air toxics (i.e., they account for sample characteristics, sample preparation, or analytical adjustments that may differ from sample to sample). Good planning and clearly articulated directions to the laboratory will help ensure that the appropriate information is provided to the risk assessor. The problem associated with incorrectly reported data should only be an issue when evaluating historical data for which there was no preconsultation with the laboratory about what is to be provided in the data package.
If SQLs cannot be obtained, the MDL may be used as the QL, with the understanding that in most cases this will underestimate the SQL (because the MDL is a measure of detection limits only and does not account for sample characteristics or matrix interferences). The IDL should rarely be used for non-detected air toxics since it is a measure only of the detection limit for a particular instrument and does not consider th e effect of sample handling and preparation or sample characteristics.
4.5 When Air Toxics Are Not Detected in Any Samples in a Medium
After considering the discussion provided in the above subsections, generally eliminate those air toxics that have not been detected in any samples of a particular medium. If information exists to indicate that the air toxics are present, they should not be eliminated from the analysis. The outcome of this step is a data set that only contains air toxics for which positive data (i.e., analytical results for which measurable concentrations are reported) are available in at least one sample from each medium. Unless otherwise indicated, assume at this point in the evaluation of data that positive data to which no uncertainties are attached concerning either the assigned identity of the chemical or the reported concentration (i.e., data that are not “tentative,” “uncertain,” or “qualitative”) are appropriate for use in the quantitative risk assessment.
5.0 Step 4: Evaluate the Quality of Data with Respect to Qualifiers and Codes
Various qualifiers and codes (hereafter referred to as qualifiers) may be attached to certain data by either the laboratories conducting the analyses or by persons performing data validation. These qualifiers often pertain to QA/QC problem s and generally indicate questions concerning

### April 2004 Page H-9 

## chemical identity, chemical concentration, or both. All qualifiers must be addressed before the chemical can be used in quantitative risk assessment. Qualifiers used by the laboratory may differ from those used by data validation personnel in either identity or meaning.
5.1 Types of Qualifiers
Exhibit 3 provides a list of the qualifiers that laboratories are permitted to use under the Superfund CLP, along with their potential use in risk assessment. Exhibit 4 provides a similar list addressing data validation qualifiers. (Note that the data qualifiers and their meanings provided here are not consistent across all laboratories. In all cases, it is critical to discuss with the lab what they mean by the data qualifiers they report.) In general, because the data validation process is intended to assess the effect of QC issues on data usability, validation data qualifiers are attached to the data after the laboratory qualifiers and supersede the laboratory qualifiers. If data have both laboratory and valid ation qualifiers and they appear contradictory, ignore the laboratory qualifier and consider only the validation qualifier. If qualifiers have been attached to certain data by the laboratory and have not been removed, revised, or superseded during data validation, then evaluate the laboratory qualifier itself. If it is unclear whether the data have been validated, contact the appropriate data validation and/or laboratory personnel.
The type of qualifier and other site-specific fact ors determine how qualified data are to be used in a risk assessment. As seen in Exhibits 3 and 4, the type of qualifier attached to certain data often indicates how that data should be used in a risk assessment. For example, most of the laboratory qualifiers for both inorganic chemical data and organic chemical data (e.g., J, E, N) indicate uncertainty in the reported concentration of the chemical, but not in its assigned identity. Therefore, these data can be used just as positive data with no qualifiers or codes. In general, include data with qualifiers that indicate uncertainties in concentrations but not in identification.

Exhibit 3. Example of Data Qualifiers and Their Potential Use in Quantitative Risk Assessment: Superfund Contract Laboratory Program (CLP)

Qualifier Definition Indicates:

Uncertain Identity? Uncertain Concentration? Include Data in Quantitative Risk Assessment? Inorganic Chemical Data (a)



### B Reported value is <CRDL, but >IDL. No No Yes

U Compound was analyzed for, but not detected. Yes Yes ?

E Value is estimated due to matrix interferences. No Yes Yes

M Duplicate injection precision criteria not met. No Yes Yes

### Exhibit 3. Example of Data Qualifiers and Their Potential Use in Quantitative Risk Assessment: Superfund Contract Laboratory Program (CLP)

Qualifier Definition Indicates:

Uncertain Identity? Uncertain Concentration? Include Data in Quantitative Risk Assessment?

April 2004 Page H-10 

### N Spiked sample recovery not within control limits. No Yes Yes

S Reported value was determined by the Method of Standard Additions (MSA). No No Yes

W Post-digestion spike for furnace AA analysis is out of control limits, while sample absorbance is <50% of spike absorbance. No Yes Yes

* Duplicate analysis was not within control limits. No Yes Yes

+ Correlation coefficient for MSA was <0.995. No Yes Yes

Organic Chemical Data (b)



### U Compound was analyzed for, but not detected. Yes Yes ?

J Value is estimated, either for a tentatively identified compound (TIC) or when a compound is present (spectral identification criteria are met, but the value is <CRQL). No for TCL chemicals

Yes for TICs Yes ?

C Pesticide results were confirmed by GC/MS. No No Yes

B Analyte found in associated blank as well as in sample. ©) 

### No Yes Yes

E Concentration exceeds calibration range of GC/MS instrument. No Yes Yes

D Compound identified in an analysis at a secondary dilution factor. No No Yes

A The TIC is a suspected aldolcondensation product. Yes Yes No

### Exhibit 3. Example of Data Qualifiers and Their Potential Use in Quantitative Risk Assessment: Superfund Contract Laboratory Program (CLP)

Qualifier Definition Indicates:

Uncertain Identity? Uncertain Concentration? Include Data in Quantitative Risk Assessment?

April 2004 Page H-11 

### X Additional flags defined separately. –(d) -- --

(a) Source: U.S. EPA, 1988. Contract Laboratory Program Statement of Work for Inorganics Analysis: Multimedia, Multi-concentration . Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. SOW No. 788. (b) Source: U.S. EPA, 1988. Contract Laboratory Program Statement of Work for Organics Analysis: Multimedia, Multi-concentration . Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. SOW No. 288. ©) See Section 6 for a discussion of blank contamination. (d) Data will vary with laboratory conducting analyses.



### Exhibit 4. Validation Data Qua lifiers and Their Potential Use in Quantitative Risk Assessment

Qualifier Definition Indicates:

Uncertain Identity? Uncertain Concentration? Include Data in Quantitative Risk Assessment? Inorganic and Organic Chemical Data (a)



### U The material was analyzed for, but not detected. The associated numerical value is the SQL. Yes Yes ?

J The associated numerical value is an estimated quantity. No Yes Yes

R Quality control indicates that the data are unusable (compound mayor may not be present). Resampling and/or re-analysis is necessary for verification. Yes Yes No

Z No analytical result (inorganic data only). -- -- --

Q No analytical result (organic data only). -- -- --

N Presumptive evidence of presence of material (tentative identification) (b) 

### Yes Yes ?

### Exhibit 4. Validation Data Qua lifiers and Their Potential Use in Quantitative Risk Assessment

April 2004 Page H-12

(a) Source: U.S. EPA. 1988. Laboratory Data Validation Functional Guidelines for Evaluating Inorganics Analysis . Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. U.S. EPA. 1988. Laboratory Data Validation Functional Guidelines for Evaluating Organics Analysis (Functional Guidelines for Organics) . Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. (b) Organic chemical data only



## Exhibit 5 provides examples showing the use of two commonly encountered data qualifiers: the J qualifier, and the R qualifier. Basically, the suggestion is to use J-qualified concentrations the same way as positive data that do not have this qualifier. If possible, note potential uncertainties associated with the qualifier, so that if data qualified with a J contribute significantly to the risk, then appropriate caveats can be attached. The R data qualifier indicates that the sample result was rejected by the data validation personnel, and therefore this result should be eliminated from the risk assessment.

Exhibit 5. Example Use of “J” and “R” Data Qualifiers

In this example, concentrations of benzene in an air monitor have been determined using a hypothetical analytical method. Benzene was detected in th ese four samples at concentrations of 3,200 μg/l, 40 μg/l, and 20 μg/l; therefore, these concentrations – as well as the non-detect – should be used in determining representative concentrations. Chemical Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
Benzene 3,200 J (a) 

### 40 30 U (b) 

### 20 J
(a) J = The numerical value is an estimated quantity (b) U = Compound was analyzed for, but not detect ed. Value presented (e.g., 30 U) is the SQL. 

### In this example, concentrations of lead in su rface water have been determined using a hypothetical analytical method. These data have been validat ed, and therefore the R qualifers indicate that the person conducting the data validation re jected the data for lead in samples 2 and 3. The “UR” qualifier means that lead was not detected in Sample 3; however, the data validator rejected the non-detected result. Eliminate these two samples so that the data set now consists of only two samples (Samples 1 and 4). Chemical Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4

Lead 310 500 R (a) 

### 30 UR (b) 

### 500
(a) R = Quality control indicates that the data are unusable (compound may not be present) (b) U = Compound was analyzed for, but not detected. Value presented (e.g., 30 UR) is the SQL.



## 5.2 Using the Appropriate Qualifiers
The information presented in Exhibits 3 and 4 is based on 1988 EPA guidance documents concerning qualifiers. The types and definitions of qualifiers may be periodically updated within any analytical program, and EPA regions, states , and local governments may have their own data

### April 2004 Page H-13 

## qualifiers and associated definitions. In general, the risk assessor should clearly understand the specific data qualifiers used by a particular analytical program and use the resulting data appropriately in the risk assessment. Make sure that definitions of data qualifiers used in the data set for the analysis have been reported with the data and are current. Never guess about the definition of qualifiers.
6.0 Step 5: Evaluate the Quality of Data with Respect to Blanks
Blank samples provide a measure of contamination that has been introduced into a sample set either (1) in the field while the samples were being collected or transported to the laboratory, or (2) in the laboratory during sample preparation or analysis. To prevent the inclusion of non-site-related contaminants in the risk assessment, the concentrations of air toxics detected in blanks must be compared with concentrations of the same air toxics detected in site samples. Exhibit 6 provides detailed definitions of diffe rent types of blanks. Blank data should be compared with results from samples with which the blanks are associated. It is often impossible, however, to determine the association between certain blanks and data. In this case, compare the blank data with results from the entire sample data set. EPA’s Superfund Program has developed guidelines for comparing sample concentrations with blank concentrations; note that the requirements or practices for a given air toxic program may differ

.

• Blanks containing common laboratory contaminants . As discussed in the EPA documents cited in Exhibits 3 and 4, acetone, 2- butanone (or methyl ethyl ketone), methylene chloride, toluene, and the phthalate esters are considered by EPA to be common laboratory contaminants. If the blank contains detectable levels of common laboratory contaminants, EPA guidance indicates that the sample results should be considered as positive results only if the concentrations in the sample exceed ten times the maximum amount detected in any blank. If the concentration of a common laboratory contaminant is less than ten times the blank concentration, then EPA guidance indicates to conclude that the chemical was not detected in the particular sample and consider the blank-related concentrations of the chemical to be the quantitation limit for the chemical in that sample. Note that if all samples contain levels of a common laboratory contaminant that are less than ten times the level of contamination noted in the blank, then completely eliminate that chemical from the set of sample results.

• Blanks containing chemicals that are not common laboratory contaminants . As discussed in the previously referenced guidance, if the blank contains detectable levels of one or more organic or inorganic chemicals that are not considered by EPA to be common laboratory contaminants, then consider sample results as positive only if the concentration of the chemical in the sample exceeds five times the maximum amount detected in any blank. Treat samples containing less than five times the amount in any blank as non-detects, and consider the blank-related chemical concentration to be the quantitation limit for the chemical in that sample. Again, note that if all samples contain levels of a chemical that are less than five times the level of contamination noted in the blank, then completely eliminate that chemical from the set of sample results.

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### Exhibit 6. Types of Blanks Blanks are analytical quality control samples analy zed in the same manner as site samples. They are used in the measurement of contamination that has b een introduced into a sample either (1) in the field while the samples were being collected or transporte d to the laboratory or (2) in the laboratory during sample preparation or analysis. Four types of blanks – trip, field, laboratory calibration, and laboratory reagent (or method) – are described below. A discussion on the water used for the blank also is provided.
Trip Blank . This type of blank is used to indicate pot ential contamination due to migration of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from the air on the site or in sample shipping containers, through the septum or around the lid of sampling vials, and into the sampl e. A trip blank consists of laboratory distilled, deionized water in a 40-ml glass vial sealed with a teflon septum. The blank accompanies the empty sample bottles to the field as well as the samples retu rning to the laboratory for analysis; it is not opened until it is analyzed in the lab with the actual site samples. The containers and labels for trip blanks should be the same as the containers and la bels for actual samples, thus making the laboratory “blind” to the identity of the blanks.

Field Blank . A field blank is used to determine if certain field sampling or cleaning procedures (e.g., insufficient cleaning of sampling equipment) result in cross-contamination of site samples. Like the trip blank, the field blank is a sample of distilled, deionized water taken to the field with empty sample bottles and is analyzed in the laboratory along with the actual samples. Unlike the trip blank, however, the field blank sample is opened in the field and used as a sample would be (e.g., it is poured through cleaned sampling equipment or it is poured from container to container in the vicinity of a gas-powered pump). As with trip blanks, the field blanks' c ontainers and labels should be the same as for actual samples.
Laboratory Calibration Blank . This type of blank is distilled, deionized water injected directly into an instrument without having been treated with reag ents appropriate to the analytical method used to analyze actual site samples. This type of blank is used to indicate contamination in the instrument itself, or possibly in the distilled, deionized water.

Laboratory Reagent or Method Blank . This blank results from the treatment of distilled, deionized water with all of the reagents and manipulations (e .g., digestions or extractions) to which site samples will be subjected. Positive results in the reagen t blank may indicate either contamination of the chemical reagents or the glassware and implements used to store or prepare the sample and resulting solutions. Although a laboratory following good laborat ory practices will have its analytical processes under control, in some instances method blank contamination cannot be entirely eliminated.

Water Used for Blanks . For all the blanks described above, results are reliable only if the water comprising the blank was clean. For example, if the laboratory water comprising the trip blank was contaminated with VOCs prior to being taken to the field, then the source of VOC contamination in the trip blank cannot be isolated (see laboratory calibration blank).



## 7.0 Step 6: Evaluate Tentatively Identified Compounds
Both the identity and reported concentration of a tentatively identified compound (TIC) is questionable (see Exhibit 7). Two options for addressing TICs exist, depending on the relative number of TICs compared to non-TICs. If the risk assessment involves a regulatory decision, the risk assessor is strongly encouraged to consult the appropriate regulatory authorities about how to address TICs in the risk assessment.

### April 2004 Page H-15 

## • When few TICs are present . When only a few TICs are present, and either (a) no information indicates that either a particular TIC may indeed be present (e.g., it is not present in emissions from the source(s) being evaluated or other nearby sources), or (b) the estimated concentration is relatively low, and therefore, the risk estimate would likely not be dominated by the TIC, then generally do not include the TICs in the risk assessment.

• When Many TICs are present . If many TICs are present, or if TIC concentrations appear high or site information indicates that TICs are indeed present, then further evaluation of TICs is necessary. If sufficient time is available, use more sensitive analytical methods to confirm the identity and to positively and reliably measure the concentrations of TICs prior to their use in the risk assessment. If such methods are unavailable or impractical, then the TICs should be included as COPC in the risk assessment and (usually) discussed qualitatively in the risk characterization along with a discussion of the uncertainty in both identity and concentration.

Exhibit 7. Tentatively Identified Compounds (TICs) The set of compounds analyzed in a particular la boratory protocol may be a limited subset of the organic air toxics that could actually be present in specific emissions being evaluated. Thus, a laboratory analysis may indicate the presence of additional organic compounds not being specifically evaluated. The presence of additional compounds may be indicated, for example, by“peaks” on a chromatogram (a chromatogram is a paper represen tation of the response of the instrument to the presence of a compound). The laboratory may be required to attempt to identify some of these compounds (e.g., the highest peaks) using computer ized searches of a library containing mass spectra (essentially “fingerprints” for particular compounds ). When the mass spectra match to a certain degree, the compound (or general class of compound) is named; however, the assigned identity is in most cases highly uncertain. These compounds are called tentatively identified compounds (TICs).
The analytical protocols being used by the laboratory may include procedures to obtain a rough estimate of the concentrations of TICs. These es timates, however, generally are highly uncertain and could be orders of magnitude higher or lower than the actual concentration. For TICs, therefore, assigned identities may be inaccurate, and quantita tion is certainly inaccurate. Due to these uncertainties, TIC information often is not provide d with data summaries. Additional sampling and analysis using different or more sensitive methods may reduce the uncertainty associated with TICs and, therefore, TIC information should be sought even if it is absent from data summaries.



## 8.0 Step 7: Compare Potential Contamination with Background
In some cases, a comparison of sample concentrations with background concentrations is useful for identifying the relative contribution of the source(s) being evaluated and other potential sources to the total concentrations to which a population may be exposed. Often, however, the comparison of samples with background is unnecessary because the risk estimates resulting from other sources are very low compared to those resulting from the source(s) being evaluated.
Information collected during the risk assessment can provide information on two types of background chemicals: (1) naturally occurring chemicals that have not been influenced by humans and (2) chemicals that are present due to anthropogenic sources. Either type of background chemical can be either localized or widespread. Information on background chemicals may have been obtained by the collec tion of background samples and/or from other

### April 2004 Page H-16 

## sources (e.g., County Soil Conservation Service surveys, United States Geological Survey reports). Background concentrations should be from the vicinity of the location sampled. For example, background air samples are generally collected upwind from the study area to estimate concentrations of chemicals in the air mass that is moving into the study area. For water, samples are taken upstream of the area where deposition (or erosion of contaminated soils) is occurring.
Background samples collected during the monitoring effort should not be used if they were obtained from areas influenced or potentially influenced by the source(s) being evaluated. Instead, the literature sources mentioned in the previous paragraph may be consulted to determine expected background levels of air toxics in the study area. Care must be taken in using literature sources, because the data contained therein might represent nationwide variation in a particular parameter rather than variation typical of the geographic region or geological setting in which the site is located. For example, a literature source providing concentrations of chemicals in soil on a national scale may show a wide range of concentrations that is not representative of the variation in concentrations that would be expected within a particular study

area.
Both the concentration of the chemical in the study-area and the concentration in background media should be clearly articulated in the risk assessment report. Background concentrations should generally not be subtracted from study-ar ea specific concentrations; rather, they should be compared (e.g., as barcharts). Statistical analyses that indicate whether study-area and background concentrations are different may also be presented. (In cases where background comparisons will be made, the statistical methods that will be used to compare study-area concentrations to background concentrations should be identified prior to the collection of samples.)
As an example, chromium is present in air releases from a source in a study area and chromium is also naturally occurring in study area soils. In this case, it may be necessary to include a careful comparison of the relative magnitude of estimated exposure and risk due to background vs. estimated exposure and risk from total (i.e., deposited chromium + background chromium) . This can be done by the bar chart method mentioned above and may be augmented by statistical analyses that attempt to answer the question about whether study area soil concentrations of chromium are statistically different from background soils. Again, consultation with the appropriate decision making authorities is strongly encouraged to ensure that they get the type of information that they will need to make their risk management decisions. (Note that, in general, comparison with naturally occurring levels is commonly performed primarily for inorganic chemicals such as metals, because the majority of organic air toxics released to the environment are not naturally occurring (even though they may be ubiquitous). Similar to naturally occurring background concentrations, anthropogenic levels resulting from human sources (other than those being evaluated in the air toxics risk assessment) may also be present. For example, an assessment that is evaluating exposures to dioxin from a specific source may also have to contend with dioxin that is also present in the study area that has resulted from numerous other small sources in the area (and possibly also from naturally occurring sources such as forest fires and some amount of longer range transport). Similar to naturally occurring chemicals, some combination of background sampling, literature values, modeling, and statistical analysis can be performed to try and sort out how much of the concentrations and risk are due to the source(s) in question and how much is present due to other human (and non-human) influences.

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## 9.0 Step 8: Develop a Set of Data for Use in the Risk Assessment
After the evaluation of data is complete as specified in previous sections, a list of the samples (by medium) is made that will be used to estimate exposure concentrations. In addition, a list of COPC (also by medium) will be needed for the quantitative risk assessment. This list should include chemicals that were:
• Positively detected in at least one sample in a given medium, including (a) chemicals with no qualifiers attached (excluding samples with unusually high detection limits), and (b) chemicals with qualifiers attached that indicate known identities but unknown concentrations (e.g., J-qualified data);
• Detected at levels significantly elevated above levels of the same chemicals detected in associated blank samples;
• Only tentatively identified but either may be associated with emissions from the source(s) being evaluated based on ancillary information or have been confirmed by additional analysis; and/or
• Transformation products of air toxics demonstrated to be present.
Air toxics that were not detected in samples fr om a given medium (i.e., non-detects) but that may be present at the site also may be included in the risk assessment if an evaluation of the risks potentially present at the detection limit is desired.
10.0 Step 9: Further Limit the Number of Chemicals to Be Carried Through the Risk Assessment, If Appropriate
For certain assessments, the list of air toxics potentially related to emissions from the source(s) being evaluated and remaining after quantitation limits, qualifiers, blank contamination, and background have been evaluated may be lengthy. Note, however, that often a modeling analysis can identify the subset of air toxics in the emissions being evaluated that are most likely to contribute significantly to risk, and therefore limit the scope of any subsequent sampling and analysis effort . Carrying a large number of chemicals through a quantitative risk assessment may be complex, and it may consume significant amounts of time and resources. The resulting risk assessment report may be difficult to read and understand, and it may distract from the dominant risks. In these cases, the procedures discussed in this section – using chemical classes, frequency of detection, essential nutrient information, and a concentration toxicity screen – may be used to further reduce the number of COPC in each medium.
If conducting a risk assessment on a large number of chemicals is feasible (e.g., because of adequate computer capability), then the procedures presented in this section may be omitted. However, the most important chemicals (e.g., those presenting 99 percent of the risk) – identified after the risk assessment – may be the focus of the main text of the report, and the remaining chemicals could be presented in the appendices.

10.1 Conduct Initial Activities

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## There are several activities that are useful to conduct before implementing any of the procedures described in this section. The risk assessor is strongly encouraged to consult with appropriate decision making authorities prior to implementing these procedures to ensure that the resulting processed data will meet the decision makers’ needs. These remaining initial activities include:

• Considering how the rationale for the procedure should be documented . The rationale for eliminating chemicals from the quantitative risk assessment based on the procedures discussed below should be clearly stated in the risk assessment report. This documentation, and its possible defense at a later date, could be fairly resource- intensive. If a continuing need to justify this step is expected, then any plans to eliminate chemicals should be reconsidered.

• Examining historical information about the source(s) being evaluated . Chemicals reliably associated with emissions from the source(s) being evaluated based on historical information generally should not be eliminated from the quantitative risk assessment (at least during the initial tiers of analysis), even if the results of the procedures given in this section indicate that such an elimination is possible.

• Considering mobility, persistence, and bioaccumulation . Three factors that should be considered are the mobility, persistence, and bioaccumulation of the chemicals. For example, a highly volatile (i.e., mobile) chemical such as benzene, a long-lived (i.e.,persistent) chemical such as dioxin, or a readily bioaccumulated chemical such as the PBHAPs, probably should remain in the risk assessment. These procedures do not explicitly include a mobility, persistence, or bioaccumulation component, and therefore the risk assessor must pay special attention to these factors.

• Considering special exposure routes . For some chemicals, certain exposure routes need to be considered carefully before using these procedures. For example, some air toxics may pose a significant risk in certain circumstances due to dermal contact. The procedures described in this section may not account for exposure routes such as this.
10.2 Group Chemicals by Class
Some dose-response values used in characterizing risks are available only for certain chemicals within a chemical class. For example, slope factors are available only for some of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In such cases, the information provided in Chapter 12 (toxicity evaluation) and information provided on EPA’s FERA website ( http://www.epa.gov/ttn/fera/ ).
10.3 Evaluate Frequency of Detection
Chemicals that are infrequently detected may be artifacts in the data due to sampling, analytical, or other problems, and therefore may not be related to the sources being evaluated. Consider the chemical as a candidate for elimination from the quantitative risk assessment if: (1) it is detected infrequently in one or perhaps two environmental media, (2) it is not detected in any other sampled media or at high concentrations, and (3) there is no reason to believe that the chemical may be present in emissions from the source(s) being evaluated. In particular, modeling results may indicate whether monitoring data that show infrequently detected chemicals are representative of only their sampling locations or of broader areas. Because chemical

### April 2004 Page H-19 

## concentrations within a broad assessment area are spatially variable, the risk assessor can use modeling results to compare infrequently detected chemical concentrations to those estimated over broader areas when determining whether the subject chemicals are relevant to the overall risk assessment. Judicious use of modeling to supplement available monitoring data often can minimize the need to resort to arbitrarily setting limits on inclusion of infrequently detected chemicals in the risk assessment.
In addition to available monitoring data and modeling results, the risk assessor should consider other relevant factors (e.g., presence of sensitive subpopulations) in recommending appropriate site-specific limits on inclusion of risk assessment.
The reported or modeled concentrations and locations of chemicals should be examined to check for “hotspots” (localized areas of particularly high concentrations), which may be especially important for short-term exposures and which therefore should not be eliminated from the risk assessment. For PB-HAPs, always consider detection of particular chemicals in all sampled media because some media may be sources of contamination for other media. In addition, infrequently detected chemicals with concentrations that greatly exceed reference concentrations should not be eliminated.
10.4 Use a Toxicity-Weighted or Risk-based Screening Analysis
The objective of this screening procedure is to identify the chemicals in a particular analysis that, based on concentration and toxicity, are most likely to contribute significantly to the resulting risk estimates. These procedures are described, along, with examples, in Chapter 6.

11.0 Summarize and Present Data
The section of the risk assessment report summarizing the results of the data collection and evaluation should be titled “Identification of COPC.” Information in this section should be presented in ways that readily support the calculation of exposure concentrations in the exposure assessment portion of the risk assessment. Exhibits 8 and 9 present examples of tables to be included in this section of the risk assessment report.

11.1 Summarize Data Collection and Evaluation Results in Text
In the introduction for this section of the risk assessment report, clearly discuss in bullet form the steps involved in data evaluation. If the optiona l screening procedure described in Section 9 was used in determining COPC, these steps should be included in the introduction. If both historical data and current data were used in the data evaluation, state this in the introduction. Any special site-specific considerations in collecting and evaluating the data should be mentioned. General uncertainties concerning the quality associated with either the collection or the analysis of samples should be discussed so that the potential effects of these uncertainties on later sections of the risk assessment can be determined.
In the next part of the report, discuss the samples from each medium selected for use in quantitative risk assessment. Provide information concerning the sample collection methods used (e.g., grab, composite) as well as the number and location of samples. If any samples (e.g., field screening/analytical samples) were excluded specifically from the quantitative risk

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## assessment prior to evaluating the data, document this along with reasons for the exclusion. Again, remember that such samples, while not used in the quantitative risk assessment, may be useful for qualitative discussions and therefore should not be entirely excluded from the risk assessment.
Discuss the data evaluation within the appropriate context for the risk assessment. For example, the focus may be on a particular neighborhood within the assessment area; specific types of modeled receptors; or specific geographic features such as a water body. For PB-HAPs, the discussion should include those media (e.g., wastes, soils) that are potential sources of contamination for other media (e.g., surface water/sediments). If no samples or data were available for a particular medium, discuss this in the text. For soils data, discuss surface soil results separately from those of subsurface soils. Discuss surface water/sediment results by the specific surface water body sampled.

Exhibit 8. Example of Table Format for P resenting Air Toxics Sampled in Specific Media

Air Toxic Concentration in Medium X

Frequency of

Detection (a) 

### Range of Sample Quantitation Limits (SQLs) (units) Range of Detected Concentrations (units) Background Levels

Chemical A 3/25 2 - 30 320 - 4600 100 - 140

Chemical B (b) 

### 25/25 1 - 32 17 - 72 --
-- Not sampled (a) 

### Number of samples in which the chemical was pos itively detected over the number of samples available (b) 

### Identified as a COPC based upon evaluation of data acco rding to procedures described in text of report



## For each medium, identify in the report the chemicals for which samples were analyzed, and list the analytes that were detected in at least one sample. If any detected chemicals were eliminated from the quantitative risk assessment based on evaluation of data (i.e., based on evaluation of data quality, background comparisons, and the optional screening procedures, if used), provide reasons for the elimination in the text (e.g., chemical was detected in blanks at similar concentrations to those detected in samples or chemical was infrequently detected).

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### Exhibit 9. Example of Table Format for Summarizing COPC in All Media Sampled

Air Toxic Concentration

Air (μg/m 3 

### ) Soils (mg/kg) Surface Water (μg/l) Sediments (μg/l)
Chemical A 0.5 - 225 5 - 1,100 2 - 30 --

Chemical B 0.1 - 22 0.5 - 6.4 -- 12 - 3650
Chemical C 0.01 - 2.2 -- 50 - 440 100 - 11,000

Chemical D 3 - 854 2 - 12 --
-- Not sampled



## The final subsection of the text is a discussion of general trends in the data results. For example, the text may mention (1) whether concentrations of COPC in most media were close to the detection limits or (2) trends concerning chemicals detected in more than one medium or in more than one operable unit at the site. In addition, the location of hot spots should be discussed, as well as any noticeable trends apparent from sampling results at different times.
11.2 Summarize Data Collection and Evaluation Results in Tables and Graphics
As shown in Exhibit 8, a separate table that includes all chemicals detected in a medium can be provided if appropriate. Chemicals that have been determined to be of potential concern based on the data evaluation should be designated in the table with an asterisk to the left of the chemical name.
For each chemical, present the frequency of detection in a certain medium (i.e., the number of times a chemical was detected over the total number of samples considered) and the range of detected or quantified values in the samples. Do not present the QL or similar indicator of a minimum level (e.g., <10 mg/L, ND) as the lower end of the range; instead, the lower and upper bound of the range should be the minimum and maximum detected values, respectively. The range of reported QLs obtained for each chemical in various samples should be provided in a separate column. Note that these QLs should be sample-specific; other types of non-sample-specific values (e.g., MDLs or CRQLs ) should be provided only when SQLs are not available. Note that the range of QLs would not include any limit values (e.g., unusually high QLs) eliminated based on the guidance in Section 3. Finally, naturally occurring concentrations of chemicals used in comparing sample concentrations may be provided in a separate column. The source of these naturally occurring levels should be provided in a footnote. List the identity of the samples used in determining concentrations presented in the table in an appropriate footnote.
The final table in this section is a list of the COPC presented by medium at the site or by medium within each operable unit at the site. A sample table format is presented in Exhibit 9. Ths isopleth is another useful type of presentation of chemical concentration data (not shown). This

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## 1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Volume I. Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A) . Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. Washington, DC, EPA/541/1-89/002, available at: http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ragsa/index.htm
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1992. Guidance for Data Useability in Risk Assessment (Part A). Office of Emergenc y and Remedial Response, Washington, DC. Publication 92857-09A, PB92-93356, available at: http://www.epa.gov/oerrpage/superfund/programs/risk/datause/parta.htm

. graphic characterizes the monitored or modeled concentrations of chemicals at a site and illustrates the spatial pattern of contamination.

References

# Appendix I Use of Air Monitoring Data to Develop Estimates of Exposure Concentration (Data Analysis and Reduction)

Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction

.................................................................. 1
2.0 Data Treatment and Handling of Non-Detects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3.0 Statistical Methods: Characterization of Concentration Data

........................... 4

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

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### Tentatively Identified Compounds (TICs)
As noted in Appendix H, TICs are chemicals identified in the laboratory, but which cannot be identified with complete accuracy. Given that there is not certainty as to their identify (and because, there often is no toxicity data for them), TICs are often assess only qualitatively in the risk assessment. The level of detail applied to TICs depends on their tentative identification (are they known toxic compounds), their concentration, known sources, and frequency of detection. Depending on the answers to these questions, the analyst may recommend that re-sampling be performed to try to more accurately determine the nature of the TICs. 

## 1.0 Introduction
This appendix discusses the process of air monitoring data analysis and reduction, the goals of which are to (1) extract and summarize air monitoring data needed for the risk assessment, (2) use the data to develop estimates of exposure concentration (EC), and (3) present the results of the air monitoring study in an informative and understandable format. In short, this Appendix describes how to take the refined air monitoring data sets developed according to the processes described in Appendix H and use them to develop estimates of exposure concentration. Standard computer software packages, such as Microsoft Excel ® 

## or the Statistical Analysis System, ® 

## may be used to generate summary statistics for each chemical and monitoring location. Summary statistics should include:
• The frequency of detection, or the proportion of total valid measurements collected which were present at or above the respective sample quantitation limit (SQL) and including detections marked with certain data qualifier (e.g., “J” values - see Appendix H);
• The range of concentrations detected (highest and lowest concentrations measured for each chemical at each monitoring site – including J values);
• The statistical description of the data (e.g., normally distributed, log-normally distributed), based on standardized statistical tests;
• The range of sample quantitation limits (SQLs); and
• An arithmetic mean value, the standard deviation, the median value (i.e., 50th percentile), and the 95th percentile upper confidence limit (95% UCL) of the arithmetic mean.
The mathematical formulas and procedures for calculating these summary statistics are provided in Section 3 below.
Statistical analysis of air monitoring data may be conducted using standard methods such as those outlined in EPA’s Guidance for Data Quality Assessment - Practical Methods for Data Analysis

. (1) 

## This manual provides a detailed description of the formulae that should be used in estimating the parameters mentioned above, and reviews issues associated with data treatment (e.g., treatment of non-detects, use of J-qualified data). EPA’s Calculating Upper Confidence Limits for Exposure Point Concentrations at Hazardous Waste Sites (2) 

## is also an important reference to consider when evaluating air monitoring data for exposure assessments. Readers are encouraged to review both of these document prior to using monitoring data to calculate exposure concentrations.

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### Data Qualifiers
Having obtained a monitoring result, it is necessary to assign a qualifier to it so decision-makers can understand the quality of the result and, hence, the role the result might play in decisions (a more complete discussion of data qualifie rs is provided in Appendix H).

• U Flag . If the value is below the MDL, the result should be flagged as <MDL or as U or “undetected.” This indicates that it cannot be de termined, within the limits described in the DQOs, that the compound is present in the sample. (Note, however, that some labs flag data below the SQL as U, even though they actually detect it. It is important to work through such details with a laboratory prior to analysis of samples.)

• J Flag . If the result is above the MDL, but less than the SQL, the result should be flagged as J or “estimated concentration.” This indicates that the compound was detected in the sample, and can be quantified, but not within the limits on accuracy described in the DQOs.

• R Flag . If there are significant problems with the sample (e.g. improper calibration, or extensive holding time, or very low recovery efficiency), the result should be flagged as R or “unusable.” This might occur, for example, if calibration procedures are judged inadequate. If the compound is of interest, and/or other results suggest the poten tial for significant concentration, then re-sampling or re-analysis is usually necessary.
Interpretation of these flagged results in the context of a risk assessment is descr ibed in Chapters 5 and 6 of the EPA document Guidance for Data Usability in Risk Assessment, Part A (Publication 9285.7- 09A, Washington, DC, April 1992; available at www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/datause/parta.htm ). Another excellent source is Exhibits 5-4 and 5-5 in EPA’s Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS) Part A , available at www.epa.gov/oerrpage/superfund/programs/risk/ragsa/index.htm

. 

## Appendix H of this volume also discusses this subject in some detail.

2.0 Data Treatment and Handling of Non-Detects
Calculation of summary descriptive statistics (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, median, 95% upper confidence limit) requires resolution of certain issues regarding the treatment of sampling data. Specifically, assumptions must be made regarding:
• Treatment of duplicate samples; • Treatment of instances in which chemicals are not detected; and • Use of measurements in which the identity of a chemical is certain but its concentration is estimated with some uncertainty (often reported as “J-qualified” data).
Duplicate samples refer to the simultaneous collection or analysis of multiple (usually two) samples under conditions that are kept as similar as possible. Field duplicates usually refer to separate samples collected side-by-side in the field, while laboratory duplicates involve separately analyzing portions of the contents of a single sample. Both types of duplicates serve the similar purpose of providing a sense of the reliability, reproducibility, and precision of measurements. Ideally, duplicate samples should yield the same results. Large differences in the results of duplicate measurements potentially indicate uncertainty in data quality.

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### The MDL or the SQL: Which One Should I Use for Risk Assessment?
When including non-detected data in the averaging processes described on this page, one may either include the non-detected sample as 1⁄2 the MDL or 1⁄2 the SQL. The MDL is not appropriate for this task because it is a statistical measure developed by each lab for each analytical instrument and can fluctuate from day to day. In other words, it is not a stable measure of true detection “limit.” In addition, many labs that actually do detect a chemical in a sample at levels less than the quantitation limit do not routinely report the detection because they cannot accurately quantitate its concentration). It is for these two reasons that 1⁄2 the SQL is used when including nondetected samples in the averaging process. This holds even when the lab in question routinely reports J-valued data. 

## In general, once it is clear that there are no issues with field duplicate samples, they should be treated as a single sample by simply averaging their results. In cases where a chemical is detected in one but not both duplicates (or the data is J-qualified), the chemical should be assumed to be present and the two values should be averaged using the procedure for handling non-detects as described below.
When a chemical is not detected in any sample at a monitor, that chemical can usually be removed from further consideration if there are no known problems with the method, the method meets DQOs, and there is no reason to suspect that the chemical should have been detected (e.g., there are no known sources, and the chemical was also not found at other monitors). In some instances, the monitoring methodology (or interferences by other substances) do not allow for the detection of a substance, even when it is present. The assessors must weigh these types of evidence when deciding to drop a chemical from further consideration.
Various procedures have been used in risk assessments to treat non-detects (i.e., samples in which the chemical concentration is not present at or higher than the sample quantification limit (SQL)), ranging from the assumption that the chemical is absent (i.e., the true concentration is zero) to the assumption that the chemical was present in a sample at a level infinitesimally beneath the SQL (i.e. very close to the SQL and so essentially equal to the SQL). Some algorithms differentiate assignment of values to non-detects based upon the frequency of a chemical’s detection. For example, if a chemical is detected in almost all samples, a concentration equal to (or some fraction of) the analytical SQL is assigned to non-detects, but if the chemical is detected in few or no samples, a concentration of zero is assumed for non-detects. In general, the strategy described below may be used to address the issue of non-detects. References 1 and 2 provide more information on this subject and analysts are encouraged to become familiar with both of these documents prior to beginning data analysis. Also note that the ge neric upon which the procedure described below is based assumes approximately 30 or more samples collected over the course of a year are being averaged to develop an estimate of long term exposure concentration; however, air toxics monitoring sampling schemes usually collect samples on at least a one-in-six day schedule, giving the analyst approximately 60 or more samples to work with. Sampling frequencies are sometimes even greater.
• If less than 15% of the monitored concentrations of a given chemical at a given location are below the SQL, then a value equal to 1⁄2 of the respective SQL is assigned to these concentrations and these values are used in the calculation of summary statistics as described below.

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## • If greater than 90% of the monitored concentrations of a given chemical at a given location are less than the respective SQL, no estimation of the statistical descriptors is undertaken initially. If concentrations were only detected on a limited number of days (i.e., 1 to 3 days) then an investigation may be undertaken to assess the potential sources for these chemicals and the validity of the measurements. A knowledgeable statistician can help determine an appropriate method for developing summary statistics from such a data set, if appropriate.
• If between 15% and 90% of the monitored concentrations of a given chemical at a given location are greater than the respective SQL, th en a value equal to 1⁄2 of the respective SQL is assigned to these concentrations and these values are used in the calculation of summary statistics as described below. For chemicals in this group that end up contributing significantly to risk, a knowledgeable statistician may reevaluate the data according to the procedures in appropriate guidance (e.g., those provided in references 1 and 2).

3.0 Statistical Methods: Characterization of Concentration Data
One method to estimate the long-term annual average concentration would be to calculate a simple arithmetic mean for each analyte/monitor combination. The arithmetic mean, or average is constructed from discrete sample measurements taken at the monitor over time. As noted previously, constraints on resources almost always place limits on the amount of sampling possible (e.g., air toxics samples usually cannot be collected every day). Instead, samples are usually collected roughly one out of every six days and in a manner to eliminate obvious sources of bias (e.g., samples are not uniformly collected on the same day of the week, or only on weekdays or only on weekends). In addition, collecting samples for a year allows for an evaluation of seasonal variability.
All factors being equal, one would expect the sampling results from such a monitoring program to contain equal probabilities of sampling on days when pollutant concentrations may have been relatively high as on days when pollutant concentrations may have been relatively low (or on days when meteorological conditions were conducive to high ground-level concentrations and days when they were not). Since samples are usually not collected every single day, however, one cannot be absolutely certain that all possible conditions were sampled equally. The arithmetic mean concentration is thus subject to uncertainty due to a number of factors, including:
• Daily variability in concentrations; • The ability to measure only a finite number of instances from the distribution of concentrations over time; and • Potential inaccuracy in individual measurements of concentrations.
This uncertainty produces a result in which the simple arithmetic mean of sampling results may underestimate, approach, or overestimate the true annual average. (The example below illustrates how three different monitoring data sets taken at the same monitor may result in an average concentration that underestimates, overestimates, or is close to the true long term average concentration.) Given this uncertainty in the use of the arithmetic mean concentration to describe “average” exposure concentration, the 95% Upper Confidence Limit of the mean (95% UCL) is commonly used as a public health protective estimate of the true annual average. Proceeding in this manner is likely to overestimate the true long-term average exposure;

### April 2004 Page I-5 True (but Unknown)

AverageAir Concentration 95% UCL 

### Sample Set C

Average of Sample Set 

### Sample Set B Sample Set A

True (but Unknown)

AverageAir Concentration 95% UCL 

### Sample Set C

Average of Sample Set 

### Sample Set B Sample Set A 

## however, this method virtually obviates the risk of underestimating the true exposure. EPA’s Superfund program has routinely used this procedure to evaluate exposures at hazardous sites and this process has garnered long term acceptance as a public health protective approach, in light of the uncertainties.

Example Showing How Simple Arithmetic Mean Does Not Always Represent the True Annual Average



## Distributional Analysis
To calculate the 95% UCL for a chemical data set from a monitor, it is necessary to understand its underlying statistical distribution, including whether the sampling results are normally or lognormally distributed. Once the analysis goes beyond these commonly understood distributional types, the level of statistical sophistication can increase substantially. EPA’s Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) has developed the following pragmatic strategy to evaluate the distribution of monitoring data sets; however, other approaches are available (see references 1 and 2). Specifically, EPA suggests the following procedure:
• Inspect each data set for normality using standard test procedures (e.g., Shapiro-Wilk Test, Komolgorov-Smirnoff Test, or Filibens Test). If the assumption of normality holds, then the summary descriptive statistics, including the 95% UCL, should be calculated as described below with the equations based on the statistical assumption of a normal distribution.
• If the data are not normally distributed, then they are presumed to be lognormal and are log-transformed by taking the natural logarithm of the measured concentrations. The assumption of normality is then used to test the transformed data. If the assumption of normality holds for the transformed data, the summary descriptive statistics, including he

### April 2004 Page I-6 

## 95% UCL, are developed with the transformed data using the equations based on the statistical assumption of a lognormal distribution.
• If the transformed data are not lognormal, they may be treated initially as lognormal. For chemicals in this group that significantly contribute to risk, a knowledgeable statistician may reevaluate the data (e.g., according to the procedures suggested in References 1 and 2).
The use of this simple and pragmatic approach to data analysis allows most scientists and engineers with a basic background in statistics to perform these analyses without access to advanced statistical analysis resources. Presuming a data set is lognormally distributed generally results in a 95% UCL that is conservative and, thus, public health protective. Only those chemicals that the initial risk characterization identifies as being significant risk drivers would be reevaluated with more robust statistical procedures, depending on the needs of the risk manager.

STATISTICAL FORMULAS
The following Exhibits provide the basic equations for developing the 95% UCL for chemical data sets that are either normally distributed (Exhibits 1 and 2) or lognormally – or presumed to be lognormally – distributed (Exhibits 3 and 4). The Students t and H statistics that are needed to perform these calculations are available in Gilbert’s 1987 book Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution Monitoring

. (3)



## Normally Distributed Data Sets

Exhibit 1. Directions for Computing UCL for the Mean of a Normal Distribution – Student’s t
Let represent the n randomly sampled concentrations. 

# XX X n 1 2



# , , ...,

STEP 1: Compute the sample mean 

## X n X i i n



## =

= 

# ∑ 1

1



### STEP 2: Compute the sample standard deviation 

## s n X X i i n



## =

− −

= 

# ∑ 1 1 2

1 

## ( )

STEP 3: Use a table of quantiles of the Student’s t distribution to find the (1- 

### " ) th 

### quantile of the Student’s t distribution with n -1 degrees of freedom. For example, the value at the 0.05 level with 40 degrees of freedom is 1.684. A table of Student’s t values can be found in Gilbert (1987, page 255, where the values are indexed by p = 1- 

### " , rather than 

### " level). The t value appropriate for computing the 95% UCL can be obtained in Microsoft Excel ® 

### with the formula TINV ((1-0.95)*2, n -1).
STEP 4: Compute the one-sided (1- 

### " ) upper confidence limit on the mean



# UCL X t s n n 1 1

− − 

# = + α α , 

# /

### April 2004 Page I-7 

### Exhibit 2. An Example Computation of UCL for a Normal Distribution – Student’s t 25 VOC samples were collected from an air monitori ng station and analyzed for a specific chemical. The values observed are 228, 552, 645, 208, 755, 553, 674, 151, 251, 315, 731, 466, 261, 240, 411, 368, 492, 302, 438, 751, 304, 368, 376, 634, and 810 μg/m 3 

### . It seems reasonable that the data are normally distributed, and the Shapiro-Wilk W test for normality fails to reject the hypothesis that they are ( W = 0.937). The UCL based on Student’s t is computed as follows:

STEP 1: The sample mean of the n = 25 values is 

## x = 451

STEP 2: The sample standard deviation of the values is 

## s = 198

STEP 3: The t -value at the 0.05 level for 25-1 degrees of freedom is 

## t 0 05 25 1 

## 1710

. , 

## .

− 

## =

STEP 4: The one-sided 95% upper confidence limit on the mean is therefore:



## 95% 451 1710 198 25 519 UCL =+ × = (. / )



## Lognormally Distributed Data

Exhibit 3. Directions for Computing UCL for the Mean of a Lognormal Distribution – Land Method
Let represent the n randomly sampled concentrations. 

# XX X n 1 2



# , , ...,

STEP 1: Compute the arithmetic mean of the log-transformed data 

## ln ln( ) X n X i i n



## =

− 

# ∑ 1

1



### STEP 2: Compute the associated standard deviation 

## s n X X X i i n

ln 

## (ln( ) ln ) =

− −

= 

# ∑ 1 1 2

1


### STEP 3: Look up the H 1- " 

### statistic for sample size n and the observed standard deviation of the logtransformed data. Tables of these values are given by Gilbert (1987, Tables A-10 and A12) and Land (1975).
STEP4: Compute the one-sided (1- 

### " ) upper confidence limit on the mean



## UCL X s H s n X X 1 2 1 

## 2 1

− − 

## = ++ − α α 

## exp(ln / / ln ln

### April 2004 Page I-8 

## 1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Guidance for Data Quality Assessment – Practical Methods for Data Analysis . EPA/QA-G9, QA97 Version, EPA 600/R96/O84, Washington, DC, January 1998; available at www.epa.gov/swerust1/cat/epaqag9.pdf

. 2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. Calculating Upper Confidence Limits for Exposure Point Concentrations at Hazardous Waste Sites . Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC, December 2002. OSWER 9285.6-10, available at http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ragsa/ucl.pdf

. 3. Gilbert, R.O. 1987. Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution Monitoring . John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. Exhibit 4. An Example Computation of UCL for a lognormal Distribution – Land Method

31 VOC samples were collected from an air monitoring stations and analyzed for a specific chemical. The values observed are 2.8, 22.9, 3.3, 4.6, 8.7, 30.4, 12.2, 2.5, 5.7, 26.3, 5.4, 6.1, 5.2, 1.8, 7.2, 3.4, 12.4, 0.8, 10.3, 11.4, 38.2, 5.6, 14.1, 12.3, 6.8, 3.3, 5.2, 2.1, 19.7, 3.9, and 2.8 μg/m 3 

### . Because of their skewness, the data may be lognormally distributed. The Shapiro-Wilk W test for normality rejects the hypothesis, at both the 0.05 and 0.01 levels, that the distribution is normal. The same test fails to reject at either level the hypothesis that the distribution is lognormal. The UCL on the mean based on Land’s H statistic is computed as follows:

STEP 1: Compute the arithmetic mean of the log-transformed data 

## ln . X = 18797

STEP 2: Compute the associated standard deviation 

## s X ln 

## . = 08995

STEP 3: The H statistic for n = 31 and is 2.31 

## s X

ln 

## . = 0 90

STEP4: The one-sided 95% upper confidence limit on the mean is therefore:



## 95% 18797 08995 2 2 31 08995 31 1 14 4 2 

## UCL = + + × −= exp( . . / . . / ) .

It is statistically possible for the 95% UCL confidence limit of the mean to exceed the maximum measured concentration for a chemical. If this exceeding occurs, the maximum concentration of the chemical is commonly used in place of the 95 th 

## percentile upper confidence limit as the exposure concentration, with certain caveats (see reference 2).

References

### April 2004 Page J-1 

# Appendix J Air Monitoring and Sampling Methods

This appendix contains a summary of monitoring and sampling methods for a variety of organic and inorganic compounds in ambient air. Each approach is described briefly, with a listing of compounds for which it is appropriate, the detection limit, and a summary of advantages and disadvantages in using the approach. Descripti ons of the methods can be downloaded from the EPA’s Ambient Monitoring Technology Information Center (AMTIC) website (www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/airtox.html)

. The measurement process generally relies on collecting a sample in the field, followed by a return to the lab for analysis. A number of methods are used for initial collection of samples in the field:

1. Sampling tubes , in which air is drawn through a tube containing a sorbent specific to the compound being sampled, and the tube returned to the lab for analysis. Possible sorbents in the tube are organic polymers; carbon (molecular, activated, etc); polyurethane foam; silica gel; and dinitrophenylhydrazone (DNPH). Multi-sorbents also are available.

2. Filters , in which air is drawn through a fiber (often a glass fiber) filter, collecting the sampled compound, and returned to the lab for analysis. In some methods, air is drawn over an absorbent onto which the chemical sorbs. In some methods, a chemical reaction occurs that converts the air toxics to another material that is then analyzed.

3. Cryogenic traps , in which air is drawn into a chamber at low temperature, condensing the compound out of the air. The trap and condensate are returned to the lab for analysis.

4. Evacuated chambers , in which air is drawn into a chamber under vacuum. The chamber is returned to the lab for analysis.
An important consideration in the use of such methods is the available time between collection and analysis of samples. The compounds will degrade during the intervening holding period, and so this holding period should not exceed maximum allowed times (holding times depend on the method and compound (consult the AMTIC website for information on QA/QC for air monitoring).

### April 2004 Page J-2April 2004Page J-3MethodDesignationApplicableCompoundsApproach DetectionLimitAdvantages DisadvantagesTO-1 VOCs (80o to200o C); e.g.benzene,toluene, xylenes.Ambient air is drawn through organicpolymer sorbent where certaincompounds are trapped. The cartridge istransferred to the lab, thermallydesorbed and analyzed using GC/MS orGC/FID.0.01 to 100 ppbv Good data base; large samplevolume; water vapor not collected;wide variety of compoundscollected; low detection limits;standard procedures available;practical for field use.Highly volatile compounds andcertain polar compounds notcollected; rigorous clean-up ofabsorbent required; no possibility ofmultiple analyses; low breakthroughvolume for some compounds;desorption of some compoundsdifficult; interference fromstructural isomers; possiblecontamination of sorbent and blank;artifact formation.TO-2 Highly volatileVOCs(-15o to 120o C);e.g. vinylchloride,chloroform,chlorobenzene.Selected volatile organic compounds arecaptured on carbon molecular sieveabsorbents. Compounds are thermallydesorbed and analyzed by GC/MS orGC/FID techniques.0.1 to 200 ppbv Trace levels of VOCs are collectedand concentrated; efficientcollection of polar compounds; widerange of application; highly volatilecompounds are absorbed; easy touse in field.Some trace levels of organic speciesare difficult to recover from sorbent;interferences from structuralisomers; water is collected and cande-activate absorption sites; thermaldesorption of some compoundsdifficult.TO-3 Nonpolar VOCs(-10o to 200o C);e.g. vinylchloride,methylenechloride,acrylonitrile.Vapor phase organics are condensed in acryogenic trap. Carrier gas transfers thecondensed sample to a GC column.Absorbed compounds are eluted fromthe GC column and measured by FID orECD.0.1 to 200 ppbv Collects a wide variety of VOCs;standard procedures are available;contaminants common to absorbentmaterials are avoided; low blanks;consistent recovery; large data base.Moisture levels in air can causefreezing problems in cryogenic trap;difficult to use in field; expensive;integrated sampling is difficult;compounds with similar retentiontimes interfere.TO-4 Pesticides andPCBs; e.g.PCBs, 4,4-DDE,DDT, DDD.Pesticides/PCBs trap on filter and PUFabsorbent trap. Trapis returned to lab,solvent extracted and analyzed byGC/FID/ECD or GC/MS.0.2 pg/m3to 200ng/m3Low detection limits; effective forbroad range of pesticides and PCBs;PUF reusable; low blanks; excellentcollection and retention efficienciesfor common pesticides and PCBs.Breakdown of PUF absorbent mayoccur with polar extraction solvents;contamination of glassware mayincrease detection limits; loss ofsome semi-volatile organics duringstorage; interference by extraneousorganics; difficulty in identifyingindividual pesticides and PCBs ifECD used.TO-5 Aldehydes andKetones; e.g.formaldehyde,acetaldehyde,acrolein.Air sample is drawn through DNPHimpinger solution using a low volumepump. The solution is analyzed usingHPLC with a UV detector.1 to 50 ppbv Specific for aldehydes and ketones;good stability for derivativecompounds formed inthe impingers;low detection limits.Sensitivity limited by reagent purity;potential for evaporation of liquidover long term sampling; isomericaldehydes and ketones may beunresolved by the HPLC system.MethodDesignationApplicableCompoundsApproach DetectionLimitAdvantages DisadvantagesApril 2004Page J-4TO-6 Phosgene Ambient airis drawn through a midgetimpinger containing 10 ml of 2/98aniline/toluene (v/v). Phosgene reactswith aniline to form 1,3-diphenylureaand is analyzed using reverse-phaseHPLC with a UV absorbance detectoroperating at 254 nm.1 to 50 ppbv Good specificity; good stability forderivative compounds formed in theimpingers; low detection limits.Chloroformates and acidic materialsmay interfere; contamination ofaniline reagents may interfere; useof midget impingers in fieldapplication may not be practical.TO-7 N-nitrosodimethylamineAmbient air is drawn through a cartridgecontaining Thermosorb/N absorbant totrap N-nitrosodimethyl amine. Thecartridge is returned to the lab andeluted with 5 ml of dichloromethane.The cartridge then is eluted in reversedirection with 2 ml of acetone. The Nnitrosodimethylamine is determined byGC/MS.1 to 50 ppbv Good specificity; good stability forderivative compounds formed on thecartridge; low detection limit for nnitrosodimethylamine; placement ofsorbent as first compound in sampletrain minimizes contamination;sampling system portable andlightweight.Compounds with similar GCretention times and detectable MSions may interfere; specificity is alimiting factor if looking for otherorganic amines.TO-8 Cresol andphenolAmbient air is drawn through twomidget impingers. Phenols are trappedas phenolates in NaOH solution, whichis returned to the lab and analyzed byHPLC.1 to 250 ppbv 4,6-dinitro-2-methylphenol specificto class of compounds; goodstability; detects non-volatile as wellas volatile phenol compounds.Compounds having the same HPLCretention times may interfere;phenolic compounds of interest maybe oxidized; limited sensitivity.TO-9A* Dioxin, furanand PCBsAmbient air is drawn through a glassfiber filter and a polyurethane foam(PUF) absorbent cartridge with a highvolume sampler. The filter and PUFcartridge are returned to the lab andextracted using toluene. The extract isconcentrated using the Kudrena-Danishtechnique, diluted with hexane, andcleaned up using columnchromatography. The cleaned extractthen is analyzed by high resolutionGC/high resolution MS.0.25 to 5000pg/m3Cartridge is reusable; excellentdetection limits; easy to precleanand extract; excellent collection andretention efficiencies; brad database;proven methodology.Analytical interferences may occurfrom PCBs, methoxybiphenyls,chlorinated hydroxydiphenylethers,napthalenes, DDE and DDT withsimilar retention times and massfractions; inaccurate measurementDs/Fs are retained on particulatematter and may chemically changeduring sampling and storage;analytical equipment required(HRGC/HRMS) expensive and notreadily available; operator skill levelimportant; complex preparation andanalysis process; can’t separateparticles from gas phase.MethodDesignationApplicableCompoundsApproach DetectionLimitAdvantages DisadvantagesApril 2004Page J-5TO-10A Pesticides; e.g.heptachlor,chlordane,dieldrin, aldrinA low volume sample (1-5 L/min) ispulled through a PUF plug to traporganochlorine pesticides. Aftersampling, the plug is returned to the lab,extracted and analyzed by GC coupledto multi-detectors (ECID, PID, FID,etc).1 to 100 ng/m3Easy field use; proven methodology;easy to clean; effective for broadrange of compounds; portable; goodretention of compounds.ECD and other detectors (exceptMS) are subject to responses from avariety of compounds other thantarget analytes; PCBs, dioxins andfurans may interfere; certainorganochlorine pesticides (e.g.chlordane) are complex mixturesand can make accuratequantification difficult; may not besensitive enough for all targetanalytes.TO-11A Formaldehyde,other aldehydesand ketones; e.g.formaldehyde,acetaldehyde,acrolein.An ambient air sample is drawn througha DNPH cartridge at a rate of 500 to1200 ml/minute. The cartridge isreturned to the lab in screw-cap glassvials. The cartridge then is removedfrom the vial and washed withacetonitrile by gravity feed elution. Theeluate is diluted volumetrically and analiquot is removed for determination ofthe DNPH-formaldehyde derivative byisocratic reverse phase HPLC with UVdetection at 350 nm.0.5 to 100 ppbv Placement of sorbent as firstelement in the sampling trainminimizes contamination; largedatabase; proven technology;sampling system is portable andlightweight.Isometric aldehydes and ketones andother compounds with the sameHPLC retention time asformaldehyde might interfere;Carbonyls on the DNPH cartridgemay degrade if an ozone denuder isnot used; liquid water captured onthe DNPH cartridge duringsampling may interfere; ozone andUV light deteriorates trappedcarbonyls on cartridge.TO-12 Non-methaneorganiccompounds(NMOC)Ambient air is drawn into a cryogenictrap, where the non-methane organiccompounds (NMOCs) are concentrated.The trap is heated to move the NMOCsto the FID. Concentration of NMOCs isdetermined by integrating under thebroad peak. Water correction isnecessary.0.1 to 200ppmvCStandard procedures are available;contaminants common to absorbentmaterials are avoided; low blanks;consistent recoveries; large database; good sensitivity; useful forscreening areas or samples; analysismuch faster than GC.Moisture levels in air can causefreezing problems; non-speciatedmeasurement; precision is limited.TO-15 VOCs (polar andnon-polar);methanol,benzene, xylene,nitrobenzeneWhole air samples are collected in aspecifically-prepared canister. VOCsare concentrated on a solid sorbent trapor other arrangement, separated on a GCcolumn, and passed to an MS detectorfor identifaction and quantification.0.2 to 25 ppbv Incorporates a multi-sorbent/drypurge technique to manage water;has established methodsperformance criteria; providesenhanced provisions for QC; uniquewater management approach allowsanalysis of polar VOCs.Expensive analytical equipment;depends critically on operator skilllevel.MethodDesignationApplicableCompoundsApproach DetectionLimitAdvantages DisadvantagesApril 2004Page J-6TO-16 Polar and nonpolar VOCs; e.g.alcohols,ketones,benzene,toluene, oxylene,chlorobenzene.VOCs are monitored using real-timelong-path open-path Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy (FTIR).25 to 500 ppbv Open path analysis maintainsintegrity of samples; multi-gasanalysis saves money and time;path-integrated pollutantconcentration measurementminimizes possible samplecontamination and provides realtime pollutant concentration;applicable for special surveymonitoring; monitoring atinaccessible areas possible usingopen-path FTIR.High levels of operator skillrequired; requires spectrainterpretation; Limited spectrallibrary available; higher detectionlimits than most alternatives; mustbe skilled in computer operation;substantial limitations from ambientCO2and humidity levels associatedwith spectral analysis.TO-17 Polar and nonpolar VOCs; e.g.alcohols,ketones,benzene,toluene, oxylene,chlorobenzene.Ambient air is drawn through a multibed sorbent tube where VOCs aretrapped. The cartridge is returned to thelab, thermally desorbed and analyzed byGC/MS or other methods.0.2 to 25 ppbv Placement of the sorbent as the firstelement minimizes contaminationfrom other sample train components;large selection of sorbents to matchwith target analyte list; includespolar VOCs; better watermanagement using hydrophobicsorbents than Compendium MethodTO-14A; large database; proventechnology; size and cost advantagesin sampling equipment.Distributed volume pairs requiredfor quality assurance; rigorousclean-up of sorbent required; nopossibility of multiple analysis;must purchase thermal desorptionunit for analysis; desorption of someVOCs is difficult; contamination ofabsorbent can be a problem.IO-1 Suspendedparticulatematter (SPM);continuousmeasurement.Ambient air is drawn at a rate ofapproximately 16 to 17 L/minutethrough a virtual impact or cyclonicflow filter. Particle build-up on a filtertape is determined continuously eitherthrough measurement of attenuation ofbeta particles incident on the tape orthrough an oscillating pendulum.3micrograms/m3.Less sensitive to temperature,pressure and humidity fluctuationsthan other continuous methods.Results can be biased by watercollection on the filter tape;oscillator must be isolated fromexternal noise and vibrations.IO-2 Suspendedparticulatematter (SPM);integratedmeasurement.Ambient air is drawn through a filterwith a high volume sampler, with large(> 10 micron) particles removed prior tothe filter. The filter is weighed beforeand after sampling, with dessication toremove water vapor. Mean particulateconcentration is determined from massgain and air flow rate.1 microgram/m3Well established methodology;relatively simply technique toemployBalance used in measurement mustbe precise; subject to bias due tocollection of water vapor ifcomplete dessication is notobtained;MethodDesignationApplicableCompoundsApproach DetectionLimitAdvantages DisadvantagesApril 2004Page J-7IO-3 Chemicalspecies analysisof filtercollected SPM.Ambient air is drawn through a filterwith a high volume sampler, with large(> 10 micron) particles removed prior tothe filter. The filter is weighed beforeand after sampling, with dessication toremove water vapor. The filter then issubsampled and strips digested using amicrowave or hot acid extractiontechnique. Specific extracts areanalyzed by the appropriate method.Depends oncompoundconsidered.Advantages depend on chemicalspecies analyzed, but particlecollection has the advantages notedin IO-2.Disadvantages depend on chemicalspecies analyzed.IO-4 Reactive acidicand basic gases;strong acidity ofatmospheric fineparticles.HNO3, NH3,HCL, SO2, NH4,SO4, NO3Based on measurement of the fineparticle strong acidity component of theatmosphere. Air is drawn through anannular denuder followed by a 37 mmTeflon filter to trap the fine particle acidaerosol. The filter isreturned to the labfor extraction and analysis using anaequeous solution of perchloric acidfollowed by titration or pHdetermination.Simple method of analysis; wellestablished methodology.Without denuders employed toremove ammounia and other acidgases, interference can occur.IO-5 AtmosphericmercuryLow flow (for vapor phase) or higherflow (for particulate phase) ambient airstream is flowed over gold coated beadtraps and glass fiber filters. Mercurycontent is determined by cold-vaporatomic fluorescence spectrometry afterthermal desorption.30 pg/m3(particulatephase) or 45pg/m3for vaporphase.No known positive interferencesusing the 253.7 nm wavelength toexcite the mercury atoms.Possible interferences from PAHsand water vapor; excessive waterquenches signal; free halogens candegrade trap.

# Appendix K Equations For Estimati ng Concentr ations of

PB-HAP Compounds in Food and Drinking Water

Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction

............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ...... 1

2.0 Calcula

tion of PB- HAP C ompo

und Co ncentra

tions in Soil

............ ............ ..... 1

2.1 Calculating Cum ulative Soil Concen

tration ( Cs )

............ ............ ............ . 2

2.2 Calcula

ting t he PB- HAP co mpou

nd Soil Loss C onstant

( ks )

............ ............ .... 3 2.2.1 PB-HAP

compound L oss Constant Due to Biotic and Abiotic Deg radation (ksg)

..... 4 2.2.2 PB-HAP

compound L oss Constant Due to Soil Erosion ( kse )

............ ........ 5 2.2.3 PB- HAP co mpou nd Loss Consta nt Due to Runo ff ( ksr )

............ ............ . 6 2.2.4 PB-HAP compou nd Loss Consta nt Due t o Leach ing ( ksl )

............ ........... 6 2.2.5 PB-HAP

compound L oss Constant Due to Volatilization ( ksv )

............ ....... 7

2.3 Calc ula tin g the D epos iti on T erm ( Ds )

............ ............ ............ ......... 8

2.4 Universal Soil Los s Equation (USLE)

............ ............ ............ ......... 9

2.5 Site-Specific Param eters for Calculating C

umulative S oil Concentration

............ ...... 9 2.5.1 Soil Mixing Zo

ne Depth ( Z

s 

### )

............ ............ ............ .......... 9 2.5.2 Soil Dr y Bulk Densi ty ( BD )

............ ............ ............ ........... 9 2.5.3 Avail able Wat er ( P + I - RO - E
v 

### )

............ ............ ............ ..... 10 2.5.4 Soil Volu

metric Water C ontent ( 2

sw 

### )

............ ............ ............ ... 10

3.0 Calculation of PB- HAP Com pound Concentrations in

Produce

............ ............ 10

3.1 Abovegroun

d Produce Concentration

Due to Direct Dep osition ( Pd )

............ ........ 11 3.1.1 Inte

rception Fractio n of the

Edible Portion of Plan t ( Rp )

............ ........... 12 3.1.2 Plant S urface L oss Coe fficient ( kp )

............ ............ ............ .... 12 3.1.3 Lengt

h of Pla nt Expo sure to Deposi

tion per Harv est of E dible P ortion o f Plant ( Tp )

. 12 3.1.4 Standin

g Cro p Biom ass (Pro ductiv

ity) ( Yp )

............ ............ ......... 12

3.2 Abov egrou

nd Prod uce Con centrati on Due

to Air- to-P lant Tran sfer (

Pv )

............ ..... 12

3.3 Produce Concentration D ue to Root Uptak

e ( Pr )

............ ............ ............ 13

4.0 Calcula

tion of PB- HAP C ompo

und Co ncentra

tions in Beef an d Dairy Produc ts

........... 14

### 4.1 Forage and Silag e Concentrations Due to Direct Deposition ( Pd)

............ ........... 15 4.1.1 Inte

rception Fractio n of the

Edible Portion of Plan t ( Rp )

............ ........... 15 4.1.2 Plant S urface L oss Coe fficient ( kp )

............ ............ ............ .... 15 4.1.3 Lengt

h of Pla nt Expo sure to Deposi

tion per Harv est of th e Edibl e Portio n of Pla nt ( Tp )

............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ........ 16 4.1.4 Standing Crop B iomass (Productiv ity) (Yp)

............ ............ ......... 16

4.2 Forag e and S ilage Concen trations Due to Air- to-P lant Tran sfer (

Pv )

............ ........ 16

4.3 Forage, Silag e, and Grain Conc entrations Due to Root Uptake ( Pr )

............ ......... 16

4.4 Beef Concentration Res ulting from Plant and Soil I ngestion ( A beef 

### )

............ .......... 17 4.4.1 Fraction of Plant Type i Grown on Con taminated Soil and

Eaten by the A

nimal (Cattle) ( F

i 

### )

............ ............ ............ ............ ........... 17 4.4.2 Quantity of Plant Type i Eaten by t he Animal (Cattl e) Each Day ( Qp i 

### )

........... 17 4.4.3 Concentration of PB- HAP comp ound in Plant Type i Eaten b y the Anim al (Catt le) ( P i 

### )

............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ........ 18 4.4.4 Quanti ty of Soi l Eaten by the Ani mal (Cat tle) P er Day ( Qs )

............ ........ 18 4.4.5 Average So il Concentration Ov er Exposure Duration ( Cs )

............ ......... 18 4.4.6 Soil Bi oavai lability Factor ( Bs )

............ ............ ............ ....... 18 4.4.7 Metaboli sm Fa

ctor ( MF )

............ ............ ............ ............ 18

4.5 PB-HAP

compound C oncentration In Milk Due to Plant and Soil Ing estion ( A milk 

### )

......... 19 4.5.1 Fraction of Plant Type i Grown on Con tamin ated So il and E aten by the An imal ( Dairy Cattle) ( F

i 

### )

............ ............ ............ ............ ........... 19 4.5.2 Quantity of Plant Type i Eaten b y the Animal (Dairy Ca ttle) Per Day ( Qp i 

### )

........ 19 4.5.3 Concentration of PB- HAP comp ound in Plant Type i Eaten by the A nimal (Dairy Cattle) ( P i 

### )

............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ..... 20 4.5.4 Quanti ty of Soi l Eaten by the Ani mal (Dai ry Cattl e) Per Da y ( Qs )

............ ... 20 4.5.5 Average So il Concentration Ov er Exposure Duration ( Cs )

............ ......... 20 4.5.6 Soil Bi oavai lability Factor ( Bs )

............ ............ ............ ....... 20 4.5.7 Metaboli sm Fa

ctor ( MF )

............ ............ ............ ............ 20

5.0 Calcula

tion of PB- HAP C ompo

und Co ncentra

tions in Pork

............ ............ ... 20

5.1 Concen

tration of PB- HAP co mpou nd I n Pork

............ ............ ............ . . 20 5.1.1 Fraction of Plant Type i Grown on Contam inated Soil and Eaten b

y the Anim

al (Swine) ( F i 

### )

............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ..... 21 5.1.2 Quantity of Plant Type i Eaten by the Animal (Swine) Each Day (Qp i 

### )

............ 21 5.1.3 Concentration of PB- HAP comp ound in Plant Type i Eaten b y the Anim al (Swi ne) ( P i 

### )

............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ........ 22 5.1.4 Quanti ty of Soi l Eaten by the Ani mal (Swin e) Each Day ( Q
s 

### )

............ ....... 22 5.1.5 Average So il Concentration Ov er Exposure Duration ( Cs )

............ ......... 22 5.1.6 Soil Bi oavai lability Factor ( Bs )

............ ............ ............ ....... 22 5.1.7 Metaboli sm Fa

ctor ( MF )

............ ............ ............ ............ 22

6.0 Calcul ation of PB-HAP Compo und Conc entra tions in Chic ken and Eggs

............ .... 22

### 6.1 Concen trati on of PB-HAP c ompound i n Chicken and Eggs

............ ............ ... 23

6.1.1 Fraction of Plant Type i Grown on Con taminated Soil and

Eaten by the A

nimal (Chick en)( F i 

### )

............ ............ ............ ............ ......... 23 6.1.2 Quantity of Plant Type i Eaten by t he Animal (Chicke n) Each Day ( Qp i 

### )

.......... 23 6.1.3 Concentration of PB- HAP comp ound in Plant Type i Eaten b y the Anim al (Chic ken) ( P i 

### )

............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ........ 24 6.1.4 Quanti ty of Soi l Eaten by the Ani mal (Chi cken) Ea ch Day ( Qs )

............ ..... 24 6.1.5 Average So il Concentration Ov er Exposure Duration ( Cs )

............ ......... 24 6.1.6 Soil Bi oavai lability Factor ( Bs )

............ ............ ............ ....... 24

7.0 Calculation of PB- HAP Com pound Concentrations in

Drinking Wate

r and Fish

........... 24

7.1 Tota l PB-HAP compo und Load to the W ater Bo dy ( L T 

### )

............ ............ ...... 26 7.1.1 Total (Wet and Dry) Particle Phase and Vapor Phase PB-HAP compound D irect Deposi tion Lo ad to Wa ter Bod y ( L DEP 

### )

............ ............ ............ . 26 7.1.2 Vapor Phase PB -HAP compound Diffus ion Loa d to Wat er Body ( L dif 

### )

............ 27 7.1.3 Runoff Load from Imp ervious Surfaces (

L RI 

### )

............ ............ ........ 27 7.1.4 Runoff Load from Pervious Surfaces (

L R 

### )

............ ............ ........... 28 7.1.5 Soil Erosion Load ( L E 

### )

............ ............ ............ ............ . . 29

7.2 Universal Soil Los s Equation - USLE

............ ............ ............ ........ 29

7.3 Sediment Deliv

ery Ratio ( SD )

............ ............ ............ ............ . . 30

7.4 Total Water Body PB- HAP comp ound Concentration ( C wtot 

### )

............ ............ . . 30 7.4.1 Frac tio n of T ota l Wa ter Body PB -HAP co mpoun d Con cent rat ion i n the Wat er Co lumn ( f

wc 

### ) and B enthic S edime

nt ( f bs 

### )

............ ............ ............ ....... 31 7.4.2 Overa

ll Total Wa

ter Bod y PB- HAP co mpou

nd Diss ipation

Rate C onstant

( k wt 

### )

..... 33 7.4.3 Water Co lumn Volatiliz ation R ate Con stant ( k

v 

### )

............ ............ ...... 33 7.4.4 Overa

ll PB- HAP co mpou

nd Trans fer Rate

Coeffic ient (

K
v 

### )

............ ......... 34 7.4.5 Liquid Phase Tr

ansfer C oefficie

nt ( K L 

### )

............ ............ ............ . 35 7.4.6 Gas Ph ase Trans fer Coe fficient ( K G 

### )

............ ............ ............ ... 36 7.4.7 Benthic

Burial Rate Co

nstant ( k b 

### )

............ ............ ............ ..... 36 7.4.8 Total PB-HAP

compound C oncentration in Water Colum n ( C wct ot 

### )

............ ... 38 7.4.9 Dissolved Phase Water Concentration ( C dw 

### )

............ ............ ......... 38 7.4.10 PB- HAP co mpou nd Con centrati on Sorb ed to B ed Sedi ment ( C

sb 

### )

............ .... 39

7.5 Concentration of PB- HAP comp ound in Fish ( C fish 

### )

............ ............ .......... 39 7.5.1 Fish Concentration ( C fish 

### ) from Bioconce

ntration Factors Using

Dissolved Phase

Water Concentration

............ ............ ............ ............ ......... 40 7.5.2 Fish Concentration ( C fish 

### ) from Bioacc umula tion Fa ctors U sing D issolv ed Phas e Water Concentration

............ ............ ............ ............ ......... 40 7.5.3 Fish Concentration ( C fish 

### ) from Biota-To-Sediment Accumulation Fact ors Using PB-HAP compound So

rbed to Bed Sedim

ent

............ ............ ............ .... 40

8.0 Concen

trations of Dio xins in Breast M ilk

............ ............ ............ ..... 41

References

............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 42April 2004 Page K -1 

## 1.0 Introduction
This Appe

ndix descr

ibes equa tions used

by s ome multime dia model s to estima te media

concen trations f or the re commende d exposure scenar ios prese nted in Par

t II I. Mo st risk assessments will use a multimedia fate and transport model to perform these ca lculations; the particular equations used in a given model may differ slightly

from those presented here, which are taken largely

from EPA’s 1998 Peer Review Draft Human Health Risk Assessment Protocol for Hazardous Waste Combustion Facilities, Volume I

. (1) 

## The equations, and descriptions of the associa ted para meters, a re pres ented he

re simply as a ge neral r efere nce, and are not

intended to imply a recommenda

tion over other equations, methods, or values for describing the se processes. EPA’s 1998 Risk Assessment Protocol for Hazardous Waste Combustion Facilities provides a more detailed discussion of the origin and development of ea ch of these equations and many of their spe cific pa

rameter s. It s hould be n oted that refer ence ma de throug hout this c hapter t

o “particle phase” is gener

ic and made without distinction between particle and particle-bound. The rema inder of this chap ter is divi ded into se ven sect ions:

• Section 2 describes the estimating media concentration equa tions for soils contaminated by PB-HAP c ompounds.

• Section 3 describes the estimating media concentration equa tions used to determine PB-HAP compound concentrations in produce.

• Sections 4 through 6 describe equations used to determine PB-H AP compound concentrations in animal products (such as milk, beef, pork, poultry , and eggs) resulting f

rom animal ing estion of

contamin ated fe ed and so il.

• Section 7 d

escribe s equatio ns used to d etermine PB-HAP c ompound c oncentr ations in f ish through bioaccumulation (or, for some compounds, bioconcentr ation) from the water column, dissolved water concentration, or bed sediment – depending on the PB-HAP compound.

• Section 8 describes equations for estimating the concentr ations of doxins in breast milk.

2.0 Calculati on of PB-HA P Com pound Concent rations in So il
PB-HAP compound concentrations in soil are calculated by summing the vapor phase and particle phase deposition of PB-HAP compounds to the soil. Wet and dry deposition of particles and vapo rs are c onsidere d, with dry depositio n of vapo rs calc ulated f rom the va

por air concentration and the dry deposition velocity. The ca lculation of soil concentration incorporates a term that a ccoun ts for loss of PB-H AP com pound s by severa l mech anism s, in cludi ng leach ing, erosion, runoff, degra

dation (b iotic and

abiotic) , and vola

tilization. T

hese loss mechani sms all lower the soil concentration associated with the deposition rate.
Soil concentrations may re quire many y ears to reach steady

state. As a result, the equations used to calculate the average

soil concentration over the period of deposition were der ived by integrating the instantaneous soil concentration equa tion over the period of deposition. For carcinogenic PB-HAP compounds, EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends using two variations of the equation (average soil conce ntration over exposure duration). One form should be used if the exposure duration is greater than or equal to the oper ating lifetime of the emission source(s), and the other should be used if the exposure duration is less than the operating lifetime of the emission source(s).April 2004 Page K -2 

## For noncarcinogenic PB- HAP compounds, EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends using the second form of the car cinoge nic equa tion to ca lculate t he high est annua

l avera ge PB- HAP compo

und soil concentration occurring during the exposure duration. These equations are described in more detail in Section 2.1.
Soil conditions such as pH, structure, organic matter content, and moisture c ontent affect the distributi on and mob ility

of PB-HA

P compound s. Los s of PB-H AP compoun

ds from the

soil is modeled by using r

ates that depend on the phy sical and chemical characteristics of the soil. These variables and their use are de scribed in the following subsections, along with the

recomme nded equ ations.

2.1 Calculati ng Cumulat ive Soil Con centrat

ion ( Cs )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recomme

nds the use

of Equati ons 1A, 1B , and 1C to c alculate the cumul ative soil concentration ( Cs ).

Carcinogens:

For T 2 

### # tD

(Equation 1A)

For T 1 

### < tD < T

2



### (Equation 1B)

Noncarcinogens:

(Equation 1C)



## where

Cs = Averag e soil concentra tion over exposure d

uration ( mg PB-H AP compoun

d/kg soil ) Ds = Deposition term (mg PB-HAP compound/kg soil/y r) T 1 

## = Time period at the beginning of emissions (y r) ks = PB -H AP co mp ou nd so il lo ss co ns ta nt du e t o a ll pr oc es se s ( yr G 1 

## ) tD = Time period over which deposition occurs (time period of emissions) (y r) Cs tD 

## = Soil concentration at time tD (mg/kg) T 2 

## = Length of exposure dura tion (yr)April 2004 Page K -3 

## EPA (1998) (1) 

## recomme

nds Equat ion 1C when

an exposur

e durati on that is le ss than or equal to the operating lifetime of the emission source(s) ( T 2 

## # tD ); when an exposure duration greater than the operating lifetime of the emissions source(s) ( T 1 

## < tD < T

2 

## ), Equati on 1B is recommended. For noncarcinog enic PB-HAP compounds, Equation 1C is recommended.
The PB-HAP compound soil concentration averag ed over the exposure duration, represented by Cs , can be used for carcinog enic compounds, where risk is averag ed over the lifetime of an individua l. Beca use the ha

zard quoti ent assoc iated wit h noncar cinoge nic PB-H AP compoun

ds is based on a threshold dose rather than a lifetime exposure, the hig hest annual average PB- HAP compound soil concentration occurring during the exposure duration period is recommended to be used for noncarcinogenic PB-HAP compounds. The highest annual avera ge PB-HAP compound soil concentration, Cs tD 

## , will typically occur at the end of the operating life of the emission source(s).
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends using the highest 1-y ear annual averag e soil concentration, determin ed by

using Eq uation 1C, to evalua

te risk fr om noncar

cinoge nic PB-H AP compoun

ds.

2.2 Calculating the PB-HAP compound Soil Loss Constant ( ks )
Organic and inorganic

PB-HAP compounds may be lost from the soil by several proc esses that may or may

not occur simultaneously. The r ate at which a PB-HAP compound is lost from the soil is know

n as the so il loss cons tant ( ks ). The c onstant ks is determined by using the soil’s physical , chem ical, and bi ologi cal cha racter isti cs to c onsi der th e loss resul ting fr om lea ching, runoff, erosion, biotic and abiotic degrada tion, and volatilization. EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends that Equa tion 2 be us ed to cal culate th e PB-HA P compound

soil loss co nstant (ks ).

(Equation 2)



## where

ks = PB -H AP co mp ou nd so il lo ss co ns ta nt du e t o a ll pr oc es se s ( yr G 1 

## ) ksg = PB -H AP co mp ou nd lo ss co ns ta nt du e t o b io ti c a nd ab io ti c d eg ra da ti on (yr G 1 

## ) kse = PB -H AP co mp ou nd lo ss co ns ta nt du e t o s oi l e ro si on (yr G 1 

## ) ksr = PB -H AP co mp ou nd lo ss co ns ta nt du e t o s ur fa ce ru no ff (yr G 1 

## ) ksl = PB -H AP co mp ou nd lo ss co ns ta nt du e t o l ea ch in g ( yr G 1 

## ) ksv = PB -H AP co mp ou nd lo ss co ns ta nt du e t o v ol at il iz at io n ( yr G 1 

## )
As highlight ed in Secti on 2.1, th e use of Equat ion 2 in Eq uations 1A and 1B assumes that PBHAP compound loss can be defined by using first-order reaction kinetics. First-or der reaction rates de pend on th e conce

ntration o f one re actant. (2) 

## The loss of a PB-HA P compound

by afirstorder process depends only on the concentration of the PB-HAP compound in the soil, and a constant fraction of the PB-HAP compound is removed from the soil over time. Those processes that apparently e

xhibit first-order reaction kinetics without implying a mechanistic dependence on a firs t-order

loss rate are ter med “app arent f

irst-ord er” loss rates. (3) 

## The assumpt ion that P BHAP compound loss follows first-order reaction kinetics may be an oversimplification because – at vario us conce ntrations or under various e nvironme ntal cond itions – the

loss rate s from soil systems will resemble differ ent kinetic expressions. However, at low concentrations, aApril 2004 Page K -4 

## first-or der loss c onstant ma

y be adequa te to desc ribe the loss of the

PB-HAP c ompound fr

om soil (EPA 1990) (4)



## . PB-HAP compound loss in soil can also follow zero or second-order rea ction kinetics. Zero-order rea

ction kinetics are independent of reactant c oncentrations (Bohn, McNeal, and O’Connor 1985). (2) 

## Zero-order loss rates desc ribe processes in which the reactants ar e present at very hig h concentrations. Under zero-order kinetics, a c onstant amount of a PB-HAP compound is lost from the soil over time, independent of its concentration. Processes that follow second-order reaction kinetics depend on the concentrations of two reactants or the conc entration of one reactant squared (B ohn, McNeal, and O’Connor 1985) (2) 

## . The loss constant of a PB-HAP compound following a second-order proc ess can be contingent on its own concentration, or on both its co ncentra

tion and th e conce

ntration o f anothe

r reac tant, suc h as an en

zyme or cata lys t.

Becau se PB-HA

P compound

loss from s oil depen

ds on many

complex fa

ctors, it m ay

be diffic ult to model t he overall rat e of loss. In addi tion, becau se the physical phen omena that cau se PBHAP compo

und loss ca

n occur s imultaneo

usly , the use o f Equatio n 2 may also over estimate loss rates for each process (Va lentine 1986). (5) 

## When possib le, the c ommon occ urrenc e of all lo ss processes should be taken into account. Combined rates of soil loss by these processes can be derived experimentally; value s for some PB-HAP compounds are presented in EPA (1986). (6)



## Sections 2.2.1 through 2.2.5 discuss issues associated with the calculation of the ksl
, kse
, ksr
, ksg
, and ksv variabl es.

2.2.1 PB-HAP compound Loss Constant Due to Biotic and Abiotic Degradation (ksg)
Soil losses resulting from biotic and abiotic degradation ( ksg ) are determined empirically from field studies and should be addressed in the literature (EPA 1990). (4) 

## Ly man et al. (1982) (7) 

## states that degradation rates can be a ssumed to follow first order kinetics in a homogenous medium. Th er ef or e, th e h al f- li fe of

a c om po un d c an be re la te d t o t he de gr ad at io n r at e c on st an t. Ide al ly, ksg is the sum of all biotic and abiotic rate constants in the soil media. Therefore, if the ha lf-life of a compound (for all of the mechanisms of transforma tion) is known, the degradation rate can be calculated. However, literature sources do not provide sufficient data for all such mechanisms, especially

for soil. EPA (1994a) (8) 

## recomme nds that ksg

values for all PB-HAP compounds other than polycy clic organic matter (specifica lly 2,3,7,8-TCDD) should be set equa l to zero. EPA (1998) (1) 

## presents EPA recommended values for this compound-specific variable.
The rate of biological degr adation in soils depends on the concentration and activity of the microbial populations in the soil, the soil conditions, and the PB-HAP compound concentration (Jury and Valentine 1986). (9) 

## First-order loss rates often fail to account for the high variability of these variables in a single soil sy stem. However, the use of simple rate expressions may be appropriate at low chemical concentra tions (e.g., nanogram per kilog ram soil) at which a first-order dependence on che mical concentration may

be reasonable. The rate of biolog ical degradation is PB-HAP compound-specific, de pending on the complexity of the PB -HAP compound

and the us efulnes s of the PB -HAP comp ound to the microorg anisms. Som e substrate s, rathe

r than be ing used

by t he org anisms as a

nutrient or energ

y so urce, a re simply degraded with other similar PB-HAP compounds, which ca n be further utilized. Environmental and PB-HAP compound-specific factors that may limit the biodegradation of PB-HAP compounds in the soil environment (Valentine and Schnoor 1986) (10) 

## include (1) availability ofApril 2004 Page K -5 

## the PB-HAP compound, (2) nutrient limitations, (3) toxicity of the PB-HA P compound, and (4) inactivation or nonexistence of enzymes c apable of degrading the PB-HAP compound.

Chemical d egradation of or ganic compoun ds can be a signi ficant mechan ism for remo val of PBHAP compounds in soil (EPA 1990)

. (4) 

## Hydroly sis and oxidation-reduction reactions are the primary che

mical transformation processes occurring in the upper laye

rs of soils (Valentine 1986)

. (5) 

## General rate expressions describing the tra nsformation of some PB-HAP compounds by all non-b iologic al proce sses are availab le, and th ese expre ssions ar e helpfu l when div ision into component reactions is not possible.
Hydroly sis in aqueous systems is charac terized by three pr

ocesses: acid-cataly

zed, basecatalyzed, and ne

utral reactions. The overall rate of hy drolysis is the sum of the first-order rates of these processes (Valentine 1986)

. (5) 

## In soil sy stems, sorption of the PB-HAP compound can increase, decrease, or not a ffect the rate of hy

drolysis, as numerous studies cited in Vale ntine (1986) (5) 

## have sho wn. The to tal rate of hy droly sis in soil c an be pre dicted by adding the rate s in the soil and water phases, which are assumed to be f irst-order reactions at a fixed pH (Valentine 1986). (5) 

## Methods f

or estima ting the se hy

droly sis consta

nts are d escribe d by

Ly man et al. (1982). (7)



## Organ ic and ino rganic

compound s also unde

rgo oxida tion-red uction (r edox) rea ctions in th e soil (Valentine 1986). (5) 

## Organic redox reactions involve the exchang e of oxygen a nd hydrog en atoms by the rea cting mo lecules . Ino rganic redox rea

ctions may

involve th e exchang e of atom s or electrons by

the reactants. In soil sy

stems where the identities of oxidant and reductant species are not specified, a first-order ra te constant can be obtained for describing loss by redox reactions (Valentine 1986). (5) 

## Redox reactions involving metals may promote losses f rom surface soils by making metals more mobile (e.g., leaching to subsurface soils).

2.2.2 PB-HAP

compound L oss Consta nt Due to So il Erosion ( kse )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends that the constant for the loss of soil resulting from erosion ( kse) is recommended to be set equal to zero in most cases. I f soil erosion is a significant issue in the assessment area, EPA (1993b) (11) 

## recommends the use of Equation 3 to calculate the constant for soil loss resulting from erosion ( kse ).

(Equation 3)



## where
kse = PB-HAP compound soil loss constant due to soil erosion 0.1 = Units conversion factor (1,000 g-kg /10,000 cm 2 

## -m 2 

## ) X e 

## = Unit soil los s (kg/m 2 

## -yr) SD = Sediment d

elivery ratio (un itless) ER = Soil enric

hment ra tio (unitle ss) Kd s 

## = Soil-wate

r partiti on coeff

icient (m L wa ter/g s oil) BD = Soil bulk density (g soil/cm 3 

## soil) Z
s 

## = Soil mixing zon e depth ( cm) 2

sw 

## = Soil volumetric water content (mL water /cm 3 

## soil)April 2004 Page K -6 

## Unit soil los s (

X
e 

## ) is calculated by

using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USL E) (See Section 7. 2) . S oi l b ul k d en si ty ( BD ) is desc ribed in Se ction 2.4. 2. Soil volum etric wa ter cont ent ( 2

sw 

## ) is described in Section 2.5.4.

For add itio nal in forma tion on add ressi ng kse , EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends consulting the methodologies described in EPA NCEA document, Methodology for Assessing Health Risks Associated with Multiple Pathways of Exposure to Combustor Emissions (EPA 1998) (12)



## .
2.2.3 PB-H

AP c ompo und Los s Cons tant Due t o Runo ff ( ksr

)
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recomme

nds that Eq

uation 4 be

used to ca

lculate t he consta nt for the loss of soil resulting from surface runoff ( ksr ).

(Equation 4)



## where

ksr = PB -H AP co mp ou nd lo ss co ns ta nt du e t o r un of f ( yr G 1 

## ) RO = Average annual surfa ce runoff from pervious areas ( cm/yr) 2

sw 

## = Soil volumetric water content (mL water /cm 3 

## soil) Z
s 

## = Soil mixing zon e depth ( cm) Kd
s 

## = Soil-wate

r partiti on coeff

icient (m L wa ter/g s oil) BD = Soil bulk density (g soil/cm 3 

## soil)

So il bu lk de ns it y (

BD ) is desc ribed in Se ction 2.5. 2. Soil volum etric wa ter cont ent ( 2

sw 

## ) is described in Section 2.5.4.

2.2.4 PB-HAP compound Loss Constant Due to Leaching ( ksl )

Losses o f soil PB-HAP compo unds d ue to l eachin g ( ksl ) depend on the amo

unt of wa ter ava ilable to gene rate lea chate a nd soil pro

perties s uch as bu lk density , soil moistu

re, soil p orosity , and soil sorption properties. EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends that Equation 5 be used to calculate the PB-HA P compo und l oss co nstan t due t o leach ing ( ksl) to account for runoff.

(Equation 5)



## where

ksl = PB -H AP co mp ou nd lo ss co ns ta nt du e t o l ea ch in g ( yr G 1 

## ) P = Average annual prec ipitation (cm/yr) I = Average annual irrig ation (cm/yr) RO = Average annual surfa ce runoff from pervious areas ( cm/yr) E
v 

## = Average annual evapotr anspiration (cm/yr) 2

sw 

## = Soil volumetric water content (mL water /cm 3 

## soil)April 2004 Page K -7 

## Z
s 

## = Soil mixing zon e depth ( cm) Kd
s 

## = Soil-water partition coefficient (cm 3 

## water/g soil) BD = Soil bulk density (g soil/cm 3 

## soil)
The average annua

l volume of water (

P + I - RO - E

v 

## ) availa ble to ge nerate leacha te is the ma ss balance of all water inputs and outputs from the area under consideration. These variables are de sc ri be d i n S ec ti on 2. 5. 3. So il bu lk de ns it y ( BD ) is desc ribed in Se ction 2.5. 2. Soil volum etric water c ontent ( 2

sw 

## ) is described in Section 2.5.4.

2.2.5 PB-HAP

compound L oss Consta nt Due to V olatiliza tion ( ksv )

Semi-vola

tile and v olatile PB -HAP comp ounds emit ted in hig h conce ntrations may become adsorbed to soil particles and exhibit volatilization losses from soil. The loss of a PB-HAP compound from the soil by volatilization depends on the rate of movement of the PB-HAP compound to the soil surface, the chemical vapor conce ntration at the soil surface, and the rate at which vapor is carried away by the atmosphere

(Jury 1986). (13)



## EPA (1998) (1) 

## recomme

nds that in

cases w here hig h conce ntrations of volatil e orga

nic compounds are expected to be present in the soil that Equation 6A be used to calculate the constant for the loss of soil resulting from volatilization ( ksv)

.

(Equation 6A)



## where

ksv = PB -H AP co mp ou nd lo ss co ns ta nt du e t o v ol at iz at io n ( yr G 1 

## ) 3.1536 × 10 7 

## = Units conversion factor (s/y r) H = Henry’ s Law constant (atm-m 3 

## /mol) Z
s 

## = Soil mixing zon e depth ( cm) Kd
s 

## = Soil -water parti tion coeffi cient (mL/g) R = Universal gas constant (atm-m 3 

## /mol-K) T
a 

## = Ambient air temperature (K) = 298.1 K BD = Soil bulk density (g soil/cm 3 

## soil) = 1.5 g/cm 3 

## D a 

## = Diffusivity of PB-HA P compound in air (cm 2 

## /s) 2
sw 

## = Soil volumetric water content (mL/cm 3 

## soil) = 0.2 mL/cm 3 

## D soil 

## = Solids particle density (g /cm 3 

## ) = 2.7 g/cm 3



## The gas-phase mass transfer coefficient, K

t 

## , based on general soil properties, ca n also be written as follows (Hillel 1980; Miller and Gardiner 1998) (14) 

## :

(Equation 6B)



## whereApril 2004 Page K -8 

## K t 

## = Gas phas e mass tra

nsfer c oeffic ient (cm/ s) Z
s 

## = Soil mixing zon e depth ( cm) D
a 

## = Diffusivity of PB-HA P compound in air (cm 2 

## /s) 2

v 

## = Soil void fraction (cm 3 

## /cm 3 

## )
The soil void fraction ( 2

v 

## ) is the volumetric fraction of a soil that does not contain solids or water and can be expres sed as:

(Equation 6C)



## where

2

v 

## = Soil void fraction (cm 3 

## /cm 3 

## ) 2

sw 

## = Soil volumetric water content (mL water /cm 3 

## soil) = 0.2 mL/cm 3 

## BD = Soil bulk density (g/cm 3 

## ) = 1.5 g/cm 3 

## D soil 

## = Solids particle density (g /cm 3 

## ) = 2.7 g/cm 3



## Th e e xp re ss io n c on ta in in g b ul k d en si ty ( BD ) d iv id ed by s ol id s p ar ti cl e d en si ty ( D soil 

## ) gives the volume of soil occupied by pore space or voids (Miller and Gardiner 1998). (14) 

## Soil bulk de nsity is affected by

the soil structure, such as looseness or compaction of the soil, depending on the water and clay

content of the soil (Hillel 1980) (14) 

## ; a rang e of 0.83 to 1.84 wa s origin ally cited in Hoffman and Baes (1979). (15) 

## A default soil bulk density value of 1.5 g /cm 3 

## is recommended based on a mean value for loam soil from Carsel et al. (1988)

. (16) 

## Blake and Hartge (1996) (17) 

## and Hillel (1980) (14) 

## both suggests that the mean density of solid particles is about 2.7 gm/cm 3 

## . The soil water content depends on both the available water a nd the soil structure of a particular soil. Values for 2

sw 

## range from 0.03 to 0.40 mL /cm 3 

## depending on soil type (Hoffman and Baes 1979). (15) 

## The lower values are ty pical of sandy soils, which c annot retain much water; the higher values are ty

pical of soils such as clay or loam soils which can retain water. A mid-point default value of 0.2 mL wate r/cm 3 

## soil is rec ommended as a def ault in the absence of site-s pecific information. However, since the soil water content of soil is unique for each soil type, sitespecific information is highly recommended.

2.3 Calcu latin g the D eposi tion Term ( Ds )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recomme

nds that Eq

uation 7 be

used to ca

lculate t he depos ition term (Ds)

.

(Equation 7)



## where

Ds = Deposition term (mg PB-HAP compound/kg soil/y r) 100 = Units conversion factor (mg-m 2 

## /kg-cm 2 

## ) Q = PB-HAP c ompound e mission ra

te (g/s ) Z
s 

## = Soil mixing zon e depth ( cm)April 2004 Page K -9 

## BD = Soil bulk density (g soil/cm 3 

## soil) F
v 

## = Fracti on of PB- HAP compo und air c oncentr

ation in va

por phase (unitless ) Dydv = Unitized y

early averag e dry

depositio n from va

por phase (s/m 2 

## -yr) Dywv = Unitized y

early averag e wet de

position fr

om vapor phase (s/

m 2 

## -yr) Dydp = Unitized y

early averag e dry

depositio n from pa

rticle ph ase (s/m 2 

## -yr) Dywp = Unitized y

early averag e wet de

position fr

om partic le phase

(s/m 2 

## -yr)

2.4 Universal Soil Loss Equat ion (USLE)
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends that the universal soil loss equation (USLE) be used to calculate the unit soil los s (X
e 

## ) . This equation is further described in Section 7.2.

2.5 Site-Specific Parameters for Calculating Cum ulative Soil Concentration
Calculating average soil conc entration over the exposure duration ( Cs ) requires the use of site- speci fic par amete rs inc ludi ng the f ollo wing:

• Soil mixing zone depth ( Z
s 

## )

• So il bu lk de ns it y (

BD )

• Available water (

P + I - RO - E

v 

## )

• Soil volume tric wat

er conte nt ( q sw 

## )

Determi nation of values f or these parameters is fu

rther de scribed

in the foll owing su

bsection s.

2.5.1 Soil Mixing Z one Depth ( Z s 

## )
When exposur

es to PB- HAP compo

unds in soil s are mod

eled, the depth of c ontamina

ted soils is important in calcu lating th e approp riate soi l concen

tration. P B-HAP c ompounds d eposited onto soil surfaces may

be moved into lower soil profiles by tilling, whe ther manually in a g arden or mechanically

in a large field.
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the following values for the soil mixing zone depth ( Z
s 

## ):

• 2 cm for untilled soils; and

• 20 cm for

tilled soils

. The assumption made to determine the value of Z
s 

## may affec t the outc ome of the risk asse ssment, because soil concentrations that are based on soil depth ar e used to calculate exposure via several pathways: (1) ing estion of plants contaminated by r oot uptake; (2) direct ingestion of soil by humans, c attle, sw ine, or c hicken; a nd (3) sur face r unoff int o water b odies.

2.5.2 Soil Dry Bulk Density ( BD )

So il dr y bu lk de ns it y (

BD ) is the ratio of the mass of soil to its total volume. EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the value of 1.50 g/cm 3 

## fo r t he so il dr y bu lk de ns it y ( BD ). EPA (1994c) (18)



## recomme nded that wet soil bu

lk density be deter mined by weighi ng a thin -walled , tube soil sample (e.g., a Shelby

tube) of known volume and subtracting the tube weig ht (ASTM MethodApril 2004 Page K-10 

## D2937). (19) 

## Moisture content can then be calculated (ASTM Method 2216) (20) 

## to conver t wet soil bu lk de ns it y to dr y so il bu lk de ns it y.

2.5.3 Available Water ( P + I - RO - E
v 

## )
The average annua

l volume of water available ( P + I - RO - E

v 

## ) for generating le achate is the mass balance of all water inputs and outputs from the area under consideration. A wide range of values f or these site-spe cific pa

rameter s may apply in the var

ious EPA re gions.
The average annua

l precipitation (

P ), irrigation (

I ), runoff ( RO ), and evapotranspiration ( E
v 

## ) rates and other climatological data may be obtained from either data recorde d on site or from the Station Climatic Summary for a nearby airport.
Meteorological variables such as the e vapotranspiration rate (

E
v 

## ) and the runoff rate (

RO ) may also be found in resources such as Gerag hty, Miller, van der L

eeden, and Troise (1973). (21) 

## Surface runoff may

also be estimated by using the Curve Number Equation developed by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service (EPA 1990). (4) 

## EPA (1985) (22) 

## cited isopleths of mean annual cropland runoff corresponding to var ious curve numbers developed by Stewart, Woolhiser, Wischmeier, Caro, and Frere (1975). (23) 

## Curve numbers are assigned to an ar ea on the basis of soil type, land use or cove r, and the hydr

ologic conditions of the soil (EPA 1990). (4)



## Using these different refer ences, however, introduces uncerta inties and limitations. For example, Geraghty , Miller, van der Leede n, and Troise (1973) (21) 

## presented isopleths for annual surface water c ontributio ns that inc lude inte rflow an d groun d water r echarg e. As note d in EPA (1994a) (8) 

## , these values are recommended to be a djusted downward to reflect surface r unoff only. EPA (1994a) (8) 

## recomme

nded that these va lues be r educed by 5 0 perce

nt.

2.5.4 Soil Volumetric Water Content ( 2
sw 

## )

The soil volumetric water content ( 2

sw 

## ) depends on the available water and the soil structure . A wide range of values for these variables may

apply in the various EPA re gions. EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends a value for 2

sw 

## of 0.2 ml/cm 3



## .
3.0 Calculation of PB-HAP Compound Concentrations in Produce
Indirect expos ure resulti ng from ingesti on of produce d epends on th e total concen tration of P BHAP compounds in the leafy, f ruit, and tuber portions of the plant. Because of g eneral differences in contamination mechanisms, consideration of indirec t exposure separates produce into two broad categories: aboveg round produce and belowground produc e. In addition, aboveground produce can be further subdivided into exposed and protected aboveground pr oduce for consideration of contamination as a result of indirect exposure.

Aboveground Produce
Aboveg round expo sed produ

ce is ass umed to be

contamin ated by

three po ssible mec

hanisms:

• Direct

deposition o f particle s— wet and dry de

position of particle phase PB-HAP compounds on the leaves and fruits of plants (Section 3.1).April 2004 Page K-11 

## • Vapor transfer—

uptak e of vap or pha se PB-H AP com pound s by plant s thro ugh th eir fo liage (Section 3.2).

• Root uptake—

root uptake of PB-HAP compounds available from the soil and their transf er to the aboveground portions of the plant (Section 3.3).

The total PB-HAP c ompound c oncentr ation in a bovegr ound expose d produc e is calc ulated a s a sum of con

taminatio n occurr

ing thro ugh all t hree of these me chanisms . Howeve r, edible po rt io ns of

ab ov eg ro un d p ro te ct ed pr od uc e, su ch as pe as , c or n, an d m el on s, ar e c ov er ed by a protective covering; hence, they are protected from contamination through de position and vapor trans fer. Th erefor e, roo t upt ake of P B-HAP c ompo unds i s the p rimar y mechani sm th rough which aboveground protected produc e becomes contaminated (Section 3.3).

Belowground Produce

For belo wgroun d produc e, conta

mination is

assumed t

o occur only

through one mech anism – root uptake of PB-HAP compounds available from soil (Section 3.3). Contamination of belowground produce via direct deposition of par ticles and vapor transfer are not consider ed because the root or tuber is protected from c ontact with contaminants in the vapor phase.

3.1 Abovegro und Produc e Concent ration Due to Direc t Deposit ion ( Pd )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the use of Equation 8 to calculate PB-HAP compound c oncentration in exposed and aboveground produce due to direc t deposition.

(Equation 8)



## where

Pd = Plant (ab ovegr ound prod

uce) co ncentra

tion due to

direct ( wet and d ry ) deposit ion (mg PB-H AP co mpoun

d/kg DW) 1,000 = Unit s conv ersio n facto r (mg/g) Q = PB-HAP c ompound e mission ra

te (g/s ) F
v 

## = Fracti on of PB- HAP compo und air c oncentr

ation in va

por phase (unitless ) Dydp = Unitized y

early averag e dry

depositio n from pa

rticle ph ase (s/m 2 

## -yr) Fw = Fraction of PB-HAP compound wet deposition that adheres to plant surf aces (unitless ) Dywp = Unitized y

early wet depo sition fro m particl e phase ( s/m 2 

## -yr) Rp = Inte

rceptio n fract

ion of the edible po rtion of p lant (unit less) kp = Pl an t s ur fa ce lo ss co ef fi ci en t ( yr G 1 

## ) Tp = Length of plant exposure to deposition per ha rvest of the edible portion of the i th plant group (y

r) Yp = Yield or standing crop biomass of the edible portion of the plant (produc tivity) (kg

DW/m 2 

## )April 2004 Page K-12 

## 3.1.1 Interception Fraction of the Edible Portion of Plant ( Rp )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the use of the weighted ave rage Rp value of

0.39 as a default Rp value because it represents the most current para meters including standing crop biomass and relative ingesti on rates

.
3.1.2 Plant Surface Loss Coefficient ( kp )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recomme

nds use of

a plant su

rface loss coef ficient ( kp ) value of 18. The primary uncertainty a ssociated with this variable is that the calculation of kp does not consider chemical degra dation pr ocesses . Howeve

r, infor mation re gardin

g chemi cal deg

radatio n of conta

minants on plant su

rface s is limited. The inclu sion of ch emical de grada tion proc esses wo

uld resul t in decreased half-life values a nd thereby incr

ease kp values. Note that effective plant concentra tion decrea ses as kp increases. Therefore, use of a kp value that does not consider chemical degradation processes is protective.

3.1.3 Length of Plant Exposure to Deposition per Harvest of Edible Portion of Plant ( Tp )
This value represents the time required from when a plant first emerges until harvest. EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends using a Tp value of 0.164 ye ar as the best available default value. The primary unce

rtainty associated w

ith the use of this value is that it is based on the growing season for hay rather than abov egrou

nd produc e. The a

verag e period

betwee n succes sive hay

harvest s (60 days) may

not reflect the length of the gr owing season or the period between succ essive harvests for aboveground produce at specific sites. To the extent that information documenting the growing season or period be tween successive harvests for aboveg round produce is available, this information may be used to estimate a site- specific Tp value. Calculated plant concentrations will be affected most if the site-specific value of Tp is significantly less than 60 day s.

3.1.4 Standing Crop Biomass (Productivity) ( Yp )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the use of the weighted ave rage Yp value of

2.24 as a default Yp value based on this value representing the most complete a nd thorough information available. The primary unc ertainty associa ted with this variable is that the harvest y ield ( Yh ) and area planted ( Ah ) may not refle ct site-s

pecific condition s. To the e xtent to whic h site-spe cific informat ion is ava ilable, th e magni tude of th e uncer

tainty introduc ed by

the defa ult Yp value can be estimated.

3.2 Aboveground Produce Concentration Due to Air-to-P lant Transfer ( Pv )
The methodology

used to estimate PB-HAP compound concentration in exposed and aboveground produce due to air- to-plant transfer ( Pv ) considers limitations of PB-HAP compounds concentrations to transfer from plant surfac es to the inner portions of the plant. These lim itations r esult fro m mechan

isms respo nsible fo

r inhibitin

g the tr ansfer of the lipo

philic PB-HAP compound (e.g., the shape of the pr oduce) and the removal of the PB-HAP compounds from the edible portion of the produce (e.g ., washing, peeling, and cooking ). EPA (1998) (1)



## recomme nds the use

of Equati on 9 to cal culate a bovegr ound prod

uce con centra

tion due to air-to-plant transfer (

Pv ).April 2004 Page K-13 

### (Equation 9)



## where

Pv = Concentration of PB-HAP compound in the plant resulting from air-to-pla nt transfer ( : g PB -HAP comp ound/

g DW) Q = PB-HAP c ompound e mission ra

te (g/s ) F
v 

## = Fracti on of PB- HAP compo und air c oncentr

ation in va

por phase (unitless ) Cyv = Unitized yearly average air conc entration from vapor phase ( : g-s/g-m 3 

## ) Bv ag 

## = PB-HAP compound air-to-plant biotransfer factor ( [mg PB-HAP compound/g DW

plant]/[mg

PB-HAP c ompound/g

air]) (un itless) VG ag 

## = Empirica

l corre ction fa

ctor for aboveg round pro duce (un

itless) D a 

## = Density

of air (g /m 3 

## )
As discussed below in Section 3.2.1, the parameter VG ag 

## is dependent on lipoph ilicity of the PBHAP co mpou nd, an d assi gned a v alue o f 0.01 for li pophi lic P B-HAP c ompo unds ( log K
ow 

## greater than 4 ) or a va lue of

1.0 fo r PB-HA P com pound s wit h a log K
ow 

## less than 4.

Em pir ica l Co rre cti on F act or f or A bove gro und Pro duc e (VG ag



## )
The parameter VG ag



## has been incorporated into Equation 9 to address the potential overestimation for lipophilic PB-HAP compounds to be transferred to the inner por tions of bulky produce, suc

h as apples. Because of the protec tive outer skin, size, and shape of bulky produ ce, tra nsfer o f lipo phil ic PB- HAP co mpou nds (l og K
ow 

## greater than 4) to the center of the produce is not as likely as f or non-lipophilic PB-HAP compounds and, as a result, the inner portions will be less affected. EPA (1998) (1) 

## recomme nds the fo llowing e

mpirical VG ag



## values for aboveground produce:

• 0.01 f or lip ophi lic P B-HAP c ompo unds ( log K
ow 

## greater than 4); and

• 1.0 fo r PB-HA P com pound s wit h a log K
ow 

## less than 4 (these PB-HAP compounds are assumed pass more easily through the skin of produce).
Uncertainty ma

y be introduced by

the assumption of VG ag



## values for leafy

vegetables (such as lettuce) and for legumes (such a s snap beans). Underestimation may be introduced by a ssuming

a VG ag 

## value of 0.01 for legumes and leafy vegetables because these spe cies often have a higher ratio of s urface area to mass than

other bul kier fru its and fr uiting ve getabl es, such a s tomatoes

.
3.3 Produce Concentration Due to Root Uptake ( Pr )
Root uptak

e of cont aminants f

rom soil ma

y a lso result in PB-HA

P compound

concen trations i n aboveg round expo sed produ

ce, abo vegro

und prote cted pro duce, a

nd belowg

round pro duce. EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the use of Equations 10A and 10B to calculate PB-HAP compound concentration aboveground and be lowground produce due to root uptake ( Pr ).April 2004 Page K-14 

## Exposed and protected aboveground produce:

(Equation 10A)



## Belowground produce:

(Equation 10B)



## where

Pr = Conce ntrat ion o f PB-HA P com pound in pro duce d ue to r oot u ptake (mg/kg) Br = Plant-soil

bioconce ntration f actor f or produc e (unitle ss) VG rootveg 

## = Empirica

l corre ction fa

ctor for belowg round pro duce (un

itless) Kd
s 

## = Soil -water parti tion coeffi cient (L/kg) Cs = Average soil concentration over exposure duration (mg PB-HAP compound/kg soil) RCF = Root conc entratio n factor (unitless )
Equation 10A is appropriate for evaluation of exposed and protected a boveground produce; however, it may not be

appropriate for soil-to-belowground plant transf ers. For belowground produce , Equation

10B incl udes a ro ot conce

ntration f actor ( RCF) dev eloped by Brigg s et al. (1982). (24) 

## RCF is the r atio of PB-HA P compoun d concentrati on in the edi ble root to the PBHAP compound concentration in the soil water. Since Brigg s et al. (1982) (24) 

## conducte d their experiments in a growth solution, the PB-HAP compound soil concentration ( Cs ) must be divided by

the PB-H AP compoun

d-speci fic soil- water pa

rtition co efficie

nt ( Kd
s 

## ) (EPA 1994b). (25)



## Similar to VG ag



## and as discussed in Section 3.2.1, VG rootveg 

## is based on t he lipophi licity of the PBHAP compound. EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the following empirical values for VG rootveg 

## :

• 0.01 f or lip ophi lic P B-HAP c ompo unds ( log K
ow 

## greater than 4) based on root ve getables like carrots and potatoes; and

• 1.0 fo r PB-HA P com pound s wit h a log K
ow 

## less than 4.

4.0 Calculation of PB-HAP Compound Concentrations in Beef and Dairy Products
PB-HAP compound concentrations in beef tissue and milk products are e stimated on the basis of the amount of PB-HAP compounds that cattle are assumed to consume throug h their diet. The cattle's diet is assumed to consist of forage ( primarily pasture g

rass and hay

); silage (forage tha

t has been stored and fermented), and g rain. Additional contamination may occ ur through the cattle’s ingestion of soil. The total PB-HAP compound concentration in the fe ed items (e.g., forage, silage, and g

rain) is calculated as a sum of contamination occurr ing through the following mechani sms:

• Direct deposition of particles —wet and dry de position of particle phase PB-HAP compounds onto forage and silage ( Section 4.1).April 2004 Page K-15 

## • Vapor transfer —upt ake of v apor p hase P B-HAP c ompo unds b y forage and silage throu gh foliage (Section 4.2).

• Root uptake

—root uptake of PB-HAP compounds available from the soil and their transf er to the aboveground portions of forag e, silage, and grain (Section 4.3).
Feed items consumed by

animals can be classified as exposed and protected, depe nding on whether it has a pr

otective outer co vering . Beca

use the ou

ter cove ring on t he prote cted fe ed acts as a bar rier, it is assum ed tha t ther e is ne gligib le con tami natio n of pr otect ed feed throu gh deposition of particles and vapor transfer. I n this analysis, gra

in is classified as protected feed. As a result, grain contamination is assumed to occur only through root uptake. Contamination of exposed feed items, including forage and silag e, is assumed to occur through all three mechani sms.
The amount of grain, silage, for age, and soil consumed is assumed to vary between dairy

and beef cattle. Sections 4.4 (beef) and 4.5 (da iry) descr ibe methods for estimating consumption rates and subsequent PB-HAP compound concentrations in ca ttle. EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends that 100 pe

rcent of the plant materia ls eaten by c attle be a ssumed to h ave bee n grown on soil contaminated by e

mission sources. Therefore, 100 percent of the f eed items consumed are assumed to be contaminated.

4.1 Forage

and Silage Co ncentra

tions Due t o Direc t Deposit ion ( Pd)

PB-HAP c ompound c oncentr ations in f orage and silag e result f

rom wet a nd dry depositio n onto exposed plant surfaces; similar to aboveground produce ( Section 3.1). Equation 8, described in Section 3.1, is recommended for calculation of PB-HAP compound conc entrations resulting from direct deposition onto plant surfaces of leafy plants and exposed produce ( Pd ). There fore, EP A (1998) (1) 

## recomm ends t hat Eq uatio n 8 als o be us ed in c alcul ating f orage an d sil age concentrations due to direct deposition.

4.1.1 Interception Fraction of the Edible Portion of Plant ( Rp )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends use of the Rp value of 0.5 for forage a nd the Rp value of 0.46 for silage. Note that the empirical relationships used to develop the def ault values for silage may not

accura tely repres ent site- specific

silage typ es. Howe

ver, the range of empiri cal cons tants use d to develop t he defa ult value for for age is f airly small, and

theref ore the u se of the

midpoint sho

uld not significantly a

ffect the Rp value and the resulting estimate of plant PB-HAP compound concentration.

4.1.2 Plant Surface Loss Coefficient ( kp )

Section 3. 1.2 prese

nts the re commende d value f or plant s urface loss coef ficient kp for aboveground produce. The kp factor is derived in exactly the same manner for cattle forag e and silage, and the uncertainties of kp for cattle forage and silag e are similar to its uncertainties for aboveground produce.April 2004 Page K-16 

## 4.1.3 Length of P lant Exposur e to Depo sition per Harvest of the Edible P ortion of P lant ( Tp )

As discussed in Section 3.1.3, Tp is treated as a constant, based on the avera ge period between successive hay

harvests. This periodrepresents the length of time that above ground vegetation (in this case, hay)

would be exposed to particle deposition before being harve sted. EPA (1998) (1)



## recomm ends t he fol lowi ng Tp values: 0.12 year for forage; and 0.16 y

ear for silage. The primary uncertainties associated with Tp are similar to those for aboveground produc e, and are discussed in Section 3.1.3.

4.1.4 Standing Cro p Biomass (Produc tivity) ( Yp)

As discussed in Section 3.1.4, the best estimate of Yp is productivity, requires conside ration of dry harve st yield ( Yh ) and area harvested ( Ah ). EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends that forage Yp be

ca lc ul at ed as a w ei gh te d a ve ra ge of th e c al cu la te d p as tu re gr as s a nd ha y Yp value s. We ighti ngs are assumed to be 0.75 for forag e and 0.25 for hay , based on the fraction of a y ear that cattle are assumed to be pastured and eating g rass (9 months per ye ar) or not pastured and fed hay (3 months per

ye ar). The

resulting value of 0.24 kg D W/m 2 

## is recommended as the Yp for forage. For silage, EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends that a production-weighted U.S. ave rage Yp of 0.8 kg DW/m 2 

## be assume d. The pr imary uncerta inty associa ted with th

is variab le is that t

he harve st yield ( Yh ) and area planted ( Ah ) may not ref

lect site-specific conditions. To the extent that site-spe cific inf

ormation i s availa

ble, the m agnitud

e of the u ncerta inty introduc ed by

the defa ult Yp value can be estimated. I n addition, the weightings assumed in this discussion for the amount of time that cattle are pastured (and fora ging) or stabled (and being fed silage) should be adjusted to reflect site-specific conditions, as appropriate.

4.2 Forage and Silage Concentrations Due to Air-to-Plant Transfer ( Pv )
PB-HAP compound concentration in aboveground pr oduce resulting from air-to-plant transfe r ( Pv ), is calculated by

using Equation 9 (Section 3.2). Pv is cal culat ed for c attl e forage and si lage similarly to the way

that it is calculated for aboveground produce . A detailed discussion of Pv is provided in Section 3.2. Differences in VG ag 

## values for forage and silag e, as compared to the values for aboveground produce described in Section 3.2.1, are presented below in Section 4.2.1.

Em pir ica l Co rre cti on F act or f or F ora ge an d Si lag e (VG ag 

## )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the use of VG ag 

## values of 1.0 for forage a nd 0.5 for silage. As discussed, the primary unc ertainty associa ted with this variable is the lack of specific information on the pro

portions o f each v egeta

tion ty pe of whi ch silag e may

consist, le ading to

the defa ult assumption of 0.5.

4.3 Forage, Silage, and Grain Concentrations Due to Root Uptake ( Pr )
PB-HAP compound concentration in aboveground a nd belowground produce resulting fr om root uptake is calculated by

using Equations 10A and 10B (Section 3.3). Pr is also calculated for cattle forage, silage , and grain in exactly the same way

that it is calculated for aboveground produce. A detailed discussion describing calc ulation of Pr

is provided in Section 3.3.April 2004 Page K-17 

## 4.4 Beef Conce ntration R esulting fro m Pla nt and Soil Inge stion ( A beef 

## )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends that PB-HAP compound concentration in beef tissue ( A beef 

## ) be calculated by

using Equation11. Equation 11 calculates the daily amount of a PB-HAP compound

that is con sumed by

cattle th rough th e inges tion of co ntaminate d feed it ems (plan t) and soil. The equation includes biotransfer and metabolism factors to transfor m the daily animal intake of a PB-HAP compound (mg/day ) into an animal PB-HAP compound tissue concentration (mg PB-HAP compound/kg tissue).

(Equation 11)



## where

A beef 

## = Concentration of PB-HAP compound in beef (mg PB- HAP compound/kg FW tissue) F i 

## = Fraction of plant ty pe i grown on contaminated soil and ingested by the animal (cattle ) (unitle ss) Qp i 

## = Quantity of plant ty pe i ea te n b y th e a ni ma l ( ca tt le ) p er da y (k g D W p la nt /d ay) P i 

## = Concentration of PB-HAP compound in each plant ty pe i eaten by the

animal (cattle) (mg/ kg D W) Qs = Qu an ti ty o f s oi l e at en by t he an im al (c at tl e) ea ch da y (k g/ da y) Cs = Averag e soil concentra tion over exposure d

uration ( mg PB-H AP compoun

d/kg soil ) Bs = Soil bioava

ilability factor (unitless ) Ba beef 

## = PB-HAP compound biotransfer factor for be ef (day /kg FW tissue) MF = Metabolis m factor (unitless )
The par ameters F

i 

## , Qp i 

## , P i 

## , Qs , Cs , Bs, and MF are described in Sections 4.4.1 through 4.4.7,

re sp ec ti ve ly.

4.4.1 Fraction of Plant Type i Grown on Contaminated Soil and Eaten by the Animal (Cattle)( F i 

## )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recomme

nds that 10 0 perce

nt of the p lant mate

rials ea ten by cattle be assumed t

o have been grown on soil contaminated by the emission sources being evaluated and there fore recommends a default value of 1.0 for F i 

## .
4.4.2 Quantity of P lant Type i Eaten by the Animal (Cattle) Each Day ( Qp i 

## )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the following beef cattle ing estion rates of forage, silag e, and grain. Th es e v al ue s a re ba se d o n t he to ta l d ai ly i nt ak e r at e o f a bo ut 12 kg DW /d ay.

• Fo ra ge = 8 .8 kg DW /d ay;

• Silage = 2.5 kg DW/day ; and

• Gr ai n = 0. 47 kg DW /d ay.
The principal uncertainty associated with Qp i 

## is the var iability betwee n forag e, silag e, and g

rain ingestion rates for cattle.April 2004 Page K-18 

## 4.4.3 Concentration of PB-HAP compound in Plant Type i Eaten by the Animal (Cattle) ( P i 

## )
The total PB-HAP compound concentration in forag e, silage, and grain ar e recommended to be calculated by

using Equation 12. Values for Pd
, Pv , and Pr can be derived for each ty pe of feed by u si ng Eq ua ti on s 8 , 1 7, an d 1 0, re sp ec ti ve ly.

(Equation 12) 

## where

P i 

## = Concentration of PB-HAP compound in each plant ty pe i eaten by the animal (m g PBHAP c ompou

nd/kg DW) Pd = Plant

conc entr ation due t o dire ct de

posit ion (m g PB -HAP comp ound/

kg D W) Pv = Plant

conc entr ation due t o air-to- plan

t tra nsfe r (mg PB-H AP co mpoun

d/kg DW) Pr = Plant

conc entr ation due t o roo t upta

ke (m g PB -HAP comp ound/

kg D W)

4.4.4 Quantity of Soil Eaten by the Animal (Cattle) Per Day ( Qs )
Additional cattle contamination occurs through ingestion of soil. EPA (1998) (1) 

## recomme nds a value of 0.5 kg/day

for the quantity of soil ing ested by the animal ( cattle).

4.4.5 Average

Soil Conce ntration O ver Exposur e Durati on ( Cs )

PB-HAP c ompound c oncentr ation in so il is reco mmended t o be calc ulated a s discusse d in Section 2. 1, by

using Eq uations 1A , 1B, and

1C.

4.4.6 Soil Bioavailability Factor ( Bs )
The efficiency

of transfer from soil may differ from efficiency

or transfer from plant material for some PB-HAP compounds. If the transf er efficiency

is lower for soils, than this ratio would be less than 1.0. If it is equal or gr eater than that of vegetation, the Bs value would be equal to or great er than 1 .0. Until mo re PB-H AP compoun

d-speci fic data

becomes availab le for thi s parameter, EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends a default value of 1 for Bs

.
4.4.7 Metabolism Factor ( MF )
The metabolism factor (

MF ) represents the estimated amount of PB-HAP compound that rema ins in fat and muscle. EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends a MF of 1.0 for all PB-HAP compounds. Considering the recommended values for this variable
, MF has no quantitative effect on A beef 

## . MF applies only to mammalian species, including beef cattle, dairy

cattle, and pigs. It doe s not relate t o metabol ism in produ

ce, chic ken, or f ish. I n addition , since e xposures e valuate d in this chapter are intake driven, the use of a metabolism factor applies only to ing estion of beef, milk, and pork. In summary

, use of a MF

does not a

pply for dire ct exposur

es to soil or

water, o r to ingestion of produce, chicken, or fish.April 2004 Page K-19 

## 4.5 PB-HAP

compound C oncentr ation In Mil k Due to P lant and Soil Ing estion ( A milk 

## )
Equation 11 (Section 4.4) describes the calculation of PB-HAP compound c oncentrations in beef cattle ( A beef 

## ). Equati on 11 can

be modifie d to calc

ulate PB -HAP comp ound milk c oncentr ations ( A milk 

## ), as fol lows:

(Equation 13)



## where

A milk 

## = Concentration of PB-HAP compound in milk (mg PB-HAP compound/kg milk) F i 

## = Fraction of plant ty pe i grown on contaminated soil and ingested by the animal (dairy cattle) (unitless ) Qp i 

## = Quantity of plant ty pe i ea te n b y th e a ni ma l ( da ir y ca tt le ) e ac h d ay ( kg DW pl an t/ da y) P i 

## = Concentration of PB-HAP compound in plant ty pe i eaten by the

animal (dairy c attle) (mg/ kg D W) Qs = Qu an ti ty o f s oi l e at en by t he an im al (d ai ry c at tl e) ea ch da y (k g s oi l/ da y) Cs = Averag e soil concentra tion over exposure d

uration ( mg PB-H AP compoun

d/kg soil ) Bs = Soil bioava

ilability factor (unitless ) Ba milk 

## = PB-HAP compound biotransfer factor for milk (day /kg WW tissue) MF = Metabolis m factor (unitless )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the use of Equation 13 to estimate dairy cattle milk PB-HAP compound concentration ( A milk 

## ). The dis cussion in

Section 4. 4 of the va

riables F

i 

## , Qp i 

## , P i 

## , Qs , Cs , and MF for beef cattle gener

ally applies to the corr

esponding variables for dairy cattle. However, there are some difference s in assumptions made for dairy c attle; these differences are summarize d in the fo llowing s ubsectio ns.

4.5.1 Fraction of Plant Type i Grown on Contaminated Soil and Eaten by the Animal (Dairy Cattle) (

F i 

## )

The calculation of F i 

## for dairy c attle is identical to that for beef cattle (Section 4.4.1).

4.5.2 Quantity of Plant Type i Eaten by the Animal (Dairy Cattle) Per Day ( Qp i 

## )
As discussed in Section 4.4.2, the daily quantity of forage, silage, a

nd grain feed consumed by cattle is estimated for each categ ory of fe ed material. However, daily ingestion rates for dairy cattle a re estima ted diffe rently than for beef ca ttle. The daily quantity of feed consumed

by c attle is recommended to be estimated on a dry weight basis for each categ ory of plant fe ed.
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends a default total ingestion rate of 20 kg DW/day for dairy

cattle, divided a mong for age, s ilage, and gr

ain, as f ollows:

• Fo ra ge = 1 3. 2 k g D W/ da y;

• Silage = 4.1 kg DW/day ; and

• Gr ai n = 3. 0 k g D W/ da yApril 2004 Page K-20 

## Uncertainties associated with the estimation of Qp i 

## include the estimation of forage, gr ain, and silage ingestion rates, which will vary from site to site. The assumption of uniform

co nt am in at io n o f p la nt ma te ri al s c on su me d b y ca tt le al so in tr od uc es un ce rt ai nt y.

4.5.3 Concentration of PB-HAP compound in Plant Type i Eaten by the Animal (Dairy Cattle) ( P i 

## )

The estimation of P i 

## for dairy c attle is identical to that for beef cattle (Section 4.4.3).

4.5.4 Quantity of Soil Eaten by the Animal (Dairy Cattle) Per Day ( Qs )
As discussed in Section 4.4.4, contamination of dairy cattle also results from the ingestion of soil. EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends a soil ingestion rate of 0.4 kg/day for dairy c attle. Uncertainties associated with Qs include the lack of current empirical data to support soil inge stion rates for dairy ca ttle. The assumption of uniform contamination of soil ingested by cattle also adds

un ce rt ai nt y.

4.5.5 Average

Soil Conce ntration O ver Exposur e Durati on ( Cs )

The calculation of Cs for dairy c attle is the same as for beef cattle (Section 4.4.5).

4.5.6 Soil Bioavailability Factor ( Bs )

The calculation of Bs for dairy c attle is the same as for beef cattle (Section 4.4.6).

4.5.7 Metabolism Factor ( MF )

The recommended values for MF are identical to those recommended for bee f cattle (Section 4.4.7).

5.0 Calculation of PB-HAP Compound Concentrations in Pork
PB-HAP comp ound concent rations in pork tiss ue are estimat ed on the basi s of the amou nt of PBHAP compounds that swine are assumed to consume through their diet; assumed to consist of silage and grain. Additional PB-HAP compound c ontamination of pork tissue may occ ur through the ingestion of soil by swine.

5.1 Concentration of PB-HAP compound In Pork
Equation 11 (Section 4.4) describes the calculation of PB-HAP compound c oncentration in beef cattle ( A beef 

## ). Equati on 11 can

be modifie d to calc

ulate PB -HAP comp ound conc entratio ns in swine ( A pork 

## ), as fol lows:

(Equation 14)



## whereApril 2004 Page K-21 

## A pork 

## = Concentration of PB-HAP compound in pork (mg PB-HAP compound/kg FW tissue) F i 

## = Fraction of plant ty pe i grown on contaminated soil and ingested by the animal (swine) (unitless ) Qp i 

## = Quantity of plant ty pe i ea te n b y th e a ni ma l ( sw in e) ea ch da y (k g D W p la nt /d ay) P i 

## = Concentration of PB-HAP compound in plant ty pe i eaten by the

animal (swine) (mg/ kg D W) Qs = Qu an ti ty o f s oi l e at en by t he an im al (s wi ne ) ( kg /d ay) Cs = Averag e soil concentra tion over exposure d

uration ( mg PB-H AP compoun

d/kg soil ) Bs = Soil bioava

ilability factor (unitless ) Ba pork 

## = PB-HAP compound biotransfer factor for pork ( day/kg FW tissue) MF = Metabolis m factor (unitless )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends that Equation 14 be used to calculate PB-HAP compound pork

concen trations ( A pork 

## ). The dis cussion in

Section 4. 5 of the va

riables F

i 

## , Qp i 

## , P i 

## , Qs , Cs and MF for beef cattle gener

ally applies to the corr

esponding variables for pork. Howeve r, different assumption s are ma

de for po rk. Thes e diffe

rences are summa

rized in the

following

subsecti ons.

5.1.1 Fraction of Plant Type i Grown on Contaminated Soil and Eaten by the Animal (Swine) ( F

i 

## )

The calculation of F i 

## for pork is identical to that for beef cattle (Section 4.4.1).

5.1.2 Quantity of Plant Type i Eaten by the

Animal ( Swine) Each D ay (Qp i 

## )
As discussed in Section 4.4.2, the daily quantity of forage, silage, a

nd grain feed consumed by beef cattle is estimated for each ca tegory of feed material. However, daily ingestion rates for pork are estimated differently than for beef cattle. Beca use swine are not grazing animals, they are assumed not to eat forage, a nd EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends that the daily quantity of plant feeds (kilograms of DW) consumed by swine be estimated for each categ ory of plant fe ed.
EPA (1990) (4) 

## and NC DEHNR (1997) (26) 

## did not differentiate between subsistence and ty pical hog farmers as for cattle. EPA (1990) (4) 

## and NC DEHNR (1997) (26) 

## recommended grain and silage ingestion rates for swine as 3.0 a nd 1.3 kg DW/day, re spectively. NC DEHNR (1997) (26) 

## references EPA (1990) (4) 

## as the source of these ingestion rates. EPA (1990) (4) 

## reported total dry matter in gestion rates fo r hogs a

nd lacta ting sow s as 3.4 an

d 5.2 kg D W/day , respec

tively . EPA (1990) (4) 

## cites Boone, Ng, and Palm (1981) (27) 

## as the source of the ingestion rate for hogs, and NAS (1987) (28) 

## as the sou rce of t he inge stion rate

for a la ctating sow. Boo ne, Ng, and Palm (1981) (27) 

## reported a grain inge stion rate of 3.4 kg DW/day for a hog. NAS (1987) (28) 

## reported an average ingestion ra

te of 5.2 kg DW/day

for a lactating sow. EPA (1990) (4) 

## recommended using the average of these two r ates (4.3 kg DW/day

). EPA (1990) (4) 

## assumed that 70 percent of the swine diet is grain and 30 percent silage to obtain the grain ingestion rate of 3.0 kg DW/day and the silage ingestion rate of 1.3 kg DW/day. EPA (1990) (4) 

## cited EPA (1982) (29) 

## as the source of the grain and silage dietary fractions. EPA (1995) (30) 

## recommended an ingestion rate of 4.7 kg DW/day for

a swine, referencing N

AS (1987). (28) 

## NAS (1987) (28) 

## reporte d an ave rage d aily intake of 4.36 kg DW/day for a gilt (y

oung sow) and a averag e daily intake of 5.17 kg DW/day for a sow, which average s out to 4.7 kg/DW/day. Assuming the 70 pe rcent grain to 30 percent silage diet noted above, estimated ingestion rate s of 3.3 kg DW/day ( grain) and 1.4 kg DW/day (silage) are derived.April 2004 Page K-22 

## EPA (1998) (1) 

## recomm ends t he use of the follo wing Qp i 

## values for pork:

• Grain = 3.3 kg DW/day ; and

• Si la ge = 1 .4 kg DW /d ay.

Uncert ainti es ass ociat ed wit h thi s vari able i nclud e the v ariabi lity of ac tual gr ain an d sil age in ges ti on r ate s fr om si te t o si te. Si te- spe cif ic d ata can be u sed to mi ti gat e th is unc ert ain ty. In addition, the assumption of uniform contamination of plant materials consumed by swine pr od uc es so me un ce rt ai nt y.

5.1.3 Concentration of PB-HAP compound in Plant Type i Eaten by the Animal (Swine) ( P i 

## )

The calculation of P i 

## for pork is identical to that for beef cattle (Section 4.4.3).

5.1.4 Quantity of Soil Eaten by the Animal (Swine) Each Day ( Q
s 

## )
As discussed in Section 4.4.4, additional contamination of swine results from ingestion of soil. EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the following soil ingestion rate for swine: 0.37 kg DW/day. Uncertainties associated with this variable include the lack of c urrent empirical data to support soil ingestion rates for swine, and the assumption of uniform contamination of soil ingested by swine.

5.1.5 Average

Soil Conce ntration O ver Exposur e Durati on ( Cs )

The calculation of Cs for pork is the same as for beef cattle ( Section 4.4.5).

5.1.6 Soil Bioavailability Factor ( Bs )

The calculation of Bs for pork is the same as for beef cattle ( Section 4.4.6)

5.1.7 Metabolism Factor ( MF )

The recommended values for MF ar e identical to those recommended for beef c attle (Section 4.4.7).

6.0 Calculation of PB-HAP Compound Concentrations in Chicken and Eggs
Estimates of the PB-HAP compound concentrations in chicken and eg gs are based on the amount of PB-HAP compounds that chickens consume through ing estion of grain and soil. The uptake of PB-HAP compounds via inhalation and via ingestion of water is assumed to be insignificant relative to other pathway s. Chickens are assumed to be housed in a ty pical manner that allows contact with soil; and therefore, are assumed to consume 10 pe rcent of their diet as soil. The remaind er of the diet (90 p ercent

) is assume d to consis t of gra in. Grain ingeste d by

chicken s is assumed to have originated from the exposure scena rio location; therefore, 100 percent of the grain c onsumed is

assumed t

o be conta

minated. The upta

ke of PB- HAP compo

unds via ingesti on of con

taminate d insects

and other organ isms (e.g ., worms, etc.), w hich may alsoApril 2004 Page K-23 

## contribute to the ingestion of PB-HAP compounds, is not accounted for in the equa tions and may be a limitation depending on the site-specific conditions under which the c hickens are raised.
The PB-HAP compound concentration in grain is estimated by using the algorithm for aboveg round pro duce de scribed

in Section

3. Grain is conside

red to be a feed i tem that is protect ed from d eposition of partic les and va

por tran sfer. As

a result, only

contamin ation due

to root uptake of PB-HAP compounds is considered in the calculation of PB- HAP compound concentration in grain.

6.1 Concentration of PB-HAP compound in Chicken and Eggs
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the use of Equation 15 to calculate PB-HAP compound concentrations in chicken and egg s. It is recommended that PB-HA P compound concentrations in ch ic ke n a nd eg gs be de te rm in ed se pa ra te ly.

(Equation 15)



## where
A chicken 

## = Concentrat ion of PB-HAP compound i n chicken (mg P B-HAP compou nd/kg FW

tissue) A egg 

## = Concentrat ion of PB-HAP compound i n eggs (mg PB-HAP com pound/kg FW

tissue) F i 

## = Fraction of plant ty pe i (grain) grown on conta minated soil and ingested by the animal (c hicken) (unitless ) Qp i 

## = Quantity of plant ty pe i (grain) eaten by

the animal (chicken) each day (kg DW pl an t/ da y) P i 

## = Concentration of PB-HAP compound in plant ty pe i (grain) eaten by

the animal (chi cken ) (mg /kg D W) Qs = Qu an ti ty o f s oi l e at en by t he an im al (c hi ck en ) ( kg /d ay) Cs = Average soil concentration over exposure duration (mg PB-HAP compound/kg soil) Bs = Soil bioava ilability factor (unitless ) Ba chicken 

## = PB-HAP compound biotransfer factor for c hicken (day

/kg FW tissue) Ba egg 

## = PB-HAP compound biotransfer factor for e ggs (day /kg FW tissue)
EPA (1998) (1) 

## describ es deter mination of

compound

specific parameters Ba chicken 

## and Ba egg 

## . The remainin g para meters a re discu ssed in the

following

subsecti ons.

6.1.1 Fraction of Plant Type i Grown on Contaminated Soil and Eaten by the Animal (Chicken)( F

i 

## )

The calculation of F i 

## for chicken is identical to that for beef cattle (Sec tion 4.4.1).

6.1.2 Quantity of Plant Type i Eaten by the Animal (Chicken) Each Day ( Qp i 

## )

Because chickens are

not grazing animals, they are assumed not to eat forage. Chicke ns are
assu med n ot to c onsum e any

silag e. Th e dai ly

quan tity of pla nt fe eds ( kilog rams of DW)April 2004 Page K-24 

## consumed by chicke

n only should be estimated for g rain feed. EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the use of the following ingestion rate ( Qp i 

## ): Grain = 0.2 kg DW/day . Uncer

tainties a ssociate d with this variable include the variability of actual grain ingestion rate s from site to site. In addition, the assum ption of un

iform con taminatio n of plant

materia ls consume d by

chicken produce s some
un ce rt ai nt y.

6.1.3 Concentration of PB-HAP compound in Plant Type i Eaten by the Animal (Chicken) (

P i 

## )
The total PB-HAP compound concentration is the PB-HAP compound conce ntration in grain and can be calculated by

using Equation 16. Values for Pr can be derived by

using Equation 10.

(Equation 16)


## where

P i 

## = Concentration of PB-HAP compound in each plant ty pe i eaten by the animal (m g PBHAP c ompou

nd/kg DW) Pr = Plant

conc entr ation due t o roo t upta

ke (m g PB -HAP comp ound/

kg D W)

6.1.4 Quantity of Soil Eaten by the Animal (Chicken) Each Day ( Qs )
PB-HAP compound concentration in chickens also results from intake of soil. As discussed earlier, chickens are assumed to consume 10 pe rcent of their total diet as soil. EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the following soil ingestion rate for c hicken: 0.022 kg DW/day . Uncertainties associated with this variable include the lack of curre nt empirical data to support soil ingestion rates for chicken, and the assumption of uniform contamination of soil inge sted by chicken.

6.1.5 Average

Soil Conce ntration O ver Exposur e Durati on ( Cs )

The calculation of Cs for chicken is the same as for beef c attle (Section 4.4.5).

6.1.6 Soil Bioavailability Factor ( Bs )

The calculation of Bs for chicken is the same as for beef c attle (Section 4.4.6)

7.0 Calculati on of PB-HA P Com pound Concent rations in D rinking Wate r and Fish
PB-HAP compound concentrations in surface wate r are calculated for all wate r bodies selected for eva luation in t

he risk a ssessmen

t; specif ically , evalua

tion of the

drinking water a nd/or fish ingestion exposure pathway s. Mechanisms considered for determination of PB-HAP compound loading of the water column are:
(1) Direct deposition, (2) Runoff from impervious surfaces within the watershed, (3) Runoff from pervious surfaces within the watershed, (4) Soil erosion over the total watershed, (5) Direct diffusion of vapor phase PB-HAP compounds into the surfac e water, and (6) Int er na l t ra ns fo rm at io n o f c om po un ds ch em ic al ly o r b io lo gi ca ll y.April 2004 Page K-25 

## Other potential mechanisms may need consideration on a case-by -case basis (e.g., tidal influences), however, contributions from other potential mecha nisms are assumed to be negligible in comparison with those being eva luated.
The USLE and a sediment delivery ratio are used to estimate the rate of soil erosion from the watershed. In the I SCST3 model, surface water concentration alg orithms include a sediment mass balance, in which the amount of sediment assumed to be buried and lost from the wa ter body is equal to the differ ence between the amount of soil introduced to the water body by erosion and the amount of suspended solids lost in downstream flow. As a result, the assumptions are made that sediments do not accumulate in the water body over time, and an equilibrium is maintained between the surficial lay er of sediments and the water column. The total water column PB-HAP compound concentration is the sum of the PB-HAP compound

concen tration di ssolved in

water a nd the PB- HAP compo

und conc entratio n associa ted with suspended solids. Partitioning between water and sediment varies with the PB -HAP compound. The total concentration of each PB-HAP compound is par titioned between the sediment and the water column. The assumptions for other multimedia models may differ.

To evalu ate the PB -HAP comp ound load ing to a w ater bod

y f rom its ass ociated

watersh ed, it is recommended that the PB-HAP compound concentra tion in watershed soils be calculated. As describ ed in Sect

ion 2, the e quation f

or PB-HA

P compound

concen tration in soil includ

es a loss term that consider s the loss o f contam

inants fr om the soil a

fter de position. T

hese loss mechanisms all lower the soil concentration associated with a specific deposition rate.
The ISCST3 model approach for modeling PB-HAP compound loading to a water body represents a simple steady -state model to solve for a water column in equilibrium with the upper sediment layer. This a

pproach may

be limited in addressing the dy namic exchange of contaminants between the water body and the sediments following changes in external loading s. While appropriate for calculating risk under long -term average conditions, the eva luation of complex water bodies or shorter term loading scenar ios may be improved throug h the use of a dynamic m odeli ng fram ework [ e.g., E xpos ure Ana lysis Mo delin g System ( EXAMS )]. A ltho ugh typically more resource intensive, such analy sis may offer the

ability to refine modeling of contaminant loading to a water body . Additionally, the computations may better represent the exposure scenario being evaluated.
For example, EXAMS allows computations to be performed for eac h defined segment or compart ment of a water bo dy o r stream . These c ompartme nts are c onsidere d phy sically homogeneous and are connec ted via advective and dispersive fluxes. Compartments can be defined as littora l, epilimni on, hy

polimnion, or benthi c. Such r esolution also make s it possible

to assign receptor locations specific to ce rtain portions of a water body where evaluation of exposure i s of gre atest inte rest.
Some considerations regarding the se lection and use of a dy namic modeling framework or simu lati on mo del to evalu ate wat er bod ies ma y include the fo llow ing:

• Will a complex surface water modeling effort provide e nhanced results over the use of the more simpl istic stea

dy- state eq

uations;April 2004 Page K-26 

## • Are the resources needed to conduc t, as well as review, a more complex modeling effort justified in comparison to the refinement to results provided;

• Has the model been used previously for regulatory

purposes, and therefore, already has availab le docume

ntation to s

upport suc

h uses;

• Can the model conduct steady -state and dyna mic analysis; and

• Does the model require calibration with field data, and if so, ar e there sufficient quantity and quality of site-specific

data available to support calibration.

7.1 Total PB-HAP compound Load to the Water Body ( L T 

## )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the use of Equation 17 to calculate the total PB-HAP compound load to a w at er bo dy ( L T



## ).

(Equation 17)



## where

L T 

## = Total PB-HAP compound load to the water body (including deposition, runoff, and erosion) (g/y

r) L DEP 

## = Total (wet and dry ) particle phase and vapor phase PB- HAP compound direct deposition load to water body (g /yr) L dif 

## = Vapor phase PB-HAP compound diffusion load to water body (g/yr ) L RI 

## = Runoff load from impervious surfaces (g/y r) L R 

## = Runoff load from pervious surfaces (g /yr) L E 

## = Soil erosion load (g/yr ) L I 

## = Internal transfer (g/yr )
Due to the limited data and uncertainty associated with the chemical or biological internal transfer, L I 

## , of compounds into daughter products, EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends a default value for this variable of zero. However, if a permitting author ity determines that site-spec ific conditions indicate calculation of internal transfer may need to be considered, EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends following the methodologies described in EPA NCEA document, Methodology for Assessing Health Risks Associated with Multiple Pathways of Exposure to Combustor Emissions (EPA 1998). (12) 

## Calculat

ion of ea ch of the remainin g varia bles ( L DEP 

## , L dif 

## , L RI 

## , L R 

## , and

L E 

## ) is discus sed in the follow

ing subse ctions.

7.1.1 Total (Wet and Dry) Particle P hase and Vapor Phase PB-HAP com pound Direct Deposition Load to Water Body ( L DEP 

## )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends Equation 18 to calculate the load to the water body from the direct de po si ti on of

we t a nd dr y pa rt ic le s a nd va po rs on to th e s ur fa ce of th e w at er bo dy ( L DEP 

## ).

(Equation 18)April 2004 Page K-27 

## where

L DEP 

## = Total (wet and dry ) particle phase and vapor phase PB- HAP compound direct deposition load to water body (g /yr) Q = PB-HAP c ompound e mission ra

te (g/s ) F
v 

## = Fracti on of PB- HAP compo und air c oncentr

ation in va

por phase (unitless ) Dytwv = Unitized yearly (water body

or watershed) averag e total (wet and dry ) deposition from vapor ph ase (s/m 2 

## -yr) Dytwp = Unitized yearly (water body

or watershed) averag e total (wet and dry ) deposition from particle phase (s /m 2 

## -yr) A W 

## = Water body surfa ce area (m

2 

## )

7.1.2 Vapor Phase PB-HAP com pound Diffusion L oad to Water Body ( L dif 

## )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends using Equation 19 to calculate the vapor pha se PB-HAP compound di ff us io n l oa d t o t he wa te r b od y ( L dif 

## ).

(Equation 19)



## where

L dif 

## = Vapor phase PB-HAP compound diffusion load to water body (g/yr ) K
v 

## = Overall PB-HAP compound transfer rate c oefficient (m/yr ) Q = PB-HAP c ompound e mission ra

te (g/s ) F
v 

## = Fracti on of PB- HAP compo und air c oncentr

ation in va

por phase (unitless ) Cywv = Unitized y

early (water body or water shed) av erage

air conc entratio n from va por phase (μg-s/g-m 3 

## ) A W 

## = Water body surfa ce area (m

2 

## ) 10 -6 

## = Unit s conv ersio n facto r (g/μg) H = Henry’ s Law constant (atm-m 3 

## /mol) R = Universal gas constant (atm-m 3 

## /mol-K) T wk 

## = Water body tempera ture (K)

The over all PB-H AP compoun

d transf er rate coeffi cient (

K
v 

## ) is calculated by

using Equation 29 (see section 7.4.4). EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends a water body temperature ( T wk 

## ) of 298 K (or 25°C).

7.1.3 Runoff Load from Imperv ious Surface s (

L RI 

## )

In some watershed soils, a fr action of the total (wet and dry ) deposition in the watershed will be to impervious surfaces. This deposition may a ccumulate and be washed off during rain events. EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the use of Equation 20 to calculate impervious runoff loa d to a water bo dy ( L RI 

## ).April 2004 Page K-28 

### (Equation 20)



## where

L RI 

## = Runoff load from impervious surfaces (g/y r) Q = PB-HAP c ompound e mission ra

te (g/s ) F
v 

## = Fracti on of PB- HAP compo und air c oncentr

ation in va

por phase (unitless ) Dytwv = Unitized yearly (water body

or watershed) averag e total (wet and dry ) deposition from vapor ph ase (s/m 2 

## -yr) Dytwp = Unitized yearly (water body

or watershed) averag e total (wet and dry ) deposition from particle phase (s /m 2 

## -yr) A I 

## = Impervious watershed a rea receiving PB-HA

P compound deposition (m 2 

## )
Impervious watershed a

rea receiving PB-HA

P compound deposition (

A I 

## ) is the portion of the total effective watershed area that is impervious to rainfall (such as roofs, driveway s, streets, and pa rk in g l ot s) an d d ra in s t o t he wa te r b od y.

7.1.4 Runoff Load from Pervi ous Surface s (

L R 

## )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the use of Equation 21 to calculate the runoff dissolved PB-HAP compound load to the water body from pervious soil surfaces in the watershed ( L R 

## ).

(Equation 21)



## where

L R 

## = Runoff load from pervious surfaces (g /yr) RO = Average annual surfa ce runoff from pervious areas ( cm/yr) A L 

## = Total watershed area rece iving PB-HAP compound deposition (m 2 

## ) A I 

## = Impervious watershed a rea receiving PB-HA

P compound deposition (m 2 

## ) Cs = Average soil concentration over exposure duration (in watershed soils) (mg PB-HAP compound

/kg soil) BD = Soil bulk density (g soil/cm 3 

## soil) 2

sw 

## = Soil volumetric water content (mL water /cm 3 

## soil) Kd
s 

## = Soil-water partition coefficient (cm 3 

## water/g soil) 0.01 = Units conversion factor (kg-cm 2 

## /mg-m 2 

## )

The calc ulation of the PB-H AP compoun

d conce ntration i n waters hed soils ( Cs ) are di scussed i n Se ct io n 2 .1 . S oi l b ul k d en si ty ( BD ) is desc ribed in Se ction 2.5. 2. Soil wate r conten t ( 2

sw 

## ) is described in Section 2.5.4.April 2004 Page K-29 

## 7.1.5 Soil Erosion L oad ( L E 

## )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the use of Equation 22 to calculate soil erosion load ( L E 

## ).

(Equation 22)



## where

L E 

## = Soil erosion load (g/yr ) X
e 

## = Unit soil los s (kg/m 2 

## -yr) A L 

## = Total watershed area (evalua ted) receiving PB-HAP compound deposition (m 2 

## ) A I 

## = Impervious watershed a rea receiving PB-HA

P compound deposition (m 2 

## ) SD = Sediment d

elivery ratio (w atershe d) (unitle ss) ER = Soil enric

hment ra tio (unitle ss) Cs = Average soil concentration over exposure duration (in watershed soils) (mg PB-HAP compound

/kg soil) BD = Soil bulk density (g soil/cm 3 

## soil) 2

sw 

## = Soil volumetric water content (mL water /cm 3 

## soil) Kd
s 

## = Soil-wate

r partiti on coeff

icient (m L wa ter/g s oil) 0.001 = Units conversion factor (k-cm 2 

## /mg-m 2 

## )

Unit soil los s (

X
e 

## ) is described in Section 7.2. Watershed sediment delivery ratio ( SD ) is calcula ted as de scribed

in Section

7.3. PB-H

AP compoun

d conce ntration i n soils ( Cs ) is de sc ri be d i n S ec ti on 2. 1. So il bu lk de ns it y ( BD ) is described in Section 2.5.2. Soil water content ( 2

sw 

## ) is described in Section 2.5.4.

7.2 Universal Soil Loss Equat ion - USLE
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends that the universal soil loss equation (USLE), Equa tion 22A, be used to calcu late the u nit soil loss (X

e 

## ) specific to each watershed.

(Equation 22A)



## where

X
e 

## = Unit soil los s (kg/m 2 

## -yr) RF = US LE r ai nf al l ( or er os iv it y) f

ac to r ( yr G 1 

## ) K = USLE erodibility factor (ton/acre) LS = USLE l ength- slope fa ctor (un itless) C = USLE c over man ageme nt facto r (unitle ss) PF = USLE s

upporting practic e facto r (unitle ss) 907.18 = Units conversion factor (kg/ton) 4047 = Units conversion factor (m 2 

## /acre)April 2004 Page K-30 

## The US LE RF

variable, which represents the influence of precipitation on erosion, is derived from data on the fr equenc y a nd intensi ty o f storms. T

his value is ty pically derived on a storm

by-storm basis, but avera ge annual values have been c ompiled (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1982). (31) 

## Informat ion o n dete rmini ng sit e-spec ific v alues for var iable s used in cal culat ing X
e 

## is provided in U.S. Department of Agriculture (U.S. De partment of Agriculture 1997) (32) 

## and EPA guidance (EPA 1985). (22)



## 7.3 Sediment Delivery Ratio ( SD )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the use of Equation 23 to calculate sediment delivery ratio ( SD ).

(Equation 23)



## where
SD = Sediment d

elivery ratio (w atershe d) (unitle ss)

a = Empirica

l interce pt coeff icient (u nitless) b = Empirica

l slope co efficie

nt (unitle ss) A L 

## = Total watershed area (evalua ted) receiving PB-HAP compound deposition (m 2 

## )

A L 

## is the total watershed surface area evaluated that is affected by deposition and drains to the body of water

(see Chapter 2). I

n assigning values to the watershed surf ace area affec

ted by deposition, the following may be a consideration:

• Distance from the emission source;

• Location of the area

affected by

deposition fallout with respect to the point at which drinking water is extracted or fishing occurs; and

• The watershed hy

drology.

7.4 Total Wate r Body PB- HAP com pound Concent ration ( C wtot 

## )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the use of Equation 24 to calculate total water body PB-HAP compound concentration ( C wtot 

## ). The total water body concentration includes both the water column an

d the bed s ediment.

(Equation 24)



## where

C wtot 

## = Total water body PB-HAP compound concentration (including water column and bed sediment) (g PB- HAP compo

und/m 3 

## wa te r b od y) L T 

## = Total PB-HAP compound load to the water body (including deposition, runoff, and erosion) (g/y

r) Vf
x 

## = Average volumetric flow rate through water body

(m 3 

## /yr) f
wc 

## = Fracti on of tota l water b ody

PB-HAP c ompound c oncentr ation in the

water c olumn (unitless ) k wt 

## = Ov er al l t ot al wa te r b od y PB -H AP co mp ou nd di ss ip at io n r at e c on st an t ( yr G 1 

## )April 2004 Page K-31 

## A W 

## = Water body surfa ce area (m

2 

## ) d
wc 

## = Depth of

water c olumn (m) d bs 

## = Depth of

upper be nthic sed iment lay er (m)

Th e t ot al PB -H AP co mp ou nd lo ad to th e w at er bo dy ( L T 

## ) – including deposition, runoff, and erosion – is described in Section 7.1. The depth of the upper benthic lay er ( d bs 

## ), which repres ents the portion of the bed that is in equilibrium with the water column, cannot be precisely specified; however, EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends a default value of 0.03. I ssues related to the remaining parame ters are

summarize d in the fo llowing s ubsectio ns.

7.4.1 Fraction of Total Water Body PB-HAP com pound Concentration in the Water Column ( f
wc 

## ) and Benthic Sediment ( f bs 

## )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends using Equation 25A to calculate fra ction of total water body

PB-HAP compound concentration in the water column ( f
wc 

## ), and Equation 25B to calculate total water body contamin ant conc entratio n in benthi c sedime nt ( f bs 

## ).

(Equation 25A)

(Equation 25B)



## where
f
wc 

## = Fraction of total water body PB-HAP compound concentration in the water column (u

nitless) f bs 

## = Fracti on of tota l water b ody

PB-HAP c ompound c oncentr ation in be

nthic sediment (

unitless) Kd
sw 

## = Suspended sediments/surface water partition coeff icient (L water/kg

suspended sediment) TSS = Tot al s usp end ed s ol id s co nce nt rat io n (m g/L) 1 x 10 -6 

## = Unit s conv ersio n facto r (kg/m g) d

z 

## = Total wa

ter body depth (m) 2 bs 

## = Bed sediment porosity ( L water 

## /L sediment 

## ) Kd bs 

## = Bed sediment/sediment pore water partition coeff icient (L water/kg

bottom sediment) C BS 

## = Bed sediment concentration (g/cm 3 

## [equi vale nt to k g/L ]) d
wc 

## = Depth of

water c olumn (m) d bs 

## = Depth of

upper be nthic sed iment lay er (m)
The par tition coe fficien

t Kd
sw 

## describes the partitioning of a contaminant betwee n sorbing materia l, such as soil, surf ace wa ter, susp ended so lids, and b ed sedime nts. Due to

variabi lity

in water body spe cific values, EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the use of water body -specific measured total suspe

nded solid s ( TSS

) values representative of long-te rm average annual value s for the water body of

concern. Average

annual values for TSS

are gener ally exp ected t o be in the ran geApril 2004 Page K-32 

## of 2 to 300 mg/L; with additional information on anticipated TSS values a vailable in the EPA NCEA document, Methodology for Assessing Health Risks Associated with Multiple Pathways of Exposure to Combustor Emissions (EPA 1998). (12) 

## If measured da ta are not available, or of unacceptable quality , a calculated TSS value can be obtained for non-flowing water bodies using Equation 2 5C.

(Equation )25C



## where

TSS = Tot al s usp end ed s ol id s co nce nt rat io n (m g/L) X
e 

## = Unit soil los s (kg/m 2 

## -yr) A L 

## = Total watershed area (evalua ted) receiving PB-HAP compound deposition (m 2 

## ) A I 

## = Impervious watershed a rea receiving PB-HA

P compound deposition (m 2 

## ) SD = Sediment d

elivery ratio (w atershe d) (unitle ss) Vf
x 

## = Average volumetric flow rate through water body

(value should be 0 for quiescent lakes or ponds) (m 3 

## /yr) D
ss 

## = Suspended solids deposition rate (a default value of 1,825 for quiescent lake s or

ponds) (m/yr) A W 

## = Water body surfa ce area (m

2 

## ) 1x10 -3 

## = Unit s conv ersio n facto r (g/kg)
The default value of 1,825 m/y r provided for D
ss 

## is characteristic of Stoke’s settling velocity for an inter mediate ( fine to me dium) silt.

Also, to ev aluate th e approp riatene ss of wate

rshed-s pecific values us ed in cal culating the unit soil loss ( X
e 

## ), as described in Section 7.2, the water-body specific measured TSS

value can be compared to the calculated TSS value obtained using Equation 25C. If the measured and calculated TSS

value s diff

er sign ifica ntly, par amete r valu es use d in ca lcula ting X
e 

## can be reevaluated. This re-evaluation of TSS and X

e 

## can also be conducted if the calculated TSS value is outside of the normal range expected for a verage annual measure d values, as discussed above.

Be d s ed im en t p or os it y ( 2 bs 

## ) can be calculated from the bed se diment concentration by using Equation 26 (EPA 1993b) (11) 

## :

(Equation 26)



## where

2 bs 

## = Bed sediment porosity ( L water 

## /L sediment 

## ) D s 

## = Bed sed im ent den si ty (k g/L) C BS 

## = Bed sed im ent con cen tra ti on ( kg/ L)April 2004 Page K-33 

## EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the default value of 0.6 L water 

## /L sediment 

## fo r b ed se di me nt po ro si ty ( 2 bs 

## ). Th is as su me s a be d s ed im en t d en si ty ( D s 

## ) of 2.65 kg/L and a bed sediment concentration ( C BS 

## ) of 1.0 kg/ L.

7.4.2 Overall Total Water Body PB-HAP com pound Dissipation Rate Constant ( k wt 

## )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends t he use of Equat ion 27 to cal culate the ov erall diss ipation rat e of PBHAP compo

unds in sur

face w ater, r

esulting from vola

tilization a

nd benthic

burial.

(Equation 27)



## where

k wt 

## = Ov er al l t ot al wa te r b od y di ss ip at io n r at e c on st an t ( yr G 1 

## ) f
wc 

## = Fracti on of tota

l water b ody

PB-HAP c ompound c oncentr ation in the

water c olumn (unitless ) k
v 

## = Wa te r c ol um n v ol at il iz at io n r at e c on st an t ( yr G 1 

## ) f bs 

## = Fraction of total water body PB-HAP compound concentration in benthic sediment (unitless ) k b 

## = Be nt hi c b ur ia l r at e c on st an t ( yr G 1 

## )

The var iables f

wc 

## and f

bs 

## are discussed in Sectio n 7.4.1, and Equations 25A and 25B.

7.4.3 Water Column Volatilization Rate Constant ( k
v 

## )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recomme

nds using Equation 2 8 to calc

ulate wa ter colu mn volatili zation rat

e constant

.

(Equation 28)



## where

k
v 

## = Wa te r c ol um n v ol at il iz at io n r at e c on st an t ( yr G 1 

## ) K
v 

## = Overall PB-HAP compound transfer rate c oefficient (m/yr ) d

z 

## = Total wa

ter body depth (m) Kd
sw 

## = Suspended sediments/surface water partition coeff icient (L water/kg

suspended sediments ) TSS = Tot al s usp end ed s ol id s co nce nt rat io n (m g/L) 1 x 10 -6 

## = Unit s conv ersio n facto r (kg/m g)
Total water body

depth ( d

z 

## ), suspen ded sedim ent and su

rface water pa rtition co efficie

nt ( Kd
sw 

## ), and total suspended solids concentration ( TSS ), are d escribe d in Sectio n 7.4.1. Th e overa ll transfe r rate c oeffic ient (

K
v 

## ) is described in Section 7.4.4.April 2004 Page K-34 

## 7.4.4 Overall PB-HAP compound Transfer Rate Coefficient ( K
v 

## )
Volatile organic chemicals can move be tween the water column and the overly ing air. The overall transfer rate K
v 

## , or conductivity, is determined by a two-laye

r resistance model that assumes that two “stagnant films” are bounded on either side by well-mixed compartments. Concentration differences serve a s the driving force for the water layer diff usion. Pressure differe nces dri ve the dif fusion fo r the air

lay er. Fro m balanc e conside rations, the same

mass must pass through both films; the two resistances thereby combine in series, so that the conductivity is the reciproc al of the total resistance.
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recomme

nds the use

of Equati on 29 to ca

lculate t he overa ll transf er rate coeffi cient (

K
v 

## ).

(Equation 29)



## where

K
v 

## = Overall PB-HAP compound transfer rate c oefficient (m/yr ) K L 

## = Liquid phase transfer c oefficient (m/yr ) K G 

## = Gas phase transfer coeffic ient (m/yr) H = Henry’ s Law constant (atm-m 3 

## /mol) R = Universal gas constant (atm-m 3 

## /mol-K) T
w k 

## = Water body tempera ture (K) 2 = Tempera

ture cor rection factor (unitless )

Th e v al ue of

th e c on du ct iv it y K
v 

## depends on the intensity of turbulenc e in the water body and the overlying atmosphere. As Henry ’s Law constant increa ses, the conductivity tends to be increasingly

influenced by the

intensity of turbulence in wa ter. Conversely, a s Henry’s L aw constant decreases, the value of the conduc tivity tends to be increasing ly influenced by the intensity of atmospheric turbulenc e.
The liquid and gas phase transfer coe fficients, K L 

## and K

G 

## , respectively , vary with the ty pe of water bo dy. The liquid

phase tr ansfer coeffi cient (

K L 

## ) is calculated by

using Equations 30A and 30B (de scribed

in Section

7.4.5). T he gas phase tr ansfer coeffi cient (

K G 

## ) is calculated by

using Equations 31A and 31B (described in Section 7.4.6).

Henry’ s Law constants ge nerally incr

ease with increasing vapor pre ssure of a PB-HAP compound and generally

decrease with increasing solubility of a PB-HAP compound. Henry ’s Law constants are c ompound-specific and are presented in Appe ndix D. The universal ideal gas constant, R , is 8.205 × 10 -5 

## atm-m 3 

## /mol-K, at 20°C. The temperature correction fac tor ( 2 ), which is equal to

1.026, is u sed to adj ust for the actual w ater tem

peratur e. Volati lization is a ssumed to

occur mu ch less r eadily in lakes a

nd reser voirs tha n in moving

water bo dies.April 2004 Page K-35 

## 7.4.5 Liquid Phase Transfer Coefficient ( K L 

## )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends using Equations 30A and 30B to calculate liquid phase transfer coefficient. (

K L 

## ).

(Equation 30A)

(Equation 30B)



## where

K L 

## = Liquid phase transfer c oefficient (m/yr ) D
w 

## = Diffusivity of PB-HA P compound in water (cm 2 

## /s)

u = Current v elocity (m/s) 1 × 10 -4 

## = Units conversion factor (m 2 

## /cm 2 

## ) d

z 

## = Total wa ter body depth (m) C d 

## = Drag c oeffic ient (unit less) W = Averag e annua l wind spee d (m/s) D a 

## = Density of air ( g/cm 3 

## ) D w 

## = Density of wate r (g/cm 3 

## ) k = von Karm an’s con stant (un itless) 8

z 

## = Dimension less visco us sublay er thick ness (uni tless) : w 

## = Viscosity of water corres ponding to water tempera ture (g /cm-s) 3.1536 x 10 7



## = Units conversion factor (s/y r)
For a flowing stream or river, the transfer coefficients are c ontrolled by flow-induce d turbulence. For these sy stems, the liquid phase transfer coefficient is calculate d by using Equa tion 30A. For a stagnant sy stem (quiescent lake or pond), the transfer coe fficient is controlled by w ind-induced turbulence, and the liquid phase transfer coef ficient can be calculated by using Equation 30B. The total water body

depth ( d

z 

## ) for liquid phase transfer coefficie nts is discussed in Section 7.4.1. EPA (1998) (1) 

## recomme

nds the use

of the fo llowing d

efault v alues:

• A diff usiv ity of che mical in wat er rangi ng (D
w 

## ) from 1.0 × 10 G 5 

## to 8.5 × 10 -2 

## cm 2 

## /s;

• A dimensio nless visc ous sublay er thick ness ( 8

z 

## ) of 4;

• A von Kar

man’s co nstant (k

) of 0.4;

• A drag

coeffi cient ( C

d 

## ) of 0.0011;

• An ai r d en si ty ( D a 

## ) of 0.0012 g/cm 3 

## at standard conditions (temperature = 20°C or 293 K, pressure = 1 atm or 760 millimeters of mercury );

• A water density

of( D w 

## ) of 1 g/cm 3 

## ; and

• A w at er vi sc os it y( : w 

## ) of a 0.0169 g/cm-s corresponding to water temperature.April 2004 Page K-36 

## 7.4.6 Gas Phase Transfer Coefficient ( K G 

## )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends using Equations 31A and 31B to calculate gas phase transfer coeffi cient (

K G 

## ).

For flowing

stream s or rive rs:
(Equation 31A)



## For quie scent lake s or ponds:

(Equation 31B)



## where

K G 

## = Gas phase transfer coeffic ient (m/yr) C d 

## = Drag c oeffic ient (unit less) W = Averag e annua l wind spee d (m/s) k = von Karm an’s con stant (un itless) 8

z 

## = Dimension less visco us sublay er thick ness (uni tless) : a 

## = Viscosity of air c orrespo nding to a ir temper ature ( g/cm-s ) D a 

## = Density of air c orresponding to water temperature (g/cm 3 

## ) D
a 

## = Diffusivity of PB-HA P compound in air (cm 2 

## /s) 3.1536 x 10 7 

## = Units conversion factor (s/y r)
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends 1.81 x 10 -4 

## g/cm-s for the viscosity

of air c orrespo nding to a ir temperature.

7.4.7 Benthic Burial Rate Constant ( k b 

## )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends using Equation 32 to calculate benthic burial ra te ( k b 

## ).

(Equation 32)



## where

k b 

## = Be nt hi c b ur ia l r at e c on st an t ( yr G 1 

## ) X
e 

## = Unit soil los s (kg/m 2 

## -yr) A L 

## = Total watershed area (evalua ted) receiving deposition (m 2 

## ) SD = Sediment d elivery ratio (w atershe d) (unitle ss) Vf
x 

## = Average volumetric flow rate through water body

(m 3 

## /yr) TSS = Tot al s usp end ed s ol id s co nce nt rat io n (m g/L) A W 

## = Water body surfa ce area (m

2 

## )April 2004 Page K-37 

## C BS 

## = Bed sediment concentration (g/cm 3 

## ) d bs 

## = Depth of

upper be nthic sed iment lay er (m) 1 x 10 G 6



## = Unit s conv ersio n facto r (kg/m g) 1 x 10 3 

## = Unit s conv ersio n facto r (g/kg)

The bent hic buria l rate constant (

k b 

## ), can a lso be expr

essed in t erms of th e rate o f burial ( Wb ) (Equation 33):

(Equation 33)



## where

Wb = Rate of burial (m/yr) k b 

## = Be nt hi c b ur ia l r at e c on st an t ( yr G 1 

## ) d bs 

## = Depth of

upper be nthic sed iment lay er (m)
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the following default value of 1.0 kg /L for bed sediment concentration ( C BS 

## ).

Section 7. 2 discusse s the unit so il loss ( X
e 

## ). Section 7.3 discusses sediment delivery ratio ( SD ) and watershed area evalua ted receiving PB-HAP compound deposition ( A L 

## ). Section 7.4 discusses the depth of the upper benthic sediment lay er ( d bs 

## ). Aver age vo lumetric

flow rat e th ro ug h t he wa te r b od y ( Vf
x 

## ) and water body

surface area (

A
w 

## ) are di scussed f

urther in EPA (1998)

. (1) 

## Section 7.4.1 discusses total suspended solids concentration ( TSS ).

The calculated value for k b 

## is expected to range from 0 to 1.0; with low k b 

## values expected for water bodies characteristic of no or limited sedimentation (rive rs and fast flowing streams), and k b 

## values closer to 1.0 expected for water bodies char acteristic of higher sedimentation (lakes). This range of values is based on the rela tion between the benthic burial rate and rate of burial expressed in Equation 33; with the depth of upper benthic sediment lay er held constant. For k b 

## values c alculate d as a neg ative (w ater bod ies with hi gh ave

rage a nnual volu

metric f low rate s in comparison to watershed area evalua ted), EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends assigning a k b 

## value of 0 for use in calculating the total water body PB-HAP compound concentration ( C wtot 

## ) in Equation 34 (see next section). If the ca lculated k

b 

## value exceeds 1.0, re-evaluation of the parame ter val ues us ed in c alcul ating X
e 

## is recommended to be conducted.April 2004 Page K-38 

## 7.4.8 Total PB- HAP com pound Concent ration in Wa ter Colu mn ( C wctot 

## )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends using Equation 34 to calculate total PB-HAP compound concentration in water column ( C wctot 

## ).

(Equation 34)



## where

C wctot 

## = Total PB- HAP compo und conc entratio n in water column (mg

PB-HAP c ompound/L water column) f
wc 

## = Fracti on of tota l water b ody

PB-HAP c ompound c oncentr ation in the

water c olumn (unitless ) C wtot 

## = Total water body PB-HAP compound concentration, including water c olumn and bed

se di me nt (m g P B- HA P c om po un d/ L wa te r b od y) d
wc 

## = Depth of

water c olumn (m) d bs 

## = Depth of

upper be nthic sed iment lay er (m)
Total water body

PB-HAP compound concentration – including water c olumn and bed sediment ( C wtot 

## ) and fr action of total wat er body PB-HAP c ompound c oncentr ation in the

water c olumn ( f
wc 

## ) – can be calculated by using Equation 34 and Equation 35 (see next section). Depth of upper benthic sediment lay er ( d bs 

## ) is discussed in Section 7.4.1.

7.4.9 Dissolved P hase Wate r Concent ration ( C dw 

## )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the use of Equation 35 to calculate the conce ntration of PB-HAP compound dissolved in the water column ( C dw 

## ).

(Equation 35)



## where

C dw 

## = Dissolved phase water concentration (mg PB-HAP compound/L water) C wctot 

## = Total PB-HAP compound concentration in water column (mg PB-HAP compound/L water column) Kd
sw 

## = Suspended sediments/surface water partition coeff icient (L water/kg

suspended sediment) TSS = Tot al s usp end ed s ol id s co nce nt rat io n (m g/L) 1 x 10 -6 

## = Unit s conv ersio n facto r (kg/m g)
The total PB-HAP compound concentration in water column ( C wctot 

## ) is calculated by

using the Equation 3 4. Section

7.4.1 disc

usses the surfac e water

partition coeffi cient (

Kd
sw 

## ) and total suspended solids concentration ( TSS ).April 2004 Page K-39 

## 7.4.10 PB-HAP compound Concentration Sorbed to Bed Sediment ( C sb 

## )
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends the use of Equation 36 to calculate PB-HAP compound

concen tration so rbed to be d sedimen t ( C sb 

## ).

(Equation 36)



## where

C sb 

## = PB-HAP compound concentration sorbed to bed sediment (mg PB -HAP compound

/kg sedi ment) f bs 

## = Fraction of total water body PB-HAP compound concentration in benthic sediment (unitless ) C wtot 

## = Total water body PB-HAP compound concentration, including water c olumn and bed

se di me nt (m g P B- HA P c om po un d/ L wa te r b od y) Kd bs 

## = Bed sediment/sediment pore water partition coeff icient (L PB-HAP compound/kg

wa te r b od y) 2 bs 

## = Bed sediment porosity ( L pore water 

## /L sediment 

## ) C BS 

## = Bed sediment concentration (g/cm 3 

## ) d
wc 

## = Depth of

water c olumn (m) d bs 

## = Depth of

upper be nthic sed iment lay er (m)

Be d s ed im en t p or os it y ( 2 bs 

## ) and bed sediment concentration ( C BS 

## ) are discussed in Section 7.4.1. Depth of water column ( d
wc 

## ) and depth of upper benthic lay er ( d bs 

## ) are discussed in Section 7.4.

7.5 Concentr ation of PB -HAP c ompound in F ish ( C fish 

## )
The PB-HAP compound concentration in fish is calculated usingeither a PB-HAP compoundspecific bioconcentration factor ( BCF ), a PB-HAP compound-specific bioaccumulation fac tor ( BAF ), or a PB-HAP compound-specific biota-sediment ac cumulation factor ( BSAF ). For compounds with a log K
ow 

## less than 4.0, BCF

s are used. Compounds with a log K
ow 

## greater than 4.0 (except for extremely hy drophobic compounds such as polyc yclic org anic matter and PCBs), are assumed to have a high tendenc y to bioaccumulate, the

refore, BAF

s are use d. While extremely hyd rophobic PB-HAP c ompounds a

re also a ssumed to h ave a hig h tendenc y to bioaccumulate, they

are expected to be sorbed to the bed sediments more than associa ted with the water phase. Therefore, f or polycy clic organic matter and PCBs, EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends usin g BSAF

s to calculate concentrations in fish.

BCF and BAF values are generally based on dissolved water concentrations. Theref ore, when BCF or BAF values are used, the PB-HAP compound concentr ation in fish is calculated using dissolved water concentrations. BSAF values are based on benthic sediment concentra tions. Therefore, when BSAF

values are used, PB-HAP compound concentra tion in fish is calculated using benthic sediment concentrations. The equations used to calc ulate fish concentrations are describ ed in the s

ubseque nt subsec tions.April 2004 Page K-40 

## 7.5.1 Fish Conc entrati on ( C fish 

## ) from Bi oconcent ration F actors U sing Dissolv ed Phase Water Concentration
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recomme

nds the use

of Equati on 37 to ca

lculate f ish conce ntration f rom BCF s using dissolved phase water concentration.

(Equation 37)



## where

C fish 

## = Concentrat ion of PB-HAP compound i n fish (mg PB-HA P compoun d/kg FW tissue) C dw 

## = Dis sol ved pha se w ate r co nce nt rat io n (m g PB -HA P co mp oun d/ L) BCF fish 

## = Biocon centra tion factor for PB- HAP co mpou nd in fish ( L/kg)
The dissolved phase water concentration ( C dw 

## ) is calculated by

using Equation 35.

7.5.2 Fish Conc entrati on ( C fish 

## ) from Bi oaccum ulation F actors U sing Dissolv ed Phase Water Concentration
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recomme

nds the use

of Equati on 38 to ca

lculate f ish conce ntration f rom BAF s using dissolved phase water concentration.

(Equation 38)



## where

C fish 

## = Concentration of PB-HAP compound in fish (mg PB-HAP compound/kg FW tissue) C dw 

## = Dis sol ved pha se w ate r co nce nt rat io n (m g PB -HA P co mp oun d/ L) BAF fish 

## = Bioaccumulation factor for PB-HAP compound in fish (L /kg FW tissue)
The dissolved phase water concentration ( C dw 

## ) is calculated by

using Equation 35.

7.5.3 Fish Conc entrati on ( C fish 

## ) from Bi ota-To-S ediment Accum ulation F actors U sing PBHAP com

pound Sorbed t o Bed Sedim ent
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recomme

nds the use

of Equati on 39 to ca

lculate f ish conce ntration f rom BSAF

s using PB -HAP comp ound sorb ed to bed s ediment f or very hyd rophobic compound s (poly

cy clic organic matter and PCBs).

(Equation 39)



## where

C fish 

## = Concentration of PB-HAP compound in fish (mg PB-HAP compound/kg FW tissue)April 2004 Page K-41 

## C sb 

## = Concentration of PB-HAP compound sorbed to bed sediment (mg PB- HAP compound

/kg bed sediment) f lipid 

## = Fish lipid

content ( unitless) BSAF = Biota-t

o-sedime nt accum ulation fa ctor (un itless) OC sed 

## = Fracti on of org anic ca rbon in bot

tom sedime

nt (unitle ss)

The conc entratio n of PB-H AP compoun

d sorbed t o bed sed iment ( C

sb 

## ) is calculated by

using Equation 3 6. EPA rec ommended default values f or the fis h lipid con

tent ( f lipid 

## ) and for the fractio n of org anic ca

rbon in bot

tom sedime

nt ( OC

sed 

## ) are given in EPA (1998)

. (1)



## Values for the fraction of orga nic carbon in bottom sediment recommended by EPA (1993b) (11) 

## range from 0.03 to 0.05 ( Oc sed 

## ). These values are based on an a ssumption of a surface soil OC content o f 0.01. Th

is docume

nt states t hat the or ganic c arbon co

ntent in bo ttom sedime

nts is higher than the o rganic

carbon c ontent in s oils beca use (1) e rosion fa vors lig hter-te xtured soils with higher organic car

bon contents, and (2) bottom sediments are partially comprised of detritus materials.

The fish l ipid conte

nt ( f lipid 

## ) value i s site-spe cific an d depend ent on the typ e of fish . As state d in EPA (1998) (1) 

## , a default range of 0.03 to 0.07 is recommende d specific to warm or cold water fish species. EPA (2000) (33) 

## provides informat ion suppor

ting a va lue of 0.0 3 (3 perc ent lipid content of the edible portion). EPA (1993a) (34) 

## recommended a default value of 0.04 for OC sed 

## , which is the midpoint of the specified range. EPA (1993b; 1993a) (11)(34) 

## recommended the use of 0.07, which was originally cited in Cook et al. (1991). (35)



## 8.0 Concentr ations of Dio xins in Brea st Milk
EPA (1998) (1) 

## recomme

nds the use

of Equati on 40 to est

imate the concen trations o f dioxins in breast milk.

(Equation 40)



## where

C milkfat 

## = Concentration of dioxin in milk fat of breast milk for a specific exposure scenario (pg dioxin/kg m

ilk fat)

m = Average maternal intake of dioxin for each adult exposure scenario (mg dioxin/kg BW -d ay) 1×10 9 

## = Unit s conv ersio n facto r (pg/m g) h = Half-lif

e of dioxin in

adults (d ay s) f 1 

## = Fracti on of ing ested dio xin that is sto red in fa t (unitles s) f 2 

## = Fracti on of mothe r’s weig ht that is f

at (unitle ss)

The values of m , h
, f 1 

## , and f

2 

## are site -specif

ic and de pendent on the spec ific spec ies of dio xin present. EPA (1998) (1) 

## recommends a default value of 2,555 day s for h , a default value of 0.9 for f 1 

## , and a default value of 0.3 for f 2 

## . Additional references for the deriva tion of this equation and these default values are given in EPA (1998)

. (1)April 2004 Page K-42 

## 1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1998. Human Health Risk Assessment Protocol for Hazardous

Waste Combustion Facilitie

s, Volume 1, Peer R eview Dr

aft . Office

of Solid Waste and

Emerge ncy Response , July

1998, ava

ilable at : http://www .epa.g ov/epaos wer/hazw aste/co mbust/risk .htm

2. Bohn H., B.L. McN eal, and G.A. O’Connor. 1985. Soil Chemi stry . John Wiley

and Sons, Inc. New York. Sec ond Edition.

3. Sparks, D.L. 1989. Kinetics of Soil Chemical Processes . Academic Press, Inc . San Diego, California.

4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1990. Interim Final Methodology for Assessing Health Ris

ks Associ ated with I

ndirect E xposure t o Combustor

Emissions. Environmental Cr it er ia an d A ss es sm en t O ff ic e. OR D. EP A- 60 0- 90 -0 03 . J an ua ry.

5. Valentine, R.L. 1986. “Nonbiologica l Transformation.” Vadose Zon e Modeli ng of Organ ic Pollutants

. S.C. Hern and S.M. Melacon, Editors. Lewis Publishers, I nc. Chelsea, Michigan.

6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1986. Superfund Public Health Evaluation Manual

. Office of Emergency

and Remedial Response, Washington, D.C. EPA/540/1-86/060.

7. Ly man, W.J., W.F. Reehl, and D.H. Rosenblatt. 1982. Handbook of Chemic al Propert

y Estimation Methods. McGraw-Hill Book Company . New York, New York.

8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1994a. Draft Guidance for Performing Screening Level Ris k Analyse s at Combust

ion Facili ties Burni

ng Hazardo us Wa

stes. Atta chment C, Draft Exposure Assessment Guidance for RCRA Hazardous Waste Combustion Facilities

. April 15.

9. Jury, W.A., and R.L. V alentine. 1986. “Transport Mechanisms and L oss Pathways for Chemicals in Soils.” Vadose Zon e Modeli ng of Organ ic Polluta nts. S.C. Hern and S.M. Melancorn, Editors. Lewis Publishers, I nc. Chelsea, Michigan.

10. Valentine, R.L., and Schnoor. 1986. “B iotransformation.” Vadose Zon e Modeli ng of Organ ic Pollutants

. S.C. Hern and S.M. Melancon, Editors. Lewis Publishers, I nc. Chelsea, Michigan. Uncertainties associated with this equation include:

• The most significant uncertainties are associate d with the variable m . Because m is calculated as the sum of numerous potential intakes, estimates of m incorporate uncertainties associated with each exposure pathway . Therefore, m may be under - or over-estimated.

• This equa

tion assume s that the c oncentr ation of d ioxin in brea st milk fat i s the same as in maternal fat. To the extent that this is not the case, uncertainty is introduced.

ReferencesApril 2004 Page K-43 

## 11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1993b. Review Draft Addendum to the Methodology for Assessing Health Risks Associated with Indirect Exposure to Combustor Emissions

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13. Jury, W.A. 1986. “Volatilization from the Soil.” Vadose Zon e Modeli ng of Organ ic Pollutants

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