United States September 2006 Env i ronmental Protec tion External Rev i ew Draft Agenc y EPA/600/R/06/096A 

# Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook (External Review Draft)DISCLAIMER This docum ent is a draft edition that has not been fully reviewed by EPA. Mention of trade nam e s or com m e rcial products does not constitute endorsem e nt or recom m e ndation for use.

iTABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................ 1 - 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ................................................ 1 - 1 1 . 2 P U R P O S E ..................................................... 1 - 4 1.3 INTENDED AUDIENCE ......................................... 1 - 5 1.4 SELECTION OF STUDIES FOR THE HANDBOOK ................... 1 - 5 1.5 APPROACH USED TO DEVELOP RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EXPOSURE F A C T O R S ..................................................... 1 - 8 1 . 6 C H A R A C T E R I Z I N G V A R I A B I L I T Y .............................. 1 - 1 1 1.7 USING THE HANDBOOK IN AN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT ......... 1 - 1 2 1 . 8 T H E U S E O F A G E G R O U P I N G S W H E N A S S E S S I N G E X P O S U R E ..... 1 - 1 4 1.9 CONSIDERING LIFESTAGE W H EN CALCULATING EXPOSURE AND RISK

............................................................. 1 - 1 6 1.10 GENERAL EQUATIONS FOR CALCULATING DOSE ............... 1 - 1 7 1.11 CUMULATIVE RISK ........................................... 1 - 2 2 1.12 RESEARCH NEEDS ............................................ 1 - 2 2 1.13 ORGANIZATION .............................................. 1 - 2 3 1.14 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 1 ................................. 1 - 2 5 2 . B R E A S T M I L K I N T A K E .................................................. 2 - 1 2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................... 2 - 1 2 . 2 S T U D I E S O N B R E A S T M I L K I N T A K E ............................. 2 - 2 2.2.1 Pao et al., 1980 ............................................ 2 - 2 2.2.2 Dewey and Lönnerdal, 1983 ................................. 2 - 2 2.2.3. Butte et al., 1984 .......................................... 2 - 3 2.2.4. Neville et al., 1988 ......................................... 2 - 4 2.2.5. Dewey et al., 1991a, b ...................................... 2 - 4 2.3 STUDIES ON LIPID CONTENT AND FAT INTAKE FROM BREAST MILK

.............................................................. 2 - 5 2 . 4 O T H E R F A C T O R S .............................................. 2 - 7 2.4.1. Population of Nursing Infants ................................ 2 - 7 2.4.2. Intake Rates Based on Nutritional Status ....................... 2 - 8 2.5 RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................... 2 - 9 2.5.1 Breast Milk Intake ........................................ 2 - 9 2.5.2 Lipid Content and Lipid Intake .............................. 2 - 1 0 2 . 6 R E F E R E N C E S F O R C H A P T E R 2 ................................. 2 - 1 1 3. FOOD INTAKE .......................................................... 3 - 1 3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................... 3 - 1 3.2 INTAKE RATE DISTRIBUTIONS FOR VARIOUS FOOD TYPES ....... 3 - 4 3.2.1 USDA, 1999 .............................................. 3 - 4 3.2.2 U.S. EPA, 2003 ........................................... 3 - 6 ii3 . 3 F I S H I N T A K E R A T E S ........................................... 3 - 9 3.3.1 General Population Studies .................................. 3 - 9 3.3.1.1. U.S. EPA, 2002 .................................... 3 - 9 3.3.1.2. Tsang and Klepeis, 1996 ............................ 3 - 1 0 3.3.2 Freshwater Recreational Study .............................. 3 - 1 1 3.3.3 Native Am erican Subsistence Studies ......................... 3 - 1 3 3.3.3.1 Colum b ia River Inter-Tribal Fish Com m i ssion (CRITFC), 1994

................................................. 3 - 1 3 3.3.3.2. Toy et al., 1996 ................................... 3 - 1 5 3.3.3.3. The Suquam i sh Tribe, 2000 .......................... 3 - 1 6 3.3.4 Multi-State Study ......................................... 3 - 1 7 3 . 4 F A T I N T A K E ................................................. 3 - 1 8 3.4.1. Bogalusa Heart Study ..................................... 3 - 1 8 3.4.2. U.S. EPA 2006 ........................................... 3 - 1 9 3.5 TOTAL DIETARY INTAKE AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO DIETARY INTAKE

............................................................. 3 - 1 9 3.6 INTAKE OF HOME-PRODUCED FOODS .......................... 3 - 2 2 3.7 SERVING SIZE STUDY BASED ON THE USDA NFCS .............. 3 - 2 7 3.8 CONVERSION BETW EEN “AS CONSUMED” AND DRY W E IGHT INTAKE R A T E S ....................................................... 3 - 2 8 3.9 FAT CONTENT OF MEAT AND DAIRY PRODUCTS ................ 3 - 2 9 3.10 RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................... 3 - 3 0 3.11 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 3 ................................. 3 - 3 2 APPENDIX 3A Calculations Used in the 1994-96 CSFII Analysis to Correct for Mixtures CSFII Data NFCS Data APPENDIX 3B Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1994-96 USDA APPENDIX 3C Sam p le Calculation of Mean Da ily Fat Intake Based On CDC (1994) Data APPENDIX 3D Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA APPENDIX 3E Statistical Notes 4 . D R I N K I N G W A T E R I N G E S T I O N ........................................... 4 - 1 4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................... 4 - 1 4 . 2 D R I N K I N G W A T E R I N G E S T I O N S T U D I E S ......................... 4 - 2 4.2.1 U.S. EPA, 2004 ........................................... 4 - 2 4.2.2. EPA Analysis of CSFII (USDA, 1998) ......................... 4 - 3 4.3 RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................... 4 - 4 4 . 4 R E F E R E N C E S F O R C H A P T E R 4 .................................. 4 - 6 5. SOIL INGESTION AND PICA .............................................. 5 - 1 5.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................... 5 - 1 5 . 2 S O I L I N T A K E S T U D I E S ......................................... 5 - 3 5.2.1 Key Studies of Prim ary Analysis ............................. 5 - 3 iii5.2.1.1 Davis et al. , 1990 ................................... 5 - 3 5.2.1.2 Calabrese et al. , 1997a .............................. 5 - 5 5.2.1.3 Davis and Mirick, 2006 .............................. 5 - 7 5.2.2 Relevant Studies of Prim ary Analysis .......................... 5 - 8 5.2.2.1 Binder et al. , 1986 .................................. 5 - 8 5.2.2.2 Clausing et al. , 1987 ............................... 5 - 1 0 5.2.2.3 Calabrese et al. , 1989 ............................... 5 - 1 1 5.2.2.4 Van W ïjnen et al. , 1990 ............................. 5 - 1 3 5.2.2.5 Calabrese et al., 1996 ............................... 5 - 1 4 5.2.2.6 Calabrese et al., 1999 ............................... 5 - 1 5 5.2.2.7 Stanek and Calabrese, 2000 .......................... 5 - 1 5 5.2.2.8 Stanek et al. , 2001b ............................... 5 - 1 5 5.2.3 Key Studies of Secondary Analysis ........................... 5 - 1 6 5.2.3.1 Stanek and Calabrese, 1995a ......................... 5 - 1 6 5.2.3.2 Stanek and Calabrese, 1995b ......................... 5 - 1 8 5.2.4 Relevant Studies of Secondary Analysis ....................... 5 - 1 9 5.2.4.1 Thom pson and Burm aster, 1991 ...................... 5 - 1 9 5.2.4.2 Calabrese and Stanek, 1992a ......................... 5 - 2 0 5.2.4.3 Sedm an and Mahm ood , 1994 ........................ 5 - 2 1 5.2.4.4 Calabrese and Stanek, 1995 .......................... 5 - 2 2 5.2.4.5 Stanek et al. , 2001a ................................ 5 - 2 3 5.2.4.6 Zartarian et al. , 2005 ................................ 5 - 2 4 5 . 3 P I C A ........................................................ 5 - 2 5 5.3.1 Prevalence .............................................. 5 - 2 5 5.3.1.1 General Pica ............................................. 5 - 2 5 5.3.1.2 Soil Pica ................................................ 5 - 2 5 5.3.2 Soil Pica Am ong Children .................................. 5 - 2 6 5.3.2.1 Calabrese et al. , 1991 ............................... 5 - 2 6 5.3.2.2 Calabrese and Stanek, 1992b ......................... 5 - 2 7 5.3.2.3 Calabrese and Stanek, 1993 .......................... 5 - 2 7 5.3.2.4 Zartarian et al. , 2005 ............................... 5 - 2 9 5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................... 5 - 2 9 5 . 5 R E F E R E N C E S F O R C H A P T E R 5 ................................. 5 - 3 3 6. OTHER NON-DIETARY INGESTION FACTORS .............................. 6 - 1 6.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................... 6 - 1 6.2 STUDIES RELATED TO NON-DIETARY INGESTION ................ 6 - 2 6.2.1 Davis, 1995 .............................................. 6 - 2 6.2.2 Groot et al., 1998 .......................................... 6 - 5 6.2.3 Reed et al., 1999 .......................................... 6 - 6 6.2.4 Zartarian et al., 1997 and 1998 ............................... 6 - 7 6.2.5 Stanek et al., 1998 ......................................... 6 - 8 6.2.6 Freem an et al., 2001 ....................................... 6 - 1 0 6.2.7 Juberg et al., 2001 ........................................ 6 - 1 1 iv6.2.8 Greene, 2002 ............................................ 6 - 1 2 6.2.9 Tulve et al., 2002 ......................................... 6 - 1 3 6.2.10 Sm ith and Norris, 2003 .................................... 6 - 1 4 6.2.11 AuYeung et al., 2004 ..................................... 6 - 1 5 6.2.12 Black et al., 2005 ......................................... 6 - 1 6 6.3 RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................... 6 - 1 7 6 . 4 R E F E R E N C E S F O R C H A P T E R 6 ................................. 6 - 1 9 7. INHALATION ROUTE .................................................... 7 - 1 7.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................... 7 - 1 7.2 INHALATION RATE STUDIES ................................... 7 - 1 7.2.1 Linn et al., 1992 .......................................... 7 - 1 7.2.2 Spier et al., 1992 .......................................... 7 - 2 7.2.3 Adam s, 1993 ............................................. 7 - 4 7.2.4 Layton, 1993 ............................................. 7 - 5 7.2.5 Rusconi et al., 1994 ........................................ 7 - 7 7.2.6 Lordo et al., 2006 .......................................... 7 - 9 7.3 RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................... 7 - 1 1 7 . 4 R E F E R E N C E S F O R C H A P T E R 7 ................................. 7 - 1 2 A P P E N D I X 7 A : V E N T I L A T I O N D A T A .................................. 7 - 3 8 8 . D E R M A L R O U T E ........................................................ 8 - 1 8.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................... 8 - 1 8 . 2 S U R F A C E A R E A ............................................... 8 - 2 8.2.1. Background .............................................. 8 - 2 8.2.2. Measurem ent Techniques ................................... 8 - 2 8.2.3. Body Surface Area Studies .................................. 8 - 3 8.2.3.1. Costeff, 1966 ...................................... 8 - 3 8.2.3.2. U.S. EPA, 1985 .................................... 8 - 4 8.2.3.3. Phillips et al., 1993 ................................ 8 - 5 8.2.3.4. W ong et al. (2000) ................................. 8 - 6 8.2.3.5. U.S. EPA Analysis of NHANES III Data ................ 8 - 6 8.2.4. Application of Body Surface Area Data ........................ 8 - 7 8.3 ADHERENCE OF SOLIDS TO SKIN ............................... 8 - 8 8.3.1. Background .............................................. 8 - 8 8.3.2. Adherence of Solids to Skin Studies ........................... 8 - 8 8.3.2.1. Kissel et al., 1996a ................................. 8 - 8 8.3.2.2. Kissel et al., 1996b ................................. 8 - 8 8.3.2.3. Holm es et al., 1999 ................................. 8 - 9 8.3.2.4. Kissel et al., 1998 ................................. 8 - 1 0 8.4 RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................... 8 - 1 2 8.4.1. Body Surface Area ........................................ 8 - 1 2 8 . 5 R E F E R E N C E S F O R C H A P T E R 8 ................................. 8 - 1 5

vAPPENDIX 8A - Form ulas for Total Body Surface Area ..................... 8 A - 1 9 . A C T I V I T Y F A C T O R S ..................................................... 9 - 1 9.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................... 9 - 1 9.2 ACTIVITY PATTERNS .......................................... 9 - 1 9.2.1 Tim m e r et al., 1985 ........................................ 9 - 2 9.2.2 Robinson and Thom as, 1991 ................................. 9 - 3 9.2.3 W iley et al., 1991 .......................................... 9 - 4 9.2.4 U.S. EPA, 1992 and U.S. EPA, 2004 .......................... 9 - 5 9.2.5 Tsang and Klepeis, 1996 .................................... 9 - 5 9.2.6 Funk et al., 1998 .......................................... 9 - 9 9.2.7 Hubal et al., 2000 ........................................ 9 - 1 0 9.2.8 W ong et al., 2000 ......................................... 9 - 1 1 9.3 RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................... 9 - 1 3

............................................................. 9 - 1 3 10. CONSUMER PRODUCTS ............................................... 1 0 - 1 10.1 BACKGROUND ............................................... 1 0 - 1 10.2 CONSUMER PRODUCTS USE STUDIES .......................... 1 0 - 1 10.3 RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................... 1 0 - 2 10.4 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 10 ................................ 1 0 - 3 11. BODY W E IGHT STUDIES ............................................... 1 1 - 1 11.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................. 1 1 - 1 11.2 BODY W E IGHT STUDIES ...................................... 1 1 - 1 11.2.1 Ham ill et al., 1979 ........................................ 1 1 - 1 11.2.2. National Center for Health Statistics, 1987 ..................... 1 1 - 1 11.2.3. Burm aster and Crouch, 1997 ................................ 1 1 - 2 11.2.4 U.S. EPA, 2000 .......................................... 1 1 - 3 11.2.5 Ogden et al., 2004 ........................................ 1 1 - 3 11.2.6 EPA Analysis of NHANES III Data .......................... 1 1 - 4 11.3 RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................... 1 1 - 5 11.4 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 11 ................................ 1 1 - 5

viLIST OF TABLES T a b l e 1 - 1 . C o n s i d e r a t i o n s U s e d t o R a t e C o n f i d e n c e i n R e c o m m e n d e d V a l u e s ........... 1 - 2 1 Table 1-2. Sum m a ry of Exposure Factor References and Confidence Ratings ........... 1 - 2 9 Table 1-3. Characterization of Variability in Exposure Factors ....................... 1 - 3 0 Table 1-4. Integrating EPA’s Guidance on Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring and Assessing Childhood Exposures to Environmental Contaminants with EPA’s Supplemental Guidance for Assessing Susceptibility from Early-Life Exposure to Carcinogens For T h o s e C o n t a m i n a n t s W h i c h A c t V i a a M u t a g e n i c M o d e o f A c t i o n .............. 1 - 3 1 T a b l e 2 - 1 . D a i l y I n t a k e s o f B r e a s t M i l k ......................................... 2 - 1 2 Table 2-3. Breast Milk Intake am ong Exclusively Breast-fed Infants During the First 4 Months Table 2-6. Lipid Content of Hum a n Milk and Es tim ated Lipid Intake am ong Exclusively BreastTable 2-7. Percentage of Mothers Breast-feedi ng Newborn Infants in the Hospital and Infants at 5 or 6 Months Of Age in the United States in 1989 and 1995, by Ethnic Background and

Table 3-7. Milk and Milk Products: Mean Quantities consum ed daily by sex and age, per capita Table 3-11. Eggs, Legum es, Nuts and Seeds, Fats and Oils, Sugars and Sweets: Mean Quantities Table 3-12. Eggs, Legum es, Nuts and Seeds, Fats and Oils, Sugars and Sweets: Percentage of T a b l e 2 - 2 . B r e a s t M i l k ...................................................... 2 - 1 2 o f

L i f e .............................................................. 2 - 1 3 Table 2-4. Breast Milk Intake During a 24-hour Period ............................. 2 - 1 4 T a b l e 2 - 5 . B r e a s t M i l k I n t a k e E s t i m a t e d b y t h e D A R L I N G S t u d y .................... 2 - 1 5 f

e d I n f a n t s .......................................................... 2 - 1 5 S e l e c t e d D e m o g r a p h i c V a r i a b l e s ......................................... 2 - 1 6 T a b l e 2 - 8 . C o n f i d e n c e i n B r e a s t M i l k I n t a k e R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s ...................... 2 - 1 7 T a b l e 2 - 9 . B r e a s t M i l k I n t a k e R a t e s D e r i v e d f r o m K e y S t u d i e s ...................... 2 - 1 8 Table 2-10. Lipid Intake Rates Derived from Key Studies .......................... 2 - 1 9 Table 2-11. Sum m a ry of Recom m e nded Breast Milk And Lipid Intake Rates ........... 2 - 2 0 Table 3-1. Grain Products: Mean Quantities consum ed daily by sex and age, per capita .... 3 - 3 5 Table 3-2. Grain Products: Percentage of individuals consum ing, by sex and age ......... 3 - 3 6 Table 3-3. Vegetables: Mean Quantities consum ed daily by sex and age, per capita ....... 3 - 3 7 Table 3-4. Vegetables: Percentage of individuals consum ing, by sex and age ............ 3 - 3 8 Table 3-5. Fruits: Mean Quantities consum ed daily by sex and age .................... 3 - 3 9 Table 3-6. Fruits: Percentage of individuals consum ing, by sex and age ................ 3 - 4 0

................................................................... 3 - 4 1 Table 3-8. Milk and Milk Products: Percentage of individuals consum ing, by sex and age . . 3 -42 Table 3-9. Meat, Poultry, and Fish: Mean Quantities consum ed daily by sex and age ...... 3 - 4 3 Table 3-10. Meat, Poultry, and Fish: Percentage of individuals consum ing, by sex and age . 3-44 c o n s u m e d d a i l y b y s e x a n d a g e .......................................... 3 - 4 5 individuals consum ing, by sex and age .................................... 3 - 4 6 Table 3-13. Beverages: Mean Quantities consum ed daily by sex and age ............... 3 - 4 7 Table 3-14. Beverages: Percentage of individuals consum ing, by sex and age ........... 3 - 4 8 Table 3-15. Unweighted Num b er of Observations, 1994/96 CSFII Analysis ............ 3 - 4 9 Table 3-16. Per Capita Intake of the Major Food Groups (g/kg-day as consum ed) ........ 3 - 5 0 viiTable 3-17. Per Capita Intake of Individual Foods (g/kg-day as consum ed) ............. 3 - 5 2 Table 3-18. Per Capita Intake of USDA Categor ies of Vegetables and Fruits (g/kg-day as Table 3-19. Per Capita Intake of Exposed/Protected Fruit and Vegetable Categories (g/kg-day as Table 3-20. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Fin fish and Shellfish) Intake by Age and Gender ­ Table 3-21. Consum ers Only Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake by Age and Table 3-22. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Fin fish and Shellfish) Intake by Age and Gender ­ Table 3-23. Consum ers Only Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake by Age and Table 3-24. Num b er of Respondents Reporting Cons um ption of a Specified Num b er of Servings Table 3-25. Mean Fish Intake Am ong Individuals W ho Eat Fish and Reside in Households W ith Table 3-26. Fish Consum ption Rates am ong Native Am erican Children (age 5 years and under) Table 3-27. Mean, 50th, and 90th Percentiles of Consum ption Rates for Native Am erican Table 3-28. Native Am erican Children’s Consum p tion Rate (g/kg/day): Individual Finfish and Table 3-29. Native Am erican Children’s Consum ption Rate (g/kg/day) for Consum ers Only: Table 3-30. Mean Fish Consum ption, per capita, g/day and g/kg/day As Consum ed, in Four Table 3-31. Mean Fish Consum ption, Consum er s Only, g/day and g/kg/day As Consum ed, in Table 3-32. Mean Fish Consum ption, Consum er s Only, g/day and g/kg/day As Consum ed, by

Table 3-36. Total Fat Intake for the Whole Population a nd for the Top 10% of Anim al Fat Consum ers
Table 3-40. Per Capita Intake of Total Foods and Major Food Groups, and Percent of Total Food Intake for Individuals with Low-end, Mid-range, and High-end Total Food Intake c o n s u m e d ) .......................................................... 3 - 5 6 c o n s u m e d ) .......................................................... 3 - 5 8 A s C o n s u m e d ........................................................ 3 - 6 0 G e n d e r - A s C o n s u m e d ................................................ 3 - 6 1 Uncooked Fish W e ight ................................................ 3 - 6 2 Gender - Uncooked Fish W e ight ......................................... 3 - 6 3 of Seafood in 1 Month and Source of Seafood Eaten ......................... 3 - 6 4 R e c r e a t i o n a l F i s h C o n s u m p t i o n .......................................... 3 - 6 5

................................................................... 3 - 6 6 C h i l d r e n A g e B i r t h t o F i v e Y e a r s ( g / k g / d a y ) ............................... 3 - 6 7 Shellfish and Fish Groups .............................................. 3 - 6 8 Individual Finfish and Shellfish and Fish Groups ............................ 3 - 6 9 S t a t e s .............................................................. 3 - 7 0 F o u rS t a t e s .......................................................... 3 - 7 1 Caught or Bought Status ............................................... 3 - 7 2 Table 3-33. Fat Intake Am ong Children Based on Data from the Bogalusa Heart Study, 1973­ 1982 (g/day) ......................................................... 3 - 7 3 Table 3-34. Fat Intake Am ong Children Based on Data from the Bogalusa Heart Study, 1973­ 1982 (g/kg/day) ...................................................... 3 - 7 4 Table 3-35. Mean Total Daily Dietary Fat Intake (g/day) Grouped by Age and Gender .... 3 - 7 5 by Consum ers Only (g/kg-day ) ............................................ 3 - 7 6 Table 3-37. Per Capita Total Dietary Intake ...................................... 3 - 7 7 Table 3-38. Per Capita Intake of Major Food Groups (g/day, as consum ed) ............. 3 - 7 8 Table 3-39. Per Capita Intake of Major Food Groups (g/kg/day, as consum ed) .......... 3 - 8 2

viii 3-85Table 3-41. Per Capita Intake of Total Foods and Major Food Groups, and Percent of Total Food Intake for Individuals with Low-end, Mid-range, and High-end Total Meat Intake 3-88 Table 3-42. Per Capita Intake of Total Foods and Major Food Groups, and Percent of Total Food Intake for Individuals with Low-end, Mid-range, and High-end Total Meat and D a i r y I n t a k e ......................................................... 3 - 9 1 Table 3-43. Per Capita Intake of Total Foods and Major Food Groups, and Percent of Total Food Intake for Individuals with Low-end, Mid-range, and High-end Total Fish Intake 3-94 Table 3-44. Per Capita Intake of Total Foods and Major Food Groups, and Percent of Total Food Intake for Individuals with Low-end, Mid-range, and High-end Total Fruit and V e g e t a b l e I n t a k e ..................................................... 3 - 9 7 Table 3-45. Per Capita Intake of Total Foods and Major Food Groups, and Percent of Total Food Intake for Individuals with Low-end, Mid-range, and High-end Total Dairy Intake 3-100 Table 3-46. W e ighted and Unweighted Num b er of Observations (Individuals) for NFCS Data Used in Analysis ofFood Intake ......................................... 3 - 1 0 3 Table 3-47. Consum er Only Intake of Hom e grown Foods (g/kg-day) a - All Regions Com b ined

.................................................................. 3 - 1 0 4 Table 3-48. Percent W e ight Losses from Food Preparation ......................... 3 - 1 0 5 Table 3-49. Quantity (as consum ed) of Food Groups Consum ed Per Eating Occasion and the Percentage of Individuals Using These Foods Over a Three-Day Period in a 1977-1978 S u r v e y ............................................................ 3 - 1 0 6 Table 3-50. Mean Moisture Content of Selected Food Groups Expressed as Percentages of E d i b l e P o r t i o n s ...................................................... 3 - 1 0 8 Table 3-51. Percent Moisture Content for Selected Fish Species a .................... 3 - 1 1 3 Table 3-52. Percentage Lipid Content (Expressed as Percentages of 100 Gram s of Edible Portions) of Selected Meat, Dairy, and Fish Products a ....................... 3 - 1 1 6 Table 3-53. Fat Content of Meat Products ...................................... 3 - 1 2 0 Table 3-54. Sum m a ry of Recom m e nded Values for Per Capita Intake of Foods, As Consum ed

.................................................................. 3 - 1 2 1 Table 3-55. Confidence Intake Recom m e ndations for Various Foods, Including Fish (General Population) ......................................................... 3 - 1 2 3 Table 3-56. Confidence Intake Recom m e ndations for Fish Consum ption - Recreational Freshwater Angler Population .......................................... 3 - 1 2 4 Table 3-57. Sum m a ry of Fish Intake Rates Am ong Native Am erican Children (Consum ers Only)

.................................................................. 3 - 1 2 5 Table 3-58. Confidence Intake Recom m e ndations for Fish Consum ption - Native Am erican Subsistence Population ............................................... 3 - 1 2 6 Table 3A-1. Fraction of Grain and Meat Mixture Intake Represented by Various Food Item s/groups ........................................................ 3 A - 2 Table 3B-1 Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1994-96 USDA CSFII Data ...................................................................3 B - 1 Table 3D-1. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA NFCS Data

.................................................................. 3 D - 1 Table 4-1. Estim ated Direct and Indirect W a ter Ingestion for Selected Age Categories Derived f r o m C S F I I D a t a ...................................................... 4 - 7 ixTable 4-2. Estim ated Direct and Indirect Com m unity W a ter Ingestion By Source for Entire U.S. Population (All Ages) a .................................................. 4 - 8 Table 4-3. Estim ated Direct and Indirect W a te r Ingestion, All Sources By Age Category for U.S. Table 4-4. Estim ated Direct and Indirect Com m unity W a ter Ingestion By Age Category for U.S. Table 4-5. Estim ated Direct and Indirect Bo ttled W a ter Ingestion By Age Category f o r U.S. Table 4-6 Estim ated Direct and Indirect Ot her W a ter Ingestion By Age Category for U.S. Table 5-1. Average Daily Soil Ingestion Values Based on Alum inum , Silicon, and Titanium as Table 5-2. Soil Ingestion Estim ates for the Median of Best Four Trace Elem ents Based on Table 5-3. Dust Ingestion Estim ates for the Median of Best Four Trace Elem ents Based on Table 5-5. Estim ated Daily Soil Ingestion Based on Alum inum , Silicon, and Titanium

Table 5-10. Geom etric Mean (GM) and Standard Deviation (GSD) LTM Values for Children at Table 5-11. Estim ated Geom etric Mean Ltm Va lues of Children Attending Daycare Centers Table 5-13. Estim ated Distribution of Individua l Mean Daily Soil Ingestion Based on Data for Table 5-14. Sum m a ry Statistics and Param e ters for Distributions of Estim ated Soil Ingestion by Table 5-15. Positive/negative Error (Bias) in Soil Ingestion Estim ates in the Calabrese et al. Table 5-16. Daily Soil Ingestion Estim ation in a Soil-Pica Child by Tracer and by W e ek C h i l d r e n ............................................................. 4 - 9 C h i l d r e n ............................................................ 4 - 1 0 C h i l d r e n ............................................................ 4 - 1 1 C h i l d r e n ............................................................ 4 - 1 2 T a b l e 4 - 7 . S u m m a r y o f R e c o m m e n d e d C o m m u n i t y D r i n k i n g W a t e rI n g e s t i o n R a t e s ..... 4 - 1 3 T a b l e 4 - 8 . C o n f i d e n c e i n W a t e rI n g e s t i o n R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s ........................ 4 - 1 4 Tracer Elem ents ...................................................... 5 - 3 7 Food/Soil Ratios for 64 Anaconda Children (m g/day) Using Al, Si, Ti, Y, and Zr . . 5-37 Food/Dust Ratios for 64 Anaconda Children (m g/ day) Using Al, Si, Ti, Y, and Zr . . 5-38 T a b l e 5 - 4 . M e a n a n d M e d i a n S o i l I n g e s t i o n ( m g / d a y ) b y F a m i l y M e m b e r .............. 5 - 3 8 C o n c e n t r a t i o n s ....................................................... 5 - 3 9 Table 5-6. Calculated Soil Ingestion by Nursery School Children .................... 5 - 4 0 T a b l e 5 - 7 . C a l c u l a t e d S o i l I n g e s t i o n b y H o s p i t a l i z e d , B e d r i d d e n C h i l d r e n .............. 5 - 4 1 Table 5-8. Mean and Standard Deviation Percen tage Recovery of Eight Tracer Elem ents . . 5-41 T a b l e 5 - 9 . S o i l a n d D u s t I n g e s t i o n E s t i m a t e s f o rC h i l d r e n A g e s 1 - 4 Y e a r s ............. 5 - 4 2 Daycare Centers and Cam pgrounds ....................................... 5 - 4 3 A c c o r d i n g t o A g e , W e a t h e rC a t e g o r y , a n d S a m p l i n g P e r i o d ................... 5 - 4 4 Table 5-12. Distribution of Average (Mean) Daily Soil Ingestion Estim ates per Child for 64 C h i l d r e n ( m g / d a y ) .................................................... 5 - 4 5 64 Subjects Projected over 365 Days ..................................... 5 - 4 5 Tracer Elem ent a ...................................................... 5 - 4 6 (1989) Mass-balance Study: Effect on Mean Soil Ingestion Estim ate (m g/day) .... 5 - 4 7 ( m g / d a y ) ............................................................ 5 - 4 8 Table 5-17. Ratios of Soil, Dust, and Residual Fecal Sam p les in the Soil Pica Child ...... 5 - 4 9

................................................................... 5 - 5 0 Table 5-18. Daily Variation of Soil Ingestion by Children Displaying Soil Pica in W ong (1988) T a b l e 5 - 1 9 K e y S t u d i e s U s e d t o D e r i v e R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s .......................... 5 - 5 1 xTable 5- 20 . Sum m a ry of Estim ates of Incidental Soil and Dust Ingestion by Children (1-7 y e a r s o l d ) f r o m K e y S t u d i e s ( m g / d a y ) ............................... 5 - 5 2 Table 5-21. Sum m a ry of Recom m e nded Values for Soil Ingestion .................... 5 - 5 3 Table 5-22. Confidence in Soil Intake Recom m e ndation ............................ 5 - 5 4 T a b l e 6 - 1 . E x t r a p o l a t e d T o t a l M o u t h i n g T i m e s M i n u t e s p e r D a y ( t i m e a w a k e ) .......... 6 - 2 1 T a b l e 6 - 2 . F r e q u e n c y o f C o n t a c t ( C o n t a c t s p e rH o u r ) .............................. 6 - 2 2 Table 6-3. Prevalence of Non-Food Ingestion/ Mouthing Behaviors by Child’s Age: Percent of C h i l d r e n W h o s e P a r e n t s R e p o r t s t h e B e h a v i o r i n t h e P a s t M o n t h ............... 6 - 2 3 Table 6-4 Percent of Children with Reported Behaviors From the Telephone Survey Conducted in the MNCPES (n = 168) .............................................. 6 - 2 6 Table 6-5. Median (Mean) Observed Activity Rate (Hand Contacts Per Hour) Based on 4 Hours o f

O b s e r v a t i o n P e rP e r s o n . ............................................. 6 - 2 6 Table 6-6. Com p arison of Observed Activities f o r Boys and Girls (Mean). ............. 6 - 2 7 T a b l e 6 - 7 . M o u t h i n g t i m e s f o rP a c i f i e r s a n d O t h e rO b j e c t s , b y A g e C a t e g o r y ........... 6 - 2 7 T a b l e 6 - 8 . A v e r a g e M o u t h i n g T i m e b y O b j e c t C a t e g o r y a n d A g e ( m i n / h r ) ............. 6 - 2 8 T a b l e 6 - 9 . M o u t h i n g T i m e S t a t i s t i c s f o rV a r i o u s O b j e c t s ( m i n / h r ) .................... 6 - 2 9 Table 6-10. Estim ated Daily Mouthing Tim e s for Various Objects (m in/day) ........... 6 - 3 1 Table 6-11. Variability in Objects Mouthed for Different Age Groups. ................ 6 - 3 2 Table 6-12. Mouthing Duration by Age Group for Pacifiers, Fingers, Toys, and O t h e rO b j e c t s ........................................................ 6 - 3 3 Table 6-13. Indoor Mouthing Frequency (Contacts/Hour) ........................... 6 - 3 4 Table 6-14. Outdoor Mouthi ng Frequency (Contacts/Hour) ......................... 6 - 3 5 Table 6-15. Indoor Mouthing C ontact Duration (Minutes/Hour) ...................... 6 - 3 6 Table 6-16. Outdoor Mouthing C ontact Duration (Minutes/Hour) .................... 6 - 3 7 Table 6-17. Videotaped Mouthing and Food-hand ling Activity as Median Hourly Frequency ( C o n t a c t s / H o u r ) a n d M e d i a n D u r a t i o n ( % o f T a p e T i m e ) ( M e a n ± S D ) .......... 6 - 3 8 Table 6-18. Sum m a ry of Studies on Mouthing Behavior ............................ 6 - 3 9 Table 6-19. Sum m a ry of Mouthing Frequency Data ............................... 6 - 4 0 Table 6-20. Sum m a ry of Recom m e nded Values for Total Mouthing Tim e ( m i n u t e s p e rd a y ) ..................................................... 6 - 4 2 Table 6-21. Sum m a ry of Recom m e nded Values for Mouthing Frequency (contacts per hour) .................................................... 6 - 4 3 Table 6-22. Confidence in Mouthing Behavior Recom m e ndations .................... 6 - 4 4 Table 7-1. Calibration And Field Protocol s For Self-m onitoring of Activities Grouped by S u b j e c t P a n e l s ....................................................... 7 - 1 3 Table 7-2. Subject Panel Inhalation Rates by Mean VR, Upper Percentiles, And Self -estim ated B r e a t h i n g R a t e s ...................................................... 7 - 1 3 Table 7-3. Distribution of Predicted Intake Rates by Location And Activity Levels For Elem entary And High School Students .................................... 7 - 1 4 Table 7-4. Average Hours Spent Per Day in a Given Location and Activity Level For Elem entary and High School Students .................................... 7 - 1 4 Table 7-5. Distribution Patterns of Daily I nhalation Rates For Elem entary (EL) And High School (HS) Students Grouped by Activity Level ............................ 7 - 1 5 xiTable 7-6. Sum m a ry of Average Inhalation Rates (m 3 /hr) by Age Group And Activity Levels for L a b o r a t o r y P r o t o c o l s .................................................. 7 - 1 6 Table 7-7. Sum m a ry of Average Inhalation Rates (m 3 /hr) by Age Group And Activity Levels in Table 7-8. Com p arisons of Estim ated Basal Metabolic Rates (BMR) W ith Average Food-energy F i e l d P r o t o c o l s ....................................................... 7 - 1 7 Intakes (EFD) For Individuals Sam p led in The 1977-78 NFCS ................. 7 - 1 8 Table 7-9. Daily Inhalation Rates Calculated From Food-energy Intakes ............... 7 - 1 9 Table 7-10. Daily Inhalation Rates Obtained From The Ratios Of Total Energy Expenditure to B a s a l M e t a b o l i c R a t e ( B M R ) ........................................... 7 - 2 0 Table 7-11. Inhalation Rates For Short-term Exposures ............................ 7 - 2 1 Table 7-12. Mean, Median, and SD of Respirat ory Rate According to W a king or Sleeping in 618 Infants and Children Grouped in Classes of Age ......................... 7 - 2 2 Table 7-13. Descriptive Statistics for Daily Average Ventilation Rate (L/m in) in Males , by Age Table 7-14. Descriptive Statistics for Daily Average Ventilation Rate (L/m in) in Fem a les , by C a t e g o r y ............................................................ 7 - 2 4 A g e C a t e g o r y ........................................................ 7 - 2 5 Table 7-15. Average Tim e Spent Per Day Perform i ng Activities W ithin Specified Intensity Categories, and Average Ventilation Rates Associated W ith These Activity Categories, for Mal e s A c c o r d i n g t o A g e C a t e g o r y ..................................... 7 - 2 6 Table 7-16. Average Tim e Spent Per Day Perform i ng Activities W ithin Specified Intensity Categories, and Average Ventilation Rates Associated W ith These Activity Categories, for Femal e s A c c o r d i n g t o A g e C a t e g o r y ................................... 7 - 2 9 Table 7-17. Descriptive Statistics for Daily Average Ventilation Rate (m 3 /day) in Males , by Age C a t e g o r y ............................................................ 7 - 3 2 Table 7-18. Descriptive Statistics for Daily Average Ventilation Rate (m 3 /day) in Fem a les , by Table 7-19. Descriptive Statistics for Duration of Tim e (hr/day) Spent Perform i ng Activities W ithin the Specified Activity Category, by Age and Gender Categories A g e C a t e g o r y ........................................................ 7 - 3 3

................................................................... 7 - 3 4 Table 7-20. Confidence in Inhalation Rate Recom m e ndations ....................... 7 - 3 6 Table 7-21. Sum m a ry of Recom m e nded Values For Inhalation ...................... 7 - 3 7 Table 8-1. Total Body Surface Area of Male Children in Square Meters a ............... 8 - 1 7 Table 8-2. Total Body Surface Area of Fem a le Children in Square Meters a ............. 8 - 1 8 Table 8-3. Percentage of Total Body Surface Area by Body Part For Children .......... 8 - 1 9 Table 8-4. Descriptive Statistics For Surface Area/body W e ight (SA/BW ) Ratios (m 2 /kg) . 8 -20 Table 8-6. Mean and Percentile Skin Surface Area (m 2 ) Derived from EPA Analysis of NHANES III (All Children) ............................................ 8 - 2 1 Table 8-7. Mean and Percentile Skin Surface Area (m 2 ) Derived from EPA Analysis of Table 8-8. Mean and Percentile Skin Surface Area (m 2 ) Derived from EPA Analysis of NHANES III (Male Children) ........................................... 8 - 2 2 NHANES III (Fem ale Children) ......................................... 8 - 2 3 T a b l e 8 - 9 . S u m m a r y o f F i e l d S t u d i e s ........................................... 8 - 2 4 Table 8-10. Geom etric Mean and Geom etric St andard Deviations of Solids Adherence by Activity and Body Region .............................................. 8 - 2 5 xiiTable 8-11. Sum m a ry of Groups Assayed in Round 2 of Field Measurem ents ........... 8 - 2 6 Table 8-12. Attire for Individuals within Children’s Groups Studied .................. 8 - 2 7 Table 8-13. Geom etric Means (Geom e tric Standard Deviations) of Round 2 Post-activity L o a d i n g s ............................................................ 8 - 2 8 T a b l e 8 A - 1 . E s t i m a t e d P a r a m e t e r V a l u e s f o rD i f f

e r e n t A g e I n t e r v a l s ................. 8 A - 4 Table 8A-2. Sum m a ry of Surface Area Param e ter Values for the Dubois and Dubois Model Table 8-14. Sum m a ry of Controlled Green House Trials - Children Playing ............ 8 - 2 9 Table 8-15. Preactivity Loadings Recovered from Greenhouse Trial Children Volunteers . 8-30 Table 8-19. Confidence in Solids Adherence to Skin Recom m e ndations ............... 8 - 3 2

.................................................................. 8 A - 5 Table 9-1. Mean Tim e Spent (m inutes) Perform i ng Major Activities Grouped by Age, Sex and T y p e o f D a y ......................................................... 9 - 1 6 Table 9-2. Mean Tim e Spent (m inutes) in Major Activities Grouped by Type of Day for Five Table 9-3. Mean Tim e Spent Indoors and Outdoors Grouped by Age and Day of the W eek Table 9-5. Mean Tim e Spent (m inutes/day) in Various Microenvironm ents Grouped by Total Table 9-6. Mean Tim e Spent (m inutes/day) in Various Microenvironm ents by Type of Day for Table 9-7. Mean Tim e Spent (m inutes/day) in Various Microenvironm ents by Age Groups for Table 9-8. Mean Tim e (m inutes/day) Children Ages 12 Years and Under Spent in Ten Major Different Age Groups ................................................. 9 - 1 7

................................................................... 9 - 1 8 Table 9-4. Mean Tim e Spent at Three Loca tions for both CARB and National Studies (ages 12 y e a r s a n d o l d e r ) ...................................................... 9 - 1 9 Population and Gender (12 years and over) in the National and CARB Data ....... 9 - 2 0 t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d N a t i o n a l S u r v e y s ...................................... 9 - 2 1 t h e N a t i o n a l a n d C a l i f o r n i a S u r v e y s ...................................... 9 - 2 2 Activity Categories for All Respondents ................................... 9 - 2 3 T a b l e 9 - 9 . M e a n T i m e C h i l d r e n S p e n t i n T e n M a j o rA c t i v i t y C a t e g o r i e s b y A g e a ....... 9 - 2 4 Table 9-10. Mean Tim e Children Ages 12 Years and Under Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Seasons and Regions ............................... 9 - 2 5 Table 9-11. Mean Tim e Children Ages 12 Years and Under Spent in Six Major Location Categories for All Respondents (m inutes/day) .............................. 9 - 2 6 Table 9-12. Mean Tim e Children Spent in Six Location Categories Grouped by Age and Gender

................................................................... 9 - 2 7 Table 9-14. Mean Tim e Children Spent in Proxim ity to Two Potential Exposures Grouped by All Respondents, Age, and Gender ....................................... 9 - 2 9 Table 9-15. Mean Tim e Spent Indoors and Outdoors Grouped by Age ................ 9 - 3 0 Table 9-16. W a ter and Soil Contact Exposure Factors ............................. 9 - 3 1 Table 9-17. Num b er of Showers Taken Per Day .................................. 9 - 3 1 Table 9-18. Tim e (m inutes) Spent Taking a Shower and Spent in the Shower Room After Taking a Shower by the Num b er of Respondents ............................ 9 - 3 2 Table 9-19. Tim e Spent Taking a Shower and Spent in the Shower Room Im m e diately After S h o w e r i n g .......................................................... 9 - 3 2 Table 9-20. Tim e spent bathing, showering, and in bathroom after bathing and showering ( d i s t r i b u t i o n ) ........................................................ 9 - 3 3 xiiiTable 9-21.Tim e spent bathing, showering, and in bathroom after bathing and showering (percentiles) ......................................................... 9 - 3 4 Table 9-22. Range of Num b er of Tim e s W a shi ng the Hands at Specified Daily Frequencies by Table 9-23. Num b er of Minutes Spent W o rking or Being Near Excessive Dust in the Air Table 9-24. Range of Num b er of Tim e s per Da y a Motor Vehicle was Started in a Garage or the Num b er of Respondents ............................................. 9 - 3 5 ( m i n u t e s / d a y ) ........................................................ 9 - 3 5 C a r p o r t a n d S t a r t e d w i t h t h e G a r a g e D o o rC l o s e d ........................... 9 - 3 6 Table 9-25. Num b er of Minutes Spent Playing on Dirt, Grass ....................... 9 - 3 7 Table 9-26. Num b er of Minutes Spent Playing on Dirt, Sand/Gravel, or Grass (m inutes/day)

................................................................... 9 - 3 8 Table 9-27. Num b er of Tim e s Swim m i ng in a Month in Freshwater Swim m i ng Pool by the Num b er of Respondents ................................................ 9 - 3 9 Table 9-28. Num b er of Minutes Spent Swim m i ng in a Month in Freshwater Swim m i ng Pool ( m i n u t e s / m o n t h ) ...................................................... 9 - 3 9 Table 9-29. Tim e Spent Sleeping/Napping: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

................................................................... 9 - 4 0 Table 9-30. Tim e Spent Attending School Full-Tim e : W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values ..................................................... 9 - 4 0 Table 9-31. Tim e Spent in Active Sports: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

................................................................... 9 - 4 1 Table 9-32. Tim e Spent on Exercise: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values Table 9-33. Tim e Spent on Outdoor Recreation: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Table 9-34. Tim e Spent on W a lking: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values ................................................................... 9 - 4 1 V a l u e s ............................................................. 9 - 4 2

................................................................... 9 - 4 2 Table 9-35. Tim e Spent Bathing: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . 9-43 Table 9-36. Tim e Spent Eating: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values .... 9 - 4 3 Table 9-37. Tim e Spent at Restaurants: W hol e Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

................................................................... 9 - 4 4 Table 9-38. Tim e Spent Indoors at School: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values

................................................................... 9 - 4 4 Table 9-39. Tim e Spent on School Grounds/Pla ygrounds: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values ..................................................... 9 - 4 5 Table 9-40. Tim e Spent at Hom e in Kitchen: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Table 9-41. Tim e Spent at Hom e in Living Room /Fam ily Room /Den: W hole Population and V a l u e s ............................................................. 9 - 4 6 Doers Only: Percentile Values ........................................... 9 - 4 6 Table 9-42. Tim e Spent at Hom e in Dining Room : W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile V a l u e s ............................................................. 9 - 4 7 Table 9-43. Tim e Spent at Hom e in Bathroom : W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile V a l u e s ............................................................. 9 - 4 7 xivTable 9-44. Tim e Spent at Hom e in Bedroom : W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile V a l u e s ............................................................. 9 - 4 8 Table 9-45. Tim e Spent at Hom e in Study/Offi ce: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Table 9-46. Tim e Spent at Hom e in Garage: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Table 9-47. Tim e Spent at Hom e : All Room s Com b ined: W hole Population and Doers Only: Table 9-49. Tim e Spent in a Truck (Pickup or Van): W hole Population and Doers Only: Table 9-50. Tim e Spent in a Truck (Not Pic kup or Van): W hole Population and Doers Only: Table 9-53. Tim e Spent on an Airplane: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values Table 9-55. Total Tim e Spent Inside Vehicles: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Table 9-56. Tim e Spent Inside Grocery/Conveni ence Stores, Other Stores, and Malls: W hole Table 9-58. Statistics for 24-hour Cum u lative Num b er of Minutes Spent with Sm okers Present Table 9-61. Aggregate Tim e Spent (m inutes/day) At-Hom e in Activity Groups by Adolescents Table 9-62. Com p arison of Mean Tim e (m inutes/day) Spent At-Hom e by Gender a (Adolescents) Table 9-63. Com p arison of Mean Tim e (m inutes/day) Spent At-Hom e by Gender and Age for Table 9-65. Num b er of Hours Per Day Childre n Spend in Various Microenvironm ents by Age Table 9-66. Average Num b er of Hours Per Day Children Spend Doing Various Macroactivities Table 9-67. Num b er of Hours Per Day Children Spend in Various Microenvironm ents by Age ­ Table 9-68. Num b er of Hours Per Day Children Spend in Various Macroactivities While Table 9-69. Num b er and percentage of respondents with children and those reporting outdoor V a l u e s ............................................................. 9 - 4 8 V a l u e s ............................................................. 9 - 4 9 Percentile Values ..................................................... 9 - 4 9 Table 9-48. Tim e Spent in an Car: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . 9-50 Percentile Values ..................................................... 9 - 5 0 Percentile Values ..................................................... 9 - 5 1 Table 9-51. Tim e Spent on a Bus: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . . 9-51 Table 9-52. Tim e Spent on a Train: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . 9 -52

................................................................... 9 - 5 2 Table 9-54. Tim e Spent on a Boat: W hole Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values . . 9-53 V a l u e s ............................................................. 9 - 5 3 Population and Doers Only: Percentile Values .............................. 9 - 5 4 Table 9-57. Average Tim e Spent Inside and Outside, By Age Category ................ 9 - 5 4

................................................................... 9 - 5 5 Table 9-59. Gender and Age Groups ........................................... 9 - 5 6 Table 9-60. Assignm ent of At-Hom e Activities to Ventilation Levels for Children ....... 9 - 5 7 and Children a ........................................................ 9 - 5 8

................................................................... 9 - 5 8 Children a ........................................................... 9 - 5 8 Table 9-64. Num b er of Person-Days/Individuals a f

o r Children in CHAD a D a t a b a s e ...... 9 - 5 9

................................................................... 9 - 6 0 While Indoors at Home ................................................ 9 - 6 1 Recast Into New Standard Age Categories ................................. 9 - 6 2 Indoors at Home - Recast Into New Standard Age Categories .................. 9 - 6 3 play a activities in both warm and cold weather .............................. 9 - 6 4 xvTable 9-70. Play frequency and duration for all child players (from SCS-II data) ........ 9 - 6 4

Table 10-2. Num b er of Minutes Spent in Activities W o rking with or Near Household Cleaning Table 10-5. Num b er of Respondents Indicating that Pesticides W e re Applied by a Professional Table 10-6. Num b er of Respondents Reporting Pes ticides Applied by the Consum er at Hom e To Table 11-1. Sm oothed Percentiles of W e ight (In Kg) by Sex And Age: Statistics From NCHS Table 11-2. W e ight in Kilogram s For Males 2 Months-19 Years of Age– Num b er Exam ined, Table 11-3. W e ight in Kilogram s For Fem a les 6 Months-19 Years of Age– Num b er Exam ined, Table 11-5. Body W e ight Estim ates (in kilogr am s) by Age and Gender, U.S. Population 1988-94 Table 11-7. Mean Body W e ight (kilogram s) by Age and Gender Across Multiple Surveys Table 11-8. Mean and Percentile Body W e ights (kg) Derived from NHANES III (All Children) Table 11-9 Mean and Percentile Body W e ights (kg) Derived from NHANES III (Male Children) Table 11-10. Mean and Percentile Body W e i ghts (kg) Derived from NHANES III (Fem ale Table 9-71. Hand washing and bathing frequency for all child players (from SCS-II data) . 9-65 Table 9-72 NHAPS and SCS-II play duration a c o m p a r i s o n .......................... 9 - 6 5 Table 9-73. NHAPS and SCS-II hand wash frequency com p arison ................... 9 - 6 6 Table 9-77. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recom m e ndations ...................... 9 - 7 0 Table 10-1. Consum er Products Com m only Found in Som e U.S. Households a .......... 1 0 - 4 A g e n t s S u c h a s S c o u r i n g P o w d e r s o r A m m o n i a ( m i n u t e s / d a y ) ................. 1 0 - 7 T a b l e 1 0 - 3 . N u m b e ro f M i n u t e s S p e n t U s i n g A n y M i c r o w a v e O v e n ( m i n u t e s / d a y ) ....... 1 0 - 7 Table 10-4. Num b er of Respondent s Using a Hum i difier at Hom e ................... 1 0 - 8 a t H o m e t o E r a d i c a t e I n s e c t s , R o d e n t s , o rO t h e rP e s t s a t S p e c i f i e d F r e q u e n c i e s .... 1 0 - 9 E r a d i c a t e I n s e c t s , R o d e n t s , o r O t h e r P e s t s a t S p e c i f i e d F r e q u e n c i e s ............. 1 0 - 9 And Data From Fels Research Institute, Birth to 36 Months ......................... 1 1 - 7 Mean, and Selected Percentiles, by Age Category: United States, 1976-1980 a ..... 1 1 - 8 Mean, and Selected Percentiles, by Age Category: United States, 1976-1980 a ..... 1 1 - 9 Table 11-4. Statistics for Probability Plot Regr ession Analyses: Natural Log of Body W e ights 6 M o n t h s t o 2 0 Y e a r s o f A g e ............................................ 1 1 - 1 0

.................................................................. 1 1 - 1 1 Table 11-6. Body W e ight Estim ates (in k ilogram s) by Age, U.S. Population 1988-94 .... 1 1 - 1 2

.................................................................. 1 1 - 1 3

.................................................................. 1 1 - 1 4

.................................................................. 1 1 - 1 4 C h i l d r e n ) .......................................................... 1 1 - 1 5 Table 11-11. Sum m a ry of Recom m e nded Values for Body W e ight .................. 1 1 - 1 5 Table 11-12. Confidence in Body W e ight Recom m e ndations ....................... 1 1 - 1 6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1. Schem a tic of Dose and Exposure: Oral Route .......................... 1 - 1 7 Figure 7-1. 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, a nd 95th Sm oothed Centiles by Age in Awake S u b j e c t s ............................................................ 7 - 2 3 Figure 7-2. 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, a nd 95th Sm oothed Centiles by Age in Asleep S u b j e c t s ............................................................ 7 - 2 3 Figure 8-1. Schem a tic of Dose and Exposure: Derm al Route ......................... 8 - 2 xviFigure 8-2. Skin Coverage as Determ ined by Fluorescence vs. Body Part for Adults T r a n s p l a n t i n g P l a n t s a n d f o rC h i l d r e n P l a y i n g i n W e t S o i l s .................... 8 - 3 3 Figure 8-3. Gravim etric Loading vs. Body Part for Adult Transplanting Plants in W e t Soil a n d f o rC h i l d r e n P l a y i n g i n W e t a n d D r y S o i l s .............................. 8 - 3 3 Figure 11-1. W e ight by Age percentiles f o r Girls Aged Birth-36 Months .............. 1 1 - 1 7 Figure 11-2. W e ight by Age Percentiles f o r Boys Aged Birth-36 Months ............. 1 1 - 1 8 Figure 11-3. Mean Body W e ight Estim ates, U.S. Population, 1988-94 ............... 1 1 - 1 9 Figure 11-4. Median Body W e ights Estim ates, U.S. Population, 1988-94 ............. 1 1 - 2 0

xviiPREFACE The Exposure Factors Program of the of the U.S. Environm ental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) Office of Research and Developm ent (ORD) has three m a in goals: (1) provide updates to the Exposure Factors Handbook and the Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook ; (2) identify exposure factors data gaps and needs in consultation with clients; and (3) develop com p anion docum ents to assist clients in the use of exposure factors data. The activities under each goal are supported by and respond to the needs of the various program offices. The National Center for Environm ental Assessm ent (NCEA) of EPA’s Office of Research and Developm ent (ORD) has prepared this handbook to address factors com m only used in exposure assessm ents for children. Children m a y be m o re heavily exposed to environm ental toxicants than adults. They consum e m o re of certain foods and water and have higher inhalation rates per pound of body weight than adults. Young children play close to the ground and com e into contact with contam inated soil outdoors and with contam inated dust on surfaces and carpets indoors. As another exam ple, exposure to chem icals in breast m ilk affects infants and young children. The National Center for Environm ental Assessm ent has published the Exposure Factors Handbook in 1997. This docum ent includes exposure factors and related data on children, as well as adults. However, the EPA Program Offices identified the need to prepare a docum ent specifically for children’s exposure factors. The goal of the Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook is to fulfill this need. This Handbook was first offered to the public in 2002. Since that tim e, EPA has developed a standardized set of age categories to be used for children’s exposure assessm ent. The use of a standard set of age categories is intended to perm it easier com p arison of data am ong m u ltiple sources and to allow consistency between different types of exposure factors.

xviii1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook has been prepared to focus on various factors used in assessing exposure, specifically for children ages 0 - 21 years old. This handbook provides nonchem i cal-specific data on exposure factors for the EPA recom m e nded set of childhood age groups in the following areas:

C breast m ilk ingestion (chapter 2); C food ingestion, including hom egrown foods and other dietary-related data (chapter 3); C drinking water ingestion (chapter 4); C soil ingestion (chapter 5); C hand-to-m outh and object-to-m outh activity (chapter 6); C derm al exposure factors such as surface areas and soil adherence (chapter 7); C inhalation rates (chapter 8); C duration and frequency in different locations and various m i croenvironm ents (chapter 9); C duration and frequency of consum er product use (chapter 10); and C body weight data (chapter 11) The handbook was first published in 2002. Subsequently, recognizing that exposures am ong infants, toddlers, adolescents, and teenagers can vary significantly, the U.S. Environm ental Protection Agency (EPA) published its “ Guidance on Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring and Assessing Childhood Exposures to Environmental Contaminants (U.S. EPA. 2005a).” To the extent possible, source data for the independent studies cited in the earlier version of this Handbook were obtained and re-analyzed to conform to the standard age categories. This update and revision of the 2002 interim final Child-specific Exposure Factors Handbook is designed specifically to com p lem e nt EPA’s recom m e nded set of childhood age groups: < Less than 12 m onths old: birth to <1 m onth, 1 to <3 m onths, 3 to <6 m onths, and 6 to <12 m onths. < Greater than 12 m onths old: 1 to <2 years, 2 to <3 years, 3 to <6 years, 6 to <11 years, 11 to <16 years, and 16 to <21 years. The data presented in this handbook have been com p iled from various sources, which include EPA’s Exposure Factor Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1997b), governm e nt reports, and inf o rm ation presented in the scientif ic literature. The data presented are the result of analyses by the individual study authors. However, in som e cases EPA has conducted analysis of published prim ary data to present results for the recom m e nded age groups. Studies presented in this handbook were chosen because they were seen as useful and appropriate for estim ating exposure factors based on the following considerations: level of peer review, accessibility, reproducibility, focus on exposure factor of interest, pertinence of data to the U.S., prim ary data, currency of xix1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 inform ation, adequacy of data collection period, validity of approach, representativeness of the population, variability in the population, m i nim a l (or defined) bias in study design, and m i nim a l (or defined) uncertainty in the data. Overall confidence ratings of high, m e dium , or low were derived for the various exposure factors based on the evaluation of the elem ents described above. Many scientific studies were reviewed for possible inclusion in this handbook. The handbook contains sum m a ries of selected studies published through June 2006. Generally, studies were designated as “key” or “relevant” studies. Key studies were considered the m o st useful for deriving recom m e ndations; while releva nt studies provided applicable or pertinent data, but not necessarily the m o st im portant for a variety of reasons (e.g., data were outdated, lim itations in study design). The recom m e nded values for exposure factors are based on the results of key studies. EPA’s procedure for developing recom m e ndations was as follows: 1. Key studies were evaluated in term s of both quality and relevance to specific populations (general U. S. population, age groups, gender, etc.). The criteria for assessing the quality of studies are described in Section 1.4. 2. If only one study was classified as key for a particular factor, the m e an value from that study was selected as the recom m e nded central tendency value for that population. If m u ltiple key studies with reasonably equal quality, relevance, and study design inform ation were available, a weighted m ean (if appropriate, considering sam p le size and other statistical factors) of the studies was chosen as the recom m e nded m e an value. If the key studies were judged to be unequal in quality, relevance, or study design, the range of m eans is presented and the user of this handbook should em ploy judgm ent in selecting the m o st appropriate value for the lifestage or local population of interest. 3. The variability of the f actor across the lif estage was discussed. This docum ent attem p ts to characterize the variability of each of the factors. Variability refers to true heterogeneity or diversity in a population. Differences am ong individuals in a population are ref e rred to as inter-individual variability, dif f

e rences f o r one individual over tim e is ref e rred to as intra-individual variability. Since m o st of the studies used to derive exposure factors data are short term in nature, they present the variability in short term exposures across a population sam p le and often do not allow analysis of either intertem poral variability within individuals nor inter-individual variability of long term average exposures. Inter-individual variability in this handbook is characterized in one or m o re of the f o llowing ways: (1) as a table with various percentiles or ranges of values; (2) as analytical distributions with specif i ed param e ters; and/or (3) as a qualitative discussion. 4. Uncertainties were discussed in term s of data lim itations, the range of circum stances over which the estim ates were (or were not) applicable, possible biases in the values them selves, a statem ent about param e ter uncertainties (m easurem ent error, sam p ling error) and m odel or scenario uncertainties if m odels or scenarios were used to derive the recom m e nded value. xx1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 5. Finally, EPA assigned a confidence rating of low, m e dium or high to each recom m e nded value. This rating is not intended to represent an uncertainty analysis; rather, it represents EPA’s judgm ent on the quality of the underlying data used to derive the recom m e ndation. Most of the data presented in this handbook are derived from studies that target (1) the general population (e.g., USDA food consum ption surveys) or (2) a sam p le population from a specific area or group (e.g., Davis et al. (1990) so il ingestion study using children fromthe threecity area in southeastern W a shington State). The decision as to whether to use site-specific or national values f o r an assessm ent m a y depend on the quality of the com p eting data sets as well as on the purpose of the specific assessm ent. It is im portant to note that the recom m e nded values were derived solely from EPA’s interpretation of the available data. Different values m a y be appropriate for the user in consideration of policy, precedent, strategy, or other factors (e.g., m o re up-to-date data of better quality and m o re representative of the population of concern).

xxi1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS The National Center for Environm ental Assessm ent (NCEA), Office of Research and Developm ent was responsible for the preparation of this handbook. The 2001 edition was prepared by the Exposure Assessm ent Division of Versar Inc. in Springfield, Virginia, under EPA Contract No. 68-W - 99-041. The 2005 revision was produced by the sam e group under EPA Contract No. EP-W -04-035 Jacqueline Moya served as W o rk Assignm ent Manager for both the original and the revision, providing overall dir ection, technical assistance, and serving as contributing author.

AUTHORS WORD PROCESSING Versar, Inc. Versar, Inc. Christopher Greene Susan Perry Linda Phillips Valerie Schwartz Patricia W ood Kathleen Saunders-Coon Marit Espevik Todd Perrym a n Clarkson Meredith Diane Sinkowski Nica Mostaghim U.S. EPA Jacqueline Moya Laurie Schuda John Schaum The following EPA individuals reviewed an earlier draft of this docum ent and provided valuable com m e nts: Marcia Bailey, U.S. EPA, Region X Gary Bangs, U.S. EPA, Risk Assessm ent Forum , Office of Research and Developm ent Denis R. Borum , U.S. EPA, Office of W a te r, Health and Ecological Criteria Division Dave Crawford, U.S. EPA, Office of Solid W a ste Becky Cuthbertson, U.S. EPA, Office of Solid W a ste Michael Dellarco, U.S. EPA, National Center for Environm ental Assessm ent Lynn Delpire, U.S. EPA, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances Jeff Evans, U.S. EPA, Office of Pesticide Program s Cathy Fehrenbacher, U.S. EPA, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances Michael Firestone, U.S. EPA, Office of Children’s Health Protection Brenda Foos, U.S. EPA, Office of Children’s Health Protection xxii1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Henry Kahn, U.S. EPA, National Center for Environm ental Assessm ent Youngm oo Kim , U.S. EPA, Region VI Steve Kroner, U.S. EPA, Office of Solid W a ste Tom McCurdy, U.S. EPA, National Exposure Research Laboratory David Miller, U.S. EPA Of f i ce of Pesticide Program s Deirdre Murphy, U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Steve Nako, U.S. EPA, Office of Pesticide Program s Marian Olsen, U.S. EPA, Region II Glenn Rice, U.S. EPA, National Center for Environm ental Assessm ent Harvey Richm ond, U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards David Riley, U.S. EPA Region VI Marybeth Sm uts, U.S. EPA, Region I Marc Stifelm a n, U.S. EPA, Region X Valerie Zartarian, U.S. EPA, National Exposure Research Laboratory In addition, the National Exposure Research Labor atory (NERL) of the Office of Research and Developm ent m a de an im portant contribution to this handbook by conducting additional analyses of m outhing behavior data from th e Davis 1995 study. Data analyses were conducted by Nicole Tulve. This docum ent was reviewed by an external panel of experts. The panel was com posed of the following individuals:

[to be added upon review]

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