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[Federal Register: September 15, 2010 (Volume 75, Number 178)]
[Rules and Regulations]               
[Page 55991-55997]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr15se10-17]                         

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 180

[EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0121; FRL-8839-3]

 
Ammonium Formate; Exemption from the Requirement of a Tolerance

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: This regulation establishes an exemption from the requirement 
of a tolerance for residues of ammonium formate (CAS Reg. No. 540-69-2) 
when used as an inert ingredient (complexing or fixing agent with 
copper compounds) in pesticide formulations for certain pre-harvest 
uses. Phyton Corporation submitted a petition to EPA under the Federal 
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), requesting establishment of an 
exemption from the requirement of a tolerance. This regulation 
eliminates the need to establish a maximum permissible level for 
residues of ammonium formate.

DATES: This regulation is effective September 15, 2010. Objections and 
requests for hearings must be received on or before November 15, 2010, 
and must be filed in accordance with the instructions provided in 40 
CFR part 178 (see also Unit I.C. of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION).

ADDRESSES: EPA has established a docket for this action under docket 
identification (ID) number EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0121. All documents in the 
docket are listed in the docket index available at http://www.regulations.gov. Although listed in the index, some information is 
not publicly available, e.g., Confidential Business Information

[[Page 55992]]

(CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. 
Certain other material, such as copyrighted material, is not placed on 
the Internet and will be publicly available only in hard copy form. 
Publicly available docket materials are available in the electronic 
docket at http://www.regulations.gov, or, if only available in hard 
copy, at the OPP Regulatory Public Docket in Rm. S-4400, One Potomac 
Yard (South Bldg.), 2777 S. Crystal Dr., Arlington, VA. The Docket 
Facility is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, 
excluding legal holidays. The Docket Facility telephone number is (703) 
305-5805.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Alganesh Debesai, Registration 
Division (7505P), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental 
Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460-
0001; telephone number: (703) 308-8353; e-mail address: 
debesai.alganesh@epa.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. General Information

A. Does this Action Apply to Me?

    You may be potentially affected by this action if you are an 
agricultural producer, food manufacturer, or pesticide manufacturer. 
Potentially affected entities may include, but are not limited to:
     Crop production (NAICS code 111).
     Animal production (NAICS code 112).
     Food manufacturing (NAICS code 311).
     Pesticide manufacturing (NAICS code 32532).
    This listing is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides 
a guide for readers regarding entities likely to be affected by this 
action. Other types of entities not listed in this unit could also be 
affected. The North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) 
codes have been provided to assist you and others in determining 
whether this action might apply to certain entities. If you have any 
questions regarding the applicability of this action to a particular 
entity, consult the person listed under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 
CONTACT.

B. How Can I Get Electronic Access to Other Related Information?

    You may access a frequently updated electronic version of 40 CFR 
part 180 through the Government Printing Office's e-CFR cite at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr.

C. Can I File an Objection or Hearing Request?

    Under section 408(g) of FFDCA, 21 U.S.C. 346a, any person may file 
an objection to any aspect of this regulation and may also request a 
hearing on those objections. The EPA procedural regulations which 
govern the submission of objections and requests for hearings appear in 
40 CFR part 178. You must file your objection or request a hearing on 
this regulation in accordance with the instructions provided in 40 CFR 
part 178. To ensure proper receipt by EPA, you must identify docket ID 
number EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-121 in the subject line on the first page of 
your submission. All objections and requests for a hearing must be in 
writing, and must be received by the Hearing Clerk on or before 
November 15, 2010. Addresses for mail and hand delivery of objections 
and hearing requests are provided in 40 CFR 178.25(b).
    In addition to filing an objection or hearing request with the 
Hearing Clerk as described in 40 CFR part 178, please submit a copy of 
the filing that does not contain any CBI for inclusion in the public 
docket that is described in ADDRESSES. Information not marked 
confidential pursuant to 40 CFR part 2 may be disclosed publicly by EPA 
without prior notice. Submit your copies, identified by docket ID 
number EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0121, by one of the following methods:
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. 
Follow the on-line instructions for submitting comments.
     Mail: Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) Regulatory Public 
Docket (7502P), Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania 
Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460-0001.
     Delivery: OPP Regulatory Public Docket (7502P), 
Environmental Protection Agency, Rm. S-4400, One Potomac Yard (South 
Bldg.), 2777 S. Crystal Dr., Arlington, VA. Deliveries are only 
accepted during the Docket Facility's normal hours of operation (8:30 
a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays). 
Special arrangements should be made for deliveries of boxed 
information. The Docket Facility telephone number is (703) 305-5805.

II. Petition for Exemption

    In the Federal Register of April 21, 2006 (71 FR 20671) (FRL-8067-
3), EPA issued a notice pursuant to section 408 of FFDCA, 21 U.S.C. 
346a, announcing the filing of a pesticide petition (PP 6E7028) by 
Phyton Corporation, 7449 Cahill Rd., Edina, MN 55439. The petition 
requested that 40 CFR 180.920 be amended by establishing an exemption 
from the requirement of a tolerance for residues of ammonium formate 
(CAS Reg. No. 540-69-2) when used as an inert ingredient (complexing or 
fixing agent) with the active ingredient copper in pesticide 
formulations applied to growing crops. That notice referenced a summary 
of the petition which is available in the docket, http://www.regulations.gov. There were no comments received in response to the 
notice of filing.
    Based upon review of the data supporting the petition, EPA has 
modified the exemption requested to not restrict to use with the active 
ingredient copper. No limitations are necessary because no hazard was 
identified.

III. Inert Ingredient Definition

    Inert ingredients are all ingredients that are not active 
ingredients as defined in 40 CFR 153.125 and include, but are not 
limited to, the following types of ingredients (except when they have a 
pesticidal efficacy of their own): Solvents such as alcohols and 
hydrocarbons; surfactants such as polyoxyethylene polymers and fatty 
acids; carriers such as clay and diatomaceous earth; thickeners such as 
carrageenan and modified cellulose; wetting, spreading, and dispersing 
agents; propellants in aerosol dispensers; microencapsulating agents; 
and emulsifiers. The term ``inert'' is not intended to imply 
nontoxicity; the ingredient may or may not be chemically active. 
Generally, EPA has exempted inert ingredients from the requirement of a 
tolerance based on the low toxicity of the individual inert 
ingredients.

IV. Aggregate Risk Assessment and Determination of Safety

    Section 408(c)(2)(A)(i) of FFDCA allows EPA to establish an 
exemption from the requirement for a tolerance (the legal limit for a 
pesticide chemical residue in or on a food) only if EPA determines that 
the tolerance is ``safe.'' Section 408(b)(2)(A)(ii) of FFDCA defines 
``safe'' to mean that ``there is a reasonable certainty that no harm 
will result from aggregate exposure to the pesticide chemical residue, 
including all anticipated dietary exposures and all other exposures for 
which there is reliable information.'' This includes exposure through 
drinking water and in residential settings, but does not include 
occupational exposure. Section 408(b)(2)(C) of FFDCA requires EPA to 
give special consideration to exposure of infants and children to the 
pesticide

[[Page 55993]]

chemical residue in establishing a tolerance and to ``ensure that there 
is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to infants and 
children from aggregate exposure to the pesticide chemical residue.''
    EPA establishes exemptions from the requirement of a tolerance only 
in those cases where it can be clearly demonstrated that the risks from 
aggregate exposure to pesticide chemical residues under reasonably 
foreseeable circumstances will pose no appreciable risks to human 
health. In order to determine the risks from aggregate exposure to 
pesticide inert ingredients, the Agency considers the toxicity of the 
inert in conjunction with possible exposure to residues of the inert 
ingredient through food, drinking water, and through other exposures 
that occur as a result of pesticide use in residential settings. If EPA 
is able to determine that a finite tolerance is not necessary to ensure 
that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result from 
aggregate exposure to the inert ingredient, an exemption from the 
requirement of a tolerance may be established.
    Consistent with section 408(c)(2)(A) of FFDCA, and the factors 
specified in FFDCA section 408(c)(2)(B), EPA has reviewed the available 
scientific data and other relevant information in support of this 
action. EPA has sufficient data to assess the hazards of and to make a 
determination on aggregate exposure for ammonium formate including 
exposure resulting from the exemption established by this action. EPA's 
assessment of exposures and risks associated with ammonium formate 
follows.

A. Toxicological Profile

    EPA has evaluated the available toxicity data and considered their 
validity, completeness, and reliability as well as the relationship of 
the results of the studies to human risk. EPA has also considered 
available information concerning the variability of the sensitivities 
of major identifiable subgroups of consumers, including infants and 
children. Specific information on the studies received and the nature 
of the adverse effects caused by ammonium formate are discussed in this 
unit.
    The following provides a brief summary of the risk assessment and 
conclusions for the Agency's review of ammonium formate. The Agency's 
full decision document for this action can be found at http://www.regulations.gov in the document: Ammonium Formate. Human Health 
Risk Assessment and Ecological Effects Summary to Support Proposed 
Exemption from the Requirement of a Tolerance When Used as an Inert 
Ingredient in Pesticide Formulations Applied Pre-harvest in docket ID 
number EPA-HQ-OPP-2006-0121.
    Ammonium formate breaks down into ammonium and formate ions. 
Ammonium ions are a toxic waste product of the metabolism in animals; 
they are ubiquitous in the natural environment and can be considered as 
having little toxicity or hazard risk. In fish and aquatic 
invertebrates, it is excreted directly into the water. In mammals, 
sharks, and amphibians, it is converted in the urea cycle to urea, 
because urea is less toxic and can be stored more efficiently. In 
birds, reptiles, and terrestrial snails, metabolic ammonium is 
converted into uric acid, which is solid, and can therefore be excreted 
with minimal water. Formic acid is readily metabolized and eliminated 
by the body; it slowly decomposes to carbon monoxide and water.
    The toxicological database for ammonium formate is limited. There 
is available data on formic acid and related formate compounds (such as 
calcium and sodium formate), which can serve as suitable surrogates for 
ammonium formate. Studies conducted with methanol are also applicable 
to formate compounds, since methanol is metabolized into formic acid.
    Acute oral toxicity of ammonium formate in mice is reported to be 
moderate via oral route (LD50 2,250 milligrams/kilogram (mg/
kg)). Acute oral toxicity studies have been performed with formic acid, 
calcium formate and sodium formate; they all have relatively low 
toxicity via this route of exposure.
    A subchronic inhalation (13-week) study was performed by the NTP 
with formic acid in mice and rats at concentrations of 0.015, 0.030, 
0.061, 0.122, or 0.244 milligrams/liter (mg/L) equal to (8, 16, 32, 64, 
or 128 parts per million (ppm)) for 13 weeks. Body weight gains were 
significantly decreased in mice exposed to 64 and 128 ppm formic acid. 
Changes in organ weights in mice were limited largely to increases in 
relative weights in animals in the 128 ppm groups. This was primarily a 
reflection of the lower body weights of these animals compared to 
controls, and of the greater relative weight of organs in smaller 
animals. In mice, there were no exposure-related gross lesions; 
microscopic changes attributed to toxicity of formic acid were limited 
to degeneration of the olfactory epithelium of the nose in a few mice 
from the 64 and 128 ppm exposure groups. In rats, hematologic changes 
observed were all minimal and, generally, were consistent with 
hemoconcentration. Therefore, they were not considered as 
toxicologically relevant. Few and slight changes of the biochemical 
serum parameters were observed but not considered as adverse. No 
unusual gross lesions were observed. In rats, absolute liver weights 
were increased in the males of all test groups while the relative liver 
weights were increased in the three highest dose groups. Absolute and 
relative lung weights were reduced in female rats in all dose groups; 
in males, the relative lung weights were reduced in all exposure groups 
and absolute lung weights were reduced in the two highest dose groups. 
However, these changes in liver weights and lungs were not considered 
as adverse because they seem without histopathological correlation. 
Histopathological changes at the respiratory and olfactory nasal 
epithelia were restricted to the highest dose groups. The no observed 
adverse effect level (NOAEL) is 0.061 mg/L (32 ppm) in mice based on a 
decrease in body weight gains seen at the lowest observed adverse 
effect level (LOAEL) of 0.122 mg/L (64 ppm). The NOAEL in rats is 0.122 
mg/L equal to (64 ppm) based on a decrease in body weight gains in mice 
and histopathological changes seen in the respiratory and olfactory 
epithelia at the LOAEL of 0.244 mg/L (124 ppm). Lifetime and repeat 
dose drinking water studies were conducted in rats with calcium formate 
and sodium formate, respectively. Toxicity was not observed during 
either study at doses up to 200 mg/kg/day and 100 mg/kg/day for calcium 
format and sodium formate, respectively.
    In a reproduction study in rats and mice with formic acid via 
inhalation route, no effects on sperm motility, sperm concentration, 
testicular and epididymal weight or on the duration of estrous cycles 
were observed. In mice, formic acid showed no effects on the testicular 
and epididymal weight or on the duration of the estrous cycles. In a 
three generation reproduction study in rats via drinking water, no 
treatment related effects were observed in the parental animals and off 
springs at doses up to 200 mg/kg/day.
    In an in vitro incubation in whole embryo culture study in rats 
with formic acid, incubations showed significant and concentration-
dependent reduction of yolk sac diameter, crown-rump length, head 
length, somite number, and developmental score after 24-hours and of 
crown-rump length, head length, somite number and developmental score 
after 48-hours. Embryo lethality was

[[Page 55994]]

significantly increased in the highest concentration after 24-hours and 
in the two highest concentrations after 48-hours. Protein and DNA 
concentrations showed significant and concentration dependent decreased 
in both cases. The number of anomalies (open anterior and posterior 
neuropores, rotatory defects and enlarged maxillary process) showed a 
significant increase only at the highest doses after 48-hours. 
Considering the results of in vivo reproduction study in mice and rats 
with formic acid and 3-generation reproduction study in rats via 
drinking water at doses up to and including 200 mg/kg/day, there is 
less confidence in the results of in vitro study. In addition, no 
developmental toxicity was seen in several developmental toxicity 
studies in mice and rats with calcium and sodium formate described 
below.
    In developmental toxicity studies with calcium and sodium formate 
in rats and mice, respectively, there were no statistical differences 
in organ and bone abnormalities and growth of treated offspring to 
controls were similar. There was no reduction of fertility, maternal 
toxicity, embryotoxic or teratogenic effects observed. The NOAEL for 
the maternal and developmental toxicity in rats with calcium formate 
via drinking water was 200 mg/kg/day (the highest dose tested; HDT). 
The NOAEL for the maternal and developmental toxicity in mice with 
sodium formate via gavage was 750 mg/kg/day (HDT).
    In mutagenicity studies with calcium, sodium and methyl formate, 
results of the test were negative for all chemicals. The weight-of-
evidence suggested that inorganic formates are not mutagenic.
    In a non-Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) lifelong (2-3 years) 
drinking water study with Wistar rats, test animals were exposed to 
calcium formate at concentrations of 0.2% and 0.4% (150-200 mg/kg/day). 
No neoplasias were observed. In a separate non-GLP study with Wistar 
rats, test animals were exposed to sodium formate at a concentration of 
1% (274 mg/kg/day) for 18 months. No neoplasias were observed. Based on 
lack of mutagenicity and no evidence of carcinogenicity on surrogate 
chemicals, EPA concluded that the ammonium formate is not expected to 
be carcinogenic.
    Ammonium formate breaks down into ammonium and formate ions. 
Ammonium ions are ubiquitous in the natural environment and can be 
considered as having little toxicity or hazard risk. Formate, as noted 
in the above toxicity discussion, is not excessively toxic. Formate 
ions are readily converted to carbon dioxide in the environment by 
biodegradation or photo oxidation.

B. Toxicological Points of Departure/Levels of Concern

    No toxicological endpoints of concern were identified based on 
available toxicity studies on surrogate chemicals. Most of these 
studies were not conducted up to the limit dose. The highest dose of 
200 mg/kg/day in a lifelong study in rats via drinking water did not 
produce any systemic toxicity. Therefore, a conservative risk 
assessment was conducted using a NOAEL of 200 mg/kg/day for chronic 
dietary and short- and intermediate-term dermal exposure risk 
estimates. An uncertainty/safety factor of 100X (10X for interspecies 
variability and 10X for interspecies extrapolation) was used. The Food 
Quality Protection Act (FQPA) factor of 10X was reduced to 1X; 
therefore, the chronic Reference Dose (cRfD) is equal to chronic 
Population Adjusted Dose (cPAD). A 100% dermal absorption is assumed 
for converting oral to dermal equivalent dose in the absence of dermal 
toxicity or dermal absorption studies. For short- and intermediate-term 
inhalation exposure, the route-specific study was used. The NOAEL of 
0.62 (32 ppm) was observed in a 90-day inhalation toxicity study in 
rats. The uncertainty factor is 100X (10X for interspecies variability 
and 10X for interspecies extrapolation). The FQPA factor of 10X was 
reduced to 1X.

C. Exposure Assessment

    1. Dietary exposure from food and feed uses. In evaluating dietary 
exposure to ammonium formate, EPA considered exposure under the 
proposed exemption from the requirement of a tolerance. EPA assessed 
dietary exposures from ammonium formate in food as follows:
    i. Acute exposure. No adverse effect attributable to a single 
exposure of ammonium formate was seen in the toxicity databases. 
Therefore, no acute risk from exposure to ammonium formate is expected 
and an acute exposure assessment is not needed.
    ii. Chronic exposure. In conducting the chronic dietary exposure 
assessment, EPA used food consumption information from the United 
States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (1994-1996 and 1998) Nationwide 
Continuing Surveys of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII). As to residue 
levels in food, no residue data were submitted for ammonium formate. In 
the absence of specific residue data, EPA has developed an approach 
which uses surrogate information to derive upper bound exposure 
estimates for the subject inert ingredient. Upper bound exposure 
estimates are based on the highest tolerance for a given commodity from 
a list of high-use insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. A complete 
description of the general approach taken to assess inert ingredient 
risks in the absence of residue data is contained in the memorandum 
entitled ``Alkyl Amines Polyalkoxylates (Cluster 4): Acute and Chronic 
Aggregate (Food and Drinking Water) Dietary Exposure and Risk 
Assessments for the Inerts.'' (DP Barcode: 361707, S. Piper, 2/25/2009) 
and can be found at http://www.regulations.gov in docket ID number EPA-
HQ-OPP-2008-0738.
    In the dietary exposure assessment, the Agency assumed that the 
residue level of the inert ingredient would be no higher than the 
highest tolerance for a given commodity. Implicit in this assumption is 
that there would be similar rates of degradation (if any) between the 
active and inert ingredient and that the concentration of inert 
ingredient in the scenarios leading to these highest of tolerances 
would be no higher than the concentration of the active ingredient.
    The Agency believes the assumptions used to estimate dietary 
exposures lead to an extremely conservative assessment of dietary risk 
due to a series of compounded conservatisms. First, assuming that the 
level of residue for an inert ingredient is equal to the level of 
residue for the active ingredient will overstate exposure. The 
concentration of active ingredient in agricultural products is 
generally at least 50% of the product and often can be much higher. 
Further, pesticide products rarely have a single inert ingredient; 
rather there is generally a combination of different inert ingredients 
used which additionally reduces the concentration of any single inert 
ingredient in the pesticide product in relation to that of the active 
ingredient.
    Second, the conservatism of this methodology is compounded by EPA's 
decision to assume that, for each commodity, the active ingredient 
which will serve as a guide to the potential level of inert ingredient 
residues is the active ingredient with the highest tolerance level. 
This assumption overstates residue values because it would be highly 
unlikely, given the high number of inert ingredients, that a single 
inert ingredient or class of ingredients would be present at the level 
of the active ingredient in the highest tolerance for every commodity. 
Finally, a third compounding conservatism is EPA's assumption that all 
foods contain the inert ingredient at

[[Page 55995]]

the highest tolerance level. In other words, EPA assumed 100% of all 
foods are treated with the inert ingredient at the rate and manner 
necessary to produce the highest residue legally possible for an active 
ingredient. In summary, EPA chose a very conservative method for 
estimating what level of inert residue could be on food, and then used 
this methodology to choose the highest possible residue that could be 
found on food and assumed that all food contained this residue. No 
consideration was given to potential degradation between harvest and 
consumption even though monitoring data show that tolerance level 
residues are typically one to two orders of magnitude higher than 
actual residues in food when distributed in commerce.
    Accordingly, although sufficient information to quantify actual 
residue levels in food is not available, the compounding of these 
conservative assumptions will lead to a significant exaggeration of 
actual exposures. EPA does not believe that this approach 
underestimates exposure in the absence of residue data.
    iii. Cancer. Ammonium formate is not expected to be carcinogenic, 
since there was no evidence of carcinogenicity in the available 
studies. The Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) profiler, a 
component of the Agency's P2 Framework did not raise any cancer 
concerns. Since the Agency has not identified any concerns for 
carcinogenicity relating to ammonium formate, a cancer dietary exposure 
assessment is not necessary to assess cancer risk.
    2. Dietary exposure from drinking water. For the purpose of the 
screening level dietary risk assessment to support this request for an 
exemption from the requirement of a tolerance for ammonium formate, a 
conservative drinking water concentration value of 100 parts per 
billion (ppb) based on screening level modeling was used to assess the 
contribution to drinking water for the chronic dietary risk assessments 
for parent compound. These values were directly entered into the 
dietary exposure model. The Agency considers the value of 100 ppb to be 
a high end, conservative assumption that is not likely to underestimate 
drinking water risks.
    3. From non-dietary exposure. The term ``residential exposure'' is 
used in this document to refer to non-occupational, non-dietary 
exposure (e.g., textiles (clothing and diapers), carpets, swimming 
pools, and hard surface disinfection on walls, floors, tables).
    There are no known or anticipated residential uses and therefore, 
residential exposure is not expected.
    4. Cumulative effects from substances with a common mechanism of 
toxicity. Section 408(b)(2)(D)(v) of FFDCA requires that, when 
considering whether to establish, modify, or revoke a tolerance, the 
Agency consider ``available information'' concerning the cumulative 
effects of a particular pesticide's residues and ``other substances 
that have a common mechanism of toxicity.''
    EPA has not found ammonium formate to share a common mechanism of 
toxicity with any other substances, and ammonium formate does not 
appear to produce a toxic metabolite produced by other substances. For 
the purposes of this tolerance action, therefore, EPA has assumed that 
ammonium formate does not have a common mechanism of toxicity with 
other substances. For information regarding EPA's efforts to determine 
which chemicals have a common mechanism of toxicity and to evaluate the 
cumulative effects of such chemicals, see EPA's website at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/cumulative.

D. Safety Factor for Infants and Children

    Section 408(b)(2)(C) of FFDCA provides that EPA shall apply an 
additional tenfold (10X) margin of safety for infants and children in 
the case of threshold effects to account for pre-natal and post-natal 
toxicity and the completeness of the database on toxicity and exposure 
unless EPA determines based on reliable data that a different margin of 
safety will be safe for infants and children. This additional margin of 
safety is commonly referred to as the FQPA Safety Factor (SF). In 
applying this provision, EPA either retains the default value of 10X, 
or uses a different additional safety factor when reliable data 
available to EPA support the choice of a different factor.
    EPA concluded that the FQPA safety factor could be removed for 
ammonium formate for the following reasons:
    i. No toxicological studies were identified for ammonium formate in 
the publically available databases. However, ammonium formate breaks 
down into ammonium and formate ions. Ammonium ions are ubiquitous in 
the natural environment and can be considered as having little toxicity 
or hazard risk. There is available data on formic acid and related 
formate compounds (such as calcium, sodium and methyl formate), which 
can serve as suitable surrogates for ammonium formate. Studies 
conducted with methanol are also applicable to formate compounds, since 
methanol is metabolized into formic acid. Therefore, the database is 
considered adequate for FQPA assessment.
    ii. There is no evidence of increased susceptibility of infants and 
children in the available reproduction and developmental toxicity 
studies with calcium formate and/or sodium formate. No developmental or 
maternal systemic toxicity was observed in rats at doses up to 200 mg/
kg/day when calcium formate was administered via drinking water. No 
developmental or maternal toxicity was observed in mice at doses up to 
750 mg/kg gavage dose of sodium formate on gestation day 8. No evidence 
of increased susceptibility was observed following pre- and post-natal 
exposure to calcium formate. In a multi-generation reproduction study 
(3 to 5 generations), no parental, reproductive or offspring toxicity 
was observed at doses up to 200 mg/kg/day.
    iii. No neurotoxicity studies are available in the database. 
However, there is no evidence of clinical signs of neurotoxicity in the 
database, nor evidence of susceptibility in the young in the database. 
Therefore, EPA concluded that the developmental neurotoxicity study is 
not required. There is no evidence of immunotoxicity in the available 
database.
    iv. The dietary food exposure assessment utilizes highly 
conservative default assumptions that would not underestimate the 
dietary risk to all populations. For the purpose of the screening level 
dietary risk assessment to support this request for an exemption from 
the requirement of a tolerance for ammonium formate, a value of 100 ppb 
for drinking water based on screening level modeling was used for the 
chronic dietary risk assessment. The value of 100 ppb is considered to 
be a high end, conservative assumption that is not likely to 
underestimate drinking water risks.
    Taking into consideration the available information, EPA concludes 
the additional 10X FQPA safety factor can be reduced to 1X.

E. Aggregate Risks and Determination of Safety

     Determination of safety section. EPA determines whether acute and 
chronic dietary pesticide exposures are safe by comparing aggregate 
exposure estimates to the acute PAD (aPAD) and chronic PAD (cPAD). For 
linear cancer risks, EPA calculates the lifetime probability of 
acquiring cancer given the estimated aggregate exposure. Short-, 
intermediate-, and chronic-term risks are evaluated by comparing the 
estimated aggregate food, water, and

[[Page 55996]]

residential exposure to the appropriate PODs to ensure that an adequate 
MOE exists.
    1. Acute aggregate (food and drinking water) risk. No adverse 
effect attributable to a single exposure of ammonium formate was seen 
in the toxicity databases. Therefore, ammonium formate is not expected 
to pose an acute risk.
    2. Chronic aggregate (food and drinking water) risk. A chronic 
aggregate risk assessment takes into account exposure estimates from 
chronic dietary consumption of food and drinking water. Using the 
exposure assumptions discussed in this unit for chronic exposure, the 
chronic dietary exposure from food and water to ammonium formate is 
9.6% of the cPAD for the U.S. population and 31.2% of the cPAD for 
children 1-2 years old, the most highly exposed population subgroup. 
The chronic dietary exposure estimates for food and drinking water are 
below the Agency's level of concern (PRE>
```