United States Court of Appeals

for the Fifth Circuit

No. 18-60828

Edith Nohemi Vazquez-Guerra; Wendy Chantal 

Barragan-Vazquez, 

Petitioners,

versus

Merrick Garland, U.S. Attorney General, 

Respondent.

Petition for Review of an Order of the 

Board of Immigration Appeals

BIA No. A208 538 244

BIA No. A208 538 791

Before Smith, Graves, and Ho, Circuit Judges.

James C. Ho, Circuit Judge:

Edith Vazquez-Guerra is a Mexican citizen who seeks asylum and 

withholding of removal for herself and her minor daughter, Wendy BarraganVazquez. Her application expressed a fear that, if she were returned to 

Mexico, she would be killed or tortured by the Zetas, a Mexican drug cartel, 

on account of her membership in a particular social group—her immediate 

family. The Immigration Judge (IJ) and the Board of Immigration Appeals 

(BIA) determined, inter alia, that Vazquez-Guerra failed to establish a nexus 

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

FILED

July 29, 2021

Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk

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between either the harm she suffered or her fears of future persecution and 

her particular social group. The IJ denied her application for asylum and 

withholding of removal, and the BIA dismissed the appeal. Because 

Vazquez-Guerra does not demonstrate that substantial evidence compels a 

different conclusion, we deny her petition for review. 

I.

Vazquez-Guerra first entered the United States illegally in 2006 and 

subsequently married a lawful permanent resident. While Vazquez-Guerra 

was living in the United States, her brother was allegedly beaten and 

kidnapped by the Zetas in front of their mother in June 2013 in Mexico. 

Vazquez-Guerra returned to Mexico to visit her seriously ill mother in July 

2015.

Shortly after her return to Mexico, Vazquez-Guerra contacted the city 

council and police to inquire about the kidnapping and disappearance of her 

brother. She made three or four inquiries to the authorities about the status 

of the investigation but, each time, came away empty-handed. She believes 

that the Zetas ultimately murdered her brother.

A few weeks later, in September 2015, masked men from the Zetas 

forced their way into Vazquez-Guerra’s house while she was sleeping. While 

pointing guns at her head, the men told her she “needed to quit looking for 

[her] brother,” threatened that she “would meet his same fate” if she 

continued investigating, and “warned [her] not to go to police.”

Days later, more “armed men” from the Zetas allegedly followed her 

in a pickup truck while she was in a taxi on her way to meet her daughter. She 

exited the taxi, “fearing that they thought [she] was going to the downtown 

police station,” and eluded them in a crowded shopping area. She then 

fainted, suffered a nervous breakdown and a pre-stroke, and was hospitalized.

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During her convalescence, Vazquez-Guerra fled to a neighboring city 

to hide. But the threats continued. Though she did not experience additional 

direct encounters with the Zetas, they “left [her] a message” in the form of 

“pieces of paper with things written on it” in which they warned that “if 

[she] continued to investigate about [her] brother . . . the same thing was 

going to happen to [her] . . . and all [her] family, one by one.” VazquezGuerra’s daughter was staying with her father at the time and was not subject 

to direct threats from the Zetas. The threats convinced Vazquez-Guerra that 

it was time to leave Mexico. She and her daughter arrived in the United 

States at the end of September 2015, whereupon they were apprehended by 

the Department of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Protection.

DHS served Vazquez-Guerra and her daughter a notice to appear 

charging them with removability under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I) as 

aliens without valid entry documents at the time of application for admission. 

Vazquez-Guerra then filed an application for asylum and withholding of 

removal, expressing a fear that she would be killed or tortured by the Zetas if 

she were returned to Mexico on account of her membership in a particular 

social group—her immediate family.

II.

The IJ denied Vazquez-Guerra’s applications for asylum and 

withholding of removal, as well as the derivative application of her minor 

daughter. While the IJ found that Vazquez-Guerra was credible, it 

determined that the harm she experienced—“[a] few isolated incidents of 

harassment or intimidation unaccompanied by physical punishment, 

infliction of harm or significant deprivation of liberty”—“does not rise to the 

level of persecution.” She therefore “failed to establish past persecution.”

Even if Vazquez-Guerra could demonstrate past persecution, the IJ 

continued, she failed to produce “evidence of the requisite nexus between 

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any persecution . . . and any protected ground.” It considered her proposed 

particular social group—her nuclear or immediate family—and determined 

that it was cognizable because she “is the sister of the brother who was 

kidnapped.” However, the IJ concluded that the harm Vazquez-Guerra 

suffered at the hands of the Zetas was motivated by “criminal intention”—

namely “to prevent her from investigating her brother’s disappearance”—

not by her “kinship to the Vazquez family.” Thus, the protected trait was 

not “one central reason” for her purported persecution. The IJ found 

additional support for its conclusion in Vazquez-Guerra’s testimony that 

“she has siblings . . . all living in Mexico . . . [and] [t]here was no testimony 

as to any harm that these siblings received by the Zetas.” And, for the same 

reasons, the IJ determined that Vazquez-Guerra could not demonstrate a 

well-founded fear of future persecution on account of her membership in her 

nuclear family.

The IJ also denied Vazquez-Guerra’s application for withholding of 

removal because she failed to establish eligibility for asylum and was thus 

unable to satisfy the higher standard for withholding of removal. VazquezGuerra and her daughter were ordered to be removed from the United States 

to Mexico, and she appealed. 

The BIA dismissed the appeal. It found “no clear error in the [IJ]’s 

findings of fact.” It then concluded that Vazquez-Guerra failed to 

“establish[] past persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on 

account of any ground for asylum or withholding of removal” because the 

record “does not indicate that [her] membership in the Vazquez family was 

or will be at least one central reason for the harm she experienced or may 

suffer upon her return to Mexico.”

While recognizing that an “alien’s family may constitute a particular 

social group,” the BIA determined that “the Zetas targeted [VazquezCase: 18-60828 Document: 00515957069 Page: 4 Date Filed: 07/29/2021
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Guerra] to prevent her from investigating her brother’s disappearance,” not 

because she was a member of her brother’s family. It did not analyze whether 

Vazquez-Guerra’s nuclear family constituted a particular social group before 

making its nexus determination. Rather, it assumed the cognizability of 

Vazquez-Guerra’s purported particular social group (her nuclear family) and 

found that she failed to demonstrate a nexus between that group and any 

harm. It added that its conclusion is “further supported by the observation 

that [Vazquez-Guerra]’s siblings continue to live in Mexico without suffering 

any harm.”

Finally, the BIA concluded that, because she is not eligible for asylum, 

she cannot meet the higher clear-probability-of-persecution standard 

required for withholding of removal. The BIA did not address other potential 

bases for denying relief, such as Vazquez-Guerra’s subjective and objective 

fear of persecution, her purported past persecution, or her ability to 

reasonably and safely relocate within Mexico. Vazquez-Guerra timely filed a 

petition for review.

III.

Vazquez-Guerra challenges both the denial of asylum and the denial 

of withholding of removal. We generally review only the final decision of the 

BIA, but where, as here, the BIA’s decision is affected by the IJ’s ruling, we

also review the IJ’s decision. Sealed Petitioner v. Sealed Respondent, 829 F.3d 

379, 383 (5th Cir. 2016). We review questions of law de novo and factual 

findings for substantial evidence. Id. Under the substantial evidence 

standard, this court may not reverse an immigration court’s factual findings 

unless the alien shows that “the evidence was so compelling that no 

reasonable factfinder could conclude against it.” Wang v. Holder, 569 F.3d 

531, 537 (5th Cir. 2009).

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A.

We start with the denial of asylum. Under 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A), 

the Attorney General has discretion to grant asylum to refugees who meet 

certain requirements. Sealed Petitioner, 829 F.3d at 383. A refugee is “an 

alien who is unable or unwilling to return to his home country ‘because of 

persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of . . . 

membership in a particular social group.’”1

 INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 

478, 481 (1992) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)). The protected ground 

must be “at least one central reason” for the persecution. Sealed Petitioner, 

829 F.3d at 383 (quoting § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i)). While the protected ground, 

such as membership in a particular social group, “need not be the only reason 

for harm, it cannot be incidental, tangential, superficial, or subordinate to 

another reason for harm.” Id. (quoting Sharma v. Holder, 729 F.3d 407, 411

(5th Cir. 2013)). We commonly refer to this as the “nexus requirement.” 

See, e.g., Gonzales-Veliz v. Barr, 938 F.3d 219, 229 (5th Cir. 2019).

Vazquez-Guerra argues that her nuclear family is a cognizable 

particular social group and that she has established a nexus between either 

the harm she suffered or her fears of future persecution and this protected 

group. Because the BIA and the IJ correctly determined that VazquezGuerra failed to establish that nexus, we deny her petition for review.

Throughout her briefing, Vazquez-Guerra states that the Zetas began 

threatening her after she started investigating her brother’s disappearance 

1 We have defined persecution as “[t]he infliction of suffering or harm, under 

government sanction, upon persons who differ in a way regarded as offensive (e.g., race, 

religion, political opinion, etc.), in a manner condemned by civilized governments.” AbdelMasieh v. INS, 73 F.3d 579, 583–84 (5th Cir. 1996) (emphasis added) (citation omitted). 

Neither the IJ, nor the BIA, nor the parties on petition to our court address this element so 

we do not address it either. This element obviously poses a potential additional barrier to 

relief.

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and that they warned that “something similar would happen to her” if she 

did not stop investigating. Based on these facts, Vazquez-Guerra argues that, 

but for her familial relationship with her brother, she would not have 

investigated his disappearance and the Zetas would not be threatening her—

and therefore her family status is one central reason for the threats.

This argument fails because it rests entirely on the motivations of 

Vazquez-Guerra, rather than the Zetas. Vazquez-Guerra was undoubtedly 

motivated to investigate the disappearance of her brother because of family 

status. But her motivation is irrelevant. The nexus test requires us to 

examine whether the protected ground is one central reason motivating the 

persecutor, not the persecuted. Sealed Petitioner, 829 F.3d at 383. In that 

regard, there is substantial record evidence that the Zetas threatened 

Vazquez-Guerra because she was investigating their actions—not because of 

any animus toward her family. Indeed, consistent with her application for 

asylum and her initial petition for review in this court, Vazquez-Guerra 

herself makes clear that each of the Zetas’ threats centered on her continued 

investigation.

Vazquez-Guerra also relies on Cruz v. Sessions, 853 F.3d 122 (4th Cir. 

2017). In that case, the court found a nexus between the threats the petitioner 

received and her investigation into her husband’s disappearance. Id. at 130.

Cruz is distinguishable. Most notably, Cruz continued to receive 

threats for two years “after she promised [the drug trafficker] that she would 

not contact the police.” Id. at 125, 129 (emphasis added). Nothing similar 

happened here. Vazquez-Guerra never made such a promise or expressed an 

inclination to stop investigating, and she provided no other evidence to 

indicate that the Zetas were ever motivated by anything other than putting a 

stop to her investigation.

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Furthermore, while the Fourth Circuit observed that the lack of 

threats to other members of Cruz’s family did not undermine her own fear of 

persecution, this court has found no persecution on account of family status 

where, inter alia, “other members of [petitioner’s] family, who have 

remained in [her native country], have not faced persecution on the basis of 

their membership in the family.” Ramirez-Mejia v. Lynch, 794 F.3d 485, 493 

(5th Cir. 2015). See also Mejia-Oviedos v. Sessions, 728 F. App’x 277, 279 (5th 

Cir. 2018) (noting that the fact that “petitioners’ family has remained in 

[their native country] unharmed belies [their] assertion that they have a wellfounded fear of persecution if they return”) (citing Eduard v. Ashcroft, 

379 F.3d 182, 193 (5th Cir. 2004) (“[F]ear of persecution is reduced when 

[petitioner’s] family remains in [her] native country unharmed.”)); CerritosQuintanilla v. Barr, 826 F. App’x 386, 390 (5th Cir. 2020) (noting that the 

petitioner’s daughter remained in the native country and had not been 

harmed, threatened, or approached by gang members), petition for cert. filed

(U.S. May 3, 2021) (No. 20-1529); Maredia v. Holder, 459 F. App’x 446, 447 

(5th Cir. 2012) (asylum claim was “weaken[ed]” when petitioner’s family 

members who remained in his native country “[had] not suffered any 

difficulties at the hands” of extremists). Vazquez-Guerra does not dispute 

that her siblings are all living in Mexico and that there is no evidence that they 

have been threated or harmed by the Zetas.

The BIA and the IJ both correctly concluded that familial ties did not 

sufficiently motivate the Zetas to target Vazquez-Guerra. Rather, the record 

and Vazquez-Guerra’s own statements make clear that the Zetas were 

primarily motivated by a desire to prevent her from investigating her 

brother’s disappearance. Cf. Ramirez-Mejia, 794 F.3d at 493 (“[T]he 

evidence that gang members sought information from Ramirez–Mejia about 

her brother, without more, does not support her claim that the gang intended 

to persecute her on account of her family.”). Threats or attacks motivated 

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by criminal intentions do not provide a basis for protection. See Thuri v. 

Ashcroft, 380 F.3d 788, 793 (5th Cir. 2004). Therefore, under the nexus test, 

Vazquez-Guerra’s alleged protected trait—her particular social group—is, 

at best, “incidental, tangential, superficial, or subordinate to another reason 

for harm,” not one central reason for the feared persecution. Sealed 

Petitioner, 829 F.3d at 383 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 

No reasonable factfinder would be compelled to conclude otherwise. Wang, 

569 F.3d at 537. Accordingly, she has not established that she is eligible for 

asylum relief.2

B.

Next, we turn to the denial of withholding of removal. Unlike asylum,

which is discretionary, withholding of removal is a mandatory form of relief 

for aliens who demonstrate a clear probability that their life or freedom would 

be threatened because of a protected ground, such as membership in a 

particular social group, if they were returned to the country of removal. 

8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A); 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b)(2). The standard for 

obtaining withholding of removal “is even higher than the standard for 

asylum, requiring a showing that it is more likely than not that the alien’s life 

or freedom would be threatened by persecution” on one of the protected 

grounds. Orellana-Monson v. Holder, 685 F.3d 511, 518 (5th Cir. 2012) (citing 

Efe v. Ashcroft, 293 F.3d 899, 906 (5th Cir. 2002)). Accordingly, “the failure 

to establish a well-founded fear for asylum eligibility also forecloses eligibility 

2 To the extent that Vazquez-Guerra’s fear of future persecution in Mexico may be 

based on pervasive violence and unrest there, such conditions are not cognizable grounds 

for asylum. See Eduard, 379 F.3d at 190 (“[A]n applicant’s fear of persecution cannot be 

based solely on general violence and civil disorder.”).

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for withholding of removal.” Id. (citing INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 

421, 440–41 (1987)).

Despite Vazquez-Guerra’s argument that withholding of removal 

involves a “less demanding” and “more relaxed” standard than asylum for 

meeting the nexus requirement, “this court has held that applicants for 

withholding of removal must similarly show that a protected ground, 

including membership in a particular social group, was or will be ‘at least one 

central reason for persecuting the applicant.’” Quinteros-Hernandez v. 

Sessions, 740 F. App’x 57, 58 (5th Cir. 2018) (quoting Revencu v. Sessions, 

895 F.3d 396, 402 (5th Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks, citation, and 

emphasis omitted)). An applicant who fails to establish eligibility for asylum 

also fails to establish eligibility for withholding of removal. See, e.g., OrellanaMonson, 685 F.3d at 518 (“Because the asylum standard is more lenient than 

the standard for withholding of removal, the failure to establish a wellfounded fear for asylum eligibility also forecloses eligibility for withholding of 

removal.”). Thus, Vazquez-Guerra also fails to establish that she is eligible 

for withholding of removal.

* * *

Because substantial evidence does not compel the conclusion that the 

nexus requirement is satisfied, we deny Vazquez-Guerra’s petition for 

review.

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